UC-NRLF

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C 2 b77 171

WORKING PLAN

YH004397

FOR THE

FORESTS

OF THE

BAN JAR VALLEY RESERVE

MANDLA FOREST DIVISION, NORTHERN
CIRCLE, CENTRAL PROVINCES,

FOR THE PEEIOD

1904-1935.

BY

A. A. DUNBAR BRANDER. Es<).,

. Deputy Conservator of Forests.

ALLAHABAD :
PRINTED AT THE PIO.VERR

1906.

AGRICULTURAL

CENTRAL PROVINCES ADMINISTRATION..

ebenue |pqrartment.

No. 7495.

Nagpur, the zoth November 1905.

READ —

Working Plan Report for the forests of the Ban jar Valley Reserve in the Mandla
Forest Division.

READ ALSO —

Letter No. 8 1 8- W. P., dated the I2th August 1905, from the Inspector-General of
Forests, and enclosures.

RESOLUTION-

The plan has the approval of the Inspector-General of Forests and calls for no
special remarks. The Chief Commissioner sanctions its introduction with
retrospective effect from the ist July 1904.

OKDER — Ordered that a copy of this Resolution be forwarded to the Govern-

CoBservator of Forests, Nor- ment of \n^\a jn the Department of Revenue and Aeri-

them Circle ; Commissioner, , . .' . . . . ,

lubbuipore Division; Deputy culture, tor information and transmission to the inspector-

Commmioner Mandia; ana the General of Forests and to the officers noted on the

Reporter on Economic Products

to the Government of India. margin.

E. H. BLAKESLEY,
Chief Secretary to the Chief Commissioner,

Central Provinces.

S«cK. Prew, N»gpur:-No, 1603 R.D.— 31-1105,— I2o.

•

No. 8i8-W. P., dated Simla, the iatb August 1905.

From — S. EARDLEY WILMOT, Esq., Inspector-General of Forests to the Govern-
ment of India,

To — The Hon'ble the Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces.

In accordance with Article 88 (i) of the Forest Department Code, I
have the honour to forward for your orders a working-plan for the forests of
the Banjar Valley Reserve, Mandla Forest Division, drawn up by Mr. A. A.
Dunbar Brander, Officiating Deputy Conservator of Forests, and received with
the Conservator's letter No. 2994, dated the i4th June last, a copy of which is
enclosed.

2. The plan meets with my approval, and I recommend its adoption with
retrospective effect from the ist July 1904, the date from which fellings were
prescribed to begin. I would point out that the data on which the possibility
is based are apparently far from reliable, and that if in practice it is proved that
this is the case, it would be in the end both cheaper and more satisfactory if the
entire area were enumerated for Sal trees of the I and II classes and the felling
scheme revised in accordance with the results obtained.

No. 2994, dated Jubbulpore, the I4th June 1905.

From— The Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Central Provinces,
To— The Inspector-General of Forests, Simla.

With reference to correspondence resting with your letter No. 205-W. P., dated the th
October 1904, and in accordance with Article 88 (1) of tbe Forest Department Code, I have
the honour to submit, herewith, in duplicate, for your approval and transmission to the
Honourable the Chief Commissioner, the working-plan, finally printed off, for the forests
of the Banjar Valley Reserve in the Mandla Forest Division.

2. 1 also append a skeleton map on the scale of inch = i mile prepared from the origi-
nal survey sheets submitted.

3. A copy of my letter forwarding a draft Working-Plan Report to the Commissioner,
Jubbulpore Division, as well as a copy of his letter in reply is also enclosed.

4. If approved I would request that the provisions of the working-plan may be
sanctioned with retrospective effect so as to include the year 1904-05, the first year for
which fellings are prescribed.

No. 7239, dated Jubbulpore, the zoth October 1904.

From— A. F. GRADON, Esq., Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Central Provincn,
To— The Commissioner, Jubbulpore Division.

Through Deputy Commissioner, Mandla.

I have the honour to forward for your perusal a draft Working-Plan Report for the
working of the Banjar Reserve, Mandla Division, drawn up by Mr. A. A. Dunbar
Brander, Officiating Deputy Conservator of Forests, Chanda Division, Southern Circle.

I trust an early return of the draft with your approval will be possible.

No. 951 , dated the 6th February 1905.

From — M. W. FOX-STRANOWAYS, Esq., I. c. s., Commissioner, Jubbulpore Division.
To — The Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Central Provinces.

I have the honour to return the draft Working-Plan Report for the Banjar Reserve
forwarded with your letter No. 7239, dated the 2Oth October 1904, and to express my
approval of its provisions. I regret the delay which has occurred, but the .re.jjo.rt. whiclj
had been referred back to the Deputy Commissioner by my predecessor teioMdj trrt^ onfy;
on the i8th January after which a further reference hid to be made. .-. .

388106

Table of Contents.

PART I.

Summary of facts on which the proposals are based.
CHAPTER I. — DESCRIPTION OF THE TRACTS DEALT WITH.

PARAGRAPH i.— Name and situation.

2. — Configuration of the ground.

3. — Underlying rock and soil.

4. — Climate.

5.— Effects of the climate during the sleeper works of 1901 — 1903.

6. — Agricultural customs and wants of the population.

7. — The customs of Baigas.

CHAPTER II. — THE COMPOSITION AND CONDITION OF THE FORESTS.

PARAGRAPH 8. — Distribution and area.
9. — State of the boundaries.
10. — Legal position.
u. — Rights.

12. — Composition and condition of the crop, mixed forest.
13. — Sal forests.
14. — Grass land.

15. — Injuries to which the crop is liable. Fire.
1 6. — Frost.
17. — Climbers.
1 8. — Insects.

CHAPTER III.— SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT.

PARAGRAPH 19.— Past and present system of management.
20.— The sleeper works of 1901 — 1903.

2 1 . —Special works of improvement undertaken. Fire protection.
22. — Plantations. Teak.
23.— Sisso and Khair.
24. —Roads.
25. — Buildings.
26. — Past revenue and expenditure.

CHAPTER IV. — UTILIZATION OF THE PRODUCE.

PARAGRAPH 27. — Marketable products.
28. — Lines of export.
29. — Markets.

30. — Mode of extraction and its cost.
31. — Net value of produce. Sal timber.
32. — Other forest produce.

CHAPTER V.— MISCELLANEOUS FACTS.

PARAGRAPH 33.— The Forest staff.
34. — Labour supply.

PART II.

Future management discussed and prescribed.
CHAPTER VI.— BASIS OF PROPOSALS.

PARAGRAPH 35. — Working circles how composed. Reasons for their formation.
36. — Compartments. Justification of the Sub- division adopted.
37. — Analysis of the crop, method of valuation employed.

CHAPTER VII.— METHOD OF TREATMENT.

PARAGRAPH 38.— Objects sought to be attained. Method of treatment adopted.
39. — The exploitable age.

CHAPTER VIII. -THE FELLINGS.

PARAGRAPH 40.— The general working scheme. Calculation of the possibility.
41- — Period for which the fellings are prescribed.
42. — Areas to be felled annually or periodically.

43 — Order of their allotment and tabular statement of fellings to be made.
44- — Nature and mode of executing the fellings.
45- — Forecast of condition of crop at their conclusion.
46. —Thinnings or other improvement fellings.

CHAPTER IX. — SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS.
PARAGRAPH 47. — Grazing and other rights.
48. — Nistar.
49- — Improvement common to whole area. Fire lines.

CHAPTER X.— MISCELLANEOUS.

Miscellaneous prescriptions.
PARAGRAPH 50. — Stocking of blanks.

51- — Correction and maintenance of map.

52.— Collection of Ral.

53.— Roads.

54.— Changes proposed in the Forest Staff.

55.— Buildings.

56. — Financial Results.

APPENDICES.

A. MAPS.— A complete stock map (4" = i mile) showing Sal, Blanks and mixed forest areas, has

been prepared by myself. In addition the maps show boundaries of the area deal'
with.
Boundaries of the different Blocks.

Do- do. compartments and sub-compartments

Do- do. coupes.

Areas containing teak area set apart for experiments.
Existing roads.

Alignments of prescribed road and fire lines.
Existing fire lines, interior and exterior.
Forest villages.

B. Description and contents of compartments by Blocks.

C. Statement showing areas of different classes of forest by Blocks.

D. List of trees found in the reserve with vernacular names and uses.

PART I.

SUMMARY OF FACTS ON WHICH THE PROPOSALS ARE BASED.

CHAPTER I.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TRACTS DEALT WITH.

1. The forest with which this Working Plan deals forms part of the Banjar Range

and is called the Ban|ar Valley Reserve ; it is situated in the
southern part of the Mandla district and lies on the 22° N. latitude

and 80° longitude. The forest is 34 miles from Nainour, the nearest Railway Station on the
Bengal-Nagpur line, and is about the same distance from Mandla, the headquarters of
the district.

2. The ground varies in elevation from about 1,700 to 2,800 feet, and, as will be

afterwards pointed out, these differences in elevation have a

Configuration of the ground. marked effect Qn ^ natufe Qf ^ growjng

The configuration of the ground is essentially hilly. Broadly speaking, the area is
surrounded by a line of steep and rugged hills rising to an elevation of 600 feet above
the enclosed plains, the interior being composed of less conspicuous hills, and in many
parts of more or less even ground.

The hills comprise a part of the Maikal Range. Many of the larger hills are charac-
terised by having flat tops of some extent known locally as " Dadars."

The gradient of the hills is steep, the surrounding country slopes gradually up to
the base of the hills, which are well marked. The drainage is good throughout, the whole
area being much cut up by streams. The most important of these are the Sulkum and
the Ghangar, both of which contain abundant water throughout the year.

The larger portion of the area eventually drains into the Banjar River ; only a small
portion on the east of the forest drains into the Halon River.

3. The forest is situated in the Deccan Trap area. An extraordinary mixture of

different rocks is met with ; gneiss conglomerate, trap, lime-
stone, clay, laterite and shale being found in close proximity.

The soil derived from these rocks is generally good and favourable to forest growth consist-
ing of a sandy loam, of good depth, frequently reddish in colour. In the low-lying portions
there is an admixture of black soil. On the tops and slopes of the higher hills the soil is
shallow, large masses of naked rock being often exposed.

Iron is often met with in scattered lumps. Mica is exceedingly abundant everywhere
and is present in the water in minute particles.

4. The year may be divided into three seasons, the cold, the hot and the rainy seasons.

The cold season commences about the middle of October and
gradually merges into the hot season about the middle of March.

The temperature varies from 70° in the day time to 5° below freezing point at night,
and as the range of temperature is both great and rapid, the cold is much felt and causes
great damage to trees in low-lying parts and hollows.

The hot season terminates on the bursting of the monsoon, which takes place about
the end of June.

Severe hailstorms not infrequently pass over the country in April and do much
damage to sal foliage.

The hot season temperature goes up to IOO° in the shade during the day, but owing
to the masses of vegetation, and the high altitude, the heat is never excessive and the
nights are always cool.

The rainy season lies between the hot and the cold seasons. The rainfall varies
from 50 inches to 60 inches, most of which falls in July, August and September.

The hot weather months are the healthy months, the rainy and cold months being
correspondingly unhealthy. Fever is very prevalent in the rains, while fever and lung com-
plaints are common in the cold weather.

5. In the event of, at any future date, works of similar nature to the sleeper works of
1 901 — 1903 being undertaken, the following facts may prove

Effects of the climate during u^efui ._
the sleeper works of 1 901 —
1903.

Men imported from outside the district suffer more from fever than local villagers. If

men are imported in any numbers the following percentages may be written off as unfit for
work :—

November j March 1 July |

December [ 0. April Liv0/ August 0/

January f ' May September

February June October

Owing to the presence of minute particles of mica in the water, workmen suffer much
from bowel complaints and skin irritation. Daring the cold weather months the forests are
infested with ticks whose bites cause great itchiness and frequently run to sores.

6. The surrounding villages are small, and chiefly inhabited by Gonds and Baigas-
Agricultural customs and The cultivators' requirements are small, being limited to a certain

wants of the surrounding amount of wood and bamboos for burning, building, agricultural
population. implements and fencing. There is also a demand for grazing

during the rains, when crops and flooded rivers limit the village grazing grounds. Nistar
paidawar and grazing are permitted under the commutation system which is discussed in
Chapter IX of this Working Plan.

The agricultural methods and customs of the Gonds and other cultivators surrounding the
forest are those common to tribes similarly situated elsewhere in the Central Provinces and
need not be described in detail here. It will not be out of place, however, to describe more
fullv the customs of the surrounding population of Baigas, who look upon the forest as their
primary source of subsistence, and consequently have a considerable effect on the forest
growth.

7. Nearly every village adjoining the forest has a population of Baigas attached to it

who subsist in a precarious way by doing work for the cultivators

Customs of the Baigas • ,, i . * •_ •", r -Y-.

especially, as regards supplying them with forest produce. I hese

Baigas forebears had been in the habit of practising " shifting cultivation'1 locally termed
" Bewar", in what at present constitutes reserved forest, and it is to them we owe the large blanks
which are found in the Sal forest, such as Parsa, Tola, Kopedabra, Kanha, &c. In these places
the Baigas had apparently made more or less permanent settlements, but owing to the severe
famine of 1874 they were abandoned and have not been re-occupied. The subsequent creation
of the reserve in 1879 has since excluded them. The present generation of Baigas have not
as yet settled down to cultivation. They still largely depend on the reserve for their subsist-
ence, into which they make excursions for several days at a time, collecting fruits, hunting and
fishing.

Fishing consists in damming streams and poisoning pools with Tinsa bark in consequence
of which most of the Tinsa trees in the reserve have been ruined. In other ways also the
Baiga is destructive, he is inordinately fond of using his axe.

In order to rob a bee's nest they will notch a fine Sal tree to the top or will even cut the
tree down. The same applies to the collection of Ral. For the sake of this comparatively
worthless minor product, great numbers of the finest Sal trees have been and are being annu-
ally felled. In remote parts of the forest what would amount to heavy fellings have been fcund
made by Baigas for the sake of Ral. There is no doubt also that most of the forest fires are
due to Baigas who have entered the forest on some expedition. They are also inveterate
poachers and by means of traps, stakes, pits and spears they account annually for a large head
of game.

Baigas, on the other hand, have their redeeming qualities. They are first rate axemen,
and as such are very useful when fellings have to be made. They are the men who clear
and burn the fire lines annually at which they are experts, and they are especially useful in
burning internal fire lines in remote places, where it is difficult to induce others to work. It
also falls to their lot to collect Harra, Bee's wax, dropped horns, kosa, and without their aid
the quantity of minor forest produce realized would seriously diminish.

What is required in order to redeem the Baigas is firstly to induce them to settle and
cultivate and look upon the soil as their primary means of support ; secondly, to prevent them
making independent expeditions into the forest ; and thirdly, to give them plenty of regulated
employment of a congenial nature inside the reserve of which there is abundance to keep them
busy.

CHAPTER II.

THE COMPOSITION AND CONDITION OF THE FORESTS.

8. The forest consists of a compact block 1 5 miles long by 10 miles broad. The total area

of 62,512 acres is composed of three distinct types of forest, namely,
Distribution and area. mixed, Sal, and grass land which have been carefully mapped and are

found in the following proportions : —

Acres.

Mixed forest ... ••• 3

Sal forest ... - ••• 18,672

Blank 8>594

Teak

Forest villages ... ... ••• ••• 379

9- The outer boundary consists of a cleared line, 30 feet wide, with pillars made of

upright sal beams fixed in cairns of stones, at corners and con-
State of boundaries.

spicuous points.

The line is cleared and burned annually as a protection against fire, the pillars, how-
ever, are only renewed from time to time as required. Besides the outer boundary just
described there is in many places an interior boundary line which was the original boundary
line of the fire protected area when the forest was first gazetted in 1879, but has since
become an interior line owing to subsequent extensions of the fire protected area in 1889.
Since that date it has been neglected and is now only faintly traceable on the ground. There
is no reason why it should be maintained.

10. The forest was declared Reserved Forest in Central Provinces Gazette Notification

No. 917 A. of March ist 1879, under Section 34 of the Indian
Forest Act. In 1889, the area was extended by including 10,880

acres of the unprotected Malidadar forest within the fire protected area. The Malidadar
forest was declared a reserve in Gazette Notification No. 888, dated 22nd February 1879.

Again, in the year 1894, the area was added to when the Kisli malguzari forest of 750
acres in size was obtained.

This area was declared Reserved Forest in Central Provinces Gazette Notification
No. 2462 of 24th May 1894, under Section 19 of Act VII of 1878, Indian Forest Act, being
exchanged for an area of the same extent in the Sona forest, Mandla Range.

The area with which the Working Plan deals is composed of the three areas above
mentioned and is known as the Banjar Valley Reserve.

11. The Reserve is free from all rights. There are two forest villages situated inside

the Reserve. Of these Kisli has been occupied seme time ; the other,
Barnni Dhadar, is an old village site which has been recently

re-occupied, and as it has not yet been demarcated it has not been shown on the map and the
area has been included in the grass land situated inside mixed forest lands.

The demarcation and mapping of this village is a matter which should be carried out
at once.

It is highly undesirable that more villages should be created inside the Reserve. There
is abundance of unoccupied ground outside the Reserve to satisfy all demands for land
as well as an ample supply of labour to meet all ordinary requirements. A village situated
inside the Reserve greatly increases the danger from fire and the damage done by villagers
wandering axe in hand through the forest is great and is difficult to control.

Besides these there are a number of villages situated in the Mandla and Balaghat districts,
which' adjoin the Reserve. The inhabitants of these are permitted to exercise certain
privileges of nistar, Paidawar and grazing within the Reserve.

12. There are three distinct types of forests, namely, mixed,
d condition °£ sal, and grass lands, each of which will be described in turn.

Mixed forest. — Mixed forest, excluding blanks according to the stock map, covers 34,850
acres of the Reserve. It is composed of those trees and shrubs usually met with in the
torests of the Central Provinces, teak, however, except in some parts where it has been- arti-
ficially introduced, is absent. The mixed forests are found almost exclusively on the hills,
sides and tops, commencing at an elevation of 2,000 feet and extending upwards. The forest
is dense and has an undergrowth of bamboos. The height growth is generally poor : as the
mixed forest adjoins the sal forest there is a certain area of debatable ground between
the two which can best be described as mixed forest containing sal. In preparing the
stock map it has been thought sufficient to show as mixed forest even forest containing
sal when the sal was not present in workable quantities. Sal trees occruring in mixed
being at the limit of their area and therefore in unfavourable conditions, are poor
in height growth and often topsore. Teak, where it has been introduced in two places,
has thriven well and should later on reproduce itself. Owing to the scarcity of teak in
these and surrounding forests more might be done as regards introducing it. The flat

11 tops called " Dadars " are often covered with grass and only sparsely stocked with trees,
they have for the most part been mapped ; but as the present Working Plan deals chiefly with
sal and exclusively with sal timber, extending only to mixed forests as regards minor forest
produce, it has not been thought necessary to prepare the stock maps of the mixed forest
with such care and detail, as the stock maps of the sal forests. From the stock maps the

ixed forest area is made up 01 mixed forest 34,850 acres, grass land 1,854 acres. None of
these 36,704 acres are capable of producing sal timber.

The names of the trees commonly found in mixed forest have been given in the
Appendix.

The reason why sal does not extend up the hill sides is probahly not on account of the
elevation, but rather owing to the shallowness of the soil, it being a coincidence that an eleva-
tion of 2,000 feet or over coincides with a stony shallow soil.

13. The areas containing sal forest lie between the mixed forest and the grass land, that
Sal forests 's to SA^' Detween the elevations of 2,000 feet and 1 ,800. The sal

crop Varies considerably according to the locality, as will be seen

in the description of compartments, given in the Appendix ; it will, therefore, be sufficient here
to describe only normal conditions of sal forest and to indicate shortly in which respect the
crop varies.

The sal forest of the Banjar Valley Reserve has the appearance of a somewha: irregularly
worked selection forest.

All age classes are found in close proximity, those of the middle age, i.e., from 3' to ^'6'
in girth predominate. Mature trees are tall, clean, straight, 70 feet in height and 5 to 6 feet in
girth. Underneath these trees and slightly dominated by them, is a full crop of trees and
poles 30 to 60 feet in height and varying from 3' to 4/6' in girth ready, as soon as the domi-
nant trees have been removed, to take their places. Under the poles, again, and suppressed
by them, is a dense mass of suppressed seedlings, generally suffering from the effects of frost
and fire, but which, nevertheless, will eventually succeed in forcing their way up.

Few other trees are associated with sal, those chiefly found are saj, tinsa, tendu, haldu
lendia, dhawa.

The soil is bare or scantily covered with grass.

Travelling through the sal forest in an upward direction towards the mixed forest one
notices that the density of the stock diminishes. Young seedlings give place to bamboos, the
height growth of the mature trees is less and other species begin to appear in greater numbers.
As one assends still further, many of the trees are topsore especially amongst the pole classes,
until one gradually passes into the type of forest already described as mixed forest containing
sal.

Forests differing from the above types are met with as follows : —

In exceptionally favourable localities trees reach a height of 120 feet and a girth of 1 1 feet.
In poor localities mature trees only attain a height of 50 feet arid 5 feet in girth, and instead
of being clean and straight stemmed may be crooked, unsound and covered with epicormic
branches.

Regeneration is sometimes entirely absent without apparent reason or the crop may be of
so open a nature that regeneration is prevented by frost.

Teak occurs in one place associated with sal where it was planted in 1882, a full des-
cription is given elsewhere.

14. Grass Land is of two types, namely, that which is found inside mixed forest, and
Grass Land l^at wn>c^ is found in sal forest. The former has already

been cursorily described under the heading of mixed forest

to which it properly speaking belongs, and as it never has contained, or could contain,
sal, the description need not be added to here. The latter type of grass land is found in
the lowest portion of the Reserve from 1,700 to 1,800 feet in elevation, that is to say, below
and adjoining the sal forest in which the grass lands properly speaking constitute blanks.

The boundary between the grass land and the sal forest, unlike that between sal forest
and mixed forest, is abrupt and well marked, being terminated by a wall of middle-aged sal
trees.

The present total area of grass land inside sal forest is 6,740 acres of which it is estimat-
ed 675 acres are situated in river beds or swampy places and therefore incapable of ever
bearing sal trees. The remaining 6,065 acres, however, are capable of producing first class
sal. At present they are covered by isolated trees or clumps of trees, occasionally sal, more
generally other species, such as tendu, tinsa, saj, semar, cheola, lendia, her, bahera, &c.

Between these trees lies an undulating plain of long rank grass full of seedlings of sal
tendu, saj, semar, dhawa which have attained the height of the grass and no more, being
annually cut down by frost.

Clumps of sal which occur in blanks have usually a large old tree standing near their
centre and it has been noticed that the trees gradually decreased in size and age towards
the edge of the clump. From this it is safe to conclude that the old mother tree had already
got its head above the level of the frost, at the time when the forest was cut down. Since
then youn<* sal have grown up under its shelter, which again sheltered younger sal, and thus
the clump was gradually extended. Similarly, round the edge of the sal forest the same
process is going on, young seedlings appear 200 yards inside the grass lands in numbers Only
those, however, immediately next to the sal forest succeed in establishing themselves. In this

5

manner the forest is gradually encroaching on the grass lands, but the process is an exceed-
ingly slow one, it is useful, however, in indicating the lines along which any attempts at
artificial reproduction must proceed.

Grass lands are caused in the first instance by a number of trees having been destroyed
in one spot, so that the shelter was removed, subsequently frost has prevented regeneration.
Man has been the chief agency in this matter.

All the extensive blanks existing at present were at one time village sites

15. Fire and frost are the two chief injuries to which the crop is liable. Great precautions

against fire should be taken as it not only does inestimable damage

is liablJeUri<FireWhiCh "^ '=r°P in itself> but also> bv °Pening out the forest> introduces frost, where-
by the damage becomes a lasting one. Owing to the quantities

of grass and the inflammable nature of sal wood, fires are more than usually difficult to extin-
guish and from time to time the Reserve has been almost completely burned over. The last
great fire which occurred was in 1897 when the forest burned for six weeks. The damage
then done is still clearly seen on the ground. Many of the larger trees were completely
burned down or are still standing black and charred. Others, again, were partially burned,
but are still living and of little use even as shelter wood. All the young undergrowth had
been burned out and is only now coming up again from the root, and many poles had been
entirely killed out and have not reproduced themselves.

The most serious damage, however, done by the fire was in thinning out the forest and
admitting frost.

16. Two large areas in the Kanha and Kisli blocks, amounting to 2,572 acres have, owing

Frost to fires and subsequent frost, been necessarily for the present

excluded from the coupes prescribed in this Working Plan. These

areas are now covered by charred trees of large size with an undergrowth of grass, palms
and sal seedlings, which latter are yearly frosted back and show no signs of establishing
themselves in the near future. Besides these areas there are a larger number of smaller areas,
similarly ruined, which have been found too small to map, but whose total acreage must be
large.

Frost is especially severe in the low lying parts, in hollows and in blanks, and annually
kills off a large number of poles besides killing off all seedlings found in blanks and thui
effectually preventing regeneration.

Along the edge of blanks frost kills off all the lower branches of sal trees up to a height of
15 or 20 feet according to the severity of the frost, with the result that the trees become
either topsore or covered with epicormic branches both of which have an injurious effect on
the timber.

17. Climbers do much damage to sal trees and have killed and destroyed many. They
Climbers are esPec'a"y liable to develop in an area that has been worked

over. Provisions are made in this Working Plan in order to curtail
the damage as much as possible.

It has been noticed that climbers are particularly numerous in the higher portions of the
sal forest in shallow and stony ground.

Climbers are very numerous in the mixed forests and appear on the hill sides like a dense
belt extending from about 1 to £ up the hill. There is no doubt they spread from there into
the adjoining sal forest, but prescriptions for dealing with them in such places would for the
present be out of place.

1 8. Serious damage by insects to healthy trees has not been noticed. But a defoliating

Insects caterpillar does much damage in the Motinala and Phen Reserves

and it is therefore probable that the same insect occurs periodically

in the Banjar Valley Eeserve. Trees when felled are readily bored by a large species of
beetle.

Many apparently sound trees when felled were found to contain a circular hole, or knot
extending throughout the hole, which greatly detracts from the value of the timber. The
cause is not known, but it is probably fire or frost or both. The number of unsound
trees varies greatly in localities ranging from 10 to 40 per cent.

CHAPTER III.

SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT.

19. Past and present system of managements have both been irregular. The Reserve

has hitherto been worked at intervals, according as a demand arose,

of management™5 anc* in consequence the forests have at times oeen overworked and

then allowed to remain unworked for a number of years, until the
next demand arose.

1903.

The chief work undertaken in the past of which there is any exact record is the sleeper
works of 1887-88 when 10,890 broad gauge sleepers were sawn up in the forest and carted to
Gondia and Jabbalpur.

The number of trees felled amounted to 3,500. From traces at present found on the ground,
the whole area must have been worked over and none but the finest trees felled.

Previous to 1887 and as early as 1864 the Banjar Reserve was worked for sleepers and
scantlings which were taken to Jabbalpur where at that time there seems to have been a steady
market for this class of produce. During this period sanction was given to cut annually
700 trees, but this figure must have been at times exceeded as in 1870, 55.OOO broad gauge
sleepers were sawn in the forest and carted to Jabbalpur.

2O. Since 1887-88 the Reserve has practically supplied no sal timber, until the present
time. In 1901, the present sleeper works were commenced and
Leeper works of 1901- continued till March 1903. During that period 130,000 small
gauge sleepers were sawn in the forest and carted to Nainpur,
a distance of 34 miles, where they were disposed of to the Bengal Nagpur Railway at the rate
of Re. 1-5-0 per sleeper.

The work of cutting and transporting the sleepers was at first entrusted to a contractor,
who was to receive 12 annas for each sleeper passed at Nainpur. The contractor failed owing
to several causes, chief amongst which were his reliance on local labour and means of trans-
port, and his desire to make too much profit out of his contract. After the dismissal of the
contractor on the I5th June 1902, the work was undertaken departmentally. During the
rains sawyers from outside the district were imported, and arrangements made to carry the
sleepers by camels. The camels, although eventually proving a failure, through want of
camel fodder in the neighbourhood, were nevertheless useful in carrying sleepers in October
and November, during which months carts even if available can hardly be used. By slightly
increasing the rates for sawing and carting it was found that sufficient men could be retained
on the works, and as the rates were attractive rules were easily enforced. The whole works
were completed in March 1903.

The rates paid were as follows : —

Logging, anna t to i-6per cut.

Sawing, annas 4 per sleeper.

Carting, annas 5-4 per sleeper.

Felling at 9* and barking, annas 3-9 mean rate per tree.

It was found that local men are quite unreliable and given to running away. They
should therefore be looked upon as merely a supplement to men imported from outside.

It was also found that men will not come on to the works without an advance of pay
which is subsequently difficult to recover.

The area worked over during the sleeper works of 1900-1903 amounted to 6,883 acres
composed of mixed forest 2,072, sal 3,174, blank 1,637.

This area is included in the last 5 coupes of the 30 years rotation prescribed.
The area worked over comprises 15 compartments of this Working Plan.
The following table shows the number of trees cut and girths of same : —

No. of compartments
worked over Kisli
Block.

Area of sal forest
in acres.

GIRTH CLASSES.

Total felled.

4 to 5 ft. dead and
dying only.

5' to 6'

6' to 8'

8' and over.

' 1,2,4,9,10.

3,174

«,439

3,542

',53'

44*

6,954

From these figures it was calculated that the mean girth of trees cut was 6'i*; total
cubic contents of the trees was 256,630 cubic feet calculated up the stem to a girth 2'6'.
Thus for the area worked over the yield was 2-2 trees or 80-85 cubic feet per acre of sal
forest.

The area worked over is typical of the best type of sal forest at present found in the
reserve, these figures are therefore highly instructive as indicating, what the mean annual
yield of the reserve will be, and it is from these figures, which are known to be accurate and
which arc, moreover, the results of actual fellings, that the yield has been estimated.

Special works of Improvement undertaken.

21. Protection from fire has been attempted with varied success. There is an outer fire

line 49 miles long cleared and burned annually at a cost of Rs. 3
Fire prote ^ m\\c. Besjdes this there are three interior fire lines maintain-

ed at a cost of Rs. 4 per mile. — one running from Katie to Sitabuldi through Kanha, a dis-
tance of 14! miles, a second from Kanha to Sarwantal, a distance of 3^ miles, and a third from
Misli to Indri, a distance of one mile. There are also 7 paths having a total length of 27
miles which are annually cleared at a cost of Re. i per mile.

22. There are three teak plantations which have been mapped and have a total acreage

of 17 acres. Two of these plantations are found in mixed forest
and one in sal forest. They were made in 1882 by planting out

teak which had been raised in nurseries: the planting seems to have been carried out with
great care, the results have been partially successful. The teak planted in the mixed forest
areas has thriven and will later on reproduce itself. The teak planted in sal forest has
thriven and is as vigorous as surrounding sal regeneration, the trees in small openings have
attained a height of 2O feet. Teak planted in the open adjoining the sal forest has been
frosted back and has only a height of 6 feet, it has nevertheless succeeded better than
naturally sown sal on the same area.

23. Sisso and khair were also planted in the same year ; no signs of the sisso have

been found, but the khair is still existing. Khair was planted as
a shelter wood under which, when established, it was hoped that

the sal would succeed in regenerating itself naturally, after which the khair was to have been
utilized as a set off against the initial expenses of planting. The experiment, however, was
a failure. The " khair" trees still exist, but have not thriven, and as this species is, at all times,
a poor shelter wood, and, moreover, is not found elsewhere in grass lands, its choice was not a
happy one. Young sal found under the khair trees do not at present show any improvement
over sal growing in the open.

24. A road from Kisli to Bailwani through Kanha and another from Kanha to Sondhar

were constructed in 1886. These roads were well constructed and
can be repaired at small cost.

In 1901 a road was constructed from Kisli to Nainpur and the road from Kisli to
Kanha repaired. In the same year a number of small forest roads were made for the
extraction of sleepers. Most of these will shortly disappear, but two at any rate, namely,
from Kisli to Julk and Kisli to Gortara, will remain serviceable for a number of years.

25. Buildings. In 1902 a large and comfortable forest bungalow
was constructed at Kisli and close to it a well was dug.

26. Below are given the average figures of the past 5 years of revenue and expendi-
ture for the reserve, that is to say, from 1895 to 1900. The years

Past revenue and expenditure. • i j j • , ,

1901 and 1903 have not been included, as during them the sleeper
works were in progress and consequently the figures for these years are abnormal.

REVENUE.

Rs a. p

RI« ... ... ... ... ... 5'9 i 9

R II c ... ... ... ... ... ii 10 7

R II a ... ... ... ... ... 48 7 9

R II e ... ... ... ... ... 35 o o

R Vc ... ... ... ... ... 34 15 5

Total ... ... ... ... 649 3 6

EXPENDITURE.

Ale ... ... ... ... ... 100

A I e ... ... ... ... ... 158 ii o

A II ... ... ... ... ... 146

A VI c ... ... ... ... ... 132

A VII a ... ... ... ... ... 8 13 3

A VII b ... ... ... ... ... 37 7 6

A Vile ... ... ... ... ... 462

A VIII a ... ... ... ... ... 3 14 4

A VIII d ... ,.. ... ... ... 29 15 4

A VI1I/ ... ... ... ... ... 1,088 12 10

AVIII^ ... ... ... ... ... 2 9 8

A IX b ... ... ... ... 527

Total ... ... ... .... 1,343 4 4

Rs. a. p.

B I c ... ... ... ... ... 1,199 i 10

B I d ... ... ... ••• ... 75 ii 10

B II c ... ... ... ... ... 151 46

Bill/ ... ... ... ... ... 58 2 7

Total B ... ... ... 1.484 4 9

Total A and B ... ... ... 2,827 9 i

CHAPTER IV.

UTILIZATION OF THE PRODUCE.
Marketable products. 27. Marketable products are as follows :—

Sal timber for export. Tinsa, saj, lendia, bija, dhawa, dehangan poles and logs for
local consumption.

Bamboos and firewood for local use.

The minor forest products are lac, horns, hides, harra, ral, honey, wax, tikhur, bichandi
(root of a shrub) and fruits of mohwa and achar, grass for thatching and fodder.

28. There is only one line of export for sal timber, namely, to Nainpur Railway
Line of export station, a distance of 34 miles. A good fairweather road at

present exists to this place and can be maintained at small
annual cost.

Other forest produce will find its way along existing tracks to the market towns such
as Mandla, Bamni and Baihar

29. Lately there has been no steady demand for sal timber. The construction of the
MarketJ Bengal-Nagpur Railway and of the Gun Carriage Factory at

Jubbulpur has for the present made a large demand for sal

timber, and it is hoped that the Ordnance Department will be a steady consumer in the
future. The construction of the Bengal-Nagpur Railway within 40 miles of the forest has
greatly facilitated the work of transport, and it is hoped that by putting a steady supply of
eal timber in the market annually purchasers will be attracted and a steady demand created.
Jubbulpur and Nagpur are the places where a market is looked for.

30. Extraction of timbers can be done by carts directly to the railway from most

parts of the forest, only in certain of the most difficult places
cjfod will a hauling elephant be necessary.

From December till April abundance of local carts will be available for transport,
these local carts are only capable of removing 18 cubic feet of sal at one time, and if
larger logs than this have to be exported, the large class of carts called " Bandis" will
have to be obtained from elsewhere which will not be easy. However by squaring the
timber it should be able to transport, by means of local carts, logs to meet even a special
demand for timber of large size.

The question of roads has been carefully considered and all the main roads which it
is necessary to make have been plotted on the map. The cost of extraction and carting
of timber to the Railway Station will vary from 4 to 5 annas a cubic foot according to the
situation of the annual coupe.

31. Sal timber. — The only steady market which has as yet been found for sal
Net value of produce timber is the Ordnance Department who will require annually

a certain amount of first class sal timber. The Gun Carriage

Factory and the Ordnance Department at present pay the Forest Department Rs. 1-2 and
Rs. 1-8 per cubic foot respectively for sal extracted from the Motinala and Phen Reserves.
The cost of carting this timber from these reserves is 14 annas per cubic foot, whereas it has
been calculated that timber can be carted to Nainpur from the Banjar Reserve at Re. 0-5-6
per cubic foot and thence transported at an additional cost of 2 annas per cubic foot by rail to
Jubbulpur, thus a saving of 6 annas 6 pies per cubic foot in transport alone is effected by work-
ing the Banjar Reserve instead of the Motinala and Phen Reserves. The selling rate of sal
timber has been discussed under " Financial Results, " and it is there shown that a profit of
1 2 annas per cubic foot may reasonably be expected.

32. The following table shows the net value of other produce. It should be borne

in mind, however, that the amount of these products is in some
°f °thCr instances small and in others the demand can be fully supplied

from forests more closely situated to the market : —

Name of product.

Costs of bringing to the
market.

Sale price at market
(Maadla).

Profit or net profit.

Rs. a. p.

Rs. a. p.

Rs. a. p.

Bija logs ...

043 per cubic foot ...

o 10 o per cubic foct...

059 per cubic foot.

Tinsa, Landia ._ ... I
Dh.iwa ... ... j

50 o o per too poles ...

50 O 0 per I oo poles ...

to o o per 100 poles.

Bamboos ... ...

i 4 o per 100

200 per loo

o 13 o per loo.

Lac(Gubri) ...

900 per maund

19 0 O per maund

300 per maund.

Lac(Kusam) ._

900 do. ...

14 o O do. ...

500 do.

HOPDS (Samber and Bars-
smga)

600 do.

780 do.

I 8 o do.

Horns (Chital)

15 8 o do.

60 o o do.

44 8 o do,

Harr»

o 10 o do.

o 14 6 do.

046 do.

Kosa „

I 8 o per 1,000

240 per|i,ooo ...

o 12 o per 1,000.

Ral

240 per maund

580 per maund

340 per maund.

Tikhur

340 do.

600 do.

3 12 o do.

Mohwa

o 12 o do.

0 12 o do.

Cbironji

600 do.

10 o o do.

400 per maund.

CHAPTER V.

MISCELLANEOUS FACTS.

33. The present sanctioned forest staff for the Banjar Reserve consists of the Range
Forest Staff whose headquarters are at Kisli, under whom there arc :

3 Foresters, Deputy Rangers or Senior Forest Guards who act as assistants to

the Range Officer.
1 8 Forest Guards, and
I Range Moharrir.

Out of these the following are employed on the Banjar Reserve, i.e., the area with
which this Working Plan deals : —
I Forester.
9 Forest Guards.

Beside these men 35 fire guards are annually engaged from February I5th to June I5th
at Rs. 4 per month each. These men are all engaged in the Banjar Reserve for fire protection

34. There is an ample and expert labour supply as regards felling already present
Labour supply. around the Reserve, sufficient local labour is also available for

all -logging and squaring purposes ; if, however, more sawing than
this isjequired, labour will have to be imported from elsewhere.

PART II.

FUTURE MANAGEMENT DISCUSSED AND PRESCRIBED.
CHAPTER VI.

BASIS OF PROPOSALS.

35. The Banjar Reserve is treated as one working circle, because it comprises one
compact block of forest situated in one Range and has one

of expo

circles, bow com-

and Kanha. They have been chosen and marked on the map
according to their local lines of export which coincide with the different water sheds they
lie in. Thus the Kisli block lies inside the Ghangar basin and the Kanha block in the Sulkan
basin.

36 These two blocks have again been divided into compartments apportioned

Com artmeuts how com- *S foll°WS : In the Kisli block 3° and in the Khana block 59

pose™1" compartments have been made, as large as possible, in order to

fully describe the areas under sal. Their boundaries are natural

IO

features such as water-sheds and streams, roads have only been used as boundaries when of
a permanent nature. It has been necessary to make 10 sub-compartments, 4 in the Kanha and
6 in the Kisli block. Owing to the open nature of the forests found in these sub-compart-
ments it has been necessary for the present to exclude them from the felling areas prescribed
in the Working Plan. For the same reasons compartment 20 of the Kisli block has been
excluded from the felling urea.

Analysis of the crop, method
of valuation employed.

37. Daring the years 1901, 1902, 1903, 3,174 acres of sal
were worked over. The number of trees felled were as follows : —

4 to 5 feet dead and

dying.

5 to 6 feet.

6 to 8 feet.

Over 8 feet.

Total.

«.439

3,54»

',53'

442

6,549

These give an average of 2'2 trees per acre. During these years, however, dead and
dying trees of under 5 feet in girth were cut and also all sound trees of 5 feet in girth and
over, whereas the prescriptions of this Working Plan limit fellings to trees of 6 feet in girth
or over and half the trees of 5 to 6 feet in girth.

With the aid of these figures a careful eye estimate of the yield of each compartment
has been made and it has been calculated that the maximum yield is 19,084 trees which gives
a mean annual. yield of 636 trees or a yield of i-2 trees per acre.

CHAPTER VII.

OBJECT SOUGHT TO BE ATTAINED AND METHOD or TREATMENT.

38. The object sought to be attained is the maintenance of these forests as high forest
in such a condition as to yield the largest possible sustained outturn of timber suitable
for market requirements.

The method of treatment adopted is the removal of mature, overmature and dying trees
under a" system of selection fellings with a view to keeping up the supply of large timber.
Even if the selection system was undesirable on other grounds, it is the only form of
treatment possible owing to the danger of admitting frost.

39-

The exploitable age or girth.

It would be desirable to fix an age-limit for the exploitation of sal. Information,
however, on this point is very meagre as yet and it is not consi-
dered advisable to prescribe any working on the age basis. The
actual age of a tree of a certain girth is not very important at present. The most
important point is to consider the girth best adapted to meet the most general demand
for timber and to consider how to supply it without overworking the forest. It may be
noted here that in the neighbouring Topla Reserve where conditions are much the same as
in the Banjar Reserve the mean rate of increase in girth has been found to be about -43'
per annum. This gives the age of a 6 feet tree as being about 170 years. As far as can be
seen at present the most important and steady demand for timber in the future will be the
Gun Carriage Factory at Jubbulpur. As their latest timber specification lays down a mean
girth of 66" it is clear that to avoid the risk of rendering ourselves unable to meet the require-
ments of this market we must fix the exploitable girth at 6 feet. As far as we know at
present sal under overage conditions attains maturity with a girth of 6 feet, though this figure
varies according to the factors of the locality. So far, however, the demand of the market
and sylvicultural requirements agree. Further experiments in the Banjar Reserve are re-
quired to assist in establishing this question.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE FELLINGS.

40. A felling rotation of 30 years has been fixed, and pro-
vided that the demand equals the supply the whole forest will be
worked over during this period.

The general working scheme,
calculation of the possibility.

Mature trees of 6 feet in girth otherwise termed " first class trees" may be felled, as
also half the number of trees from 5 to 6 feet in girth termed " second class" trees/ The
annual possibility has been based on the number of stems of exploitable girth and the coupes
have been arranged compatible with other considerations so as to give an approximately
equal annual yield. The maximum possibility will, therefore, consist of all existing first class
trees and half existing second class trees.

41. The total sal area has been divided into 30 annual coupes fixed with a view to
„ . , , equalizing the annual yield. The possibility fixed is a maximum

prescribed0"" one and should not be worked UP to should there be sylvicultural

objections to the removal of any portion of the crop that composes
it, should this not bejjustified by the demand. Each coupe may be kept open for 2 years

II

and after the expiry of this period such portions thereof which, in the opinion of the Conser-
vator, have not been fully worked over, should be brought forward as an unworked balance
in the Control Forms. Such unworked areas should be worked over before a fresh coupe is
opened. Should the coupes be worked departmentally dare should be taken to restrict felling
to a certain specific portion of the coupe which is deemed to be sufficient to meet the
demand and which may happen to fall short of the prescribed possibility. All collection of
timber in depots in anticipation of a demand not presently apparent is to be deprecated. Dead
trees have not been included in the possibility, they may be removed annually over the whole
area according as the Conservator may see fit.

42. The total area of sal forest is 18,672 acres of which 1 29 acres consist of small isolated

clumps or are situated in inaccessible positions and have therefore
orAerfodicane ^^ aDnua"y been excluded from the felling areas. Similarly 2,572 acres of

sal have been excluded for sylvicultural reasons. The balance of

acres 15,971 have been divided into 30 annual coupes. From an eye estimate it has been
calculated that the maximum total yield is 19,084 stems which divided by 30 gives a mean
annual yield of 636 stems. It has not been possible to arrange the coupes so as to fix the
annual yields exactly at this figure, but compatible with questions of transport and working
this has been done as far as possible. Each coupe has been made to consist of one or more
entire compartments.

J[ Out^^of ljvm^{G~*^**ff I

Dead trees/have not been included in the possibility. It is estimated that the yield of
dead trees of 3 feet girth and over will be about i tree to every 4-4 acres.

43. As part of the Kisli block has already (in 1901) been worked over to the extent of

4 coupes, it was deemed best to proceed and work out the Kisli

'. ., £. ,, , . ..

block before proceeding to the Kanha block, more especially as
the Kisli block is the most accessible and easily worked of the blocks. It is, moreover, on
account of its rich and vigorous growing stock specially indicated for early working on
sylvicultural grounds. Turning now to annual coupes these have been arranged primarily in
order to facilitate transport so that all the coupes adjoining a road are worked out successive-
ly before proceeding elsewhere, where another road would have to be made. Secondary to
transport, sylvicultural requirements have been taken into consideration in allotting the
coupes.

Order of allotment.

The following is a tabular statement of the fellings to be made : —

Year of working.

COUPES.

REMARKS.

Compartments which
form coupe.

No. of coupe.

Salana
acres.

Number of
trees which
may be felled.

1904—1906

25, 29, 30

I

533

728

1905—1907

26, 27,

11

4"3

544

1906—1908

22B. 23 B. 24 B.

III

441

534

1907-1909

19 B, 21 B. 28

IV

483

543

1908—1910

17 18 B

V

463

545

1909—1911

56, 57

VI

409

537

1910—1912 „

7, 47

VII

508

720

1911 — 1913

13 B. 31

VIII

449

627

1913—1914

32 33, 35

IX

545

695

1913—1915

26, 28, ag, 30

X

577

722

1914—1916

22, 27

XI

555

7'i

1915-1917

li B. 14

XII

570

748

1916 — 1918

"5. «7

XIII

437

543

1917—1919

16, 18, 19

XIV

498

«45

1918—1920

9, 10, 13

XV

540

641

1919—1921

4, 8

XVI

506

689

1920—1922 ...

I, 2, 20

XVII

49*

612

1921—1923

3 5 B. « B,

XVIII

569

736

1922—1924

34, 46

XIX

55'

739

'923— >92S

37, 38, 44

XX

499

618

12

COUPES.

Year of working.

Compartment? which
form coupe.

No. of coup:.

Salana
acres.

Number of
trees which
may be felled.

REMARKS.

1924—1926

42, 43. 59

XXI

473

604

1925—1927

52. 58

XXII

488

57«

1926—1928

45. 48, 49

xxai

580

739

1927—1929

S=, 5i

XXIV

487

582

1928—1930

53, 54, 55

XXV

741

750

1929-1931

5, 7

XXVI

652

647

1930-193*

3, 6

xxvn

60 1

57'

'93'-«933

"4, 15- I«

XXVIII

701

568

1932-1934

ii, «, 13

XXIX

648

624

1933— >93S

I, *, 4. 9. «o

XXX

57»

544

Total ...

...

*••

I5-97I

19,084

44- The trees which may be marked for felling are : —

All first class trees.

Half of the second class trees.

Nature and mode of execut-

inj the felling.

I.
2.
•£>

Besides these, dead trees may be removed over the whole area as already indicated.
Details as to the mode of executing the markings and fellings may be left to the Conservator.
It is important that trees on the edges of blanks should not be felled and that in executing the
fellings the creation of even small blanks should be avoided.

Should the demand be reasonably certain to fall short of the probable supply, trees
much in excess of the demand should not be marked and in this case trees to be selected by
the marking officer should be those that are mature and dying.

45. At the conclusion of the felling rotation all trees of very large girth, that is to say, of

8 feet and over, will have disappeared. On the other hand, the

forest wil1 be more uniform as re?ards the &rowing stock ^d the
result of the increased fire protection is likely to produce a better

regeneration.

46. Thinnings are not necessary, although in some of the denser parts of the forest their

action would be beneficial, still, unless entrusted to highly-skilled
hands more harm than good might result, and as it is unlikely that
the Forest Divisional Officer could personally devote much of his
time to this work, they have not been prescribed.

ing rotation.

Thinnings and
provement fellings.

other im-

All climbers should be cut when the trees are marked for felling and subsequently at
intervals of 15 years. At the same time miscellaneous species suppressing promising young
sal growth should be girdled.

CHAPTER IX.

SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS.

47. At present grazing is not permitted from the isth February to the 15th June, that is

Grazing and other rights. to sav' during the Period when fire protection is considered neces-
sary. This practice may continue.

lotion

48. The inhabitants of surrounding villages remove ' nistar' from the Reserve under the
commutation system. They are permitted to fell various miscel-
laneous species. The result is that many trees which would act

rules. as nurses to young sal at present struggling to maintain an

existence in the blanks have been cut out. By this means the

filling up of grass lands with sal is being retarded.

Surrounding villages have ample areas situated elsewhere from which they can satisfy
their requirements, and as the exercise of this privilege increases the danger from fire com-
mutation for nister or other forest produce should not be permitted inside the Reserve.

13

49- In para. 21 of the Working Plan reference has been made to the present fire
regulations and their success in the past. The lines which arc

Improvements common tothe tnerejn mentioned in detail are shown on the maps. The present
outer fire line is sufficient in order to prevent the entrance of fire

from surrounding areas. The present interior fire lines act as a check on fire when it has
once entered the Reserve ; they are, however, not sufficient. All existing roads and align-
ments of roads prescribed should therefore be maintained as interior fire lines.

MISCELLANEOUS PRESCRIPTIONS.

50. There are at present 6,065 acres of grass land in the Reserve from which the reve-

nue derived is negligible, but which are nevertheless capable of

Stocking of blanks. producing first class sal forest and from which the yield might be

as high as that obtained from the richest part of the Reserve. Owing to a lack of persever-
ance and an unhappy choice of a shelterwood efforts to restock grass land with sal have so far
failed. Efforts to restock similar areas in other provinces have also been unsuccessful. The
task of converting blanks into sal forest is therefore not an easy one, and this fact combined
with our limited knowledge on the subject, has made it advisable to limit for the present any
attempts on these lines to experiment. Every effort should be made to discover a suitable
method of restocking blanks. With this view an area situated in the Kisli grass lands has
been mapped as suitable for such experiments. The lines which these experiments should
take are indicated as follows : —

Any attempt at introducing sal without first establishing a shelterwood will fail. Con-
ditions at present existing in the grass land clearly demonstrate this and also show what
species are suitable as shelterwood, viz., Salai (Boswellia serata), Tendu (Dyosfyros melanoxy-
lon), Cheola (Butia frondosa), Semar (Bombax malabaricum) and bamboos.

These and other species should be introduced either by sowing or planting or from cut-
tings. Little is known as to the capabilities of Indian trees to reproduce themselves from
cuttings, but it is known that many do, amongst others bamboos and salai.

It is possible, therefore, that a suitable shelterwood may be quickly produced by planting
large cuttings at the end of the hot weather. A shelterwood thus introduced will have the
advantage of commencing life somewhat above the frost level and will also be capable of
attaining a suitable size for shelterwood at an earlier date than trees introduced by sowing.
Experiments in the lines above mentioned should be commenced at once and maintained until
success is achieved or until it has been clearly demonstrated that the task is an impossible
one.

51. The Range Officer should carefully check and correct the existing stockmaps for

each coupe as it comes to be worked over. In this manner the
Correction of maps. stock maps at the end of the felling rotation will be absolutely
correct.

52. Ral. — This comparatively worthless minor product has been the cause of much

Collection of Ral damage to valuable sal trees in the past. As the temptation to

notch and cut down trees in order to facilitate its collection is so

great, and as no adequate check can be maintained on the methods by which it has been ob-
tained, the collection of ral should be in the future entirely prohibited.

53. The question of roads has been carefully considered and all the main roads neces-
sary have been plotted on the map. They will have to be construc-
ed as the adjoining areas come to be worked. The roads should
be strongly constructed at Nalas, on hillsides or at difficult
places so that when the next period arrives only repairs will be necessary.

Construction
ance of roads.

and mainten-

The following table gives farther details concerning the roads : —

Existing Roads.

From

To

Distance,

Remarks.

Khatua ...
Kanha _
Kisli ... _

Bbilwani
Sarwantal
Jhuluk

14! miles.
3^ miles.
4 miles.

These roads will require
Rs. 8 per mile for repairs
when they come to DC
used A

Kisli up Ghagur and through
torests.

Pillar No. 60

3| miles.

Roads of a permanent nature which it is necessary to make and which have been plotted
on the map : —

From

To

Distance

Estimated cost.

Rs. a. p.

Kanha ...

Sole

5^ miles ...

95 o o

Orua

Kisli-Belwani road by Sarwahi ...

4^ miles

190 o o

Between Pillar 25 and 26 _

Kafedabra ._

4j miles ._

no o c

These roads run through the main sal areas. From them it will be necessary to make
short branch roads of a purely temporary nature in order to ezploit each coupe. Owing to
their temporary nature it has not been thought necessary to mark them on the map. It is
estimated that temporary roads will average 6 miles a year and will cost approximately
Rs. 50 per annum.

54. The range should always be held by a trained Range Officer of proved merit. The

prescriptions of the Working Plan will entail the necessity of
rwMtSta& Cbanges in the adding one forester and three forest guards to the present staff.

The duties of these men will be to assist the Range Officer in
marking tress, superintending fellings, logging, extraction of timbers, &c.

55. A forest rest house and new range quarters have recently been built at Kisli. A

hut exists at Kanha, but it is no longer serviceable and should be

Building.'.

replaced by a rest house similar to the one recently built at Kisli,

the cost of which will be Rs. 1,300.

56. The financial results cannot be estimated with any certainty as only one market

for sal timber has as yet been found. The following figures

Financial result and selling h ; hat respects this Working Plan will effect the annual

rates of sal discussed. -,,. . .. , .

revenue and expenditure. VV ith the object of calculating the

minimum rate per cubic foot at which sal timber should be sold at Nainpur, expenditure and
loss of revenue has been divided inlo two classes according as it is directly due to the work-
ing of the sal forests or not.

Expenses incurred not directly due to the working of sal forests : —

Whether capital or recurring.

Reasons for expenditure or loss of revenue.

Amount.

Rs.

R lie. — Recurring ._

Loss of Revenue due to prohibition of the collection of Ral per

20

annum.

A VIIA.-Capital

Cost of erection of Rest House at Kanha ... ._

1,300

A VIII^.— Recurring ...

Estimated cost of experiments to restock blanks per annum ..

4"

A VII1/— Capital

Expenditure on clearing roads and alignment of roads as fire

73

lines i8| miles.

A VIII/- Recurring ._ _

Up-keep of above fire lines ... ... _

73

Total

1,506

Expenses directly due to the working of sal forests.

Item of expenditure and estimated rates,

Total mean
cost per
annum.

Rs. a. p.

A VI11/ ...

Cost of marking trees ... _ —

40 o o

BIc

Cost of increase ef staff ... ... ... ... _

366 o o

A la

Cost of felling and barking trees at mean rate as. 3-9 per tree

149 i o

A la

Cost of logging at 3 cuts per tree at Re. 0-1-6 per cut ...

178 14 o

A la _

A VIU

Cost of extraction and carting timber to Nainpur at 0-5-9 annas per
cubic foot taking 40 cubic feet to a tree.
Cost of road making ... ... ... ...

7,95° o o
50 o o

A Vie _

Incidental expenses, tools ... ... ... ...

50 o o

Total

8,783 15 o

15

Thus the mean annual expenditure in connection with working the sal forests is calculated
at Rs. 8,784. The mean annual yield is 636 trees which are calculated to yield on an average
40 cubic feet per tree or 25,440 cubic feet. Thus the expense of landing a cubic foot of sal
timber at Nainpur is 5| annas. It is not likely that this rate will be exceeded.

The royalty on sal timber is four annas a cubic foot. Considering the quality of timber
produced a profit of at least 12 annas per cubic foot might be expected. The price of sal
timber at Nainpur should therefore be not less than Re. 1-2-0 per cubic foot.

Another point which suggests that a profit of 12 annas per cubic foot may be expected is
the fact that the sal timber at present landed in Jabbulpur from the South Phen and Motinala
Reserves fetches Re. 1-2 to 1-8 per cubic foot. If timber from the Banjar Valley is to be
landed at Jabbulpur, an additional expenditure of 2 annas per cubic foot will be incurred on truck
hire from Nainpur to Jabbulpur, thus making the cost of landing sal timber at Jabbulpur to.be
7i annas per cubic foot. It is reasonable to expect that an average price of Re. 1-5 per cubic
foot will be obtained at Jabbulpur for sal timber in the future in which case the profits will be
Re. 013-6 per cubic foot, thus the expected revenue from sal timber is Rs. 21,465. From the
above figures it will be noticed that the cost of transport is by far the largest item in the
expenditure and that any arrangements which would reduce the cost by even I or 2 annas
per cubic foot would probably result in a saving. When a steady market at the above
rates and when some experience in working the forests have been obtained some saving On the
cost of transport will probably be possible.

The following is a tabular statement showing estimated revenue and expenditure by
subheads complete for the Banjar Valley Reserve : —

REVENUE.

From

Rs. a. p.

RI a Sal timber ... ... ... 33)39O o o

RII c ... ... ... 12 o o

Rlltt ... ... ... 48 o o

RII« ... ... ... 15 o o

RV c ... ... ... 35 o o

Total ... 33,5oo o o

EXPENDITURE.

Ala ... ... ... 11,925 o o

AI c ... ... ... i o o

AI e ... ... ... 159 o o

AVI c
AVII a
AVII b
AVII c
AVIIIa
AVllld
AVIII/

AIX b
BI c
AVIII b

Total ... 15,131 o o

From the above figures it is calculated that the financial results will be a net annual profit
of Rs. 18,369 for the area with which this working plan deals.

16

APPENDIX B.

Description of Compartments.

Name of
Block.

No. of compart- 1
ment.

ARKA IN ACRES.

Coupe in
which com-
>artment is
included.

Sal.

Mixed.

Black.

Total.

Kisli.

I

49

177

396

622

XXX

Sal area is insigni6cant, a large mixture of other

species. Regeneration is poor. Large trees in

excess. Sal area is likely to extend within the

next 30 years. Was worked over in 1901, the

yield will be considerably below normal. Yield

estimated at 49 trees.

i.. .

3

125

433

1 60

718

XXX

Sal area is small. Crop is good except where it

adjoins the mixed forest. Middle aged trees

predominate. Height growth is good and re-

generation vigorous. Above the average type

of sal forest found in the Reserve. Was felled

over in 1901. Owing to this yield will be re-

duced when next felled over. Yield estimated

at 102 trees.

3

301

• •»

195

496

XXVII

Area i i entirely composed of sal and grass lands.

Many large trees. Sal areas fully stocked.

Middle aged trees in excess. Regeneration is

vigorous. Crop is characteristic of the best

type of sal forest. Felled over in 1901. Owing

to this the yield will be less when again felled

Over. Yield estimated at 271 trees.

4

90

165

S3

3°8

XXX

Area mostly composed of sal and mixed forest.

Sal varies much In the higher portions sal

is poor. Bamboos are very numerous Climb-

ers are doing much damage. In the Ir-wer

portions the crop is good. Height growth is ex-

ceptionally good. Middle aged trees are in

excess Regeneration is poor and suffers from

frost. Felled over in 1903. Yield will be tbu*

reduced. Yield estimated at 73 trees.

5

ai8

1 86

26

430

XXVI

This compartment differs in no essential feature

from compartment 4. It was also felled over

in 1903. Yield estimated at 213 trees.

6

300

• **

80

38°

XXVII

The sal crop is in process of removal. Regene-

ration is better than in most places. Was fell-

ed over in 1903, Yield estimated at 300 trees.

7

434

67

25

526

XXVI

Very similar in character to compartment 6.

Regeneration is particularly good. Tree- on

this area attain a large girth without becoming

unsound. Was felled over in 1902. Yield

estimated at 434 trees.

8

...

1,087

108

','95

...

Does not contain sal in workable quantities. A

fringe of sal trees mns between the mixed

areas and grass lands which is likely to extend.

9

140

28

15

183

XXX

Contains good sal forest. Regeneration is also

good. Bamboos are numerous in parts and

seem to be extending. Was felled over in

1901. Yield estimated at 142 trees.

10

168

12

35

215

XXX

Similar to compartment 9. Was also felled over

in 1901. Higher portions of sal forest contains

other species. Yield estimated at 178 trees.

ii

•85

33

52

270

XXIX

Contains one of the most vigorous sal forest

found in the Reserve. Regeneration abund-

ant. Gave a large yield in 1902, when this

compartment was felled over ; consequently

the yield will be less when next worked ever.

12

298

42

40

380

XXIX

Differs in no essential respect from compartment

II. Was also worked over in 1902. Yield

estimated at 317 trees.

>3

165

52

• ••

217

XXIX

A large number of middle aged sal trees of fine

growth. Regeneration abundant General ap-

pearance of growing stock is vigorous and

healthy. Was felled over in 1903. Yield

estimated at I32trees.

14

185

...

72

257

XXVIII

Similar to compartment No. 13. Was worked

•

over in 1901. Yield estimated at 167 trees.

«S

277

166

...

443

XXVIII

Growing stock varies much, la the higher por-

tions poor with a large mixture of otner

species. Lower portions consist of pure sal,

but the height growth is poor and regeneration

is scanty. Felled over in 1902, yield estimated

at 217 trees,

Description of Compartments — (contd.)

Name of
Block.

No. of compart-l
ment.

AREA IN ACRES.

Coupe in
which com-
partment is
included.

Sal.

Mixed.

Blank.

Total.

I

Kisli.

16

339

681

488

1,408

XXVIII

Consists mostly of mixed forest. Sal forest is
mostly poor. A large admixture of other spe-

cies and bamboos. Height growth poor and

stems crooked. Regeneration almost wanting.

Climbers numerous. Was felled over in 1902.

Yield estimated at 184 trees.

17

205

272

477

V

growing stock consists mostly of poor forest.
Large number of topsore trees. Only in the

lower portions is regeneration found. The

higher areas now containing sal are likely to

change into mixed forest. Yield estimated at

207 trees.

18 A

430

82

512

Sal crop very open. Many trees have been des-

*r J

troyed by fire and frost has been admitted.

Growing stock consists almost entirely of scatter-

ed trees of very lai ge girth and here and there

of trees 1 to 2 feet in girth. Regenerntion en-

tirely absent. Soil covered with palms and

grass, only in a few of the higher portions

where bamboos are found has any young growth

succeeded in establishing itself This area can-

not be felled in during the present rotation.

18 B

258

495

...

753

V

Sal is mostly poor but contains many trees of
good girth Mony topsore trees. Only in lower

portions is regeneration found. Climbers and

bamboos numerous. Many trees have been

destroyed by baigas for the sake of Ral. Yield

estimated at 338 trees.

19 A

III

II

224

...

Very similar to 18 A. Only more bamboos are

J

found and consequently the young growth has

suffered less from frost. This area will there-

fore be capable of being worked at an earlier

date than 18 A, but cannot be worked during

the next 30 years. Many trees have been des-

troyed by Baigas for the sake of Ral.

igB

187

299

486

IV

Sal is mostly poor, but contains many old trees.

Many topsore trees. Regeneration almost want-

ing and many small blanks where large trees

have come out. Yield estimated at 229 trees.

20

262

".TOS

1,967

Similar to 19 B, but contains more sal and better

timber. Should not be felled in during the

present felling rotation, but will be ready by

the next one. Young sal trees are coming

away.

2lA

34°

75

4>5

In this compartment regeneration has just

succeeded in establishing itself, but as there

is still danger from frost it will not be safe to

remove any of the shelter trees during the

present rotation. This area should eventually

produce good ual.

2lB

iSS

596

43

827

IV

Consists mostly of mixed forest. The area is

very similar to 21 A, only the regeneration is

so complete that light feelings may be made

during the present regeneration. The mature

trees are poor in height growth and are cover-

ed with epicormic branches. Yield will be

small. Climbers numerous and dring much

damage. Many trees have been destroyed for

the sake of Ral. Yield estimated at 217 trees.

22A

447

64

293

804

This area has also been destroyed by fire and

regeneration prevented by frost. A large

number of bamboos present which shelters

the young sal a tair number of which have

established themselves and are coming away.

For the present rotation no fellings should be

made. Eventually good trees should be

produced.

22B

'35

10

'45

III

Diners in no essentials from 2iE. Yield esti-

mated at 136 trees.

i8

Description of Compartments — (contd.)

I

AREA IN ACRES.

»• nf

f

Coupe in

Name 01

8

which com-

Block.

>artment is

"S 0

Sal.

Mixed.

Blank.

Total.

ncluded.

0 £

z

Killi.

23A

10

69

79

Consists of a fringe of old and middle-aged

trees extending along the edge of a blank.

Height growth fair. No regeneration at pre-

sent. Owing to the open nature of the grow-

ing stock and want of regeneration cannot be

felled over during the present rotation. It is

hoped the sal will spread over some of the

.

adjoining blank.

23B

"34

774

908

Ill

A poor type of sal forest. The locality does

not sesm capable of producing trees of large

size. Climbers are numerous. Yield esti-

mated at 136 trees.

24A

8

36

44

...

Differs in no respect from 2jA.

246

172

751

3

926

Ill

In the lower portions contains some good sal

forest, but for the most part consists of poor

forest. Climbers are numerous. Yield esti-

mated at 266 trees.

25

Itfl

473

100

734

I

Consists mostly of mixed forest. The sal forest

is good. Height growth especially good.

Many large trees. Regeneration sufficient.

Yield should be good. Yield estimated at 142

trees.

26

193

458

72

722

II

Consists mostly of mixed forest. Half the sal

area is average sal forest. The rest is poor

sal forest. The yield should be average. The

largest trees are found at the edges of blanks

where the forest is open. Yield estimated at

270 trees.

27

211

165

27

403

II

Most of the sal forest is exceptionally good.

Height growth good. Many large apparently

sound trees. AH age classes fully represented.

Regeneration exceptionally dense and vigorous.

In the portions adjoining the mixed forest the

sal forest is poor Yield estimated at 247

trees.

28

1 08

141

12

261

IV

Consists mostly of poor sal forests. All age

classes represented. Height growth poor.

Regeneration is very uneven and patchy.

Climbers are numerous. Large number of

bamboos and other species. Yield estimated

at 97 trees.

29

ISO

'3

8

171

I

In lower portions sal forest in good, but a large

portion is on high ground adjoining mixed

forest where the sal is poor and many bamboos

and other species are found. Yield estimated

at 195 trees.

3°

222

62

284

I

Good sal forest throughout. All age classes

are fully represented. A large number of

trees of good height and girth. In higher

portions climbers are numerous and sal is not

'

so good. Yield estimated at 319 trees.

Total ...

...

7,207

9,335

2,648

19,190

...

Kanha ...

1

308

660

399

1,367

XVII

Consists mostly of mixed forest. Sal found in

clumps which are gradually extending to meet

each other. Many large trees and height

growth good. Yield will be large. Yield

estimated 424 trees.

1

120

580

72

772

XVII

Consists mostly of mixed forest. Sal found in

clumps and varies. In the lower portions some

good trees are found, but in higher portions

height growth is poor. Regeneration fair. Sa!

is extending. Yield estimated 132 trees.

3

161

88

5°

299

XVII

Sal is almost pure Height growth good.

Many large trees and poles. In higher por-

tions height growth is not so good and many

climbers are found doing much damage. Yield

estimated at 197 trees.

4

310

35

245

XVI

Sal where found is almost pure. Contain*

many fair trees and poles. A few small

blanks which are filling up. Yield estimated

at 253 trees.

Description of Compartments — (contd.)

Name of
Block.

u
D.

E

8 .

o'l

ARKA IN ACRES.

Coupe in
which com
partment is
included,

Sal.

Mixed.

Blank.

Total.

Kaoha

276

62

338

Open sal forest. Ha» suffered much from fire.

Many fine trees have been burned. Their

size shows that this area is capable: of produc-

ing first class sal. Many trees of very large

girth dead or dying. Also a quantity of trees

2 feet in girth and 30 feet in height showing that

owing to a number of favourable seasons

some regeneration has taken place. At pre-

sent soil is covered with palms and grass.

Youut; sal is all frosted back annually. No

felling can take place during present rotation.

SB

150

'47

29

326

XVIII

Height growth poor ; few large trees. In the
higher portions many dead and dying.

Regeneration is sufficient. Yield estimated at

180 trees.

6A

72

9

98

179

...

Differs in no essential respect from 5 A.

6B

258

81

339

XVIII

Crop varies much; is rather open, especially in the

lower portions where, however, the trees are

finer and regeneration is poor. In the higher

portions regeneration is sufficient, but mature

trees are small. Yield estimated at 359 trees.

7

-236

36

2

274

VII

Contains much fine sal forest, especially in the

lower portions where the yield will be good.

In the higher portions the sal is short and

many topsore trees are found. Climbers

numerous. Yield estimated at 314.

8

296

52

348

XVI

Consists almost entirely of sal forest. Growth

very vigorous. All age classes fully represent-

ed. Many trees of large girth. Yield estimated

at 432 trees.

9

206

8

46

260

XV

In lower portions of the area the sal forest is

good with good height growth. In the higher

portions forest is poor. Many climbers doing

much damage. Many trees have been cut for

Ral. In higher portious bamboos are numer-

ous and have killed out young sal. Yield

estimated at 290 trees.

10

1 60

40

200

XV

Consists mostly of sal forest which is good. A

number of small blanks are found throughout

which are filling with sal. In higher portions

climbers are numerous. Yield estimated at

213 trees.

il A

196

89

285

Consists of open sa1 forest. Growing stock is

represented chiefly by middle-aged sal. boil

is covered with grass. Young sal is annually

fros-ed back. Cannot be felled in during the

present rotation.

n B

257

M

3

274

XII

Consists mostly of poor sal forest. Old trees

predominate ; many bambcos. Regeneration is

poor Many topsore and dying trees. Many

trees have been destroyed for the sake of Ral.

Only in portions adjoining 1 1 A is good sal

forest found. Climbers are numerous. Yield

estimated at 326 trees.

12

«74

i

'75

XV

Sal varies much according to configuration of the

-

ground. In hollows is good, but on hill tops

and sides %vhere the soil is strong and shallow,

sal is poor. Climbers numerous. Yield estimat-

ed at 238 trees.

13 A

318

9

. 5

332

ft

Similar to 5 A except that small portions of

mixed forest are found.

13 B

3>9

5

98

422

VIII

Contains one of the finest sal crops found in the

Reserve. Many trees of large girth and splendid

height growth. All age classes vigorous and

fully represented. Ihe locality is similar to

adjoining areas which have been destroyed by

fire and shows what such areas are capable of

yielding if protected. Yield estimated at 486

trees.

2O

Description of Compartments — (contd. )

Name of
Block.

No. of compart-l
meat.

AREA IN ACRES.

Coupe in
which coin
partment i
included.

Sal.

Mixed.

Blank.

Total.

Kaoba.

>4

3'3

49

28

39°

XII

In the higher portions poor sal forest with bam-

boos. In the lower portions Pal is avenge.

Yield estimated at 422 trees.

•5

240

2

3°

272

XIII

In the higher portions scattered sal trees, many

topsore. Many bamboos which are preventing

regeneration. In the lower portions nood sal

is found. Yield estimated at 318 trees.

16

150

3'5

60

525

XIV

Varies somewhat in the higher portions. Sal is

scattered and small in the lower portions. Sal

is denser, but the height growth is poor. Many

climbers present. Yield estimated at 175 trees.

i7

197

326

43

566

XIII

In the nigher portions salforest is poor. Many

dead and dying trees. Poles are mostly top-

sore. Mixed torest is encroaching on the sal

areas. In the lower portions sal is better.

Regeneration is poor. Yield estimated at 225

trees.

II

no

522

394

1,026

XIV

Has been heavily worked in the past. Contains

good sal forest except in higher oortions.

Climbers numerous. Yield estimated at in

trees.

'9

238

3

no

35i

XIV

Contains good sal lorest. Height grnwth some-

what below the average. Has been heavily

worked in the past. Qontains some small

openings which are filling up. Climbers very

numerous. Yield estimated at 359 trees.

20

64

399

1 60

623

XVII

Contains 3 patches of sal forest. Two of which

contain eood sal. The third, vie., that which

adjoins the Salkum Nala is open and comains

many other species. Very little can be felled in

these patches. They will in time spread over

the adjoining grass lands. Yield estimated 3156

trees.

21

516

36

552

Contains no sal. Mixed forest and grass lands

only.

23

3'i

235

112

658

XI

Contains mostly poor sal forest. Only portions

along the Sarwali Nala contain goon s«l.

Climbers numerous. Many dead and dving

trees. Regeneration poor. Yield poor. Contains

a patch of acres of teak plantation which is in-

cluded in mixed forest area. Yield estimated

at 397 trees.

23

2

',674

457

2,'33

Consists almost entirely of mixed and grass lands.

Only one small patch of isolated salinacce*sible

and unworkable. One patch of 2 acres of teak

plantation has been included in the mixed

forest area.

24

33

3.304

688

4,025

Contains only 3 isolated patches of sal forest

which are likely to extend. In the meantime

owing to their small size and inaccessible posi-

tion are not worth working and have therefore

beeu excluded from the coupes.

25

24

2,754

34

2,812

Contains one small patch of sal similar to the

patches in compartment 24.

26

58

490

ii

559

X

Consists mostly of mixed forest. Sal forest is

poor. The yield will be small. Climbers

numerous. Yield estimated at 47 trees.

27

244

52

3

299

XI

Contains poor sal forest Height growth poor.

Few first class trees, but second class trees are

numerous. Yield estimated at 314 trees.

28

192

94

286

X

Contains poor sal forest. Many small blanks.

Height growth poor and few trees of the first

class, but many of the second class. Yield esti-

mated at 252 trees.

29

127

80

,

208

X

In the lower portion sal forest is fair, but in the

higher portions is decidedly poor Contains

many small blanks and a large number of

bamboos and miscellaneous species. Yield

estimated at 148 trees.

21

Description of Compartments — (contd.

Name of
Block.

No. of ccmpartj
ment.

AREA IN ACRES.

Coupe in

which com-
partment is
included.

Sal.

Mixed.

Blank.

Total.

Kanha.

30

200

5

205

X

Contains good sal forest in the lower portions.

Crop adjoining blanks is very open. Regene-

ration wanting. In higher portions poor forest

only is found. Yield estimated at 275 trees.

3'

>3°

6

136

VIII

Contains fair sal forest Rather open. Few

large trees, but middle-aged trees of good shape

and welt grown. Many young grow almost

entirely absent. Yield estimated at 141 trees.

33

»>3

55

170

438

IX

Contain good sal in the lower portions. Crop

where it adjoins blanks is very open. Many poles

but young growth absent. In higher portions

crop is poor. Yield estimated at 270 trees.

33

340

60

7

307

IX

Contains much good sal forest, especially in the

lower portions adjoining blank. Crop is open

and contains no young growth. In higher

portions crop is poor, but some large trees are

found. Damage has been done by collection

ofRal. Yield estimated at 339 trees.

34

286

521

238

',°45

XIX

Crop varies, much open and patchy in places,

in others good, especially in the lower parts.

Higher portions poor. Regeneration is suffi-

cient. Yield estimated at 356 trees.

35

92

396

488

IX

Does not contain much sal forest which is poor

throughout. Wanting in height growth and

scanty regeneration. Yield estimated at 87 trees.

36

'9

1,803

...

1,822

Consists of mixed forest with the exceotjon of

one small isolated patch of sal which is exclud-

ed from the felling area owitig to its in-

accessible position.

37

125

290

...

4'5

XX

Consists mostly of mixed forest. Sal area con-

tains many fine trees, but owing to the open

nature of the forest many cannot be felled. Re-

generation establishing itself, but not yet suffi-

cient. Many small blanks. Seems to have been

excessively worked in the past. Yield estimat-

ed at 150 trees.

3»

1 68

893

...

1,060

XX

Sal area contains many good trees, but has evi-

dently been heavily worked in the past and

the blanks thus caused have not yel been

thoroughly filled up. Owing to this it would

be inadvisable to fell all mature trees Area is

very similar to compartment 37. Yield estimated

at 198 trees.

39

10

486

...

496

...

Only contains 4 isolated patches of sal which

owing tn their inaccessible position have been

excluded from the felling areas. These

patches are likely to extend.

40

...

1,420

23

'.443

—

Contains no sal forest.

4i

41

1,711

322

2,074

...

Contains 4 patches of isolated sal forest similar

to those in compartment 39.

42

39

577

._

616

XXI

Contains two patches of sal forest from which

the yield will be small. Many top^ore trers.

.

Regeneration scanty. Yield estimated at

28 trees.

43

"74

357

53'

XXI

Contains many fine trees, but the forest is open

and regeneration is' not good, thus many trees

cannot at present be felled. By the time this

-

area comes to be worked over, however, it \»

hoped regeneration will be complete. Has been

heavily worked in the past. Yield estimated

at 208 trees.

44

206

16

...

222

XX

Varies greatly. In some parts good trees are

found, in others trees are small. Regeneration

is sufficient. Climbers are numerous, has been

heavily worked in the past Yield estimated

at 270 trees.

45

164

87

251

XXIII

In the lower portions sal is fair, in the higher

portions poor. Regeneration is sufficient. Nu-

merous small blanks which will fill up ; has been

heavily worked in the past. Yield estimated

at 192 trees.

22

Description of Compartments — fconcld.)

Name of
Block.

c

a

EL

8 .

+»

08

d E
z

AREA IN ACRES.

Coupe in
which com-
>artment is
included.

Sal.

Mixed.

Blank.

Total.

Kanba.

46

265

89

354

XIX

Contains good sal forest throughout. Few large

trees, but a very even crop of poles and middle-

aged trees. Numerous small blanks are present

which will fill up. Yield estimated at 383 trees.

47

272

8

4«5

695

VII

'robably contains the finest sal in the Reserve.

Many trees of splendid height growth and large

girth. All age classes fully represent ; 8 acres

of teak forest are shown under the heading of

mixed forest. Yield estimated at 406 trees.

48

256

10

481

747

XXIII

Contains much grass land. Sal present uneven.

Few large treei. Many small blanks. Clim-

bers very numerous. Regeneration sufficient.

Yield estimated at 345 trees.

49

1 60

1 08

268

XXIII

Varies greatly. Poor and good sal forest much

intermixed. Height growth generally poor.

Few large trees. Climbers numerous. Yield

estimated at 202 trees.

5°

259

40

25

324

XXIV

7ery similar to compartment 49. Crop varies much.

In lower portions thick sal forest, but height

growth poor. In upper portions poor. Climb-

ers numerous. Many small blanks. Yield

estimated at 320 trees.

51

228

170

398

XXIV

Contains poor sal forest. Few trees of good

height or large girth. Many dead and dying

trees. Climbers numerous. Yield estimated

',

at 262 tree*.

52

222

773

5°

1,045

XXII

Varies greatly. In lower portions sal is almost

pure, but poor height growth. Many small

blanks. Regeneration, scarce. Large trees

few and isolated. Has been heavily worked in

'

the past. Yield estimated at 248 trees.

S3

339

1,642

ii

1,992

XXV

Contains few large trees. Crop mostly poor.
Height growth poor. Climbers numerous.

Many topsore trees. Yield estimated at 327

trees.

54

222

225

468

9'5

XXV

At present contains very few trees of exploitable
size. Regeneration sufficient and vigorous.

Climbers very numerous. This area has the

appearance of only comparatively lately being

'

covered with sal forest. Yield estimated at

228 trees.

55

1 80

290

40

510

XXV

Very similar to compartment 54, but contains many
topsore trees. Yield estimated »t 195 trees.

56

223

3*

171

426

VI

Consists mostly of good sal forest. Height
giovvth good. Many large trees. Numerou*

small blanks which will fill up. Higher por-

tions contain poor sal forest with many topsore

trees. Regeneration poor. Yield estimated at

311 trees.

57

1 86

1 06

5°

342

VI

In lower portions good sal forest is found.
Numerous small blanks which will fill up.

In higher portions sal is poor and many other

species appear. Yield estimated at 226 trees.

58

266

855

"9

1,240

XXII

Contains some good trees, but forest is very open
and in danger of passing into mixed forest.

Numerous small blanks. Has been heavily

worked in the past. Yield estimated at 330

trees.

59

260

'33

8

401

XXI

In lower portion! contains good sal forest, but >n
higher portions is similar to compartment 58.

Many bamboos and climbers. Yield estimated

at 368 trees.

Total _

...

11,465

*S.5'S

5,946

42,926

23

APPENDIX C.

Statement showing different classes of forest by block.

n

o .

V) U
1) 3

^

1

o

3 a

§"8

* w

0.

o w

TJ ti

I"!

O

a £

X •—

> s

S«

I °

n c

Block.

Teak.

.

1

VM «

t2

B-.-J

a

Total.

So

J£

—

11

3 -r

V

^ S.

o 3

- » a

T3 « tuo

CJ .

•sa

$

t>

~ —

21

n c —

^"J V

<2

P

5 M

1

o> u "0

» '3

i

LH
O

IK

a

I-2

o

U *

S? 0.

o

o^3

X

S

Kisli

379

1,710

5,497

266

2,382

9,335

19,569

Kanha

'7

...

129

862

10,474

1,854

409

3,683

*5,5iS

42,943

Total ...

17

379

129

2,572

«.

*

675

6,065

34,850

62,512

A. A. DUNBAR BRANDER.

APPENDIX D.

Statement showing the principal trees and shrubs with their vernacular names.

Natural order.

Botanical names.

Tree or shrub,
climber, &c.

VERNACULAR NAMES.

REMARKS.

Hindi.

Gondi.

I

2

. 3

4

5

6

Anacardiacese ...
Do.
Do.

Buchanania latifolia

Semecarpus anacar
dium.
Mangifera indica

Tree
Do.
Do.

Char
Bhilawa
Am

Horka Marra.
Do.
Do.

Valuable for boxes, win-
dows, frames.

Do.

Odina wodier

Do.

Jhingan

Do.

Anonaceae

Miliusa velutina

Moderate sizec

Domsal

Kutki.

Apocynaceae ...
Bignoniaceae ...
Bixineae

Holarrhena antidy
senteria.
Stereos permum
chelonoides.
Flacourtia ramontchi

tree.
Small tree

Large tree
Small thorny tree

Kura
Chota Palang
Kuttar

Samoky.
Kutian.

Burseraeese

Garuga pinnata

Large tree

Ghogar

Gurgu.

Do.

Bosvvellia Serrata...

Salai

Combretacese ...

Terminalia Arjuna ...

Large tree

Kahua

Mangi Marra.

Do.
Do.

DC. bellerica...
Do. chebula...

Do.
Do.

Behera
Harra

Thaka Marra
Mahoka.

Valuable for plough
shafts and carts, pack-
ing cases, &c.

Do.

Do. tomentosa

Do.

Saj

Marda Marra.

Do.

Depterocarpeae
Ebenaceae
Euphorbiacese ...

Anogeisfus latifolia...
Shorea robusta

Diospyros Melonoxy-
IOD.
Briedelia Retusa

Do.
Do.

Moderate sized
tree.
Large tree

Dhaura
Sal
Tendu
Kassai

Yerma Marra
Piojal
Tumri.
Kassi.

Valuable for axe handles,
axes, &c.
Valuable for sleepers,
beams, plankings, &c.

Do.

Gramineae

Phyllanthus Emblica
Dendrocalamus Stric-

Moderate sized
tree
Bamboo

Aula
Bans

Nelli.
Wadur.

Leguminosae ...

tus.
Bauhinia Racemosa ..

Moderate sized

Kachnal

3hondri Marra.

tree.

Statement showing the principal trees and shrubs with their vernacular names — (concld.)

VERNACURLAR.

Natural order.

Botanical names.

Tree or shrub,
climber, &c.

REMARKS.

Hindi.

Gondi.

I

2

3

4

5

6

Leguminosae ...

Bauhinia Variegata ..

Moderate sizec

Kachnar

Dhondri Marra

tree.

Do.

Acaciacatecbu

Do.

Khair

Do.

Do.

Do. Retusa

Do.

Kandla

Nirpa.

Do

Do. Vabhi

Large climber ...

Muljan

Paur.

Do.

Ougeinia Dalbergi-

Moderate sized

Tinsa

Sar

Valuable for agricultural

Do.

sides.
Butea Superba

tree.
Large climber ..

Do.

Samar.

implements, carriages,
wheels and furniture ;

takes splendid polish.

Do.

Do. Frondosa

Moderate sized

Palas

Murra.

tree.

Do.

Pterocarpus Marsu-

Large tree

Bija Sal

Vengur Marra.

Valuable for medicine ;

pium.

gives a stringent

Do.

Dalbergia Paniculata.

Do.

Dhobin

Padri.

" kins " for door and

wirdow frames, sleep-

Do.

Cassia Fistula

Moderate sized

Amaltas

Rera Marra.

ers, &c.

tree.

Do.

Albizzia Procera ...

Large tree

Suffed Siris ...

Passerginui.

Lythraiceae ...

Lajjerstrcemia Parvi-

Do.

Landia

Sina.

flora.

Malvasceae

Bombax Malabaricum

Very large tree...

Semal

Bargu Marra.

Meliaceae

Soymida Febrifuga ...

Large tree

Rohan

Soimi.

Myrtaceae

Careya Arborea

Do.

Kumbi

Gummar.

Do.

Eugenia Jambolana...

Do.

Jamun

Oteienae

Schrebera Swieten-

Moderate sized

Moka

Mokha Marra.

oides.

tree.

Palmeal

Phoenix Acaulis

Palm

Khajur

Chind.

Rhamnaceas ...

Zizyphus Xylopyra ..

Large shrub ...

Ghoti

Do.

Do.

Do. Jujuba

Small tree

Ber

Do.

Rubiacese

Stephegyne Parvifolia

Large tree

Kaini

Chimia Mundi

Valuable for turned and

carved article?, furni-

Do.

Gardenia Latifolia ...

Small tree

Gogar

Paria Marra.

ture, aud the like.

DO.

Adina Cardifolia

Large tree

Haldu

Uaspu Mundi.

Do.

Gardenia Turgida ...

Small tree

Panjra

Do.

Morinda Exserta

Moderate sized

Al

Ali.

shrub.

Rutacese

Aegle Marmelos

Small tree

Bael

Mahaka Dibur.

Sapindaceae ...

Scbleichera trijuga ...

Large tree

Kosum

Pusku

Valuable for oil, rice and

sugar mills, also agri-

cultural implements

and carts, fruit cutter(?)

Sapotaces:

Bassia Latifolia

Do.

Mohwa

Irku Marra.

Valuable flower, impor-

tant article of wood.

Samydaceae ...

Casearia Tomentosa. . .

Small tree

Buiri

Jhundri.

Do.

Do. Graveolens.

Do.

Kathera

Girchi.

Sterculiaceae ...

Eriolaena Hookeriana

Do.

Dhamin

Kulki.

Tiliacex

Grewia Elastics

Moderate sized...

Dhamin

Kasul.

Verbenaceae ...

Tectona Grandis ...

Large tree

Segon

Do.

PIONEER Putss, No. 450—21-5-06.

Central P«vin<S8H t Go

India, Forest dep$.>Mur
division, *.

Working i>lan for^tfre

forests of •L1--

ley reserve

idle

wa iwr T^nc

the Ban jar Val-

SD88 .
C5II4

527

M
CO

(£>

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY