World Fishing Fleets

An Analysis of Distant-water Fleet Operations
Past - Present - Future

Volume II

Africa and the Middle East

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11 NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

• ^ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

02 U.S. Department of Commerce

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World Fishing Fleets:

An Analysis of Distant-water Fleet Operations
Past - Present - Future

Volume II

Africa and the Middle East

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Frederick H. Beaudry

William B. Folsom

David J. Rovinsky

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November 1993

NOAATech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-10

NATIONAL MARINET3OTERIES SERVICE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Silver Spring, Maryland

November 1993

MARINE

BIOLOGICAL

LABORATORY

LIBRARY

WOODS HOLE, MASS.
W. H. 0. I.

PREFACE

Since the Office of International Affairs, National Marine Fisheries Service does not presently have an
African and Middle East Desk Officer, we were unable to provide the in-depth analysis provided in the other
regional dissertations. However, at our request we did receive some outstanding reports from U.S. diplomatic posts
that are provided after minor edits as the basis of this report.

A WORD ABOUT REFLAGGING

Reflagging, registering a vessel in another country, is a growing concern for fishery managers around the
world. Reflagging is done for many reasons. The simplest case is a vessel owner in one country selling a vessel
to a new owner in a different country. In other cases, local requirements may require all joint venture fisheries'
vessels to fly the flag of one particular country. In some instances, and particularly for older and less efficient
vessels, fishermen may not be able to operate profitably in one country and may reflag their vessel in another where
taxes, fuel costs, and crew salaries are less onerous. While there are several major reasons for reflagging a vessel,
one reason of growing concern is reflagging to avoid internationally agreed measures for the conservation and
management of living marine resources. By reflagging a vessel with a country that is not a signatory to an
agreement designed to manage and/or conserve living marine resources, a vessel may avoid the
regulations/conservation measures for a regional area. The problem is compounded by the fact that many of the
countries frequently used for reflagging simply do not have the staff to monitor the fishing operations of their
flagged vessels throughout the world. The issue of reflagging is gaining international attention and is the subject of
the proposed Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures for
Fishing Vessels on the High Seas approved by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in
November 1993 for ratification by interested States.

SPECIAL NOTICE: In the preparation of this report, the authors noted that in many instances reflagging simply
involved the transfer of ownership from one owner to another. The reasons for other reflaggings were less clear.
However, the purpose of this project was to identify trends and the results obtained through our research efforts
show that reflagging has increased sharply in the last few years.

in

IV

WORLD FISHING FLEETS

Africa and the Middle East

Volume 2.

1.0 Overview 1

2.0 Country Reports 1

2.1 Benin 3

2.2 The Gambia 7

2.3 Kenya 11

2.4 Mauritania 13

2.5 Morocco 17

2.6 Namibia 21

2.7 Nigeria 25

2.8 Oman 29

2.9 Senegal 35

2.10 Yemen 37

Index 43

Endnotes 49

Statistical Tables 39

Maps 47

This volume should be cited as: Beaudry, Frederick H., William B. Folsom, and David J. Rovinsky. Africa and

the Middle East (fishing fleets). Published in: "World Fishing Fleets: An Analysis of Distant-water Fleet

Operations. Past-Present-Future. Volume II." Prepared by the Office of International Affairs, National Marine

Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce. Silver Spring, Maryland, November 1993.

Prepared by:

Division of International Science, Development and Foreign Fisheries Analysis

The Office of International Affairs,

National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA

U.S. Department of Commerce

1335 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910-3225

TEL: 301-713-2286
FAX: 301-713-2313

vi

OVERVIEW

African fisheries range from artisanal, canoe-based to those employing modern high-seas vessels equipped
with the latest in fisheries technology. Fishing grounds also vary, from the rich grounds off Mauritania to the
relatively nutrient -poor waters in the western Indian Ocean. The waters off Africa have attracted foreign fishermen
for many generations, especially from former colonial powers. Beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s, African
nation's gained independence and began excluding their former colonial owners from their national waters. This
process was accelerated in the 1970s as many nations around the world extended their Exclusive Economic Zones
(EEZ) to 200-miles. Some former colonial powers recognized the changes sweeping the continent and negotiated
bilateral fishery agreements in some of their former colonies. Some fishermen, however, continued to fish in
African waters, illegally entering their waters at night - or in daylight in some cases - anticipating that most
African countries did not have the enforcement capability to halt illegal fishing. Limited enforcement capabilities
remains an important limitation in most developing nations in Africa today.

In 1977, The European Community (EC) began negotiating international fishery agreements with various
African states. The first agreements simply replaced existing bilateral agreements reached between EC member
states and their former colonies or they were agreements that previously existed. Agreements with Mauritania,
Guinea (Bissau) and Guinea (Conakry) and Senegal were among the first agreements negotiated in West Africa. The
most important agreement came in 1988 when the EC signed an agreement with Morocco allowing nearly 800 EC
vessels access to Morocco's territorial waters. The EC has gradually increased the number of international fishery
agreements to where, in 1993, a total of 19 agreements, valued at nearly $775 million, have been signed with
African and Indian Ocean countries.1

African states also negotiated bilateral fishery agreements with Japan, Taiwan, and the Republic of Korea
in the 1970s and 1980s. Asian fishermen were especially attracted to tuna, billfish, cephalopodes, and whitefish
found in the eastern and southern Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Agreements were also reached with
Bulgarian, East German, Polish, Rumanian, and Soviet fishery authorities prior to the breakup of the USSR in the
1990s.

African countries, by and large, have not become centers for reflagging. Liberia, however, is a major flag
of convenience country for martime vessels throughout the world. The authors have no information on the extent
of reflagging under the Liberian flag by fishing vessels. Today, many reflagged fishing vessels are operating out
of South African and/or Namibian ports.

BENIN

The U.S. Embassy in Cotonou, Benin, prepared the following report on the fisheries of Benin. The report
has been edited only slightly to help it conform to other country reports.2

1. Regulations

Beninese regulations stipulate that vessels solely
engaged in commercial fishing may be no more than
18 meters in length, and have an engine no larger
than 235-horsepower. Vessels which catch both fish
and shrimp, however, may be up to 25-meters in
length and have up to 400-horsepower engines. In
order to obtain a permit to fish in Beninese waters,
an application must be jointly submitted to the
Ministry of Rural Development and the Ministry of
Transportation. This application must include:
documents for the entire crew, the vessel registration
certificate from the builder (certifying the length,
tonnage, and age of the vessel), a registration number
indicating that the vessel owner has registered with
the Beninese Chamber of Commerce, and financial
information about past fishing activities in Beninese
waters. Once this application is submitted to the
aforementioned ministries, the vessel must undergo
an inspection performed by the Autonomous Port of
Cotonou (PAC); this inspection seeks to ensure that
both the fishing gear and the safety/navigation
systems of the vessel are in working order.

Once this process is completed, the vessel owner
must satisfy two financial requirements. First, a
tariff must be paid to the Government of Benin
(based upon the size of the vessel, capacity of
equipment, planned catch of the vessel, and other
factors); the minimum tariff is 5,000 CFA francs.
This tariff is paid annually. Second, a bond must be
posted with a Cotonou bank against the violation of
Beninese fishing/environmental laws by the fishing
vessel. This bond varies in amount according to the
size and age of the vessel, ranging from a minimum
of 300,000 CFA francs to 5,600,000 CFA francs.
Though in principle fines are to be deducted from
this bond for infractions, Government of Benin
fishery officials reported that (in their memories) all
bonds posted had been refunded in full. The U.S.
Embassy was unable to verify this fact.

Finally, once the application has been approved,
the vessel has been certified as sound by the PAC,
and all financial obligations have been met, the vessel
owner must apply for a temporary "authorization"
(renewable each 30-60 days) to fish in Beninese
territorial waters. This authorization is free, and
(according to the Government of Benin fisheries
officials), is simply to ensure that vessels wishing to
fish continue to conform with Government of Benin
reporting, inspecting, and local sale requirements.

2. Local Sale Requirements

5. Aid Programs

The Government of Benin requires that all fish
caught within the Beninese Exclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ) be offloaded at port of Cotonu, for sale within
Benin. Shrimp caught within Benin's EEZ, however,
are exempt from this requirement. Consequentially,
the licensing fees for shrimp vessels are higher than
those for fishing vessels. All vessels, regardless of
catch, must declare the composition of their catch and
undergo an inspection at the PAC.

Not surprisingly, Government of Benin fisheries
officials report that few vessels choose to endure this
laborious process to become legal. In 1992, only 15
vessels were certified. This number has remained
relatively stable since 1980. Most vessels are of
Nigerian origin; those vessels of European origin are
reportedly French, Greek, or Portuguese. The
Government of Benin officials were unable to provide
a precise accounting of the nationalities of fishing
vessels licensed. Species chiefly fished: shrimp,
lobster, tuna.

There are currently no fishery aid programs
existent at the multilateral level, according to the
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the
United Nations in Benin. The United States Agency
for International Development (USAID) in Benin also
has no fishery projects, nor does the U.S. Peace
Corps in Benin. However, the U.S. Embassy has
learned of a German fisheries project, aimed chiefly
at small-scale artisanal fishermen This project,
situated in the Cotonou lagoon (saltwater estuary),
employs one full-time paid director and several
volunteers. An exact dollar figure is unavailable.
Additionally, the Government of Benin received a gift
of two vessels (of twelve and sixteen meters length)
from the Government of Japan in 1990. These
vessels are used for research purposes; one Japanese
national (scientist/researcher paid by the Japanese
Government) actively employs these vessels in
ongoing research. Dollar figures are not available.

6. Shipbuilding

3. International Agreements

According to the Government of Benin fishery
officials, there are no bilateral fishery agreements
currently existing. Benin has participated in the UN
Conference on the Law of the Sea, and "adheres to
these regulations and precedents. " Benin receives no
specific tariff preferences as a result of bilateral
fisheries accords. However, many Beninese export
commodities (including fish) receive preferential
treatment.

4. Joint Ventures

No joint ventures currently exist in Benin.
Under a previous regime a joint Benin-Libyan
concern existed ("hen-lyb-peche"), which was aimed
at the Beninese domestic fresh fish market. This
venture has since ceased to exist, however.
Government of Benin fisheries officials speculate that
the closing of this venture is more related to the
recent change of Beninese political regimes (from
Marxist-Leninist to Pluralistic Democracy) than the
profitability of the enterprise.

The local shipbuilding industry is virtually
nonexistent. The Embassy knows of no local
shipwrights capable of constructing ocean-going
vessels of sufficient size to undertake commercial
fishing activities. No special provisions exist within
the Beninese customs code regarding the specific
importation of new or used fishing vessels. Benin
does give preferential customs treatment to foreign
investments which meet certain criteria (local
employment, size of investment, value-added nature).
These criteria are outlined in chapter five of the
Beninese investment code ("LOI No. 90-002 du 9
Mai 1990"). It is therefore presumed that used or
new fishing vessels imported as a component of a
broader package of foreign investment could enter
duty-free.

7. Transhipments

Figures from the autonomous port of Cotonou
indicate that, for the first nine months of 1992,
10,523 tons of frozen fish were off-loaded in
Cotonou, including 2,526 tons being transshipped to
Nigerian markets. This figure, however, includes
fish not caught in the Beninese EEZ. As previously
mentioned, the Government of Benin requires that all
fish caught in EEZ be sold within the Benin market.

8. Enforcement

Benin is scheduled to receive two coastal patrol
vessels (Boston Whalers) as part of the Department of
Defense biodiversity program which was in existence
during the past two years. These will augment the
two sometimes functioning vessels of Benin's small
coast guard/navy. Although we are aware of some
recent seizures of illegal fishing vessels (one Greek),
we have no figures on amounts seized or fines levied.

Benin

150 Ism.

PORTO NOVO

Bight of Benin

THE GAMBIA

The U.S. Embassy in Banjul, The Gambia, prepared the following report on the fisheries of The Gambia. The
report has been edited only slightly to help it conform to other country reports.3

1. Regulations

All vessels fishing in Gambian waters must be
licensed. Foreign vessels can be licensed to fish in
Gambian waters in two ways: 1) under the term of
a bilateral agreement with The Gambia, or 2) by
creating a joint venture with a Gambian firm.
Fishing licenses can be allocated to foreign vessels
that have joint ventures with Gambian companies.
The limits placed on the number of such licenses is
based on the size (and therefore the approximate
fishing capacity) of the vessels. There is no statutory
limit on the number of licenses that can be issued.
Any registered Gambian fishing company may obtain
a license to fish in Gambian waters. Often Gambians
sell their licenses to foreign vessels for considerable
sums. Licensing fees for trawlers less than 400-
horsepower (hp) is $35 per gross ton (weight of the
vessel) per annum and those of 400-hp and above are
charged $44 per gross registered ton (GRT) per
annum on a pro rata basis. Foreign shrimpers are
assessed a fee of $17 per GRT per annum. Once a
vessel is licensed, there is no limit to the amount of
catch that it may land.

The registration of fishing vessels is guided by
the Registration of Ships Act of 1968 amended by the
1977 Act to Accommodate Fishing Vessels.
Gambian registered fishing vessels must pay the
following: a) initial registration fee; b) annual
tonnage tax; c) harbor and ports dues; and d) survey
fees. There are no restrictive regulations to protect
the shipbuilding industry. Fishing licenses are issued
by the Department of Fisheries. Anyone wishing to
import new or used fishing vessels into Gambian
waters must first obtain written permission from the
Director of Fisheries. Failure to do so will result in
a maximum fine of $1,163, or one year in prison.
Since the fishing industry is targeted for
development, the importation of fishing gear is
exempt from import taxes.

2. International Agreements

5. Shipbuilding

The Gambia maintains bilateral agreements with
both Senegal and the European Community (EC).
Both agreements are mainly licensing agreements.
As a result of this, vessels can be licensed to fish in
the Gambian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ),
according to the total tonnages for each class of
vessel as set out in the agreement. Senegal and the
Gambia have an a agreement about the number and
gross tons of the other country's vessels that each
country will allow to fish in its waters. EC-flagged
vessels pay a fee for access to the resources,
research, and training of some Gambians that are
placed as observers on each vessel. From 1989 to
1992 the sums paid were $4.8 million for access
rights, $100,000 for research, and $206 for training.4

3. Joint Ventures

The only known joint ventures in the Gambia are
GB International, B.B. and Sons, and the now
defunct Pelican Seafood. These are all seafood
processing companies. There are no agreements that
govern fishery joint ventures in the Gambia.

4. Aid Programs

There are currently only two fishery aid
programs in the Gambia: the Inland Artisanal
Fisheries Development Project (IAFDP) and the
Japanese Bakau Project. The IAFDP, funded by the
Italian Government, is an extension of the community
fisheries concept. The project has storage, fish
smoking and drying, and communication facilities at
a number of project sites in the country. The IAFDP
also extends revolving loan funds, allowing
fishermen to finance engines and related gear. The
recently opened Bakau project was funded by the
Japanese Government at a cost of $4 million. This
project, similar in nature to the IAFDP, has an ice
plant capable of producing 3 tons of ice daily, a
chilled storage room, and two insulated trucks (each
with a 2-ton capacity). There is a proposal for the
construction of a fishing port to benefit industrial
fishing firms which incur delays and other problems
when landing their catch at the current port at Banjul.
Discussions are under way with the Japanese
Government and the Islamic Development Bank for
funding.

There is no shipbuilding industry in the Gambia
and hence, commercial fishing vessels must be
imported. Equipment to repair vessels must be
imported. Repair facilities for vessels up to 500 tons
are available in the country.

6. Foreign Fishing

The local port serves as a supply or
transshipment point for distant-water fleets. It is not
known with certainty the extent of the distant-water
fishing taking place within the EEZ. However, it is
estimated from previous aerial surveillance photos
that 20-30 vessels are fishing within the 12-mile zone
on any given day. Table 1 provides details on the
number of vessels licensed and their country of origin
from 1985 through the first half of 1993. The more
popular species targeted are shrimp, lobster,
cephalopods, tuna, red snapper, barracuda, sole fish
and sompat grunts.

7. Enforcement

The Marine Company of the Gambia National
Army is charged with patrolling and enforcing any
violations of the fisheries act. Currently, their two
old British-supplied vessels cannot fully patrol the
EEZ. However, under the Department of Defense's
biodiversity program, the U. S. Government will
provide a new 51 -foot patrol vessel to upgrade the
Marine unit patrol capability. In some ways the
separation of regulatory power under the Department
of Fisheries, and enforcement under the Gambian
National Army, has inhibited fisheries management,
but the situation should improve. Fifty-three vessels
were arrested from July 1987 to June 1992 and a
total of $1,210,790 in fines imposed (see table 2).

Table 1.--THE GAMBIA. Fishing licenses issued, by country, number of vessels, and tonnage, 1985-92.

Country of Registration

Registered Vessels

Registered Tonnage

Number

Gross Registered Tons

Belgium

301

Brazil

89

China

143

France

99

61,241

Gambia

221

55,645

Ghana

11

4,859

Greece

83

18,042

Honduras3

17

4,349

Italy

1,441

Japan

20

7,487

Kaliningrad (Russia)

884

Kiev (Ukraine)

419

Korea, Republic of

18

7,318

Latvia

193

Morocco

1,507

Nigeria

11

8,440

Panamab

20

6,220

Portugal

1,186

Senegal

176

38,311

Sierra Leone

33

8,963

Spain

237

70,047

St. Vincentc

1,368

United Kingdom

916

United States

10

830

Total European Community

434

153,174

TOTAL

990

300,199

Source: "World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy, Banjul, The Gambia, June 29, 1993.

a Presumably reflagged vessels.

b Presumably vessels reflagged in Panama.

c Presumably vessels reflagged in St. Vincent.

Table 2. --THE GAMBIA. Vessels arrested and penalties imposed for contravention of Fisheries Act regulations
between July 1987 and June 1992.

Reason

Vessels arrested

Penalties imposed

Number

US$1.00

Fishing without a license

14

713,028

Fishing in wrong zone

12

131,433

Wrong mesh size

24

283,733

Improper storage of gear

1

236

Transshipment on the highseas

2

64,320

TOTAL

53

1,210,790

Source: "World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy, Banjul, The Gambia, June 29, 1993

The Gambia

75 km

Boundary representation is
not necessarily autnontat.ve

10

KENYA

The U.S. Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya, prepared the following report on the fisheries of Kenya. The report has
been edited only slightly to help it conform to other country reports.5

1. General Background

3. International Agreements

Kenya's Director of Fisheries, Mr. P. N.
Kamande, notes that the Government of Kenya
practices a conservationist fishing policy and has, in
recent years, not licensed any foreign fishing vessels
within the country's 200-mile Exclusive Economic
Zone (EEZ) off Kenya's Indian Ocean coastline.
Kenya's participation in marine fishing is small due
to lack of competitive technology, equipment, and
quality control programs for deep-sea fishing. In
1992, a total of 8,871 tons of marine fish were
landed compared to 183,779 tons of inland freshwater
fish.

2. Regulations

Conditions of license are determined by the
director of fisheries as provided for in the legislation.
These include specifying fishing grounds, species and
fishing gear. The access arrangements are simple
and do not require permanent transfer shifting
ownership and registration of foreign vessels to
Kenya.

Kenya has not signed any bilateral fishery
agreements. Kenya is among the ten Indian Ocean
member countries who have signed a memorandum
of understanding for the formation of a West Indian
Ocean Tuna Management Commission (WIOTMC).
The other countries are Madagascar, Tanzania,
Seychelles, Comoros, Mauritius, Mozambique,
Maldives, Sri Lanka, and India. WIOTMC seeks to
coordinate protection and development of marine
resources in the region, conduct scientific surveys
and solicit external funding for its activities.

4. Aid Programs

There are no marine fishery aid programs in
Kenya. The Fisheries Director expressed the
Government's desire to receive donor funding for
improving surveillance capability in Kenya's 200-
nautical-mile zone. Funding on a regional basis
would be more effective.

11

5. Shipbuilding

Kenya's shipbuilding industry is quite small and
limited primarily to repairs and dry-docking. There
are only two major shipbuilding companies, both
located in Mombasa. There are no special provisions
for importing new or used fishing vessels into Kenya.

6. Foreign Fishing

Foreign fleets wishing to operate in Kenya's
territorial waters have to obtain a license from the
Director of Fisheries after paying a fee of $20,000.
Royalties are determined as a percentage of the total
catch and a non-reimbursable fee of $20,000 per
vessel is required. A license will be granted if the
country has a bilateral fisheries agreement with
Kenya and a local representative has been appointed.

Kenya

The Director of Fisheries reports that several
ships are operating both inside and outside Kenyan
waters, including the Spanish tuna fleet, and fishing
vessels from Korea, Taiwan and Japan.

7. Transshipments

Mombasa serves as a transshipment point for a
Spanish fleet based in the Seychelles.

8. Joint Ventures

Kenya does not have any joint ventures with
foreign fishing vessels.

9. Enforcement

Due to lack of surveillance capability, Kenya
cannot monitor foreign fishing inside Kenya's 200-
mile EEZ. The Director of Kenya's Fisheries
Ministry stated that most of the ships operating
legally are licensed out of the Seychelles. No vessels
have been seized in recent years and no fines have
been levied. Poaching is, however, common because
Kenya lacks the surveillance capability to monitor
these activities. The Government of Kenya has not
been able to seize any unlicensed fishing vessels in
recent years.

12

MAURITANIA

The U.S. Embassy in Nouakchott, Mauritania, prepared the following report on the fisheries of Mauritania.
The report has been edited only slightly to help it conform to other country reports.6

1. General Background

Mauritania has some of Africa's most abundant
fisheries along its 525-kilometer coast. Until 1978,
the country's waters were fished almost exclusively
by foreign-controlled companies, which generally
processed their catches on the high-seas and unloaded
them abroad. In 1979, the Government of
Mauritania inaugurated a new fishing policy to gain
control of the harvesting and processing of the
country's fishing resources. As a result, licensing of
foreign firms has mostly been replaced by the
creation of Mauritanian-controlled fishing companies
and joint ventures. In the 1980s, the Mauritanian
fishing industry grew to become the most critical
sector in the country's economy. The main species
fished in Mauritanian waters are classified in the
following groups:

■ Cephalopods (octopus, cuttlefish and squid)

■ Continental shelf (hakes, lobster, and shrimps)

■ Pelagic resources (mackerel and sardines)

■ Yellowfin and big-eye tuna

In October 1992, the Mauritanian industrial
fishing fleet consisted of 263 vessels, as follows:

■ 149 vessels possessing permits, including 106
vessels with freezers and 43 vessels with
refrigerators.

■ 114 chartered vessels, including 70 vessels
with freezers and 44 vessels with refrigerators.

2. Licensing

Until 1979, there was no meaningful regulation
of the fishing sector. The only way for the country
to obtain the benefit of the hard currency generated
by the fishing sector was by selling licenses. At that
time, individual vessels were licensed. Accordingly,
an operator could obtain several licenses. This
practice came to be viewed as prejudicial to
Mauritania's national interest and the government
decided to limit the sales of licenses. The specific
regulations of fishing by foreign fleets are elaborated
in the protocol agreement between Mauritania and
each partner. However, in 1987, the Ministry of
Fisheries and Maritime Economy and the Ministry of
Finance drew up a document defining a new sectoral
development strategy aimed at promoting the rational
use of Mauritania's marine resources and protecting
the marine environment.

13

3. International Agreements

From 1987 to 1992, the Mauritanian government
signed two fishery agreements, one with the
European Community (EC) and the other with Japan.
These agreements facilitated increased fish production
during this period, The Government of Mauritania
and the Government of the Ukraine signed and
agreement in April 1993. The Government of
Mauritania recently renewed its agreement with the
EC for the period August 1993-July 1996 for
approximately 100 EC-flag fishing vessels. The
highlights of the Mauritania-EC Fishery Agreement
are as follows:

Specialized vessels (maximum catches allowed):

■ fishing vessels specializing in crustaceans,
with the exception of lobsters: 10,000 tons per
month annual average.

■ black hake trawlers and bottom longliners:
15,000 tons per month annual average.

■ pelagic trawlers and seiners: 9,000 tons per
month annual average.

Vessels with licenses for lobster fishing may
keep on board no fishing gear other than baskets.
These vessels are not authorized for live-bait fishing.
In addition, lobster fishing is prohibited between July
1 and September 30 of each year, since this is the
height of the spawning season for lobsters.

Vessels fishing for highly migratory species (number
of vessels allowed):

■ 38 pole-and-line tuna vessels and surface
longliners.

■ 25 freezer tuna seiners:
Authorized mesh sizes:

The minimum mesh sizes authorized as follows:

■ Fishing vessels specializing in harvesting
crustaceans with the exception of lobster: 40
centimeters (cm).

■ Black hake trawlers: 60 cm.

■ Pelagic seiners: 20 cm.

■ Pelagic trawlers: 30 cm.

■ Pole-and-line tuna vessels fishing with live
bait: 8 cm.

The financial compensation to the Government of
Mauritania under the agreement for the three-year
period amounts to approximately $32.9 million,
payable in three annual installments. In addition, the
EC is required to contribute approximately $1.1
million towards the financing of the Government of
Mauritania's fishery development programs. The EC
also undertook to provide training in fisheries at a
cost of $426,960.

The following are the conditions for fishing by
EC vessels in Mauritania's waters:

■ The EC Commission will present to the
Mauritanian fishery authorities an application for
each vessel, drawn up by shipowners seeking
authorization to fish under the agreement.

■ Before receiving a license, each vessel, with
the exception of freezer tuna seiners, must enter
the Port of Nouadhibou for inspection.

■ Licenses are issued to a given vessel for
twelve months.

■ The fee to be paid to the Government of
Mauritania by the shipowners is set at
approximately $23.72 per ton of fish caught
within the Mauritanian fishing zone.

■ All vessels, authorized to fish in Mauritania's
fishing zone under the agreement, with the
exception of tuna vessels and longliners, are
obliged to report their catch.

■ With the exception of freezer tuna seiners,
owners of EC vessels operating in Mauritania's
fishing zone must employ crews whose
composition is at least one-fourth Mauritanian.
Shipowners are free to choose which Mauritanian
sailor they take on board their vessel.

14

In the event of the seizure or detention, under the
terms of the applicable Mauritanian legislation, of a
fishing vessel flying the flag of an EC member state,
the EC representative is notified within 48 hours.

4. Joint Ventures

The following are among the joint ventures
established under Mauritania's 1979 law encouraging
investments in the fishing sector:

• SALIMAUREM (Societe Arabe Libyenne
Mauritanienne des ressources man times), a
Libyan-Mauritanian venture.

• SIMAR (Societe Industrielle Mauritano-
Roumaine), a Mauritanian-Romanian venture that
ceased operation in early 1993.

• M AUSOV (Mauritano-Sovietique des peches),
a Russian-Mauritanian venture.

• ALMAP (Algero-Mauritanienne des peches)
an Algerian-Mauritanian venture.

• MTP (Mauritano-Tunisienne des peches), a
Tunisian-Mauritanian venture.

• COM ACOP (CompagnieMauritano-Coreenne
de peche), a South Korean-Mauritanian venture.

• SIPECO (Societe Internationale de peche et
de commerce), a French-Mauritanian venture.

• Mauritanian-Chinese Company

These joint ventures are governed by agreements
and various regulations. The joint-venture

agreements stipulate that 51 percent of capital is be
owned by Mauritanian shareholders, but that the
management and technical services be furnished by
the foreign shareholders. The vessels involved in
these companies are differentiated by fishing methods
and specialty. Both freezer and refrigerator vessels
are operating to catch pelagic fish (surface species),
demersal fish (deep-sea species), and cephalopods
(mainly octopus and squid).

■ For MAUSOV, SIMAR and SIPECO, the
vessels involved are the "Super- Atlantic" freezer
vessels specializing in pelagic fish. These

trawlers are from 80- to 100-meters in length.
The conditions under which MAUSOV operates
are: one third of the catch for the Mauritanian
side (given in cash or in fish) and two thirds for
the Russian side.

■ For SALIMUREM and ALMAP, the vessels
involved are the refrigerator vessels specialized
in demersal fish (deep-sea species) and
cephalopods (mainly squid).

In September 1991, a total of 65 vessels were
operating in Mauritanian waters under joint venture
agreements. Besides SIMAR, it is expected that
other joint ventures will also close due to the crisis in
Mauritania's fishing sector. After two or three years
of profits, the rate of return on investment in these
ventures starts to decrease and eventually became
negative. Some of the causes of this situation are the
high cost of operation, which generates heavy losses,
and the mismanagement associated with poorly
qualified workers. Over the long term, many
observers believe that the outlook for joint ventures
with East European countries is bleak, because the
subsidized fuel that these former states provided for
vessel operation is no longer available.

5. Aid Programs

Mauritania's principal aid donors (France,
Germany, Japan and Spain) and international
organizations (African Development Fund, European
Development Fund, Arab Fund for Social and
Economic Development, World Bank), have extended
loans to the country's fishing sector. The following
are among the projects financed by international
donors:

■ Development of "Imraguen Banc D'Arguin," a
fishery located between Nouakchott and Nouadibou,
financed by UNDP.

■ Coastal surveillance program, financed by
Germany and France.

■ Traditional fishing development, financed by the
Arab fund.

■ Rehabilitation of "Baie Du Repos," a fishery
located along the Northern Mauritanian coast,
financed by the Arab fund.

15

6. Shipyards

Mauritania

There is no shipbuilding in Mauritania. In the
1980s, the Government of Mauritania promoted
imports of fishing vessels by encouraging local banks
to finance vessel purchases. However, many vessel
owners have been unable to repay their bank loans,
and this has caused major losses in Mauritania's
banking sector. Presently, Mauritanian commercial
banks are unable to finance the repair of damaged
vessels, and a large part of the fleet is paralyzed.

7. Transshipments

Mauritanian ports are not used as supply or
transshipment points for distant water fleets.

30Okm

8. Enforcement

The Government of Mauritania has only a limited
capability to control and regulate foreign fishing.
The Mauritanian coast is inadequately policed, with
the result that over-fishing is widespread. Industrial
demersal fishing vessels make frequent incursions
into the zone reserved for artisanal fisheries. A
World Bank-financed project for supervision and
control was implemented, but the even application of
sanctions for violations remains a problem. From
1988 to 1992, among 1,340 infractions registered,
only 658 cases (approximately 47 percent) were
actually acted upon by the commission responsible for
imposing sanctions. The highest percentage of cases
handled (68 percent) involved the less serious
infractions— for example, violations of crewing
regulations and expiration of a vessel's "safety
certificate." The more serious infractions — for
example, of regulations of size of catch and mesh
size of nets — represented only 32 percent of total
infractions reaching the commission. In this period,
the Government of Mauritania imposed fines totalling
approximately $5 million, but of this amount only $3
million has been paid.

16

MOROCCO

The U.S. Consulate General in Casablanca, Morocco, prepared the following report on the fisheries of
Morocco. The report has been edited only slightly to help it conform to other country reports.7

1 . Regulations on Fishing

There are no general regulations covering fishing
by foreign fleets in Moroccan waters. Vessels
fishing in Moroccan waters must be licensed by the
Government of Morocco. There are separate license
categories according to the fishing method to be used
(e.g., long line, seiner trawling). Licenses are issued
to specific vessels. No new ones are being issued,
although foreigners can obtain a license by buying a
licensed Moroccan vessel. Fleets from specific
countries are governed by bilateral agreements.

2. International Agreements

■ European Community (EC)

The most important foreign fishing fleet in
Moroccan waters is the EC fleet, composed almost
entirely of Spanish vessels. Morocco renewed its
four-year fisheries accord with the EC on May 15,
1992. The new accord, which modestly reduced total
EC tonnage and licenses, substantially increased the
annual payment, imposed a two-month annual fishing
ban on coastal and high-seas fisheries, and
strengthened enforcement provisions. The agreement
was linked, during the negotiations, to the signing of
a new 4-year EC-Morocco financial protocol for $660
million ($165 millon a year). The EC will get

permits for around 600 vessels (down from 730),
including 143 high-seas licenses (140 Spanish, three
Greek). Most of the vessels are small trawlers.
There is a quota of 28 licenses for tuna vessels.

Other provisions include a mid-term review in
1994, with the ability for Morocco to suspend
licenses for fishing rules violators. There will be a
continuation of the preferential marketing
arrangement for Moroccan canned fish, unlimited
amounts of which will enter the EC duty-free after
1996. The EC will provide a $7 million credit for
training. A new feature in the 1992 agreement is
Morocco's right to station as many as 300 fishery
observers aboard EC vessels. Around 85 observers
were hired by March 1993.

■ Japan

Since 1985, Morocco and Japan have annually
renewed a bilateral fishing treaty. The August 1992
agreement allows up to 30 Japanese tuna vessels to
follow the northward tuna migration along the
Moroccan coast each year. Tonnages are minimal
but Moroccan authorities believe that there is a fairly
important by-catch of more valuable species.
According to the terms of the 1992 Agreement, the
Japanese will pay $6,500 per vessel for three months

17

of fishing, about twice as much as they had paid in
past years.

■ Former Soviet Union

The 1991-92 breakup of the Soviet Union
removed a major headache for the Moroccan fisheries
Ministry and a major drain on Morocco's fisheries.
Not only had the once-mighty Soviet fleet fished with
near impunity in Moroccan waters, taking as much a
1.2 millon tons a year, but Soviet submarines
sometimes engaged in faceoffs with Moroccan
frigates. By August 1992, the Government of
Morocco signed a highly advantageous three-year
agreement with Russia, while choosing not to
negotiate agreements with the Ukraine and the Baltic
States. The defunct Soviet accord had set quotas for
pelagic fishing of up to 850,000 tons diminishing
over several years to 600,000 tons a year within
Morocco's 200-mile EEZ. Some Moroccans claimed
at the time that the rapacious techniques used by the
giant 100-odd Soviet factory ships were denuding the
fishery. They further charged that the Soviets were
hauling in large quantities of cephalopods, which they
had no legal right to fish.

The new three-year Morocco-Russia accord
allows 43 vessels, the number to decrease by five
vessels a year, to net 400,000 tons of pelagic fish
only (sardines and mackerel) a year, the amount to
decrease by 50,000 tons a year. Russia must pay
Morocco 17.5 percent of the market value of the fish,
payable in hard currency or in fish. The accord
allows Moroccan inspectors to accompany Russian
fishing vessels at sea and provides for the
employment of up to nine Moroccan seamen per
vessel, creating 350 jobs in all. Morocco gained the
right to station two observers on board each Russian
vessel. There is also an unwritten understanding that
the Russian will do most of their shopping, loading
and unloading at Moroccan ports.

3. Joint Ventures

Following the "Moroccanization" of the fishing
industry (along with the rest of the economy), the
Moroccan fleet essentially became Moroccan-owned
and previous joint-venture vessels were transferred to
Moroccans. Foreign vessels were licensed under
bilateral agreements. The Moroccanization decrees
were later abrogated, and it is now possible for
foreign firms to invest directly or as part of a joint

venture in Moroccan industries, including fishing.
Some vessels are jointly owned by Moroccans and
foreign interests. The U.S. Embassy does not have
comprehensive information on joint industrial
ventures, but is aware of two surimi projects. In
April 1988, Japanese aid workers launched a pilot
project in Agadir to study the feasibility of producing
surimi from a Moroccan sardine base. Morocco
hopes to divert some of the sardine catch now used in
producing low-value fish meal to surimi production
for eventual export to Europe and the United States.
The project has been slow in starting up, faced with
lack of demand for surimi in Moroccan test markets
and the disappearance of much of the sardine catch
from the port of Agadir. A commercial, French-run
surimi plant was operating in Agadir in 1992,
marketing its output in France, and presumably
making a profit. In 1992, a Russian-Moroccan
company was created to market the output of Russian
fishermen and their Moroccan partners.

4. Aid Programs

The new EC agreement increases the EC's
annual payment to Morocco to $80 million, in
addition to fees to be paid by individual shipowners
based on profitability.

Japanese aid in grant money and technical
assistance to Morocco has been substantial. In 1985
Japan donated a research vessel to the Institut
Scientifique des Peches Maritimes (ISPM) in
Casablanca. In 1986, Japan extended aid to build and
partially staff a four-year training school for bridge
personnel and engineers in Agadir called the Institute
of Maritime Fisheries Technology, which opened in
the spring of 1988. Agreement was reached on
financing a ship repair yard in Agadir, where work
was completed in December 1992. In 1992, Japan
contributed about $4 million in technical aid to
Morocco.

U.S. technical assistance to Morocco in the
fisheries field has kept a low profile in recent years.
The Moroccan-U.S. Joint Committee of Experts in
Fishery Affairs has not met since 1986. Nonetheless,
aid has financed small private sector training projects,
International Executive Service Corps volunteers have
consulted in the canning industry, and Peace Corps
volunteers have worked with the Office National des
Peches.

L8

The Canadian International Development Agency
sponsored an exhibit in Casablanca entitled "Maritime
Fisheries and Ancillary Industries" in March 1990
which featured Canadian fisheries technology and
expertise. In 1991, the agency held a fisheries
seminar in Casablanca for West African countries.
Canada has granted three years of technical assistance
to the scientific maritime fisheries institute (ISPM) to
improve Moroccan fisheries statistics. A Canadian
team recently participated in a study on the feasibility
of the now-established Saidia Aquaculture industry
near Saidia, at the Algerian border. The only new
project under consideration at the moment is for
satellite imaging to aid in fisheries enforcement.

5. Shipbuilding

crews. A "Moroccanization" edict was technically in
effect as of January 1, 1993, requiring vessel owners
to hire at least 50 percent Moroccan crews. The
Moroccan government aims for 65 percent Moroccan
crews by 1996.

Counting the 140-odd EC trawlers, the total fleet
in Morocco's EEZ approaches 600 trawlers in a
fishery which some experts claim can optimally
support only half that number. By December 1992,
around 70 of 450 Moroccan high seas trawlers were
inactive because their owners could no longer afford
to operate them. The Government of Morocco
apparently hopes to avert an industry shakeout by its
February 1992 announcement of financial aid for the
troubled trawler companies.

The shipbuilding industry in Morocco is
primarily limited to wooden sardine vessels. These
ships are built in several places in Morocco, most
notably Essouira. Most of the metal hulled vessels,
including the stern trawlers, had once belonged to
Spanish-Moroccan joint ventures. Ownership has
now been transferred to Moroccans. No new fishing
licenses are being issued. Despite this, the local
shipbuilding industry has continued to produce
wooden sardine vessels in the hope of obtaining
exceptions. There is no incentive to import fishing
vessels.

6. Transshipments

Most of the domestic fleet now operates out of
Agadir, where it was "repatriated." Despite the
repatriation, the Spanish port of Las Palmas in the
Canary Islands continues to play an important role in
Moroccan fisheries. EC trawlers continue to unload
significant amounts of fish (mainly cephalopods)
caught in Moroccan waters in Las Palmas, out of
sight of Government of Morocco officials.

7. Moroccan High-seas Fleet

The high-seas fleet counts about 60 active
companies with some 450 stern freezer-trawlers
costing $2-3 million apiece, weighing 300-350 tons
each, and averaging 12 years old. Vessels are
generally 30 - 45 meters in length, with steel hulls.
Many of these vessels at one time belonged to
Spanish-Moroccan joint ventures but now most have
passed to Moroccan ownership. Voyages last one to
three months, with mostly Korean and Chinese

The Moroccan high-seas fleet registered big gains
in 1991, producing an 11 percent larger catch
compared with the previous year (147, 838 tons
versus. 133, 396 tons) that fetched 17 percent more
in the marketplace (2.72 billion Dirham compared
with the 2.33 billion Dirham 1990 catch). The high-
seas catch (cephalopods and whitefish) is the most
valuable part of the total catch, representing 30
percent of tonnage but 64 percent of the total value of
Morocco's fisheries production.

Around two-thirds of the 1991 high-seas catch
was cephalopods (squid, octopus, and cuttlefish),
almost none of which are consumed locally.
Morocco produced 58 percent more cephalopods by
weight in 1991 compared with 1990 (97,246 tons
versus. 61, 519 tons). The bigger catch yielded a 55
percent rise in value (2.73 billion versus. 1.76
billion), which is more money than Morocco earned
on sardine and fresh fish exports combined.

The showpiece of Morocco's high seas fishing
industry is the Omnium Marocain de Peche (OMP)
fleet at Tan Tan, where OMP owns and operates its
own port facilities. The complex stands on a site that
10 years ago was undeveloped desert. Since 1987,
when most of Morocco's fleet was still based in Las
Palmas, OMP and its subsidiaries have been landing
catches, taking on provisions, and effecting repairs
exclusively in Morocco. With 42 trawlers, OMP and
its subsidiaries processed 16,000 tons of fresh fish
and cephalopods in Africa. The firm earned $33
million in fish exports in 1991, or 5.5 percent of the
national total. The firm wants to add on-shore fish
processing capacity to enhance profitability.

19

8. Enforcement

Morocco

Under the terms of the new agreement with the
EC, the Moroccans will place observers aboard most
of the EC vessels fishing in Moroccan waters. All
the vessels fishing for cephalopods in the Atlantic
will be covered full time; the tuna vessels in the
Atlantic fishing for only four months out of a year
will be covered randomly. There will be only very
limited coverage of vessels fishing in the
Mediterranean since they are mostly very small
family owned vessels. There will be up to two
scientific observers on each EC vessel, plus up to 6
Moroccan nationals (depending on the vessel's dead
weight), to be hired freely by the skippers. Morocco
currently has about 40 trained scientific observers
who have the equivalent of a post-graduate degree
with a specialty in fisheries. The Ministry of
Fisheries estimates that it will be able to do the job
with an observer force of around 300.

Mediterranean Sea

T.ngierr^<""B <S»,I

•\ ,

Tetouan

North

Spl

In addition to the 300 observers, the Fisheries
Ministry will have to recruit, train and organize the
land based infrastructure both to manage the
organization of the observers (i.e. scheduling,
transport, payroll, etc.) and to process the data that
they will generate. Each vessel will be on a radio net
based in the Ministry and will feed in daily data on
the vessel's catch. It will be necessary to develop
computer programs to analyze and store the
mountains of data that will be generated so that the
policy level can use it to draw conclusions and make
decisions. The whole operation will be financed by
revenues coming from the fisheries agreement and by
fines levied on pirate vessels.

Poaching by non-licensed vessels is a major
concern for the Government of Morocco.
Enforcement was recently improved through the
acquisition of three new British-built spotter aircraft
which can call for help from the Navy and through
better coordination and targeting. The Ministry has
been coordinating enforcement activities based on
knowledge of seasonal fishing patterns so that naval
vessels now look where poachers are likely to be
operating rather than cruising randomly in Moroccan
waters. Part of the money taken in on the EC
agreement is to remain with the government to
finance continued expansion of enforcement
capabilities.

20

NAMIBIA

The U.S. Embassy in Windhoek, Namibia, prepared the following report on the fisheries of Namibia,
has been altered only slightly to help it conform to other country reports.8

The report

1. General Background

Prior to Namibian independence in 1990, there
was virtually no deep-sea fishing industry operating
out of Luderitz or the Walvis Bay enclave. Namibia
is currently developing a high-seas fishing fleet
capable of supplanting foreign high-seas fishing fleets
within the nation's 200-mile Exclusive Economic
Zone (EEZ). With emphasis on shore processing,
however, Namibia is not developing a high-seas fleet
of its own. Except in the case of foreign companies,
seeking access to Namibia's coastal fishing grounds,
Namibia has not yet become a flag-of-convenience
state for foreign fishing fleets.

2. Licensing

Namibian government policy discriminates
against licensing foreign-based distant-water fishing
vessels, since it prefers to provide quotas to local
concessionaires. Given the shortage of locally-owned
vessels and on-shore processing facilities, however,
most deep- and mid-water concession holders
currently charter foreign-owned or operated factory
ships, typically Russian in the case of mid-water
vessels, or Spanish in the case of demersal vessels.
During the 1986-1988 period, immediately prior to
Namibia's independence, the USSR and Portugal
caught 88 percent of the hake off the Namibian coast,

while the USSR, Romania, Bulgaria, Cuba, Spain,
and Poland caught 78 percent of the horse mackerel.

As of June 1993, there were 80 companies (many
with overlapping ownership) holding 95 concessions
to fish for horse-mackerel (mid-water trawl),
pilchards (pelagic or surface water), hake (demersal
or bottom trawl), tuna, and other species. Most of
the companies are registered in Walvis Bay or
Windhoek, but many have some foreign ownership.
There are 149 vessels licensed to operate in the
Namibian 200-mile fishing zone (190 including the
pelagic fleet, but excluding lobster vessels), up from
99 in 1991 (137 including the pelagic fleet).

3. International Agreements

The Government of Namibia has yet to complete
any fishing agreements. Protracted negotiations with
the European Community are under way,9 with
Namibia pressing the EC for an agreement that
emphasizes joint ventures.

4. Joint Ventures

Due to the government's "Namibianization"
policy, joint ventures between foreign fishing firms
and local entrepreneurs are common. Moreover,
many Namibian concessionaires effectively sell their

21

quotas to foreigners by chartering foreign-owned and
operated vessels. The increasingly complex structure
of interlocking front companies makes ultimate
company ownership difficult to identify. Given the
fact that Namibia was under South African
administration until 1990 (the fishing Port of Walvis
bay still is), South African commercial interests
permeate the Namibian fishing industry. Spanish,
Portuguese, and Norwegian interests are also
common. Russian vessels, chartered at low rates,
dominate the horse-mackerel fishery.

Among the more prominent foreign interests are
Pescanova (Spanish) and Nandamsea-Namfish-
Northern Fishing Industries-Blue Sea (part
Norwegian) in demersal fishing, United Fishing
Enterprises (part Norwegian via Namsea-Namfish)
and Kuiseb Fish Products (I&J of South Africa) in
pelagic fishing, Sovrybflot (Russian) and Pescanova
(Spanish) in horse-mackerel fishing, and the SA Tuna
Association (South Africa) in tuna fishing. The
embassy is not aware of any American involvement
in the Namibian fishing industry. Wickford
Corporation of New York applied on its own for a
1993 horse-mackerel quota, but failed to receive a
license. (Only enterprises with Namibian joint
venture partners were granted concessions as new
entrants in 1993.)

5. Aid Programs

Norway has been very involved in providing
enforcement and scientific assistance to Namibia's
fishing sector. Iceland has also provided technical
support. The EC would be willing to provide
Namibia with enforcement equipment and technical
expertise, once a fishing agreement between the EC
and Namibia is concluded. The biodiversity program
of the U.S. Department of Defense has allowed $2.7
million for small surveillance aircraft and
communications equipment for the Namibian
Government to use in safeguarding its marine
resources. Kuwait has expressed interest in helping
to build a new fishing harbor on the north coast.

6. Shipbuilding

There is no local shipbuilding industry. Walvis
Bay has drydock facilities for repairs. Imported
vessels are subject to the tariffs of the South African-
administered Southern African Customs Union.

7. Transshipments

Walvis Bay services distant-water fleets.

8. Namibian High-seas Fishing

While 88 percent of the demersal fleet operates
under the Namibian flag, 61 percent are actually
freezer trawlers that carry their catch back to Spain
or other foreign markets. The rest are wet-fish
trawlers that service the growing on-shore processing
industry. Nearly all the mid-water trawling fleet,
which accounts for 76 percent of total licensed fishing
fleet tonnage, appears to be ex-Soviet distant-water
vessels. Most of these are chartered by local
concessionaires. A recognizable Russian company,
Sovrybflot, charters 12 of the mid-water trawlers.
The tuna fleet is based primarily in South Africa.
There are no distant-water vessels involved in the
Pilchard Fishery and the Walvis Bay pelagic fleet is
now all-Namibian registered.

9. Enforcement

With foreign assistance, Namibia is building a
capability to monitor and control foreign fishing.
Prior to independence, up to 300 foreign demersal
and mid-water vessels at the time reportedly fished
off the Namibian coast, nearly exhausting stocks of
hake and other species. After the proclamation of the
200-mile fishing zone, in April 1990, the number of
unlicensed fishing vessels fell by approximately 90
percent. Over the past three years, ten Spanish or
Spanish-owned fishing vessels have been seized by
the Government of Namibia for illegal fishing,
reducing the attractiveness of Namibian waters to
unlicensed vessels.

Namibia

Katima

Mul.ln

•Ondangwa
Qroottontein"

Otjiwarongo

Swakopmund WINDHOEK
4 *

Gofcabis
*Rehoboth
South
Atlantic
Ocean ■ K«*tm*nafcoop

Luderitz^

Karasburg

Boundary

epresentation is

not necessarily

authoritative

22

Table 1. --NAMIBIA. Data on licensed fishing vessels, 1993.

Type of fishing

Number of licensed vessels

Foreign Charter'

Freezer

Total

Tonnage

Number of vessels

Gross Registered Tons

DEMERSAL:

1 10-mm mesh

22

27

56

27,465

75-mm mesh

12

14

1,721

Longline

2,444

MID-WATER TRAWL

42

42

84

192,226

TUNA:

Pole-and-Line

19

20

39

3,666

Longline

14

1,234

LINEFISH:

11

12

692

PELAGIC (purse-seine):

41

41

10,314

TOTAL:

128

95

39

262

239,762

SOURCE: Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources. Note: "Foreign" indicates the number of vessels that are
registered under a foreign flag; the rest are Namibian-registered, but may still be foreign-owned and based.
"Chartered" indicates the number of vessels used by concessionaires lacking sufficient vessels of their own to exploit
their quotas. Such vessels are often, but not necessarily, foreign registered. For the demersal fleet, "freezer"
indicates the number of freezer factory ships; the rest are "wet-fish" vessels supplying on-shore processing factories.
The number of freezer ships is a more reliable estimate of the size of the distant-water demersal fleet than country
of registration.

23

24

8

NIGERIA

The U.S. Embassy in Lagos, Nigeria, prepared the following report on the fisheries of Nigeria. The report has been
edited only slightly to help it conform to other country reports.10

1. Regulations

Fishing in territorial waters is reserved for
Nigerian-flag vessels. A Nigerian vessel is defined
as one belonging to a company whose capital is no
less than 50-percent African ownership.
Theoretically, foreign fishing is allowed only for joint
ventures with at least a 51 -percent Nigerian interest,
though in practice this requirement is waived when
there is substantial Nigerian interest in the company.
Foreign flag vessels may be licensed to fish only
outside the Nigerian Exclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ), but they may land fish in Nigeria.

Business permits and fishing licenses are required
for all companies operating within Nigeria's 200-mile
EEZ. To obtain a fishing license, a company must
first secure approval from the Industrial Development
Coordinating Committee of the Ministry of Industries
in Abuja. The applicant must then apply to the
Ministry of Transport for registration of fishing
vessels. Finally, all approvals and documents must
be submitted to the Department of Fisheries, Ministry
of Agriculture, for granting of the license (table 1).

2. International Agreements

Nigeria is a member of the Commission for the
Eastern Central Atlantic Fisheries (CECAF). Nigeria
also has fishing agreements with three African
countries, Equatorial Guinea, Angola, and Sierra
Leone which allow Nigerian vessels to register to fish
in the participating country's national waters.

Equatorial Guinea: A five-year agreement, renewed
with Equatorial Guinea in 1991, allows 17 Nigerian
trawlers to fish in its waters in exchange for 50 tons
of fish per year per vessel given to the Equatorial
Guinean government. The Government of Equatorial
Guinea negotiated this requirement to provide fish for
its local market, as it does not have an offshore
fishing industry of its own.

Sierra Leone: Nigeria's agreement with Sierra
Leone, allowing for 12 Nigerian vessels to fish the
Sierra Leonean waters is a reciprocal agreement
though Sierra Leone is not currently exercising its
right to fish Nigerian waters.

25

Angola: Nigeria's 1989 agreement with Angola
allows the licensing of four Nigerian vessels with a
minimum length of 50 meters. This requirement
virtually nullifies the agreement since Nigeria does
not currently operate trawlers of this size.

Currently, Nigerian vessels are only fishing in
Equatorial Guinea's waters, as well as in local
waters. Federal Department of Fisheries (FDF)
officials say that no negotiations over reciprocal
fishing agreements have taken place with any of the
major fishing powers (i.e. Japan, Russia, Norway, or
the EC).

3. Fleet Background

The Nigerian commercial fishing sector is
dominated by five large companies. Together they
own approximately 60 percent of the majority of all
other companies, which own fewer than five trawlers
each. Most companies are located in Lagos, but
several operate from Port Harcourt, Warn, and
Calabar.

The Federal Department of Fisheries (FDF)
reports that registration of the inshore and deepwater
trawlers peaked in the late 1980's and has been
declining since then (table 2). The drop in the
inshore fish supply caused by overfishing and the
high cost of vessel maintenance and licensing fees
contributed to this drop. Rising operational cost and
smaller catches force many operators to retire older
vessels and not replace them. At any given time, 30
to 40 percent of registered vessels are not in service
because of breakdowns or maintenance problems.
Spare parts, mostly imported from the United States,
are so expensive that retiring and cannibalizing older
vessels for spare parts is more economical than
ordering new ones.

4. Aid Programs

As of 1992, Japan, Germany, the World Bank
(IBRD), the International Fund for Agriculture
Development (IFAD), and the United Nations were
all operating fishing projects in Nigeria. Brief
descriptions of some of the projects are given below.

JAPAN: The Japanese Government provides a 42
meter, 272-gross registered ton vessel to the Nigerian
Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research
(NIOMR) for use in developing tuna fishing in
Nigerian waters. The Japanese government also
provides funding for the rehabilitation of the NIOMR
pilot canning plant and training school.

IBRD: There is a $27.8 million fisheries component
in the $100.9 million third multi-state agricultural
development project designed to strengthen extension
services and to increase the value of fish production
in Lagos, Ondo, and the delta states. This project
began operating in 1990 and will be implemented
over five years with an emphasis on improving fish
production technology and small stock management.

IFAD: A six-year, $6 million loan provides funds
for lending to fishermen by the Nigerian Agricultural
Development Bank. This project was to have begun
by the end of 1992.

5. Shipbuilding

Nigeria has no significant shipbuilding industry.
In 1991 and 1992, ship building and repairing
equipment were the second largest U.S. exports to
Nigeria. Most of the newer commercial vessels
operating in Nigeria are built in the United States and
the industry seems predisposed toward American
products. Nigeria has no special provisions for
importing new or used fishing vessels.

6. Enforcement

The government considers illegal fishing a major
problem though estimates on the number of illegal
vessels in operation are unavailable. Frequent
violations include use of illegal undersized mesh nets,
fishing without a license, pilferage (black market sale
of a percentage of the legal catch transacted at sea by
fishing crews), and infringement of a 5-mile, no-
trawler zone. Most of these infractions contribute to
Nigeria's larger problems of depletion of native fish
stocks and degradation of the environment for
traditional fishermen. Fishing without a permit in
Nigerian waters is punishable with forfeiture of the
vessel and detention of the captain, or a fine of about
$4,550) payable in foreign currency.

26

While the FDF has the primary responsibility for
enforcement of fishing regulations, it does not have
the resources necessary to patrol the waters or
apprehend violators. Currently, the FDF must rely
on the Nigerian Navy for patrolling the coast and
must coordinate with Ministry of Justice in the
prosecution of cases. Though the fishing laws were
revised in 1992 to require stiffer fines and longer
prison terms for fishing violators, a lack of resources
prevents the FDF from enforcing the laws effectively.
A World Bank loan was granted to the FDF for the
procurement of four new patrol vessels, but the
vessels have not yet been delivered and, in any case,
the FDF lacks the trained personnel necessary to man
them.

Nigeria

LAGOS

Bight of
Benin

Gull ol Guinea

The most recent conviction for illegal fishing was
in late 1991 when a Greek vessel was fined $20,000
for fishing without a license. The captain was found
guilty of illegally catching and packaging shrimp in
Nigeria and for labeling packages "product of
Greece." The value of the shrimp on the vessel was
approximately $220,000.

27

Table 1. -NIGERIA. Licensing tariffs effective January 1, 1991.

Vessel type and tonnage

Annual license fee

Quarterly license fee

US$1,001

General fishing vessels:

Below 20-GRT

$45.47

$13.64

20-GRT to 199-GRT

$113.69

$31,83

Shrimp trawlers:

All sizes

$181.90

$100.05

Vessels fishing inside Nigeria's EEZ:

200-GRT to 999-GRT

$363.80

$100.05

High-seas vessels:

Over 1,000-GRT

$454.75

$136.40

Reefers:

All sizes

$454.75

$136.40

Source: U.S. Embassy, Lagos, Nigeria, July 2, 1993.

Table 2. -NIGERIA. Estimated number of fishing vessels registered or operating in Nigeria waters, 1988-90.

Year

Inshore trawlers

High-seas trawlers

Artisanal canoes

1988

372

129

77,000

1989

440

109

77,000

1990

317

28

77,000E

Source: Federal Department of Fisheries, Lagos 1990. (E) = Estimate.

d Based on an exchange rate of 21.99 Naira per US$1.00 on July 1, 1993.

28

OMAN

The U.S. Embassy in Muscat, Oman, prepared the following report on the fisheries of Oman. The report has
been edited only slightly to help it conform to other country reports."

1. General Background 12

Oman has rich, if underdeveloped, marine
resources, which include demersal (such as grouper
and emperor fish), small pelagic (sardines), and large
pelagic (tuna and kingfish) species. Oman's fisheries
wealth is the result of favorable currents and
associated migrations of the large pelagic fish. The
bulk of Omani fishing is done by traditional
fishermen. In 1991, traditional fishing accounted for
88 percent of fish landings, and 79 percent of the
total value of fish caught. Government policies
encourage Omanis to become fishermen. The size of
the local catch is not limited, for instance. The
"fishermen's encouragement fund" frequently
subsidizes the purchase of new vessels and engines.
The ranks of Omani fishermen have swollen to the
point that the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries
estimates 20,000 Omanis are now involved in fishing.
As a result of this increase, the shallow waters of
Oman's northern coast have become overfished.

2. Fleet Background

Omanis traditionally fish from locally-made
vessels (dhows, houris and shashas) ranging from
four to twelve meters in length. These vessels are
still used in small numbers, but are powered by
outboard motors. Nowadays, eighty percent of local
fishermen use faster, foreign-made, fiberglass skiffs.
The Ministries of Commerce and of Industry and
Agriculture and Fisheries have plans to jointly
sponsor a project to provide local fishermen access to
larger vessels. The plan calls for fiberglass hulls to
be constructed in Oman, with motors to be imported
from abroad. The vessels will come in two sizes: 1-3
tons, and 10-15 tons. These craft will have greater
fishhold capacity then the vessels currently used, as
well as refrigeration capability, and will allow Omani
fishermen to spend longer periods (3-5 days) at sea.
The fishermen are currently restricted to day trips
only.

29

3. Fishing Licenses

The Government of Oman in 1991 granted 5
Omani companies block quotas for industrial fishing.
The licenses were granted as follows: Oman Fisheries
Company (5 trawlers), Protein Produce International
(8 longliners), Gulf of Oman (2 trawlers), Oman Sea
Company (3 trawlers), and Sadah Marine (1 trawler).
These companies parcel out their licenses to foreign
fishers in return for a percentage of the catch.
Twelve percent of the total catch is also retained by
the Omani Government as a royalty or licensing fee.

4. International Agreements

Oman has no bilateral fisheries agreements, nor
does it currently participate in joint fisheries ventures.
The Oman Fisheries Company is holding discussions
with potential joint venture partners from Spain and
the Far East, although any agreement would not go
into effect until 1995 at the earliest. The foreign
partner would operate vessels hired by the Omanis,
while the fisheries company would cover the cost of
operations. Omani trainees would learn the business
from the foreign nationals manning the vessels.

5. Foreign Fishing

Trawlers: In 1991, a total of fifteen trawlers
fished off the coast of Oman. Between 8 and 10
Korean trawlers, fifty meters in length, ply
Omani waters at the current time. Total
allowable catches for demersal fish are 18,000
metric tons per year. Reported catch for 1991
was 13,1 1 1 tons (table l).13 The foreign trawlers
are prohibited from fishing at depths of less than
fifty meters, or within 10 miles of shore
(whichever is greater). Oman's Ministry of
Agriculture and Fisheries reports that the catches
of the foreign trawler fleet have fluctuated
between 1 1,000 tons and 18,000 tons from 1986
to 1991. Total figures for industrial fishing are:
1986 (13,353 tons), 1987 (13,807 tons), 1988
(17,911 tons), 1989 (11,255 tons), 1990(15,037
tons), and 1991 (13,111 tons). See table 1 for
information about species caught by the trawl
fleet.

Longliners: Taiwan-registered longliners began
fishing Omani waters in 1989. During the 1989-
1990 season, as many as 19 longliners fished

there. During the 1990-1991 season, only eight
longliners were given licenses, and in 1991-
1992, eleven licenses were issued. To the
consternation of some local fishermen, the Oman
Fisheries Company can now grant twenty to fifty
licenses to tuna longliners at a time. Those
licenses are currently held by Taiwan companies.
The longliners mostly target yellowfin tuna, but
catch marginal quantities of sailfish, marlin,
swordfish, mahi-mahi and shark (table 2). The
government limits the total allowable catch of
tuna to 35,000 tons per year. The longliners are
prohibited from fishing within 20 miles of shore.
Questions sometimes arise about how closely
these limits are observed. The longliner fishing
season runs from September through May.

6. Transshipments

Omani ports serve as transshipment points only
for distant-water fleets fishing in Omani waters. The
foreign licencees are prohibited from transferring
shipment at sea to mother vessels which carry the fish
to foreign markets, because the Omanis want to
ensure they receive their portion of the catch. Critics
of the foreign markets complain that transshipment at
sea in fact does take place. Muscat's port, Mina
Qaboos, at present can only accommodate four
vessels at any one time. The port is currently
undergoing expansion.

7. Enforcement

The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries places
observers on the foreign vessels which fish in Omani
waters. In recent months, at least two of the captains
of these ships have been deported for overfishing or
for using double nets, etc. Other ships have been
prohibited from fishing for periods ranging from 30
to 70 days. Critics of the monitoring complain that
the observers are poorly trained youth who have little
authority and have difficulty communicating both with
the ships' captains (because of language barriers) and
with the Omani Government (because of poor radio
transmission). The United States Agency for
International Development (USAID) is in the process
of providing training to the observers which should
improve their capabilities. While Oman could no
doubt benefit from broader and more forceful
enforcement, neither the Ministry not the Omani
Coast Guard has much scope to expand the
surveillance.

30

8. Aid Programs

Oman signed a fisheries aid agreement with
Japan in May 1993. The Japanese will provide the
Omanis with a 16-meter long research vessel, send
five Japanese fisheries experts to the Ministry of
Agriculture and Fisheries, and send 15 Omanis to
Japan for training during the course of the program.
The Japanese aid program will be carried out over 5
years and was budgeted at $10 million.

The Omani-American Joint Commission, the
local arm of USAID, sponsors a training program for
employees of the Ministry of Agriculture and
Fisheries and the marine science and fisheries center.
The training program focuses on methodologies for
improving the management of fishery stocks.

Oman

300 km

{A Musandam

V fanmsula Gu„

n "'

IjVsuhar Oman

j2 Nv^^^MTnd' Qibut

/ **\lUSCAT

Boundary representation i

s\ /

not necessarily autnoritati

ve / J

J$ Ma sir ah

Ouqn

31

Table 1.--0MAN. Catch by trawlers in Omani waters, 1991.

Species

Catch

Metric tons

Demersal species:

Ribbonfish

5,036

Emperors

534

Seabreams

1,345

Rock cod bass

301

Croakers

2,030

Sweet lip/grunts

289

Snappers

22

Butterfly bream

943

Rabbitfish

32

Other demersals

1,197

Sub-total

11,729

Pelagic species:

Kawakawa

11

Kingfish

16

Barracuda

33

Cobia

3

Large jacks

248

Small jacks

21

Sharks

17

Rays and skates

6

Cuttlefish

1,015

Squid

104

Sub-total

1,474

TOTAL CATCH

13,203

ishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy

Muscat, Oman,

June 20, 1993.

32

Table 2. --OMAN. Catch of tuna and billfish by foreign longliners operating in Omani waters, by fishing season,

1989-91.

_ ,

Species

Catch

1990-91

1989-90

Metric tons

Yellowfin tuna

3,818

1,464

Sailfish

37

12

Swordfish

9

2

Shark

50

9

Marlin

3

10

TOTAL

3,917

1,497

Source: "Oman: World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy,
Muscat, Oman, June 20, 1993.

33

34

10

SENEGAL

The U.S. Embassy in Dakar, Senegal, prepared the following report on the fisheries of Senegal. The report
has been edited only slightly to help it conform to other country reports.14

1. Shipbuilding

Senegal has no shipbuilding industry, but there is
a state-supported ship repair facility. It is
unprofitable and underused. There are no provisions
for importing new or used fishing vessels.

2. Enforcement

There is a very limited capability to control and
survey the regulated foreign fishing. No seizures
have been reported between 1985-1992. The U.S.
Government is donating two coastal patrol vessels in
1993-94 to improve enforcement.

Senegal

Ziguincho

Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative

35

36

11

YEMEN

The U.S. Embassy in Sanaa, Yemen, prepared the following report on the fisheries of Yemen,
been edited only slightly to help it conform to other country reports.15

The report has

1. General Background

The Republic of Yemen was established in May
1990 from the merger of the Yemen Arab Republic
(North Yemen) and the Peoples Democratic Republic
of Yemen (South Yemen). The country has over
2,250 kilometers of coastline, of which 1,550 lies on
the Indian Ocean. South Yemen had a long coastline
along the Gulf of Aden and operated Soviet-supplied
trawlers. It had developed a rudimentary commercial
fishery, mainly centered on state-owned corporations
based on the Soviet model. The Soviet vessels have
all fallen into disrepair and few if any are still
operating. Similarly, the large cold storage plants are
not operating and the Soviet-styled fishery
corporations have been liquidated. With the help of
the United Nations Development Fund and bilateral
donors, Yemen is attempting to develop a coastal-
based labor-intensive artisanal fishery.

Between 1980-84, average fisheries production
was 90,000 tons and rose to 104,000 tons from 1985
to 1989. In 1986, peak production was reached
totalling 1 13,200 tons due to increased production by
foreign vessels under a catch-sharing agreement with
the South Yemen Government in which between 15
to 38 percent of the catch was given to the South
Yemen Government. However, production decreased
to 77,100 tons in 1990 due to decreased activities of

foreign vessels. The average share of catch in 1990
was 40,200 tons to the private sector, 27,300 tons to
cooperatives, 3,400 tons to government fishery
corporations, and 6,200 tons to foreign investors.

2. Fleet Background

The Republic of Yemen's Ministry of Fishing
Resources reports that there are 15 trawlers (100-
GRT to 200-GRT) registered in Yemen, but only a
few of these are operating. The average age of these
vessels is over 10 years. There are approximately
4,000 small, open vessels powered by outboard
motors.

3. Shipyards

The only fishing craft built locally are small
fiberglass vessels powered by outboard motors.

4. Fishermen and Fish Processors

There are about 25,000 fishermen employed in
Yemen's fishing industry and 400 fish-processing
workers. The fish-processing workers earn an
average of 5,000 Yemeni rials per month ($420 at the
official exchange rate, or $1 10 at the normal market
exchange rate)

37

5. International Agreements

9. Enforcement

Yemen had agreements with foreign, mainly
Korean, companies to fish in its Exclusive Economic
Zone (EEZ), but these have expired. Although the
Yemeni Government has sought to have these
companies commit to joint ventures, they refused.
All of the foreign fleet fishing was in the Gulf of
Aden. According to the source in Yemen's Ministry
of Fish Resources, the government earned about $1.5
to $2 million a year from these agreements. South
Yemen had constant problems with the Korean
companies, in part because their catches were
weighed when they were transshipped at ports in the
United Arab Emirates.

Information is not available regarding bilateral
fishery agreements which are now in effect. The
Soviets reportedly had such agreements with former
South Yemen. Yemen continues to face illegal
fishing by Egyptian fishermen in Yemen's Red Sea
waters. Yemeni ports do not serve as transshipment
points for distant- water fleets.

6. Joint Ventures

To date no joint ventures with foreign companies
have been established, although the Yemen's Ministry
of Fish Resources indicted that the Ministry has
received more than fifty inquiries regarding the
establishment of joint ventures involving a foreign
company. Other inquiries deal with processing and
marketing.

Yemen faces problems of controlling industrial
fishing by foreign ships in the Gulf of Aden.
Attempts to control it have met with little success
because Yemen lacks the resources to mount effective
patrols of its EEZ. Yemen's fishery enforcement
capability is extremely limited. Most of the recent
seizures have been of Egyptian fishermen in the Red
Sea. Due to the lack of a fishery patrol capability, the
Yemeni Government has little reliable data on the
actual extent of distant-water fishing taking place
within Yemen's EEZ.

Yemen

BcunOary represent

Mavd

Sea WHudiyd,

7. Aid Programs

Fishery aid programs in recent years have
focused on developing labor-intensive artisanal coastal
fisheries using small vessels. The World Bank and
the Arab Fund have funded fisheries development
projects with additional assistance coming from Japan
(for purchase of outboard motors, and a shellfish
aquaculture laboratory) and the European
Community.

8. Shipyards

Several firms are manufacturing fiberglass open
vessels designed for artisanal fishing. No Yemen
shipyards are building fishing or other vessels. No
information is available concerning special provision
for importation of new or used fishing vessels.

38

APPENDIX

Statistical Tables

39

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INDEX

Angola 21

Arab Fund for Social and Economic Development 11

Baltic States 14

Belgium 5

Benin 1,2

Black hake 10

Brazil 5

Bulgaria 17

Canada 14

Canadian International Development Agency 14

Canary Islands 15

China 5

Comoros 7

Cuba 17

Cuttlefish 9, 15, 27

Demersal species 27

EC 3, 9, 10, 13-18, 21

EEZ 1-4, 7, 8, 14, 15, 17, 21, 23, 31, 32

Equatorial Guinea 21

European Community 3, 5, 9, 13, 17, 32

European Development Fund 11

Exclusive Economic Zone 1, 3, 7, 17, 21, 31

France 5, 11, 14

Freezer trawlers 18

Gambia (see The Gambia) 3-6

Ghana 5

Greece 5, 22

Grouper 25

Gulf of Aden 31, 32

Hake (see also black hake) 10, 17, 18

Honduras 5

Iceland 18

Indian Ocean 7,31

Japan 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 21, 22, 26, 32

Kenya 7, 8

Kingfish 25, 27

Las Palmas 15

Lobster 2, 4, 9, 10, 17

Longliners 10, 25, 26, 28

Mackerel 9, 14, 17, 18

Madagascar 7

Maldives 7

Mauritania 9-12

Mauritius 7

Mesh 6, 10, 12, 19, 22

Moroccanization 14, 15

Morocco 5, 13-16

Mozambique 7

Namibia 17-19

Nigeria 5, 21-23

45

North Yemen 31

Norway 18, 21

Oman 25-28

Pelagic species 27

Poland 17

Portugal 5, 17

Republic of Yemen 31

Romania 17

Russia (see alos USSR) 5, 13, 14, 21

Sardines 9, 14, 25

Senegal 3, 5, 29

Seychelles 7, 8

Shrimp 1, 2, 4, 22, 23

Sierra Leone 5, 21

South Africa 18

South Yemen 31, 32

Soviet Union (see also USSR) 13

Sovrybflot 18

Spain 5, 11, 17, 18, 25

Squid 9, 11, 15, 27

Sri Lanka 7

St. Vincent 5

Stern trawlers 15

Taiwan 8, 26

Tanzania 7

The Gambia 3-6

Tuna 2, 4, 7-10, 13, 15, 17-19, 22, 25, 26, 28

U.S. (see also United States) i, iii, 1-3, 5-7, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21-23, 25, 27-29, 31

Ukraine 5, 9, 14

United Kingdom 5

United Nations 2, 22, 31

United States (see also U.S.) 2, 5, 14, 22, 26

USAID 2, 26

USSR (see also Russia, Ukraine, Baltic States, and Soviet Union) 17

World Bank 11, 12, 22, 32

Yemen 31, 32

46

APPENDIX

Maps

47

Africa

802129(M7147)393

48

APPENDIX

Endnotes

49

50

ENDNOTES

1. See Volume 6, Western Europe and Canada, appendix 25 for details.
BENIN:

2. "Responses to World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy Cotonou, July 2, 1993.
THE GAMBIA:
3. "World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy, Banjul, June 29, 1993.

4. Based on the exchange rate of $1.25 per ECU 1.00 for the 4 year period.
KENYA:

5. "World Fishing Study," U.S. Embassy, Nairobi, July 1, 1993.
MAURITANIA:

6. "World Fishing Study- Mauritania," U.S. Embassy, Nouakchott, August 17, 1993.
MOROCCO:

7. "World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Consulate General, Casablanca, July 1, 1993.
NAMIBIA:

8. "World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy, Windhoek, April 23, 1993 and June 15, 1993.

9. Negotiations were set to resume in September 1993.
NIGERIA:

10. "World Fishing Fleet Study - Nigeria," U.S. Embassy, Lagos, July 2, 1993.
OMAN:

11. "Oman: World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy, Muscat, June 20, 1993.

12. The sources used by the U.S. Embassy in preparing itseport on the fisheries of Oman included: The
Fisheries of the Sultanate of Oman, Statistics Yearbook 1991, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, and Marine
Science and Fisheries Center, Muscat.

13. It was not clear if this was entirely the foreign catch, or if it included harvests by Omani vessels.
SENEGAL:

14. "World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy, Dakar, June 9, 1993.

YEMEN: 1 MARINE

. ilCAL

15. "World Fishing Fleet Study — Yemen," U.S. Embassy, Sanaa, June 30, 1993.

51