t>77 17fl WORKING PLAN FOR THE FORESTS OF THE JUBBULPORE FOREST DIVISION, NORTHERN CIRCLE, CENTRAL PROVINCES, FOR THE PKUIOD 1899-1900 to 1928-29. HIl a babaD PRINTKD AT THE PIONEER PRESS 1900 WORKING PLAN FOR THE FORESTS OF THE JUBBULPORE FOREST DIVISION, NORTHERN CIRCLE, CENTRAL PROVINCES, FOR THE PERIOD 1899 1900 to 1928-29. £drfection:Slips Nos 66 to 69 to the Working Plan Report lor thfe Forests of the Jubbulpore Division. 'Page 4, paragraph 3 1 — Against Block No. 31 (Umarpani) •ii » » 32 (Deogawan) ,, •„ Total „ Grand Total for district Page 7, paragraph 34-^- Against Sihora Range „ Total of Column 2 „ Total of Sihora Column 4 „ Total of Column 4 Page 24, paragraph 91 — Against Block No. 31 (Umarpani) •»» ii » 32 (Deogawan) „ Total „ Grand Total for district •Mo. 66. For No. 67. For No. 68. For No. '69. Against Block No. 31, Coupe I ,i Total in the last column i, Block No. 32, Coupe i ,, Total in the last column „ Total of Coupe :i ,, of Ihe last column ... Grand Total under Coupe 'i, of last column -For •3 7,786 1,163 60,707 218,049 60,278 215,435 60,707 21 8,049 7,7*6 25/103 61,683 7-786 269 "1,162 5,202 12,922 •€l,683 acres acres » f> acres 're'ad 7,^800 ,» i, 60,723 •i i> '60,294 •„ '60,723 read 7,806 -ii 'j'<54 i> 25, "9 „ '61,699 acres read 1,596 ii i, 7,800 i> ii 12,938 61)699 October 1918. A. ST. V. BEECHY, 'Offg. Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle. Govt. Press, Nagpftr •.— No. 1535, Consr. of P.— 13-11-18— 16*. Extract from the Proceedings of the Officiating Chief Commissioner, Central Provinces, in the Revenue Department, No. 4641, dated Nagpur, the November 1900, READ — Working-plan Report for the- forests of the Jubbulpore Forest Division. READ ALSO— Letter No. U2-W. P., dated the i5th August 1900, from the Inspector-General of Forests, to the Government of India. RESOLUTION. This Working-plan deals with all the forests in the Jubbulpore Forest Divi- sion, it having been found necessary to abandon, after a short trial, the usual procedure of one Working-plan for each Range or block of forests. These forests constitute the Murwara, Sihora, Jubbulpore, Bargi and Dhanwahi Ranges, and cover an area of 536 square miles, the general character of which is rugged and hilly, except for a small tract of country to the east of the Mahanadi, which is a more or less level plain. The soil varies in character from a loose sand to a stiff black soil, but with a fairly fertile sandy loam predominating in the low-lying localities. The climate is on the whole favourable to forest growth, though in the cold weather night frosts occasionally do considerable damage to young trees in low-lying localities. 2. The forests may be classed under four main types consisting chiefly of (i) Sal (Sheora robusta], (2) Teak (Tectona grandis), (3) Mixed forests, and (4) Bamboo (Dandrocalamus strictus). The sal is here at its western limit and is confined to the Gondwana sandstone area ; it seldom exceeds 5 feet in girth and generally begins to decay after reaching a girth of 4 feet; its reproduc- tion is very poor, due to the fact that but few seedlings survive the cold weather frosts. The teak is here at its northern limit and is confined to a few scattered localities where the soil and climate is favourable to its growth. It usually attains to a girth of about 3^ feet, after which it dies off rapidly. Reproduction is extremely backward. The mixed forests are by far the most widely distri- buted, and the reproduction is abundant wherever a sufficient depth of soil is met with. The bamboo, though classed separately, actually occurs intermixed in the teak and mixed forests, but in well defined lines. Its reproduction is all that could be desired. 3. In addition to the Great Indian Peninsula, East Indian, Indian Midland and Bengal-Nagpur Railways and the metalled roads radiating from Jubbulpore to Mirzapur, Damoh, Seoni, Mandla and Kundam, the district is served by several other metalled and fair-weather roads, which afford ample facilities for the trans- port of forest produce. The existence of the Public Works Department Toll- station on the ferry and fair-weather bridge at Gwarighat, no doubt adds to the cost of moving forest produce to Jubbulpore along the road from Seoni, but no general exemption from tolls can be made in favour of forest produce and the whole question of the revision of rates will be considered separately. Other lines of transport are the Mahanadi, Nerbudda and Gaur Rivers; but so far the Nerbudda is the only one down which timber, &c., is rafted. Every effort will be made fully to develop the facilities for transport afforded by these waterways, and launching and catching stations will be established at convenient centres. Something in the way of removing obstructions will also be attempted ; but no very costly operations are to be undertaken. For the removal of forest produce temporary fair-weather roads connecting the interior of the forests with one or other of the main lines of transport, will also be constructed as required. 4. Gwarighat, the only large timber mart in the district, is practically the port of receipt for Jubbulpore, whence large quantities of harra are exported to Bombay, the Jubbulpore myrabolams being a special line in the London market. Firewood, timber and bamboos, besides lac and harra, find a ready sale in the larger towns, no less than 1,000,000 maunds of firewood being consumed in Murwara alone. Charcoal was formerly largely used in Jubbulpore and in the iron-smelting industry ; and should the present endeavours to revive the industry prove successful, there will be a demand for all the fuel the forests in the Division can produce. 5. The surrounding population is essentially agricultural and of Aryan extraction, with Gonds, Kols, Bharias and other aborigines intermixed. Their requirements are for the most part met from the extensive malguzari forests, and their demands on the Government forests, except for grazing, are very small. 6. The principal object of the present plan is to improve the forests, which until 1893 had been badly managed and considerably overcut. The whole area will be divided into four Working-circles, in which the system of treatment will be an improvement or selection felling, and in places, a coppice with standard felling, according to the nature and density of the forest. In the sal areas, the treatment will ultimately be jardinage. Areas capable of producing large timber, such as the Machmacha, Khitoli, Sutri and Karela blocks, comprising an area of 32 square miles, will be worked exclusively for such timber. A rotation of 30 years will generally be followed, though, as provided for in the plan, a rotation of 15 or 20 years will be adopted according as the grazing pressure or the nature of the forests dealt with requires. The Inspector-General of Forests has, however, brought to notice that in the cases of the Lakhapateri and Jalasur blocks, paragraph 94 of the plan, fixes the rotation at 30 years, while paragraph 106 gives it as 15 years. This should now be rectified. 7. These forests are used to a considerable extent for grazing. Under the provisions of the plan, at no time will the area closed to grazing exceed 86,800 acres, or 26 per cent, of the total area: 61,588 head of cattle are estimated to graze in them ; and with the area open to grazing each year (303,172 acres), this gives an average for the Division of 4*9 acres per head of stock. 8. Several of the blocks dealt with in this Working-plan have been under special fire-protection for many years. In addition to these, each coupe as felled over will be closed to grazing and specially protected. Other areas that are essentially grazing grounds and incapable of being developed into timber forests, may well be systematically burnt over each year, especially as this will minimise the risk of fires spreading from them into other specially protected areas. 9. The plan also provides for the treatment of the bamboo forests in the Division. As all these forests flowered only 5 or 6 years ago, they cannot be worked for 6 to 8 years to come. But as the currency of the plan extends over this period, their exploitation has been provided for. Each Working-circle is divided into one or more felling series of a workable size, each of which will be felled over on a two years' rotation. 10. Other important products of these forests are harra and lac. An enumeration survey of all the harra trees in the Division will be made, and an estimate of the average yield will be framed on the lines indicated in paragraph 122 of the plan. Lac cultivation and its propagation also has been carefully considered. Another product of these forests is katha or tannin. A single Working-circle will be formed for this purpose, embodying all the forests in the Jubbulpore and Damoh Divisions, and, if necessary, those in the Saugor and Narsinghpur Divisions also. n. The plan includes a scheme of forest roads to be constructed as funds allow at an aggregate cost of Rs. 22,650. Provision is also made for an expendi- ture of Rs. 52,500 on quarters for subordinates, officers, rest-houses and wells. 12. The revenue expected from the whole Division is estimated at Rs. 70,200, and the annual expenditure at Rs. 51,400. The Officiating Chief Commissioner now sanctions the plan, which will have effect from the ist November 1899. ORDER. — Ordered, that a copy of this Resolution be forwarded to the Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Cental Provinces. Government of India in the Commissioner, jubbuipore Division. Department of Revenue and Deputy Commissioner, jubbuipore. Agriculture, for information and Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of India. transmission to the Inspector- General of Forests, and to the officers noted in the margin. [True Extract.] R. H. CRADDOCK, Chief Secretary to the Chief Commissioner, 1 Central Provinces. Secre toriat Preii, N»gpur :- J. E. A* 21-1 i-1900-7s. No. i J2-W.-P., dated Simla, the 1 5th August 1900. From— B. RIBBENTROP, Esq., c. I. E., Inspector-General of Forests to the Govt. of India, To— The Secretary to the Honourable the Chief Commissioner, Central Provinces. In accordance with Article 88 of the Forest Department Code, I have the honour to forward, for the orders of the Honourable the Chief Commissioner, a Working-Plan for the forests of the Jubbulpore Division, received from the Conservator, Northern Circle, under cover of his letter No. 3150, dated the 1 3th June 1 900, a copy of which is appended. I approve of the proposals made for working these forests, and beg to recommend the plan for sanc- tion with effect from the 1st November 1899. a. A summary description of compartments would have made the report more com- plete and easier to follow, besides furnishing useful data for future comparison ; but in view of the provision under paragraph 130 and what is said in paragraph 3 of the Conservator's forwarding letter the point may be waived. 3. Paragraph 75.— I beg to refer you to paragraph 3 of my letter No. I43-W.-P., dated the 23rd June 1897, anc* to sav tnat t*ie remarks therein made regarding the obstacle to forest trade apply equally as well to the present case. 4. The index map referred to in paragraph 30 does not accompany the plan. 5. It is observed that in paragraph 94 the rotation for the Lakhapateri and Jalasur Blocks of the Murwara Working-Circle is fixed at 30 years, whilst in paragraph 106 it is given as 15 years. No. 3150, dated Jubbulpore, the I3th June 1900. From— A. SMYTHIES, Esq..B. A., Offg. Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Central Provinces. To— The Inspector-General of Forests. In continuation of correspondence resting with your letter No. 73-W. P., dated the nth May 1900, and in accordance with Article 88 of the Forest Department Code, I have the honour to submit, herewith (in duplicate), for your remarks and for transmission to the Chief Commissioner, the Working-Plan for the forests of the Jubbulpore Division. a. With reference to paragraph 3 of your letter quoted above, I beg to say that, with the exception of the Bargi Range, which I examined myself, the descriptions of compart- ments have been so prepared that they would all have to be completely re-written in order to adapt them for being printed, the compartments being in nearly every case portions of blocks. I have not the time to re-write them and in consequence of the famine relief oper- ations, it will be impossible to spare any officer for the work until October next. To have waited until then before finally submitting the plan to you would have involved locking-up the type for four months longer. You were, however, pleased to raise no objection to the omission of the description of compartments in the case of the three plans already sanc- tioned for the Narsinghpur and Hoshangabad Divisions, and it was for this reason that the description was left out of the present plan also. 3. If you now consider a plan incomplete without the summary description of com- partments, I will do my best to have the description for this plan prepared as soon as possible and submitted to you later on in print. But I beg to invite perusal of paragraph 130 of the plan, from which you will observe that it is proposed to gradually draw up a description of the forests, than which nothing could be more full and accurate, and I trust that you will agree to omit from the printed plans the rough descriptions made preliminary to the framing of the plans, subject to the condition that these preliminary descriptions are filed in my office for ready reference whenever required. 4. The defect pointed out in paragraph 2 of your letter could not be corrected except at the risk of dislocating the type of all the pages from 14 onwards. You will, however, permit me to respectfully submit that in my opinion all the details on pages 15 and 16 and 18 and 19 are extremely important and are necessary to the proper control of exploitation and export. Relegated to an appendix, they would escape notice or at least would not be referred to as often as their importance requires. The details on page 20 have been entered there, as I am hopeful that by giving them prominence, I may help towards the early removal of the restrictions which the toll stations on the Nerbudda and Hiran rivers place on the export of produce from the forests of the Bargi Range and from the Damoh District. 5- In compliance with paragraph 5 of your letter, I have printed the notifications in question as Appendix V, and in compliance with paragraph 6, all extracts from demi-official letters have been omitted from Appendix III. Secretariat Press, Nagpur :— A H.R., 10-10-1900—75. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. Introduction ... ••• ... ... iii PART I. SUMMARY OF THE FACTS ON WHICH THE PROPOSALS ARE BASED. CHAPTER I.— DESCRIPTION OF THE TRACT DEALT WITH. PAGE. ARTICLE 1. Name and Situation ... ... ... ... i „ 2. Configuration of the Ground ... ... ... if). „ 3. Underlying Rock and Soil ... ... ... ib. „ 4. Climate ... ... ... ... ... 2 „ 5. Agricultural Customs and Wants of the Population .., 3 CHAPTER II. — COMPOSITION AND CONDITION OF THE FORESTS. ARTICLE 1. Distribution and Area ... ... ... ... 4 „ 2. State of the Boundaries ... ... ... ... 7 „ 3. Legal position of the Forests ... ... ... ib. „ 4. Rights ... ... ... ... 8 ,, 5. Composition and Condition of the Crop ... ... ib. „ 6. Injuries to which the Crop is liable ... 9 CHAPTER III.— SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT. ARTICLE 1. Past and Present Systems of Management ... ... 10 „ 2. Special Works of Improvement undertaken ... ... 11 A. — Protection from Fire ... ... ... ib. B. — Improvement Fellings ... ... ... ]2 G. — Cultural Operations ... ... ... 13 .D.— Construction of Roads ... ... ... 14 -#• — Buildings ... ... ... fa „ 3. Past Revenue and Expenditure ... ... ib. CHAPTER IV. — UTILIZATION OF THE PRODUCE. ARTICLE 1. Marketable Products ; Quantities consumed in past years ... 15 ,, 2. Lines of Export ... ... ... ... ig ., 3. Markets ... ... ... ... 20 j, 4. Mode of Extraction and its Cost ... ... ... 21 „ 5. Net value of each Class of Produce ... ib. CHAPTER V.— MISCELLANEOUS FACTS. ARTICLE 1. The Forest Staff ... ... 22 >' •*• Labour Supply ... ... j£ PART II. FUTURE MANAGEMENT DISCUSSED AND PRESCRIBED. CHAPTER I.— BASIS OF PROPOSALS. ARTICLE 1. Working Circles how composed ; Reason for their P'ormation ... „ 2. Compartments ; Justification of the Sub-division adopted „ 3. Analysis of the Crop ; Method of Valuation employed CHAPTER II.— METHOD OF TREATMENT. ARTICLE 1. Objects sought to be attained „ 2. Method of Treatment adopted „ 3. The Exploitable Age ARTICLE ARTICLE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. ARTICLE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. APPENDIX I. II. III. IV. VI. VII. VIII. CHAPTER III.— THE FELLINGS. The General Working Scheme; the Rotation and Possibility ... Period for which the Fellings have been prescribed Fellings whether annual or periodical ; Method of their Allot- ment Nature of, and Mode of executing, the Fellings ; Forecast of condition of Crop at their Conclusion Tabular Statement of the Fellings to be made CHAPTER IV. — SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS. Cleanings and Thinnings or other Improvement Fellings Regulation of Grazing Works of Artificial Reproduction Improvements common to the whole Area A. — Protection from Fire B.— Roads C.— Buildings and Wells D. — Systematic Organisation of Forest Villages CHAPTER V.— MISCELLANEOUS. Exploitation of Bamboos ... Manufacture of Charcoal ... Utilization of Minor Produce Development of Water Transport Control of the Workin g Plan Revision of the Working Plan Changes proposed in the Forest Staff Financial Results of Proposed Working Extract from Chief Commissioner's Resolution No. 102, dated the 5th January 1893, fixing Rates of Royalty ... List of Trees and Shrubs Extract from Letter No. 221 W. P., dated the 8th December 1896, from the Inspector-General of Forests Statement showing Grazing Pressure Chief Commissioner's Notification No. 3554 of 12th June 1890 and No. 2823 of 21st June 1894 ... Instructions on enumeration of harra trees and an estimate of the average yield of type trees Correspondence regarding proposed establishment of a katha boiling Working Circle... Opinions of Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner on this Working Plan PAGE. 23 ib. ib. 23 ib. 24 24 28 ib. ib. 29 36 ib. ib. 37 ib. ib. 38 40 40 41 ib. 42 ib. 43 ib. ib. 45 46 48 49 52 53 55 57 Ill INTRODUCTION. A FEW words are necessary to explain the genesis of this Working Plan. In 1 894-95 measures were set on foot to regulate the management of the forests of the Jubbulpore Forest Division in accordance with working plans. Hangers, termed for the purpose Work- ing Plan Assistants, were appointed to prepare the plans under the immediate direction of the Conservator. Plans for some of the forests were drafted and put at once into execution, but they were not submitted for the sanction of higher authority. In December 1896, it was found that the plans were too unpractical to be longer followed. They had parcelled out each forest on the maps (not on the ground) into strips and patches according to an ocular estimate of the density of the stocking made by walking once or twice through it, and only those plots were assigned to be worked, which were from three-quarters to fully cropped ; all areas less densely stocked were not to be touched at all by the axe, but were to be perpetually grazed over. The result was that the patches of forest to be worked over were, as they appear- ed on the maps, mere islands surrounded by theoretically unworkable areas and on the ground it was impossible to separate them, for no one could say where the three-quarter crop ended and the half-crop began, especially as in nearly all our forests the density of the crop varies widely from point to point, often a dozen times within a single acre. Some coupes were sold standing at so much per workable acre, but disputes soon arose as to what portions of the coupes were workable in accordance with the working plan. 2. Another fatal objection to the working plans was that, as only patches here and there were worked over in each coupe, it was impossible to keep grazing out of them except by closing against cattle the entire coupe, i.e., also the areas which it was prescribed should never be so closed. Thus in practice entire coupes were closed after exploitation. But this was not all. Every one of the felling series extended over an enormous area (the coupes being consequently very large) and as the coupes followed each other in unbroken successive order on the ground, whole groups of villages found themselves of a sudden left without any grazing grounds situated within practicable distance. 3. These drawbacks being represented to the Inspector-General of Forests, he gave his authority to set aside the working plans in question and to substitute for them new ones drawn up on an entirely different basis (see in Appendix). 4. The first plan taken in hand under these orders was that for the Bargi Range. The new plan was submitted in draft to the Inspector-General of Forests and after approval was printed off and was sent up by that officer to the Chief Commissioner. Experience, however, soon showed that with the classes of forests we have to deal with in these Provinces, it would be waste of time and labour, for the present at least, to have separate working plans for the several forests and even ranges of a Division, for save as respects the constitution of the felling series and coupes, one working plan would be bound to be a mere repetition of the rest. Accordingly, with the support of the Inspector-General of Forests, the Chief Commissioner's sanction was obtained to withdraw the Bargi Working Plan, which was still under considera- tion, and to prepare a single one for the entire Division. 5. Accordingly, during the rains of 1897, with the help of Mr. R. S. Hole, Assistant Conservator of Forests, who was placed on special duty for the purpose, a working plan was drawn up for all forests of the Jubbulpore Division. As these forests had never had a proper chance and we were only just emerging from the severe famine of 1896-97, it was im- possible to tell whether the felling series and arrangement of coupes adopted were suited to the normal circumstances of the district. It was hence considered advisable to keep back the plan, but to put it forthwith into execution, so that its weak points might at once become manifest under the test of experience. In the rains of ] 898 the plan was revised in the light of the _experience gained, but it was again deemed safe to wait another year before submitting it. The open season of 1898-99 revealed a few defects which could not be detected after a single year's experience. These defects were removed during the spring and rains of 1899. The whole plan was rewritten with the co-operation of Mr. R. C. Thompson, Extra-Assistant Conservator, who was placed on special duty for the purpose. The figures and data have been worked out by Messrs. Hole, Witt and Thompson ; for what pertains to the prescriptions I alone am responsible. In connection therewith I have to acknowledge valuable assistance and advice received from Mr. Hole, who is now the officer in charge of the Division. 6. The plan, as it stands, has been in operation from the commencement of the open season 1899-1900 and sanction is therefore solicited for starting it from 1st November 1899. 7. The opinions of the Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner on this working plan are printed as Appendix VIII. E. E. FERNANDEZ, Offg. Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Central Provinces. PART I. SUMMARY OF FACTS ON WHICH THE PROPOSALS ARE BASED. CHAPTER I.— DESCRIPTION OF THE TRACT DEALT WITH. ARTICLE I. — Name and Situation. THIS report deals with all the forests of the Jubbulpore Forest Division, which con- sists of the Government forests not only of the Jubbulpore Civil district, but also of that part of the Maudla district which lies to the north-west of the Balai Naddi and is known as the Dhanwahi Range. ARTICLE 2. — Configuration of the Ground. 2. Omitting the limited tract lying to the east of the Mahanaddi, which is open country, the general character of the surface, where the forests are situated, is hilly and rugged. The hills are usually flat-topped, with steep, often precipitous, slopes, this latter feature being especially characteristic of the eastern slopes of the hills of the Vindhyan region, forming the north-western portion of the district. A few details regarding the configuration of the tract comprising each range are given below. 3. Murwara Range. — The open country east of the Mahanaddi referred to above con- sists of an extensive, more or less level plain, in which Blocks Nos. 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20 and 21 are situated. On the eastern edge of this plain lies Block 18, which also extends for a little distance into the hilly ground beyond. In the tract between the Mahanaddi on the east and the Vindhyan region on the west, the hills run generally north and south and have a lateritic character, being flat-topped and forming wide and even extensive plateaux ; Blocks Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 lie within this area. West of it and along the northern boundary of the district comes the Vindhyan region displaying its normal characteristic of extensive plateaux ending in abrupt slopes ; here our forests stretch over the north-eastern corner of such a plateau. 4. Sihora Range. — South-east of the East Indian Railway line, where by far the larger mass of the forest area of the range is concentrated, the forests nearly all occupy well-defined hills with generally steep slopes. The six small blocks which lie on the other side of the railway are all scattered and only two of them are situated on hilly ground. 5. Jubbulpore Range. — The forests in this range are all situated on the confused mass »f trap hills lying to the east of Jubbulpore. 6. Bargi Range. — The forests here occupy irregular-shaped trap hills traversing in a north-easterly direction the portion of the Jubbulpore district situated south of the Nerbudda. 7. Dhanwahi Range. — The configuration here is similiar in character to that of the two ranges just described, but the ground is more rugged and the average elevation above sea-level is about 300 feet higher. ARTICLE 3. — Underlying Rock and Soil. 8. The principal formations met with in this district are (1) Alluvium, (2) Laterite, (3) Deccan Trap, (4) Lametas, (5) Upper Gondwanas, (6) UpperjVindhyans, and (7) Bijawars. To show at a glance the distribution of the various formations, a rough small-scale Geological map on which the position of the different forest blocks is shown, has been prepared and a copy is filed in both the Direction and Divisional offices. 9. Alluvium. — Not much need be said under this head as only one small block (No. 15) and a very small portion of four other blocks (Nos. 36, 39, 43 'and 44) fall within the limits of this formation, which is chiefly composed of stiff reddish, brownish or yellowish clays, with numerous intercalated bands of sand and gravel. Kankar is found throughout the deposit and pisolitic iron granules are of frequent occurrence in the argillaceous beds. The clay is frequently devoid of stratification, but it appears never to attain any great thick- ness without sandy layers intervening. ( 2 ) 10. Rock Laterite. — This forms a cap to a group of beds, the lowest of which consists of a coarse ferruginous sandstone formed of rounded grains of quartz, sometimes as large as a pea, embedded in a hard ferruginous paste. Above this are some beds of fine ferruginous earthy sandstones containing badly-preserved leaf-impressions. Eesting upon these, in some sections, are found several feet of a rich oolitic iron ore, covered by red, white and purple clays with bands of a coarse ferruginous sandstone interbedded. The rich limonitic iron ores of the district are derived from these beds. Blocks 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 105, 106 and 113 are situated on this formation. 1 1. Trap. — Besides the varying forms of dolerite or basalt which generally characterize the Deccan trap, secondary minerals of various kinds such as agate, jasper, bloodstone, stilbite, apophyllite, calcite and others are here found in fair abundance. A considerable trade is carried on in them by local lapidaries. This formation occupies almost the whole of the Bargi and Dhanwahi ranges, as well as a fairly large portion of the Jubbulpore Kange (the whole of Blocks 50 and 51 and parts of blocks 39, 40, 41 A, 42, 43, 44, 45. and 46) and of the Sihora Kange (parts of blocks 30, 31, 33 and 34 and the whole of blocks 35, 36, 37 and 38). 12. Lametas. — These comprise a small group of limestones, sandstones and clays, known as the Lametas from their occurrence at Lameta Ghat on the Nerbudda near Jubbulpore. The limestones are the most persistent and characteristic beds and are used on a considerable scale by lime-burners. The area occupied by the group in the district is comparatively small and it only occurs in small patches in about 15 forest blocks, viz., Nos. 25, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 41A, 43, 44 and 45. 13. Upper Qondwanas. — The Gondwana beds belong to the Jubbulpore group and consist of clays, shales and earthy sandstones, with some thin beds of coal. The clays and soft shales, which are the most characteristic beds of the formation, are pale-coloured, usually white, lavender gray or pale red. The sandstones are generally coarse and conglomeratic. Carbonaceous shales are sometimes met with, and occasionally one or more thin bands of jet- coal. Blocks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21 and portions of seven others (Nos. 25, 30, 31, 32, 33, 41 and 44) are situated on this group. 14. Upper Vindhyans. — Bhander and Rewah sandstones predominate here, mixed with shales and limestones. The Bhander sandstones are the softer of the two and are very fine-grained. The shales are generally thin, flaggy and silicious, sometimes micaceous, with greenish or rusty tints. The limestones are generally impure and earthy, with grey, yellow or reddish tints; when pure, they are compact and even crystalline. All our forests west of the Jubbulpore-Murwara road in the Murwara Range (block 105 escepted), as well as blocks 100 and 101 in the Sihora Range, are situated on this series. 15. Bijawars. — The lowest strata are fine earthy slates of reddish tints, the upper beds being associated with the quartzite which underlies the limestone and is intercalated with it. Bedded trap occurs throughout the series. The rocks are in a high condition of metamor- phisru, the limestone being generally crystalline, the schists highly micaceous and hornblendic and the iron ore mostly a micaceous form of hematite. Blocks 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 99, 102, 103, 104, and portions of four others (Nos. 25, 32, 42 and 43) are situated on this series, which extends over a considerable area of the district. 16. The disintegration of the various rocks described above results in the formation of soils of widely different characteristics, ranging from the loose sands of the Upper Gondwanas to stiff black soil, with all intermediate grades represented. The prevailing class of soil, how- ever, is a fairly fertile sandy loam, of some depth in low-lying localities, but shallow and sometimes entirely absent on the tops and sides of hills. 17. The importance of the iron industry for the district as well as for the forests would seem to require a special paragraph on the kinds of ore obtainable and their distribution ; but as this subject is exhaustively treated in Vol. XVI, Part 2, of the Records of the Geological Survey of India, Mr. Mallet's Report printed therein should be read. The Geological map referred to in para. 8 above shows where the principal workings of these ores are situated. ARTICLE 4. — Climate. 18. Broadly stated, the climate may be said to be dry and cool during the cold weather, hot and dry during the hot weather, and damp and steamy during the rains. The hot wea- ther usually extends from about the end of March to about the beginning of June, and the rains from the beginning of June to about the middle of October. The cold weather is there- fore comparatively long and sometimes severe, more particularly so in the north of the district, where night frosts do considerable damage to young forest growth in low-lying lo- calities. 19. The mean shade-temperatures for the three months typical of the three seasons are given below : — Fah. May ... ... ._ „. ... „_ 91° July ... ... ... .. ... ... 81° December ... ... ... ... ... ... 62° The highest shade- temperature recorded is 112° Fah. and the lowest 41° Fah. ( 3 ) 20. During the cold season east winds are prevalent. At the commencement of the hot season north winds are frequent, which later on veer round and become west winds. South-west winds prevail during the monsoon. During February and March hailstorms are not unusual. 21. The average rainfall at Jubbulpore up to the year 1886 was 52 inches. Mo the year's fall is received during the south-west monsoon, the winter rains being .„_, variable and occasionally failing entirely. Accurate data concerning the rainfall of the 8 years since 1886 are given below : — Most of very Average Maximum Minimum Bain — gauge station. annual fall. annual fall. annual fall. REMABKS. Jubbulpore 63-85 76-63 47-12 In the case of Jubbnlpore, Mur- wara and Bijeragogarh, the Sihora 55-28 71-87 36-32 maximum and minimum rain- falls occurred in two consecu- Murwara ... _ 53-54 65-16 37-84 tive years. Bijeragngarh 47-82 65-46 34-56 ARTICLE 5. — Agricultural Customs and Wants of the Population. 22. The great majority of the population is essentially agricultural. About 40 per cent, are of Aryan extraction, the remainder consisting of Gonds, Kols, Bharias and other aborigines. The amount of forest produce required for their dwellings, agricultural imple- ments, &c., is not large and is almost entirely supplied by the existing large areas of malgu- zari jungle, being for the most part obtained free under the ancient custom of nistar. The income obtained from agriculture is always supplemented by profits derived from cattle- farming on a more or less extensive scale and the supply of grazing therefore becomes for us a question of considerable importance. 23. The habitations of the people may be roughly divided into 3 classes, viz., (a) those occupied by landowners and members of the trading and literary classes ; (6) those inhabit- ed by artisans and petty cultivators of Aryan stock ; and (c) those which afford some sort of shelter to village menials and aborigines. 24. Houses of type (a), but few in number, consist of a main, often double-storied block forming one side of a quadrangle, the other three sides being enclosed by granaries and stabling. The walls are of masonry built up inside a timber frame-work. The front of the building often consists of a reception room for friends and visitors entered through an open verandah supported on carved teak posts. The entrance to the courtyard is through the front block and is closed by a massive iron-bound wooden door. The building is roofed with tiles laid on split bamboos resting on sawn rafters. The principal woods employed are teak, sal, saj, jamun and haldu. The value of timber used in such constructions often amounts to Rs.500. 25. Buildings of the second type (6), comprising quite nine-tenths of houses of the average village are never double-storied. They usually have substantial mud walls, concealing an interior timber frame-work and are roofed with tiles resting on split bamboo and round rafters. Every house has an open verandah supported on wooden posts, which are sometimes gaudily painted. Occasionally there is a small back-yard enclosed by a mud wall and sometimes a small garden is attached, fenced in with dead thorns or a quick hedge of small shrubs. Tiles are almost universal and thatch is rarely used. Cattle-pens are open to the sky and are usually fenced in with dead thorns. Timber of the inferior kinds is generally used in these houses, neither teak nor sal, as a rule, being within the means of the owners. A small house of this class would measure 12 — 15 feet X 7 — 8 feet, the walls usually being 5 — 7 feet in height. The almost round, curved central tie-beam (about 10 inches in diameter) rests on two uprights of 8 — 9 inches square section. Above this, sup- ' ported by a sort of triple queen's post, comes the ridge pole, which consists of two round poles 6 — 7 inches in diameter and as many feet long, joined together over the queen's post and with their ends supported by 4 hip rafters of somewhat similar dimensions. The laths supporting the tiles are fastened to the ridge pole and hip rafters. The whole woodwork, including the single door, rarely costs more than a few rupees and lasts about 10 — 12 years. 26. Dwellings of the third type are usually squalid, one-roomed thatched huts, the walls of which consist of wattling, which is sometimes plastered over with a mixture of clay and cowdung. The posts are of seja, dhawa or ghiria and the thatch is laid over siharu, sometimes ningori, branches spread flat over a light bamboo trellis. 27. On the outskirts of the larger and more wealthy Aryan villages, enclosures of various sizes, called " khallians," are made for the purpose of threshing and storing newly garnered crops. These enclosures consist of a dead fence of seja, tendu or ghiria posts, against which are fixed branches of ber, khair or bamboos. 28. The poorer classes of agriculturists, when not engaged in field labour, frequently supplement their income by collecting and selling grass, bamboo, fuel, and other produce at the neighbouring towns or large villages. 29. For several months in the year the aboriginal population subsist almost entirely on edible forest products, and in the case of the mahua flower, the crop gathered at the beginning of the hot weather frequently forms their staple food till the early kharif crops are cut. CHAPTER II— COMPOSITION AND CONDITION OF THE FORESTS. ARTICLE 1. — Distribution and Area. 30. The forests are, with a few exceptions, confined chiefly to the southern and eastern portions of the Division. The blocks, as a rule, are neither compact nor extensive. Being thus generally small and numerous, their distribution will be best understood by referring to the index trace on the scale of 1 inch = 4 miles. The blocks are numbered serially, one series being adopted for the whole Division. 31. A list of blocks of A class Forest (see para. 38 below for the meaning of this term), arranged according to ranges and sub-ranges, is given below. The serial numbers are serial for the whole Division. The areas of Forest villages, although included in A class Forest, are excluded from this statement and are, for the sake of convenience, given separately in para. 33 below :— Bange. Sub-range. BLOCK. Serial No. Name. Acreage. Acres. Murwara (87,514 acres)... Bijeragogarh (21,378 acres). 1 2 Guraiya ... _ Junwani 530 1,326 4 Karreha 1,267 5 Hardaa 2,772 6 Banjari 652 7 Surma 1,174 8 Jaiwara 1,672 9 Ghugri _ 2,722 10 Darori 1,545 11 Majhgawan ... 1,438 12 Bijori 2,297 13 Gopalpur 3,983 Khi toli (30,280 acres)... 3 Bara 1,070 14 Khairani 1,106 15 Jhiria ... _ 1,758 16 Karondi _ ... ... 5,047 17 Machmacha .» 8,707 18 Khitoli 9,367 19 Karela _. 386 ' 20 Sutri ... ... ... 2,498 21 Salaiya 341 Tilgawan (35,856 acres) 105 Lakhapateri ... 935 106 Jalasur 568 107 Pathrari 6,114 108 Pathori , ... 2,352 ' 109 Kenah ... _ 9,941 110 Amdar ._ ... ... 13,451 111 llamar 723 112 Bilberi 1,285 113 Bhainswahi ... ... ... 487 Range. Sub-range. BLOCK. Serial No. Name. Acreage. Acres. Sihora (61,309 acres) ... Salimabad (22,933 acres) 22 Jhapi 1,333 23 Jorpahar 191 24 Kudra „ 450 25 Bijhota ... ... 15,107 26 Katahi 4,339 27 Chheolapani ... ... ... 1,508 Kuan (5,284 acres) 28 Dhanwahi 575 29 Hargarh 417 • 99 Samasgarh 969 100 Jamunia 345 101 Mahgawan ... ... ... 684 • 102 Amoch 470 103 Kuan 1,028 104 Jnjawal 796 Jhirna Piparia (33,092 acres). 30 31 Deogarh Umarpani 7,968 8,319 32 Deogawan 1,315 33 Karopani ._ ... 4,287 34 Kanharpura ... 5,669 35 Garhat ... ... 474 36 Punwasa 2,044 37 Daroli 607 38 Patna 2,409 Jubbulpore (35,874 acres) Bagraji (17,730 acres) 39 Kundwara ... ... 2,426 40 Sonti or Budhari 1,664 41 Taunri (part) ... 2,740 41 A Fondi 3,362 42 Bhaanraha 7,538 Ker (7,459 acres) 41 Taunri (part) .-. 2,943 43 Sakri 1,114 44 Chitri 2,944 45 Bijapuri 458 Kakartala (10,685 acres) 46 Lower Gaur ... ... 5,"?66 50 Gangai 1,377 51 Dasrathpur 4,042 .Bargi (29,275 acres) ... Sukri (17,982 acres) ... 83 Chhindwaha ... 554 85 Khamkhera ... 289 85A Salaiwara 4,451 86 Mankberi 347 87 Khapa 365 88 Silua 1,371 89 Karanpatbar ... 4,679 90 Lohri 4,515 91 Bargi 924 92 Narainpur 487 Range. Sub-range. BLOCK. Serial No. Name. Acreage. Acres. Bandiwura (11,293 93 Semra 4,573 acres). 94 Thengra 3,615 96 Kulaan 1,358 97 Pipiria 1,159 98 Tontha 588 Dhanwahi (113,813 acres) Dobhi (21,853 acres) ... 47 Kumbhi 1,103 48 Kichhai ._ „ 401 49 Bamnhi Purwa 732 78 79 Bilaikhapa „ Bijadoni _ 96 11,973 80 Jamania 1.603 81 Dobhi 4,885 82 Fararia .. _ 1,060 Barangda (78,443 acres) 53 Dhala 699 54 Bastara _ 16,399 55 Pararia _ 15,504 59 Barela 8,320 61 Bhondi 2,083 62 Kalpi 34,355 • 63 Salaiya ... 492 64 Chargawan 363 65 Piparia 228 Chargaon (13,517 acres) 67 Chutka 484 68 Kunda 4,750 69 Sahajpur _ 429 72 Jamthar ... 1,537 75 Chaonrai 3,898 7C Niwar-Khapa ... _ 76 77 Gumti _ 704 84 Kathotia 1,639 GBAND TOTAL FOR DIVISION 327,785 32. The undernoted areas, all situated in the Dhanwahi Kange, belong to class B I (see para. 38 below) and are entirely under the control of the Land Revenue Department for ryot- wari settlement purposes. They aggregate 9,979 acres : — BLOCK. KYOTWARI AREAS. Sub-range, Serial No. Name. Name. Acreage. 52 Khairani ... Khairani Acres. 58 54 Bastara ^. Pondi 1,205 Jangalia 1,435 Dungaria 690 Chhindgaon 954 U liana 965 Barangda 55 Pararia Piparia 324 Ponia 500 56 Bhabera ... Bhabera ... 582 • 62 Kalpi Boria 722 Total 7,435 66 Bijapnri Bijapnri 525 La war Muria ... 445 Cbargaon ... _ ... ... 70 71 Pindrai Bhatadongri Pindrai Bhatadongri 384 782 73 Cbulia ... Ohulia 151 74 Maneri Maneri 257 Total 2,544 ( 7 ) 33. The following Forest villages, the areas of which, although part of A class Forest, have for convenience sake been excluded from the acreages given in the statement under paragraph 31 above, belong to the Division:— Bangs. Block. Name of village. Acreage. Total acreage in Range. Jubbulpore Kandwara Kundwara C24 "I Sakri Keoghpura 502 1,485 Sontbi Sonthi 360 ) Sihora Karopani Patna Karopani Patna 210 219 I 429 B»rgi Kbamkbera Salaiwara Khatnkhera Qadha-Qorakhpur... 455 301 1 !• 1,201 1 Semra Semra 445 ; Dhanwahi — Bastara Pararia 910 ) Kalpi Karondi Kalpi 330 623 1 J. 2,248 Bijadoni Moia Kala ... 385 Total ) 5,364 34. The three preceding area statements are summarised below :— Range. A class Forests without Forest Tillages. B I. Forest villages. Total. Murwara 87,514 ... ... 87,514 Sihora 61,309 429 61,738 Jubbnlpore ... 35,874 1,486 37,360 Bargi 29,275 1,201 30,476 Dhanwahi Total 113,813 9,979 2,248 126,040 327,785 9,979 5,364 343,128 ARTICLE 2. — State of the Boundaries. 35. The boundaries are defined by cleared lines 35 — 45 feet wide, at every angle of which a boundary mark has been placed, each visible from the next one on either side of it. In the case of blocks 17, 18 and 20 all the boundary marks are of pakka masonry. Elsewhere they are conical stone cairns having a basal diameter of 6 — 7 feet, with a wooden post rising up out of the apex and bearing the serial number of the boundary mark. Formerly the numbers used to be painted and had frequently to be renewed ; great economy has now been secured by branding them into the wood. The decay of the central wooden post has some- times necessitated the placing, in a conspicuous place on the cairn, of a stone slab on which the serial number is painted. 36. Where Government Forest marches with private land, half the width of the boundary line has been cut in Government Forest, half on the private land, the owner of which is also, by his Record of Rights, responsible for keeping his half clear of trees and shrubs. 37. The masonry boundary pillars are almost without exception in good repair and numbered accurately. Such is, however, far from being the case with the other boundary marks, many of which indeed do not occupy the positions shown for them on the Forest Survey Maps. It is certain that all these boundaries will have to be checked and duly corrected. ARTICLE 3. — Legal Position of the Forests. 38. All the forests are Reserved Forests under Section 34 of the Indian Forest Act, and were declared such by Chief Commissioner's Notification Nos. 887 and 888 published in the Central Provinces Gazette of the 22nd February 1879. With the exception of the ( 8 ) limited areas listed in paragraph 32 above, which have been given up for ryotwari settlement and are hence called B I class .Reserves, all the forests are A class Reserves, i.e., are intended to be kept up permanently as forest. ARTICLE 4. — Rights. 39. There are no adverse rights or concessions of any kind in these forests. ARTICLE 5. — Composition and Condition of the Crop. 40. As all foresters know, the distribution of species whereby various types of forest are formed is the combined result of several factors, viz., climate (average and extremes of temperature, especially during the growing season, rainfall, atmospheric humidity), locality (aspect, gradient, relative elevation and shelter), soil (depth, degree of division of component particles, retentiveness of moisture), and sub-soil (degree of permeability and facility of disaggregation). It is, therefore, not surprising that the very various geological formations which find a common meeting ground in this Division are not characterised by special types of forest, although, speaking negatively, teak is not found outside the trap and Vindhyan areas, nor sal outside the Gondwana sandstones, the one species requiring a hygroscopic soil and a sub-soil that is not too freely permeable, the other free drainage, but with a good rainfall and a prolonged cold weather. A list of trees and shrubs met with in the Division is given in Appendix II. 41. Before proceeding further it is necessary to draw attention to the fact that we are here at the northern limit of teak and the western limit of the Peninsular area of sal. This limiting line of teak enters the Division on the east in the neighbourhood of parallel of Latitude 23° 20' N., runs nearly due west across half the width of the Division and then turns up nearly due north to ultimately sweep round westwards into the Vindhyan area. As all foresters know, it is determined by the excessive cold and the frequency of severe night frosts immediately we step outside it. As regards the sal, the more porous nature of the Gondwana sandstones and the higher rainfall due to the impact of the moisture-laden south- west monsoon winds on the hills which fringe the eastern border of the Jubbulpore district, create the necessary conditions for the existence of that species where it is met with. 42. Leaving out the sal area, the forests in the Division are of the familiar general type characteristic of the dry hills of Central India, that is to say, low, usually open, for the most part almost scrubby forests, composed of a large variety of species, few of which, however, yield timber or attain large dimensions and the relative proportions of which vary greatly, even suddenly, with the locality (aspect, gradient and relative elevation) and the amount of foothold and moisture afforded by the soil. Naturally poor under the most favourable circumstances, their poverty has been exaggerated by centuries of irregular felling, unchecked forest fires and overgrazing, and, on level ground, also by wandering patch cultivation. Few of the stems rise up directly out of the ground, but stand on more or less high, malformed and unsound stools, while many have been irretrievably injured by pollarding or heavy lopping. With these circumstances added to the unfavourable conditions imposed by nature herself (so that few seeds germinate and of the few seedlings thus produced nearly all perish before the next season of vegetation) it is no wonder that seedling reproduction is extremely backward and in many places practically non-existent, for what to the uninitiated eye looks like, and has often been mistaken for, young seedlings are shoots from small stumps which may be as much as 10 — 20 years old. These introductory remarks made, the principal types of forest, established from the point of view of the exploiter, will now be briefly described. These types are — (I) Sal forest, (II) Teak forest, (III) Mixed forest with practically no teak or sal, (IV) Bamboo forest. 43. (I) Sal Forest. — This type covers about half the area of blocks 17, 18, 19 and 20> and occurs in patches and strips of various sizes in blocks 15, 21, 25, 30, 31, 32 and 34- The sal nowhere exceeds 80 feet in height, its average stature being scarcely 60 feet, while, although a few stems may attain larger dimensions,* we cannot, as a rule, hope to obtain trees more than 5 feet in girth. Indeed the majority of the trees enter on the decline long before that size is reached and many are dead or in full decay before they can attain a girth of even 4 feet. An extraordinary fact, which cannot fail to strike the most casual observer, is the extreme poverty of the reproduction of the sal ; the characteristic abundant advance growth, pushing up rapidly through the openings between the parent trees or ready to shoot up together and form a close thicket the moment they are uncovered, is seldom met with here. Neither grazing nor fire has anything to do with this failure of reproduction, for blocks 17, 18 and 20 have been closed to grazing and specially protected from fire ever since 1871, and yet young sal is not any more abundant there than in adjoining areas that have always been open to cattle and annual fires. In 1874, when Messrs. Fernandez and Smythies examined these blocks, and again in 1875, when the Inspector-General of Forests inspected them, numerous yearlings and older seedlings which, in the usual way of young seedlings of tree species, died down to the root-collum every year, were to be found in the midst of the grass in the then recently-abandoned fields scattered throughout * As very exceptional cases may be instanced four trees. One cut in 1867, is said to have yielded 300 cutiic feet of souud timber. Another, found lying in the forest in 1875, had a basal diameter of 4 feet. In this latter year also two standing trees were measured and girthed respectively 8 feet 9 inches and 9 feet 2 inches. the sal area. Most of these seedlings have since been killed outright by frost and the few that have survived in scattered patches are now periodically cut back by the same cause, some even succumbing altogether. The resulting blackened stems with their shrivelled up branches have at a distance the appearance of having been scorched by tire. Thus, while the hard, poor grass-invaded soil is now responsible for the scarcity of young seedlings, severe frosts, occur- ring at intervals of only a few years, give but little chance to the few which may happen to come up out in the open. 44. (II) Teak Forest. — Being here, as said above in para. 41, at its northern limit, teak has but little extension, being confined to those scattered localities where the soil and under- lying rock are favourable and night frosts are neither too frequent nor too severe. As said before in para. 40, it is entirely absent from the Gondwana and laterite formations and is almost wholly confined to the hilly portions of the trap and Vindhyan areas, attaining its largest dimensions and being most numerous on the trap. A few trees may exceptionally reach a height of 65 feet and a girth of 5 feet and even more, but the average dimensions attainable are a height of about 50 feet and a girth of 3| feet, for soon after, or even before, this girth is reached, the trees become topsore and die off rapidly. In the total absence of any cultivation of the soil, penetrated, as it is, throughout by a matted mass of grass roots, the reproduction of teak is extremely backward, seedlings being rarely met with. 45. (Ill) Mixed Forest with, practically no Teak or Sal. — This is by far the most widely distributed of the four main types. The principal constituent species are dhawa, seja, saj, stunted khair, ghont, salai, tendu, tinsa, bija, aonla and Bauhinias ; the first seven being the most common and abundant. Mahua is found scattered nearly everywhere. Numerous harra are met with in sandy soils and on hilly ground. The amount of reproduction is very variable, but wherever there is some depth of soil, it is abundant, especially on laterite and on rough, but easy slopes, whatever the soil or rock formation. On laterite and also on sandy soils, a dense undergrowth of siharu is a notable feature. This undergrowth covers up the ground within three years of a felling, without, however, doing any ultimate harm to the associated coppice of tree species, which does not take long to push its way up through it and overtop it It is needless to say that in those blocks which also contain the teak type, there is not clear line of demarcation between these two types. 46. (IV) Bamboo Forest. — The species of bamboo here being the Dendrocalamus strictus, it does not of course form pure forest, but runs through types II and III, thereby essentially modifying the character of these types and justifying the establishment of the mixture into a separate type. The bamboo flowered throughout the Division 5 — 6 years ago, so that very few of the old productive clumps are now left. The resulting reproduction has been all that could be desired and will begin to yield saleable culms in another 6 — 8 years'. ARTICLE 6. — Injuries to which the Crop is liable. 47. The chief sources of injury are (a) fire, (6) grazing, (c) night frosts and, in a minor degree, (d) climbers. 48. Fires. — None of the forests of the Division are in the slightest degree self-protect- ed. Without special protective measures fires begin to rage, according to the species which form the crop and to the locality, between November and January, and the season for fires does not terminate until near the end of June, after the new grass is a few inches high and the soil has become sodden with rain. The extent of damage done by a forest fire obviously depends on the character of the forest growth. Where, in consequence of the absence of sufficient soil, the forest growth is naturally limited to a few scattered bushes and stunted trees, annual fires can do little harm, and may do some good by inducing an early and clean growth of grass. 49. Grazing. — A few blocks excepted, the average grazing pressure cannot be said to be excessive (see Appendix IV). As shown in the statement below, certain areas have, for various reasons that need not be specified here, been closed against cattle. But even after excluding these areas, the average incidence must be pronounced to be not excessive. Owing, however, to the unequal distribution of the forests as well as of the population and to the tendency of herdsmen to concentrate in certain localities, these are overgrazed, while others are scarcely frequented at all. As is to be expected, natural reproduction in the overgrazed areas is practically nil, and no improvement can be hoped for until the grazing is better regulated. AREA IN SQUARE MILES. Tear. Closed to all Closed to Open to all animals. browsers. animals. 1892-93 63 232 261 1893-94 1894-95 •• 62 62 168 168 304 303 1895-96 1896-97 .. • • 83 83 320 320 129 124 1897-98 63 471 1898-99 .. • • 73 ... 464 50. Night-frosts. — Severe night-frost? occur at intervals of a few years, doing consider- able damage everywhere except on the higher slopes and hill-tops and plateaux. In ex- ceptional years the tallest trees look, after a single night of frost, as if all their leaves and twigs had been scorched by fire. Many permanent grassy blanks of greater or less extent in low situations are the direct result of frost, whatever little forest growth that may put in an appearance being killed off almost as fast as it shows itself. It is necessary here to draw attention to the fact that nothing short of a complete or almost complete canopy of trees can serve as a protection to young growth ; hence the futility of keeping standards as a safeguard against frost (see also paragraph 100 below). 51. Climbers. — Climbers are fairly common in places, especially Makor and Mahol, but the damage they do is inconsiderable and no special measure is required beyond cutting them down and pulling up by the roots the smaller individuals when the coupes containing them come to be felled. CHAPTER III.— SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT. ARTICLE 1. — Past and Present Systems of Management. 52. This subject will be best considered under five distinct periods as follows : — (i) Prior to 1862, (ii) 1862—71, (iii) 1871—87, (iv) 1887—93 and (v) from 1893 up to date. 53. Prior to 1862 forests were considered a free gift of nature, that grew of them- selves and required no conserving. 54. 186% — 71. — Soon after the first foundations of forest conservation in these provinces were laid in 1862 by the appointment of a Conservator of Forests, attention was attracted to blocks 17, 18 and 20 in the north-eastern corner of the Jubbulpore district. In these blocks operations were being carried on for the supply of sal, saj, kahu and rohin sleepers to the East Indian Railway. In March 1863, they were visited by the Inspector-General of Forests accompanied by the Conservator of Forests and were pronounced to be, on the whole, very favourable for the production of sal. It was, however, not until 1865 that the first effective move was made to bring them under some sort of protection and not until 1867 that they, together with block 59 in the Mandla district, were demarcated and formally reserved. In the meantime heavy fellings had been continued in them and nearly all the sal, saj, kahu and rohin trees that were considered capable of furnishing broad-gauge sleepers had been felled. In 1871, in accordance with the ideas of forest conservation then prevailing, they, as well as block 59, were closed to all cutting and grazing. The forests which constitute the remainder of the present Jubbulpore Division were under no kind of management until they came, as Unreserved Forests, under the operation of the Forest Act (VII) of 1865. They were, however, placed under the control of the Deputy Com- missioners. It was found convenient for revenue purposes to lease them out to annual farm- ers, on whom no restrictions were imposed except that they were bound to rigidly respect a few species, such as teak, sal, mahua, achar, &c. After 1863 all the reserved forests that were situated within the limits of the present Jnbbulpore Division, formed part of the Northern Division, which included all the reserved forests in the Mandla, Jubbulpore, Darnoh and Saugor districts. As said above, the other State forests were administered by the Deputy Commissioners. 55. 1871—1887.— The four Reserves (blocks 17, 18, 20 and 59) still forming a part of the Northern Division, continued to be closed to cattle and to the woodcutter, although several thousand dead and dying sal trees were extracted by departmental agency and sold for mine props to the Umaria Colliery from the first three blocks in 1886-87. The Unreserved forests were, soon after the promulgation of the Indian Forest Act (VII) of 1878, declared Reserved Forests, but the farming system still remained in force. 56. 1887— 93.— In 1887 all the forests of the Jubbulpore district, together with the Singrampur Reserve, were constituted into a separate Forest Division under its present name and for the first time a superior Forest Officer was placed in charge of all the areas, the origi- nal as well as the later reserves of 1879 that had until then been under the control of the Deputy Commissioners unassisted by a professional officer. Singrampur was ultimately de- tached in 1891 when the Damoh Forest Division was formed. In 1891 the Dhanwahi Range of the Mandla Division was, with a view to administrative convenience, transferred to the Jubbulpore Division, thus completing the present constitution of this Division. With the commencement of this period the farming system was abolished and replaced by the license system, under which a person provided with a license could go into any forest or forests named therein and cut and remove the produce thereunder purchased, selecting the trees himself and felling them in the manner most convenient to himself or to his woodcutters. This was unquestionably a long step in advance of the previous farming regime, but the straightest and most promising stems of the most valuable species continued to be cut as before, leaving in the forest nothing but unsaleable rubbish and unsightly pollards and rendering future improvement more and more difficult. 57. 1893 to date. — In 1893 it was decided to stop indiscriminate cutting and to divide up the forests into annual coupes and confine the fellings in any particular year to the coupes assigned to that year, in other words, to introduce systematic exploitation according to working plans. The preparation of Working Plans was accordingly at once vigorously taken in hand, but the earlier. plans were not practical and could not be followed and have had to be abandoned. Since 1897, the prescriptions of the present plan have been worked up to so far as the disturbing factors of recurring famine and agricultural distress have allowed. Every endeavour is made to sell the coupes of the felling series standing. If no pur- chasers are forthcoming, work is undertaken departmentally where an effective demand exists ; otherwise no felling takes place. All exploited coupes are closed to grazing for a period of 10 years, but the gleaning of dead and fallen wood is permitted everywhere. Minor produce is exploited, as far as possible, by means of leases, which are given out by blocks or sub-ranges and which are, except in the case of lac, annual. ARTICLE 2. — Special Works of Improvement undertaken. 58. These are (A) Protection from fire, (B) Improvement Fellings, (C) Cultural opera- tions, (D) Construction of Eoads, and (E) Construction of Quarters for the Establishment. A. — Protection' from Fire. 59. As in other Divisions, so here, the forests are under three degrees of protection- Under A degree the forests are completely insulated by means of fire-traces and fire-guards are employed to patrol the traces and frequented lines of traffic and to see that the traces do not become ineffective by the covering of dead leaves shed by the trees which flank them ; under B degree the forests are fire-traced just as under A degree, but no special establishment of fire-guards is entertained, while under C degree no further protection is sought beyond what is afforded by the five Eules comprised in Chief Commissioner's Notifications Nos. 3554 and 2823 of 12th June 1890 and 21st June 1894 respectively, and sub-clauses (a) and (6) of clause 4 of Section 78 of the Indian Forest Act (see Appendix V). 60. Fire-prevention operations (under A degree) were first undertaken in this Division in blocks 17, 18, 20 and 59 in 1871 and by 1893-94 protective mesteures against fire in one or other of the three forms became general throughout the Division. The following statement gives the result and cost of these operations by ranges as recorded in the Divisional Annual Keports : — Range. Acreage attempted under degree. Acreage actually protected under degree. Cost under degree. A. B. C. A. B. C. A. B. Morwara 49,670 5,047 1895-96. 49,270 4,947 674 Sihora 19,536 40,754 19,286 40,453 96 70 Jubbulpore ... 37,360 80,431 36,906 73,887 1,198 ... Bargi 22,640 ... 22,079 ... .„ 50 ... Dhanwahi ... Total Murwara 50,328 34,365 ... 50,203 34,365 786 47 117 179,534 80,1 fi6 80,431 177,744 70,765 73.887 2,804 49,670 5,047 1896 -97. 49,577 5,047 673 ... Sihora 9,280 01,004 ... 9,257 60,963 ... 54 6 Jubbulpore .„ 37,361) 77,300 37,204 55,022 1,161 ... Bargi 7,461 15,179 — 7,461 15,179 ... 8 Dhanwahi ... Total Murwara 50,328 34,365 47,125 34,365 ... 733 - 154,105 105,595 77,300 150,624 105,554 55,022 2,629 6 36.219 • • • 189 51,295 r-98. 34,903 49,748 764 «..- Sihora 992 22,241 38,807 992 21,029 29,143 35 62 Jubbulpore ... 32,860 4,500 32,222 4,163 1,032 36 Bargi 1,411 30,704 477 ... 25,912 22 ._ Dhanwahi ... Total 24,522 7,121 92,017 20,432 4,110 21.207 616 5 96,004 33,862 212,823 89,026 29,302 126,010 2,469 103 B.— Separate figures by Banges are not available for 1895-96 and 1896-97 for areas under B degree of protection. No expenditure was incurred on areas unrler C degree of protection It should he stated that the figures tabulated above are far from trustworthy. It has been proved by reference to original records that many extensive fires were never reported to the Conservator, some not even to the Divisionel Officer. Moreover, many of the forests sntered as having been under A and B degrees of protection had never been firs-traced at all. ( 12 ) 61. In the subjoined statement will be found average figures compiled from tbe data of the past three years regarding the length, width and cost of the fire-traces and the number of fire-guards employed : — Hange. FIRE-TRACES, THEIR Number of Firr guards. Length in imlea. WiiHli iu feet. Cost per run- ning mile. Es. a. p. Mnrwara 308 10—50 1 1 2 23 Sihora 61 20—40 0 13 2 o Jubbulpore 310 20-40 0 14 6 42 Bargi ... 3 Dhanwahi For Division 242 10-100 193 13 921 10 -100 122 83 B. — Improvement Fellings. 62. These fellings have been carried out as shown in the statement below. It is, how- ever, feared that the acreages are not in every case accurate : — BLOCK. ACREAGE WORKED OVER IN Range. No. Name. 1892-93. 1893-94. 1894-95. 1895-96. 1896-97. 1897-98. 1898-99. Murwara 113 Bhainswabi 487 8 8 ... 11 Majhgawan ... 186 ... ... 105 Lakhapateri ._ ... 30 ... 10 Darori ... ... 162 12 Bijori ... ... ... ... ... 127 138 13 Gopalpur ... ... 81 176 106 Jalasnr ... ... ... ... 7 • - 111 Hamar _ ... ... 286 108 Pathori ... ... 57 Total ._ 487 ... 224 388 657 Sihora 22 Jhapi ... ._ ... 30 ... 27 Chheolapani ... 160 32 ... ... 28 Dhanwahi ... M> ... 102 143 ... • - 23 Jorpahar — ... ... • •• 31 ... ... 29 Hargarh ... ... ... ... 141 ... — 102 Amoch ._ ... ... ... 2 4 Total ... 292 347 2 4 Jubbulpore 44 Chitri .„ ... 106 45 Bijapuri ... ... ... 3 50 Gangai 125 249 220 112 43 36 51 Dasrathpar ... ... ... ... ._ 3 41 Taanri 20 5 253 460 62 230 183 42 Borha ... ... ... 120 ._ 43 Sakri _ 191 165 88 74 62 ... 94 46 Lower Gaur 226 183 157 170 95 6 91 39 Eandwara ... ... 60 20 Total 562 602 718 816 382 296 536 BLOCK. ACREAGE WORKED OVER IN Range. No. Name. 1892-93. 1893-94. 1894-95. 1895-96. 1896-97. 1897-98. 1898-99. Bargi 83 Chhindwaha ... 200 ... ... ... 91 Bargi ... ... ... ... 60 ... 15 96 Kelon ... ... ... ... 11 ... 24 93 Semra ... ... .... ... 31 ... ... 94 Tigra ... .... •• ._ 15 ... ... 92 Xaraiupur ... 60 ... ... 70 37 17 88 Silua ... ... ... ... ... 52 Total ... 50 ... 200 177 37 108 Dhanwahi 84 Eathotia 2 ... ... 3J •*. 20 80 Jamania 202 190 113 300 .- — ... 79 Bijadoni u. 120 330 220 70 20 81 Dobhi ... • •* ... ... 192 124 ... 62 Kalpi - ... ... ... 280 1,062 95 48 Bicbhai ... ... .- ... ... 60 f 69 Sahajpuri ... ... ... ... ... 26 59 Barangda ... ... ... .. ... ... 68 Total 204 310 443 520 545' 1,186 289 GRAND TOTAL 766 962 1,648 1,828 1,6751 1,909 1,594 63. A few words are necessary regarding the nature of the above fellings. Since the past two years they have been for all practical purposes coppice-with-standards fellings ; the crop being everywhere composed of crooked or unsound or stunted and hide-bound stems, nearly every individual requires to be cut back in order to produce a new generation with some promise before it. Before 1897-98 the fellings were restricted to those places where the density of the crop was higher than £, and not only this, but the proportion of the crop removed was variable : whereas in some coupes only 40 — 60 stems per acre were left as stand- ards, in others only a stem here and there was taken out, the selection in either case depend- ing on no fixed principles, but almost exclusively on the judgment of the coolie employed to mark the coupe in question. The rule now is that no one of lower standing than a Sub-range Officer shall mark a coupe and that the Divisional Officer himself shall every year operate over limited areas in each Sub-range, thus providing models for the guidance of his subordinates, C. — Cultural Operations. 64. As a rule, these operations consisted in scattering with the hand mixed seeds over patches 2 feet X 2 feet and 10 — 20 feet apart from edge to edge. nil. The areas thus treated were as below : — The results are absolutely Year. 1891-92 A small area in Block 84. 1893-94 ... 5 acres in Block 11, 15 acrei in Block 41, 31 acres in Block 46 and 3 acres in Block 80. 1894-95 4 acres in Block 113. In 1886-87 a small plantation of teak and sissoo was made in Block 46 on the bank of the Gaur river, result again nil. A few coupes, after being felled, were sown broadcast without any preliminary preparation of the ground, in one case (Block 11, which originally contained no bamboo at all) bamboo seed being used. A few bamboo seedlings 2—3 feet high are still to be found after a minute search, while as regards the other species the results are obviously impossible to distinguish owing to the presence also of self-sown plants. ( 14 ) D. — Construction of Roads. 65. Short lengths of fair-weather roads intended to last only one or two seasons have been made as required for the extraction of produce where the ground was absolutely impass- able for carts. The average annual expenditure on account of roads during the past nine years has been only Rs.495. A larger expenditure would have had a marked permanent beneficial effect on the revenue. E. — Buildings. 66. This Division is extremely backward in the matter of accommodation for both the controlling and protective staffs. In 1871 an officer's rest-house and a set of Forester's quarters were erected at Khitoli. The rest-house was dismantled for no assignable reason in 1893 or 1 894, and the range of subordinates' quarters is still the only accommodation we have to offer to a large staff of low-paid men living under the most unhealthy conditions. The rest-house has just been restored on an improved plan at a cost of Es.232. In 1891 a small officer's rest- house was built at Dhanwahi in the Dhanwahi Kange ; it is, however, altogether unsuitable for the purpose and is scarcely ever used except by subordinates. Moreover, it is now in a dangerous condition. A Range Officer's house was constructed in 1896-97 at Panagar. This place is, however, absolutely out of touch with the forest portion of the range. For this reason, and also because the site as well as the plan of the building was bad, the house had to be dismantled, the woodwdrk being removed to Umaria, where the Head-quarters of the Sihora Kange will be built, and the rest of the materials sold. ARTICLE 3. — Past Revenue and Expenditure. 67. The average annual Revenue and Expenditure of the past five years (two of them famine years) is exhibited below by ranges according to Budget sub-heads : — Budget. Sab-beads. Mur- wara. Sihora. Jubbul- pore. Bargi. Dhan- wahi. Divi- sional Office. Total. £1 a Timber Bs. 9 KB. Bs. 35 Bs. Rs. 45 Es. Bs. 89 ., * Firewood and charcoal 1,599 163 1,220 22 804 3 3,811 „ e Bamboos ... 1 ... 16 ... 15 3 35 „ e Grass and other minor produce ... 129 ... 10 ... 124 .~ 263 Ell a Timber 79 55 330 107 920 ._ 1,491 „ b Firewood and charcoal 3,192 258 2,579 417 2,277 ... 9,023 „ e Bamboos .„ 472 235' 1,521 2 1,787 4,017 „ d Grazing and fodder-grass 2,406 3,686 3,332 2,079 6,055 17,558 „ e Other minor produce ... 1,355 375 450 183 376 23 2,762 RIII Drift and waif wood ... 12 3 _ 120 181 ._ 316 EVo Fines and forfeitures ... 14 1 14 16 3 ... 48 BVc Other sources 339 218 275 77 72 7 988 Total 9,907 4,994 9,782 3,023 12,659 36 40,401 Ala Timber _ _ 12 10 ... 34 ... 56 „ * Firewood and charcoal ... 979 318 228 12 250 328 2,115 .. a Bamboos ._ 14 3 ._ ... 4 ... 21 „ d Grass and other minor produce ... 1 1 15 ... 161 35 213 All Timber and other produce 869 836 1,784 372 2,657 1,152 7,670 AIII Drift and waif wood _ 2 2 ... ... 4 AVI a Purchase of cattle 1 1 M ... 164 1G6 ,, * Feed and keep of cattle ._ ... 4 ._ ... 4 8 „ c Purchase of stores, tools and plant ... 5 ... 3 19 27 AVIIo Roads and bridges 24 38 249 10 174 495 „ 4 Buildings ... ... 84 39 181 3 168 1 496 „ e Other works 3 ... 2^ - 5 ... 30 Budget. Sub-heads. Mur- wara, Sihora. Jubbul- pore. Bargi. Dhan- wahi. Divi- sional Office. Total. Es. Es. Es. Es. Us. Es. Bs. AVI1I a Demarcation 48 39 105 20 241 16 469 .1 « Surveys ... ... 1 „ ... ... 40 41 „ <* Working plans 83 104 84 11 348 363 993 „ e Sowing and planting ... 21 6 15 ... 15 9 66 „ f Protection from fire ... 611 66 1,123 21 563 ... 2.384 .. 9 Other works 5 ... 2 ... ... 7 AIX « Law charges 1 2 ... 2 3 8 „ » Other charges 13 5 22 ... 12 83 135 Bl A Superior Officers ... ... ... 7,863 7,863 i> " Subordinate establishments 1,532 1,047 2,289 894 2,272 2,420 10,454 „ <* Office establishments ... 2 17 14 4 5 1,603 1,645 „ f Exchange Compensation Allowance ... ._ ... 859 859 BII 6 Superior Officers — - , - ... ... 1,181 1,181 II 0 Subordinate establishments 133 80 202 125 131 227 898 „ d Office establishments ... 6 ... ... ... 144 150 BUI a Stationery 1 2 4 1 3 50 61 .. * Carriage of tents and records 1 1 1 ... 668 671 ,, e Eents, rates and taxes ... 1 ... ... 31 32 ,. e Official postage 2 3 1 ... ... 219 225 „ f Sundries ... 65 64 79 46 Ill 684 1,049 Compensation for dearness of grain 9 8 13 7 14 3 54 Total 4,520 2,691 6,447 1,526 . 7,193 18,169 40,546 Net surplus or deficit +5,387 +2,303 +3,335 +1,497 +5,466 -18,133 —145 CHAPTER IV. — UTILIZATION OF THE PRODUCE. ARTICLE I. — Marketable Products ; Quantities consumed in past Years. 68. The various products of these forests which are in demand and marketable are given below arranged according to the purposes for which they are used. (a) — Woods for agricultural purposes. Tinsa and tendu. — Girth 12 — 24 inches, length 10—15 feet. For plough and bullock- hoe shafts, cart poles, and sides of body of carts. Saj. — Same sizes and purposes as tinsa and tendu, but considered very much inferior. Khair. — Girth 12 — 36 inches, length 12 — 18 feet. For yokes, spokes and naves of wheels and bullock-hoes. Dhawa.— Girth 12—30 inches, length 8 — 18 feet. Axles and axle bed-plates and sides of body of carts, plough and hoe shafts, yokes and clod-crushers. Teak. — Thick butt-ends for felloes, spokes and naves of wheels and ploughs, thinner pieces for cart poles and yokes. Ber. — TRick butt-ends for felloes and naves of wheels. Dhamin. — Girth 18 — 24 inches, length 10 — 18 feet. Cart poles and axe-handles. Siwan. — Girth 24 — 36 inches, length 8 — 12 feet. Yokes and clod-crushers. Siharu, her, ghont, bamboo and karonda. — Branches for fencing. Bamboo. — Supports for pan gardens and for training bean climbers. ( 16 ) (b) — Woods most largely used in building. Teak, saj, tinsa, dhawa, seja, bija, haldu, kaim, tendu, aonla, bel, ghont, kutam, khair, shisham. — For rafters in small houses, from 9 — 15 inches in girth and 12 — 15 feet in length. For rafters in large houses from 15 — 18 inches in girth and 14 — 16 feet in length. For posts, from 18 — 24 inches in girth and 18 — 20 feet in length. Siharu, dhawai and nirgur. — For wattling. Salai, gunja, chheola, ber, ghont and bamboo. — For cattle pens, (c) — Woods used for manufactured articles. Combs and measures for grain and oil. — Jamrasi, shisham, papra, khumer, dudhi and knsam. Mortars for husking grain. — Kusam. Mortars for oil-mills and sugarcane crushers. — Kusam, tamarind, dhawa and khair. Pestles for husking grain. — Khair. Walking sticks. — Bamboo, akol, khirni. Boats. — Teak, khumer, semal. Dug-outs. — Gugar, haldu, semal, saj, kusam and salai. Legs of beds. — Teak, shisham, saj, tendu, bansa and ber. Bed frames. — Teak and dhaman. Gun-stocks. — Ber, shisham and teak. Furniture and boxes, — Teak, shisham, haldu, kaim and ber. Spindles for cotton spinning. — Tinsa. Toys.— Ber, chheola, saj and dudhi. Besides the above bamboo is used for a great variety of purposes, such as baskets, mats, corn-bins, fans, winnowing-trays, sieves, trellis-work, chairs, sofas, tables, brackets and other articles of house furniture, chicks, ghee and oil receptacles, frames of beds, matting of beds to take the place of tape, fish snares, fishing rods, umbrella handles and frames, brooms, &c., &c. (d)— Fuel. Firewood. — The most esteemed for the purpose are tinsa, dhawa, khair, ghiria, koha, ber, seja, aonla, kanker, ghont and kasai. Charcoal for cooking. — Khair, dhawa and most other hard woods. Charcoal for lime burning i Charcoal for iron smelting jal1 woods- but salai Purred. Charcoal for blacksmiths and goldsmiths. — Teak, mahua, khair and bamboos. i Charcoal for brassfounders. — Khair, dhawa, ber, bamboo and mahua. (e) Articles of minor produce used for various purposes. Ropes and lashing.— Babai grass, chheola roots, mahol bark. Oil for burning and culinary purposes. — Gulli (fruit of mahua). Medicinal oil. — Seed of kanji. Spirits. — Mahua flower. Food. — -Mab.ua flower, fruit of tendu, achar, mango, khirni, ber, karonda, jaman, aonla, kanker, bhilawan, and mahol, kernel of bahera and achar fruit, kachnar buds and tender bamboo shoots, baichandi roots and honey. Fodder grass. — Muchhel, kail, gunair, sukal, parwa and sen. Thatching grass. — Sukal, parwa and sen. Dunnage for roofs. — Teak, tendu, chheola and mahol leaves. Medicines. — Honey, bahera, aonla, marorphalli, amaltas, nirgur leaves, bhilawan, palas, papra sufed musli (Curculigo orchioides), indarjao (bark of Eolarrhena antidysenterica, commonly adulterated with the bark of Wrightia tinctoria, also called indarjao, but from a medicinal point of view practically useless), baiberang (seeds of Embelia Biles), banada (Zinziber Cassumunar), bansinghara. Building. — Limestones and clays. Dyeing and Tanning. — Harra, be] i and rohni bark, chheola, dhawai ai Other arts and manufactures. — Lac, gums, wax, horns and hides. Dyeing and Tanning. — Harra, behera and ghont fruit, dhawa and aonla leaves, saj, koha and rohni bark, chheola, dhawai and siharu flowers, lac-dye and bija and chheola kino. ( 17 ) 69. Although the marketable products are so very various and are generally obtainable in abundance, yet the supply is, in nearly every case, far in excess of the demand. Hence the very insignificant figures recorded in the following statement giving the average quantities of such products consumed annually during the past five years, for which years alone separate data are available for the several ranges as at present constituted. Where the quantity is unknown, only the value has been given : — Value in rupees. M 00 O CO •* CO O) O t-" 00 CO OO CM 01 CS cf 00 g o> C-l 00 s Cl Ol CM CM OD CO 00 CO t> CO CN co I-H as co t- t- — « "CM •^ rn C9 LO CO d t- rH i H O H Quantity. CM 0 oo" *O CO I'- O w. "**. of co" o s t- ; rH i § r— 1 rH CD o" rH : d SD CM I— r-. CM O CO CO CO *"" CO rH 10 t— CM H O CM 1A O CO OS r-t rfi —. i-i CO : : : : : "^ CM : RANGE. ii <5 iS M co C7S (O O »rt CM" 88 5§ CO S SJ rH S '> CM CO r-H IO O G^> CO rH -H : co « : ; rH g S a $ to IO tt^ CM CO l-H . w" 10 IO 01 O oo_ •*_ -M~ OO" o o r- O rH O tO 00 O CM >O £- tO en to tO CM CO CM ^« rH rH Q i i to CM 01 * ri o z rt O G> a ^ M r- tM ^ iO CO co : 01 CD CM rH rH CM •^ U5 O CO : •* M 1 1 CO 00 CO" rH — IO OS Ml O> 0 £ o co CQ DQ 3 D c? * RANGE. o . "* a) m a s& a 3 " M PH CO of rH rH to i>- !a S S Oi •-. rH rH CO t> QJ CO O M S^< COOCMCOtMCMrH W ^ r-« CT U5 rH Ol rH ULl'OBK | r- co" 1 2 S g- co 3 co" fO CO rH i-H iO IO CM" rt" 5 : OS CM 00 CO rH O oo o o •— i 01 CO --fli ^ O CO" « rH~ " 2 i = \lll\l 3 CM a . D 5 rH « ANGE. « i £ a. 53 O3 CM II " eo 01 Q CD CQ U 03 HH* H : ; : J : : • : : o f« aT « * t 3 M • — i CJ 1 - 5 I S 2 £ 5 B S S »sg B I 2 3 1 i 1 B ^ - H p 3 < o HH- 1 ^1 3 n Other minor produce, ( 18 ) ARTICLE 2. — Lines of Export. 70. These will be conveniently considered under the three heads (i) Railways, (ii) Roads and (iiij Water-carriage. 71. Railways. — Jubbulpore town is the junction of the Great Indian Peninsula and East Indian Kailways. The former, running nearly due west more or less parallel to the Nerbudda, leaves the district at about the 20th mile from Jubbulpore, while the latter, continuing the iron-road north-eastwards, traverses the rest of the length of the Division for nearly 70 miles. At Katni this railway is met by the Bengal-Nagpur line coming westwards from Bilaspur and by the Bina branch of the Indian Midland system coming eastwards from JSaugor and Damoh. 72. Roads. — We have either (A) roads which, being bridged, sometimes also metalled are capable of carrying cart traffic all the year round, or (E) fair weather roads, which are absolutely closed to cart traffic during the south-west monsoon. The roads of Class (A) are : — 1. The Jubbulpore-Mirzapur road, which closely follows the line of the East Indian Railway and taps blocks 102, 105, 106 and 115. 2. The Jubbulpore-Damoh road, running in a general north-westerly direction and passing through the large village of Katangi and tapping Block 100. 3. The Jubbulpore-Seoni road, running in a general south-westerly direction and tapping blocks 87, 88, 91 and 92 of the Bargi Range. 4. The Jubbulpore-Mandla road, which after leaving the Jubbulpore district traverses the Uhanwahi Range in a south-easterly direction, tapping blocks 48, 62, 63, 79 and 80. 5. The J ubbulpore-Kundam road, running west and tapping blocks 45, 46 and 50. 6. The Murwara-Barhi road, running due east and tapping blocks 11, 12, 13 and 15. 7. A portion of the Damoh-Mirzapur road which enters this district about 16 miles north-west of Murwara and runs through the northern extremity of the dis- trict for about 20 miles, passing close to Block 111. 8. Sihora-Salaiya road, connecting the East Indian and Indian Midland Railway stations bearing those names and tapping blocks 103 and 108. 9. The Murwara-Bilheri road, a short length of about 11 miles, tapping Block 112. The fairly good roads of Class (B) comprise the following : — 1. From Sihora to Kunharwara> running almost due west from Sihora and tapping Block 101. 2. From Sihora to Kundam, tapping Block 37. 3. From Murwara to Rithi, tapping Block 111. 4. From Kaiwara to Barhi, tapping Block 6. 5. From Kaiwara to Juwara, tapping Block 8. 6. From Barhi to Bhada, tapping Block 5. 7. From Barhi to Chandia via Khitoli, tapping blocks 16, 17, 18 and 19. 8. From Rupaund to Block 23. 9. From Rupaund to Kudrao, tapping blocks 22 and 24. 10. From Bilheri to Block 110. 11. From Sleemanabad, through Block 26, to Jhiria. 12. From Sleemanabad to Block 27. 13. From Sleemanabad via Kurai to Block 104. 14. From Umaria to Khamtara, passing through Blocks 30 and 25. 15. From Panagar to Khimaria, passing through Block 43. 1 6. From Khimaria to Block 45. 17. From Lakhanwara through blocks 44, 41 A, 41, close to Block 38 and on to Block 33. 18. From Chhatarpur, through Block 42, on to Murodh and finally on to Block 40. 19. From Mandia Khurd, through blocks 34 and 35 on to meet No. 9. 20. From Chhindgaon, through Block 55, to Menri. 21. From Kalpi, through Block 62 and on to Lakhanpur. 22. From Samnapur on to Lakhanpur, tapping Block 79. 23. From Lakhanpur, through Block 75, on to Maneri and finally on to Block 72. 24. From Purwa to Raichor in the Seoni district, passing through blocks 90 and 93. 73. From the accompanying index trace on the scale of 1 inch = 4 miles it will be seen that the above lines of transport form a very tolerable system of main lines of communica- tion ; but comparatively few are in immediate contact with the forest areas of this Division, and an internal system of feeder and subsidiary roads, to tap and open up the various coupes, is urgently needed. 74. Transport by Water.— The Mahanaddi, the Nerbudda, and the Gaur (one of the tributaries of the Nerbudda) all form possible lines of export. So far, however, the Nerbudda alone has been utilised. This river forms the southern boundary of the Dhanwahi Range and the eastern and northern boundaries of the Bargi Range, tapping, above the great timber marb at Gwari Ghat, blocks 62, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75 and 77 of the Dhanwahi Range and blocks 83, 84, 85, 85A and 86 of the Bargi Range. Floating is effected chiefly from Septem- ber to the end of December, but is still possible, in favourable years, up to the end of Feb- ruary, the rates in these latter months, however, becoming prohibitive. The time of transit from Kudna Ghat, the highest point from which floating can take place, to Gwari Ghat, during the months of September and October is about 8 days. In December it is as much as 1^ months. The following statement gives the cost of floating from various points down to Gwari Ghat at different times when floating is possible : — TIMBER PER 100 POLES OF GIRTH Firewood per Bamboos per 1' 11' 2' 3' 1' li' 2' 3' StiLCK OI ii<> maunds. 1,000. From. September to December. January to February. Sep. to Dec. Jany. to Feb. Sep. to Dec. Jany. to Feb. Rs. a. p Us. a. p Rs. a. p. Ks. a. p Rs. a. p. Rs. a. p. Rs. a. p. Rs. a p. Rs. a. p. Rs. a. p. Rs. a. p Rs. a. p. Khamaria 2 0 0 300 400 500 300 400 500 600 080 0 12 0 1 8 0 200 Kisli 200 300 400 500 300 400 500 600 080 0 12 0 1 8 0 200 Mirki 200 300 400 500 300 400 500 600 080 0 12 0 1 8 0 200 Kathotia 200 300 4 0 0 500 300 400 500 600 080 0 12 0 1 8 0 200 C'hulia 280 380 480 580 380 480 580 0 12 0 1 0 0 200 300 bo Sahajpuri 280 380 480 530 380 480 5 8 0 a 33 0 12 0 1 0 0 200 300 Tatighat 300 400 500 600 400 500 600 1 0 14 0 1 2 0 300 400 O Chutka ._ 300 400 500 600 400 500 600 IH CD ® 0 14 0 1 2 0 300 400 Fatta 300 400 500 600 400 500 600 I| 0 14 0 1 2 0 300 400 "o a 5 Oct. Oct. October and November. December. 8-° to Dec. to Dec. r^ O> *i 0 Nov. :! H tt! £ ; ! [ fr e i b c a v 1 i I H a. H •• : 1 I a> H 1 •»««jnn -voqig 9jod iaj»a -(qua 90iBO 1« -inqqnf -mqa -qois]Aia ARTICLE 2. — Labour Supply. 82. Except during the sowing and harvesting seasons, viz., February, March, June, July and from the beginning of September to the middle of November, labour is easily procurable and sufficient for all forest purposes. The Forest villages mentioned in para. 33 have been specially established under Chief Commissioner's Kevenue Book Circular Section VII, Serial No. 2, in order to have always at hand a permanent and constant supply of work-people who are by caste and occupation habituated to the extraction and handling of forest produce. ( 23 ) PART II. FUTURE MANAGEMENT DISCUSSED AND PRESCRIBED. CHAPTER I. — BASIS OF PROPOSALS. ARTICLE 1. — Working Circles how composed ; Reasons for their Formation. 83. Of the four main types which compose the stock, the teak and miscellaneous types require and will always require one and the same mode of treatment, while the sal type is in such a ruined condition that it is for the present unfitted for any other intrinsically different method of exploitation. Hence from a sylvicultural point of view there need be only a single working circle. For convenience of administration, however, it is expedient and necessary to constitute four working circles conterminous with, and named after, the five Ranges, viz., Murwara, Sihora, .Tubbulpore, Bargi and Dhanwahi. ARTICLE 2. — Compartments; Justification of the Sub-division adopted. 84. For the examination of the forests preliminary to the framing of the present pro- posals, the smaller blocks have been treated as single compartments, while the larger blocks have been divided into two or more compartments. These proposals being of a very ele- mentary character, an elaborate parcelling out of the forests would have been entirely super- fluous. But for the future the formation of compartments of convenient size cannot be dispensed with, and the best compartments will be the coupes to be now adopted. ARTICLE 3. — Analysis of the Crop ; Method of Valuation employed. 85. An analysis of the crop has been effected in the roughest manner consonant with the inferior character of the crop, the simple requirements of the consumers and the low prices prevailing. No valuation survey has been made, but the density of the stocking in different parts has been estimated with the eye and the distribution of the four main types of growth has been noted in a general manner ; the results, however, not being worth recording here. CHAPTER II.— METHOD OF TREATMENT. 86. The remarks in this Chapter do not apply to the treatment of bamboos, which is prescribed in paras. 117 — 119 below. ARTICLE 1. — Objects sought to be attained. 87. The main objects to be sought are : — (i) The replacement of the present scrubby, generally crooked, often unhealthy growth which is capable of yielding scarcely anything better than firewood, by a new stock composed of a larger proportion of the better species and consisting of straight sound stems, some of which will in time develop into moderate-sized and even large timber. (ii) The augmentation of the production in respect of every article by means of con- servative and specially directed management. (iii) The timely utilisation of deteriorating material and of material which no amount of preservation can improve. (iv) While accomplishing these three objects specially connected with the maintenance and improvement of the forests and their economic utilisation, constant provision of a sufficient area for grazing and supply of wood within easy distance of every village requiring pasturage and timber and fuel. (v) Special provision of a cheap and continuous supply of firewood for the iron-smelt- ing industry with a view to revive and encourage it. (vi) Improvement of communications and cheapening of transport so as to render all the remoter forests accessible to one or more great centres of demand. ARTICLE 2.— Method of Treatment adopted. 88. The treatment in general will be a course of improvement fellings, in which, as in the climate and soils in question, artificial regeneration cannot be depended on at all and natural reproduction by seed would be far too slow a process to be trusted by itself to yield the desired results within a reasonable time, coppicing will play a large part in order that all un- promising stems capable of producing good stool-shoots or suckers may be made to contribute directly towards the formation of the new regenerate crop. This general method of treatment must of course be locally modified according to the varying character of the stock and the requirements to be met. Thus, to take the two extreme ends of the scale, in sal forest, the improvement fellings will tend to approximate towards the nature of a selection felling and leave the crop as fall as practicable ; whereas in forests of miscellaneous species capable of yielding only fuel and situated near good markets, or in those forests which are more specially intended to supply fuel for the iron and lime industries, the fellings will be made with a freer hand and assimilate in character to fellings for coppice with standards. Then, again, if the demand is insignificant, the fellings will make hardly any impression on the stock and include only the stems whose removal is most urgent. And so on. In a word, the nature of the improvement felling will vary from forest to forest, from crop to crop, and even from group to group, being, all circumstances considered, the best that can be devised for the particular forest, crop or group to be treated. The treatment to adopt will ultimately be, in sal areas jardinage, everywhere else coppice with standards. ARTICLE 3.— The Exploitable Age,. 89. Age as a factor influencing the exploitability of the trees must once for all be abandoned in the working of these forests, where, seeing the great variability of the factors of soil and situation and the irregular mixture of species, a given diameter of stem may be produced in any time between n and thrice or even four times n years. So that whether during the course of the present improvement fellings or afterwards, it will almost invariably be its size and condition and its utility as a component part of the crop that will decide whether a given tree shall be cut at once or spared until the next felling. After the preceding remarks it is unnecessary to say that, so far at least as this working plan is concerned, there is no connection between the terms "exploitable age" and " rotation," which latter term will be used only in the sense of the period of return of the fellings. CHAPTER III.— THE FELLINGS. ARTICLE 1. — The General Working Scheme ; the Rotation and Possibility. 90. It is evident that systematic annual fellings can be carried out only where the return will at least cover the cost of the operations. We must hence first of all separate the forests into (1) those which can be regularly worked on a commercial basis, and (2) those on which, either in consequence of the competition of private forests or of remoteness combined with the miserable quality of the present stock (the result of past maltreatment), there is little or no demand beyond what is necessary to meet the occasional wants of the sparse local population in respect of firewood and of small poles for hut-building (nistar). 91. The second class of areas will be considered first. If they are not at once brought under the provisions of a working plan and are merely left alone as they have been hitherto, they will certainly not improve, if they do not continue to deteriorate. They will hence be formed into 5-coupe felling series (nistar series), each coupe being successively opened to felling once in five years. As these areas consist of scattered blocks, each block will, as a rule, constitute an independent series, so that no village will have to go an unreasonable distance for its wood and grass and grazing. Every effort should be made to induce their inhabitants to visit the open coupes for the wood they require for their domestic purposes, and every opportunity yielded by any exceptional demand arising should be seized to get rid of the degenerate or hurtful elements of the stock. The effect of the arrangement here prescribed will be, even if the annual removals are insignificant, to subject the tracts in question to continuous and systematic supervision which they do not now get. Thus the condition and progress of the crops and all factors which in any way influence its growth will receive constant attention, so that further deterioration will be rendered impossible and no opportunity of im- proving it lost. The following are the areas to be worked in the manner just described : — Working Circle. Serial number. BLOCKS. Acreage. Name. Murwara _ 1 Guraiya 530 2 Juiiwnni 1,326 3 Bara 1,070 4 Karreha 1,'.!67 5 Hardua 2772 ti Banjari 652 7 Surma 1.174 Ifi Karondi r>,047 112 Bilheri Total 1,285 15,123 Working Circle. Serial number. BLOCKS. Acreage. Name. fcihora 30 Deojjarh 7,968 31 Umarpaui 8,319 32 Deogawan 1,315 34 Kauharpura ... ... 6,669 35 Garhat 474 Bargi 36 89 Punwasa ... ... Total Khranpathar ... 2,044 25,789 4,679 90 Lohri 4,515 93 Semra 4,573 94 Thengra 3,615 96 Kulaun 1,358 97 Pijiaria ... _ 1,159 Dhanwahi 98 53 Tontha Total Dhala 588 20,487 699 54 Bastara 16,399 55 Puraria 1£,504 61 Ehondi 2,08'{ 62 Kalpi -part) ... 18,5tiO 63 Salaiya 492 64 Cliargawan ... ... ... 363 68 Kunda (part)... 924 7fi Niwnr-Khapa... 76 78 Bilaikhapa ... 96 79 Bijadoni ([ art) 4,249 82 Pararia Total GRAND TOTAL FOR DIVISION 1,060 60,505 121,904 If during the currency of this working plan the demand on any of these blocks should appreciably increase from any cause whatsoever, full advantage of this circumstance should be taken to make the treatment more intensive by augmenting the number and thus propor- tionately diminishing the size of the coupes. According to the extent of the increase the number of the coupes will be augmented by splitting up each of the original five coupes into two or more new coupes. The latter contingency would mean that the demand was large enough to justify the transfer of the block in question at once to the list of forests dealt with in the immediately following paragraphs. 92. The other class of areas, vis., those capable of being at once worked systematically on a commercial basis, comprise all the remaining A class forests. These must be separated into (a) areas which have produced and can still produce large timber, so scarce in these Pro- vinces, and (6) those which can never yield anything larger than the small timber constituting the bulk of the requirements of the local population and the poorer inhabitants of towns. To the former sub-class belong only the Machmacha, Khitoli, Sutri and Karela blocks, i.e., not more than 32 square miles (only 6 per cent.) out of the total area of 535 square miles composing the Division. The whole of these 32 square miles, which are situated within easy reach of two Railways, must therefore be worked exclusively in the interests of large timber.* Fortunately this is possible, for with the exception of Karela (just a little over half a square mile), the entire area has, under the orders of the Administration, been considered since * It must not be understood from this that only large timber will be obtained from the forests so treated. Only the most promising trees will be kept to attain a large size, thw rest will be cut at various ages just before they begin to deteriorate and will furnish all the classes of wood required by the village and poorer town population. ( 26 ) 1871, as not being required for grazing, so that there is nothing in the conditions under which these forests are to be administered to restrict in any way the full application of a treat- ment based solely on sylvicultural considerations. Hence the improvement fellings should be passed quickly through the area, a rotation of 20 years being adopted and the four blocks being constituted into a single felling series. 93. As regards the areas falling under sub-class (6) the length of rotation will depend entirely on the intensity of the grazing pressure and will be 15, 20 or 30 years according as this is tight, moderate or heavy. .Such of them as are situated near iron-smelting furnaces or lime-kilns or within easy access of the town of Jubbulpore will be worked up to their full capability, only such stems being spared as belong to timber-yielding species and are certain to remain sound and in vigorous growth up to the end of the rotation. Elsewhere the severity of the fellings will obviously be commensurate with the demand for wood and only such stems will be removed as can be disposed of or, being thin and unpromising, can be cut back at slight cost to produce valuable coppice shoots possessing a certain future. 94. What has been said in the two preceding paragraphs is summarised in the follow- ing statement, which also gives the names and areas of the blocks and the constitution of the several felling series : — Working Circle. Serial number o Felling series. COMPONENT BLOCKS. Length of rotation in years. General character of Improvement Fellings. Serial number Name. Acreage. (a) To be worked specially for the production of large timber. ( 17 Machmaoha 8,707 ^ Light, consisting of extrnc- tion of dead and dying 18 Khitoli 9,367 trees, of cleanings and Murwara 1 { J- 20 thinnings in overcrowd- 19 Karela 386 1 ed places and of cutting 1 buck for improved re- I, 20 Sutri 2.498 ! growth where the cover is open (see paragraph 99 Total 20,958 below). (bj To be worked specially for supply of fuel for iron-smelting. Sihora ( 37 Daroli 607 ) Practically identical with 1 1 ( 15 cutting for coppice with ( 38 Patna 2,409 standards (see paragraph 10U below). ( 28 Dhanwahi 575 ^ VI \ ( 29 Ilargarh 417 !> 50 VII 33 Karopani 4,287 ) I 102 Amoch 470 1 IX > 30 I 104 Jujawal 796 ; Total 9,561 Jnbbulpore 1 39 Kundwara 2,420 ^ 11 40 Sonthi 1,664 }• 15 111 41 Taunri (part) 1.899 Total 5,989 GRAND TOTAL ... 15,550 fa) To be worked for general requirements, including fuel for lime-burning. Murwara . 1 8 Jaiwara 1,672 ^ Approximating in charac- II ] ter to coppice- with-stan- 9 Ghugri 2,722 dards felling as nearly as the extent and nature of ( 10 Darori 1,545 !> 30 the demand for wood will allow (see paragraph 101 HI < 11 Majhgawan 1,438 below). I 12 Bijori 2,297 ) IV 13 Gopalpur 3,983 20 ( 14 Ehairani 1,106 I V 1 » Jhiria 1,758 1 t 21 Salaiya 341 J. 30 ( 105 Lakhapateri 935 VI j 1 ^ 105 Jalasur £68 Working Circle. Serial number of Felling series. COMPONENT BLOCKS. [>ength of rotation in years. General character of Improvement Fellings. Serial number. Name. Acreage. VII 107 1'athrari 6,114 20 VIII 108 Patbori 2,352 30 ( 109 Kena 9,941 >1 t ix 4 I 111 Mamar 723 !• 20 X 110 Umdar 13,451 XI 113 Bhainswahi 487 15 Total 51,433 ( 22 Jhapi 1,338 1 1 Sihora 23 Jorpahar 191 . 30 24 Kudra 450 } III 25 Bijbota (part) 1,102 ] IV 25 „ 14,005 1 )• 20 ( 26 Katahi 4,339 ( 27 Cbbeolapani 1,508 ) ( 99 Samasgarh 969 } I VIII .j 100 Jamunia 345 1 }• 30 k 101 ilahgawan ... 684 X 103 Kuan 1,028 J Total 25,959 Jobbulpore IV 41 Taunri (part) 2,740 1 / 41 ,, J,044 V J J- 30 ( 41 A Pondi 3,362 VI 42 Bhaunraba 7,538 J VII 43 Sakri 1,114 20 t 44 Chitri 2,944 1 VIIH 45 Bijapuri 458 IX 46 Lower Gaur 5,266 }• 30 x/ 50 Gangai 1,377 x\ 51 Dasrathpur (part) ... 476 XI 51 H 11 ... 3,566 } Total 29,885 I 92 Narainpur 487 \ I II 91 Bargi 924 i f 83 Chhindwaha 554 1 J- 30 85 Khamkhera 289 III. 85A Salaiwara 4,451 , 86 Mankheri 347 ; . ( 87 Khapa 365 } IV }• 20 1 88 Silua 1,371 ) Total 8,788 ( 47 Enmbbi 1,103 * 48 Bichhai 401 l\ 49 Bamhni-Parwa 732 > so 80 Jamunia ... 1,603 \ 81 Dobhi 4,885 } Serial COMPONENT BLOCKS. Length of General character of Working Circle. number of Felling series. Serial number. Name. Acreage. rotation in years. Improvement Fellings. II 79 Bijadoni (part) 7,724 \ III 59 Barela 8,320 IV 62 Kalpi (part) 12,548 ( 62 »» >» "• 3,247 I V< 65 Piparia 228 | I, 67 Chutka 484 72 Jamthar 1,537 \ 30 1 VI < 75 Chaonrai 3,898 1 I, 77 Gumti 704 68 Kunda (part) 3,826 VII < I 6a Sahajpur 429 VJII 84 Eathotia \flsa 3 Total 53,308 GRAND TOTAL 169,373 GRAND TOTAL OF ALL THREE CLASSES 205,881 It is hardly necessary to add that the coupes will be annual and that they are as equal in area as the adoption of well-marked natural boundaries has permitted. 95. All B class forests have been excluded from the prescriptions of this Article, as with scarcely a single exception they will soon be disforested for settlement on ryotwari principles. The provisions of Revenue Book Circular VII — 15 will be fully carried out in the event of disforestment. In the contrary case, the areas will be transferred to class A and at once brought into the General Working Scheme sketched above. ARTICLE 2. — Period for which the Fellings have been prescribed. 9*5. Absolutely speaking and in view of the radical economic changes which will certainly follow upon the application of this working plan, it would be best to limit its cur- rency to ten years. But as a rotation of 30 years has been adopted for many of the forest.-, the fellings have, in compliance with the orders of the Inspector-General of Forests on the original Bargi Range Draft Plan, been prescribed for 30 years. ARTICLE 3. — Fellings whether annual or periodical ; Method of their A llotrnent. 97. In every series the fellings will succeed one another annually and their succession has been so arranged as to interfere as little as possible with the convenience of the villagers in respect of their grazing and other requirements. No one will ever have to go further than 3 miles from his village to get his wood or pasturage for his cattle. ARTICLE 4. — Nature of, and Mode of executing, the Fellings; Forecast of Condition of Crop at their Conclusion. 98. The nature of the fellings to be made has been generally described in paras. 91 — 93 above; it therefore merely remains to particularize them for the groups into which the forests have been classed in Article 1 above. 99. Firstly, as regards the four sal blocks (Machmacha, Khitoli, Karela and Sutri) situated in the Murwara Range, which are to be managed specially for the production of laree timber. They contain a very large proportion of crooked or otherwise unpromising poles and a few badly-grown, more or less unsound trees of moderate dimensions. These should be got rid of, provided of course that they are marketable and their removal does not over-expose the soil, the main end to be kept in view being to favour the free develop- ment of the most promising individuals (the large timber of the future), to give overtopped young growth the amount of light they require and to provoke new reproduction by seed of sal and of the more valuable timber-yielding species. At the same time ill-grown saplings and thin poles of these species which stand clear under the sky, should be cut back in order to raise up in their place good coppice shoots with a future. In frosty localities great .prudence should be exercised. 100. Secondly, as regards the areas to be worked specially for fuel for iron-smelting. Here the principles of the coppice-with-standards system will be observed in their entirety. No hard-and-fast rule as to the number of standards to be preserved can, however, be laid down. In some places, the crop will consist mainly of shrubby species, which it would be manifestly absurd to reserve. If it is objected that cover must be left on the ground to secure immunity from frost-bite and drought, there is the unanswerable reply, based on long and repeated local experience, that 40 or even 60 little scare-crow! ike standards to the acre can afford absolutely no protection against frost or the sun. Sceptics in regard to this fact have only to visit those parts of the district where our coupes, cut on the rule of 40 or 60 standards to the acre, lie side by side with private woodlands which have been clean cut ( 29 ) over; in these latter areas frost will not be found to have done any greater damage, while on the whole the regrowth will be observed to be fuller and more vigorous. Accordingly, the only rule to observe in marking for standards will be to reserve fi) all promising indi- viduals of valuable timber-yielding species, (ii) all harra trees, (iii) all mab.ua, mango, achar, tendu and edible fig trees in a bearing condition, and (iv) all trees and shrubs intended for the cultivation of lac, quite irrespective of any consideration of their number and distribution. Only the stools of timber-yielding species will be cut flush with the ground and with a clenn smooth section ; in the case of other species it will suffice if stumps are not left more than a few inches high and the section is not too jagged, all that is wanted being that some at least of the resulting stool-shoots shall spring up close to or in contact with the ground so as to ultimately become independent individuals possessing their own root-system. The only exception to this rule will be, if the stem to be cut is too aged to throw up good coppice and the value of the extra wood to be thereby gained is entirely incommensurate with the labour and cost involved in felling low ; in such cases pollarding will be allowable, if there is no neighbouring growth of greater value ready to take its place, otherwise it should be girdled, to die, if possible ; if not to die, then to be prevented from throwing up shoots likely to harm the more valuable neighbour. 101. Thirdly, as regards the rest of the areas referred to in paragraph 93 above. Here the rule to follow, when all the produce of the coupe can be disposed of, will obviously be the same as that just explained in the immediately preceding paragraph. When, on the other hand, the demand is not equal to the full possible outturn, then less strictness will be exercised in selecting the standards, some of the least harmful or better class of the un- promising elements of the crop will be left standing along with those which from every point of view deserve to be reserved. Saplings and thin poles possessing for one reason or another no present promise will be carefully cut back, even if they yield no saleable produce, because it is such individuals that will furnish the very best elements for the constitution of the future coppice. 102. Fourthly and lastly, as regards the areas described in paragraph 91 above. Here all promising individuals and, without exception, all teak and tinsa trees and those enumerated in paragraph 103 below will be marked for reservation and the purchaser allowed to select from the remainder of the crop what suits his purpose, being obliged under the express terms of his license or permit to leave no stool that has not been cut within 3 inches of the ground and well smoothed off. Nistar permit-holders will remove only dead or fallen wood for their fuel. For fencing they may cut the following species without any restriction : — Bekal, ULirara. Maker. Bilsena Akol. Karonda. Ranker. Menhar. Sihaiu. Pendra. 103. Although mentioned in a particular manner only in para. 1 00 above, yet the unquali- fied reservation of the following trees should be understood in all the four cases of fellings :— - (a) All harra trees. (6) All mahua, mango, achar, tendu and edible fig trees in a bearing condition. (c) All trees and shrubs intended for the cultivation of lac. Also, as a general rule, fellings should be extremely light or not permitted at all in places where destructive frosts occur annually. 104. At the conclusion of the 30 years for which these fellings have been prescribed two cycles of fellings will have passed through felling series subject to a rotation of 15 years, two through the first 10 coupes and one through the other 10 of felling series subject to a rotation of 20 years and a complete succession through all the remaining series, while in the nistur series the cycle will have gone round 6 times, unless during the interval it has been found necessary to further sub-divide them. In all the series without exception more or less great changes for the better will have taken place, the greatest in felling series with a rotation of only 15 years, the coupes of which will contain a complete succession of ages from 1 to 15 years with standards of two distinct classes. In the sal areas all dead and deteriorating trees will have been removed and the crop will consist of vigorous young trees with a large sprinkling of older ones in full growth. In the felling series outside the sal area the propor- tion of the more valuable species will have everywhere increased and the young stock will consist mostly of straight, healthy, well-grown individuals. The experience of the past 25 years goes to show that any important increase in the stock of seedling trees is not to be expected, but the little increase that is certain to occur, combined with the production of at Least one and half times as many coppice stems as the number of stems originally cut back will make the forest growth appreciably denser. It is not too much to say that whereas the present stock in the forest consists of quite 90 per cent, firewood, the percentage of timber will have increased in the 30 years from 10 to at least 40. ARTICLE 5. — Tabular Statements of the Fellings to be made. 105. These statements are given below by Working Circles which are, as already stated in paragraph 83 above, co-extensive with the five ranges. The coupes have all been marked on the 4" = 1 mile maps, from which, as the boundaries follow as far as possible natural features and roads, they can be laid out without difficulty. 106. Details for the Regular Felling series are given in the following five statements. The successive order of the coupes has been fixed only after a careful study of lists showing the villages requiring grazing in our various forest blocks and the number of cattle sent by them to graze there. ( 30 ) Mttrwara Working Circle. ROTATION IN YEAR. 20 30 30 so 30 15 20 30 20 20 15 Total acreage to be felled over 1 each year. NUMBER OF FELLING SERIES I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI A'umber of Black. 17 18 19 20 8 . 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 21 105 106 107 108 109 111 110 Bhainswahi. j g Name of Block. Machmacba. • Khitoli. jj S 1 ! x i Jaiwara. *C be 3 J3 O 1 a Majhgawan. I 5 Gopalpur, Khairani. 4 •z ?5 4 >>. OS 1 Lakhapateri. 1 *«3 f-3 i a £ Fathori. Eenab. Mttmar. Amdar. Year. Num- ber of Doupe Acreage. 1899-1900 1 ... 1,179 ... 156 165 186 160 91 303 77 573 639 32 3,561 1900-1 2 1,319 143 195 214 112 103 - 328 80 522 7C« 32 3,757 1901-3 1902-3 3 1,045 125 134 139 190 178 153 207 284 303 95 78 113 111 108 103 319 281 219 85 73 78 670 576 541 ... 620 719 677 34 34 30 3,389 3,697 3.567 1903-4 5 ... 1,274 ... 1904-5 6 ... 1,214 158 200 ... 189 ... 92 105 331 71 575 655 30 3,620 1905-6 7 1,315 178 204 200 ... K'4 106 354 78 577 734 30 3,880 19C6-7 1907-8 1908-9 1909-10 8 9 10 11 895 8 9 1,171 786 200 ... 160 179 194 184 173 190 189 204 197 207 116 107 11* 121 102 94 90 95 m 288 284 300 R6 75 80 89 616 423 558 381 624 667 644 610 37 37 25 32 3.566 3.147 3,285 3.133 132 ... ... 115 ... 1910-11 12 771 131 169 188 128 96 315 76 510 637 37 3,118 1911-12 13 1,002 ... ... 167 ... 183 205 1M 46 50 283 92 596 615 30 3,373 1912-13 14 ... 1,025 ... .„ 143 159 204 86 108 36H 80 555 ... 630 S3 3.383 1913-14 15 „ 1,197 142 174 215 110 ... 95 265 SO 565 7*2 34 3,609 1614-15 16 ... 960 ... 132 ... 138 206 111 w 274 77 519 ... 747 133 3,387 1915-16 17 681 151 ... 166 182 .- 29 103 282 75 585 810 32 3,196 1916-17 18 90b 188 ... 136 - ... 166 188 ... 74 111 ... 298 71 564 666 34 3,400 1917-18 19 804 ... 162 1K> ... 201 81 108 321 88 4S6 603 34 3.066 1918-19 1919-20 1920-21 20 21 32 802 164 15S 166 181 204 192 ... 194 M86 214 120 96 181 ... 103 1(5 106 342 "303 328 88 8.9 75 •573 622 342 683 •639 709 30 30 30 3.047 3.647 3,757 • 1 179 ... 1,319 1921-22 H 1,045 157 143 207 98 102 31!) 68 570 620 37 3,366 1922-23 34 1.337 136 136 204 76 94 281 61 576 ni 3,657 1923-24 25 1,274 133 16.1 203 84 90 219 67 541 677 25 3,476 1924-35 192S-26 36 37 1,214 139 135 166 193 189 200 102 93 95 96 331 354 89 69 575 577 ... J . 3,587 3,803 • •* 1,315 ... 1926-37 1927-38 1928-29 28 29 30 M 889 1,171 200 139 .. 167 198 176 189 204 197 ... us 108 100 40 95 50 108 337 288 284 72 78 80 616 423 381 tM 1 3,483 3.133 3,308 146 Total acreage to be felled in 30 years. 11,6«2 i:., .>>- 30 586 4,996 1,673 2,722 1.545 1,438 2,297 5,976 3,983 1,106 1,768 341 1,870 1,136 9,158 6,114 2.352 14,914 I.I'M n 103,298 Total acreage of Felling teiies. 958 4,394 5,280 3,305 1,603 2,353 10,654 72,391 • The rotation being 20 years, the cycle of fellings comes back to coupe 1 to go on again to ooupes 3, 3 and »o on. t The rotation being 16 yeari, the cycle of fellings comes back to coupe No. 1 again. ( 31 ) Sihora Working Circle. ROTATION IN YKAKS. 15 30 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 NUMBER OP FELLING SKHIKS. I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X 1 Number of JSIuck. 37 38 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 33 99 100 101 102 104 103 J3 O s ^ •S E C & & 43 |U S 2 Name of block. 1 s i o 'a cs IS a h c 03 a t-t 2 J3 3 B ..; "Q 53 & •S 1. 1 .2 '5 03 j "3 o d 1 a a •B 'S, S 8, •d o o "3 e! O) 43 a a JS ff a Ml 0 M < OB a cd 0 a BC OJ "o o a .1 a § 1 Q C •» *-» M S S M 0 Q 33 W OB n & < "» H Serial Year. number of Acreage. Coupe. 1897-98 1 ... 204 60 42 782 291 47 216 .. 70 40 36 1,788 1898-99 2 178 60 61 769 294 ... •- 55 196 82 .- 44 ... 35 1,774 1899-1900 3 16ti 56 ... 38 650 266 67 208 ... 60 ... 36 ... 30 1,561 19001 4 188 59 59 682 304 56 213 60 ... ... 42 ... 29 1,692 1901-2 5 192 64 62 669 303 49 185 76 ... 56 31 1.687 1902-3 6 243 66 ... ... 37 649 307 66 232 1-1 ... 51 30 1,753 1903-4 7 260 61 ... 56 693 298 38 ... 250 .- 60 39 36 1,790 1904-5 8 228 64 60 667 287 45 ... 231 ... 68 49 30 1,729 1905-6 9 212 ... 60 48 695 308 48 204 ... 77 42 39 1,733 1906-7 10 220 ... 71 ... 74 659 288 ... 45 ... 236 68 ... 38 36 1,735 1907-8 11 ... 194 95 69 656 283 ... 43 208 73 45 35 1,691 1908-9 12 179 84 ... 62 741 267 ... 52 224 ... 60 44 ... 35 1,748 1909-lB 13 176 70 56 859 306 ... 44 ... 244 66 43 33 1,897 1910-11 14 195 ... 62 66 740 285 47 ... 205 68 42 34 1,744 1H11-12 15 187 70 45 667 311 .„ 51 192 59 46 31 1,659 1912-13 16 - *204 77 ... 67 713 285 ... 41 231 64 39 36 1,757 1913-14 17 ... 173 68 ... ... 43 662 ... 309 50 215 72 ... 34 32 1,663 1914-io IS ... 160 ... - 57 61 716 306 51 219 ... 73 ... 39 31 1,713 1915-16 19 188 66 55 623 273 60 194 ... 74 ... 39 25 1,597 1916-17 20 192 63 52 713 276 47 184 60 ... ... 52 35 1,674 1917-18 21 243 ... — 60 t42 t782 t291 ... t47 t216 65 ... — 39 35 1,820 1918-19 22 ... 260 ... 80 61 769 294 55 196 57 ... 41 ... 46 1,859 191920 23 ... 228 68 ... :H8 650 266 ... 57 208 62 ... 54 ... 36 1,667 1920-21 24 212 70 59 682 304 ... 56 213 59 39 35 1,729 1921-22 25 220 63 62 669 303 49 185 73 - 29 36 1,689 1922-23 26 ... 194 68 ... ... 37 649 307 ... 66 232 60 — 39 32 1,684 1923-24 27 ... 179 58 55 693 298 38 ... 250 ... ... 56 39 34 1,700 1924-25 28 176 57 ... 60 667 ._ 287 45 231 ... 61 39 35 1,658 1925-26 29 195 58 ... 48 695 ,*. 308 48 ... 204 73 ... 40 39 1,708 1926-27 30 187 64 74 659 288 ... 45 236 70 ... 47 41 1,711 Total area to be felled in 30 years. 1,214 4,818 1,338 191 450 1,638 20,920 6,392 2,401 866 632 6,458 969 345 S84 170 796 1,028 51,610 Total area of Felling series ... 3,016 1,979 1,102 14,005 5,847 992 4,287 1,998 1,266 1,028 35,520 " The rotation being 15«years, the cycle of fellings comes back to coupe 1 and goes on to 2, 3 up to 15 again. The rotation being 20 years, the cycle of fellings comes back to coupe 1 to go on as before to 3, 3. ( 32 ) Jubbulpore Working Circle. ROTATION IN IEARS. 15 15 15 30 30 30 20 30 30 30 30 b 1 9 jO S 8 Is 3 S> 1 S 9 3 o H NUMBER OF FELLING SERIES. I 11 III IV V VI VII V1I1 IX X XI Number of Block. 39 40 41 41 41 41A 42 43 44 45 46 50 51 51 * Name of Block. Kundwara. Sonthi. S I a 1 f S. a I Taunri (part). •3 a £ Bhaonraha. "C i •c S o Bijapuri. s a O 1 I B Dasrathpnr (part). Dasratlipur (part). Serial Year. num- >er o1 Acreage. Coupe. N 1899-1900 1 177 121 126 93 155 ... 246 86 106 184 56 ... 136 1,486 1900-1 2 215 116 125 93 142 269 52 108 ... 224 55 117 1,516 19 H-2 3 122 118 128 95 112 33 247 102 104 174 61 124 1,420 1902 3 4 151 120 123 99 128 ... 266 93 124 219 71 123 1,517 1903-4 5 123 109 124 96 122 250 55 98 ... 137 ... 63 118 1,295 1904-5 6 177 119 127 110 80 45 227 34 94 ... 193 ... 68 lie 1,400 1905-6 7 193 113 138 86 143 ... 272 43 H5 137 79 117 1,426 1906-7 8 159 110 130 90 162 298 52 101 136 ... 63 ll'J 1,413 1907-8 9 191 110 126 89 125 239 41 116 173 48 106 1,364 19089 10 181 91 127 85 130 261 34 115 204 49 140 1.417 1909-10 11 187 95 123 98 ... 112 273 57 122 17-' 55 109 1,403 1910-11 12 153 S8 126 97 128 238 34 97 ... 191 51 110 1.3-J3 1911-12 13 123 109 126 100 158 272 89 114 136 106 139 i,at 1912-13 14 153 119 124 105 ... 141 240 67 109 179 67 136 1,430 191S-14 15 121 116 126 75 .*. 157 259 64 118 178 58 120 1,392 1914-15 16 *177 '121 «126 80 ... 161 281 44 130 1-.-7 67 119 1,433 1915-16 17 215 116 125 89 154 238 34 122 ... 111 46 107 1,358 1916-17 18 122 118 128 84 ... 136 2ft2 54 111 ... 140 64 116 1,322 1917-18 19 151 '20 123 89 ... 152 239 45 ... 100 191 56 9-i 1,369 1918-19 20 123 109 124 99 ... 164 243 34 108 216 80 125 1.424 1919-20 21 177 119 127 86 18n 238 t86 116 211 51 94 1,482 1920-21 22 193 113 138 81 193 265 52 95 ... 208 63 131 1,521 1921-22 23 159 110 130 95 189 253 102 126 ... 158 78 161 1,569 1922-23 24 191 110 1:6 97 138 249 93 129 168 53 95 1,453 1923-24 25 181 91 127 94 ... 165 258 55 113 183 49 111 1,426 1924-25 .'.. 26 187 95 123 94 ... 118 243 34 151 ... 145 5i 147 1,395 1925-26 27 153 98 126 88 ... 136 214 43 122 234 59 98 I,3«i8 1926-27 28 123 109 126 70 172 247 52 ... 121 175 58 109 1,362 1927-28 29 153 119 124 90 139 240 41 121 199 74 ... 107 1,407 1828-29 Total area to be felled in 30 30 121 116 1-36 93 136 221 34 106 ... 163 62 115 1,293 4,852 3,328 3,798 2,740 1,044 3,362 7,538 1,706 2,944 458 5,266 1,377 476 3,566 42,455 years. Total area of Fell- 35,874 2426 1,664 1,899 2,740 4,' 106 7,538 1,114 3, 102 5,266 1, 53 3,566 ing series. ' * The rotation bei ng 15 years, the cycle of fellings comes back to coupe 1 and goes on to 2. 3 up to 15 again. t The rotation being 20 years, the cycle of fellings comei back to coupe 1 to go on as before to 2, 3. ( 33 ) Bargi Working Circle. ROTATION IN YEARS. 30 30 30 20 NUMBER OF FELLING SERIES. I II III IV Number of Block. 92 91 83 85 1 85A 86 87 88 Total acreage to be felled Name of Block. x'araiupur Bargi. Chhind waha. - Kham khera Salaiwara Man- 1 kheri. Khapa Silua. Year. Serial number of • Acreage. Coupe. 1899-1900 1 17 30 190 91 331 1900-1 2 16 30 ... ... 180 ... ... 91 317 1901-2 3 18 30 ... 174 74 296 1902-3 4 17 30 203 ._ .- 88 338 1903-4 5 17 30 ..- 174 ... 88 309 1904-5 6 16 30 171 67 284 1905-6 7 15 30 154 ... ._ 65 264 1906-7 8 1(5 30 210 106 862 1907-8 9 15 35 192 ... ... 64 306 1908-9 10 10 33 220 ... .- 103 372 1909-10 11 16 34 1-13 ... 80 273 1910-11 12 10 28 200 ... 88 332 1911-12 13 15 28 190 ... 83 316 1912-13 14 15 28 210 100 353 1913-14 15 16 38 108 ... ... 116 278 1914-15 16 17 £9 254 71 ... 371 1915-16 17 17 29 230 90 ... 366 1916-17 18 16 27 173 88 304 1917-18 19 15 28 ,. 229 76 348 1918-19 20 15 27 216 ... 104 362 1919-20 21 1ft 28 ... 200 ... ... *94 337 1920-21 22 16 32 106 ... ... 91 245 1921-22 23 16 27 ... 205 ._ 74 322 1922-23 24 17 31 ... .... 182 ... 88 318 1923-24 25 18 32 ... 180 ... ... 88 318 1924-25 26 17 34 ... 146 67 264 1925-26 27 17 42 200 ... ... 65 324 1926-27 28 16 34 ... ... 195 ... 106 351 l!)27-28 :9 17 3D 220 ... 64 331 I't28-2'.l on 17 5Q 1B6 ... 103 336 Tntal iirc;i to IIK [cllml in .'Jo ymrs 487 924 554 289 4,451 347 365 2,311 9,623 Total artMi of Fulling SKI-IKS 487 924 5.641 1,736 8,788 * Here, the rotation being 2u years, the cycle of fellings comes back to coupe 1 and begins over again. ( 34 ) Dhanwahi Working Circle. ROTATION IN YEAKS. 30 30 30 30 30 30 SO 30 b S *-» A B 2 o> b 0> t> O T3 • 2 S: 3. ID 03 3 i NUMBER OF FELLING SERIES. 1 11 III IV V VI VI 1 VIII Number of Block. 47 48 Bamnhi Purwa. £ 80 81 79 59 62 62 65 67 72 75 77 68 69 84 Name of Block. Kumbhi. Richhai. Jamunia. S o Q fa E • p. 'a o •o • S _« *3 E m a -t-3 I 'E. *c3 W | ^s 'S. "a M .2 & £ Chutka. Jamthar. Chaonrai. Gumti. 03 •o fi O « tH a •ft "? *a> •Js Eathotia. Tear. Num- ber of Coupe. Acreage. 1899-1900 ... 1900-1 1901-2 1902-3 1903-4 1904-5 1905-6 1906-7 1907-8 _ 1908-9 1909-10 ... 1910-11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ... ... 268 279 275 272 270 311 311 251 t!75 270 298 257 306 357 287 265 259 259 249 235 224 232 270 223 257 249 262 280 300 239 257 282 205 267 299 260 229 207 262 264 299 259 296 287 248 314 287 265 3:'4 320 246 304 270 360 242 265 237 216 272 306 214 245 352 364 299 366 246 239 294 289 298 179 219 272 216 477 362 388 384 388 395 381 400 436 418 360 353 442 480 456 448 427 471 416 430 484 405 435 465 399 408 385 415 446 394 138 94 215 13l 118 189 106 124 lift 130 170 94 159 139 117 113 158 93 139 155 122 148 163 134 ill 120 - 240 193 182 239 273 126 136 100 173 180 155 113 158 98 133 190 1.18 120 130 187 162 202 128 168 123 120 150 95 107 208 115 109 140 172 117 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 65 51 48 50 57 69 65 70 55 54 54 54 50 49 49 50 51 57 56 45 54 54 1,864 1,683 1,671 1,714 1,878 1,699 1,774 1,799 1,884 1,805 1,689 1,694 1,762 1,824 1,914 1,692 1,804 1,996 1,891 1,839 1,923 1,758 1,676 1,801 1,715 1,714 1,709 1,704 1,782 1,650 117 132 164 216 180 261 224 241 188 182 189 .„ - 355 377 328 296 1911-12 ... 1912-13 ... 1913-14 1914-15 ... 1915-16 ... 1916-17 ... 1917-18 .. 1918-19 ... 1919-20 ... 1920-21 ... 1921-22 .„ 1922-23 ... 1923-24 ... 1924-25 192526 ... 1926-27 ... 1927-28 ... 1928-29 ... 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 102 183 'J50 165 168 216 258 158 206 275 325 276 260 242 - ... ... 273 ... 130 199 180 158 166 164 199 212 28J 265 308 287 ... - ... ... 281 120 ... 159 Total area to be felled in 30 years. 1,103 401 732 1,603 4,885 7,724 8,320 12,548 3,247 228 484 1,537 3,898 704 3,826 429 1,639 53,308 Total area of Felling series. 8,724 7,724 8.S20 12,548 3,959 6,139 4,255 1,639 53,308 ( 35 ) 107. The arrangement and succession of the nistar coupes (see paragraph 91) are indicated below SERIAL No. OF COUPES. 1 •2 3 4 5 YEARS IN wmctf TO BK 1899-1900, 1904-5 190a-IO, 1914 15 1900-1, 1905-6 1910-11. 1915-16 IHOl-'J, 1906-7 1911-12. 191G-17 1902-3, 19D7-8 1912-13, 1917-18 1903-4, 1903-9 1913-14, 1918-19 £ c 1919-20, 1924 25. 1920-21, 19i'5--J6. 1921-22, 1926-27. 1922-23, 1927-28. 1923 24.1928-29. h 1 Block. .*• 2 be o • Acreage of coupe. a. SO 0 . .5 ° Name. £ fc g 99 196 245 286 1,285 Total 3,124 3,097 2,930 2,899 3,073 15,123 1 A 30 Deogarh 1.680 1,691 1,592 1,501 1,504 7,96* a \ B 31 Umarpani 1,576 1,659 1,550 1,602 1,932 8,319 o J C 32 Meogawan 269 279 239 229 249 1,315 •5 U 34 Kanliarpura 1,129 1,136 1,208 1,240 956 5,663 10 i K 35 Garhat 100 84 90 120 80 474 L F 36 Punwasa 443 389 389 379 439 2,044 . Total 5,202 5,238 5,118 5,071 5,160 25,789 f A 98 Tontha 109 80 103 161 135 588 B 97 Piparia (part) ... 100 106 97 127 174 604 (J 97 »' 97 115 109 100 134 555 D 96 Knlaun (part) ... 162 138 142 124 125 691 B 96 •» it 154 142 137 97 137 667 ? F 93 Semra (part) 448 399 472 421 477 2,217 3 n H 93 90 Lohri (part) 51ft 4Q8 496 382 446 424 432 376 467 311 2,356 1,901 J 90 94 Thengra (part) ... 349 583 357 582 366 594 329 342 380 2,614 1,781 K 94 n ,, 372 393 292 H59 418 1 834 i L 89 Karanpathar (part) f>5n 394 444 314 283 1,990 M 89 »» n ••• 584 469 463 543 630 2,689 Total 4.366 4,054 4,077 3,977 4,013 20,487 r A 55 Pararia (part) ... 541 524 531 564 695 2,855 B ( 55 ,. „ 575 477 542 458 666 2,718 C u Dhala 979 869 1,026 936 985 4,795 U E 55 54 Pararia (part) ... Bastura ,, 1,039 1,182 1,595 1,221 1,054 1.009 1,074 1,083 1,073 133Q 5,835 5,830 '4 F G U 54 61 62 Bhondi Salaiya 2,157 383 121 1,850 448 109 1,876 372 76 2,053 414 89 2,633 466 94 10,569 2,083 492 a ^ 1 64 Cliargawan 69 74 75 71 74 363 a J 76 Niwar Khapa ... 16 16 14 16 14 76 0 K L 68 82 Kunda (part) ... Pararia 157 217 165 247 103 188 158 190 341 218 924 1,060 M N 0 P Q 62 62 62 62 79 Kalpi (part) Bijudoni (part) ... 751 1,254 507 1,734 355 781 892 684 1,412 329 698 714 680 973 336 780 906 653 1,267 471 722 1,202 564 1,386 283 3,732 4,968 3,088 6,772 1,774 ^ K S 79 78 Bilaikhapa 383 21 530 17 438 20 492 18 632 20 2,475 96 Total 12,444 12,240 10,725 11,698 13,398 60,505 Total acreage to be gone over each year. 25,136 24,629 22,850 23,645 25,644 121,904 ( 36 ) CHAPTER IV. — SUPPLEMENTARY REGULATIONS, ARTICLE 1. — Cleanings, Thinnings or other Improvement Fellings. 108. Cleanings and thinnings as independent operations are entirely excluded by the extreme cheapness of small wood, which would not permit of more than a fraction of their cost being recouped. They must therefore form an integral part of the fellings prescribed in paragraphs 99 and 102 above, and as regards the areas to be treated as coppice-with-standards, their absence will be of little consequence, as our most valuable species are well able to take care of themselves in the respective localities and soils which they affect. During the course of a rotation some stems are bound to die or get broken. If there is a demand for them for nistar or for the supply of a neighbouring town, they should of course be removed. If such removal is to be effected by the purchasers themselves, then for the safety of the forest no coupe should be visited for the purpose for five years after it has been felled and not oftener than once in three years thereafter. Such removals will be arranged for by the Conservator in the Annual Plans of Operations. ARTICLE 2. — Regulation of Grazing. 109. Every area worked as prescribed in paragraphs 99, 100 and 101 and enumerated under paragraph 106 will be closed to grazing for ten consecutive years immediately after it has been felled over : on no other condition will the advantages expected from the prescribed treatment be secured. It is on this account, in order always to have a sufficient area open for the grazing requirements of neighbouring villagers, that for felling series where grazing is of importance a rotation of as much as 30 years has been adopted and that the succession of coupes has been so arranged as always to leave a sufficient open area near each village in need of grazing. Also see paragraph 93 and second sentence of paragraph 106 above. In the nistar series (paragraph 107) there will be no restrictions laid on the grazing of cattle beyond the prevention of overgrazing in areas containing promising forest. Such preven- tion'can be automatically secured without any real hardship on the people by gradually raising the grazing fees leviable in those areas until the number of head is reduced to the maximum allowable, the rest being driven to areas where no such restriction is called for. Thus the aggregate acreage closed to grazing out of the total of 327,785 acres included in A Class Reserves will at no time exceed 86,800 acres or 26 per cent. For the first nine years it will be less. Hitherto, with only a. small area worked over, it has averaged 14 per cent. Goats and camels will, for obvious reasons, be absolutely excluded from the forests. ARTICLE 3. — Works of Artificial Reproduction. 110. Nothing will be done under this head departmentally beyond the scattering of teak, bamboo, khair and tinsa seed immediately after, or better still, simultaneously with, the exploitation of the coupe without any preliminary preparation of the ground, those places being selected for the operation which are most favourable for the development of the several species. On the other hand, if the co-operation of the surrounding population can be enlisted for it, the plan of combined agriculture and forestry now about to be described will be adopt- ed on as large a scale as possible. 111. In most of the coupes of the Regular Felling Series there will be found compact stretches of soil suitable for temporary cultivation, such soils, in short, as can bear crops for only 2 — 4 years in succession and require a long period of fallow to recover again their tem- porary fertility. As soon as a coupe has been worked or, better still, in the very year in which it is worked, persons accustomed to this nomadic style of cultivation should be given tempor- ary allotments to cultivate on the following terms : — (i) No individual allotment to exceed 10 acres. (ii) Existing stools of forest trees, except such as may, with the previous special permis- sion of the Department be grubbed out, to be carefully preserved although he may, as long as he holds it, cut down all and any shoots which interfere with his cultivation. This condition will not preclude him from cutting through small or moderate-sized roots which come in the way of his plough. (iii) Seeds of such of the more valuable forest species as the Divisional Forest Officer may prescribe, to be collected by the cultivator and sown simultaneously with his own crop; (iv) As consideration for the due fulfilment of conditions (ii) and (iii), the cultivator to be entitled to free nistar and free grazing for four head of cattle and to cultivate his holding until he relinquishes it of his own accord. The areas selected for such combined agri-sylvicultural treatment will obviously be those open, almost treeless wastes which after years of so-called conservation are in the very same condition now as that in which we received them. The field cultivation will have the effect of loosening and cleaning the soil for the favourable germination of the forest seeds and the after-development of the young plants, so that most of these will have become fully ( 37 ) established before the grass again takes possession of the soil and will then be able to spread their roots in the lower layers- of the soil not occupied by the roots of the grasses. No doubt many forest seedlings resulting from the combined sowing will be killed by subsequent plough- ing operations, but a certain considerable number, comprising a large number of those which will come up just before the abandonment of the field, are bound to survive and form a more or less promising forest, which under any other conditions, it would be hopeless to expect. The survival will be all the more certain, if species which produce root-suckers, like tinsa and tendu, others which are not easily killed by rough ploughing operations, such as khair, babul and ber, are used. In the case of teak, its seeds sown in the last year of cultivation will go on germinating for two years afterwards. The words " rough ploughing operations " have been used advisedly, as it is not men who go in for high culti- vation whose co-operation we require, for they would point blank refuse our terms, but those who as inferior cultivators or field-labourers eke out a precarious existence and would hence be only too glad to accept conditions which gave them rent-free fields and free nistar ^nd partially free grazing without compelling them to depart from their usual methods of tillage, such men, in short, as would readily colonise our forest villages. Indeed, in many cases it will he found advantageous to establish a forest village in the middle of each felling series ; from their village site, which would be fixed, they would carry on their squatter cultivation and furnish us with labour for our forest operations. To any professional objection that may be raised against the agri-sylvicultural treat- ment for regeneration here sketched out, it has only to be replied that all our best forests in these Provinces are the result of squatter cultivation in the past, when the principal factor requisite for success, viz., the simultaneous sowing of forest seeds with the field crop, was absent,- and that since such cultivation was discontinued in forests like Blocks 17, 18 and 20 and others, regeneration has been practically at a standstill. Also it must not be forgotten that whereas in the days preceding forest conservancy, squatter cultivation was free to move when and where it listed and thus undo the good results of previous years by cutting down young forest before it could come to maturity, now it will be so controlled that it will be restricted to those places where natural regeneration has failed and the co-operation of the squatter cultivator has become necessary. ARTICLE 4. — Improvements common to the whole Area. 112. These fall under (A) Protection from Fire, (B) Koads, (C) Buildings and Wells and (D) Systematic Organisation of Forest Villages. A , — Protection from Fire. 113. Experience has shown that a considerable measure of protection is secured merely by the operation of the five Rules promulgated by the Chief Commissioner under Section 25 of the Indian Forest Act, 187» (see Appendix V). Special protection, i.e., fire-tracing, with a special establishment of fire-guards, will hence be confined to areas felled within the preceding 10 years and therefore closed to grazing and will also be continued over the whole of the blocks which have hitherto been subject to it. Elsewhere, wherever the growth of grass is high and abundant or there is danger of fire entering from outside, fire-traces will be cleared, patrolling being left to be done by the regular Poorest Establishment. In order to diminish the chances of fire occurring and to minimise its destructiveness in case it occurred, every endeavour should be made to dispose of the grass, especially from recently- cut coupes ;"if there is no sale for the grass, people should be invited to come and take it away free. Another important precaution to adopt will be to deliberately fire in the cold weather open areas containing no reproduction ; it is in such places that our worst conflagrations generally originate and it is they which render the extinction of conflagrations difficult, if not impossible, when once they have started. An indirect beneficial result of great value result- ing from such systematic firing will be the springing up of an early crop of new wholesome grass on what are after all, until they have been reforested (if they will ever bear real forest), essentially grazing areas. By thus actively meeting the wants of the agricultural classes' we shall, it is to be hoped/ to some extent gain more of their confidence and good-will than we at present possess. We have the Commissioner's assurance that villagers will meet us half-way by giving us gratuitous labour for firing the areas in question. B. — Roads. 114. As shown in paragraphs 72 and 73 above, a fairly effective system of main roads already exists, but, owing to the scattered and isolated position of most of the blocks, a sup- plementary system placing all the blocks in complete communication with the main one is urgently requh^d. This supplementary system is indicated by Working Circles in the state- ments below. Its construction will be taken in hand pari passu with actual requirements, but most, if not all of them, should be completed in the first ten years of the currency of this working plan. Once constructed, it should always be kept in repair, the cost probably averaging Rs.o per mile. Temporary feeder roads abutting on this system will have to be made year by year as the various coupes come to be worked, and it is expected that the length of such feeders will be about 34 miles, costing on an average Iis.20 a mile. Supplementary System of Roads to be constructed within the first ten yean. o to 3 K o o" •— « Probable alignment. a tj Jl B o Qt 2 ^a Felling series served. Remarks. t 1 Jajagarh rid Biroli, Gabdi-Nipania and Jagua to Khitoli 12 300 I Partly new, partly over existing path. 2 Machmacha to Biroli, joining No. 1 ... 2 80 I New road. 3 Karela to Khitoli 3j 105 1 To follow existing path. 4 Khitoli to the Rewah border following the Panchperi path ... ... ... _ 4 100 I Ditto. 5 Khitoli via Mirki to Bagdara BJ HO I Ditto. 6 From Block 20, Sutri to Chandia vid Barragaon, Barra-Mehgawan and Karchulia 9 200 I To follow existing road, approaches to nalas, ice., 2 require improvement. > 7 Khitoli to Chandia 11 880 I , Ditto. i- 8 Rajuwara vid Narera Vareri and Gondra, joining Bijeragogarh (between the two blocks) 8 320 II Partly new and partly to follow existing path. 9 Ghugri to join Katni-Barhi road near 14th mile-stone 3 120 II New road. 10 South of Hathera vid Kerani to Katni-Barhi road at Piparia 25 100 V To follow footpath. 11 Gatakhera vid Umgawan to Bahoriban... 4 180 VII Partly new road and partly to follow existing path. 12 From Boundary pillar No. 26 to Salaiya Station ._ f* 140 VIII Ditto. 13 Chiroli via Kupia to Rithi ... 5 300 IX Ditto. 14 Rithi Station rid Kainah to base of plateau near Bakleta 54 275 IX Ditto. ^ 15 Nipania vid Umdar, Ghurhar to Bilheri 11 550 IX Ditto. Total 87i 3, 7 'JO if •I 1 2 3 Parsel vid Kamtara-Peharwa, Khamaria, Loharwara and Parasia to Chandia Shahidad rid Jagnagra to Bundhi station Ponri vid Shahpur to Niwar station 16 23 10 640 260 200 II, IV V IV To follow existing track. Ditto. Ditto. Besides the above only feeder roads will be needed. Total 49 1,100 ( 1 From Khamaria on the Jubbul pore- Kundam road to Bagraji rid Sundarpur and Taunea ... 12 3,000 II, III, IV, V, Partly new road and part- ly existing track, VII 2 Kundwara to Tilsani 6 1,200 1 3 From Kundwara to Bagraji ... 5 400 1 i 4 From Manera vid Hathidol to Taunri ... 5 1,000 11, III, V •£*. 5 From Bagraji vid Coupe No. 1 of Felling Series ja No. IV to Kundwara-Tilsani road 5 1,000 IV a a 6 Manera vid Mahgawan to Jubbulpore- Bagraji road... 10 2,000 V *"> 7 Bhaonraha to Chhatarpur 9 1,800 VI 8 Marodh vid Bongar, Barera, Surmabah to Chhatarpur, 10 1,000 VI, VII 9 Bijapuri vid Sakri to Mahgawan 3 300 VIII 10 Gadheri vid Domna to Kundam road 4 800 11 Tikritola to Domna 4 800 12 Sankui rid Doli, Dadargawan, Dasrathpur to Kundam road. ... 9 1,800 Total 82 15,100 .• f 1 New road from Block 87 to Seoni-Jnbbulpore road >- i vid Khapa and Kaladehi ... 3 60 11 2 New road from Khapa to Block 85A 2? 50 Total 54 110 r 1 From llth milestone on Mandla-Jubbulpore road to Gopalpur vid I'urwa 8 400 I, III 2 From Bijadoni to Panri vid Barangda ... 12 300 11,111 i 3 From Tikaria to Manegaon... 8 160 IV, V 2 4 From 27th milestone on Mandla-Jubbulporo road • to Chanti vid Ghontkhera 6 120 IV §' 5 From Chanti to the banks of the Nerbudda River ... 4 80 V C8 6 From Patha to Chheolia rid Tatighat and Sahejpuri 6 120 VI, VII P 7 From Chheolia to the Mandla-Jubbulpore road vid Ponri, Mail! and Samnapur 20 1,000 VI, II 8 From Dobhi to Narrai .. ... __ 10 250 I 9 From Lakhanpur to Ponri and thence on to Path vid Sutri-Chargaon 12 120 VII i GRAND TOTAL FOH DIVISION ._ 86 2,550 • G. — Buildings and Weils. 115. The weakest point of Forest Administration here, after want of roads is the almost total absence of quarters deserving the name for the out-door establishment. Most of the guards live in wretched huts giving but little protection against the inclemencies of ( 39 ) i the weather, thus comparing very unfavourably with the housing of Police Constables, while the Divisional and Range and Sub-range Officers are unable to travel about during the rains except at certain risk to their health. The improvement of the water-supply by the sinking of wells where there is no running stream close by, is also a great desideratum. Hence the largeness and expensiveness of the following scheme of buildings and wells to be made, if possible, during the first 10 years of the 30 during which this plan is to be current; it will, however, repay Government by the more efficient administration consequent on the good health of all and the more frequent and closer supervision of work and collection of revenue by Inspecting Officers. Range. Officers' Rest- houses, costing each Bs. 1,000. Range Quarters, costing each Ks. 1,000. Sub-range Quarters, costing each Ks.600. Forest Guards' Chaukis, costing each Ks.200. Wells, costing each Ks.200. Slurwara. Rithi. Murwara. Bilheri. Siunhri. Lakhapateri. Majhgawan. Kenah. Majhgawan. Earitalai. Mamar. Basondha. Khitoli. v Bilheri. Pali U;it;ikhera. Khainaria. Majhgawan. Gopalpur. Ghugri. Bijeragogarh. llanlua. Junwani, Sutri. Piparia. Karondi. Biraoli. Kai'ela. Sihora. Bakal. Umaria. Kuan. Majhauli. Bhilwara. Kuan. Poudi. Pondi. Karopani. Khamtara. Jhirna Piparia. Hargarh. Jhirna Piparia. Silondi. Bhatagawan. Karopani. Jhiri. Lamkana. Jhiria. Umarpani. • Halfca. Patna, Ladwar. Jubbulpore. Amjhar. Sundarpur. Kakartala. Kakartala. Manera. Manera. Sakri. Gaugai. Kakartala. Bagraji. Bagraji. Dasrathpur. Chhatarpur. Jaitpuri. i Umaria. Paraspani. Sakri. Surmaba. •• wan. Tilgawan. Chitri. Tannri. Kundwara. Dabra Kalan. Bargi. Hulki. Bargi. Bandiwara. Salaiwara. Semra. Sukri. Gaganda. Bandiwara. Nakatia. Khapa. Chhindwaha. Gwarighat. Bandiwara. Barayakhera, Sukha. Kulaon. Scmra. Dhanwahi. Kalpi. Barela. Dobhi. Dobhi. Dobhi. Sutri. Barangda. Bijadoni. Dhanwahi. Chheolia. Chargaon. Gaor Kiver, Bijadoni. Kikra. Chheolia. Parwa. Ealpi. Gwara. Barela. Maneri. • Chaoki. Barangda. Kukrikhera, Marai. Karonda. Maili. Barha. Gopalpur. Chikli. Kuromaili. Pondi. Mohda. Dhanwahi. Tatighat. Chaonrai. Lakhanpur, Chargaon. Kathotia. ( 40 ) Abstract. 22 Officers' Rest-houses, @ Rs. ] ,000 5 Range Quarters, @ „ 1,000 17 Sub-range Quarters ^ „ 500 75 Forest Guards' Ckaukis<® „ 200 10 Wells i ii ^ Other minor produce 1,500 500 400 400 1,400 ... 4,200 Bill Drift and waif wood 10 10 10 350 120 ... 500 „ v Miscellaneous Total Revenue Expenditure. 500 700 900 200 600 ... 2,900 16,010 10,310 13,310 6,450 24,120 ... 70,200 AI& 11 All Sub-heads 5,000 800 2,500 500 2,000 ... 10,800 ,, VI Live-stock, stores, tools and plant. 100 50 80 20 150 100 500 „ VII a Roads and bridges 300 100 700 50 251) ... 1,400 i. n b Buildings ... 500 500 450 250 600 ... 2,300 n n e Other works 30 50 50 20 100 .... 250 „ VIII a Demarcation 60 60 60 60 60 ... 300 „ ,, d Working Flans 10 10 10 10 20 40 100 n n ^ Sowings and planting 20 20 20 20 20 ... 100 ii M f Fire-protection 600 200 1,000 400 600 ... 2,800 ii n 9 Other works 10 10 10 10 10 ... 50 „ IX B I b Miscellaneous Total A charges Superior officers ... SO 30 80 30 30 .- 200 6,660 1,830 4,960 1,370 3,840 140 18,800 ... ... * •• 9,000 9,000 ii n ^ Subordinate forest and depot establishments. 3,400 1,800 3,000 1,200 5,600 1,500 16,500 n n d Office establishments 100 100 200 100 100 2,000 2,600 ,, II * Superior officers ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,200 1,200 ii n c Subordinate forest and dep6t establishments. 210 200 200 170 220 400 1,400 „ „ d Office establishments ... ... ... ... 200 200 „ HI Contingencies Total B charges Total Expenditure A & B 140 140 140 140 140 1,000 1,700 3,850 2,240 3,540 1,610 6,060 15,300 32,600 10,510 4,070 8,500 2,980 9,900 15,440 51,400 Net Revenue 5,500 6,240 4,810 3,470 14,220 —15,440 18,800 ( 45 ) APPENDIX I. Schedule of Forest Rates for Agricultural Requirements prescribed by Chief Commissioner' a Resolution So. 102, dated 5th January 1893. NOTE. -This schedule applies only to Central Provinces cultivators, ryots, day-labourers, village artiaans and village servants for domestic use. Class of Forest produce. Eate per ton of 50 c. ft. Approximate rate per c. ft. Eate per ton ot 27 maunds. Rate per headload of 30 seers. Rs. a. p. Re. a. p. Re. a. p. He. a. p. (A) -Timber Class I.— Teak and Bijasal Poles 10' X 9" girth at thick end ...~) „ 12' x 12" „ „ - !- „ 16' x 18" „ 15 0 0 050 Ma ... „ 20' x 24" 17 0 0 056 ... ... Class ll.—Saj, Sal and Shisham. Poles 10' X 9" girth at thick end ... "| „ 12' x 12" „ ., 16' x 18" „ „ -J 980 030 ... „ 20' x 24" „ „ 11 0 0 036 •« ... Class 111.— All other kinds not specially excepted by order of the Conservator. Poles 10' x 9" girth at thick end ...") „ 12' x 12" 500 0 1 6 ... ... „ 16' X 18" „ „ -J „ 20' x 24" „ „ 600 020 ... ... NOTE.— Poles of intermediate girths will pay the next highest rate. (B)— Minor Forest Produce. Firewood felled from green trees ... ... 060 002 „ dead-wood picked in forests ... 030 001 Thorns ... 030 001 Fodder grass ... ... 030 001 Leaves ... ... 030 001 Bamboos, green... .„ 0 12 0 per cent. dry ... 040 it (C)— Grazing. NOTE. — Calves under a year are free. BATE PER HEAD OF— Forest Division. Baffaloes. Cows, oxen or ponies. Goats. Sheep. Re. a. p. Re. a. p. Be. a. p. Re. a. p. Jnbbulpore 046 026 013 003 ( 46 ) APPENDIX II. LIST OF SPECIES. Vernacular Name. Systematic NHIHH. 1. Achar 2. Air, Ail 3. Akol 4. Am 5. Aonla 6. Ashto, Mahak 7. Bahera 8. Baiberang 9. Baichandi 10. Bekal 11. Bainsa 12. Bamura 13. Banda 14. Bans 1 5. Bansa 16. Bar 17. Baranga 18. Barsiug, mirsing 19. Bel 20. Ber 21. Bhant 22. Bhilawan 23. Bhirara 24. Bhirol 25. Bhira _„ ( Bhonria Chheola "'IBhadoria 27. Bija 28. Bilaikand 29. Bilsena 30. ? 31. Chambeli 32. Chilla 33. Chhind, Khajuri 34. Chheola 35. Dhamin 36. Dhawa 37. Dhawai 38. Dhegan, Dhaman 39. Dhobain, Pansi 40. Dudhi 41. Dikamali 42. Entni, Atena 43. ? 44. (rabdi 45. Granger 46. Ghanto, Mokha 47. Ghont ... 48. Ghinchhi 49. Gunja 50. Gurar 51. Haldu 52. Harra 53. Harua 54. Iinli 55. Indarjao 56. Jaifc 57. Jamnera 58. Jamrasi 59. Jamun 60. ? Buchanania latifolia. J Acacia Ctxsia. \ „ pennata. Alangium Lamarckii. Mangifera indica. Phyllanthus Emblica. Bauhinia racemosa. Terminalia bderica. Embelia Ribes. Uioscorea sp. Celastrus senegalensis. Salix tetrasperma. Acacia arabica. ( Viscum atlenuatum. \ Loranthus longiflorus. Dendrocalamus strictus. Albizzia odoraf.issima, Ficns bengalensis. Kydia calycina. Spathodea falcata, jEgle Marnielos. ( Zizyphus Jttjuba. \ ,, nummularia. Clerodendron in/ortunatum. Semecarpus Anacardium. Randia uiiginosa. Indigo/era sp. Chloroxylon Swietenia. j- Butea superba. Pterocarpus Marsupium. Pueraria tuberosa. Limonia acidissima. Casearia tomentosa. Jasminum arborescens. Holoptela integri/olia. Phoenix acaulis. Butea frondosa. Grewia sp. Anogeissux latifolia, Woodfordia floribunda. Cordia Macleodii. Dalbergia paniculata. Wrightia tinctoria. „ tomentosa. Gardenia gummifera. Helicteres Isora. Flemingia lineata. Cocfilospermum Oossypium. Grewia sp. Schrebera Bwietenioides. Zizyphus xylopyra. Abrus precatoriuR. Odina Wodier. Albizzia procera. Adina cordi folia. Terminalia Ghebula. Erythrina suberosa. Tamarindus indica. Holarrhena antidysenterica. Sesbania cegyptiaca. Eugenia salicifolia. Elceodendron Roxburghii. Eugenia jambolana. Jasminum kirsutum. Vernacular Name. oysiemauc nuine. 61. Kachnar Bauliinia varieyata. 62. Kadam AnthocephnLus Cadamba. 63. Kaim Steph egyne parrvifolia. 64. Kait Feronia Elepkantum. 65. Kakunan Cdastrus panicululus. 66. Kampthi Hiptage Madablota. 67. Kanji Ponganiia glabra. 68. Ranker Flacourtia Ramontchi. 69. Karanj Ucesalpi-nin sepiaria. 70. Kardehi Anogeisuus pendula. 71. Kari Miliusa velutina. 72. Karonda Carissa di/itsa. 73. Kasai Briedelia retutsa. 74. Kat-umar Ficus hispida. 75. Kau Ixora parviftwa. 76. Kenkra Garuga pimiata. 77. Khair Acacia Catechu. 78. Khajuri Phoenix sylvestrie. 79. Khatua Antidesma diandrum. 80. Khirni Mimusops indica. 81. Kirwara Cassia Fistula, 82. Koha Terminalia arjuna. 83. Kulu Stercidia urens. 84. Kumbhi Careya arborea. 85. Khumer Ginelina arbore.a. 86. Kusam Schleichera trijuga. 87. Maharukh ... ... ... Ailantkus excelsn. 88. Mahol ... ... • ... Bauhinia Vahlii. 89. Mahua Bassia latifolia. 90. Menhar Randia dumetorum. 91. Makor Zizyphus dZwoplia. 92. Menda Tetra.nthera laurifoiia. 93. Mendhi Lowsonia alba. 94. ? Millzttia avriculata. 95. Mudar Calotropis procera. 96. Musli, Sufed... Cnrcuiigo orchioides. 97. Nim Melia indica. 98. Ningori Vitex Kegundo. 99. Pakar Ficus itifectoria. 100. Panwar Cassia Tora. 101. Papra Gardenia latifolia. ' 102. Papri Verttilago calyculata. 103. Pendra Gardenia turyida. 104. Pipal Ficus rtligiosa. 105. Rakat-barar .. Capparis spinosa. 106. Ramdaton Smilax sp. 107. Kassala Cordia, Myxa. 108. Reonjha Acacia leucophlaea. 109. Robin Soymida febrifuga. 110. Rori MalLotus philippinensis. 111. Sagon Tectona grandis. 112. Saj Terminalia tomentosa. 113. Salai Boswellia thurifera. 114. Sarai Shorea robusta. 115. Seji, Seja Lagerstrcemia parviftora. 116. Semal Bombax malabaricum. 117. Senjna Moringa pterygosperma. 118. Shisham Dalbergia latifolia. 119. Siharu Nyctanthes A rbor-tristis. 120. Riris Albizzia Lfbbek. 121. Sitaphal Anona squamosu. 122. ? Sponia politoria. 123. Tendn iJiospyras Melanoxylon. 124. Tilban Premna integrifolia. 125. Tinsa Ougeinia dalbergioides. 126. Thuar Euphorbia Tirwcalli. 127. Umar, Gular... Ficus glomerata. R. S. HOLE, Assistant Conservator of Forests. ( 48 ) APPENDIX III. Extract from letter No. 221 W. P., dated Calcutta, the 8th December 1896, from B. RIBBENTROP, Esq., C.I.E., Inspector-General of Forests to the Government of India, to the Conservator of Forests, Northern. Circle, Central Provinces. 3. I do not altogether disagree in the classification adopted in paragraph 6 of the memorandum as a means of obtaining a bird's-eye view of the forest areas which we have to deal with. But I entirely disapprove of the information thus obtained being taken as the sole basis of future management. It is essential that each Working Circle should, as far as it is feasible, be formed of compact, easily managed forest areas, and not consist of a chess- board of areas subject to entirely different rules of management. 7. As regards your proposal to rewrite all the plans I would suggest that the plans for * To Secretary to the ^or one or ^wo sele°ted ranges be re-constructed in the light of these Chief Commissioner, Cem- remarks and of this office letter No. 121 *W. P., dated 28th June 1895, tral Provinces. (Copy en- and submitted to me for criticism as preliminary reports, together with dos»d). the original plans drawn up for the same area. ( 49 ) APPENDIX IV. Statement, showing the grazing pressure by Blocks, Sub-ranges and Ranges. Range. Sub-range. BLOCK. Acreage. Number of cattle. Number of acres per head. Serial number. Name. Murwara Bijeragogarh 1 Guraiya 530 238 2-2 (4-1 acres per head.) (3'5 acres per head.) 2 Jtmwani ... ... 1,326 212 6'2 4 Karreha 1,267 148 8-5 5 Hardua 2,772 803 3-4 6 Banjari 652 312 2'0 8 9 Jaiwara Ghugri 4,394 1,288 34 10 Darori "I 11 12 -\Iajhgawan... • Bijori }• 9,263 2,747 3'3 13 Gopalpur .... ) Khitoli 3 Bara 1,070 351 30 1.3-1 acres per head.) 14 15 Khairani Jhiria )• 2,864 950 3-0 1C Karondi 5,047 1,471 3'4 19 Karela 383 153 2-4 21 Salaiya 341 114 29 Tilgawan (50 acres per head). 105 110 106 Lakhapateri Amdar Jalasur }• 14,954 1,717 87 107 F'athrari 6,114 410 14-9 108 Fathori 2,352 1,358 1-7 109 Kenan 9,941 962 103 111 Mamar 723 155 4-6 112 Bilheri 1,285 1,994 0-6 Sihora Sleemanabad 113 22 Bliainswahi ?.. Total Jhapi 487 478 1-0 65,768 15,866 4-1 ^1 (8-5 acres per head.) (14'3 acres per head.) 23 Jorpahar 1,979 445 4-4 24 Kudra 25 Bijhota 15,107 1,135 13-3 26 27 Katahi Chheolapani 5,847 21 278-4 Euan (3-6 acres per head.) 28 29 Dhanwahi ... Hargarh 1 992 47 21-1 99 Samasgsrh ... \ 100 101 Jamunia Mahgawan ... ... }• 1,998 i ) 527 37 Range. Sub-range. BLOCK. Average. Number of cattle. Number of acres per bead. Serial number Name. 102 Amoch ] 103 104 Kuan Jujawal !• 2,294 J 858 2-6 Jhirna Piparia 30 Deogarh •\ (7'9 acres per head.) 31 Umarpani ... }• 17,602 2,258 77 32 Deogawan ... i ) 33 34 35 Karopani Kanharpura Garhat } J- 10,430 1 J 701 14'8 36 37 Punwasa ... Daroli \ }• 5,060 i 1,209 4-1 Jubbulpore Bagraji 38 39 Patna Total Kundwara .„ 1 61,309 7,201 8'5 2,420 30 80-8 (4-6 acres per head. (5'1 acres per head.) 40 Sonti or Budhari 1,664 188 88 41 41A 42 Taunri (part) Pondi Bluiunraha ... 1 > 13.640 1 ; 3,286 41 Ker ... (3-3 acres per head.) 41 43 Taunri (part) Kakri \ }• 4,509 ; 1,080 4-2 44 45 ( hitri Bijapuri \ }• 3,402 1 1,322 2'5 Kakartala (53 acres per head.) 46 Lower Gaur 5,266 768 6-8 Bargi (4-7 acres per head.) Sukri (45 acres per head ) 50 51 ' 83 S5 85A Gangai Uasrathpnr... Total Chhindwaha Khamkhera... Salaiwara ._ \ 5,411' ; 1,214 4-4 36,376 7,888 4-6 1 }• 5.C41 1 1,503 3-7 86 Mankheri ... ... 87 88 Khapa _ feilua 1 V 1,736 051 3'1 89 Karanpathar 4,679 597 7'1 90 Lohri ... _ 4,515 628 7-1 • 91 Bargi 924 521 1-7 92 Narainpur ... 487 155 3-1 Bandiwara (5'1 acres per head.) 93 94 Semra Thengra 4,573 3,615 823 767 5-5 4-1 Range. Sub-range. BLOCK. Average. Number of cattle. Number of acres ]3er head. Serial number. Name . Dhanwahi (4-5 acres per head.) Bandiwara (5-1 acres per head.) Doblii (5'5 acres per head.) 9G 97 98 4S 78 Kulaun Fiparia Tontha Total Richhai Bilaikhapa ... }• 3,105 j 604 5'0 29,275 6,149 4-7 401 96 128 318 31 0-3 79 Bijadoni 12,358 1,543 80 80 Jamunia 1,603 426 3-7 81 Dobhi 4,885 1,228 3'9 £2 Pararia 1,060 29 36-5 Earangda 54 Bastara 16,399 2,116 7-7 (5-8 acres per head.) 55 Pararia 15,504 2,441 6-3 59 Barela 8,320 144 57-7 61 Bhondi 2,083 221 9'4 62 Kalpi 34,355 8,170 4-2 63 Salaiya 492 72 6-8 Chargaon 67 (Jhutka ... 484 1,062 04 (1-6 acre per head.) 68 Kunda 4,750 3,018 15 69 Sahajpar ... 429 123 34 72 Jatnthar 1,537 712 2'1 73 Chalia 151 400 0-3 75 Chaonrai ... 3,898 1,897 2-1 • 84 Kathotia Total Entire Division 1,639 436 37 110,444 24,481 45 303,172 61,588 49 ( 52 ) &PPENDIX V. , Notifications Nos. 3554 of \2th June 1890 and No. 2823 of 2lst June 1894. The following rules have been made by the Chief Commissioner : — I. Any person desirous of clearing by fire any standing forest or grass land within three miles of any reserved forest shall observe the following rules : — (1) He shall give notice of his intention to burn at least one week beforehand to the nearest Forest Guard, Forester or lianger. (2) He shall clear a fire belt at least 30 feet broad on that side of the area which he proposes to burn which is nearest to the reserved forest in such manner that no fire can spread across such belt. (3) He shall take care not to burn when a high wind is blowing. II. Any person desirous of burning on land within one mile of a reserved forest, any wood, grass, weeds or other inflammable materials shall collect such material into heaps and burn it heap by heap in such a manner that the resulting fire shall not extend to the sur- rounding area or endanger the reserved forest. III. Any person collecting inflammable forest produce, such as grass and bamboos, on land adjoining a reserved forest, and any holder of a permit to collect such produce from a reserved forest shall stack it in an open space at such reasonable distance from the forest as the Forest Divisional Officer may by general or special orders prescribe, and shall isolate the stacks in such manner that if they take fire the fire shall not be able to spread to the sur- rounding area or endanger the reserved forest. IV. Camping places along the boundary of and within the limits of a reserved forest will be cleared and set apart by the Divisional Forest Officer for the use of travellers, a list •ihereof being published annually, and except on such camping grounds no fires shall be lighted within or along the boundary of a reserved forest. All persons using these camping grounds shall light any fires they make for cooking or other purposes in such a way as not to endanger the reserved forest or any buildings, sheds or other property on the camping ground: and before leaving they shall collect in the centre of the camping ground all inflammable material which is to be left behind, and shall carefully extinguish all fires. V. The carrying of burning wood, firebrands, or torches along the boundary of any reserved forest is prohibited between the 1st November and 30th June t>r such earlier or later date as may be notified by the Forest Divisional Officer under Section 25 . c- >. ,, 12" to 18" „ i> D. „ above 18" in diameter. The callipen used for gauging the diameter of the trees will hare the rule on which the movable arm slides divided into 6-inch compartments, each compartment being painted a different colour. The gaugemen will thus have only to note and call out the colour of the compartment intersected by the inner edge of the sliding arm, and any illiterate man or boy who can recognise the principal colours can be a gaugeman. III. The callipers will be applied at the height of the gaugeman's shoulders, and as nearly as possible at right angles to the axis of the tree. If there is an excrescence or the tree is forked at that height, the measurement will be taken immediately above the ex- crescence or below the fork, as the case may be. IV. Every gaugeman will be furnished also with a light axe with a short haft, with which he will blaze each tree immediately after he has called out the colour intersected on the painted rule. This is to prevent one and the same tree being enumerated more than once. V. Each page of the recorder's note-book will be divided by three parallel lines into four vertical columns, headed successively A, B, C and D, commencing from the left. The record will be kept by means of groups of ten trees, each group consisting of two vertical rows of four dots each joined by two diagonal lines, thus ;Xi ;'X; ;X; , and soon. Thus, when the enumeration in any block has been completed, there will be no difficulty in totalling up and noting down at its foot the number of trees recorded in each compartment of the page. VI. In the case of small forest blocks, the enumeration survey will be made by entire blocks. If the block is large, the survey will be effected separately for large compartments of the block formed by intersecting roads and important streams and ridges. A whole page will be assigned to each separate survey and the name and number of the block and, in the case of large blocks, also the boundaries of the compartment will be noted at the top of the page. VII. The enumeration survey will be effected over successive strips just broad enough to be completely covered by the line of gaugemen and efficiently overlooked by the recorder. In the annexed diagram the black parallel lines show the strips and the red line the march of the enumeration survey party. The strips need not be marked at all on the ground ; the regular march of the enumerating party will be secured by the gaugemen keeping in line and at the proper distances apart from each other and by one man (not provided with a gauge, whom we will call the boundary man) walking along the boundary of the forest or compartment or along the edge of the last strip surveyed, as the case may be, and thus serving as guide to the rest of the party. Thanks to the blazes made by the gaugemen (the blazes, to be readily seen, should of course always be made on the trunks on the side facing the area still remaining to be surveyed), the boundary man will have no difficulty at all in fol- lowing the outer edge of the strip last surveyed. VIII. The number of gaugemen should be large enough to keep the recorder fully employed and will obviously depend on the abundance of harra trees in the crop. At the same time they should not be so numerous as to spread out of sight and beyond the call of the recorder, whose most convenient position will be immediately behind the middle point of the line of gaugemen. IX. It is essential that the enumeration should be as accurate as possible, and hence only your Working Plans Assistant and, in his occasional unavoidable absences, a trustworthy upper subordinate should perform the duties of recorder. Whoever records must sign his name at the foot of each record kept by him ; in no other way will it be possible to fir responsibility, and unless we can fix responsibility, the work will be bound to be un- satisfactory. E. E. FERNANDEZ, Offg. Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Central I'rovincts. ( 55 ) APPENDIX VII. Letter No. 13491, dated Jubbulpore, the 8th March 1900, from E. E. FEHNANDEZ, Esq., Officiating Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Central Provinces, to the Divisional Forest Officer, Jubbulpore. * * « « • « * 2. In reply I beg to say that conditions here do not in any respect differ from those prevailing in the Bombay forests. With the class of khair forests we have to deal with, very large areas would have to be cut over in a single season and as the katha-boilers will operate only where khair trees suitable for their purpose are numerous enough, I fear that half-a- dozen seasons' work would exhaust all the limited resources of the Jubbulpore Division. Kestrictions are therefore absolutely necessary, but not such as those which were adopted in Damoh, which I would never have assented to had they been submitted for my approval. 3. In order to obtain a katha-boiling Working Circle we should probably have to combine Jubbulpore, Damoh and Saugor together. Hence before your proposals can be considered you should consult your colleagues of baugor and Damoh and elaborate a joint plan of operations. Letter No. G-10, dated Damoh, the 1th April 1900, from L. GISBORNE-SMITH, Esq., Divi- sional Forest Officer, Damoh Division, to the Divisional Forest Officer, Jubbulpore. In reply to your endorsement No. Gr-1722. dated 19th March 1900, with enclosures, I have the honour to inform you that the " khair " tracts in this Division cannot be systematically improved through the agency of katha-boilers for two reasons, first, because of the irregu- larity and scarcity of the water-supply, and second because the katha-boilers are natives of the Panna State and only visit this district when it pleases them. 2. The want of consideration of these facts led to the failure of Mr. Faiz Baksh's Work- ing Plan. The katha-boilers will not commence operations unless they can get a plentiful supply of water within reasonable distance of khair trees. If the improvement of khair is to depend alone upon the katha industry, the best results will be obtained by binding the katha-boilers to work over large areas in the vicinity of water and seeing that they fulfil this condition. A tract once cut over should not be re-opened for 15 years. 3. The visits of the " Khairwas " to this district have been so irregular that every ad- vantage has hitherto been taken of their advent to get as large areas improved as possible. The reduction of areas in my opinion would either result in over-felling or in no improve- ment fellings being made by katha-boilers at all. Letter No. 786, dated Jubbulpm-e, the 2lst April 1900, fromE. E. FEKNANDEZ, Esq.. Officiating Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Central Provinces, to the Divisional Forest Officer, Jubbulpore. t With reference to your letter No. C-46, dated the loth April 1900, forwarding copy of the Damoh Divisional Forest Officer's reply to your reference to him on the subject of constituting a katha-boiling Working Circle by combining the two Divisions, I have the honour to say that the Damoh Divisional Forest Officer's letter brings forward no cir- cumstance against the feasibility of regularising katha-boiling operations in accordance with a working plan. Indeed it gives no definite information whatsoever bearing on the question. What is wanted is for each Divisional Officer to prepare a map of his Division shoiviny all the areas suitable for such operations and the sites at which the khairwas -may establish their camps. We can then see whether a continuous round of operations is possible. It does not matter where the original home of the khairwas may be; they will travel 100 miles to seek favourable grounds for their work. At present their visits are irregular because we have done nothing to bring them over annually. Your ideas are identical with mine ; but whereas I would introduce system, you would leave everything to chance. From my previous experience I know that the latter procedure leads to the certain deterioration of the forests. Letter No. C-76, dated Jubbulpore, the 2Gth April 1900, from R. S. HOLE, Esq., Divisional Forest Officer, Jubbulpore Division, to the Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Central Provinces. ******** 2. In your letter under reply you say " at present their (speaking of the ktmirwas) visits are irregular because we have done nothing to bring them over annually." It was precisely the knowledge of the fact that the stagnation of the industry in the past was ( 56 ) owing to unnecessary obstructions which had been put in the way of the khairwas by the forest officials and to no systematic action whatever having been taken to encourage their operations which induced me to advocate the policy of the open door, at all events for the present, and to recommend that the khairwas should be allowed to settle where they pleased and carry on their work with the one and only restriction of having to coppice all trees cut by them. 4. As laid down in your letter under reply the one necessity is that " each Divisional Officer should prepare a map of his Division showing all the areas suitable for such operations and the sites at which the khairwas may establish their camps, " but, speaking with refer- ence to my own case, I could only prepare such a map at the present moment from very doubtful data received from Range Officers which would be certainly incomplete and probably also inaccurate. Previously little if any katha-boiling appears to have been carried out in this Division and this year I have got khairwas to work in three Sub-ranges only, from which it will be seen that at present it is impossible for me to draw up a correct list of sites for khairwa-camps. o. I therefore, with due deference, beg to propose that work should be allowed for, say, two or three years at least in this Division on the terms originally proposed by me, i.e., that khairwas shall be allowed to work where they like on the condition that they carefully coppice all trees cut by them. At the end of each season a full report on the year's work would be submitted to you showing the sites of the camps where work was carried on during the year, with the number of bhattis and handis at work in each camp and a careful estimate, from an inspection of the neighbouring forests, of the area actually worked over during the year and the period for which the existing stock of khair trees may be expected to give employment to the number of khairwas at each camp. The absence of unnecessary restrictions will give every possible encouragement to the khairwas to settle in all suitable places and if the annual reports on the work are carefully made, an accurate estimate can be framed regarding the resources of the Division in respect of katha. If this plan is adopted in other Divisions also it would, I feel confident, be possible in a very few years to draw up a thoroughly practical plan of operations by which the industry will be not only greatly extended, but also given a permanent footing which it has never had before. 6. In conclusion I should like to remark that I visited yesterday (22-4-1900) a khairwa-camp I have had established this year at Birholi near Block 17 in the Murwara Eange. Four bhattis or furnaces are at work with 60 handis and from a casual inspection of the forest, I should say that the same number can be worked here for two or three years more at least. I saw no tree which had been cut less than 12" in girth at the base and all stools had been most carefully dressed * Letter No. inG,datedJubbu!pore, the 2nd May 1900, from E. E. FERNANDEZ, Esq., Officiating Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Central Provinces. Referring to your letter No. C-76, dated 26th April 1900,1 have the honour to say that as you have now made it clear that your proposals regarding katha-boiling are purely experimental in their objective and are intended to furnish accurate data for the framing of a katha-boiling Working Plan, I have no objection to their present adoption and continu- ance for two or three years. ( 57 ) APPENDIX VIII. Letter No. 4266, dated Jubbulpore, the 28th April 1900, from M. W. FOX-STRANGWAYS, Esq., I.C.S., Officiating Commissioner, Jubbulpore Division, to the Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Central Provinces. I have the honour to return the proof of the Working Plan for the forests of the Jub- bulpore Forest Division forwarded with your letter No. 51, dated the 24th instant. I regret that it was received too late to have the advantage of my predecessor's criticism. So far as I am able to form an opinion on it, the provisions seem to me in all respects excellent. But I think it would be best that it should first be sent to the Deputy Commissioner for examina- tion and I should be glad to see it again after he has criticised it. I note that you refer to paragraph IV of Revenue Book Circular VII-4 as the rule in accordance with which you send it to me, but I cannot find that this Circular lays down any procedure. Letter No. 2164 dated, Jubbulpore, the 21st April 1900, from B. ROBERTSON, Esq., I.C.S., C.I.E., Deputy Commissioner, Jubbulpore, to the Conservator of forests, Northern Circle, Central Provinces. With reference to your No. 29, dated 13th April 1900, I have the honour to return the draft of the Working Plan. I have no criticism to offer. Endorsement from Conservator of Forests, Northern Circle, Central Provinces, to Com- missioner, Jubbulpore Division, No. 1143, dated Jubbulpore, the 30t/t April 1900. Copy of the above letter (No. 2164. dated the 21st April 1900) is forwarded to the Commissioner, Jubbulpore Division, in compliance with his letter No. 4266, dated the 28th April 19CO. As the Deputy Commissioner's letter contains no criticism, the Draft Working Plan is not returned. PBES8,-566J.~ 7-6-1900-100. [Keq. No. 1-329, Working Plan K.,- 18-3-1900.] Central Provinces <.„< i i India Forelst dept(JubbupLpore division) Working plkn for the for« ests or thb Jubbulpore forest division SD&8 )3? CO UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY