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CORE and AMMONS

^81

7i/o<^cUf PtcutU U Ti/mtcfi

A Manual of Common Trees and Shrubs
in Winter in the Northeastern United States
and Southeastern Canada

by

EARL L. CORE

Department of Biology
West Virginia University

and

NELLE P. AMMONS

Department of Biology
West Virginia University

BIOLCGiCAL
LABORATORY

LIBRARY

WO«DS HOl£, MASS.
W. H. 0. I.

iM«0!!*»

Pacific Grove, California

n-»

©1958

by
The Boxwood Press

Tenth printing, 1986.

No part of this book may be reproduced
in any form without written permission
of the Copyright owner.

Distributed by

THE BOXWOOD PRESS
183 Ocean View Blvd.
Pacific Grove, CA 93950

SBN: 910286-02-7

I

Cover photograph
*•■ by

John A. Gibson
Professor of Chemistry
West Virginia University

^Printed in U.S.A.

IV

^%e^^^^

THE IDENTIFICATION OF WOODY PLANTS IN WINTER has
attracted the attention of students of botany for many years. While
at first glance trees and shrubs may seem remarkably alike in
their dormant condition it is soon discovered that many of their
winter characters provide just as satisfactory criteria for recog-
nition as do the characters exhibited during the growing season.

This manual is the outgrowth of many years of teaching by the
authors during which time several editions of a winter manual were
prepared and used in classes. The present treatment embodies
improvements which have resulted from actual use in taxonomy
classes over the years.

The area covered by this manual is, in general, the northeas-
tern United States and southeastern Canada. The limits might be
indicated as the southern boundaries of Virginia and Kentucky, the
western boundaries of Missouri and Iowa, and the 49th parallel of
latitude through Quebec and Ontario to the northwestern corner of
Minnesota. In general, ranges are stated from east to west across
the north, then to the south. However, in the case of some dis-
tinctly southern plants having the principal portion of their range
south of this area the opposite practice has been followed. No
attempt has been made to include all woody plants of the area, but
most of the important species of the various regions are treated.
Introduced plants are included if they are likely to occur spontane-
ously.

The Latin names, in general, conform to those used in Gray's
Manual of Botany, 8th Edition. Other names that have been in fre-
quent use by various authors are included in parenthesis.

Most of the pen-and-ink drawings have been made by Nelle P.
Ammons, some of them having appeared in previous works by the
present authors. The sketches in the opening chapter were made
by Dr. William A. Lunk of the University of Michigan.

PREFACE

The writers acknowledge indebtedness to numerous individuals
and institutions for assistance in the preparation of this work.
Particular gratitude is expressed to the staff of the Arnold Arbor-
etum of Harvard University for their kindness in furnishing mater-
ial for study. Appreciation is also extended to Dr. P. D. Straus-
baugh. Professor Emeritus of Botany, West Virginia University
for his helpful suggestions. The cover photograph, of trees in
winter, was made by Dr. John A. Gibson, Professor of Chemistry,
West Virginia University.

THE AUTHORS
June, 1958

VI

(^(MtCfit^

Page

1 WOODY PLANTS IN WINTER

16 KEY TO THE GENERA

31 DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIES

197 BIBLIOGRAPHY

199 GLOSSARY

207 INDEX

WOODY PLANTS IN WINTER

T„

.HE IDENTIFICATION of woody plants in winter has a
well-developed technique of its own which, while quite different
from the techniques used for the determination of the same plants
during the other seasons of the year, may be fully as reliable.
Most woody plants have an individuality of their own which is just
as evident in winter, at least upon careful examination, as it is
in summer. The morphological features used are, of course, not
usually those of flowers or fruits, or even of leaves, but the size
and form of the plants and especially the structures of the younger
branches, or twigs.

Size and Form of Woody Plants. The sizes of woody plants
are, of course, quite variable, but an effort is made, in the de-
scriptions of the following pages, to give the general range of the
height (and for trees, especially, the trunk diameter) of mature
plants. It is realized that trees, when young, are no taller than
shrubs, and it may be difficult in winter to tell if a given plant
has reached maturity or not, but the figures would be meaningless
otherwise.

Trees and shrubs grown in the open tend to have a character-
istic form well illustrated by such species as white pine, Lombardy
poplar, weeping willow, and American elm. In general, however,
under forest conditions the crown is restricted in its development
by the competition of surrounding trees and the form is not so dis-
tinctive.

Bark. Bark, or periderm, is that portion of a woody stem
which lies outside of the cambium layer, and is protective in na-
ture. The very youngest stems are covered by epidermis, but this
is usually quickly succeeded by periderm, having its origin in
superficial layers of the cortex. Compared with older bark, this
is quite smooth, broken only by lenticels. At this stage, color is
an important feature for diagnostic purposes. On older branches
or trunks cork cambium (Fig. 1) originates deeper in the stem and
when these deeper layers are formed the tissues on the outside die
and the bark tends to become scaly or furrowed (Fig. 4), often
according a very distinctive pattern. In sour gum, flowering dog-
wood, and persimmon, for example, the bark is divided into small

.-,. — : t •

(/jfi^ — ^^ - - -^ '

' ' rig.^ BARK OF TULIPTREE

BARK OF SOUR GUM t • ' Uj'

WOODY PLANTS IN WINTER 3

squarish plates and has the general appearance of alligator lea-
ther (Fig. 5). In cherries and birches the bark peels horizontally
into thin sheets (Fig. 3). Broad exfoliating plates characterize
certain hickories. Deeply furrowed bark is found on many trees,
as chestnut oak (Fig. 2). Lumbermen often rely almost wholly
upon bark characteristics in the identification of timber species,
but the features are often difficult to describe so they can be
recognized. Experience is most important in this type of identi-
fication.

TWIGS

The terminal portion of a branch of a woody plant may be
referred to as a branchlet or twig (Figs. 6, 7). In this work these
terms are used to designate, specifically, the growth of the cur-
rent year and, to a lesser extent, that of the last preceding year.
Twigs bear prominent distinguishing features such as buds, leaf-
scars, stipule-scars, and pith, while their color, taste, and odor
may also be distinctive. Various other features, such as corky
ridges, thorns, and pubescence characterize certain species.

Color and hairiness of twigs are important winter characters,
although they might more properly be regarded as physiological
effects rather than physical features.

During the winter the color tends to become darker on the
side most exposed to the sun (the upper, or southern sides). Twigs
which are green in summer may become reddish in winter through
the formation of anthocyanins, favored by cold weather. There-
after the color deepens each year, for two or three or even four
years. Hairs also change somewhat in color, as well as in abun-
dance as the winter season progresses. Twigs become less and
less hairy in the second and later years, under ordinary condi-
tions. Of course some are glabrous from the beginning.

Buds. A bud, literally, is a growing point, the early unde-
veloped stage of a leafy shoot or a flower. In winter, of course,
the growing points are dormant, and are usually covered, for pro-
tection, by bud scales, which are really modified leaves.

Buds are of two types, the terminal buds at the tips of the
stem and its branches, and the lateral buds, along the sides of the
branchlets (Fig. 6). In some species a true terminal bud is not
formed and growth continues throughout the season until stopped
by unfavorable weather. When this has happened, the young ten-
der tip of the shoot dies back and is finally self-pruned at the high-
est mature lateral bud formed. This bud then appears to be ter-
minal and is referred to as a pseudoterminal bud. Usually it con-
tinues the growth of the shoot in the next season, in much the same
manner as an actual terminal bud would have done. A pseudoter-

TERMINAL BUD

Fig. 6

TWIG OF BUTTERNUT

SUPERPOSED BUD

TWIGS ^

minal bud may be distinguished from a true terminal by the fact
that it usually has a leaf-scar inamediately below it, and a small
twig- scar behind it. The twig- scar, as might be expected, shows
the concentric zones of bark, wood, and pith, characteristic of
most woody stems. Rarely a withered twig tip persists and no
clear-cut twig scar is formed.

Lateral buds are called axillary buds if they arise in the
axils of leaves, as they usually do. The axil is the distal angle
formed by the petiole of the leaf with the shoot. Often more than
one bud appears at a node, in which case the one directly above
the leaf scar is considered the true axillary bud and the others are
designated as accessory buds. Accessory buds produced to the
right or left of the axillary bud are said to be collateral (Fig. 7),
while those produced just above the axillary bud are said to be super-
posed (Fig. 6). Often the accessory buds may be flower buds,
whereas the axillary bud might be a leaf bud. In other cases both
flowers and leaves are borne together in mixed buds. Buds differ
greatly in their size and shape, as well as in the number, arrange-
ment, color, size, shape, and surface nature of the bud scales;
all these are valuable taxonomic features. When the scales of a
bud fall as spring growth begins, they leave on the twig a ring of
bud scale scars (Fig. 6). A series of such scars indicates several
years' growth.

Bud scales, as noted above, are actually modified leaves
(or, rarely, stipules), and serve to protect the enclosed embryonic
structures. In some buds the scales may be rather numerous, over-
lapping each other like the shingles of a house; such an arrange-
ment is said to be imbricate. In other cases the scales (generally
2 in number) do not overlap but fit together edge to edge; these are
valvate scales. Of course, in both imbricate and valvate buds, the
exposed scales may not represent the total number; others maybe
concealed, becoming exposed only in spring, when the bud enlarges
as growth begins. In a few plants, as willows, the buds are cover-
ed by a single scale. Not all buds are scaly; some lack scales and
are referred to as naked buds. These, however, have the actual
growing point protected by less strongly modified, rudimentary
leaves which often show veins and are generally scurfy or pubes-
cent.

Leaf scars. Most woody plants of the northeastern United
States are deciduous, i. e. , the leaves fall as the growing season
comes to a close. The fall of the leaf is associated with the devel-
opment of a corky abscission layer and after the leaf has fallen
there remains at the point of its attachment a portion of this layer,
known as the leaf scar, sealing off the living tissues beneath (Fig.
8). Since the petioles vary greatly in appearance in cross section,
the leaf scars are also quite variable, and are of further taxo-

Fig. 10

LEAF SCAR OF MAPLE

Fig. 13

FRUIT SCAR OF BUCKEYE

TWIGS 7

nomic value because of the variation in number and arrangement
of the bundle scars (or traces), which indicate the broken ends of
the vascular bundles passing from the stem into leaves. Common
numbers of traces are one or three (Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12), although
the usual number for a given species may be increased through
compounding or branching of the bundles before they reach the
abscission layer. Tiny stipule scars may also be present, one on
each side of the leaf scars, marking the points where the stipules
were attached (Fig. 15), or the modified stipules themselves may
be present in the form of paired prickles (black locust. Fig. 17)
bud scales (magnolia), or tendrils (greenbrier). Of course, stipules
or stipule scars are not found on all twigs, since some species of
plants are exstipulate (without stipules). The scars, when present,
are generally slit-like in shape and inconspicuous. In a few species,
as sycamore 8,nd tuliptree, (Fig. 16), they encircle the twig

from one edge of the leaf scar to the other.

Branch and Fruit Scars, As noted above, some species do
not form a true terminal bud, but the withered tip of the shoot may
slough off, leaving a branch scar. In a few species, e. g. buffalo-
nut, short lateral branches bearing several leaves may drop at the
close of the season; in such species branch scars may sometimes
be more numerous than leaf scars.

Fruit scars are similar in appearance to branch scars, but
are often found in a terminal position (Fig. 13). They represent the
point of abscission of the shoot bearing the inflorescence and the
fruits. In species which normally have a true terminal bud, as
buckeye, the presence of fruit scars may be mystifying until their
real nature is learned.

Pith. The central portion of a twig is composed of a cylinder
of parenchyma cells called pith. It is usually a different color from
the xylem (wood) surrounding it and is readily recognizable in
transverse or longitudinal sections of twigs. In most species the
pith is circular in cross section but it may be star-shaped (oaks),
5-sided (cottonwoods), or more or less triangular (alders). In
color it is usually white but may be various shades of pink, yellow,
brown, or green.

Usually the pith is continuous and homogeneous in composi-
tion (Fig. 18), A modification of this type is diaphragmed, having
plates of heavier-walled horizontally-elongated cells at more or
less regularly spaced intervals (Fig. 19), Examples are tuliptree
and black gum. In a few species the pith disappears between the
diaphragms, resulting in small empty spaces; such pith is called
chambered (Fig. 20). Pith may also be spongy, i. e, , filled with
small irregular cavities, or partially or entirely excavated, i.e.,
"dug out" or lacking.

STIPULE-SCAR
FlQ. 15 0'' WILLOW

Fig. 17

STIPULE-SCARS
OF TULIPTREE

PULES (THORNS) OF

BLACK LOCUST

CONTINUOUS PITH

DIAPHRAGMED PITH

CHAMBERED PITH

Fig. 18

Fig. 19

Fig. 20

TWIGS 9

Studies of the pith may be facilitated by application of a small
drop of phloroglucin, followed by a drop of hydrochloric acid. This
results in the wood turning a bright red in color, presenting the
outline of the pith in sharp focus.

Lenticels. Lenticels are small, often wart-like prominences
scattered over the surface of twigs; they serve to admit air to the
living tissues beneath (Figs. 6, 7). They may be circular in shape
or quite irregular. In cherries and birches they are elongated hori-
zontally. In some cases they are relatively conspicuous, as in
elder, in other cases quite inconspicuous. In general they are of
little value in identification of twigs.

Spur Shoots. In some species (e.g. , larch, birch) certain
twigs grow very slowly and appear as dwarf branches, even though
they may bear a normal number of leaves. A spur shoot is short,
usually stocky, and with crowded leaf scars. Often the flower buds
may be produced on spurs, as in apple and pear (Fig, 14).

Prickles and thorns. Small spines or prickles occur on the
twigs of numerous species of woody plants and they are often diag-
nostic in character. In some cases they represent modified leaves,
as in barberry. In other cases they are modified stipules, as in
black locust (Fig, 17), while in still other cases they are cortical
emergences (outgrowths of the cortex), scattered over the surface
of the twig, as in rose and gooseberry.

Thorns, on the other hand, are modified sharp-pointed twigs,
and have the vascular bundles characteristic of other twigs. In
some cases careful examination will reveal the presence of tiny
buds and leaf scars. They may be branched, as in honey-locust, or
unbranched, as in hawthorn. In some instances (e.g., crabapple),
a twig may be sharp-pointed, without actually appearing to be a
thorn and might represent a structure from the evolutionary stand-
point on the way to becoming a thorn.

FRUITS AND FLOWERS

Fruits. A true fruit is a ripened ovary, bearing one or more
ripened ovules, the seeds. The wall of the fruit, developed from
the wall of the ovary, is called the pericarp. This pericarp may
be fleshy, relatively soft and juicy, or dry, relatively hard and
tough; of course all sorts of gradations exist between these two types,

Fruits are quite often present on woody plants in winter.
These are most likely to be dry fruits, since fleshy fruits are
more perishable and are likely to have fallen and rotted, or to have
been eaten by animals, particularly birds. Those fleshy fruits
which do persist until winter are likely to have withered, as the
coralberry, or to be fruits with scanty pulp, as the hackberry.

Fig. 25

FOLLICLES OF
NINEBARK

FRUITS AND FLOWERS H

Of fleshy fruits present in winter, one of the most common
is the drupe (Fig. 21). This has the pericarp consisting of three
distinct layers, the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp, the endo-
carp taking the form of a hard stone surrounding the seed; fruits
of this type are often called "stone fruits". Examples are black
haw and hackberry. Drupes are usually considered as one-seeded,
but in some instances, as in holly, several stones (endocarps),
each with its own seed, may be surrounded by the same mesocarp.
The pome (Fig. 22) is developed from a sever al-carpelled, several-
seeded inferior ovary, the fleshy portion being a combination of
pericarp and and roper ianth tube (a tube composed of the coalesced
lower portions of the sepals, petals, and stamens); examples are
hawthorn, chokeberry, and mountain-ash. The rose hip (Fig. 23)
is an aggregate fruit, having many separate carpels of a single
flower within the fleshy, hollowed -out receptacle.

Dry fruits include the legume (e.g., redbud), a fruit with
one locule but splitting along two sutures (Fig, 24); the follicle
(e, g. , ninebark), like a legume but splitting along one suture only;
(Fig. 25); and the capsule (e. g. , catalpa), a dry fruit of two or more
carpels, splitting into each locule (Fig, 26). AH these may be
classed as dehiscent (opening to permit the escape of numerous
seeds). Other dry fruits are indehi scent containing but one seed
and therefore not needing to open, since the entire fruit functions
as a single seed. Among dry indehiscent fruits are the achene,
a small fruit with the pericarp closely investing the seed (e. g. ,
sycamore, with the many achenes compounded to form a globose
head); the samara (Figs. 27, 28, 29), like an achene but provided
with a wing which favors wind dispersal (e. g, , elm, hoptree); and
the nut (Figs, 30, 31),like an achene but larger, with a hard lea-
thery or bony pericarp (e.g, , chestnut, beech). A special type of
a nut is the acorn of oaks, where the nut proper is borne in a cup
representing a modified involucre (Fig. 32). In walnut and hickory
the nut has some of the properties of a drupe, with an exocarp and
a mesocarp (the husk) separating from the hard bony endocarp (the
shell); such a fruit has been called a tryma (Fig. 33).

FLOWERj. Very few woody plants produce their flowers dur-
ing the winter months. Witch-hazel, the only fall-blooming shrub
in our region, sometimes has its yellow flowers persisting until
winter (Fig. 38). Most winter-blooming plants, however, are in
reality pre-vernal (early spring) in nature, coming into bloom in
late February or March, and usually persisting into spring (or in
the event of unusually sustained cold weather, not beginning to
bloom until spring). Examples are willows, elms, and maples
(Figs. 34,35,36,37,39).

GYMNOSPERM "FRUITS"-The seeds of conifers or cone-bear-
ing plants (pines, spruces, firs, etc) are borne exposed on the

DRY FRUITS

F

SA

^ Fig. 35

CATKINS OF ALDER

Fig. 34

CATKIN OF
PUSSY WILLOW

i.I""'I''m>

'\ (STAMINATE)

Fig. 41

CONE
OF PITCH PINE

Fig. 40

CONE OF WHITE PINE

- Fig. 42

CONE OF A YEW

(DEVELOPING)
,— ^SEED

Fig. 44 "'^>,

CONE OF ARBOR-VITAE G:' A' '

FRUITS AND FLOWERS 15

surface of the cone scales (hence Gymnosperm, "naked seed")
and not enclosed in an ovary, as in the case of Angiosperms
("covered seeds"). If a fruit be defined as a ripened ovary, there
is, therefore, no such thing as a true fruit in a gymnosperm.
Nevertheless, the cones are generally regarded as fruits, and
will be so treated here.

The cones of many conifers are available in winter, either
attached to the branches or scattered on the ground under the tree.
They are, therefore, quite useful in winter identification. Like
the fruits of Angiosperms, coniferous fruits may be dry or fleshy.
In yew, the solitary seed is partially or wholly surrounded by a
fleshy aril (Fig. 42). In pines and most other conifers of our
region, there are numerous woody, leathery, or fleshy scales,
each with one or more seeds, generally arranged about a central
axis to form a cone (Fig. 40, 41). The cones generally remain
closed while the seeds are developing, but open at maturity to per-
mit the seeds to escape. The exposed portion of the cone scale in
an unopened cone is known as the apophysis. In some species the
apophysis is smooth, in others wrinkled, ridged, or grooved.
When the cone opens, the apophysis can generally be identified
because it is lighter in color than the portions of the cone which
had not been exposed.

In several species the apophysis terminates in a small scar
called the umbo. When the umbo is located at the tip of the scale,
it is said to be terminal; if it is on the back, it is dorsal in its
location. Umbos may terminate in prickles or spines, which are
diagnostic and vary with the species, being straight or curved,
weak or strong.

In the Pinaceae the scales are spirally inserted, but in the
Cupressaceae (Thuja, Juniperus)they are opposite and decussate
(Fig. 44). In most conifers the scales are woody or leathery, but
in red cedar they are somewhat fleshy and the cone is berry-like
in appearance (Fig. 43).

16 WOODY PLANTS

KEY TO THE GENERA OF WOODY PLANTS

1. Foliage evergreen. 2

1. Foliage deciduous. 31

FOLIAGE EVERGREEN

2. Small yellowish-green parasites on trees. . . Phoradendron,p. 89

2. Not as above. 3

3. Leaves 8 mm. or less in width. 4

3. Leaves 12 mm. or more in width. 15

4. Leaves in fascicles of 2, 3, or 5. , . Pinus, p. 35

4, Leaves not in fascicles. 5

5. Leaves alternate, in spirals, linear. 6

5. Leaves opposite, awl-shaped or scale-like. 13

6. Leaves 3 - or 4 - angled in cross section. . . Picea, p. 33

6. Leaves flattened. 7

7. Stems trailing or creeping. 8

7. Stems erect. 9

8. Stems chaffy; leaves green on both sides. . . Gaultheria, p. 173

8. Stems not chaffy; leaves whitened beneath. , . Vaccinium, p. 175

9. Low sprawling shrubs. 10

9. Trees. 12

10. Leaves white-hairy. . . Hudsonia, p. 154

10. Leaves glabrous. 11

11. Leaves alternate; shrubs to 1 m. high. . . Taxus, p. 31

11. Leaves opposite; usually less than 25 cm. high. , . Pachistima, p. 137

12. Leaves sessile. . .Abies, p. 31

12. Leaves jointed to short persistent sterigmata. . .Tsuga, p. 31

13. Sprays not flattened. 14

13. Sprays flattened. . . Thuja, p. 41

14. Leaves opposite, scale-like. . . Chamaecyparis. p. 43
14. Leaves dimorphic, ternate on young growth,

opposite on older branches. . . Juniperus, p. 43

KEY TO GENERA 17

15. Leaves opposite. . . Lonicera, p. 187

15. Leaves alternate. 16

16. Climbing plants. 17

16. Not climbing. 18

17. Climbing by tendrils. . . Smilax, p. 45

17. Climbing by aerial roots. . . Hedera, p. 158

18. Stems creeping or low (under 20 cm. high). 23

18. Stems much taller. 19

19. Fruit an acorn. . . Quercus, p. 74

19. Fruit not an acorn. 20

20. Stipule-scars encircling the twig. . .Magnolia, p. 94

20. Not as above. 21

21. Leaves very rusty -woolly beneath. . . Ledum, p. 163

21. Not as above. 22

22. Leaves scurfy- pubescent beneath. . . Chamaedaphne, p. 171

22. Not as above. 24

23. Stems red-bristly; fruit dry. . . Epigaea, p. 171

23. Stems glabrate; fruit fleshy, red. . .Gaultheria, p. 173

24. Leaves whitened beneath. . . Andromeda, p. 169

24. Leaves not conspicuously whitened beneath. 25

25. Leaves entire. 26

25. Leaves not entire. 29

26. Fruits persistent, in several-flowered racemes. . . Pieris, p. 169

26. Not as above. 27

27. Leaves 3 cm. or less long. . . Arctostaphylos, p. 173

27. Leaves more than 3 cm. long, 28

28. Buds moderate or large, scales several. . . Rhododendron, p. 163

28. Buds minute, scales 2 or none.. .Kalmia,p. 167

29. Leaves armed with spiny teeth. .\ Ilex, p. 134

29. Leaves minutely serrulate. 30

30. Leaves less than 3 cm. long. . . Gaylussacia, p. 175

30. Leaves up to 15 cm. long. . . Leucothoe, p. 170

FOLIAGE DECIDUOUS

31. Leaf-and stipule-scars lacking, the buds subtended by
minute scales. . . Taxodium, p. 41

31. Not as above. 32

18 WOODY PLANTS

32. Leaf-scars opposite or whorled. 33

32. Leaf-scars alternate. 89

33. Leaf-scars whorled. 34

33. Leaf-scars opposite. 38

Leaf-Scars Whorled

34. Twigs coarse. . . Catalpa, p. 186

34. Twigs slender. 35

35. Buds small, often sunk in bark. . . Cephalanthus, p. 186

35. Buds medium -sized, very evident. 36

36. Twigs with two or four hairy lines beloweach node, . . Diervilla, p. 187

36. Not as above. 37

37. Soft-wooded shrubs. . . Hydrangea, p. 99

37. Trees (Abnormal specimens) . . Acer, p. 139

Leaf-Scars Opposite

38. Climbing or scrambling. 39

38. Not climbing. 42

39. Climbing by tendrils or aerial roots. 40

39, Twining or scrambling, without tendrils or aerial
roots. . . Lonicera, p. 187

40. Climbing by tendrils. 41

40. Climbing by aerial roots. . . Campsis, p. 185

41. Section of stem showing wood in shape of a cross. . . Bignonia, p. 185

41. Wood not cross-shaped in section. . . Clematis, p. 91

42. Some twigs ending in spines. . . Rhamnus, p. 143

42. Twigs not ending in spines. 43

43. Bundle-traces distinct, three or more in a line. 44

43. Bundle-traces one or many; if many, scattered or in a
ring or nearly confluent in a line. 76

44. Leaf-scars large and broad. 45

44. Leaf-scars small or narrow. 48

45. Trees. 46

45. Soft-wooded shrubs. 47

46. Twigs with milky juice. . .Acer, p. 139

46. Twigs without milky juice. . . Aes cuius, p. 143

KEY TO GENERA 19

47. Lenticels very conspicuous. . . Sambucus, p. 195

47. Lenticels not conspicuous. . .Hydrangea, p. 99

48. Leaf-scars linear, straight or curved. 49

48. Leaf-scars not as above. 61

49. Leaf-scars horseshoe-shaped. . . Calycanthus,p. 97

49. Leaf-scars straight or curved, but not horseshoe-shaped. 50

50. Bud-scale one. 51

50. Bud-scales two or more or none. 52

51. Buds gummy within. . . Viburnum, p. 191

51. Buds not gummy within. . . Salix,p.46

52. Bud-scales none (the young foliage naked, rusty-
brown). . .Viburnum, p. 191

52. Buds with two or more scales. 53

53. Bud-scales two, valvate. 54

53. Bud -scales more than two. 58

54. Youngest growth gray, or grayish-brown, not hairy. 55

54. Youngest growth often highly colored (red, green,
purple, etc. ). 57

55. Leaf-buds long, slender, tapering, lead-colored. . . Viburnum, p. 191

55. Leaf-buds not long and slender. 56

56. Buds dark red or rusty-brown, scurfy. . . Viburnum, p. 191

56. Buds gray or brown, not scurfy. . . Cornus, p. 158

57. Leaf-scars V-shaped, not raised, nearly meeting. . . Acer, p. 139

57. Leaf-scars U-shaped, somewhat raised, connected
on each side by a narrow line. . . Cornus, p. 158

58. Buds sessile. 59
58. Buds stalked. 60

/^59. Branches short, numerous, rigidly spreading. . . Viburnum, p. 191-

■59. Not as above. . . Acer, p. 139

0. Leaf-scars meeting in a point. . .Acer, p. 139

60. Leaf-scars not meeting. . . Viburnum, p. 191

61. Leaf-scars very small and inconspicuous ; pith often
more or less excavated. . . Lonicera, p. 187

61. Leaf-scars larger, pith continuous. 62

62. Buds covered. 63
62. Buds not covered. 64

20 WOODY PLANTS

63. Buds covered by the base of the petiole. . . Cornus, p. 158

63. Buds covered by a broad membrane. . . Philadelphus,p. 98

64. Leaf-scars ciliate at top. 65

64. Leaf-scars not ciliate. 66

65. Buds sessile. . . Acer, p. 139

65. Buds stalked. . . Viburnum, p. 191

66. Twigs with two or four raised hairy lines. . . Diervilla, p. 187

66. Twigs without raised lines. 37

67. Bud -scales none. . .Viburnum, p. 191

67. Buds with scales. 68

68. Exposed scales two or four. 69

68. Exposed scales more tlian four. 72

69. Buds stalked. . . Acer, p. 139

69. Buds not stalked. 70

70. Leaf-scars connected by lines. . . Lonicera, p. 187

70. Leaf-scars not connected by lines. 71

71. Stipule-scars present, almost connecting the
leaf scars. . . Staphylea, p. 139

71. Stipule-scars none. . . Acer, p. 139

72. Buds superposed. 73

72. Buds not superposed. 74

73. Leaf-scars raised. . . Lonicera, p. 187

73. Leaf-scars low. . . Diervilla, p. 187

74. Soft-wooded shrubs. . .Hydrangea, p. 99

74. Trees or shrubs, not soft-wooded. 75

75. Leaf-scars meeting in a point. . . Acer, p. 139

75. Leaf-scars not meeting. . . Viburnum, p. 191

76. Bundle-traces many. 77

76. Bundle-trace one. 79

77. Sap milky. . . Broussonetia, p. 87

77. Sap not milky. 78

78. Pith continuous. . .Fraxinus, p. 179

78. Pith chambered. . . Paulownia, p. 185

79. Scurfy with peltate scales. . . Shepherdia, p. 155
79. Not as above. 80

KEY TO GENERA 21

80. Pith chambered or excavated. 81

80. Pith continuous. 83

81. Buds fusiform, multiple. . . Forsythia, p. 181

81. Not as above. 82

82. Twigs green, somewhat 4-sided. . . Euonymus, p. 137

C2. Twigs terete, hairy, brown or gray. , . Symphoricarpos, p. 189

83. Soft-wooded shrubs with flaking bark. . . Hypericum, p. 153

83. Not as above. 84

84. Leaf-scars 2 mm. or more broad. 85

84. Leaf-scars less than 2 mm. broad. 88

85. Buds superposed. 86

85. Buds not superposed. . . Syringa, p. 181

86. Leaf-scars connected by lines. . . Cephalanthus, p. 186

86. Leaf-scars not connected by lines. 87

87. Shrubs with conspicuous lenticels. . . Chionanthus, p. 183

87. Trees with moderate lenticels. . . Fraxinus, p. 179

88. Leaf-scars shriveled. . .Symphoricarpos, p. 189

88. Leaf-scars distinctly outlined. . . Ligustrum, p. 183

Leaf-Scars Alternate

89. Climbing or scrambling. 90

89. Not climbing. 103

90. Climbing by tendrils or aerial roots. 91

90. Twining or scrambling, without aerial roots or tendrils. 95

91. With tendrils. 92

91. With aerial roots (Caution! Poison Ivy). . . Rhus, p. 131

92. Tendrils borne on the persistent leaf -base;
stems green. . . Smilax,p. 45

92. Tendrils opposite the leaf- scars. 93

93. Tendrils ending in flat disks. . , Parthenocissus, p. 147

93. Tendrils not ending in disks. 94

94. Pith somewhat chambered. . . Ampelopsis, p. 147

94. Pith continuous. . . Vitis, p. 147

95. Leaf-scars linear or U-shaped. 96
95. Leaf-scars not as above. 97

22 WOODY PLANTS

96. Buds superposed; stem not prickly. . . Aristolochia, p, 91

96. Buds solitary; stem prickly. . . Rosa, p. 117

97. Some twigs spinescent. . . Lycium, p. 183

97. Entirely unarmed. 98

98. Bearing a knob at each angle of the leaf-scar. . .Wisteria, p. 130

98. Not as above. 99

99, Buds small or sunken. 100

99. Buds medium-sized. 102

100. Stem hairy; stone of fruit crescent-shaped. . . Cocculus, p. 94

100. Stem essentially glabrous. 101

101. Stone of fruit crescent-shaped. . . Menispermum, p. 94

101. Stone cup-shaped. . . Calycocarpum, p. 94

102. Leaf-scars low, bud-scales glabrous. . . Celastrus, p. 139

102. Leaf-scars raised, bud-scales pubescent. . . Solanum, p. 183

103. Bearing spines or prickles. 104

103. Without spines or prickles. 116

104. Bearing spines (stiff outgrowths of the twig). 105

104. Bearing prickles (superficial outgrowths). Ill

105. Spines representing leaves or stipules. 106

105. Spines borne singly at the side of the buds. . , Lycium, p. 183

105, Spines representing modified twigs. 107

106. Spines representing modified leaves. . . Berberis, p. 93
106. Spines representing stipules. . .Robinia, p. 130

107. Sap milky. . . Madura, p. 89
107. Sap not milky. 108

108. Leaf-scars on torn membranes; spines branched. . . Gleditsia, p. 127

108. Not as above, 109

109. Spines very sharp-pointed. . . Crataegus, p. 112

109, Spines representing less modified twigs. 110

110. Stipule-scars none. . . Pyrus, p. 108

110. Stipule-scars present. . . Prunus, p. 121

111. Leaf-bases persistent, torn at top. , , Rubus, p. 115

111, Leaf-bases not persistent. 112

112. Leaf-scars irregularly cracked. . , Robinia, p. 130
112. Not as above. 113

KEY TO GENERA 23

113. Prickles paired at the nodes. . , Zanthoxylum^ p. 130

113. Not as above. 114

114. Leaf-scars nearly encircling the thick stem. . . Aralia,p. 157

114. Leaf-scars not as above. 115

115. Buds elongated, stalked, pith porous. . . Ribes, p. 99

115. Buds ovoid, pith continuous. . . Rosa, p. 117

116. Without leaf-scars, but with persistent leaf-bases. 117

116. With leaf-scars. 119

117. Leaf-scars much raised on a clasping 3-nerved
base. . . Potentilla, p. 115

117. Not as above. 118

118. Pith central in the branches. . . Rubus, p. 115

118. Pith toward one side of the branches. . . Tamarix, p. 154

119. Bundle-traces distinct, 3 or more in a line. 120

119. Bundle-trace one, or many traces scattered or nearly con-
fluent in a line. 191

120. Leaf-scars very narrow. 121

120. Leaf-scars broader. 145

121. Leaf-scars straight or U-shaped. 122

121. Leaf-scars horseshoe-shaped, or ring-like, nearly or
completely encircling the bud. 140

122. Leaf-scars somewhat torn by the developing buds. . . Ptelea, p. 131

122. Not as above. 123

123. Stipule-scars encircling the twig. . . Magnolia, p. 94

123. Stipule-scars smaller or none. 124

124. Leaf- scars half-encircling the twig. 125

124. Leai-scars shorter. 126

125. Tall shrub, buds gummy. . . Sorbus, p. 109

125. Small shrub, buds not gimimy. . . Xanthorhiza, p. 93

126. Bud-scale one. . . Salix, p. 46

126. Bud-scales two or more. 127

127. Pith porous in old twigs. . . Ribes, p. 99

127. Pith continuous. 128

128. Buds round -ovoid with resinous or fleshy
scales. . . Baccharis, P. 195

128. Not as above. 129

24 WOODY PLANTS

129. Sap milky. . . Rhus, p. 131

129. Sap not milky. 130

130. Aromatic. 131

130. Not aromatic. 133

131. Bark peeling horizontally around the stem. 132

131. Bark not as above. . . Lindera, p. 98

132. Bark pleasantly aromatic, with the odor of wintergreen. . . Betula,p.68

132. Bark unpleasantly aromatic. . . Prunus, p. 121

133. Leaf-scars low, straight. . .Rosa, p. 117

133. Leaf-scars raised, or curved. 134

134. Lateral buds short-ovoid. 135

134. Lateral buds elongated-ovoid. 136

135. Stipule-scars present. . . Betula, p. 68

135. Stipule-scars absent. . . Pyrus, p. 108

136, Bud curved, the scales twisted; pith minute,
angled. . .Amelanchier, p. 109

136. Not as above. 137

137. Buds symmetrical ; pith minute, flattened or 3-angled. . . Betula, p. 68

137. Without this combination of characters. 138

138. Buds woolly or gummy. . . Sorbus, p. 109

138. Buds not as above. 139

139. Buds oblong or elongated -ovoid. . .Aronia, p. 109

139. Buds short-ovoid. . . Prunus, p. 121

140. Stipule-scars encircling the twig. . . Platanus, p. 105

140. Stipule-scars shorter or none. 141

141. Leaf-scars nearly encircling the twig. 142

141. Leaf-scars torn. 144

142* Sap milky. ..Rhus, p. 131

142. Sap not milky. 143

143. Nodes swollen. . . Dirca, p. 154

143. Nodes not swollen. . . Cladrastis, p. 129

144. Aromatic; leaf-scars U-shaped when torn. . . Ptelea, p. 131

144. Not aromatic; leaf-scars irregularly torn. . . Robinia, p. 130

145. Pith chambered. 146
145. Pith continuous. 147

KEY TO GENERA 25

146. Twigs rather thick; leaf-scars large. . . Juglans, p. 61

146. Twigs slender ;leaf-scars small. . . Celtis, p. 85

147. Pith with firmer diaphragms at intervals. 148

147. Pith without firmer diaphragms. 149

148. Buds densely covered with reddish-brown hairs. . . Asimina, p. 97

148. Not as above. . . Nyssa, p. 157

149. Buds densely covered with reddish-brown hairs. . . Asimina, p. 97

149. Not as above. 150

150. Buds in hairy pits, . . Gymnocladus, p. 127

150. Buds not in hairy pits. 151

151. Pith angled; twigs corky-ridged. . . Liquidambar, p. 103

151. Not as above. 152

152. Sap milky. 153

152. Sap not milky. 154

153. Bud-scales 2 or 3. . . Rhus, p. 131

153. Bud-scales several. , . Morus, p. 87

154. Buds glossy-varnished; pith angled. , . Liquid ambar, p. 103

154. Not as above. 155

155. Lowest scale of lateral buds centrally located over the leaf-
scar; pith angled. . . Populus, p. 55

155. Not as above. 156

156. Low shrub with leaves persistent until late in winter, fern-
like.,. Com^tonia, p. 61

156. Not as above. 157

157. With resin glands or blisters in sheltered places. 158

157. Not as above. 159

158. Stipule-scars elongated; resin in blisters. , . Betula, p. 68

158, Stipule-scars minute or none. , . Myrica, p. 58

159. Buds stalked. 160

159, Buds not stalked. 164

160. Buds long and spine-like. , . Fagus, p. 73

160. Not as above. 161

161. Leaf-scars 2-ranked, 162

161. Leaf-scars in more than 2 ranks. 163

162. Buds yellowish. . , HamamQlis, p. 103

162. Buds black or brown, only the flower-buds stalked. . , Cercis, p, 129

26 WOODY PLANTS

163. Aromatic ; buds greenish-yellow. . .Lindera, p. 98

163. Not aromatic; buds reddish. . . Alnus, p. 71

164. Pith flattened or 3-angled. 165

164. Pith round. 167

165. Bud-scales overlapping each other. 166

165. Bud-scales not overlapping. . . Alnus, p. 71

166. Bud-scales 4-6. . . Corylus, p. 67

166. Bud-scales usually 2 or 3. . . Betula, p. 68

167. Twigs with 3 small vertical ridges below the leaf-scars. 168

167. Not as above. 170

168. Leaf-scars 2-ranked. . . Cercis, p. 129

168. Leaf-scars in more than 2 ranks. 169

169. Buds appressed;bark exfoliating. . . Physocarpus, p. 105

169. Not as above. . . Prunus, p. 121

170. Buds longand spine-like; stipule-scars long. . . Fagus, p. 73

170. Not as above. 171

171. Twigs quite thick; leaf-scars large; buds short. . .Ailanthus, p. 131

171. Not as above. 172

172. Buds small and appressed. 173

172. Not as above. 176

173. Leaf-scars on raised leaf-cushions. 174

173. Leaf-scars low. 175

174. Bark peeling horizontally, inner bark with a disagreeable
odor. . . Prunus, p. 121

174. Bark peeling vertically; lenticels prominent. . . Rhamnus, p. 143

175. Lateral buds triangular. . . Celtis, p. 85

175. Lateral buds minute, not triangular. . , Cornus, p. 158

176. Pith 5-angled, twigs often warty. . . Liquid ambar, p. 103

176. Not as above. 177

177. Leaf-scars 2-ranked. 178

177. Leaf-scars in more than 2 ranks. 182

178. Bud-scales in 2 ranks. . . Ulmus, p. 83

178. Bud-scales not in 2 ranks. 179

179. Bud-scales with vertical striations. . . Ostrya, p. 67
179. Bud-scales not striate. 180

KEY TO GENERA 27

180. Bud-scales 2. . . Tilia, p. 151

180. Bud-scales several. 181

181. Buds nearly globose, with 4-6 scales. . . Corylus,p. 67

181. Buds oblong, with about 12 scales. . . Carpinus, p. 68

182. Exposed bud-scales 2. . ,Cornus,p. 158

182. Exposed bud-scales more than 2, or the buds naked. 183

183. Without stipules or stipule -scars. 184

183. With stipules or stipule-scars. 186

184. Aromatic; twigs green. . . Sassafras, p. 98

184. Not aromatic. 185

185. Buds woolly or gummy. . . Sorbus, p. 109

185. Buds not woolly or gummy. . . Pyrularia, p. 89

186. Stipule-bases present, or stipule-scars short. 187

186. Stipule-scars elongated. . . Betula, p. 68

187. Stipule-scars or bases on a leaf-cushion. 188

187. Stipule-scars not on a leaf-cushion. 189

188. Inner bark with a disagreeable odor; lenticels
horizontally elongated. . . Prunus, p. 121

188. Inner bark not with a disagreeable odor; lenticels prominent,
not horizontally elongated, . . Rhamnus, p. 143

189. Bundle-traces confluent, or twigs hairy. . .Rhamnus, p. 143

189. Bundle-traces separate, or twigs glabrous. 190

190. Lenticels horizontally elongated. . . Prunus, p. 121

190. Lenticels not horizontally elongated. . . Crataegus, p. 112

191. Stipule-scars nearly or quite encircling the twig. 192

191. Not as above. 195

192. Buds long and pointed. 193

192. Buds not as above. 194

193. Leaf-scars small. . . Fagus, p. 73

193. Leaf-scars large. . . Magnolia, p. 94

194. Buds large, flattened. . . Liriodendron, p. 95

194. Buds short, ovoid. . . Ulmus, p. 83

195, Bundle-traces many, mostly in 3 groups; leaf-scars lobed. 196

195. Not as above. 197

196. Pith chambered. . . Juglans, p. 61
196. Pith continuous. . . Carya, p. 61

28

WOODY PLANTS

197. Bundle-traces many, not in 3 groups. 198

197. Bundle-trace one. 208

198. Leaf-scars large; bundle-traces in an ellipse. . . Ampelopsis, p. 147

198. Not as above. 199

199. Sap milky. 200

199. Sap not milky. 203

200. With stipule-scars. 201

200. Without stipule-scars. . .Rhus, p. 131

201. Pith with thin plates at the nodes. . . Broussonetia, p. 87

201. Not as above. 202

202. Buds ovoid. . . Morus, p. 87

^02. Buds depressed-globose. . .Madura, p. 89

203. Pith ang-^alar, more or less star-shaped. 204

203. Pith roiond or nearly so. 205

204. Bud-scales numerous. . . Quercus, p. 74

204. Bud-scales 2 or 3 . . . Castanea, p. 73

205. Buds evident. 206

205. Buds not evident. . . Hibiscus, p. 153

206. Buds asymmetrical. . . Tilia, p. 151

206. Buds nearly symmetrical. 207

207. Scars of 2 kinds, viz. , leaf-scars with 3 bundle -traces, and
branch-scars with numerous bundles in an ellipse. . . PsT'ularia,p. 89

207. Not as above. . . Corylus, p. 67

208. Leaf-scars minute, on small ridges; twigs bearing cones
persistent in winter. . . Larix, p. 35

208. Not as above. 209

209. Pith chambered or porous. 210

209. Pith continuous. 212

210. Bud-scales 2. overlapping. .. Diospyros, p. 178

210. Bud-scales several. 211

211. Buds deltoid. . . Celtis, p. 85

211. Buds ovoid. . . Halesia, p. 178

212. Bundle-trace broken into three. 213

212. Bundle-trace unbroken. 215

213. Twigs aromatic, green. . . Sassafras, p. 98
213. Not as above. 214

KEY TO GENERA 29

214. Buds solitary. . . Rhamnus, p. 143

214. Buds superposed. . . Ilex, p. 134

215. Leaf-scars on large leaf-cushions. 217

215. Not as above. 216

216 Twigs prominently angled or grooved. . . Gytisus, p. 129

216. Not as above. 218

217. Buds ellipsoid, twigs rounded. . . Potentilla, p. 115

217. Not as above. . . Spiraea, p. 105

218, Bud-scales 2, bundle-trace semicircular . . . Diospyros, p. 178

218. Not as above. 219

219. Leaf-scars about as high as wide. 220

219. Leaf-scars wider than high. 225

220. Twigs aromatic, green. . . Sassafras, p. 98

220. Not as above. 221

221, Terminal bud not enlarged, or absent. 222

221. Terminal bud larger than the lateral buds. 223

222. Twigs brown or red. , . Oxydendrum, p, 171

222. Twigs gray. . . Lyonia, p. 170

223, Outer bud-scales as long as the bud. . , Clethra, p. 161

223. Outer bud-scales shorter than the bud. 224

224. Bark shredding; capsules bristly. . . Menziesia, p. 167

224. Not as above. . . Rhododendron, p. 163

225. Soft- wooded, or aromatic. 226

225, Neither soft-wooded nor aromatic. 227

226. Soft-wooded; not aromatic. , , Ceanothus, p. 145

226. Aromatic; not soft-wooded. , , Sassafras, p. 98

227. With stipules or stipule-scars. 228

227. Without stipules or stipule-scars. 229

228. Buds sometimes superposed. . , Ilex„ p, 134

228. Buds not superposed. , . Spiraea, p. 105

229. Bud-scales 2, twigs glaucous. , . Nemopanthus, p. 135

229. Not as above. 230

230, Buds ovoid or oblong, 231
230, Buds globose or nearly so. 234

3Q WOODY PLANTS

231. Fruit present in winter, of small round capsules. . . Lyonia, p. 170

231. Fruit absent in winter. 232

232. Twigs scurfy with peltate scales. . . Elaeagnus, p. 155

232. Not as above. 233

233. Twigs green or red or warty. . . Vaccinium, p. 175

233. Twigs not green or warty. . . Gaylussacia, p. 175

234. Fruit absent in winter; twigs green or red or warty. . .Vaccinium, p. 175

234. Fruit present in winter. 235

235. Tree with oblong capsules. . . Oxydendrum, p. 171
235. Shrub with globose capsules. . . Leucothoe, p. 170

DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIES
OF WOODY PLANTS

TAXUS L. (Taxaceae)

OHRUBS with evergreen, linear, mucronate, alternate
leaves, the pistillate flower consisting of a single ovule (not in a
cone).

1. T. canadensis Marph. American Yew. A low sprawling
shrub, seldom over 1 m. high; leaves 2-ranked, dark green above,
yellowish-green beneath, 12-30 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide,
persistent on twigs in drying; seed mostly surrounded by a fleshy
aril which when mature becomes 6 mm. long, red, juicy, sweet,
resembling the fruit of angiosperms, often persistent into winter.
Rich woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Iowa
and the mountains of Kentucky (Fig. 1).

ABIES Mill. (Pinaceae)

Evergreen trees with leaves linear, flat, scattered, sessile,
spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, but in reality spirally ar-
ranged, usually persistent in drying (hence the young plants quite
satisfactory as Christmas trees). Cones erect, cylindric or ovoid,
maturing the first year, the scales falling from the persistent axis
(hence the ripe cones do not fall from the tree intact, as in most
other conifers).

1. A. balsamea (L. ) Mill. Balsam Fir. A slender tree
10-25 m. tall, the trunk 1 m. in diameter; bark nearly smooth,but
with resin blisters (hence the name "Blister-Pine" commonly used
in the Alleghenies); leaves narrowly linear, obtusely pointed, 1-3. 2
cm. long, marked with two white lines beneath; cones cylindrical,
6-10 cm. long when mature; bracts obovate, serrulate, tipped with
an abrupt slender point, shorter than or about equaling the scales.
Woods, Labrador to Alberta, south to Iowa and the mountains of
West Virginia (Fig. 2).

TSUGA (Endl. ) Carr. (Pinaceae)

Evergreen trees with slender horizontal or drooping branches
and flat narrowly linear alternate leaves, spreading and appearing
2-ranked, attached to very short stalks (sterigmata), quickly fall-

31

f\

g. I. Taxus canadensis

Fig. 2. Abies balsameo

Fig. 3, Tsuga canadensis

Fig. 4. Picea glauco

TSUGA ^^

ing when dry. Cones small, ovoid or oblong, pendulous, the
scales thin, obtuse, persistent.

1. jr. canadensis (L. ) Carr. Hemlock. A tall tree, 20-35 m.
high, 6-12 dm. in diameter, with gracefully spreading spray ;bark
deeply fissured on old trunks, with prominent rounded ridges;
foliage delicate, dense; leaves short-petioled, linear, obtuse,
8-13 mm. long; cones ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, maturing the first
autumn, the scales nearly orbicular. Woods, New Brunswick to
Minnesota, south along the mountains to Georgia and Alabama
(Fig. 3).

PICEA Dietr. (Pinaceae)

Evergreen conical trees, with linear short more or less
4-sided leaves spreading in all directions, joined at the base to
short sterigmata, quickly falling when dry. Cones ovoid or oblong,
obtuse, pendulous, the scales numerous, thin, obtuse, persistent.

a. Cones usually less than 5 cm. long

b. Twigs glabrous 1. P. glauca

b. Twigs pubescent

c. Leaves 12-15 mm. long; Appalachian 2. P. rubens
c. Leaves usually 6-10 mm. long;

chiefly Canadian 3. P. mariana

a. Cones 10-15 cm. long 4. P. abies

1. P. glauca (Moench. ) Voss. White Spruce. A handsome
tree to 45 m. high, 4-6 dm. in diameter; bark pale brown; branch-
lets glabrous; leaves slender, pale or glaucous, 8-18 mm. long;
cones subcylindrical, about 5 cm. long, the scales pale, thin, with
an entire edge. Rich woods, Labrador to Alaska, south to South
Dakota and New York; typically a Canadian tree (Fig. 4).

2. _P. rubens Sarg. Red Spruce. (R rubra Dietr. ). A slen-
der tree 20-35 m. high, 6-9 dm. in diameter; bark reddish, rough-
ened by thin irregular brown scales; branchlets pubescent; leaves
slender, 12-15 mm. long, somewhat acute; cones maturing the
first year, deciduous in autumn or during the winter, elongate-
ovoid, 3-4 cm. long, brown, the scales rounded, entire, or slight-
ly erose at the tip. Woods, Prince Edward Island to Ohio, south on
the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee; typically an Appa-
lachian tree (Fig. 5).

3. P. mariana (Mill.) BSP. Black Spruce. Bog Spruce.
Usually a small tree less than 30 m. high and 2-3 dm. in diameter;

Fig. 5. Picea rubens

Fig. 6. Picea mariana

Fig, 7. Picea abies

Fig. 8. Lxirix laricina

PICEA ^^

bark broken into flaky gray or reddish scales; branchlets pubescent;
leaves short and thick, mostly 6-10 mm. long, pale bluish-green
with a white bloom; cones short-ovoid or globose, 2-3 cm. long,
dull grayish-brown, the scales erose. Cool slopes and bogs, Lab-
rador to Alaska, south to Alberta and Pennsylvania, with scatter-
ed colonies in the mountains of Virginia; typically a Canadian
tree (Fig. 6).

4. _P^ abies (L. ) Karst. Norway Spruce. (P. excelsa Link).
A tree to 50 m. high, with drooping lower branches; bark reddish-
brown; buds reddish or light brown, not resinous; branchlets near-
ly glabrous; leaves slender, sharp-pointed, dark-green, glossy;
cones 1-1. 5 dm. long. Introduced from Europe as a shade tree,
spreading slightly from cultivation in the northern section(Fig. 7).

LARK Mill. (Pinaceae)

Trees with horizontal or ascending branches and small de-
ciduous leaves, mostly clustered at the ends of short stubby
branchlets. Cones ovoid or cylindric, small, erect, the scales
thin, persistent.

1. JL. laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. Larch. Tamarack. A slen-
der tree 10-20 m. high, 3-6 dm. in diameter, the branches spread-
ing; bark thin, roughened with small, rounded, red -brown scales;
twigs slender, orange, pith minute, brown, roundish; buds soli-
tary, sessile, globose or short-ovoid, with numerous brown scales;
leaf-scars minute, alternate, raised on decurrent bases, mostly
closely clustered on spurs that elongate very slowly; bundle-trace
1; stipule-scars none; cones less than 2 cm. long, persistent into
winter. Labrador to Alaska, south mostly in swamps to Minnesota
and the mountains of West Virginia (Fig. 8).

PINUS L. (Pinaceae)

Evergreen trees with 2 kinds of leaves, the primary ones
solitary, scalelike, deciduous the first year, the secondary form-
ing the ordinary foliage, narrowly linear, arising in the axils of
the primary in bundles (fascicles) of 2 to 5, persistent for several
years. Cones requiring 2 years for ripening, those of the first year
small and green in winter, maturing the second autumn but often
persisting for several years, usually armed with prickles or
spines.

a. Leaves 5 in a fascicle 1. P. strobus

a. Leaves 2 or 3 in a fascicle

b. Leaves 3 in a fascicle 7. P. rigida

Fig. 9. Pinus strobus

Fig. 10, Pinus resinosa

Fig. II. Pinus nigra

Fig. 12. Pinus sylvesfris

PINUS

37

b. Leaves 2 in a fciscicle, or in 2's and 3's
c. Cone-scales unarmed

d. Leaves 2-4 cm, long; cones

often curved
d. Leaves 3-17 cm. long; cones

usually not curved

e. Leaves 7-17 cm. long;
cone -scales without a
central protuberance

e. Leaves 3-7 cm. long;
cone -scales with a tall
central protuberance

c. Cone-scales armed

d. Leaves in 2's and (often) 3's
on the same tree

e. Leaves 7-13 cm, long;

prickle weak
e. Leaves 3-7 cm. long;

prickle very strong

d. Leaves 2 in a fascicle

e. Leaves 2-4 cm, long
e. Leaves 4-17 cm. long

f. Leaves 4-8 cm. long;

native tree
f. Leaves 7-17 cm. long;

introduced tree

9. P. banks iana

2. P. resinosa

4. P. sylvestris

5. P. echinata

8. P. pungens

9. P. banksiana

6. P. vLrginiana
3. P. nigra

1. P^ strobus L. White Pine. A large forest tree 20-50 m.
high, with a trunk diameter of 6-13 dm. ; bark on the young bran-
ches smooth, on the old trunks divided by shallow grooves into
wide flat-topped ridges; leaves in 5's, 7-13 cm. long, slender,
marked with white lines, the fascicle-sheaths deciduous; mature
cones slender, cylindrical, somewhat curved, 1-1. 5 dm. long, the
scales unarmed. Rich woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to
Iowa and the mountains of Georgia and Tennessee (Fig. 9).

2, _P. resinosa Ait. Red Pine. A tall forest tree reaching a
maximum height of 50 m. and a diameter of 15 dm, ; bark reddish.

Fig. 13. Pinus echinata

Fig, 14. Pinus virginiana

Fig. 15. Pinus rigida

Fig. 16. Pinus pungens

PINUS ^^

rather smooth; leaves 2 in a fascicle, dark green, 9-16 cm. long;
mature cones ovoid-conical, 5 cm. long; scales unarmed. Dry
woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Minnesota and the
mountains of West Virginia; most common about the Great Lakes
and in New England (Fig. 10).

3. P_, nigra Arnold. Austrian Pine. A tree 30-50 m. high;
bark dark brown to black; buds silvery or light brown; branchlets
usually light brown; leaves stiff, 9-16 cm. long, dark green;
cones 5-8 cm. long, the scales with a short prickle on the umbo.
Introduced from Europe and spreading slightly from cultivation
(Fig. 11.)

4. _P, sylvestris L. Scotch Pine. A timber tree up to 40 m.
high; bark gray; leaves in 2's, bluish or grayish-green, 3-7 cm.
long; cones 3-6 cm. long, slender, conic, reflexed, the scales
thickened, rhombic, with a central protuberance but not prickly.
Introduced from Europe, much cultivated, and naturalized (Fig. 12).

5. JP_. echinata Mill. Shortleaf Pine. Yellow Pine. A straight
tree 15-45 m. high, with a trunk diameter of 6-10 dm.; bark broken
into large more or less rectangular plates; leaves mostly in 2's,
but also in 3's on the same tree, 7-13 cm. long, slender, flexible;
mature cones ovoid, about 5 cm. long; scales armed with a minute
weak prickle. Dry or sandy soil, Florida to Texas, north to New
York, Ohio, and Oklahoma (Fig. 13).

6. JP. virginiana Mill. Scrub Pine. Virginia Pine. Jersey
Pine. A straggling tree 5-20 m. high, trunk diameter 3-6 dm.;
branches spreading or drooping; bark with shallow fissures and
dark brown loose scales; leaves in 2's, 4-8 cm. long, twisted,
gray-green; mature cones few, oblong-conic, 3-7 cm. long;scales
with a straight or curved slender prickle. Barrens and sterile soil,
Georgia to Arkansas, north to Virginia, New Jersey, New York
and Indiana (Fig. 14).

7. JP. rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. A tree 10-25 m. high, with
very rough dark bark and hard resinous ("pitchy") wood; leaves in
3's, 5-12 cm. long, rigid, dark green; mature cones ovoid-conical
or ovoid, 3-9 cm. long, often clustered; scales thickened at the
apex, bearing a short thick curved prickle. Sandy or barren soil,
Maine to Ontario, south to Ohio and the mountains of Georgia and
Tennessee (Fig. 15).

8. JP. pungens Lamb. Table Mountain Pine. A rather small
tree, 6-20 m. high, and with trunk diameter of 10 dm. ; bark
broken by fissures into irregular red-brown plates, leaves in 2's

Fig. 17. Pinus bankslana

Fig. 18. Taxodium distichum

Fig. 19. Thuja occidentalis

Fig. 20. Chamaecyparis fhyoides

PINUS

41

(sometimes also in 3's), stiff, 3-6 cm. long, blue-green; mature
cones clustered, ovoid, 5-10 cm. long, hanging on for many years;
scales very thick and woody, armed with a strong hooked spine
4-5 mm. long. Uplands, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Georgia
and Tennessee (Fig, 16).

9. JP. banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine. A low tree usually
5-20 m. high, 3-4 dm. in diameter; bark thin, brown, reddish or
gray, irregularly broken into scaly ridges; leaves in 2's, short
and thick, 2-4 cm. long, divergent; cones conical, oblong, usually
curved, 3-5 cm. long, the scales smooth or with a minute prickle.
Barren or rocky soil, Quebec to Mackenzie, south to Alberta,
Michigan and New York (Fig. 17).

TAXODIUM Richard (Taxodiaceae)

Deciduous trees with shreddy bark, often buttressed when
large and in very wet places surrounded by large conical "knees"
growing upwards from the roots. Cones small, ellipsoid, with
thickened scales.

1. I\ distichum (L. ) Richard. Bald-Cypress. Tree to 40 m.
high, 9-15 dm. in diameter, the base conical or abruptly enlarged,
more or less ridged; bark fibrous or scaly, thin, reddish-brown;
twigs slender; pith minute, brown, roundish; buds sessile, minute,
subglobose; leaf-and stipule-scars lacking. Swamps, Florida to
Texas, north to New Jersey, Kentucky and Oklahoma (Fig. 18).

THUJA L. (Cupressaceae)

Evergreen trees or shrubs with flattened sprays, the leaves
very small, scale- like, appressed, overlapping each other, op-
posite, 4-ranked. Cones ovoid or oblong, mostly spreading, the
6-10 scales opposite, dry, spreading when mature.

1. _T. occidentalis L. Arbor vitae. A conical tree 10-35 m.
high, 3-6 dm. in diameter, with pale shreddy bark and light, soft,
but durable wood; leaves 2-3 mm. broad, of two sorts, the two
lateral rows keeled, the two other rows flat, causing the twig to
appear much flattened; cones oblong, 8-12 mm. long, reddish-
brown, maturing in early autumn,per3isting through the following
winter; seeds broadly winged all around. Swamps and rocky banks,
Quebec to Saskatchewan, south chiefly on limestone outcrops to
Minnesota, Ohio, and the mountains of North Carolina and Ten-
nessee (Fig. 19).

Fig. 21. Juniperus communis

Fig. 22. Juniperus horizontalis

Fig. 23. Juniperus virginiana

Fig. 24. Smilax rotundifolia

HAMAECYPARIS 43

CHAMAECYPARIS Spach (Cupressaceae)

Strong-scented evergreen trees with very small scale-like
closely appressed overlapping leaves, 2-ranked branchlets, and
subglobose cones with thick peltate scales.

1. _C_. thyoides (L. ) BSR White Cedar. A tree to 25 m.
high, 3-4 dm. in diameter; bark thin, ashy-gray to reddish-brown;
leaves minute, pale, often bearing a small gland, closely imbri-
cated in 4 rows; cones small, 6-9 mm. in diameter, with about
3 pairs of scales. Swamps, in the coastal plain, from Mississippi
and Florida north to Maine (Fig. 20).

JUNIPERUS L. • (Cupressaceae)

Evergreen trees or shrubs with opposite or whorled scale-
like sessile leaves, commonly of 2 sorts, those of the young bran-
ches linear, often spreading, on the older branches scale-like,
closely appressed and overlapping. Cones of 3-6 fleshy coalescent
scales, when mature forming a sort of berry, light blue and glau-
cous.

a. Leaves in whorls of 3 1. J. communis

a. Leaves mostly opposite

b. Prostrate shrub; cones 6-10

mm. in diameter 2. J. horizontalis

b. Upright shrub or tree; cones

5-6 mm. in diameter 3. J. virginiana

1, jL communis L. Common Juniper. A low decumbent
shrub (in the var. depressa Pursh) or small tree, 2-10 m. high,
with pyramiidal or columnar form; bark dark reddish-brown, scaly;
leaves thin, straight, 12-21 mm. long, widely spreading, grayish
above, sharp-pointed; cones subglobose, 5-10 mm. in diameter.
Dry soil, pastures, etc. , Greenland to Alaska, south to California,
Wyoming, Ohio, and the mountains of Georgia (Fig. 21).

2, J. horizontalis Moench. Creeping Savin. Creeping Juniper.
A procumbent, prostrate or creeping shrub; leaves scale-like,
sharp-pointed; cones 6-10 mm. in diameter, on a short peduncle.
Rocky or sandy banks and bogs, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to
Wyoming, Illinois, and New York (Fig. 22).

3, _J. virginiana L. Red Cedar. A tree 15-25 m. high (or
sometimes only a small tree or shrub), pyramidal in form; bark
thin, peeling off in long strips, reddish-brown; leaves mostly op-
posite, those on the young twigs subulate, spiny- tipped, 4-8 mm.

Fig. 25. Smilax hlspida

Fig. 26. Smilax giauca

Fig. 27. Smilax laurifolia

Fig, 28. Salix nigra

JUNIPERUS 45

long, those of the older branches scale-like, acute or subacute,
closely appressed and overlapping, 4-ranked, causing the twigs
to appear quadrangular; cones ("berries") maturing in autumn,
light blue, glaucous, about 6 mm. in diameter. Dry woods and
barrens, often on limestone outcrops, Florida to Texas, north to
New England and Missouri (Fig. 23).

SMILAX L. (Liliaceae)

Woody (sometimes herbaceous) plants climbing by tendrils
which are borne in pairs on the petiole of the leaves, and may
represent modified stipules. Stems terete or angled, usually bear-
ing strong large prickles; pith lacking, the vascular bundles scat-
tered throughout, as is customary in monocots. Buds moderate,
3-sided, pointed, divergent, with a single exposed scale. Leaves
deciduous (evergreen in warm climates) tearing away above the
broadened base of the petiole and hence leaving no definite scar.
Fruit a berry, often persistent into winter.

a. Leaves mostly deciduous

b. Stems not glaucous

c. Prickles widened or

flattened at the base 1. S. rotundifolia

c. Prickles needle-like,

black 2. S. hispida

b. Stems glaucous 3. S. glauca

a. Leaves evergreen 4. S. laurifolia

1. S. rotundifolia L. Common Greenbrier. Stem glabrous,
nearly terete, the branches and young shoots usually sharply 4-
angled; prickles scattered, stout, straight or a little curved;
berries black, 6 mm. in diameter, ripe in October and November,
persistent into winter. Thickets and woods, Florida to Texas,
north to Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Oklahoma (Fig. 24).

2. S. hispida Muhl. Hispid Greenbrier. (S. tamnoides L.
var. hispida (Muhl. ) Fernald). Stem climbing in thickets, glab-
rous, terete, the lower parts thickly hispid with numerous straight
slender black prickles, the younger branches unarmed or nearly
so; branches somewhat angled; berries bluish-black, 6 mm. in
diameter. Rich woods, often on limestone outcrops; New York and
South Dakota, south to Georgia and Texas (Fig. 25).

3. ^. glauca Walt. Glaucous Greenbrier. Stem glabrous,
terete, glaucous, armed with rather stout numerous or scattered

46 WOODY PLANTS

prickles ;branchlets somewhat angled ; berries bluish -black, 6 mm.
in diameter. Sandy thickets and fields, Florida and Texas, north
to New England, West Virginia, and Missouri (Fig. 26).

4. S. laurifolia L. Laurel-leaf Greenbrier. Blaspheme- Vine.
Evergreen high-climbing vine, with knotty somewhat woody rhiz-
omes and strong terete stems armed with rigid prickles; tendrils
intermittent; leaves coriaceous, 0.6-2 dm. long, 1-7. 5 cm. broad,
the middle vein much more prominent than the lateral ones; ber-
ries black. Swamps and moist soil, Florida to Texas, north to New
Jersey and Tennessee; also in the West Indies (Fig. 27).

SALIX L. * (Salicaceae)

Deciduous trees and shrubs, with wood of light weight. Tree
trunks 1 or 2—4 together, often leaning; shrubs often clumpy and
sometimes forming thickets by the growth of underground runners.
Twigs mostly slender but sometimes stoutish (S. discolor, S.
caprea), terete. Bark on young twigs usually smooth; green, yel-
low, brown, purplish, or black, sometimes shining; glabrous,
glabrate, puberulent, gray-pubescent, or white-tomentose, vary-
ing with species, age of twigs, and season. Pith small, round,
continuous, white. Buds small to large, 1-2 mm. to 10 mm. or
more long, oblong to ovate, appressed, solitary (or sometimes
multiple), with a single exposed scale, colored and clothed as the
twigs; terminal bud lacking. Leaf-scars alternate or rarely sub-
opposite or opposite (S. purpurea), shallow, narrow, curved;
bundle-traces 3, Stipule-scars tiny to obvious, sometimes ab-
sent. Aments of precocious species sometimes appearing in
February or March.

a. Trees, twigs mostly slender, yellow-
ish to brown or black; buds small to
midsized (except S. fragilis), 1-5 mm. long

b. Twigs not markedly pendulous (weeping)

0. Twigs yellow or yellowish, glabrous

4. S. amygdaloides
c. Twigs yellowish or greenish

(seasonal) to dark brown or

black; native trees

d. Small tree or shrub; bark
gray; twigs not brittle; buds
small, 1-3 mm. long 3. S. caroliniana

d. Large tree; bark dark

brown to black; twigs brittle
at base; buds small to mid-
sized, 2-5 mm, long, reddish-
brown. 5, S. nigra
*Text contributed by Carleton R. Ball

SAI.DC

47

c. Twigs greenish-yellow
(young) to reddish-brown
(older) ;introduced trees

d. Bark gray, thick, rough;

twigs very brittle at
( base; buds midsized

to large, 3-7 (-10) mm.

long
d. Bark gray-brown,

rough, ridged ;twigs

not brittle; buds small

to midsized, 1-3 (-5)

mm. long

b. Twigs long, pendulous
(weeping)

a. Shrubs, or occasionally small
trees (as also is_S^ carolinlana
above)

b. Buds alternate

6. S. fragilis

7. S. alba

8. S. babylonica

c. Thicket-forming, stoloni-

ferous shrub, 2-3m. high;

twigs slender; buds small,

2-4 mm. long
c. Not thicket-forming or

stoloniferous shrubs

d. Buds small to midsized,
2-6 or rarely 7 mm.
long (4-7 (-10) mm. in
S. discolor)

9. S. interior

e. Older twigs and
buds glabrous (ex-
cept in hairy vari-
eties, as noted)

f. Twigs midsized
to stout, 2-6 (-7)
mm. wide at base

g. Seasonal twigs
yellowish-brown.

48 WOODY PLANTS

older reddish-brown
or darker, shining, not
clearly furrowed, the
larger somewhat gray-
ish at base

h. Bark brown, twigs

longish (hairy in

var. intonsa) 1. S. lucida

h. Bark olive -green,

shining, twigs

shorter 2. S. serissima

g. Seasonal twigs yel-
lowish-brown, older
dark brown or black-
ish, shallowly straight-
furrowed, some partly
shining, many short
and divaricate 11. S. pyrifolia

f. Twigs mostly slender to
occasionally midsized,
1-4 (-5)mm.wide at base

g. Bark gray; twigs
slender, leafy, young
yellowish and occa-
sionally puberulent,
older dark brown or
reddish-brown, glab-
rous, seldom shining 13. S. petiolaris

g. Bark brown ;twigs slen-
der or sometimes mid-
sized, longish, young
yellowish-brown to
dark brown, puberulent,
older dark brown to
black, glabrous or
sometimes micro-
puberulent (plants with
older twigs pubescent
probably represent
S. subsericea) 14. S. sericea

f . Twigs stoutish, reddish
or reddish-purple to

SALDC

49

mostly dark brown,

youngest thinly

pubescent (more

densely so in var.

latifolia), older

glabrous; buds

large, 4-7 (-lO)mm.

long 16. S. discolor

e. Twigs and buds more
or less hairy, not shin-
ing.

f. Tall shrubs to 5 or
6 m. high; twigs and
buds mostly midsized

g. Bark brown; twigs

slender to midsized,

longish, 2-5 mm. in

basal diameter, yellow

to yellowish-brown 10. S. rigida
g. Bark brown ;twigs

midsized to stout-

ish, 2-5 (-7)mm. in

basal diameter,

short to long, yellow

or yellowish-brown

to dark brown(densely

white-tomentose on

the common var,

albovestita, with buds

to 8 mm. long) 12. S. glaucophyl-

loides

f. Shrub or small tree,

2 to 6 (-9)m. high;

bark grayish, rough,

scaly ;twigs 1-3 (-4)

mm. at base, reddish

to dark brown, often

divaricate, the shorter

often crooked; buds mid-
sized 19. S. bebbiana
f. Low, many-stemmed

shrub to 1 m.high;

twigs slender, 1-3 mm.

50 WOODY PLANTS

in diameter;

yellowish-brown

to brown; buds small,

1-3 (-4)mm. long 18. S. tristis

d. Buds midsized to large, 4-8
(-10) mm. long, pubescent

e. Introduced shrub or small

tree, bark gray; 1-2 year

twigs yellowish, older dark

brown, stoutish 15. S. caprea

e. Native shrubs or small

trees; bark brown ;twigs

mostly reddish-brown to

dark brown

f. Few-stemmed shrub
or small tree, 2-7 m.
high; bark brown ;young-
er twigs often pubescent
(more densely so in var.
latifolia), older glabrous,
stoutish 16. S. discolor

f. Sprangly shrub 1-3 m.
high; bark brown;
twigs midsized, pubes-
cent, younger yellow-
ish 17. S. humilis

b. Buds opposite, subopposite, or al-
ternate (on same twig), midsized
to large, 3-8(-9)mm. long, glabrous
(introduced shrub) 20. S. purpurea

1. S. lucida Muhl. Shining Willow. Shrub or small tree
3-6 (-9)m. high7 tne trunk to 1. 2 dm. in diameter; bark brown,
glabrous; twigs mostly midsized (2-5 mm. in diameter), chest-
nut-brown to reddish-brown or darker, glabrous or young twigs
more or less hairy (var. intonsa Fernald); buds midsized, 4-6 mm.
long, colored and clothed as the twigs; leaf-scars lunate; bundle-
traces conspicuous. Low grounds, Delaware to Iowa and North
Dakota, north to Newfoundland and west to Manitoba.

2. S. serissima (Bailey) Fernald. Autumn Willow. Shrub
1-4 m. high, branches with olive-brown, lustrous bark, twigs
slender, yellowish-brown to brown, shining, glabrous; buds mis-

SALDC 51

sized, lance-oblong, 5-7 mm. long, chestnut-brown to olive or
reddish-brown, glabrous, shining. Swampy and boggy ground,
rather than along streams, from New Jersey to Ohio and Indiana,
Minnesota, Montana, north to Newfoundland, James Bay, Saskat-
chewan, and Alberta.

3. S, carotiniana Michx, Carolina Willow. Ward's Wil-
low. Shrub or small tree to 19 m. high in our area, larger west-
ward; bark gray, deeply checkered; twigs slender, the seasonal
0. 5-1 mm. , older to 4 mm. in diameter, yellowish, becoming
brown to black with age, the youngest pubescent to glabrous; buds
very small, 1-3 mm. long, colored and clothed as the twigs.
Stream banks and low woods, Florida, Texas, north to Maryland,
Pennsylvania, Illinois and Kansas: also in Cuba.

4. S. amygdaloides Anders son. Peachleaf Willow. Shrub
or small tree with 1-3 often leaning trunks to 12 m. high and to

4 dm. in diameter; bark brown, scaly or fissured; twigs slender,
1-3 mm. in diameter, yellow, glabrous; buds small, 2-4 mm.
long, yellow or yellowish-brown. Alluvial soils, usually near water,
Pennsylvania to Texas and Arizona, north to Quebec and British
Columbia.

5. S, nigra Marsh. Black Willow. A shrub or tree to
30 m. high, with 1-4 often leaning trunks to 5 dm. in diameter,
the largest of the native willows; bark flaky, dark brown to black;
twigs slender, 1-3 mm. in diameter, greenish to dark brown,
glabrescent, somewhat brittle at base; buds small, 2-4mm, long,red-
dish-brown. Abundant in alluvial soils along streams and in low.
woods, Florida to Texas, north to New Brunswick, Nebraska, and
Minnesota (Fig. 28).

6. S, fragilis L. Brittle Willow. Crack Willow. English
Willow. Tree to 20 or 25 m. high, sometimes with 2 or 3 trunks,
1-2 m. in diameter; bark thick, rough, gray; twigs slender,
greenish-yellow to reddish-brown, pubescent to glabrous, some-
what lustrous, very brittle at base (hence the Latin and English
names); buds midsized, 3-7 mm. or occasionally 10 mm. long,
brown. Widely introduced from Europe in colonial days, for senti-
ment and for charcoal to use in making gunpowder; sparingly es-
caped along watercourses near towns and farmsteads. Extensively
hybridized with S. alba both in Europe and America.

7. S. alba L. White Willow. Cricket-bat Willow. Large
tree to 20 m. or more in height, and to 1 m. or more in diameter,
often with two or three large trunks above the base; bark rough,
coarsely ridged, gray to brownish; seasonal twigs greenish-yellow.

52 WOODY PLANTS

pubescent; older twigs reddish-brown, glabrous; buds very small,
1-3 (-5) mm. long, colored as twigs. Var. vitellina (L. ) Koch has
young twigs yellow, but is very rare in America where most of the
collection so named really are hybrids of S. fragilis and S. alba.
Widely introduced from Europe in early days for ornament, bas-
ketry, poles, charcoal for making gunpowder and medicinal uses;
escaped to a considerable extent in some places.

8._S, babylonica L. Weeping Willow. A tree to 12 m. or
more high and 1 m. in diameter; bark grayish-brown; twigs very
slender, elongated, pendulous, the younger yellow, gradually be-
coming brownish to brown, tough, puberulent to glabrous; buds
small, 1-4 mm. long, yellowish to brown, late-developing. Widely
introduced from Europe, especially for cemeteries and as an orna-
mental, sparingly escaped. Not native to the Babylon area but the
Latin name sentimentally based on Psalm 137 because long grown
in Europe as a "mourning tree".

9._S. interior Rowlee. Sandbar Willow. Longleaf Willow.
A thicket- forming, stoloniferous shrub 2-5 m. high; stems 3-6
or rarely 10 cm. in diameter; bark grayish; twigs slender, red
or reddish-brown, glabrescent-glabrous; buds small, 2-4 mm.
long, late in developing. Common on alluvial soils, mudbars, sand-
bars, and beaches. Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and
Kentucky, thence south to Louisiana and Texas, west to the western
edge of the Great Plains in the United States and southern Canada,
and northwest to James Bay, Mackenzie, Yukon and Alaska.

10. S. rigid a Muhl. Cordate Willow. Heartleaf Willow.
Several-stemmed shrub, 2-4 (-6) m. high; twigs slender to mid-
sized, 1-5 mm. in diameter, yellowish to becoming dark brown,
the younger pubescent; buds small, 2-5 mm. long, colored and
clothed as the twigs. Common along stream banks and ditches and
in mostly low grounds, Delaware to Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri,
and Nebraska, north to Nova Scotia and west to James Bay, Sas-
katchewan, and northern Montana.

11. S. pyrifolia Andersson. Balsam Willow. Shrub 1-5 m,
high, with usually clustered stem but occasionally tree-like; bark
grayish, smooth; twigs yellowish (young) to reddish-brown or dark
olive brown, glabrous, shining; buds 2-6 mm. long, stout, scarcely
pointed, colored as twigs. Moist to wet or swampy ground. Nova
Scotia and northern New England to Minnesota and Alberta, north
to Labrador and northern British Columbia.

12. S. glaucophylloides Fernald. Dune Willow. Usually
many-stemmed shrub 2-4 or 5 m. tall, occasionally tree-like;

SALIX 53

twigs usually rather short and stout, yellowish to chestnut-brown
and dark-brown, younger somewhat pubescent (or white-tomentose
in var. albovestita); buds midsized, 2-5 (-8)mm. long, stoutish,
colored and clothed as the twigs. Sand dunes and sandy shores,
calcareous slopes, and sometimes in swamps, Maine to Indiana
and Wisconsin, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay.

13. S. petiolarls J. E. Smith. Slender Willow. Clumpy
shrub to a few-stemmed' tree, 2-5 or rarely 6-7 m. high; bark
gray; twigs slender, leafy, yellowish or yellowish-green and pu-
berulent to dark brown and glabrous (reddish-brown in dry areas);
buds small, 2-5 or rarely 6 mm. long, acute to obtuse, colored
as the twigs. Moist meadows, streams, and lake shores. New Jer-
sey to Nebraska, Colorado, and Montana, north to New Brunswick,
James Bay, and Alberta.

14. S. sericea Marsh. Silky Willow. Shrub with clustered
stems or small tree, 2-6 or 8 m. high; bark gray; twigs slender,
light brown to mostly dark brown, younger somewhat pubescent to
puberulent, older glabrate-glabrous (plants with older twigs pubes-
cent probably represent S. subsericea (Andersson) Schneider, which
occurs from Massachusetts to Nebraska and north to Nova Scotia
and Alberta); bud-scales small, 2-5 or rarely 6 mm. long, color-
ed and clothed as the twigs. In moist, rocky to gravelly ground,
often near or in running water, Georgia to Arkansas, north to
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Michigan, and Iowa.

15. S. caprea L. Goat Willow. Florist's Willow. Tall
shrub or small tree, sometimes with a single trunk, 2-3 m. high-
bark gray; twigs stout, mostly 3-5 (-6) mm. in diameter, yellow-
ish-brown to dark brown, pubescent to glabrescent; buds stout at
maturity, midsized to large, 4-9 mm. long, younger acute, older
obtuse, colored and clothed as the twigs. Introduced from Europe,
where it has many and varied uses. Sparingly cultivated in America,
chiefly as a "pussy" willow, and used extensively by florists for
early spring decorations, as are the introduced S. cinerea L. and
the native _S^ discolor Muhl. Escaped around old nurseries. S.
cinerea is closely related but twigs and buds are more densely
pubescent.

16. S. discolor Muhl. Pussy Willow. Glaucous Willow.
Few-stemmed shrub or small tree, 2-5 or rarely 7.5 m. high;
bark thin, usually smooth, reddish-brown; twigs stout, 3-6 mm.
in basal diameter, reddish or reddish-purple to mostly dark brown,
glabrous or youngest thinly pubescent (more densely so in var.
latifolia Andersson);buds large, 4-9 mm. long, acute to obtuse,
colored and clothed as the twigs. Common in swamps and moist

54 WOODY PLANTS

lowlands, Delaware to Kentucky, Missouri, South Dakota, and
Montana, north to Newfoundland, James Bay, and British Colum-
bia.

17. S.. humilis Marsh. Upland Willow. Prairie Willow.
Sprangly shrub with several spreading stems, 1-3 m. high; twigs
midsized to stoutish, 2-4 mm. in basal diameter, greenish-yel-
low or yellowish-brown to orange-red or reddish-brown to dark
brown, pubescent to puberulent to glabrate; buds midsized to large,
5-8 mm. long, colored and clothed as the twigs. Scattered but
common on upland areas in open woodlands, dry barrens, rocky
bluffs, sandy ground, and prairies; occasionally in swampy areas,
Florida to eastern Texas, north to Newfoundland, Cuebec, North
Dakota, and Saskatchewan.

18. S. tristis Ait. Dwarf Upland Willow. Dwarf Prairie
Willow. Low, many-stemmed shrub, 0.4-1 m. high; twigs slen-
der, leafy, 1-3 mm. in basal diameter, yellowish-brown to brown,
pubescent; buds small, 1-3 mm. long, pubescent. Similar to S.
humilis but smaller in every way. Occasional on dry and often
sandy uplands, roadsides, thicket-borders, mountain balds, etc. ;
irregularly distributed from Florida to Oklahoma, north to Quebec
and Saskatchewan.

19. S. bebbiana Sarg. Bebb Willow. Beaked Willow. Few-
stemmed shrub or small tree (sometimes single trunk), 2-6 or
rarely 9 m. high; bark grayish, rough and scaly; twigs slender to
midsized, 1-3 mm. in basal diameter, often divaricate, the shor-
ter often crooked, reddish to brown or dark brown, sometimes
orange-red or purplish, younger pubescent, older less pubescent
to glabrous; buds small, 3-5 mm. long, colored and clothed as the
twigs; the projecting petiole-bud scars often conspicuous on bas^l
portion of older twigs. Common on moist to wet or somewhat drier
ground from New Jersey to South Dakota, southwest to New Mexico
and California, north to Newfoundland and Alaska.

20. S. purpurea L. Purple Osier. Bitter Willow. Many-
stemmed shrub 1-2. 5 m. tall or taller; bark smooth, very bitter;
twigs slender, flexible, yellow to yellowish-brown or reddish-brown,
rarely purplish, glabrous, sometimes shining; buds remarkable for
often being opposite or sub-opposite as well as alternate, midsized,
3-8 mm. long, acute to obtuse, yellow-brown to reddish-brown,
glabrous. Widely introduced in colonial times and cultivated for
basket-making, the staminate for ornament; sparingly escaped in
the northeastern United States.

POPULUS

55

POPULUS L.

Deciduous trees. Bark at first smooth, green, whitish, or
orange, becoming gray and fissured on older stems. Twigs
moderate, terete or somewhat angled; pith small, 6-angled, con-
tinuous or nearly so, brown. Buds moderate, ovoid or elongated,
sessile, solitary, with several exposed scales, the lowest placed
centrally over the leaf-scar. Leaf-scars alternate, broadly cres-
cent-shaped to triangular, somewhat 3-lobed, large; bundle -traces
3, or sometimes compound.

a. Lateral buds with more than 4 ex-
posed scales

b. Twigs and buds shiny or varnished,

mostly glabrous
b. Twigs and buds gray, dull, buds

silky or tomentose

c. Twigs glabrous

c. Twigs hairy or tomentose

a. Lateral buds with about 4 exposed
scales

b. Terminal buds mostly 12 mm.
or more long.

c. Twigs reddish-brown ;buds
quite resinous, very fragrant
when crushed

d. Native tree of Canada and
northern United States

d. Cultivated tree of horticul-
tural origin

c. Twigs yellow to yellowish
brown;buds slightly resinous

1. p. tremuloides

2. p. grandidentata

3. P. alba

6. P. balsamifera

7. P, gileadensis

d. Buds widest at the base
tapering toward the apex;
planted tree

8. P. eugenei

?

Fig. 29. Populus fremuloides Fig. 30. Populus grandidentota Fig. 31. Populus alba

Fig. 32. Populus deltoides Fig. 33. Populus nigra italica Fig. 34. Populus gileademt*

POPULUS 57

d. Buds fusiform (widest near
the middle, tapering both
ways); native tree 4. P. deltoides

b. Terminal buds mostly less than
12 mm, long

c. Buds short and broad ;native

swamp tree 9. P. heterophylla

c. Buds slender, tapering; form

of tree tall and columnar;

introduced 5. P. nigra, var.

italica

1. _P. tremuloides Michx. Quaking Aspen, A slender tree
reaching a height of about 35 m. and a trunk diameter of 1 m. ;
bark smooth, light green to white; twigs slender, shiny, reddish-
brown; buds conical, brown to black, with 6 or 7 glabrous or cili-
ate, somewhat gummy scales; leaf-scars conspicuous, lunate;
stipule-scars linear, blackish. Dry or moist woods, Labrador to
Alaska, south to West Virginia, Illinois, Iowa, New Mexico,
Arizona, and Mexico; the most widely distributed tree in North
America (Fig, 29).

2. P_. grandidentata Michx. Bigtooth Aspen. A tree 10-25
m. high, 3-6 dm, in diameter; bark smooth, grayish-green;twigs
grayish or yellowish-brown, rather thick, glabrous, dull; buds
gray, puberulous, with about 6 or 7 visible scales; flowers in cat-
kins, appearing in March, Dry woods and fields, Quebec to Min-
nesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri. (Fig. 30),

3. _P. alba L, White Poplar, A large tree attaining a height
of 30 m, and a trunk diameter of 2 m*; bark smooth, light gray;twigs
and buds white-tomentose. Introduced from Europe, spreading and
naturalized, often too abundant (Fig, 31).

4. JP. deltoides Marsh. Eastern Cottonwood. A large tree,
the greatest of the eastern poplars, sometimes 40 m. tall and with
a diameter of 2 m. ; bark rough on old trees, grayish-green; twigs
stout, angular, yellowish-brown, glabrous; lenticels large; termi-
nal buds glabrous, lustrous brown, resinous, with 6 or 7 visible
scales, the lateral buds usually smaller, divergent; leaf-scars
large, lunate, elevated; stipule-scars dark, conspicuous. River
banks and bottomlands, Quebec to Alberta, south to Florida and
Texas (Fig. 32).

5. P. nigra L, var. italica Muenchh. Lombardy Poplar.
Tree to 30 m,high, the branches closely ascending, forming a nar-

58

WOODY PLANTS

row columnar crown; twigs glabrous, orange, changing to gray;
buds slender, glabrous. Introduced from Europe as an ornamen-
tal tree, spreading by sprouts; usually staminate. A striking tree
because of its formal columnar habit, often planted along avenues
(Fig. 33).

6. P. balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac. (P^
tacamahacca Mill. ). A tree to 30 m. high, the trunk up to 2 m.
in diameter; bark on young stems greenish or reddish-brown, on
older trunks becoming gray or grayish-black, divided into scaly
or shaggy ridges; buds large, heavily coated with yellow balsam-
scented resin; branchlets lustrous, terete. River-banks and rich
soil, Labrador to Alaska, south to New York, Michigan, and
Colorado.

7. P. gileadensis Rouleau.Balm of Gilead. Tree to 30 m.
with stout spreading branches; twigs brown, pubescent; buds large,
viscid. Horticultural in origin; only the pistillate tree is known,
spreading by sprouts and cuttings (Fig. 34).

8. ^. eugenei Saint-Simon. Carolina Poplar. A tree to 30m.
high of pyramidal habit; twigs green, gray or buff; buds small,
viscid, tapering from base to apex. Horticultural in origin; only
the staminate tree is known, spreading from sprouts and cuttings;
formerly much planted as a street tree but now in disfavor because
the roots clog sewers (Fig. 35).

9. P_. heterophylla L. Swamp Cottonwood. A tree up to 30 m.
high; bark furrowed, in narrow plates, somewhat scaly; branch-
lets whitish-tomentose, becoming glabrate and lustrous; buds 1-
1.5 cm. long, canescent-tomentose. Swamps and bottomlands,
mostly in the coastal plain, from Louisiana and Florida north to
New York, inland about the Great Lakes.

MYRICA L. (Myricaceae)

Aromatic shrubs or small trees, deciduous in cool climates.
Twigs rounded or angular, slender, resinous-dotted when young;
pith small, somewhat angled, continuous, green. Buds small, soli-
tary, sessile, sub-globose or ovoid, with 2 or 4 exposed scales;
end-bud absent. Leaf- scars alternate, half-elliptical or somewhat
3-sided, more or less raised; bundle-traces 3; stipule-scars (if
present) small. Fruit globose or ovoid, with a waxy coat or resi-
nous dots.

a. Buds conical or oblong;

fruits covered with resin-drops 1. M. gale

MYRICA 59

a. Buds subglobose, obtuse;

fruits white or drab, encrusted with
heavy wax

b. Leaves mostly deciduous;

twigs villous when young;

fruit 4 mm. in diameter 2. M. pensyl-

vanica
b. Leaves evergreen; twigs

essentially glabrous

c. Leaves 4-9 cm. long;

fruits 2-3 mm. in diameter 3. M. cerifera

c. Leaves 1-4 cm. long;

fruits 3-4 mm. in diameter 4. M. pusilla

1. _M. gale L. Sweet Gale. Shrub 0.3-2 m. high, with
strongly ascending brown branches; buds conical -ovoid. Swamps,
Labrador to Alaska, south to New York, Minnesota and Oregon,
and in the Appalachians to North Carolina and Tennessee (Fig, 36).

2. M^. pensylvanica Loisel. Bayberry. Candleberry. ( M.
caroliniensis of authors, not Mill.). Stout stiffly branched shrub
0. 3-2 m. high (rarely up to 4. 5 m. high, with a trunk 1. 2 dm. in
diameter); branches mostly whitish-gray or drab, the young ones
villous, pilose, or glabrate; buds about 4 mm. long; fruits cover-
ed with white wax, 3. 5-4. 5 mm. in diameter. Sterile soil, mostly
in the coastal plain, North Carolina to Newfoundland, inland about
Lake Erie (Fig. 37).

3. M. cerifera L. Wax- Myrtle. Shrub or tree up to 12 m.
high, with a trunk diameter up to 2 dm. ; young branches waxy,
glabrous or sparsely pilose; leaves evergreen,narrowly oblan-
ceolate, 4-9 cm. long and 0. 5-2 cm. broad, yellow-green, coria-
ceous, heavily coated with waxy granules; buds small, about 1mm.
long, glandular-dotted; fruit 2-3 mm. in diameter. Thickets and
swamps, Florida to Texas, north to New Jersey and Arkansas;
mostly on the coastal plain (Fig. 38).

4. M^ pusilla Raf. Dwarf Wax- Myrtle. Low colonial sto-
loniferous shrub 0.2-2 m. high; branchlets waxy, glabrous or
nearly so; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, oblanceolate to obovate
and obtuse, 1,5-4 cm. long; fruits 3-4 mm. in diameter. Pine
barrens and woods, Florida to Texas, north to Delaware and Ar-
kansas; mostly on the coastal plain (Fig. 39).

Fig. 35. Populus eugenei Fig. 36. Myrica gale Fig. 37. Myrica pens/lvanica

Fig. 38. Myrica cerifera

Fig. 39. Myrica pusilla

COMPTONIA 61

COMPTONIA L'Her. (Myricaceae)

Low pubescent deciduous shrub, with fragrant leaves, fruit
and twigs. Fruit a conical hard smooth nut, surrounded by 8 long
linear bracts persisting as a sort of bur.

1. C. peregrina (L. ) Coult. Sweet Fern. (Myrica asplenifolia
L.). A shrub 3-6 dm. high, the branches erect or spreading; twigs
slender, resinous-dotted when young; pith small, solitary, sessile,
ovoid, with about four exposed scales; end-bud absent; leaf-scars
alternate, 3-sided, somewhat raised; bundle-traces 3; stipule-
scars small. The leaves are sweet-scented and fern-like in ap-
pearance; they are deciduous in winter but a few withered ones
may generally be found. Open woodlands and barrens. Nova Scotia
to Manitoba, south to Minnesota, Indiana and in the mountains to
Georgia and Tennessee (Fig. 40).

JUGLANS L. (Juglandaceae)

Trees with spreading branches, superposed buds, fragrant
bark and brown chambered pith. Leaf-scars alternate, shield-
shaped or 3-lobed, large; bundle-traces in 3 compound groups;
stipule-scars none. The fruit, present in winter, may be classed
as a tryma (see p. 11).

a. Terminal bud oblong, elongated;

leaf-scar with a downy line across the

top; pith dark brown. 1. J. cinerea

a. Terminal bud ovoid or subglobose;

leaf- scar notched at top, without

a downy line; pith light brown. 2. J. nigra

1. J. cinerea L. Butternut. White Walnut. A tree 16-30 m. high,
6-9 dm. in diameter, with an open crown of spreading branches;
bark gray, on old trunks divided by fissures into lighter flat-topped
ridges; leaf-scars not notched; pith dark brown. Rich woods. New
Brunswick to North Dakota, south to Georgia and Arkansas (Fig. 41).

2, J. nigra L. Black Walnut. A handsome tree 20-35 m.high,
6-18 dm. in diameter; crown round, open; bark dark brown with
deep furrows; leaf-scars notched at the top; pith light brown. Rich
woods, Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Arkansas
(Fig. 42).

CARYA Nutt. (Juglandaceae)

Deciduous trees with close or shaggy bark, terete twigs and
continuous pith. Buds large, sometimes stalked, often superposed.
Leaf-scars alternate, shield-shaped or 3-lobed, large; bundle-
traces numerous, mostly in 3 more or less definite groups. The

Fig. 40. Comptonia peregrina

Fig. 41. Juglans cinerea

Fig. 42. Juglans nigra

Fig. 43. Carya cordiformis

Fig. 44. Girya ovata

CARYA

63

fruit, present in winter, either on the tree, or mostly scattered
on the ground, may be classed as a kind of dry drupe, or try ma.
Hicoria Raf.

a. Bud-scales valvate, in pairs

b. Buds covered with yellow-brown
hairs; kernel sweet

b. Buds sulfur-yellow, scurfy;
kernel bitter

a. Bud- scales imbricate, usually
more than 2 exposed

b. Terminal bud large, usually
over 10 mm. long, mostly hairy;
fruit with a thick husk

1. C. illinoensis

2. C. cordiformis

c. Outer bud-scales persistent,
the bud shaggy in appearance

d. Twigs dark reddish-brown;
fruit 3-6 cm. long

d. Twigs orange-brown or buff-
colored; fruit 4-6. 5 cm. long

c. Outer bud -scales falling early,
the bud neat in appearance

b. Terminal bud small, usually less
than 10 mm. long; mostly glabrous
or scaly; fruit with a thin husk

c. Terminal bud essentially glabrous
(hairy if the outer bud -scales have
fallen)

d. Fruit obovoid, the liusk usually
splitting only part way down
(or tardily splitting)

3. C. ovata

4. C. laciniosa

5. C. tomentosa

6. C. glabra

d. Fruit usually ellipsoid or sub-
globose, the husk splitting
promptly to the base 7. C. ovalis

Fig. 40. Comptonia peregrina

(

Fig. 42. Juglans nigra

Fig. 41. Juglans cinerea

Fig. 43. Carya cordiformis

Fig. 44. Carya ovata

CARYA 65

c. Terminal bud covered with silvery

scales 8. C. pallida

1. _C. illinoensis (Wang. ) K. Koch.Pecan. (C. pecan (Marsh. )
Engl, and Graebn. ). Tree up to 50 m. high, and with a trunk diam-
eter of 6-12 dm., buttressed at the base; bark very thick, fur-
rowed, ridged; buds flattened, with paired valvate narrow scales
covered with jointed hairs; fruit elongate, the ripe husk splitting

to below the middle; nut reddish-brown, elongate, subcylindric,
ellipsoid or ovoid; shell thin; kernel sweet. Bottomlands, Indiana
to Iowa, south to Alabama and Texas.

2. C. cordiformis (Wang. )K. Koch. Bitternut Hickory. A
slender tree 15-50 m. high, the trunk 3-7. 5 dm. in diameter ;bark
close and rough; bud-scales valvate in pairs, bright yellow; husk
of fruit thin, splitting slowly into 4 valves; nut globular, thin-wall-
ed; seed extremely bitter. Woods, Florida to Texas, north to New
Hampshire, Minnesota, and Nebraska (Fig. 43).

3. C. ovata (Mill. ) K. Koch. Shagbark Hickory. A handsome
tree 20-28 m. high, the trunk 3-6 dm. in diameter; bark shaggy,
exfoliating in rough strips; twigs gray or brown, puberulent or
glabrate; bud scales several, imbricated; fruit-husk thick, split-
ting quickly into four valves when mature; nut flattish- globular,
thin-walled; seed sweet. Rich woods and slopes, Florida to Texas,
north to Maine, Minnesota, and Nebraska (Fig. 44).

4. C. laciniosa (Michx,f. ) Loud. Shellbark Hickory. A tree .
20-40 m. high, the trunk 3-6 dm. in diameter; bark separating
into long narrow straight plates; twigs buff or orange; fruit-husk
thick, splitting quickly into four valves when mature; nut large,
3-5 cm. long, angular, thick-walled; seed sweet. Bottomlands,
New York to Iowa and Nebraska, south to Alabama and Louisiana
(Fig. 45).

5. C. tomentosa Nutt. Mockernut. White Hickory. (C. alba
K. Koch). A tree 20-40 m. high, the trunk 3-7.5 dm. in diameter;
bark close, rough, but not shaggy or exfoliating; twigs tomentose-
pubescent; outer bud-scales falling early, giving the bud a clean
neat silvery appearance; fruit-husk thick and hard, splitting to the
base; nut globular, quite thick-shelled (hence the common name,
mockernut); seed sweet. Woodlands, Florida to Texas, north to
Vermont, Michigan, and Nebraska (Fig. 46),

6. jC. glabra (Mill. ) Sweet Pignut Hickory. A tree 20-30 m.
high, the trunk 3-10 dm. in diameter; bark close, rough; twigs
glabrous or nearly so; terminal bud small, less than 10 mm. long;

Fig. 45. Carya laciniosa

Fig. 46. Carya tomentosa Fig. 47. Corya glabra

^

Fig. 48. Carya oval is Fig. 49. Corylus americana Fig. 50. Corylus cornuta

CARYA ^^

fruit obovoid, the husk thin, splitting only part way to the base;nut
rather thick- shelled; seed rather bitter. Dry woods, Vermont to
Illinois, south to Florida and Louisiana (Fig. 47).

7, C. ovalis (Wang. ) Sarg. Oval Pignut Hickory. Red Hickory.
A tree 20-40 m. in height, 3-10 dm. in diameter; bark closely and
deeply furrowed; twigs red-brown, glabrous; terminal bud small,
less than 10 mm. long; fruit oval in vertical section, the husk thin,
splitting freely to the base; nut 4-ribbed above the center; kernel
rather sweet. Rich soil, Massachusetts to Michigan and Iowa,
south to Georgia and Arkansas (Fig. 48).

8. C. pallida (Ashe) Engl, and Graebn. Pale Hickory. Sand
Hickory. A tree usually 10-15 m. high, with trunk diameter of
3-6 dm. ; bark very pale to dark gray, becoming deeply furrowed;
buds silvery, the terminal about 6 mm. long; fruit yellow-scaly,
1. 5-4 cm. long, the husk thin, tardily splitting to base; nut thin-
shelled; kernel sweet. Dry sandy soil, mostly on or near the coast-
al plain, Louisiana to Florida, north to Tennessee and New Jersey.

CORYLUS L. (Betulaceae)

Deciduous shrubs. Twigs moderate, terete, zigzag; pith
continuous, 3-sided, pale or brown. Buds solitary, sessile, ovoid,
obtuse, with about 4-6 scales. Leaf-scars alternate, 2-ranked,
more or less triangular, small; bundle-traces 3 or multiplied;
stipule-scars elongated.

a. Bud-scales persistent, the outer

short; fruit-involucre broad l.C. americana

a. Outer bud -scales elongated, often

deciduous; fruit -involucre prolonged in-
to a slender beak 2. C. cornuta

1. C. americana Walt. American Hazelnut. A shrub 1-3 m.
high, young shoots russet-brown, densely bristly with pinkish hairs
becoming darker, mostly falling before spring; buds 4 mm. long,
pubescent; involucre composed of two broad bracts; nut light brown,
1. 1-5 cm. long. Thickets, Maine to Saskatchewan, south to Georgia
and Oklahoma (Fig. 49).

2. C. cornuta Marsh. Beaked Hazelnut. (C. rostrata Ait.).
Shrub 1-3 m. high; twigs pubescent; involucre composed of united
bracts prolonged above the nut into a narrow tubular beak. Thickets,
Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Kansas, and
Colorado (Fig. 50).

OSTRYA Scop, (Betulaceae)

Deciduous trees with scaly bark. Twigs slender, zigzag,
terete; pith small, pale green, round or somewhat angled, con-

68 WOODY PLANTS

tinuous. Buds usually solitary, sessile, ovoid, oblique, with about
6 spirally arranged scales, striped with faint longitudinal grooves;
terminal bud absent. Leaf-scars alternate, crescent-shaped or
elliptical, small; bundle-traces 3; stipule-scars unequal.

1. O. virginiana (Mill. ) K. Koch.Hop Hornbeam. Ironwood.
A slender tree up to 20 m. high, the trunk 6 dm. or less in diam-
eter, with very hard wood and brownish furrowed bark; twigs
pubescent; staminate catkins sessile at ends of twigs of the pre-
ceding season; pistillate catkins small, terminal, erect, the flow-
ers subtended by a tubular bract which in fruit becomes a closed
bladdery bag 12-15 mm. long; ripe pistillate catkins resemble
hops, whence the common name. Rich woods. Nova Scotia to Mani-
toba and South Dakota, south to Florida and Texas (Fig. 51).

CARPINUS L. (Betulaceae)

Deciduous trees with smooth dark bluish-gray bark, the trunk
with irregular ridges extending up and down ("muscle-like"). Twigs
slender, zigzag, terete; pith small, round or 5-sided, continuous,
pale. Buds usually solitary, ovoid, sessile, oblique, with about
twelve 4-ranked scales. Leaf-scars alternate, small, crescent-
shaped; bundle-traces 3; stipule-scars unequal.

1. _C_. caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam. Blue-Beech.
Water- Beech. Muscle-Tree. A small tree to 15 m. high, trunk
short, often leaning, furrowed and ridged; bark dark bluish-gray,
smooth, thin, tight; twigs glabrous or nearly so; wood very hard;
buds brown, somewhat silky, less than 5 mm. long; staminate cat-
kins entirely enclosed in buds, not visible in winter; fruit subtended
by a flat persistent bract which becomes much enlarged (foliaceous)
and lobed or incised; nutlet 4 mm. long. Rich woods. New England
to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas (Fig. 52).

BETULA L. (Betulaceae)

Aromatic deciduous trees or shrubs. Twigs slender, terete;
lenticels elongated horizontally (in this respect resembling cherry);
pith minute, flattened, continuous, green. Buds moderate, solitary,
fusiform-ovoid, sessile, with 2 or 3 visible scales. Leaf-scars
alternate, oval, triangular or crescent-shaped; bundle-traces 3.
Staminate catkins naked through winter, often 2 or 3 in a cluster;
pistillate catkins ovoid or cylindrical.

a. Twigs with a sweet wintergreen fragrance

b. Bark on old trunks black; buds sharply

BETULA

69

pointed, divergent, mostly glabrous;

twigs brown to black, quite aromatic 1. B. lenta

b. Bark on old trunks bronze, scaly; buds
appressed, at least along the lower
half, often hairy; twigs greenish-brown,
somewhat aromatic 2. B. lute a

a. Twigs without a wintergreen fragrance

b. Bark on old trunks grayish- white,
usually close; twigs gray, with promi-
nent warty lenticels;buds short, taper-
ing both ways from the middle 4. B. populifolia

b. Bark on old trunks exfoliating in thin
strips; twigs brown to black; buds
tapering from base to apex

c. Twigs and buds somewhat hairy;
twigs reddish-brown;freshly ex-
posed bark on old trunks salmon-
pink or greenish-brown, the older
dark.

c. Twigs and buds mostly glabrous;
twigs nearly black; bark on old
trunks chalky -white

3. B. nigra

5. B. papyrifera

1. B^ lenta L. Sweet Birch. Black Birch. Cherry Birch. A
tree 15-20 m. high, 6-12 dm. in diameter; bark dark-brown,close,.
smooth, becoming furrowed, not separating in layers, the young
bark having a very sweet wintergreen taste; lenticels prominent;
twigs glabrous, slender and pliable, red-brown; fruiting catkins
short-cylindric, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, the scales firm and smooth;
nut oblong, with narrow wings. Rich woods, Maine to Ontario,
south to Georgia and Tennessee (Fig. 53 ).

2. B, lutea Michx. f. Yellow Birch. A tree 20-30 m. high,
and 6-12 dm. in diameter; bark of trunk yellowish or silvery-gray,
detaching in thin filmy layers; twigs gray-brown, somewhat aromat-
ic; fruiting catkins oblong, 2-4 cm. Jong, the scales pubescent;
nut oblong, with narrow wings. Rich cool woods. Nova Scotia to
Ontario, south to North Carolina and Iowa (Fig. 54 ).

3. B. nigra L. River Birch. Red Birch. A tree 15-30 m.
high, 3-9 dm. in diameter; bark reddish-brown, deeply furrowed
and broken into thin irregular scales, exposing the orange -red
close bark underneath; twigs reddish; buds hairy, the lower scales
elongated; fruiting catkins thick-cylindric, 2. 5-3. 5 cm. long, the

Fig. 51. Ostrya virginiana Fig. 52. Carpinus caroliniana Fig. 53. Befula lenta

Fig. 54, Betula lutea

Fig, 55. Betula nigra

Fig. 56. Befula populifolia

BETULA 71

scales tomentose; nut broadly ovate, winged, pubescent. Bottom-
lands, Florida to Texas, north to New Hampshire, Michigan,
Minnesota, and Kansas (Fig. 55).

4. B. populifolia Marsh. Gray Birch. Bushy tree up to 20 m.
high; bark close, not exfoliating, chalky -white with dark elongate
markings; twigs slender, glabrous, wiry, often resinous -warty;
buds ovoid, glabrous, about 6 mm. long; fruiting catkins 1.8 cm.
long. Sterile soil. Prince Edward Island to Quebec, south to Dela-
ware and Indiana (Fig. 56).

5. B. papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch. Canoe Birch. A tree
up to 25 m. high, with a trunk diameter of 1 m. ;bark lustrous,
white or bronze, peeling in thin layers; buds glabrous; fruiting
catkins 1. 5-4. 5 cm. long, spreading or drooping on slender ped-
uncles, the scales cili ate -margined. Woods, Labrador to Alaska,
south in the Appalachians to West Virginia and North Carolina, in
the western mountains to Montana and Washington (Fig. 57 ),

ALNUS B. Ehrh. (Betulaceae)

Deciduous shrubs with gray bark. Twigs somewhat 3-sided;
pith small, 3-sided, continuous. Buds sessile or stalked, rather
large, solitary, with 3 scales. Leaf-scars alternate, half-round,
raised; bundle-traces 3 or compound. Both kinds of flowers in
catkins, the staminate for next season usually conspicuous in win-
ter, along with the persistent cone-like fruiting catkins of the pre-
ceding season and the small undeveloped pistillate catkins of the
next season.

a. Buds sessile, with 3-6 imbricated

scales 1. A. crispa

a. Buds stalked, with 2 or 3 scales

b. Stems with linear transverse

lenticels; fruiting catkins bent

downwards 2. A. rugosa

b. Lenticels shorter, fewer, darker;

fruiting catkins erect 3. A. serrulata

1. _A. crispa (Ait. ) Pursh.Green Alder. Ascending and bushy
shrub up to 3 m. high; young branches glabrous or sparsely pubes-
cent; buds sessile. Labrador to Alaska, south to North Carolina,
Michigan, Minnesota, and Alberta (Fig. 58).

2. _A. rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng. Speckled Alder. Hoary Alder.
(A. incana of authors, not (L. ) Moench. ). A shrub or small tree
2-8 m. high, the twigs glabrous in winter; trunk marked with

Fig. 57, Betula papyrifera

Fig. 58. AInus crispa

Fig. 59. AInus rugosa

Fig. 60. AInus serrulata

Fig. 61. Fagus grandifolia Fig. 62, Castanea dentata

ALNUS '73

whitish linear lenticels up to 7 mm. long (hence the name, speck-
led alder); fruiting catkins ovoid, 12 mm. long, bent downwards;
nut orbicular. The flowers begin to appear in March. Low grounds,
Labrador to Saskatchewan, south to West Virginia, Indiana, and
Iowa; the common species northwards (Fig. 59).

3. A^ serrulata (Ait. ) Willd. Smooth Alder. Brookside Alder.
(A. rugosa of authors, not Spreng. ). A shrub or small tree 2-7 m.
high, the bark smooth; fruiting catkins erect, ovoid, 12-18 mm.
long; nut ovate. The flowers begin to appear in February and March.
Stream-margins, Florida to Louisiana, north to Nova Scotia, Ohio,
Missouri, and Oklahoma; the common species southwards (Fig. 60).

FAGUS L. (Fagaceae)

Deciduous trees with smooth gray bark, even on large trunks.
Twigs slender, terete, zigzag; pith small, round, continuous. Buds
usually solitary, sessile or short-stalked, elongate-fusiform, di-
vergent, oblique over the leaf-scar, with 10 or more spirally
arranged scales. Leaf-scars small, alternate, half-round; bimdle-
traces 3 or multiplied; stipule-scars linear, nearly meeting around
the twig. Fruit a nut, usually 2 together in an urn-shaped prickly
involucre which splits into 4 valves.

1. _F. grandifolia Ehrh. Beech. A tree 15-36 m. high, with
a trunk diameter of 6-9 dm. ; bark smooth, close, light gray, often
with included woody nodules; twigs glabrous; buds red-brown. Rich
woods. Prince Edward Island to Ontario and Illinois, south to
Florida and Texas (Fig. 61).

CASTANEA Mill. (Fagaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or trees with fissured bark. Twigs moder-
ate, somewhat grooved; pith moderate, continuous, angled. Buds
solitary, ovoid, oblique, sessile, with 2 or 3 visible scales, the
terminal bud sometimes absent. Leaf-scars alternate, half-round;
bundle-traces 3 or much divided; stipule-scars unequal. Nuts
usually 3 together in a prickly involucre ("bur").

a. Twigs and buds glabrous, or with

scattered hairs 1. C. dentata

a. Twigs and buds grayish-tomentose 2. C. pumila

1. C^ dentata (Marsh. ) Borkh. Chestnut. A tree 20-30 m.
high, 1-2 m., thick, with brown bark in longitudinal plates; twigs
chestnut-brown; "bur" 4-10 cm. in diameter, enclosing 1-5 nuts;
nuts 1-2.5 cm. wide, quite sweet. Dry mostly acid soil, Maine
and Minnesota, south to Georgia and Mississippi; now mostly de-

74 WOODY PLANTS

stroyed by chestnut blight (Fig, 62 ).

2. C_. pumila (L. ) Mill. Chinquapin. A spreading shrub or
small tree 6-10 m. high, 3-6 dm. in diameter ;bark lightly furrowed,
with flat ridges broken into light brown loose plates; "bur" 4 cm.
in diameter or less; nut ovoid, not flattened, quite sweet, but
scarcely half as large as the chestnut. Dry woods and thickets,
Florida to Texas, north to Massachusetts, Tennessee, and Arkan-
sas (Fig. 63). I

QUERCUS L. (Fagaceae)

Mostly deciduous trees or shrubs, the dried leaves often
somewhat persistent through the winter (marcescent). Twigs
moderate or slender, grooved; pith moderate, continuous, star-
shaped in cross section. Buds solitary, sessile, clustered toward
the tips of the branches, with numerous scales. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, half-roimd; bundle-traces nimierous, scattered; stipule-scars
small. Fruit an acorn (a nut surrounded at its base by a cup-like
involucre). The species hybridize freely and are sometimes dif-
ficult to distinguish. In addition to bud and twig characters, the
key makes use of leaves and fruits, some of which are often pre-
sent in winter.

a. Leaves deciduous

b. Largest terminal buds mostly 6-9
mm. long, usually acute

c. Buds distinctly angled in cross
section

d. Buds mostly glabrous, dull

straw-colored 13. Q. shumardii

d. Buds pubescent, dark red or

gray

e. Buds whitish-pubescent near

the apex, sometimes obtuse 12. Q. coccinea

e. Buds gray— or rusty- tomen-
tose, long (often 10 mm. long),
acute

f. Buds gray-tomentose;twlgs

often shiny 14. Q. velutina

f. Buds rusty-tomentose; twigs
usually dull, often scurfy-
pubescent 17. Q. marilandica I

QUERCUS 75

c. Buds circular or only slightly angled
in cross section.

d. Buds and twigs orange -brown;
buds about 6 mm. long, slender,
acute 8. Q.prinus

d. Twigs reddish-brown; buds red-
dish-brown or nearly black;
plump, obtuse or acute

e. Buds reddish-brown;scales
near the apex, silky, or
puberulous, mostly on the
margins

f. Leaves oblong, lobed 10. Q. rubra

f. Leaves obovate, crenate-

dentate 6. Q. michauxii

e. Buds reddish-brown to nearly
black; scales near the apex
whitish-pubescent 12. Q. coccinea

b. Largest terminal buds mostly less
than 6 mm, long, acute or obtuse

c. Buds mostly acute

d. Twigs gray-tomentose, becoming
glabrate

e. Straggling shrub, mostly in

the mountains 16. Q. ilicifolia

e. Large timber tree, not in

the mountains 15. Q. falcata

d. Twigs mostly glabrous

e. Buds and twigs brown or

orange-brown 7. Q. muehlenbergii

e. Buds and twigs red or

reddish-brown

f. Bud-scales glabrous;

leaves lobed 11. Q. palustris

f. Bud-scales pubescent;

leaves entire 18. Q. imbricaria

c. Buds obtuse, often nearly globose
d. Twigs shiny, red or reddish-brown

Fig. 63. Castanea pumila

Fig. 64. Quercus alba

Fig. 65. Quercus stellate

Fig. 66. Quercus lyrata

QUERCUS

77

e. Buds globose or nearly so;
bud- scales glabrous ;twigs
reddish

e. Buds obtuse to somewhat
acute, often angled, whitish-
pubescent near the apex;
twigs reddish-brown

d. Twigs dull, yellowish-brown

6. Buds and twigs glabrous
e. Buds and twigs more or
less tomentose

f. Buds about 1. 5 mm.

long; twigs slender
f. Buds about 3 mm. long;

twigs moderate

1. Q. alba

12. Q. coccinea

5. Q. bicolor

16. Q. ilicifolia

g. Acorn 2. 5-3. 5 cm.
long

h. Cup of the acorn
prominently fringed
on the margin

h. Cup of the acorn
not fringed

g. Acorn about 12 mm.
long

a. Leaves evergreen

4. Q. macrocarpa
3. Q. lyrata

2. Q. stellata
9. O. virginiana

1. Q. alba L. White Oak. A tree ^5-35 m. high, 1-2 m. in
diameter; bark gray, rough; twigs gray or purple, often glaucous;
buds deep-brown, medium-sized, subglobose or ellipsoid, nearly
or quite glabrous, about 5 mm. long; stipules glaucous; acorn ovoid
or ellipsoid, 2-3 cm. long, the cup hemispherical, warty, much
shorter than the nut. Rich woods, Maine to Minnesota, south to
Florida and Texas (Fig. 64). ^

2. q^ stellata Wang. Post Oak. A tree 15-25 m. high, 6-9
dm. in diameter, with rough gray bark; buds ovoid or conical-
ovoid, dull, silky, 3 mm. long; twigs yellow-scurfy; acorn 1-2 cm.
long. Sterile soil, Massachusetts to Illinois and Kansas, south to
Florida and Texas (Fig. 65).

I

Fig. 67. Quercus macrocarpa

Fig, 68. Quercus bicolor

Fig. 69. Quercus michauxii

Fig. 70. Quercus muehlenbergii

QUERCUS 79

3. Qj_ lyrata Walt. Overcup Oak. A tree up to 35 m. high,
with a trunk diameter of 9-12 dm. ;bark gray; twigs buff, pubes-
cent, becoming glabrate; buds 3 mm. long, ovoid -globose, the
scales light chestnut-brown, somewhat tomentose; acorn 1. 2-2. 5
cm. long, the cup subglobose, pubescent, nearly covering the de-
pressed nut. Bottomlands, mostly in the coastal plain, Texas and
Florida to New Jersey, up the Mississippi Valley to Indiana and
Missouri (Fig. 66).

4. Q. macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak. A tree 15-40 m, high,
1-2 m. in diameter, with gray flaky bark; buds ovoid or conical-
ovoid; twigs and buds gray-pubescent; acorn 1. 5-3. 5 cm. high, the
nut half-covered or rarely nearly covered by the fringed bur-like
cup. Bottomlands, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to North
Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas; not in the coastal plain (Fig. 67).

5. O^ bicolor Willd. Swamp White Oak. A tree 15-25 m.
high, 6-9 dm. in diameter, with flaky gray bark, exfoliating from
the branches; twigs straw-brown; buds 2-3 mm. long, subglobose
or ellipsoid, nearly or quite glabrous; stipule- scars lacking or in-
conspicuous; acorn 2-3 cm. long, the cup one-third to one-half

as long as the nut. Bottomlands, Maine to Minnesota and Nebraska,
south to Georgia, Kentucky, and Oklahoma (Fig. 68 ).

6. ^ michauxii Nutt. Basket Oak. Cow Oak. Swamp Chest-
nut Oak. (Q. prinus of authors, not L. ). Tree 20-30 m. high, with
a trunk diameter of 6-9 dm. ;bark silvery-whitish; twigs olive or
brown; buds 6 mm. long, the scales red, puberulous; acorn ovoid-
cylindric, about 3 cm. long. Bottomlands and swamps, mostly in
the coastal plain, Texas to Florida and New Jersey, north in the
Mississippi Valley to Indiana and Missouri (Fig. 69 ).

7. ^ muehlenbergii Engelm. Yellow Oak. Muhlenberg Oak.
Chinquapin Oak. A tree 15-25 m.high, 6-9 dm. in diameter, with
close thin gray bark, flaky when old; twigs orange-brown; buds 3
mm. long, ovoid or conical-ovoid, brown-puberulent or glabrous,
the scales often pale-margined; acorn globose or obovoid, 1. 2-2
cm. long, sessile or nearly so, the cup thin, enclosing half the
nut. Dry limestone slopes, Vermont and Minnesota, south to
Florida and Texas (Fig. 70).

8. ^ prinus L. Chestnut Oak. Rock Oak (Q. montana Willd. )
A tree 20-30 m. high, 1-2 m. in diameter, with thick and deeply
grooved bark; twigs brown; buds distinctly conical, 5-6 mm. long,
deep brown, dull, outer scales pale-margined; acorn 2. 5-3. 5cm.
long; ovoid, the cup thick. Dry woods, mostly on sandstone, Maine
to Indiana, south to Georgia and Mississippi; not in the coastal

Fig. 71. Quercus prinus

Fiq. 72. Quercus rubra

Fig. 73. Quercus palustris

Fig. 74. Quercus coccinea

QUERCUS 81

plain (Fig. 71).

9. Qi virginiana Mill. Live Oak. A broadly-crowned tree
15-25 m. high, with a trunk diameter of 6-9 dm; bark thick, dark,
furrowed, finally flaky; buds small, 3 mm. long, ovoid, acute,
remotely angled, the scales light brown, somewhat pubescent;
acorn 1-2 cm. long, ovoid or subglobose, often striate; cups
canescent, turbinate, about 1. 5 cm. broad. Sandy soil, near the
coast, Texas and Louisiana to Florida-, and Virginia; also in
Cuba, Mexico, and Central America.

10. ^ rubra L. Red Oak. (Q.borealis Michx. ). A tree
20-30 m. high, 1-2 m. in diameter, the bark smooth, greenish-
brown, on older stems broken into flat- topped ridges separated
by narrow fissures; inner bark reddish; twigs glabrous; buds red,
more or less hairy, about 5 mm. long; acorn 2-3 cm. long, nar-
rowly ovoid or ellipsoid, the cup shallow, saucer-shaped. Upland
woods. Prince Edward Island to Minnesota and Nebraska, south
to Georgia and Oklahoma (Fig. 72).

11. Q^ palustris Muenchh. Pin Oak. A tree 15-40 m. high,
6-9 dm. in diameter, easily recognized in winter by the drooping
lower branches; twigs brown, glabrous; buds obtuse, brown, 3-4
mm. long; acorn globose or depressed, 1-1. 5 cm. long, the cup
flat, saucer- shaped, enclosing the nut only at the base. Bottom-
lands, Massachusetts to Michigan and Iowa, south to North Caro-
lina, Louisiana, and Oklahoma (Fig. 73).

12. _Q, coccinea Muenchh. Scarlet Oak. A tree 20-30 m.
high, with a trunk diameter of 6-9 dm. ; bark of the trunk rough,
gray, the inner bark reddish; twigs glabrous; buds more or less
silky, brownish-red, 5-6 nam. long; acorn 1.3-2 cm. long, sub-
globose or short-ovoid, usually with a few concentric rings about
the apex; cup hemispherical, with a conical base. Dry soil, Maine
to Ontario, south to Georgia, Mississippi, and Oklahoma (Fig. 74).

13. Q. shumardii Buckl. Shumard Oak. A large tree 30-45
m. high, 1-2 m. in diameter; bark on old trees very thick, broken
into pale scaly ridges by deep darker colored furrows; buds 5-6
mm. long, ovoid, downy or glabrous; acorn 2-3 cm. long, oblong-
ovoid; cup thick, shallow, the scales appressed. Bottomlands,
most common on and near the coastal plain, Texas to Florida and
Maryland, north in the Mississippi - Ohio Valley to Iowa and West
Virginia (Fig. 75).

14. ^ velutlna Lam. Black Oak. A tree 15-35 m. tall, the
trunk 6-12 dm. in diameter; outer bark very dark brown, rough

Fig. 75. Quercus shumardi

Fig. 76. Quercus velutina

Fig. 77, Quercus falcata

Fig. 78. Quercus ilicifolia

QUERCUS 83

in low ridges, the inner bark bright orange-yellow; buds large,
7-10 mm. long-hairy, angular; acorn ovoid to hemispherical 1.2-
2 cm. long, light brown, often pubescent; cup hemispherical. Dry
woods. New Hampshire to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas
(Fig. 76 ).

15. Q. falcata Michx. Spanish Oak. Southern Red Oak. A
tree 20-35 m. high, 6-9 dm. in diameter; bark black with broad
scaly ridges; buds almost blood-red, more or less silky; acorn
1-1. 5 cm. long, the nut enclosed only at the base by the saucer-
shaped cup. Moist woods, most common on or near the coastal
plain, Texas to Florida and Pennsylvania, north in the Mississippi-
Ohio Valley to Missouri and West Virginia (Fig. 77 ).

16. Q. ilicifolia Wang. Scrub Oak. A straggling shrub or low
tree 1-10 m. high, often forming dense thickets; twigs glabrous;
buds 4 mm. long, glabrous; acorn globose-ovoid, 1-1.2 cm. long,
the cup saucer- shaped. Barrens, Maine to New York, south most-
ly in the mountains to West Virginia and North Carolina (Fig. 78 ).

17. Q. marilandica Muenchh. Blackjack Oak. A tree 10-15
m. high, 3-4. 5 dm. in diameter; bark black, very rough and
blocky; twigs scurfy-puberulent; buds large, brown, angled; acorn
ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; cup deep, the bracts appressed, pubes-
cent. Dry soil, Florida to Texas, north to Maryland, New York,
Illinois, and Nebraska (Fig. 79 ).

18. Q^ imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak. A tree 8-27 m. high,
3-9 dm. in diameter; bark with shallow fissures, the ridges with
brown scales; twigs brown, glabrous; buds brown, 3 mm. long,
pubescent; acorn subglobose, 1-1.4 cm. high; cup hemispheric,
the bracts appressed. Bottomlands, New Jersey to Wisconsin and
Nebraska, south to South Carolina and Kansas (Fig. 80 ).

ULMUS L. (Ulmaceae)

Deciduous trees. Twigs slender, zigzag, terete; pith small,
round, continuous. Buds solitary or multiple, ovoid, obliquely
sessile, the terminal lacking; scales about 6, 2-ranked. Leaf-
scars alternate, 2-ranked, crescent-shaped or half-round; bundle-
traces 3, or multiplied; stipule-scars unequal.

a. Older twigs often corky-winged, or with
irregular corky outgrowths

b. Twigs often corky-winged 4. U. alata

b. Twigs often with irregular corky

ridges 3. U. thomasi

Fig. 79. Quercus marilanJIca

Fig. 80. Quercus imbricaria

Fig. 81. Ulmus rubra Fig. 82. Ulmus americana Fig. 83. Ulmus thomasi

ULMUS 85

a. Twigs without corky outgrowths

b. Buds downy, dark-colored, nearly

black; twigs rough, ashy-gray in color 1. U. rubra

b. Buds brown, glabrous or pale -pubes-
cent; twigs smooth or sparingly pilose 2. U. americana

1. jy_. rubra Muhl. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. (U. fulva Michx. ).
A tree 15-24 m. high, 3-7. 5 dm. thick, with tough reddish wood;
bark rough, gray, the inner bark very mucilaginous (whence the
name, slippery elm); twigs gray-buff, rough-hairy; buds downy
with red hairs; flowers nearly sessile, in groups of several, be-
ginning to appear in March. Moist soil. New England to North
Dakota, south to Florida and Texas (Fig. 81 ).

2. _U. americana L. American Elm. A handsome tree, 20-50
m. high, 6-18 dm. in diameter, usually with a spreading vase-
shaped crown and somewhat drooping branchlets; bark gray, flaky,
with alternating light and dark layers in cross section; twigs
glabrous or sparingly pubescent; buds brown, glabrous or some-
what pubescent; flowers long-pedicelled, in groups of 3 or 4, be-
ginning to appear in March. Mostly in bottomlands, Quebec to
Saskatchewan, south to Florida and Texas (Fig. 82).

3. XL thomasi Sarg. Cork Elm. Rock Elm (U. racemosa
Thomas). A tree attaining a height of 35 m. and a diameter of
12 dm. twigs glabrous or puberulent; bud-scales downy-ciliate;
branches often with corky ridges. Rich woods, mostly on lime- .
stone outcrops. New England to Minnesota and South Dakota, south
to Tennessee and Kansas (Fig. 83 ).

4. U. alata Michx. Winged Elm. A small round-topped tree,
up to 20 m. high; branches corky- winged ; branchlets and buds
nearly glabrous. Flowers in short racemes, appearing in March.
Low woodlands, Florida to Texas, north to Virginia, Kentucky,
and Missouri (Fig. 84).

CELTIS L. (Ulmaceae)

Deciduous trees or shrubs. Twigs rounded, slender; pith
small, white, round, closely chambered, or continuous except at
the nodes. Buds sessile, solitary, ovoid, with about 4 scales.
Leaf-scars alternate, crescent-shaped or elliptical; bundle -traces
1 or 3; stipule-scars narrow. Fruit an ovoid or globose drupe, the
mesocarp thin, pulpy, the end o carp bony.

a. Tree with buds 3-4 mm. long; drupes

8-11 mm. long 1. C. occidentalis

Fig. 84. Ulmus alata

Fig. 85. Celtis occidentalis

Fig. 86. Celtis pumila

;

Fig. 87. Morus rubra

Fig. 88. Morus alba Fig. 89. Broussonetio papyri fera

CELTIS 87

a. Shrub with buds 1-2 mm. long;

drupes 5-8 mm. long 2. C. tenuifolia

1. C. occidentalls L. Hackberry. A tree 8-28 m.high, up to
7.5 cm. in diameter, the bark black, rough, corky-ridged or
warty; buds 3-4 mm. long; drupes sweet and edible, 8-10 mm. in
diameter, the flesh thin. Rich woods, Quebec to Idaho, south to
Florida and Oklahoma (Fig. 85).

2. C. pumila Pursh. Dwarf Hackberry. Alow straggling
shrub, often fruiting copiously when but 6-9 dm. high; twigs brown;
buds 1-2 mm. long; drupes globose. Dry slopes, Quebec to North
Dakota, south to Georgia and Oklahoma (Fig. 86).

MORUS L. (Moraceae)

Deciduous trees with milky sap. Twigs moderate, rounded;
pith moderate, round, continuous. Buds sessile, solitary or mul-
tiple, ovoid, oblique, with 3-6 scales; end -bud lacking. Leaf-scars
alternate, round or half-round; bundle-traces numerous, scattered
or in 3 groups; stipule-scars narrow.

a. Buds elongated, 6-8 mm. long, somewhat

spreading 1. M. rubra

a. Buds triangular-ovoid, short and

closely appressed 2. M. alba

1. M. rubra L. Red Mulberry. A tree 5-20 m. high, up to
2 m. in diameter; bark brown and rough; twigs often downy; buds
spreading, 6-8 mm. long; bud -scales brown-margined. Rich
woods, Ontario to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to Florida
and Texas (Fig. 87).

2. M. alba L. White Mulberry. A small tree, sometimes 14
m. high and 1 m. in diameter; bark light gray, rough, the branches
spreading; buds appressed, 3-4 mm. long; bud-scales generally
uniformly colored. Introduced from Europe, much spread from
cultivation and naturalized (Fig. 88).

BROUSSONETIA L'Her. (Moraceae)

Small deciduous trees with milky sap. Twigs moderate,
rounded; pith large, white, with a thin green diaphragm at each
node. Buds moderate, conical, solitary, sessile, the outer scale
longitudinally striped. Leaf-scars alternate, 2-ranked, large,
rounded; bundle-traces about 5; stipule-scars long and narrow.

1. B, papyrifera (L. ) Vent. Paper Mulberry. A tree some-

Fig. 90. Madura pomifera

Fig. 91. Pyrularia pubera

Fig. 92. Phoradendron flavescens

Fig. 93. Aristolochia durior

BROUSSONETIA 89

times 14 m. high, the young shoots hirsute-tomentose, relatively
thick, greenish- gray. Introduced from Asia, spread from culti-
vation and naturalized (Fig. 89).

MACLURA Nutt. (Moraceae)

Deciduous trees with large axillary spines and milky juice.
Twigs moderate, rounded, glabrous; pith moderate, round, pale,
continuous. Buds small, depressed-globose, sessile, solitary
or multiple, with about 5 scales; end-bud lacking. Leaf-scars
alternate, half-round or triangular; bundle-traces several; stipule-
scars small. Toxylon Raf.

1. M. pomifera (Raf. ) Schneid. Osage-Orange. Hedge-Apple.
A tree 10-20 m. high, with ridged brown bark and spreading
branches; twigs buff or orange, glabrous; wood bright orange.
Native in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, much cultivated and
naturalized eastwards and northwards (Fig. 90).

PYRULARIA Michx. (Santalaceae)

Deciduous shrubs parasitic on roots of surrounding plants.
Twigs rather large, terete, pubescent when young; pith large,
rounded. Buds ovoid, brown. Leaf- scars alternate, rounded;
bundle-traces 3; stipules none. In addition to the leaf-scars, there
are conspicuous branch-scars, formed by self-pruning of young
twigs, in which the bundle-traces are numerous, in an ellipse.

1. P_, pubera Michx. Buffalonut. A straggling or erect much-
branched shrub 1-4 m.high, with terete twigs. Rich woods, moun-
tains of Pennsylvania and West Virginia to Georgia and Alabama
(Fig. 91).

PHORADENDRON Nutt. (Loranthaceae)

Yellowish-green woody parasites on the branches of trees, with
jointed, much-branched stems and thick firm persistent leaves.
Fruit an ovoid or globose fleshy berry.

1. P^ flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. American Mistletoe. A bran-
ching glabrous or slightly pubescent shrub, the twigs rather stout,
terete, brittle at the base; leaves oblong or obovate, rounded at
the apex, narrowed into short petioles, entire, 2.5-5 cm. long,
1-2 cm. wide, dark-green, leathery; berry globose, white, about
4 mm. in diameter. On various trees, Florida to Texas, north
to New Jersey, West Virginia and Kansas (Fig. 92).

Fig. 94. Clematis virginiano

Fig. 95. Clematis viorna

Fig, 96. Clematis verticillaris

Fig. 97. Xanthorhiza simplicissima

ARISTOLOCHIA 91

ARISTOLOCHIA L. (Aristolochiaceae)

Soft-wooded deciduous shrubs, climbing high into trees. Stems
terete, green, swollen at the nodes; pith large, rounded, contin-
uous, pale. Buds small, sessile, rounded, superposed on a silky
area, with 1 silky scale; terminal bud absent. Leaf-scars alternate,
U-shaped; bundle-traces 3; stipule-scars lacking.

1. _A. durior Hill. Dutchman's Pipe. Pipe vine. (A. macro-
phylla Lam.). A twining vine sometimes more than 10 m. high and
3 dm. in diameter, the branches slender, terete, green, glabrous;
pith large. Rich woods, mountains of Pennsylvania and West Vir-
ginia to Georgia and Alabama (Fig. 93).

CLEMATIS L. (Ranunculaceae)

Soft-wooded plants, climbing by bending or clasping of the
petioles. Stem 5- to 18-angled; pith angled or star-shaped, white,
continuous, with firmer diaphragms at the nodes. Buds small,
ovoid, or flattened, somewhat hairy, sessile, solitary, with 1-3
pairs of scales. Leaves opposite, withering but not falling, gradu-
ally torn off more or less piecemeal by winter winds.

a. Stems glaucous and glabrous 3. C. verticillaris

a. Stems not glaucous, sometimes
pubescent

b. Stems brown, finely pubescent;

leaflets toothed 1. C. virginiana

b. Stems red-brown, pubescent at

the nodes; leaflets entire . 2. C. viorna

1. jC. virginiana L. Virgin's Bower. A climbing vine, more
or less woody; stem finely pubescent, brown, with about 6 distinct
ridges, leaves normally 3-foliate, the leaflets ovate, toothed.
Thickets, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Georgia, Louisiana, and
Kansas (Fig. 94).

2. C. viorna L. Leather flower. A vine climbing to a height
of 3 m, or more; stem finely pubescent, red-brown; leaves mostly
pinnate, firm, entire. Rich soil of thickets, Georgia to Texas,
north to Pennsylvania and Iowa (Fig. 95).

3. C^ verticillaris DC. Purple Virgin's Bower. A woody-
stemmed climber, glaucous and glabrous; stem 6-sided, brown;
leaves trifoliate. Rock slopes, Quebec to Wisconsin, south to
West Virginia and Iowa (Fig. 96).

J

Pig. 98. Berberis canadensis

Fig. 99. Berberis vulgaris

Fig. 102. AAagnolia virginiana
Fig. 101, Menispermum canadense

Fig. 100. Berberis thunbergii J

I

riq. 103. Magnolia acuminata

XANTHORHIZA 93

XANTHORHIZA Marsh. (Ranunculaceae)

Small, nearly imbranched shrubs, lemon-yellow when cut.
Twigs terete, moderate, smooth; pith large, round, continuous.
Lateral buds solitary, sessile, ovoid-oblong, compressed and
flattened against the stem, with about 3 scales; terminal buds much
larger, fusiform, terete, with about 5 scales. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, low, slightly curved, more than half encircling the twig;
bundle-traces about 11; stipule-scars none.

1. _X. simplicissima Marsh. Shrubby Yellowroot. QC. api-
ifolia L'Her. ). Stems clustered, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous; twigs
gray; buds red-brown. Damp thickets, mostly in the mountains.
New York to West Virginia, south to Alabama and Florida (Fig. 97).

BERBERIS L. (Berberidaceae)

Shrubs, usually with branched spines (representing modified
leaves) subtending short spurs bearing fascicled foliage leaves.
Wood and pith yellow. Twigs grooved, slender; pith relatively
large, round, continuous. Buds rather small, solitary, sessile,
ovoid, with about 6 scales. Leaf- scars alternate, small, half-
round; bundle-traces 3, minute; stipule-scars none.

a. Twigs finely warty, slightly angled 1. B. canadensis

a. Twigs not warty

b. Twigs gray or buff 2. B. vulgaris

b. Twigs reddish-brown 3. B. thunbergii

1. _B. canadensis Mill. American Barberry. A shrub 3-24
dm. high; twigs glabrous, slender, red-brown, warty; spines 3-
parted, up to 12 mm. long; berries scarlet, oval or subglobose,
7-9 mm. long. Dry woodlands, mountains of West Virginia and
Virginia to Georgia; also in Missouri; not native in Canada, des-
pite the name (Fig. 98).

2. B. vulgaris L. European Barberry. A glabrous shrub
2-3 m.high, the branches arched and drooping at the ends, the
twigs glabrous, gray or buff, strongly grooved; spines unbranched
or mostly 3-parted; berries scarlet, ellipsoid. Introduced from
Europe and abundantly naturalized in thickets (Fig. 99).

3. B^ thunbergii DC. Japanese Barberry. Compact low-
spreading, 0. 5-1. 5 m. high, with brown twigs and unbranched
spines; berries ellipsoid to globose. Introduced from Asia, some-
what spreading, from cultivation (Fig. 100).

94 WOODY PLANTS

COCCULUS DC. (Menispermaceae)

Deciduous woody climbers. Twigs terete, slender; pith rela-
tively large, continuous, white. Buds small, hairy. Leaf-scars
alternate, elliptical; bundle-traces 3 or multiple; stipule-scars
lacking. Drupe red, the stone crescent- shaped, with cross-ridges.

1. _a. carolinus (L. ) DC. Coralbeads. Twining to 4 m; branch-
lets pubescent; drupe 6-8 mm. long. Rich woods, Florida to
Texas, north to Virginia, Kentucky, and Kansas.

MENISPERMUM L. (Menispermaceae)

Deciduous woody climbers. Twigs rounded, grooved, slender;
pith large, continuous, white. Buds small, hairy. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, elliptical, raised, concave; bundle-traces 3 to 7; stipule-
scars none. Fruit a drupe, with a flattened ring-like or crescent-
shaped stone, keeled on the back.

1. M_. canadensis L. Moonseed. Stems 2-4 m. in length,
twining over bushes; twigs green or buff, slightly pubescent or
glabrous; drupe globose-oblong, 6-8 mm. in diameter before dry-
ing. Rich woods and thickets, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Georgia
and Oklahoma (Fig. 101).

CALYCOCARPUM Nutt (Menispermaceae)

Deciduous woody climbers. Twigs terete, slender, hairy or
glabrescent; pith large, white, continuous. Leaf-scars alternate,
elliptical; bundle-traces 3 or multiplied; stipule-scars none. Drupe
with deep cup-like stone.

1. C^ lyoni (Pursh) Gray. Cupseed. High climbing; drupe
black, 2.5 cm. long. Rich soil, Florida to Louisiana, north to
Kentucky, Missouri, and Kansas.

MAGNOLIA L. (Magnoliaceae)

Trees or shrubs with deciduous or evergreen foliage. Twigs
moderate or thick, terete; pith rather large, continuous, round,
often with firmer plates at intervals. Buds solitary, ovoid or fusi-
form, covered by a single scale, which, morphologically, is com-
posed of the 2 coalescent stipules of the topmost leaf. Leaf-scars
alternate, round or U-shaped; bundle-traces numerous, scattered;
stipule-scars linear, encircling the twig.

a. Leaves more or less evergreen 1. M. virginiana

a. Leaves deciduous

MAGNOLIA 95

b. Leaf-buds silky-hairy 2. M. acuminata

b. Leaf-buds glabrous

c. Terminal buds about 2. 5

cm. long 4. M. fraseri

c. Terminal buds 3.5-5 cm.

long 3. M. tripetala

1. M. virgLniana L. Sweet Bay. Small Magnolia. Large shrub
or small tree up to 20 m. high, buds silky; branchlets glabrous

or glabrate; leaves evergreen (or deciduous northwards), oval to
broadly lanceolate, obtuse, glaucous, 0. 8-1. 5 dm. long. Swamps
and wet woods, mostly in the coastal plain, Florida to Texas,
north to Massachusetts, Tennessee, and Arkansas (Fig. 102).

2. M. acuminata L. Cucumber-tree. A tree 20-40 m. high,
6-12 dm. in diameter; bark grayish-brown, furrowed; twigs mod-
erate; leaf -buds silky, 10-20 mm. long; leaf-scars U-shaped.
The common name refers to the shape of the young fruit; only
vestiges of the fruits are present in winter. Rich woods. New York
and Ontario, south chiefly in the mountains, to Georgia and Arkan-
sas (Fig. 103).

3. M. tripetala L. Umbrella Magnolia. A small tree 8-15 m.
tall, 2.5-4 dm. thick; leaf-buds glabrous, purple, 3.5-5 cm. long,
acute; leai-scars large, oval. Rich woods, mostly in the mountains,
Georgia to Arkansas, north to Pennsylvania and Missouri (Fig. 104).

4. M. fraseri Walt. Fraser Magnolia. A slender tree 9-20 m.
tall, 3-4. 5 dm. thick; bark smooth, dark brown; leaf-buds gla-
brous, purple, 2.5 cm. long; twigs glabrous and glaucous, rela-
tively slender; leaf-scars roimded. Rich woods, mostly in the
mountains, Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia and Alabama
(Fig. 105).

LIRIODENDRON L. (Magnoliaceae)

Large deciduous trees. Twigs moderate, terete; pith rounded,
pale, continuous, with firmer plates at intervals. Buds solitary
or superposed, the lateral small, isessile, the terminal much lar-
ger, oblong, somewhat stalked, compressed, with 2 valvate scales
(morphologically stipules of the topmost leaf, as in Magnolia).
Leaf-scars alternate, large, roimd; bundle-traces many, in an
irregular ellipse; stipule-scars linear, encircling the twig. Fruit,
in the form of cone-like aggregates of samaras, present in winter.

1. L. tulipifera L. Tuliptree. Yellow- Poplar. A beautiful tree

1/

m

I «

Fig. 104. Magnolia tripetala Fig. 105. Magnolia fraseri Fig. 106. Liriodendron tulipifera

Fig. 107. Calycanthus fertilis Fig. 108. Calycanthus floridus Fig. 109. Asimina triloba

LmiODENDRON 97

25-50 m. high, 1-3 m. in diameter; twigs red-brown; terminal
buds 1. 2 cm. long, shaped somewhat like a duck's bill; cone of
fruit dry, oblong, acute, 7.5 cm. long. Rich soil, Massachusetts
to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkan-
sas (Fig. 106).

CALYCANTHUS L. (Calytanthaceae)

Aromatic deciduous shrubs, sparingly branched. Twigs
moderate, compressed at the nodes; pith relatively large, some-
what 6-sided, white, continuous. Buds several in a single bud-like
aggregate, sessile, round, brown-hairy, without evident scales.
Leaf-scars opposite, horseshoe-shaped, raised; bundle-traces 3;
stipule- scars none.

All parts of the plants and particularly the dried wood yield a
pleasant fragrance, suggesting the common names Sweet-Scented
Shrub, or Sweet Shrub (or sometimes merely "Shrub").

a. Twigs glabrescent or puberulous 1. C. fertilis

a. Twigs more or less persistently

villous 2. C. floridus

1. C^ iertilis Walt. Smooth Strawberry-Shrub. A branching
shrub 12-27 dm. high, the branchlets glabrescent or slightly
puberulous. Rich woods in the mountains, Georgia and Alabama,
north to Pennsylvania (Fig. 107).

2. C^ floridus L. Hairy Strawberry-Shrub. A branching
shrub 6-27 dm. high, the branchlets more or less persistently
villous. Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, north to Virginia and
West Virginia (Fig. 108).

ASIMINA AdanSo (Annonaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or small trees. Twigs rounded, moderate;
pith round, white, continuous, with firmer greenish plates at in-
tervals in the second year's growth, often brown and chambered
in old twigs. Terminal buds naked ^ lateral leaf -buds oblong, flow-
er-buds globose. Leaf-scars alternate, half-round or V-shaped;
bundle-traces 5 or 7, sometimes more; stipule-scars none,

1. A^ triloba (L. ) Dunal. Pawpaw. A tall shrub or small
tree 3-12 m. high, the twigs slightly hairy or glabrescent. Rich
woods, Florida to Texas, north to New York, Illinois, and
Nebraska (Fig. 109).

98 WOODY PLANTS

SASSAFRAS Nees (Lauraceae)

Aromatic deciduous tree. Twigs green, glabrescent, round-
ed, moderate; pith moderate, white, continuous. Buds usually
solitary, ovoid, sessile, subglobose; scales about 4. Leaf-scars
alternate, small, half-round or crescent-shaped; bundle-trace a
horizontal line more or less broken into 3; stipule-scars lacking.
Fruit an oblong-globose blue drupe.

1. ^ albidum (Nutt. ) Nees. White Sassafras. A rough-barked
tree 4-38 m. high, 3-9 dm. in diameter; twigs yellowish-green,
glabrous, often glaucous; fruit a black drupe, persisting until
early winter. Var. moUe (Raf. ) Feirnald,Red Sassafras, has the
twigs closely pubescent or puberulent. (S. variifolium (Salisb. )
Ktze. ; S. officinale Nees and Eberm. ) Sassafras tea is prepared
in winter from the bark of the root. Woods, Maine to Indiana and
Iowa, south to Florida and Texas; often spreading aggressively
and becoming weed-like (Fig. 110).

LINDERA Thunb. (Lauraceae)

Aromatic deciduous shrubs. Twigs rounded, slender, green;
pith relatively large, round, white, continuous. Buds rather small,
superposed; flower-buds collaterally multiple, green, globose,
stalked; terminal bud absent. Leaf-scars alternate, crescent-
shaped or half-round, small; bundle-traces 3, or sometimes con-
fluent; stipule-scars none. Fruit an obovoid or oblong drupe.
Benzoin Fabricius.

1. L^ benzoin (L. ) Blume. Spicebush. A shrub 2-5 m. high;
twigs and buds glabrous; drupe red, 8-10 mm. high. Damp woods,
Maine to Ontario and Iowa, south to Florida and Texas (Fig. 111).

PHILADELPHUS L. (Saxifragaceae)

Deciduous shrubs, mostly with exfoliating bark. Twigs more
or less lined; pith moderate, rounded, pale, continuous. Buds
soUtary, sessile with 2 nearly valvate scales, end-bud lacking.
Leaf-scars opposite, half-round, with a thin membrane partly
covering the bud, bursting later in winter; bundle-traces 3;
stipule-scars none. Fruit a capsule.

1. _P. inodorus L. Mock-Orange. Shrub 2-3 m. high; twigs
glabrous; fruit nearly solitary. Rocky slopes, Florida and
Alabama to Virginia and Tennessee.

HYDRANGEA 99

HYDRANGEA L. (Saxifragaceae)

Small soft-wooded deciduous shrubs. Twigs round, moderate
to thick; pith relatively large, roundish, continuous, pale. Buds
solitary, sessile or short-stalked, globose to oblong, with 4 to
6 scales. Leaf-scars opposite, crescent-shaped, rather large,
often connected by lines around the stem; bundle-traces 3, 5, or
7; stipule-scars none. Fruit a membranous capsule, persistent
in winter with the flat-topped inflorescence (cyme).

1. K, arborescens L. Wild Hydrangea. A bushy shrub 3-25
dm. high; twigs glabrous or nearly so; buds oblong, spreading.
Rich woods, Florida to Louisiana and Oklahoma, north to New
York and Missouri (Fig. 112).

RIBES L. (Saxifragaceae)

Deciduous sometimes spiny shrubs with shredding outer bark.
Twigs rounded but decurrently ridged below the nodes, moderate;
pith relatively large, pale, round, continuous but becoming porous
in age. Buds small, solitary, sessile or short- stalked, ovoid or
fusiform, with about 6 scales. Leaf-scars alternate, U-shaped
or broadly crescent-shaped; bundle-traces 3; stipule-scars none.

a. Stems reclining, with a strong skunk-
like odor 6. R. glandulosum

a. Stems erect or arching

b. Buds ovoid, glandular orpuberu-
lent; leaf-scars rather broad

c. Bud -scales and twigs bearing
rather conspicuous sessile resin-
glands; buds glabrate 8. R. americanum

c. Without resin-glands; buds

gray-puberulent 7. R. triste

b. Buds elongated -subf us if or m;leaf-
scars very narrow

c. Nodal prickles often large, up

to 10 mm. long or more; buds

glossy straw-colored 2. R. missouriense

c. Prickles smaller; buds dull

brown

d. Buds short, 3 mm. long,

downy 3. R. rotund if olium

Fig. 110. Sassafras a I bidum Fig. Ill, Li ndera benzoin Fig. 112. Hydrangea arborescens

I

Y

1

Fig. 113. Ribes cynosbati Fig. 114. Ribes missouriense Fig. 115. Ribes rotundifolium

RIBES 1^^

d. Buds rather long, 5-6 mm.
long

e. Stems bristly and prickly,
the nodal prickles about the
length of the internodal bristles;
twigs and buds glossy straw-
colored 5. R.lacustre

e. Nodal prickles longer than
the bristles

f. Twigs bristly and prickly,

with quickly exfoliating

epidermis; the fruiting

canes mostly without

bristles on the middle

and upper inte modes 4. R. hirtellum
f . Bark of internodes

without bristles; nodal

spines slender, 0. 5-1

cm. long 1. R. cynosbati

1. _R. cynosbati L. Prickly Gooseberry. A shrub with erect
or ascending branches; spines slender, 5-10 mm. long; bud-scales
keeled, more or less silky; berries prickly (but not present in
winter). Rocky woods. New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to
North Carolina, Alabama and Missouri (Fig. 113).

2. JR. missouriense Nutt. Missouri Gooseberry. An erect •
shrub to 2 m, high, bearing stout red spines 7-17 mm. long; buds
elongated, fusiform, glossy, straw-colored; twigs grayish or
whitish. Thickets, Connecticut to Minnesota and South Dakota,
south to Kansas, Arkansas, Missouri and Tennessee (Fig. 114).

3. _R. rotundifolium Michx. Smooth Gooseberry. A shrub
with erect or spreading branches; spines only 2-5 mm. long, or
sometimes lacking; buds 3 mm. long, downy; berry (absent in
winter) not prickly. Rocky thickets in the mountains, Massachu-
setts to West Virginia and North Carolina (Fig. 115).

4. R. hirtellum Michx. Bristly Gooseberry. Shrub about

1 m. high; bark freely exfoliating, that of new canes prickly, of
fruiting canes mostly without prickles on the lower internodes;
nodal spines 3-8 mm. long. Rocky woods, Labrador to Manitoba,
south to Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Minnesota (Fig. 116).

5. R, lacustre (Pers. ) Poir. Black Currant. Shrub about

1 m. high; young stems clothed with bristly prickles and with weak

•>

Fig. 116. Ribes hirtellum Fig. 117. Ribes lacustre Fig. 118. Ribes glandulosum

I

Fig. 119, Ribes triste Fig. 120. Ribes americanum Fig. 121. Hamamelis Virginia

na

RIBES ^^2

thorns, the nodal spines about the length of the internodal; twigs
and buds glossy straw-colored. Cold damp woods, Newfoundland
to Alaska, south in the eastern mountains to Tennessee, in the
west to Colorado, Utah, and California (Fig. 117).

6. R. glandulosum Grauer. Skunk Currant. (R. prostratum
L'Her. ). A decumbent or spreading very ill-scented shrub; bark
blackish; twigs unarmed, glabrate. Wet woods, Labrador to Mac-
kenzie and British Columbia, south to North Carolina, Michigan
and Saskatchewan (Fig. 118).

7. R^ triste Pall. Red Currant. Straggling or reclining shrub,
the branches often freely rooting; twigs quickly glabrate. Cool
woods and swamps, Labrador to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania,
Michigan, Minnesota, and Oregon (Fig. 119).

8. R^ americanum Mill. Wild Black Currant. An erect un-
armed shrub 1. 5 m. or less high, with spreading branches ;buds
ovoid; bud-scales and twigs glabrate, bearing large conspicuous
resin-glands; leaf-scars broad. Rich slopes. New Brunswick to
Alberta, south to Virginia, Missouri, and New Mexico (Fig. 120).

HAMAMELIS L. (Hamamelidaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or small trees. Twigs rounded, zigzag,
slender, stellate-tomentose to glabrate; pith small, round, green,
continuous. Buds moderate, stalked, oblong, tomentose. Leaf-
scars alternate, 2-ranked, half-round or 3-lobed; bundle-traces
3, often compound; stipule-scars unequal, one round, the other
elongated. The leaves have a curious double abscission layer, the
petioles falling normally in autumn and the surface of the leaf- scar
again abscissing in spring.

1. H^ vlrginiana L. Witch-hazel. A shrub or small tree 5-8
m. high, the stems 10-25 cm. in diameter; buds sordid-yellow,
5-8 mm. long, including the stalk. The yellow flowers appear in
autumn and the obovoid-pubescent capsules, 1-1. 5 cm. long, ma-
ture a year later. Woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia
and Louisiana (Fig. 121).

LIQUIDAMBAR L, (Hamamelidaceae)

Conical deciduous trees, with a resinous sap. Twigs moderate,
terete and smooth or with variously developed corky ridges; pith
angled, continuous or nearly so, white or brownish. Buds solitary,
ovoid, with about 6 exposed scales. Leaf-scars alternate, ellipti-
cal or triangular; bundle-traces 3, large; stipule-scars none.

Fig. 123. Platdnus occidentalis
Fig. 122. Liquidambor sfyraciflua Fig. 124. Physocarpus opulifolius

?

Fig, 125. Spiraea alba

Fig. 126. Spiraea lafifolia Fig. 127. Spiraea tomenfosa

LIQUroAMBAR 105

Fruit a long-stalked globose dry head formed by numerous some-
what cohering capsules.

1. _L. styraciflua L. Sweetgum. A tree 15-35 m. high, the
trunk 6-12 dm. in diameter, the bark very rough; branches often
winged with corky ridges; twigs shiny, green or brown, aromatic;
buds 6-12 mm. long, the scales orange-brown. Moist woods,
Florida to Texas, Mexico and Central America, north to New York,
Ohio and Missouri (Fig. 122).

PLATANUS L. (Platanaceae)

Large open deciduous trees with exfoliating bark. Twigs
moderate, rounded, glabrous, buff, zigzag; pith moderate, white
or brownish, rounded, continuous. Buds solitary, rather large,
sessile, conical, with a single cap-like scale; end bud lacking.
Leaf-scars alternate 2-ranked, ring-like and nearly encircling
the buds; bundle-traces 5, 7, or 9, large; stipule-scars narrow,
encircling the twig. Fruit a globose head of elongated obovoid
achenes, each with a circle of upright brown hairs at the base.

1. P^ occidentalis L. Sycamore. Buttonwood. Plane-tree. A
tree 35-50 m. high, 1-3 m. in diameter; bark covered with broad
curling scales which are shed off, exposing the smooth greenish-
white surface; fruit-balls solitary, on long stalks, present in
winter, but disintegrating as the season progresses. Rich moist
soil, Maine to Ontario and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas.
The largest tree of the northeast (Fig. 123).

PHYSOCARPUS Maxim. (Rosaceae)

Loosely branching deciduous shrubs with quickly shredding
brown bark. Twigs terete, 5-lined at the nodes, slender; pith
large, brownish, round, continuous. Buds small, solitary, ses-
sile, conical- oblong or ovoid, with about 5 loose scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, elliptical or 3-lobed; bundle-traces 3, unequal,
the lower one larger than the others; stipule-scars small.

1. JP, opulifolius (L. ) Maxim. Ninebark. A shrub 1-3 m.high,
with long branches, the old bark loose and separating in numerous
thin layers (whence the common name); buds pointed, appressed;
twigs glabrous; fruit, as clustered small dry follicles, present in
winter. Shores and rocky banks, Quebec to Ontario, Minnesota
and Colorado, south to South Carolina and Arkansas (Fig. 124).

SPIRAEA L. (Rosaceae)

Low deciduous shrubs, usually with stiff wand-like branches.
Twigs round or somewhat angled near the nodes, slender; pith

Fig. 129. Spiraea corymbosa

\. Ai'

\

Fig. 128. Spiraeo japonica

Fig. 130. Spiraea virginiana

•'

i

%

Fig. 131. Pyrus communis Fig. 132. Pyrus malus

Fig. 133. Pyrus coronaria

SPIRAEA 10'7

small, round, continuous. Buds small, solitary or collaterally
multiple, sessile, globose to fusiform, with about 6 scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, half-round or crescent-shaped, minute; bundle-
trace 1. Inflorescence paniculate or corymbose, persistent through

the winter.

a. Inflorescence-vestiges paniculate

b. Stems puberulent or glabrous

c. Branchlets of panicle puberulent

or tomentulose 1. S. alba

c. Branchlets of panicle glabrous 2. S. latifolia

b. Stems very wooily 3. S. tomentosa

a. Inflorescence-vestiges corymbose

b. Stems pubescent 4. S. japonic a

b. Stems glabrous

c. Stems simple or nearly so 5. S. corymbosa

c. Stems much -branched 6. S. virginiana

1. S. alba Du Roi. Meadowsweet. Wild Spiraea. . Pipe stem.
Erect shrub, 0.3-2 m. high; twigs tough, yellowish-brown, more
or less angled, pubescent, at least in the paniculate inflorescence.
Low ground, Quebec and Vermont to Saskatchewan, south to Mis-
souri, Ohio, and in the mountains to North Carolina (Fig. 125).

2. _S^ latifolia (Ait. ) Borkh. Meadowsweet. Erect shrub 3-12
dm. high, with tough yellowish-brown stems; panicles mostly open-
pyramidal, 0. 5-3 dm. long, the branchlets glabrous. Low grounds,
Newfoundland to Michigan, south in the mountains to North Caro-
lina (Fig. 126),

3. ^ tomentosa L. Hardhack. Steeplebush. Stems angled,
1-2 m. high, pubescent with rusty wool; buds solitary, ovoid,
short, with several exposed scales. Low grounds. Prince Edward
Island to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Arkansas (Fig. 127).

4. S. japonica L. f. Japanese Spiraea. Stems 1. 5 m. high or
less, with gray or dingy inflorescence; twigs terete; inflorescence
corymbose. Introduced from Asia, spreading from cultivation into
thickets and somewhat naturalized (Fig. 128).

5. S. corymbosa Raf. Corymbed Spiraea. Stems erect, less
than 1 m. high; twigs terete, glabrous, bright red-brown; buds

108 WOODY PLANTS

ovoid, solitary, with several exposed scales; inflorescence
corymbose. Rocky banks, in the mountains. New Jersey south
to Georgia and Kentucky (Fig. 129).

6. S. virginiana Britt. Virginia Spiraea. Stem much-branched,
to 1,2 m. high; twigs often glaucous, glabrous or pubescent,

more or less angled, inflorescence corymbose. Rocky places, in
the mountains. West Virginia to Tennessee (Fig. 130).

PYRUS L. (Rosaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or medium-sized trees. Twigs moderate,
round or slightly angled, sometimes ending in sharp points; pith
somewhat angled, continuous. Buds moderate, solitary, sessile,
with about 4 scales. Leaf-scars alternate, linear; bundle-traces
3; stipule scars none,

a. Twigs and buds glabrous; bud-scales
submucronate , not margined; twigs
olive 1. P. communis

a. Buds pubescent, their scales some-
times margined

b. Buds blunt- ovoid; scales sub-
obtuse; unarmed 2. P. malus

b. Buds conical-oblong; scales

acute; and twigs sharp-pointed 3. P. coronaria

1. P. communis L. Pear. Small tree, to about 15 m. high,
when wild often with spinescent branches; branchlets olive, glab-
rous or glabrate, with inconspicuous lenticels. Introduced from
Eurasia, spreading slightly from cultivation into thickets (Fig,
131).

2. P. malus L. Apple. (Malus pumila Mill. ). A tree to 15
m. tall, with spreading branches, the trunk some'.imes 1 m. in
diameter; twigs more or less pubescent; buds blunt- ovoid, pubes-
cent; scales more or less obtuse. Introduced from Eurasia,
spreading and naturalized (Fig. 132).

3. P. coronaria L. Wild Crabapple.( Malus coronaria Mill.).
Tree, somewhat armed (at least bearing sharp-pointed twigs),
6-10 m. high, the trunk 2. 5-3. 5 dm. in diameter; twigs glabrate;
bundle-traces 3; buds conical-oblong, scales pubescent, acute.
Thickets, New York and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Kansas
and North Carolina (Fig. 133).

ARONIA 109

ARONIA Medic. (Rosaceae)

Deciduous shrubs. Twigs moderate, rounded, glabrous; pith
moderate, rounded, continuous. Buds solitary, sessile, oblong,
flattened, appressed. Leaf-scars alternate, crescent- shaped or
U-shaped; bundle-traces 3; stipule-scars none.

a. Twigs and buds somewhat

woolly 1. A. arbutifolia

a. Twigs and buds glabrous 2. A. melanocarpa

1. A. arbutifolia (L. ) Ell. Red Chokeberry. (Pyrus arbuti-
folia (L. ) L.f,). A shrub 1-2. 5 m. high; twigs and buds more or
less wooUy;leaf-scars low; bundle-traces 3; fruits red, persistent
into winter. Swamps and damp barrens, Ontario to Michigan and
Missouri, south to Florida and Texas (Fig. 134).

2. A. melanocarpa (Michx. ) Ell. Black Chokeberry. (Pyrus
melanocarpa (Michx. ) Willd. ) A shrub up to 4 m. high, but gen-
erally considerably lower; twigs and buds glabrous; leaf-scars
low; bundle-traces 3; fruits black, persistent into winter. Moist
thickets and barrens, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to South
Carolina and Tennessee (Fig. 135).

SORBUS L. (Rosaceae)

Erect-branched small or moderate deciduous trees. Twigs
moderate, with prominent lenticels, rounded; pith round, brown,
continuous. Buds oblong, the terminal large, the lateral reduced,
solitary, sessile, more or less pubescent with long hairs matted
in gum. Leaf-scars alternate, raised, crescent-shaped or linear;
bundle-traces 3 or 5; stipule-scars none.

1. S. am eric ana Marsh. Mountain- Ash. (Pyrus americana
(Marsh. ) DC. ). A tree 6-10 m. tall, 2-3 dm. in diameter; twigs
rather thick, with prominent lenticels; buds oblong, the terminal
large, the lateral smaller, solitary, sessile, more or less pubes-
cent with long hairs matted in gum; leaf-scars raised, crescent-
shaped or linear; bundle-traces 3 or 5; fruits orange-red, 4-6
mm. in diameter, holding through the winter, but fading. Woods,
Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Illinois (Fig. 136).

AMELANCHIER Medic. (Rosaceae)

Deciduous trees or shrubs. Twigs rather slender, zigzag,
terete; pith more or less 5-angled, continuous, pale. Buds mod-
erate, sessile, solitary, elongated, with about 6 often twisted

Fig. 134. Aronia arbuHfolia Fig. 135. Aronia melanocarpa Fig. 136. Sorbus americana

Fig. 137. Amelanchier sanguinea Fig, 139. Amelanchi«r arborea

Fig. 138. Amelanchier humilis

AMELANCHIER ^^^

scales. Leaf-scars alternate, crescent-shaped or U-shaped;
bundle-traces 3; stipule- scars none.

a. Low shrubs, 0.3-8 m, high

b. Stoloniferous, the individual

stems scattered or loosely

colonial 1. A. humilis

b. Not stoloniferous

c. Straggling, slender, often

arching shrubs, the stems

solitary or few in a clump 2. A. sanguinea

c. Stems several together,

loosely caespitose-fastigiate;

bog plants 5. A. bartramiana

a. Trees, up to 20 m. high

b. Leaves densely pubescent in the

bud 3. A. arborea

b. Leaves glabrous or only slightly

pubescent in the bud 4. A. laevis

1. A. humilis Wieg. Low Serviceberry. A stiffly upright
shrub or small tree 0.3-8 m. high, growing in patches from
rhizome-like bases (stoloniferous), the individual stems scattered ;
buds 4-9 mm. long, dull. Rocky banks, often calcareous,
Quebec to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to West Virginia and
Ohio (Fig. 137).

2. A. sanguinea Pursh. Roundleaf Serviceberry. A strag-
gling or arching slender shrub 1-2.5 m, high, 3 cm. or less in
diameter, not stoloniferous and not rming colonies, the stems
solitary or few in a clump; branchlets red or reddish-brown; buds
slender, reddish-brown, 6-7 mm. long, dull. Open woods or
rocky slopes, Quebec and Ontario, south to Iowa, Michigan, and
North Carolina (Fig. 138).

3. A. arborea (Michx. ) Fernald. Juneberry. Common Ser-
viceberry. Downy Serviceberry. "Sarvis". (A canadensis of
authors, not Medic). An irregular bushy tree 5-20 m. high, the
trunk up to 4 dm. in diameter; leaves densely pubescent in the
bud; buds 6-13 mm. long. Rich woods. New Brunswick to Minne-
sota, south to Florida, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. Our most com-
mon and widely distributed species (Fig. 139).

112 WOODY PLANTS

4. A. laevls Wieg. Smooth Serviceberry. A tree 13 m. high
or less; leaves sparingly pubescent or glabrous in the bud; buds
0.9-1.7 cm. long. Thickets, Newfoundland to Ontario, south to
Iowa and Illinois and in the mountains to Georgia (Fig. 140 ).

5. A. bartramiana (Tausch) Roemer. Glade Serviceberry.
(A. oligocarpa (Michx. ) Roemer )t A shrub 0. 5-2. 5 m. high, the
stems several together, loosely caespitose-fastigiate; leaves im-
bricate in the bud. Bogs and moist slopes, Labrador to Ontario
and Minnesota, south in the mountains to West Virginia (Fig. 141).

CRATAEGUS L.*Hawthorns. Red Haws (Rosaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or trees, usually with well-developed twig-
spines. Twigs moderate or rather slender, terete, pith rather
small, continuous, round. Buds solitary or collaterally branched,
sessile, round or oblong-ovoid, with about 6 exposed scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, narrowly crescent-shaped; bundle-traces 3;
stipule-scars small.

Crataegus is a large and exceptionally complicated genu3, with
more than 100 species recognized from the range of this manual.
The plants, however, are very hard to identify, even from materi-
al having leaves, flowers, and fruit, and it is a hopeless task to
attempt to construct a key to distinguish them in the winter state.
In the present treatment, nevertheless, an effort has been made
to provide winter characters for the different groups (Series) of
the region. Even this has proved very difficult and the following
key must be regarded as quite provisional.

a. Slender shrubs .8-1. 5 m. tall with few simple or
little-branched stems.

Series 2. Parvifoliae (C.uni flora
Muench. )

a. Arborescent shrubs or trees with stout boles or
bifurcating branches.

b. Usually shrubby but sometimes becoming
small trees under favorable conditions.

c. Branches mostly ascending forming a
narrow crown;thorns numerous, long
and stout.

Series 14. Macracanthae. (C.
succulenta .Link)
c. Lower branches spreading, form-
ing rounded crowns usually as

*

Based on data furnished by Ernest J. Palmer

CRATAEGUS 113

broad as high, armed with slender
thorns or sometimes nearly thorn-
less.

d. Bark comparatively thin and
smooth, exfoliating in small
thin flakes.

Series 1. Microcarpae. (C.

spathulataMichx.,etc.)
d. Bark on old boles or bran-
ches comparatively thick,
more or less fissured or
scaly.

e. Thorns usually straight
and slender, 2-3. 5 cm.
long. No compound thorns.

Series 4. Pulcherrimae. (C.
ancisa Beadle, etc. )
e. Thorns stouter, often
curved, 3-5 cm. long.
Compound thorns some-
times on boles and
larger branches.

Series 3. Intricatae. (C. intricata
Lange, etc. )

b. Usually arborescent, but sometimes appear-
ing shrubby in young state.

c. Boles and larger branches fluted or but-
tressed, not round or symmetrical in
cross section; thorns usually stout and
strongly curved.

Series 9. Tenuifoliae. (C.

macrosperma Ashe, etc.)

c. Boles and larger branches norm-
ally terete and symmetrical in
cross section;thorns variable but
not conspicuously short and curved.

d. Bark thin, pale gray, exfoliating in
large plates or flakes over orange-
brown or cinnamon colored inner
bark. Becoming large trees in low alluvial
ground; often thornless or sparingly thorny.

Series 5. Virides. (C. viridis
L. , etc. )

114 WOODY PLANTS

d. Bark thicker, becoming rough or more
or less scaly, gray or gray-brown.

e. Bark on old boles thick and deeply
ridged and fissured ;branchlets rather
stout, usually thorny. Becoming large
trees in fertile uplands.

Series 12. Molles. (C. mollis

(T.and G.)Scheele,etc.)

e. Bark on boles not deeply ridged
or fissured, usually becoming more
or less scaly. Small trees seldom
over 8-10 m. tall.

f. Crown in well-developed trees
broadly conical or depressed
conical, often broader than high,
lower branches often slightly de-
pressed. Compound thorns often
on boles and large branches.

g. Branchlets slender, glabrous,
usually flexuous and quite thorny;
lower branches dense and intri-
cate; bark of old boles scaly, smooth
and dark gray on branches.

Series 6. Crus-galli (C. crus-
galli L. , etc. )
g. Branchlets stoutish, the youngest
slightly pubescent, armed with long
slender thorns or nearly thornless.
Bark on old boles brownish-gray,
finely scaly.

Series 7. Punctatae (C . punctata
Jacq. , etc. Fig. 142).

f. Crown usually conical, rounded or
irregular, rarely as broad as high.

g. Crown-irregular, open, of stout-
ish spreading branches; branchlets
flexuous and thorny. Often fruiting
as arborescent shrubs.

Series 13. Pruinosae. (C.

pruinosa (Wendl. )
K. Koch, etc. )

CRATAEGUS 115

g. Crown more symmetrical, usually
rounded or conical in well-developed
plants. Branches more numerous and
intricate.

h. Trees up to 10 m.tall with wide-
spreading branches; youngest
branchlets reddish brown.

Series 11. Coccineae (C.pedicel-
lata Sarg. , etc. )
h. Small trees seldom over 5-6 m.tall,
with round or conical crowns;
branchlets soon gray.

i. Bark close, slightly fissured
and broken into small brownish -
gray scales, growing usually in
low moist or flat woods.
Series 10. Silvicolae. (C_.

iracunda Beadle, etc.)
i. Bark becoming slightly scaly, dark
gray-brown, growing usually in
upland thickets or rocky ground.
Series 8. Rotundifoliae. (C_.

chrysocarpa Ashe, etc.)

POTENTILLA L. (Rosaceae)

Small deciduous shrubs (mostly herbs). Twigs very slender,
nearly round, with quickly exfoliating bark;. pith small, round,
brown. Buds relatively large, solitary, sessile, oblong, with
about 4 striate scales. Leaf-scars alternate, very small, round,
on the end of the clasping 3-nerved leaf-base; bundle-trace 1;
stipules persistent.

1. P. fruticosa L. Shrubby Cinquefoil. Low'bushy shrub
0. 2-1 m. high, the outer bark pale, shreddy. Open ground, Labra-
dor to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Iowa, South Dakota, Arizona
and California.

RUBUS L. * (Rosaceae)

Rather soft-wooded usually deciduous shrubs, mostly armed
with prickles, erect,trailing, or scrambling over supports. Shoots
moderate, often angled, pith relatively large, round or angled,
continuous. Buds moderate, sessile, oblong-ovoid. Leaf-scars

* Based on data furnished by H. A. Davis

116 WOODY PLANTS

alternate, torn and irregularly shriveled on the persistent base
of the petiole; bundle-trace not discernible; stipules often per-
sistent at the top of the petiole remnant.

Like Crataegus, this is a most difficult group taxonomically.
It is believed that the few, ancient, stable species inliabiting east-
ern North America at the time of its settlement have given rise
through crossing to numerous incipient "species", some fertile
and some apomictic, many of which are spreading rapidly. An
astonishing number of such "species" seem to appear in certain
small areas, for example, in New England, and in the AUeghenies
of West Virginia. It is impossible to describe a genus such as
this except in a tentative manner, and it will be recognized that
identification in winter is virtually impossible. Except for a few
clear-cut species of raspberries, the following key is designed to
separate the larger groups (subgenera, or sections) only.

a. Plant habitually unarmed 1. R. odoratus

a. Plants habitually armed, but
with thornless or nearly thorn-
less mutations ^

b. Canes upright

c. Canes habitually weakly armed
(Raspberries)

d. Plant red -hairy all over 2. R. phoenicolasius

d. Plants not red-Lairy

e. Stems bristly, not glau- j

cous 3. R. strigosus r

e. Stems prickly, very

glaucous 4. R. occidentalis

c. Canes habitually strongly armed
(sometimes nearly thornless)

d. Canes hispid or setose, prickles

few (Bristleberries: R.

setosus Bigel . , etc . )
d. Canes not hispid or setose,

prickles usually numerous

(Blackberries)

e. Canes nearly without prickles
or with only a few straight
ones (Smooth Blackberries;
R. canadensis L. , etc. )

RUBUS 11'^

e. Prickles abundant, hooked or
bent or at least broad-based

f. Panicle-vestiges glandular

(Copsy Highbush Blackberries:

R. allegheniensis Porter,

Fig. 148, etc)
f. Panicle-vestiges not glandular

(Field Highbush Blackberries:

R. argutus Link, etc. )

b. Canes trailing on the ground

c. Canes hispid or bristly ( Groundberries:

R. hispidus L. , Fig. 148, etc. )
c. Canes prickly rather than exclusively

bristly (Dewberries: R. flagellaris

Willd.,etc.)

1. R^ odoratus L. Purple Flowering Raspberry. Stems
shrubby, unarmed but more or less bristly, 1-2 m.high; bark
shredding. Rocky places, Cuebec and Ontario, south in the moun-
tains to Georgia and Tennessee (Fig. 143).

2. R. phoenicolasius Maxim. Wineberry. Stems biennial,
long and curving, rooting at the tips, beset with long red -brown
glandular hairs and weak, nearly straight prickles. Introduced
from Asia, originally cultivated, now extensively naturalized
(Fig. 144).

3. R^ strigosus Michx. Wild Red Raspberry. (R. idaeus L.
var. strigosus (Michx. ) Maxim. ). Stems shrubby, 1-2 m. high,
densely clothed with weak glandular bristles, or the older stems
with small hooked prickles. Thickets, Labrador to British Colum-
bia, south to West Virginia, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Wyoming
(Fig. 145).

4. R. occidentalis L. Black Raspberry. Blackcaps. Stems
very glaucous, recurved, often rooting at the tip, sometimes
3-4 m. long, sparingly armed with small hooked prickles. Rich
thickets, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Colorado
(Fig. 146).

ROSA L. (Rosaceae)

Deciduous shrubs, mostly prickly, erect, climbing or scram-
bling. Shoots moderate, rounded; pith relatively large, brown.

^

9

r. i^A A I L- I ^wi, FJq. 142. Crotaegus punctata

Fig. 140. Amelanchier laevis ■ ly. . » i-

Fig. 141. Amelanchier bartramiana

Fig. 143. Rubus odoratus

C-- -T

I'

- _ I

- ,

Fig. 144. Rubus phoenicolasius

Fig. 145. Rubus strigosus

ROSA

119

rounded. Buds small, solitary, sessile, ovoid, with 3 or 4
visible scales. Leaf-scars alternate, narrow, straight or slightly
curved; bundle-traces 3; stipule-scars none. Fruit a berry-like
fleshy receptacle (hifi) enclosing numerous achenes; the sepals,
crowning the summit, are quickly deciduous or persistent into

winter. ^ i.. r +

Members of this genus are so variable, as a result ot exten-
sive cultivation, that the following key should be regarded as high-
ly tentative.

a. Stems climbing, leaning or trailing

b. Plants of dry clearings or roadsides

c. Native species

c. Introduced cultivated plant

b. Plant of swamp thickets

a. Stems bushy, erect

b. Canes densely bristly and acicular-

prickly
b. Canes usually prickly but not densely

bristly

c. Stems short, not averaging over
0.5 m. tall

d. Prickles straight, slender
d. Prickles thick, more or less
curved

c. Stems taller, 1-2 m. high or
more

d. Sepals deciduous from the

fruit
d. Sepals tardily deciduous,

persisting into the winter

1. R. setigera

2. R. multiflora

6. R. palustris

8. R. acicularis

7. R. Carolina

5. R. virginiama

4. R. canina

3. R. eglanteria

1. R^ setigera Michx. Prairie Rose. Stems more or less
climbingTto 5 m. long, not bristly but armed with thick, nearly
straight, scattered prickles; fruit globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter,
glandular, the sepals deciduous. Thickets, Florida to Texas, north
to New York, Indiana, and Kansas (Fig. 149).

2. JR. multiflora Thunb. Multiflora Rose. Rambler Rose.
Trailing or arching, with long reclining or climbing branches;

A

\

Fig. 146. Rubus occidental is Rg. 147. Rubus hispidus Fig. 148. Rubus allegheniensis

\l

Fig. 149. Rosa setigera

Fig. 150. Rosa multiflora

Fig. 151. Rosa eglanteria

ROSA 121

prickles hooked. Introduced from Asia, escaped from cultivation
and naturalized (Fig. 150).

3. R^ eglanteria L. Sweetbrier. Eglantine. Stems slender,
1-2 m. high, or forming longer wands, armed with strong hooked
prickles, sometimes with scattered smaller ones; sepals tardily
deciduous from the scarlet or orange hip. Introduced from Europe,
escaped from cultivation and naturalized (Fig. 151).

4. R^ canina L. Dog Rose. Stem 3 m. high or less, coarse,
with large recurved prickles; sepals promptly falling from the
ellipsoid scarlet hip. Introduced from Europe, escaped from cul-
tivation and naturalized (Fig. 152).

5. R^ virginiana Mill. Pasture Rose. Stems erect, often tall
and thick, 2-20 dm. high, with large usually curved prickles;
sepals soon deciduous from the red fruit. Thickets, Newfoundland
to Ontario, south to Alabama and Missouri (Fig. 153).

6. R^ palustris Marsh. Swamp Rose (R. Carolina L. ). Stems
usually tall, climbing or scrambling, 3-25 dm. high, with thick
straight or curved prickles; fruit globose or depressed -globose,
about 8 mm. high, glandular-hispid; sepals deciduous from the
depressed-globose or ellipsoid fruit. Swamps and wet thickets.
New Brunswick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and
Arkansas (Fig. 154).

7. R. Carolina L. Low Pasture Rose. (R. serrulata of
authors, not Raf. ). Stems erect, 3-9 dm. high; prickles needle-
like, straight; sepals deciduous from the fruit. Dry soil, Florida
to Texas, north to Nova Scotia, Minnesota, and Nebraska (Fig. 155).

8. R. acicularis Lindl. Northern Rose. Canes 3-12 dm. high,
densely bristly and acicular-prickly; sepals persisting and erect
in fruit. Rocky slopes, Quebec to Yukon, south to Colorado, South
Dakota, Michigan, and West Virginia.

PRUNUS L. (Rosaceae)

Deciduous shrubs and trees. Twigs slender or moderate, sub-
terete or somewhat angled at the nodes, sometimes sharp-pointed;
pith round or angled, pale or brown, continuous. Buds solitary
or multiple, sessile, subglobose or ovoid, with about 6 visible
scales. Leaf-scars alternate, half-round or elliptical, small;
bundle-traces 3, usually minute; stipule-scars or vestiges present.

Fig. 152. Rosa canlna Fig. 153. Rosa virginiana Fig. 154. Rosa palusfris

Fig. 155. Rosa Carolina

Fig. 157. Prunus alleghoniensis

Fig. 156. Prunus maritima

PRUNUS

a. Terminal bud present

b. Twigs red or green; buds hairy

b. Twigs brown or gray

c. Twigs more or less velvety
c. Twigs glabrous

d. Buds dull brown, ovoid; scales

rough
d. Buds clear brown or glossy

e. Buds small, 2-4 mm. long

f. Buds 4 mm. long; scales
chestnut-brown, keeled

f. Buds 2 mm. long; scales
red-brown, ciliate

e. Buds larger, 5-7 mm. long

f. Buds ovoid -fusiform,

glossy
f. Buds round -ovoid, duller

or darker

a. .Terminal bud deciduous

123
6. P. persica

10. P. mahaleb

12. P. virginiana

11. P. serotina

7. P. pensylvanica

8. P. avium

9. P. cerasus

b. Buds about as long as thick
b. Buds elongated

0. Twigs velvety, becoming glabrate
c. Twigs glabrous

d. Armed with spine-tipped twigs

e. Buds 3-6 mm. long; small tree
e. Buds 2 mm. long; usually a
low straggling shrub

5. P. angustifolia

1. P. maritima

3. P. americana

2. P. alle-
ghaniensis

d. Unarmed

e. Buds large, sometimes 10-12

mm. long; tree
e. Buds small, 2 mm. long; shrub

4. P. hortulana
2. P. alle-

ghaniensis

1. P. maritima Marsh. Beach Plum. Low and straggling or
ascending shrub 0.3-2.5 m. high, densely branched ; twigs at

a

Fig. 158. Prunus americana Fig. 159. Prunus hortulana Fig. 160. Prunus angustlfolia

Fig. 161. Prunus persica Fig. 162. Prunus pensylvanica Fig, 163. Prunus avium

PRUNUS 125

first pubescent, becoming glabrate; buds acute, velvety. Sandy
soil, mostly in the coastal plain, Maine to Delaware (Fig. 156).

2. P. allegheniensis Porter. Alleghany Plum. A straggling
shrub 1-5 m. high, sometimes armed with sharp-pointed twigs;
bark brown; twigs reddish-brown. Dry soil, mostly in the moun-
tains, Connecticut to Virginia and West Virginia (Fig. 157).

3. P^ americana Marsh. Wild Plum. A shrub or tree 3-10 m.
high, bark dark, shaggy; twigs orange-brown, sharp-pointed,
glabrous; buds acute, 3-6 mm. long, chestnut-brown. Thickets,
Florida to New Mexico, north to New England, Ontario, Manitoba,
Wyoming, and Utah; also in Mexico (Fig. 158).

4. ^. hortulana Bailey. Wild Goose Plum. A small unarmed
tree, 10 m. high or less; twigs glabrous, reddish-brown; buds
obtuse, chestnut-brown. Bottomlands, Indiana to Iowa, south to
Alabama and Oklahoma (Fig. 159).

5. P_. angustifolia Marsh. Chickasaw Plum. A shrub 2-5 m.
high, not very thorny; buds half covered by the ciliate leaf-cushion;
twigs slender, red, lustrous. Dry thickets, Florida to Texas,
north to New Jersey and Missouri (Fig. 160).

6. P. persica (L. ) Batsch. Peach. A small tree, up to 8 m.
tall, the reddish or green twigs glabrous; buds hairy. Introduced
from Asia, much cultivated, and frequently escaped (Fig. 161).

7. P. pensylvanica L. f . Fire Cherry. Pin Cherry. Bird
Cherry. A tree 6-20 m. high, with light red-brown bark; twigs
glabrous, slender, reddish, shining. Dry woods, recent burns
and clearings, Labrador to British Columbia, south to Colorado,
South Dakota, Iowa, and in the mountains to North Carolina (Fig.
162).

S- E' avium L. Sweet Cherry. A large tree, sometimes 20 m.
high, with pyramidal crown and reddish-brown bark; twigs rather
thick, buds large, glossy, ovoid -fusiform. Introduced from Eurasia,
often spread from cultivation and naturalized (Fig. 163).

9. P. cerasus L. Sour Cherry. Tree to 24 m. high, of pyram-
idal habit; branchlets rather thick; buds large, dull, round-ovoid.
Introduced from Asia, spread from cultivation and naturalized
(Fig. 164).

10. P^ mahaleb L. Mahaleb. Perfumed Cherry. Small tree
to 10 m. high, with open branching; bark aromatic; twigs tomen-

Fig. 164. Prunus cerasus

Fig. 165. Prunus mahaleb Fig. 166. Prunus serotina

Fig. 167. Prunus virginiana

Fig, 169. Gleditsia friacanthos

Fig. 168. Gymnocladus dioica

PRUNUS 127

tulose; buds round-ovoid, spreading. Introduced from Eurasia,
spread from cultivation and naturalized (Fig. 165).

11. P. serotina Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. A tree 20-35 m.
tall, the trunk 10-15 dm. in diameter; bark on old trees very
rough and black, on the branches smoother and gray-brown; inner
bark strongly and unpleasantly scented; twigs reddish-brown, buds
about 4 mm. long. Woods and open fields, Florida to Texas and
Mexico, north to New Brunswick, Minnesota and North Dakota
(Fig. 166).

12. P^ virginiana L. Choke Cherry. A tall shrub or small
tree, 15 m. high, with grayish bark, the inner layers with a
rank disagreeable odor; twigs glabrous. Thickets, Newfoundland
to Saskatchewan, south to North Carolina, Missouri and Kansas
(Fig. 167).

GYMNOCLADUS Lam. (Leguminosae)

Large, deciduous, rough-barked tree. Twigs thick, terete
or 3-sided; pith large, round, continuous, salmon-colored. Buds
superposed, in raised silky pits; end-bud lacking. Leaf-scars
alternate, large, heart-shaped; bundle-traces 3 or 5, rather indef-
inite and divided; stipule-scars minute or lacking.

1. _G. dioica (L. ) K. Koch. Kentucky Coffeetree. A tree 35 m.
tall, or less; bark varying from gray to dark brown, characterized
by sharp horny ridges; twigs very thick, finely pubescent, often .
coated with a crusty film, marked with fine lenticels; buds small,
downy, deeply sunken, surrounded by an incurved hairy ring of
bark; pods 1-2 dm. long, 3-4 cm. broad, often persisting until
late winter. Rich woods. New York to South Dakota, south to
Tennessee and Missouri; cultivated and naturalized eastwards and
northwards" (Fig. 168).

GLEDITSIA L. (Leguminosae)

Spreading deciduous trees usually armed with large branched
spines arising above the axils and persisting on the trunk. Twigs
zigzag, roundish; pith rounded, continuous, pale or light pink.
Buds glabrous, sessile, superposed, more or less covered by the
torn margin of the leaf-scar; end-bud lacking. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, relatively large, shield -shaped; bundle-traces 3; stipule-
scars none. Fruit a large legume (to 4 dm. long).

1. G. triacanthos L. Honey- Locust. A tree with a maximum
height of 50 m. , usually much smaller; bark on young trunks smooth

Fig. 170. Cercis canadensis Fig. 171. Cytisus scoparius Fig. 172. Robinia pseudo-acacio

Fig. 173. Zonthoxylum americanum Fig. 175. Ailanfhus altissima

Fig. 174. Ptelea trifoliato

GLEDITSIA 129

and marked with large oblong conspicuous lenticels, on older
trunks roughened by scattered shallow fissures and thick firm
broad plates; trunk thickly beset with large branching thorns
(thorns absent in f. inermis (Pursh) Schneid. ). Rich woods. New
York to South Dakota, south to Florida and Texas (Fig. 169).

CERCIS L. (Leguminosae)

Deciduous shrubs or small trees. Twigs moderate, zigzag,
subterete; pith roundish, continuous, pale or pinkish. Buds gla-
brous,the flower-buds superposed and stalked, the leaf-buds ses-
sile, ovoid or obovoid, with 2 scales (or several in the flower
buds); end-bud lacking. Leaf-scars alternate, 2-ranked, some-
what raised, fringed at the top, obtusely triangular, with 3 small
decurrent ridges; bundle-traces 3; stipule-scars lacking.

1. C. canadensis L. Redbud. Shrub or small tree 8-10 m.
high; bark thin, with shallow grooves and dark brown scaly ridges;
twigs dark brown or black; pith round, pale or pinkish, continuous;
buds 2-3 mm. long; pods brown, 6-8 cm. long, 12 mm. wide, per-
sistent in winter. Rich woods, Florida to Texas and Mexico, north
to Connecticut, Ontario and Wisconsin (Fig. 170).

CLADRASTIS Raf. (Leguminosae)

Handsome trees with yellow wood, smooth bark, and deciduous
leaves. Twigs moderate, terete, somewhat zigzag; pith moderate,
round, continuous, pale. Buds sessile, either solitary and scaly
or in superposed groups and not distinctly scaly; end-bud lacking.
Leaf-scars alternate, 2-ranked, half-round or horseshoe-shaped
and encircling the bud; bundle-traces 3 or 5; stipule-scars lacking.

1, C. lutea (Michx. f . ) K. Koch. Yellowwood. Virgilia. A
small tree to 17 m. high; twigs red-brown; buds short, scarcely
5 mm. long. Rich woods, especially on limestone outcrops,
Missouri, Illinois and Kentucky, south to Georgia and Alabama.

CYTISUS L. -^ (Leguminosae)

Small shrubs, commonly deciduous. Twigs slender, terete or
more usually ribbed or grooved; pith small, roundish, continuous.
Buds small, solitary, sessile, round-ovoid, with about 4 scales.
Leaf-scars alternate, elevated on a leaf-cushion, minute; bundle-
trace 1, indistinct; stipules or minute stipule-scars present.

130 WOODY PLANTS

1. C. scoparius (L. ) Link. Scotch Broom. A shrub 1-2 m.
high, with glabrous stiff green branches; twigs finely granular,
almost winged on the ridges. Introduced from Europe and natu-
ralized (Fig. 171).

ROBINIA L. (Leguminosae)

Deciduous trees or shrubs. Twigs often prickly, more or
less angled, zigzag; pith round, continuous. Buds small, super-
posed, covered by the leaf-scar; terminal bud lacking. Leaf-scars
alternate, broadly triangular, consisting of a membrane that later
splits open, revealing the buds; bundle-traces 3; stipules modified
as bristles or prickles which enlarge and persist for several years.

a. Twigs glabrous or nearly so 1. R. pseudo-acacia

a. Twigs bristly, glandular or viscid 2. R. viscosa

1. R. pseudo-acacia L. Black Locust. A tree to 25 m.high,
but generally smaller; bark rough, deeply furrowed, dark brown;
twigs moderate, somewhat zigzag, greenish to reddish-brown,
usually with two stipular spines at each node; pods dark brown,
5-10 cm. long, 10-12 mm. wide, often remaining on trees through
the winter. Woods and thickets, Georgia to Louisiana, north to
Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Oklahoma, now widely introduced and
naturalized (Fig. 172).

2. R^ viscosa Vent. Clammy Locust. A small tree, to 12 m.
high, with dark red -brown glandular- viscid twigs; stipular spines
small or lacking; pods clammy. Dry woods, in the mountains.
North Carolina to Georgia and Alabama; cultivated northwards.

WISTERIA Nutt. (Leguminosae)

Twining deciduous shrubs. Stems moderate, somewhat fluted;
pith moderate, white or brown, round, continuous. Buds moderate,
sessile, oblong, acute, nearly surrounded by the outer scale.
Leaf-scars alternate, elliptical, raised, with a protuberance at
each side; bundle-trace 1; stipule-scars lacking.

1. W_. frutescens (L. ) Poir. Wisteria. Stems up to 12 m. long;
branchlets glabrous or nearly so. Banks of streams and swamps,
on the coastal plain, Virginia to Florida and Alabama.

ZANTHOXYLUM Gmel. (Rutaceae)

Deciduous aromatic shrubs or small tree, armed with prickles
often paired at the nodes (as in Robinia) but not believed to be

ZANTHOXYLUM 131

modified stipules. Twigs moderate, rounded; pith continuous,
creamy-white. Buds moderate, superposed, sessile, globose,
woolly. Leaf-scars alternate, broadly triangular or 3-lobed; bun-
dle-traces 3; stipule-scars none.

1. Z^ americanum Mill. Toothache -Tree. A shrub or small
tree, up to 8 m. high; nodal prickles widened at the base; leaf-
scars with a conspicuous articular membrane; buds red-rusty.
Rich woods, Quebec to North Dakota, south to Georgia and Okla-
homa (Fig. 173).

PTELEA L. (Rutaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or small trees. Twigs moderate, warty-
dotted; pith large, continuous, white. Buds moderate, superposed,
silvery-silky, low-conical, sessile, breaking through the leaf-
scars; terminal bud lacking. Leaf-scars alternate, relatively
large, U-shaped when torn by the buds; bundle-traces 3; stipule-
scars none.

1. P. trifoliata L. Hoptree. A shrub or small tree, up to
8 m. high, without prickles; twigs buff, glabrous (or pubescent
in the var. mollis T. and G. ); fruit a yellowish suborbicular samara
with broad veiny wings, 1. 8-2. 5 cm. in diameter, persistent in
winter. Thickets, Quebec to Ontario and Nebraska, south to
Florida, Texas, Arizona, and Mexico (Fig. 174).

AILANTHUS Desf. (Simaroubaceae)

Smooth-barked loosely-branched deciduous trees. Twigs
very thick, somewhat 3-sided, with prominent lenticels; pith
large, roundish. Buds solitary, sessile, relatively small; ter-
minal bud lacking. Leaf-scars alternate, shield- shaped, large;
bundle-traces 9 or more; stipule-scars none.

1. _A. altissima (Mill.) Swingle .Tree of Heaven. (A, glan-
dulosa Desf. ). A tree to 20 m. high, having relatively smooth
bark with pale stripes; twigs puberulent. Introduced from Asia,
widely naturalized from cultivation, often weed-like and competing
with native trees (Fig. 175).

RHUS L. (Anacardiaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or small trees, or climbing by aerial roots,
with milky, sometimes poisonous sap. Twigs round or obscurely
3-sided, slender to quite thick; pith large. Buds moderate or small,
solitary, sessile, round-ovoid; terminal bud often lacking. Leaf-

Fig, 176, Rhus typhina

Fig. 177. Rhus glabra

Fig. 178. Rhus copallina

i

Fig. 179. Rhus aromatica

Fig. 180, Rhus vernix

Fig. 181. Rhus rodicons

RHUS

133

scars round to crescent-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped and encir-
cling the bud; bundle-traces numerous in the round leaf-scars, but
often 3, 5, or 9 single traces or groups of traces in the narrow
leaf-scars; stipule-scars none.

a. Leaf-scars horseshoe-shaped or
U-shaped

b. Leaf-scars horseshoe-shaped,
nearly encircling the bud;twigs
thick

c. Twigs velvety-hairy, rounded. 1. R. typhina
0. Twigs glabrous, somewhat

3-sided 2. R. glabra

b. Leaf-scars U-shaped; twigs
terete, puberulent

a. Leaf-scars round, or broadly
crescent or shield-shaped

b. Leaf-scars circular, distinctly
raised, covering the small yellow
hairy buds; twigs slender

b. Leaf-scars broadly crescent or
shield- shaped

3. R. copallina

4. R. aromatica

c. Erect; twigs thick; buds sessile 5. R. vernix
c. Climbing or bushy- spreading;

twigs slender; buds stalked 6. R. radicans

1. R^ typhina L. Staghorn Sumac. A shrub or small tree,
10 m. high or less; twigs densely hairy, the hairs concealing the
lenticels; fruits in dense clusters, globular, covered with red
hairs, persistent in winter. Thickets, Quebec to Minnesota, south
to North Carolina and Iowa (Fig. 176).

2. R. glabra L. Smooth Sumac. A shrub 0. 5-8 m. high, with
smooth, glaucous, somewhat 3-sided twigs; fruits in dense clusters,
covered with reddish viscid hairs, persistent in winter. Dry soil,
Maine and Quebec to British Columbia, south to Florida and Ari-
zona (Fig. 177).

3. R. copallina L. Dwarf Sumac. Shrub or small tree, 10 m.
high or less; twigs reddish-brown, downy-puberulent; fruits
covered with crimson hairs, persistent in winter. Dry soil, Maine

134 WOODY PLANTS

to Illinois, south to Florida and Texas (Fig. 178). |

4. R. aromatica Ait. Aromatic Sumac (R. canadensis Marsh. ).
A straggfing fragrant shrub 1-2 m. high, with ascending or diffuse
branches; twigs pubescent; buds small, yellow, hairy, covered by
the leaf-scars; fruits globose, covered with long soft red hairs.
Dry soil, Quebec to Illinois and Nebraska, south to Florida and
Texas (Fig. 179).

5. R. vernix L. Poison Sumac. (Toxicodendron vernix Ktze.)L
Shrub or small tree up to 8 m. high, with smooth, slightly streak-
ed, light to dark gray bark; terminal bud present, glabrate, moder-
ate, 5 mm. or less long; fruit white, conspicuous all winter. Twigs
poisonous to the touch, causing a dermatitis. Swamps, Quebec to
Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas (Fig. 180).

6. R. radicans L. Poison-Ivy. (R. toxicodendron of authors,
not L. ; Toxicodendron radicans Ktze. ). A shrub, erect and bushy,
scrambling over rocks, or climbing by aerial roots; twigs sparing-
ly pubescent or glabrate; fruits greenish-white. Poisonous to the
touch, in winter as well as summer. Thickets and fence-rows,
Quebec to British Columbia, south to Florida, Texas, New Mexico
and Arizona; often too abundant (Fig. 181).

ILEX L. (Aquifoliaceae)

Evergreen or deciduous shrubs or small trees. Twigs slen-
der, often developed as spurs with densely crowded leaf-scars;
pith small, continuous. Buds small, usually superposed, sessile.
Leaf-scars alternate, crescent-shaped; bundle-traces 1; stipule-
scars minute. Fruit fleshy, red (or sometimes yellow), composed
of 4 to 6 hard nutlets which fit together somewhat like the sections
of an orange; this might be regarded as a several-seeded drupe
(see p. 11 ).

a. Leaves evergreen

b. Leaves 0.4-1 cm. long 1. I. opaca

b. Leaves 1. 5-5 cm. long 5. I. glabra

a. Leaves deciduous

b. Buds more or less appressed

c. Buds glabrous except at apex;

fruits on short stalks 3. I. montana

c. Buds pubescent; fruits on long

stalks 2. I. collina

I

ILEX ^^^

b. Buds not appressed 4. I. verticillata

1. J. opaca Ait. American Holly. Small tree, 6-20 m. high,
bark close, rough, gray, with inconspicuous lenticels; twigs slen-
der; buds short, blunt, downy; leaves evergreen, elliptical, thick,
5-10 cm. long, smooth, with wavy margin and remote spiny teeth
or occasionally entire; fruit red or sometimes yellow, 7-10 mm.
in diameter. Moist woods, Florida to Texas, north to Massachu-
setts, Pennsylvania, Missouri and Oklahoma (Fig. 182).

2. _Ii collina Alexander. Long- stalked Holly. Shrub or small
tree 3-4 m. tall; branches spreading, bark smooth, gray; twigs
gray, glabrous; buds somewhat appressed, pubescent; lenticels
conspicuous; fruits red, rarely yellow, 7-10 mm. in diameter.
Woods, Virginia and West Virginia (Fig. 183).

3. J. montana T. and G. Mountain Holly. Shrub or small tree,
up to 8 m. high; bark thin, rough and warty, brownish-gray, with
numerous lenticels; twigs smooth, reddish-brown, becoming gray,
enlarged at the nodes, with decurrent ridges running down from
the leaf-scars; buds appressed, pointed, 2 mm. long, the scales
ovate, keeled, sharp-pointed, light-brown, finely hairy at the
apex; fruits red, about 1 cm. in diameter. Moist woods, in the
mountains. New York to Georgia and Tennessee; also in Japan
(Fig. 184 ).

4. l^ verticillata (L. ) Gray. Black-Alder. Winterberry.
Whorled Holly. Shrub or small tree 0. 5-6 m. high; bark smooth,
ashen; twigs slender, smooth or slightly pubescent; buds spread-
ing, blunt, the scales obtuse; fruits rf?d, rarely yellow, 5-7 mm.
in diameter, so crowded as to appear whorled. Moist soil, New-
foundland to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri (Fig. 185).

5. _!. glabra (L. ) Gray. Inkberry. Gallberry. A shrub to 3 m.
high; branchlets ashy-puberulent; leaves evergreen, coriaceous,
lustrous, lanceolate to oblong, mostly blunt, crenate or crenate-
serrate, 1. 5-5 cm. long, 0.7-2 cm. wide; drupes black, globose,
6 mm. in diameter. Sandy soil, in the coastal plain, Louisiana

to Florida, north to Nova Scotia (Fig. 186).

NEMOPANTHUS Raf. (Aquifoliaceae)

Deciduous shrub with light-colored bark. Twigs slender, often
remaining rather short; pith small, continuous. Buds ovoid, soli-
tary, small, sessile, pointed at the apex, with 2 ciliate scales.
Leaf-scars raised, triangular or crescent-shaped; bundle-trace
1; stipule-scars none. Fruit red, long-stalked, persistent in winter.

I

t

0

I

Fig. 182. Ilex opaca

Fig. 183. Ilex collina

Fig. 184. Ilex montana

» I

l J

Fig. 185. Ilex verticil lata Fig. 186. Ilex glabra Fig. 187. Nemopanthus mucronata

NEMOPANTHUS ^^'^

1. N. mucronata (L. ) Trel. Wild Holly. Erect shrub, 0. 3-3
m. high, with ash-colored bark; twigs slender, glaucous-purplish,
becoming gray; pith small, continuous; fruits red or pale yellow.
Swamps, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to niinois, Ohio and
West Virginia (Fig. 187).

EUONYMUS L. (Celastraceae)

Shrubs or small trees, sometimes creeping, mostly decidu-
ous. Branchlets 4-sided or 4-lined below the nodes, usually green;
pith rounded or angled, greenish, porous or becoming excavated
in older stems. Buds small to fairly large, solitary, sessile, with
3 to 5 pairs of scales. Leaf-scars opposite, or the members of
pairs somewhat separated, half-elliptical; bundle-trace 1; stipule-
scars minute, usually indistinct. Fruit a capsule which splits in
autumn revealing the crimson or orange-red seeds, persistent
into winter.

a. Twigs rounded, but often 4 -lines I.E. atropurpureus

a. Twigs 4- lined

b. Erect bushy shrub 2. E. americanus

b. Low and procumbent 3.E. obovatus

1. E_. atropurpureus Jacq. Burning Bush. Wahoo. Shrub up
to 4 m. high, with greenish bark; buds oblong, scales about 5, ob-
long, loose; pods smooth. Rich woods, Ontario to Montana, south
to Alabama and Oklahoma; cultivated and naturalized elsewhere
(Fig. 188).

2. E. americanus L. Strawberry Bush. Low shrub, upright
or straggling, 2. 5 m. high, glabrous; branches green; pods warty,
on a slender stalk. Rich woods, Florida to Texas, north to New
York, Illinois, Missouri, and Oklahoma (Fig. 189).

3. E. obovatus Nutt. Trailing Strawberry Bush. Trailing
shrub with rooting branches; upright branches 3-6 dm. high, green;
buds fusiform; pods warty. Rich woods. New York to Michigan,
south to Tennessee and Missouri (Fig. 190).

PACHISTIMA Raf. (Celastraceae)

Low evergreen shrubs. Branchlets very slender, somewhat 4-
sided, the bark becoming transversely-checked; pith minute, round,
porous. Buds solitary, sessile, ovoid, appressed, small, the
lateral with about 2 pairs of scales, the terminal larger with more
visible scales. Leaves small, nearly sessile. Leaf-scars opposite.

■1 \

Fig. 188. Euonymus atropurpureus

1

Fig. 190. Euonymus obovatus

Fig. 189, Euonymus americanus

rt

Fig. 191. Pochistima canbyi Fig. 192. Celostrus scandens Fig. 193. Sfophyleo trifolia

PACHISTIMA 139

minute, half -elliptical; bundle-trace 1, indistinct; stipule-scars
none.

1. P. canbyi Gray. Canby's Mountain-lover. Dwarf shrub with
rooting "branches ascending to 25 cm. ; leaves linear, serrulate,
obtuse, revolute, 6-25 mm. long; fruit a pod about 4 mm. long.
Rocky limestone slopes, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, and
Ohio (Fig. 191).

CELASTRUS L. (Celastraceae)

Deciduous woody climbers. Stems terete, slender; pith large,
continuous, round, white. Buds small, solitary, sessile, subglo-
bose, with about 6 mucronate scales. Leaf-scars alternate, half-
elliptical; bundle-trace 1; stipule-scars minute.

1. C. sc and ens L. Climbing Bittersweet. A twining shrub,
climbing to 7 m. or higher; stems and buds glabrous, brownish-
gray; fruit a globose pod opening in autumn and exposing the orna-
mental scarlet seeds, persistent into winter. Thickets, Quebec to
Manitoba, soutli to Georgia, Louisiana, and Oklahoma (Fig. 192).

STAPHYLEA L. (Staphyleaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or small trees. Twigs moderate, rounded,
glabrous; pith rather large, continuous, white. Buds solitary, ses-
sile, ovoid, glabrous; terminal bud usually lacking. Leaf- scars
opposite (sometimes somewhat separated), half-round; bundle-
traces 3 or broken into 5 or 7 or more; stipule-scars rounded or
elongated. Fruit an inflated capsule persistent in winter, the seeds
rattling when the capsule is shaken.

1. _S. trifolia L. Bladdernut. An upright shrub up to 5 m. high,
with smooth striped bark; buds with 4 blunt exposed scales; pods
3-lobed, 3-4 cm. long. Rich thickets, Quebec to Minnesota, south
to Georgia, Arkansas and Oklahoma (Fig. 193).

ACER L. (Aceraceae)

Deciduous shrubs or trees. Twigs moderate, rounded; pith
continuous, pale. Buds moderate, solitary or collaterally multiple,
ovoid or conical, sessile or stalked, with 1 or several pairs of ex-
posed scales. Leaf- scars opposite (very exceptionally whorled in
some individuals), curved or U-shaped; bundle-traces usually 3,
but sometimes 5, 7, or 9, or more numerous; stipule- scars none.

i

Fig. 194. Acerspicatum Pig. 195. Acer pensylvanicum Fig. 196. Acer platanoides

Fig. 197, Acer sacchar

um

Fig, 198. Acer nigrum

Fig. 199. Acer rubrum

ACER

a. Bud -scales 2, valvate

b. Buds glabrous, thick, blunt,

8-10 mm. long
b. Buds puberulent, short, slender,

5 mm. long

a. Bud-scales more than 2

b. Buds red, brown, or black;
twigs not green

c. Terminal buds usually 5 mm.

or more long;sap milky
c. Terminal buds usually less

than 5 mm. long; sap clear

d. Buds brown or black;
scales 6 or more

e. Twigs glossy-buff or red-
dish-brown;buds dark,
glabrate

e. Twigs dull straw-color,
smooth and shiny, with
somewhat prominent len-
ticels ; buds straw-color,
hairy

d. Buds reddish or orange;
scales about 4

141

1. A. pensylvanicum

2. A. spicatimi

3. A. platanoides

4. A, saccharum

5. A. nigrum

e. Twigs bright chestnut-
brown; inner bark with a
rank odor

e. Twigs red and lustrous;
inner bark not rank

7. A. saccharinum
6. A. rubrum

b. Twigs green; buds covered with a
dense white pubescence

8. A. negundo

1. A. spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple. Shrub or small tree
up to 10 m. high, with thin, rather smooth, brown or grayish-
brown bark mottled with dingy gray patches; yoxmg twigs grayish-
pubescent; buds short- stalked, small, about 5 mm. long; terminal
buds larger. Cool woods, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south to
Iowa, Ohio, and the mountains of Georgia and Tennessee (Fig. 194).

2. A. pensylvanicimi L. Striped Maple. Moosewood. A small
tree up to 10 or 12 m. high, with smooth bark, becoming conspic-

142 WOODY PLANTS

uously striped with white lines; twigs smooth, thick, green, chang-
ing to red; lenticels few; buds stalked, about 1 cm. long, tapering
but blunt-pointed, red, glossy, glabrous except for the ciliate mar-
gins of the scales; leaf-scars broadly U-shaped, almost encircling
the twig. Cool woods, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Michigan, Ohio,
and the mountains of Tennessee and Georgia (Fig. 195).

3. A_. platanoides L. Norway Maple. Tree to 30 m. high; bark
rough, broken; twigs thick, with milky sap; terminal bud plump,
large and conspicuous, usually more than 5 mm. long. Introduced
from Europe, much planted and sometimes escaping (Fig. 196).

4. A. saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple. Tree to 40 m. high,
witli gray, furrowed bark; twigs slender, dull, smooth, reddish-
brown to orange -brown; buds brown, conical, sharp-pointed, gla-
brous or hairy at the apex, the terminal one 5 mm. or less in length;
leaf- scars U-shaped or V-shaped, nearly encircling the stem.
Rich woods, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Georgia, Mississippi,
Arkansas, and Texas (Fig. 197).

5. A. nigrum Miclix. f. (A. saccharum var. nigrum (Michx.
f. ) Britt. ). Black Sugar Maole^ Black Maple. A tree 40 m. high,
with dark gray bark; twigs slender, glossy, buff; lenticels promi-
nent; buds dark, hairy; leaf-scars U-shaped or V-shaped. Rich
woods, Quebec to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to Georgia and
Louisiana (Fig. 198).

6. _A. rubrum L. Red Maple. Tree up to 40 m. high; bark on
young trunks smooth and light gray, on older trunks dark grayish
and rough; twigs rather slender, green, becoming glossy red as
winter progresses; buds reddish, obtuse, accessory flower buds
developing towards spring; flowers red, beginning to bloom in
March. Rich soil, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and
Texas (Fig. 199).

7. _A. saccharinum L. Silver Maple. A tree up to 40 m. high;
bark on young trunks smooth and light gray, on older trunks brown
and shallowly fissured; crushed twigs with a rank unpleasant odor;
buds reddish, obtuse, sessile or short- stalked; flower buds spheri-
cal, accessory; margin of scales ciliate, often lighter in color;
flowers greenish-yellow or reddish, beginning to open in February.
River-banks and bottomlands. New Brunswick to Minnesota and
South Dakota, south to Florida and Arkansas (Fig. 200).

8. A. negundo L. Box Elder. Tree up to 20 m. high; bark
dark gray or brown, divided into broad ridges; twigs moderate,
green, smooth, sometimes glaucous, with scattered, ratlier

ACER

143

prominent lenticels; buds sessile or short- stalked, large, ovoid,
the terminal acute and the lateral obtuse, covered with gray hairs;
leaf-scars V-shaped, encircling the stem so that the adjacent edges
of opposite scars meet at a very sharp angle; bundle-traces usu-
ally 3. Riverbanks, Florida to Texas, Arizona and Nevada, north
to Maine, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta (Fig. 201).

AESCULUS L. (Hippocastanaceae)

Deciduous trees or shrubs. Twigs quite thick; pith large, con-
tinuous. Buds, especially the terminal, quite large, solitary, ovoid,
sessile, with 6 or more pairs of scales. Leaf-scars opposite,
large, shield-shaped or triangular; bundle-traces 3 or in 3 groups,
sometimes 7 or 9; stipule-scars none. The twigs sometimes end
in an inflorescence - or fruit-scar (see p. 7 )

a. Buds brownish, not gummy

b. Bark rough, soft and corky; ill-
scented; fruit spiny 1. A. glabra

b. Bark smooth and firm, not ill-
scented; fruit smooth 2. A. octandra

a. Buds nearly black, gummy 3. A. hippocastanum

1. _A. glabra Willd. Fetid Buckeye. Ohio Buckeye. Small tree
up to about 20 m. high; bark gray, breaking into plates, exhaling
an unpleasant odor; terminal bud 1. 5-1. 8 cm. long, pointed, the
outer bud scales reddish-brown, finely hairy on the margins ; fruit
spiny. Rich woods, Pennsylvania to Nebraska, south to Alabama
and Oklahoma (Fig. 202).

2. A. octandra Marsh. Sweet Buckeye. A tree up to 25 m.
high, with light brown to grayish-brown bark breaking up into num-
erous thin irregular scales; terminal bud 1.5 cm. long, somewhat
pointed, the outer scales reddish-brown, covered with a thin blu-
ish bloom; fruit smooth. Rich woods, Pennsylvania to Michigan
and Iowa, south to Georgia (Fig. 203).

3. A_. hippocastanum L. Horse-Chestnut. A tree up to about
25 m. high, with large gummy varnished buds; fruit spiny. Intro-
duced from Europe, sometimes seeding itself from cultivated trees
(Fig. 204).

RHAMNUS L. (Rhamnaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or small trees. Twigs slender, sometimes
spiny; pith continuous, white. Buds moderate, solitary, sessile.

Fig, 200. Acer saccharinum

I

Fig. 201. Acer negundo Fig. 202. Aescul us glabra

Fig. 203. Aesculus octandra Fig. 205. Rhamnus ainifolia

Fig. 204. Aesculus hippocasfanum

RHAMNUS 145

Leaf-scars alternate or sometimes nearly opposite, small, cres-
cent-shaped or half-elliptical; bundle-traces 3 or joined in a series;
stipule- scars minute.

Although the common name. Buckthorn is applied to species
of this genus, many of them are not thorny.

a. Buds scaly

b. Twigs red or brown, glabrous 1. R. alnifolia

b. Twigs gray, often downy 2.R. lanceolata

a. Buds naked 3.R. caroliniana

1. R. alnifolia L'Her. Alder-leaf Buckthorn. Low spreading
shrub, 1. 5-8 dm. high, with slender unarmed upright gray bran-
ches and smooth bark; twigs red or brown, glabrate; buds small,
under 5 mm. long; leaf-scars alternate. Swamps and meadows,
Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to West Virginia, Illinois,
Nebraska, Wyoming and California (Fig. 205).

2. R, lanceolata Pursh. Lanceleaf Buckthorn. Erect shrub
up to 2 m. high, with slender unarmed branches and smooth gray-
ish bark; twigs reddish-brown, often downy; buds small, 5 mm.
or less long. Thickets, Alabama to Texas, north to Pennsylvania
and Nebraska (Fig. 206).

3. R. caroliniana Walt. Carolina Buckthorn. Indian Cherry.
Shrub or small tree up to 11 m. high, without thorns; young branch-
lets puberulent; buds short, scarcely 5 mm. long; fruiting pedi-
cels several in a cluster. Rich woods, Florida to Texas, north to
Virginia, Missouri, and Nebraska (Fig. 207).

CEANOTHUS L. (Rhamnaceae)

Low deciduous shrubs. Twigs slender, rounded, puberulent;
pith large, white, continuous. Buds small, solitary, sessile, ovoid.
Leaf-scars alternate, half-elliptical, small; bundle-trace 1, trans-
verse, sometimes compound; stipules small, persistent, or leav-
ing narrow scars. The dry capsules and/or their bases are present
in winter, like miniature cups-and-saucers.

1. C. americanus L. New Jersey Tea. Red-Root. Low un-
armed shrub about 1 m. high, with slender upright branches; roots
dark red; twigs slender, puberulent, green or brownish. Dry banks,
Quebec to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas (Fig. 208).

qI

Fig, 206. Rhamnus lanceolata

Fig. 208. Ceanothus americanus

Fig. 207. Rhamnus caroliniana

Fig. 209, Ampelopsis arborea

Fig, 211. Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Fig. 210. Parthenocissus quinquefolia

AMPELOPSIS 14'^

AMPELOPSIS Michx. (Vitaceae)

Soft-wooded or somewhat succulent deciduous climbers, bear-
ing tendrils on the upper branches, opposite the leaf-scars. Stems
somewhat angled; pith moderate, soon dividing into thin plates.
Buds subglobose, solitary, sessile. Leaf-scars alternate, rounded;
bundle-traces about a dozen, indistinct, in an ellipse; stipule-scars
long and narrow.

1. A. arborea (L. ) Koehne. Pepper- Vine. High-climbing

or bushy nearly glabrous snruD;stems nearly terete; tendrils rather
few. Swan^ipy woods, Florida to Texas, north to Maryland, Mis-
souri, and Oklahoma (Fig. 209).

PARTHENOCISSUS Planch. (Vitaceae)

Deciduous woody climbers, bearing tendrils opposite the leaf-
scars, absent from every third node. Stems terete, moderate or
slender; nodes swollen; pith relatively large, continuous. Buds
moderate, frequently collaterally branched, sessile, round -conical;
terminal bud absent. Leaf-scars indistinct, in an ellipse; stipule-
scars long and narrow. Psedera Neck.

a. Branchlets usually pubescent,

nearly terete 1. P. quinquefolia
a. Branchlets essentially glabrous,

channeled 2. P. tricuspid ata

1. P. quinquefolia (L. ) Planch. Virginia Creeper. High-
climbing or trailing woody plant; twigs usually pubescent; tendrils
with 5-12 rather long branches ending in adhesive disks. Woods,
Florida to Texas and Mexico, north to Maine and Minnesota (Fig.
210).

2. P. tricuspidata (Sieb. and Zucc. ) Planch. Boston Ivy.
High climbing; twigs glabrous; tendrils short, much-branched. In-
troduced from Asia, locally escaped from cultivation (Fig. 211).

VITIS L. (Vitaceae)

Hard-wooded deciduous climbers (or trailers), with usually
very flaking bark. Stems striate, rounded or somewhat angled;
tendrils opposite most of the leaf- scars. Buds subglobose, with
2 scales; terminal bud lacking. Leaf-scars alternate, half-round
or ores cent- shaped; bundle-traces several in a curved series, in-
distinct; stipule- scars long and narrow. Panicle-vestiges present
in winter, and often the withered fruits also.

Fig. 212. Vitis labrusca

Fig. 213. VIMs aestivalis

Fig. 214. Vitis orgentifolio

Fig. 215. Vitis riparia

VITIS

149

a.

Bark of main stem and branches
shreddy and exfoliating, without
distinct lenticels;pith with firm
diaphragms at the nodes; tendrils,
when present, forked

b. Branchlets bearing a tendril or
inflorescence at each node

b. Tendrils (or inflorescences)
intermittent, usually lacking at
each third node

c. High- climbing lianas

d. Branchlets bluish-glaucous
d. Branchlets not glaucous

e. Nodal diaphragms thin,
0. 8-2 mm. thick

e. Nodal diaphragms 2-6
mm. thick

f. Branchlets pubescent

g. Branchlets terete
g. Branchlets angled

f. Branchlets glabrous

1. V. labrusca

3. V. argentifolia

4. V. riparia

2. V. aestivalis
6. V. bailey ana

5. V. vulpina

c. Low, bushy and spreading;
tendrils absent, or only at tips
of fruiting branches

a. Bark of main stem and branches close,
not exfoliating; lenticels abundant; pith
continuous, without diaphragms at the
nodes: tendrils unbranched

7 . V. rupestris

8. V. rotundifolia

1. V. labrusca L. Northern Fox Grape. High climbing or
trailing, often ascending high trees, sometimes forming a stem
3. 5 dm. in diameter; twigs and tendrils densely rusty-puberulent
when young, becoming less so in winter; panicle little branched.
Thickets and borders of woods, Maine to Michigan,, south to Ken-
tucky, Tennessee, and Georgia (Fig. 212).

2. V. aestivalis Michx. Summer Grape. Pigeon Grape. A
vigorous high-climbing vine with medium or short internodes and

I

\r

Fig. 216. Vltis vulplna

Fig. 217. Vitis rupestris

Fig. 218. Vitis rotundifolia Fig. 219. Tilia americana Fig. 220. Tilia heterophylla

VITIS ^^^

pubescent twigs; panicle-vestiges compactly branched. Dry woods,
Georgia to Texas, north to Massachusetts and Wisconsin (Fig. 213).

3. V. argentifolia Munson. Silverleaf Grape. (V. aestivalis
var. argentifolia (Munson) Fernald; V. bicolor LeConte). High-
climbing or long-trailing with simple tendrils; twigs with a bluish
bloom, quite conspicuous when young, becoming less pronounced
in winter. Dry woods. New Hampshire to Minnesota, south to
Alabama and Kansas (Fig. 214).

4. V. riparia Michx. Riverbank Grape. (V. vulpina of authors,
not L. ). A strong climbing or trailing vine with glabrous branches;
panicle vestiges compact. River-banks, Quebec to Manitoba and
Montana, south to Tennessee, Missouri, Texas, and New Mexico
(Fig. 215).

5. V. vulpina L. Frost Grape. Winter Grape. (V. cordifolia
Michx. ). Strong high climber, stem sometimes attaining a diameter
of 3. 5 dm. or more; tendrils forked; twigs glabrous; fruits black,
becoming sweet after frost, persisting into winter. Bottomlands,
Florida to Texas, north to New York, Illinois, Missouri, and Kan-
sas (Fig 216).

6. V. baileyana Munson. Possum Grape. Rather slender, with
short internodes and many short side branches; young shoots angled,
covered for the first year with woolly hairs. Rich thickets, Vir-
ginia to Missouri, south to Alabama and Arkansas,

7. V. rupestris Scheele. Sand Grape. A shrub up to 2 m. high,
spreading and rather bushy, sometimes slightly climbing; tendrils
forked, few and small, or none. Sandy banks, Pennsylvania to
Missouri, south to North Carolina, Arkansas, and Texas (Fig. 217).

8. V. rotundifolia Michx. Muscadine. Scuppernong. Trailing
or high climbing, glabrous or nearly so throughout; tendrils simple,
none opposite each third node. Woods, Florida to Texas, north to
Delaware, Indiana, Missouri, and Oklahoma (Fig. 218).

TILIA L. (Tiliaceae)

Large deciduous trees. Twigs moderate, smooth, zigzag; pith
continuous, pale. Buds solitary, obliquely sessile, rather large,
inequil ate rally ovoid, with about 2 green or red scales; terminal
bud lacking. Leaf-scars alternate, 2-ranked, somewhat raised,
half-elliptical; bundle-traces 3 or compound and scattered; stipule-
scars unequal. Winter characters of the two principal native species
are closely similar, but the withered leaves are usually present

Fig. 221. Hibiscus syriacus Fig. 223. Hypericum densiflorum

Fig. 222. Hypericum spathulatum

Fig. 224. Dirca palustris Fig. 226, Shepherdia argentea

Fig. 225. Elaeagnus angustifolia

TILIA 153

and diagnostic.

a. Leaves essentially the same color on

both surfaces; northern species l.T. americana

a. Leaves whitened beneath; southern

species 2. T. heterophylla

1, T. americana L. American Linden. Basswood. A large
tree up to 40 m. high; bark gray, furrowed; twigs glabrous, green;
fruit globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter. Rich woods, Quebec to Mani-
toba, south to Tennessee, Arkansas, and Texas (Fig. 219).

2. T. heterophylla Vent. White Basswood. White Linden.
Linn. A large tree, 20-30 m. high, with a diameter of 1. 5 m. ;
bark at first gray and smooth, becoming furrowed into flat ridges;
twigs glabrous, reddish or yellowish-brown; fruit ellipsoid, 8 mm.
long. Rich woods, Florida to Alabama and Missouri, north to West
Virginia and New York (Fig. 220).

HIBISCUS L. (Malvaceae)

Small deciduous shrubs. Twigs slender, rounded, glabrescent;
pith small, continuous, white,bordered with green. Buds not evi-
dent, covered by branch vestiges. Leaf- scars alternate, half-round,
raised, decurrent in short ridges; bundle-traces about 4, indistinct;
stipule- scars small.

1. H. syriacus L. Rose of Sharon. Shrubby Althaea. Shrub
to 3 m. high, or more; twigs gray, at first villous, then glabrous;
fruit a capsule 2. 5 cm. long, persistent into winter. Introduced
from Asia as a cultivated ornamental, established in roadsides
(Fig. 221).

HYPERICUM L. (Hypericaceae)

Small deciduous shrubs (most species herbaceous) with flaking
bark. Twigs slender, angled; pith relatively large, somewhat por-
ous, finally excavated in older stems. Buds solitary, sessile,
minute. Leaf-scars opposite, small, triangular; bundle-trace 1;
stipule-scars lacking. Fruit a small capsule persistent in winter.

a. Dried capsule 7-15 mm. long

b. Shrub 2-6 dm. high; capsule

7-10 mm. long l.H. kalmianum

b. Shrub up to 2. 5 m. tall;capsule

8-15 mm. long 2.H. spathulatum

a. Dried capsules 4-6 mm. long 3. H. densiflorimi

154 WOODY PLANTS

1. H. kalmianum L. Kalm's St. John's-Wort. Slender shrub
2-6 dm. high, with papery whitish bark and ascending 4-edged
branches, and 2-edged branchlets; corymb-vestiges open. Rocky
soil, chiefly near the Great Lakes, Quebec to Ontario, south to
New York and Illinois.

2. H. spathulatum (Spach) Steud. Shrubby St. John's Wort.
gl. prolificum of authors, not L. ). Shrub to 2. 5 m. high, very
bushy; twigs 2-edged. Dry or damp thickets. New York to Ontario
and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama, and Arkansas (Fig. 222).

3. H. densiflorum Pur sh. Dense -flowered Shrubby St. John's-
Wort. Shrub to 2 m. high, quite bushy; twigs slender, 2-edged.
Wet acid soil, Florida to Texas, north to New Jersey, West Vir-
ginia, and Missouri (Fig. 223).

TAMARDC L. (Tamaricaceae)

Small trees and shrubs, deciduous by the fall of slender shoots
bearing the small juniper-like leaves. Twigs slender, elongated;
pith small, rounded, continuous. Buds small, sessile, compressed
against the twig, solitary or multiple. Leaf-scars lacking, the twig-
scars taking their place.

1. T. gallica L. Tamarisk. Glabrous shrub or small tree to
10 m. high; branches flexuous, red-brown; ultimate small branoh-
lets falling with their leaves in autumn. Introduced from Europe
and naturalized or casually escaped from cultivation.

HUDSONIA L. (Cistaceae)

Bushy heath-like low shrubs, covered with the small scale-
like alternate evergreen pubescent leaves. Twigs very slender,
terete; pith minute. Buds scarcely evident. Stipules lacking.

1. H. tomentosa Nutt. Beach-Heath. Hoary with villous tomen-
tum; leaves 2 mm. long, appressed. Dunes and sandy places,
Quebec to Alberta, south to Illinois, and on the coastal plain to
North Carolina; also onhigh mountain summits. West Virginia.

DIRCA L. (Thymelaeaceae)

Low rounded deciduous shrubs with soft brittle wood but very
tough bark (the name "leatherbark" would be more appropriate).
Twigs rounded, glabrous, slender, light brown, or olive, enlarged

DIRCA 155

upwards in each season's growth and swollen at the nodes; pith
small, rounded, essentially continuous. Buds dark-silky, small,
solitary, sessile, short-conica-l; terminal bud lacking. Leaf-scars
alternate, nearly encircling the bud; bundle-traces 5 or more;
stipule-scars none.

1. D, palustris L. Lcathcrwood. Shrub 1-2 m. high, with
flexible branches and very tough bark; twigs forking, glossy. Rich
woods. New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisi-
ana (Fig. 224).

ELAE AGNUS L. (Elaeagnaceae)

Shrubs or small trees, often spiny, stellate-hairy or with
silvery or glistening-brown peltate scales; mostly deciduous. Twigs
terete, rather slender; pith small, round, continuous. Buds small,
solitary or collaterally branched in spine formation, exceptionally
superposed, sessile, round, conical or oblong, with about 4 ex-
posed scales. Leaf-scars alternate, half-round, minute; bundle-
trace 1; stipule-scars lacking.

a, Branchlets covered with rusty scales I.E. commutata
a. Branchlets silvery 2. E. angustifolia

1. E^ commutata Bernh. Silverberry. (E. argentea Pursh).
Stoloniferous unarmed shrub, 0.3-4 m. high, the younger branches
covered with rusty scales. Dry limestone slopes, Cuebec to
Alaska, south to Minnesota, South Dakota and Utah.

2. E_. angustifolia L. Oleaster. Russian Olive. Stoloniferous
unarmed shrub to 4 m. high, the younger branches covered with
silvery scales. Introduced from Eurasia, spreading somewhat
from cultivation (Fig. 225).

SHEPHERDIA Nutt. (Elaeagnaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or small trees, often spiny, with glistening
fringed silvery or red -brown peltate scales. Twigs subterete,
slender; pith small, round, continuous. Buds rather small, soli-
tary or multiple, stalked, oblongs, with 2 or 4 valvate scales. Leaf-
scars opposite, half-round, minute, slightly raised; bundle-trace
1; stipule-scars lacking.

a. Twigs red-brown-scurfy l.S. canadensis

a. Twigs silvery-scurfy 2.S. argentea

1. S. canadensis L. Soapberry. Shrub 0.3-2 m. high;
twigs with red-brown scurf. Rocky limestone slopes. Newfound-

Fig. 227. Nyssa sylvatica Fig, 228. Aralia spinosa

Fig. 229. Aralia hispida

Fig, 230. Hedera helix

Fig. 231. Cornus canadensis Fig, 232. Cornus Florida

SHEPHERDIA 1^'^

land to Alaska, south to New York, Ohio, Minnesota, South Dakota
and New Mexico.

2. ^. argentea Nutt. Buffalo -berry. Shrub 1-6 m.high, some-
what thorny; twigs silvery -scurfy. Banks of streams, Manitoba to
Alberta, south to Iowa, Kansas and New Mexico (Fig. 226).

NYSSA L. (Nyssaceae)

Tall deciduous trees. Twigs moderate, rounded; pith white,
continuous, but with firmer plates at intervals. Buds sessile or
slightly stalked, solitary or superposed, ovoid, with about 4 scales;
terminal bud larger. Leaf-scars alternate, broadly crescent-shaped
or triangular; bundle-traces 3; stipule-scars none. In some works
Nyssa is placed in the Cornaceae.

1. _N. sylvatica L. Black Gum. Sour Gum. A large tree
reaching a height of 35-40 m. with a trunk diameter of 1. 5 m. ;
bark on young stems smooth and grayish, on older trunks reddish-
brown or grayish-black, scaly, and on very old trunks forming
"alligator" bark; twigs glabrous; buds varic^olored, soft-hairy.
Rich woods, Maine to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas (Fig.
227).

ARALIA L. (Araliaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or small trees (many species herbaceous),
sometimes with cortical prickles. Twigs often thick, rounded; pith
large, continuous. Leaf-scars alternate, crescent-shaped, half-
encircling the twigs; bundle-traces about 15, in a single series;
stipule- scars none.

a. Tree or shrub, stem thick, prickly 1. A. spinosa

a. Subshrub, stem moderate, bristly 2. A. hispida

1. A. spinosa L. Hercules' Club. A shrub or tree, up to 10
m. high, with very prickly stems; branches gray or straw-colored,
glabrous; umbels numerous, in compound panicles, persistent into
winter. Rich woods, Florida to Texas, north to New Jersey, New
York, Illinois and Iowa; escaped from cultivation farther north
(Fig. 228).

2. _A. hispida Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Stem 2-9 dm. high,
bristly, scarcely woody. Rocky woods and clearings, Newfoundland
to Manitoba, south in the mountains to North Carolina (Fig. 229).

158 WOODY PLANTS

HEDERA L. (Araliaceae)

Woody evergreen climbers or trailers, with aerial roots as
climbing organs. Stems moderate, terete; pith moderate, spongy.
Buds small, conical, solitary, sessile, naked or with about 2
fleshy scales. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed and cordate, or
lanceolate, ovate, or deltoid on older pendent shoots. Leaf-scars
U-shaped, somewhat raised; bundle-traces 5 or 7; stipule scars
lacking.

1. H. helix L. English Ivy. Leaves 3-5-lobed. Introduced from
Europe, cultivated and becoming naturalized (Fig. 230).

CORNUS L. (Cornaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or small trees. Twigs slender, round ;pith
moderate, round, continuous or porous. Buds usually solitary,
stalked or sessile, typically oblong. Leaf-scars usually opposite,
crescent-shaped, commonly raised on petiole bases; bundle-traces
3; stipule-scars lacking, but the leaf-scars often meet or are
joined by transverse lines which may resemble stipule-scars on
cursory examination.

a. Low subshrub, 9-22 cm. high l.C. canadensis

a. Taller shrubs or trees

b. Leaf- scars opposite

c. Leaf-scars during the first win-
ter on the ends of petiole-bases
covering the leaf-buds; flower-
buds biscuit-shaped 2.C. florida

c. Leaf-buds not concealed by ,

petiole-bases •^"'" \09f

d. Cyme-vestiges corymbose

e. Pith of 1-2-year old
branchlets white

f. Branchlets red or brown,

some of them prostrate

and rooting at the tips

(stoloniferous) 3. C. stolonifera

f. Branchlets greenish,

becoming pink in

winter 4.C. rugosa

CORNUS 159

e. Pith of 1-2-year old twigs
brown or drab (rarely white
in C . drummondii)

f. Branchlets gray 5. C. drummondii

f. Branchlets red or
purplish

g. Leaves broadly
/ rounded at base 6.C. amomum

g. Leaves tapered

at base 7.C. obliqua

d. Cyme -vestiges paniculate
(not racemose, as the Latin
name indicates) 8.C. racemosa

b. Leaf-scars alternate (but crowded
near the ends of the twigs, appear-
ing as if whorled) 9.C. alternifolia

1. _C. canadensis L. Dwarf Cornel. Bunchberry. Almost
herbaceous, but woody at the base; flowering stem from a near-
ly horizontal rootstock, erect, 9-22 cm. high; drupes red, globular,
present in winter. Woods and openings, Greenland to Alaska, south
to West Virginia, Illinois, Minnesota, South Dakota, New Mexico,
and California (Fig. 231).

2. _C. florida L. Flowering Dogwood. A shrub or small tree
up to 12 m. high with grayish-brown "alligator" bark; twigs green
or purple, glabrous; drupes ellipsoid, 1 cm. long, red (rarely
yellow), persistent in winter. Acid woods, Florida to Texas and
Mexico, north to Maine, Ontario, Missouri, and Kansas (Fig. 232).

3. C. stolonifera Michx. Red-Osier Dogwood. Erect shrub to
2.5 m, high, with some prostrate stoloniferous stems; branching
loose and osier-like; twigs dark blood-red, glabrescent; pith white.
Thickets, Newfoundland to Yukon, south to West Virginia, Iowa,
Nebraska, New Mexico, Arizona, and California (Fig. 233).

4. C. rugosa Lam. Round -le at Dogwood. (C. circinata L'Her. ).
Shrub 2-3 m. high, the branching rather loose;' twigs green,
becoming rather pink, bearing closely appressed pubescence ;pith
white; buds nearly sessile, hairy at the tip. Dry woods, Quebec

to Manitoba, south to West Virginia, Illinois, and Iowa (Fig. 234).

5. C. drummondii Meyer. Roughleaf Dogwood. (C. asperi-
folia Michx. ). Upright shrub or small tree up to 5 m. high; bran-

k

!

A

4

H

Fig. 233. Cornus stolonifera Fig, 234. Cornus rugosa Fig. 235. Cornus amomum

Fig. 236. Cornus obliqua

Fig. 237. Cornus rocemosa Fig. 238. Cornus alternifolia

CORNUS 1^1

ches gray, the young twigs reddish or purplish; pith slender,brown
(rarely white). Shores, Mississippi to Texas, north to Ontario,
Iowa, and Nebraska,

6. C. amomum Mill. Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik. A shrub
1-3 m'. high, with loose branching; not stoloniferous, although the
lower branches may bend downwards and root in wet soil; twigs
ffreen, becoming purplish, bearing silky-downy or rusty pubes-
cence; pitH'Wown; buds nearly sessile. Damp thickets, Maine to
Indiana, south to Georgia and Alabama (Fig. 235).

^ 7. C. obliqua Raf. Silky Dogwood. Shrub or small tree to
3 m. high; branchlets purple or yellowish red. Damp thickets,
New Brunswick to North Dakota, south to Kentucky, Arkansas and
Oklahoma (Fig. 236).

8. C. racemosa Lam. Panicled Dogwood. (C. paniculata
L'Her. ). A shrub 2-5 m. high, with smooth light gray bark; twigs
gray, glabrous; pith sometimes white but generally brownish,
especially in 2-year-old branchlets. Dry soil, Maine to Ontario
and Minnesota, south to Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma (Fig.
237.).

9. C. alternifolia L. f. Alternate-leaf Dogwood. Shrub or
small tree to 8 m. high, the branches spreading in irregular
whorls to form horizontal tiers; branchlets glabrous, greenish;
leaf-scars alternate, but crowded. Dry woods, Newfoundland to
Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama, and Missouri
(Fig. 238).

CLETHRA L. (Clethraceae)

Deciduous shrubs or small trees with stellate pubescence.
Twigs rounded; pith relatively large, continuous, with a network
of firmer strands. Buds solitary, sessile, the lateral small, the
terminal larger, rosy, acute. Leaf-scars alternate, clustered
toward the tip, triangular; bundle-trace 1; stipule-scars none.

a. Shrub to 3 m. high, on the

coastal plain ^ l.C.alnifolia

a. Taller shrub or small tree, to 6 m.

high, in the mountains 2. C. acimiinata

1. C. alnifolia L. Sweet Pepper bush. Shrub 1-^3 m. high;
twigs slender; terminal bud about 5 mm. long. Damp woods, on
the coastal plain, Texas to Florida, north to Maine (Fig. 239).

Fig. 239. Clefhra ainifolia Fig. 240. Clethra acuminata Fig. 241. Ledum groenlandicum

Y ^^ 1-^^

Fig, 242, Rhododendron maximum

Fig. 243. Rhododendron catawbiense

CLETHRA 163

2. C. acuminata Michx. White- Alder. A shrub or small tree
to 6 m. high, with upright or spreading branches; twigs slender;
buds tomentulose, the terminal 5 mm. long; fruit a persistent ovoid
nodding capsule, 5 mm. long. Woods, in the mountains. West Vir-
ginia to Georgia and Tennessee (Fig. 240).

LEDUM L. (Ericaceae)

Evergreen bog shrubs. Twigs rather slender, rounded; pith
small, somewhat 3 -sided, spongy, brownish. Buds solitary, ses-
sile, somewhat compress 3d, small, with about 3 exposed scales;
the terminal inflorescence buds large, round or ovoid, with about
10 broad glandular-dotted scales. Leaves alternate, simple, en-
tire, elliptical or oblong. Leaf-scars half- elliptical or cordate,
the lowest linear; bundle-trace 1; stipule-scars lacking.

1. L. groenlandicum Oeder. Labrador-Tea. Erect shrub,
1 m. or less high; leaves evergreen, oblong or linear-oblong,
entire, revolute, clothed with rusty wool underneath, 2-5 cm. long.
Bogs and acid soil, Greenland to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Alberta and Washington (Fig. 241).

RHODODENDRON L. * (Ericaceae)

Evergreen or deciduous shrubs or small trees. Twigs terete;
pith small, roundish, continuous. Buds solitary, sessile, the
upper ovoid with 6 or more ciliate scales and the flower-buds usu-
ally much enlarged, the lower successively smaller. Leaf-scars
alternate, shield-shaped or the lowest linear; bundle-trace 1 or
3 or many; stipule-scars none. Fruit a dry capsule, often present
in winter. The deciduous species have been placed by some authors
in the genus Azalea L.

a. Leaves evergreen

b. Leaves elongate-oblanceolate, the

base acute l.R. maximum

b. Leaves broadly elliptical, the

base rounded 2.R. catawbiense

a. Leaves deciduous

b. Buds essentially glabrous

c. Twigs entirely glabrous 8.R. arborescens

c. Twigs usually bearing sparse
long hairs
*Mr. E. L. Manigaulthas assisted materially in the preparation of
this key.

4

Fig. 244. RhcxJcxJendron canadense ^'9- 246. Rhododendron nudiflorum

Rg. 245. Rhododendron calenduloceum

I

i

Fig. 247. Rhododendron roseum Fig. 249. Rhododendron arborescens

Fig. 248. Rhododendron viscosum

^

RHODODENDRON

165

d. Buds brown
d. Buds rosy

b. Buds pubescent

c. Low shrub to Im.high
c. Much taller shrubs

d. Twigs reddish

d. Twigs buff or gray

e. Twigs tomentulose, at
least near the tip

e. Twigs sparsely strigose-
hirsute

f.Pedicels glandless or

nearly so
f. Pedicels copiously

glandular

4.R. calendulaceum
5.R. nudiflorum

3.R. canadense

4.R, calendulaceum

6.R. roseum

5,R. nudiflorum

7.R. viscosum

1. R. maximum L. Rhododendron. Great Laurel. Large
evergreen shrub or small tree to 12 m. high, the young branch-
lets pubescent; leaves 10-20 cm. long, thick, acute at both ends.
Moist woods, mostly in the mountains, Georgia to West Virginia
and Nova Scotia (Fig. 242).

2. R,. catawbiense Michx. Mountain Rose Bay. Spreading
evergreen shrub or small tree 2-6 m. high; leaves oval or oblong,
rounded at both ends, 5-15 cm. long. Rocky slopes, in the moun-
tains, Georgia and Alabama north to West Virginia (Fig. 243).

3. R. canadense (L. ) Torr. Rhodora. Shrub to 1 m. high,with
strongly ascending branches. Bogs and barrens, Newfoundland to
Quebec, south to Pennsylvania (Fig. 244).

4. R. calendulaceum (Michx. ) Torr. Flame Azalea. Yellow
Honeysuckle. Deciduous shrub to 3 m. high, the twigs usually
tomentulose, at least near the tips, leaf buds brown, glabrous ex-
cept for ciliate scales, the flower buds greenish; capsule linear-
oblong, more or less pubescent, 1.5-2 cm. long. Open woods,
mostly in the mountains, Georgia and Alabama, north to Penn-
sylvania and Ohio (Fig. 245).

Fig. 250. Menziesia pilosa

Fig. 251. Kalmia lafifolia

Fig. 252. Kalmia angusHfolia

Fig. 253. Kalmia polifolia

RHODODENDRON 167

5. R. nudiflorum (L. ) Torr. Pink Azalea. Pink Honeysuckle.
Deciduous shrub to 2 m. high or sometimes taller; twigs buff or
gray, sparsely long-hairy or glabrate; buds glabrous, glandular
or puberulous; capsules 1-2 cm. long with ascending long hairs,
not glandular. Woods, South Carolina and Tennessee to Massachu-
setts, New York, and Ohio (Fig. 246).

6. R. roseum (Loisel. ) Rehd. Mountain Azalea. Hoary Azalea.
A deciduous branching shrub 1-5 m. high with buff or gray finely
pubescent twigs; buds puberulous; capsules glandular, 1. 2-1. 8
cm. long. Dry thickets, mostly in the mountains, Maine to Quebec,
south to Virginia and Missouri (Fig. 247).

7. R. viscosum (L. ) Torr. Clammy Azalea. Swamp Honey-
suckle. Deciduous shrub to 3 m. high or sometimes taller, the
young twigs buff or gray, bristly with long hairs, becoming glab-
rate; buds puberulous; capsule 1-2 cm. long, glandular. Swamps,
mostly in the mountains, Maine to Ohio, south to South Carolina
and Tennessee (Fig. 248).

8. R. arborescens (Pursh) Torr. Smooth Azalea. White
Honeysuckle. Spreading deciduous shrub or small tree, 2-6 m.
high; twigs usually entirely glabrous; buds and pedicels glabrous
except for occasional stalked glands; capsules oblong, densely
glandular, 1.2-1.6 cm. long. Swamps and stream-banks, mostly
in the mountains, Pennsylvania to Georgia and Alabama (Fig. 249).

MENZIESIA Sm. (Ericaceae)

Deciduous shrubs with shredding bark. Twigs slender; pith
small, continuous. Buds solitary, sessile, ovoid, small, the ter-
minal and flower buds larger. Leaf-scars crowded toward the tips
of the branches, small, triangular or linear; bundle-trace 1;
stipule-scars none. Fruit an ovoid capsule persistent in winter.

1. M_. pilosa (Michx. ) Juss. Alleghany Menziesia. Shrub to
2 m. high, with slightly pubescent twigs; capsule about 4 mm. high,
bristly-glandular. Mountain woods, in the Alleghenies from Penn-
sylvania to Georgia (Fig. 250).

KALMIA L. (Ericaceae)

Evergreen shrubs or small trees. Twigs moderate or slender;
pith small, continuous. Buds minute, solitary, sessile; terminal
bud abortive. Leaves alternate (or seemingly opposite or in whorls
of 3), entire. Leaf-scars half-round or shield -shaped; bundle-trace
a transverse line; stipule -scars none. Fruit a small globose cap-

Fig. 254. Andromeda glaucophylla

Fig. 255. Pieris floribunda

r /I

Fig. 256. Lyonia ligusfrina

Fig. 258. Oxydendrum arboreum

Fig, 257. Leucothoe recurva

KALMIA 169

sule persistent in winter.

a. Large shrubs or small trees l.K. latifolia .

a. Low shrubs

b. Twigs terete 2.K. angustifolia

b. Twigs 2-edged 3.K. polifolia

1. K. latifolia L. Mountain Laurel. Calico-Bush. Shrub or
small tree, up to 10 m. high, generally much smaller; twigs gla-
brous; leaves elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, acute
or short-acuminate; capsule glandular, 5-7 mm. in diameter.
Rocky woods, Florida to Louisiana, north to New England, Ohio,
and Indiana (Fig. 251).

2. K. angustifolia L. Lambkill. Sheep-Laurel. Slender shrub
up to 1.7 m. high; branches terete, strongly ascending; leaves
evergreen, opposite or in whorls of three, flat, thin, oblong to
elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous or puberulent, ferruginous when
young. Acid soil, Labrador to Manitoba, south to Virginia, Georgia
and Michigan (Fig. 252).

3. K. polifolia Wang. Pale- Laurel. Bog-Laurel. Slender
straggling shrub to 7 dm. high, with 2-edged branches; leaves
evergreen, opposite or in threes, firm, lanceolate or linear, 0.7-
3.5 cm. long, lustrous -green above, conspicuously whitened be-
neath. Peat bogs, Labrador to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania,
Minnesota, Idaho, and Oregon (Fig. 253).

ANDROMEDA L. (Ericaceae)

Evergreen bog shrubs. Twigs slender, somewhat 3-sided;
pith small, 3-sided, continuous. Buds small, solitary, sessile,
ovoid, subglobose or conical. Leaves alternate, simple, entire.
Leaf-scars small, half-round or triangular; bundle-trace 1; stipule-
scars none. Fruit a globose capsule persistent in winter.

1. A. glaucophylla LinkJBog Rosemary. Low shrub to 1 m.
high, usually little branched; leaves linear or linear-oblong,
prominently whitened beneath, 2.5-6 cm. long, the margins strongly
revolute; capsule 4 mm. long. Bogs, Greenland to Manitoba, south
to West Virginia, Indiana, and Minnesota (Fig. 254).

PIERIS D, Don (Ericaceae)

Evergreen shrubs or small trees. Twigs slender; pith ob-
scurely 3-sided, continuous. Buds small, globose, the terminal

170 WOODY PLANTS

One lacking. Leaves alternate, lanceolate -oblong. Leaf-scars
small, half-round; bundle-trace 1; stipule- scars none. Fruit a
globose capsule, present in the winter along with the terminal and
axillary racemes or panicles of next season's flowers.

1. P. floribunda (Pursh) B. and H. Mountain Fetterbush.
(Andromeda floribunda Pursh). Erect shrubs to 2 m. high; leaves
elliptic-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, acute or acumi-
nate, crenate-serrulate, ciliate; capsule globose-ovoid, 5-6 mm.
long. Moist soil, in the Alleghenies, West Virginia to Georgia
(Fig. 255).

LYONIA Nutt. (Ericaceae)

Deciduous or evergreen shrubs. Twigs slender, somewhat
3-sided; pith round. Buds solitary, sessile, oblong, appressed,
with 2 visible scales. Leaf- scars alternate, small, half-round;
bundle-trace 1; stipule-scars none. Fruit a globular capsule per-
sistent in winter.

1. L, ligustrina (L. ) DC. Maleberry. Deciduous much-
branched shrub to 4 m. tall; twigs puberulent or glabrous; capsule
about 3 mm. in diameter. Usually in moist thickets, Florida to
TexcS, north to New England, Kentucky and Oklahoma (Fig. 256).

LEUCOTHOE D. Don (Ericaceae)

Evergreen or deciduous shrubs. Twigs rather slender, sub-
terete; pith roundish or somewhat 3-sided, continuous. Buds small,
solitary, sessile, globose or ovoid, with 3 or 4 exposed scales, the
end-bud lacking. Leaf-scars alternate, small, crescent-shaped or
half-round; bundle-trace 1; stipule-scars lacking. Capsules small,
depressed-globose, often present in winter.

a. Leaves evergreen 1. L. editorum

a. Leaves deciduous

b. Capsules deeply 5-lobed;

racemes curved 2. L. recurva

b. Capsules not lobed;

racemes straight 3. L. racemosa

1. L. editorum (Fernald and Schub. ) Dog-Hobble. Switch-
Ivy. (L. catesbaei Gray). Shrub to 2 m. high, with loosely spread-
ing branches; leaves evergreen, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, closely
serrulate, up to 1. 5 dm. long. Moist woods, along the mountains
from Virginia to Georgia.

LEUCOTHOE 171

2. L_. recurva (Buckley) Gray. Fetterbush. A widely -branched
deciduous shrub, 0, 8-3 m. high; capsules 4 mm. in. diameter,
deeply 5-lobed; racemes curved. Dry soil, mountains from Vir-
ginia and West Virginia to Alabama (Fig. 257),

3. L. racemosa (L. ) Gray. Fetterbush. Shrub up to 4 m.
high, with ascending branches; capsules scarcely lobed; racemes
straight. Moist thickets, mostly on the coastal plain, Florida to
Louisiana, north to Massachusetts,

OXYDENDRUM DC. (Ericaceae)

Small or medium-sized deciduous tree. Twigs slender, zig-
zag; pith pale, continuous. Buds rather small, conical-globose,
solitary, sessile, with about 6 scales; terminal bud lacking. Leaf-
scars alternate, small, half-round; bundle-trace 1, curved;
stipule-scars none. Small capsules (in one-sided racemes clustered
in panicles) present in winter,

1. O. arboreum (L. ) DC. Sourwood. A tree to 25 m. high but
usually much smaller; bark deeply fissured; twigs glabrous or
sparingly puberulous, olive or bright red; capsule 5 mm. long.
Acid woods, Florida to Louisiana, north to Pennsylvania and Indi-
ana (Fig. 258).

CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench. (Ericaceae)

Evergreen bog shrub. Twigs slender, roundish, at first
puberulent and scurfy, then with shredding gray bark, finally
smooth and deep red-brown; pith small, roundish, continuous.
Buds solitary, sessile, small, globose, with about 3 exposed scales.
Leaves simple, alternate, entire, scurfy beneath. Leaf-scars mi-
nute, crescent-shaped; bundle-trace 1; stipule-scars lacking.
Capsule small, depressed-globose, present in winter.

1. C. calyculata (L. ) Moench. Leatherleaf. Shrub up to 1 m.
high or taller; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, scurfy, especially
beneath, 2. 5-5 cm. long. Bogs, Labrador to Alaska, south to
Ohio, Wisconsin, Iowa, Alberta, and British Columbia; also in
Eurasia (Fig. 259).

EPIGAEA L. (Ericaceae)

Evergreen prostrate and trailing scarcely shrubby plants with
exfoliating bark. Twigs slender; pith moderate, rounded, continu-
ous. Buds solitary or multiple, hairy. Leaves alternate, elliptic-
ovate, cordate, entire, ciliate, reticulate.

Fig. 259. Chamaedaphne calyculafa

Fig. 260, Epigaea repens

Fig. 261. Gaultheria procumbens

Fig. 262. Gaultheria hispidula

EPIGAEA 1'73

1. E. repens L. Trailing Arbutus. Branches red-bristly,
1.5-4 dm. high; leaves 2.5-7.5 cm. long; capsules depressed-
globular, 5-lobed, 8-10 mm. in diameter. Sandy woods, Florida
to Mississippi, north to Labrador and Saskatchewan (Fig. 260).

GAULTHERIA L. (Ericaceae)

Evergreen aromatic erect or trailing small shrubs. Twigs
moderate or very slender, rounded; pith small. Buds solitary,
sessile, ovoid, minute. Leaves alternate, simple, obovate or
ovate, entire. Fruit a fleshy globular capsule resembling aberry,
present in winter.

a. Fruiting stem erect, 5-15 cm.

high, leaves 1.5-5 cm. long l.G. procumbens

a. Stems trailing and creeping; leaves

0.5-1 cm. long 2.G. hispidula

1. G. procumbens L. Mountain-tea. Teaberry. Spicv Winter-
green. Stems slender, trailing on the ground or subterranean;
leaves 2.5-5 cm. long; branches ascending, 5-15 cm. high; berry
depressed, red, 8-12 mm. in diameter, mealy, spicy. Sterile
woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia, Alabama,
Wisconsin, and Minnesota (Fig. 261).

2. G. hispidula (L. ) Bigel. Creeping Snowberry. (Chiogenes
hispidula T. and G. ). Stems 1-3 dm. long, creeping and branching;
leaves 4-10 mm. long; berry white, globular, aromatic,6 mm.
across. Mossy woods and bogs, Labrador to British Columbia,
south to Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Michigan, Minnesota, and
Idaho (Fig. 262).

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. (Ericaceae)

Evergreen shrubs. Twigs slender, somewhat 3-sided or 5-
sided; pith small, slightly angled, continuous. Buds solitary, ses-
sile, ovoid, with about 3 exposed scales. Leaves alternate, spatu-
late, rather small. Leaf-scars small, crescent- shaped; bundle-
trace 1; stipule- scars lacking.

1. A. uva-ursi (L. ) Spreng. Bearberry. Trailing shrub with
long flexible branches covered with papery reddish to ashy exfoli-
ating bark; twigs minutely tomentulose-viscid, becoming glabrate;
leaves evergreen, obovate to spatulate, coriaceous, entire, 0.9-3
cm. long. Exposed rocky or sandy soil, Greenland to Alaska, south
to Virginia, Illinois, Colorado, and California (Fig. 263).

H

I

L4

(■"J

Fig. 263. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Fig. 265. Gaylussacia dumosa

Fig. 264. Gaylussacia brachycera

. - ni

I

ii

"^^^

Fig. 266. Gaylussacia baccate Fig. 268, Vaccinium myrtilloides

Fig. 267. Vaccinium stamineum

GAYLUSSACIA IIBK 175

GAYLUSSACIA lllilv (Erlcacoiio)

Low deciduous or ovcrgroen shrubs. Tw1j;h slender, 3-8idod
or roundish; pith small, continuous. Buds solitary, sessile, ovoid,
small; terminal bud lacldng. Leal-scars alternate, 3-8i(led; bundle-
trace 1; stipule-scars none.

a. Leaves evergreen 1..G. brachycera

a. Leaves deciduous

b. Buds Willi 4 or 13 exposed scales;

mostly on the coastal plain 2,G. dumosa

b. Buds with 2 or 'I exposed scales;
nortliern, mostly In the mountains
southwards 3.G. baocata

1, G, brachycera (M ichx. ) Gray. Box Huckleberry. A shrub
1 m. high, with creeping and ascending stem and spreading gla-
brous angled branches; leaves evergreen,serrul.'it(^ 1 . 5-2. 5 cm.
long. Sandy woods, local, Delaware to West Virginia and 'r(^nne8-
see (Fig. 2('A),

2, _G. dumosa (Andr. ) T. and G. Dwarf Huckleberry. A low
shrub with creeping stem juid erect branches to 0.5 m. high; twigs
puberulcnt. Dry barrens, mostly on tiie coastal plain, Florida to
Mississippi, nortli to Newfoundland (l''ig. 205).

3, G. baccata (Wang. ) K. Koch. Black Huckleberry, liprlglit
shrub about 1 m. high, with the young growth densely rtislnous;
twigs more or less pubescent. Thickets and woods, Newfoundland
to Saskatchewan, south to Georgia and Louisiana (I'ig. 2(;()).

VACCINlUJVI L. (I'Jricaceae)

Deciduous shrubs, usually under 1 m. tall, som(!times trail-
ing or arborescent (some species evergreen). Twigs slender, more
or less jmgled; pith small, continuous. Buds small, solitary, ses-
sile, with 2 or more scales; terminal bud deckiuous. Leaf-scars
alternate, small, half-round; bundle-trace I; stipule-scars none,

a. Leaves deciduous

b. Buds oblong, appresscd, with

2 obtuse exposed scales G. V. (;rythrocarpum

b. Buds ovoid or globose; scales several

or pointed

Fig. 269. Vaccinium vacillans Fig. 271. Vaccinium corymbosum

Fig. 270. Vaccinium angustifolium

Fig. 272. Vaccinium eryfhrocarpum ^'9- 274. Vaccinium macrocarpon

Fig. 273. Vaccinium oxycoccoj

VACCINIUM 177

c. Buds ovoid or oblong, ascending
or appressed

d. Low shrubs, 0. 5-9 dm. high

e. Twigs nearly terete,

very hairy 2. V. myrtilloides

e. Twigs grooved above the

buds or angular

f. Twigs smooth 4.V. angustifolium

f. Twigs granular -warty 3.V. vacillans

d. Taller shrubs, up to 4 m. high 5. V. corymbosum

c. Buds subglobose or ovoid,

divergent l.V. stamineum

a. Leaves evergreen; stems trailing

b. Leaves very small, 4-10 mm.

long,revolute 7. V. oxycoccos

b. Leaves larger, 6-18 mm. long,

not re volute 8. V. macrocarpon

1. V. stamineum L. Deerberry. Buckberry. Squaw Huckle-
berry. A diffusely branched shrub 3-9 dm. high, with pubescent
twigs; buds subglobose. Dry thickets, Florida to Louisiana, north
to Massachusetts, Ontario, and Missouri (Fig. 267).

2. V. myrtilloides Michx. Canada Blueberry. (V. canadense
Kalm). A low shrub 2-6 dm. high; twigs nearly terete, very hairy;
buds ovoid or oblong, scales several. Moist soil, Newfoundland
and Quebec to British Columbia, south to Virginia, Ohio, Iowa,
Saskatchewan and Montana (Fig. 268).

3. V. vacillans Torr. Late Low Blueberry. Low shrub, 3-9
dm. high; twigs glabrous, yellowish-green, distinctly warty,
angled; buds ovoid or oblong. Dry soil, Georgia to Missouri, north
to Nova Scotia, Ohio, and Iowa(Fig. 269).

4. V. angustifolium Ait. Low Sweet Blueberry. Early Low
Blueberry. A low shrub to 2 dm. high; twigs smooth. Open bar-
rens, Labrador and Quebec to Minnesota, south to Iowa, Illinois,
and West Virginia (Fig. 270).

5. V. corymbosimi L. Highbush Blueberry. Shrub up to
4 m. high, forming compact or open clumps; twigs angled and

178 WOODY PLANTS

warty; buds ovoid or oblong. Swamps, Nova Scotia to Quebec, and
Wisconsin, south to Florida and Louisiana (Fig. 271 ).

6. V. erythrocarpuni Michx. Southern Mountain Cranberry.
Shrub 3-"l8 dm. high, deciduous; twigs slender, pubescent, con-
spicuously angled; buds oblong, appressed, 1-1.5 mm. long. Thick-
ets, in the mountains from Georgia to West Virginia (Fig. 272).

7. V. oxycoccos L. Small Cranberry. Stems trailing, very
slender, branches almost capillary; leaves evergreen, 4-10 mm.
long, 1-3 mm. broad, strongly revolute, conspicuously whitened
beneath; berries present in winter, 6-8 mm. across. Bogs, Green-
land to Alaska, south to North Carolina (in the mountains), Ohio,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Oregon; also
in Eurasia (Fig. 273).

8. V. macrocarpon Ait. Large Cranberry. Stems compara-
tively thick, elongated; leaves evergreen, 6-18 mm. long, 2-8 mm.
broad, pale beneath, flat or slightly revolute; berries present
through the winter, 1-2 cm. across. Bogs, Newfoundland to Min-
nesota, soutli to North Carolina and Illinois (Fig. 274).

DIOSPYROS L. (Ebenaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or trees. Twigs terete, zigzag, gray-brown;
pith moderate, continuous, sometimes becoming porous or cham-
bered. Buds solitary, sessile, deltoid-ovoid, with 2 overlapping
scales; terminal bud lacking. Leaf-scars alternate, half-elliptical;
bundle-trace 1, curved; stipule-scars none.

1. D. virginiana L. Persimmon. A tree to 30 m. high, usu-
ally much smaller, with rounded top and spreading, often pendu-
lous branches; bark dark, deeply divided into square scaly thick
plates; fruit a large juicy edible berry, 2-3.5 cm. across, yellow-
ish or pale orange, withering but persistent into winter. Dry
woods and old fields, Florida to Texas, north to New England,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa and Kansas (Fig. 275).

HALESIA Ellis (Styracaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or small trees with shredding bark. Twigs
moderate, terete; pith small, round, chambered, white. Buds
moderate, superposed, ovoid, with about 4 red scales. Leaf-scars
alternate, moderate, half-round, notched; bundle-trace 1, curved,
compound; stipule-scars none. Fruit a dry capsule, persistent
into winter.

HALESIA 179

1. H. Carolina L. Silverbell-Tree. Large shrub or tree up
to 10 m. high, with bark separating into small closely appressed
scales; twigs glabrate; buds acute, slightly stalked, fruit 2-3.5
cm. long, 4-winged. Rich woods, Florida to Texas, north to Vir-
ginia, West Virginia, Illinois, Missouri, and Oklahoma (Fig. 276).

FRAXINUS L. (Oleaceae)

Large deciduous trees. Twigs rather thick, stiff, divergent,
sometimes square, or at least compressed at the nodes; pith often
obscurely angled. Buds sessile, superposed, with 2 or 3 pairs of
scales, those of the terminal bud often lobed. Leaf- scars opposite,
half-round to broadly U-shaped; bundle-traces in a curved group;
stipule-scars none.

a. Twigs rounded

b. Buds brown or red-brown

c. Leaf- scars deeply notched at

the top l.F. americana

c. Leaf- scars nearly straight

across the top 2. F. pennsylvanica

b Buds blue -black 4. F. nigra

a. Twigs acutely 4-angled 3. F. quadrangulata

1. F. americana L. White Ash. A tree to 25 m. high, bark
gray, furrowed into close diamond -shaped areas; twigs gray, gla-
brous or glabrate (densely pubescent in the var. biltmoreana
(Beadle) J. Wright (F. biltmoreana Beadle), Biltmore Ash); leaf-
scars deeply notched at the top; buds dark-brown, the terminal
broadly ovoid, obtuse. Rich woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south to
Florida and Texas (Fig. 277).

2. F. pennsylvanica Marsh. Red Ash. A tree to 30 m. high,
with furrowed bark; twigs gray, velvety pubescent (glabrous in
the var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fernald, (F. lanceolata Borkh. ),
Green Ash); leaf-scars nearly straight across the top; buds rusty
brown, pubescent. River-banks, Georgia and Alabama to Texas,
north to New England, Quebec, Michigan, Saskatchewan, and Mon-
tana (Fig. 278).

3. F. quadrangulata Michx. Blue Ash. A large tree, usually
20-35 m. high; twigs gray, square, or slightly winged, glabrous;
buds gray or reddish-brown; leaf-scars obcordate; bundle-traces

lk >

Fig. 275. Diospyros virginiana

Fig. 277. Fraxinus americana

Fig. 276. Halesia Carolina

Fiq. 278. Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Fig. 280. Fraxinus nigra

Fig. 279, Fraxinus quadrangulata

FRAXINUS 181

in a lunate line. Woods, Ontario, Michigan and Wisconsin, south
to Alabama and Oklahoma (Fig. 279).

4. F. nigra Marsh. Black Ash. Tree to 25 m. high, with
scaly bark; twigs glabrous; leaf-scars nearly orbicular, the bundle-
traces in a nearly closed oval; buds blue-black, the terminal
broadly ovate-conical. Swamps, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south
to West Virginia, Iowa, and North Dakota (Fig. 280 ).

SYRINGA L. (Oleaceae)

Upright deciduous shrubs. Twigs moderate, usually somewhat
4-lined; pith moderate, continuous, roundish, pale. Buds solitary
(rarely multiple), sessile, ovoid, with about 4 pairs of scales; end-
bud often absent. Leaf-scars opposite, small; bundle-trace 1,
compound; stipule-scars lacking.

1. S. vulgaris L. Lilac. Upright shrub or small tree to 7 m. ;
branchlets glabrous; leaf-scars crescent- or shield -shaped, raised;
bud-scales fleshy. Introduced from Europe, cultivated as an orna-
mental, sometimes escaping (Fig. 281 ).

FORSYTHIA Vahl (Oleaceae)

Loosely branched spreading deciduous shrubs. Twigs some-
what 4-sided, moderate; pith moderate, more or less excavated
between the nodes. Buds moderate, becoming multiple, fusiform,
sessile, with about 6 pairs of scales. Leaf-scars opposite, shield-
shaped, rather small, raised; bundle-trace 1; stipule-scars absent.
The showy yellow bell-shaped flowers appear in February or March.

a. Pith solid at the nodes, excavated

between the nodes 1. F. suspensa

a. Pith all chambered, or in older

twigs, all excavated 2. F. viridissima

1. _F. suspensa (Thunb. ) Vahl. Weeping Golden-bells. Shrub
to 3 m. high; branchlets pendulous; pith solid at the nodes, but
excavated between the nodes. Introduced from Asia, sometimes
spreading slightly from cultivation;

2. F. viridissima Lindl. Greenstem Golden-bells. Shrub to
3 m. high; branchlets green, ascending; pith chambered or finally
all excavated. Introduced from Asia, spreading slightly from culti-
vation (Fig. 282 ).

i^l

Fig. 281. Syringa vulgaris

Fig. 283. Chionanthus virginicus

Fig. 282. Forsythia viridissima

1

^1

>

r

V

*

Fig. 284. Ligustrum vuigare

Fig. 286. Lycium halimifolium

Fig. 285. Solanum dulcamara

CHIONANTHUS 183

CHIONANTHUS L. (Oleaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or small trees. Twigs moderate, somewhat
4-sided; pith moderate, white, continuous. Buds solitary or super-
posed, sessile, round-ovoid, small, with about 3 pairs of sharp-
pointed keeled scales. Leaf-scars opposite, triangular, rather
small; bundle-trace 1, compound; stipule-scars none.

1. C. virginicus L. Fringetree. A large shrub or small tree
to 20 m.~high; twigs moderate, pubescent when young; buds ovoid,
buff, the scales sharp-pointed (the points often get broken off dur-
ing the winter). Damp woods, Florida to Texas, north to New
Jersey, West Virginia, Missouri, and Oklahoma (Fig. 283 ).

LIGUSTRUM L. (Oleaceae)

Deciduous shrubs. Twigs slender, rounded; pith moderate,
white, continuous. Buds solitary or superposed, sessile, ovoid,
small, with 2 or 3 pairs of scales. Leaf-scars opposite, crescent-
shaped or elliptical, small; bundle-trace 1; stipule-scars none.

1. L. vulgare L. Privet. Deciduous shrub (half-evergreen,
i. e. , holding its foliage into the winter, but dropping it before
spring) to 5 m. high; twigs minutely puberulous; bud-scales acute;
leaf-scars elliptical. Introduced from Europe, escaped from culti-
vation and somewhat naturalized (Fig. 284 ).

SOLANUM L. (Solanaceae)

Deciduous soft-wooded climbers (also herbs). Twigs slender,
terete or angled; pith rather large, porous. Buds moderate, soli-
tary, sessile, sub-globose. Leaf-scars alternate, half-round;
bundle-trace 1, relatively large; stipule-scars none. Panicle-
vestiges with dried berries persistent into winter.

1. S. dulcamara L. Bittersweet. Stems climbing or scram-
bling, up to 3 m. long, olivaceous, pubescent to glabrate, flexuous,
branching. Introduced from Europe, escaped from cultivation and
naturalized (Fig. 285).

LYCIUM L. (Solanaceae)

Spreading or scrambling spiny deciduous shrubs. Twigs slen-
der, 5-angled, glabrous, often whitish or with short striations;
pith moderate, spongy. Buds small and inconspicuously multiple,
subglobose, indistinctly scaly. Leaf -scars alternate, crescent-
shaped, small; bundle-trace 1; stipule-scars lacking.

H

Fig. 287. Paulownia tomentosa Fig. 288. Campsis radicans Fig. 289. Bignonia capreolata

Fig. 290. Catalpa speciosa

h

^

Fig. 292. Cephalanthus occidenfalis
Fig. 291. Catalpa bignonioides

LYCIUM 185

1. L. halimifolium Mill. Matrimony- Vine. Shrub with lithe
runners, up to 3 m. long, recurved-drooping, sometimes spar-
ingly if at all spiny; twigs pale gray, not hairy. Introduced from
Europe and spread from cultivation (Fig. 286).

PAULOWNIA Sieb. and Zucc. (Scrophulariaceae)

Medium-sized deciduous trees. Twigs thick, compressed at
the nodes; pith large, white, round, chambered or excavated be-
tween the nodes. Buds often superposed, sessile, hemispheric,
with about 4 scales; terminal bud lacking. Leaf-scars opposite,
large, nearly elliptic; bundle-traces numerous, in a nearly closed
ellipse; stipule- scars none. Fruit an ovoid beaked capsule, re-
maining on the trees into the winter, after the seeds have been
shed. By some authorities placed in the Bignoniaceae,

1. P. tomentosa (Thunb. ) Steud. Imperial Tree. Tree reach-
ing a height of 15 m. and a diameter of 1 m, ; bark thin, flaky;
branches thick, spreading; twigs soft-pubescent when young, be-
coming glabrous; capsules 3-4 cm. long, woody. Introduced from
Asia, spread from cultivation and extensively naturalized (Fig.
287 ).

CAMPSIS Lour. (Bignoniaceae)

Straggling deciduous shrubs, usually climbing, often by aerial
roots. Twigs moderate, warty; pith pale, continuous, or excavated
at the nodes. Buds small, solitary, sessile, triangular, compressed,
with 2 or 3 pairs of visible scales. Leaf-scars opposite, shield-
shaped; bundle-trace 1, crescent-shaped, compound; stipule-scars
none but leaf-scars connected by hairy ridges. Tecoma Juss.

1. C. radicans (L. ) Seem. Trumpet Creeper. Climbing or
trailing, to 10 m. or more; aerial roots abundant, in two rows;
twigs puberulent or scabrous; capsule elongated, flattened, 8-12
cm. long. Thickets, Florida to Texas, north to New Jersey, West
Virginia, and Iowa; naturalized northwards, an aggressive weed
southwards (Fig. 288 ).

BIGNONIA L. - (Bignoniaceae)

Soft-wooded deciduous or partly evergreen climbers. Stems
rounded or somewhat fluted, slender; pith pale, porous, finally
excavated. Buds moderate, solitary, sessile, oblong. Leaf-scars
opposite, triangular; bundle-trace 1, U-shaped; stipule-scars
none, but leaf-scars connected by transverse ridges. The leaves,
composed of 2 leaflets and a branched tendril, sometimes do not

186 WOODY PLANTS

disarticulate but persist into the winter.

1. B. capreolata L. Crossvlne. Climbing to 20 m. or trail-
ing; twigs glabrous except at the nodes; pith in transverse section
as a cross; leaflets stalked, 5-15 cm. long, entire; capsule linear,
10-17 cm. long. Rich woods, Florida to Louisiana, north to
Maryland, West Virginia, Illinois, and Missouri (Fig. 289).

CATALPA Scop. (Bignoniaceae)

Small or medium-sized deciduous trees. Twigs thick, round;
pith large, round, pale, continuous. Buds solitary, sessile, glo-
bose, with about 6 loose scales; terminal bud lacking. Leaf-scars
elliptic or round, in whorls, alternately of 2 large scars and 1
small scar, then 1 large scar and 2 small scars; stipule-scars
none. Pods long, terete, persistent in winter. Seeds winged all
around, the wings ciliate at each end.

a. Capsules about 1. 5 cm. thick;

hairs of the seeds not coming to

a point I.e. speciosa

a. Capsules 0. 8-1. 2 cm. thick;

hairs of the seeds coming to a

point 2.C. bignonioides

1. C. speciosa Warder. Catawba-Tree. Cigar-Tree. Northern
Catalpa. A large tree to 30 m. tall, of pyramidal habit; bark red-
brown, broken into thick scales; capsule thick; seeds truncate.
Damp woods, Tennessee to Texas, north to Indiana and Iowa; culti-
vated and naturalized elsewhere (Fig. 290 ).

2. C. bignonioides Walt. Common Catalpa. A low tree to
15 m. high, or taller, with wide -spreading branches forming a
broad round head; bark light brown, separating into thin scales;
pods slender; seeds pointed. Native of the southern and Gulf states,
cultivated and frequently escaped northwards (Fig. 291 ).

CEPHALANTHUS L. (Rubiaceae)

Deciduous shrubs. Twigs slender, round, glabrous ; pith small,
more or less angled, brown, continuous. Buds solitary, sessile,
conical, in depressed areas above the leaf-scars; terminal bud
lacking. Leaf-scars in whorls of 3, or opposite, roundish; bundle-
trace 1, U-shaped; stipule-scars or persistent stipules connecting
the leaf-scars.

1. C, occidentalis L. Buttonbush. Deciduous shrub to 5 m.
tall; twigs reddish and glossy. Swamps and stream-margins.

CEPHALANTHUS 187

Florida to Mexico, north to Nova Scotia, Ontario, Oklahoma, and
California; also in the West Indies (Fig. 292 ).

DIERVILLA Duhani. (Caprifoliaceae)

Deciduous shrubs. Twigs terete, moderate, straw-colored
or brownish; pith pale, continuous, moderate. Buds solitary or
superposed, sessile, oblong, appressed. Leaf-scars opposite or
occasionally whorled, triangular, moderate, connected by lines;
bundle-traces 3; stipule-traces none. Capsules linear, persisting
in winter.

1. p. lonicera Mill. Bush Honeysuckle. Upright soft-wooded
shrub 1 m. or less high; bark grayish-brown; twigs with two ridges
decurrent from the nodes, glabrous except for the ridges; capsule
glabrous, 8 mm. long, beaked. Dry rocky places, Newfoundland
to Manitoba, south to North Carolina, Indiana, and Iowa (Fig, 293 ).

LONICERA L. (Caprifoliaceae)

Deciduous or partly evergreen shrubs or woody climbers.
Twigs rounded, slender; pith moderate, continuous, or excavated
between the nodes. Buds solitary or superposed, sessile. Leaf-
scars opposite, crescent-shaped, small, on the narrowed tips of
leaf-bases, more or less connected by lines; bundle-traces 3;
stipule -scars none.

a. Erect shrubs; buds often superposed

b. Pith brown, excavated between

the nodes 1. L. tatarica

b. Pith white, continuous 2. L. canadensis

a. Twining or loosely ascending shrubs

b. Stems red -brown, hairy, nearly

evergreen 3, L. japonica

b. Stems gray or straw-colored

c. More or less evergreen, at

least southwards 4. L. sempervirens

c. Deciduous 5. L. dioica

1. L_. tatarica L. Tartarian Honeysuckle. Erect smooth
shrub 1. 5-3 m. high; branches slender, glabrous; pith brown, ex-
cavated between the nodes; buds glabrous, oblong or ovoid, the
scales short-pointed. Introduced from Eurasia, frequently escap-

\

i.)

ft

v!'

I

g, 293. Diervllla lonicera Fig. 294. Lonicera tatarica Fig. 295. Lonicera canadensis

ig, 296. Lonicera japonica Fig. 297. Lonicera sempervirens Fig. 298. Lonicera dioica

LONICERA 18S

ing from cultivation (Fig. 294).

2. L. canadensis Bartr. American Fly Honeysuckle. A
straggling shrub 1-1. 5 m. high; twigs glabrous; buds short-ovoid
or nearly globose, glabrate, scales acute, the lower distinctly
shorter than the bud. Cool woods, Quebec to Saskatchewan, south
to North Carolina, Indiana and Iowa (Fig. 295).

3. L. japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle. A half-evergreen
twining or trailing shrub with pubescent red-brown twigs; leaves
ovate, 2-8 cm. long, entire. Introduced from Asia, much planted,
especially along roadsides, now widely spreading and naturalized,
often a very aggressive weed (Fig. 296).

4. L. sempervirens L. Trumpet Honeysuckle. High-climbing
glabrous shrub, more or less evergreen; twigs gray or straw-
colored; leaves elliptic, 3-8 cm. long, glaucous. Woods and thick-
ets, Florida to Texas, north to Maine, Ohio, Iowa, and Nebraska,
partly as an escape from cultivation northwards (Fig. 297).

5. L. dioica L. Smooth Honeysuckle. A slightly climbing or
erect deciduous shrub, 1-3 m. high; bark grayish, peeling on old
stems; twigs glaucous and glabrous; buds ovoid, the scales ovate,
the lowest about as long as the buds. Rocky banks, Maine and
Quebec to Manitoba and British Columbia, south to Georgia, Mis-
souri, and Kansas (Fig. 298 ).

SYMPHORICARPOS Duham. (Caprifoliaceae)

Erect much branched deciduous shrubs. Twigs slender, round,
pubescent; pith small, round, brownish, continuous or excavated.
Buds small, solitary or multiple, ovoid-oblong, sessile. Leaf-
scars opposite, half-round, small and torn, partly connected by
ridges; bundle-trace 1, indistinct; stipule-scars none. Fruit a
berry persistent into winter.

a. Pith excavated; fruit white l.S. albus

a. Pith continuous; fruit red 2.S. orbiculatus

1. S, albus (L. ) Blake« Snowberry. (S. racemosus Michx. )
Erect shrub 1-1. 5 m. high; twigs glabrate; buds 2 mm. long; fruit
globose, white, 5-10 mm. in diameter when fresh, withering but
persisting into winter. Rocky limestone slopes, Quebec to British
Columbia, south to Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, and
Colorado (Fig. 299 ).

2. S. orbiculatus Moench. Coralberry. Shrub to 2 m. high,
with slender upright pubescent branches; fruit subglobose, red.

Fig. 299. Symphoricarpos albus Fig, 301. Viburnum ainifotium

Fig. 300. Symphoricarpos orblculatus

Fig. 302. Viburnum cassinoides Fig. 303. Viburnum nudum Fig. 304. Viburnum lenfago

SYMPHORICARPOS

191

4-6 mm. across when fresh, withering but persisting into winter.
Thickets, Florida to Texas and Mexico, north to Pennsylvania,
Illinois, Minnesota, South Dakota, and Colorado; spread from
cultivation northeastwards (Fig. 300 ).

VIBURNUM L.

(Caprifoliaceae)

Deciduous shrubs or small trees. Twigs moderate, slender,
obscurely 6-sided; pith moderate, continuous. Buds solitary or
superposed, mostly stalked, ovoid or oblong. Leaf-scars opposite,
crescent-shaped or broad, often meeting or connected by lines;
bundle-traces 3; stipule-scars none. Drupes present in winter.

a. Leaf-scars quite broad; twigs

purple, stellate-scurfy
a. Leaf-scars narrow; twigs

brown or gray

b. Bud -scales 2, closely valvate

c. Buds ovoid-globose, green
c. Buds oblong, brown- scurfy
or lead-colored

1. V. alnifolium

10. V. trilobum

d. Branches numerous, often
short and rigidly spreading

d. Branches elongate, fewer,
flexuous

5. V. prunifolium

e. Buds smooth, lead -colored 4.V. lentago
e. Buds brown, scurfy """ —

2. V. cassinoides

3. V, nudum

f. Twigs dull
f. Twigs glossy

b. Bud -scales more than 2, the
lower pair mostly short

c. Twigs not stellate-pubescent

d. Bud-scales 4, buds appressed

e. Lower bud-scales very short;

twigs pubescent 9, V. acerifolium

e. Lower scales often half as

long as the bud; twigs

glabrous 8. V. recognitimi

d

t

Fig. 305. Viburnum prunifolium Fig. 307. Viburnum dentatum

Fig. 306. Viburnum rafinesqulanum

Fig. 308. Viburnum recognitum Fig. 310. Viburnum trilobum

Fig. 309. Viburnum acerifolium

VIBURNUM 193

d. Bud-scales often 6, buds

divergent, plump 6. V. rafinesquianum

c. Young twigs densely stellate-
pubescent, becoming glabrate 7 . V. dentatum

1. V. alnifolium Marsh. Hobblebush. Straggling shrub to 3 m.
high, with forked branches, often procumbent and rooting, so as
to trip pedestrians (whence the common name); twigs scurfy-
pubescent. Cool woods. Prince Edward Island to Ontario, south in
the mountains to Georgia and Tennessee (Fig. 301 ).

2. V. cassinoides L. Wild Raisin. Upright shrub 1-4 m. high,
or sometimes taller; twigs dull, scurfy, elongated, flexuous; buds
covered by a single pair of yellow or golden scurfy scales; drupes
blue-black, 6-9 mm. long. Thickets, Newfoundland to Ontario,
south to Wisconsin, Indiana, and in the mountains to Alabama (Fig.
302 ).

3. V. nudum L. Smooth Withered . Swamp-Haw. Upright shrub
or small tree to 6 m. high, and 1-2 dm. in diameter, with slightly
scurfy, rather glossy, elongated, flexuous twigs; buds brown or
fuscous. Swamps, Florida to Texas, narth to Connecticut and Ken-
tucky; mostly in the coastal plain or Mississippi Valley (Fig. 303 ).

4. V. lentago L. Sheepberry. Nannyberry. A shrub or small
tree to 10 m. high, with slender branches, slightly scurfy twigs,
and gray buds, the terminal long-pointed; drupes blue-black, 0. 8-
1. 5 cm. long, with sweet pulp. Stream-banks, Quebec to Manitoba
and South Dakota, south to Georgia, Missouri, and Colorado (Fig.
304 ).

5. V. prunifolium L. Black Haw. Large shrub or small tree
to 8 m. high; bark blackish, broken into squarish blocks; branches
numerous, rigid, spreading; buds short-pointed, reddish, pubes-
cent; twigs glabrous; drupes blue-black, about 1 cm. long. Thickets,
Florida to Texas, north to Connecticut, Michigan, Iowa, and Kan-
sas (Fig. 305 ).

6. V. rafinesquianum Schultes. Downy Arrowwood. (V. pubes-
cens of authors, not (Ait. ) Pursh). Loose straggling or dense
shrub up to 2 m. high; buds with 2 pairs of outer scales; branch-
lets glabrous, pale; fruit dark purple, ellipsoid, 7-9 mm. broad.
Dry slopes, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Georgia, Kentucky, and
Arkansas (Fig. 306 ).

7. V. dentatum L. Southern Arrowwood. (V. scabrellum
(T. and G. ) Chapm. ). Shrub 1-3 m. high, with close gray bark;

• I

fl

e

Fig. 311. Sambucus canadensis

Fig. 312, Sambucus pubens

Fig. 313. Baccharis halimifolia

VIBURNUM

195

young branchlets often densely pubescent, sometimes glabrate;
drupes blue-black, ellipsoid -ovoid, 5-10 mm. long. Sandy thick-
ets, Florida to Texas, north to Massachusetts, West Virginia,
Tennessee, and Missouri (Fig. 307 ).

8. V. recognitum Fernald. Smooth Arrowwood. (V. dentatum
of authoFs, not L. ). Shrub 1-3 m. high; branchlets glabrous. Damp
thickets. New Brunswick to Ontario, south to South Carolina, Ohio,
and Michigan (Fig. 308 ).

9. V. acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Arrowwood. Dockmackie.
Upright shrub to 2 m. high,with pubescent twigs; buds stalked, ap-
pressed, with 4 scales; drupes ellipsoid, purple-black. Rocky
woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Tennessee (Fig.
309 ).

10. V. trilobum Marsh. Cranberry-tree. (V. opulus L. var.
americanum Ait. ). A nearly smooth upright shrub, 1-4 m. high,
with gray bark; twigs glabrous; buds with 2 connate outer scales;
drupe orange to red, subglobose to ellipsoid, juicy. Cool woods,
Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to West Virginia, Indiana,
Iowa, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Washington (Fig. 310 ).

SAMBUCUS L. (Caprifoliaceae)

Deciduous soft-wooded shrubs or exceptionally small trees.
Twigs more or less angled, thick; lenticels very conspicuous ; pith
very large, soft, continuous. Buds solitary or multiple; terminal
bud mostly lacking. Leaf-scars opposite, broadly crescent-shapied
or triangular, large, more or less connected by lines.

a. Pith white 1. S. canadensis

a. Pith brown 2. S. pubens

1. S. canadensis L. Common Elderberry. Black Elderberry.
A stoloniferous shrub to 4 m. high, with pale yellowish-gray twigs.
Damp rich soil. Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Georgia, Louisi-
ana, and Oklahoma (Fig. 311 ).

2. S. pubens Michx. Red Elderberry. (S. racemosa of authors,
not L. ). Shrub to 4 m. tall, with light brown twigs. Rocky woods,
Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, South
Dakota, Colorado, and Oregon (Fig. 312 ).

BACCHARIS L. (Compositae)

Soft-wooded tardily deciduous shrubs with resin-passages.
Twigs slender, about 8-ridged, green; pith small, crenulate.

196 WOODY PLANTS

pale, continuous. Buds rather small, solitary, sessile, nearly ^

globose, with about 4 exposed scales, more or less enclosed in
hardened greenish resin. Leaf-scars alternate, small, angularly
crescent-shaped, slightly raised, decurrent in ridges from the
angles; bundle-traces 3; stipule-scars lacking.

1. B. halimifolia L. Groundsel- Tree. Shrub 1-3 m. high,
glabrous but somewhat scurfy; branches angled. Thickets, on the
coastal plain, Florida to Texas and Mexico, north to Massachu-
setts (Fig. 313 ).

197

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bailey, L. H. The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture.
The Macmillan Co. New York, 1935.

Blakeslee, A. F. and C.D. Jarvis. New England trees in winter.
Bull. No. 69, Storrs Agri. Exp. Sta. pp. 307-576. 1911.

Bode, I. T. andG.B. MacDonald. A Handbook of the Native Trees
of Iowa. Iowa State College, Ames. 1914.

Brooks, A. B. West Virginia Trees. W. Va. Agri. Exp. Sta.
Bull. 175. 1920.

Core, Earl L. Plant Taxonomy. Prentice -Hall. Englewood Cliffs,
N.J. 1955.

Core, Earl L. and Nelle Ammons. Woody Plants of West Virginia
in Winter Condition. Edwards Bros. , Ann Arbor, Mich. 1946.

Fernald, M. L. Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th ed. American Book
Co. New York. 1950.

Gleason, Henry A. The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora
of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 3 vols.
The New York Botanical Garden. New York. 1952.

Harlow, William M. Twig Key to the Deciduous Woody Plants of
Eastern North America. Published by the author. Syracuse,
N.Y. 4th ed. 1941.

Harlow, William M. and Ellwood S. Harrar. Textbook of
Dendrology. McGraw-Hill. 4th ed. 1958.

Hough, R. B. Handbook of the Trees of the Northern States
and Canada. The Macmillan Co. , 1955.

niick, Joseph S. Pennsylvania Trees. Penna. Dept. For. Waters,
BuU. 11. Harrisburg. 1928.

Muenscher, W. C. Keys to Woody Plants. 6th ed. Ithaca. 1950.

Otis, Charles Herbert. Michigan Trees. Univ. of Mich. Bull.
N.S., XXII, No. 26. 1920.

Rehder, Alfred. Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs.
Macmillan. 2nd ed. 1940.

198 WOODY PLANTS

Sargent, F. L. Key to Common Deciduous Trees in Winter and
Key to Common Woods. Cambridge, Mass. 1903.

Strausbaugh, P. D. and Earl L. Core, Trees and Shrubs of West
Virginia. Mimeographed. Morgantown. 1935.

Trelease, William. Winter Botany. Published by the author.
Urbana, 111. 1918.

Wiegand, K. M. and F. W. Foxworthy. A key to the genera of
woody plants in winter. Ithaca, N.Y. 1904. 2nd ed. , 1906.
3rd. ed. 1908.

199

GLOSSARY

Acuminate. Gradually tapering to a long point.

Acute. Tapering to a point, but not long-pointed; terminating

with a well-defined or sharp angle.
Adnate. (Of stipules) Attached wholly or in part to the base of the

petiole.
Alternate, (of leaves) Occurring one at each node, scattered

singly along the stem.
Annular. In the form of a ring; said of leaf scars which encircle

the bud, or of bundle scars which are circular with an open-
ing in the center.
Apiculate. Ending in a short, pointed tip.

Apophysis. The exposed portion of the cone scale of a conifer.
Appressed. (Of pubescence) Lying close or flat against tlie blade

or petiole; (of buds) lying flat against the stem.
Arachnoid. Cobweb-like.

Arborescent. Tree-like in appearance, size and growth.
Armed. Bearing thorns, spines, or prickles.
Aromatic. Fragrant, having an agreeable smell or taste.
Ascending. Arising somewhat obliquely, or curving upwards.
Auriculate. With basal lobes.

Awl-shaped. Tapering from the base to a slender or rigid point.
Awn. A long stiff hair or hair-like point.

Axil. The upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem.
Axillary. Situated in an axil.
Axis. The central line of support, as a stem.
Berry. A juicy or fleshy fruit in which the seeds are embedded

in the pulp.
Biennial. A plant in which growth begins in the spring, summer,

or autumn of one growing season, and flowering and death

occur the following year.
Bipinnate. Twice -pinnate.
Bipinnatifid. Twice-pinnatifid.
Bite mate. Twice-ternate.
Blade. The flat, expanded part of a leaf.

Bloom. A powdery or somewhat waxy substance easily rubbed off.
Bract. A small leaf-life appendage below a flower or a flower

cluster.
Bud. A rudimentary branch, during winter in the resting stage.

Scaly buds are protected by modified leaves or stipules

(scales), while Naked buds lack this protection.
Bulb. An underground bud with fleshy scales and a short axis.
Bundle scars. Small dots or lines on the surface of the leaf scar;

they are the scars of the conducting strands that served the

leaf.
Bundle traces. Same as bundle scars.

200 WOODY PLANTS

Callose. With a small, hard protuberance.

Calyx. The outer portion of a flower which sometimes persists.

Caespitose. Growing in compact tufts.

Cane. The long shoots of certain shrubs, as the raspberries,

blackberries, etc.
Capsule. A dry fruit of two or more carpels, usually splitting

into valves at maturity.
Carpel. The part of the flower or fruit which actually bears the

seeds.
Catkin. An elongated scaly cluster of flowers.
Chambered. Said of pith when divided into small compartments

separated by transverse partitions.
Channelled. Deeply grooved longitudinally.
Ciliate. With marginal hairs, especially if the hairs are in

definite lines.
Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate, but visible with the unaided eye.
Clasping. (Of the base of a petiole) Partly or wholly surrounding

the stem.
Cleft. Lobed with the sinuses extending about half way to the

midvein.
Collateral. Said of extra buds which occur on either side of an

axillary bud.
Cone. The reproductive structure of gymnosperms, consisting of

an axis to which are attached many woody, overlapping scales

which bear seeds.
Confluent. (Of leaflets) More or less united along the midvein.
Connate. (Of leaves) More or less united at the bases of the

petioles.
Continuous. Said of pith which is solid, not interrupted by cavities.
Compound leaf. A leaf in which the blade consists of two or more

separate leaflets.
Cordate. (Of the base of a leaf) With two, usually rounded, lobes

and a sinus; (of a leaf) heart-shaped.
Coriaceous. Leathery in texture,

Corm. The enlarged, fleshy, solid base of a stem (underground).
Corymb. A flat-topped or convex flower cluster, the outer flowers

opening first.
Cotyledons. The first leaf or pair of leaves in the embryo which

may be expanded and persistent in certain biennials.
Creeping. Running along at or near the surface of the ground and

rooting.
Crenate. With rounded teeth; scallop-toothed.
Crenulate. Finely crenate, the teeth small and shallow.
Crisped. (Of margins) Puckered, ruffled.
Cuneate. (Of the base of a blade) Like the acute angle of a wedge,

the narrow end pointing toward the base; (of a blade or leaf)

triangular, with the acute angle downward.

GLOSSARY 201

Deciduous. Falling off, usually at the end of the season.
Decompound. More than once -compound, the primary divisions

divided at least once again.
Decumbent. Stems or branches reclining, but the ends ascending.
Decurrent. Continued down the twig in a ridge or wing, as applied

to leaf-bases.
Deltoid. Shaped like the Greek letter A.
Dentate. Toothed, with the teeth pointing outward.
Denticulate. Finely dentate, the teeth small and shallow.
Depressed. Somewhat flattened from above.
Diaphragmed. Said of pith which is solid with transverse bars of

denser tissue at short intervals.
Digitately compound. Leaflets diverging, like the fingers spread.
Dilated. (Of the bases of a petiole) Conspicuously broadened, the

broadened part usually much thinner, atle^^t near the margins.
Dissected. Cut or divided into numerous narrow segments.
Distinct. Separate; (of leaf segments or leaflets) not confluent

with other segments or leaflets by a winged rachis or mid-

vein.
Divergent. Extending out. Said of buds which point away from the

twigs.
Divided. Cleft to the base or to the midvein.
Ellipsoid. An elliptical solid.
Elliptic. With the outline of an ellipse.
Emarginate. With a notch at the tip.
Entire. Without divisions, lobes, or teeth.
Epidermis. The outer layer or covering of plants.
Evergreen. Not falling at end of growing season, having green .

leaves in winter.
Excavated. Hollowed out; hollow.
Exfoliating. Peeling away.
Expanded. (Of the base of a petiole) Conspicuously broadened, the

broadened part not becoming very thin (cf. dilated).
Fascicle. A close cluster or bundle, as of Pine leaves.
Fibrous. Resembling fibers.

Filiform. Thread -shaped; long, slender, and circular in cross-
section.
Fimbriate. Fringed.
Flaccid. Without rigidity.

Flexuous. Zigzag; bending alternately in opposite directions.
Fluted. Grooved longitudinally.
Foliaceous. Leaf-like in appearance.
Foliolate. With separate leaflets.
Forked. Divided into nearly equal branches.
Fusiform. Spindle-shaped; swollen in the middle and tapering

toward each end.
Glabrate. Almost without hairs; with occasional hairs.

202 WOODY PLANTS

Glabrescent. Becoming glabrous.

Glabrous. Without hairs.

Gland. A small protuberance, consisting of one or more secret-
ing cells.

Glandular. Bearing glands, or any protuberance having the ap-
pearance of a gland.

Glaucous. With a bluish-white bloom which may be rubbed off.

Globose. Spherical or nearly so, globular.

Granular. Minutely roughened.

Hastate. Shaped like an arrowhead, but with the basal lobes point-
ing outward nearly at right angles.

Heath-like. Fine-stemmed and low, with small persistent leaves.

Herbaceous, Herb-like, soft.

Hirsute. Pubescent with rather coarse or stiff, usually relatively
long hairs.

Hispid. Pubescent with bristly, rigid hairs.

Hoary. Covered with close, whitish or grayish-white hairs.

Imbricated. Overlapping, as the shingles of a house.

Incised. Cut sharply and more or less deeply and irregularly into
lobes.

Inequilateral. Unequal-sided; oblique at the base.

Inflorescence. The flowering portion of a plant, and especially
its arrangement.

Introduced. Brought in from another region, especially from
Europe or Asia, intentionally or accidentally.

Keel. A ridge on the back of a bud -scale, etc.

Key. A fruit furnished with a wing or leaf-like expansion.

Lacerate. Irregularly cleft as if torn.

Laciniate. Cut into narrow, pointed lobes or segments.

Lanceolate. About four times longer than broad, widest about a
third above the base.

Lateral. Said of buds which occur on the sides of the twig.

Leaf-base. See leaf-cushion.

Leaf-cushion. A raised base on which the leaf-scar sometimes
appears.

Leaflet. One of the divisions of a compound leaf.

Leaf-scar. A patch differing in color and texture from the rest
of the twig and representing the place from which the leaf
has fallen.

Legume. A simple dry fruit, opening along two lines, as in beans,

Lenticels. Small areas of loose tissue which appear as dots or
warts on the surface of twigs.

Linear. Long and narrow, with nearly parallel margins, at least
six times longer than broad.

Lobed. A rounded segment or division of any organ; (of a blade)
more or less cut toward the midvein or base.

GLOSSARY 203

Longitudinally-veined. With the principal veins parallel or nearly

so to the apex, or almost to the apex.
Lyrate. Pinnatifid, with a large, broad, rounded terminal lobe

and small basal lobes.
Marcescent. Withering without falling off.

Membranous. Thin, rather soft, and more or less translucent.
Mucronate. With a short, sharp, abrupt tip.
Mucronulate. Mucronate, but the tip very small.
Multiple buds. Several buds in or over an axil, instead of the

customary solitary bud.
Naked. Said of a bud which is not covered by scales.
Node. The region of a stem from which one or more leaves arise.
Oblanceolate. Lanceolate, but broadest about a third below the

apex.
Oblique. Unequal-sided or slanting.

Oblong. Longer than broad, with the sides nearly parallel.
Obovate. Ovate, but broadest above the middle.
Obtuse. Blunt or rounded.
Olivaceous. Olive-green.
Opaque. Not shining or transparent.

Orbicular. Approximately circular in outline.

Oval. Broadly elliptic, about 1-1/2 times longer than broad.

Ovate. In outline like a longitudinal section of a hen's egg, broad-
est below the middle.

Ovoid. Egg-shaped, with the broadest portion near the base.

Palmately-veined. With the principal veins arising from the same
point at the base of the blade.

Panicle. A branched cluster of flowers. ■

Papillose. With minute, blunt projections on the surface.

Parted. Deeply cleft; cleft nearly but not quite to the base.

Pedicel. The stalk of a single flower.

Peduncle. The stalk of a flower cluster.

Perennial. A plant living, and usually reproducing, through more
than two growing seasons.

Persistent. Remaining after flowering, fruiting, or maturing.

Petiole. The unexpanded part of a leaf.

Pilose. Having long, soft hairs.

Pinnately-compoimd. With the blade divided into distinct leaflets
or segments along a common axis.

Pinnately- veined. With the lateral veins arranged along the two
sides of the midvein, not arising from a single point.

Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft to the middle or beyond.

Pith. The soft, spongy tissue in the center of stems and branches.

Plicate. Folded into plaits.

Polster. A cushion-like mass of vegetation.

204 WOODY PLANTS

Pome. A fleshy fruit of which the apple is a typical example.

Prickle. A spine-like outgrowth of the epidermis.

Prickly. With prickles.

Prostrate. Lying flat on the ground.

Puberulent. With very short hairs; minutely pubescent.

Pubescent. With hairs.

Punctate. With translucent or colored dots or depressions.

Pungent. Sharp pointed.

Pyriform. Pear-shaped.

Raceme. An inflorescence with flowers borne on pedicels of equal

length, and arranged on an elongated axis.
Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf.
Rank. A row; 2 -ranked meaning in 2 rows.
Recurved. Curved backward or downward.
Reflexed. Bent sharply backward.
Reniform. Kidney- shaped and broader than long.
Repand. With a slightly uneven and somewhat sinuate margin.
Resinous. Having resin.
Reticulate. Arranged as in a network.
Retrorse. Turned backward or downward.
Retuse. With a shallow notch at a rounded apex.
Re volute. Rolled backward from the edge.
Rhizome. A horizontal underground stem, usually rooting at the

nodes and becoming erect at the apex.
Rosette. A cluster of prostrate leaves having a radially symmetri-
cal arrangement.

Rostrate. Bearing a beak.

Rugose. Wrinkled.

Runcinate. Sharply pinnatifid or incised, the lobes or segments
turned backward.

Sagittate. Shaped like an arrowhead, the basal lobes pointing
downward.

Samara. A winged fruit, a key.

Scabrous. Rough to the touch when rubbed in at least one direction.

Scale. A small, rudimentary leaf.

Scarious. Thin, dry, and translucent, not green.

Scurfy. Covered with small bran-like scales.

Segment. One of the parts of a cleft or divided blade.

Serrate. With sharp teeth pointing forward.

Serrulate. Finely serrate, the teeth small and shallow.

Sessile. Without a petiole or stalk.

Seta. A bristle.

Sheath. The tubular lower part of a leaf enclosing the stem.

Sheathing. Enclosing as by a sheath.

Shrub. A low woody growth which usually branches near the base;
a bush.

Sinuate. With a strongly wavy margin.

GLOSSARY 205

Sinus. The space between two lobes of a blade.

Spatulate. Spatula- shaped or spoon-shaped.

Spine. A sharp outgrowth from the stem.

Spinulose. With small, sharp spines.

Spreading. (Of pubescence) The hairs erect, suberect, or ascend-
ing.

Spur-shoots, Short stubby branches with greatly crowded leaf
scars and very slow growth.

Stalk. The unexpanded, basal part of a leaflet.

Stellate, (Of pubescence) With three or more radiating branches
from the ends of the hairs.

Sterigmata. Very small leaf stalks of certain conifers.

Stipule. One of a pair of appendages at the base of a petiole, often
adnate to it.

Stipule-scar. Small marks or lines left by deciduous stipules.

Stolon. A runner, or any basal branch that roots at the nodes.

Stoloniferous. With stolons.

Striate. Marked with fine longitudinal lines.

Strigose. With appressed or ascending stiff hairs.

Subacuminate. Somewhat acimiinate.

Subacute. Acutish, somewhat acute,

Suborbicular, Nearly orbicular.

Subpinnatifid. Nearly pinnatifid.

Subulate, Awl- shaped.

Succulent. Juicy.

Superposed. Said of extra buds which appear above the true
axillary buds; usually flower buds.

Tapering. Gradually becoming smaller in diameter or width to-
ward one end.

Tendril. A long, slender, coiling structure serving as the organ
of attachment in some climbing plants.

Terete, Circular in cross section.

Terminal. Applied to the end bud beyond which no further growth
takes place normally until the following season.

Ternate, Divided into three segments; 3-foliate.

Thorn. A stiff, woody sharp-pointed structure which represents
a modified branch.

Tomentose, Densely pubescent with soft, matted hairs.

Truncate, Ending abruptly as if cut off transversely.

Tuber, A thick, short, underground branch or part of a branch,
with many buds.

Tuberous. With tubers,

Uinbel, An inflorescence with the flowers arising at the same point.

Umbo, A small scar on the apophysis of a cone scale of a conifer.

Unarmed. Without thorns, spines, or prickles.

Undulate. With a wavy margin; repand,

Valvate. Said of buds in which the scales merely meet at the edges
without overlapping.

206 WOODY PLANTS

Valve. One of the parts into which a capsule splits.

Verticillate. With three or more leaves at a node; whorled.

Villous. With long, soft hairs, not matted together.

Viscid. Sticky.

Whorl. A group of three or more similar leaves arising from a

node.
Winged. (Of stems, petioles, or rachises) Flattened structures
projecting out along the sides.

207

INDEX

Names underscored are synonyms.
Numerals underscored indicate
pages on which illustrations appear.

Abies, 31

balsamea, 31, 3^
Abscission layer, 5
Acer, 139

negundo, 142, 144

nigrum, 140, 142

pensylvanicum, 140, 141

platanoides, 140, 142

rubrum, 140, 142

sac char inum, 142, 144

saccharimi, 140, 142

spicatum, 140, 141
Achene, 10^ 11
Acorn, 11, 12
Aes cuius, 143

glabra, 143, 144

hippocastanum, 143, 144

octandra, 143, 144
Ailanthus, 131

altissima, 128, 131
Alder, 7, 13

Brookside, 73

Green, 71

Hoary, 71

Smooth, 73

Speckled, 71
Alnus, 71

crispa 71, 72

incana, 71

rugosa 71, 72

rugosa, 73

serrulata, 72, 73
Amelanchier, 109

arbor e a, 110, 111

bartramiana, 112, 118

canadensis. 111

humilis, 110^ 111

laevis, 112, 118

oligocarpa, 112

sanguine a, 110, 111
Ampelopsis, 147

arbor e a, 146, 147
Andromeda, 169

floribunda^ 170

glaucophylla, 168, 169

Androperianth tube, 1£, 11
Apophysis, 15
Apple, 6, 9, 10, 108
Aralia, 157

hispida, 1^56, 157

spinosa, 156, 157
Arborvitae, 14, 41
Arbutus, Trailing, 173
Arctostaphylos, 173

uva-ursi, 173, 174
Aril, 14, 15
Aristolochia, 91

durior, 88, 91

macrophylla, 91
Aronia, 109

arbutifolia, 109, 110

melanocarpa, 109, 110
Arrowwood, Downy, 193

Mapleleaf, 195

Smooth, 195

Southern, 193
Ash, 6, 12

Biltmore, 179

Black, 181

Blue, 179

Green, 179

Red, 179

White, 179
Asimina, 97

triloba, 96, 97
Aspen, Quaking, 57

Bigtooth, 57
Azalea, 163

Clammy, 167

Flame, 165

Hoary, 167

Mountain, 167

Pink, 167

Smooth, 167

B

Baccharis, 195

halimifoUa, 194, 196
Bald-cypress, 41
Balm of Gilead, 58
Barberry, 9

American, 93

European, 93

Japanese, 93

208

WOODY PLANTS

Bark, 1, 2^
Basswoodj 153

White, 153
Bayberry, 59
Beach-Heath, 154
Bearberry, 173
Beech, 11, 12, 73
Blue, 68
Water, 68
Benzoin, 98
Berberis, 93

canadensis, 92^, 93
thunbergii, 92, 93
vulgaris, £2, 93
Betula, 68

lenta, 69, 70_
lutea, 69, 2P_
nigra, 69, TO
papyrifera, 71, 72
populifolia, 70, 71
Bignonia, 185

capreolata, 184, 186
Birch, 3, 9
Black, 69
Canoe, 71
Cherry, 69
Gray, 71
Paper, 71
Red, 69
River, 69
Sweet, 69
Yellow, 2, 69
Bittersweet, 183
Climbing, 139
Black-Alder, 135
Blackberries, 116

Copsy High Bush, 117
Field High Bush, 117
Smooth, 116
Blackcaps, 117
Black Gum, 7, 157
Black Haw, 11, 193
Hack Locust, 7, 8, 9, 130
Bladdernut, 139
"Blister-Pine", 31
Blue-Beech, 68
Blueberry, Canada, 177
Highbush, 177
Late Low, 177
Low Sweet, 177
Bog-Laurel, 169
Bog Rosemary, 169

Boston Ivy, 147
Box Elder, 142
Branchlets, 3
Branch scars, 7
Bristleberries, 116
Bristly Sarsaparilla, 157
Broussonetia, 87

papyrifera, 86, 87
Buckeye, 6^
Fetid, 143
Ohio, 143
Sweet, 143
Buckthorn Alder-leaf, 145
Carolina, 145
Lanceleaf, 145
Buds, 3, 4

Accessory, 5
Axillary, 5
Collateral, 4, 5
Flower, 4, 5
Lateral, 3
Leaf, 5
MLxed, 5
Naked, 5

Pseudoterminal, 3
Superposed, 4, 5
Terminal, 3, 4_
Bud scales 3, 5
Bud scale scars, 4, 5
Buffalo- Berry, 157
Buffalonut, 89
Bunchberry, 159
Bundle scars, 4
Bundle traces, 7
Burning Bush, 137
Butternut, 4, 61
Buttonbush, 186
Buttonwood, 105

Calico-Bush, 169
Calycanthus, 97

fertilis, 96, 97

floridus, 96, 97
Calycocarpum, 94

lyoni, 94
Campsis, 185

radicans, 184, 185

Candleberry, 59

Capsule, 10, 11

Carpinus, 68

Carolinian a, 68, 70

INDEX

209

Gary a, 61

alba, 65

cordiformis, 62, 65

glabra, 64, 65

illinoensis, 65

laclniosa, 64, 65

ovalis, _64, 67

ovata, 62, 65

pallida, 67

pecan, 65

tomentosa, 64, 65
Castanea, 73

dentata, 72, 73

pimiila, 73, 76
Catalpa, 11, 186

bignonioides, 184, 186

Common, 186

Northern, 186

speciosa, 184, 186
Catawba- Tree, 186
Catkin, 13
Ceanothiis, 145

americanus, 145, 146
Cedar, Red, 14, 15, 43
Celastrus, 139

scandens, 138, 139
Celtis, 85

occidentalis, £6, 87

pumila, 86, 87

tenuifolia, 87
Cephalanthus, 186

occidentalis, 184, 186
Cercis, 129

canadensis, 128, 129
Chamaecyparis, 43

thyoides, 40, 43
Chamaedaphne, 171

calyculata, 171, 172
Cherry, 3
Cherry, Bird, 125

Choke, 127

Fire, 125

Perfumed, 125

Pin, 125

Sour, 125

Sweet, 125

Wild Black, 127
Chestnut, 11, 12, 73
Chinquapin, 74
Chiogenes hispidula, 173
Chionanthus, 183

virginicus, 182, 183

Chokeberry, 11

Black, 109

Red, 109
Cigar-Tree, 186
Cinque foil. Shrubby, 115
Cladrastis, 129

lute a, 129
Clematis, 91

verticillaris, 9£, 91

viorna, _90, 91

virginiana, 9£, 91
Clethra, 161

acuminata, 161, 162

alnifolia, 161, 1^62
Cocculus, 94

carolinus, 94
Coffeetree, Kentucky, 127
Comptonia, 61

peregrina, 61, 62
Cone, 14
Coralbeads, 94
Coralberry, 9, 189
Cork, 2

Cork cambium, 1, 2
Cornel, Dwarf, 159

Silky, 161
Cornus, 158

alternifolia, 160, 161

amomum, 160, 161

asperifolia, 159

canadensis, 156, 159

circinata, 159

drummondii, 159

florida, 156, 159

obliqaa, 160, 161

paniculata, 161

racemosa, 160, 161

rugosa, 159, 160

stolonifera, 159, 160
Cortex, 1, 2
Corylus, 67

americana, 64, 67

cornuta, 64, 67
Cottonwood, 7

Eastern, 57

Swamp, 58
Crabapple, Wild, 9, 108
Cranberry, Large, 178

Small, 178

Southern Mountain, 178
Cranberry-tree, 195

210

WOODY PLANTS

Crataegus, 112
ancisa, 113
chrysocarpa, 115
crus-galli, 114
intricata, 113
iracimda, 115
macrosperma, 113
mollis, 114
pedicellata, 115
prainosa, 114
punctata, 114, 118
spatliulata, 113
succulenta, 112
uniflora, 112
viridis, 113

Crossvine, 186

Cucuniber-tree, 95

Cupressaceae, 15

Cupseed, 94

Currant, Black, 101
Red, 103
Skunk, 103
Wild Black, 103

Cytisus, 129

scoparius, 128, 130

D

Deerberry, 177
Dewberries, 117
Diervilla, 187

lonicera, 187, 188
Diospyros, 178

virginiana, 178, 180
Dirca, 154

palustris, 152, 154
Dockmackie, 195
Dogwood, Alternate -leaf, 161

Flowering, 1, 159

Panicled, 161

Red-Osier, 159

Roughleaf, 159

Round-leaf, 159

Silky, 161
Drupe, iq, 11
Dutchman's Pipe, 91

Eglantine, 121
Elaeagnus, 155

angustifolia, 152, 155

argentea, 155

commutata, 155
Elderberry, Black, 195

Common, 195

Red, 195
Elm, 11, 12

American, 1, 13, 85

Cork, 85

Red, 85

Rock, 85

Slippery, 13, 85

Winged, 85
Endocarp, 10, 11, 12
English Ivy, 158
Epidermis, 1, 2
Epigaea, 171

repens, 172, 173
Euon3anus, 137

americanus, 137, 138

atropurpureus, 137, 138

obovatus, 137, 138
Exocarp, 10, 11, 12

Fagus, 73

grandifolia, 72, 73
Fetterbush, 171

Mountain, 170
Fir, Balsam, 31
Flowers, 11, 13
Follicle, 10, 11
Forsythia, 181

suspensa, 181

viridissima, 181, 182
Fraxinus, 179

americana, 179, 180

biltmoreana, 179

lanceolata, 179

nigra, 180, 181

pennsylvanica, 179, 180

quadrangulata, 179, 180
Fringetree, 183
Fruits, 9, 10

Dehiscent, 11

Dry, 9, 10, 11, 12

Fleshy, 9, 11

Indehiscent, 11
Fruit scars, 7

Gallberry, 135

INDEX

211

Gaultheria, 173

hispidula, 172, 173

procumbens, 172, 173
Gaylussacia, 175

baccata, 174, 175

brachycera, 174, 175

duinosa, 174, 175
Gleditsia, 127

triacanthos, 126, 127
Golden-bells, Greenstem, 181

Weeping, 181
Gooseberry, Bristly, 101

Missouri, 101

Prickly, 101

Smooth, 101
Grape, Frost, 151

Northern Fox, 149

Pigeon, 149

Possum, 151

Riverbank, 151

Sand, 151

Silverleaf, 151

Summer, 149

Winter, 151
Great Laurel, 165
Greenbrier, 7

Conamon, 45

Glaucous, 45

Hispid, 45

Laurel-leaf, 46
Groundberries, 117
Groundsel-Tree, 196
Gum, Black, 7, 157

Sour, 157
Gymnocladus, 127

dioica, j^, 127
Gymnosperm, 11, 14, 15

H

Hackberry, 9, 11, 87

Dwarf, 87
Halesia, 178

Carolina, 179, 180
Hamamelis, 103

virginiana, 102, 103
Hardhack, 107
Haw, Black, 11, 193

Red, 112
Hawthorn, 9, 11, 112
Hazelnut, American, 67

Beaked, 67

Hedera, 158

helix, 156, 158
Hedge -Apple, 89
Hemlock, 33
Hercules' Club, 157
Hibiscus, 153

syriacus, 152, 153
Hickory, 3, 11, 12

Bitter nut, 65

Oval Pignut, 67

Pale, 67

Pignut, 65

Red, 67

Sand, 67

Shagbark, 65

Shellbark, 65

White, 65
Hip, 10, 11
Hobblebush, 193
Holly, 11

American, 135

Long- stalked, 135

Mountain, 135

Wild, 137
Honey- locust, 9, 1^, 127
Honeysuckle, American Fly, 189

Bush, 187

Japanese, 189
Honeysuckle, Pink, 167

Smooth, 189

Swamp, 167

Tartarian, 187

Trumpet, 189

White, 167

Yellow, 165
Hoptree, 11, 131
Hornbeam, American, 68

Hop, 68
Horse-Che stnut, 143
Huckleberry, Black, 175

Box, 175

Dwarf, 175

Squaw, 177
Hudsonia, 154

tomentosa, 154
Hydrangea, 99

arborescens, 99, 100

Wild, 99
Hypericum, 153

densiflorum, 152, 154

kalmianum, 154

prolificum, 154

spathulatum, 152, 154

212

WOODY PLANTS

Hex, 134

collina, 135, 136
glabra, 135, 136
montana, 135, 136
opaca, 135, 136
verticillata, 135, 136

Imperial Tree, 185

Indian Cherry, 145

Inkberry, 135

Ironwood, 68

Ivy, Boston, 147
English, 158
Poison, 134

Juglans, 61

clnerea, 61, 62
nigra, 61, 62

Juneberry, 111

Juniper, Common, 43
Creeping, 43

Juniperus, 15, 43
communis, 42, 43
horizontalis, 42, 43
virginiana, 42, 43

K

Kalmia, 167

angustifolia, 166^ 169
latifolia, 166, 169
polifolia, 166, 169

Kentucky Coffeetree, 127

Kinnikinnik, 161

Leather flower, 91
Leatherwood, 155
Ledum, 163

groenlandicum, 162, 163
Legume, 10, 11
Lenticels, 4, 9
Leucothoe, 170

catesbaei, 170

editorum, 170

racemosa, 171

recur va, 168, 171
Ligustrum, 183

vuliiare, 182, 183
Lilac, 181
Linden, American, 153

White, 153
Lindera, 98

benzoin, 98, 100
Linn, 153
Liquidambar, 103

styraciflua, 104, 105
Liriodendron, 95

tulipifera, 95, 96
Locust, Clammy, 130

Black, 7, 8, 9, 130

Honey, 9, 10, 127
Lonicera, 187

canadensis, 188, 189

dioica, 188, 189

japonic a, 188, 189

sempervirens, 188, 189

tatarica, 187, 188
Lycium, 183

halimifoliimi, 182, 185
Lyonia, 170

ligastrina, 168, 170

M

Labrador-Tea, 163
Lambkill, 169
Larch, 9, 35
Lartx, 35

laricina, 34, 35
Laurel, Bog, 169

Great, 165

Mountain, 169

Pale, 169

Sheep, 169
Leaf-scars, 4, 5, 6
Leather bark, 154

Madura, 89

pomifera, 88, 89

Magnolia, 7, 94

acuminata, _92, 95
fraseri, 95, 96
Fraser, 95
Small, 95
tripetala, 95, 96
Umbrella, 95
virginiana, 92, 95

Mahaleb, 125

Maleberry, 170

Malus coronaria, 108
pumila, 108

INDEX

213

Maple, 6, 11, 12

Black, 142

Mountain, 141

Norway, 142

Red, 4, 13, 142

Silver, 142

Striped, 141

Sugar, 142
Matrimony- Vine, 185
Meadowsweet, 107
Menispermum, 94

canadensis, 92, 94
Menziesia, 167

Alleghany, 167

pilosa, leOj 167
Mesocarp, 10, 11, 12
Mistletoe, American, 89
Mockernut, 65
Mock-Orange, 98
Moonseed, 94
Moosewood, 141
Morus, 87

alba, 86, 87

rubra, 86, 87
Mountain- Ash, 11, 109
Mountain Laurel, 169
Mountain-tea, 173
"Mourning tree", 52
Mulberry, Paper, 87

Red, 87

White, 87
Muscadine, 151
Muscle-Tree, 68
Myrica, 58

asplenifolia, 61

caroliniensls, 59

cerifera, 59, 60

gale, 59, 60

pensylvanica, 59, 60

pusilla, 59, 60

N

Nannyberry, 193
Nemopanthus, 135

mucronata, 136, 137
New Jersey Tea, 145
Ninebark, 10, 11, 105
Nut, 11, 12
Nyssa, 157

sylvatica, 156, 157

O

Oak, 6, 7, 11

Basket, 79

Black, 81

Blackjack, 83

Bur, 79

Chestnut, 2, 3, 79

Chinquapin, 79

Cow, 79

Live, 81

Muhlenberg, 79

Over cup, 79

Pin, 81

Post, 77

Red, 81

Rock, 79

Scarlet, 81

Scrub, 83

Shingle, 83

Shumard, 81

Southern Red, 83

Spanish, 83

Swamp Chestnut, 79

Swamp White, 79

White, 12^ 77

Yellow, 79
Oleaster, 155
Osage-Orange, 89
Osier, Purple, 54
Ostrya, 67

virginiana, 68, 70
Oxydendrum, 171

arbor eum, 168, 171

Pachistima, 137
canbyi, 138^ 139

Parthenocissus, 147
quinguefolia, 146, 147
tricuspid ata, 146, 147

Paulownia, 10, 185
tomentosa, 184, 185

Pawpaw, 97

Peach, 125

Pear, 9, 108

Pecan, 65

Pepperbush, Sweet

Pepper-Vine, 147

Pericarp, 9, 10, 11

Periderm, 1

214

WOODY PLANTS

Persimmoii, 1, 178
Phellem, 2
Phellogen, 2
Philadelphus, 98

inodorus, 98
Phoradendron, 89

flavescens, 88, 89
Physocarpus, 105

opullfoUus, 104, 105
Picea, 33

abies, 34, 35

excelsa, 35

glauca, _32, 33

mariana, 33, 34

rubens, 33, 34

rubra, 33
Pieris, 169

floribimda, 168, 170
Pinaceae, 15
Pine, Austrian, 39

Blister, 31

Jack, 41

Jersey, 39

Pitch, 14, 39

Red, 37

Scotch, 39

Scrub, 39

Shortleaf, 39

Table Mountain, 39

Virginia, 39

White, 1, 14, 37

Yellow, 39
Pinus, 35

banksiana, 40, 41

echinata, 38, 39

nigra, 36, 39

pungens, 38^ 39

resinosa, 36, 37

rigida, 38, 39

strobus, 36, 37

sylvestris, 36, 39

virginiana, 38, 39
Pipestem, 107
Pipe vine, 91
Pith, 7, 8
Plane-tree, 105
Platanus, 105

occidentalis, 104, 105
Plum, Alleghany, 125

Beach, 123

Chickasaw, 125

Wild, 125

Wild Goose, 125

Poison-Ivy, 134

Pome, 10, 11

Poplar, Balsam, 58
CaroQima, 58
Lombardy, 1, 57
White, 57

Populus, 55
alba, 56, 57
balsamifera, 58
deltoides, 56, 57
eugenei, 58, 60
gileadensis, ^6, 58
grandidentata, 56^, 57
heterophylla, 58
nigra, 56, 57
tacamahacca, 58
tremuloides, 56, 57

Potentilla, 115
fruticosa, 115

Prickles, 8_, 9

Privet, 6, 183

Primus, 121

alleghaniensis, 122, 125
americana, 124, 125
angustifolia, 124, 125
avium, 124, 125
cerasus, 125, 126
hortulana, 124, 125
mahaleb, 125, 126
marltlma, 122, 123
pensylvanlca, 124, 125
persica, 124, 125
serotina, 126, 127
virginiana, 126, 127

Ptelea, 131

trifoliata, 128, 131

Purple Osier, 54

Pyrularia, 89
pubera, 88, 89

Pyrus, 108

americana, 109
arbutifoUa, 109
communis, 106, 108
coronaria, 106, 108
malus, 106, 108
melanocarpa, 109

Q

Quercus, 74
alba, 76, 77
bicolor, 78, 79
borealis,~~8l
coccmea, 80, 81

INDEX

215

falcata, 82, 83
ilicifolia, 82, 83
imbricaria, 83, 8£
lyrata, 76, 79
macrocarpa, 78^ 79
marilandica, 83^ 84
michauxii, 78, 79
montana, 79
muehlenbergii, _78, 79
palustris, 80, 81
prinus, 79, 80
prinus, 79
rubra, 80, 81
shiunardii, 81, _82
stellata, 76, 77
velutina, 81, 82
vlrglniana, 81

R

Raisin, Wild, 193

Raspberry, 116
Black, 117

Purple Flowering, 117
Wild Red, 117

Redbud, 11, 129

Red Cedar, 14, 15, 43

Red Haws, 112

Red-Root, 145

Rhamnus, 143

alnifolia, 144, 145
caroliniana, 145, 146
lanceolata, 145, 146

Rhododendron, 183, 165
arborescens, 164, 167
calendulaceum, 164, 165
canadense, 164, 165
catawbiense, 162, 165
maximum, 162, 165
nudiflorum, 164, 167
roseum, 164, 167
viscosum, 164, 167

Rhodora, 165

Rhus, 131

aromatic a, 132, 134
canadensis, 134
cppallina, 132, 133
glabra, 132^ 133
radicans, 132, 134
toxicodendron, 134
typhina, 132, 134
vernix, 132, 134

Ribes, 99

americanum, 102, 103
cynosbati, 100, 101
glandulosum, 102, 103
hirtellum, 101, 102
lacustre, 101, 102
missouriense, 100, 101
prostratimi, 103
rotundifolium, 100, 101
triste, 102, 103

Robinia, 130

pseudo-acacia, 128, 130
viscosa, 130

Rosa, 117

acicularis, 121
canina, 121, 122
Carolina, 121, 122
eglanteria, 120, 121
multiflora, 119, 120
palustris, 121, 122
serrulata, 121
setigera, 119, 120
virginiana, 121, 122

Rose, 9, 10j_ 11
Dog, 121
Multiflora, 119
Northern, 121
Pasture, 121
Pasture, Low, 121
Prairie, 119
Rambler, 119
Swamp, 121

Rose Bay, Mountain, 165

Rose of Sharon, 153

Rubus, 115

allegheniensis, 117, 120
argutus, 117
canadensis, 116
flagellaris, 117
idaeus, 117
occidentalis, 117, 120
odoratus, 117, 118
phoenicolasius, 117, 118
setosus, 116
strigosus, 117, 118

Russian Olive, 155

St. John's-Wort, Dense -flowered, 154
Kalm's, 154
Shrubby, 154

216

WOODY PLANTS

Salix, 46

alba, 51

amygdaloides, 51

babylonica, 52

bebbiana, 54

caprea, 46, 53

caroliniana, 51

cinerea, 53

discolor, 46, 53

fragilis, 51, 52

glaucophylloides, 52

humilis, 54

interior, 52

lucid a, 50

nigra, 44, 51

petiolaris, 53

purpurea, 46, 54

pyrifolia, 52

rigida, 52

sericea, 53

serissima, 50

subsericea, 53

tristis, 54
Samara, 11, 12
Sambucus, 195

canadensis, 194, 195

pubens, 194, 195

racemosa, 195
Sarsaparilla, Bristly, 157
"Sarvis", 111
Sassafras, 98

albidum, 98, 100

officinale, 98

Red, 98

variifolium, 98

White, 98
Savin, Creeping, 43
Scotch Broom, 130
Scuppemong, 151
Seeds, 9, 10
Serviceberry, Common, 111

Downy, 111

Glade, 112

Low, 111

Round leaf, 111

Smooth, 112
Sheepberry, 193
Sheep- Laurel, 169
Shepherdia, 155

argentea, 152, 157

canadensis, 155
"Shrub", 97

Shrubby Althaea, 153
Silverbell-Tree, 179
Silverberry, 155
Smilax, 45

glauca, 44, 45

hispida, 44, 45

laurifolia, 44, 46

rotundifolia, 42, 45

tamnoides, 45
Snowberry, 189

Creeping, 173
Soapberry, 155
Solanum, 183

dulcamara, 182, 183
Sorbus, 109

americana, 109, 110
Sour Gum, 1, _2^ 157
Sourwood, 171
Spicebush, 98
Spiraea, 105

alba, 104, 107

Corymbed, 107

corymbosa, 106, 107

Japanese, 107

japonica, 106, 107

latifolia, 104, 107

tomentosa, 104, 107

Virginia, 108

virginiana, 106, 108

Wild, 107
Spruce, Black, 33

Box, 33

Norway, 35

Red, 33

White, 33
Spur shoots, 9
Staphylea, 139

trifolia, 138, 139
Steeplebush, 107
Stipules, 7, 8
Stipule scars, 4, 7, 8
Strawberry Bush, 137

Trailing, 137
Strawberry-Shrub, Hairy, 97

Smooth, 97
Sumac, Aromatic, 134

Dwarf, 133

Poison, 134

Smooth, 133

Staghorn, 133
Sweet Bay, 95
Sweetbrier, 121

INDEX

217

Sweet Fern, 61

Sweet Gale, 59

Sweetgum, 105

Sweet-Scented Shrub, 97

Sweet Shrub, 97

Sycamore, 11, 105

Sjonphoricarpos, 189
albus, 189, 190
orbiculatus, 189, 190
racemosus, 189

Syringa, 181

vulgaris, 181, 182

Tacamahac, 58
Tamarack, 35
Tamarisk, 154
Tamarix, 154

gallica, 154
Taxodium, 41

distichum, 40, 41
Taxus, 31

canadensis, 31, 32
Teaberry, 173
Tecoma, 185
Thorns, 9
Thuja, 15, 41

occidentalis, 40, 41
Tilia, 151

americana, 150, 153

heterophylla, 150, 153
Toothache- Tree, 131
Toxicodendron radicans, 134

vernix, 134
Toxylon, 89
Trailing Arbutus, 173
Tree of Heaven, 131
Trumpet Creeper, 185
Tryma, 11, 1^
Tsuga, 31

canadensis, 32, 33
Tuliptree, 2, 7, 8, 95
Twigs, 3,4,5,6^7, 9
Twig- 3 car, 5

U

racemosa. 85
rubra, 84, 85
thomasi, _84, 85
Umbo, 15

Vaccinium, 175

angustifolium, 176, 177
canadense, 177
corymbosum, 176, 177
erythrocarpum, 176, 178
macrocarpon, 176, 178
myrtilloides, 174, 177
oxycoccos, 176, 178
stamineum, 174, 177
vacillans, 176, 177

Viburnum, 191

acerifolium, 192, 195
alnifolium, 190, 193
cassinoides, 190, 193
dentatim, 192, 193, 195
lentago, 190, 193
nudum, 190, 193
opulus, 195
prunifolium, 192, 193
pubescens, 193
rafinesquianum, 192, 193
recognitum, 192, 195
scabrellum, 193
trilobum, 192, 195

Virgilia, 129

Virginia Creeper, 147

Virgin's Bower, 91
Piirple, 91

Vitis, 147

aestivalis, 148, 149, 151
argentifolia, 148, 151
bailejrana, 151
cordifolia, 151
labrusca, 148, 149
riparia, 148, 151
rotundifolia, 150, 151
rupestris, 150, 151
vulpina, 150, 151

W

Ulmus, 83

alata, 85, 86
americana, 84, 85
fulva, 85

Wahoo, 137
Walnut, 11
Black, 61
White, 61

218

WOODY PLANTS

Water-Beech, 68
Wax-Myrtle, 59

Dwarf, 59
White-Alder, 163
Wild Raisin, 193
Willow, 8^ 11

Autumn, 50

Balsam, 52

Beaked, 54

Bebb, 54

Bitter, 54

Black, 51

Brittle, 51

Carolina, 51

Cordate, 52

Crack, 51

Cricket-bat, 51

Dwarf Prairie, 54

Dwarf Upland, 54

Dune, 52

English, 51

Florist's, 53

Glaucous, 53

Goat, 53

Heartleaf, 52

Longleaf, 52

Peachleaf, 51

Prairie, 54

Pussy, 13, 53

Sandbar, 52

Shining, 50

Silky, 53

Slender, 53

Upland, 54

Ward's, 51

Weeping, 1, 52

White, 51

Wineberry, 117
Winterberry, 135
Wintergreen, Spicy, 173
Wisteria, 130

frutescens, 130
Witch-hazel, 11, 13, 103
Withe rod. Smooth, 193

X

Xanthorhiza, 93
apiifolia, 93
simplicissima, 90, 93

Yellow- Poplar, 95
Yellowwood, 129
Yew, 14

American, 31

Zanthoxylum, 130

americanum, 128, 131

r

J-

$5.95 Woody Plants in Winter ISBN: 0-910286-02-7

bv Earl L. Core and Nelle P. Ammons

A manual to identify trees and shrubs in winter. Profusely
illustrated with line drawings. Covers the northeastern United
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Quebec and Ontario to the north-western corner of Minnesota.

Another useful book is . . .

FOREST WILDLIFE PLANTS

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Monongahela National Forest

by Roy B. Clarksun, Wm. Homer Duppstadt, and Roland L. Guthrie

This book provides non-technical descriptions, keys, and illustrations
of the most common plants found in the Monongahela Natibnal Forest.
The book is designed primarily for forest personnel, although it will be
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the forest of the region.

iHo^-J ? ISBN: 0-910286-82-5

^7.95/

^ >r <^

The Boxwood Press, 183 Ocean View Blvd., PaclHc Grove, CA 93950