World Fishing Fleets An Analysis of Distant-water Fleet Operations Past - Present - Future Volume III Asia SH 11 V.03 NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Commerce World Fishing Fleets. An Analysis of Distant-water Fleet Operations Past - Present - Future ^'3 Volume Asia I □ i □ ! rn ' CD Prepared by The Office of International Affairs Mark R. Wildman tll^NOG- November 1993 NCAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-11 »30 2 NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Silver Spring, Maryland November 1993 """.{"ofC.o'' WORLD FISHING FLEETS Asia Volume 3. 1. Overview 1 2. China 14 3. Japan 26 4. Republic of Korea 88 5. Taiwan 121 m Preface The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Office of International Affairs prepared this study from April to October 1993. This volume focuses on the four Asian distant-water fishing fleets which have conducted the most extensive global fishing operations among all Asian fishing fleets. International highseas fishery issues directly related to distant-water fishing fleet operations (e.g. transboundary stocks, reflagging) are receiving increased attention in international fora, particularly in the United Nations. This study was undertaken in an effort to pinpoint current major distant-water fishing fleet effort and, with this information, try to predict future trends in the deployment of these fishing fleets. Acknowledgements Numerous individuals have helped prepare this volume. The overall operations were conducted under the direction and support of the NMFS Senior Scientist, Dr. Michael Sissenwine, the Office of International Affairs Director, Henry Beasley, and the Division Chief for International Science, Development, and Foreign Fisheries Analysis, Frederick Beaudry. The research design and project implementation for this volume was coordinated by Mark Wildman. The author is grateful to all the Division staff involved in the preparation of this volume: Seiko Green, Tracy Yuen, Christine Parker, and Milan Kravanja. In addition, many thanks go to Nina Loewinger and Paul Niemeier for their proofreading assistance. The author is indebted to a much longer list of individuals and organizations for information and guidance. The author would particularly like to thank Mr. Douglas Ancona, Regional Attache for Oceans and Natural Resources, U.S. Embassy Tokyo, for providing extensive information on the Japanese distant-water fleet and helpful comments on the Japan chapter. In addition, the author would like to thank the American Institute in Taiwan, Economic Section, for its submission of detailed information regarding the Taiwan distant-water fishing fleet. IV Overview There are four major participants among Asian distant-water fishing fleets: China, Japan, the Republic of Korea (ROK), and Taiwan. With the exception of China, these fleets have fished the world's oceans for over 30 years. China's distant-water fleet emerged in the mid-1980s and is likely to grow for the foreseeable future. Other countries in the Asia-Pacific region possess fishing vessels capable of distant-water fishing operations, but these vessels operate primarily in their own 200-mile fishery zones. Japan, the ROK, and Taiwan began large-scale distant-water operations during the 1960s. Tliese fleets have created an impressive global distant-water fisheries network which has enabled them to rank among the world's largest in terms of vessel numbers, tonnage, and catch. Asian distant-water fleets focus their efforts on a small number of commercially valuable species: tuna, squid, shrimp, and groundfish (e.g. Alaska pollock). Contents I. Distant-water Fishing Fleets 1 A. Trawlers 2 B. Squid Jiggers 4 C. Driftnet Vessels 4 D. Distant-water Tuna Vessels 4 II. Outlook 5 A. Trawlers 5 B. Squid Jiggers 5 C. Driftnet Vessels 6 D. Distant-water Tuna Vessels 7 Sources 8 Appendices 10 1. Distant -water Fishing Fleets Fleet statistics from Lloyd's of London for large distant-water fishing vessels (greater than 500GRT) indicate that only Japan is significantly reducing its fleet (appendix A). Official data for each fleet, however, indicates that some fleet reduction is also taking place in the ROK and Taiwan (appendix B). Fleet reduction is especially prominent in the Japanese, ROK. and Taiwan trawler fleets. Distant-water catch statistics for Japan, the ROK. Taiwan, and China also indicate that overall distant- water effort has peaked and is decreasing, probably for the foreseeable future (appendix C, figures 1 and 2). Total distant-water catch for the four fleets decreased nearly 20 percent from 1987 to 1991. The sector which has shown the most dramatic decrease is the North Pacific trawl fishery. China is the one notable exception to this "downsizing" trend. The Chinese Govenunent is placing great emphasis on the development of all sectors of Chinese fisheries, with particular emphasis on the distant-water sector. China's plentiful supply of cheap labor gives it an advantage over its industrialized East Asian competition. China has acquired a significant number of large factory trawlers in the past few years, and is conducting distant-water operations primarily in Africa, but is also active in South America and Oceania. All indications are that China's distant- Metric tons (thousands) China Japan Korea Taiwan iDriftnet □ Squid Jigging Dluna Longliner iTuna Purse Seine D North Pacific Trawler □ Trawler-Other Figure /. - Asia. Disianl-wxuer fish caich. by fleet and quantity. 1985. water fleet will continue to increase for the foreseeable future as China attempts to reach an o\erali fisheries catch goal of 20 million tons (t) by the year 2000. Other coimtries in the Asia-Pacific region which possess fishing vessels capable of distant-water fishing operations include: Australia. Bangladesh. Hong Kong. India. Indonesia. Iran, the Democratic Republic of Korea (DPRK). Malaysia, the Maldives, the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). Nauru. New Zealand, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands. Sri Lanka, Thailand. Vanuatu, and Vietnam.' With the exception of distant- water mna vessels operated by Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vanuatu, however, these vessels operate primarily in the 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of their respecnve countries. Vessels from these three countries concentrate their distant- water fishing efforts primarily in Pacific Ocean tuna fisheries. Although .Asian distant-water fishing fleets have engaged in numerous fisheries over the past 30 years. the following four major distant-water fisheries will be analyzed: 1) the distant-water trawler fisheries. 2) the high-seas pelagic driftnei fisheries. 3) the squid jigging fisheries, and 4) the distant-water tuna fisheries. A. Trawlers North Pacific: Tlie primary North Pacific distant- water trawler fishery has taken place in the high-seas area of the central Bering Sea known as the "donut hole." Tliis fishery began during tlie early 1980s and has been conducted by stem factory trawlers from Japan, the ROK. China. Poland, and the former Soviet Union Russian Federation. Japan and the ROK staned fishing in die donut hole during 1981-82, and China followed in early 1985. Tlie nimiber of vessels fishing in the donut hole increased dramatically during the 1980s, from only a few exploratory vessels in 1981. to over 300 in 1990. The donut hole catch peaked in 1989 at 1.4 million metric tons (t). but decreased precipitously in the succeeding three years to 11.000 t in 1992 (appendix D).- The dramatic decline in Alaska pollock catches in the donut hole provided the inipems for a series of nmltilateral negotiations in the early 1990s. In 1992, a \oluntary moratorium on fishing within die donut hole during 1993-94 was declared. The closure of die donut hole has caused the distant-water Nordi Pacific trawler fleets of East Asia to disperse to odier fisheries. The large Japanese fishery companies have sold most of dieir factory trawlers to foreign joint venture partners or transferred the vessels to fisheries in the South .Atlantic and Pacific, the so-called southern Metric tons (thousands) China Japan Korea Taiwan lOriftnet Z3 Squid Jigging Dluna Longliner I Tuna Purse Seine O North Pacific Trawler IID Trawler-Other Figure 2. -Asia. Distant-water jish catch, by Jleel and quantity. 1991. trawl fisheries.' The Japanese Government announced a compensation plan in November 1991 which encouraged small-and medium-sized trawler companies to reduce their donut hole fleets between 1991-94 by offering $1.9-$3.2 million per vessel in compensation/ Since the closure of the donut hole to fishing, small to medium-sized Japanese trawlers have been restricted to domestic Alaska pollock fisheries off the coast of Hokkaido. The ROK and China, however, have transferred most of their donut hole fleets to the so- called "peanut hole," located in the international waters of the Sea of Okliotsk off the coast of Russia. No foreign fishing took place in tlie peanut hole region until 1991 when donut hole catch decreased dramatically. The ROK has reportedly transferred 18- 23 of its 41 vessel North Pacific trawling fleet to the region, while 4-5 Chinese vessels operate there. '^ The Russian Federation, under pressure from Far Eastern fishing interests and fearing another resource collapse a la the donut hole, has enacted a new law which bans all fishing in the peanut hole, effective June 15, 1993." The ROK and China have protested tliis unilateral action affecting a fishery located in international waters and China continues fishing there. The Russian Government convened a multi-lateral meeung in late May 1993 to discuss fishing activity in the peanut hole. At this meeung, the ROK and China pledged to reduce their 1993 catch in the peanut hole by 25 percent. Japan reaffirmed its commitment not to fish in the peanut hole, but Poland would make no commimient to reduce effort. Another meenng is scheduled to be held in Moscow during October 1993 to further discuss the future of this fishery. The ROK North Pacific trawler fleet has also attempted to secure access to Alaska pollock resources within the Russian FEZ. The ROK did obtain Russian allocations in 1992 and 1993, but have so far managed only a negligible Alaska pollock catch in Russian waters. ROK vessels were given Alaska pollock allocanons in the waters of the disputed Northern Territories in 1992, but the Japanese Government urged the ROK to respect die Japanese claim to the Territories, and thus the ROK actually caught very little Alaska pollock in Russian waters during 1992. In 1993, the ROK was given an allocation in the Russian EEZ of 150,000 t, but the inability of the two sides to reach quick agreement on the price ROK companies would have to pay for a ton of Alaska pollock has resulted in limited ROK fishing within Russian waters. Other Distant-water Trawlers: All four of the major Asian distant-water fishing fleets have engaged in distant-water trawling. Japan and the ROK are die most active, with significant fleets in the Atlandc, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Taiwan has had a limited distant-water trawler fleet, primarily active in waters off India and Indonesia. China's trawling fleet is most active in the Atlantic Ocean off West Africa. The commodities most often targeted in tliese operations are groundfish, crustaceans (especially shrimp), and cephalopods (e.g. squid, cuttlefish). With the exception of China, die distant-water trawling fleets have gradually decreased in size. Older vessels are either scrapped, or sold to joint venture partners in economically less developed countries. As will be seen in tlie subsequent individual studies, few new trawlers are being built to replace the aging Asian distant-water trawler fleets. B. Squid Jiggers Japan, tlie ROK, and Taiwan, each have significant distant-water squid jigging fleets. The primary fishing grounds are located in ilie southeastern Pacific off New Zealand and in tlie southwestern Atlantic off the Falkland Islands and Argentina. Witli the driftnet moratorium, the distant-water squid industry will obviously become more reliant on this method. A coasiderable amount of exploratory jigging has been conducted in the former Nortli Pacific squid driftnet fishery, but witli litUe or no success.^ In the past few years, attention has turned to new grounds off the Pacific coast of Latin America. Squid jigging off Peru, and, to a lesser extent, off Mexico, and Ecuador has become increasingly popular. One sticking point, however, is tliat coastal Latin American nations, especially Peru, are requesting high access fees which make profitable operations problematic. C. Driftnet Vessels Fishermen from Japan, tlie ROK, and Taiwan, engaged in high-seas pelagic driftnet fisheries from the early 1980s until the end of 1992. These fisheries operated almost year-round and utilized driftnets that often stretched from 30 to 60 kilometers in length per vessel. The extensive and indiscriminate nature of these fisheries focused heightened inteniational concern on die conservation and protection of both target species, such as squid and tuna/billfish, and non-target species, such as marine manmials, seabirds, salmonids, and odier resources. There were two high-seas pelagic driftnet fisheries in the North Pacific: (1) a squid driftnet fishery conducted by the three above-mentioned fleets; and (2) a large -mesh tuna/billfish fishery conducted by Japan and Taiwan. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted Resolution 46/215 in late December 1991 which called for a 50 percent reduction in high- seas pelagic driftnet fishing effort by June 30, 1992, and a global moratorium by December 31, 1992. Japan, the ROK, and Taiwan have indicated tliat they will abide by the moratorium. D. Distant-water Tuna Vessels Tlie distant-water Asian tuna fleets, large and varied, mainly use two distant-water tuna fishing meUiods: longline and purse seine. Before the driftnet moratorium, diere was also a Japanese and Taiwan albacore driftnet fishery in the South Pacific. The longliner fleets fish world-wide, while purse seine fleets operate primarily in the west-central Pacific. Longliners: Asian distant-water tuna longliner fleets are concentrating on high-value bigeye, yellowfin, and bluefin tuna for the Japanese sashimi market. Most of the Taiwan, ROK, and Japanese longliners are now equipped with super low- temperature freezing equipment which enables them to maintain the high quality necessary for this lucrative market. It appears that an increasing number of distant-water tuna vessels are concentrating on Pacific Ocean grounds instead of Indian Ocean or Atlantic Ocean grounds. This concentration on die Japanese sashimi market has resulted in an oversupply of sashimi-grade tuna. The four major sashimi tuna suppliers (Japan, the ROK, Taiwan, and Indonesia) hold periodic private- level meetings to discuss ways to rationalize distant- water tuna fleet operations and minimize oversupply problems. Japanese industry observers currently feel that China and Indonesia, given their plentiful and cheap labor, may someday replace the current "big three" Asian distant-water tuna fleets.* Purse Seiners: Asian distant-water purse seining effort is concentrated in the central western Pacific. The distant-water purse seine fleets of Japan, the ROK, and Taiwan have all increased in number during the past few years. Their effort is concentrated on skipjack and yellowfin tuna resources in waters off South Pacific island nations such as Papua New Guinea and Micronesia. The South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency, concerned about this rapid increase in effort. enacted an agreement in 1992 placing a limit on the number of foreign purse seiners eligible for licensing in the Pacific Island region. n. Outlook The early 1990s is a tune of transition for the Asian distant-water fishing fleets. Distant-water vessel owners from the developed economies of Japan, the ROK, and Taiwan are hiring more foreign labor from developing countries and modernizing their fishing gear, but there is little evidence to suggest that these efforts will be sufficient to make distant-water fishing a viable source of long-term revenue. Increasing international regulation of high-seas fisheries and decreased access to coastal fishing grounds will accelerate a process where developing Asian countries such as China take over catch operations from their industrialized Asian neighbors. Other developing Asian countries may become increasingly involved in distant-water fisheries. India, Indonesia, and Iran, three coimtries with significant natural and human resources, are currently making plans for distant-water fleet development. Iran and Indonesia are concentrating on exploiting tuna resources, while India has been developing a trawler industry supplying its nascent surimi industry. A. Trawlers The distant-water trawling fleets should show the greatest decreases in effort among all Asian distant- water fleets. Access to both high-seas and coastal fishing grounds has become extremely limited as groundfish stocks which once supported these fleets (e.g. Alaska pollock, Atlantic cod) have been severely over-fished. The Japanese distant-water trawler fleet is clearly on the wane and will be significantly reduced, if not entirely eliminated, by the end of this century. The ROK and Taiwan fleets face similarly bleak prospects and may also have to significantly curtail their distant-water trawling operations. China is the only major Asian distant-water fishing nation which plans to expand its distant-water trawling in the near future. Much of this expanded effort will probably go into coastal fisheries in the eastern Atlantic off the west coast of Africa, southwestern and southeastern Atlantic fisheries off Argentina and Chile, and in the North Pacific peanut hole. Projection for Trawling Fleet North Pacific Trawlers: The Asian North Pacific trawler fleet should decrease significantly from the 1991 catch level of 450,000 tons. If die donut hole moratorium continues past 1994 and stringent regulation of the peanut hole takes place, the level of effort in 1995 will probably be considerably lower. Other Trawlers: The Asian distant-water trawler fleets fishing in other regions of the world should also continue to decrease, although at a slower rate than in the North Pacific. This limited decrease would result primarily from increased Chinese effort which would nearly offset significantly reduced effort by Japan and Taiwan. B. Squid Jiggers With the demise of the high-seas pelagic squid driftnet fishery, squid jigging has become the dominant method for supplying the East Asian squid markets. Although the total number of Asian jiggers involved in this fishery will probably not expand much beyond its current level, these jiggers will probably fish in many different grounds, primarily off South America. Traditionally, Japanese, ROK, and Taiwan jiggers have targeted squid in the waters of the Falkland Islands and New Zealand. In the early-1990s, effort has decreased sharply off New Zealand, and, to a lesser extent, in the Falkland Islands. Many Japanese and Taiwan jiggers are now fishing in Argentine waters as a result of new Argentine legislation which permits foreign fishing. Jiggers from Japan, the ROK, and Taiwan, are also jigging in Peruvian waters. Exploratory jigging by Asian jiggers is reportedly taking place in Mexico, Ecuador, and Brazil. It is clear that the Asian jigging fleet is canvassing Latin American waters thoroughly in an effort to find lucrative stocks of Illex squid. One stumbling block for the expansion of this fishery is die high access fees demanded by coastal nations (e.g. Peru) which may make fishing in certain coastal areas unprofitable. It would not be surprising to see China, which currently has no distant-water jiggers, enter diis fishery sometime in the mid-1990s. If China does so, it would probably have financial backing from Taiwan companies and fish the same grounds as the Taiwan fleet. Projection for Squid Jiggers Effort in this fishery should increase slightly. The primary reason for this increase would be the introduction of Chinese effort in tliis fishery, while the effort by the other three Asian distant-water fleets should remain the same. Although the demise of the driftnet fishery may make more vessels available for this fishery, the economics of this fishery (e.g. high costs of distant- water jigging with aging driftnet vessels, limited demand for increased squid supply) mitigate against significant expansion. It seems more likely that current Asian participants in the distant-water jigging fishery will explore various ways, such as joint ventures, and fishing in new grounds with comparatively low access fees, to find the most cost-effective way to obtain squid. C. Driftnet Vessels The United Nations moratoriimi on high-seas pelagic driftnet fishing has eliminated one of the major Asian distant-water fleets. All three participants in this fishery (Japan, tlie ROK, and Taiwan) have agreed to abide by tlie moratorium and have initiated conversion programs. These are designed to encourage alternate fishing methods, (e.g. squid jigging, tuna longlining, and saury fishing) or provide compensation to fishermen forced to retire (usually fishermen with older vessels which could not be profitably converted to alternate fishing methods). To determine precisely the ciurent status of former driftnet vessels is extremely difficult, but no confirmed sightings of Japanese, ROK, or Taiwan driftnet vessels engaging in unauthorized driftnet fishing during 1993, have been reported. Projection for Driftnet Vessels Available information suggests many owners of older driftnet vessels are accepting compeasation and are either tying their vessels up in port or selling them for scrap or for use as fishery aggregation devices. Owners of newer driftnet vessels are probably converting them to squid jigging or longline tuna fishing. The vessels converted to squid jigging will probably fish in coastal Latin America waters, while those converted to tuna longlining will probably fish in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. D. Distant-water Tuna Vessels Longliners: Until the early 1990s, this was the one sector which seemed to hold long-term promise for the Asian distant-water fishing fleets. The tuna longlining fleets from Japan, Taiwan, and the ROK were particularly successful in catching sashimi-grade tuna for the lucrative Japanese market. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, however, this concentration on sashimi-grade tuna led to a glut on the Japanese market. Industry officials from Japan, ROK, and Taiwan have held a series of meetings and are trying to regulate their vessels' fishing activities. Increased hiel and labor costs had a particularly severe impact on Japanese longlining companies which sold many of their aging vessels to Taiwan and Korean companies. These companies then registered many of these vessels in so-called flag-of-convenience nations (e.g. Panama, Honduras). Purse Seiners: This is one distant-water fishery that has plausible potential for future expansion. The number of Japanese, ROK, and Taiwan distant-water purse seiners has increased steadily in the early 1980s and may continue to do so in the mid-1990s. The amount of expansion will be limited, however, by market forces and efforts by coastal South Pacific island nations to regulate tliis fishery which has traditionally been conducted in their coastal waters. Projection for Tuna Vessels Longliners: Increased costs and depressed tuna prices in tlie early 1 990s have made it possible for tuna longliner fleets from developing countries such as China and Indonesia to enter this sector. By the year 2000, diis fleet could well be dominated by Chinese and Indonesian longliners with financial backing and expertise provided largely by Taiwan companies. Depleted stocks of nordiern and soutliern bluefin tuna should result in more extensive targeting of albacore, yellowfin, and bigeye tuna stocks in the southern Pacific and western Indian Oceans. This shift in effort from developed to developing countries should result in approximately the same level of effort during the next few years. The search for the most commercially viable mode of operation described above for squid jiggers will also be much in evidence in this sector. Purse Seiners: Asian distant-water tuna purse seiner effort should increase slightly. Although the high-tech nature of this fishery may preclude near-term Chinese involvement in diis sector, it is possible that China will join this fishery by the year 2000. Should access to the central South Pacific tuna purse seine fishery become limited, it is possible that some distant- water Asian purse seiners will move to Indian Ocean skipjack and yellowfin grounds which remain relatively unexploited. Sources Bill Atkinson's News Report, March 24, 1993. Data presented at Conferences on the Conservation and Management of the Living Marine Resources of the Central Bering Sea. Fisheries Agency of Japan, Gyogyo Yoshokugyo Seisan Tokei Nenpo, various editions. Fishing News International, "China Expands Deepsea Fleet," December 1988 Fishing News International, "China Expands Deepsea Fleet," January 1992. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Fishery Statistics-Catches and Landings, 1991. Jie, Guan Rui, and Chen, Yi De. "Reform and Development of China's Fisheries," Fisheries Circular No. 822, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, June 1989. Lloyd's of London, Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, London, UK, 1992. Republic of Korea Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, various editions. National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of International Affairs, "The Alaska Pollock Resource: An Overview," International Fishery Reports, IFR 91/lON, January 25, 1991. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, various issues. Suisan Shuho, various issues. Taiwan Fisheries Bureau, Fisheries Yearbook-Taiwan Area, various editions. U.S. Embassy, Tokyo. Endnotes 1. Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, London, 1992. 2. For background on the donut hole fishery, see "The Alaska Pollock Resource: An Overview," International Fishery Reports, IFR 91/lON, Office of International Affairs, NMFS, January 25, 1991. 3. Suisan Shiiho, August 25, 1992, pp. 11-13. 4. U.S. Embassy Tokyo, November 22, 1991. 5. Bill Atkinson's News Report, March 24, 1993, p. 3. Other reports (e.g. Suisan Shuho, June 25, 1993) indicate as many as 19 Chinese trawlers may be deployed in the peanut hole. 6. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, April 27, 1993. 7. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, September 4, 1992. 8. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 27, 1993. Appendices Appendix A. -Asia. Fishing vessels wilh a capacity greater than SOOGRI", l'J75-92. Year China Japan Korea Taiwan Total Number of VesseLs 1975 172 56 9 238 1976 168 55 10 234 1977 156 53 8 218 1978 139 55 9 204 1979 2 124 62 11 199 1980 3 112 63 11 189 1981 3 106 62 14 185 1982 3 93 66 15 177 1983 3 90 75 15 183 1984 4 96 77 15 192 1985 5 116 81 17 219 1986 7 156 84 17 264 1987 9 184 97 15 305 1988 9 220 101 15 345 1989 10 189 112 14 325 1 990 10 75 114 17 216 1991 16 63 116 17 212 1992 26 46 125 21) 217 Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Smiislical Tables, London. UK. various years 10 Appendix B. - Asia. Number of distant-water vessels, by type of vessel, 1985-91 Vessel Type 19S5 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Number of Vessels Cliiiia& N. Pacific Trawlers 5 NA NA 5 NA NA 15 Trawlers - Other Vessels 12 NA NA 82 NA NA 183 Tuna Longliners - - - Squid Jiggers - - - - - - China Total 17 NA NA 87 NA NA 198 Japan^ N. Pacific Trawlers 97 93 95 99 100 98 70 Trawlers - Other 225 213 220 215 196 182 145 Tuna Purse Seiners 35 38 34 39 37 35 45 Tuna Longliners 823 818 819 807 806 791 790 Squid Jiggers % 174 145 151 269 324 133 113 Driftnetters 422 445 440 428 451 359 276 Japan Total 1.776 1,752 1,759 1,857 1.914 1,598 1,439 Republic of Korea® Otter Trawlers 233 245 230 231 221 219 146 Shrimp Trawlers NA NA NA NA NA NA 112 Tuna Purse Seiners NA NA NA NA NA NA 32 Tuna Lx)ngliners 280 295 338 373 387 285 285 Squid Jiggers 33 32 35 38 46 90 98 Driftnetters NA NA NA NA. NA NA 90 Other 105 104 107 119 145 188 4 ROK Total 651 676 710 761 799 783 771 Taiwan* Trawlers - Other 626 573 632 670 706 719 663 Tuna Purse Seiners NA NA NA NA 19 35 46 Tuna Longliners 542 610 653 698 779 841 759 Squid Jiggers 16 19 37 62 74 77 99 Driftnetters 3 2 2 3 12 14 14 Other 97 106 108 135 - - Taiwan Total 1,284 1,310 1,432 1,568 1.709 1,786 1,613 Grand Total 3.728 3,738 3,901 4,273 4,422 4,167 4,021 & - Data for the Chinese fleet comes from the following sources: 1985-various reports in fisheries press; 1 988-fV.s/im^ Ne\\'5 Inlemational. "China Expands Deepsea Fleet, December 1988; 1991-Fishing News Inlemational, "China Expands Deepsea I-'lect," January 1992. # - Data for the Japanese fleet comes from the Fisheries Agency of Japan. Gyogyo Yoshokugyo Seisan Tokei Nenpo. % - Japanese squid jigging statistics include coastal and off-shore catch until 1990. @-ROK fleet data comes from the Ministry of Agriculnjre, Forestry, and Fisheries, ftaninca/ Yearbook of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries. • - Data for the Taiwan fleet comes from the Taiwan Fisheries Bureau, Fisheries Yearbook-Taiwan Area. Taiwan vessel statistics do not differentiate between distant-water and other fisheries. This table gives the number of all powered Taiwan fishing vessels greater than lOOGRT, most ofwhich are believed to be distant-water fishing vessels. Many distant-water driflnet vessels, however, had a tonnage smaller than lOOGRT and are not counted here. 11 Appendix C- Asia. Distant-water catch, by type of vessel, 1985-91. Vessel Type 198S 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1 Metric tons China N. Pacific Trawlers® 1,600 3,200 16,529 18,419 31,139 27,826 121,254 Trawlers - Other& 22,419 88,845 88,947 104,729 100,000 100,000 100,000 Tuna Longliners - - - - - Squid Jiggers - - - - - China Total 24,019 92,045 105,476 123,148 131,139 127,826 221,254 Japan N. Pacific Trawlers 543,654 810,348 864,163 790,913 683,656 422,180 152,374 Trawlers - Other 388,716 447,895 552,730 549,703 475,194 402,771 333,076 Tuna Purse Seiners 139,697 156,749 136,899 168,617 140,594 158,874 169,493 Tuna Lx)ngliners 232,704 229,035 201,781 216,483 169,405 169,364 180,357 Squid Jiggers* 234,334 215,557 416,189 405,111 436,523 95,194 124,069 Driflnetters 140,963 121,773 165,058 130,283 141,263 145,342 86,566 Japan Total 1,680,068 1,981,357 2,336,820 2,261,110 2,046,635 1,393,725 1,045,935 Republic of Korea N. Pacific Trawlers 494,455 610,274 454,492 304,343 362,099 312,218 177,400 Trawlers - Other 95,741 104,281 131,373 129,676 150,928 163,486 181,360 Tuna Purse Seiners 11,279 27,732 58,752 79,397 115,754 173,343 227,518 Tuna Longliners 93,090 95,401 87,437 81,726 64,213 69,524 47,074 Squid Jiggers 11,809 45,917 86,311 92,359 120,854 88,843 150,039 Driflnetters 58,623 43,028 62,852 84,267 113,173 99,587 62,912 ROK Total 764,997 926,633 881,217 771,768 927,021 907,001 846,303 Taiwan Trawlers - Other 162,650 179,530 202,471 260,002 228,155 201,273 184,890 |j Tuna Purse Seiners 50,380 52,011 55.683 114,617 117,164 124,599 107,062 Tuna Lxingliners 119,232 151,233 146,414 147,615 139,113 155,921 134,574 Squid Jiggers 48,966 50,945 115,249 129,177 117,717 88,254 124,176 Driftnetters 55,512 46,282 67,930 62,146 118,131 163,146 142,308 Taiwan Total 436,740 480,001 587,747 713,557 720,280 733,193 693,010 Grand Total 2,905,824 3,480,036 3,911,260 3,869,583 3,825,075 3,161,745 2,806,502 Data for 1 985-90 are catch statistics submitted by Chinese Government to multilateral negotiations on Central Bering Sea fisheries. 1991 data is from I'ood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Fishery Statistics-Catches and Landings, 1991. & - Data for 1985-88 aimes from Jie, et. al, "Reform and Development of China's Fisheries." The data for 1989-91 are estimates based on numerous fishery press reports which report average annual distant-water trawler catch to be approximately 100,000 tons. • - Japanese squid jigging .stati.stics include coastal and off-shore catch until 1990. Sources: Fisheries Agency of Japan, Gyogyo Yoshokugyo Seisan Tokei Nenpo.; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (ROK), Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture. Forestry and Fisheries. ; Taiwan Fisheries Bureau, Fisheries Yearbook-Taiwan Area. 12 Appendix D.-- Fish catch in the Central Bering Sea "donut hole" region, by country. 1985-92. Country 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992* Metric Ions China 1.600 3.200 16,529 18.419 31,139 27,826 16.653 3,972 Japan 163,506 705.621 803,550 749,982 654,909 417,020 140,450 2,727 Repubhc of Korea 82.444 155.718 241,870 268,599 342,296 244,271 77,959 4,018 Poland 115,874 163.249 230.318 298,714 268,570 223.454 54,866 USSR/Russian Federation 12.000 34,000 61,000 150,700 4.800 3,471 - Total 363.424 1.039.788 1,326,267 1,396,714 1,447,614 917.371 293,399 10.672 * - 1992 data is for January -June 1992. Source: Data presented at Conferences on the Conservation and Management of the Living Marine Resources of the Central Bering Sea. 13 China China possesses the only major Asian distant-water fishing fleet which is still growing significantly. Compared to its more developed East Asian neighbors, the Chinese distant-water fishing fleet is still in its infancy, having started in 1985 when 12 Chinese trawlers from Mawei, Fujian Province, began fishing in the eastern Atlantic off West Africa. The Chinese distant-water fleet has grown steadily since 1985, and should continue to grow for the foreseeable future. Contents I. Distant-water Fishing Fleets 14 A. Trawlers 15 B. Squid Jiggers 15 C. Driftnet Vessels 15 D. Distant-water Tuna Vessels 15 II. Government Promotion of Shipbuilding 16 III. Current Status of Shipbuilding 16 IV. Government Regulation of Fleet Sizes 16 V. Vessel Imports 16 VI. Access to Foreign Fishing Grounds 17 A. Former Soviet Union/Russian Federation 17 B. East Asia 17 C. Oceania 17 D. Africa/Middle East 18 E. Latin America 18 F. North America 19 VII. Outlook 19 A. Trawlers 19 B. Squid Jiggers 19 C. Driftnet Vessels 19 D. Distant-water Tuna Vessels 20 Sources 20 Appendices 23 I. Distant-water Fishing Fleets Statistics for the Chinese distant-water fishing fleet are scarce and extremely difficult to verify, but one source estimates that 319 Chinese distant-water fishing vessels caught approximately 300,000 tons (t) of fish in 1992.' Data from Lloyd's of London indicates there are 26 Chinese fishing vessels greater than 500 gross registered tons (appendix A). The majority of these vessels are probably stem trawlers, most of which are targeting groundfish in the North Pacific Ocean. Catch data for the Chinese distant-water fleet is also scarce, but overall Chinese catch statistics indicate Chinese fisheries are rapidly expanding in all sectors (appendix B). Chinese catch tripled from 4.2 million tons in 1980 to 13.1 million t in 1991. Most of the increase can be attributed to increased harvests of freshwater carp species, but increased harvests are also evident among marine species. Chinese catch of the most obvious distant-water catch species, Alaska pollock, remained unchanged at 20,000 t from 1987- 90, but increased six-fold in 1991 to over 120,000 tons.^ Chinese distant-water fishing is planned, promoted, and controlled by the China National Fisheries Corporation (CNFC), a government-owned "company." The CNFC coordinates the activities of various provincial fishing companies (also government-owned) which are the owners of distant-water fishing vessels. Among these, the largest companies are located in Shanghai, Dalian, and Fujian. The CNFC has 12 overseas offices located in the United States, Uruguay, Argentina, New Zealand, Palau, the Russian Federation, Las Palmas, Spain, and five West African countries. A. Trawlers There are an estimated 120 Chinese distant-water trawlers which fish in the waters off West Africa, South America, Oceania, and the so-called donut and peanut holes in the North Pacific Ocean.' The majority of these vessels fish off the coast of West Africa, but the most economically significant fleet is the North Pacific stem factory trawler fleet. The development of the Chinese North Pacific trawler fleet began in 1985 when China purchased 5 stem trawlers from the former East Germany for Alaska pollock fishing in the Central Bering Sea donut hole. The 5-vessel fleet caught only 1,600 t in 1985, but expanded rapidly to 1 6 vessels which caught 3 1 ,000 tons in 1989, with vessel sizes ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 gross registered tons.'' Catches in 1990-92 decreased dramatically, however, reaching just 4,000 tons in 1992.' According to the U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Naval Intelligence, China currently owns 30 fishing vessels having a capacity of at least 1 ,000GRT each (appendix C). Most are probably stem factory trawlers. The majority of these vessels were purchased from foreign countries, such as the former East Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Poland, and Japan. The Shandong Fisheries Corporation of China purchased a 2,995GRT trawler from the Kyokuyo Fisheries Company of Japan in 1992 which was reportedly being deployed both in the donut hole and in the New Zealand exclusive economic zone (EEZ) for at-sea surimi processing. This was the second Japanese factory trawler purchased by China (the first was a Taiyo Fisheries Corporation trawler bought in 1990). Kyokuyo provided technical assistance and imported some of the Chinese-produced surimi.' With the prohibition of donut hole fishing during 1993-94, it is difficult to pinpoint where the Chinese trawlers which fished in the donut hole are currently fishing, but it is believed that most, if not all, of the donut hole fleet has moved to the Central Sea of Okhotsk peanut hole. In response to the Russian Federation's June 1993 declaration of a ban on fishing for Alaska pollock in the peanut hole, China has offered to reduce its peanut hole catch by 25 percent in 1993 and participate in multilateral negotiations conceming the future management of this fishery. B. Squid Jiggers China does not yet have a squid jigger fleet. It would not be surprising, however, if Taiwan squid jigging companies began financing and deploying Chinese vessels on distant-water jigging grounds just as is being done in distant-water tuna fisheries (see I.D. Distant-water Tuna Fisheries). C. Driftnet Vessels Chinese fishing vessels did not engage in Government-licensed high-seas pelagic driftnet fisheries, but Chinese-flag vessels were first observed driftnet fishing in the fall of 1991. Chinese-flag driftnet vessels have also been observed in 1992 and 1993, but the Chinese Govenmient has reiterated its support for the U.N. moratorium on high-seas pelagic driftnet fishing and has taken enforcement action against these vessels. Chinese Government officials believe that Chinese-flag driftnet vessels are actually from Taiwan, and that these vessels are using the Chinese flag to avoid punishment. Another explanation is that these vessels may be legitimate Chinese vessels which have moved their base to Taiwan after the Chinese Govemment revoked their registration.' D. Distant-water Tuna Vessels China has recently initiated distant-water tuna operations in the South Pacific. The exact number of Chinese vessels engaged in this fishery is unknown, but 15 the Japanese fisheries press estimates that there are 200 Chinese tuna vessels fishing off Palau and Micronesia." The majority of these vessels are 19GRT class wooden vessels which operate in groups of five to ten vessels. Operating costs for these vessels are comparatively low which means that Chinese-caught tuna can be sold in Japanese markets at prices which China's developed Asian neighbors' (e.g. Japan, the ROK, Taiwan) tuna fleets can not match. Much of the capital for Chinese distant-water tuna fishing operations reportedly comes from Taiwan companies. Chinese tuna vessels at present do not have the deep-freezing technology of their more developed East Asian competitors, but Taiwan financial backing should pave the way for a Chinese ultra-low temperature freezer longliner fleet in the mid-1990s.' II. Government Promotion of Shipbuilding The Agricultural Bank of China issued huge loans to support Chinese fisheries as part of the Seventh Five-Year Economic Plan (1986-90), although it is unclear whether any of these loans were earmarked for building or purchasing fishery vessels. The loans extended by the Bank amounted to approximately $3.9 billion — six times the amount spent during the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1981-85). The bank will continue to provide long and intermediate-term loans to the fisheries industry during the current Eighth Five-Year Plan period (1991-95), mainly to state and collective- owned firms.'" The major Japanese daily newspaper, Asahi Shinbun, reported in February 1993 that China will begin a 3-year program to invest approximately $6.6 billion for the development of a large-scale distant- water fishing fleet. The fleet would primarily consist of trawlers that would fish in the Indian Ocean, South Pacific, and the southeastern Atlantic. The Chinese Government will ask foreign governments for their cooperation in forming joint ventures and marketing fishery products caught by Chinese fishermen. Detailed information regarding the number and size of fishing vessels which might be constructed under this program is not available." III. Current Status of Shipbuilding China has more than 100 state-owned shipyards which build fishing vessels.'- These shipyards have a total labor force of approximately 50,000 and annually produce approximately 100 steel trawlers, averaging 300 gross registered tons. These shipyards also engage in vessel repairs, and aquaculture and fish processing equipment construction. Extensive trawler and purse seiner construction programs have been initiated since the 1970s to strengthen China's coastal fishing fleet, although no figures are available on the extent of this build-up. '^ The two largest Chinese fishing vessel shipbuilders are the Dalian Fishing Vessel Company and Guangzhou Fishing Vessel Shipyard.'^ Both companies are capable of designing and building refrigerated vessels having less than 3,000GRT, and research vessels, enforcement vessels, and trawlers having less than 3,200GRT. The annual production of these two shipyards is approximately 40 vessels. According to the CNFC, some of these vessels have been exported to African and South American countries. Another major shipyard is the Mawei Shipyard in Fujian Province in south-central China. This shipyard reportedly built eight trawlers and seiners worth $7 million for export to Peru in 1990. '^ The construction of these vessels was the result of a joint venture between the shipyard and a Hong Kong-based development company. IV. Government Regulation of Fleet Sizes There is no information available which indicates that the Chinese Government has taken any measures to regulate the number of the Chinese distant-water fishing vessels. V. Vessel Imports China's shipbuilding capacity has enabled it to be relatively self-sufficient in its needs for fishery vessels, with the important exception of the stem factory 16 trawler fleet operating in the North Pacific. The North Pacific trawler fleet is composed largely of aging vessels purchased from Japan, the former East Germany, Spain, France, and Poland. Chinese Government import statistics for 1989-91 indicate that China imported large fishing vessels from the following countries: Japan-37 fishing vessels valued at $16.7 million, ROK-6 vessels valued at $3.6 million, Italy-1 vessel valued at $4.7 million, Spain-1 vessel valued at $3.3 million, Germany-2 vessels valued at $11.0 million, and Poland-1 vessel valued at $3.0 million. Chinese import statistics do not include gross registered toimage, but judging from the value of these vessels, most of the imports from Japan, and all the imported vessels from Italy, Spain, Germany, and Poland were probably large factory trawlers. VI. Access to Foreign Fishing Grounds China has fishery agreements, cooperative arrangements, or joint ventures with at least 15 foreign entities: Spain, Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Mauritania, Senegal, Morocco, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, the United States, New Zealand, the Marshall Islands, Palau, and the Russian Federation. In addition, China is exploring the possibility of a fisheries agreement with the Republic of Korea. Detailed information is available on the following countries: A. Former Soviet Union/Russian Federation China and the former Soviet Union signed a fisheries agreement in 1988 which established cooperation between the Soviet Far Eastern Fisheries Administration and the CNFC. Cooperation and technical exchanges have taken place in the fields of harvesting, aquaculture (particularly seaweed), processing, and fishing vessel repair. Chinese distant- water vessels gained access to Soviet waters in 1989 when 20 vessels reportedly fished off the Soviet Far East.'*" Chinese Government officials claim that none of the large factory trawlers engaged in the northwestern Pacific Alaska pollock fisheries are fishing in Russian waters. '^ At the most recent meeting of the Russian-Chinese Commission on Fishing held in Moscow during December 1992, agreement was reached on the construction of a scientific research and production center for seafood products in Russia. The project will be operated by the Russian scientific production company, Primakvaprom, and an unnamed Chinese fish processing company. The main objective of the center will be to promote harvests of seaweed, king crab, scallops, oysters, sea cucumbers, and other underexploited species through modem scientific research. A Chinese company will design and construct the center. In compensation, China will receive a 1,000 t fish catch allocation in 1993 and a 1,000 t allocation in 1994 (species were not mentioned). Construction is scheduled to begin in 1994 18 B. East Asia Republic of Korea: With the normalization of relations between China and the Republic of Korea in 1992, a report described an ROK-Chinese joint venture in China's Shandong Province. The ROK Dongwon Company reportedly teamed up with the Shandong Province Government to provide $20 million in start-up capital for the Yuanyun Marine Product Company, an aquaculture and fish processing concern." C. Oceania Marshall Islands: China has reportedly signed a memorandum of understanding with the Marshall Islands which could provide access to Marshall Islands waters for up to 50 Chinese longliners.'" Federated States of Micronesia: China is reportedly negotiating for access to Micronesian waters. The Taiwan-owned Ting Hong Oceanic Enterprise Company, Limited, reportedly operates 104 China-flag and Taiwan-flag vessels out of Yap.'' New Zealand: Chinese vessels have fished in New Zealand waters since the introduction of the Quota Management System (QMS) in 1991 . Under the QMS, only New Zealand companies and/or citizens may own a fishing quota, and foreign investment in New Zealand companies is limited to 24.9 percent. Quota holders may choose to use their own vessels or charter foreign vessels to catch their quota. Under a charter arrangement, a foreign vessel is hired to catch a quantity of fish which a New Zealand 17 company owns. Chartered foreign fishing vessels catch approximately 60 percent of the entire catch in the New Zealand EEZ. An estimated 100 foreign fishing vessels will be hired under charter arrangements in the 1992/93 fishing year. These vessels come from many countries, including China. The chartered vessel catch is composed largely of groundfish species, such as hoki and southern blue whiting, and squid." Palau: The Zhong Yuan Fisheries Company is a joint venture company in Palau which was formed by the CNFC, and the Fujian, Shantou, Hainan, and Northsea Marine Fisheries Companies. The Chinese companies have formed this tuna fishing venture with Palau International Traders Incorporated (PITl). Only exploratory fishing had been conducted by this venture as of 1990 when it reportedly operated 23 longliners. An unspecified number of pole-and-line vessels were also used, but this fishing technique was abandoned because of "operational difficulties." China planned to operate 30 longliners off Palau in 1991 with a catch target of 800-1 ,000 t of tuna for export to the Japanese Sashimi market. Part of the catch is flown to Japan via Guam; the rest is transshipped to Japanese carriers. The most recent information available indicates that 30 Chinese longliners participate in the PITI joint venture, with an additional Chinese longliner participating in a Chinese/Taiwan joint venture called Palau Marine Industries Corporation." The Japanese fisheries press estimates there are as many as 120 Chinese vessels operating in Palau.-" D. Africa/Middle East A fleet of 12 Chinese trawlers (200GRT class) and one refrigerated transport vessel (850GRT) began fishing in waters off the West African countries of Guinea Bissau, Senegal, and Sierra Leone in 1985.-' At that time, six vessels fished off Guinea Bissau, four vessels fished off Senegal, and two vessels fished off Sierra Leone. Target species were hairtail, sea bream, and cuttlefish for the domestic Chinese market. Some of the catch, however, was sold to major Japanese fisher>' companies such as Taiyo and Nissui. These two companies also sent technical advisors to assist the Chinese.^' Guinea Bissau: China has a govemment-to- govemment fisheries agreement with Guinea Bissau which allowed 12 Chinese fishing vessels access to Guinea-Bissau waters in 1990. In exchange for access, China is providing assistance in fishing vessel construction and resource survey techniques. Las Palmas, Spain: The CNFC participates in a joint venture with CIFIDECO Spain, a branch of CIFIDECO Ltd. (registered in Hong Kong), China International Trust and Investment Company, and CEDECO Italy. Las Palmas is the base for the Chinese distant-water fleet in West Africa and this joint venture provides overall support services to the Chinese fleet." Mauritania: China signed a fisheries agreement with Mauritania in August 1991. Few details are available, other than that the agreement calls for cooperation in all aspects of fisheries.-* Morocco: The CNFC and China International Trust and Investment Company have formed a joint venture called MAC-FISHERY with the GROUPE SONARP MOROCCO. The company initially owned 4 fishing vessels which fished in the Morocco EEZ. MAC-FISHERY planned to deploy 6 new Chinese-built vessels in 1990. Nigeria: Dolphin Fisheries Ltd. is a joint venture with the CNFC in Nigeria. The joint venture operates 4 vessels and is engaged in fishing, exporting, and marketing operations. Senegal: China has formed a joint venture company called SOACHIP S.A. in Senegal. The venture consists of the CNFC and the AFRICAMER Co. Ltd. The venture company owns 6 fishing vessels and is involved in harvesting, marketing, and fishing vessel repair operations. E. Latin America Argentina: CIFIDECO Ltd. joined forces with GERPESCA S.A. of Argentina to form the joint venture company, CIFIDECO Argentina S.A. This company is engaged in fisheries trade and aquaculture operations. Another joint venture company, CODEPECA S.A., was founded by CIFIDECO Argentina S.A. and HARANGUES S.A. The CNFC's Dalian shipyard is building fishing vessels and providing labor for this joint venture. A total of 4 vessels were involved in this venture at the beginning of 1989, with plans to expand the fleet to 1 1 vessels in 18 the future. The joint venture's catch was reportedly shrimp, squid, and hake." Chile: The China Agricuhure Trust and Investment Corporation has reportedly purchased shares worth $19 million from the Chilean fish processing company, San Johe de Corporation. This purchase gave the Chinese company a 26 percent stake in the company and is the largest investment by a Chinese concern in Latin America. The Chilean company owns 17 fishing vessels and two processing plants, whose annual output is 3.6 million cartons of canned fish, in addition to fish meal and fish oil. Nearly 75 percent of production is exported to the United States and Canada. ■"" Mexico: China was expected to sign a joint venture fisheries agreement with Mexico in early 1993 involving aquaculture (fish and shrimp) and processing operations.-' It is unclear whether this agreement was ever signed. F. North America United States: China has had a Governing International Fisheries Agreement with the United States since 1985 which allowed China access to U.S. fishery resources. With the Americanization of the U.S. EEZ, however, China received smaller and smaller allocations, and currently receives no allocation in the U.S. 200-mile zone. VII. Outlook The Chinese Government believes that Chinese fisheries catch could surpass 20 million tons by the year 2000, thanks to increased aquaculture harvests and the introduction of market economics in the fisheries sector. Chinese officials have announced that future Chinese fisheries policy will emphasize the expansion of distant-water fishery operations as one way to reach this 20 million t target.'' Since China has already reported a total catch of 15 million t in 1992, such an ambitious target is not entirely out of the question. Although distant-water catch may never comprise more than 5 percent of the total Chinese catch by quantity, it may comprise a more significant share of Chinese fisheries by value. Judging from current trends, it appears obvious that China's distant-water fleet will take over some of the effort relinquished by Japanese, ROK, and Taiwan fleets, particularly in Pacific Ocean distant-water trawler and tuna fisheries. It is unclear whether China plans to initiate operations in distant-water squid fisheries, but China's plentiful and cheap labor gives it a considerable advantage over its developed Asian competitors. A. Trawlers Chinese distant-water trawler effort in the mid- 1990s will probably focus on three fishing grounds: 1) the peanut hole in the Sea of Okhotsk, 2) the East Atlantic off the coast of West Africa, and 3) the South Atlantic and Pacific off the coasts of Argentina and Chile. Domestic political pressure within the Russian Federation to close the Sea of Okhotsk to foreign fishing has made this fishery's future uncertain, so China may attempt to strengthen its presence in coastal West African, and southwest Atlantic and southeast Pacific fisheries. The catch off coastal Africa will probably supply the domestic market while catch off South America (primarily Argentina and Chile) could soon become the most commercially significant of all Chinese trawler operations, given the relatively high market value of groundfish and related processed seafood products such as surimi. B. Squid Jiggers China currently has no squid jigging fleet, but will probably become involved in this fishery during the next five years with financial backing from Taiwan partners. If Chinese jiggers begin fishing, they will probably focus on the southwest Atlantic fisheries off Argentina and the Falkland Islands currently favored by the Taiwan jigging fleet. C. Driftnet Vessels Chinese driftnet vessels, in all likelihood re-flagged Taiwan driftnet vessels, will probably convert to tuna longlining or squid jigging operations. The driftnet vessels which convert to longlining will probably fish in China's new south Pacific distant-water tuna fisheries. Chinese vessels converting to squid jigging will probably participate in the southwest Atlantic squid fishery . 19 D. Distant-water Tuna Vessels The number of Chinese vessels participating in this fishery will probably increase dramatically in the next five years, largely because this is potentially the most lucrative distant-water fishery. There is a strong possibility that Taiwan distant-water tuna longliner companies will invest heavily in outfitting Chinese tuna longliners with the super low-temperature freezing technology necessary for successful exporting to the Japanese sashimi-grade tuna processing industry. Taiwan's technology, combined with China's cheap and abundant labor, makes for a profitable combination which may someday result in a pan-Chinese monopoly of this lucrative fishery. In the short-term, Chinese vessels will continue to be centered in the South Pacific. In the long-term, Chinese tuna vessels could well move into Indian Ocean tuna fisheries. Sources Asahi Shinbun article, translated by Kimiko Muguruma, Trade Specialist, Alaska State Office, Tokyo, February 18, 1993. Asia Development Bank/Infofish, Fishery Export Industry Profile: China, 1991. Buenos Aires DYN, March 27, 1989. China Daily (Business Weekly), "Overseas Fishing Fleet to Double by 1995," August 11, 1991. China National Fisheries Corporation, Album of the 5 (sic) Anniversary of the Founding of China National Fisheries Corporation and the Development of Pelagic Fisheries 1985-1990, undated. Fishermen News, N. 12/93, as printed in Pacific Rim Fisheries Update, June 1993. Fishing News International, "Target Hit," January 1993. Liang Lin, China Bureau of Aquatic Products, personal communication, January 22, 1993. Lloyd's of London, Lloyd's Register of Shipping Tables, various issues. National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of International Affairs, Foreign Fishery Information Release, No. 85-20, 1985. New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, July 5, 1993. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, various issues. Radio New Zealand, June 30, 1993. Seafood International, February 1990. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Fishery Statistics-Catches and Landings, various editions. U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Naval Intelligence, August 1993. U.S. Embassy, Beijing, November 24, 1992. U.S. Embassy, Kolonia, June 23, 1993. U.S. Office, Koror, August 2, 1993. World Fishing, February 1990. Xinhua News Service, July 10, 1991. Zhongguo Tongxun She News Agency, Hong Kong, September 15, 1992. 20 Endnotes 1. "Target Hit," Fishing News International, January 1993. 2. This FAO data is not entirely consistent with data submitted to Conferences on the Conservation and Management of the Living Marine Resources of the Central Bering Sea (see Overview, Appendix D). Chinese data submitted to the Conferences indicates Chinese Alaska pollock catch in the donut hole peaked at 31,000 t in 1989 and then decreased to a 1992 preliminary total of just 4,000 t. The Chinese 1991 Alaska pollock catch of 120,000 t must therefore include a significant catch in the Sea of Okhotsk peanut hole. It is unclear why the Chinese Government reported catches of 20,000 t to FAO in previous years. 3. "Overseas Fishing Fleet to Double by 1995," China Daily (Business Weekly), 11 August 1991, p. 4. 4. Liang Lin, China Bureau of Aquatic Products, personal communication, January 22, 1993. 5 . Data presented at Conference on the Conservation and Management of the Living Marine Resources of the Central Bering Sea. 6. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, February 10, 1992. 7. U.S. Embassy, Beijing, November 24, 1992. 8. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 22, 1993. 9. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 27, 1993. 10. Xinhua News Service, July 10, 1991. 1 1. Asahi Shinbun article, translated by Kimiko Muguruma, Trade Specialist, Alaska State Office, Tokyo. February 18, 1993. 12. Asia Development Bank/Infofish, Fishery Export Industry Profile: China, 1991, p. 19. 13. Asia Development Bank/Info fish, op.cil., p. 19. 14. China National Fisheries Corporation, Album of the 5 (sic) Anniversary of the Founding of China National Fisheries Corporation and the Development of Pelagic Fisheries 1985-1990, undated. 15. World Fishing, February 1990, p. 38. 16. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun: May 19, 1989. 17. Liang Lin, personal communication, January 22, 1993. 18. Fishermen News, N. 12/93, as printed in Pacific Rim Fisheries Update, June 1993, page 5. 19. Zhongguo Tongxun She News Agency, Hong Kong, 15 September 1992. 20. Radio New Zealand, 30 June 1993. 21. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 22, 1993; U.S. Embassy Kolonia, June 23, 1993. 21 22. New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, July 5, 1993. 23. U.S. Office, Koror, August 2, 1993. 24. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 22, 1993. 25. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, October 4, 1985. 26. Foreign Fishery Information Release, No. 85-20, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1985. 27. Most of the information concerning joint ventures is obtained from the Album of the 5 Anniversary of the Founding of China National Fisheries Corporation, op. cit., pp. 36-37. 28. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, September 2, 1991. 29. Buenos Aires DYN, March 27, 1989. 30. Seafood International, February 1990, p. 23. 31. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, November 16, 1992. 32. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, April 2, 1993. 22 Appendices Appendix A.-- China. Number of fishing vessels, ranked by lonnage, 1975-92. Year Gross Registered Tons (GRT) Total 500-999 1,000-1,999 Over 2,000 Number of vessels 1975 1 1 1976 1 1 1977 1 1 1978 1 - 1 1979 2 - 2 1980 3 - - 1981 3 3 1982 3 - - 3 1983 3 - 3 1984 4 4 1985 4 " 1 5 1986 3 1 3 7 1987 3 1 5 9 1988 3 , 5. 9 1989 3 2 5 10 1990 3 ; 5 10 1991 4 2 in 16 1992 9 T 15 26 Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Slalislical Table.',. London. UK, various years 23 Appendix B. - China. Catch by species. 1980, 1985-91. Species 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric tons Common Carp - 237,900 354,200 522.600 584,600 460,532 522,369 594.476 Crucian Carp 71,400 88,500 104,500 116.900 205,044 211,584 218.908 Grass Carp 356.900 442.700 522.600 584,600 934,537 1,023,199 1,045,962 Silver Carp 999,300 1.180,600 1.324.000 1,481,000 1,336.050 1,398,680 1,360,969 Highead Carp 475.800 590.300 627,100 701,500 628,730 658,208 680,434 While Amur Bream 119,000 147,600 174,200 194.900 144,358 161,615 153,309 Nile Tilapia 23,800 29,500 34,800 39,000 89.473 106.071 119,852 Ireshwater fishes 1,163,328 433,222 473,102 558,370 627,758 773,586 867,923 1,045,748 Alaska Pollock - - 20,000 20.000 20,000 20,000 121,254 rilefishes 161,365 272,674 426,918 407,210 263,294 392,068 337,189 285,601 Scads - 233,883 238,079 344,753 251,170 300,000 387,896 419,849 Spanish Mackerel 51,457 90,623 94,218 99,006 124,810 148,079 208,569 200,643 Ilairtail 473,315 458,723 406,403 393,606 365,730 416,202 497,733 559,358 Chub Mackerel 83,760 92,573 132,196 166,039 240,699 231.625 196,823 242,639 Marine Fishes 1,240,738 1,263,439 1,495,065 1.673,215 1,965,411 2,269,268 2,502,031 2,747,803 Ireshwater Crustacheans 51.625 55,411 62,021 80,626 84,740 95,544 94,730 107.180 Gazami Crab 108,518 99,138 143,474 135,370 148,962 Marine Crabs 254.000 339.476 328,337 304,678 350.713 438,624 403,030 510,611 Chinese White Shrimp - 73,188 112,232 187,058 253,895 211,100 223,231 225,560 Akiami Paste Shrimp 133.102 209,120 175,207 162,366 190,589 217,278 211.365 217,081 Sea Mussels 67,200 128,860 210,657 212.680 429,675 490,514 495.895 498,183 Japanese Scallop 8,312 23.686 43,640 121,991 129,461 147,003 160.000 Japanese Clam 31,482 41.603 53,389 63,042 87,098 109,702 164.024 Razor Clam 125,717 126,175 133,597 140,673 138,467 140,326 165,230 Mannc Molluscs 186,217 284,437 381,161 436,461 319.999 350.975 350.806 Other 555.458 491.799 536,327 706,510 626,389 599,385 683,846 790,525 Total 4.235.348 6,778,819 8,000,063 9,346,222 10,358,678 11.219,994 12,095,363 13,134,967 Source; United Nations l-0( ■>d and Agricull urc Organizatio n, hishen Slat sli(\-Cat(hes a ml hmdini>s. 24 Appendix C- China. Fishing vessels exceeding 1,000 gross registered tons, by vessel name, tonnage, country and year built, 1993. Ves.sel Name Vessd Class GRT Countr) of Origin Year BuUt Bai Ung Hai NA 3,926 Japan 1968 Bei Dou NA 1.165 Norway 1984 Fit Xing Hai Kai mar Mod H 2.374 Poland 1977 Geng Hai Karlsburg Fishing 3.577 East Germany 1973 Hai Feng Hai Feng 2.500 China 1960 Hai Feng 101 NA 1.941 Japan 1967 Hai Feng 2021 Hai Feng 2021 1.908 Japan 1975 Hai Feng 2022 Hai Feng 2021 1.908 Japan 1975 Hai Feng 202} Hai Feng 2021 1,909 Japan 1975 Jiang Ij;ng 2 Beijing 1 1,219 France 1956 Jinshiii Jil Yuyo Maru Fish 5,044 Japan 1961 Kai Chuang Rcgulus 3,180 East Germany 1973 Kai Fa Wloc/nik 2,584 Poland 1977 Kai Feng VVloc/.iiik 2.603 Poland 1976 Kill Tito NA 1,594 Italy 1975 Kai Xin Friopesca lino 2,305 Spain 1989 Liao Da Sliui X 3 Liao Da ,Shui X 3 1 ,500 China 1974 Ming Chang Prometey 3,169 E^st Germany 1977 Ming Zhit I'rometc)' 3,913 East Germany 1976 Siii Sliang iOI .Sui .Shang 301 7,731 UK 1937 Tai An NA 2.749 Japan 1964 Tai He FromctcN 3.169 East Germany 1977 Yan Yuan San Han NA 2.703 Spain 1976 Yan Yuan Yi Hao Karlsburg Fishing 3.577 East Germany 1973 Yan Yuan 2 Kai mar Mod A 2.405 Poland 1977 Yen An 5 Chichihu Maru 2 1.477 Japan 1961 Yu I.eng 4 Yu Icng 4 1,000 China NA Yun Hai Kalmar Mod A 1,585 Poland 1980 Zliong (iut) Yu Zlieng 21 Zhong Guo Yu Zheng 2 1 2,000 China 1979 7Miyo Maru 2 NA 3,41)3 Japan 1966 Source: U.S. Departmenl of Defense, Office of Naval Intelligence, .-Nugu.st 1993. 25 Japan Japanese conipames have historically owned the largest distant-water fishing fleet in Asia. Japan is also the country where die difficulties for a developed economy to sustain a distant-water fishing fleet are most clearly apparent. Tlie main difficulties are: 1) die inability to attract young job seekers to distant-water fisheries, 2) constantly increasing wages, 3) increasingly depleted foreign coastal fishery resources, and 4) increasingly restricted and expensive access to distant-water fisheries. In fact, many of Japan's largest fishery companies are changing die focus of their efforts from capture fisheries to diversified agri-business activities (e.g. value-added processing, restaurants). Japanese distant-water fishing fleets have operated all over the world since the end of World War 11. Prior to die signing of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in December 1982. Japanese vessels had access to almost all conmiercially important fishing grounds, both on the high-.seas and in foreign coastal waters. Witli tlie advent of UNCLOS, however, many coastal nations began to enforce their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) which greatly restricted Japanese access to prime foreign coastal fishing grounds. The "fisheries nationalization" policies of many countries, including the United States and Canada, forced the Japanese high-seas fisheries industry to seek new fishing grounds and business elsewhere. Contents L Distant-water Fishing Fleets 27 A. Trawlers 27 B. Squid Jiggers 30 C. Driftnet Vessels 30 D. Distant-water Salmon Vessels 31 E. Distant-water Tuna Vessels 32 II Government Promotion of Ship Building 33 III. Current Status of Ship Building 34 IV. Government Regulation of Fleet Size 34 V. Vessel Exports 35 VI. Exploratory Fishing 36 VII. Access to Foreign Fishing Grounds 36 A. Former Soviet Union/Russian Federation 37 B. East Asia 37 C. South/Soutlieast Asia 38 D. Oceania 39 E. Africa/Middle East 41 F. Europe 42 G. Latin America 42 H. North America 43 VIII. Aid to Developing Coastal Countries 44 IX. Outlook 44 A. Trawlers 44 B. Squid Jiggers 44 C. Driftnet Vessels 44 D. Distant-water Salmon Vessels 45 E. Distant-water Tuna Vessels 45 Sources 46 Appendices 51 Number of Vessels D Total H Total Tuna LLlTuna Longliner QDriftnat-Squid [j^ Trawlers I ISquid Jigging* [_jTuna Pole-and-Line HTuna Purs* Seine 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Source: The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture. Forestry, and Usheries; Statistics and Information. " Statistics do not distinguish between coastal and distant-water squid jiggers until 1990. Figure 1. Japan. Number of disiani-waier fishery vessels, hy vessel r\pe: 1985-91. I. Distant-water Fishing Fleets Fleet statistics from Lloyd's of London for Japanese fishing vessels having more than 500 gross registered tons indicate that the Japanese distant-water fleet is rapidly diminishing in size (appendix A). The total number of Japanese fishing vessels decreased more than threefold from 1975 to 1992, with vessels in the 500-999GRT class showing the most dramatic decrease. In addition, the number of Japanese fishing vessels having more than lOOGRT has declined since 1989 (appendices B and C). The decline has been particularly pronounced in the larger size classes (appendix C, figure 1), which consist mostly of factory trawlers. The distant-water fleet has decreased dramatically, from 2,008 vessels in 1989 to 1,521 vessels in 1991 (appendix D). Distant-water trawlers, particularly those engaged in the North Pacific, showed the most dramatic reductions in fleet size. The only distant- water fleet showing growth was the Japanese distant- water tuna purse seine fleet. Japanese catch statistics also indicate an industry in decline (appendix E). The overall catch peaked at 12.8 million tons (t) in 1988, and has decreased significantly in each succeeding year, falling to 10.0 million t in 1 99 1 . The share of the total Japanese catch contributed by distant-water fishing has also decreased steadily over the years from 20 percent in 1980 to 12 percent in 1991. All indications are that this trend will continue into the next century. From a peak catch of 2.5 million t in 1987, the Japanese distant-water catch has fallen nearly 50 percent to 1.2 million t in 1991 (appendix E). By vessel type, the most pronounced decreases were in the trawl fisheries, particularly the North Pacific trawl fisheries. The only gear type which showed consistent growth between 1989-91 was the tuna purse seine catch, which increased nearly 40 percent (appendix F, figure 2). A. Trawlers' The Japanese distant-water trawl fleet numbered 445 vessels in 1980, but decreased steadily during the next 10 years to a total of only 215 trawlers in 1991 (appendix D). The primary reasons for this decrease are the demise of the so-called donut hole fishery in the Central Bering Sea and the increasingly scarce allocations of foreign coastal groundfish resources (e.g. South Africa). Tliere are five basic classifications of distant-water Japanese trawlers: northern, converted {tenkan). 27 Catch {Thousands of Metric Tons) A O Total® D Total Trawler Catch □ Northern Trawlers 0 Total Tuna Catch mother Trawlers QSquid Jigging* BTuna Purse Seine BTuna Pole-and-Line LJTuna Longliner DOriftnet-Squid 1 980 1 985 1 986 1 987 1 988 1 989 1 990 1 991 Source; The Ministry of Agriculture. Forestry, and Fisheries of Japan, 'Squid jigging statistics include coastal and ott-shore jigging until 1990 ® Total figures do not equal total figures for distant-water fisheries in Appendix D because other minor distant-water fisheries are excluded Figure 2. Japan. Dtsiant-waier fisheries calrh, hy vessel type: I9H5-91. hokuten. southern, and shrimp. Trawlers in the first three classifications fish almost exclusively in the waters of the Nortli Pacific. There is also a Nortli Pacific longliner fleet which primarily targets cod in Russian Federation waters. The longline fleet will be discussed in this section because its primary target species, like its trawler counterparts, are groundfish. Northern trawlers: These are defined as those distant- water trawlers which fish in an area north of 10 degrees north latitude, and east of 170 degrees east longitude in the waters of the Pacific Ocean (including the Bering Sea). In 1980, 40 trawlers were licensed by the Japanese Government under this classification, but this number decreased to just 12 trawlers in 1991 (appendix G). Northern trawlers are tlie largest of the distant-water Japanese trawlers, with a minimimi capacity of 500GRT. Until 1989, tlie.se vessels primarily conducted surimi trawl operations in joint ventures with U.S. companies and on the high-seas region of the Central Bering Sea known as the donut hole. Witli the elimination of tlie U.S. joint venture quota in 1990, these vessels fished solely in the donut hole fishery. Catch statistics show that northern trawl catch was composed almost entirely of Alaska pollock, especially in recent years (appendix H). Trawling operations conducted by major Japanese fishery companies once comprised a sizeable portion of northern trawler fishing activity, but tliis fishery seems to be one whose time has passed. Four of the six major Japanese fishery companies (Nichiro, Kyokuyo, Hoko, and Hosui) have completely withdrawn from trawling. The other two major companies, Nissui and Taiyo, have drastically reduced their trawling operations. Nissui currently operates 8 trawlers and Taiyo operates 5 trawlers, all of which are deployed in southern trawl fisheries.' Tlie majority of the Japanese northern trawl fleet has been exported or redeployed to other fishing grounds (appendix 1). At least four nortliern trawlers have been exported to Argentina, and two have been exported to China. Other northern trawlers have been exported to Somalia/Honduras,' tlie former Soviet Union/Russian Federation, Cyprus, India, and die United States. Another five northern trawlers are now operating in southern trawl fisheries. Tlie prime reason for this shift in effort was the collapse of the donut hole Alaska pollock stocks and tlie realization among large Japanese fishery companies that large factory stern trawler fishing operations were becoming increasingly unprofitable, mainly because of rising fuel and labor costs. Converted trawlers (Tenkan): These trawlers are defined as those distant-water trawlers which fish in an area norUi of 50 degrees north latitude, and east of 170 28 degrees east longitude in the waters of the Pacific Ocean (including the Bering Sea), or east of 170 degrees west longitude in the Bering Sea. The vessels are termed "converted" because this fleet consisted of 16 former mothership-type trawlers when it was established in 1976. The fleet consisted of 16 vessels in 1980 and decreased to 11 vessels as of 1991 (appendix G). Vessel size ranges from 380-660 gross registered tons. The operations of this fleet have generally coincided with that of the northern trawl fleet. The catch of this fleet is also mostly Alaska pollock (appendix H). Hokuten trawlers: These trawlers are defined as those distant-water trawlers which fish in an area north of 48 degrees north latitude, and east of 153 degrees east longitude, or west of 170 degrees west longitude in the Pacific Ocean, including the Bering Sea and Sea of Okliotsk. In addition, these trawlers fish in an area north of 57 degrees north latitude, east of 170 degrees west longitude, and west of 166 degrees west longitude in the Bering Sea. The fleet consisted of 54 vessels from 1985-90, but decreased to 47 vessels in 1991 (appendix G). Vessel capacity ranges from 280-350 gross registered tons. These vessels originally concentrated their efforts on grounds in the waters of the United States and the former Soviet Union, but with the reduction in U.S. and Soviet allocations during the 1980s, this fleet began to conduct operations in the donut hole as well as in Soviet waters. After the Soviet Union prohibited bottom trawling in 1991, the hokuten fleet was compelled to rely primarily on the donut liole fishery. In 1991, however, trawlers from this fleet also participated in joint trawling with the Soviets in waters off southern Kamchatka. Hokuten trawler catch is comprised largely of Alaska pollock, with lesser amounts of cod, flatfish, rockfish, and miscellaneous other fish (appendix H). The Japanese Government announced a compensation plan in November 1991 which encouraged operators of small and medium-sized trawlers, primarily hokuten trawlers, to retire their vessels between 1991-94 in exchange for $1.9-$3.2 million per vessel in compensation.'' Northern longliners: In addition to the North Pacific trawler fleet, there is also a northern longline fleet. The fleet primarily targets cod and rockfish and fished in U.S waters unfil 1989. When access to U.S. waters was terminated, the former 22-vessel fleet decreased to 12 vessels. Since the fleet can no longer operate in U.S. waters, it has relied on operations in the waters of the former Soviet Union. In 1989, the Japan-Soviet fisheries joint venture, Magadan Fisheries, was established. Tlie nortliem longline fleet has conducted joint operations in Soviet/Russian waters since 1990 under this joint venture. Southern trawlers: These trawlers can be broadly defined as the Japanese trawl fleet which operates outside of the North Pacific donut hole and Russian EEZ fisheries. An 8-vessel southern trawl fleet initially began operations off New Zealand, Australia, and the west coast of Africa in 1959. The fleet grew rapidly during the 1 960s and exploratory fisheries were conducted worldwide, from waters off Argentina, to those of the Northwest Atlantic (including Greenland), and the Indian Ocean. Tlie size of the Japanese southern trawl fleet decreased from a high of 99 vessels in 1986 to just 62 vessels in 1990 (appendix J).' The primary reason for this decrease is that foreign allocations for the Japanese southern trawl fleet have diminished greaUy over the years (appendix K). Total southern trawler quotas reached a peak of 176,000 t in 1985, but rapidly diminished to just 41,000 t in 1991. The reduction in allocations is reflected in southern trawler catch statistics which show a decrease in catch from 450,000 tons in 1988 to just 322,000 t in 1990 (appendix L). In the late 1980s, its fishing effort was concentrated in grounds of the southwest Atlantic and New Zealand. Target species in the southwest Atlantic are jack mackerel (off Chile), Atlantic cod, and sea bream (off Argentina). Target species off New Zealand are hoki, jack mackerel, barracuda, and squid.'' Between 1986-90, an increasing proportion of southern trawler catch came from New Zealand (appendix L). The percentage of southern trawler catch in New Zealand increased from 67 percent in 1986 to 83 percent in 1990. Southern trawl high-seas Ashing grounds: The high-seas of the Southwest Atlantic was a fertile ground for Japanese southern trawlers until the late 1980s. Since the high-seas squid ground is small in size and borders the EEZs of Argentina and the Falkland Islands, there has been strong Japanese 29 industry interest in gaining access to tliese coastal EEZs (for details, see Section VII-Access to Foreign Fishing Grounds). Vessel statistics for the Japanese southern trawl fishery show that the southwest Atlantic fleet decreased from 27 to 7 trawlers between 1987 and 1990 (appendix J) while tlie overall southern trawler squid catch decreased from 90,000 t to 10,000 t (appendix M). Altliough catch by species by fishing ground statistics for tlie soutliem trawl fleet are not available, a good deal of this squid was probably caught in the Soutliwest Atlantic. In the high-seas of the Northwest Atlantic. Japanese trawlers have been fishing primarily for redfish, capelin, and squid with allocatioiLS granted by tlie International Commission for the Nordiwest Atlantic Fisheries and its successor organization, the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO). Japanese southern trawlers have targeted kxill in the high-seas waters of Antarctica. Krill is considered a potential source of protein for human consimiption, but recent attention has focused more on its use as bait or as an animal feed ingredient. A total of 7-8 Japanese trawlers participate aimually in this fishery, with catches ranging from 60,000 to 80,000 tons (appendices J and L). Shrimp Trawlers: The Japanese distant-water shrimp trawler fleet has consisted of approximately 60 vessels which fish in the Atlantic off the South American countries of Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, and Brazil (Note: Japan secured access to Nicaraguan waters in 1986, but has not fished there because of political instability). The vessels are generally 68GRT class trawlers with 4-5 man crews. As competition with foreign fleets and conditions for access have become increasingly stringent, catch figures have decreased gradually and dropped below the 1,000 t level for the first time in 1990 (appendix N). East China Sea Trawlers: This fleet is primarily composed of small trawlers, averaging 135GRT. which target finfish sold on the domestic market. The size of this fleet and its corresponding catch have diminished rapidly in die past 10 years. A total of 213 trawlers caught nearly 200,000 t of fish in 1980, but in 1991 a total of 112 trawlers caught 80,000 t of fish (appendices D and F). The outlook for this fleet is particularly bleak because of depleted stocks, aging vessels, and a labor shortage. B. Squid Jiggers With the demise of the high-seas pelagic squid driftnet fleet, the Japanese squid jigging fleet has become the primary Japanese distant-water squid fleet. Japanese distant-water squid jiggers concentrate dieir effort in two fishing grounds: New Zealand's FEZ and coastal areas of Soudi America (see Section Vll-Access to Foreign Fishing Grounds). During the 1990/91 season, 82 Japanese squid jiggers operated in the soudiwestem Atlantic and 29 jiggers operated in New Zealand (appendix O). Tlie fleet has gradually decreased in size from its peak of 172 vessels in the 1987/88 season to its 1990/91 level of 1 1 1 vessels. The fleet's catch mirrors the decline in vessel numbers, falling from its peak of 230,000 t in 1987/88 to just 117,000 t in 1990/91. The most recent vessel and catch data for this fleet indicates a shift in effort from traditional grounds off the Falkland Islands and New Zealand, to new grounds off Argentina, Peru, and Brazil. A total of 33 Japanese jiggers caught 28,000 t of squid in the Falkland Islands EEZ in the 1992/93 season, a big decrease from the 76,000 t caught in this fishery during 1991/92. The primary reason for this decrease was that most of the effort in die Falklands fishery was shifted to die Argentina EEZ, where Japanese jiggers were allowed to fish for the first time. Japanese jiggers caught 81,000 t of .squid in Argentine waters during the 1992/93 sea.son. The decline in effort continues in New Zealand where 8 Japanese jiggers caught just 3,800 t of squid in the 1992/93 season, compared to 6,100 t in 1991/92. There are 22 Japanese jiggers deployed in Peruvian waters which have caught 9,000 t during the still-continuing 1992/93 season. Japanese catch in Peru has increased dramatically and reached 41,600 t in 1991/92. The .search for alternative jigging grounds continues in 1993 as three Japanese jiggers conduct exploratory fishing off the coast of Brazil.' C. Driftnet Vessels Japan has conducted distant-water driftnet fisheries for tuna/billfish and .squid in the North Pacific Ocean, and for albacore tuna in the South Pacific. Japan began its squid driftnet fishery in 1978. The fishery targeted 30 large neon flying squid (akaika), which are found in loose aggregations throughout (lie North Pacific. In 1991, 454 vessels ranging from 50-500GRT were licensed for this fishery (appendix P). Only the Japanese tuna longliner fleet exceeded the size of the driftnet fleet at this time. At its peak in 1990, the driftnet squid fleet supplied over 25 percent of Japanese squid (appendix Q). Only 12 percent of this fleet was devoted exclusively to squid driftnet fishing in 1991 (appendix R). The majority of vessels in this fleet were also participating in other fisheries (e.g. billfish driftnet, saury) during the off-season for the squid driftnet fishery (appendix S). In the wake of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/215, which declared a moratorium on high-seas pelagic driftnet fisheries effective on January 1 , 1 993 , tlie Japanese Government began to formulate plans to acconmiodate Japanese fishermen affected by the driftnet ban. One plan involved the initiation of exploratory squid jigging in tlie high-seas squid driftnet fishing ground. Tlie exploratory fishery was unsuccessful, however, averaging a squid catch of less than one ton per day of fishing per vessel. Tliis amounted to less than one-fifth of the squid caught during the same period by a driftnet vessel. The Govermnent also conducted exploratory fishing in this ground with mid-water trawling gear, but with disappointing results.* In light of these discouraging results, the Japanese Govenunent devised a compensation program for the former driftnet fleet. The Japanese Government will offer compensation to high-seas squid driftnet vessel owners for three years (1992-94) and to owners of high-seas large-mesh driftnet vessels (used primarily in the tuna/billfish fishery) for one year (1992) (appendices T and U). Squid driftnet vessel owners, retiring their vessels in 1992, could receive $0.55-1.12 million, depending on vessel toimage. Large-mesh driftnet vessel owners who retire their vessels in 1992 could receive compensation in the range of $500,000-870,000, depending on vessel toimage.'^ The Fisheries Agency of Japan aimounced in April 1993 that it would grant permission for exploratory squid jigging on the high-seas of the North Pacific between May 1 and December 31, 1993.'" This trial fishery is being established primarily for those fonner driftnet fishermen who received government compensation only for the disposal of their driftnet gear. The jigging vessels will fish in the same area as the former Japanese driftnet fleet (from 20 to 47 degrees north latitude, from 170 east degrees longitude to 133 degrees west longitude) and will be equipped with satellite transponders. The FAJ expects approximately 20 vessels to participate in this fishery. D. Distant-water Salmon Vessels The history of the Japanese distant-water salmon fishery predates World War II when Japanese vessels caught salmon off the coasts of the former Soviet Union and the United States. The war caused the temporary cessation of the Japanese distant-water salmon fishery, but it resumed in 1952." Japanese distant-water salmon vessels fished in U.S., Soviet, and high-seas waters under condidons set forth by the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission (INPFC) until the late 1980s when Japan stopped receiving salmon allocations from the United States. Japanese salmon vessels lost access to North Pacific high-seas fishing grounds in 1993 when this fishery was closed under the Convention for tlie Conservation of Anadramous Stocks in the North Pacific Ocean, tlie successor convention to the INPFC. Japanese distant- water salmon vessels currently have access to Russian- origin salmon in Japanese waters and salmon in the Russian EEZ (see Section VII - Access to Foreign Fishing Grounds). The two primary Japanese distant- water salmon fleets are the non-traditional land-based and traditional land-based fleets. Non-traditional land-based: Vessels in this fleet were formerly called "niotherships. " These vessels were owned by large Japanese fishery companies and had a capacity of 7,000-12,000GRT each. They worked in conjunction witli affiliated catcher vessels to can and freeze the salmon caught by the catcher vessels. With increasing international regulation of high-seas salmon fisheries, this fishery became less and less economically viable and was converted in 1990 to what is presently called the "non-traditional" land-based salmon fishery. It was given this name to differentiate it from the traditional land-based small/medium-sized salmon gillnet fishery. 31 Traditional land-based: The Japanese traditional land-based salmon fishery consists of small to medium- sized gillnet vessels having up to 127GRT. This fleet operates out of ports on the east coast of Hokkaido and nortlieastera Honshu. It uses gear similar to the non- traditional fleet, but when it conducted high-seas operations, it fished in an area soudi and west of the non-traditional fishery.'' With access to U.S. waters eliminated and allocations reduced in high-seas waters, the Japanese Government initiated a compeasation program designed to encourage a large-scale reduction in the Japanese distant-water salmon fleet from 906 vessels in 1990 to 419 vessels by the end of 1992 (appendix V). The plan emphasizes reductions in die non-traditional and traditional land-based .salmon fleets. The number of non-traditional land-based salmon vessels would be reduced from 129 vessels in 1990 to just 28 vessels in 1992, while die number of traditional land-based vessels would be reduced from 157 vessels in 1990 to just 60 vessels in 1992. In mid- 1992, the entire 88-vessel Hokkaido 19-ton class traditional land-based sahiion fishing fleet was discovered fishing illegally on unaudiorized high-seas grounds. The primary reason for the illegal fishing was diat the quotas for Japanese vessels in Russian waters were not sufficient to profitably support fishing by the entire fleet. Consequently, the Japanese Pacific Salmon Fisheries Association has announced diat 20 of the 88 vessels in diis fleet will be eliminated in 1993. It is not clear whether the 20 vessels will be scrapped or converted for use in odier non-salmon fisheries, but industry sources believe all 20 vessels will probably be scrapped. The Association plans to seek compensation from the Fisheries Agency of Japan and the Hokkaido Prefectural Government." E. Distant-water Tuna Vessels The Japanese distant-water tuna fleet is die largest of Japan's distant-water fishing fleets. It is also the most valuable Japanese fishery with a total catch value of approximately $2. 1 billion in 1 990. '•* There are diree types of Japanese distant-water tuna vessels: longline, pole-and-line, and purse seine. Tlie Japanese longline and pole-and-line fleets have decreased gradually over the years as diese fleets move to larger vessel sizes which are more profitable for distant-water operations (appendix W). Tlie distant-water longliner fleet fishes all over the world, with small longliners concentrated in the Pacific and large longliners concentrated in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans (appendix X). The pole- and-line and purse seine fleets are concentrated in the central western Pacific Ocean. Longliners: Japanese distant-water tuna longliners first began operations in the Indian Ocean during 1952. This fleet catches the majority of tuna (67 percent by quantity) wiUiin the entire Japanese longline tuna fleet. The distant-water longliner catch increased by 6 percent in quantity in 1991 compared to 1990 (appendix F). Longliners generally target bigeye, bluefin, and albacore tuna for the Japanese sashimi market. The number of Japanese tuna longliners has decreased gradually over the years, from 795 in 1985 to 759 in 1992 (appendix W). This trend is likely to continue as Japanese labor is scarce and increasingly expensive and this sector comes to be dominated by developing Asian competitors with cheap and abundant labor (e.g. China and Indonesia). Pole-and-liners: Tlie Japanese distant-water pole- and-line tuna fleet catches 53 percent of the entire (domestic and distant-water) Japanese pole-and-line tuna catch. Catch quantity increased by 31 percent in 1991 compared to 1990 (appendix F). Pole-and-line catch consists of skipjack and yellowfin tuna for the Japanese sashimi market. The number of Japanese pole-and-liners has decreased, however, falling from 155 in 1985 to just 81 in 1992 (appendix W). Purse Seiners: The Japanese distant-water purse seine fleet is relatively new, begimiing in the niid- 1980s with 500GRT seiners operating in the western Indian Ocean. ''^ These are "single-vessel" type seiners with a carrying capacity of 800 tons. Unlike the longliner and pole-and-line fleets, the Japanese distant- water purse seine fleet has grown steadily over the years, from 32 seiners in 1986 to 49 in 1992 (appendix W). In 1991, die Japanese distant-water purse seine vessels operated in the following areas: 32 in the central western Pacific, 1 1 in the Indian Ocean, and 2 in the Atlantic Ocean."' The distant-water purse .seine fleet catch, almost all skipjack and yellowfin tuna sold to tuna canneries, totaled 170,000 t in 1991, a 6 percent increase over 1990 (appendix F). With the concentration of distant-water purse seine effort in die central western Pacific, many Pacific Island nations have become concerned about possible 32 overfishing, lu October 1992, eight members of the Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) known as the "Nauru Group" (Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu) concluded an agreement which places a limit on the number of distant-water purse seine vessels fishing in the central and western Pacific. The vessels in this fishery mainly target skipjack and yellowfin tuna and account for most of the catch in the south Pacific region. The signatories justified the need for a limit by noting the rapid capitalization of this fishery and its possible detrimental effect on tuna stocks. '^ With access to central western Pacific fisheries becoming increasingly problematic, it is reasonable to assume that future Japanese distant- water purse seine effort will be increasingly devoted to Indian Ocean grounds. 1. Bluefin Tuna Bluefin tuna is an important fisheries resource whose supply has been increasingly secured through distant-water fisheries. It is the most valuable tuna species on the lucrative Japanese .sashimi market. There are three primary distant-water fishing grounds for this resource: the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, the South Pacific, and the South Indian Ocean. Overfishing of bluefin tuna by global tuna fleets in the Atlantic Ocean led to the fomiation of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICC AT) which strictly limits the catch of the depleted Atlantic hluefiii tuna resource. Until 1993, catch of the South Pacific resource, known as southern bluefin tuna (SBT), was allocated among the three main participants in this fishery (Japan, Australia, and New Zealand) under a series of infonnal annual meetings. A fonnal convention for the conservation of the SBT resource was established in May 1993 to rebuild this depleted resource. The Japanese SBT fieet fishes in 7 main fishing grounds (appendix Y). With access to tuna resources gradually becoming more difficult to secure, Japan has come to rely more and more on tuna imports. The rapid appreciation of the yen during the late 1980s and early 1990s has accelerated this trend. The distant-water tuna fleets of Taiwan, the ROK, China, Indonesia, and the so-called flag-of-convenience fleets (e.g. Honduras, Panama) are engaged in fierce competition for tuna exports to the lucrative Japanese market (see Section V. Fishing Vessel Exports for furtlier discussion of this issue). 2. Labor Problems Two problems facing the entire Japanese distant- water fishing fleet are especially acute for the distant- water tuna fleet. They are: 1) a shortage of fisheries labor, and 2) the aging of the fisheries work force. Japanese youth are not attracted to work perceived to be kiken (dangerous), kitsui (hard), and kitanai (dirty). The result is a workforce which is smaller in number and older in age (appendix Z). One obvious solution to this problem, particularly for the distant-water tuna fleet, is hiring foreign labor from developing countries. In 1992, Japan's distant- water longliners employed 1,586 foreign laborers, distant-water pole-and-liners employed 101 foreign workers, and distant-water purse seiners employed 39 foreigners, bringing the total to nearly 2,000 workers. By country, these workers came from Indonesia (1,387), the Philippines (361), Peru (284), Kiribati (101), South Africa (44), Micronesia (30), Burma (5), Fiji (2), and Panama (1)."* Tlie Japanese fisheries industry is attempfing to reduce the need for domestic labor by automating fishing operations as much as possible (e.g. moving from two-vessel to one-vessel purse seine operations). Automation is expensive, however, so many vessel owners have gone into considerable debt to finance these improvements. [I. Government Promotion of Shipbuilding The Japanese Government has five long-tenn, low- interest loan programs for the construction of new fishing vessels. " Two of these programs are for small fishing vessels having less than I lOGRT and will not be described here. Details of the three programs promoting the construction of fishing vessels over 1 10 GRT are as follows: The first program is called "Restructuring of Fisheries Corporate Management," and is administered by the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Finance Corporation. The program was established by the Fisheries Restructuring Special Measure Law of 1976 33 and provides low-interest loans (5.2 percent per aimuni in May 1993) to small and medium-class fishery companies having fewer than 300 employees and aggregate fishing vessel tonnage of less tlian 3,000 GRT. Construction of the following types of vessels are eligible for loans under this program: tuna longliners (up to 580GRT), skipjack pole-and-liners (up to 500GRT), purse seiners (up to 1 .OOOGRT), medium- sized squid jiggers (up to 138GRT), offshore trawlers (up to 160 GRT), and East China Sea trawlers (up to 250GRT). The second program is called tlie "Fishing Vessel Fund," and is also administered by the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Finance Corporation. This program provides low interest loans (4.8 percent per annum as of May 1993) to small and medium-class fishery companies not eligible under the first loan program described above. Construction of surimi and hokuten trawlers, and large .squid jigging vessels are eligible for loans under this program. The tliird program is called the "Distant-Water Fi.sheries Development Fund," and is administered by the Japan Development Bank. The fund provides low interest loans (4.7-5.1 percent per annum as of May 1993) amounting to 40-60 percent of the total cost of vessel construction to large fishery companies having more tlian 300 employees and aggregate fishing vessel toiuiage greater than 3. OOOGRT. Tlie construction of new fishing vessels having less tlian 500GRT continued at a relatively steady pace until 1991 . but the construction of vessels over 500 GRT has virtually stopped (appendix CC). The number of newly constructed fishing vessels decreased to successive all- time lows in fiscal years 1991/92 and 1992/93. A total of 278 vessels with a capacity of 16,045GRT was constructed in FY 1992/93, compared to 342 vessels (30,824GRT) built in FY 1991/92. Demand for new fishing vessels has been dampened by depressed fish prices, the increased cost of new vessels, and a shortage of fishing labor. With a continued bleak outlook for fiscal year 1993/94, fishing vessel builders are starting to explore conversion to odier types of shipbuilding, .such as the construction of coastal shipping vessels.-' A good example of the bleak situation facing the Japanese fishing vessel construction industry can be found in Nagasaki, where 70 percent of Japan's purse .seine vessels were constructed until 1991. Only 12 purse seiners were licen.sed to be built in Nagasaki during 1991, and only 3 purse seiners were licensed in 1992. Nagasaki shipyards once built only purse seiners, but the depressed demand has forced them to focus their energies on alternative products, such as small cargo vessels and tankers for domestic and overseas routes." IV. Government Regulation of Fleet Size III. Current Status of Shipbuilding Despite the availability of low-interest governmeni loans, an analysis of fisheries-related shipbuilding points to an industry in decline. Large shipyards which build not only fishing ve.s.sels, but also oil tankers and passenger/cargo vessels, have not been as iiard hit by the reduced demand for fishing vessels. Smaller Japanese shipyards which primarily build fishing vessels, however, have been severely impacted.-" The number of shipyards building fi.shing vessels has been halved during the 1980s, falling from 58 in 1980 to jusi 23 in 1991 (appendix AA). The corresponding nuiiiher of vessels built decreased from 210 in 1980 to 97 in 1991. Only new tuna vessels and purse seiners are being constructed, with no new construction of trawler or salmon driftnet vessels (appendix BB). The Japanese Government implements a licensing system (or limited-entry system) to control die size of the fishing fleet. Distant-water and offshore fishing vessels are licensed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF). Coastal and inland fishing vessels are licensed by prefectural governors pursuant to authority delegated by the MAFF minister. This licensing system is considered a Goveninient effort to decrease the Japanese fishing fleet size from its current level. When a distant-water fishing vessel is forced to retire because of reduced fishing allocations from foreign countries, it may not be relicensed for coastal fishing and must be scrapped. Government subsidies are available under a special law for fisheries restructuring (Law Number 43-1976) for small-medium class companies (i.e. companies with fewer than 300 employees and aggregate vessel tonnage of less than 3, OOOGRT) which retire vessels 34 voluntarily. Tlie subsidies are not only for the vessel owners but are also for crew members who need retraining for new jobs. The Japanese Government provided buyback/ scrapping funding when Japanese fishing vessels were forced to retire because of reductions in foreign allocations until 1989. Compensation was paid to affected vessel owners using supplementary budget funds. On December 22, 1989, the Japanese cabinet approved a new compensation system called "Measures for International Fisheries Restructuring. " This system was made available to vessel owners who are forced to retire their vessels because of more stringent foreign fishing regulations or quota reductions. Under this program, affected vessel owners licensed by the MAFF can obtain compensation for expenses from the national government, and the cost of scrapping from the national and prefectural governments (two-thirds national/one-third prefectural). Vessel owners licensed by the prefectural government can obtain compensation for expenses from the national and prefectural governments (two-thirds national /one- third prefectural), and the cost of scrapping on a 50-50 basis from the national and prefectural governments. There is also a "Provisional Measures Law for Fishermen Losing Jobs Due to International Agreements (Law Nimiber 94-1977)." Affected fishermen can obtain benefits amounting to $1,300- 1 ,400 per month for a maximimi of two years from the Labor Ministry until they find new employment. This provisional law was scheduled to expire on June 30, 1993, but has been extended until June 1998. V. Vessel Exports As fishing has become less and less profitable for Japanese fishing companies, more and more fishing vessels have been exported to foreign countries. Since Japanese shipyards are building fewer new fishing vessels, the bulk of these exports are used fishing vessels. In 1980, Japan exported 35 new vessels (appendix DD), but by 1992 exported just 1 new vessel (appendix LL). In contrast, Japan exported 86 used fishing vessels in 1980, but by 1992 these exports nearly doubled to 153 used vessels. Although many countries have purchased Japanese fishing vessels, the most significant customers have been China and the flag-of-convenience nations (appendix MM). Between 1985 and 1992, China purchased a total of 89 vessels, averaging 515GRT. A good number of these vessels are probably stem factory trawlers engaged in distant-water operations in the North Pacific and the eastern Atlantic Ocean off West Africa. Among the flag- of-convenience nations, Panama and Honduras purchased tlie lion's share of used Japanese vessels. Panama has purchased 103 vessels, averaging 354GRT, while Honduras purchased 65 vessels, averaging 307 gross registered tons. Tlie vast majority of these vessels are believed to be distant- water tuna longliners, often owned by Taiwan companies. The export of aging Japanese distant-water tuna vessels to flag-of-convenience states has become a source of great concern to the Japanese mna industry. The primary reason for this concern is the fact that the majority of these vessels are thought to be tuna longliners which catch a considerable amount of sashimi-grade tuna that is exported to the Japanese market. These exports depress the potentially lucrative Japanese sashimi market by lowering tuna prices. The Japanese tuna industry estimates that approximately 200 reflagged tuna vessels are currently fishing, the majority of which are registered in Panama and Honduras (appendix NN). The Department of Defense data indicate that many former Japan-flag vessels are now flying foreign flags, the most notable of which are: Panama-58 vessels, Honduras-26 vessels, and St. Vincent-Grenadines- 13 vessels (appendix 00). The Japanese tuna industry estimates that Japanese imports of frozen sashimi tuna caught by these reflagged vessels increased from 27,000 t in 1989 to 39,000 t in 1991." This amounts to 1 1 percent of total Japanese frozen sashimi tuna supplies, and 22 percent of frozen sashimi tuna imports. Since the traditional four suppliers of frozen tuna sashimi (Japan, the ROK, Taiwan, and Indonesia) provide 88 percent of die total supply, it is thought that the remaining supply consists almost entirely of flag-of-convenience vessel-caught product. The Japanese tuna industry speculates that the majority of the reflagged vessels are managed by ROK, Japanese, and Taiwan companies. To combat this trend, the major Japanese tuna industry organization, NIKKATSUREN, has established a $9 million fund to compensate Japanese 35 tuna vessel owners who scrap ratlier than export their aging vessels. NIKKATSUREN is also addressing the questions of tuna oversupply and flag-of-convenience registration in bilateral private-level meetings with the ROK and Taiwan, and in quadripartite meetings with tlie ROK, Taiwan, and Indonesia. -'' VI. Exploratory Fishing Tlie Japanese Government, established the Japan Marine Fishery Resources Research Center (J AM ARC) in 1971 under tlie National Law for tlie Promotion of the Development of Marine Fishery Resources. JAMARC is a semi-goveniniental organization whose major objectives are: sponsoring exploratory fisheries by chartered vessels on the high-seas, joint research with coastal states widiin their 200-mile EEZs, and dissemination of research results to the Japanese industry. During the past fiscal year, the Japanese Government increased the JAMARC budget from $36.9 million in FY 1992 to $41.5 million in FY 1993. The Japanese Government believes that since the development of unexploited marine fishery resources involves considerable economic risks, effective exploitation is only possible when it is promoted on a comprehensive basis with the full guidance and support of the Goveninient. JAMARC has the following research activities scheduled for the Japanese fiscal year 1993 (April 1, 1993-March 31, 1994)": Tuna Longlining: The 489GRT Kaihatsu Maru will conduct a survey for bigeye tuna on the higliseas of the central soutliem Pacific. Tuna Purse Seining: The research vessel Nihon Mam (769GRT) will conduct exploratory yellowfin tuna and skipjack fishing in the tropical Indian Ocean off the coasts of Madagascar and the Seychelles. In addition, it will explore grounds in die eastern Indian Ocean off Sumatra, Indonesia. vessel will concentrate its efforts on the relatively unexploited eastern portion of this fishery. The Hokusho Maru (286GRT) will explore the skipjack, mackerel, and .sardine resources in the central North Pacific, primarily in an area east of 160 degrees east longitude and north of 15 degrees north latitude. Pole-and-Line: Tlie Dai 87 Kaio Maru (499GRT) will conduct pole-and-line operations for skipjack and albacore tuna in the West Pacific in waters of the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand. Squid Jigging: The Dai 2 Sfiinko Maru (361GRT) will conduct exploratory jigging in two locations; the first is located in the southwest Atlandc off Argentina, and the second is located in the Ecuadoreaii EEZ. Bottom Longlining: An unspecified re.search vessels will explore groundfish resources in the central North Pacific, begimiing in January 1994. Deepwater Trawling: Tlie 3300GRT Shinkai Maru will conduct exploratory trawling off the coasts of Greenland, Norway, and the Faeroe Islands to determine the feasibility of an at-sea blue whiting surimi fishery. VIL Access to Foreign Fishing Grounds'' Japan has a great number of governnient-to- govemnient and private bilateral fishery arrangements with foreign countries. Japanese companies have often employed joint ventures to secure access to foreign fishery resources when direct access is constrained by stringent regulations. The total number of joint ventures by both number and type of fishery has remained remarkably stable over the years (appendix PP). Tlie extent of Japan's private investment in foreign fishery enterprises is particularly extensive (appendices QQ-XX). Available information on individual countries is as follows: Another Japanese research vessel, the Dai Hachi Teimo Maru (349GRT), will explore the central western Pacific purse seine skipjack fishery. The 36 A. Former Soviet Union/Russian Federation Japanese and Soviet/Russian fishennen fish in each otlier's zone under an amiual bilateral fisheries agreement. The 1993 Agreement provided non-fee quotas for both countries at 171,000 t, an 11,000 t decrease from 1992. An additional 18,000 t (down 12,000 t from 1992) was allocated to Japan for a $5.9 million cooperation fee, the same as in 1992. The Japanese negotiators reportedly requested that 1993 allocations remain the same as in 1992, but Russia was determined to significantly decrease Japanese allocations because of allegedly depleted Alaska pollcKk, cod, and flatfish stocks in the western North Pacific.-' Japanese salmon vessels fished in U.S., Soviet, and high-seas waters under conditions set fordi under the International North Pacific Fisheries Convention (INPFC) until 1988. Since that time, the Japanese non- traditional fleet has lost its access to U.S. waters while the directed fishing for salmon on the high-seas has been banned as of 1993 under the Convention for the Conservation of Anadramous Stocks in the North Pacific Ocean, the successor convention to the INPFC. At present, Japanese salmon vessels only have access to Russian-origin salmon in Japanese waters, and salmon in the Russian FEZ. Access and fees for Russian-origin salmon are negotiated annually. The 1993 Japan-Russia salmon agreement allows Japanese vessels access to 21,000 t of Russian-origin salmon in Russian waters and 4,819 t in Japanese waters. Although diis allocation is a 2,000 t increase over the 1992 allocation, it is still not large enough to support the Japanese distant-water salmon fleet. Negotiations over the 1993 agreement were deadlocked for over a week when Russia insisted on Japanese conipen.sation for damages incurred as a result of illegal high-seas salmon fishing by tiie 88- vessel small coastal salmon fleet. Japan argued that under international law, the flag nation has the right of enforcing and punishing for high-seas violations. Based on this principle, Japan has been imposing strict punishment on its fishermen and feels no obligation to pay compensation. No mention of compensation was made in the final agreement, but Japan agreed to provide Russia with an unspecified amount of additional money for the "reproduction of Russian salmon." This sum will reportedly be calculated by multiplying the total amount of illegally caught sahiion by tlie fisheries cooperation fee of $1,200 per ton.'* With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, tliere has been an increasing number of joint ventures with Russian companies. The number of Russia (former Soviet Uiiion)-Japan fishery joint ventures doubled from just 7 in 1989 to 14 in 1991 (appendix QQ). These joint ventures are involved in a wide range of activities, from herring roe processing to crab pot fishing. Other joint ventures in Russian waters include joint fishing operations for Pacific cod and hair crab, purchases of Alaska pollock at sea from Russian fishing vessels, and joint seaweed and sea urchin harvesting off Kaigarajima Island (located 3.5 kilometers off the east coast of Hokkaido). The purchase of Alaska pollock at sea from Russian vessels has provided a significant supply for the Japanese market, annually ranging between 5,000 to 70,000 tons since 1987 (appendix RR). Japanese firms are also assisting Russian companies in salmon hatchery development. Although Japanese companies are wary of Russian trustworthiness and product quality, Russian fishery resources are plentiful and available at comparatively cheap prices. It is evident that Japan will continue, and probably increase, its investment in Russian Far Eastern fisheries where fishery resources are still relatively cheap and abundant. B. East Asia China: Japan and China have not implemented 200-mile EEZs vis-a-vis each other. Bilateral fishery relations in the East China and Yellow Seas are conducted through the Japan-China Fisheries Agreement which went into effect on December 22, 1975. The Joint Fisheries Commission established under this agreement meets once a year to review conservation measures for fishery resources of common interest. As with the ROK, illegal fishing by Chinese fishermen in Japanese waters has been the primary matter of concern under this bilateral agreement. Japanese investment in Chinese fishery companies began in 1985 with Taiyo's joint trawling venture with the Zhousan Joint Fisheries company (appendix SS). As of 1991 , a total of four Japanese companies (Taiyo, Yamanaga, Yamato Kogyo, Niihama Shoji) are involved in trawling joint ventures in China. Other 37 joint ventures are involved in processing and mariculture. Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK): There is a private fislieries agreement between the DPRK and Japan which was concluded in September 1977. Under this framework, Japanese vessels are allowed to fisii in DPRK waters. Japan received an allocation of 4,950 t in 1992, for a fee of $810,000. The allocation was divided into a squid jigging quota (4,500 t for a fee of $155 per ton) and a gillnet/Iongline quota (450 t for a fee of $250 per ton). Tlie catch allocations increased 30 percent over 1991. but the fees remained unchanged. The fees will be used to finance the construction of a DPRK kelp processing plant.-' Republic of Korea: Japan and the ROK have not implemented 200-mile EEZs vis-a-vis each other. Bilateral fishery relations are conducted under the Japan-ROK Fisheries Agreement which was signed in December 1965. Throughout the course of this agreement, the primary bone of contention has been illegal ROK fishing in Japanese waters. ROK trawlers (many displaced from the donut hole fishery) have allegedly fished illegally off Hokkaido and western Honshu, prompting calls within the Japanese fishing industry for the declaration of a 200-mile EEZ with respect to the ROK. Japanese companies have a great many investments in ROK fimis (appendix SS), with the majority involved in eel and laminaria (nori) mariculture. Other joint ventures tend to be in fisheries processing. C. South/Southeast Asia Burma: The Japanese company Tokai Denbu announced plans to establish a surimi processing plant in Bunna during 1991."' No further details are available. India: Tokyo Suisan Company has established a surimi joint venture company in India with the Orient Highseas Fisheries Company of Hyderabad. This company operates a used Japane.se stem trawler, the Orient Angel, refitted with surimi, fish meal, and fish fillet processing facilities. The vessel recently completed an exploratory fishing voyage and exported 60 t of surimi, 200 t of fisluneal, and 60 t of filleted fish to Japan." The species being used are indigenous low-value species such as threadfin bream and hairtail. The Japanese tuna industry has also secured access to the Indian tuna resource through the fonnation of a joint venture company. Tlie joint venture was fomied between Hoko Fisheries and the Bay Liners Ltd. company of Hyderabad, India. Tlie company purchased one new Japanese 49-meter longliner and is reportedly engaged in exploratory fishing.'^ Indonesia: There have been no direct Japanese fishery operations in Indonesia since 1984. Tlie Japanese Government has sounded out Indonesian Government willingness to permit direct Japanese access to Indonesian waters, but Indonesia has thus far shown no willingness to grant access. It should be noted, however, that 27 Japanese tuna vessels, and 10 Japanese squid jiggers have been granted permission to operate in Indonesian waters during 1993 under charter to Indonesian companies." Japanese companies are involved in a great number of joint ventures in Indonesia (22 as of 1990), most of which are engaged in pearl culture and shrimp trawling (appendix TT). Other ventures are involved in processing and refrigeranon. In 1993, a joint venture tuna canning company, Aneka Tuna Indonesia, was fonned with financing by Itocliu (47 percent). Placid (30 percent), Hagoromo Foods (13 percent), and the Japan International Cooperation Organization (10 percent). Tuna canned at the facility will be exported to the Middle East and Europe.^ Malaysia: The Sugiyo Company of Japan established a surimi processing joint venture firm, Sugiyo-Malaysia, with the Tekuskem Company of Malaysia in 1991. This was the third Japanese surimi plant in southeast Asia, following the Nissui plant in Thailand and the Kibun plant in Singapore.''' Philippines: Japan has not had access to Philippine fisheries since the Philippine EEZ was declared in 1979. Japan has sought talks to consider the access question, but no progress has been made. Japanese companies had investments in 6 Philippine fishery concerns as of 1990 (appendix UU). Thailand: The first Japanese surimi joint venture in southeast Asia was formed in 1972 when Kibun established the BauL'kok Frozen Food Co.. Ltd. 38 Another Japanese firm, Tokai Denbu, amiounced its intention to establish a surinii plant in Thailand during 1991.^' Otlier joint ventures in Thailand focus on processing and mariculture operations (appendix UU). Vietnam: In 1992, Shinto Bussan announced its plans to begin surimi production in Vietnam." This plant, and otliers like it in southeast Asia, processes local "trash" fish, such as threadfin breani, which are less expensive than Alaska pollock, the dominant surimi species caught in the North Pacific. D. Oceania Australia: Japanese tuna longliners fish in Australian waters under an agreement first signed in November 1979. During 1992/93, a maximum of 250 Japanese longliners could fish for tuna in the Australian EEZ for a fee of $2.8 million, a 3 percent decrease from the 1991-92 season. Tlie Japanese quota for Southern Bluefin Tuna (SET) in the Tasmania region will remain at 400 t, unchanged from 1991/92. In the tuna fishery off the Australian east coast, the number of Japanese longliners granted access to yellowfin and bigeye tuna remained at 50 vessels, unchanged from 1991-92. The number of Japanese longliners granted access to grounds off the Australian west coast, however, was reduced from 40 to 20 vessels.'* Japanese investment in Australian fisheries is limited to two areas, pearl culture and tuna longlining (appendix VV). Of major significance to this study is a joint venture company called Australia Japan Tuna Pty., Ltd., with Japanese capital from Nikkatsuren, the major Japanese tuna industry organization. This joint venture, formed in 1989, should allow continued Japanese access to the Australian tuna resource. French Overseas Territories; A government-to- government agreement was initially reached between Japan and France in July 1979. The agreement allows Japanese tuna fishing in the waters off Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Wallis-Futuna. The 1991 agreement allowed 99 Japanese longliners to catch 5,000 t for a fee of V 1 55 million off French Polynesia; 40 longliners and 12 pole-and-liners to catch 2,225 t for a fee of ¥47 million off New Caledonia; and 3 longliners and 3 pole-and-liners to catch 460 t for a fee of ¥8 million off Wallis and Futuna.'" Negotiations for the 1992 agreement broke off when the two sides could not reach agreement on the amount of access fees. Japan reported a sharp decrease in the tuna catch in French Overseas Territories' waters during 1991-92 because of the El Nino phenomenon. Consequently, Japan expected less industry interest in this fishing area and requested lower access fees. France, however, insisted on maintaining the same fee level as in 1991-92.'" There are two distant-water fishing joint ventures in New Caledonia. One of these companies, called Caledonie Kaiun S.A., was established in 1985 with investment from Matsuya and is engaged in tuna longlining (appendix VV). The other company, Societ6 Caledoi^mme des Peches Industrielles, was formed in 1989 with investment from Nissui and is engaged in trawling operafions. Kiribati: Tliere is a private agreement for tuna longliners and skipjack pole-and-liners which took effect in July 1978. During 1991, a total of 40 Japanese tuna vessels caught 3,000 t in Kiribati waters. Recent negotiations concerning extension of tlie agreement between the Japanese tuna industry and Kiribati ended with Kiribati declaring tlie agreement to be null and void as of August 3, 1993.*' The Marshall Island^: A government to goveniment agreement was reached in April 1981 and fees are currently paid on a per vessel per trip basis. There is apparently one joint venture company called Nankatsu Corporation Inc. which was established in 1984 by Nanyo Shigen for skipjack fishing and processing in the Marshall Islands (appendix VV). Federated States of Micronesia (FSM): Japan first gained access to the FSM tuna resource in January 1979 when a private agreement became effective. The original agreement was based on a lump-sum payment system where vessels paid a single fee to operate in the Micronesian EEZ during the agreed period. A per vessel per trip system was introduced in 1984, by which vessels pay an amiual registration fee and permit fee each time they enter the Micronesian EEZ. Japan paid Micronesia nearly $31 million in access fees between 1979-90, accounting for over 75 percent of total FSM revenue obtained from access fees."' A joint venture company has been established between the Okinawa Inshore Tuna Association and the 39 Micronesian Fisheries Corporation; it will allow small- scale Japanese tuna vessels (less tlian 20GRT) to t'lsh in Micronesian waters. Tlie vessels will be mostly based in Okinawa Prefecture ports, but vessels from otlier prefectures will be allowed to participate. The venture was scheduled to begin operations in March 1993 after purchasing a used airplane which will transport fresh tuna to the Japanese market. The venture is being watched closely by tuna industry observers as a new opportunity for the deployment of small-scale Japanese tuna vessels.'" Other joint ventures have been established between Taiyo Fisheries and the Chunk State Government in 1990, and between the Japan Overseas Fisheries Company and Chunk in 1991. Botli joint ventures are currently inactive" New Zealand: Japanese trawlers, squid jiggers, and tuna longliners operate in New Zealand waters under a bilateral general access agreement which was reached in September 1978. A total of 40 Japanese tuna longliners, 32 trawlers, and 29 squid jiggers were permitted to fish in the New Zealand EEZ during the 1990/91 fishing season. Since the introduction of New Zealand's Quota Management System, however, only New Zealand companies and individuals may own fishing quota and foreign investment in New Zealand companies is limited to 24.9 percent. Quota holders may choose to use their own vessels or charter foreign vessels to catch dieir quota. Under a charter arrangement, a foreign vessel is hired to catch a quantity of fish which a New Zealand company owns. Charter foreign fishing vessels catch approximately 60 percent of the entire catch in the New Zealand EEZ. An estimated 100 foreign fishing vessels will be hired under charter arrangements in tlie 1992/93 fishing year. Tliese vessels come from many countries, including Japan. New Zealand companies have benefitted greatly from the use of foreign chanered vessels because of the lower catching costs for the.se vessels. The chartered vessel catch is compo.sed largely of groundfish species, such as hoki and southern blue whiting, and squid. ^^ Japanese trawlers have targeted squid, jack mackerel, barracuda, and hoki in New Zealand waters since 1959. The majority of tlie total Japanese .southern trawler catch was taken in waters off New Zealand between 1988-90 (appendix L). Catch in New Zealand decrea.sed slightly over this three-year period while fleet deployment stabilized at 32-33 trawlers. New Zealand has traditionally been Japan's leading southern trawler fishery, but the imposition of a New Zealand EEZ brought with it greatly reduced allocations and catch. As in other parts of tlie world, Japanese allocations have been gradually phased out as more of the most valuable fishery resources have been allocated to domestic fishermen. Japan has received no quota since 1991, and has been obliged to fonn joint ventures or operate on a charter basis with New Zealand fishing companies. Many joint ventures have been fonned to fish hoki, a groundfish species used in surimi production. Hoki is the most important target species for Japanese southern trawlers tlshing in New Zealand, usually comprising two-thirds of the total catch (appendix M). With the nationalization of the New Zealand fishery as an impetus, Japanese companies have fonned .5 trawling joint ventures. Taiyo has fonned 2 joint ventures while the smaller Kanai Gyogyo has fonned 3 joint ventures. All of these ventures were fonned between 1985-90 (appendix WW). Japanese squid jiggers conducted initial exploratory fishing off New Zealand during 1970. Thanks to poor domestic catch and the fact that the New Zealand squid season was opposite that in Japan, over 100 Japanese jiggers flocked to this fishery by die mid- 1970s. Since New Zealand's declaration of a 200-mile EEZ in 1988, however, Japanese allocations and catch have decreased drastically. From a peak of 138 vessels catching 50,000 t in 1988/89, only 8,500 t was caught by 29 jiggers in the 1990/91 season (appendix N). The decline in effort continues as 8 Japanese jiggers caught just 3,800 t of squid in die 1992/93 season, compared to 6, 100 t in 1991/92.'"' Japan no longer receives direct allocations under New Zealand's ITQ management system, but rather forms pro forma joint ventures through which Japanese fimis can receive Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) allocations. Two squid jigging joint ventures have been formed in New Zealand (appendix WW). The Nichimo company of Japan fonned a squid jigging joint venture in 1973 called Jaybel Nichimo Fishing Ltd., and anodier venture called Allied Fisheries N.Z. Ltd. was formed with the Toshoku Takara Gyogyo in 1979. 40 Bilateral talks concerning Japanese tuna fishing in the New Zealand EEZ concluded without agreement in Tokyo in January 1993. In December 1992, New Zealand informed Japan of its proposed regulations for Japanese fishing during the 1992/93 season. During the January 1993 meeting, Japan requested less stringent terms regarding fishing zones, vessel numbers, fees, and observers, but New Zealand promised only to review its terms.'" The New Zealand Government reports, however, that 17 Japanese longline vessels will be pennitted to target Southern Bluefin Tuna in the southern tuna fishery during the 1992/93 fishing season. A total of 9 Japanese longliners will be pennitted to target albacore and yellowfin tuna in New Zealand's northern tuna fishery."'*' As it did in Australia, Nikkatsuren has formed a joint venture company to ensure continued access to New Zealand tuna stocks (appendix VV). The company is called New Zealand Japan Tuna Co. Ltd., and was fonned in 1989. Patau: A private tuna fishing agreement was first concluded in January 1979. Japan has paid fees using a lump-sum system although it has proposed changing this to a "per vessel per trip" system. Disputes over this issue have caused several interruptions in this agreement. A new agreement reached in September 1991 provides for annual and per trip vessel pennits. A total of 33 purse seiners and 65 longliners have applied for pemiits and will pay a $650,000 access fee ($500,000 under the previous agreement).'"'' The private venture, Palau International Traders Inc., reportedly has Japanese and Micronesian ownership, in partnership with Palauans. The finn operates 54 tuna longliners, most of wiiich are registered in China and Taiwan.'^" Papua New Guinea: Japan and the PNG signed a private fisheries agreement in 1978, but the agreement was tenninated in 1987 when the two sides could not agree on fishing fees. Hosui and Nissui fonned a shrimp trawling joint venture in 1972 called New Guinea Marine Product Pty., Ltd. which is engaged in shrimp trawling (appendix VV). The Solomon Islands: Japanese involvement in the Solomon Islands began in 1971 when Taiyo conducted an exploratory tuna fishery. Taiyo soon after formed a joint venture tuna fishing and processing company called Solomon Taiyo Ltd. (STL) (appendix VV). The company was launched with 75 percent Japanese and 25 percent Solomon Islands ownership. STL currently operates 20 pole-and-line vessels, 12 of which are chartered from Okinawa Prefecture. In addition, STL operates 3 group purse seiners and one single purse seiner. Most of the catch is skipjack which is landed and canned at local ports." Tuvalu: Japan has both a govemment-to- govenunent general access and a private agreement with Tuvalu which took effect in June 1986. The agreement reportedly expired in June 1 99 1. E. Africa/Middle East Coastal Africa was formerly the most important fishery for the Japanese southern trawler fleet. The fleet targeted octopus, squid, and snapper in grounds off the coasts of Mauritania and Morocco until it withdrew in 1982. In addition, the trawler fleet targeted fish in Angolan waters until Angola's declaration of an EEZ in 1975. Present Japanese fishing activity focuses on exploiting African tuna resources. Japanese firms have been involved in a limited number of joint ventures in this region (appendix WW). The Gambia: Japan reached a private-level agreement with the Gambia in July 1992. The agreement allows 40 Japanese longliners and 2 purse seiners access to the Gambian EEZ for one year with automatic extensions. Longliners pay a fee of $1,000 per vessel for 3 months of fishing, and $350 per month for a one-month extension. Purse seiners pay a fee of $5,000 per vessel for 5 months of fishing. ''- Mauritania: The 1991 Japan-Mauritania fisheries agreement allows 30 Japanese longliners access for an access fee of $3,600 per longliner for 3 months, with an option for a one-month extension for $1,200 per vessel. ''' The terms of the 1992 agreement (effective July 30, 1992-July 29, 1993) call for increased access fees of $3,900 per longliner for 3 months, with an option for a one -month extension for $ 1 ,300 per vessel. A total of 30 Japanese longliners will be permitted to fish in Mauritanian waters.^ 41 Morocco: Mdrdcco and Japan have annually renewed a bilateral fishing agreement since 1985. The most recent renewal, completed in mid- 1993, allows up to 30 Japanese longliners to catch tuna, primarily bluefin, in Moroccan waters. Japan will pay $5,500 per vessel for tliree months of fishing, a slight decrease from die 1992 fee of $6,500. '"' Oman: A fisheries aid agreement was signed with Oman in May 1993."' Japan will provide Oman witli a 16-meter fisheries research vessel, send five Japanese fishery experts to tlie Oman Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, and train 15 Omanis in Japan. The aid package will be carried out over five years and was budgeted at $10 million. It is unclear whether Japanese access to Omani tuna and demersal resources are a part of tliis agreement. Senegal: Japan and Senegal concluded a fisheries agreement on October 14, 1991. The agreement allowed Japanese tuna vessels access to Senegalese waters for the first time since Senegal declared a 200- mile EEZ in 1976. The agreement will allow 40 Japanese longliners access in exchange for a fee of $1,500 per vessel per month. In addition, 2 Japanese purse seiners will be granted access for an advance fee of nearly $1,400 per vessel." Seychelles; Japanese longliners are licensed to fish for tuna in Seychelles waters. Japan has refused to sign a fishery agreement with the Seychelles because its vessels fish tliere only a few months of the year. The number of Japanese longliners licensed in the Seychelles decreased from 40 in 1988 to 19 in iggo.'" Sierra Leone: Tlie Japan-Sierra Leone fisheries agreement gives Japanese tuna longliners and purse seiners access to the Sierra Leone EEZ. The agreement reached in November 1990 imposes an access fee of $2,400 per longliner for 3 months of fishing witli a possible one-month extension for a fee of $800 per longliner. Purse seiners must pay $5,000 per vessel for 3 months, with a possible one-month extension for a fee of $ 1 ,700 per seiner. A total of 20 longliners and 2 purse seiners are allowed access under the agreement." South Africa: In recent years. South Africa has been the only coastal African country which has allowed Japanese trawling in its waters. Japanese trawlers and longliners have operated in South Africa under a government-to-government agreement which was concluded in December 1977. Japan received allocations of approximately 33,000 t from South Africa until 1986 when concerns over stocks and a desire to "Soutli Africanize" the jack mackerel fishery led to gradually reduced allocations (appendix K). A total of 5 Japanese trawlers caught approximately 11,000 t of fish in South African waters in 1990 (appendices J and L). Tlie South African Government has amiounced a total phase-out of foreign allocations by 1993. This would mean the elimination of Japanese trawlers from African coastal fisheries. F. Europe Portugal: Japanese tuna longliners secured access to tuna in the Portuguese EEZ off the Madeira Islands under an agreement reached in 1980. Tlie agreement became void in 1 986 when Portugal became a member of the European Conuiiunity (EC). Since that time, Japanese longliners have secured access through licenses issued by the EC. During 1990, 10 Japanese longliners were pemiitted to catch 80 t of bluefin tuna. G. Latin America Argentina: Argentina allowed Japanese trawlers access in 1978-79, but limited access to joint venture operauons from 1980-87. In 1988-89, a total of 3 Japanese trawlers were granted access to Argentine waters to conduct expU)ratory groundfish surimi operations. The major Japanese fisheries company, Nissui, is involved in two joint venture trawling operations, and the smaller companies (Sakyu Shoten, Kaiyo Gyogyo, and Kyosui) are also conducting joint venture trawling operations (appendix XX). The Japanese finu, S.A. Marine, began a squid jigging venture in Argentina during 1988. As it did in Chile, the Tokai Deiihu Company announced plans to begin surimi production in Argentina in 1991."" Another niajorJapane.se fisheries company, Nichiro, has a joint venture with the Pionera company of Buenos Aires which catches sea bream and shrimp using two fomier Japanese trawlers."' Argentina has recently revised its fishing vessel chartering regulations, peniiitting foreign vessels to fish in the Argentine EEZ. This has allowed Japanese squid jiggers to fish in Argentine waters instead of the Falkland Islands. Japanese jiggers caught 81,000 t of squid in Argentine waters during the 1992/93 season." 42 Brazil: Three Japanese jiggers are reportedly conducting exploratory fishing off tlie coast of Brazil. No further details are available." Chile: Surimi processing joint ventures in Latin America have taken place largely in Chile and Argentina. The primary species used are groundfish such as jack mackerel and hake. In addition to its operations in Southeast Asia, Tokai Denbu amiounced plans to set up surimi production in Chile in 1991." Mitsui Corporation established a surimi joint venture company with the E.L. Golfo Company of Chile and hoped to produce 5,000 t of surimi per year for export to Japan.*'"' The giant Japanese fishery companies, Kyokuyo and Nissui, began joint venture surimi trawling operations in 1991.*^ Another of Japan's major fishery companies, Nichiro, has established a surimi joint venture in Chile with the Alimentos Marinos Company. Tliis joint venture hopes to produce 4,000 t of jack mackerel surimi annually for the Japanese market." Taiyo and Nissui have also invested in Chilean trawling operations, and New Nippo has invested in Chilean longlining operations (appendix XX). Falkland Islands: Japanese companies have deployed both squid jiggers and trawlers off the Falklands. Fishing effort was negligible in this region until the mid-1980s. Several Japanese companies and associations have deployed vessels, often under nominal charter to British-Falklands joint ventures. In 1993, Japanese companies sharply reduced their effort off the Falklands and unconfirmed reports suggest Japanese companies opted to deploy 32 vessels off Argentina under the terms of new Argentine chartering regulations.''"* Japanese jiggers started catching squid off the Falkland Islands in 1985. Thanks to ample squid stocks and a lack of fishing restrictioiLS, effort grew dramatically to a peak of 110 vessels catching nearly 200,000 t in 1987/88. Oversupply on the Japanese market and subsequent industry policy to reduce catch resulted in lower effort in succeeding years, but 82 vessels .sfill caught 110,000 t in 1990/91. The large- scale reduction in deployment noted above is confimied by a report that a total of 33 Japanese jiggers caught 28.000 t of squid in the Falkland Islands FEZ in the 1992/93 season, a big decrease from the 76,000 t caught in this fishery during 1991/92."" Mexico: The Japan Large Squid-Jigging Vessel Association has been conducting exploratory jigging operations off the coast of Mexico. The Association reportedly sent 6 vessels to the area in 1992.™ Peru: During the past few years, an increasing amount of interest has been shown in the potential for a jigging fishery within the Peru EEZ. A total of 30 Japanese squid jigging vessels have secured access to 67,234 t of squid in Peruvian waters in 1993 for a fee of $160 per ton. Although the 1993 access fee is one- tliird higher than the 1992 fee, Japanese industry sources are optimistic that jigging operations will be profitable because of the recent appreciation of the yen and increased demand for Peruvian squid by Japanese squid processors.^' The latest Japanese press reports indicate that there are 22 Japanese jiggers deployed in Peruvian waters which have caught 9,000 t during the still-continuing 1992/93 season. Japanese catch in Peru has increased dramatically and reached 41,600 t in 1991/92." Suriname: Japanese shrimp trawling in Suriname is conducted via the joint venture company, Suriname Japan Fisheries Ltd. (SUJAFI) (appendix XX). SUJAFl operates a total of 54 foreign-owned vessels: 45 Japanese, and 9 ROK vessels. Most of the shrimp is exported to Japan, with some exported to France. The total nimiber of Japanese trawlers licensed to fish in Suriname waters has remained fairly constant, ranging from 36 trawlers in 1987 to 34 trawlers in 1992. The total 1991 catch by Japanese shrimp trawlers in Suriname is estimated at 1,000 tons." H. North America Canada: Japan receives allocations only in the Atlantic waters of Canada. There have been no Japanese allocations in Canadian waters of the Pacific Ocean since 1983. Japanese southern trawlers have fished extensively off Atlantic Canada. The primary target species was formerly squid, but recent poor catches have resulted in a shift of effort to Greenland halibut and redfish. Japan's catch allocations in Canadian waters have decreased gradually over the years, ft-om 40,000 t in 1987 to 34,000 t in 1991 (appendix K). There are only 2 Japanese fisheries-related investments in Canada: North Sea Products Ltd. and Tohto Suisan (B.C.) Ltd. The fonner has invesmient 43 capital from die Kibun Company and is involved in fisheries processing, while tlie latter has capital from Tohto Suisan and is also involved in fisheries processing (appendix WW). United States: Although Japanese vessels no longer fish in U.S. waters, Japanese companies still have a wide range of investments in the U.S. fisheries industry (appendix YY). The majority of tliese investments is in the North Pacific Alaska poUock/surimi, salmon, and crab fisheries. VIII. Aid to Developing Coastal Countries The Japanese Government provides fishery materials and technical assistance to promote economic development in, and maintain friendly relations with, recipient countries." Overseas fisheries aid is provided in tlie form of grants and loans (govenmiental), and Overseas Fishery Cooperation Foundation (OFCF) (non-profit organization) projects. A survey of OFCF projects in 1991 and 1992 indicates tlie vital role aid plays in securing access to promising distant-water fishing grounds. During those two years, the OFCF initiated projects in the following countries: Micronesia, Mauritius, the Solomon Islands, Kiribati, Mexico, the Marshall Islands, the Russian Federation, Australia, Morocco, and Palau." IX. Outlook toward value-added operations and away from catch operations should continue for the foreseeable future. A. Trawlers Tlie outlook is especially bleak for Japanese distant- water trawlers. The fleet has shrunk dramatically since 1990, and should continue to shrink in the future. It would not be surprising if the North Pacific and converted trawler fleets were phased out by the year 2000, with a limited amount of continued hokuten, southern, and shrimp trawling. This distant- water trawling fishery is simply too unprofitable for Japanese fishing companies to continue much longer. The most probable scenario, which can already be observed, is one where Japanese companies sell their factory trawlers to foreign joint venture partners in developing countries. Under this arrangement, Japanese fishery companies offer technical expertise in exchange for access to the final product which is exported to Japan. B. Squid Jiggers Japanese squid jigger effort should continue to shift from traditional grounds off New Zealand and the Falkland Islands to new grounds off Argentina and Peru. If exploratory jigging off Brazil and Ecuador is successful, a good number of Japanese vessels will probably flock to these new fisheries. The size of the fleet should continue to slowly decrease as increased access fees and operation costs make distant-water jigging increasingly unprofitable. C. Driftnet Vessels With the exception of tuna longlining, the scale of Japanese distant-water fishing operations has decreased significantly in the past few years. Japan has received no U.S. allocations since 1989; high-seas salmon fishing was banned as of 1992; high-seas pelagic driftnetting was terminated at the end of 1992; tlie donut hole is closed to fishing. The day when all Japanese distant-water fishing operations become unprofitable may soon be at hand, if it is not here already (appendix ZZ). Consequently, it may not be an overstatement to suggest that someday there may be no direct Japanese involvement in distant-water catch operations, simply because it is no longer possible to compete with less-developed Asian rivals which have cheap and abundant labor. The inexorable trend In the wake of the U.N. moratorium on high-seas pelagic driftnet fishing, there are few viable alternatives for the vessels in tliis fleet. Exploratory squid jigging on the high-seas of the north Pacific has thus far been unsuccessful, and it is doubtful whether it would he profitable for former driftnet vessels to move into other distant-water tuna or squid jigging fisheries. The most plausible scenario is that many driftnet vessel owners will seek Goveriuuent compensation and sell their vessels for scrap or export to developing countries. 44 D. Distant-water Salmon Vessels The future for this fleet is bleak. The fleet is composed largely of older vessels trying to catch an increasingly limited amount of fish. This fishery could be phased out by the turn of the century. E. Distant -water Tuna Vessels Thanks to the high market value of sashimi-grade tuna, this is one sector where the Japanese distant- water fleet has been able to operate in the black, but this situafion may change. Oversupply of sashimi- grade tuna on the Japanese market, combined with rising fuel and labor costs, may well make it impossible for Japanese fishery companies to conduct profitable catch operations in this fishery. Japanese companies will continue to provide capital and expertise, but the actual fishing will be done increasingly by fleets in developing countries (e.g. China and Indonesia) with much lower operating costs. Tliis is particularly true for the longline and pole-and- line fleets which specialize in tuna for the sashimi market and are highly labor-intensive. Tlie Japanese purse seine fleet in the central Pacific may continue to show slow growth, but this fleet faces the same constraints as its longliner and pole-and-line compatriots, so an extensive expansion of Japanese purse seine effort is unlikely. If limits are placed on the number of seiners permitted to operate in the central western Pacific fishery, many Japanese purse seiners will probably shift their efforts on Indian Ocean skipjack and yellowfln fisheries. 45 Sources Asian Development Bank/Infofish. ADB/Infofish Fishery Export Industry Profile: Solomon Islands, 1992. Asian Development Bank/lnfofish, Global Industry Update: Tuna, 1991. Dahlberg, Michael L., "The High Seas Salmon Fisheries of Japan, 1990," National Marine Fisheries Service- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, September 27, 1990. Diplock, J.H., "Tuna Fisheries in the Federated States of Micronesia," Marine Fisheries Review, 55 (1), 1993. Fisheries Agency of Japan, Fisheries Statistics of Japan, various editions. Fisheries Agency of Japan, White Paper, various editions. Fisheries Agency of Japan, Gyogyo Yoshokugyo Seisan Tokei Nenpo, \ai\ous editions. Fishing News International, June 1993. Fishing Vessel Association of Japan. Journal of the Fishing Vessel Association of Japan, \dx\o\i% issues. Forum Fisheries Agency, Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, various issues. Infofish Trade News, July 14, 1993. Japan Tariff Association, Ministry of Finance, Japan Exports and Imports, various issues. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, as printed in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, various issues. Lloyd's of London, Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, various issues. National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, "Research Related to the Japanese Mothership Salmon Fishery and the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission," Northwest Fisheries Science Center Monthly Report, January 1972. National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of International Affairs, "Federated States of Micronesia Fisheries," International Fisheries Reports, IFR 92/76, October 2, 1992. National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of International Affairs, "The Fisheries of Seychelles," International Fishery Reports. IFR 89/96, December 8, 1989. National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of International Affairs, "Japanese Overseas Fisheries Aid, 1990, " International Fisheries Report, IFR 91/34, May 6, 1991. New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, July 5, 1993. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, various issues. Seychelles Fishing Authority, Tuna Bulletin-Second Quarter 1991 . Suisan Sha, Suisan Nenkan (Japanese fisheries yearbook), various editions. Suisan Shuho, various issues. Suisan Tsushin, August 4, 1992. U.S. Consulate, Madras, July 2, 1993. U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Naval Intelligence, August 1993. U.S. Embassy, Muscat, June 20, 1993. U.S. Embassy, Paramaribo, June 30, 1993. U.S. Embassy, Rabat, July 1, 1993. U.S. Embassy Tokyo, "Report on the Japanese Fishing Industry in 1990," September 10, 1992. U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, November 22, 1991, April 14, 1992, October 19, 1992, May 28, 1993, August 4, 1993. U.S. Office, Koror, August 3, 1993. 46 Endnotes 1 . The bulk of background information describing the Japanese distant-water fleets is taken from the annual Japanese fisheries yearbook, Suisan Nenkan. 2. U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, August 4, 1993. 3. It is unclear whether the final destination for the Takachiho Mam was Somalia or Honduras. 4. U.S. Embassy Tokyo, November 22, 1991. 5. The author is unable to explain the discrepancy between the total number of Japanese southern trawlers noted in appendices D and J. 6. U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, August 4, 1993. 7. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbim, July 20, 1993. 8. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, September 4, 1992. 9. U.S. Embassy Tokyo, October 19, 1992. 10. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, April 27, 1993. 11. "Research related to the Japanese mothership salmon fishery and the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission," NOAA/NMFS Northwest Fisheries Science Center Monthly Report, January 1972, p. 2. 12. Michael L. Dahlberg, "The High Seas Salmon Fisheries of Japan, 1990," National Marine Fisheries Service-Alaska Fisheries Science Center, September 27, 1990, p. 2. 13. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, March 4, 1993. 14. This figure includes all coastal and distant-water fisheries. 15. Asian Development Bank/Infofish, Global Industry Update: Tuna, 1991, p. 52. 16. U.S. Embassy Tokyo, April 14, 1992. 17. Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, No. 6, November-December 1992, p. 1. 18. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, No. 6525, May 6, 1992, as printed in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, No. 4, July-August 1992, p. 23. 19. The source for information on Japanese Government promotion of shipbuilding comes from, "The Journal of the Fishing Vessel Association of Japan", Nos. 294 and 300. 20. U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, May 28, 1993. 21. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, April 9, 1993. 47 22. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun. June 18, 1992. 23. Statistics regarding the flag of convenience tuna fleet come from Suisan Shuho, February 15, 1993, pp. 6-7. 24. The introduction of a significant Indonesian tuna longlining fleet is a comparatively recent phenomenon. The Indonesia Tuna Association, comprised of 12 Indonesian companies operating 50 longliners, was created in February 1992, and soon after became the fourth member of the private-level sashimi tuna suppliers talks. Kaisuo-Maguro Tsushin, No. 6523, April 30, 1992, as printed in Forum Fisheries Newsletter., No. 4, July- August 1992, p. 22. 25. JAMARC activities are translated from Suisan Shuho, February 5, 1993, pp. 16-17, and July 15, 1993, pp. 24-25. 26. Unless otherwise noted, information on Japanese bilateral fishery relations is taken from: U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, "Report on the Japanese Fishing Industry in 1990," September 10, 1992. 27. U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, December 22, 1992. 28. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, March 25, 1993. 29. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, December 25, 1991. 30. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, September 17, 1991. 31. U.S. Consulate, Madras, July 2, 1993. 32. U.S. Consulate, Madras, July 2, 1993. 33. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, June 2, 1993. 34. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, June 25, 1993. 35. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, August 9, 1991. 36. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun. September 17, 1991. 37. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 31, 1992. 38. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, November 25, 1992. 39. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, No. 6310, June 12, 1991, as printed in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, No. 5, September-October 1991, p. 4. 40. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, No. 6538, May 25, 1992. 41. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, April 7, 1993. 42. J.H. Diplock, "Tuna Fisheries in the Federated States of Micronesia," Marine Fisheries Review, 55 (1), 1993, pp. 3-5. 43. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, December 1, 1992. 48 44. National Marine Fisheries Service, "Federated States of Micronesia Fisheries," International Fisheries Reports, IFR 92/76, October 2, 1992. 45. New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 5 July 1993. 46. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 20, 1993. 47. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, January 28, 1993. 48. New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, op. cit. 49. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, September 27, 1991; Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest., No. 1, January-February 1992, p. 1. 50. U.S. Office, Koror, August 3, 1993. 51. ADB/Infofish Fishery Export Industry Profile: Solomon Islands, 1992, pp. 14-15. 52. Suisan Tsushin, August 4, 1992. 53. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, No. 6350, August 6, 1991, as printed in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest , No. 5, September-October 1991, p. 5. 54. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, No. 6583, July 27, 1992, as printed in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, No. 5, September-October 1992, p. 4. 55. U.S. Embassy, Rabat, July 1, 1993, Infofish Trade News., 15 July 1993. 56. U.S. Embassy, Muscat, June 20, 1993. 57. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, October 17, 1991. 58. National Marine Fisheries Service, "The Fisheries of Seychelles," International Fishery Reports, IFR 89/96, December 8, 1989; Seychelles Fishing Authority, Tuna Bulletin-Second Quarter 1991, p. 14. 59. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, No. 6169, November 5, 1990, as printed in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, No. 2, March-April 1991, p. 3. 60. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, September 17, 1991. 61. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 19, 1993. 62. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 20, 1993. 63. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 20, 1993. 64. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, September 17, 1991. 65. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, August 22, 1991. 66. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun. February 18, 1992. 49 67. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinhun, June 15, 1992. 68. Fishing News International, June 1993. 69. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 20, 1993. 70. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, December 19, 1991. 71. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, April 13, 1993. 72. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 20, 1993. 73. U.S. Embassy, Paramaribo, June 30, 1993. 74. For a more detailed account, see "Japanese Overseas Fisheries Aid, 1990," NMFS Office of International Affairs, International Fisheries Report 91/34, May 6,1991. 75. Suisan Shuho, June 5, 1993, pp. 24-25. 50 Appendices Appendix \ .-- Japan. Number of fishing vessels, ranked by gross registered tonnage. 1975-92 Year Gross Registered Tons (GRT) Total 500-999 1,000-1,999 Over 2,000 Nuntber of vessels 1975 65 51 56 172 1976 65 47 56 168 1977 55 46 55 156 1978 46 41 52 139 1979 39 36 49 124 1980 36 31 45 112 1981 32 32 42 106 1982 20 33 40 93 1983 17 34 39 90 1984 21 34 41 96 1985 45 30 41 116 1986 95 28 42 156 1987 110 32 42 184 1988 138 40 42 22ti 1989 119 31 39 189 1990 20 18 37 75 1991 15 16 32 63 1992 9 14 23 46 Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Slalisiical Tables, London, VK, various years 51 Appendix B. - Japan. Number of fishing vessels having more than 100 gross registered ions, 1980. 1985-91. Vessel Type 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Number of vessels Trawlers 429 340 315 255 247 235 230 215 liast China Sea Trawlers 253 175 331 326 316 304 243 235 Longliners 101 101 88 105 112 109 118 120 Driftncllers 84 250 310 348 402 399 393 299 Purse Seiners 158 174 180 195 180 175 172 166 Pole and Liners 239 155 146 156 245 307 281 250 Tuna Vessels 1.120 928 932 941 935 951 981 973 Fish Carriers 198 235 225 232 226 229 188 142 Refrigerated Transports 15 10 12 10 8 5 4 2 Whaling Vessels 17 13 13 15 6 5 0 0 Other* 607 706 670 668 668 670 659 646 Total ^ — r' u. ■_.. A _; T — p.^.'.' 3.454 3.272 3.222 3.251 3.345 1 3.389 3.269 3.048 * - Other includes vessels ancillary to purse seine operations, and governmental or prefectural research, training, and enforcement vessels. Appendix C. - Japan. Number of fishing vessels having more than 100 g ross registered Ions, 1980. 1985-9 Capacity Class 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Nuniher of vessels 100-200GRT 1.450 1.381 1,366 1.345 1.479 1.534 1.441 1,289 200-500GRT 1.758 1 ,652 1,612 1,658 1.646 1.659 1.654 1.639 500-1,OOOGRT 71 57 58 61 54 52 47 35 1 ,000-2,000GRT 59 48 52 55 51 49 45 32 2,000-5.000GRT 92 99 98 91 85 72 60 39 5.000-lO.OOOGRT 19 30 30 35 25 21 20 14 Over lO.OOOGRT 5 5 6 6 5 2 2 0 Total 3.454 3,272 3.222 3,251 3.345 3.389 3.269 3.048 Source: Fishenes Agency of Japan. Slalisiical Tables of Fishing Vessels. 1980-91 52 Appendix D. - Japan. Number of licensed fishing vessels for designated distant-water fisheries. 1980. 985-91, Type of Ushery 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Number of Vessels Trawlers Northern Trawlers 40 29 28 30 33 33 31 12 Converted Trawlers 16 14 11 U 12 13 13 11 Hokuien Trawlers 97 54 54 54 54 54 54 47 Southern Trawlers 79 54 62 64 67 52 49 33 I: China Trawlers 213 171 151 156 148 144 133 112 Total Trawlers 445 322 306 315 314 296 280 215 Driftnct-Squid 422 445 440 428 451 359 276 Squid .liKging* 224 174 145 151 269 324 133 113 Distant-water tuna Vessels Longliner 883 823 818 819 807 806 791 790 Pole-and-line 240 129 120 115 97 94 88 82 Purse Seine - 35 38 34 39 37 35 45 Total Distant-water 'Tuna Vessels 1.123 987 976 968 943 937 914 917 Total Vessels 1,792 1,905 1,872 1,874 1 ,954 2.008 1.686 1.521 * - Japanese sijuid jigging vessel statistics did not distinguish between coastal and distant-water squid jiggers until 1990. Source: Gyogyo Yoshoku Seiscvi Tokei Nenpo. Statistics and Information Department. Ministry of Agriculture. Forestry, and Fisheries. Appendix 1:, - Japan, Total fisheries catch, by type of fishery. 1980. 1985-91, Type of Fisher> 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric tons Marine I'isheries Distant-water 2.167.200 2.111,300 .335.700 2.344.300 2,247.400 1.976.200 1.496.400 1.179.000 Coastal 5.704.700 6,497.600 6.792.400 6.634.400 6.896.800 6.340,400 6.081.100 5.438.100 ( )ff-shorc 2.036.700 2.268.000 2,212.600 2,150,700 2,115,000 2,123,100 1,992,400 1,894.000 Mancullure 991.800 1. 088. 100 1.198.300 1.137.400 1.327,400 1,272,000 1.272.900 1.261,900 Sub-total 10,900.400 11.965.100 12.539.000 12.266.800 12.586.600 11.711,700 10.842.900 9,773,000 Freshwater Fisheries Wild catch 127,7011 IIO.KHI 106,200 101,000 99.500 103.200 112.100 107.400 Tresliwaler culture 93.700 96.100 93.700 96,900 98,700 98,500 96,900 97,400 Siih. total 221,400 206.200 199.900 197.800 198.100 201.800 208.900 204.700 (irand Total 11,121.800 12.171.300 12.738.900 12,464.600 12.784.700 11.913.500 11.051.800 9.977.700 Source: Gyogyo Yoshoku Seisan Toket Nenpo. Statistics and Information Department, Ministry of Agriculture, T'orestry, and T'lsheries. 53 Appendix F- Japan. Distanl-waler catch. by type of fishery, 1980, 1985-91 Type of Fishery 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Meiric tons I'rawltrs Northern Trawlers 422,505 309,613 350,649 418,818 371,363 339,944 173,746 28.560 Converted Trawlers 36,977 66,263 103,191 113,479 120,261 143,334 100,095 46.880 llokuten Trawlers 208,309 167,778 356,508 331,866 299,289 200,378 148,339 76.934 Southern I'rawlers 202,816 259,845 325,246 429,234 450,451 384,230 321,960 252.070 Shrimp Trawlers 3,437 2,958 3,091 2,601 1,656 1,155 1,345 1.195 K. China Trawlers 198,705 125,913 119.558 120,895 97,596 89,809 79,466 79.811 I'olal Trawler Catch 1,072,749 932,370 1,258,243 1,416,893 1,340,616 1,158,850 824,951 485.451) Driftnct-Squid - 140,963 121,773 165,058 1.30,283 141,263 145,342 86.566 Squid .Iiggiiig& 451,209 234,334 215,557 416,189 405,111 436,523 95,194 124,069 Distant-water Tuna Longliner 211,997 232,704 229,035 201.781 216,483 169,405 169,364 180.357 Pole-and line 206.822 119,004 158,914 141,301 141,451 126,259 84,611 109.780 I'urse Seine - 139,697 156,749 136.899 168,617 140,594 158,874 169.493 Total Distant-water Tuna Catch 418,819 491,405 544,698 479,981 526,551 436,258 412,849 459.630 Total® 1.942,777 1,799,072 2,140,271 2,478,121 2,402.561 2,172,894 1,478.336 1.155.715 Si Squid jig<;ing statistics include coastal and off-shore jigging until 1990. @ - Total figures do not equal total figures for di.stant-water fisheries in Appendix D because other minor distant-water fisheries are excluded. Source: Gyogyo Yoshoku Seisan Tokei Nenpo. Statistics and Information Department. Ministry of Agriculture. Forestry, and Fisheries. 54 Appendix G. - Japan. Northern Trawlers, converted trawlers, and Hokuten trawlers, number of vessels, and catch by quantity (metric tons). Year Northern Trawlers Converted Trawlers Hokuten Trawlers Number of Vessels Catch Number of Vessels Catch Number of Vessels Catch 1980 40 422,505 16 36,977 97 208,309 1985 29 309,613 14 66,263 54 167,778 1986 28 350.649 11 103.191 54 356,508 1987 30 418,818 11 113,479 54 331,866 1988 33 371,363 12 120,261 54 299,289 1989 33 339,944 13 143,334 54 200,378 1990 31 173,746 13 100.095 54 148.339 1991 12 28,560 11 46.880 47 76,934 Source: Gyogyo Yoshoku Seisan Tokei Nenpo. 1993. Statistics and Information Department. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries. Appendix II. - Japan. Northern Trawlers, converted trawlers, and Hokuten trawlers catch composition, by quantity (metric tons). Vessel Year Alaska PoUock Pacific Cod Flatfish Rockfish Others Total Meiri - urns Northern Trawlers 1986 324,690 1,801 18,192 2 5,964 350,649 1987 407,032 1,994 2.750 3 7.042 418,818 1988 368,583 - 2,780 371,363 1989 338,485 - - 1,459 339,944 Converted Trawlers 1986 91,186 830 10.831 344 103.191 1987 1 1 1 .082 969 1,293 135 113.479 1988 120.161 - 120.261 1989 143,334 143.334 Hokuten Trawlers 1986 342,419 1,936 9,550 302 2,301 356.508 1987 322,458 4,873 2,979 338 1,168 331,866 1988 295,334 242 218 717 2,778 299,289 1989 194.699 217 176 316 4,970 200,378 Source; Sttisan N •nkan. mi. 55 Appendix I.-- Japan. Status of the Japanese North Pacific large factory trawler fleet, 1990-93. Vessel Name Company Name Touiagc Date Launched Vessel Status Dai 5 Tenyo Maru Taiyo 4.370 March 1973 Exported to U.S. August 1990* Dai S Zuiyo Maru Hakodate High-seas 3.037 April 1968 Exported to China October 1 990 Takachilw Maru Nissui 3.608 November 1964 Exported to Somalia/Honduras January 1991 Yamalo Maru Nissui 3,990 July 1970 JLxported to Argentina January 1991 Miyajima Maru Nissui 6,370 December 1985 Exported to USSR Febrtiary 1991)1 Oiikuzen Maru Nissui 7,060 Augu.st 1987 Sold to Cooperative Shipping I-irm June 1991 -Conducting Minke Whaling ResearchV Tenyo Maru Taiyo 4,329 January 1971 Collided with Chinese Vessel and Sunk July 1991 Ulori Maru Otori 4,662 October 1970 Exported to Argentina August 1991 Dal 3 Tenyo Mam Taiyo 4,357 November 1972 Eixported to Argentina October 1991 Dai 28 Daishin Maru Kyokuyo 2.995 April 1981 ILxported to China February 1992- operating in New Zealand waters Dai 22 Daishin Maru Kyokuyo 2.749 June 1964 Exported to Hong Kong for scrap March 1992 Dai 3 Koyo Maru Hosui 3,431 January 1972 Exported to Cypnjs April 1992 Takeo Maru Hoko 5,460 June 1971 E.xported to India April 1992* Dai 77 Akebono Mam Nichiro 3,794 September 1986 Exported to Argentina June 1992* Tsuda Maru Hoko 4,317 October 1971 Export to Russia under consideration Ichizen Mam Nissui 2.302 September 1978 Converted to Southern Trawler* Dai 8 Koyo Mam Nissui 4.991 December 1987 Converted to Southern Trawler Rikuzen Maru Nissui 3.939 September 1970 Converted to Southern Trawler Oiiyo Mam Hakodate High-seas 3.641 March 1978 Converted to Southern Trawler Dai 2 Tenyo Maru Hakodate High-seas 4.351 April 1972 Joint Venture Operations in Canada Dai 31 Akebono Mam Nichiro 1.295 March 1974 Joint Venture Operations in Russia Source: Suisan Shuho. August 25. 1992. i - Renamed the ILxcellenre. i - Sold to Dalmoreprodukt Company for $24 million and renamed the Victoria. ¥ - Sold for $13 million. * - Sold to the Oriental High-seas Fisheries Company and renamed the Oriental Angel. * - Sold to the Pesqueras Company for $9 million and renamed the Centurion del Atlamico. * - Southern Trawler refers to factory trawler operation.s in waters of the South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Antarctica. 56 Appendix J. - Japan. Southern trawlers, by region and number of ves sels. 1985-90. Region 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Nuniher of vessels Northeast North America II II 8 5 5 5 Southwest Atlantic -)■> 28 27 21 14 7 Northwest Africa 1 1 1 South Africa 10 12 10 8 7 5 Atlantic Ocean-Other 12 10 6 7 3 5 Indian Ocean-Other 3 4 1 1 New Zealand 17 22 29 32 33 32 Pacific Ocean-Other 3 1 "> 3 8 Subtotal 78 90 84 77 71 54 Antarctica 7 4 8 7 7 8 Total 85 99 92 84 78 62 Source: Si/isdn Nenktvi. 1992. Appendix K. - Japan. Foreign Allocations for southern trawlers, hy major countries and quantity, 1982-91. \car South Africa Canada USA Greenland New Zealand Total Metric Ions 1982 33,075 25.100 20,817 42,900 121.892 1983 33.075 28.100 5,269 76.000 142,444 1984 33.075 38,100 2.914 64.020 138,109 1985 33.075 38,000 1.968 38.000 64.580 175.623 1986 24.550 40,000 802 40.000 64.792 17u,144 1987 23.170 40,000 h 24.000 35.713 122,889 1988 22.250 39,840 24.000 15.653 101.743 1989 12.875 38,6411 10.033 61,548 1 990 9.680 35,760 8.1)1)11 5.632 59,072 1991 6.150 33,566 1.285 41,1)01 Source .Vh;m(H Nenki}ii. 1992 57 Appendix L. - Japan. Southern trawler catch, by region and quantity. 1986-90. Region 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Metric tons Northeast North America 11.812 10.782 8.681 9,298 10,918 Southwest Atlantic 54,580 104.419 85.570 51.210 14,673 Northwest Africa 1,209 2.171 813 - - South Africa 20,848 16,624 18,919 12,448 11,205 Atlantic Ocean-Other 9.847 3,246 4,152 851 5,525 Indian Ocean-Other 993 321 206 2 New Zealand 157.514 204.467 249.037 226.589 209,658 Pacific Ocean-Other 7,370 8.815 10,062 4,606 926 Subtotal 264,172 350.844 377,233 305,206 252,963 Antarctic Krill 61,710 78.389 73,230 79,013 68,989 Total 325,882 429,234 450,463 384.219 321,952 Source: Suisan Nenkan, 1992. Appcndi.x M - Japan. Southern trawler catch composition, by species and quantity, 1981-90. Species 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Metric tons Hake 8,454 8,234 7.149 6,724 7,257 15,680 18,905 20,109 17.751 9.858 Hoki (NZ) 25.223 21.978 23,24! 31.735 30,398 75.903 127.387 182,399 140,569 154,318 Ground-fish 3.479 4,554 4.023 8,081 7.040 16,321 21,297 40,009 20,629 9,279 Sea Bream 9,547 3,302 1 .598 1,678 3,334 2,828 2,937 2,423 1,505 1.382 Bulterfish 5.992 6,886 4.731 4,182 8,064 7,429 5.317 5,581 4,807 6.615 Jack Mackerel 36.446 25.862 30,955 41,054 27.763 31.618 28,360 32,179 21.151 19.868 Barracuda 14,549 7,834 8,668 8.763 8.402 8.663 9,002 5,993 5,707 4.502 Cuttlefish 1 ,855 89 7 135 364 lOX 1 Loligo Squid 6,952 4.872 4,758 3,008 643 5.981 4.232 1,160 4,592 4,677 llle.x Squid 45,256 57.768 37,392 82.590 81,962 46.777 89.710 45,245 56,609 10.250 Octopus 7,845 725 s ■> 84 26 11 3 Other 4.886 4,326 4,158 4.528 5,862 6.073 5,928 4,808 4,220 5.581 Knll 27,832 35,909 42,573 49.642 38,374 61.074 78,3X9 73.230 79,013 68.989 ItiUl 219,816 204,433 197,517 271,530 259,845 325,246 429.233 450,463 3X4.219 321.452 Source: Suisan Se ikan. 1992. 58 Appendix N. - Japan. Shrimp trawler catch, by country and quantity, 1985-90. Country 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 Metric Ions Colombia 213 86 264 252 148 Guyana 74 100 128 92 98 Suriname 531 552 408 436 512 French Guiana 532 - Brazil 616 762 508 306 175 Nicaragua 165 - - Total 1,966 1,665 1.308 1,086 933 Source: Suisan Nenkan. 1992. Appendix O. -- Japan. Squid Jigging Fleet, by number of vessels, fishing ground, and catch (metric tons), 1985/86-1990/91. Number of Vessels/Catch 1985/86 1986/87 1987/88 1988/89 1989/90 1990/91 SW Atlantic Vessels 84 117 110 99 88 82 SW Atlantic Catch 82,002 184,299 194,377 160,122 81,760 108,634 New Zealand Vessels 84 112 67 138 45 29 New Zealand Catch 24,871 26,435 35,455 49,699 7,910 8,539 Total Vessels* 115 165 172 160 135 111 Total Catch 106,907 210,734 229.832 209.821 93.610 117,173 Many Japanese squid jigging vessels operate m both grounds Source: Suisan Nenkan. 1992, Appendix P. -- Japan. Composition of squid driftnet fleet, by vessel capacity and fishing season, 1989-91. Type of Vessel/Fishing Season 1989 1990 1991 Numher of Vessels 59GRT-100GRT 4 Months 14 7 4 7 Months 182 188 192 100GRT-500GRT 4 Months 0 0 1 7 Months 264 262 257 Subtotal 4 Months 14 7 5 7 Months 446 450 449 Grand Total 460 457 454 Total Catch (metric tons) 141,263 145,000 - Value of Catch ( Yen) V45-5 billion Source: Suisan Nenkan. 1992 59 Appendix Q. -- Japan. Squid catch, by method and quantity, 1986-90. Year •ligging UrUtnet Southern Trawl Coastal Other Total Metric Ions 1986 215.000 117.000 53,000 21,000 57.000 464,000 1987 416.000 161,000 94,000 24,000 60,000 755,000 1988 405.000 123.000 46,000 26,000 63,000 644,000 1989 436,000 136,000 61,000 28,000 72,000 734,000 1990 289.000 141,000 14.000 23,000 67,000 532.000 Source: Suisan Nenkan, 1992. Appendix R. - Japan. Composition of squid driftnet fleet, by gear type. 1991. Gear Type Pet. Billfish drittnet 42.7 Salmon Driflnet 29.5 Saury 25.6 Tuna 18.3 Squid Jigging 15.2 Trawlers (Hokuten) 7.3 Longliners 2.9 Others 4.0 Squid driftnets (exclusive) 12.1 "Jotc: Since some vessels engage in multiple fisheries, the sum of percentages exceeds 100 percent. Source: Suisan Nenkan. 1992. Appendix S. - Japan. Fishing Seasons for vessels in squic driftnet fishery. Gear r>pe(s) Jan Feb Mar Apr May .June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Squid Driftnet Only Squid Driftnet Billfish Driftnet Billfish Driftnet Squid Driftnet Billfish Drifinet /Tuna Tuna Billfish Driftnet Squid Driftnet Tuna Billfish Driftnet/ Salmon Driftnet Billfi.sh Driftnet Salmon Driftnet Squid Driftnet Billfish Driftnet luna/Salmon Driftnet Tuna Salmon Driftnet Squid Driftnet Puna Billfish Driftnet/Saury/ Salmon Driftnet Billfish Driftnet Salmon Driftnet Squid Open Saury Squid Driftnet Distant water Squid Jigging Squid Jigging Squid Driftnet Squid Jigging Distant-water trawling illokiiien) North Pacific Trawling Squid Driftnet N Pacific Trawling Source: Suisan Nenkan. 1992 60 Appendix T. - Japan. High-seas squid driflnet vessel compensation program, 1992-94. Vessel Size Year of RetiremeDt Compensation for Expenses Special Solatium Vessel Value Prefectiire* Compensation Total 1. 000 Yen 130GKT + (exclusive) 1992 31,600 30,000 4».yiH) 24.300 134.400 1993 25,500 30,000 42,000 21.000 118.500 1994 1 "^.51 H! 30.000 37.700 18.800 106,000 130GRT-F (seasonal) 1992 1 9.0(10 26,000 57.200 28,600 130.800 1993 13.000 26,000 53,200 26.600 118.800 1994 fi.900 26,000 51,000 25.530 109,430 Under 130GRT (exclusive) 1992 25,500 15,000 26.300 14.200 83.000 1993 22,500 15.000 27.900 14.000 79.400 1994 19,400 15.000 27.000 13.500 74.900 Under 130GRT (.seasonal) 1992 14,700 10.000 27.500 13.700 65.900 1993 12,700 10.000 27.300 13.700 63.700 1994 10.700 10.000 27.000 13.500 61.200 * - The Japanese Government would like Prefectural Governments to pay this compensation, but they are not legally obligated. Source: Fisheries Agency of Japan. Appendix U. - Japan. Large-mesh driftnet vessel compensation program, 1992. Vessel Size Year of Retirement Compensation for Expenses Special Solatium Vessel Value Prefecture* Compensation Total 1. 000 Yen 130GRT-I- ( exclusive) 1992 21,200 5,000 48,500 24.300 99.000 I30GRT-I- (seasonal) 1992 13,600 5,000 57.200 28.600 1 04.400 Under 130GRT (exclusi\e) 1992 21,700 5,000 28.300 14.200 69.200 Under 130GRr (seasonal) 1992 13,5(X) 5,000 27.500 13.700 59.700 * - The Japanese Governmenl uould like Prefectural Governments to pay this compensation, but (hey are not legally obligated Source: I'isheries Agency of Japan. 61 Appendix V. - Japan. Salmon vessel compensation program, 1990-92. Vessel Type Licensed VcsseLs- 1990 Vessels Scheduled to be Removed Vessels Remaining 1990 1991 1992 Number of vessels Non-lraditional land-based vessels (former molhership fleet) 129 97 2 2 28 Traditional land-based vessel (medium-sized driftnet vessels) 157 74 23 0 60 Small coastal vessels in Pacific Ocean 433 112 61 0 260 Longliners in the Sea of Japan 69 26 17 8 18 Driftnet vessels in the Sea of Japan 64 17 12 0 35 Driftnet vessels in Tsugaru Strait 54 4 25 7 18 Removed at owners' expense 10 10 9 Removed under Japanese Government compensation 320 130 X Grand total 906 330 140 17 419 Compensation Budget (millions of U.S. dollars) 229 25 129* * - 'ITiis figure is the total compensation budget for the salmon, squid driftnet, and hokiiten trawler fleets. Separate breakdowns are not available. Source: US Embassy. Tokyo, February 25, 1993. Appendix W. - Japan. Distant-water tuna vessels. by number and capacity, 1985-92. Year Longliners Pole and Liners Purse Seiners Number CRT Number CRT Number GRT 1985 V95 216.272 155 48,741 NA NA 1986 792 222.703 146 47,894 32 NA 1987 789 229,728 143 48,097 32 NA 1988 786 235,893 108 34,618 32 NA 1989 ^63 NA 108 NA 34 NA 1990 "77 1 NA 100 NA 44 NA 1991 762 NA 106 NA 45 NA 1992 759 NA 81 NA 49 NA Sources: Suisan Neitlum. 1992; US Embassy Tokyo, 14 Aprd 1992; Ktilsu(i'Maf>uro Tsusluii . No. 6665, November 30. 1992. 62 Appendix X - Japan. Distant-water Japanese tuna fishing grounds, vessel types, and number of vessels, 1990. Fishing Ground Vessel Type Number of Vessels South-Central Pacific Ocean Pole and Line Over 100 Northwest Pacific Ocean Small Longliners Over 100 Northeast Pacific Ocean „ 80-100 West-Central Pacific Ocean „ Over 200 .Southeast Pacific Ocean Large Longliners 10-15 Northwest Indian Ocean ,. 5-6 Haslem Indian Ocean 10-15 South Atlantic Ocean .. 30-35 North Atlantic Ocean ., 25-30 Other ., 200-220 Source: Asian Development Bank/lnfqfish Tuna Industry Update, 1991. Appcndi.x Y. - Japan. Southern bluefin tuna distant-water fisheries, by fishing ground, season, and number of vessels. Fishing Ground Fishing Season Number of Vessels New Zealand (Government Agreement) 15 March to 15 August 1992 38 New Zealand (Charier vessels) 1 5 March to 30 September 1 992 5 Tasman Sea (Government Agreement) 15 May to quota attained 12 Tasman Sea (Charter vessels) 1 5 May to quota attained 30 Tasman Sea (International waters) 15 May to 31 July 1992 40 Off Cape Town. South Africa 15 April to 15 August 1992 120 Southern Indian Ocean 1 5 August to end of season 70 Source: Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin. No, 6420, November 22, 1991 Appendix Z Japan. Number of fishery workers and average annual earnings, by sex, age, and type of fishery, 1986-91. Type of Worker Year 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 i\'uniher of workers (thousands) Men 15-39 Years Old 94 88 88 76 68 61 40-59 Years Old 181 175 161 158 150 140 Over 60 Years Old 74 76 76 81 86 89 Women (All Ages) 74 72 68 68 67 65 Total 423 411 392 383 371 355 Coastal I-'ishery Workers 331 326 314 308 300 Medium-Large Scale Fishery Workers 92 85 78 75 70 Average Annual Earnings of Coastal I-ishcrmen (1,000 Dollars) 7,5 9.5 111 11,3 10,2 12 5 Sources: Fisheries Statistics of Japan. 1991; Siiisait Nenkan. 1992. 63 Appendix AA. - Japan. Shipyards building fishing vessels over lOOGRT. 1980. 1985-91. Year 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Number of Shipyards 58 34 35 34 28 30 26 23 Number of Vessels built 210 140 121 154 133 140 129 97 Total GRT of Vessels 54,191 45,401 49,577 55,361 47,341 41,695 39,977 30,141 Source; The Journal of ihe hishing Vessel Association of Japan, Nos. 254, IK,. J82, J54, and 3M. Appendix BB. - Japan. Number of major fishing vessels built, 1990-91. Vessel Type 1990 1991 I'rawler 0 0 Salmon Driflnet 0 0 Tuna Vessels 90 60 Purse Seiners 6 7 Other 33 20 Total 129 87 Source: Journal of Fishing Vessel Association of Japan. Number 300 Appendix CC. Japan. Steel fishing vessel construction, by vessel class and number of vessels, 1 989-90. Vessel Class (By GRT) Approved for Construction Coastniction Completed 1989 1990 1989 1990 Number Total Capacity Number Total Capacity Number Total Capacity Number Total Capacity Less than 50 51 1.017 52 988 46 902 55 1,1)97 50-100 19 1,550 25 1.841 23 1,838 26 1.968 100-200 45 6,329 29 3.780 42 5,839 34 4.806 200-300 10 2,866 6 1.606 7 1.859 10 2.795 300-500 105 39,411 67 25.362 91 33.997 85 32,396 500-1.000 - Over 1 .000 1 2.559 - - Total 231 53.732 179 33,577 209 44,435 210 43,062 Source: .Suisan N 'nkan. 1992. 64 Appendix DD. - Japan. Exports of fishing and fish processing vessels made of steel. 1980. Source: Japan Imports and Exports, 1985 Export Destination Number Exported Total GRT Total FOB $Value (millions) New Vessels Panama 7 749 5.7 Bangladesh 5 991 6.4 Canada 3 2,949 12.4 Others (11) 20 3.753 24.1 Subtotal 35 8.442 48.6 Used Vessels Philippines 39 6.590 3.4 Panama 8 3.247 2.7 China 7 1.373 0.7 Singapore 1 299 0,3 Others (12) 31 14,396 13,5 Subtotal 86 25,905 20.6 Crand Total 121 34.347 69.2 Source: Japan Imports and Lxporis. 1980. .'\ppcndix l:H, - Japan. Exports of fishing and fish processing vessels mad e of steel. 1985 Export Destination Number Exported Total GRT Total FOB $ Value (Millions) New Vessels Madagascar 3 285 2.2 Mozambique T 438 2.3 Senegal 1 282 2,3 Philippines 1 110 1)6 Subtotal 7 1,115 7.4 Used Vessels Philippines 31 3,011 0.7 China 23 4,047 4,4 I'anama 13 4,034 1,9 Honduras 5 1,324 0,7 Argentina T 698 0,5 Vanuatu 2 583 0,3 Cayman Islands 2 582 0.4 Others (18) T -J 7.069 6,2 Subtotal 105 21.348 15,1 (iraiid Total 112 22,463 22,5 65 Appendix FI'. - Japan. Exports o( fishing and fish processing vessels made of steel, 1986. Export Destinatiou Number Exported Total GRT Total FOB $ Value (MiUions) New Vessels Madagascar 6 852 7.7 China 4 1.204 6.3 Guyana 4 72 2.1 Thailand 1.424 111 Vietnam 498 2.5 Morocco 400 3,2 Togo 55 0.4 Tanzania 148 1,2 Papua New Guinea 1.54 1.1 Subtotal 20 4.807 35.6 Used Vessels Philippines 44 5.318 2.0 China 18 4.119 3.4 Panama 13 6.119 4 0 Mauritania 10 2.540 4.3 Republic of Korea 10 1.390 19 Honduras 7 1,640 1.8 Oman 4 1.412 2.4 Greece 4 788 0.3 United Arab Emirates 4 635 0 1 Venezuela 3 836 1 2 North Korea 3 743 1,1 Argentina 2 848 3 4 Cayman Islands •) 603 0.9 Singapore 1 254 111 Others (21 ) 26 5.526 7 1 Subtotal 151 32.821 34.0 (•rand Total PI 37.628 69.6 Source: Japan Imparls and Kxpurls. 1986 66 Appendix GG. -- Japan. Exports of fishing and fish processing vessels made of steel, 1987. Export Destination Number Exported Total GRT Total FOB SVahie (millions) New Vessels Mauritius 1 1 ,039 6.8 Subtotal 1 1,039 6.8 Used Vessels Philippines 37 4,161 2.0 Honduras 13 3,598 4.0 Panama 11 2,640 6.9 ROK 9 1,838 2.3 China 9 2,231 4.4 Sierra Leone 6 2,429 2.6 Taiwan 3 1.019 0.9 Gambia 2 698 1.4 Senegal -1 698 1.8 Ghana t 672 0.3 United Arab Emirates 2 550 0.4 Costa Rica •> 528 0.1 Argentina 2 473 4.2 Mauritius 2 352 1.1 Vanuatu 2 303 0.2 Cayman Islands 1 1,197 1.0 Kuwait I 999 0.5 Guinea Bissau 1 349 0.9 Venezuela 1 299 n.4 St. Vincent-Grenadines 1 298 0 2 Singapore 1 293 0.4 Others (.S) 6 1 ,066 3.1 Subtotal 116 26,691 39.1 Grand Total 117 27,730 45.9 Source: Japan Imparls and Kxporls. 1987. 67 Appendix HH. -- Japan. Exports of fishing and fish processing vessels made of steel, 1988 Kxport Destination Number Kxported Total GRT Total FOB $ Value (Millioas) New Vessels Madagascar T 200 2.5 Mozambique 1 219 2,0 Subtotal 3 419 4,5 Used Vesseis Philippines 38 3,664 2.0 Taiwan 23 3.2(12 6.5 Honduras 13 3.311 4,8 Sierra Leone 10 2,094 3.9 St. Vincent-Grenadines X 2.170 1,4 United Arab Emirates X 1.488 2 2 Panama 6 1.682 -> 7 China 5 738 1 2 Indonesia 5 380 2.8 Argentina 4 1.286 4.5 North Korea -1 886 0,3 Liberia 2 823 11 Gambia 702 1,1 Ghana •) 613 0 5 Cayman Islands 1 299 0.6 Vanuatu 1 284 0.2 United Slates 1 3.241 18,5 Others (20) 22 3.139 7,7 Subtotal 153 30.002 61.5 Grand Total 156 30,421 66,0 Source: Japan Imports and Exports. 1988. 68 Appendix II. - Japan. Exports of fishing a nd fish processing vessels made of steel, 1989. Export Destination Number Exported Total GRT Total FOB $ Value (Millions) New Vessels India -) 630 5.7 Egypt 2 386 5 1 Mozambique -> 438 3.8 Madagascar -> 200 2 3 Subtotal 8 1.654 16,9 Used Vessels Philippines 35 3.905 2.1 Panama 11 3.928 1.9 Chile 10 5.534 14,4 Sierra Leone X 1.921 1. 5 Bangladesh X 506 ; ; Ghana 1 2.074 1 3 Honduras 5 2,501 0.4 Indonesia 5 1 ,033 3.2 Costa Rica 5 1.014 2 4 Nigeria 4 773 0.4 St. Vincent-Grenadines 4 741 116 Malta 4 657 0.3 Taiwan 4 625 1,2 Vanuatu 3 851 0.7 China 3 554 0.7 Malaysia 3 505 0.5 Senegal 2 7X3 1.2 Kuwait : 648 2.2 Sri l.anka T 598 0.9 Others (13) P 3,680 8 4 Subtotal 14: 32.831 48.5 Craiid lotal 150 34,4X5 65.4 Source: Japan Impiirls and Exports. 1989. 69 Appendix JJ. - Japan. Flxports of fishing ind fish processing vessels made of steel, 1990. Export Destinatioii Number Exported Total CRT Total FOB $ Value (MiUioos) New Vessels Madagascar 2 200 2.2 Cayman Islands 1 582 3.7 Colombia 1 60 11 Subtotal 4 842 7,0 Used Vessels Philippines 42 6.147 4.6 Panama 20 9.135 6.8 Singapore 13 1.825 1.6 Honduras 7 1.319 1.1 Indonesia 7 1.236 2.1 North Korea 5 54 0.02 China 4 3.389 5,1 Vanuatu 4 1.316 2.2 Malaysia 4 505 0 4 Argentina 3 1,342 19 Senegal 3 1.141 16 Cosla Rica 3 61.'! n 4 Guatemala T 703 1,2 Ghana ■> 678 1,3 Uruguay : 517 0.5 Solomon Islands T 331 0.6 Sri Lanka 38 0 2 India 7,414 15 Libya 2,589 1.5 Bangladesh 378 0.3 Oman 349 1.9 Columbia 342 1 1 Guinea 299 1.(1 St Vincent-Grenadines 299 0.6 Madagascar 299 1,3 Mauritius 288 0,2 United Slates 4,370 17,1 Others (14) 1,939 3.6 Subtotal 150 48,855 61.7 Cirand Total 154 49,697 68.7 Source: Japan Imports and Exports. 1990. 70 Appendix KK. - Japan. Exports of fishing and fish processing vessels made of steel. 1991. Export De^tinatioD Number Exported Total GRT Total FOB $ Value (Millions) New Vessels Indonesia 1 580 4.0 India 1 343 3.0 Subtotal 2 923 7.0 U.scd Vessels Philippines 45 5,078 2.8 Panama 13 6.004 6.9 China 11 24.837 4.4 Honduras 9 4.403 3.4 Malaysia 6 1,179 1.4 Vanuatu 1,055 0.9 Malta 521 0.2 Argentina 13.473 12.1 Singapore 825 0.7 Palau 375 0.3 Ghana 1.184 2.3 Soviet Union 6.868 24.1 Guatemala 722 1.2 St Vincent-Grenadines 598 1.3 Gambia 563 1.9 Sierra Leone 480 1.4 Tonga 4.970 0.02 Guinea Bisseau 1.497 1.1 Guinea 343 0.6 Suriname 299 0.9 Hcuador 299 0.5 Cape Verde 299 0.3 Mauritius 299 0.6 Cayman Islands 299 0.09 Taiwan 271 0,9 Costa Rica 284 0.2 Hong Kong 234 0.3 Others (5) 259 0.2 Subtotal 136 77.518 71.0 Grand Total 138 78.441 78.0 Source: Japan Imparls and lixports, 1991, 71 Appendix LL. - Japan. lixports of fishing and fish processing vessels made of steel, 1992. Export Destination Number Exported Total GRT Total FOB $ Value (Millions) New Vessels Malaysia 1 162 3.1 Sublolal 1 162 3.1 Used Vessels Philippines 55 9,991 4.9 Panama 16 2,96C 1.9 Russia 14 778 1.3 China 12 4,753 6.8 Mauritius 7 2.584 2.5 Indonesia 7 1,606 3.9 Honduras 6 1,831 0.7 Ghana 2 ,669 1.1 Malaysia 1,554 1.3 North Korea 187 0.3 Argentina 4,293 9.0 St Vincent-Grenadines 748 11 Solomon Islands 343 0.3 India 5,460 2 5 Cyprus 3,431 1.3 Taiwan 2,471 0.06 Suriname 541 0.2 Chile 465 0.3 Belize 423 0.04 Vietnam 391 0.2 Vanuatu 344 0.3 Maldives 299 0.2 Senegal 299 0.2 Others (3) X(S2 2.5 Subtotal 152 49,311 42 9 Grand Total 153 49,473 46.0 72 Appendix MM. - Japan. Exports of fishing vessels to China and flag-of-convenience countries, 1985-92. Year China Panama Honduras Cayman Islands St. Vincent Singapore Number of vessels/Gross registered tonnage 1985 No 23 13 5 2 - CRT 4.047 4,034 1.324 582 - 1986 No 22 13 7 2 1 GRT 5,323 6,119 1.640 603 254 1987 No 9 11 13 1 1 1 GRT 2,231 2,640 3.598 1.197 298 293 1988 No 5 (1 13 1 8 GRT 738 1.682 3.311 299 2.170 1989 No 3 11 5 4 GRT 554 3.928 2.501 741 1 990 No 4 20 7 1 1 13 GRT 3.389 9,135 1.319 582 299 1,825 1991 No 11 13 9 1 2 4 GRT 24.837 6,004 4.403 299 598 825 1992 No 12 16 6 2 GRT 4.753 2,960 1.831 748 lolal No 89 103 65 8 IX 19 GRT 45.872 36.502 19.927 3.562 4,854 3,197 Avg. GRT 515 354 307 445 270 168 .Source: Japan Imports and Exports. 1985-92 73 Appendix NN. - World. Flag of convenience mna fleets (estimated), 1992. Country Tonnage (CRT) Number of Vessels Honduras 14,409 72 Panama 11,226 56 Singapore 2,550 13 Ecuador 1,809 9 Saint Vincent 1,710 9 Canary Islands 854 4 Others 7,041 35 Total 39.599 198 Source: Nikkari Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 29, 1992. 74 Appendix OO. - Japan. Previous Japanese-flag fishing vessels currently flagged in well-known flag-of-convenience countries, by country, vessel name, capacity, and year built. Vessel Name GRT Year Buill Panama Arko Fish No. 8 344 1969 Aurola No. 7 379 1974 Bezdna 301 1972 Cabinda 471 1967 Capesca No. 7 349 1970 Carmen Torres 435 1972 Carol 374 1978 Hope No. 7 456 1968 lite Maru No. 18 134 1980 Kim's Marine No. 211 385 1971 Km Pukiu Adi 496 1977 Koshin Maru No. 51 133 1981 Komi Maru No. 5 166 1975 Koyo Maru No. 101 116 1977 Ui Paz No. 101 299 1977 Loiiee Giani 468 1962 Marine Snow 486 1975 Marushige Maru No. 11 116 1982 Meisho No. 51 299 1971 Meishin 235 406 1970 Melilla No. 101 299 1980 Melilla No. 102 299 1979 Melilla No. 103 344 1978 Melilla No. 201 1,878 1966 Melilla No. 301 242 1971 Melilla No. 303 232 1974 Ming Star 153 1979 Myong Oiong 1 206 1956 Namliaieo 003 174 1967 Namliaieo 005 173 1967 No/a 97 570 1971 75 Orion W 672 1979 Osilo No. 89 349 1973 Osito No. 92 349 1982 Paramushir 101 448 1977 Paramushir 102 499 1971 Peonia No. 9 2,780 1963 Pesca Mar No. 12 299 1974 Porfesa III 1,006 1960 R Express 374 1970 Red Sea 123 124 1971 Royal Fortune 254 1977 Sea Fox 154 1973 Sea Queen No. 1 355 1974 Sea Queen No. 2 393 1972 Sela No. I 493 1967 Silvar Mac 344 1979 Sulawesi- 1 220 1980 Sumatra No. 2 349 1972 Sun Shine 440 1960 Sur Este No. 705 349 1974 SurEsteNo. 707 816 1983 Tatsumi 298 1979 Venezia No. 23 349 1972 Venture Luna 1,246 1982 Victoria No. 8 299 1980 Young No. 9 634 1970 Yuho 1 154 1968 Honduras Arco 356 1973 Chidori Maru U23 182 1963 Kaisei No. 2 318 1970 Kyung Dong No. 52 299 1972 iMcky No. 701 344 1979 Lucky No. 702 464 1980 Marine Star VII 349 1974 76 Or Sirichainava 9 499 1976 Pacific Reefer 431 1970 Pere No. 1 254 1975 Phantom 194 1981 Santa Rosa No. I 299 1978 Sanyo Maru No. 7 119 1977 Sirichai Independence 1,945 1966 Sirichai Reefer 374 1972 Sirichai Reefer 2 451 1971 Sonrisa 349 1974 Taiki Maru No. iX 284 1975 Taiyo 1 1.782 1965 Tokai Maru No. 76 194 1968 Tokai Maru No. 1 7 193 1968 Vigo No. : 299 1972 Yamasan Maru No. Kl 349 1972 Young No. VII 468 1969 Yi(\m Maru 482 1 970 Zengyoreii Maru No. X 286 1966 St. Vincent-Grinadim's Alegna 349 1974 .\stro No. 7 299 19X0 Koyo Maru No. S 374 1969 Lilian No. .U 353 1974 Maria No. 3 296 1970 Nereus 299 1979 Nine Star 349 1973 Saint l.oui.s 423 1 970 Saint Pietro No. 108 374 1969 Seven Star 492 1967 ,Vu Sliir 4^4 1967 Starlet No. 901 362 1980 Viree Star 493 1967 Source: U.S. Departmem of Defeiisi;. Office of Naval Intelligence. August 1993. 77 Appendix PP. - Japan. Joint Ventures, b) area and ype of fishery, 1980, 1985-91. Year 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 By Area Latin America 25 27 25 26 26 25 24 25 Asia/Oceania 104 106 104 111 117 111 ill 111 Africa 16 11 11 10 9 7 8 6 Middle/Near East 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Europe 2 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 Russia 0 0 0 0 4 7 10 14 North America 46 39 41 40 40 41 35 35 By Type of Fishery Groundfish 19 18 7"> 24 25 23 24 24 Shrimp Trawl 25 27 24 27 26 21 21 19 Tuna/Skipjack 10 10 9 9 10 10 10 10 Other Fishing 28 23 19 21 27 26 28 32 Aquacuiture 31 36 39 41 44 47 49 51 F'ish Processing 79 69 68 65 64 64 55 53 Vessel Leasing 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 3 Total 193 184 182 188 197 192 189 192 Source: Fishenes Agency of Japan, Wiile Paper, liscal Year 1992 78 Appendix QQ. - Japan. Fisheries-related investments in the former Soviet Union/Russia. Country Japanese Investors Local Company Name Date of Permission Company Activities 1-ormer Soviet Union/Russia Nisso Boeki Soniko 1988 Herring Roe processing Hokuyo Godo Suisan Pilenga Godo 1989 Salmon hatcheries Nissui Mitsui Bussan Okhotsk Suisan 1989 Herring processing Taiyo Morikawa Shoji Kita Taiheiyo Gyogyo Diana 1989 Surimi, fish meal processing Tairiku Boeki Tairiky Travel Service Sakhahn Tairiku 1989 Sea Urchin, Octopus, Shrimp processing Hokuyo Kyodo Yokohama Tsusho Magadan Gyogyo Godo 1989 Cod longlining Media Kuraf\ito Amur Trading 1990 Fisheries trade, restaurants Tokyo Maruichi Shoji Okean 1990 Fisheries processing, sales Utari Kyodo Aniwa 1989 Aquaculture DDS Japan Daishin Darushi Products 1989 Crab pot fishing Source: Suisan Nenka ,1. mi- Appendix RK. - Japan. Purchases of Alaska Pollock in Soviet/Russian waters, by quantity, contracted and actual purchases (in parentheses). Rassian Company 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric tons Sovrybflot 44,000- 50,000 87,500 5,000 1,441 (38,940) (69,931) (1.806) (1.464) Seasafisco - 1 1 .000 24,000 15,000 - (2.666) (14,349) (14,849) Dalmore - - - - 15,000 (14,966) Amur Trading - - 1 1 ,000 (10,786) Sakhalin Continent - - 1 2,000 (2,000) Total 44,000- 50,000 87,500 16,000 25,441 43,000 (38.940) (69,931) (4,472) (16.313) (42,732) Source: Suisan Ncnkan. 1992. 79 Appendix SS. — Japan . Fisheries-related investments in East Asia. Location Japanese Investors Local Companv Name Date of Permission Company Activities China Taiyo Zhoushan Joint P-isheries Company 1985 Trawling Yamanaga Suisan Sino-Japanese Shenzhen Marine Fisheries Corporation 1986 Trawling Yamato Kogyo Huaxing Seafood Corporation 1985 Trawling, Aquacullurc Kudo Suisan Qingbei Fisheries Corporation 1986 Processing, Refrigeration Daiso Sogyo Yantai Yanda Fisheries Corporation 1990 Snapper culture, shellfish fishing Niihama Shoji Ruifii Distant-water Fisheries Corporation 1986 Trawling Kadonaga Boeki Dandong Changxing Shellfish Culture Corporation 1 990 Shelllish culture Yoshu Kogyo Mouping Oceanic Industry Corporation 1989 Aquaculture, Proce.ssing Hong Kong Yasuda Shotcn Yasuda Co.. Ltd. 1976 Frozen surinii processing Daiei Bussan Lan tao Island Fishing Co., Ltd. 1974 Eel/freshwater culture Toshiba Hoju National Fishing Industries Ltd. 1977 Snapper, shrimp culture Toyo Trading Alfred I-inance and International Trading Co., Ltd. 1973 lie] culture Taiwan Genroku Genroku Kokai 1975 Kuruma shrimp/snapper culture Republic of Korea Yatsuryu Sangyo Kankoku Yoman 1970 Fel culture Nikkn Sangyo Sanwa Suisan 1971 Ixl culture Shizuoka Tansui Kyokuto Yoman 1971 Lcl culture Sascbo Gyokai Daitogyokai Yoshoku 1972 Eel culture Kyushu Kagaku Yushin Yoman 1972 Eel culture Park Soo Koo Kokko Bussan 1973 Fisheries processing/sales Iwasaki Kimio Kankoku Kiyo Bussan 1973 Fresh fish processing Nishiniura Soh Sanyo Bussan Kaihalsu 1973 Nori production/processing Sunclulch Shokai Sanei Sunclutch 1973 Fel culture Minato Yoshio Sogan Suisan 1973 Maricullure* Yoshida Chin Senko Bussan 1973 Eel culture Tosan Shokai Zuigen Tosan Yoman 1973 Fel culture Inaba Sciichi Sokin Yogyo 1973 Manculture Wakayama Nosuisan Hoshin Tsusho 1973 Fel culture Jusco Ajinomoto Suisan 1974 Fisheries processing, freezing Aisho Nissei Suisan 1975 Fisheries processing Nichimen Sanko Suisan Kaihalsu 1975 Nori culture/processing Sho Shi Tochu Suisan 1977 Snapper/yellowtail culture Showa Kosei Reisui Suisan 1978 Freezing/refrigeration Source: Sutsan .\'enkiVi. 1992. * - currently inactive. 80 Appendix TT. -- Japan. Fisheries-related investments in Indonesia. Count n Japanese Investors Local Company Name Date of Permission Company Activities Indonesia Toho Suisan I'.T. Misaja Mitra Co.. Ltd. 1968 F-isheries Processing /Refrigerating Sumitomo Shoji P.T. Central Java Marine Products 1969 Refrigeration, processing, exports Nissui Mitsubishi P.T. West Irian Fishing Industries 1970 Shrimp Trawling Nissui Hosui Nissho Iwai P.T. Irian Product Development 1970 Taiyo Milsui 1' r. Nusantara Fishery 197(1 Arafura Shinju P. T Pearl Development 1972 Nichiro Mitsubishi P. T. Alfa Kumia Fish Enterprise 1973 Nichimcn Tokusui P T Dwi Bina Utama 1974 Manioyama Development P.T. Mamoyama Irian Development 1977 Kaneko Shinju Kaneko Sangvo P. T. Manei Southern Pearl 1978 Kaigai Shokusan P. r, Minarava Aceh Fishing Industry 1980 Kakuta Kaigai Shinju P T Arta Samudra 1981 Indonesia Pearl P. r. Ilikarilampung Permai 1981 Mitsuniolo Hocki P. r. Kcndari Mutiara Indonesia 1990 Kyokko Sangyo P. r. Budaya Mutiara 1 990 Nichigo Pearl P.T. Paloma Agung 1984 K & S P r Prima Kasindo 1 990 Sc\ en I )Lcans International P. T. Pol'ico 1969 Nisshin Boeki P. r. Nisshin Samudera Mutiara 197.S Konan Suisan Jacana Fishing Corp. 1971 Kyokko Sangyo 1' r. Kyokko Shinju Indonesia 1987 Furuya Kaigai Shinju 1' 1 Asa Mutiara Nusantar.i I4SX Shrimp trawling, fisheries processing Shrimp Trawling, fisheries processing Pearl Culture Shrimp Trawling Shrimp Trawling Skipjack flakes processing Pearl Culture Skipjack flake, shrimp processing Peari Culture Pearl Culture Pearl Culture Pearl Culture Pcari Culture (technical assistance) Mother pearl culture Shrimp trawling, frozen processing Pearl Culture Refrigeration* Pearl Culture Peari Culture Source: Sui\aii Neiikiin. 1992 *- currently inaclive. 81 Appendix MU. - - Japan. Fisheries-related investments in South and Southeast Asia. Country Japanese Investors Local Company Name Date of Permission Company Activities India Tonien Marks Marine & Plastics Ltd. 1974 Fisheries Processing, Sales* Kawatetsu Shoji Shimizu Shokai K.S.K. Fisheries Private Ltd. 1987 Shrimp Trawling Sri Lanka Kaneko Sangyo Kaneko Lanka Marine (Private) Ltd. 1984 Pearl Culture* Nakagawa Gyogyo l^nka Japan Fisheries Combine Ltd. 1985 Squid Jigging, Processing Bangladesh Taiyo/Mitsui Bengal Fisheries Ltd. 1980 Shrimp Trawling Hakodate Kokai Ahamad & Hakokdate Marine Fishing Ltd. 1983 Shrimp Trawling Shimizu Shokai Shimizu Specialized Fishing (P.V.T) Ltd. 1983 Shrimp Trawling Malaysia Kansai Supermarket Top Foods (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. 1975 Fisheries Processing Kita Borneo Suisan North Borneo Fishing Company, Ltd. 1962 ShriiTip Trawling, Processing Milsumolo Boeki Kaya Pearl Co., Ltd. 1977 Pearl Culture (technical assistance) Toei Bussan Toei Development Sdn. Bhd. 1973 Frozen Processing riiailand Nomura Boeki The Thai Marine Food Co., Ltd. 1 1966 Relrigcration Yanagi-ya llonten Okura Shoji Kyu-Thai Co., Ltd. 1971 Fisheries Processing* Kibun Bangkok Frozen Co., Ltd 1972 Surinii Processing/Sales* Sanyo Boeki Siam Food Supply, Co., Ltd. 1474 1 isherics Processing Tomei Shoji K.H. Fishery Co., Ltd |g7S Cultured liel Processing Uoko Suisan MFJK-HokoCo , Ltd IMXfl I'infish and shrimp culture Southsea Pearl Naga Peari Co., Ltd. 1979 Pearl Culture (technical assistance Mitsubishi Shoji Thai Prawn Culture Center Co , Ltd. 1985 Shrunp Culture (juvenile production) Philippines Koiian Suisan Concord Fishing Corp. 1973 Shrimp trawling* Sugahu Pishing Company Sugabu Fishing Co., Inc. 1972 Skipjack/tuna fishing* Nichihi Boeki Nantan Kogyo F'il-Marinc Resources Developmcni Corp. 14^.", l-el Culture Takihyo Taki Fish hiduslry (Phil.) Inc. 1974 Cultured fish (eel) sales Showa Denko Apollo Boeki Showa United Food Inc. 1973 Aquaculture, processing, exports Komatsu Suisan Komatsu Aquatic Product Inc. 1976 Fisheries Processing/Rel'reigcration Source: Suisan Nenkan. 1992 * - currently inactive 82 Appendix VV. - - Japan. Fisheries-related investments in Oceania Country Japanese Investors Local Company Name Date of Permission Company Activities Micronesia Sanfuji Shoji Fishing Corporation of the FSM 1989 Pole fishing Nichinan Kaihatsu Truk & Nippon Fishing Inc. 1977 Coastal fishing* Kyokuyo Gyogyo Micronesia Ocean Developments Co 1979 Bait fishing* Northern Marianas Japan-Micronesia Sogo Kaihatsu Japan Mariana Fishing Co . Ltd. 1978 Bottomfish fishing* Tokyo Sales South Pacific Marine Products Co.. Ltd. 1976 Coastal fishing* Marufuji Sangyo Saipan Fishing Co., Ltd. 1979 Shrimp fisheries, processing* Nihon-Mariana Kaihatsu Northern Marianas General Development Co., Ltd. 1979 Coastal Fishing Marshall Islands Nanyo Shigen Nankatsu Corporation, Inc. 1984 Skipjack fishing, processing Papua New Guinea Hosui Nissui New Guinea Marine Product Pty., Ltd. 1972 Shrimp trawling, refrigeration Solomon Islands Taiyo Solomon Taiyo Ltd. 1973 Skipjack fishing, processing Fiji Sanyo Gyogyo Neptune (Fiji) Ltd. 1987 Bottomfish fishing Vanuatu Hakodate Kokai Cavana Marine Company Ltd. 1988 Shrimp Trawling New Caledonia Sangen Suisan Polypeche S.A. 1981 Coastal fishing* Matsuya Caledonie Kaiun S.A. 1985 Tuna longlining Nissui Taiseimaru Kaiun Societe Caledonienne des Peches Industrielles 1989 Trawling I'rench Polynesia Tasaki Shinju Development Co. for Tahitian Pearl 1988 Pearl Culture Australia Kyushu Shinju Kyushu Shinju Co., Ltd. 1990 Peari Culture Itochu Snowy Mountain Trout Holing Pty., Ltd. 1973 Freshwater trout culture* Nichigo Suisan A.J. Seafoods Pty., Ltd. 1974 Frozen processing* Zengyoren, Hachinoe Gyorcn Tasmanian Fisheries Co 1978 Squid Jigging* Kyokko Sangyo Sun Peari Co. Pty., Ltd. 1982 Squid Jigging* Nikkalsuren Australia Japan Tuna Pty., Ltd. 1989 Tuna longlining Hamaguchi Shinju 1982 Pearl Culture Koyo Shinju - 1988 Peari Culture Source; Suisan Neiikan. 1992 * - currently inactive 83 Appendix WW. - Japan. Fisheries-related Investments in Oceania and Africa. Country Japanese Investors Local Company Name Date of Permission Company Activities New Zealand Nichimo Jaybel Nichimo Fishing Ltd. 1973 Processing, trawling, squid jigging Toshoku Takara Gyogyo Allied Fisheries N.Z. Ltd. 1979 Squid Jigging Taiyo Amaltal Taiyo Fishery Co., Ltd. 1985 Trawling Taiyo Waltic Taiyo Fishery Co., Lid. 1986 Trawling Kanai Gyogyo Southfish Kanai Developments Ltd. 1989 Trawling Kanai Gyogyo Hoki and Surimi Joint Venture Ltd. 1989 Trawling Kanai Gyogyo Aurora Fisheries Ltd. 1990 Trawling Nikkalsuren New Zealand Japan Tuna Co. Ltd. 1989 Tuna Fisheries Senegal Taiyo Senepesca Ltd. 1973 Trawling. Refrigeration Ghana Wakashio Suisan Ghana Tuna Fishing Development Co., Ltd. 1973 Skipjack pole-and-line, skipjack seining Mozambique Taiyo Entre Poslo Frigorifico De Pesca De Mozambiques, Ltd. 1978 Shrimp trawling. Lobster fishing Madagascar Taiyo Sociele Malgache de Pecherie 1966 Shrimp trawling Taiyo Societedes Pecheries do Boina 1982 Shrimp trawling Madagascar Unyu Reizosoko Sociele Transprols el Entroposage Frigorifiques De Tantaro 1973 Refrigeration Mauritius Kaigai Gyogyo Mitsubishi Shoji Mauritius Tuna Fishing and Canning Enterprises Lid. 1970 Tuna seining Gabon Showa Ungyo Nissho Iwai Gafideco 1990 Crab pot fishing Source: Suisan Nenkan, 1992 84 Appendix XX - Japan. P-isheries-relatcd investments in Latin America and Canada. Country Japanese Investors Local Company Name Date of Permission Company Activities Panama Mitsui Bussan Mtg Marine Inc 1977 Tuna vessel leasing Universal Suisan Universal Fisheries (Panama) Inc. 1989 Trawler leasing Mexico Kosei Shoji Pesqeria Integral S.A., de C.V. 1979 Tuna longlining* Selo Gyogyo (plus 5 other companies) Explotadora Marina S.A. de C.V. 1979 Sablefish longlining* Netherlands Antillles Nichirei Cracao Pioneering N.V. 1962 Refigeration, Export7Import Culomhia Konan Sur.san Kaneniatsu Kosho International Maritima Pesquera Ltd, 1974 Skipjack fishing* Irench Guiana Yutaka Gyogyo Societe Armement et Marayage de Guyane 1986 Shrimp trawling Guyana Yutaka Gyogyo Guyana Fisheries Ltd. 1974 Rel'rigeration, Shrimp trawling Suriname Nisshin Gyogyo Hakodate Kokai Surinam Japan Fisheries N.V. 1972 Refrigeration I'eni New Nippo Victoria del Mar S.A. 1967 Trawling. Processing* Chile Nichiro Milsuhishi Empresa Pesquera Nichiro Chile. Ltd. 1977 Trawling. Aquaculture Nissui Mitsui Bussan Empresa de Desarrollo Pesquero de Chile 1977 Trawling Taiyo Societe Pesquera Taiyo Chile Ltd. 1977 Trawling New Nippo Frioaysen S.A. 1989 Bonom longlining Hr,i/,il Nichirei Industria Brasileira de Pescados Frios S.A. 1 960 Canning* Nichirei Companhia de Pe.sca Norte de Brasil 1 960 Shrimp trawling Nichirei Amazonas Industrias Alimenticias S.A. 1978 Processing, freezing Santoku Bussan San Tokuro Pi.scicultura Ltd. 1974 Eel culture. Sales Nichihaku Suisan Shokn Suisan S.A Pesca Industria Camercio 1978 Trawling, tuna longlining* Argentina Nissui Mitsui Bussan r.xploilacion Pesquera de la Patagonia 1981 Trawling. Fishenes processing Nissui Empresa Pesquera de la Patagonia y Anlartida 1988 Trawling Sakyu Shotcn Pesquera Sakyu Sociedad Anonima 1986 Trawling. Tuna longlining Kaiyo Gyogyo. Kyosui Pionera S.A. P.N. I. C.E.I Co. 1986 Trawling S . A. Marine Jiggers S.A. 1988 Squid Jigging Canada Kihun North Sea Products Ltd. 1974 Fisheries Processing. Kaincyama Seikei Ocean Resources Inlernalional Company NA Kamahoko production* Toto Suisan lohto Suisan (B.C.). Ltd. 1977 I'isheries processing, purchasing Source; Sui.sun Nenkaii. 1992 85 Appendix YY. - Japan. Fisheries-related investments in the United States. CountiT United States Japanese Investors Taiyo Taiyo Nissui Nichiro Nisshin Kaiyo Taiyo Marumitsu Shokai Marubeni Marubeni Marubeni Taiyo Marubeni Walae Shoten Walae Shoten Walae Shoten Marumitsu Tsuda Suisan Nakamura Goro Nakamura Goro Nissui Beikoku Mitsui Kibun Nissui Hosui Nichiro Nichiro Nichiro Nichiro Nichiro Kato Suisan Pan Asia Tsusho Sasatani Shoten Gala.xy International New Nippo Iloko Suisan Hoei Tsusho Toto Suisan Local Company Name Western Alaska Fisheries Inc. Alaska Marine Service Inc Arctic Alaska Fisheries Corp. Nichiro Pacific Ltd. Westward Seafoods Inc. S.A. Packers Inc. Togiak Fisheries Inc. North Pacific Processors Inc. Bering Sea Fi.sheries Inc Alyeska Seafoods Inc, Clipper Seafoods, Ltd. Royal King Trawler Inc. Ocean Mist Fi,sheries Ltd. Partnership Marumitsu Marine Corp. Pacific Marine Products Corp Pan Marina Products Corp. Morpac Inc. Kibun Corp. of America Universal Seafoods Ltd. Northern Seafoods Inc, New Wave Fisheries Inc. Peninsula Salmon Inc, Seven Seas Fishing Co, Peter Pan Seafoods Inc Sea HIcnd Food Inc, Alaskan Bounty Corp, Homer Seafoods Oxnara Seafoods Inc Jubilee Fisheries Inc, Alaska Ocean Seafood. Ltd. Hoei Trading America Inc. Maruhide Marine Products Inc Date of Permission 1963 1990 1989 1967 1989 1971 1970 1972 1972 1985 1987 1991 1989 1971 1973 1974 1973 1974 1974 1984 1986 1979 1979 1979 1986 1980 1976 1977 1984 1988 1974 1976 Company Activities Canning, Salmon Roe, Processing Fisheries Import/Export Trawling, Surimi processing Salmon Roe, Canning Surimi Processing Processing (freezing) Salmon canning/freezing Salmon canning /freezing Salmon canning/freezing Processing/freezing Lonlinging Trawling Longlining* Sea Urchin processing Sea Urchin processing Sea Urchin processing Salmon canning/freezing Surimi manufacturing Processing/Sales I'urchasing/processing Trawling Salmon fishing Crab fishing Canning/purchasing Surimi processing Processing/seining Processing Surimi processing Bottom longlining. .sales Trawling I'urchasing/processing Sea Urchin processing * - currently inactive Source; Sui.uin Nenkun. 1992. 86 Appendix ZZ. - Japan. Profitability of distant-water Heets, 1987-91. Vessel Type Year 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Millions of Yen Tuna Longliner (200-500GRT) loial Revenue 371 385 441 429 365 Labor Cost 142 153 158 167 141 Fuel Cost 42 37 33 40 44 Total Expenses 368 377 390 427 402 Net Profit 3 8 21 2 -37 Skipjack Pole and Line (200-500GRT) Total Revenue 310 325 358 365 322 l^bor Cost 125 135 152 151 133 Fuel Cost 48 47 46 52 59 Total Expenses 317 336 358 367 380 Net Profit -7 -11 0 -2 -58 Trawler (200-500GRT) ToUl Revenue 676 675 386 286 431 l^bor Cost 245 241 134 131 154 Fuel Cost 102 102 54 105 106 Total Expenses 743 722 443 429 559 Net Profit -67 -47 -57 -143 -128 Source: US limbassy, Tokyo, May 28. 1993 87 Republic of Korea Tlie Republic of Korea's (ROK) distant-water fishing fleet has shown growth in some sectors during the past few years, but faces an increasingly bleak future. With the advent of international regulation of commercially important high-seas fisheries, the ROK distant-water trawler fleet is losing access to major fishing grounds and may eventually follow die Japanese example of moving away from catch operations to post-harvesting, value-added operations. Contents I. Distant-water Fishing Fleets 88 A. Trawlers 89 B. Squid Jiggers 91 C. Driftnet Vessels 91 D. Distant-water Tuna Vessels 91 II. Goveriunent Promotion of Shipbuilding 93 III. Current Status of Shipbuilding 93 IV. Government Regulation of Fleet Size 93 V. Vessel Exports 93 VI. Access to Foreign Fishing Grounds 93 A. Fonuer Soviet Union/Russian Federation 94 B. East Asia 95 C. South/Southeast Asia 95 D. Oceania 95 E. Africa/Middle East 96 F. Latin America 96 G. North America 97 VII. Outlook 97 A. Trawlers 98 B. Squid Jiggers 98 C. Driftnet Vessels 98 D. Distant-water Tuna Vessels 98 Sources 99 Appendices 104 registered tons) indicate a sustained level of fleet 1. Distant-water Fishing Fleets expansion between 1982 and 1992 (appendix A). ROK — Government statistics indicate that the distant-water fleet decreased to about 650 vessels in the mid-1980s, ROK distant-water fi.shing began in 1957 when but there was another surge of growth to nearly 800 several ROK tuna longliners conducted exploratory vessels by 1989. The fleet has decreased slightly since fishing in the Indian Ocean. The fleet grew from less then to a total of 771 vessels in 1991 (appendix B). than 100 vessels in the early 1960s to a peak of 850 With the exception of squid jiggers, the major ROK vessels in the late 1970s.' Lloyd's of London statistics distant-water fleets have all decreased in size .since for the largest ROK fishing vessels (t)ver 500 gross 1989 (figure !). Recent infomiation from the Japanese 800 600 400 200 n Total IXjLongliners Hotter Trawlers LJ Other Trawlers LU Squid Jiggers ■ Oriftnet LJ Shrimp Trawlers STuna Purse Seine Q Stick-held Saury S Distantwater Trap 1985 1986 1987 1988 1969 1990 1991 Source Statistical Yearbook o( Agriculture. Forestry, ana i-isnenes, nOK Ministry o( Agriculture. Forestry, and Fisheries. 1986-1992 -Prior to 1991, Shrimp trawlers, drittnet vessels, and tuna purse seiners were not differentiated Figure I. Republic of Korea. Nuntber of disiam-wmer fishery vessels, hy vessel rype; I9K5-9I. fisheries press indicates that the ROK distant-water fleet is shrinking rapidly, from 757 vessels in 1992 to only 645 vessels in 1993.- ROK Government statistics indicate that this is a rapidly aging fleet, particularly for trawlers and jiggers (appendix C). Overall figures indicate that while 22 percent of the ROK distant-water fleet was over 20 years old in 1985. that figure had risen to 35 percent by 1991 . The only distant-water fishery that showed a significant number of new vessels is the longlining fishery, where 33 percent of the vessels were 0-5 years old. and only 19 percent were more than 20 years old. Total ROK catch peaked at 3.6 million metric tons (t) in 1986, and decreased to 3.0 million t in 1991 (appendix D). Distant-water catch has occupied a significant proportion of the total catch, ranging from 25 percent in 1986 to 29 percent in 1991. Distant- water catch peaked at 930,000 t in 1989, hut decreased in the two succeeding years to 874,000 t in 1991 (appendix E). Catch decreased from 1990 to 1991 for North Pacific trawlers, squid driftnet vessels, and tuna longliners, hut increased for tuna purse seiners and squid jiggers (figure 2). Figures for 1993 indicate thai this decreased catch trend is accelerating. ROK distant-water catch decreased 31 percent during January-May 1993 compared to the same time period in 1992.' The most important ROK distant-water fisheries in terms of overall catch are trawlimj, tuna purse seining, squid jigging, and longlining. The only two ROK distant-water fisheries which have shown consistent growth since 1985 are the distant-water tuna purse seine and trawler fisheries located outside of the North Pacific. A. Trawlers^ ROK distant-water trawling began in 1966 wiien 8 stern trawlers fished in the Atlantic Ocean. In following years, ROK trawlers expanded their operations to the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Until 1991, the majority of the ROK distant-water trawler catch came from the North Pacific trawl fishery, which targets Alaska pollock in the Central Bering Sea "donut hole," Japanese waters off Hokkaido, the Russian EEZ, and in the central Sea of Okhotsk "peanut hole." ROK distant-water trawlers, fishing outside the North Pacific, target a wide variety of species, squid being the most important. The number of ROK distant-water trawlers decreased gradually from 233 in 1985 to 219 in 1990. Their number decreased dramatically to 146 vessels in 1991, largely because of tiie poor catch in the donut hole fishery (appendices B and F), North Pacific Trawlers: Alaska pollock is by far the most important species caught in this fishery. Before the expansion of fishery jurisdictions to 200 89 Catch (Thousands of Metric Tons) 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Source Statistical Yearbook w> Mgiiv.uiio^>e»i>y. o..J Fisheries, The ROK Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, 1986-1992. □ total kJ North Pacitic Trawlers LD Other Trawlers QTuna Longliner ■ Squid Drlftnet kjTuna Purse Seine Lfj Squid Jigging Figure 2 Repuhtir of Korea. OisUtiil-wuler Ji.slierie\ ralch. by vessel type: 19X5-91. nautical miles and the subsequent establishment of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). the ROK had access to lucrative Alaska pollock fisheries in U.S. and Soviet waters. Even after access was limited for ROK fishennen, the ROK was able to increase total Alaska pollock catches during the late 1970s and early 1980s, with a peak catch of nearly 600,000 t in 1986. Beginning in 1985, however, directed fi.shing allocations for the ROK within the U.S. EEZ were sharply reduced and were finally reduced to zero in 1988. ROK trawlers consequently shifted their effort to the high-seas area of the Central Bering Sea doiiut hole. Tlie ROK donut hole catch increased from only 13,000 t in 1980 to over 300,000 t in 1989 (appendix F). The dramatic drop in donut hole catches during 1990 and 1991 and a subsequent voluntary moratorium on fishing in the donut hole during 1993/94, caused the ROK North Pacific fleet to shift its effort to Japanese, Russian, and peanut hole waters. In September 1992, the ROK Government announced plans to redeploy the 4 1 -vessel North Pacific ROK trawler fleet by sending 31 vessels to Russian and peanut hole waters, and 10 vessels to waters off Hokkaido, Japan. Under the ROK-Japan fisheries agreement, Japan may not regulate ROK vessels fishing outside Japan's 12-mile territorial waters. The ROK Government has agreed to licen.se only 14 trawlers to fish in this region, but the Japanese Government has been pressing for further reductions.' The Russian Federation's unilateral declaration of a ban on fishing in the peanut hole as of June 15, 1993, prompted the ROK to temporarily withdraw its fleet (reportedly 18 trawlers) from the peanut hole and from the Russian Exclusive Economic Zone in the spring of 1993. As a good faith measure, the ROK offered to reduce its peanut hole catch by 25 percent in 1993, but made clear its intention to resume fishing once that mark was reached. It is unclear whether ROK trawlers have resumed fishing in the peanut hole, but the ROK Government informed Russia in August 1993, that it will allow its trawlers to resume fishing in the peanut hole." The Japanese fisheries press reports that the ROK North Pacific trawler catch has decreased by nearly 50 percent during the first half of 1993, from 100,000 t in the first half of 1992 to 54,000 t in the first half of 1993. The same press report indicates that only 24 of the 32 ROK vessels licensed to fish in this region are actually fishing. The remaining vessels are reportedly tied up ill Pusan.' North Atlantic Trawlers; Four ROK trawlers have been fishing in Nt)rtli Atlantic high-seas waters, just outside the Canadian EEZ off the coast of Newfoundland. According to the ROK Government, 90 the fleet targeted redfish rather than cod, which is the species most often targeted by fishing fleets in the North Atlantic. The Canadian Government has sought the cessation of foreign fishing in this region because of the depleted Canadian cod resource and has requested the withdrawal of ROK vessels from tliis fishery since 1988.* The ROK announced in February 1993 that it would comply with Canada's request and witlidraw the four trawlers from the region by the end of April 1993. The ROK Government did not reveal how it would compensate its fishermen for this lost fishing ground.' Southern Trawlers: Other ROK distant-water trawlers primarily target squid which are caught in the southwestern Atlantic and off New Zealand. Tlie trawler-caught squid catch increased from 39,000 t in 1990 to nearly 60,000 t in 1991 (appendix G). There are reportedly 44 trawlers fishing in the soutliwest Atlantic and 9 trawlers fishing off New Zealand.'" These vessel numbers are consistent with 1991 catch stadstics which show a squid catch of 54,000 t in the Atlantic and 5,000 t in the Pacific (appendices H and I). Shrimp Trawlers: As is the case with Japan, the ROK has a sizable distant-water trawler fleet fishing for shrimp in waters off South America. The only official statistics available for this fleet indicate that tliere were 112 ROK distant- water shrimp trawlers in 1991 (appendix B). ROK trawlers, based in Suriname and Brazil, have registered amiual catches between 1,500 to 4,000 tons." B. Squid Jiggers The ROK's squid jigging and driftnet fisheries began simultaneously in the northwest Pacific in 1979. Jigging operations are currently conducted primarily in the southwestern Atlantic, and off New Zealand and in Peruvian waters. ROK Government statistics indicate a slow growth in the fleet from 1985-89, but a near doubling of the fleet size in 1990 (appendix B). A total of 98 ROK squid jiggers were deployed in 1991 with a total catch of 150,000 tons.'' Catch stanstics show that nearly 75 percent of this squid is taken in the Atlantic Ocean. Total jigging catch has fluctuated greatly since 1988, but has ranged between 86,000 and 150,000 tons during the last 5 years (appendix E). C. Driftnet Vessels Tlie ROK distant-water high-seas pelagic driftnet fleet began fishing primarily for flying squid in 1979. Most ROK driftnet vessels were converted tuna longliners, 90 percent of which were more than 16 years old." Vessels sizes ranged from 170-500GRT, with an average capacity of 290 gross registered tons. The number of driftnet vessels grew rapidly from 14 in 1980 to 99 by 1983, and then to 130 in 1987. In 1992, the final year of the driftnet fishery, a total of 105 ROK vessels participated. In the wake of the 1992 United Nations driftnet moratorium, the ROK Government implemented two programs to assist its driftnet fishermen: 1) provision of loans to driftnet vessel owners to encourage conversion to squid jigging and saury fishing, and 2) purchase of obsolete driftnet vessels for scrapping. The ROK Govenmient allocated $50 million for the loan conversion plan (75 vessels) and $10.6 million for the vessel buy-back program (30 vessels) in 1992. The ROK Government conducted exploratory squid jigging on the former North Pacific driftnet fishing grounds during 1992, but meager catch results indicate tliat this method is not a feasible alternative for that fishing ground. ''' In a survey of ROK driftnet vessel owners conducted in late 1992, it was discovered that the owners planned to retire 56 of the driftnet vessels, and convert 44 vessels to alternative (unspecified) fishing methods. The fate of the remaining five vessels remains to be determined.''' It is likely tliat former driftnetters, now converted to jigging, will focus their effort on Latin American grounds off Argentina, Peru, and Ecuador."' D. Distant-water Tuna Vessels Tlie ROK distant-water tuna fishery began in 1957 with tuna longlining in the Indian Ocean." ROK distant-water tuna vessels can be divided into two classifications: longliners which fish in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans; and purse seiners which operate in the central western Pacific. At the end of 1991, a total of 285 ROK distant-water mna vessels were operating; 248 were longliners and 32 purse seiners (appendix B). 91 Longliners: The ROK tuiia longliner fleet consists of longliners based at Pusan, and at foreign ports around the world. The domestic-based longliners target bigeye and yellowfin tuna for the Japanese Sashimi market, while the foreign-based fleet focuses on albacore for camiing. Data for 1992 supplied by the U.S. Embassy in Seoul indicate there were 195 domestic-based ROK tuna longliners: 178 in the Pacific, 4 in the Indian Ocean, and 13 in the Atlantic Ocean. There were 53 ROK foreign-based longliners: 42 in the Pacific, 5 in the Indian Ocean, and 6 in the Atlantic.'" It has been reported in Japan that there was a major shift in effort by ROK longliners from the Indian and Atlantic Oceans to the Pacific Ocean during 1991.'" This shift is reflected in the most recent statistics from the Indo-Pacific Tuna Programme and the International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas which show the ROK Indian Ocean longliner fleet decreased from 112 vessels in 1988 to 77 ve.ssels in 1990, and ROK Atlantic Ocean longliners decreased from 33 in 1989 to 17 in 1990.-" The Forum Fisheries Agency believes that there may be as many as 300 ROK longliners active in the Pacific.-' The Japanese tuna industry press reports that 192 ROK longliners were active in the Pacific as of February 1992 (an increase of 23 percent from the 167 vessels active in 1985), but it is believed that ROK companies own approximately 80 percent of the estimated 200 flag-of-convenience tuna longliners fishing in the western Pacific, so the figure of 300 ROK longliners may be more accurate. " It has also been reported that fishing for albacore by ROK foreign-based longliners in the south Pacific was poor during the 1990/91 season. Combined with low albacore prices, poor unit-of-effort catch results forced the fleet to target bigeye and yellowfin tuna for the Japanese sashimi market. The number of ROK longliners based in Pago Pago, American Samoa (one of the main tuna canning locations in the Pacific), dropped from 25 longliners in 1989 to just 8 vessels in 1991.-' The Japanese fisheries press reported in 1990 that the ROK tuna industry had received pennission to build 36 tuna longliners. Of this total, 26 were to be exported, and 10 were to be added to the domestic fleet. Oversupply on the Japanese sashimi market and increased competition from Taiwan longliners resulted in weakened interest for increased investment in new ROK tuna longliners. As a result, only 5 of the 26 longliners for export markets and 2 of tlie 10 longliners for the domestic market were actually built.-'' The situation in 1993 appears to be even more bleak with reports of additional ROK distant-water tuna vessels tied up in the port of Pusan, no longer able to compete with rival fleets, particularly the Taiwan fleet.-'' Purse Seiners: There were 32 ROK tuna purse seiners active in the central western Pacific during 1991. Purse seining operations take place off the northern coast of Papua New Guinea and the catch is composed primarily of yellowfin tuna with the remainder consisting largely of skipjack. South Pacific Commission data indicates that the ROK purse seining fleet, although smaller in number than the U.S. and Taiwan fleets, was able to catch more fish than any other country in 1991 (243,000 t). The .success of the ROK fleet is attributed to efficient at-sea transshipment operations which enable ROK vessels to avoid stopping in local ports and thereby increase the amount of time devoted to catch operations.-^ With the concentration of distant-water purse seine effort in the central western Pacific, many Pacific Island nations have become concerned about possible overfishing. In October 1992, eight members of the South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) known as the "Nauru Group" (Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu) signed an agreement which places a limit on the number of distant-water purse seine vessels fishing in the central and western Pacific. The vessels in this fishery mainly target skipjack and yellowfin tuna and account for the majority of catch in the South Pacific. The signatories justified the need for a limit by noting the rapid capitalization of this fishery and its possible detrimental effects on tuna stocks.'' As is the case with its Taiwan and Japanese competitors, ROK tuna fleets face an acute shortage of domestic labor. Although Goverimient statistics indicate the number of distant-water fishery workers has been fluctuating since 1986 (appendix K), it is reasonable to assume that a downward trend similar to Japan should take hold since fewer and fewer young Koreans are interested in working in distant-water fishing operations. 92 II. Government Promotion of Shipbuilding water fishing grounds, and reorganize die structure of die distant-water fishery associations.^" There is no information available which indicates that the ROK Goveninient is promoting the construction of new fishing vessels. III. Current Status of Shipbuilding Construction of new distant-water fishing vessels has been at a standstill in the ROK since 1989 and the ROK Government is expected to suspend its financial support for new vessel construction. Funds originally earmarked for new vessel construction in 1992 (approximately $44 million) were used instead to finance the renovation and upgrading of over 300 coastal and offshore ROK fishimz vessels."* IV. Government Regulation of Fleet Size In 1991, the ROK National Fisheries Administration (NFA) amiounced new policies in anticipation of full ROK fisheries trade liberalization in 1997. Between 1992 and 2001, the NFA plans to reduce the total tomiage of the ROK coastal and inshore fisheries fleet from the 1991 level of 963,000GRT to less dian 900,000 gross registered tons. The reduction will focus on small fishing vessels using small-niesh nets diat deplete vital fishery stocks. In addition, the NFA announced plans to reduce fishing fleets operating in the donut hole and in the soudiwestern Atlantic squid fishing ground near the Falkland Islands. The NFA will compensate affected fishemien for lost revenue and will purchase their vessels and gear. The NFA plans to use the purchased vessels as artificial reefs to enliance stocks in coastal waters. The NFA also established the Foreign Fisheries Development Foundation to explore potential new fishing grounds beyond the ROK 200-mile FEZ.-'' ROK Government and industry leaders met in April 1993 to discuss long-tenn strategies and pro-active measures for the ROK distant-water fishing industry. Industry leaders proposed that the Goveninient reduce interest rates, improve licensing procedures for distant- water fishing vessels, actively work to secure distant- V. Vessel Exports Compared to Japan, the ROK has exported only a small number of fishing vessels (appendices L-T). Significant exports of large ROK fishing vessels began only in the late 1980s. Nations most closely associated with flag-of-convenience registry (Panama, Honduras, St. Vincent-Grenadines, Singapore) appear often in these statistics. Japanese fishery industry sources speculate that most flag-of-convenience fishing vessels are aging Japanese-built tuna longliners registered in flag-of-convenience countries by Korean and Taiwan companies. Tliese vessels are believed to focus their operations on catching and freezing tuna for the Japanese sashimi market. ROK exports of fishing vessels to the flag-of-convenience nations noted above show that the ROK exported a total of 43 vessels with an average capacity of 500GRT between 1986 and 1991 (appendix U). It should be noted that no ROK vessels were exported to these 4 countries in 1992. It is not clear why ROK exports of fishing vessels to these flag- of-convenience nations have decreased, but the Japanese tuna industry has been urging the ROK and Taiwan tuna industries to discourage flag-of- convenience registry since a glut of sashinii-grade tuna supplied by flag-of-convenience longliners has depressed the Japanese sashimi market. VI. Access to Foreign Fishing Grounds" With the temiination of access to the waters of many countries, including the United States and Canada, and increasing restrictions on distant-water highseas fisheries, ROK fishemien have focused their attention on the value-added fisheries processing sector and gained access to foreign fisheries through joint ventures, primarily with developing coastal countries. ROK vessels have secured access to 200-mile zones in Argentina, Peru, the Falkland Islands (United Kingdom), Kiribati, the French Pacific Island territories, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, the Philippines, Mexico. Suriname, Colombia, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Angola, Guinea-Bissau. Saudi Arabia, China, and Russia. 93 Gaining access to these fisheries has become increasingly expensive. The ROK National Fisheries Administration reports that the ROK paid nearly $94 million in foreign fishery access fees during 1991, a 290 percent increase over such fees paid in 1 990. The highest fees were paid to the former Soviet Union ($52.8 million), tlie United Kingdom ($8.6 million), Papua New Guinea ($7.2 million), and Kiribati ($5.5 million).'- Infonnation regarding ROK distant-water fleet activity and joint ventures in foreign countries is as follows: A. Former Soviet Union/Russian Federation Bilateral Agreement: The ROK and the Russian Federation signed a fisheries agreement in September 1992. Under the agreement, each side is granted access to the others' waters; joint ventures are encouraged in fishing, processing, and aquaculture; and joint resource assessment research will take place. In particular, Russian officials hope for ROK investment in onshore processing and storage facilities projects in exchange for granting ROK vessels access to Russian waters. The ROK North Pacific trawler fleet received Alaska pollock allocations within the Russian EEZ in 1992 and 1993, but has so far managed only a negligible Alaska pollock catch in Russian waters. ROK vessels were given Alaska pollock allocations in the waters of the disputed Northern Territories in 1992, but the Japanese Government urged the ROK to respect tlie Japanese claim to the territories, and thus the ROK actually caught very little Alaska pollock in Russian waters during 1992. In 1993, the ROK was given an allocation in the Russian EEZ of 150,000 t, but the inability of the two sides to reach quick agreement on fees has resulted in limited ROK fishing within Russian waters. Joint Ventures: ROK fishing companies first formed joint ventures with fomier Soviet companies in 1989 which allowed over-the-side purchases in Russian waters by ROK fishennen. By 1991, as many as 12 ROK companies with 23 vessels were participating in these joint ventures. The Korean captains purchased an estimated 90,000 t of Alaska pollock, up one-half from the 61,000 t purchased in 1990. A total of 25 ROK vessel owners were expected to purchase 1 10,000 t of Russian fi.sh through these arrangements in 1992." Final results, however, are not available. The giant ROK multinational corporation Samsung has signed a 3-year contract (August 1991 -July 1994) to purchase Russia-origin Alaska pollock from the Russian Sobvryflot company. Samsung plans to process the Alaska pollock in China and Thailand where labor is inexpensive and sell the product in the United States. Samsung will pay Sobvryflot $6 million per year for 8,000 t of Alaska pollock.** Cooperation between the ROK and Russia is also taking place in fisheries science and technology. At a conference held in April 1992, Russia agreed to provide krill processing expertise in exchange for ROK salmon hatchery technology. The two countries also discussed a joint squid jigging survey on the high-seas of the North Pacific to measure the effectiveness of jigging in comparison to the now-banned driftnet method. '' ROK jiggers reportedly conducted exploratory fishing for squid in tlie Russian EEZ off the southern Kuril Islands in late 1992.'^ No further information about tliis fishery is available. Russian and ROK officials reached agreement on several additional fishery cooperation projects during meetings held in tlie ROK in March 1993. Joint projects include surveys of the Alaska pollock resource in the peanut hole and cuttlefish resources in tlie waters of the two countries, research and tests of trawling gear, and the exchange of marine fishery science information and scientists." The ROK fisheries industry fervently hopes cooperation with Russia will provide a much-needed boost to its distant-water fisheries. Access to Russian waters will be especially vital for those North Pacific trawlers which previously had access to U.S. and donut hole waters. However, future expansion of this relationship has been threatened by tlie apparently unreasonable price demands and contract tenns demanded by Russian joint venture partners. Russia's detemiination to close tlie peanut hole to foreign fishing has also deterred cooperation. 94 B. East Asia China: China has allowed ROK vessels access to its waters since 1988. A total of 17 ROK vessels caught 2,724 t in 1991, a 58 percent decrease from 1990. Chinese vessels have been observed poaching in ROK waters, but the ROK hopes this problem can be resolved now that the ROK and China have normalized diplomatic relations. The ROK Government sent a fisheries delegation to China in June 1993 to discuss illegal Chinese fishing in ROK waters and explore the possibility of a bilateral fisheries cooperation agreement.'* North Korea: The ROK Government formulated a proposal for joint salmon resource development with North Korea during 1991. The proposal included the establishment of a joint salmon hatchery and joint salmon fishing and marketing operations.'' C. South/Southeast Asia India: The ROK tuna fishing company, Tae Eun, has formed a joint venture in India witli Fishing Falcons Ltd. of Hyderabad. Equity capital is shared by tlie Indian promoter, Mr. Sridliar Reddy, Tae Eun Company, the Indian Marine Products Export Development Authority, and the public. The joint venture company operates two ROK-built longliners, the Vaishnavi I and the Vaishnavi II. Exploratory fishing was conducted in December 1992 with a reported daily catch of 2 to 2.5 t of bigeye and yellowfin tuna per vessel.'" Indonesia: ROK fishing vessels have access to Indonesian waters through joint ventures and leasing arrangements with Indonesian companies. Tlie Dongwong Industries Company, a major ROK tuna fishing company, announced in mid-1992 the construction of a tuna canning plant in Sorong, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. The camiery would process all fish caught by tlie company's tuna flfeet operating in the western Pacific. Tlie plant would reportedly be the largest in Indonesia.'" Vietnam: A joint venture tuna canning company has been established by the Dongwon Industrial Company in Vietnam. Details are not available, but Dongwon will provide fishing and processing expertise for this venture.''- Otlier ROK fishery companies are expected to build plants in Vietnam to take advantage of Vietnamese natural resources and cheap labor. D. Oceania Cook Islands/Tuvalu: Agreements with these two South Pacific nations allowed ROK tuna vessels access only at the end of the 1991-92 fishing season."' No further information is available. French Pacific Territories: The ROK-France agreement allowed 125 ROK tuna longliners to catch 6,100 t of tuna in French Polynesian waters during 1992 for a fee of $835,440.'" This agreement was reportedly not renewed in 1993 when the two sides were unable to resolve differences over the amount of ROK catch to be offloaded at French Pacific ports and the length of time ROK vessels would be required to stay at these ports.'" Kiribati: In 1990, The Korean Deep Sea Fisheries Association agreed to pay a $960,000 access fee which would allow 113 ROK longliners to fish in Kiribati waters. ROK companies were required to hire Kiribati crew under this agreement.'"' Tlie agreement was renewed in July 1992, allowing 110 ROK longliners access for a fee of $1.4 million. ''' Micronesia: The ROK first concluded a fishery access arrangement with Micronesia in 1980. By 1990, a total of 32 ROK purse seiners were licensed to fish in Micronesian waters. These seiners are largely used vessels purchased from Japan, Mexico, and the United States. Tlie ROK fishery access agreement expired in July 1 990 and has not been renewed despite numerous negotiations."* New Zealand: The ROK and New Zealand concluded a fisheries agreement in March 1978. ROK vessels were granted direct access to New Zealand waters under this agreement until the introduction of New Zealand's Quota Management System which allows only New Zealand companies and individuals to own fishing quotas. Quota holders may choose to use their own vessels or charter foreign vessels to catch their quota. The bilateral agreement was renewed in 1990, and extends through September 1994. Under a charter arrangement, a foreign vessel is hired to catch a quantity of fish which is allocated to a New Zealand company under the quota system. The 95 catch of charter foreign fishing vessels is approximately 60 percent of tlie entire catch in the New Zealand EEZ. An estimated 100 foreign fishing vessels will be hired under charter arrangements in the 1 992/93 fishing year. Tliese vessels come from many countries, including tlie ROK. New Zealand companies have benefitted greatly from the use of chartered foreign vessels because they have lower operational costs. The chartered vessel catch is composed largely of groundfish species, such as hoki and southern blue whiting, and squid. ^^ Because the entire New Zealand squid quota is now allocated strictly to New Zealand companies, it is difficult to obtain precise information on the niunber of ROK jiggers being chartered by New Zealand companies. It is clear, however, that there is still a significant number of ROK jiggers active in this fishery. Papua New Guinea: The ROK-PNG agreement allows ROK tuna vessels access to PNG fishing grounds, calls for the promotion of joint fishery ventures, and provides for the exchange of fisheries experts. In 1991, 35 ROK tuna vessels caught approximately 75,000 t of tuna in PNG waters. During the most recent round of negotiations held in October 1992, the ROK and PNG were unable to reach agreement because the PNG wanted to reduce the niunber of ROK vessels by 20 percent over the next three years and raise the access fee by 12.2 percent.^' E. Africa/Middle East Mauritania: The ROK originally concluded a fisheries agreement with Mauritania in 1983. Tlie agreement granted 13 ROK vessels an allocation of 50,000 t of fish between 1983-86 for a fee of $3 million.'" It is unclear whether this agreement remains in force, but there is one fisheries joint venture called COMACOP (Compagnie Mauritano-Coreeime de Peche) which is still in operation.^" Oman: ROK trawlers are fishing for demersal species such as hairtail and croaker off the coast of Oman. A total of 8-10 ROK trawlers, 50 meters long, were reportedly fishing off the coast of Oman in June 1993." Seychelles: ROK tuna longliners have access to Seychelles waters under an individual licensing aereeinent.^ The most recent data indicates 88 ROK longliners were licensed in 1990", a significant decline ft-om the 1988 figure of 127 ROK longliners.'" Yemen: ROK companies reportedly had agreements with Yemen to fish in the Yemeni EEZ, but these agreements have expired because the ROK companies refused to fonii joint venture companies." F. Latin America Argentina: In tlie southwestern Atlantic, twenty ROK fishing companies are forming joint fishery ventures with an unknown number of Argentine companies. Tlie principal ROK companies involved in these joint ventures are Daerim and Samlio while some of the Argentine companies include Harengus, Mellino, and Antirtida Pesquera Industrial (API). Over 30 ROK jigging vessels will participate in the joint venture. ROK squid jiggers have been operating in the southwestern Atlantic (off the coast of the Falkland Islands and elsewhere outside the Argentine 200-niile EEZ) for several years. The ROK Government is trying to assist its distant-water fishennen who have difficulty gaining access to fishing grounds by offering special import privileges to foreign joint venture companies involving ROK participation.'" Chile: The ROK signed a technical cooperation agreement in 1969 which focused on the fishing industry. Officials agreed in principle during 1975 to conclude a fisheries cooperation agreement which provided for krill trawling off Chile, technical assistance, and joint ventures. The ROK Government has requested, but not received, fishing allocations from the Chilean Government. Falkland Islands: ROK catch in this area was negligible until 1986 when the total Atlantic squid catch exceeded 50,000 t for the first time (appendix i). Catch has continued to increase and exceeded 175,000 t in 1991. Most of the ROK vessels operating off the Falklands have been fishing under contract with British-Falklands joint ventures. ROK squid jiggers were represented by an organization called KOSAC (expansion unknown) in access negotiations with the United Kingdom until 1992. In September 1992, a new organization. Southwest Atlantic, was fonned to represent the 25 ROK companies involved in tliis fishery. During the October 1992 access nesotiation. Southwest Atlantic 96 reportedly requested a fee decrease of 20-30 percent because tlie ROK squid market was depressed. ''' In response to the depressed market, the ROK squid industry reportedly reduced the total number of jiggers deployed in the Falklands from 67 to 65 vessels, and reduced the number of trawlers from 44 to 40 vessels. The fishing seasons would also be shortened for jiggers from 7 months (December to June) to 4 months (February to June), and for trawlers from all year to 6 months (July to January). '*" Peru: The ROK fisheries industry has recently shown great interest in Peruvian fisheries. Tlie fishery ministers of the ROK and Peru pledged in March 1993 to strengthen fisheries cooperation between the two countries. Tlie ROK requested increased access to Peruvian waters and an installment plan for payment of access fees. Peru reportedly promised to consider these requests in a positive mamier. The ROK also requested permission for ROK trawler fishing in previously unexploited Peruvian fisheries and the formation of joint ventures in fisheries processing and shipbuilding.''' ROK squid jiggers have been actively fishing in Peruvian waters since 1 99 1 . The Peruvian Government allocated a squid quota of 80,000 t in late 1991 to two Peruvian-ROK joint ventures, Peruko (30,000 t) and Pescapeko (50,000 t), which operated a total of 31 trawlers in Peruvian waters." In mid- 1992, the Peruvian Government accepted public bids for squid allocations. A total of 20 ROK jiggers were granted an allocanon of 45,000 t for a fee of $185 per ton. This fee was more than double the $80 per ton fee which ROK jiggers paid in 1991. Tlie two joint venture companies which reportedly bid for this allocation were Peruko (25,000 t) and Royal Prestige (20,000 t). The ROK Government is reportedly negotiating with Peru to determine terms of access for ROK squid trawlers and to explore the possibility of a bilateral fisheries agreement.*' The Japanese fisheries press reports that 29 ROK squid jiggers received an allocation of 52,678 tons from Peru in 1993." Suriname: Most ROK shrimp trawlers operate under the joint venture company, Suriname American Industries Limited (SAIL), a Suriname Govenunent- owned, but independently managed fishing company. SAIL has exclusive contracts with several ROK fishing companies which operate 70 ROK shrimp trawlers. SAIL pays market prices for the shrimp landed by ROK trawlers and exports it mostly to Japan; some is exported to France. The number of ROK shrimp trawlers licensed to fish in Suriname has remained fairly constant, ranging from 85 vessels in 1987 to 89 vessels in 1992. ROK vessels caught an estimated 3,500 t of shrimp in Suriname during 1991 ;■■ the 1992 catch is not available. G. North America United States: Until the late 1980s, die ROK received annual allocations of groundfish (mostly Alaska pollock) in U.S. waters off Alaska. Due to the "Americanization" of the U.S. 200-mile zone, such allocations are now unavailable to ROK fishennen. The ROK was the first country to establish fishery joint ventures with the United States. These joint ventures involved the "over-the-side" purcha.se of pollock and other groundfish caught by U.S. fishermen and delivered to ROK factory trawlers. With the rapid increase of U.S. processing capacity, such joint ventures have been phased out. The United States and the ROK have a bilateral "Governing International Fishery Agreement." which expires December 31, 1993. VII. Outlook The long-range outlook for ROK distant-water fisheries is not a bright one. Increased restrictions on access to foreign and international waters, rising fishing fees, increased labor costs, decreasing conmiodity prices, labor shortages, obsolete fishing vessels, and a liberalized fisheries market have all played a role in making distant-water operations increasingly unprofitable. Financial difficulties for Samho Moolsan, one of the ROK's leading distant-water fishery companies, have resulted in bankruptcy and court management of the company. An additional 30-50 small ROK fishery companies have gone bankrupt since the late 1980s. The ROK fisheries industry has requested $125 million in Government assistance, and the Government has agreed to provide $25 million from a special emergency account. The fisheries industry has also requested permission to hire cheap labor from Southeast Asia and ethnic Koreans from China, but it is doubtful that even these measures will be able to stem the seemingly inevitable swing away from distant- water fisheries."" 97 A. Trawlers With tlie demise of the donut hole fisher>', ROK distant-water trawlers are finding it difficuh to locate new fisheries which are profitable. International political pressure is making future access to the peanut hole and Northwest Atlantic fisheries problematic. In addition, rising access fees and nationalization programs are also hurting the ROK trawling sector. The ROK trawler fleet will probably focus on joint ventures with companies in South America, such as Argentina and Chile, where resources are still abundant and labor is relatively cheap. Purse Seiners: Future expansion in this sector will probably be limited to the central Pacific purse seine fleet which has grown steadily over the past few years. Growth in this fleet is threatened, however, by increasingly strict regulation of purse seine activities by the South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency. Stringent regulation could result in a shift in ROK purse seine effort from the central Pacific to the Indian Ocean. B. Squid Jiggers ROK squid jiggers will probably continue to be active in fisheries off New Zealand and the Falkland Islands, but it is clear that they are beginning to heavily fish new grounds off Argentina, Peru, and Ecuador. This trend toward utilizing new grounds off South America should continue, and it would be no surprise if the ROK followed Japan's lead and started exploring jigging off Brazil. It is doubtful that there will be long-terai expansion of this fleet, but a good number of former driftnet vessels are expected to join the jigging fleet operating off South America. C. Driftnet Vessels As mentioned above, a good proportion of former ROK driftnet vessels are expected to convert to squid jigging. At least half the former driftnet vessel owners are expected to apply for Govenmient compensation and retire their vessels. Many of the driftnet vessels are old and probably could not be profitably converted to any other fishing method. D. Distant-water Tuna Vessels Longliners: ROK distant-water tuna longliners face increasingly severe competition from developing counterparts (e.g. China, Indonesia) which, widi the help of Taiwan, can deliver sashimi-grade tuna to Japan at a much lower price. It is therefore doubtful that there will be further expansion of the ROK longliner fleet. The remaining ROK tuna longliners will probably continue to focus on Pacific operations since distant-water operations in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans entail considerable labor and fuel costs. 98 Sources Agriculture, Fisheries, & Livestock News, as printed in Pacific Rim Fisheries Update, various issues. Asian Development Bank/Infofish, Global Industry Update: Tuna, 1991. Chungang Ilbo, February 12, 1993. Diplock, J.H., "Tuna Fisheries in the Federated States of Micronesia, 1979-90," Marine Fisheries Review, 55(1), 1993. Forum Fisheries Agency, Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, various issues. Globefish Highlights, No. 2/92, June 15, 1992. Ignell, Steve, et al., "Review of the Fisheries and Ecology of Neon Flying Squid, (Ommastrephes bartrami) in the Central North Pacific Ocean," undated. Indo-Pacific Tuna Development and Management Programme, "Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian Tuna Fisheries Data Summary for 1990," IPTP Data Summary No. 12, May 1992. Infofish Trade News, January 15, 1992. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, "Report for Biennial Period, 1990-91, Part II (1991)," Madrid, Spain, 1992. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, as printed in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, various issues. Korea Deep Sea Fisheries Association, Deep Sea Fisheries In Korea, April 1987. Korea Fisheries Times, as printed in Pacific Rim Fisheries Update, various issues. The Korea Herald, November 15, 1992, as reported in Pacific Rim Fisheries Update, February 1993. Korean Customs Administration, Statistical Yearbook of Foreign Trade, various editions. Lloyd's of London, Lloyd's Register of Statistical Tables, various issues. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (ROK), Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, various editions. National Fisheries Research and Development Agency (ROK), "Recent Korean Walleye Pollock Fishery in the Central Bering Sea," 1991. National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of International Affairs, "The Fisheries of Seychelles, " International Fishery Reports, IFR 89/96, December 8, 1989. New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, July 5, 1993. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, various issues. Pacific Magazine, 5-6/90, as printed in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, No. 4, April/May 1990. Redes, #61, Republica Argentina, 1992. Seychelles Fishing Authority, Tuna Bulletin-Second Quarter 1991, undated. South Pacific Commission, "Status of Tuna Fisheries in the SPC Area During 1991, With Revised Annual Catches Since 1952," Tuna and Billfish Assessment Programme, Technical Report No. 29, Noumea, New Caledonia, 1992. U.S. Consulate, Madras, July 2, 1993. U.S. Embassy, Lima, October 21, 1992. U.S. Embassy, Muscat, June 20, 1993. U.S. Embassy, Nouakchott, August 17, 1993. U.S. Embassy, Paramaribo, June 30, 1993. U.S. Embassy, Port Moresby, January 30, 1992. U.S. Embassy, Sanaa, June 30, 1993. U.S. Embassy, Seoul, September 30, 1983; April 17, 1992. U.S. Embassy, Seoul, "Industrial Outlook Report: Fishing Industry," March 15, 1993. Yonhap News Agency, various dates. 99 Endnotes 1. Korea Deep Sea Fisheries Association, Deep Sea Fisheries In Korea, April 1987. 2. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun.iuly 27, 1993. 3. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun. July 27, 1993. 4. The bulk of background information describing the ROK distant-water fleet is taken from the Korean Deep Sea Fisheries Association's yearbook. Deep Sea Fisheries in Korea. 5. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, September 18, 1992. 6. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, April 27, 1993; Tong-A Ilbo, August 9, 1993. 7. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, June 10, 1993. 8. The Korea Herald, November 15, 1992, as reported in Pacific Rim Fisheries Update, February 1993. 9. Chungang Ilbo, February 12, 1993. 10. U.S. Embassy, Seoul, "Industrial Outlook Report: Fishing Industry," March 15, 1993. 11. Korea Deep Seas Fisheries Association, op. cit. ROK Government statistics indicate the 1990 Atlantic shrimp trawler catch reached 4,500 t, but dropped to just 360 t in 1991 (appendix I). 12. U.S. Embassy, Seoul, op. cit. 13. Steve Ignell et al., "Review of the Fisheries and Ecology of Neon Flying Squid, (Ommastrephes Bartrami) in the Central North Pacific Ocean," undated. 14. Agriculture, Fisheries, & Livestock News, September 30, 1992, as printed in Pacific Rim Fisheries Update, February 1993, p. 10. 15. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, November 26, 1992. 16. Ecuador is mentioned as a new squid fishing ground in the Korea Fisheries Times, January 25, 1993; as reported in Pacific Rim Fisheries, Alaska Center for International Business, University of Alaska Anchorage, Volume 2, Number 7, April 1993, p. 9. 17. Deep Sea Fisheries in Korea, op. cit. 18. U.S. Embassy, Seoul, April 17, 1992. 19. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin. No. 6385, 2 October 1991, quoted in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, November-December 1991. 100 20. Indo-Pacific Tuna Development and Management Programme, "Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian Tuna Fisheries Data Summary for 1990," IPTP Data Summary No. 12, May 1992; International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, "Report for Biennial Period, 1990-91, part II (1991)," Madrid, Spain, 1992. 21. Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, No. 4, July-August 1992, p. 14. 22. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, No. 6529, May 12, 1992. 23. South Pacific Commission, "Status of Tuna Fisheries in the SPC Area During 1991, With Revised Armual Catches Since 1952," Tuna and Billfish Assessment Programme, Technical Report No. 29, Noumea, New Caledonia, 1992, p. 4. 24. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, No. 6183, November 27, 1990, as printed in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, No.l, January-February 1991, p. 7. 25. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 27, 1993. 26. South Pacific Commission, op. cit., p. 11. 27. Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, No. 6, November-December 1992, page 1. 28. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, August 25, 1992. 29. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, August 8, 1991. 30. Korean Fisheries Times, April 26, 1993, as printed in Pacific Rim Fisheries Update, June 1993, page 9. 31. Much of the information in this section is taken from, "Industrial Outlook Report; Fishing Industry," U.S. Embassy Seoul, March 15, 1993. 32. Yonhap News Agency, October 20, 1992. 33. U.S. Embassy Seoul, op. cit. 34. Yonhap News Service, August 2, 1991. 35. Yonhap News Agency, April 24, 1992. 36. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, October 7, 1992. 37. Yonhap News Agency, March 26, 1993. 38. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, June 14, 1993. 39. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, October 25, 1991. 40. U.S. Consulate, Madras, July 2, 1993. 41. Globefish Highlights, No. 2/92, June 15, 1992, as reported in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, No. 5, September-October 1992, p. 22. 42. Asian Development Bank/Info fish. Global Industry Update: Tuna, 1991, p. 75. 101 43. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, No. 6531, May 14, 1992, as printed in Forum Fisheries News Digest., No. 4, July-August 1992, p. 4. 44. U.S. Embassy, Port Moresby, January 30, 1992; Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, February 3, 1992. 45. Yonhap News Agency, January 9, 1993. 46. Pacific Magazine, 5-6/90, as printed in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, No. 4, April/May 1990, p. 4. 47. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 21, 1992. 48. J.H. Diplock, "Tuna Fisheries in the Federated States of Micronesia, 1979-90," Marine Fisheries Review, 55(1), 1993, pp. 3-5. 49. New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 5 July 1993. 50. Agriculture, Fisheries, and Livestock, November, 6, 1992, as printed in Pacific Rim Fisheries Update, February 1993. 51. U.S. Embassy Seoul, September 30, 1983. 52. U.S. Embassy, Nouakchott, August 17, 1993. 53. U.S. Embassy, Muscat, June 20, 1993. 54. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, No. 6531, May 14, 1992, as printed in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, No. 4, July- August 1992, p. 3. 55. Tuna Bulletin-Second Quarter 1991, Seychelles Fishing Authority, undated. 56. National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of International Affairs, "The Fisheries of Seychelles," International Fishery Reports, IFR 89/96, December 8, 1989. 57. U.S. Embassy, Sanaa, June 30, 1993. 58. Redes, #61, Republica Argentina, 1992. 59. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, September 14, 1992. 60. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, August 3, 1992. 61. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, April 1, 1993. 62. Infofish Trade News, 15 January 1992. 63. U.S. Embassy, Lima, October 21, 1992; Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun , July 20, 1992. 64. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, April 26, 1993. 65. U.S. Embassy, Paramaribo, June 30, 1993. 102 66. U.S. Embassy, Seoul, op.cit. 103 Appendices Appendix A. ROK distant-water fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage : 1975-92. Year Gross Registered Tons (GRT) Total 500-999 1,000-1,999 Over 2,000 Number of vessels 1975 33 13 10 56 1976 32 11 12 55 1977 29 12 12 53 1978 29 13 13 55 1979 34 14 14 62 1 980 33 15 15 63 1981 32 18 12 62 1982 33 19 14 66 1983 40 21 14 75 1984 42 21 14 77 1985 45 21 15 81 198fi 47 21 16 84 1987 59 21 17 97 1988 64 21 16 101 1989 67 27 18 112 1990 63 33 18 114 1991 63 35 18 116 1992 72 34 19 125 Source. /./( >(/ 's Rcgisier of Shipping St ilisliccil Tahlf\. 1 (indon. U s. vaniius year.s. 104 Appendix B. ROK. Distant-water fishing vessels, by number and jross registered tonnage; 1985-91. Vessel Type 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 No GRT No GRT No GRT No GRT No GRT No GRT No GRT Numlier of Vessels/Tonnage (ihousaiids) Longliners 280 99 295 106 338 126 373 139 387 146 285 107 285 107 Oticr Trawlers 233 132 245 141 230 140 231 146 221 149 219 178 146 167 Squid Jiggers 33 12 32 12 35 13 38 14 46 17 90 40 98 44 Dislantwater Trap - - - - - 2 0,2 1 neg 1 ncg Shrimp Trawlers na na na na na na na na na na na na 112 18 Drillnet na na na na na na na na na na na na 90 28 Tuna Purse Seine na na na na na na na na na na na na 32 34 Slick-held Saury na na na na na na na na na na na na 4 2 Others 105 97 104 98 107 99 119 106 143 122 1X8 81 3 2 'Total 651 340 676 357 710 378 761 407 799 434 783 406 771 401 Source: Stalislical Yearbook of Agricullure. Forestry, and Fisheries. ROK Ministry ol" Agriculture, I-orestry, and I'lshcries, 1986-92 105 Appendix C. ROK. Number of distanl-waler fishing vessels, by type of vessel and age; 1985-91. Vessel Type 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Number of fishing vessels Longliners 0-5 Years 23 21 54 81 92 98 94 6-10 Years 34 40 45 44 28 17 10 11-15 Years 83 98 103 108 105 44 48 16-20 Years 68 55 46 30 53 71 78 Over 20 years 72 81 90 110 109 55 55 Otter Trawlers 0-5 Years 1 1 1 2 5 4 4 6-10 Years 76 38 1 3 4 2 -) 11-15 Years 88 134 150 133 111 53 4 16-20 Years 60 60 51 47 48 102 80 Over 20 Years 8 12 27 46 53 58 56 Squid Jiggers 0-5 Years 3 4 6 9 12 12 18 6-10 Years 5 - 5 6 6 11-15 Years 6 10 11 11 10 16 6 16-20 Years 9 9 9 6 7 30 38 Over 20 Years 10 9 9 12 12 26 30 Shrimp Trawlers 0-5 Years na na na na na na 1 6-10 Years na na na na na na ■y 11-15 Years na na na na na na 16 16-20 Years na na na na na na 49 Over 20 Years na na na na na na 44 Source: Slalisiical Yearbook of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, 1986-1992. 106 Appendix C (continued). ROK. Number of distant-water fishing vessels, by type of vessel and age; 1985-91. Vessel Type 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Number o [fishing vessels Driftnet Vessels 0-5 Years na na na na na na 6-10 Years na na na na na na 11-15 Years na na na na na na 1 6-20 Years na na na na na na 11 Over 20 years na na na na na na 79 t*urse Seiners 0-5 Years na na na na na na 3 6-10 Years na na na na na na 12 11-15 Years na na na na na na 6 16-20 Years na na na na na na 11 Over 20 Years na na na na na na - Other 0-5 Years 2 3 - 2 3 10 4 6-10 Years 5 1 4 8 12 15 - 11-15 Years 23 22 15 15 16 15 16-20 Years 25 24 27 20 23 25 1 Over 20 Years 50 54 61 74 91 124 3 Total 0-5 Years 29 29 61 94 112 124 124 6-10 Years 120 79 50 55 49 40 32 11-15 Years 200 264 279 267 242 128 80 16-20 Years 162 148 133 103 131 228 268 Over 20 Years 140 156 187 242 265 263 267 Source: Slalislical Yearbook of Agriculture, h'orestry. and Fisheries , Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, 1986-1992. 107 Appendix D. ROK. Fisheries catch, by type of fishery; 1980, 1985-91. Type of Fishery 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Melric loii.s Marint Usherics Distant-water 458,209 767.030 929,886 882.660 774,240 930.333 925,331 873,465 Coastal 1.370,324 1,494,514 1.725.820 1.525.999 1.512.481 1.510.262 1,542.013 1,303,913 Whaling 2,023 426 - Maritullurc 540,564 787,571 946,965 966.063 886.605 848.246 772.731 775,419 Total Marine 2,371,120 3,049, .541 3.602.671 3.274.722 3.173,326 3,288,841 3.240.075 2,952,797 Freshwater Fisheries Wild catch 38,232 50.400 51.779 47,598 24.681 18,958 18,594 16,167 Freshwater culture 994 2,664 5.274 9,505 11,128 11,596 15,837 14,258 Total Freshwater 39,226 53,064 57.053 57,103 35.809 30,554 34,431 30.425 Craud Total 2,410,346 3,102,605 3.569.724 3.331,825 3.209.135 3,319,395 3,274,506 2.983.222 Source: Slalislical Yearbook of Agricullure. I'oresiry. and Fisheries. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries. 1986-1992. Appendix li. ROK. Dislant-walcr fisheries catch, hy type of vessel, species, and fishing area. 1985-91. Ves.sel Type 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Melric Ions lima Fongliner-Foreign Hase 30.034 30,071 18.411 17,311 15,851 16,011 7,060 Longliner-IIome Fort 63.056 65,330 69.026 64,415 48,362 53,513 40,014 Skipjack Jigging 260 268 Purse Seine 11,279 27,732 58.752 79,397 115,754 173,343 227,518 Alhaeore Driltnel 342 950 384 295 Total Tuna 104.629 123,401 146.189 161,465 180,917 243,251 274.887 Squid .li(;!;iu(; 1 1,809 45,917 86.311 92.359 120,854 88,843 150,039 Squid Drifliiet 58,623 43.028 62.852 83,925 112,223 99,203 62,617 Irawlers North Pacific 494,455 610.274 454,492 304,3-i3 362,099 312,218 177,400 Other Areas 93,(i53 101,538 127.902 126,855 149,142 161,650 179.773 Shrimp 2,088 2.743 3,471 2.821 1,786 1,836 1,587 Total Trawler 590,196 714.555 585,865 434,019 513,027 475,704 358,760 Others 2,199 2.920 1 ,440 2,472 3,312 18,050 27,162 Total 767,030 929.886 882,660 774,240 930,333 925,331 873,465 Source: Slalistiral Yeartxiok of Agriculture. Inresirw and Fisheries. Mnustry of Agriculture, Forestry, and F'lshenes, 1986-1992 108 Appendix F. ROK. Annual Catch and fleet size in the Central Bering Sea "donut hole" region, 1980-91. Year Number of Vessels Catch 1980 - 13.000 t 1981 1982 5 3,000 I 1983 25 67,000 t 1984 26 80.000 t 1985 26 82,000 t 1986 30 158,000 t 1987 32 242,000 t 1988 33 269,000 t 1989 41 342,000 t 1990 41 244,000 1 1991 41 78.000 t Source; "Recent Korean Walleye Pollock Fi.shery in the Central Bering Sea, ROK National Fisheries Research and Development Agency. 1991. 109 Appendix G. ROK. Distant-water fisheries catch, by fishery and species 1985-91. Fishery/Species 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric tons Tuna Longliner-Foreign Base Bluefin Tuna - 6 26 Yellowfin Tuna 3,409 2,526 2,966 3,303 3,375 3.577 1,809 Albacore Tuna 16,818 18,979 8,856 6,869 4,447 2,987 1,325 Bigeye Tuna 2.696 2,170 2,741 4,035 5,077 5,825 2,108 Other 7,111 6,396 3,848 3,098 2,952 3,596 1,818 Tuna Longliner-Home Port Bluefin Tuna 77 - 43 57 94 Yellowfin Tuna 22,091 24,963 22,890 22,915 15,547 18,128 12,119 Albacore Tuna 843 548 412 444 210 330 238 Bigeye Tuna 31,314 31,238 34,693 31,074 25,625 27,991 21,158 Other 8,731 8,491 10,988 9,968 6,980 7,007 6,405 Tuna Purse Seine Yellowfin Tuna - 2,427 17,383 14,560 34,532 34,765 55,416 Skipjack 11,279 23,305 40,918 64,032 80,903 138,460 171,951 Other 451 805 319 118 151 Albacore Driftnet Albacore Tuna - 327 921 375 231 Others 15 29 9 64 Squid Jigging Squid 11,699 45,455 85,495 92,342 120,854 88,693 148,477 Cuttlefish 110 457 816 573 Other 5 17 989 Driftnet Squid 58,442 42,983 62,846 83,829 112,190 98,441 62,349 Cuttlefish 170 - 68 - 735 249 Other n 45 6 28 33 27 19 Source; Statistical Yearbook ot Agriculture Foreslrw and l-isheries. Min slrv ol Agricu Iture, I'orcstry, and I'isheries, l?>8(i-lW2. no Appendix G (continued). ROK. Distant-water fisheries catch, by fishery and species; 1985-91. Fishery /Spedes 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric tons North Pacific Trawlers Alaska Pollock 404,809 539,592 410,280 299,565 359,472 308,689 177,365 Flounder 48,688 32.258 32,109 1,642 124 696 13 Squid 4,178 10.712 6,566 1,639 2,347 2,753 17 Other 36,780 27,712 5,537 1,497 156 80 5 Other Trawlers Alaska Pollock 20 345 - 1,705 3,014 4 Flounder 8,128 7,561 7,066 5,947 3,480 4,304 2.087 Sea Bream 12,770 11,918 17,168 11,813 7,931 12,210 11.565 Pacific Ocean Perch 12 281 10,483 7,856 28,760 22.086 17.464 Skates/Rays 494 353 1,190 6,503 7,587 3.778 3,199 Croaker 2,047 1,237 1.063 4,529 5,193 5.649 8,706 Hainail 4.837 5,736 4.543 9,195 6,780 8.430 10,139 Shrimp 173 217 1,615 500 2.443 4.494 Squid 8,614 9,704 17,313 19,383 33.670 39,075 59,813 Cuttlefish 11,411 9.969 6,788 3,107 3.398 3,573 9,927 Octopus 9,492 12,559 6,548 3,264 3,624 2,984 1,154 Other 35,675 41.983 53,780 54,758 44,571 52,053 55.715 Shrimp Trawl Shrimp 2.088 2.578 3,549 2,710 1,685 1,836 1.583 Other 165 15 111 101 4 Shark Driftnet Sharks 723 585 330 24 - 280 14 Other - 9 Saury Liftnet Saury - 3,236 17,762 25.135 Others 1,310 2,668 1,101 488 438 2.013 Total 767,030 929,886 882.660 774,240 930,333 925,331 873.465 Source: Statistical Yearbook ot Asriculture horeslry. and Usheries, Min stry of Aencu ture. Forestry, and I'i.sheries, 1586-15W. lit Appendix H. ROK Pacific distant-water fisheries catch, hy fishery and i pecies; 1985-91. Fisheo /Species 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric Ions Tuna l.ongliner-Forcign Base Bluefin Tuna 6 - 26 Yellowfin Tuna 1.826 1.647 1.877 1.233 983 1,752 696 Albacore Tuna 16.177 18.359 8.384 6,610 4.306 2,911 1,293 Bigeye Tuna 984 894 1.652 1.076 872 2,033 1 ,006 Other 6.546 5.935 3.287 2,152 1.619 2,564 703 Tuna Longliner-Hoine Port Bluefin Tuna 43 57 94 Yellowfin Tuna 8.41X 9.133 9.947 10.189 7.301 12,139 9.968 Albacore Tuna 259 303 262 391 189 321 238 Bigeye Tuna 9.897 15.033 17.482 12.605 10.236 18.780 19.335 Other 2.494 3.446 5.260 5,135 2.560 4.179 5.418 Tuna Purse Seine Yellowfin Tuna 2.427 17.383 14,560 34.532 34.765 55.416 Skipjack 11.279 23.305 40.918 63.964 80.903 138,460 171.951 Other 451 319 118 151 Squid Jigging .Squid 2.777 2.018 5,435 5.701 7.801 7.382 24.564 Cutllcfisli 573 Other 5 150 901 Driftnet Squid 58.442 42.983 62,846 83.419 112.190 98.441 62.349 Cutllefisli 170 68 735 249 Other 11 45 6 28 33 67 19 Source: Skili.sliral Yearhook of Ai;rii ulnire. liire.'.in. and I-isheries. Mini stry ot Aiiricu ture. lorestry. and lisheries. l98ri-iW, 112 Appendix H (conlinued). ROK. Pacific dislant-waler fisheries catch, by t ishery and species; 1985-91, Fishery/Spedes 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric ions North Pacific Trawlers Alaska Pollock 404.809 539,592 410.280 299.565 359,472 308.689 177,365 Flounder 48,688 32.258 32,109 1,642 124 696 13 Squid 4,178 10,712 6,566 1,639 2.347 2.753 17 Other 36,780 27.712 5,537 1,497 156 80 5 Other Trawlers Alaska Pollock 345 1.705 3.009 - Sea Bream 1,783 1,288 1 ,865 5,169 2.457 4.710 3,950 Croaker 5 2,240 2.610 2.793 5,608 Ilairtail 19 11 94 3,311 1,848 1,213 1,800 Shrimp 4,494 Squid 3.939 3,061 5,166 4.637 8,765 X.391 4.935 Octopus 1 24 20 84 112 1.844 265 Other 16,004 11,716 14,927 27,737 27,533 21.890 22.810 Shark Driftact Sharks 175 106 280 14 Saury Lii'tnet Saury 3.236 17.762 25.135 Others 1.311) 2,638 1,1116 4X7 384 1.201 Total 637.216 756,651 653.163 557.1X3 674.91)5 703.678 598.042 Source: Suilislical Yearbook ot Agncullure, Foresin. and ri.sheries. Mini sirv of Aaritu lure, roreslry. and 1 isheries. IOS6-IW. 113 Appendix I. ROK. Atlantic Ocean dislant-water fisheries catch, by fishery and species; 1985-91. Fishery /Species 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric ions Tuna Longiiner- Foreign Base Bluefin Tuna - Yellowfin Tuna 1,394 865 928 459 798 340 164 Albacore Tuna 641 589 381 197 107 53 32 Bigeye Tuna 1.4% 1,221 930 919 1,776 1.407 463 Other 531 457 447 341 632 374 762 Tuna Longliner-Home Port Bluefin Tuna 77 - Yellowfin Tuna 1.845 953 529 909 1,737 468 96 Albacore Tuna Bigeye Tuna y,195 4,863 3,508 4,000 6,120 1,283 38 Other 2,625 1,064 1.616 1,035 1,367 470 587 Squid Jigging Squid 7,U18 43,215 79.741 86,641 113,053 81,311 123.913 Cuttlefish 110 457 816 Other Trawlers I'lounder 8,128 7,561 7.048 5.947 4,304 2.087 Sea Bream 6,661 4,412 6,144 2.074 2,457 1,011 1.338 Perch 12 274 10,465 7.783 28,760 22,061 17.458 Shrimp 170 217 1,615 500 2,334 4,491 360 Squid 4,675 6,643 12,147 14.743 24,905 30,418 54,381 Cuttlefish 9,608 8,202 4.822 2.415 2,530 1,803 9,057 Octopus 9,491 12,535 6.526 3.180 3,512 1,140 889 Other 16,002 20,713 33.304 25.445 21.409 19.501 24,452 Shrimp Trawl Shrimp 2.088 2.522 2.495 2.038 1.355 1,357 1,173 Others 548 339 1..W7 54 567 lotal 82,565 117.242 173.801 159.933 212.852 171.846 238.909 Source: Siaiislical Yearbook oj Agnrulture. h'orestn. and Fisheries, Mini stry of Agricu lure. I'orestrv. and Fisheries. 1^8(5-IWJ. 114 Appendix J. ROK. Indian Ocean dislanl-water fisheries catch, by fisher) and species; 1985-91. Fishery /Spedes 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric tons Tuna Longliner-Foreign Base Bluefin Tuna - Yellowfin Tuna 189 14 161 1,611 1,594 1,485 949 Albacore Tuna 31 91 62 34 23 Bigeye Tuna 216 55 159 2,040 2,429 2,385 639 Other 34 4 114 605 701 658 353 Tuna Longliner-Home Port Bluefin Tuna - - Yellowfin Tuna 11.828 14.877 12,414 11,817 6,509 5,521 2,055 Albacore Tuna 324 140 130 53 21 9 Bigeye Tuna 12,222 11.342 13,703 14,469 9.269 7,928 1,485 Other 3,372 4.176 4,132 3,812 3.053 2,358 700 Albacore Driftnet Albacore Tuna 299 420 384 231 Bigeye Tuna 5 - 6 31 Other - 10 - 3 33 Other Trawlers Sea Bream 4,326 6,218 9,159 4,570 3,525 6,489 6,277 Croaker 1,331 1,073 508 1,319 1,600 1,890 1,933 Hairtail 4,790 5,180 4,449 5.884 4,919 7,216 8,295 Squid - 3 266 497 Cuttlefish 1,803 1,731 1,966 692 868 1,770 870 Other 4.910 10,679 7,327 9,122 7,203 10,946 11,511 Shrimp Trawl Shrimp 56 964 664 330 479 410 Other 165 15 69 - Others 1 Total 47,249 55,993 55,696 57,124 42,576 49,807 36.514 Source: Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture. toresiry. and Fisheries. Mini stry of Agricu ture. Forestry, and Fisheries, me-mi. 115 Appendix K^ ROK. Fishery labor forte, by age; 1980, 1985-91. Fishery Workers 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Number of workers Klsherv Workers 323,16ft 260,326 259.747 255,162 248.635 238,534 211,753 204.596 Members per household 2.0ft 1.79 1.81 1.81 1,80 1.78 1.74 1.71 Crew in distantwater fisheries 15.550 13,789 16,178 19.102 19.987 20,924 21,709 20.509 Fishery workers, by age 14-19 years old na 3.984 3.648 3.203 2,808 1,946 1,499 1,428 20-29 years old na 38.152 35.680 34,765 30,451 24.401 21,134 16.908 3(1-39 years old na 52,051 51.856 56.143 54,569 51.550 47,019 44,757 40-49 years old na 68.693 67.628 72.460 69,579 67,606 57.841 54.079 50-59 years old na 50.428 53.445 60,991 63,005 63,352 57.018 58,186 Over 60 years old na 23.329 24.699 27,600 28,223 29,679 27.242 29.238 Source: SlatiMical Yearbook ofAgrin llure. horeslry and hisherie. . Ministry ol Agriculture. 1-orestry. and I'ishenes. 1981. 1986-1992. 116 Appendix L. ROK. Exports of Fishing and Fish Processing Vessels Made of Steel, 1980. Country Number Exported Total GRT Total FOB SValue (millions) Kenya T 500 3.2 Bangladesh 2 240 13 Panama 1 499 1.6 U.S. A 1 297 0.1 Ghana 1 246 0.05 Spain 1 - 0.2 Grand Total 8 1,782 6.5 Source: Slalislical Yearbook of Foreign Trade, Korean Customs Administration. Korea Customs Research Institute. Appendix M. ROK. Exports of Fishing and Fish Processing Vessels Made of Steel, 1985. Country Number Exported Total t;RT Total FOB $ Value (Millions) Syria 4 708 3.3 Maldives 1 850 2.1 C.rand Total 5 1,558 5.4 Source: SlatiMical Yearbook of Foreign Trade. Korean Customs Administration, Korea Customs Research Institute. Appendix N. ROK. Exports of Fishing and Fish Processing Vessels Made of Steel. 1986. Country Number Exported Total GRT Total FOB $ Value (Millions) Philippines 6 425 2.3 India 4 544 2.6 Honduras 1 311 0.06 Grand Total 11 1,280 4.9 Source: Sum.siirat Yearbook of horeign Tra de. Korean Customs Administra tion. Korea Customs Research Institute Appciidi.\ (), K()K. Exports of Fishing and I'ish Processing Vessels Made if Steel 1987. Country Number Exported Total C;rt Total FOB SValue (millions) U.S.A HI 1,765* 3,0 Sweden T 478 2.6 Panama 1 1,652 0.4 Honduras 1 377 2.1 Grand Total 14 4,272 8.1 .rw... ..,,,1 .,„i„ l„,~i„H„. -1 .,f ih„ II « , f\^ Th.- r.M'r f'nr Ih,. nrlicr X V °-;<;p1«; i-i not ;iv:iil:ihlt' Source: Staiislical Yearbook of Foreign Trade. Korean Customs Administration, Korea Customs Research Institute. 117 Appendix P. ROK. Exports of Fishing and Fish Processing Vessels Made of Steel, 1988. Count r>' Number Exported TotaJ GRT Total FOB $ Value (Millions) Panama 2 5,624* 0.08 Honduras -) 832 5.3 Spain -) 760 4.1 India 2 155 1.3 Norway 1 40,396 0.6 Japan 1 3,037 0.3 New Zealand 1 1X0 1.3 Grand Total 11 50,984 13.0 * - This figure includes only one of the two vessels exported to Panama in 1 988. Source: Statistical Yearbook of Foreign Trade. Korean Customs Administration, Korea Customs Research Institute. Appendix Q. ROK. Exports of Fishing and Fish Processing Vessels Made of Steel, 1989. Counto Number Exported Total GRT Total FOB $ Value (Millions) Panama 5 2,679 18.1 Honduras 5 2,058 15.3 Spain 3 306 2.5 Singapore 3 306 2.5 Indonesia -1 419 1,1 India 2 358 1.5 Japan 1 600 0.01 Nigeria 1 179 0.8 Argentina NA NA 0.3 Other Countries 10 11.688 22.1 Grand Total 32 18.593 64.2 *NA- Not available Source: Statistical Yearbook of Foreign Trade, Korean Customs Administration, Korea Customs Research Institute. 118 Appendix R. ROK. Exports of Fishing and Fish Processing Vessels Made of Steel, 1990. Country Number Exported Total GRT Total FOB $ Value (MiUiODS) Libya 10 1.734 16.5 St. Vincent-Grenadines 9 2,436 18.6 Panama 6 2,416 19.1 Honduras 3 1,494 13.8 Japan 2 1,610 0.3 Philippines 1 920 1.0 Sierra Leone 1 325 0.01 Singapore 1 305 0.2 Other Countries -) 899 7.0 Grand Total 35 12,139 76.6 Source: StalisUcal Yearbook of Foreign Trade, Korean Customs Administration, Korea Customs Research Institute. Appendix S ROK. Exports of Fishing and Fish Processing Vessels Made of Steel, 1991 Country Number Exported Total GRT Total FOB $ Value (Millions) Libya 10 1,139 16.5 U.S.S.R 5 8,420 1.0 Honduras 2 832 6.9 St. Vincent-Grenadines 2 168 2.0 Liberia 1 17,126 0.1 Grand Total 20 27,685 26.5 Source: Siaiisiiral Yearbook of Foreign Trade, Korean Customs Administration, Korea Customs Research Institute. Appendix T. ROK. Exports of Fishing and Fish Processing Vessels Made of Steel. 1992. Country Number Exported Total GRT Total FOB $ Value (Millions) Libya 5 272 8.3 Japan 2 1 .475 1.5 Greece 1 10,016 0.2 U.S. A 1 160 0.03 Other Countries -) 3,777 0.6 Grand Total 11 15,300 10.5 Source: Slalislical Yearbook of Foreign Trade, Korean Customs Administration, Korea Customs Research Institute 119 Appendix U. ROK. Exports of fishing vessels lo flag-of-convenience nations. Year Panama Honduras St. Vincent Singapore Number of vessels/Gross registered tonnage 1985 No . GRT - - 1986 No 1 - GRf 311 - 1987 No 1 1 GRT 1.652 377 1988 No 2 T - - GRT 5,624 832 - - 1989 No 5 5 3 GRf 2,679 2.058 306 1990 No 6 3 g 1 GRT 2,416 1.494 2.436 305 1991 No t -) GRT 832 168 - 1992 No GRf folal No 14 14 11 4 GRf 12.371 5.904 2,604 609 Avg GRf 884 422 237 152 Source: Slal slical Year! i>i}k of Foreign Trade, i Corean Customs Adminis tralion, Korea Customs Research Institute. 120 Taiwan Tlie Taiwan distant-water fishing industry, like most primary industry sectors in Taiwan, is in apparent decline. Tlie fishing industry was at one time a model for economic development in Taiwan. Tliis is hardly the case now, as Taiwan officials pursue policies which promote development of high-tech economic sectors, while providing compensation to those who forsake traditional occupations such as fishing. Contents I. Distant-water Fishing Fleets 121 A. Trawlers 122 B. Squid Jiggers 122 C. Driftnet Vessels 123 D. Distant-water Tuna Vessels 124 II. Promotion of Shipbuilding 125 III. Current Status of Shipbuilding 126 IV. Regulation of Fleet Size 126 V. Vessel Exports 126 VI. Access to Foreign Fishing Grounds 126 A. Former Soviet Union/Russian Federation 127 B. East Asia 127 C. South/Southeast Asia 127 D. Oceania 127 E. Africa/Middle East 128 F. Latin America 128 VII. Outlook , 129 A. Trawlers 129 B. Squid Jiggers 129 C. Driftnet Vessels 129 D. Distant-water Tuna Vessels 129 Sources 13' Appendices 135 I. Distant -water Fishing Fleets Data from Lloyd's of London and Taiwan officials indicate that the majority of the Taiwan distant-water fishing vessels have less than 500 gross registered tons (GRT) (appendices A and C). Taiwan official statistics put the number of vessels in the distant-water fleet' at approximately 1,800 vessels in 1990, with the 1991 figure standing at 1,600 vessels (appendices B and C).- Tuna longliners and trawlers make up the great majority of the fleet, with the remainder consisting of tuna and mackerel purse seiners, squid jiggers, and fomier driftnet vessels (appendix B, figure 1). Between 1990 and 1991, the number of tuna longliners and trawlers decreased, while the nimiber of squid jigger and tuna purse seiners increased. The distant-water fishing sector dominates overall Taiwan fisheries catch, largely because coastal and offshore fisheries suffer from severely depleted fishery resources. This is seen in the overall Taiwan catch statistics which show that distant-water fisheries catch 2,000 0) (/} (ft 0) > 1,500 O 1,000 0) E 3 500 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Source: Taiwan f-isnenes Bureau D Total □ Tuna Longliners Ej Otter Trawlers ObuII Trawlers llJ Non-specified vessels Lj Squid Jiggers □ Drlftnet LJMackerel Purse Seine* ■ Tuna Purse Seine* Tuna and mackerel seiners were not distinauished until 1989, Figure I. Taiwan. Number of dislani-waler fishery vessels, by vessel Type; 1985-91. comprised 54 percent of the total Taiwan catch in 1991 (appendix D). Distant-water vessels remain at sea tor extended periods of time and sell their catch at foreign ports, or transfer it to transport vessels for worldwide distribution. Taiwan officials spend $1-2 million annually for the operation of 63 foreign fishing supply and transshipment bases for the distant-water fleet.' Taiwan distant-water fleet statistics indicate that the catch peaked in 1990 and decreased slightly in 1991 (appendices E and F). Catch decreased in all sectors except in the squid driftnet and jigging categories (figure 2). The trawler fisheries catch has decreased gradually between 1988-91 while tuna purse seine and longliner catches have fluctuated. A. Trawlers Taiwan trawler fisheries were initiated as early as 1925. During the early days, fishing was conducted in the nearby East China, Yellow, and South China Seas by small vessels having 50-80 gross registered tons. Distant-water operations commenced in 1971 with an exploratory fishery off the coast of northern Australia. Taiwan trawlers operated under bilateral access agreements off the coasts of Australia, the Republic of South Africa, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and Somalia.^ At present, most of Taiwan's trawler fleet operates in coastal Taiwan waters using vessels of less than 50 gross registered tons. It was estimated in 1988 that 250 Taiwan trawlers were fishing in distant-water grounds,' primarily in Indian and Indonesian waters as access to foreign waters has been eliminated over tlie years.'' The bulk of the catch consists of squid, cuttlefish, shark, snapper, and other species largely consumed in the domestic market. Overall catch for Taiwan distant-water trawl fisheries has decreased nearly 30 percent from the peak year of 1988 to 1991 (appendix G). According to one source, there were only 5 Taiwan trawlers greater than 1 ,OOOGRT in 1990 and 1991.' B. Squid Jiggers Squid jigging operations have produced at least half of Taiwan's squid supply since their inception in the early 1970s. Taiwan first conducted exploratory squid jigging off New Zealand in 1972 and in the soutliwest Atlantic in 1984." Almost the entire Taiwan squid jigging catch is now harvested on the fishing grounds in the .southwest Atlantic off the coast of Argentina and within the Falkland Islands EEZ. Taiwan jigging off New Zealand was suspended in 1986, because of "low economic efficiency."' 122 Catch (Thousands of Metric Tons) 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Source: Fisheries Yeafbook-Tatwan Area. Taiwan Fishettes Bureau. 1960-91. ■ Total S Total Tuna S Total Trawler 0Tuna Longliners CD Purse Seiners DBuII Trawl □ otter Trawl LJDrlftnet Vessels CZl Squid Jigging EZ Others Figure 2. Taman. Distant-waler fisheries calch, by type of vessel: 19KI). 1985-91. There are varying estimates of the number of Taiwan distant-water squid jiggers. According to Infofish, the number of Taiwan jiggers operating in the southwest Atlantic may be as high as 132, but Taiwan vessel statistics state there were 99 jiggers in 1991 (appendix B). The jigging vessels average 700GRT and are manned by 18-20 person crews. Taiwan jiggers are multi-gear vessels which, until the 1992 driftnet moratorium, fished in tlie southwest Atlantic from February to June, and then moved to the North Pacific for driftnet fishing. With the driftnet moratorium, these vessels may fish for saury in tlie soutliwest Atlantic from June onwards, or move to tlie Indian Ocean for tuna longlining. C. Driftnet Vessels The number of Taiwan driftnet vessels fishing in the North Pacific and Indian Oceans totaled 221 in 1991, and decreased to 95 in 1992\ the final year of the driftnet fishery.'" In addition to squid, these vessels targeted albacore tuna, swordfish, and shark. Squid was the primary target species in tlie North Pacific fishery conducted between May and October, and highly migratory species were tlie primary target species in the Indian Ocean fishery conducted between November and March. The smallest Taiwan driftnet vessels were 100-I99GRT class, with most driftnet vessels ranging from 200-399 gross registered tons. Following tlie United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution No. 44/225 on large-scale pelagic driftnet fishing, adopted on December 22, 1989, and the follow-up resolution No. 46/215, which established a driftnet fishing moratorium effective January 1, 1993, Taiwan officials took steps to reduce the high-seas driftnet fleet by 50 percent before June 30, 1992, and to impose the UNGA moratorium by December 31, 1992. In July 1991, Taiwan officials introduced the following measures aimed at reducing the driftnet fleet size and encouraging conversion to alternative fishing methods; 1) priority buy-back of driftnet vessels at $480 per GRT, with a maximum compensation of $200,000 per vessel (1992/93 total budget is $22.3 million), 2) provision of low-interest loans to owners of driftnet vessels less than 15 years old to enable them to covert to alternative fishing methods, with a maximum loan of $200,000 per vessel at an interest rate of 5.25 percent. 123 3) prior to December 31, 1992, provision for driftnet vessel owners to use tlieir driftnet vessel construction quota for construction of tuna purse seiners iiaving at least 1 ,OOOGRT, and 4) creation of a special fund to promote consumption of species caught by alternative fishing methods (e.g. .squid, tuna, and saury). Taiwan officials reportedly have bought-back 76 older driftnet vessels which have been used as artificial reefs along the southern coast, and financed gear conversion for 18 vessels, with 54 additional loan applications under review." In accordance with the UNGA Resolution 46/215, Taiwan liceased 64 North Pacific (half the 1991 total) and 31 Indian Ocean (one-third the 1991 total) drifinet vessels in 1992. Taiwan officials amiounced on December 9, 1992, that no Taiwan driftnet vessels would be liceased in 1993. As of November 1 1 , 1992, no driftnet vessels were permitted to apply for port clearance for distant-water fisheries. The 64 North Pacific driftnet vessels were required to return to Taiwan for inspection by December 15, 1992. The 31 Indian Ocean vessels were required to cease fishing and return to Taiwan by December 31, 1992, or call at the ports of Singapore and Cape Town, South Africa, for inspection to ensure that driftnet equipment and gear have been dismantled and properly disposed. These ves.sels may continue fishing by other methods in the Indian Ocean or the southwestern Atlantic only after inspection. The .lapanese tuna industry has been concerned that many fonner Taiwan driftnet vessels would be converted to tuna longlining, thus exacerbating the continuing problem of i>\ersupply on the Japanese Sashimi tuna market. Taiwan has assured Japan that any former driftnet vessels converted to tuna longlining would be older vessels based in Taiwan because of their dated ammonia-freezing technology. Newer driftnet vessels were expected to be converted to squid jigging. '- With the advent of liie traditional May-September North Pacific driftnet season in 1993, there have been press reports which claim that Taiwan driftnet vessels may still be fishing." However, there have not been any confirmed cases of drifinet fishing by Taiwan-flag vessels durini: the 1993 season. D. Distant -water Tuna Vessels Taiwan distant-water tuna vessels began fishing in the 1960s. Until the mid-1970s, the majority of the catch was exported to the international tuna caiuiing industry. Low prices for canned tuna and the development of ultra-low temperature freezing technology during the mid- 1 970s provided Taiwan witli the impetus to initiate an ultra-low temperature tuna freezing longliner fleet which continues to be Taiwan's most lucrative distant-water tuna fishing fleet. This fleet is capable of catching and storing large amounts of high-quality sashimi-grade tuna for export to the lucrative Japanese sashimi market.'^ Taiwan distant-water tuna vessels employ two fishing methods: longlining and purse seining. Longliners: The Taiwan distant-water longlining fleet (larger than lOOGRT) increased during the 1980s, peaking at 841 vessels in 1990. Figures for 1991 indicate a decrease to 759 vessels (appendix B). Taiwan longliners fish in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, with the majority of the catch consisting of albacore tuna. The Taiwan Distant-water Fisheries Association reported in June 1992 the following breakdown for 650 Taiwan distant-water tuna vessels affiliated with the Association: 313 freezer longliners (400-700GRT vessels equipped with super low- temperature freezers for sashimi tuna production). 216 albacore longliners. 46 purse seiners, and 75 driftnet vessels. According to the Association, all Taiwan distant-water longliner owners are members of the Association, indicating Taiwan official figures cited above (759 vessels) may include over 100 tuna longliners engaged in coastal operations.''^ In the Atlantic Ocean, 149 Taiwan longliners fished for tuna in 1990. The number of Taiwan longliners in the Atlantic Ocean has varied between 1 10 and 150 since 1987 (appendix H). The majority of the longliners are 201-500GRT class vessels with the number of larger longliners (over 500GRT) increasing to an all-time high of 50 in 1990."^ Approximately 80 of these longliners are actually based in this region, the home ports for the rest remain in Taiwan. Taiwan vessels active in the North Atlantic are based in Las Palmas (Spain). St. Martin (Trinidad), and in St. Lucia, while vessels active in the South Atlantic are based in Cape Town (South Africa), and Montevideo (Uruguay)." 124 In the Indian Ocean, the number of Taiwan longliners has more than doubled since the mid-1980s, from 127 vessels in 1985 to 276 vessels in 1990 (appendix H). As is the case in the Atlantic, vessels tend to be of the 200-500GRT class, with a marked increase in the nimiber of over 500GRT vessels in 1989 and 1990.'* Approximately 25 of these longliners are actually based in this region, operating out of Singapore, Mauritius, and Reunion." The rest of these vessels are presumably based in Taiwan. In the Pacific Ocean, the Taiwan longliner fleet consists of two groups: the smaller (less than lOOGRT) vessels, based in the Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Palau, and Taiwan wliich target bigeye and yellowfin tuna for the Japanese sashimi market; and larger vessels (150- 250GRT) based in American Samoa and Fiji, which target albacore for canning.'" Purse Seiners: Tlie Taiwan purse seine fleet is comparatively new. having begun its operations in 1981. The fleet, consisting of 1,000GRT vessels, primarily targets yellowfin tuna and skipjack which is transshipped via Guam or on carriers at sea directly to the United States, Japan, or Thailand for caiuiing.-' Tlie Taiwan purse seine fleet has increased dramatically in size, from zero in 1980 to 46 vessels in 1991." Effort is concentrated in the central-western Pacific near Papua New Guinea, Micronesia, and Indonesia, with a limited catch in tlie Indian Ocean. To increase its access to the Pacific distant-water tuna fishery, Taiwan has informally discussed the possibility of entering into a multilateral-type arrangement for its regional fleet witli the South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA). The FFA was established in 1979 to assist member countries develop and manage their fisheries resources in a coherent and coordinated way. Taiwan officials are seeking an arrangement that would cover all gear types, but the FFA prefers an agreement confined to purse seiners.-'' Labor Problems: As is the case with its ROK and Japanese competitors, Taiwan tuna fleets face an acute shortage of domestic labor. Although official statistics indicate the number of distantwater fishery workers has been fluctuating since 1986 (appendix 1), it is reasonable to assume that a downward trend similar to that in Japan should take hold. Taiwan officials have amiounced plans to allow 50 percent of the crew on Taiwan distant-water tuna vessels to be comprised of foreign workers (foreign crews were limited to 33 percent in the past). Taiwan tuna vessels have employed crews from China, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam, but the need for foreign crew members has increased as fewer Taiwan citizens choose to work on fishing vessels.-' Despite these efforts, though, it is expected that developing Asian countries such as China and Indonesia will become important players, particularly in distant-water tuna fisheries, thanks largely to their comparatively cheap and abundant labor.-'' With the concentration of distant-water purse seine effort in the central western Pacific, many Pacific Island nations have become concerned about possible overfishing. In October 1992, eight members of the Forum Fisheries Agency known as the "Nauru Group" (Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu) signed an agreement which places a limit on the mmiber of distant-water purse seine vessels fishing in the central and western Pacific. The vessels in this fishery mainly target skipjack and yellowfin tuna and account for most of the catch in the South Pacific region. Tlie signatories justified the need for a limit by noting the rapid capitalization of this fishery and its possible detrimental effects on tuna stocks." II. Promotion of Shipbuilding Taiwan no longer officially promotes building fishery vessels and is, in fact, actively discouraging investment in this sector. Taiwan officials invested $221 million in building and upgrading fishing vessels in 1990, but spent only $69 million for this purpose in 1991. Since 1991, Taiwan has instituted a freeze on applications for new offshore fishing vessels and imposed a zero-growth policy on the distant-water fleet; i.e. only when an old vessel is retired will a new vessel be approved. Taiwan officials have also forbidden the purchase of foreign fishing vessels.-' 125 m. Current Status of Shipbuilding The number of Taiwan shipyards building and repairing fishing vessels has decreased dramatically, from 842 in 1989 to just 228 in 1992 (appendix J). Accordingly, the cumulative capacity of fishing vessels has also dropped by over six times during those tliree years. It is evident that Taiwan official policies which discourage new investment in the fisheries sector are having a profound effect on the Taiwan fish building industry. As in Japan and the ROK, Taiwan shipbuilders are constructing cargo and passenger vessels instead of fishing vessels. Taiwan officials are, however, constructing fishery enforcement vessels to strengthen their ability to regulate their fishing fleets. Taiwan planned to deploy 3 long-range and 2 coastal patrol vessels by October 1992. The vessels were scheduled to be constructed in Taiwan shipyards at an estimated cost of $23 million. The Taiwan Council of Agriculture will oversee this project which is primarily designed to enhance Taiwan's ability to enforce international fishery agreements, including the large-scale pelagic driftnet moratorium proclaimed by the United Nations. The annual cost of operating the 5 vessels is estimated at $4.6 million.-'* IV. Regulation of Fleet Size Taiwan official measures described in the previous sections on driftnet fishing and promotion of shipbuilding provide the best examples of official regulation of fleet size. It should be noted, however, that the buy-back scheme mentioned in relation to driftnet vessels is, in fact, open to all fishing vessels, widi driftnet vessels given first priority. V. Vessel Exports According to official statistics, Taiwan exported no fishing vessels between 1983-89 and during 1992. In 1990, two vessels were exported to Honduras with a total capacity of 403GRT and worth $3.2 million, three vessels were exported to Indonesia with a total capacity of 120GRT and worth $1.5 million, and one vessel was exported to Pakistan having 85GRT and worth $200,000. Trade statistics for 1991 show that one vessel, having 330GRT and worth $4.7 million was exported to Mauritius, and one vessel of 306GRT and worth $800,000 was exported to Panama. The low trade value figure for the second vessel suggests that, unlike in Japan, Taiwan vessels are either being scrapped, kept in port, or used for other purposes." Although not being exported, many Taiwan fishing vessels, especially tuna longliners, are apparently being registered with foreign "flag-of-convenience" nations. One of the leading flag-of-convenience states is Honduras, where at least 70 Taiwan-owned 700- 1,000GRT class tuna longliners are registered (appendix K). VI. Access to Foreign Fishing Grounds Distant-water fishing operations by the Taiwan fleet have been restricted in recent years by the imposition of 200-mile EEZs. Since future Taiwan distant-water fishing can only continue under cooperative arrangements, Taiwan has negotiated a number of fishery agreements, either directly or through private fishing organizations. Taiwan had fishery agreements or arrangements with 22 countries or areas as of the end of 1992. A total of 801 Taiwan distant-water vessels fished under these cooperative arrangements with a total 1992 catch estimated at 200,000 tons.'" The most conmion type of agreement generally requires payment of fishing fees, or establishment of joint venture operations in exchange for access to fishing grounds. Taiwan officials conduct negotiations directly with the few countries with which it has official relations. Taiwan officials have concluded fonnal fishery agreements with the following nations: South Africa, the Marshall Islands, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Tuvalu. Taiwan's other bilateral agreements/ arrangements have been established through private organizations, such as the Overseas Fisheries Development Council, the Taiwan Fishermen's Association, the Taiwan Deep- Sea Tuna Boat Owners Association, and private fishery 126 companies. Taiwan currently has private-level agreements with tlie following countries: Palau, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Vanuatu, tlie Philippines, Indonesia, India, Western Samoa, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, die Falkland Islands, the Cook Islands, Micronesia, Kiribati, Russia, Vietnam, and Brazil. The agreements with Kiribati, Vietnam, and Brazil are new, while tlie agreement with Micronesia is a renewal after the previous agreement lapsed. Agreements with Oman and Liberia were recently terminated because of poor catches, and Australia terminated its agreement with Taiwan because of depleted domestic fishery resources. Detailed information is available on the following countries: A. Former Soviet Union/Russian Federation The Overseas Fisheries Development Council signed a memorandum of understanding with the former Soviet Sovrybflot organization in August 1991 which allowed Taiwan vessels to fish in the waters off Saklialin Island and the Kamchatka Peninsula. Tlie catch in the former Soviet zone was not very profitable, however, so the venture was not renewed when it expired on November 15, 1992. Tliere are no indications diat Taiwan will seek future access to the Russian FEZ." B. East Asia China: China and Taiwan have established a squid fishing and processing joint venture. The Dalian Jinbin Company, Ltd., will be operated jointly by the Dalian Ocean Fishing Company of China and an unidentified Taiwan company. Total investment in the venture is estimated at $7 million.'' C. South/Southeast Asia Indonesia: Taiwan trawlers fish in Indonesian waters under a private fisheries agreement which allows Taiwan vessels access^ under joint venture operations or by leasing arrangements with Indonesian companies. Few otlier details are available concerning this agreement, but as many as to 50 pairs of Taiwan trawlers are reportedly fishing in the Indonesian FEZ.'' Paltistan: Taiwan tuna vessels have engaged in an extensive fishery in the Pakistani EEZ since 1991. A total of 50 Taiwan vessels are reportedly fishing there. Each vessel pays a fee of $18,518, to which is added 3 percent of the Free on Board (FOB) value of fishery products exported, or approximately $16,000 per shipment. The target species are yellowfin tuna, skipjack, billfish, and sharks; 98 percent of the catch is exported to Japan. Catch statistics are not available, but fishing has reportedly been quite good in this ground. The Taiwan industry expects Pakistan to request much higher access fees when negotiating the renewal of the current contract which expired in August 1993.*' Philippines: Taiwan was reportedly seeking to establish a joint fishing venture based on a memorandimi on fishery cooperation signed in 1991. The Philippines suggested an arrangement whereby the joint venture company would lease Taiwan vessels and fish with them in the Philippine EEZ." Vietnam: Taiwan and Vietnam have established a joint fisheries company called SHANGNAM. Tliis company is one result of the Taiwan's official efforts to encourage greater Taiwan private invesmient in Vietnam and divert some Taiwan business from China. Taiwan officials fear the Taiwan and Chinese economies are becoming too interdependent, a dangerous situation if Beijing were suddenly to shift its economic policies. Taipei is also concerned tliat economic interdependence may give Beijing increased polidcal leverage. Taiwan private invesmient in Vietnam up to now, however, has been constrained by uncertainties about Vietnam's legal system and its high operational costs compared to those found in China.'' D. Oceania Australia: An agreement with Australia provided access to Australian waters for approximately 50 Taiwan pair-trawlers during the 1980s." This agreement has reportedly been terminated. Fiji: Fiji licenses Taiwan longliners on an individual basis, provided these vessels land their catch in Fiji and sell it to a Fiji company. A total of 21 Taiwan longliners were leased to the Pacific Fishing Company during 1990.'* Kiribati: Taiwan has an agreement with Kiribati which pemiitted 20 Taiwan longliners access to Kiribati waters for a fee of $250,000 in 1990.'' 127 Micronesia: Taiwan concluded its first fisheries access agreement with Micronesia in 1979. This private agreement granted access to 30 small Taiwan longliners which paid access fees in a lump-sum payment. The access agreement expired in 1990 and was not renewed for unknown reasons. Tlirough a special arrangement between a foreign company and the Micronesian State of Pohnpei, 9 Taiwan longliners based in Pohnpei were liceiLsed in 1991.'"' Tlie State of Chunk allows Taiwan tuna vessels to fish in Chunk coastal waters and in Weno Harbor. Chunk collects fees and hopes to accommodate larger operations when new shore facilities are built. ^' The Ting Hong Oceanic Enterprise Company, Limited, reportedly operates 104 China-flag and Taiwan-flag tuna vessels out of Yap, Micronesia, and plans to increase this number to 150 units by the end of 1993, and 200 vessels by the end of 1994. Local Micronesian officials, however, have indicated such a large increase would depend on the ability of Yap's infrastructure to keep pace.^- Patau: Taiwan vessels are fishing in Palau waters through two joint venture companies. Most operate via the Palau Marine Industries Corporation (PMIC), a private venture with Chinese/Taiwan ownership in partnership with Palauans. A total of 75 longliners (64 from Taiwan) are registered through the PMIC which pays an annual lump-sum access fee of $ 1 26,000. The other joint venture company, Palau International Traders Inc. (PlTl) is a private venture with Japanese and Micronesian ownership in partnership with Palauans. A total of 54 longliners, 4 of which are from Taiwan, are registered with PlTl which pays an aiuiual lump-sum access fee of $130,500.'" Papua New Guinea: Taiwan was reportedly on the verge of signing a private fisheries agreement with Papua New Guinea (PNG) in 1992. The agreement would allow an unspecified number of Taiwan vessels access to PNG waters in exchange for a six percent tax on the cost, insurance and freight (CIF) value of fish caught ill PNG waters. Taiwan has also agreed to provide $1.2 million in assistance to the Kavieng Fisheries College. ^^ Vanuatu: The Kaohsiung Fishennan's Association signed a tisiieries cooperation agreement with Vanuatu in 1989. Taiwan longliners are each required to pay a $5,000 license fee for access to Vanuatu waters. There were 36 Taiwan longliners licensed in Vanuatu waters in 1990, witli 23 licensed in 1991 and 19 licensed in 1992/'' It is unclear why the number of vessels has decreased. E. Africa/Middle East Oman: A small number of Taiwan longliners fish in Oman. Taiwan-registered longliners began fishing in Omani waters in 1989. As many as 19 Taiwan longliners fished tliere in 1989-90, but that number decreased to 8 in 1990-91 and 11 in 1991-92. The longliners target yellowfin tuna, but also catch billfi.sh and shark. ''^ One possible reason for the reduction of effort in Oman was the pressure from tlie Japanese tuna industry which felt that Taiwan was dumping low- quality Oman-origin yellowfin tuna on the Japanese market.'" Seychelles: A limited number of Taiwan tuna longliners has been licen.sed to fish in Seychelles waters. The most recent data available indicates that 16 Taiwan longliners were registered there in 1990."" South Africa: Taiwan and South Africa initially concluded a fisheries agreement in 1978 under which the Taiwan tuna and trawler fleets received catch allocations in South African waters. Taiwan distant- water trawlers received allocations for hake (1,350 t) and horse mackerel (3,500 t) in 1990. It is not known how many vessels were autiiorized to fish.''" With foreign allocations in South African waters being phased out in 1993, Taiwan vessels will no longer have direct access to this fishery. F. Latin America Argentina: Argentina aimounced in early 1993 that it would allow 13 Taiwan jiggers access to its FEZ for a licensing fee of $260,000 per vessel. The arrangement ended 7 years of negotiations between Taiwan and Argentina over illegal Taiwan jigging in Argentine waters. '"' Central America: Taiwan has provided considerable fisheries technical assistance to developing countries in Central America. Most of this assistance is related to the Taiwan official policy of encouraging domestic shrimp fanning operations to relocate overseas to avoid high production costs and environmental degradation.^' Four fishery missions 128 have been dispatched to Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic in 1993.'- Falkland Islands: During the years 1987-1990, between 13 and 30 Taiwan jiggers were licensed to fish in Falkland Islands waters. Since 1990, the number of Taiwan jiggers has increased rapidly to 39 vessels in 1991, 51 vessels in 1992, and 71 vessels in 1993." Tliis increase in vessel deployment is primarily the result of a recently signed fisheries cooperation agreement with the United Kingdom which grants Taiwan's squid jiggers greater access to the Falkland Islands' 150-mile EEZ.'^ VII. Outlook The distant-water fisheries are the most profitable sector of Taiwan's fisheries. Tlie advent of 200-mile EEZs, the driftnet moratorium, depleted high-seas fishery resources, and a zero-growth official policy for the distant-water fleet, however, mean that the prospects for expansion in this sector are limited. Fewer Taiwan residents are interested in commercial fishing, preferring more lucrative on-shore activities. Although Taiwan officials will invest $717 million in the fisheries industry under the current Six -Year Plan (1990-96), the bulk of the funds will be spent on improved fisheries management, cooperation with international fishery organizations, implementation of fisheries conservation measures, and harbor construction. A. Trawlers Taiwan's distant-water trawler fleet owners have reported decreasing catch in 1990 and 1991, and there is no evidence to suggest that this trend will change. Access to coastal fisheries is limited primarily to India and Indonesia, and most of the catch is sold on the domestic Taiwan market. For the foreseeable future, no significant change in areas of deployment are expected. As the trawler fleet ages and old vessels are retired or scrapped, they will not be replaced. The catch should continue to decrease as the fleet is being reduced. B. Squid Jiggers Taiwan's squid jigging fleet will probably continue to grow in the short-tenn as fonner driftnet vessels convert to this method. In the long-term, however, growth in this fleet will be constrained by the economics of the squid market which can only absorb limited additional supplies. The Taiwan fleet will probably follow in the footsteps of its Japanese and ROK competitors and increase its effort in coastal areas of Argentina and Peru. Unlike its Japanese and ROK competitors, however, the Taiwan jigging fleet will probably continue to increase effort off the Falkland Islands where the recent bilateral agreement permits access to more Taiwan jiggers. There is no evidence that Taiwan vessels are engaged in squid jigging off Ecuador or Brazil, but if ROK and Japanese vessels are successful in these new grounds, Taiwan jiggers will probably follow. C. Driftnet Vessels Older Taiwan driftnet vessels have been purchased by Taiwan officials under its buy-back program; they are now used as artificial reefs. Newer driftnet vessels will probably be converted for fishing in two distant- water fisheries: 1 ) squid jigging in the southwest Atlantic and off Peru, and 2) tuna longlining in the Indian Ocean. D. Distant-water Tuna Vessels Longliners: The Taiwan distant-water tuna longliner fleet in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans has probably reached its limit, in tenns of being able to profitably catch tuna for the Japanese sashimi market. Effort in the Indian Ocean longliner fishery will probably increase slightly, however, as former driftnet vessels operating on this ground convert to the longlining method. In the Pacific Ocean, the most probable future scenario is a pan-Asian network where Taiwan companies provide financing and technical expertise for Chinese and Indonesian longliners which can catch sashimi-grade tuna in Pacific fisheries at a much lower cost than Taiwan vessels. Purse Seiners: The Taiwan distant-water tuna purse seine fleet will probably continue to grow in the number of vessels. It will focus its effort on the central south Pacific fishery. Tliis growth will be constrained, however, by increasingly stringent access 129 requirements imposed by adjacent island nations where most of the skipjack and yellowfin tuna resource, targeted by purse seiners, is located. If Taiwan is able to conclude an access agreement with the Soudi Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency, it would provide a strong impetus for expansion in this region. 1.30 Sources American Institute in Taiwan, Taipei June 7, 1993; June 21, 1993. American Institute in Taiwan, "Industrial Outlook Report: Fishing Industry 1991/1992." Asian Development Bank/Infofish. Cephalopods: ADB/Infofish Global Industry Update, 1991. Baum, Julian, "Nets Across the Strait," Far Eastern Economic Review, July 8, 1993. British Broadcasting Corporation, BBC Summary of Weekly Broadcasts Part 3-The Far East, April 25, 1990. Central News Agency, Taipei, March 3, 1993. China News Agency, August 29, 1989. Diplock, J.H., "Tuna Fisheries in the Federated States of Micronesia," Marine Fisheries Review, 55 (1), 1993. Falkland Islands Department of Fisheries, August 1993. Far Eastern Economic Review, "Gone Fishing," February 25, 1993. Far Eastern Economic Review, October 31, 1991. Fishing News International, "Giant Longline Effort," March 1993. Fishing News International, "Taiwan Phases Out Drift-Netting," July 1993. Forum Fisheries Agency. Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, various issues. Forum Fisheries Agency. Forum Fisheries Agency, "Vanuatu Surveillance Profile-1992," FFA Report 92/71. The Free China Journal, various issues. Fuerzas Armadas de Honduras, Marina Mercante Nacional, unpublished list, July 14, 1993. Indo-Pacific Tima Development and Management Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian Tuna Fisheries Data Summary for 1990, IPTP Data Summary No. 12, May 1992. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, Statistical Bulletin, Vol. 21, 1990. Kaohsiimg Municipal Fisheries Department, The Kaohsiung Fisheries. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, as printed in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, various issues. Ministry of Primary Industries, Fiji Fisheries Division, Annual Report 1990. National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of International Affairs, "Federated States of Micronesia Fisheries," International Fishery Reports, IFR 92/76, October 2, 1992. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, various issues. Seychelles Fishing Authority, Tuna Bulletin-Second Quarter 1991. Shieh, Dah-wen, "The Impact of Global Exclusive Economic Zone on Taiwan's Distant- Water Fishing Industry," January 1988. South Pacific Commission, Regional Tuna Bulletin-Fourth Quarter 1992, Noumea, New Caledonia, 1993. Taiwan Fisheries Bureau, Fisheries Yearbook-Taiwan Area, various issues. Taiwan Fisheries Bureau, Taiwan Fishery, 1987. Ton, Yi Shou, "Taiwan's Squid Gillnet Fishery in the North Pacific in Recent Years," National Taiwan University, Fishery Biology Laboratory. U.S. Consulate, Cape Town, March 16, 1992. U.S. Consulate, Karachi, June 28, 1993. U.S. Embassy, Kolonia, June 23, 1993. U.S. Embassy, Muscat, June 20, 1993. U.S. Embassy, Port Moresby, March 13, 1992. U.S. Office, Koror, August 3, 1993. Xinhua News Service, February 22, 1992. 131 Endnotes 1. Distant-water fishing vessels are defined as those having more than 100 gross registered tons. 2. Fisheries Yearbook-Taiwan Area, Taiwan Fisheries Bureau, 1991. 3. "Industrial Outlook Report: Fishing Industry 1991/1992," American Institute in Taiwan, p. 3. 4. Shieh, Dah-wen, "The Impact of Global Exclusive Economic Zone on Taiwan's Distant-Water Fishing Industry," January 1988, p. 6. 5. Shieh, op. cit., p. 7. 6. Tfie Kaohsiung Fisheries, Kaohsiung Municipal Fisheries Department, pp. 6-7, 1992. 7. "Giant Longline Effort," Fishing News International . March 1993, p. 10. Lloyd's of London, however, reports that there was only 1 Taiwan trawler in 1990, and zero in 1991, with a capacity greater than 1,000 gross registered tons (appendix A). 8. Shieh, op. cit., pp. 4 and 7. 9. Much of the information on the Taiwan jigging fleet comes from: Cephalopods: ADB/Infofish Global Industry Update, Asian Development Bank/lnfofish, 1991, p. 62. 10. The Council of Agriculture reports 64 Taiwan distant-water driftnet vessels participated in the 1992 driftnet fishery. It should be noted that the data for driftnet vessels in appendix B shows only those vessels greater than lOOGRT, and is thus an incomplete total. 11. "Gone Fishing," Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 February 1993, p. 24. 12. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, No. 6381, September 26, 1991, as printed in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, No. 6, November-December 1991. 13. For example, see Julian Baum, "Nets Across the Strait," Far Eastern Economic Review, 8 July 1993, p. 22. 14. Shieh, op. cit., p. 2. 15. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, No. 6591, August 6, 1992, as printed in Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, No. 5, September-October 1992, p. 6, 16. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, Statistical Bulletin, Vol. 21, 1990, p. 64. 17. "Taiwan Phases Out Drift-Netting," Fishing News International, July 1993, pp. 24-25. IS.Indo-Pacific Tuna Development and Management Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian Tuna Fisheries Data Summary for 1990, IPTP Data Summary No. 12, May 1992, p. 72. 19. "Taiwan Phases Out Drift-Netting," op. cit., pp. 24-25. 132 20. South Pacific Commission, Regional Tuna Bulletin-Fourth Quarter 1992, Noumea, New Caledonia 1993 p. 4. 21. Shieh, op. cit, p. 3. 22. The Forum Fisheries Agency states there are 46 Taiwan purse seiners active in the central western Pacific, while the latest official Taiwan statistics put the number at 45. 23. Forum Fisheries Agency News Digest, No. 6, November-December 1992, page 1. 24. Forum Fisheries Agency, op. cit., p. 10. 25. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, March 31, 1993. 26. Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun, July 27, 1993. 27. American Institute in Taiwan, June 7, 1993, p. 7. 28. ne Free China Journal, February 21, 1992. 29. Trade data was supplied by the American Institute in Taiwan. 30. American Institute in Taiwan, June 7, 1993. 31. American Institute in Taiwan, op. cit. 32. Xinhua News Service, February 22, 1992. 33. The Kaohsiung Fisheries, op. cit., p. 7. 34. U.S. Consulate, Karachi, June 28, 1993; and Nikkan Suisan Keizai Shinbun., July 27, 1993. 35. Central News Agency Taipei, 3 March 1993. 36. Far Eastern Economic Review, October 31, 1991. 37. Shieh, op. cit., p. 9. 38. Ministry of Primary Industries, Fiji Fisheries Division, Annual Report 1990. 39. BBC Summary of Weekly Broadcasts Part 3-The Far East, 25 April 1990. 40. J.H. Diplock, "Tuna Fisheries in the Federated States of Micronesia," Marine Fisheries Review, 55 (1), 1993, pp. 3-5. 41. National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of International Affairs, "Federated States of Micronesia Fisheries," International Fisher)' Reports. IFR 92/76, October 2, 1992. 42. U.S. Embassy, Kolonia, June 23, 1993. 43. U.S. Office, Koror, August 3, 1993. 133 44. U.S. Embassy, Port Moresby, March 13, 1992. 45. China News Agency, 29 August 1989; Forum Fisheries Agency, "Vanuatu Surveillance Profile- 1992," FFA Report 92/71, p. 2. 46. U.S. Embassy, Muscat, op. cit. 47. Katsuo-Maguro Tsushin, No. 6221, January 31, 1991, as printed in Forum FisheriesAgency News Digest, No. 3, May-June 1991, p. 15. 48. Seychelles Fishing Authority, Tuna Bulletin-Second Quarter 1991, p. 14. 49. U.S. Consulate, Cape Town, March 16, 1992. 50. Free China Journal, February 16, 1993. 51. Free China Journal, March 26, 1993. 52. American Institute in Taiwan, June 21, 1993. 53. Falkland Islands Department of Fisheries, August 1993. 54."Sino-British Squid Pact," The Free China Journal, October 4, 1991, p. 3. 134 Appendices Appendix A— Taiwan. Number of fishing vessels, ranked by gross registered tonnage; 1975-92. Year Gross Registered Tons (GRT) Total 500-999 1,000-1,999 Over 2,000 Number of vessels 1975 6 3 - 9 1976 7 3 - Id 1977 6 2 8 1978 7 2 - 9 1979 8 3 - 11 1980 8 3 - 11 1981 11 3 - 14 1982 12 3 - 15 1983 13 2 - 15 1984 13 2 - 15 1985 15 2 - 17 1986 15 2 - 17 1987 14 1 - 15 1988 14 1 - 15 1989 13 1 - 14 1990 16 1 - 17 1991 17 - 17 1992 17 3 - 20 Source: Lk >yd 's Register of Shipping S aiislical Tables. London, IJ K, various years. 135 Appendix B- Taiwan. F-'ishing vessels having over lOOGRT. by number and gross registered tonnage; 1985-91, Vessel Type 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 No GRT No GRT No GRT No GRT No GRT No GRT No GRT Number of Vessels.Tonnage (thousands) Tuna Longliners 542 179 610 200 653 235 698 274 779 368 841 372 759 335 Otter Trawlers 356 73 375 74 440 84 479 86 522 99 536 104 491 96 Bull ■Prawlcrs 270 62 198 59 192 58 191 57 184 57 183 57 172 54 Squid Jiggers 16 6 19 9 37 21 62 47 74 56 77 58 99 78 Dnnncl 3 0.5 T 0.5 ■> 0,5 3 1 12 4 14 4 14 3 Tuna l*ursc Seine* - - 19 18 35 31 46 45 Mackerel l*urse Seine* 25 8 32 9 33 8 Other 97 36 106 42 108 59 135 68 - - Total 1,284 357 1.310 385 1.432 458 1.568 533 1,709 610 1.786 635 1.613 619 Source: Taiwan isheries Bureau * - Tuna and mackerel seiners were not di.stinguished until 1989, Appendi,\ C, - -Taiwan. Number of fishing vessels having more than lOOGRT. by selected gross tonnage capacity; 1985-92. Vessel Type 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Numhe r of vi'ssel.', 100-200GRT 50(.l 470 522 546 557 560 517 530 200-500GRT 718 747 756 788 813 825 757 676 500-I.OOOGRT 56 81 138 219 317 375 373 374 1. 000-2. 500GRT 10 12 16 15 22 26 36 41 Uver 2.500GR T - Total 1,284 1.310 1 .432 1.568 1.709 1.786 1.683 1.621 Source: laiwan Tisheries Bureau. 136 Appendix D -Taiwan. Fisheries calch, by lype of fishery ; 1980. 1985-91. Type of Fishery 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric tons Marine Fisheries Distanl-waler 370.342 441.747 497.403 596,969 731,700 734,459 766.985 714,263 Coastal 350.987 288.363 272.152 277.613 275.680 333,798 292,391 266,945 Off-shore 37.296 54.467 56.737 53.905 49,089 49.794 48,362 41,231 Mariculture 29.988 36.067 28.266 29.520 34.617 37.074 36,507 31,192 Sub-total 788.613 820.644 854.558 958.007 1.091.086 1.155.125 1.144,245 1,053,631 Freshwater Fisheries Wild catch 2.701 2.409 2.183 2.255 3.424 3.877 3.494 2,327 l-reshwater culture 145.020 214,668 237.846 275.908 266.357 212.681 307.756 260,693 Sub-total 147.721 217.077 240.029 278.163 269,7X1 216,558 311.250 263,020 Grand Total 936.334 1.037.721 1.094.587 1.236.170 1.360.868 1.371.681 1.455.495 1,316,651 Source: Fisheries Yearbook-Taiwan Area. Taiwan F'isheries Bureau, Appendix E. -Taiwan. Distant-water fisheries catch, by vessel type; 1980, 1985-91. Ves.sel Type 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric tons Tuna Longliners 83,669 119.232 151.233 146,414 147.615 139,113 155.921 134,574 Purse Seine 19,918 50,380 52.011 55,683 114,617 117,164 124,599 107,062 Total Tuna 103,587 169,612 203.244 202.097 262,232 256,277 280,520 241.636 Squid .ligging 48,966 50.945 115.249 129,177 117,717 88,2-S4 124. P6 Driftnel 55,512 46.282 67.930 62,146 118,131 163,146 142,308 Trawlers Otter Trawl 73,826 90,509 91.780 93.896 133,160 116.675 47.145 Xh.llS Bull Trawl 18.984 72,141 87.750 108.575 126,842 1 1 1 .480 104,128 98.775 Total Trawler 92.810 162.6511 179.530 202.471 260,002 228.155 201.273 184.890 Others 941 5.006 17.852 9.222 18,143 14.089 33,792 21.253 lotal 197.339 441.747 497,403 596.969 731,7011 734.459 766,985 714.263 Source: Fisheries Yearbook-Taiwan Area. Taiwan I'lsherics Bureau. 137 Appendix F- Taiwan. Distant-waler fisheries catch; by method of fishing and fishing grounds; 1980. 1985-91. Method/Ground 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric tons Otter Trawl Bering Sea na na na na na 6 Atlantic Ocean na na na na na 599 Australia na na na na na - Other na na na na na 116,675 97.139 85,516 Total 73,826 90,509 91,780 93,896 133,160 116,675 97,145 86,115 Bull Trawl Sunda Shelf na na na na na - Australia na na na na na Indian Ocean na na na na na 52 Other na na na na na 1 1 1 ,480 104,076 98,775 Tola! 18,984 72,141 87,750 108.575 126,842 1 1 1 ,480 104,128 98.775 Tuna Purse Seine Pacific Ocean na na na na na 103,587 109,033 95.687 Indian Ocean na na na na na 13,577 15,566 11.376 Total 19,918 50.380 52,011 55,683 114,617 117,164 124,599 107.062 Tuna Longlincrs Pacific Ocean na na na na na 17,496 25,256 37.918 Atlantic Ocean na na na na na 28,465 31,022 22.738 Indian Ocean na na na na na 70,717 28.851 21,582 Other na na na na na 22,435 70.792 52,336 Total 83,669 119,232 151,233 146,414 147,615 139.113 155.921 134.574 Driftnets North Pacific na na na na na 12.417 11.541 - South Pacific na na na na na 1 .035 1.683 - Indian Ocean na na na na na 45.311 25.252 6.334 Other na na na na na 16.565 86.637 84.648 Total 55,512 46,282 67,930 62.146 75.328 125,112 90.982 Source: lishenes Yearbook- Taiwan Area, ' aiwan P'isherie s Bureau, 1^85 -51. 138 Appendix F (continued).-- Taiwan. Distant-water fisheries catch; by method of fishing and fishing grounds; 1980, 1985-91. Method/Ground 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric Ions Squid Jigging North Pacific na na na na na 759 SW Pacific na na na na na 24,400 - SW Atlantic na na na na na 36,717 7,314 1 1 ,295 Other na na na na na 55,842 80,940 112,881 Total - 48,966 50,495 115,249 129,177 117,717 88.254 124,176 Squid Driftaet North Pacific na na na na na 26,243 36,837 40,063 Other na na na na na 16,650 1,197 1 1 ,264 Total - 42,893 38,034 51,326 Saury Torch Light NW Pacific na na na na na 4,682 27.270 11.742 Other na na na na na 7,354 4,607 7,731 Total - - - - 12,036 31,877 19,473 Other 941 5,006 17,852 Q T)T 18,143 2,053 1,915 1,780 Grand Total 197.339 441,747 497,403 596,969 731,700 734,459 766,985 714,263 Source: Fisheries Yearbook- Taiwan Area, ' "aiwan Fisherie s Bureau, 1980 M. 139 Appendix G.-- Taiwan. Distant-water fisheries catch; by method of fishing and species; 1980. 1985-91. Method/Ground 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric Ions Otter Trawl Threadfin bream 985 1.792 1.951 1,868 3,471 1.246 2.564 1,019 Snapper - 2.934 1,916 2,009 2.411 3,962 3.905 2,712 llairtail 6.727 4,668 5,743 4,652 10.766 11.718 6.290 4,048 Sharks 1.267 975 3,030 4,145 4.818 6.910 9.718 7,974 Culllefish 3.369 3.890 4,184 3,474 6.376 6,392 5,067 7,421 Squid 726 8,532 5,493 8,492 17,348 16,692 21,040 29,289 Shrimp 11). 539 19.299 20.687 17,160 18.729 14,032 9.892 6.857 ( )lher 50.214 50.211 48.776 52,096 69,241 55,723 38,669 26,795 ioial 73.827 90,509 91.780 93,896 133,160 116,675 97.145 86,115 Bull Irawl Threadfin Hrcam 3IIX 3.779 4.488 4,278 5,610 1,861 4.209 1.573 Snapper 6.525 4,929 5,166 4.105 6,747 6.648 4,618 llairtail 1.940 2.809 6,480 4.667 7,075 8,767 2.331 1,777 Sharks 256 1.229 4,364 6,089 7,251 10,638 16.051 13,597 Cmilcfish 899 4.077 4,965 4,444 8,510 7,156 5,446 10,666 Squid 207 15.383 13,203 20,658 27.874 19,185 27,868 39,680 Other 15.374 38.339 49,321 63,273 66.417 57,126 41,523 26,864 lolal 18.9X4 72.141 87,750 108.575 126.842 111,480 104,076 98.775 Tuna l^irsf Stini- Skipjack 3.433 7,876 15.928 26.798 42,376 76,054 59.436 Albacore 2.467 749 1.403 8.038 15,563 Bigcye 497 398 113 452 353 319 695 Ycllou fill 1.357 2.718 4.599 6,782 1 1 ,099 14,540 17,356 Hluefin 8(1 16 21 197 264 149 Hill fish 1.530 237 853 2,502 3.465 3.994 3.1^4 Horse Mackerel* 16.1188 11.479 10,478 6.064 16,376 na na na Mackerel* 3.830 18.712 27,155 21,720 27,712 na na na other 10.825 2,384 4,982 25,780 44.044 29.543 26.401 l.nal 19.918 50,380 52,011 55,683 114.617 117.164 124.599 107.062 Source: fisheries Yearhoiik-Tiiiwun Area. Taiwan I'isherics Bureau. 1980-91 140 Appendix G (continued). - Taiwan. Distant-water fisheries catch; by method of fishing and species; 1980, 1985-91. Mctb(>d/(i round 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric Ions Tuna Longline Skipjack 233 1,057 3,648 164 1,033 5.022 5,617 4.006 Mackerel - 3,685 1.849 1.027 1.594 307 4.605 Albacore 55,852 61,482 88,014 77.015 73.43(1 76.254 59.531 46.757 Bigeyc 1 1 ,444 12,317 15.523 16.642 15.897 12.056 12.712 15.378 Ycllowfm 8,691 8,317 12.737 17.699 17.927 11.159 18.938 13.619 Hluefin 65 142 364 528 507 698 595 6(14 Hilllish 4,922 6,253 10,195 10.046 10.168 10.003 15.911 14.013 Shark 1,033 20,311 11,217 11,685 14.322 14.649 26.117 24.933 Other 1,429 5,668 7,686 11,608 14.331 7,678 16.193 10.659 Total 83,669 119.232 151.233 146.414 147.615 139.113 155.921 134.574 Drittni'ts Skipjack - 766 670 2.680 7(15 3.629 4.311 2.834 Mackerel 2,267 2.378 4.105 6.485 14.019 18.421 Albacore 2,466 5.150 3.326 16.52(1 43.534 65.741 36.315 bigeyc 420 195 214 395 391 54(1 352 Yellowfin 285 193 791 618 874 1.003 865 Blucfin 67 81 87 234 319 305 1(17 liilUish 1,886 1 .004 1.349 2.869 4.283 4.920 3.836 Sharks 16,698 14.669 18.067 f).447 9.688 15,064 14.009 Other 9.876 2.157 1 .543 34.358 6,125 19.209 14.243 Total 34.731 26,497 32.162 h2.146 75.328 125,112 90.982 Squid Jigging Squid 47.973 50,400 115.249 129.177 117.717 88.254 123.787 Other 1 ,023 95 389 Total 48.966 50.495 115,249 129.177 117.717 88.254 124.176 Squid Driflnet Squid 21), 781 19.785 35.768 22.228 42.252 36.776 51.133 1 )thcr 641 1.258 193 Tolal 20.781 19.785 35.768 22.228 42.893 38.034 51.326 Saun Torch Light Saury 12,036 31.877 19.473 Other 941 5,006 17.852 9 222 18.143 2,053 1.915 1.780 Grand Totai 197,339 441,747 497.403 596.969 731.70(1 ■734.459 766.985 714.263 Source: Fisheries Yearbook-Taiwan Area, Taiwan Fisheries Bureau. 1980-91. 141 Appendix H.-- Taiwan. Distant-water tuna longliners fishing fleet; by fishing grounds and gross registered tonnage; 1980-90 Year Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean 50-200GRT 200-500GRT Over 500GRT 50-200GRT 200-500GRT Over 500GRT 1980 21 146 1 39 72 1 1981 29 161 39 70 1982 40 173 52 75 - 1983 13 86 - 61 138 1984 12 104 37 113 1985 21 155 4 26 100 1 1986 17 168 5 27 120 6 1987 9 127 4 21 128 19 1988 9 98 4 19 129 39 1989 9 88 17 17 146 100 1990 8 91 50 19 140 117 Sources: Atlanlic-ICCAT Statistical Bulletin, 1990: Indian-Indo-Pacific Tuna Development and Management Programme Data Summary No. 12. May 1992. Appendix I. - Taiwan. Number of fishery workers; 1980, 1985-91 Type of Worker 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 r" 1990 1991 Number of workers Dislant-watcr fishery workers Full-time 27.759 98,458 36.952 37.668 38,794 41,490 36,470 36,692 Part-time 4.883 1.276 896 1.847 2,550 1,365 1,279 1,477 Total 32,642 99,734 37,848 39,515 41,344 43,055 37,749 38,169 Note: It is unclear why the number of worl .ers was so h gh in 1985. Source: Fisheries Yearbook-Taiwan Area, Taiwan Fisheries Bureau-1980. 1985-91. Appendix J. - Taiwan. Fishing vessels built at Taiwan shipyards; by number of vessels and gross registered tonnage; 1985-92. Year Number of Ves.seLs CRT 1985 517 46.308 1986 564 51,258 1987 669 85,143 1988 720 105.411 1989 842 112,881 1990 295 72.218 1991 224 25,012 1992 228 16,695 Source; Ai uerican Inslilulc in \. man, June 7. 1993. 142 Appendix K, --Honduras. Foreign fishing vessels* registered in Honduras, July 1993. Vessel Name Vessel Owner Name Size GRT Bel gi urn Chi en Hang No, 6 Fu Yuan No 16 Fu Yuan No 6 Hsin Huang No 201 Tching Ye No 217 Tching Ye No. 236 Yu I Hsiang No 617 Honduras Onente No 7 Mauritius Hsin Hua No. 1 Panama Focus Focus No. 101 Polestar Singapore En Chun No 2 En Chun No. 6 En Chun No. 7 Great Splendor Hui Shun No 6 Sam Fa No 37 Shang Weng Spain Sekishu Taiwan 711 00 Lubmain International S A 711 00 Lubmain International S A 708 00 Lubmain International S A 706.57 Lubmain International S A 725,00 Lubmain International S A 726.00 Lubmain International S.A 708 00 Lubmain International S A 658 40 708.00 999 70 912 53 889 17 746 00 746 00 746 00 949 00 719 00 801 00 810 00 991.37 Chang Hann No 117 705 48 Chen Chi a No 1 710 52 Chiao Chun No, 1 721 00 Chieh Hsiang No 302 709,00 Chi eh Hisiang No 303 718 00 Chi en Yu No 7 712.68 Chin Ching No 1 719.00 Chin Hui 704 84 Chin Lung Yun No 27 751 . 82 Chung I No. 126 705.55 Fung Yue No. 102** 709.00 Fung Yue No 102** 709.00 Fv Kuang Hui No 212 602,00 Fv Yuh Yow No 201 717 00 FV. Tong Yu No 6 715 80 Hai Fa No. 11 706.30 Hai Fa No. 21 717,48 Hai Fa No. 31 718,00 Hai Fa No 62 713,00 Hi en Chung No. 1 735,00 Hsieh An No 16 726 00 Hsin Cheng Hsiang No, 101 711 30 Hsin Hung No. 101 , 705.10 Hsin I Hsiang No. 11 711 39 Hsin Yuan No. 202 719 56 Hsing Lung No 31 718.00 Hsing Yun No 101 709 04 Hung Chia No. 3 712 00 Hung Fu I No. 212 716 00 Hung Heng No. 121 722.00 Hung Hsing No 11 991 00 Hung Hsing No. 212 722 00 Hung Hwa No, 202 725 00 Hung Ming No 231 719 09 Hung Yu No. 122 722.72 El Onente S. De R L Hsin Hua Fishery Co. Focus Trading S A Focus Trading S.A Oasis Venture Corporation Swillington Limited. Swillington Limited Swillington Limited. Korvin Fisheries Co Hui Jem Oceanic Enterprises Co Sarn Fa Ocean Fishery Shang Weng Ocean Fishery Interburgo S.A. Ltd. Chang Man Fishery Co Cheng Chia Fishery Co Chiao Chun Fishery Co Chieh Fong Fishery Co Chi eh Fong Fishery Co Chi en Yu Fishery Co Chin Ching Fishery Co. Chin Hui Marine Products Chyi Yun Fishery Co Chung YNG Fishery Co. East Man Fishery Co Shin Chun Fishery Co Kuang Hui Fishery Co. Yuh Yih Fishery Co. Ltd. Tong Yu Fishery Co. Hal Fa Fishery Co Hal Fu Fishery Co Hal Hao Fishery Co. Hal Fu Fishery Co. Chang Jung Fang Co. Hsieh An Fishery Co Hsin Cheng Hsiang Fishery Hsin Hung Fishery Co Hsin Ying Hsiang Fishery Hsin Yuan Fishery Co. Hsin Lung Fishery Co. Hsing Yun Fishery Co Chia Fu Fishery Co Ltd. Hung Fu I Fishery Co Hung Heng Fishery Co. Yng Sheng Oceanic Enterp. Hung Hsing Fishery Co. Hung Tzu Fishery Co. Hung Ming Fishery Co. Hung Yiu Fishery Co. 143 Appendix K (continued) . --Honduras. Foreign fishing vessels* registered in Honduras. July 1993. Vessel Name Vessel Name Size GRT Taiwan (continued) Hwa Hsing No, 15 993.00 Hwa Kun No. 232 722 72 Hwa Ren No. 16 998 00 Hwa Ren No. 6 1.076.00 I Chun No 3 717,00 Kuo Hung No 808 714 00 Pi Igrim 1.447.60 Tai Chin No 12 718.00 Tai Fan No 1 708 00 Tai Hsing No. 11 720 00 Tung I No. 801 711.00 Win Yeong Tai No. 136 1 . 095 46 Yi Mao 306 1,513 00 Ying Pi Hsiang No. 3 706 00 Yu Chan No. 201 705 10 Yu Feng No. 116 719.00 Yu Feng No. 68 719 00 Yu I Hsiang No 132 708 12 Yu I Hsiang No. 227 708 12 Yuh Yow No. 101 706 00 Yuh Yow No. 102 719 00 Yuh Yow No. 127 729,00 Yung Hsu No 101 717 00 Yung Ta No. 606 1,410 24 Yih Far No. 63 991.00 Yih Shuen No. 61 993.00 Yuan Chun No. 1 785.00 Thai land Ekawat Reefer 2 580 00 La Paloma 4.358 38 Sinchai Independence 1,841 19 United Kingdom Glory 2.676 71 Owner Yih Sheng Fisheru Y Co. Hwa Kun Fishery Co. Hwa Shin Chang Marine Hwa Ren Fishery Co. Luxi riant Fishery Co. Kuo Hung Fishery Co Altea Fish S. De R.L. Tai Chin Fishery Co. Tai Fan Fishery Co. Hsing Tai Fishery Co. Tung I Fishery Co. Yu Chih Hsie Yi Yang Marine Products Fu Chun Marine Products Yu Chan Fishery Co Yu Chan Fishery Co Hung Chang Fishery Co. Yu-Hung Fishery Co. Yu-Hung Fishery Co. Yu Yuan Fishery Co. Yu Chang Marine Products Yu Pao Fishery Co. Yung Hsu Fishery Co. Zen Lee Fishery Co. Chi a Fu Fishery Co. Ting Fond Oceanic Development Yuan Chun Marine Products. S Overseas Marine Corp. Fortuna Unity Co Ltd. Sirichai Fisheries Co. Greenbury Trading Ltd * - Only vessels over 500GRT are included ** - This vessel is listed twice on the Honduran registry under two different owners. Source: Fuerzas Armadas de Honduras, Marina Mercante Nacional, unpublished list, July 14. 1993 144 LIBRARY W: W. 0-; V I