World Fishing Fleets An Analysis of Distant-water Fleet Operations Past - Present - Future Volume VI Western Europe and Canada NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Commerce World Fishing Fleets: An Analysis of Distant-water Fleet Operations Past - Present - Future n Volume VI fflS so s a so i □ in Western Europe and Canada Prepared by The Office of International Affairs William B. Folsom David J, Rovinsky Dennis M. Weidner ^ ^ ^^ November 1993 NCAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-14 NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Silver Spring, Maryland November 1993 WORLD FISHING FLEETS Western Europe and Canada Volume 6. 1.0 Overview 1 2.0 European Community 13 2.1 Belgium 49 2.2 Denmark 57 2.3 France 69 2.4 Germany 81 2.5 Greece 91 2.6 Ireland 101 2.7 Italy 109 2.8 Netherlands 119 2.9 Portugal 131 2.10 Spain 141 2.11 United Kingdom 157 3.0 Non-EC European countries 167 3.1 Cyprus 172 3.2 Faroe Islands 181 3.3 Finland 197 3.4 Greenland 205 3.5 Iceland 213 3.6 Malta 223 3.7 Norway 231 3.8 Sweden 241 3.9 Turkey 251 4.0 Canada 257 5.0 Summary 267 Appendices 275 m STATISTICAL NOTE The principal source of statistical data for this study was Lloyd 's Register of Shipping which provided uninterrupted statistical data from 1975 through June 1992. The Lloyd's Register of Shipping includes worldwide data for vessels having over 500-gross registered tons (i.e., high-seas fishing vessels) that can be used for tracking overall trends and making comparisons among countries. There were two problems the authors faced when using Lloyd's Register: (1) many high-seas vessels are in the 100-499-GRT range, and (2) Lloyd's Register included Greenland's fleet statistics under Denmark and began including the Faroe Island's fishing fleet statistics under Denmark beginning in 1987. This caused considerable confusion about ihe size of these three countries' fishing fleets. Information was also obtained from a variety of other sources: 1) FAO: The authors obtained some fleet data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Fishery Fleet Statistics: Bulletin of Fishery Statistics. The FAO statistics also cover the entire world fishing fleet, including small coastal vessels, but frequently have substantial periods for which no data were available, especially during the early 1970s, late 1980s, and early 1990s. The FAO statistics were, thus, less useful than the Lloyd's Register of Shipping statistics and were used primarily for general background. 2) OECD: The Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), Review of Fisheries in OECD Member Countries was another important source, especially for some of the earlier years. 3) Country statistics: The authors also used some individual country studies when data were available for long enough periods to reveal meaningful trends. These country studies included the Annual Report on German Fisheries (FRG), Fishery Fleet Statistics (Norway), L'evolution du secteur beige de la peche maritime (Belgium), and Sea Fisheries Statistical Tables (UK). Statistics prepared by international organizations and governments range from excellent to poor and, in some instances, non-existent. Different reporting methods and reporting periods can produce minor variations between various sources that complicate meaningful comparisons. Some countries collect data on powered vessels only; some include non-powered fishing vessels in their statistics. Other nations report only vessels over a certain tonnage while still others include only "decked" vessels (i.e. , those with a deck as opposed to open rowboats without a deck). Countries also change their reporting methods or periodically refine their data in later years. The authors recognize that different numbers have been, or can be, cited for the same country's fleet for the same year. This report attempts to overcome the problem by using a single source (Lloyd's Register of Shipping) and supplementing the information with other reliable sources as available. EMPHASIS ON HIGH-SEAS FLEET The authors have decided for the purposes of this study to define high-seas fishing vessels as vessels of 500-GRT or more. The authors decided to use this definition for analytical simplicity. Existing data sets, such as those provided by Lloyd's, give worldwide fleet statistics based on the size, but not the deployment of vessels. The authors have had to rely on such data sets because compiling comprehensive world-wide statistics from national statistical reports was beyond the resources available for this study. The authors recognize, however, that small coastal vessels can be shifted from one country to another. Many countries deploy vessels smaller than 500-GRT on the high-seas. The authors, for example, were faced with the problem of not using statistics which identified high-seas vessels in the 100- to 499-GRT range, because these vessels were below the 500-GRT cutoff point. Alternatively, some countries deploy vessels larger than 500-GRT in coastal fisheries. The authors believe that focusing on vessels of 500-GRT or more, from one respected source, provided an excellent picture of basic trends. In our study we have used the term "high-seas" to identify vessels over 500-GRT that fish beyond 200- miles Exclusive Economic Zones. As indicated above, there are many vessels in the 100-GRT to 499-GRT that can also fish on the high-seas or that fish thousands of miles from their home ports. In many cases we used the term "distant-water" to identify fishing grounds far from home ports of various countries. Readers are cautioned that there are a few instances where the terms overlap: vessels under 500-GRT fishing far beyond 200-miles and vessels over 2,000-GRT fishing close to shore. The authors have attempted to identify "high-seas" versus "distant- water" fisheries as much as possible, but there were a few cases where the authors simply did not have sufficient information about certain vessels or fisheries. VI A WORD ABOUT REFLAGGING Reflagging, registering a vessel in another country, is a growing concern for fishery managers around the world. Reflagging is done for many reasons. The simplest case is a vessel owner in one country selling a vessel to a new owner in a different country. In other cases, local requirements may require all joint venture fisheries' vessels to fly the flag of one particular country. In some instances, and particularly for older and less efficient vessels, fishermen may not be able to operate profitably in one country and may reflag their vessel in another where taxes, fuel costs, and crew salaries are less onerous. While there are several major reasons for reflagging a vessel, one reason of growing concern is reflagging to avoid internationally agreed measures for the conservation and management of living marine resources. By reflagging a vessel with a country that is not a signatory to an agreement designed to manage and/or conserve living marine resources, a vessel may avoid the regulations/conservation measures for a regional area. The problem is compounded by the fact that many of the countries frequently used for reflagging simply do not have the staff to monitor the fishing operations of their flagged vessels throughout the world. The issue of reflagging is gaining international attention and is the subject of the proposed Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures for Fishing Vessels on the High Seas approved by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in November 1993 for ratification by interested States. SPECIAL NOTICE: In the preparation of this report, the authors noted that in many instances reflagging simply involved the transfer of ownership from one owner to another. The reasons for other reflaggings were less clear. However, the purpose of this project was to identify trends and the results obtained through our research efforts show that reflagging has increased sharply in the last few years. Vll This volume should be cited as: Folsom, Willliam B., David J. Rovinsky and Dennis M. Weidner. Western Europe and Canada (fishing fleets). Published in: "World Fishing Fleets: An Analysis of Distant-water Fleet Operations. Past-Present-Future. Volume VI." Prepared by the Office of International Affairs, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Conmierce. Silver Spring, Maryland, November 1993. Prepared by: Division of International Science, Development and Foreign Fisheries Analysis The Office of International Affairs, F/IA2 National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce 1335 East- West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910-3225 TEL: 301-713-2286 FAX: 301-713-2313 viu OVERVIEW West European fishing fleets harvest approximately 12-percent of the world's fish and shellfish. This harvest is usually sold fresh or is processed into high-value seafood items generating billions of dollars in world markets. European fishermen operate a range of fishing vessels, from small coastal vessels to super-factory ships. Unlike fishermen from some Asian countries, the West Europeans tend to fish close to home - in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean. The European Commimity (EC), however, has worked assiduously to negotiate a network of fishery agreements on behalf of its member states and over 800 EC-flag fishing vessels currently fish from various ports along the coast of Africa and into the Indian Ocean. The EC is now attempting to open access to Latin American waters for their fishing vessels because several important stocks of North Atlantic fish, such as Atlantic cod, have collapsed in recent years. This has placed a tremendous financial burden on the fishing industries of many EC countries dependent upon fishing in the North Atlantic region. In 1993, 100-1- West European vessels were reflagged to foreign registry. This number could double if EC negotiators are unable to negotiate access to Namibia in 1994 or if the Argentines fail to ratify an agreement allowing EC vessels to fish in their waters in 1994. CONTENTS I. Overview 1 II. Introduction 4 Highlights 4 Growth of the high-seas fleets 4 European Community 6 Non-EC Europe 8 Canada 8 Summary 8 Sources 10 Endnotes 11 I. OVERVIEW There are several important points about West European and Canadian fisheries that will assist the reader in comprehending the status of these diverse fisheries and fleets in 1993: ■ 100-1- reflagged vessels (from Western Europe) are believed to be fishing in the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean in 1993. ■ 7 to 8 West European-flag vessels are believed to be fishing on the high-seas in the South Atlantic or Pacific Ocean in 1993.' ■ 800-1- West European vessels fish in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean or in coastal waters of other countries under bi-lateral fishery agreements negotiated by the European Community (EC). ■ 300 + West European high-seas fishing vessels will be redeployed, sold, scrapped, or otherwise decommissioned between 1993 and 1995.^ ■ 270+ of these vessels belong to the EC fishing fleet and 30+ of these vessels belong to the non-EC countries.' ■ The EC vessels must be deployed off Argentina or Namibia in the near future to avoid bankruptcies. ■ If EC negotiators are unable to conclude agreements with Argentina'' and Namibia, then over 200 additional EC vessels could be converted to non- fishery use, sold, or scrapped. ■ Non-EC countries have one-third the number of high-seas vessels and a only few of these vessels (possibly 30) could be sold to fishermen in other countries. ■ Canada's East Coast fisheries are facing tremendous pressure in the face of complete moratoriums on fishing and this may tempt some Canadian fishermen to consider selling or reflagging their vessels in the future. ■ Reflagging became significant in 1993, as 100 + West European fishermen reflagged their vessels in Belize, the Cayman Islands, Cyprus, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Malta, Panama, or St. Vincent. CURRENT fflGH-SEAS nSHING Despite a fleet of nearly 800 high-seas fishing vessels, only 7-8 West European-flag vessels are believed to be currently fishing on the high-seas in the Atlantic and Pacific in 1993. The vessels that currently fish the high-seas include: the German-flag Jan Maria, the Dirk Dirk, and the Gerda Maria' and the Dutch-flag Dirk Diederick, Franziska, Cornelis Vrolijk Fzn, and Zeeland.^ These vessels are built to roam the oceans of the world, catching or "kondiking" (buying), processing, and freezing up to 250 tons of herring, mackerel, or horse mackerel a day. One tuna purse seiner, the Isabel Tuna, flying the Cypriot flag, is currently fishing in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. A Spanish tuna purse seiner, the Montedaro, reportedly sank in this same area on July 14, 1993.' The non-EC countries also fish close to home, in the North Atlantic or Mediterranean and a few non-EC fishing firms operate a small number of joint venture operations in distant-water fisheries. FUTURE FLEET DEPLOYMENT EC countries will deploy or decommission approximately 270 high-seas fishing vessels. Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom will mainly redeploy their vessels in the next 2 years, but some vessels may be decommissioned. Greece, France, Germany, and Denmark, will mostly decommission their vessels. Some vessels may be involved in joint venture arrangements allowing the transfer of ownership in return for access to the resource for a limited period of time. Most of the Spanish and Portuguese vessels will be deployed off Namibia and Argentina as foreign-fiag vessels fishing with coastal state licenses or as part of a joint venture arrangement with companies in the coastal country. • Argentina - The EC initialed an agreement with Argentina during December 1992. The agreement was a major policy change for the Argentines who had previously imposed restrictive conditions for access.* The agreement will permit 70 EC vessels to fish off Argentina under a variety of joint venture arrangements. Most of these vessels will be Spanish. The agreement has not yet been ratified by Argentina.' • Namibia - The EC has not yet been able to negotiate an access agreement with Namibia, although it remains a high priority. Namibia has, to date, rejected all EC offers to negotiate a fisheries agreement. Namibia ended all foreign fishing in its 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) when it became independent in 1991. This affected 200 Spanish and 10 Portuguese vessels. Namibian officials now report that the country's hake stocks are recovering and that they hope to market this popular fish in EC markets.'" They will require EC concurrence to do so. It is likely that bilateral fishery negotiations between the EC and Namibia will resume in 1993 or 1994." It is unknown if all 210 EC vessels, which fished there before 1991, will be able to return to Namibian waters. Those that caimot will likely be sold, transferred to other non-fishing operations, or scrapped. • Indian Ocean - The EC has negotiated a series of agreements which provide access for EC tuna seiners to Indian Ocean resources. This fleet may expand especially if Italian vessels join this fleet. • Pacific - There is a possibility that some Spanish or French world-class tuna purse seiners might be fishing in the Western Pacific Ocean. One Spanish tuna vessel, the Montedaro, sank in the Eastern tropical Pacific on July 14, 1993.'^ There are 6 ex- Spanish tuna vessels currently reflagged in Panama which may be fishing for tuna in the Pacific, along with 1 vessel reflagged in Malta and 1 reflagged in Cyprus. The non-EC countries are unlikely to redeploy large numbers of their vessels in distant-water fisheries. These countries have never operated extensively beyond the North Sea or North Atlantic and are unlikely to initiate such high-cost operations requiring lengthy trips at this time. However, individual companies may seek to fish under joint venture arrangements in distant waters, such as off New Zealand, South Africa, Peru, or possibly even off Russia. The shift to distant waters will depend upon the recovery of cod stocks in the North Atlantic. are now being sold for a fraction of their original cost. Some of Greenland's fleet of shrimp trawlers and cod factoryships could be sold, though in all probability to other Nordic countries. REFLAGGING Reflagging is becoming significant as declining catches, increasingly severe management measures, and adverse economic conditions force some fishermen to seek alternatives to existing regimes. Danish fishermen reflagged a few vessels in Panama in an attempt to fish wild Atlantic salmon in 1989-91 . A Spanish and a Belgian firm currently employs Taiwanese longliners out of Honduras. Cyprus and Malta have become important centers for reflagging in 1993.''' Belize, the Dominican Republic, Panama, and St. Vincent are all attracting West European vessels to their registries. Norway recently encountered several Caribbean-flag countries fishing between the Russian and Norwegian 200-mile limits in the Barents Sea.'' DECOMMISSIONING EFFORTS The EC is the only West European body with a major, long-term program aimed at reducing the size of its fleet. The EC's Multi-Annual Guidance Program (MAGP) is a 10-year effort designed to reduce the size of the EC fleet by 1996. This program, however, is primarily aimed at reducing the size of coastal fishing vessels, although high-seas vessels will be included. The MAGP calls for vessels to be permanently withdrawn from EC rolls, through transfer to non-fishing status, sale to third countries, or scrapping. The number of EC vessels that will be decommissioned ultimately depends upon the success of EC negotiators in gaining access to Namibian waters and to the success of the Argentine agreement when it is approved. The authors believe that approximately 30 non- EC high-seas vessels could be sold between 1993 and 1995.'^ Icelandic fishermen are likely to sell some used vessels to reduce operating costs of companies adversely affected by the current (1991-93) decline in cod stocks, which are not expected to recover until 1996-98. Norwegian fishermen may also sell some vessels during 1993-94. Faroese fishing vessels, in particular, are for sale at attractive prices. The vessels were built with generous state subsidies and n. INTRODUCTION A. IDGHLIGHTS West European countries deploy some of the world's most modem and efficient fishing vessels, which include both coastal and high-seas fleets. Coastal fleets: West European countries currently deploy primarily coastal fishing fleets. The West European coastal fleet in 1992, totaled nearly 1 10,000 vessels, or about 99 percent of the total number of fishing vessels deployed by West European countries (see Appendix 1).'^ This focus on coastal fisheries reflects many factors including restrictions on access by foreign countries, lower fuel consumption and operating costs, and crew work preferences. The portion of the fleet devoted to coastal fisheries has remained constant in recent years. West European fishermen operated about 110,000 vessels in 1975 and while the number declined during the 1970s and early 1980s, the fleet by 1992 had recovered to about that same number of vessels. The difference between the West European fishing fleet in 1975 and the fleet in 1990 is that the EC now controls the bulk of the fleet (Appendix 1)." High-seas fleets: West European countries also deploy high-seas'* fishing fleets. The 1992 West European high-seas fleet was composed of 653 vessels, '"* a small fraction of the number of coastal vessels (Appendix 1). While this is less than 1 percent of the number of vessels in all size categories, the high-seas vessels (those over 500-Gross Registered Tons, or CRT) account for about 37 percent of the total fleet in terms of capacity. The European fishing fleets have undergone major changes during the 1970s and 1980s). The overall number of vessels has not changed, but the capacity has expanded as the fishermen purchased larger, more efficient vessels (Figure 1). ■ Medium-to-large: There has been a gradual reduction in the number of vessels in the 500- to 999-GRT class as larger ships have been added to the fleet (Appendix 10 and Figure 2). ■ Large-to-super: The number of vessels in the 1 ,000- to 1 , 999- GRT class increased modestly from 243 vessels in 1975 to 273 vessels in 1992. The growth in this class reflects, to a certain extent, the construction of tuna purse seiners by French and Spanish fishing companies. These vessels are currently deployed in the Eastern Atlantic, Gulf of Guinea, and Indian Ocean. ■ Super-class: The number of vessels over 2,000-GRT increased from 55 in 1975 to 79 vessels in 1992 (Appendix 10 and Figure 2). The increase is due to the construction of "super trawlers and seiners." Dutch, German, and Irish fishermen are deploying these super trawlers or seiners for pelagic and demersal species in the North and South Atlantic. The vessels are equipped with processing facilities (producing fishmeal, canned packs, fillets, other frozen products, and surimi). B. GROWTH OF THE HIGH-SEAS FLEETS West European fleets declined during the late 1970s and early 1980s as many older vessels were withdrawn. The fleet began expanding in 1987 until overfishing resulted in management demands to trim the size of the fleet in 1991. While the current number of high-seas vessels is little changed from 1975, the fleet capacity set an all-time record in 1991 (Appendix 2 and Figure 3). This is significant as the fleet capacity is a much better indicator of fishing potential than the number of vessels. The 3 periods in the growth of the West European high-seas fishing fleets are shown below: 1975-86: Most West European countries reported substantial declines in their high-seas fleets beginning in 1976 after many countries declared 200-mile EEZs limiting or ending foreign fishing. The high-seas fleet declined from 806 vessels in 1976 to 627 vessels in 1983, or by 22 percent (Appendix 1 and Figure 3). There was a slight increase in numbers of high- seas vessels during 1983-86 as fishermen added 3 new vessels for a total of 630 vessels by 1986. 1987-91: West European countries in 1987 began rapidly expanding their high-seas fleet, from 630 in 1986 to 684 in 1987; this amounted to 54 new ships in one year! The fleet increase continued during the next few years reaching 857 vessels in 1991 (Appendix 1 and Figure 3), or by 25 percent. The increase can be seen in both the EC fleet and non-EC fleet. The increase can be partially attributed to EC funding programs designed to modernize the fishing fleets of the member countries. 1992: The West European high-seas fleet in 1992 included 804 high-seas vessels, including 591 registered with the EC and 213 registered in non-EC countries. The 1992 total was below the peak of 857 vessels reported in 1991 and was the first decline since 1986. The authors do not yet know if this represents the beginning of an overall decline or simply a pause in the long- term increase reponed since 1987. Most West European high-seas fleets are owned and operated by fishing firms in EC-member countries. The EC high-seas fleet is one of the largest in the world. EC officials believe that the fleet is overcapitalized and that the overall fleet capacity significantly exceeds the potential of available fishing grounds."" EC officials believe that the high-seas fleet must be reduced, or deployed to distant-water grounds, to bring fleet capacity in line with available coastal resources. Despite EC fleet reduction programs, the number of EC vessels is little changed from 1975; the 1991 capacity was 718,000-GRT, only slightly below the 740,000 GRT reported in 1975. Despite the investment in modem, high-seas vessels by EC fishermen, the fisheries catch has slowly decreased from 6.7 million metric tons (tons) in 1980 to 6.5 million tons in 1990 before increasing to 6.9 million tons in 1992. The decline in the EC fisheries catch through 1990 was also matched by a decline in groundfish stocks, caused by overfishing and biological fluctuations. The decline in groundfish harvests is particularly important, because these species command high prices in Western Europe and are vital to profitable operations of the fishing fleet. Table l.-EC. Fisheries catch, 1980, 1985, and 1992. Country 1980 1985 1992 1.000 Metric Tons Belgium 46 45 37 Denmark 2,028 1,765 1,793 France 788 838 813 Germany 307 225 310 Greece 105 115 149 Ireland 149 231 241 Italy 507 589 510 Netherlands 340 504 443 Portugal 271 306 330 Spain 1,315 1,183 1,350 United Kingdom 847 902 924 Total 6,703 6,701 6,918* Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, Rome, various years. ♦Preliminary data. Of particular concern to the EC has been the gradual reduction in the catch of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), in recent years. Atlantic cod is highly prized in European markets and commands high prices. The decline in its catch from 463,000 tons in 1985 to 333,000 tons in 1990, has significantly reduced fishermen's profits. Table 2. -EC. Catch of Atlantic cod, 1986-1991. Country 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1,000 Metric tons Belgium 8 9 7 5 4 4 Denmark 154 150 128 116 99 85 France 64 48 51 48 44 12 Germany 48 46 46 44 57 34 Ireland 7 9 10 7 4 4 Netherlands 25 21 17 12 12 7 Portugal 47 2 15 25 16 14 Spain 55 42 45 42 27 27 UK 90 113 92 78 70 66 TOTAL: 498 461 411 377 333 253 Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 1991 Rome, 1993. The EC catch of Atlantic cod reportedly will decline further in 1992 and 1993. Poor recruitment, fluctuating oceanographic conditions, and overfishing makes it difficult to predict when the cod population will recover. It is expected to take several years under the most optimistic conditions. A similar decline occurred in the North Atlantic fisheries for haddock {Melaonogrammus aeglefinus, which declined from 356,000 tons in 1982 to 164,000 tons in 1991), saithe {Pollachius virens), and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) fisheries. Biological fluctuations can explain part of the decline, but overfishing, EC officials claim, is the principal cause of the decline. The heavy investment in large, modem fishing vessels during 1987-90 certainly contributed to the increasing pressure on some of these stocks.^' Other European countries, besides the EC countries, also have high-seas fleets. The Nordic countries, however, have experience in distant-water grounds beyond neighboring countries in the North Atlantic; some have ventured off the coast of Newfoundland. In many cases the capacity of the fleets exceeds available stocks and the countries involved are concerned with how to reduce capacity. The status of stocks and economic conditions in the North Atlantic will influence the transfer of other high-seas vessels into or out of Nordic fisheries. During 1993, there was an increase in the number of large Norwegian vessels taking advantage of recovering cod stocks and the return of capelin stocks. Iceland has also seen a return in capelin in recent years. The Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland, have been adversely affected by declining catches of Atlantic cod during 1990-93. C. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY The EC high-seas fishing fleet is overcapitalized. The Commission of the European Communities submitted its assessment of the EC fleets in 1991. EC officials concluded that the existing fleet cannot be profitably deployed on available fishing grounds. " Major fishery resources could be severely depleted if the existing fleet was deployed without major restrictions on effort. Such effort restrictions, however, increase operating costs and adversely affect profitability. EC officials concluded that: "Stocks of round and flat fish, representing about 35 percent of stocks covered by TACs, are fully exploited or over-exploited. Tins is causing a perceptible decline in the volume of landings and keeping fishermen 's incomes below the optimum level. "" 1 . The EC fleet EC countries are some of the most important fishing countries in the world. While other countries deploy larger fleets catching more fish (China, Russia, Japan, Chile, and Peru), few other countries operate such efficient vessels producing high-quality fishery products or support such high incomes for fishermen as do the EC countries. The 1992 EC high-seas fleet was composed of about 591 vessels having about 718,000-GRT, down about 7 percent from the 648 vessels on the EC's 1991 fleet register (Appendix 1 and Figure 4). The distant-water fleet is only a small fraction of the estimated 90,000 vessels, registering an estimated 2 million GRT in 1992, which comprises the entire EC fishing fleet. The EC fleet increased steadily from 52,500 vessels reported in 1975 to an estimated 90,000 vessels in 1992. There was a minor decline in 1985-86, followed by an increase in 1987 followed by a gradual decline through 1991 (Appendix 1 and Figure 4). The EC fleet was increased by the accession of Greece in 1 98 1 and Portugal and Spain in 1986; all 3 countries had huge fishing fleets. Lucrative EC subsidies, designed to modernize the fishing fleet, also contributed to the growth in the fleet, beginning in 1984-85. Spanish and Portuguese fishermen were initially concerned that the EC would not be sympathetic to their needs when the two nations joined the EC in 1986. Many felt that domination by northern Europeans would hurt local fisheries. EC efforts to assist Spanish and Portuguese fishermen, by funding many fleet construction projects, helped stimulate some of the growth and served to reassure Spanish and Portuguese fleet owners that the EC was indeed concerned about their needs. The EC's willingness to allow countries time to bring their fleets into alignment gave some fishermen a "window of opportunity" between 1988 and 1992, to exceed fleet size limits without consequences. The authors also believe that some fishermen adopted a "go all out" attitude by building bigger and more efficient vessels and fishing coastal resources without concern about the consequences. Many may have also concluded that they would fare better in future EC fishery schemes if they could demonstrate a substantial fishery. This may explain why some countries suddenly began increasing the size of their high-seas fleets despite signs that the resources were already fully or even over-exploited. 2. Reducing fleet overcapacity The EC effort to reduce overcapacity has included a variety of alternative approaches. EC rules permit the transfer of vessels to new fisheries or to non-fishing operations, restricting fishing effort (requiring fishermen to remain in port for certain periods of time, restricfing grounds, or limiting fishing net mesh sizes), or deploying them in distant- water fisheries. Scrapping or selling the vessels to other countries, although permitted and encouraged, is not the normal approach taken by the EC. Most vessels withdrawn from the fishery are converted to non-fishery uses including conversion into boats for offshore oil work, houseboats, research craft, etc. A few vessels, however, are sold or scrapped. Transferring vessels to non-fishery status: A review of the EC's decommissioning programs during 1985-86, shows that many vessels were converted into vessels designed for offshore oil use in the North Sea. Many other vessels were converted into houseboats, research vessels, or other uses. Restricting fishing effort: EC fishery ministers have pushed hard to develop alternatives to decommissioning schemes. Restricted efforts include increasing the size of mesh to allow younger fish to escape. The EC Council established a 100 millimeter mesh size during their meeting on October 28, 1991.^^ Other options include requiring vessels to remain in port for certain days as part of a "tie-up" program.^ Limits on landings sizes for mackerel, anchovy, horse mackerel, scallops, and whiting have also been enacted. Other measures are being examined. These methods can provide temporary relief to vessel owners and to stocks of fish. However, these provisional measures increase operating expenses and eventually undermine the profitability of EC fisheries. These stop-gap measures are, however, popular with politicians who must face irate constituents who object to more serious reductions in Total Allowable Catch (TAC) quotas or allocations. Scrapping: Vessels which are in very poor condition can be sold for scrap. This is a viable option and scrapping does occur. The financial returns, obviously, are less than if the vessels can be sold for other uses. Past experience suggests that vessel owners will attempt to maximize their investments in these vessels by converting the vessels to non-fishery uses and will attempt to sell them as second-hand, reconverted vessels at prices considerably higher than prices paid for scrap metal. Sale to third countries: EC vessels are frequently sold to third countries. Fishing News International devotes several pages to the trade in fishing vessels and EC vessels are frequently included in this section. The failure of the EC to locate suitable distant-water fishing grounds, especially for Spanish vessels, is likely to result in a large number of Spanish vessels being offered for sale in the coming years. The authors, however, believe that EC negotiators will be able to negotiate access to Namibian waters and thus do not expect to see significant numbers of vessels being sold in the near future.^' Deployment to distant grounds: European fishermen deployed many of their high-seas vessels in distant-water fisheries long before the EC was given the authority to negotiate international fishery agreements on behalf of EC member states." These distant-water fisheries changed significantly between 1960 and 1980, as nations extended their 200-mile fishery limits. By 1980, 200-mile EEZs had been announced by 93 countries, covering 130 million square kilometers or nearly 35-percent of the world's ocean area and almost all of the important fishing grounds. This global shift in marine jurisdiction impacted on EC fishing nations and made it imperative that the EC aggressively seek new outlets for its fishing fleet. International agreements have been used effectively by the EC to deploy its massive fleet to distant fishing grounds. Many of these agreements were pre-existing: neighboring state to neighboring state or bilateral agreements between European countries and their former colonies. The EC's task, in many cases, was simply to negotiate extensions of these treaties on behalf of all its member states. In other instances, however, negotiations had to be initiated with new partners. The EC has gone on to establish an intricate, far-flung series of fishery accords stretching from the United States to the Baltic Sea and from Morocco around the Cape of Good Hope and out into the Indian Ocean. These arrangements have been negotiated at considerable expense, although the total cost and an assessment of the benefits actually accruing to the EC are not available. An examination of the existing EC network of fishery agreements is presented in subsequent sections of this report. The EC would now like to extend the range of its fishery arrangements with a series of agreements in Latin America. Some observers believe that the EC will encounter more difficulty in negotiating in Latin America than they encountered in Africa. The ability of the EC to conclude meaningful fishery accords in Latin America is yet to be demonstrated. Some EC-member nations will be impacted more than others as the EC restructures the Community fishing fleet to bring fishing capacity in-line with available resources. Most countries will have to reduce the number of vessels in their high-seas fleets. In some instances (especially Spain) the reductions will be significant and cause considerable economic dislocation. Some countries, however, will be able to expand their fleets because they have already reduced their fleet size and will be in a position to expand their fleets in the future with vessels better designed to harvest available resources profitably. D. NON-EC EUROPE Non-EC countries, especially the Nordic countries, also have overcapitalized fleets with capacities exceeding available resources. The non- EC high-seas fleets have nearly doubled from 114 vessels in 1975 to 213 vessels in 1992 (Appendix 1 and Figure 5). This is out of a total fishing fleet of approximately 20,000 vessels of all descriptions. Much of the increase has been reported by Norway, but most of the countries involved report expanding fleets. The Faroe Islands have faced economic dislocations in recent years and many fishing vessel owners have faced bankruptcy; these individuals are attempting to sell their vessels. The same situation is true in Iceland where poor recruitment, unfavorable oceanic conditions, and overfishing have resulted in lower quotas for the lucrative Atlantic cod. This also has prompted some vessel owners to sell their vessels. Cyprus, Malta, and Turkey operate only one or two high-seas vessels. Information on these vessels and their fishing grounds and operations is scant. The non-EC countries, especially the Nordic countries, have programs similar to the EC to assist fishermen in modernizing their fishing fleets. These include subsidies to purchase new vessels or to upgrade older vessels. Some countries encourage fishermen operating older vessels to convert them to other uses or to scrap the vessels. Unlike the EC, however, the Nordic countries do not have a systematic program to negotiate access to distant fishing grounds for their fishermen. E. CANADA Canadian fisheries are divided between their Atlantic and Pacific Ocean fisheries. Atlantic Canada's fisheries have been buffeted by major difficulties in recent years as biological fluctuations, oceanic conditions, and overfishing (by domestic and offshore foreign fleets) have combined to reduce stocks of key species to record lows. In 1992-93, the Canadian Government has promulgated tough new conservation regimes that virtually stopped all fishing for some species. Canadian fishermen, in the past, have shown little or no interest in fishing beyond their 200-mile EEZs. F. SUMMARY The authors project the following basic trends in the West European high-seas fleets: 1. EC fleet • Redeployment to Argentina: The EC has arranged to redeploy 70 EC high-seas vessels to Argentina. It is not yet clear, however, when the agreement will be ratified by the Government of Argentina. EC member states ratified the agreement in September 1993.'* Some owners are refitting their vessels for the South AUantic in Spanish shipyards. • Redeployment to Namibia: The EC is likely to give considerable priority to negotiations with Namibia. The authors have no information on the Namibian Government's view of the EC proposals. It is likely, however, that the Namibians will demand considerable remuneration for access to their EEZ, including EC assistance in launching a local fishing industry. In addition, Namibian officials may severely restrict the number of vessels permitted to operate in their EEZ. Whatever the outcome, it is likely that EC fishermen will have more limited access at much higher costs than was the situation before Namibian independence. • Stricter EC fleet reduction programs: The authors expect that the EC will take a much firmer approach to decommissioning schemes and will demand significant reductions before allowing modernization or new vessel construction grants to be approved. The EC has already announced that it will not award any grants for new vessel construction in 1993." This reflects a new, tougher approach to the question of fleet size. 2. Non-EC fleet The authors believe that it is unlikely that large numbers of high-seas vessels from the non-EC Nordic countries will be sold or redeployed in distant -water fisheries during the next few years. This is especially true for Norway, where fishermen are reporting excellent catches. Low recruitment of northern cod and other high-value species, however, will adversely affect earnings of Icelandic and Faroese fishermen. This may force the sale of small numbers of high-seas vessels from these two countries. Thus the authors believe that 15-1- vessels from the Faroe Islands might be sold in the next two years along with 10-1- vessels from Greenland. The authors also believe that a few ships, possibly as many as 5-1- vessels, might be sold by Norwegian firms for a variety of reasons, including the desire to purchase more modem vessels. Many of these ships are likely to be purchased by buyers in South America or in the Commonwealth of Independent States, although at this time, this is speculation. was not a significant in 1991, involved a few vessels in 1992, but involved over 100 vessels in 1993. Table 3.— Former West European and Canadian fishing vessels reflagged in foreign ports, 1993. Country Reflagged vessels Number Belize 2 Cayman Islands 3 Cyprus 31 Dominican Republic 2 Honduras (8) Malta 33 Panama 28 St. Vincent 3 Total 102 - 1 10 Source: Office of Naval Intelligence. U.S. Navy. Vessels identified under Honduras are not identified as European vessels, but have names similar to those found in European fleets. Not all vessels are recent additions; some of the vessels listed under Malta have operated under the Maltese flag for over 15 years. 3. Reflagging West European fishermen began reflagging their vessels in significant numbers in 1993. Examples of reflagging by West European vessels have been found in Belize (a minimum of 2 vessels). Cayman Islands (3 vessels), Cyprus (31 vessels), Dominican Republic (a minimum of 2 vessels), Malta (33 vessels), Panama (28 vessels), St. Vincent (a minimum of 3 vessels). A Belgium company and a Spanish company are currently operating reflagged Taiwanese longliners out of Honduras. Reflagging by European vessels increased dramatically in 1993. Reflagging of West European and Canadian vessels SOURCES Eurofish Reports, various issues. European Community, Report 1991 from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy, Commission of the European Communities, SEC(91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991. FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, Catches and Landings, 1991, Vol. 72, United Nations, Rome, 1993. Fishing News International. April 1993. Hinton, Michael. "Estimated Catch and Fleet Information for the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna Fleet," Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July 19, 1993. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy. United States Embassy, Oslo, Norway. Weidner, Dermis, and Jacobson, Don. "Soviet-Latin American Fishery Relations," International Fishery Report, (IFR/88-108) Office of International Affairs, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., December 16, 1988. 10 ENDNOTES 1 . The number of vessels actually fishing on the high-seas is uncertain. Most of these vessels normally fish in the North Atlantic, but are able to move quickly to distant fishing grounds. 2. Estimated. 3. Again, this is an estimate. 4. The EC approved the agreement with Argentina in September 1993. No information is available on the ratification process by the Government of Argentina. "Ministers Approve EC-Argentine Agreement, Eurofish Report, September 23, 1993, p. BB/3. 5. These German-flag vessels are owned by Doggerbank Seefischerei, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Parlevliet & van der Plas BV of Holland. 6. Three of these vessels are owned by the same Dutch fishing company. 7. Michael Hinton, "Estimated Catch and Fleet Information for the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna Fleet," Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July 19, 1993. 8. The only country which operated a significant number of vessels in Argentine waters was the Soviet Union. For details see Don Jacobson and Dennis Weidner, "Soviet-Latin American Fishery Relations," International Fishery /?eport,(IFR/88-108) Office of International Affairs, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., December 16, 1988. 9. The EC approved the agreement with Argentina in September 1993. No information is available on the ratification process by the Government of Argentina. "Ministers Approve EC-Argentine Agreement, Eurofish Report, September 23, 1993, p. BB/3. 10. "Late News: Date for start of Namibia talks nearing," Eurofish Report, April 22, 1993, p. BB/2. 11. EC sources reported that negotiations are to begin i the autumn of 1993. "New Council mandate sought for Namibian talks," Eurofish Report, May 20, 1993, p. BB/3. 12. Michael Hinton, op.cit. 13. This number could easily reach 60 vessels and is used only as a general guideline. 14. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy. 15. "Norway acts on fishing in Barents Sea "Loophole," U.S. Embassy, Oslo, Norway, August 18, 1993. The vessels were registered in Belize, the Dominican Republic, and St. Vincent. The vessels reportedly are backed by Faroese capital. The vessels were unloading their catch in Iceland. 16. Estimate. 17. The accession of Greece, Portugal, and Spain added- many thousands of vessels to the EC fleet and withdrew the same number from non-EC fleet statistics. 11 18. Vessels over 500-gross registered tons (GRT) are considered as high-seas fishing vessels. Vessels between 100- and 499-GRT are considered coastal vessels while those under 100-GRT are classified as artisanal or inshore vessels. Unfortunately, this does not always work out, since some vessels in the 100- to 499-GRT range are frequently classified as high-seas vessels. 19. Based on data as of June 30th. 20. Report 1991 from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy, Commission of the European Communities, SEC(91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991. 21. EC scientists claim that sustainable fisheries require a cod biomass of 150,000 tons and a haddock biomass of 100,000 tons. These scientists claimed that the biomass was 78,000 tons and 81,000 tons, respectively during the years 1989-91. It was stated that at this rate the resource in the North Sea would be wiped out within 5 years. A 40 percent reduction in fishing effort in the North Sea was recommended. Eurofish Report, September 26, 1991. 22. "Fishing is an economic activity which traditionally offers a poor return on capital. It is at present suffering from over-investment against increasing shortages of raw materials, resulting above all in excess fishing capacity. This situation is exacerbated by the fact that over-investment makes the "fishing race" even keener." Commission of the European Communities, "Report 1991 from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy," Sec(91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991, p. ii. 23. Commission of the European Communities, "Report 1991 from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy," Sec(91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991, p. ii. 24. This was considerably less than the 120 mm size originally proposed. Eurofish Report, November 7, 1991. 25. The EC Fishery Minister established a "tie-up" program requiring vessels fishing for cod or haddock in the North Sea and off western Scotland to remain in port for 8 consecutive days each month as a conservation measure for fragile stocks in those areas. Eurofish Report, December 19, 1991. 26. The authors may be overly optimistic on the chances for success. Namibian waters are clearly of great importance to the EC. The authors believe that the Namibians will become increasingly interested in selling their fishery resources, especially the highly prized hake, in European markets. As stocks gradually recover, the Namibians will become more receptive to EC proposals. The EC have proved themselves to be skilled negotiators with ample funds at their disposal. It would appear that it is only a matter of time before both parties reach an amicable solution and fishing can be resumed. 27. Authority for the EC to negotiate international fishery agreements on behalf of member states was given on October 30, 1976. A systematic approach to negotiating fishery agreements was outlined in the Common Fisheries Policy enacted in 1983. 28. The EC approved the agreement with Argentina in September 1993. No information is available on the ratification process by the Government of Argentina. "Ministers Approve EC-Argentine Agreement, Eurofish Report, September 23, 1993, p. BB/3. 29. "EC agrees grants worth 23 million ECU," Eurofish Report, May 6, 1993, p. BB/1. 12 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY The European Community' (EC) is responsible for managing the fisheries of its member states. Responding to the increasing worldwide acceptance of 200-mile coastal EEZs, the EC declared a 200-mile EEZ on January 1, 1977. Greece joined the EC in 1981 and was followed by the accession of Portugal and Spain in 1986. This gives the EC control over fishing grounds from the Shetland Islands to the Canary Islands. The EC also faces the daunting task of negotiating fisheries arrangements with the countries bordering on the Community's EEZ because of the many countries and wide range of fishery zones affected. Many of the important fishery stocks are transboundary, meaning that the effective management of these resources requires cooperative arrangements with neighboring countries, including: Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Finland, Sweden, and Norway in the North Sea and Baltic Sea, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Albania, and the former Yugoslav states in the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, and Morocco in the Central Eastern Atlantic. EC fishery zones range from Arctic to saharan waters. CONTENTS I. General 13 II. Common Fisheries Policy 14 III. Fleet Modernization 15 IV. International Negotiations 18 V. Future Directions 1993-96 29 Sources 31 Endnotes 34 I. GENERAL The task faced by the EC is complicated by responsibilities unique to individual member states. Denmark is responsible for conducting the international negotiations for Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The United Kingdom is responsible for the Falkland, South Sandwich and South Georgia Islands. France is responsible for various jurisdictions in the Atlantic Ocean (St. Pierre and Miquelon and French Guiana) and the South Pacific (New Caledonia and Cliperton). These national responsibilities can affect overall EC goals. The EC negotiated a fisheries agreement with Argentina, that was influenced by UK policies on the Falklands, South Georgias and South Sandwich Islands. The EC manages one of the world's largest and most diverse fishing fleets. EC fleets in 1993 fished from the Baltic and North Atlantic to the South Atlantic, and into the Indian Ocean. The 1992 EC fleet consisted of over 90,000 vessels, ranging from small coastal boats to giant factoryships. Each EC country deploys some vessels, but is dominated by the massive Spanish, French, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, and U.K. fishing fleets. While most of these vessels were deployed in coastal fisheries, the EC fishermen also conduct major distant-water operations, deploying 591 high-seas vessels in 1992.^ 13 The EC uses two important approaches in managing its fisheries: the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and international agreements. Both are key to controlling the size and deployment of the EC high- seas fishing fleet. n. COMMON nSHERIES POLICY The formulation of the CFP proved a very difficult undertaking. The EC was formed in 1957. Member states implemented several important programs including the difficult task of formulating a common agriculture policy. The EC fishing industries constituted an economic activity much smaller than the EC agricultural sector. Even so, agreement on a common fisheries policy proved much more difficult to negotiate. The difficulties escalated when the United Kingdom entered the Community in 1972. The UK entry substantially increased the size of Community waters, adding important fishing grounds in the North Sea. Britain's already beleaguered fishing industry's concern over the possibility of allowing other member countries access to its extensive coastal grounds further complicated the formulation of a CFP. As a result, agreement on the CFP proved elusive. Discussions continued throughout the 1970s with little progress. EC fishermen were experiencing increasing difficulties as major fishery stocks steadily declined because of expanding fishing effort. Their increasing difficulties left them unwilling to make the kind of compromises required to formulate a common Community policy. Internal EC differences were complicated by major changes in international legal conventions. During the 1970s, an increasing number of countries declared 200-mile coastal zones and limited or excluded distant-water countries. U.K. fishermen who operated extensively off Iceland were particularly impacted. Idled distant-water fleets complicated the CFP negotiations. Additional problems resulted from the entry of Greece into the Community in 1981, increasing the size of the EC fleet by 31,000 vessels (mostly small coastal vessels). The EC member countries finally reached agreement on a CFP on January 25, 1983. The legal basis for EC policy is included in Articles 39, 42, and 43 of the Treaty of Rome^ and in the Acts of Accession of Spain and Portugal. The CFP was designed to take into account events which had taken place in European and world fisheries requiring certain new regulatory approaches. These events include: (1) Changes in the Law of the Sea leading to the proliferation of 200-mile EEZs which adversely impacted the fishing fleets of several EC member states. (2) The declining stocks of many key species in the EC fishing zones which required the EC to restrict fishing effort. The central components of the CFP included: (1) adjusting the size of the fishing fleet to changing conditions; and (2) intensifying management regimes to promote the return of depleted fishery resources to levels of maximum sustainable yields (MSY).'' The CFP allowed the EC for the first time to address the difficult problem of fisheries management on a Community-wide basis . The CFP includes provisions for increasing productivity, providing a fair standard of living for producers, stabilizing markets, and ensuring the availability of fishery products to consumers at a reasonable price. A key feature of any EC management program is regulation of the fishing fleet. The CFP contains many provisions affecting the fishing fleets of member countries. Effort has been made to limit the fleet, with one EC program paying member countries to reduce the size of its fishing fleets.' The EC efforts to regulate the size of their fishing fleets involve a multi-pronged approach: • Payments to scrap older fishing vessels;' • Incentives to move vessels out of depleted or overfished zones into new fisheries, into aquaculture operations,' or into non-competing activities; • Incentives to enter into joint venture operations in distant-waters where fishing rights have been negotiated with non-EC countries. • Payments to sell vessels to non-EC countries. Commercial pressures and the loss of distant- water fishing grounds have affected fleet size. Some EC programs during the 1980s, however, have actually promoted vessel construction. 14 m. FLEET MODERNIZATION' The EC policies on fleet size were a key element in the negotiations leading to the CFP. It was unclear to EC officials in the 1970s just what fleet management policies would be required. The EC fleet was barely contracting despite higher fuel costs, lower harvests, and impaired profits due to labor- intensive aging vessels. The EC reported approximately 51 , 100 registered fishing vessels of all types in 1970 versus 50,800 vessels by 1980 (Appendix 17).' Many EC administrators were convinced in the early 1980s that the problem they faced was not the size of the EC fleet, but rather how to modernize the fleet to face the changing realities of the 1980s. '° The EC initiated fleet programs in the mid- 1980s as soon as the CFP was implemented. One EC program was aimed at fleet reduction and was designed to replace inefficient and outdated vessels with more modem vessels. The program, however, did not prove effective. Different EC programs had conflicting goals. Other EC programs actually offered financial assistance to promote vessel construction. As a result, while the fleet declined in the early 1980s, the trend was reversed by 1986; the overall fleet by 1992 had 91,200 vessels as compared with 50,800 vessels in 1980 and 51,100 vessels in 1970 (Appendix 17 and 18). EC actions during the 1980s failed to restrict the expansion of the EC fishing fleet. Fishermen continued to experience financial problems because the fleet was badly over-capitalized. Worse still, the failure to limit fishing effort resulted in the depletion of several important commercial stocks with severe adverse economic and social costs to fishery communities. This increasingly severe problem led to renewed demands for EC action. The EC Council of Ministers met in 1990 to address the matter. The EC decided to control effort by enacting tough new measures to reduce the size of the fishing fleet. The EC initially decided to reduce the fleet by 40 percent as recommended by some biologists. Political realities, however, have blunted the sharp cutbacks recommended by biologists. EC politicians are currently exploring alternative measures. Some observers believe, however, it is just such adjustments to political pressures that prevented the EC from achieving the initial CFP goals." It is unclear if the new EC measures will actually succeed in reducing the size of the fleet. While some observers believe that the tough new EC measures will finally force countries to withdraw vessels from their fleets, others question whether the scaled-back fleet reduction measures will permit depleted stocks to recover and if so, over what time frame. A. FLEET TRENDS, 1983-86 The EC initiated several major programs affecting EC fishing fleets. The programs were approved in connection with the long-delayed agreement on the CFP in late 1983. The EC fleet projects included efforts to modernize existing vessels and to build new vessels, as well as to withdraw older, less efficient vessels from the fleet. Thus, the fleet (all vessels) went from 83,000 vessels registering 2.1 million tons in 1983 to 86,000 vessels registering 2.0 million tons in 1986 (Appendices 14 and 18) . The high-seas fleet went from 260 vessels registering 0.3 million tons in 1983 to 458 vessels registering .5 million tons in 1986 (Appendices 1 and 2 and Figure 3). This increase in the number of vessels can be attributed to the accession of Portugal and Spain to the EC in 1986, both having major fishing fleets. The EC conducted major programs to modernize existing vessels and build new, more efficient vessels. In 1985 alone, the EC provided financial support for 753 projects involved in the building or modernization of fishing vessels. Information on the total program, unfortunately, is not available. The authors are not able to demonstrate the number of old vessels withdrawn as against new vessels or modernized older vessels. The EC Council also initiated a program to withdraw older inefficient vessels from the fishing fleet in October 1983.'' This Council Directive required member states seeking EC funding to eliminate fishing vessels to ensure that the vessels were scrapped, transferred to a third country, or assigned to purposes other than fishing in Community waters." All vessels receiving financial payments were thereafter permanently barred from fishing in Community waters. As a result of Council Directive 83/515/EEC, the member states acted to withdraw a number of fishing vessels from their rolls (Appendix 26). 15 1985: The EC reported that a total of 122 vessels were withdrawn. Belgium sold 3 ships to The Gambia and one to Senegal, turned 1 vessel into a training vessel and 1 into a pleasure craft, and scrapped the remaining 4 vessels. Denmark converted 6 vessels into pleasure craft, scrapped 3 ships and sold one vessel to Greenland. All of the Dutch boats were sold to Nigeria. The United Kingdom scrapped a total of 25 vessels, sold 5 vessels, and refitted the rest, mostly for the booming offshore oil business, pleasure/house boats, or diving. The vessels ranged from small, coastal vessels (under 50-GRT) to fairly large, high-seas vessels, including the 1,550-GRT British vessel, the Sir Fred Parkes."* 1986: The EC scrapped 41 vessels, sold 41 vessels to third countries, and converted another 241 vessels to other uses. Although it was never officially stated, it appears that the program was successfully removing inefficient vessels and replacing them with more modem vessels. The EC was faced with a major revision of the CFP and its fleet management efforts when Spain and Portugal entered the Community on January 1, 1986. Both countries, but especially Spain, had large fishing fleets (Appendices 3 and 18), but limited coastal fishing grounds on which to deploy its vessels. Both countries posed the additional problem in that both their high-seas fleet as well as a substantial portion of their coastal fleet are cable of operating off neighboring EC countries with already fully exploited fisheries. The two countries increased the size of the EC high-seas fleet by 219 vessels, Portugal (74 vessels) and Spain (145 vessels). Clearly, the overall EC fleet management effort would have to be significantly modified. B. FLEET TRENDS, 1987 EC officials increasingly saw the need to limit the fishing fleets of member countries. Not only did the integration of the Spanish and Portuguese fleets present real problems that would require substantial adjustments to the CFP, but fleet trends in various countries reversed. Several countries reported increases in the size of their fishing fleets. For the first time in several years, the EC fleet actually expanded in 1987. The increase in the size of the fleet began as the spawning stock biomass of Atlantic cod and haddock, in the North Sea, was beginning to decline; unfortunately, at that time the declines were explained away as being a temporary biological fluctuation. Few fishermen accepted the advice of scientists who were growing concerned about the future of some fisheries." EC member states attempted to correct the situation in late 1987 when they agreed to establish target goals for reducing the size of their fishing fleets. The EC Commission approved the Multi- Annual Guidance Program (MAGP) for the member states in December 1987." The MAGP established the first listing of fishing vessels effective January 1 , 1987, by tonnage and engine power, and established decommissioning objectives for December 31, 1989, 1990, and 1991 (Appendix 27). C. FLEET TRENDS, 1988-89 EC officials concluded in early 1988 that efforts to control the size of the fishing fleet were not working. Indeed, the EC fleet was expanding (Appendices 1-2, 13-14,17-18 and Figure 3-4). The high-seas fleet, for example, went from 584 vessels registering 615,000-GRT in 1988 to 607 high-seas vessels registering 650,000-GRT in 1989. The total EC fleet, however, declined from 96,700 vessels to 95,200 vessels. The EC temporarily halted the awarding of grants for new vessel construction in mid- 1988 because member states were not reducing fleet tonnage by 3 percent and engine power by 2 percent as agreed in 1987. At the meeting of the EC Fisheries Council in Cuxhaven, West Germany, in April 1988, only Deimiark and Portugal were able to prove that they were not expanding their fleets beyond EC guidelines. During the December 22, 1988, meeting of the Council, France argued for additional time to meet the decommissioning guidelines and the Commission agreed to the French appeal. Accordingly, funding for vessel modernization and new vessel construction was resumed. As part of the agreement, the EC insisted upon the establishment of an EC register of all fishing vessels to exist alongside national registers." The EC continued to administer a fishing vessel construction and modernization program that allowed member-state fleets to expand without strict controls. The result of this policy was that coastal and high- seas fleets expanded rapidly and the effort to reduce the overall size of the EC fishing fleet failed. The implications of this policy became apparent in 1990. 16 D. FLEET TRENDS, 1990-92 The EC Council of Ministers met on June 27, 1990, in Luxembourg. EC officials presented graphic evidence that the program to limit the size of the EC fishing fleet was not working. EC Minister Marin aimounced that a reduction of between 30- and 40-percent of EC fishing capacity would be necessary to reduce pressure on fishery resources.'* This was in contrast to the EC's established program to reduce the size of the fleet by 3 percent in tonnage and 2 percent in engine power between 1987 and 1991." As a result of the discussions, the EC Council voted that all grants to build new fishing vessels be temporarily stopped. EC financial support for continued building of new vessels was clearly undermining efforts to reduce the size of the fishing fleet and to protect fishery stocks. It was apparent that the MAGP was not keeping pace with fleet expansion. In 1990, for example, the EC provided vessel modernization grants for 230 projects, with Spain receiving funding for 98 projects.^" The EC Council approved a new program to include small vessels under 12 meters (m) in length or 9 m between perpendiculars, under the decommissioning program. The legislation also amended Regulation (EEC) No. 4028/86 to promote further exploratory fishing voyages, redeployment operations, joint ventures, and joint enterprises. Financial assistance to firms interested in taking advantage of fishing operations, including those in distant-waters, was promoted under this amended program.^' EC fishery officials still face the daimting task of reducing the existing fleet to a more realistic level reflecting the availability of exploitable stocks. The EC high-seas fleet increased from 623 vessels (670,000-GRT) in 1990 to 648 (718,000-GRT) vessels in 1991, but the impact of EC fishing fleet reduction programs was only felt in 1992 when the fleet declined to 591 vessels (estimated 646,000- GRT, Appendices 1 and 2). The entire fleet declined from an estimated 91,200 vessels to an estimated 90,000 vessels in the same period. EC fishermen continue to experience declining catches of many traditional species as a result of steady expansion of the Community fleet during the late 1980s. Further, EC officials noted that 90 percent of North Atlantic stocks of cod, haddock, saithe, etc. were overfished. The resulting lower yields, as well as rising consumer demand, had combined to make the EC the world's largest importer of fishery products. The declining catch in EC waters meant that EC fishermen had to turn increasingly to the high-seas and other distant- water grounds. E. OUTLOOK, 1993-96 EC scientists and administrators are convinced that a major reduction in the fishing fleet is needed. EC scientists recommended a 30- to 40-percent reduction" in fleet capacity if fishing capacity is to match resources. A fleet reduction of such magnitude, however, would result in severe financial and social dislocation, especially in coastal commimities. EC Ministers, faced with political pressures from fishery constituencies, agreed to cut the plaimed reduction of demersal fleets by only 20- percent and bottom/beam trawlers by only 15-percent under a compromise reached on November 23, 1992." The reductions, part of the 1993-96 MAGP, will not require all such vessels to be withdrawn from the fleet; some reductions will take the form of effort restrictions (i.e., tie-up programs or increased mesh sizes). Biologists are concerned, however, that such half measures may not reduce effort sufficiently to allow depleted stocks to recover. Because fishing vessels may not be withdrawn from the fleet, the planned restrictions will probably not reverse the declining earnings trend. The 1991 Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy recognized the importance of declining earnings as a key item affecting EC fisheries in the Executive Summary.^'' Restrictions on effort increase operating costs and may have a serious impact on earnings unless the management programs results in the recovery of depleted stocks. Almost all EC countries will have to reduce the size of their fishing fleets in the next few years if they are to meet EC 1996 fleet level targets. Such reductions are likely to occur even if management programs restricting effort (tie-up programs or increased mesh size regulations) are used. Two countries (Greece and the U.K.) report notable failures to meet 1991 targets (Appendix 28). Several other countries will have to withdraw substantial numbers of vessels from their fleet to meet future targets. 17 EC observers are uncertain about how many vessels must be decommissioned and how many of those are likely to be high-seas fishing vessels. The EC fleet management program projects the withdrawal of fishing vessels totaling 184,439-GRT between 1992 and 1996, or approximately 61,500- GRT annually (Table 5). This suggests that large numbers of vessels will be decommissioned over the next few years. The EC will make most of the reductions in fisheries where resources are depleted, i.e., primarily coastal fisheries. The EC is less likely to withdrawal high-seas vessels because they are usually deployed outside the EC EEZ and as a result do not normally cause complaints from politically vocal EC fishery trade associations representing members conducting coastal fisheries. The Spanish distant-water fleet may be an exception as such a large number of vessels remain idle in port. Thus there is certain to be a considerable EC effort to find new fishing grounds or to scrap a large number of vessels. The MAGP came under criticism in March 1993 for failing to achieve its objectives. The Court of Auditors Special Report no. 3/93 stated that $400 million-' worth of MAGP grants between 1987 and 1990, made "only a very limited contribution to the aim of reducing the capacity of the Community fishing fleet. ""^^ The Auditors noted that decommissioned vessels were frequently replaced by others with greater capacity. The Auditors also noted that modernization programs frequently increased fishing activity. In their review of the MAGP, the auditors reported that Belgium, Greece, Ireland, the Netherlands, and the UK ended 1991 with a greater fishing capacity than in 1987!-' It was noteworthy that the EC announced shortly thereafter that it would not award any grants for vessel construction in 1993.-^ IV. INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS The second key aspect of the EC's program to control fishing fleet capacity, especially for high-seas vessels (although smaller vessels are frequently involved), is the program to negotiate international fishery agreements. The EC began negotiating international fishery agreements in 1977, by signing an agreement with the United States, and has signed 29 additional agreements between 1977 and 1992. The authors estimate that the EC paid $844 million in 1992-93 alone for the right to fish in the coastal zones opened by the various fishery agreements (Appendix 25).-' In addition to these direct cash transfers, the EC has made substantial payments for a variety of related services, such as scientific research, marketing, and training. The authors have been unable to estimate the full cost of these payments. A. GENERAL The EC has the legal authority to negotiate international treaties on behalf of member states.'" The CFP provides the EC with the mandate to negotiate fishery agreements and the EC has used this approach to lessen pressure on heavily fished domestic stocks. The EC inherited the fishery agreements negotiated by member states and has subsequently negotiated an extensive network of additional fishery agreements with more than 28 countries covering a wide range of fishery activities .'' B. TYPES OF AGREEMENTS The agreements negotiated by the EC cover a wide range of activities." While the primary EC interest is in access to fishing grounds for its fleet, coastal countries have insisted on a variety of specific arrangements to meet the needs of their own industries. While the agreements can be divided into five basic types, it should be noted that an assortment of approaches used ins some agreements may include differing elements as well as differing combinations. The five basic types of agreements are: • Access/reciprocal: The EC has negotiated several reciprocal fishing arrangements to obtain access for EC fishermen to foreign EEZs in exchange for access to the EC EEZ. This type of agreement has been negotiated with northern tier countries such as Norway, Sweden, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands. • Access/surplus stocks: The EC has negotiated access to stocks that coastal countries have determined to be surplus. In exchange, the EC has provided various forms of financial compensation, from fishing fees to a variety of other payments, and assistance such as scientific research and training. The EC's Governing 18 International Fishery Agreement (GIFA) with the United States is the only example of this type of international agreement in the northern tier. The EC has, however, negotiated many such agreements with African countries. EC payments to various African countries in 1992-93 amounted to an estimated $817 million in the form of licensing fee payments, scientific research assistance, infrastructure development funds, on-shore training facilities, and joint venture arrangements (see Appendix 25). These agreements are critical to the EC distant-water fisheries, providing access for approximately 50- 60 tuna seiners and longliners and over 600 to 800 trawlers (fish, cuttlefish, and shrimp). ^^ • Market access: The EC has negotiated access to fish stocks in exchange for special access programs to the EC market. Under such an arrangement, the EC has in the past offered reduced tariff quota rates for certain fish originating in Canada. • Joint ventures: The EC has offered special access to its markets as an inducement to promote joint ventures. This has usually taken the form of an EC umbrella agreement with the coastal country to establish the conditions under which joint ventures could be negotiated. EC companies then negotiate with local partners, usually offering to transfer fishing vessels. This option does not usually involve financial payments to the host country. The EC has used this approach with Argentina in the agreement signed in December 1992. The EC is also offering similar arrangements to other Latin American countries. • Multilateral organizations: The EC has also joined many international fishery organizations, including the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), Baltic Sea Fisheries Commission, Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC), The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resource (CAMLAR), North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO), North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO), International Commission for Southeast Atlantic Fisheries (ICSEAF), International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean (GFCM), and other international bodies. Many of these bodies are responsible for a variety of management regimes affecting both the EC and the coastal countries where EC vessels conduct distant-water fisheries. C. nSHERY AGREEMENTS The EC has negotiated international fishery agreements creating an extensive network of agreements involving nearly 30 countries stretching from the island of Dominica in the Caribbean, across the North Atlantic and down into the South Atlantic to Argentina andAngola. Other agreements extend EC distant-water fisheries into the Indian Ocean, as far as the Maldives. The authors have obtained considerable details on the EC agreements with European and North American countries, but the available information on the EC agreements with some African countries is less complete.^ Even so, the available information reveals an impressive network of fishery agreements developed by the EC. This network of agreements permits EC fishing companies to mount extensive distant-water fisheries as well as participate in a variety of joint ventures, operating both locally based coastal vessels and distant-water high-seas vessels. The EC has negotiated access for a substantial but unknown number of tuna vessels and trawlers. This effort has proven costly for the EC. The EC reportedly paid an estimated $566 million in 1992 alone for foreign fishing licenses. Early agreements with Morocco allowed 800 to 1,000 coastal vessels to fish off Morocco; the latest agreement has placed a limit of 600 vessels on EC countries allowed to fish in Moroccan waters. The licensing payments, however, are only part of the cost to the EC which also provides a variety of other payments for financing research, training, marketing, and other activities required under the various agreements. Both licensing and other payments are substantially larger than the payments initially involved in the earlier EC agreements. The increases reflect the increasing sophistication of the African countries with which most of these agreements have been negotiated. The Africans increasingly realize the value of fishery resources and the EC's need to obtain access to distant-water ground. The political demands by idled fishermen appear to be causing member countries to demand EC funding, even in excess of the value of fish catches obtained. The African countries, as well 19 as the Latin American countries where the EC would like to open access, can be expected to escalate their monetary demands. It is unclear just how willing the EC will be to meet these demands. Political pressures from member states with large distant-water fleets, however, are likely to be intense for several years as the EC fleet management program forces countries to reduce fleet sizes. 1. North America Several EC member countries, especially Spain and Portugal, have for centuries conducted important fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic off Canada and the United States. The increasing fishing effort depleted stocks and forced Spain and Portugal to act to limit expanding distant-water fishing by the Soviet Union and European countries. At first both Canada and the United States worked through ICNAF.^' When this proved ineffective, Canada and the United States declared 200-mile zones requiring foreign countries to negotiate access. ■ United States: The first fishery agreement the EC negotiated was with the United States in \911 ?^ The GIFA gave EC vessels access to surplus fish in the U.S. 200-mile EEZ." The GIFA provided EC vessels an opportunity to fish in U.S. waters until the process of "Americanization" of U.S. fisheries led the U.S. Government to reduce foreign quotas and gradually phase-out foreign fleets. By the 1990s, there were few species with TACs that could not be fully fished by U.S. fishermen. The only significant species that was not fully utilized was Atlantic mackerel where small quantities were available for foreign fishermen. The U.S. in 1989, for example, granted a small allocation of mackerel to the Netherlands." Despite these very limited opportunities in recent years, the EC has continued to renew the GIFA each time it has come up for renewal. The current GIFA is scheduled to expire on December 31, 1993. ■ Canada: The EC reached agreement with Canada in December 1981, allowing EC vessels to fish for surplus stocks inside Canadian waters.^' Another agreement provided access for French, German, Italian, and U.K. vessels to Canadian stocks of cod and squid in exchange for reduced tariff quotas for Canadian exports of cod, herring, lobsters, and redfish."^ Previously some EC member states were allowed to fish in Canadian waters provided they were members of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO)."' Spain and Portugal had negotiated bilateral agreements with Canada which were in place by 1980, well before the two countries entered the EC in 1986.'*' The Canadians believe that they have faced years of difficulties in their relations with NAFO. The Canadians in particular accused Spanish and Portuguese fishermen of overfishing increasingly vulnerable stocks. The Canadians were especially concerned with fishing on the continental shelf where it extended beyond the country's 200- mile EEZ. The relations grew increasingly strained in the face of Canadian demands for responsible fishing because of collapsing stocks and the resultant effect on coastal communities. Canadian officials, such as Fisheries and Oceans Minister Crosbie, made increasingly emotional presentations at various international fora claiming that distantwater fishing was having a disastrous economic impact on Canada."' In the 1990s, the EC did take steps to halt the fishing by member countries of stocks which were recognized by all authorities as being depleted. ■ Greenland: The EC negotiated a 10-year agreement with Greenland that went into effect on January 1, 1985, which allows EC vessels to fish in Greenland's waters. In exchange, the EC agreed to pay Greenland financial compensation. Greenland was allowed to export its fishery products to the EC free of customs duties or quantitative restrictions during the course of the agreement. EC fishermen received a quota totaling 155,000 tons of fish for harvesting in 1991.'" Fishermen from Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Denmark all received quotas. Included species are: redfish, cod, blue whiting, capelin, Greenland halibut, marine catfish, and deepwater shrimp.'*' 2. Northern Europe Most EC member states had fishing agreements with bordering countries concluded before the EC assumed responsibility for fishery negotiations. Denmark, for example, had fishery agreements with Sweden, Norway, and the USSR and was a member of the Baltic Sea Fishery Commission.''*' Many of these agreements were generally taken over by the EC during the late 1970s and 1980s. Most of these agreements provided allocations in exchange for reciprocal fishing rights. 20 ■ Iceland: Unlike many of the other agreements the EC inherited, the member country agreements with Iceland did not involve common marine boundaries and reciprocal fisheries. The Icelandic coastal zone does not border on EC-member states.'" Several EC countries, especially Britain, fished extensively off Iceland, resulting in protracted confrontations. The EC did not initially negotiate fisheries agreements with Iceland, the only known agreement being with Belgium. Belgian officials reached an agreement with Icelandic authorities in 1975 (amended in 1979) which allowed them to fish 4,500 tons annually in Icelandic waters."* The agreement lapsed in 1985 and was not replaced. Iceland resisted fishing agreements with the EC for many years, concerned that massive EC fleets could quickly overfish their resources. In recent years, however, Icelandic fish processors have expanded their exports to the EC and have shown an interest in reducing EC import tariffs on processed, value-added Icelandic seafood products. On May 2, 1992, Iceland and the European Community signed an agreement on fisheries and the marine environment."' The agreement calls for annual consultations which may result in the reciprocal granting of access by each side to fishing vessels of the other party. The agreement will last for 10 years.'" No quantities were specified in the agreement which must be negotiated each year. Although species and grounds were not identified, it is likely that the fishing grounds will be limited to the North Sea and that Iceland will receive access to EC stocks of herring, mackerel, and blue whiting in exchange for EC quotas for redfish and possibly capelin in Icelandic waters. ■ Faroe Islands: Under the terms on an agreement signed in June 1980, vessels from the EC were allowed access to waters off the Faroe Islands. EC vessels from France, Germany, the UK, and Denmark are permitted to catch cod, haddock, saithe, redfish, blue ling, ling, and tusk in Faroese waters. In return, Faroese fishermen are permitted to fish in EC-claimed waters. '' The Faroese are also allowed modest tariff concessions when marketing their fishery products in the European Community. The EC and the Faroe Islands reached a new agreement on the terms of fishing in each other's waters in 1982. The terms of the new agreement allowed Faroese fishermen to catch about 21,000 tons, while the EC quota in Faroese waters was set at about 19,000 tons." Additionally, Faroese fishermen were permitted to harvest 750 tons of Atlantic salmon in 1982 and 625 tons in 1983." The two sides subsequently extended the agreement several times. EC fishermen in 1992, for example, were permitted to harvest 44,660 tons in Faroese waters; 25,000 tons consisted of blue whiting, 7,000 tons of redfish, 5,300 tons of mackerel, 3,600 tons of blue ling and ling, 2,500 tons of saithe, 1,000 tons of flatfish, 500 tons of cod and haddock, and 760 tons of other species. EC countries operating off the Faroes in 1992 included Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.'" ■ Norway: The EC reached an agreement with Norway in 1980, which covers fishery stocks that each party can fish. Access by all parties is allowed. The agreement has allowed mostly French, German, and British fishermen to harvest cod, haddock, saithe, redfish, blue whiting, and halibut in Norwegian waters. Norwegian fishermen, in turn, are permitted to fish for mackerel, sprat, blue whiting, and shrimp in EC waters." Aimual discussions have followed each year since the initial meetings were held. In 1989, the EC received an allocation of 500,000 tons in Norwegian waters in exchange for an allocation of 459,000 tons for Norwegian fishermen in the EC zone. The principal species that the EC received TACs for in the Norwegian zone for 1989 included 200,000 tons of Norway pout and sandeel, whereas the Norwegians received an allocation of 215,000 tons for blue whiting in the EC zone.'* Norwegian authorities have recently been faced by Caribbean- flag fishing vessels operating in the "loophole" between the Norwegian and Russian EEZs. There are two areas which are not covered — one off Svalbard and the other in the Barents Sea. In mid- 1993, several Caribbean-flag vessels began fishing in the area." ■ Sweden: The EC negotiated an agreement with Sweden which entered into force in April 1981 . The agreement covers joint stocks in the Kattegat. It also covered fishing for cod, herring, and Atlantic salmon in the Baltic and North Sea." The quantities provided in these reciprocal quotas are small. Annual meetings have been held for many years. 21 ■ Finland: The EC and Finland reached a reciprocal fisheries agreement in July 1983 which allowed EC vessels access to small quantities of Firmish salmon in the Gulf of Bothnia. The EC provided small North Sea herring allocations to Finish fishermen. '' ■ Latvia: The EC and Latvia reached a reciprocal fisheries agreement in Riga on July 16, 1992, which was ratified by the EC Council on March 2, 1993.^ It provides reciprocal access to fishing grounds in the Baltic Sea and fishing quotas, and joint venture operations will be encouraged. The agreement will last for 10 years. No quantities or species were identified. ■ Lithuania: The EC and Lithuania reached a fisheries agreement in Vilnus on July 14, 1992, providing fishing quotas and reciprocal access to fishing grounds in the Baltic Sea. Joint ventures will be encouraged. The agreement will last for 10 years. No quantities or species were identified. The EC Council ratified the agreement on March 2, 1993.*' ■ Estonia: The EC and Estonia reached agreement on a reciprocal fisheries agreement in Tallin on July 17, 1992. The agreement will permit an exchange of fishing quotas, provide reciprocal access into fishing grounds in the Baltic Sea, and establish joint venture operations that will last for 10 years. No quantities or species were identified. The agreement was ratified by the EC Council on March 2, 1993."- ■ Russia: Negotiations between the EC and Russia have been stalled. While a number of countries believe that an agreement with Russia is necessary, others are wary of dealing with Russians, especially in view of the flood of white fish which disrupted EC markets in 1993. Thus the status of talks with Russia remains on hold." 3. Mediterranean The EC has no fisheries agreements with any Mediterranean country." Spanish, French, Greek, Italian, and Portuguese fishermen, however, have fished these waters for generations. Many have established relationships with Mediterranean countries, notably Yugoslavia, Libya and Tunisia." These relationships included joint venture operations, which were gradually ended during the 1980s.**' The authors noted periodic press reports during the 1 980s of incidents and seizures of Italian fishermen by Tunisian, Libyan or other Mediterranean countries. The EC signed an agreement providing for a special EC tariff quota for Tunisian sardines in 1984," presumably part of an effort to obtain access for the Italian fishermen which operated for years off both Tunisia and Libya. The authors have no other information on EC -Tunisian or Libyan cooperation.** 4. Western Africa French, Greek, Portuguese, and Spanish fishermen have fished along the coast of West Africa for many generations. Much of this activity was begun during the colonial administration and fostered after independence during the 1950s and 1960s by the contacts developed during the colonial period. It was important that these bilateral agreements be taken over by the EC because of the value or quantities of fish or shellfish being caught in the waters of former colonies. The tuna and other vessels specified in each agreement are in many cases the same vessels permitted by neighboring countries. The EC has negotiated access to several countries for the same vessels to allow them adequate access to migratory stocks. The agreements negotiated by the EC are generally for a 3-year term that can be easily renewed. Each of these agreements varies, but generally the most important element is a lump sum payment by the EC to the local government. In recent years, the coastal countries have sharply escalated the payments demanded. These agreements reached commonly include some or all of the following provisions: • A lump sum payment each years; • Funds for scientific and technical research programs involving local fisheries; • Cooperation with international research programs; • Funding for fisheries scholarships or other fisheries training; • Employment of indigenous fishermen on EC vessels; • Landings of a portion of the catch for local consumption or for processing at shore-based plants; 22 • Provisions for statistical reporting on catches; • Limits on the number and types of vessels allowed; • Use of local shore services; • Licensing fees, often based on tons of fish caught, for each of the different fleets licensed to fish; and • Creation of joint venture fisheries. ■ Morocco: Morocco is the single most important country to the EC. Because Spain and Morocco share a common marine boundary, both Spanish and Portuguese coastal and distant-water vessels have operated in Moroccan waters. Approximately 800 to 900 Portuguese and Spanish vessels fish off the coast of Morocco under bilateral agreements between Portugal (which expired on December 31, 1987) and Spain (which expired on January 3, 1988). Moroccan waters are important to the large number of Spanish small-boat fishermen supplying fresh fish to Spanish markets at premium prices. Under the terms of accession of Portugal and Spain to the EC on January 1, 1986, the EC assumed responsibility for renegotiating continued access for member- country vessels to Morocco's waters. This meant that a very large number of fishermen in both countries were desperate for the EC to negotiate continued access for them. The EC and Morocco concluded a 4-year fisheries agreement on May 26, 1988. The agreement allowed a fleet of 800 to 900 EC vessels (capacity totaling 100,000 tons) to fish in Morocco's 200-mile EEZ in exchange for a payment of $395 million.'"' The treaty was renegotiated on May 15, 1992. Morocco demanded a much larger cash payment and the EC agreed to a financial package of $660 million, almost as much as Morocco previously demanded for the entire 1988-92 period.™ The EC received permits for 600 vessels (mostly small coastal vessels), but 140 licenses were issued to Spanish high-seas vessels and 3 were issued to Greek high-seas vessels. Licenses were also issued for 20 tuna vessels in the agreement. Other provisions included a mid-term review in 1994, the ability to suspend licenses of violators, and the continuation of preferential marketing of Moroccan canned fish (unlimited quantities will be allowed to enter the EC duty-free after 1996). EC credits for scientific research and training were also provided. Morocco received the right to station as many as 300 fishery observers aboard EC vessels. Finally, the EC agreed to a 2-month annual fishing ban on coastal and high- seas fishing to allow stocks time to spawn." ■ Mauritania: Mauritania has virtually no domestic fishing industry. Almost all of the fisheries catch has been taken by foreign fishermen. Quite a number of Asian and European countries as well as the Soviet Union conducted fisheries off Mauritania. '' Greek fishermen were fishing off the coast of Mauritania, about 3 years before they joined the EC.'^ Spanish and French fishermen were also interested in this region. The EC and Mauritania began negotiations on a fisheries agreement in 1978 and reached a tentative agreement in 1979.''' Efforts to negotiate a longer-term agreement, however, were stalled for nearly 5 years over the issue of financial compensation.'^ Agreement on the terms of a long- term accord was finally reached on May 14, 1987. Mauritania agreed to allow 41 tuna vessels, mostly French tuna vessels based in Dakar, Senegal, and Spanish vessels based in the Canary Islands, to fish in their waters.'* The EC and Mauritania approved a new protocol on April 18, 1991, which will remain in force until July 3 1 , 1993. The protocol permits 38 EC pole-and-line vessels and surface longliners and 25 tuna seiners to continue fishing tuna. It also allows trawlers to fish 15,000 tons of black hake per month and 10,000 tons of crustaceans per month (average monthly harvest)." ■ Senegal: The EC-Senegal fisheries agreement signed in June 1979, was the first fisheries agreement between the EC and a developing nation. It covered fishing rights for a number of small French trawlers, several tuna vessels, and some Italian freezer trawlers. The agreement included EC financial assistance to Senegal. A new protocol was signed on January 12, 1984.'* Short-term extensions of the agreement were reached in 1986 to allow negotiations to continue in the absence of a long-term accord. Senegalese demands for increased EC payments resulted in the delays, but agreement was finally reached in 1987. The final agreement, which ran from October 1, 1986, until February 28, 1988, included significantly higher EC payments to Senegal. The agreement also included provisions for EC vessels to land some of their catch in Senegal for 23 processing. '' This agreement was followed by an exchange of letters extending the agreement until February 28, 1990.*° An additional exchange of letters extended the agreement until April 30, 1992.*' The continued agreement permits EC vessels to fish for tuna, cephalopods, and shrimp in Senegalese waters. A percentage of the catch must be landed in Senegalese waters. An $36 million payment was to be made to Senegal in two equal annual installments." An extension to the agreement with Senegal was accepted by the EC Commission on July 22, 1993, retroactive to October 2, 1992, and will run through October 1, 1994. The latest agreement permits 79 tuna vessels and trawlers amounting to 31,000-GRT to operate in Senegalese waters in exchange for an EC payment of $39 million." ■ Gambia, The: The EC first began discussions with officials in The Gambia in 1984.*^ Negotiations, however, remained stalled until agreement was finally reached in 1987.*" The agreement included provisions for tuna seiners and tuna pole-and-line vessels, fresh fish trawlers, and shrimp trawlers to operate in The Gambia's waters in exchange for EC compensation in the amount of about $3 million.*^ The EC-Gambia fisheries agreement was extended for 3 years effective July 1, 1990. Fishing rights were given for 40 EC tuna purse seiners, 17 pole-and-line vessels, and 8 longliners. Licenses were also granted to fresh fish trawlers and to shrimp trawlers. Financial compensation in the amount of $4.7 million was provided in exchange for fishing access.*^ The EC originally reported to its member states that it did not intend to renew the EC-Gambia accord when it expired on June 30, 1993, explaining that few member states took advantage of the agreement.** Spain and Greece objected and the agreement will be extended, although for fewer licenses and at a lower rate of compensation.*' The U.S. Embassy in Banjul notes that 434 licenses were issued by The Gambia to EC vessels between 1985 and 1992. The EC countries receiving licenses to fish in The Gambia's waters included: Belgium (2), France (99), Greece (83), Italy (3), Portugal (8), Spain (237), and the United Kingdom (2).* ■ Guinea (Bissau): The second international fishery agreement signed by the EC with a developing country was with Guinea (Bissau). The agreement was negotiated in July 1979, and was signed on February 27, 1980. The 2-year agreement allows 20 EC vessels (mostly French and Italian vessels) to fish in Guinea's waters in exchange for a payment of $300 per gross registered ton." The agreement was extended on March 15, 1983, for a 3-year period. The new agreement provides for an annual payment of ECU 1.4 million.'- The agreement was extended for another 3 years in 1986.'^ The renewal permitted 45 tuna seiners, 25 pole-and-line vessels, and 6 longliners to operate in local waters. An exchange of letters with Guinean officials extended the agreement for an additional 2 years, or through 1991.** This agreement also permitted shrimp trawlers to fish in Guinean waters. A 2-year agreement allowed EC fishermen to continue to fish in Guinea Bissau's waters in exchange for $16 million in grants and other payments." The agreement, from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 1991, permitted fishing for shrimp, and cephalopods, and reduced the number of EC tuna vessels operating in Guinean waters.* Another extension of the agreement, from June 16, 1991, to June 15, 1993, was announced in Brussels on October 7, 1991.'^ An additional 2-year extension was announced in 1993 that was valid through 1995.'* ■ Guinea (Conakry): The EC negotiated a 3-year agreement in 1980. The agreement included financial compensation and included EC grants for studies, training, and scientific research in exchange for fishing rights for EC vessels." The EC agreed to make payments worth $9 million in exchange for access. ■ Cape Verde: The EC signed a 3-year agreement with Cape Verde in 1990, allowing 21 tuna seiners and 24 pole-and-line tuna vessels to fish in Cape Verdian waters.'*' Provisions were also made for the operation of two bottom longliners and two experimental cephalopod fishing vessels to operate in Cape Verde's waters. The EC agreed to pay $3 million for access rights. ■ Sierra Leone: The first discussions of a possible fishery agreement between Sierra Leone and the EC came during a visit by Sierra Leone's President, Siaka Stevens, to Belgium in 1979."" However, the authors have no record of an agreement until April 25, 1990, when a 2-year agreement was initialled allowing licenses to be issued for 46 tuna seiners, 43 pole-and-line vessels, and an unspecified number of trawlers fishing for crustaceans, cephalopods, and finfish, as well as demersal longliners, in exchange 24 for payments of $6 million in two annual installments.'"^ ■ Ivory Coast: The Ivory Coast is important to EC fishery interests. Several EC tuna seiners operate out of Abidjan and substantial quantities of tuna are landed there for processing by canneries operated by EC interests. The EC and the Ivory Coast reached a fisheries agreement in August 1990, which permitted 54 tuna seiners and 35 pole-and-line or longliners as well as an unspecified number of freezer-trawlers to fish in Ivorian waters. The EC and the Ivory Coast extended the agreement until January 1994. The EC agreed to pay $35.8 million for the right to fish, including payments for scientific research, stock studies, training of fishermen, and other studies.'"^ The agreement allows 89 tuna vessels to fish in Ivorian waters. ■ Sao Tome and Principe: EC and Sao Tome officials initialed a 3-year fisheries agreement on September 1, 1983, allowing 27 French tuna vessels permission to fish in their waters. The EC agreed to pay for access to these waters."" The agreement was extended on December 3, 1986. The EC-Sao Tome agreement was again extended, from June 1, 1990, to May 31, 1993, in an exchange of letters which permitted 46 tuna seiners and 5 pole-and-line tuna vessels to fish in Sao Tome waters. The EC pledged $2.1 million in compensation in exchange for fishing rights for 40 tuna seiners and 8 pole-and-line tuna vessels.'"^ The agreement was extended until May 31, 1996.'°* ■ Equatorial Guinea: EC and Equatorial Guinean officials initialed a 3 -year agreement on June 27, 1983. The agreement allowed 27 EC vessels (mostly French and Italian) to fish for tuna in exchange for financial assistance to develop the nation's fisheries.'"^ This agreement was extended on June 25, 1963, for an additional 3 years. The new accord allowed EC vessels to fish for shrimp as well as tuna. A total of 48 tuna vessels and 1 1 pole-and-line tuna vessels were allowed to operate.'"* A third renewal, covering the period between June 27, 1989, and June 28, 1992, was signed on June 2, 1989. The agreement permits 40 tuna purse seiners and 30 longliners to operate, and shrimping continued under the renewed accord."* This agreement was also extended until June 1992. The latest agreement allows 80 tuna vessels to operate along with stem trawlers in exchange for $7.9 million in EC payments. ■ Gabon: The EC and Gabon initialed a fisheries agreement on February 26, 1988, in Libreville. The 3 -year agreement takes effect on April 15, 1988, and provides for 54 tuna seiners and 12 longliners. The agreement also provides 15,000 tons for EC freezer trawlers. The EC agreed to payments of $1 1 million in compensation for access to Gabon's waters."" 5. Southern Africa ■ Angola: Angola has a much larger coastline than the West African countries and very significant fishery resources. Before independence, the Portuguese, including Portuguese residents in Angola, conducted a major fishery in Angola. As a result of the civil war in Angola the fishing industry has declined disastrously. The EC concluded an 2-year agreement with Angola permitting EC fishing on May 3, 1987. The agreement replaces a bilateral agreement between Spain and Angola. The agreement provides for 25 tuna seiners and for an unspecified number of shrimp trawlers to harvest 10,000 tons of fish and shrimp in Angolan waters in exchange for $25 million.'" The two sides subsequently extended the agreement from May 3, 1989, to May 2, 1990, in an exchange of letters."^ The extended agreement allowed EC vessels to catch 5,000 tons of shrimp a year and to harvest tuna using 28 vessels. An additional 3 trawlers and 2 longliners were to fish on an experimental basis. "^ The agreement was extended on May 3, 1990, to May 2, 1992. The new agreement provided access for 24 shrimp trawlers, 28 tuna freezing vessels, and 5 tuna seiners. The EC agreed to pay $20 million to Angola for these fishing rights."'' ■ Namibia: Namibia is one of the key countries for EC fishery interests. Spanish vessels began fishing off the coast of Namibia in 1962, when Pescanova's Andrade was first deployed. Many other foreign-flag vessels enter the important groundfish fishery off the Namibian coast. South Africa administered Namibia under a United Nations mandate, but the U.N. terminated that mandate in 1966. While South Africa continued to administer Namibia, it declined to extend a 200-mile zone for Namibia when it declared a 200-mile zone for South Africa proper."^ According to Namibian Fisheries Permanent 25 Secretary Calle Schlettwein, there were some 300 foreign boats working Namibian waters before independence. This included approximately 202 Spanish and 12 Portuguese vessels."* The EC vessels reportedly harvested 260,000 tons of hake with a value of over $86 million. '" Namibia gained its independence on March 21, 1990, and immediately acted to exclude all foreign fishing off its coast. This action was designed to give heavily fished stocks a chance to recover and allowed local authorities time to install their own programs and goals. Namibian authorities began to patrol their waters aggressively for violators."* This included the large Spanish fleet of more than 200 trawlers. Unfortunately, some Spanish vessel owners continued to fish illegally in Namibian waters. This led to confrontations with Namibia and five Spanish vessels were seized (the average value of each vessel was $11 million)."' The captains were ordered to pay $71,000 each in fines or were ordered to serve 2 years in prison. Eight remaining officers were sentenced to pay $7,100 or spend 6 months in jail. Pending negotiations with the EC broke off in the face of continued illegal fishing. The situation in 1993 has changed: stocks have had a substantial period of time to slowly recover and illegal fishing had virtually ceased.'-" Local press reports suggested that the Namibian fishing industry is having a "hard time" maintaining access to its European markets.'^' Part of the problem can be attributed to the flood of Russian-caught groundfish being landed in France; the flood of cheap imports led to rioting by French fishermen. The EC responded by imposing minimum import prices on many groundfish, including hake. This has impacted the Namibian fishing industry and threatens to delay the development of Namibia's fisheries.'" Namibian canned pilchards have begun to reappear in UK supermarkets and canned tuna production is projected to increased from 200,000 cases to one million cases in 1994.'-^ It has been reported that Namibia's fishing quota has risen from 80,000 tons in 1992 to 1 15,000 tons in 1993. '^^ ■ Republic of South Africa: There are no direct fishery agreements between the EC and the Republic of South Africa. However, the EC has allowed member states to continue previously negotiated bilateral fishery agreements with the Republic of South Africa.'-" Portugal, for example, finalized bilateral fishery agreements with South Africa on April 8, 1979, and Spain signed a similar fisheries agreement with South Africa on March 8, 1982. Both agreements were initially valid for 10 years and have since been extended. The latest extention came in 1993 when the EC permitted both Portugal and Spain to extend their agreements with the Republic of South Africa until March 7, 1994.'^* The authors have few details on European operations in South Africa. Three companies, probably EC-based, operate high-seas vessels from South African ports which are registered in the Cayman Islands.'" 6. East Africa ■ Mozambique: The EC signed a protocol on fisheries in Maputo on March 18-21, 1983; the agreement included an EC pledge to contribute $3 million in aid towards an artisanal fisheries project.'^* The EC and Mozambique , signed a 3-year fisheries agreement in 1986, effective January 1, 1987, which permitted 40 tuna vessels to fish Mozambican waters. The agreement also permitted EC shrimp vessels to operate off Mozambique. The EC agreed to pay about $9.6 million for this access. The agreement included EC assistance for fisheries research.'" An exchange of letters between the EC and Mozambique subsequently extended the agreement from January 1 , 1990, until December 31, 1991. '^^ The exchange of letters allowed for continued shrimp fishing and for licenses to be issued for 44 tuna vessels in exchange for EC payments of $7.5 million.'^' ■ Madagascar: The EC and Madagascar reached an agreement on fisheries in December 1984,"- but the agreement was not signed until January 28, 1986. The agreement allowed 33 tuna vessels to fish off Madagascar for a 3-year period.'" The agreement was particularly important to French tuna and shrimp fishermen. The agreement was amended on November 12, 1987, and extended from May 21, 1989, to May 20, 1992. The agreement initialed in 1989 allowed the EC to increase the number of tuna licenses from 40 to 45 vessels. An experimental shrimp fishing operation was authorized."^ The agreement has since been renewed and will run through May 1995. The new agreement permits 50 tuna vessels to fish off Madagascar in exchange for $2 million in EC payments.'^' 26 ■ Tanzania: The EC signed its first fisheries agreement with Tanzania on December 19, 1990. The agreement apparently permits fishing for tuna and shrimp in Tanzania's waters, but few details are available to the authors.''^ The EC agreed to pay $678,000 for fishing rights. 7. Indian Ocean The primary EC interest in the Indian Ocean is tuna. The EC has successfully negotiated a series of agreements which provided access for EC tuna seiners to important Indian Ocean resources in exchange for fee payments and market access for the countries involved. In addition, several of the agreements described above under "East Africa" also provide the EC access to Indian Ocean tuna grounds. ■ Comoro Islands: The EC and the Comoro Islands signed a fisheries agreement in Brussels on August 23, 1988. The 3 -year agreement allows EC fishermen aboard as many as 40 tuna vessels to catch 6,000 tons of tuna aimually in Comoro's waters in exchange for financial compensation from the EC.'" The agreement was extended from July 20, 1991, to July 19, 1994, in an exchange of letters. ''* The EC agreed to pay $1.7 million for the right to fish in the Comoros' fishing zone. ■ Mauritius: The EC and Mauritius signed a fisheries trade agreement in 1984 allowing canned tuna packed in Mauritius, but imported in raw form from other countries, to be considered as originating in Mauritius. The agreement allowed Mauritius to develop its tuna fishing industry and to continue exporting canned tuna to the European Community under favorable terms. This agreement was extended on July 16, 1985, June 5, 1989, and June 20, J99Q 139 -j^g g(-. ^j^j Mauritius agreed to a fisheries access agreement in 1988, which allowed 40 tuna seiners, and an unspecified number of longliners and/or trawlers to fish in Mauritian waters. EC financial assistance was provided in exchange for fishing rights.'"" The EC agreed to pay $2 million to Mauritius for access to their fishing grounds in the latest agreement. ■ Seychelles: The EC and Seychelles officials signed a 3-year agreement on January 18, 1984, which allowed 18 EC tuna purse seiners to fish in waters around the Seychelles. In exchange, the EC agreed to fees for the right to fish.'"' This agreement has since been extended and the Seychelles is an important base for French and Spanish tuna fishing fleets. The agreement was extended over the years. An accord reached in 1990, extended the Agreement until January 1993 and allowed 40 high-seas tuna seiners to fish off the Seychelles in exchange for compensation amounting to $11.6 million.'"^ This agreement was extended until January 17, 1996. The agreement continued to allow 40 tuna seiners to fish off the Seychelles, but the financial compensation package was reduced to $10.8 million.'"^ 8. Latin America European countries have deployed few vessels off Latin America. While several countries have expressed an interest beginning in the 1960s, the greater distances involved, early introduction of 200- mile zones, highly nationalistic policies, restrictive laws, and a greater enforcement capability combined to limit deployment. German and Spanish fishermen deployed a few trawlers off Argentina (joint ventures) and Chile (licenses). The Spanish deployed a few tuna seiners off Ecuador (joint ventures/association contracts) during the 1970s and 1980s. The French deployed a few shrimp trawlers off French Guiana, which is administered as an overseas French Department. The British decision to declare a 150- mile zone around the Falklands and issue fishing licenses provided opportunities for some EC countries (especially Spain) to fish in the Southwestern Atlantic, but most of the licenses were issued to Eastern European and Asian countries. ■ Argentina: Argentina declared a 200-mile zone in 1967, primarily as a result of expanding Soviet fisheries in the southwest Atlantic. Several European countries subsequently expressed interest in fishing off Argentina, but Argentine policies were highly restrictive. The authors believe that a small number of European vessels may have obtained access through joint-venture arrangements, but details are not available to confirm this. After the 1982 Falklands conflict with the British, the Argentines tried to negotiate fishery agreements with distant- water fishing countries. The Argentine diplomatic effort was aimed at discouraging the distant-water countries from purchasing British Falkland licenses and thus providing defacto recognition of British jurisdiction. The arrangements offered by the 27 Argentines, however, continued to be so restrictive that none of the distant-water countries with market economies acceded to the Argentine conditions. Argentina did finally sign agreements with the Soviet Union and Bulgaria in 1986.'" While the Bulgarian agreement proved to be short-lived, the Soviet agreement endured. As a result, Soviet fishing in the southwest Atlantic increased from less than 80,000 tons in 1986 to nearly 169,000 t in 1987 and 242,000-282,000 1 annually during 1988-90. Not all of this catch was harvested within the Argentine 200- mile zone, but the authors believe a substantial quantity was. ■ Falkland Islands: Little European fishing was conducted around the Falkland Islands during the 1960s and 1970s. The British made no attempt to extend their coastal zones and fisheries enforcement in the southeast Atlantic was conducted primarily by the Argentines. This situation changed radically after the Falklands confiict in 1982. The British implemented a 150-mile Falkland Islands Protection Zone (FIPZ) around the Falklands, primarily to exclude Argentine naval vessels. As a result, distant- water fishermen began to fish off the Falklands. This increased effort was initiated by Polish, Japanese, and Soviet fishermen, but the Republic of Korea has since become a major participant. The distant-water effort expanded so sharply that the British Government became increasingly concerned about squid and other stocks. The British Falkland Islands Government implemented a 150-mile Falklands Interim Conservation and Management Zone (FICMZ) in 1987 and began issuing fishing licenses. Spain and other European countries also initiated fisheries. The Spanish fishery is the largest, totaling 59,000 - 85,000 tons annually between 1986-90, mostly squid. Other participating Western European countries include Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the United Kingdom (See appendix 29-31).'"' ■ Chile: Spain and Chile signed a fisheries access agreement in 1977, but the authors do not know of any significant Spanish fishing conducted under the agreement. Some fishing was conducted by Spanish vessels, through various joint venture arrangements, off southern Chile. Few details on these operations, however, are available. A Chilean publication in 1980 reported on the foreign vessels operated in Chile, several of which appeared to be Chilean. '■** One Spanish publication referred to Spanish operations in 1983, but the authors have no more recent written reports.'"^ The authors believe that about 50,000 t of fish were taken by foreign vessels off Chile in 1991, but most of it by a Japanese joint venture.''" Spanish longliners apparently conduct some operations in the southeast Pacific for swordfish and other species that they are not reporting. Spanish fishery trade associations have recently complained to Spanish and Chilean Govenmient officials concerning Chile's refusal to allow the Spanish vessels to transship their catch in Chilean ports.''" ■ Peru: The authors know of no fishing by EC- member countries in Peruvian waters, although there have been a variety of fishery contacts."" ■ Ecuador: Press reports in the 1970s indicated that Ecuador granted Spain a fisheries allocation of 60,000 tons,''' but the authors have no information confirming that Spanish fishermen actually initiated fishing operations off Ecuador. Various reports indicate that a small number of Spanish tuna seiners operated in the Eastern Pacific during the 1970s and 1980s.'" Several of these vessels operated under joint-venture arrangements or special "association" contracts provided for under Ecuadorean legislation.'" The major Spanish-Ecuadorean tuna joint venture was Conservas Isabella. Several Ecuadorean companies, such as INEPACA, a U.S. joint venture, contracted with Spanish seiners to fish.''" The Spanish operated with Ecuadorean canners, landing at least part of their catch in Ecuador. The authors, however, have no details on these arrangements. The Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission reported that the Montedaro, a Spanish-flag purse-seiner, sank in the Eastern Tropical Pacific on July 14, 1993.'" ■ French Guiana: French Guiana offers some limited opportunities for French fishermen as the small local population conducts only limited fisheries. The major resource, shrimp, during the 1970s was harvested primarily by U.S., Japanese, and other foreign fishermen. French and EC authorities during the 1980s gradually reduced foreign licenses and imposed other restrictions on foreign companies as French companies expanded shrimping operations."* ■ Martinique: Martinique and Guadeloupe fishermen so intensively fished the limited local grounds that no opportunities were available for French fishermen. 28 ■ Guadeloupe: Guadeloupe fishermen so intensively fished the limited local grounds that no opportunities were available for French fishermen. ■ Dominica: EC fishermen registered in the French Overseas Departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique will be issued 220 licenses allowing them to fish in waters belonging to Dominica. The EC will be limited to using vessels under 40 feet in length (e.g., small artisanal craft). EC payments to the Government of Dominica will total in the neighborhood of $2.5 million. Dominica is a small Caribbean island located between Martinique and Guadeloupe. The EC also agreed to make approximately $180,000 available for fisheries training.'" V. FUTURE DIRECTIONS, 1993-96 EC officials would like to deploy substantial numbers of vessels on distant-water grounds. There appears little likelihood that current arrangements with North American, European, African, and Indian Ocean countries can be significantly expanded. EC officials are hopeful that initiatives with Latin American countries and Nambia will permit the deployment of a significant number of vessels . There is also some possibility of future deployment of some vessels in the Pacific. A, LATIN AMERICA The only real success of the EC Latin American effort to date has been with Argentina. The EC signed a bilateral access agreement with Argentina in December 1992, which will provide access for 70 EC vessels to harvest 250,000 tons of fish in Argentina's waters for the next 5 years.''* The agreement, which has been been ratified by the EC'^', does not involve any payments for access, a feature that marks many of the agreements the EC has made with African countries."* Instead, the agreement will include the establishment of many joint venture operations between EC and Argentinean business firms. A total of 35 full-time licenses will be issued, allowing 70 vessels access to Argentina's waters. One-third of the vessels will fly the EC flag (or national flags) and two-thirds will become Argentine vessels after three years and will fly the Argentina flag."'' The agreement may be automatically extended for an additional 2 years if there are no formal objections to the continuation of the agreement.'" One of the first ships to go will be the Mar de Vigo, the one-time flag ship of the Spanish freezer fleet based at the port of Vigo in northern Spain. The ship has been idle for several years but is being overhauled and readied for the EC- Argentina fishing program later in 1993.'" The EC Fisheries Council in 1990 mandated that the EC Commission pursue access arrangements with other Latin American countries: Chile, Columbia, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. The EC has several fisheries assistance projects in South America, especially focusing on the Andean countries. The EC, in November 1990, expanded its fisheries assistance programs to Central America and granted $16 million to develop fisheries in Costa Rica, EI Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.'** The EC Central American program was designed to study fishery resources, improve fisheries management, train artisanal fishermen, support aquaculture, and provide new fish harvesting and processing techniques for local shrimp fisheries. This is a pattern followed by the EC in other regions and suggests that the EC is carefully studying Latin America for possible future agreements. Exploratory talks have been held with Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela.'*' EC officials have met with fishery officials in several Latin American countries. The countries involved appear to have shown little interest in the EC proposals. The only successful result has been the 1992 bilateral agreement signed with Argentina. EC officials are hopeful that the successful conclusion of the agreement with Argentina will encourage other Latin American countries to negotiate similar agreements."** The Argentine success, however, may be due to a unique set of circumstances related to the British- Argentine dispute over the Falkland Islands.'" As a result, the EC may have difficulty reaching similar accords elsewhere in Latin America. Any agreements reached with other countries would almost certainly be on a much smaller scale than the Argentine agreement. Other Latin American countries do not have large underutilized stocks of interest to EC fishermen. The largest underutilized stock is currently jack mackerel off Chile and Peru. Both Chile and Peru are currently expanding their fleets to be able fish jack mackerel in their own waters. Substantial quantities could be fished outside 29 200-mile zones as the Soviets and other countries did for years.'*' Such operations, however, involve increasing international complications. "' In addition, the low value of the species would probably not support EC distant-water operations. B. SOUTHERN AFRICA EC officials are particularly interested in regaining access to the important Southern African trawl fishing grounds off Namibia. Renewing negotiations with Namibia is a high priority for the EC. More than 200 Spanish trawlers were formerly deployed in the Cape hake fishery. Even if the EC is only able to gain access for some of those vessels, it would be an important accomplishment for the depressed Spanish fleet.'™ The authors believe it is unlikely they will get permission for all of these vessels to reenter the fishery. Namibian officials appear, however, to have been reluctant to allow foreign vessels to return to its EEZ. EC officials believe that the exclusion of foreign fishing off the Namibian coast for 2 years has given stocks time to regenerate.'^' There appear to be many positive reasons that would make it advantageous for the Namibian Government to negotiate an accord with the EC. Not only would licenses generate income, but the EC would also probably offer development assistance or joint venture arrangements to help Namibia develop its own domestic fleet. The EC, especially Spain, offers a multi-million dollar market for Cape hake products that would be an important export market for Namibian fishermen. Thus, it would appear that both sides have important reasons to resume serious negotiations. C. fflGH-SEAS EC factoryships flying the German and Dutch flags have been built specifically to fish for pelagic species on the high-seas. These vessels have fished off Norway, Scotland, the Falkland Islands, and off Morocco. These vessels will fish anywhere they can find fish to catch and harvest. The fleet includes the German-flag vessels Jan Maria, the Dirk Dirk, and the Gerda Maria (owned by Doggerbank Seefischerei, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Parlevliet & van der Plas BV of Holland), and the Dutch-flag vessel Dirk Diederik (owned by Parlevliet & van der Plas BV of Holland). The Dutch vessels Cornelis VrolijkFzn, Franziska, and the Zee/and have also fished on the high-seas and are expected to do so in the future. '^^ Two Irish vessels, the Veronica and the Atlantean II. also have the capability of fishing anywhere in the world, but these vessels have remained inside Irish waters or in the North Sea since they were delivered. Obviously there are other vessels in the EC fleet which could fish on the high- seas. However, the 8-10 vessels identified above, were built specifically to fish for pelagic species on the high-seas. Most other EC vessels normally would fish inside a nation's 200 mile limit as part of an EC bilateral fisheries agreement. D. PACIFIC OCEAN EC fishermen are unlikely to initiate major distant-water fisheries in the Pacific during the 1990s. The costly logistics and elevated operating expenses probably preclude such initiatives. Major Pacific fishing grounds are already heavily fished by coastal countries and important Asian distant-water countries. There is, however, the possibility that EC tuna fishermen (French and Spanish) may deploy some vessels in the Pacific. As long as tuna fishing off the western coast of Africa and in the Indian Ocean remains steady, it is unlikely that the EC fishermen will be forced to move into the Pacific Ocean. However, it is only prudent to assume that French and Spanish tuna fisheries may eventually face declining catches and that there will be pressure to move into the Pacific Ocean. Most of the EC high- seas purse seiners range between 1,000-GRT and 1,600-GRT.'" The fleet includes about 20 French vessels and a similar number of Spanish vessels."'' These vessels are reasonably new (mostly built after 1975) and new vessels being added to the fleet are larger and more sophisticated. Some observers believe that the EC fishermen will eventually find it difficult to maintain profitable fishing in the Indian Ocean in the face of growing competition; this could lead them to seek new opportunities in the Pacific Ocean, although there is no indication that this is currently being planned. It should be noted, however, that one Spanish purse seiner, the Monleclaro, sank in the Eastern tropical Pacific on July 14, 1993. ''' France: French fishermen currently appear to have access to adequate grounds. The French catch of tropical tuna has gone from 120,000 tons in 1989 to 130,000 tons in 1990 to 150,000 tons in 1991.'™ French fishermen would have some advantage in Western Pacific operations as they 30 would have access to the waters off French Polynesia and other French Pacific territories. In addition the French claim to Clipperton Island also gives them a claim to Eastern Pacific grounds. Spain: Spanish fishermen also appear to have access to adequate grounds. The Spanish catch of tuna in the Indian Ocean increased from 22,900 tons in 1984 to 38,500 tons in 1985 to 43,200 tons in 1986 to 57,700 tons in 1987 to 114,000 tons in 1988 to 125,000 tons in 1989.'" A small number of Spanish seiners operated in the eastern Pacific during the 1980s and early 1990s, including one purse seiner, the Montedaro, which sank in the area on July 14, 1993.'™ Several of these vessels operated under joint venture contracts with coastal countries, especially Ecuador. Cyprus: One tuna purse seiner, the Isabel Tuna, fishes for tuna in the Eastern tropical Pacific. The vessel was formerly a Spanish vessel. It registered with the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (lATTC) in 1991. the "loophole," is in international waters between the Norwegian and Russian EEZs around the Svalbard. Another "loophole" exists in the Barents Sea between the Russian and the Norwegian EEZ. After being expelled from the Svalbard, the vessels moved to the Barents Sea loophole where they were joined by 4 additional vessels. The 6 vessels were identified as registered in Belize, the Dominican Republic, and St. Vincent. The vessels were unloading their catches in Icelandic ports."" SOURCES Chile Pesquero, various issues. Council of the European Communities, General Secretariat, Press Release, Brussels, March 15, 1983. E. REFLAGGING The authors have found several examples of West Europeans involved in reflagging. There are, for example, 8 vessels of unknown origin reflagged in Honduras with names such as Ekawat Reefer 2, Focus, Focus No. 101, Glory, La Paloma, Oriente No. 7, Pilgrim, and Polestar. The La Paloma is a 4,358-GRT vessel and is registered as belonging to Fortuna Unity Co. Ltd. The Glory is a 2,677-GRT vessel registered as belonging to Greenbury Trading Ltd. Three companies operate high-seas vessels out of ports in South Africa, although the vessels are registered in the Cayman Islands.'™ In 1993, 18 ex-Spanish vessels, 6-ex-French, 3 ex-Dutch, and 1 ex-UK vessels were reflagged under Panamanian registry. In 1993, 31 reflagged vessels were flying the flag of Cyprus, as compared to 3 vessels in 1992 and 1 vessel in 1991. Most of these vessels were Russian or Polish, with several from the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and France (see Cyprus, table 3). In 1993, Malta's registry included 33 reflagged vessels in its fleet, including 7 vessels over 500-GRT. In August 1993, the Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries reported that they had expelled two Caribbean-registered fishing vessels from an international area near the Svalbard. The area, called Court of Auditors Special Report no. 3/93 - The implementation of the measures for the restructuring, modernisation and adaption of the capacities of fishing fleets in the Community as reported in "Report highlights limited success of 1987-90 EC fleet restructuring grants," Eurofish Report, June 17, 1993. Crosby, John. Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, Canadian oral intervention. Responsible Fisheries Conference, Cancun, Mexico, May 7, 1992. De Pasquale, P. REPORT: on fisheries agreements benveen the Community and third countries, drawn up on behalf of the Committee on Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, European Parliament, Working Documents, English Edition, WB(VS1)4505E, Document A-160/86, November 26, 1986. Eurofish Report, various issues. European Community, various Council Directives. Fishing News International, various issues. Folsom, William B. "Morocco-EC Fisheries Agreement, " International Fisheries Report (IFR- 88/71), National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, July 31 29, 1988. Folsom, William B. and Dennis M. Weidner, "Fisheries of Mauritania, 1974, Foreign Fisheries Leaflet, No. 76-3, Office of International Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., October 1976 Hinton, Michael. "Estimated Catch and Fleet Information for the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna Fleet," Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July 19, 1993. Report (IFR-88/88), Office of International Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., September 2, 1988. Quota Regulations in Norwegian Fisheries Zones, The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries, Oslo, August 25, 1989. Report 1991 from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy, Commission of the European Communities, SEC(91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991. Industrias Pesqueras, various issues. International Trade Commission, "Tuna: Competitive conditions affecting the U.S. and European tuna industries in domestic and foreign markets," Report to the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate, and the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives, Investigation No. 332-291, Under Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930, USITC Publication 2339, Washington, D.C., December 1990. Jacobson, Don and Dennis Weidner, "Soviet-Latin American Fishery Relations, 1961-89," International Fishery Reports (IFR-89/39), Office of International Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., May 5, 1989 La Peche Maritime, various issues. OECD, Review of Fisheries, 1978, Organization for Economic Co-Operationand Development, Paris, 1979 OECD, Review of Fisheries. 1980, Organization for Economic Co-Operationand Development, Paris, 1981 Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy. Official Journal of the European Communities, various issues. Quintanilla, Franciso and Dennis Weidner, "Peruvian bilateral fishery relations," International Fishery Seafood News, various issues. Servicio Nacional de Pesca, Anuario Estadistico de Pesca, 1991, Chile. The European Community 's Fishery Policy, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Periodical 1/1985, Luxembourg, 1985. Thomas, Tracy. "Cuban Fishery Relations in the Americas, 1959-88," International Fishery Reports (IFR-88/59), Office of International Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Corrunerce, Washington, D.C., June 29, 1988 U.S. Department of Commerce, Fisheries of the United States, 1990, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., May 1991 U.S. Diplomatic posts, various reports. Wade, Nick. "Barents Sea 'Hole' Dispute," Fishing News International, September 1993, p. 1-2. West Africa, "Siaka reports on EEC visit, October 15, 1979. World Fishing, various issues. Zarate, Carlos. INEPACA, personal communications with Dennis Weidner, December 11, 1979 32 ENDNOTES 1. The European Community (EC) was established on April 8, 1965 and became operational on July 1, 1967. The EC currently has 12 member states: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Only Luxembourg does not have access to a coastal area and thus does not engage in marine fishing. The European Community is also identified as the European Economic Community (EEC); it is identified as EC in this report. 2. Vessels over 500-GRT. EC member states also deploy many high-seas, or distant-water, vessels under 500- GRT. 3. The Treaty of Rome of 1958 established the European Economic Community. 4. Council Directive of 4 October 1983 concerning certain measures to adjust capacity in the fisheries sector (83/515/EEC), OfficialJoumal of the European Communities, No. L. 290/15, October 22, 1983. 5. This was announced in Council Directive 83/515/EEC of October 1983 and later amended by Regulation (EEC) No 4028/86. 6. The early programs were designed to remove old, uneconomic vessels and to replace them with more modem, efficient vessels. The European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF), for example, was instrumental in reducing the size of the inshore fishing industry as part of a program to modernize the fishing industry. Information, Commission of the European Communities, Com (75) 574, p-77. 7. Vessels can be used to haul feed out to aquaculture pens, house crews, lift netting, etc. 8. In our introduction the authors indicated that we would concentrate on high-seas fleets. However, in this section we were required to deal with the entire fleet (small coastal vessels up to super trawlers). Unforttmately, many of the policies affecting the size of the fleet were applied across the board. In order to understand the development of the EC program to control the growth of the fleet it was necessary to investigate the entire fleet, and not simply the high-seas fleet. 9. The European Community's Fishery Policy, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Periodical 1/1985, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 21. 10. The European Community's Fishery Policy, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Periodical 1/1985, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 21-22. Higher fuel prices were also making it difficult to operate older, less efficient high-seas vessels. 1 1 . One of the EC officials who helped craft and implement the CFP calls it a disastrous failure. He believes it is a text-book case of the perils of trying to manage fisheries by modifying the increasingly accurate scientific assessments as a result of conflicting political demands. Michael J. Holden, The Common Fisheries Policy: Origin, Evaluation, and Future, (Buckland Foundation: Oxford, 1993), p. 320. 12. Council Directive 83/515/EEC. 33 13. Council Directive of 4 October 1983 concerning certain measures to adjust capacity in the fisheries sector (83/515/EEC), OfftcialJoumal of the European Communities, No. L. 290/15, October 22, 1983. 14. Vessels withdrawn according to Council Directive 83/515/EEC, OfficialJoumal of the European Communities, No. C. 276/1, November 1, 1986. 15. The decline in North Sea cod and haddock stocks is explained in the Report 1991 from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy, Commission of the European Communities, SEC(91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991, p. 47. 16. Commission Decision of 11 December 1987 on the multiannual guidance programme for the fishing fleet (1987 to 1991) forwarded by {Country} pursuant to Regulation (EEC) No 4028/86, Official Journal of the European Communities, No. L 70/19, March 16, 1988. 17. Commission Regulation (EEC) No 163/89 of 24 January 1989 concerning the fishing vessel register of the Community, Official Journal of the European Communities. No. L 20/5, January 25, 1989. 18. In December 1990, Fisheries Commissioner Manuel Marin had anounced that the capacity of the EC fishing fleet must be reduced by at least 40% over the next 10 years if important fishery resources were to be saved. See: "Marin plans 40% cut in EC fishing capacity over 10 years," Eurofish Report, December 6, 1990, p. BB/1. 19. "EC Needs Urgent Cut in Fleets Warns Commissioner," Fishing News International, January 1991. 20. Oliver, Tim. "EEC block on new boat grants," Fishing News International, June 1990 and Eurofish Report, May 10, 1990, pp. BB/1-2. 21. Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) amending Regulation (EEC) No 4028/86 on Community measures to improve and adapt structures in the fisheries and aquaculture sector, COM(90) 358 final. Submitted by the Commission on 27 July 1990), Official Journal of the European Communities, No. C 243/6, September 9, 1990. 22. Unless otherwise indicated, "fishing fleet" refers to all vessels in a fishing fleet while "high-seas fishing fleet" refers only to vessels over 500-GRT. 23. Eurofish Report, December 3, 1992, p. BB/1. 24. Report 1991 from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy, Commission of the European Communities, SEC(91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991, p. ii. 25. This is an approximate conversion of ECU 350 million at ECUl.OO = US$1.15. The ECU has been fluctuating in recent months and the actual amount is probably higher. 26. Court of Auditors Special Report no. 3/93 - The implementation of the measures for the restructuring, modernisation and adaption of the capacities of fishing fleets in the Community as reported in "Report highlights limited success of 1987-90 EC fleet restructuring grants," Eurofish Report, June 17, 1993, p. BB/1. 27. Court of Auditors Special Report no. 3/93 - The implementation of the measures for the restructuring, modernisation and adaption of the capacities of fishing fleets in the Community as reported in "Report highlights limited success of 1987-90 EC fleet restructuring grants," Eurofish Report, June 17, 1993, p. BB/1. 34 28. "EC agrees grants worth 23 million ECU," Eurofish Report, May 6, 1993, p. BB/1. 29. The following description of the various EC fishery agreements is based upon the press reports gathered by the authors. In some instances, the authors have not been able to obtain complete information from EC and coastal country sources and as a result some of the individual country discussions may not cover all of the agreements and extensions. 30. The EC has had jurisdiction over fisheries agreement since 1976. 31. The status of some of these agreements (i.e., with Dominica, Gabon, Sierra Leone and Tanzania) are uncertain. NMFS may have missed a few countries, but believes our numbers to be fairly accurate. 32. Information that follows was obtained from a number of sources, including: P. De Pasquale, REPORT: on fisheries agreements between the Community and third countries, drawn up on behalf of the Committee on Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, European Parliament, Working Documents, English Edition, WB(VS1)4505E, Document A-160/86, November 26, 1986. 33. The number of vessels involved exceeds the total number of EC high-seas vessels because many of these vessels are less than 500 GRT, but deployed as high-seas vessels, such as tuna baitboats. Others are EC owned, but based in coastal country ports. 34. Fishery agreements are widely reported in the European press which the authors follow. The limited number of publications available on African countries and the authors limited access to African press sources has impaired the coverage of EC- African negotiations in more detail. Thus the following country text may not be a complete description of every agreement signed or renegotiated. It does, however, provide a general overview of EC activities in Africa. 35. The predecessor to NAFO. 36. Agreement concerning fisheries off the coasts of the United States, with Annexes, February 15, 1977. Signed at Washington, February 15, 1977. Approved by Public Law 95-8, March 3, 1977. Entered into force on June 9, 1977. The United States had previously signed agreements with individual EC members and these agreements were gradually assumed by the EC as the responsible authority. 37. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 54. In 1978, for example, the United States allocated 888 tons of fish to West Germany, 1,493 tons to France, and 4,125 tons of fish to Italy. 38. U.S. Department of Commerce, Fisheries of the United States, 1990, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., May 1991, p. 25. The total North Atlantic allocation was 37,000 tons in 1989 and this declined to 9,200 tons in 1990; no EC vessels have fished in U.S. waters since 1989. 39. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 55. 40. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 55. 41. NAFO replaced the International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF) on January 1, 1979. Its members included Canada, the USSR, Romania, the German Democratic Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, Norway, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. OECD, Review of 35 Fisheries, 7978, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris, 1979, p. 50. 42. OECD, Review of Fisheries, 1980, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris, 1981, p. 52. 43. John Crosby, Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, Canadian oral intervention, Responsible Fisheries Conference, Cancun, Mexico, May 7, 1992. 44. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 62. 45. Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 378/57-58, December 31, 1990. 46. OECD, Review of Fisheries, 1978, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris, 1979, p. 64. 47. The current Icelandic 200-mile FEZ does, however, overlap the 200-mile FEZ of the Faroes and Greenland, countries with a close relationship to EC-member Denmark. 48. OECD, Review of Fisheries, 1978, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris, 1979, p. 112 and "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 56. 49. This agreement was approved by the Council of the European Communities on June 24, 1993. 50. Council Regulation (EEC) No 1737/93 of 24 June 1993 on the conclusion of the Agreement on fisheries and the marine environment between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Iceland, Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 161/1, July 2, 1993. 51. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 54. 52. U.S. Embassy, Brussels, February 8, 1982. 53. U.S. Embassy, Brussels, February 8, 1982. 54. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 3888/91 of 18 December 1991 laying down for 1992 certain measures for the conservation and management of fishery resources applicable to vessels registered in the Faroe Islands," No L 367 /59, December 31, 1991. 55. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 53. 56. Quota Regulations in Norwegian Fisheries Zones, The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries, Oslo, August 25, 1989. 57. "Norway acts on fishing in Barents Sea "Loophole," U.S. Embassy, Oslo, Norway, August 18, 1993. 58. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 54. 36 59. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 54. 60. Council Regulation (EEC) No 520/93 of 2 March 1993 on the conclusion of the Agreement on fisheries relations between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Latvia, Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 56/5, March 9, 1993. 61. Council Regulation (EEC) No 521/93 of 2 March 1993 on the conclusion of the Agreement on fisheries relations between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Latvia, Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 56/9, March 9, 1993. 62. Council Regulation (EEC) No 519/93 of 2 March 1993 on the conclusion of the Agreement on fisheries relations between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Latvia, Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 56/1, March 9, 1993. 63. "Danes prepare for workmanlike Council," Eurofish Report, June 17, 1993, p. BB/3. 64. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 56. The EC has, however, negotiated an agreement with Morocco which does include fisheries conducted in the Mediterranean. 65. Italy had a fisheries agreement with Tunisia signed on June 19, 1976 and an agreement with Yugoslavia signed on June 15, 1973, which was later extended until December 31, 1978. OECD, Review of Fisheries, 1978, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris, 1979, p. 129. 66. The Greek-Libyan joint venture fishery operations began in 1977 and ended in 1983. OECD, Review of Fisheries, 1983, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris, 1984, p. 97. 67. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 3213/84 of 6 November 1984 opening, allocating, and providing for the administration of a Community tariff quota for prepared or preserved sardines falling within subheading. 68. NMFS files on Italian operations off both countries are incomplete. 69. William B. Folsom, "Morocco-EC Fisheries Agreement," International Fisheries Report (IFR-88/71), National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, July 29, 1988. This IFR provides an extensive examination of the agreement and its terms. 70. "World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy, Rabat, July 1, 1993. 71. "World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy, Rabat, July 1, 1993. 72. William B. Folsom and Dennis M. Weidner, "Fisheries of Mauritania, 1974, Foreign Fisheries Leaflet, No. 76-3, Office of International Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., October 1976. 73. OECD, Review of Fisheries, 191%, Organization for Economic Co-Operafion and Development, Paris, 1979, p. 106. 74. OECD, Review of Fisheries, 1983, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris, 1984, p. 97 and Fishing News International, "Mauritania agrees to fishing deal with the European Community," 37 January 1979. 75. Eurofish Report, "EEC and Mauritania nearer to agreement, April 12, 1984. 76. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No. 4 143/87 of 14 December 1987 concerning the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Islamic Republic of Mauritania on fishing off the coast of Mauritania and adopting provisions for its application," No. L 388/1, December 31, 1987. 77. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1177/91 of 18 April 1991 on the conclusion of the Protocol setting out, for the period from 1 August 1990 to 31 July 1993, the fishing opportunities and financial contribution provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Islamic Republic of Mauritania on fishing off the coast of Mauritania," No. L 117/1, Octobers, 1991. 78. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European Commimities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 55. 79. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 559/87 of 23 February 1987 on the conclusion of the Protocol establishing the fishing rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of Senegal on fishing off the coast of Senegal for the period from 1 October 1986 to 28 February 1988, No. L 57/1, February 27, 1987. 80. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 3 May 1988 on the conclusion of the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters concerning the provisional application of the Protocol setting out the fishing rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Senegal and the European Economic Community on fishing off the coast of Senegal for the period from 29 February 1988 to 28 February 1990 (88/296/EEC), No. L 127/15, May 20, 1988. 81 . Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 27 July 1990 on the conclusion of the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters concerning the provisional application of the Protocol setting out the fishing rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Senegal and the European Economic Community on fishing off the coast of Senegal for the period from 1 May 1990 to 30 April 1992 (90/407/EEC), No. L 208/36, August 7, 1990. 82. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 27 July 1990 on the conclusion of the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters concerning the provisional application of the Protocol setting out the fishing rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Senegal and the European Economic Community on fishing off the coast of Senegal for the period from 1 May 1990 to 30 April 1992 (90/407/EEC), No. L 208/36, August 7, 1990. 83. "Council finally endorses Senegal protocol," Eurofish Report, July 29, 1993, p. BB/3. 84. Eurofish Report, "EEC Commission pursues fisheries agreement with Gambia," January 31, 1985, p. BB/5. 85. Fishing News (UK), "EEC deal with the Gambia," July 5, 1987. 86. Official Journal of the European Communities, Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1580/87 of 2 June 1987 concerning the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of the Gambia on fishing off the Gambia and adopting provisions for its application, No L 146/1, June 6, 1987. 38 87. Official Journal of the European Communities, Protocol establishing for the period from 1 July 1990 to 30 June 1993 the fishing rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of the Gambia on fishing off the Gambia, No L 379/17, December 31, 1990. 88. "L'accord avec la Gambie compromis," La Peche Maritime, June-July 1993, p. 260. 89. "EC-Gambia accord to be renewed," Eurofish Report, May 20, 1993, p. BB/3. 90. "World Fishing Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy, Banjul, The Gambia, June 29, 1993. 91. U.S. Embassy, Bissau, July 2, 1979 and La Peche Maritime, "Publication de l'accord de peche avec la C.E.E.," July 20, 1980. 92. Council of the European Communities, General Secretariat, Press Release, Brussels, March 15, 1983. 93. Eurofish Report, "Guinea-Bissau agreement extended for three years," No. 239, September 25, 1986. The new agreement was in force from June 16, 1986 until June 15, 1989. 94. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 18 December 1989 on the conclusion of the Agreement in the form of an exchange of letters concerning the provisional application of the protocol establishing for the period 16 June 1989 to 15 June 1991 the fishing rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau on fishing off the coast of Guinea-Bissau (89/675/EEC), No. I 398/1. December 30, 1989. 95. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 55. 96. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 2322/90 of 24 July 1999 on the conclusion of the Protocol establishing for the period 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1991, the fishing rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau on fishing off the coast of Guinea-Bissau (90./227/EEC), No L 125/43, May 15, 1990. The reduction in the number of tuna vessels reflected the desires of the EC. 97. Council Decision on the conclusion of the Agreement in the form of an exchange of letters concerning the provisional application of the Protocol establishing for the period 16 June 1991 to 15 June 1993, the fishing rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau on fishing off the coast of Guinea-Bissau, European Communities, Brussels, October 7, 1991. 98. "Council finally endorses Senegal protocol," Eurofish Report, July 29, 1993, p. BB/3. 99. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 55. 100. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Cape Verde on fishing off the coast of Cape Verde," No C 115/9, May 9, 1990. 101. West Africa, "Siaka reports on EEC visit, October 15, 1979, p. 1913. 39 102. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 1237/90 of 25 April 1990 on the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Sierra Leone on fishing off Sierra Leone, No L 125/27, May 15, 1990. 103. Official Journal of the European Communities. "Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) on the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of the Ivory Coast on fishing off the Ivory Coast," COM(90) 374 final, August 3, 1990. 104. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 22 October 1983 on the provisional application of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe on fishing off Sao Tome and Principe, (83/503/EEC), October 14, 1983. The agreement appears to have been formally signed in Brussels on February 1, 1984. 105. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 1295/91 of 14 May 1991 on the conclusion of the Protocol establishing, for the period from 1 June 1990 to 31 May 1993, the fishing rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe on fishing off Sao Tome and Principe", No L 123/1, May 18, 1991. 106. "Council finally endorses Senegal protocol," Eurofish Report, July 29, 1993, p. BB/3. 107. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 55. 108. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 11 December 1986 on the conclusion of an Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters concerning the provisional application of the Agreement amending the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea on fishing off the coast of Equatorial Guinea, signed at Malabo on 15 June 1984 for the period starting on 27 June 1986," (86/636/EEC), No. L 372/18, December 31, 1986. 109. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1236/90 of 25 April 1990 on the conclusion of the Protocol establishing for the period 27 June 1989 to 26 June 1992 the fishing rights and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea on fishing off the coast of Equatorial Guinea," No L 125/17, May 15, 1990. 110. U.S. Embassy, Brussels, March 14, 1988. 111. U.S. Embassy, Brussels, May 6, 1987. 1 12. Official Journal of the European Communities. Council Decision of 28 July 1989 on the conclusion of the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters on the provisional application of the Protocol defining, for the period 3 May 1989 to 2 May 1990, the fishing opportunities and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the People's Republic of Angola on fishing off Angola, (89/486/EEC), No L 239/91, July 16, 1989. 113. U.S. Embassy, Brussels, August 4, 1989. 1 14. Official Journal of the European Communities, Council Decision of 27 June 1990 on the conclusion of the Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters on the provisional application of the Protocol establishing, for the period from 3 May 1990 to 2 May 1992, the fishing opportunities and financial compensation provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the People's Republic of 40 Angola on fishing off Angola, (90/409/EEC), No L 208/41, July 7, 1990. 115. U.S. Embassy, Windhoek, November 2, 1990. An attempt to regulate fishing was begun in 1969 by the FAO and later with the creation of ICSEAF in 1978. 116. The Spanish fleet included 155 vessels of the National Association of Hake Freezer Trawler Owners (ANAMER) based out of Vigo, Spain. There were also 40 ships operating with a Spanish association identified as ASPE and 7 with ANAC for a total of 202 Spanish ships. Eurofish Report, April 26, 1990, p. FS/1 and Fishing News International, 1990. 117. ECU 100 million. Eurofish Report, May 24, 1990. 118. U.S. Embassy, Windhoek, November 2, 1990. 119. U.S. Embassy, Windhoek, April 16, 1991. 120. However, on April 14, 1993, the Congolese registered Loukoula was boarded and seized by Namibian fisheries inspectors for fishing without a license inside Namibia's EEZ. The vessel was escorted to Luderitz where the senior officers, all Spanish nationals, were taken to court. The Loukoula was reportedly owned by a Spanish company and registered in Panama in 1992, but was officially registered by Pepimex Company of Pointe Noire in the Congo in 1993. 121. "Fish wars: Namibians catch a Congolese boat, while Europeans restrict their markets," U.S. Embassy Windhoek, April 20, 1993. 122. "Fish wars: Namibians catch a Congolese boat, while Europeans restrict their markets," U.S. Embassy Windhoek, April 20, 1993. 123. "Namibian pilchards for canned products," Seafood News, June 1993, p. 6. 124. "Namibian pilchards for canned products," Seafood News, June 1993, p. 6. 125. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 22 March 1990 authorizing the Portuguese Republic to extend until 8 April 1991 the agreement on mutual fishery relations with the Republic of South Africa," (90/149/EEC), No. L 81/37, March 28, 1990. 126. Coimcil Decision of 6 April 1993 authorizing the Kingdom of Spain to extend until 7 March 1994 the Agreement on mutual fishery relations with the Republic of South Africa (93/205/EEC), Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 88/45, April 8, 1993 and Council Decision of 6 April 1993 authorizing the Portuguese Republic to extend until 7 March 1994 the Agreement on mutual fishery relations with the Republic of South Africa (93/206/EEC), Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 88/46, April 8, 1993. 127. The companies involved are Neptune Trawlers, Pict Holdings, and the South Atlantic Fishing Company. Neptune and Pict operate out of Durban. It is not known where the three vessels operated by the South Atlantic Fishing Company are based. S.R. Fordham, Chief Marine Surveyor, Cayman Islands, personal communications, June 4, 1993. 128. U.S. Embassy, Maputo, March 23, 1983. 129. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 2143/87 of 13 July 1987 concerning the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the People's Republic of Mozambique on fisheries relations," No. 1 201/1, July 22, 1987. This agreement 41 apparently was signed in Maputo on October 1, 1988 when it entered into force. 130. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 22 January 1990 on the conclusion of an Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters concerning the provisional application of the Protocol establishing, for the period from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1991, the fishing opportunities and the financial contribution provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the People's Republic of Mozambique on fisheries relations," (90/41/EEC), No L 22/74 January 27, 1990. 131. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 1454/90 of 28 May 1990 relating to the conclusion of the Protocol establishing, for the period from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1991, the fishing opportunities and the financial contribution provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Govenmient of the People's Republic of Mozambique on fisheries relations," No L 140/1, June 1, 1990. 132. U.S. Embassy, Brussels, January 14, 1985. 133. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) on the conclusion of the Agreement amending the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Madagascar signed in Antananarivo on 28 January 1986," COM(87)86 final, March 6, 1987. 134. U.S. Embassy, Brussels, August 4, 1989. 135. Council Regulation (EEC) No. 983/93 of 6 April 1993 relating to the conclusion of the Protocol defining, for the period 21 May 1992 to 20 May 1995 the fishing opportunities and the financial contribution provided for by the Agreement between the European Community and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Madagascar on fishing off Madagascar, Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 106/1, April 30, 1993 and Protocol. 136. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No 3941/90 of 19 December 1990 concerning the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the United Republic of Tanzania on fishing off Tanzania, No L 3779/24, December 31, 1990. The document does not provide any information on the number of vessels authorized to fish in Tanzania's waters nor the terms of compensation. 137. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) on the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoros on fishing off Comoros," COM(88) 30 final, February 15, 1988 and Council of the European Communities, Press Release, Brussels, July 20, 1988 (7607/88). 138. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Decision of 17 December 1991 on the conclusion of the Agreement in the form of an exchange of letters concerning the provisional application of the Protocol establishing the fishing opportunities and financial contribution provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoros on fishing off Comoros from the period from 20 July 1991 to 19 July 1994," (92/9/EEC), No 1\L 6/33, January 11, 1992. 139. Eurofish Report, "Mauritius allowed to continue importing tuna for re-export to EEC," September 27, 1984, and Official Journal of the European Communities, various documents allowing this agreement to be extended. Other documents may exist. 42 140. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1616/89 of 5 June 1989 on the conclusion of an Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of Mauritius on fishing in Mauritian waters. No L 159/1 of June 5, 1989 and Official Journal of the European Communities, "Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of Mauritius on fishing in Mauritian waters," No. L. 159/2, June 10, 1989 141. "The European Community's Fishery Policy," Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985, p. 56. 142. Official Journal of the European Communities, "Council Regulation (EEC) No. 3193/90 of 29 October 1990 on the conclusion of the Protocol defining, for the period from 18 January 1990 to 17 January 1993, the fishing opportunities and financial contribution provided for in the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Seychelles on fishing off Seychelles," No L 306/1, November 6, 1990. 143. Commission Proposal for a Council Decision on the conclusion of the Agreement in the form of an exchange of letters concerning the provisional application of the Protocol defining for the period 18 January 1993 to 17 January 1996 the fishing opportunities and the financial contribution provided for by the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Seychelles on fishing off the coast of Seychelles, (93/C 100/06), COM(93) 90 final. Official Journal of the European Communities, No C 100/23, April 8, 1993 and Protocol defining for the period 18 January 1993 to 17 January 1996 the fishing opportunities and the financial contributions provided for by the Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Seychelles on fishing off Seychelles, Official Journal of the European Communities, No C 100/26, April 8, 1993. 144. For details on Argentine-Soviet fishery relations, see Jacobson, Don and Dermis Weidner, "Soviet-Latin American Fishery Relations, 1961-89," International Fishery Reports (IFR-89/39), Office of International Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Conmierce, Washington, D.C., May 5, 1989, pp. 25-46. 145. None of the other Western European countries reported catches exceeding 10,000 tons. The quantities referred to are totals taken in the Southwest Atlantic. The authors believe that most of this catch was harvested off the Falklands, but some may have also been taken on the high-seas outside the Falkland and Argentine zones. 146. "Pesquero 1979," Chile Pesquero, September 1980. 147. Mareiro, "1983, mejor de lo que esperaba," Industrias Pesqueras, January, 1984. 148. The Servicio Nacional de Pesca (SERNAP) annually reports on factory vessels. The authors believes that these are primarily foreign-owned vessels. SERNAP Anuario Estadistico de Pesca, 1991. 149. "Prosiguen las protestas de los armadores de la flota palangera congeladora," Industrias Pesqueras, April 15, 1993, p. 35 and "Los armadores de barcos palagreros contrarios a la actitud de las autoridades chileanas," Industrias Pesqueras, March 15, 1991, p. 31. 150. Germany has provided fisheries assistance to both the Instituto del Mar (IMARPE) and the Insituto Tecnologico Pesquero (ITP). The assistance has included various technical exchanges and the construction of the R/V Humboldt. The Netherlands provided credits to help state companies purchase refrigerated trucks and used fishing vessels. FLOPESCA, the state company purchasing the vessels, however, experienced major difficulties operating the vessels. The British have a small technical mission which works with the INP. The EC itself has sponsored fisheries technical assistance which has included contracting a French company to assist the Peruvian shrimp culture industry. For details see Franciso Quintanilla and Dermis Weidner, "Peruvian 43 bilateral fishery relations," International Fishery Report (IFR-88/88), September 2, 1988. 151. "Espafla y los bancos de pesca ecuatorianos," Industrias Pesqueras, May 1977 and untitled item, La Peche Maritime, July 1977. 152. See for example U.S. Embassy, Quito, November 5, 1975. 153. Associated vessels during the 1970s and 1980s continued to be owned by the foreign company, but were authorized to fly the Ecuadorean flag and are entitled to all the benefits which domestic vessels are entitled to, such as purchasing fuel at domestic prices and the right to operate in a coastal zone exclusively for domestic fishermen. The associated vessels, however, have to land their catch in Ecuador and are subject to Ecuadorean taxes and regulations. "Law of Fisheries and Fisheries Development," Article 29; U.S. Consulate, Guayaquil, November 26, 1980; and U.S. Embassy, Quito, April 20, 1988. Press reports indicated that the Ecuadorean Government was considering modifications of the law authorizing the association contracts and some fishery observers felt this would cause to terminate operations off Ecuador. "Piis puede quedarse sin flota pesquera asociada," El Universo, February 8, 1989. The authors do not have current details as to whether such arrangements continue or if the regulations have been modified. 154. Carlos Zarate, INEPACA, personal communications, December 11, 1979 and U.S. Consulate, Guayaquil, November 26, 1980. 155. Michael Hinton, "Estimated Catch and Fleet Information for the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna Fleet," Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July 19, 1993. 156. U.S. Consulate, Martinique, October 7, 1987. 157. Commission, Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) concerning the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica on fisheries (93/C 183/06), OfftcialJoumal of the European Communities, No C 183/11, July 6, 1993 and Protocol between the European Economic Community and the Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica on conditions relating to reciprocal access for fishing vessels of both Parties, Official Journal of the European Communities, No C 183/15, July 6, 1993 158. Eurofish Report, December 3, 1992, p. BB/9. 159. The EC ratified the agreement in September 1993. No word has been received as to the status of the Argentine Government's ratification of the agreement. 160. The EC did agree to make available ECU 28 million to help in fisheries research, port infrastructure development, vocational and technical training, and technical development programs in Argentina. Eurofish Report, December 3, 1992, p. BB/10. 161. These vessels will thus be officially removed from EC rolls as part of the fleet reduction program outlined in the MAGP for 1993-96. Eurofish Report, December 3, 1992, p. BB/9. 162. The United Kingdom has registered an official reserve on the treaty. The objections involve questions concerning the demarcation lines between Argentina and the Falkland Islands and questions about migration of squid into Argentine waters. The issue should not block the implementation of the agreement. Eurofish Report, December 3, 1992, p. BB/10. 163. This was a headline story in the May 1993 issue of Fishing News International. 44 164. Eurofish Report, November 22, 1990. 165. "Little progress on Latin American accords," Eurofish Report, February 22, 1993, p. BB/1. 166. This thought was recently expressed in an article entitled "Previsible descenso de las exporaciones Chilenas", Industries Pesqueras, June 1, 1993, p. 38. 167. Argentine officials have been concerned for years over the expanding foreign fishing in the South Atlantic and the British granting of fishing licenses to foreign fishermen operating off the Falklands. The British and Argentines have meet periodically to discuss conservation measures in the South Atlantic and while some level of cooperation has emerged, the Argentines continue to be concerned. Partly in response, the Argentine Government reversed its policy on foreign fishing in 1992. After years of discouraging foreign fishing, the Argentine Government began granting licenses to foreign fishermen in 1992. 168. This stock was heavily fished by Soviet, Cuban, and other east bloc countries from the late 1960s to the early 1990s. For details see Don Jacobson and Dennis Weidner, "Soviet-Latin American Fishery Relations, 1961-89," International Fishery Reports (IFR-89/39), May 5, 1989 and Tracy Thomas, "Cuban Fishery Relations in the Americas, 1959-88," International Fishery Reports (IFR-88/59), June 29, 1988. Cuba withdrew from the fishery in 1991 and press reports indicate the Russians withdrew in early 1993. 169. Coastal countries are increasingly concerned about the fishing straddling stocks on the high-seas. Multilateral discussions addressing this issue are currently underway. A major U.N. sponsored meeting is scheduled to take place in July 1993 in New York. 170. One report indicated 214 Spanish vessels were operating off Namibia on March 31, 1990, when the Namibian Government ordered all foreign-flag vessels out of its territorial waters. Obviously the question of the number of vessels which will be allowed to return is subject to negotiation. 171. Namibia's fishing quota has been increased from 80,000 tons in 1992 to 115,000 tons in 1983. "Namibian pilchards for canned products," Seafood News, June 1993, p. 6. 172. The vessels reportedly fish in the North Sea, off the Shetlands, north and west of Scotland, as well as west and south of Ireland. The vessel fishes for mackerel, horse mackerel, herring, and silver smelt. "Pelagics frozen on-board," Seafood News, July 1993, p. 13. 173. The Gueriden, a French tuna seiner, was launched in October 1991. This tuna purse seiner is listed at 1 ,600-GRT and was expected to fish in the Indian Ocean. It is the newest in a growing number of 1 ,600-GRT tuna purse seiners in the French fleet assigned to fish for tuna in the Indian Ocean. Other tuna seiners launched for French companies in 1991 include the Via Mistral (1,600-GRT), and the Gueotec (1,600-GRT). 174. International Trade Commission, "Tuna: Competitive conditions affecting the U.S. and European tuna industries in domestic and foreign markets," Report to the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate, and the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives, Investigation No. 332-291, Under Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930, USITC Publication 2339, Washington, D.C., December 1990, p. 4-1 to 4-2. 175. Michael Hinton, "Estimated Catch and Fleet Information for the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna Fleet," Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July 19, 1993. 176. Le Marin, January 10, 1992, p. 14. Landings alone are not enough; French fishermen have complained bitterly about decreasing prices for their tuna at the same time that prices for fuel are increasing. 45 177. Unpublished report from the Institute Espanol de Oceanografia and International Trade Commission, "Tuna: Competitive conditions affecting the U.S. and European tuna industries in domestic and foreign markets," Report to the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate, and the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives, Investigation No. 332-291, Under Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930, USITC Publication 2339, Washington, D.C., December 1990, pp. 4-2 to 4-3. 178. The Spanish catch of tuna in the Pacific was reported at 4,312 tons in 1987 according to Industrias Pesqueras, "Flota atunera: Una de las mas dinamicas del sector Espaiiol "a pesar de la administracion,"" November 10, 1988, p. 29 and Michael Hinton, "Estimated Catch and Fleet Information for the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna Fleet," Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July 19, 1993. 179. The companies involved are Neptune Trawlers, Pict Holdings, and the South Atlantic Fishing Company. Neptune and Pict operate out of Durban. It is not known where the three vessels operated by the South Atlantic Fishing Company are based. S.R. Fordham, Chief Marine Surveyor, Cayman Islands, personal communications with Dermis Weidner, June 4, 1993. 180. "Norway acts on fishing in Barents Sea "loophole," U.S. Embassy, Oslo, Norway, August 18, 1993 and Nick Wade, "Barents Sea 'Hole' Dispute," Fishing News International, September 1993, p. 1-2. 46 EC COUNTRY REPORTS 47 48 2.1 BELGIUM Belgium decommissioned its only high-seas vessel, the John, in 1990. Belgium has no vessels to deploy and the authors are not aware of any plans to build or buy any replacement vessels. A Belgium firm is involved in the reflagging of Taiwanese longline vessels in Honduras. CONTENTS 1. General Background 49 2. Fleet Background 49 3. Modernization Programs 50 4. Decommissioning Programs 50 5. Shipyards 50 6. International Agreements 50 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 51 Sources 51 Endnotes 55 1. General Background The Belgian fishing fleet, one of the smallest in Western Europe, landed 36,609 tons of fish in 1992. The fleet is deployed in coastal fisheries along the Belgian coast and neighboring countries and catches mostly plaice, cod, dogfish, sole, whiting, turbot, lemon sole, skate, and monkfish. This fish is landed fresh commanding high prices in the local market. With a coastline of only about 73 kilometers there is only a limited future for fishing.' There is little chance that Belgian vessels will appear in distant waters in the next few years because the Belgian coastal fleet is not capable of distant-water operations and fishermen have no current plans to acquire distant-water vessels. Belgium is Western Europe's sixth largest market for fishery products. 2. Fleet Background The Belgian fishing industry has received support from the Belgian Government for many years. The Maritime Credit Act of 1948 was an early effort by the Belgian govenmient to provide assistance in the construction of fishing vessels. Govenunent efforts to modernize or reduce the fishing fleet are restricted to vessels under 500-GRT as the country had only one high-seas vessel. Belgian fishermen operated the John, a 555-GRT vessel, for nearly two decades, but this vessel was finally decommissioned in 1990. The Belgian fishing fleet consisted of 206 vessels with an estimated 27,089- GRT.2 49 3. Modernization Programs Belgium has implemented a number of programs to modernize the country's fishing fleet. The Maritime Credit Act (Royal Decree of August 23, 1948) allows the Belgian Minister of Transport to provide financial assistance towards the construction of new fishing vessels. This takes the form of a reduced rate of interest on 70 percent of the investment over 15 years. The grant is only available if the engine power of the new fishing vessel is reduced by 10 percent as compared to the old vessel, and provided the new vessel does not exceed 1,200 horsepower. Belgian state credit assistance is also available for modernization of existing fishing vessels. State assistance can reduce interest rates on a 7-year loan, for example, by 10 percent of the total investment. When these investments are part of the European Community Multi-annual Guidance Program (MAGP), EC financial assistance may also be made available. Belgium has also received grants from the EC for modernizing its fishing fleet, but has not used these funds to purchase high-seas vessels. 4. Deconmiissioning Programs The Royal Decree of June 29, 1984 identifies the process for receiving decommissioning grants. The Decree allows grants in the amount of approximately $10,000 per ton for scrapping, sale to a third country, or entry of the vessel into a new non- fisheries category. The Royal Decree of January 24, 1989, increased the size of the grant offered by the earlier decree. The new program offered greater premiums for heavier vessels to be decommissioned. The Royal Decree of October 30, 1991, again raised the premium and provided greater incentives for the decommissioning of ships. In order to regulate and control the Belgian fishing fleet, all fishing vessels are required to be licensed. The first licensing system was enacted in the Royal Decree of December 28, 1988, as amended by the Royal Decree of December 18, 1991. A Belgian fisherman must hold a government-issued license for the vessel. The Government restricts new entrants into the already heavily fished coastal grounds. The owner of a licensed vessel who wishes to replace the vessel with a new fishing vessel, must obtain a replacement license. Replacement licenses are issued only if the new vessel does not exceed the power and tonnage of the old vessel. Additionally, the old vessel must be permanently removed from the Belgian fishing fleet. The Belgian Government must also comply with provisions of the EC MAGP to reduce the size of the fleet. The MAGP for Belgium contains the following provisions: The fleet should be maintained close to its 1982 level in terms of tonnage and horsepower, but modernization of the fishing industry is allowed to make sure that the fleet remains economically competitive. The fleet should remain comprised of small, owner-operated vessels. The fleet should remain at approximately 200 vessels with a total horsepower of about 96,000-hp. Priority should be given to modernizing coastal vessels (small trawlers and shrimpers) and then to multi-purpose vessels, not equipped with a beam trawl. 5. Shipyards Belgian shipyards produce only a few vessels each year which replace aging fishing vessels. Most of the Belgian fishing fleet was built in Belgian shipyards. The Government does not provide subsidies to its shipyards for vessel construction. 6. International Agreements The Belgians negotiated fishing rights for one vessel, the John, to fish in Icelandic waters, in 1975 before the EC was authorized to negotiate international fishery agreements on behalf of member sates. The agreement was extended in 1979 and expired in 1986. Belgium, as part of the European Community, is able to take advantage of access to distant waters under agreements negotiated by the EC. Belgian fishermen operate under EC catch quotas, by species, in different parts of the EC. They fish for sole off the Isle of Man and in the Bristol Channel, plaice in the North Sea, and other species in the Bay of Biscay.' Belgian fishermen are able to fish and land their catches in Denmark, France, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.'' 50 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans The John, the only high-seas vessel operated by Belgium, was decommissioned in 1990. There are no known plans to develop a high-seas fleet and to operate in distant waters. In a recent development, it has been reported that a Belgian company, identified as Lubmain International S.A., has registered, licensed, or chartered 7 Taiwanese vessels using the flag of Honduras.' Two Belgian vessels averaging 150.5- GRT obtained licenses to fish in The Gambia's waters between 1985 and 1992. The authors have no further information about this venture and assume that it was an isolated event. Belgium 50 km North Sea r-'^iin ^'OomJhSs'W ^_/"^.AnlWBf^-^___, N v.^ * Kortf ijk ^BftUSSEtS 1 V_ .mo™. •ui.^) u. ,- *Chatl«ol > S /? BMtOflne. / SOURCES "Belgian Fisheries Review, 1988," Eurofish Report, October 26, 1989, p. SP/1. Monfort, Marie Christine. "All Ready for the Single Market," Seafood International, October 1991, p. 55 and "Belgique: L'esprit d'ouverture," France-Eco Peche, March 1991, p. 25. Pecher, Charles. Managing Director, Thalassa Seafoods. "Selling Seafood to Europe: EC '92 and Beyond," speech given on April 16-17, 1990 in Seattle, Washington. 51 Table 1. --BELGIUM. Number of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. Year Gross Registered Tons (GRT) 500-999 1,000-1,999 Over 2,000 Total GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. 1975 555 - - - - 555 1976 555 - - - - 555 1977 555 - - - - 555 1978 555 - - - - 555 1979 555 - - - - 555 1980 555 - - - - 555 1981 555 - - - - 555 1982 555 - - - - 555 1983 555 - - - - 555 1984 555 - - - - 555 1985 555 - - - - 555 1986 555 - - - - 555 1987 555 - - - - 555 1988 555 - - - - 555 1989 555 - - - - 555 1990 555 1 ^ - - - - 555 1991 - - - - - - 0 0 1992 - - - - - - 0 0 Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various years. ^ The John, a 555.05-GRT vessel based out of Oostende. The ship operated in Icelandic waters under a special fishing agreement negotiated by Belgium. The agreement expired in 1986. The John apparently was sold or scrapped in 1990. 52 ON I m 00 CTv 3 •a 00 C3 1) t O o o PJ CQ OS ON 0\ o OS o\ o\ CO 00 oo OS 00 OS so 00 OS 00 OS oo OS 00 OS u. I ■§ S § ^1 •5- 00 OS in O SO_^ 00 0\ CO O in r^ CO est SO sO_^ o so c o OS UJ o OS OS O o 1/^ OS OS OS 00 00 00 H Bi a e 3 z '^ in 00 3 li-i >n ITi >n IT) in in >n in in m in 00 » On O VO o' SO in 00 1^ so 00 m in os' SO 00 o 00 in oo' a o (J •3 S u e < z o I--' SO (^ in r-' so m rsi so OS O O O oo' OS OS 00 so 3 O '2 u o S S S o o in in so o in so SD_^ O Os_^ P~-' o o in On' SO in oo' so OS r~' On 00 o_ oo' 3 O H C ■ o w o o 00 ON m so 00 m so so 00 3 ^^ 3 .1: rs: nj '^ 3 ^ f/i r! o i*; U lO 1 ^ ^ CA 1^ O U 3 •a aj s d o 3 o O c/l M •o J3 •;;l o iH 3 g 772 > 3 O U 3 o 13 o" > D ns OS 1 i 3 ^ 5 l-l" II u c- „— ^ 3 lo u § ^ Co -^ .J- <]> ^ C 14) ■5 S3 ^ tC CO ^ '^ n ■« oh ^ ■^ n nn ^ -rs fs ij 1 >N %j 1^ o § to < S3 > ■^ uu c ,^^ 3 cs 3 o a J3 T3 3 >~1 C S^ 3 O ■3 « C/3 Ln c O , o« o en o 3 _3 •n o t-i tG OO u D. 1 Oi •o OS CA o OS 1)' •3 F= •3 -J 3 r/l U >o HI T3 _3 o s 3 JS ' ' u fl II ' 1 1 O. .—^ IXI ^ *-. * ■3 2 1^ "n Table 3. --BELGIUM. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91. Area 1975 1 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1,000 Metric Tons Inland (FAO area 05) - - - 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 Coastal" (Northeastern Atlantic and Baltic Sea, FAO area 27) 49.0 46.0 45.0 39.0 40.0 41.1 39.0 41.0 39.4 Distant-water - - - - - - - - - Total 49.0 46.0 45.0 39.6 40.6 41.8 39.7 41.7 40.2 ource: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years. '' The distinction between "coastal" and "distant water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern Greenland to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea. Belgian fishermen fished off Iceland between 1975 and 1986, for example. 54 ENDNOTES 1. Charles Pecher, Managing Director, Thalassa Seafoods. "Selling Seafood to Europe: EC'92 and Beyond," speech given on April 16-17, 1990 in Seattle, Washington. 2. OECD, Draft Review of Fisheries (Belgium), Paris, 1992. 3. Marie Christine Monfort, "All Ready for the Single Market," Seafood International, October 1991, p. 55 and "Belgique: L'esprit d'ouverture," France-Eco Peche, March 1991, p. 25. 4. "Belgian Fisheries Review, 1988," Eurofish Report, October 26, 1989, p. SP/1. 5. The vessels are the Chien Hang No. 6 (711-GRT), Fu Yuan No. 6 (708-GRT), Fu Yuan No. 16 (711-GRT), Hsin Huang No. 201 (706-GRT), Tching Ye No. 277 (725-GRT), Tching Ye No. 236 (726-GRT), and the Yu I Hsiang Nc. 617 (708-GRT). The vessels are listed as fishing vessels exceeding 500-GRT registered with the National Mercant Marine of Honduras in 1993. No information is available about these vessels. The vessels are probably tuna longliners. 55 56 2.2 DENMARK The Danish high-seas fleet, according to Danish statistics, included only 14 high-seas vessels; 12 in the 500- 999-GRT range and 2 over 1,000-GRT in 1992.' Lloyd's Register reports that the Danish 1992 fleet included 83 high-seas vessels with a total tonnage of slightly less than 94,000 tons.' This fleet fishes from Greenland across the North -Sea and into the Baltic Sea. Some fishing takes place off northern Norway and in the Bay of Biscay off France. The Danish fleet is not expected to shift from its traditional North Sea fishing patterns. Approximately 10 Danish vessels attempted to evade strict Danish and international regulations on the harvesting of wild Atlantic salmon by decommissioning their vessels and reflagging their ships in Panama. Danish authorities seized one of these vessels, the Onkel Sam, in March 1990, when it stopped at the port of Hirtshals enroute to Poland with its cargo of salmon. CONTENTS 1. General Background 57 2. Fleet Background 58 3. Modernization Programs 58 4. Deconmiissioning Programs 58 5. Shipyards 59 6. International Agreements 59 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 60 Sources 60 Endnotes 67 1. General Background Denmark is the Community's leading fishing nations, with a catch of nearly 1 .9 million tons in 1992.' Denmark ranked second after Norway in terms of the total West European catch and 13th in terms of the total world catch of fishery products in 1991. Danish fishermen receive annual quotas, typically for cod, haddock, saithe, herring, and mackerel from the European Community. Denmark's catch is dominated by sandeels {Ammodytes sp.) which are caught in prodigious quantities (855,000 tons in 1991) and used mostly to produce fishmeal. Danish fishermen also catch large quantities of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and Norway pout (Trisopterus esmarkii). Access to European sprat {Sprattus sprattus) is limited to vessels under 22 meters. Denmark is a leading European trader in fishery products. Demnark imports large quantities of raw fish and processes this fish into high value seafoods that are exported to markets around the world."* Denmark exports were valued at over $2.2 billion in 1992.' Denmark's small, aging, fishing fleet is not expected to grow significantly in the future, despite remarkably high catches. Denmark's future requirements for fish and shellfish will increasingly be met by imports of raw products from foreign suppliers. An overview of the Danish fishing industry can be seen in tables 1-6. 57 2. Fleet Background The Danish high-seas fleet consisted of fewer than 20 vessels during the decade between 1975 and 1984. Danish statistics show that the high-seas fleet declined to 14 vessels in 1987 and has remained at that level through 1992 (table 3). Lloyd's Register, however, reports that the number of high-seas vessels increased to 28 ships in 1985 and that the number increased to 36 vessels in 1986.'* In 1987, Lloyd's Register included high-seas vessels from the Faroe Islands in the Danish fleet statistics, which has, unfortunately, complicated reporting on the high-seas fleets of the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Denmark (table 1). Danish fishermen fish inside their own national boundaries, in EC waters, in grounds shared with other Nordic countries (the Skagerrak between Denmark and Norway and the Kattegat between Denmark and Sweden), in the Baltic Sea, in waters off the Faroe Islands and Greenland, and in other distant waters (tables 5 and 6). Danish fishermen operating outside the North Sea and Baltic Sea report catches averaging 65,000 tons for the years 1982-90.^ Denmark's high-seas catch was 47,685 tons in 1991.* The bulk of the distantwater catch consists of mackerel species. The outlook for Denmark's fleet is not good. The EC is continually reducing the Danish quota for important species, such as Atlantic cod,' and is demanding further reductions in the size of the Danish fleet.'" In 1990, for example, the EC reduced the Danish catch by 30,000 tons as part of the EC quota allocation process. The EC in recent years has announced that a reduction of fleet capacity is needed to save some stocks, which is certain to hurt the Danish fishing fleet in the coming years. The Danish fleet declined from 2,749 vessels (111,500-GRT) in 1991 to 2,574 vessels (104,014-GRT) in 1992." 3. Modernization Programs The Danish fishing fleet is dominated by small side trawlers under 25-GRT'" with an average age of 30 years, giving Denmark one of the oldest fishing fleets in Europe." Financial assistance is granted to Danish fishermen seeking to modernize their fishing vessels. The amount of assistance can vary from 10 to 25 percent of the cost of improvements. The Royal Danish Fisheries Bank offers loans up to 70 percent of the construction cost of new fishing vessels and up to 60 percent of the cost of second hand vessels. Interest rates for the loans correspond to the market rate of interest and repayment is scheduled over 10 to 20 years. In 1990, the Royal Danish Fisheries Bank issued $34 million worth of loans for upgrading fishing vessels. ''' Denmark provides financial aid for exploratory fishing, with the goal of developing alternative fishing or of discovering new fishing grounds. In some instances, the Goverrmient also encourages fishermen to invest in fish farming. 4. Decommissioning Programs The Govenmient of Denmark provides financial assistance to fishermen seeking to permanently withdraw vessels from Dermiark's fishing fleet. The payment of assistance is subject to controls enacted by the European Community pursuant to Council Regulation (EEC) No. 4028/86 and No. 3944/90. The Government of Denmark supports withdrawal programs because it contributes to improving the profitability of the fishing industry and to the reduction of overfishing. There are too many boats chasing too few fish.'^ This is especially true for cod, which has been overfished in recent years. There are regulations in Denmark which control the construction of new fishing vessels to restrict the growth of the fishing fleet. Denmark also seeks to ensure a geographic spread of fishing vessels, by size and location, to avoid concentrations in any one area. The main elements of the Danish program to reduce the size of its fishing fleet are EC regulations which allow entry of vessels of the same capacity to replace vessels withdrawn from the fleet and which call for the gradual reduction of the Danish fishing fleet. In implementing the EC directives, grants are available for the permanent withdrawal of vessels from fisheries within EC waters. Denmark appropriated a total of $6 million between 1984 and 1986 and $45 million for the years 1987-91. The Danish fishing fleet has been reduced by approximately 7 percent, from 136,000-GRT in 1987 to 1 19,000-GRT in 1990.'" The authors attribute this reduction to the EC fleet reduction program." Danish officials report spending $64.3 million to scrap 436 vessels (21,306-GRT) between 1987 and 1991 as part of Denmark's decommissioning program (table 4).'" 58 5. Shipyards Danish shipyards have a reputation for quality. Curiously, many of Denmark's vessels are built for overseas customers. Only a few are built for Danish fishermen. Danish shipyards began relying on orders from Greenland, Norway, and Sweden, in the absence of domestic orders, in 1988, according to Fishing News International.^^ The article noted that low cost loans and the skill of the shipyards began attracting foreign customers as early as 1986. The situation had not changed significantly by 1990. Despite good performance and improved prospects, very few fishing vessels were built. In 1990, for example, Danish shipyards built only 1 fishing vessel, '° a shrimp trawler for a company in Greenland, out of a total of 25 vessels totaling 387,000 GRT worth $1.1 billion. Two years later the situation still had not changed appreciably. The Johs. Kristensen Skibsbyggeri AS shipyards built 2 ships in 1992 for Danish fishermen: the Krae Frihed, a 51 -GRT netter and the Arkona, a 49-GRT beam trawler.^' It is significant that these vessels are fairly small and are not likely to fish in distant grounds. Shipbuilding in Denmark is not in a growth mode and no major fishery projects are currently anticipated. 6. International Agreements Denmark is an EC member state and responsibility for negotiations on fishery issues belongs to the EC in Brussels. Denmark has, however, concluded fishery agreements with Norway and Sweden, within the framework of the Common Fisheries Policy, concerning fishing in the Skagerak and Kattegat. The agreement assigns quotas for fishing in these narrow areas among the 3 countries. Sweden and the Soviet Union began negotiating an agreement to divide the "white zone" in the Baltic Sea between the 2 countries in 1988. Danish fishermen fished in the "white zone" for many years in the absence of an agreement between Sweden and the Soviet Union. Aware that they would soon lose access to this important fishing zone, the Danes pressured the EC to initiate negotiations with the Soviet Union. EC negotiators met with Soviet officials on September 8-9, 1988, in the first talks since 1977, when the EC extended its fishery boundaries. Sweden and the Soviet Union signed a joint protocol on December 12, 1988, dividing the Figure 1. Danish high-seas fleet, 1975-92. "white zone" between the 2 countries, thus ending years of conflict and shutting Danish fishermen out of this fishing zone. The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the reestablishment of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania as independent states has produced 4 separate bilateral fishery agreements in the area.-^^ Discussions between the EC and Russia have not yet produced an agreement." Danish negotiators also held talks with officials of the German Democratic Republic which resulted in an agreement signed on September 14, 1988. The agreement recognized Danish sovereignty over waters around the island of Bomholm. The agreement, which entered into force on June 14, 1989, divided the Continental Shelf and fishing zones between the 2 countries. The status of this agreement, following German unification, is not clear. Denmark has an unusual relationship with the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark is responsible for conducting international fishery negotiations on behalf of the Home Rule Governments of both the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The European Community is responsible for negotiating all international fishery agreements affecting Danish fishermen, including fishery agreements with the Faroe Islands and Greenland. This places Denmark in the unique position of seeking to expand access for EC fishermen (i.e., Danish fishermen) in waters off Greenland or the Faroe Islands, while, at the same time being responsible for negotiating reduced EC fishing in these same waters. 59 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans It is likely that the Danish fleet will be slowly reduced in the next few years and that Danish importers will increasingly turn to foreign suppliers (including the Russians) for sources of fish. Trade, not fleet dispersal, appears to hold the key to Denmark's future in fisheries. Denmark is expected to reduce its fleet gradually.'" This will mostly impact the small vessels that comprise the bulk of the fleet. The opportunities for improved quotas in the North Sea and in the area off Denmark are not good. EC authorities have suggested that reductions of up to 40 percent may be necessary to rebuild overfished whitefish stocks. Some Danish fishermen have sought opportunities to fish in distant ports as part of the EC program to open up access throughout the world. It is unlikely, however, that this will be a trend in the future. Despite the authors view that Danish fishermen are unlikely to seek opportunties to fish in distant waters, it should be noted, that at least 10 Danish fishermen were involved in an attempt to evade tough Danish regulations governing the harvest of wild Atlantic salmon by reflagging their vessels in Panama.^^ One of the vessels was the Onkel Sam (109.30-GRT and built in 1985). The vessel was decommissioned by the EC on July 19, 1988. The owner of the Onkel Sam registered the ship in Panama which is not a party to the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO). Deimiark, together with many other North Atlantic countries, belongs to NASCO and abides by the regulations designed to conserve and protect stocks of wild salmon. Panama was not a member of NASCO, and thus Panamanian-flag vessels could legally fish for wild Atlantic salmon on the high-seas.^' Danish authorities seized the Onkel Sam in March 1990, when it stopped at the port of Hirtshals enroute to Poland." Denmark acted because the NASCO convention prohibits the transportation or landing of wild Atlantic salmon by member states.'* The Onkel Sam was carrying 20 tons of Atlantic salmon when it was seized." An investigation into the case was referred to EC courts and is currently being considered by Danish courts.^" Additional investigations implicated 6 to 10 Danish fishermen who were fined for similar illegal fishing." The loophole that allowed some vessels to legally fish for Atlantic salmon was closed when the Government of Panama restricted fishing for salmon by vessels flying the Panamanian flag.^^ The Danish Government's record of compliance with EC and other international bodies has, of course, nothing to do with the activities of a few individuals. The attempt to harvest Atlantic salmon is an example of a few fishermen facing bankruptcy who exploited other means of generating income. The impact of the activities by a few individuals has had only a minimal impact on the Danish fishing fleet. The involvement of a few Danish fishermen in reflagging or illegal salmon fishing was difficult for the Danish Government, which prides itself on its record of compliance with the EC, NASCO, and other international bodies. The prompt action by the Danish Government to investigate and prosecute these cases, and to impose fines or penalties, demonstrates Denmark's continued adherence to international principles governing the conservation of living marine resources. SOURCES "Danish shipyards rely on exports," Fishing News International, January 1989. "Denmark: European leader in fishing," Special Danemark, Le Marin, May 1992, p. 7. Eurofish Report, various issues. Fiskeriministeriet, Yearbook of fishery statistics, Denmark, 1991, Danish Ministry of Fisheries, Copenhagen, January 1993. Folsom, William, B. Danish Fisheries, 1988, International Fisheries Report (IFR-89/89), Office of International Affairs, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, September 29, 1989. Hansen, Soren. Senior Economic Specialist, U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark fax message dated August 10, 1993 and other reports. Hulgaard, Erling. Danish Ministry of Fisheries, letter dated June 10, 1993. 60 Moustgaard, Poul. "Less fish for growing markets," Seafood International, March 1990, p. 22. Parker, Peggy. "DENMARK: Flexibility is Key to Success," Seafood Business, July /August 1988, p.69. REVIEW: The Danish Fishery Sector, 1992, Ministry of Fisheries, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 1993, p. 9. REVIEW: The Danish Fishery Sector. 1990, Ministry of Fisheries, Copenhagen, July 1991, p. 7. Urch, Mike. "DENMARK: Europe's No 1 exporter," Seafood International, March 1991, p. 27. U.S. Consulate General, Edinburg, Scotland. U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark, various reports. U.S. Embassy, Panama City, various reports. World Fishing, various issues. Denmark Skagerrak ^Sk«gen ''i'°« Islands and Greenland are sepf^rare Kattegat COPENHAGEN ^^si,^^*^ ,V?^(?^*"" L oUanS' Baltic Sea 61 Table 1 .--DENMARK. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. Year Gross R( jgistered Tons (GRT) Total 500-999 1,000-1,999 Over 2,000 CRT No. GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. 1975 6,340 9 1,500 - - - 7,840 9 1976 6,840 10 1,500 1 - - 8,340 11 1977 7,690 11 1,500 1 - - 9,190 12 1978 8,411 12 1,500 1 - - 9,911 13 1979 8,751 12 1,500 1 - - 10,251 13 1980 8,751 12 1,500 1 - - 10,251 13 1981 12,081 16 1,021 1 2,483 15,585 18 1982 12,155 16 1,021 1 2,483 15,659 18 1983 11,111 15 1,021 1 2,483 14,615 17 1984 11,835 16 4,477 3 2,483 18,795 20 1985 15,963 21 8,377 6 2,483 26,823 28 1986 18,351 25 10,468 8 8,054 3 36,873 36 1987 34,819 47 23,623 17 18,330 7 76,772 7P 1988 39,927 55 34,672 25 25,218 10 99,817 90 1989 39,776 55 33,693 24 30,823 13 104,292 92 1990 41,436 57 31,899 22 35,695 15 109,030 94 1991 35,925 49 33,122 24 31,116 13 100,163 86 1992 35,455 50 27,285 20 31,116 13 93,856 83 Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various years. Note: Includes Faroese fishing vessels after 1987. Includes vessels from the Faroe Islands beginning in 1987 as depicted in the shaded area. 62 '^ ^ o ■<3- t^ in 8 t-~ oo so °°„ OS o Os' OS 8 q_ o' in 00 t-~ rsf 00 t^ so ro tN in OS O; — ' 00 OS m Os r- ^ m Os_^ m' in o 00 ^^ 0 0 S ^ t^ Csl oo_^ m •rt in (N (N -eg 1^- E^ 0 c I 1 p~^ o 00 t-~-' o OS Os' OS r^ m so' t-~' OS s. 1 (N CO c> in in ON t^ t^ pj •o ^ . 00 E G c c 2 60 c CO u <^ O r 0 c — s ■S t-~_ oo t^ SO in t^ r-- t-; so' t^ 00 so' o t--_ 00 Os' t-~ m ro in 00 sO_^ t--' q fN OS o ON lieries, Copenhage Register of Shipp ;, Copenhagen, Dt ■§ CN ^^1 > o 0 c 0 so SD^ SO SO t^ 00 so' m t~ sO_ oo' 00 in Csl in o so in m so_ ON t~~ t~~_ o 00 n-1 ■* 8 o ON Ministry of Tables, Llo> try of Fishs OQ i4 ^ § oi < z u 9 0 c ■^ .1. 00 O On' o OS OS 00 CnI 00 so' t^ 00 t--_^ in in o so t-~ SO ON n' in t^ t^ in on' o 00 fNl o q 8 o o' imark, 1991,- ipping Statisti ctor. 1992, M 00 OS c 00 a o z (S ry statistics, Der 's Register of Sh, anish Fishery Se- 1 1 u - o' i T 0 1^ S 1 so so t^ O so SO o in Os t--_ Os Os ON in in •* ON 8 in 'ob u CO i 3 c - 1 (N fN oo' in in ON o 00 OS d TT 1 O '^ ^ "g Q W5 .22 O" 4. 1 c3 ::3g 00 r 0 c o ^ ON SO ON oo' 00 oo' o t^ SO_^ ■*' t-~ ri so 00_ in so so 00 o' so 8 in 00 OS d O o in 2;' earbook o statistics), REVIEW. CO O >i-l (^ t^ OJ CO n] n CJ u 6 CO c<^ u ^ >. CO a> T7 io !0 1^ 3 u p a u u C BO C3 0) 6 3 U C oo C3 a c g :2 E 3 C P O CO c a 'fi 1 3 a- i 3 a* c s c o P CO u XI E 3 Z Sources: Fiskerimini: s, Rome, various year ailstics, Rome, variou 13 CO CO u > CO 1) -a _3 i2 to Q J .4 2 CO C/5 CO CO CO CO o Ik H CO c X) CO CO c c E a -c 155 as ^ ^ . u "B 5 5 ^ 00 oo ■§)S a O a. o CI. o II ^ ^ /i o o o c c3 E X X X I u H H H O s £ U u m W uu ^ -^ -^ stg-tS VO Table 3. --DENMARK. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1987-92. Year nrns Oo a; ^ CN OS 1-5 oo OO 1^ o 00 o Os ■53.2; '— ' 00 C) tN o ^^^ •^_^ .<n o in so Os_ o 0 ■5 D to u 0\ i as oo' oo' 00 to = ^ J3 - §5 2 •s: fN 00 Tt o >s >, > ^ '^ o - »n 1^ 00 o' s-g O .i .2 00 tu u ■5 > u z 1/^ 00 1^ o 00 O ■n OS o oo in o 1 E op 0 s 0\ f— 1 1 o r-4 OS Os' ro 00 OS S u (^ Js •— l-> 0\ Os_^ o' so 00 oo so' so r~' Os 8 o o 2 i ^ ^ S'c o o o 1/1 OS "^ to 0 a m so rsi o^ m 0 (L> 00 f^ so oo in -0 22 On 00 so' 1^ ■*' os' 13 00 U, >. to • ■ 3 S.2 to to a sg 3 > Im 4J e/1 to =^ d o C C u u y S ^_^ . 0 s oo C2 ^^ u c to c 1) T3 CO S .s o n ° J3 o 1^ to IS ^ ,22 u I*. XJ (/5 X> to ,^ o gl (2 M II 'S< ■B^ ^1 J: s 00 3 ■4S 2 «3 M i to "^ t2o ^z irz = s •- z m IS so Table 3. --FRANCE. --Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91 Area 1975 1 1980 1 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1 .000 Metric Tons Inland (FAO area 05) NA 28.1 30.3 39.3 39.9 41.8 42.4 48.0 46.0 Coastal NE Atlantic, FAO area 27) 668.0 632.0 625.2 629.4 612.6 637.0 656.6 632.2 535.3 Distant-water: NW Atlantic, FAO area 21 34.4 22.0 31.9 34.2 18.5 9.3 5.3 5.3 NA Eastern Central Atlantic, FAO area 34 56.0 65.2 23.6 33.8 36.0 42.0 48.8 65.9 73.0 Mediterranean & Black Sea, FAO area 37 47.0 46.4 52.4 55.7 50.3 55.2 70.9 67.5 68.5 Southeast Atlantic, FAO area 47 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 Western Indian Ocean, FAO area 51 0.0 0.0 68.3 80.4 89.4 102.4 85.1 79.0 87 3 Indian Ocean- Antarctic, FAO area 58 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 1.6 Sub-total 137.9 133.6 177.0 205.2 194.7 209.4 210.7 218.3 231.5 Total 805.9 793.7 832.5 873.9 847.2 888.2 909.7 898.5 812.8 Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years. 77 Table 4. --FRANCE. Listing of French fishing vessels reflagged in 1993. Vessel name Tonnage Year built Type Gross Registered Tons CYPRUS: Fisherman 442 1972 N.A. Thalie Zachos 121 1956 N.A. PANAMA: Alkyona Star 419 1948 Trawler, nes Antonia Paris 208 1961 Trawler, nes Ar Breizad 208 1964 Trawler, nes Guadalquivir 404 1981 Tuna vessel Guadiana 404 1981 Tuna vessel Porto Santo 1,823 1962 Factory trawler ST. VINCENT: Cape Nord 1,491 1988 Trawler Klondyke 1,491 1988 Trawler Nordic II 595 1972 Trawler Source: Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy and other sources. 78 ENDNOTES 1. Etat de la Flotte, 1993, GERMES, Problemes Economiques Commerciaux et Humains des Entreprises de Peche, Union des Armateurs a la Peche de France, Paris, June 1993, p.l. This contrasts with Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables which lists 90 vessels over 500-GRT in the French fleet in 1992. The authors arbitrarily selected 500-GRT as a benchmark used to classify vessels as high-seas vessels. French statistical tables include 63 vessels that are less than 500-GRT, but are classified as high-seas vessels by French authorities. 2. Etat de la Flotte, 1993, GERMES, Problemes Economiques Commerciaux et Humains des Entreprises de Peche, Union des Armateurs a la Peche de France, Paris, June 1993, p.l. 3. "World Fishing Fleet Study for France," U.S. Embassy, Paris, July 22, 1993. 4. Eurofish Report, July 15, 1993, p. SP/1. 5. Eurofish Report, July 15, 1993, p. SP/1. 6. Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, reports 90 vessels for 1992 while Etat de la Flotte, 1993, GERMES, Problemes Economiques Commerciaux et Humains des Entreprises de Peche, Union des Armateurs a la Peche de France, Paris, June 1993, p.l. reports 153 high- seas vessels on January 2, 1993. 7. Meuriot, Eric. "Fishing Fleet Replacement: The French Policy from 1945 to 1983." Marine Policy, October 1986, p. 296. 8. Meuriot, Eric. "Fishing Fleet Replacement: The French Policy from 1945 to 1983." Marine Policy, October 1986, p. 298. 9. Meuriot, Eric. "Fishing Fleet Replacement: The French Policy from 1945 to 1983." Marine Policy, October 1986, p. 301. 10. Meuriot, Eric. "Fishing Fleet Replacement: The French Policy from 1945 to 1983." Marine Policy, October 1986, p. 303. 11. Le Solleu, Bernard. "La relance de la peche artisanale: la fin de la periode faste," Le Man«, 8 September 1983, no. 1889, p. 7. 12. "French Sail: Decision to Build 3 Fuel Saving 'Thoniers'." Fishing News International, February 1981. 13. Meuriot, Eric. "Fishing Fleet Replacement: The French Policy from 1945 to 1983." Marine Policy, October 1986, p. 304. 14. "Enquete," France Eco-Peche, June 1991, pp. 20-29. 15. "Catches Inadequate: France to Build Strong Industry," Irish Skipper, October, 1991. 16. "Report on the French Fishing Industry," U.S. Embassy, Paris, April 23, 1993. 79 17. The following section was taken verbatim from "World Fishing Fleet Study for France," U.S. Embassy, Paris, July 22, 1993. 18. La Pecfie Maritime, October 1988, pp. 625-626. 19. French Advances in Science and Technology, Winter 1988, p. 6. 20. One kilowatt is the equivalent of 1.34 horsepower. Le Marin, January 3, 1992. 21. U.S. Embassy, Paris, July 22, 1993. 22. U.S. Embassy, Paris, July 22, 1993. 23. U.S. Embassy, Paris, July 22, 1993. 24. Fishing News International, December 1985, p. 21. 25. Fishing News International, May 1986, p. 35. 26. U.S. Embassy, Paris, July 22, 1993. 27. France Peche, November/December 1990. 28. Etat de la Flotte, 1993, GERMES, Problemes Economiques Commerciaux et Humains des Entreprises de Peche, Union des Armateurs a la Peche de France, Paris, June 1993, p.l. 29. Two French tuna vessels, Guadalquivir and Guadiana, were reflagged in Panama in 1993. 30. The authors have no information on the sale or reflagging of any other vessels. 80 2.4 GERMANY The Federal Republic of Germany's (FRG) high-seas fleet declined from 230 vessels in 1950 to only 16 vessels in 1990.' In 1989, a massive 5,845-GRT pelagic stem trawler, the Jan Maria, was launched in Bremerhaven, Germany.' The Jan Maria, and her sister ships, the Dirk Dirk, and the Gerda Maria, are able to fish anywhere in the world and pose significant competition to fishermen operating on the high-seas. Some observers felt that the vessels might stimulate a rebirth in the FRG fishing fleet. The union of the FRG with the German Democratic Republic (GDR) on October 3, 1990, temporarily increased the FRG fishing fleet, but most of the former GDR vessels have since been sold and the FRG is again reducing its role as a high-seas fishing state. CONTENTS !. General Background 81 2. Fleet Background 82 3. Modernization Programs 83 4. Decommissioning Programs 83 5. Shipyards 83 6. International Agreements 84 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 84 Sources 84 Endnotes 88 1. General Background The FRG has a coastline of only 570 kilometers.' This limits the country's ability to fish and forces Germans to seek fish from distant fishing grounds. There are nearly 84 million consumers in the unified Federal Republic and these consumers enjoy seafood. Fisheries plays a minuscule role in the nation's economy despite landings of about 265,000 tons in 1 992 ."* Affluent , quality -conscious German consumers purchase large quantities of traditional fish, such as herring, cod, saithe, salmon, and shellfish from overseas suppliers. Despite increased landings (thanks in part to the addition of the former GDR's fisheries catch). West Germany is the seventh largest importer of edible fishery products in the world.' FRG imports of edible fishery products in 1992 were 683,000 tons, worth slightly over $2 billion.' Germany now imports significant quantities of unprocessed fish which is used to produced finished, high-value fishery products suited to Germany tastes. German importers also purchase finished seafood products for sale in Germany; much of this comes from Denmark and Holland. Germany is also an important market for fresh fish and shellfish, such as farmed Atlantic salmon from Norway. 2. Fleet Background The FRG operates several distinct fishing fleets, including mussel harvesting vessels, a cutter fleet (coastal vessels), and a high-seas fleets The high- seas fleet includes 3 components: a middle water fleet, a fleet specializing in the catch of shoaling species (herring, capelin), and a deep-sea fleet. The fleets traditionally operate out of Bremerhaven, Cuxhaven and Rostock.* te^j i 1»U 1SI5 14. !?• : 1M o M '&i ;; M *» m. -H 2* 3 • ■Vessels •uer 5#t-GnT "•T«nnaje Figure 1. Germany's high-seas fleet, 1975-92. The West Germans pioneered the use of factory trawlers in distant waters and the "one-boat method of mid-water trawling."' The Baader fish cutting machines made it possible for German fishermen to produce frozen fillets economically at sea.'" The FRG, thus, should be one of the world's leading fishing nations. Instead the German fishing industry has slowly collapsed. There were 40 companies operating 230 high-seas vessels in 1950. This declined to 13 fishing firms operating 196 vessels in 1960. Many of Germany's high-seas factory stern trawlers were built in the 1960s, including the Othmarschen (1,400-GRT), the Hamburg (1,800- GRT), the Bonn (2,557-GRT, the first of six "university" class factory stern trawlers), the Osterreich (2,700-GRT) and Sonne (2,700-GRT) launched in 1969. Many of these vessels were well- designed and well-equipped factory trawlers considered the "world's finest and most efficient frozen fillet producing stern trawlers."" Unfortunately, despite the construction of these massive vessels, the German high-seas fisheries declined to 10 firms operating 108 vessels in 1970.'' Fourteen new Bremen-dass stern trawlers were built in the early 1970's, but the establishment of 200-mile fishery zones in Germany's traditional fishing grounds had a major impact on the nation's high-seas fisheries. There were only 4 firms'' operating 56 high-seas fishing vessels in 1980. The FRG high- seas fishing fleet of 17 vessels was restructured in 1986 to operate under 2 firms: Deutsche Fisch fang Union, Cuxhaven GmbH and Bremerhaven Operating Company.'" Faced with declining stocks and increasing competition from foreign fishermen, the German high-seas fleet declined to 14 vessels by 1988. On October 3, 1990, the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic Germany united. This resulted in former GDR vessels being added to the FRG fishing fleet; most of these vessels have since been sold. a. Loss of traditional grounds: German distant-water vessels fished off the United States, Canada, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Norway between 1950 and 1970. Approximately half of Germany's catch came from distant-waters by the early 1970s." Many countries established 200- mile exclusive economic zones in the mid- to late- 1970s and either excluded or phased out foreign fishing in their waters. The Germans hoped that the European Community would establish a Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) that would assist member states to gain access to former fishing grounds.'* The creation of the CFP, however, was delayed by political wrangling.'^ By 1980, the German deepsea fleet was facing serious difficulties." Reductions in the FRG quota off Greenland resulted in 14 high-seas vessels being considered as redundant by 1984." Norwegian authorities gradually imposed stricter conditions on vessels operating in their waters; if a vessel's total catch included more than 15-percent of undersized fish, the vessel was required to leave Norwegian waters. Loss of traditional fishing grounds off Canada and the United States also had a negative impact on FRG high-seas fleet owners during the early 1980s. In 1983, the CFP was established and the EC acted to assign total allowable catch (TAC) quotas. However, German fishermen were forced to share their quotas with other EC members. In retrospect, it is clear that the advent of 200-mile limits hastened the demise of the German high-seas fishing fleet. 82 b. Growing competition 3. Modernization Programs Icelandic vessels began landing fresh fish in FRG ports in the early IQSOs.^" The Icelandic fishermen were attracted by the high prices and growing demand for fresh seafood, particularly cod and redfish, on German markets. As German vessels struggled to locate new fishing grounds, the Icelandic fleets began increasing their shipments. Dutch fishermen also began shipping increasing quantities of mackerel which kept prices low. Shipments of fresh fish from Grimsby and Hull, in the U.K., into German ports were also increasing to the detriment of German fishermen.-' By 1986, it was apparent that the FRG fishing fleet was unable to meet the booming demand for fish in the FRG market and that imports of fish would increasingly be needed." Shipments of raw, semi-processed and fully processed seafoods from Norway and Deimiark have also increased in recent years at prices that made it difficult for the German fishing fleet to compete. c. Declining stocks: The harvest of many key species, including cod, hake, haddock, and other groundfish declined as overfishing, biological fluctuations, and oceanic conditions reduced the biomass of these species, especially in the North Sea where competition for limited resources was growing stronger. Lower fishing quotas, increasing competition, and loss of traditional fishing grounds negatively impacted the German fleet. d. Other factors: The decline in the German fishing fleet began in the 1960s and continued through the 1980s. Except for a brief flurry of construction during the years between 1971 and 1974, there were few modem vessels added to the fishing fleet; by 1986, it was obvious that the newest vessels - 14 Bremen-class stem trawlers — could no longer operate profitably. Efforts to operate joint ventures in Argentina and New Zealand and in the Seychelles also were unsatisfactory. Ultimately, it appears that it simply became more profitable for German processors to import fishery products from the Netherlands, Norway, Iceland, and Denmark than to maintain expensive and continually less efficient vessels. The FRG fishing fleet boasted of being one of the most efficient in the world in the 1960s. In 1971- 74, a total of 14 new high-seas Bremen-cleiss stem trawlers of 3,180-GRT were built in FRG shipyards." Although FRG shipyards continue to produce new vessels from time to time, there have been no other sustained efforts to modemize the FRG fishing fleet since the early 1970s. 4. Decommissioning Programs The FRG high-seas fleet decreased from 32 vessels in 1984 to 17 vessels in 1986. Three large factoryships, the Wesermiiende, Geestemiiende, and Stuttgart were sold the People's Republic of China as part of this reduction process. The FRG also sold the Friedrich Basse to the Republic of Korea; the vessel had formerly fished off Alaska. -'' The FRG is obliged to meet decommissioning programs established by the EC. The FRG has complied closely with these decommissioning guidelines and is expected to continue to do so in the future.'^ 5. Shipyards German shipyards produce high quality fishing vessels, but they did not build many new fishing vessels between 1974 and 1988. In 1988, the Mutzelfeldt Werft of Cuxhaven began work on the first of 2 wet fish trawlers to have been built in German shipyards in many years. The vessels were built for Deutsche Fischfang-Union GmbH which also owns the Kiel and Wiesbaden. In 1989, the Jan Maria, a 5,845-GRT pelagic stem trawler was christened in Bremerhaven. The vessel was specifically built to catch Germany's quota of herring and mackerel; FRG vessels caught only 18 percent of the nation's 71,000 ton herring quota in 1987.-* Most FRG vessels are designed to catch and process high value cod or other groundfish. The Jan Maria was built for Katwijk Aan Zee of the Netherlands. The Dutch company established the German-based Doggerbank Seefischerei GmbH, a company which will operate the vessel under the German-flag. Doggerbank Seefischerei GmbH operated two other former Dutch factory ships, the Dirk Diederik and the old Jan Maria. -^ The Cuxhaven, a wet fish filleter was launched in 1990 from the Muzelfeldwerft yards in Cuxhaven for Deutsche Fischfang-Union. The 83 vessel was assigned to fish for cod in the North Atlantic and off Eastern Greenland.^* In 1993, the Russian Far East ordered a series of 13 longliners to be built in West German shipyards. The third vessel in the series was launched by the Elbewerft Boizenburg GmbH shipyard in August 1993." The shipyard has recently been privatised and is looking to modernise Russian vessels. 6. International Agreements The Federal Republic of Germany is a member of the European Community, delegating to the EC the authority to negotiate access and fishing quotas in foreign EEZs. FRG vessels traditionally share in agreements negotiated with Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Norway, and Sweden. 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans An Icelandic Company, Mtgerdarfelag Akureyringa, a member of the Icelandic Freezing Plants Corporation, recently purchased 8 groundfish trawlers belonging to the Mecklenberger Hochseefischerei fleet in the former East German port of Rostock. Mtgerdarfelag Akureyringa purchased a 60-percent interest in the vessels. The State of Mecklenberger controls 25.1 percent of the new corporation, Rostock harbor owns 10 percent, and the town of Rostock controls 4.9 percent. The arrangement allows the vessels to land fish in Icelandic ports. The vessels will fish for oceanic redfish, which is popular in the German market, off the southwestern coast of Iceland .^^ The outlook for the FRG high-seas fleet is for the fleet to slowly continue to decline, although some modem vessels may be added in the coming years. The addition of several super-trawlers designed to fish herring and mackerel did not spur a rebirth in German fisheries. Likewise, the addition of the former GDR fishing fleet had only a limited impact on German fisheries; most of the former-GDR fleet has been sold or scrapped. The FRG does not appear to be a major player in high-seas fisheries and this is unlikely to change in the next few years. The supertrawlers Jan Maria, the Annie Hillina, and the Gerda Maria are designed to fish for non- quota fish (mackerel and horse mackerel) and herring on the high-seas. These vessels are owned by Doggerbank Seefischerei, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Dutch Parlevliet company. Parlevliet & van der Plas BV also own the Dirk Diederick and the Dirk Dirk, some of the largest supertrawlers in the world also designed to fish for mackerel, horse mackerel and herring. This one company, operating these 5 vessels, is capable of fishing for pelagic species anywhere in the world. SOURCES Allgemeine Fischwirtschaftszeitung , February 1986 Burbach, Rolf and Ingo Fiedler, "The German Fishing Fleet on 3 1 . 12. 1991 , " Annual Report on German Fisheries, 1991/92, Federal Ministry of Food Agriculture and Forestry, in cooperation with the Federal Statistical Office, Boim, December 1992. Eurofish Report, various reports. Fisch International, various issues. Fishing News International, various reports. Folsom, William B."The Federal Republic of Germany's Fisheries, 1989," International Fisheries Report, IFR-90/89, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, December 14, 1990 Hjul, Peter. The Stem Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972. McFeeters, Brian D. "Germany's Fisheries Market," International Fisheries Report, IFR- 89/98, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, December 1, 1989. Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden; Aussenhandel nach Waren und Landren cited in European Supplies Bulletin, Sea Fish Industries Authority, United Kingdom U.S. Embassy, Bonn, various reports. World Fishing, various reports. 84 Table 1. -FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. Year Gross Registered Tons (GRT) Total 500-999 1,000-1,999 Over 2,000 GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. 1975 32,756 38 25,453 17 75,519 26 133,728 81 1976 32,104 37 21.201 14 75,519 26 107,644 77 1977 35,137 40 14,474 9 75,512 26 125,123 75 1978 34,736 39 12,689 8 72,834 26 120,259 73 1979 30,895 35 10,961 7 72,834 26 114,690 68 1980 21,055 24 9,717 6 72,834 26 103,606 56 1981 15,174 17 5,237 3 69,981 24 90,392 44 1982 13,567 15 5,888 3 57,473 19 76,928 37 1983 12,407 14 5,888 3 46,673 15 64,968 32 1984 12,407 14 3,938 2 49,229 16 65,574 32 1985 10,474 12 3,938 2 36,736 12 51,148 26 1986 9,026 10 1,943 1 18,150 6 29,119 17 1987 8,543 10 1,943 1 18,150 6 28,636 17 1988 6,556 8 - - 18,150 6 24,706 14 1989 6,024 7 1,178 1 23,995 7 31,197 15 1990 6,024 7 2,178 2 23,995 7 32,197 16 1991 19,845 23 18,171 10 68,974 23 106,990 56^ 1992 5,643 7 19,349 11 32,667 10 57,659 28 Source years. Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various Includes the former East German fishing fleet following unification on October 3, 1990. 85 00 3 •a c 00 c > o >^ z < a: u O u. O u J 03 D cu u a: < u Q w u. u 1 0\ 0^ 00 <7i OO 00 00 ON 00 IT) 00 00 OS 00 ON ■? g 00 00 (-1 Si -s; -Ci s < Z o o ■*' o o O o 00 O oo' ON o o oo o oC oo OtI c 2 OS w o o 00 00 o\ 00 ON o r- .S o O y 00 n o ON ON o ON On NO O NO NO_ oo' On 00 in so oo NO ON_^ ■^' NO OO cc tu ra n\ CQ — . U. 'i^ ^ tu u ■S T3 CO J3 f ) o O 6 c (U o Q ■*-* U u JS a (4-1 (U o 43 •o 3 (/3 S3 a y— V O -C Qi *"■ tl. rrl ^ n B u u gj O u 14-1 o <) c -§ 1 Q. Of! 3^ •^ c k. 01) V n ■n 4> •C tl. c i} ^ O u. 00 Table 3. --FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91. Area 1975 1 1980 1 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991' 1,000 Metric Tons Inland (FAO area 05) 15.0 18.2 24.0 24.2 24.0 25.1 29.0 31.0 55.3 Coastal" (Northeastern Atlantic and Baltic Sea, FAO area 27) 342.1 259.0 171.0 169.5 170.0 176.0 191.0 210.0 277.0 Distant-water: NE Atlantic, FAO area 21 80.2 23.3 30.4 9.0 8.2 9.0 14.3 9.4 22.9 E Atlantic, FAO area 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.7 NE Pacific, FAO area 67 0 8.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SE Pacific, FAO area 87 4.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sub-toal 84.6 31.3 30.4 9.0 8.2 9.0 14.3 9.4 35.6 Total 441.7 308.5 225.4 202.7 202.2 210.1 234.3 250.4 367.9 Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years. " Includes the catch of the former German Democratic Republic. '' The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern Greenland to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea. 87 ENDNOTES 1. The German Ministry for Food and Forestry reported that there were 75 vessels in the FRG high-seas fishing fleet in 1990. Angela Schindler-Daniels, U.S. Embassy, Bonn, Germany, fax dated September 10, 1993. 2. The vessel and her sister ships were all owned by a Dutch company. The 3 vessels were, however, registered as German fishing vessels. "Dutch emblem, German flag," Fisch International, May-June 1988, pp. 20-21. 3. This was prior to unification. Reunification added a considerable coastline to Germany, in the Baltic Sea. 4. The German Ministry for Food and Forestry as reported by Angela Schindler-Daniels, U.S. Embassy, Bonn, Germany, fax dated September 10, 1993. 5. For additional information see: William B. Folsom, "The Federal Republic of Germany's Fisheries, 1989," International Fisheries Report, IFR-90/89, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, December 14, 1990 and Brian D. McFeeters, "Germany's Fisheries Markel," International Fisheries Report, IFR-89/98, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, December 1, 1989. 6. Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden; Aussenhandel nach Waren und Landren cited in European Supplies Bulletin, Sea Fish Industries Authority, United Kingdom, p. 15. 7. This report deals only with the Federal Republic of Germany's fishing fleet prior to reunification in 1990, although some references are made to the former German Democratic Republic. It is still premature to talk authoritatively about the fisheries of the unified nation. 8. "German fishing vessel pool is a success, says DFFU," World Fishing, January 1987. 9. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, p. 153. 10. Peter Hjul, 772^ Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, p. 153. 11. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, pp. 153-157. 12. "No participation in fisheries umbrella," Eurofish Report, June 20, 1985. 13. "Nordsee" Deutsche Hochseefischerei GmbH (8 vessels in 1984 and 6 ships in 1985), Hanseatische Hochseefischerei AG (6 vessels in 1984, but none in 1985), Hochseefischerei Nordstem AG (3 vessels in 1984 and only 1 vessel in 1985), and Partenreederei Pickenpack, Hbg (2 vessels in 1984 and 1 vessel in 1985). Allgemeine Fischwirtschaftszeitung, No. 2, February 1986, p. 33. 14. "Restructured fleet gives trawlers a fresh start," Fishing News International, March 1986, p. 12. 15. "Despite losses since 1976. ..West Germany to stay in deepsea fishing," Fishing News International, March 1983, p. 64. 88 16. "More problems for Schleswig-Holstein cutter fleet," Eurofish Report, May 27, 1981, p. SP/9 and "Bankers concerned about German fleet's future," Eurofish Report, June 10, 1981, p. FS/2. 17. "A Norwegian view of the German market," Eurofish Report, February 10, 1982, p. FS/4. 18. "Despite losses since 1976... West Germany to stay in deepsea fishing," Fishing News International, March 1983, p. 64. 19. "Further contraction of high seas fleet feared," Eurofish Report, May 24, 1984, p. FS/7. 20. Manfred Koch, Managing Director, Deutsche FischFang-Union GmbH & Company, "West Germany's fishing fleet," World Fishing, January 1990, pp. 2-3. 21. "German fishing vessel pool is a success, says DFFU," World Fishing, January 1987. 22. Tom Wray, "Supply struggle," Fishing News International, March 1986, p. 11-12. 23. "A Norwegian view of the German market," Eurofish Report, February 10, 1982, p. FS/4. 24. "Chinese to purchase German technology," Eurofish Report, September 11, 1986, p. FS/5. 25. Rolf Burbach and Ingo Fiedler, "The German Fishing Fleet on 31.12.1991," Annual Report on German Fisheries, 1991/92, Federal Ministry of Food Agriculture and Forestry, in cooperation with the Federal Statistical Office, Bonn, December 1992. 26. "West Germany's 250-ton-a-day pelagic freezer," Fishing News International, January 1989, p. 40-45. 27. The Dirk Diederick was sold to Mauritania and the old Jan Maria was sold to Peru. 28. "Fresh fish filleter worth waiting for," Fishing News International, July 1990, p. 3. 29. "Third liner launched," Fishing News International, August 1993, p. 24. 30. Ian Strutt, "Iceland Buys into Rostock Fleet," Fishing News International, April 1993, p. 17. Germany ' Baluc Sea North Sea n 1 CO ^ OS c en o' en 0\ en -■5 ^ ~c cd o^" ^-1 Q 3- -^ o o 00 OS 1 PJ O 8 o r^ en 00 IT) SD_^ ■*' O > o to O r~-' O os' en o ^ ui > ti. u O U 00 8 r~' o .S OS ^ 1^ OS o in 00 OS .5^ OS o 8 w-i li^ _aj -C5 to " •S o g a < H rr 1 en 'i- so SO g ^ Ul, 00 m to r-_ ■ 1^ t^ C"? 0\ 00 en ^ (N oo' o P-' to ~< t/) r-~ so 1/-1 OS 00 en os_ a\ OS u-i OS u j> u5 i/i t/5 kN u !> m V5 c o c C UJ tj ^^ . O s OX) C3 e's (/5 IH .5 o ^ z ^ o H 1> 1- M2 .— IS ^^ ,S2 u ^ ^ o i2 ^ 1 OS 1' i: 6 OO 3 4S iZ f2S fSZ SZ ■eS u- t^ Bc^ so 0\ c3 u O c J3 r3 O •a s en O 3 o a § R O o 1 §; o d o o 2 0\ CO — ' •a o o o ON 00 q ri « O vo ^ NO 00 00 in 00 t^ o in 00 S^ t— 1 ■ ' W5 u >> O O 1 _ ^-t r^ 3 o y 00 in o\ o (N o > u z (U oa ts On 00 q o ' o in On Co 1 s _ *. T3 C3 o S3 O 1 rt 00 < O o a m s f~^ u. b ii = X) C ■2 n PJ 0 8 r-' •1 ^ « ■§ 4-1 o U-^ 2 s,.§ o 00 § o 8 00 ON >o NO in >n PJ 8 0, C/5 .tri u a 3 C > »— ' ^ o" -H •* f^ f^ o •S ^ fN .2 ^ > k, i.s Q Z < a PJ r^ J 00 ON (n VO NO ON On tu ■5- 8 ON VO NO_^ o' 0^ ^-H '^ o' ,_4 ro m r~-' ': ^-^ r^ || tN 1^ s y^ ^ 0^ c^ >o NO On 0 to PL, oo ^ NO ON^ On' 0 NO_^ Is m ,_J" rn O 00' ■^ (N ^ ^ ? ^.a >=> c O ■^ S ^^ VO O O rj 0 o ^^ ri o 00' f*^ > W5 . 0 [/) 00 c 00 c o 1-H <4-i O C f2 IJ U W3 "S ^ X5 J? ^ o II 'S. 1 3S ■53 E 3 i e 3 4c2 u e ^ 1 e2o f2 z £ z ■ss PL. e. o g 00 o 00 ON IT) On CO O 0\ OS in o ■a s cs 6 u- B - « 0) U 6 CQ q so o 00 O o in in O in O OS m 00 < 2 r-> a o Z o >^ 3 O > ■e I o < 3 O Jon u CO •a o 1 a o e u s p o <: u oo (3 u x> u o _o c u u I a o o C ■^ CO •O JJ - J3 so O ENDNOTES 1 . Dutch fishermen reportedly were fishing off Ireland in 1442. Alex Heskin, "The Development of a fishery: The Irish example," Bord lascaigh Mhara, Dublin, Ireland, printed in Proceedings of the International Seafood Trade Conference, Anchorage, Alaska, September 8-12, 1982, Alaska Sea Grant Report No. 83-2, January, 1983. 2. Alex Heskin, "The Development of a fishery: The Irish example," Bord lascaigh Mhara, Dublin, Ireland, printed in Proceedings of the International Seafood Trade Conference, Anchorage, Alaska, September 8-12, 1982, Alaska Sea Grant Report No. 83-2, January, 1983. 3. EC, Regional impact of the EEC's fisheries policy - Economic and social situation and outlook for the fisheries sector in certain regions of the Community: Ireland," Commission of the European Communities, International Information on Fisheries, May 1980. This document provides an in depth analysis of the Irish fisheries in the 1960s and 1970s. 4. The EC reportedly obtains 25 percent of its total catch from waters off the Irish coast while Irish fishermen are allowed to harvest only 4 percent of this fish. See: Donna Florio, "Expansion on the Emerald Isle," Seafood Business, March/ April 1991, p. 54. 5. Roger Fitzgerald, "Ireland's green thumb touches the sea," Seafood Leader, Spring 1988, p. 102. 6. Hugh Allen, "Ireland must unite her talents," World Fishing, March 1993, p. 26. The Irish were granted an extra 7,500 ton allocation of mackerel and gained a further 300 tons of haddock. They were also allowed to increase the size of the fleet by 3,000 tons to a total of 52,000 tons. 7. Mackerel and herring are quota species. 8. Financing for the Veronica reportedly was arranged by the Norwegian shipyards in cooperation with the Christiana Bank. 9. Tom MacSweeney, "Ireland's forward drive," Seafood International, May 1990, p. 26. 10. The Sectoral Development Committee Report, Irish Fisheries Organization News, attachment, October 1984. 11. The Irish Sea Fisheries Board, "Aimual Report and Accounts, 1981," Dublin, 1982. 12. The Irish Sea Fisheries Board, "Annual Report, 1990," Dublin, 1992. 13. "Irish fishing industry," World Fishing, March 1993, p. 21. 14. "Irish fishing industry," World Fishing, March 1993, p. 21. 15. The vessel was sold to the Lira Shipping Corporation of Liberia, which leased the ship to a Soviet -owned fishing company, which renamed the ship the Novator. 16. "Last bids for the Freezer Genesisl," Fishing News International, August 1993, p. 42. 107 108 2.7 ITALY The Italian high-seas fleet of 27 vessels is expected to decline by 1-4 vessels during the next few years. These vessels will be sold to third parties and probably will not be replaced. The authors do not anticipate a sudden shift in Italy's high-seas fleet from their current fishing grounds off West Africa. There is a possibility that Italian fishermen may wish to engage in a high-seas tuna fishing operation as consumption of tuna in Italy has increased in recent years.' CONTENTS 1. General Background 109 2. Fleet Background 110 3. Modernization Programs 110 4. Decommissioning Programs HO 5. Shipyards 110 6. International Agreements Ill 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans Ill Sources Ill Endnotes 116 1. General Background Italy is the second largest country in the EC in terms of population, after Germany. The country's 7,456 kilometer coastline borders the Adriatic, Aeonian, Ligurian, Tyrrhenian, and Mediterranean Seas. Its maritime boundaries touch on those of the newly independent Slovenia, Albania, Greece, Libya, Tunisia, Malta, Spain, and France. The Italian fishing fleet is the third largest in the EC after Greece and Spain. Most of these are small, coastal vessels that are manned by one- or two-man crews. The Italian coastal fishery expanded slowly following World War II, despite limited resources and increasing pollution, especially in the Adriatic Sea which has been subject to massive algae blooms in recent years. The Italian high-seas fleet was in operation before the start of World War II. The fleet reportedly included 12 vessels registering 5,000 GRT (an average of 417-GRT per vessel). By 1975, the extension of fishery zones off West African had begun to impact the Italian fishing fleet in the region; the number of vessels declined from 95 to 65 vessels between 1973 and 1975.^ Italy's 60 million consumers enjoy eating seafood, especially sole, plaice, hake, red mullet, sea bass, cuttlefish, squid, rainbow trout, and a variety of mussels.' Consumption of seafood averages about 15 kilograms per capita." The Italian fisheries catch has declined during the past few decades to slightly over 500,000 tons. Imports have increased going from 368,000 tons in 1988 to 410,000 tons in 1992.^ Exports remain small and stable: 67,000 tons in 1988 to 73,000 tons in 1992.* An overview of the Italian fishing industry can be seen in tables 1-3. 109 2. Fleet Background Italian shipyards produced a series of efficient stem trawlers during the 1960s for operation outside the Mediterranean, mostly along the coast of West Africa.' Some of these pioneering vessels included the Aspa Quareio (1,600-GRT) built in 1965 by Cantieri Navale Apuania S.A. A smaller vessel, the Andrea Speat (630-GRT) was also built in 1965 by Cantiere Navale di Pesaro. The shipyard built the Luca Speat (780-GRT) in 1987. Nembo {850-GRT) and Pelago (850-GRT) were built in 1967 for operations off West Africa. The Storione (1,233- GRT) also was launched in 1978. Two years later, the Tontini Pesca Terzo (1 ,580-GRT) was built along with the Airone (1,251-GRT). By 1977, the Italian high-seas fleet included 19 vessels licensed to fish inside the 200-mile EEZ off the United States (see table below). These vessels ranged in size from the 3,600-GRT trawler Assunta Tontini Madre down to the 622-GRT Niccla Specchio. All of these vessels were less than 10 years old, making the Italian high- seas fleet one of the most modem in the world at that time. In 1971, the De Giosa Guiseppi (900-GRT) was built by Soc. Esercizio Cantieri as part of a series of ships which numbered at least 7 vessels: the seventh vessel was named the Carlo di Fazio. The series of stem trawlers built by Italy helped establish that country as a producer/operator of very fine fishing vessels. In 1979, the Societia Esercizio Cantieri SPA launched the Shekeleh (1,600-GRT) freezer stem trawler for the State Fishing Corporation of Tema, Ghana and the Anzika, a tuna purse seiner for the Congo.* The United States became a customer of 8 tuna seiners in December 1981.' In 1983, Italian shipyards launched the tuna seiners, Bonnie and Jennifer (1,000-GRT) for customers in Mexico; the vessel was one of many vessels ordered by clients from Algeria, the United States, Somalia, and Angola.'" The high-seas fleet included 26 vessels over 500-GRT by 1984." These vessels were operating in Angola, Benin, Guinea, Guinea (Bissau), Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and the United States and reportedly harvested 40,0000 tons of fish and shellfish.'' Despite the rapid growth of the Italian high-seas fleet in the 1970's, the fleet was buffeted by losses. From a highpoint of 60 vessels (57,000-GRT) in 1975 the fleet has steadily declined to about 27 vessels (26,000-GRT) in 1992. Most reports dealing with Italy point to the extension of the 200-mile regimes in the mid-1970s as one of the reasons for this decline. However, the trend has been consistently downwards without any sudden changes. Also, unlike many other countries, Italian fishermen did not significantly increase the size of the high-seas fleet during the years 1986-89." The pride of the Italian high-seas fleet, the Assunta Tontini Madre (3,817-GRT) fished for squid off the United States until 1983 when it was sold to the Faroe Islands; the vessel was the largest in hs class and was never replaced. 3. Modemization Programs Italy's first fisheries development plan was officially aimounced in Act No. 41 of Febmary 17, 1982 The program was part of a plan to modemize Italy's fishing industry and required the govemment to prepare a new national plan for fisheries every three years.'" These programs were later supplemented by similar programs managed by the EC. The Campbell Shipyards in San Diego, Califomia delivered the Rio Mare (1, 500-GRT), a Super Pacific Class tuna seiner for Italy in 1991." The Rio Mare is one of the few new ships added to the Italian high-seas fishing fleet in recent years. It was only 10 years ago that Italian shipyards were producing tuna seiners for the U.S. tuna fishing fleet. 4. Decommissioning Programs Italy, as an EC member state, was required to trim the size of the nation's fishing fleet starting in 1986. The original plan was to reduce the number of vessels to the size of the entire fishing fleet in 1983. Most of the reduction in the Italian fleet was aimed at trimming the size of the small coastal fleet that operated in the Adriatic and around Sicily."* In 1987, the EC again outlined a plan to reduce the size of the Italian fleet which also called for the reduction of the high-seas fleet." 5. Shipyards Italian shipyards have produced first class fishing vessels for years. These shipyards have a reputation for building excellent fishing vessels that have attracted buyers from around the world. Information on Italian shipyards in recent years is scant, but there is nothing to suggest that Italian shipyards could not resume building new vessels if the Italian industry decided to rejoin the high-seas fisheries. 110 6. International Agreements Italy began fishing off the coasts of many African nations before it became a member of the EC and before the EC received permission to negotiate international fishery treaties on behalf of member states. The EC has since initiated bilateral agreements with almost all of the countries where Italian vessels once fished. Italian fishing vessels first began fishing off the United States in 1972, for example, where it reportedly caught an average of 16,000 tons of squid annually.'* Nineteen Italian vessels were licensed to fish in U.S. waters in 1977 following the extension of U.S. waters to 200-miles (see table below). Italian vessels were also fishing for squid and cod off the coast of Canada and were allowed to fish for hake off the Namibian coast." The agreement with the United States, like those of other countries, was replaced by an agreement with the European Community once that body was given permission to negotiate international fishery agreements by its member states. The Americanization of United States fisheries gradually led to the phase-out of Italian fishing in U.S. waters on January 1, 1987. Although the EC has replaced Italy as the competent authority for negotiating international agreements, Italian fishermen were permitted to continue privately fishing initiatives with Sierra Leone (4 vessels), Nigeria (4 vessels), and Somalia (2 vessels) as late as 1983.™ Italy's bilateral fisheries agreement with Yugoslavia was extended for 6 months in 1978, but was later terminated.'' Italian high-seas vessels reportedly caught 65,900 tons in distant-waters in 1991 (Table 3). The majority of this catch was in the Central Eastern Atlantic region of West Africa where EC agreements allow Italian vessels to fish under license. A smaller quantity (less than 10,000 tons) was harvested in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean around the Falkland Islands (see appendix 29-31). Finally, the Italian fleet caught 16,500 tons in the Western Indian Ocean; this was not, however, tuna. The Italians did, however, briefly fish for southern bluefin tuna {Thunnus maccoyii) in the Western Indian Ocean in 1987-90 with a total catch of 707 tons for the entire 4 years. ^^ The Italian catch in the Indian Ocean in 1991 consisted of a variety of different marine fish and shellfish suggesting the operation of a fleet of small vessels." The authors have no information about Italy's fisheries in the Indian Ocean. Somali sources, however, recently reported that "pirate trawlers" from Italy and other countries are illegally fishing at night for lobster, crab, and tuna in Somali waters. No documentation exists for this claim made by Mohamed Abshir Muse of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front.-" 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans'' The Italian 1992 high-seas fleet of 27 vessels will doubtlessly continue to decline by 1-4 vessels per year for the next few years pending some unforeseen development. These ships will be sold to third parties and probably will not be replaced. The authors do not anticipate a sudden shift in Italy's high-seas fleet from their current fishing grounds off West Africa. Consumption of tuna has increased in Italy in recent years^* and it is possible that Italian fish processing firms might be interested in establishing a high-seas tuna fishing venture similar to those operated by Spain and Italy. Italy, as an EC member, is eligible for allocations of tuna off West Africa or in the Indian Ocean. Italian fishermen have experience fishing for tuna off West Africa and it would be fairly easy for them to begin fishing tuna. SOURCES "Campbell launches first tuna seiner for Italy," News Release, Campbell Shipyard, San Diego. DiPalma, Salvatore. U.S. Regional Fisheries Attache in Copenhagen, Denmark to William L. Sullivan, Jr., February 13, 1975. Eurofish Report, various issues. FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics - Catches and landings. 1991, Vol. 72, United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1993. Fishing News International, various issues. Ill Folsom, William B." Italian canned tuna industry, 1989," International Fisheries Report, IFR- 90/91, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Silver Spring, MD, December 26, 1990. Hjul, Peter (Editor). The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd. London, 1972 "Italy's International Fishing Relations, International Fisheries Report, IFR-78/12, Office of International Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., January 20, 1978. La Peche Maritime, various issues. Murphy, Yvette and Gian Franco Carrettoni, "Benvenuti in Italia," Seafood International, September 1993. "Somalia: Fish pirates," Seafood Leader, July /August 1993, p. 62. U.S. Embassy, Rome, various reports. World Fishing, various issues Italy CagI \ Sardinia iVediteiranean Sea 112 Table 1. -ITALY. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. Year Gro<« Upoistprpfl Tnn' O \ / -999 1,000 500^ -1,999 Over 2,000 CRT No. CRT No. GRT No. GRT No. 1975 26,157 38 30,889 22 - - 57,046 60 1976 25,657 37 27,856 20 4,000 57,513 58 1977 24,386 35 26,486 19 4,000 54,872 55 1978 23,277 33 25,109 18 3,817 52,203 52 1979 21,709 31 25,412 18 3,817 50,938 50 1980 21,709 31 23,769 17 3,817 49,295 49 1981 16,935 24 20,616 15 3,817 41,368 40 1982 16,009 22 21,629 16 3,817 41,455 39 1983 15,190 21 18,952 14 3,817^ 37,959 36 1984 14,292 20 18,602 14 - - 32,894 34 1985 14,619 20 16,339 12 - - 30,958 32 1986 13,346 18 16,339 12 - - 29,685 30 1987 13,688 18 17,644 13 - - 31,332 31 1988 13,688 18 17,644 13 - - 31,332 31 1989 13,688 18 16,402 12 - - 30,090 30 1990 13,688 18 16,402 12 - - 30,090 30 1991 13,073 17 16,402 12 - 29,475 29 1992 13,073 17 13,163 10 - - 26,236 27 Source: years. Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various ' The 3,817-GRT stem trawler, the Assunta Tontini Madre, Italy's largest fishing vessel, was built in Viareggio in 1976 and fished for squid off the Atlantic coast of the United States. The ship was sold to Faroese fishing interests in 1986. 113 fS o 8 u so o o uu o OS o (^ CN o o i^ On S oo' (N so' o in (N •"^ in m 'ob C/5 OS 8 o o OS in uu -a o OS S d" so oo' (N oo' in J a a to (N 00 o in in in ^ i 1 •a Di )ri 00 . 00 2 00 00 > OS SO so in so so o in -2 ^ b OS oT m m so' in ^' in 3 -J -; "2 ^ ^ c 00 oo oo M3^ m 00 tn OS_ 1 to ^ 2 OS "^ rn m ^ »■ a Si u •S OS f<^ so m in m u 3.3 ^ o ^O SO in in 00 U 1 > 00 OS so r4 Os' O so Os' (N Os' so in o o 3 ^ O <^ .9 •« >- "B -J 00 OS O so' SO O OO so' 00 m Os o' ro 00 in 8 o' -a ^ ■S o H £ a < oo :| in ■* Os 8 o o5 fe <4> c9 OS s so' m r^' Os' m r-' (^1 r^j r<-) m ■5 ^ ? g '^cS 00 so OS OS so OS in Os_ ■* o 8 !3 00 OS in oC (^ r~' in in Tf' < s tt. >^ c« ■■ 3 S .2 y !g Crt (/I u s ^ t/i 3 > O Uh u U M W3 "^ c o ti u 00 c/5 . o U .5 o o C/5 o H o ID i_ p O 1^ II '5. a. 1^ 1' 00 3 WiOS J5 'S ■- z £ fSS fSz 5Z ■rS B^ Table 3. --ITALY. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91 1 Q'7< 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1,000 Metric Tons Inland (FAO area 05) 19.1 34.5 48.2 50.6 55.2 58.2 61.4 57.3 56.7 Coastal Mediterranean, FAO area 37 352.0 353.0 500.6 471.1 447.8 452.6 418.6 405.9 425.7 Distant-water: NW Atlantic, FAO area 21 4.4 9.4 8.6 7.4 0 0 0 0 0 Northeastern Atlantic and Baltic Sea, FAO area 27 0 2.4 .4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Western Central Atlantic, FAO area 31 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eastern Central Atlantic, FAO area 34 19.0 33.0 26.3 35.0 40.8 44.3 51.9 33.8 39.5 South Western Atlantic, FAO area 41 0 0 0 1.0 6.0 10.7 6.3 8.5 9.9 South Eastern Atlantic, FAO area 47 11.3 3.3 4.1 4.2 6.1 5.7 4.7 0 0 Western Indian Ocean, FAO area 51 0 13.0 .7 0 6.0 4.5 6.0 14.5 16.5 Sub-total 34.7 61.1 41.3 47.6 58.9 65.2 68.9 56.8 65.9 Total 405.8 448.6 590.1 569.3 561.9 576.0 548.9 520.0 548.3 Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years. 115 ENDNOTES 1. See: William B. Folsom, "Italian canned tuna industry, 1989," International Fisheries Report, IFR-90/91, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Silver Spring, MD, December 26, 1990. 2. Letter from Salvatore Di Palma, U.S. Regional Fisheries Attache in Copenhagen, Denmark to William L. Sullivan, Jr., February 13, 1975. 3. Yvette Murphy and Gian Franco Carrettoni, "Benvenuti in Italia," Seafood International, September 1993, pp. 28-29. 4. "Italian fish production and consumption erratic," Eurofish Report, June 17, 1993, p. SP/2. 5. "Italian fish production and consumption erratic," Eurofish Report, June 17, 1993, p. SP/2. 6. "Italian fish production and consumption erratic," Eurofish Report, June 17, 1993, p. SP/2. 7. Peter Hjul, The Stem Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd. London, 1972, pp. 157-160. 8. WorW Fishing, March 1979. 9. "USA tuna seiners from Italian yard," Fishing News International, November 1981. 10. La Peche Maritime, February 20, 1983, p. 101. 1 1 . "Italic: La flotte de peche lointaine: 4 1 bateaux caputurant 40 000 t," La Peche Maritime, December 20, 1984, p. 677. This number does not agree with the number reported by Lloyd's Register. 12. "Italic: La flotte de peche lointaine: 41 bateaux caputurant 40 000 t," La Peche Maritime, December 20, 1984, p. 677. 13. One vessel (1,305-GRT) was, however, added to the high-seas fleet in 1987. 14. "Italy curbs fleet with licensing, " Fishing News International, October 1988, p. 5 1 . An excellent, indepth study of the Italian program to modernize the fishing industry is available in: "Italy... an OECD profile," World Fishing, February 1991, pp. 19-21. 15. "Campbell launches first tuna seiner for Italy," News Release, Campbell Shipyard, San Diego. 16. "Le plan de restructuration de la flotte de peche," La Peche Maritime, June 1985. 17. "Le plan 1987-1991," La Peche Maritime, April 1988, p. 245. 18. "Italic: La flotte de peche lointaine: 41 bateaux caputurant 40 000 t," La Peche Maritime, December 20, 1984, p. 677. 19. "Italian distant-water fleet concentrated in US waters," Eurofish Report, August 16, 1984, p. FS/2. 116 20. "Possible USG west African fisheries initiative," U.S. Embassy, Rome, September 16, 1983. No information is available on when these private agreements expired. 21. An interesting examination of Italy's foreign relations up to 1978 can be obtained from "Italy's International Fishing Relations, International Fisheries Report, IFR-78/12, Office of International Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., January 20, 1978. 22. FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics - Catches and landings, 1991, Vol. 72, United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1993. 23. The 1991 catch in the Western Indian Ocean included scorpionfish, seabreams, porgies, cuttlefish, common squids, etc. 24. "Somalia: Fish pirates," Seafood Leader, July/August 1993, p. 62. 25. This section was reviewed by the Director of EC and International Relations for the Italian Ministry of the Merchant Marine who reported that the NMFS analysis was accurate. "National Marine Fisheries Service World Fleet Study," U.S. Embassy Rome, August 13, 1993. 26. Yvette Murphy and Gian Franco Carrettoni, "Benvenuti in Italia," Seafood International, September 1993, pp. 29. 117 118 2.8 NETHERLANDS The Dutch operate some of the largest fishing vessels in the world, including 1 3 super-seiners and stem trawlers that can fish anywhere in the world for extended periods of time. Some of these ships have fished off the Falklands, Morocco, Peru, and Argentina. These vessels are all fairly new to the Dutch fleet; the super-trawlers Astrid and Holland were built in 1986. The pelagic super-seiner Cornelis Vrolijk Fzn (at 6,500-GRT) was launched in 1988. It was followed by the Franziska, Dirk Diederik and Zeeland. All are ultra-modem vessels able to catch, freeze, and transport large quantities of fish to distant markets. These Dutch vessels for herring, horse mackerel, mackerel and silver smelt in the North Sea. They are, however, capable of harvesting other species; they have the capacity to fish anywhere in the world. Three Dutch vessels were reflagged in Panama and another 3 vessels in Cypms in 1993. CONTENTS 1. General Background 119 2. Fleet Background 120 3. Modernization Programs 121 4. Decommissioning Programs 121 5. Shipyards 121 6. Intemational Agreements 122 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 122 Sources 122 Endnotes 127 1. General Background The Dutch have fished for centuries' and Holland's 15 million citizens enjoy eating seafood and are willing to pay premium prices for fresh fish, shellfish, and other seafood products, although herring is the most prized species in Holland.' Thanks to growing affluence, Dutch per capita consumption of fish and shellfish reached 14.2 kilograms in 1990.^ Dutch fishermen landed over 434,000 tons of fish and shellfish in 1992, making Holland the sixth largest fishing nation in the European Community. Plaice, sole, herring, mackerel, horse mackerel, cod, shrimp, mussels, and cockles are important species harvested by Dutch fishermen. Dutch entrepreneurs export fresh and value-added seafoods to markets around the world; the value of Dutch fishery exports went from $512 million in 1980 to $1.4 billion in 1991." Modem fishing vessels, ports, processing plants, and transport 119 facilities make the Netherlands a vital link in intra- European trade.' The Dutch fleet in 1990 included 573 coastal vessels (called "cutters"), 148 dredgers (which harvest cockles, mussels, and oysters), 27 stem trawlers and/or beamers, and 14 high-seas trawlers.' The high-seas vessels can either fish or operate as a "klondykers" (buying fish caught by others), processing and delivering the catch to distant ports as a "reefer" (refrigerated transport). Dutch coastal fisheries are tightly regulated and the Dutch government is attempting to reduce the size of the coastal fleets in compliance with EC directives. By all standards, the Dutch fishing fleet is considered very modem and cost-effective.' Dutch fishermen also have a reputation for overfishing among other European fishermen.* This may be attributed to the size and efficiency of some of Holland's newest vessels which fish for mackerel, horse mackerel, and herring in EC waters and on the high-seas.' Dutch officials report that 1990 and 1991 were very profitable for Dutch fishermen, thanks to increasing prices for fish and shellfish on the Dutch and export markets. An overview of the Dutch fishing industry can be seen in tables 1-3. 2. Fleet Background Dutch fishermen faced many of the difficulties encountered by other European fishermen in the 1970s and 1980s. These included a relatively short coastline of some 367 kilometers, a large fleet of small, aging vessels, reliance on distant fishing grounds (in the English Channel, North Sea, and off Ireland) and the loss of some of these fishing grounds when many nations decided to extend their jurisdictions out to 200-miles. Dutch fishermen also had to deal with increasingly strict fish quotas and the problems of overfishing, rising fuel prices, and unstable prices for fish products in the 1970s and early 1980s. The Dutch reacted to the challenge by (1) increasing their imports of fish and shellfish, and (2) by modernizing their fisheries. The commitment to modernization can be seen in the development of their high-seas fishing fleet. Dutch fishermen were among the first Europeans to build and operate high-seas fishing vessels. The Yke (540-GRT), the Cornelis Vrolijk Fzn (606-GRT), and the Zeehaan (559-GRT) are stem trawlers built in Dutch shipyards in 1966.'" The Cornelis Vrolijk Fzn was a popular name, since another trawler bearing that name was built in 1980; a 1,840-GRT vessel described as a "jumbo-sized freezer stem trawler" when the ship was delivered. The Boeier. a new high-capacity freezer trawler from the Ysselwerf Shipyard near Rotterdam, was also delivered in 1980. In 1981, several new Dutch-built stem trawlers were launched, including: Annie Hillina, Schoener, Johanna Maria, and Klipper.^' These new vessels were designed to fish for herring, horse mackerel, and mackerel. The Dutch catch of mackerel went from 11,100 tons in 1971 to an estimated 96,000 tons in 1982. Much of the mackerel catch was delivered to clients in Africa, mostly in Nigeria.'^ In 1983, the Dutch began discussions with the United States and started fishing off the Atlantic coast of the United States in 1984.'^ This was the same year that the Alida was delivered to A. van der Zwan of Scheveningen; the vessel was built to catch and freeze large quantities of mackerel." The Dirk Dirk (3,019-GRT) was also delivered in 1984 and briefly held the honor of being Holland's largest fishing vessel." The Netherlands had the finest fleet of fishing vessels operating anywhere in the world by 1984." This was also the year that Dutch fishery officials first expressed the concem that the Dutch fleet was growing too quickly and that quotas might have to be reduced in the next few years.''' In 1985, the supertrawlers Astrid and Holland were launched in Dutch shipyards. The Astrid replaced the Dirk Dirk as Holland's largest vessel at 98 meters in length." The Dutch Govemment was required by the EC in 1986 to reduce the size of its fleet; most of this effort was directed at the beam trawler fleet and other vessels under 500-GRT. The Dutch high-seas fleet, which operated well beyond Holland's fishing grounds, was also affected." The Dutch fleet began directing their efforts at horse mackerel and began developing markets for this fish in Africa and Asia in 1986.^° Dutch fishermen took delivery of the Tetman Hette from the Polish Centromor shipbuilding organization in July 1988. The ship was a B-674-class freezer trawler designed to fish for herring.^' The third vessel named Cornelis Vrolijk Fzn (6, 500-GRT) was launched in 1988." The ship was too big to berth at its home port!'^ The Dutch Seafrozen Fish Foundation operates the Cornelis Vrolijk Fzn, which was the world's largest stem trawler when it was built in the YVC Ysselwerft shipyards in Rotterdam. The vessel was able to freeze up to 250 tons per day, making it the largest pelagic fishing vessel 120 50 20 1975 1980 1985 1990 92 ■Vessels CA'er 500-GRT "Tonnage Figure 1. -The Dutch high-seas fleet, 1975-92. operated by the Seafrozen Fish Foundation?" The Franziska, another super trawler, was also delivered to the same owners in that year. These supertrawlers are designed to operate far from home ports. The Franziska reportedly fished off Peru and Argentina in 1989. The vessel reportedly was fishing for mackerel, horse mackerel, herring, and silver smelt in the North Sea, Shetlands, north and west of Scotland, and west and south of Ireland in 1993." Another of the supertrawlers was reported fishing off the Falklands^* and two others off Morocco." The supertrawler Dirk Diederik was delivered to Parlevliet & van der Plas BV from the Welgelegen shipyards in Harlingen, Holland in 1990. The ship is equipped to catch, grade, freeze, and pack up to 250 tons of herring, mackerel, and horse mackerel a day. The ship can store 5,400 cubic meters of fish at -28 degrees.'* The ship is designed to fish in any ocean of the world and is expected to range the high-seas seeking mackerel and horse mackerel.-' Another ship delivered in 1990 was the Zeeland, another super- class vessel.'" 3. Modernization Programs Following a significant reduction between 1975 and 1979, Dutch fishermen began ordering new fishing vessels in 1980.^' The Dutch tax system at that time encouraged fishermen to invest in larger, more efficient vessels during periods of high profitability to avoid high taxes." This would explain why Dutch fishermen were investing heavily in the early 1980s, despite reportedly poor landings during the early part of the 1980s. The Minister of Economic Affairs, Andriessen, informed the Dutch parliament on March 5, 1990, that the State had allocated $7.8 million to supplement the $49 million previously allocated to the Dutch shipbuilding industry for 1990. This brings the total Dutch shipbuilding subsidy to $57 million for 1990.^ No funds, however, have been identified by the authors for construction of high-seas fishing vessels. Dutch authorities report that the fleet modernization program has come to a temporary end, because emphasis is now being placed on reducing the size of the Dutch cutter fleet, to bring the coimtry into compliance with EC regulations concerning the size of national fleets. 4. Decommissioning Programs The Dutch Govenmient has initiated several major decommissioning schemes in the past 30 years. '^ The first apparently was undertaken in 1975 when 102 vessels were decommissioned followed by 67 additional vessels being decommissioned in 1976. Altogether, a total of 180 fishing vessels were withdrawn from Dutch registers at considerable expense to Dutch taxpayers.'* The move appears to have been caused by the loss of traditional distant- water fishing grounds and by the realization that EC quotas would not permit the Dutch to expand their fisheries. Decommissioning programs, aimed at reducing the size of the coastal fleet, continued to operate in 1991 when 30 cutters were decommissioned. Cor Vrolijk of Comelis Vrolijk announced that his firm had ordered another stem trawler to be built at the Ijsselwrf Yard YVC of Capelle aan den Ijssel near Rotterdam. The trawler will be the largest in the Dutch fleet when it is delivered in June 1994." 5. Shipyards Dutch shipyards have a reputation for building some of the largest fishing vessels in the world. Dutch-built vessels are sold to clients around the world. 121 Dutch fleet operators are unlikely to continue to build supertrawlers in the next few years. The vessels have simply become too large for existing quotas and the trend in recent construction has been to build slightly smaller vessels. 6. International Agreements The Netherlands is a member state of the European Community and follows EC directives concerning fishing in international waters. Dutch high-seas fishermen were allowed to fish for mackerel and other species off the east coast of the United States beginning in 1984. This operation lasted until U.S. fishermen were able to harvest these species and no surplus stocks were left for allocation to foreign fleets. The Dutch were among the first to press for the EC to obtain fishing rights in Peru and Chile." 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans The Dutch high-seas fishing fleet of 13 "super" trawlers and pelagic stem trawlers (those over 1 ,000- GRT) will fish or buy mostly herring or mackerel species which they will freeze, transport, and sell profitably, despite low margins. These vessels transport fish in bulk to distant markets in Africa and Asia. The Dutch may begin to target the Iranian market in the next few years. ^* This fleet will range from the North to the South Atlantic and could easily fish in the Pacific or Indian Oceans if resources become available. In addition to these vessels, three aging Dutch fishing vessels, Ihe Anita I. (365-GRT built in 1964), the Aguas Santas (1,505-GRT built in 1949) and the Amazonas (1,219-GRTbuiltin 1948) appeared on the list of fishing vessels reflagged in Panama in 1993.-" The authors question how the Aguas Santas and the Amazonas, both over 1,000-GRT, could profitably operate in Panamanian waters. Four Dutch fishing vessels were also registered in Cyprus in 1993. * The Eefeje (84-GRT) and the Jan Willem (153-GRT) were identified as being decommissioned from EC rolls on October 24-25, 1988; both were shown to have been transferred to a third country (that was not identified). SOURCES BBH Corporation, "Exporting Seafood Products to Europe - Germany, the Benelux countries, and Spain," Seafood Business Report, 1986 Cor de Graaf " The Dutch high-seas fishing fleet," Marine International Fisheries Magazine, 1 986, pp. 15-16. "Dutch build up fleet despite quota warning," The Irish Skipper, April 1980. EC, Commission Decision of 24 April 1985 on the multiannual guidance program in respect of the fishing fleet submitted by the Netherlands pursuant to Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2908/83, Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 157/38, June 15, 1985. Eurofish Report, various issues. Fishing News International, various issues. Folsom, William B. "The Netherlands Fisheries, 1985-1989, " International Fisheries Report, IFR- 90/75, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., October 26, 1990 Ford, Robert. "The Dutch Mackerel Fishery," International Fisheries Report, IFR 84/34, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., May 4, 1984. Hjul, Peter (Editor), The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd, London, 1972, pp. 167-168. "HOLLAND: We fish in the name of God," Fish International, May-June, 1988 Kramer, Peter. "Holland's mighty trawlers," Fw/j/wg News International, September 1981 Lord, Richard. "Down to the sea with the Dutch," Seafood Leader, Spring 1988, p. 189. Office of Naval Intelligence. U.S. Navy. 122 "Pelagics frozen on-board," Seafood News, July 1993, p. 14. Seafood International, various issues. U.S. Embassy, The Hague, various reports. Wray, Tom. "Exports increase despite supply fears," Seafood International, November 1991 World Fishing, various issues. Netherlands North „ /) oea Helder \ Leeuwanton QfOmngen 123 Table I .--THE NETHERLANDS. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. Year Gross Registered Tons (CRT) Total 500-999 1,000 -1,999 Over 2,000 CRT No. CRT No. CRT No. CRT No. 1975 5,670 10 2,904 2 - 5,672 12 1976 4,500 8 4,437 3 - 4,503 11 1977 3,940 7 4,424 3 3,943 10 1978 6,316 10 3,352 2 - 6,318 12 1979 6,521 10 5,584 4 6,525 14 1980 9,091 14 5,584 4 9,095 18 1981 11,748 18 4,525 3 - 11,751 21 1982 16,191 24 7,949 6 - 16,197 30 1983 16,228 24 6,018 5 16,233 29 1984 15,129 23 1 1 ,662 9 11,367 4" 15,142 36 1985 12,829 20 9,162 7 17.709 6" 12,842 33 1986 12,264 20 6,031 5 22.364 8 12.277 33 1987 8.214 13 8,623 6 21.758 8 8,228 27 1988 12,493 2V 8,981 6 29.027 9- 12,508 36 1989 15,131 26 2,516 2 36.397 10' 15,143 38 1990 15,844 27 4,418 3 42.402 11' 15,858 41 1991 14,749 26 3.872 3 46.634 12 14.764 41 1992 14,749 26 1,079 1 46,634 12 14.762 39 Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Stalislical Tables. Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various years " The authors believe these to include the Alida, Ariadne, Dirk Dirk, and the Zeeland. " Believed to include the Astria and Holland. ' Presumably includes the Polish-built Tetman Hetle. ' Believed to be the Cornells Vrolijk Fzn. ' Believed to be the Fraziska. ' Believed to be the Dirk Diederik. 124 00 3 T3 a 00 c > o Q Z < OS u X H w z P-) X H I CN U o u (N tu o c o o so o o o so Os t-~ ^ ^^ OS o m ■* Tl- (^ u-i' f*^ W5 c-~ ^ Tf ob u OS crt tu UQ 'J 1^ Os W »-^ 1^"^ o so q. ^5 O CTv f^ so '— ' t-~ ^^ J 2 - o •^ *■ m' o^ to in ^ Tj- S t- ^^ '"' rf •^' to O -S •w s 1 f2 «J U — ^ /-^ •B tu 00 oo S u » .1.1 ■5 1 so OS m oo r<-i 00 in q^ IT) On 00 ON t— 4 i^ — in in ro ^oT i^ S — 2i o ■a OS 00 oo 2 "a so sO_^ so so 00 O in csT oo' OS ?« - ^ EO 2 § "-> ^ ^ *** ^ ^ "C s oo' 00 00 so' O 0< o 3 s T-H .K in ,__ oo' Tt •■ tS .2 •§ "* ^ P ^J ^^ «^ lo 00 § rsl OS 00 OS in q^ ro 00 M i2 '■= o\ ^ o" m rsT •rt-' q^ >\ *"• m —• m ■^' 3 5 s Cfl • • 3 S.2 c/^ t« H S 3 > )m S 13 C/5 0 on c o C C u u 5e OJ ^ . 0 00 c .5 o W5 C o H 1) t^ u T3 .1^ «= ^ cS^ s?^ a II 'S, 3^ 3i 00 3 ■abOi J5 'S ^ i ^S ^z 5S sS r3 5 u e £Z S- on >n r4 Table 3. -THE NETHERLANDS. -Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91 Area 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1 .000 Metric Tons Inland (FAO area 05) 4.4 2.0 3.8 4.3 5.2 5.4 4.0 3.1 4.1 CoastaH (Northeastern Atlantic and Baltic Sea, FAO area 27) 346.1 338.4 500.3 450.5 430.0 379.6 443.0 455.9 433.0 Distant- water: NE Atlantic, FAO area 21 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.9 12.4 4.7 0.0 6.0 SW Atlantic, FAO area 41 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sub-toal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.9 13.9 4.7 0.0 6.0 Total 350.5 340.4 504.1 454.8 446.1 398.9 451.7 459.0 443.1 Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years * The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern Greenland to the Baltic Sea and nortli to the Barents Sea. 126 ENfDNOTES 1 . The Netherlands is one of the oldest European fishing nations. See: "HOLLAND: We fish in the name of God, " Fish International, May-June, 1988, p. 7. 2. Herring is sold fresh, marinated, pickled, salted, smoked, or soused. A Dutch favorite is "maatjes", a pickled herring product. 3. Seafood consumption in Holland has risen by 31 percent since 1970. Tom Wray, "Exports increase despite supply fears," Seafood International, November 1991, p. 25. 4. Tom Wray, "Exports increase despite supply fears," Seafood International, November 1991, p. 25 and "The Netherlands: fish distribution and processing centre of Europe," World Fishing, June 1993, p. 5. 5. See: William B. Folsom, "The Netherlands Fisheries, 1985-1989," International Fisheries Report, IFR-90/75, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., October 26, 1990, BBH Corporation, "Exporting Seafood Products to Europe - Germany, the Benelux countries, and Spain," Seafood Business Report, 1986, and "The Netherlands: fish distribution and processing centre of Europe," World Fishing, June 1993, pp. 5-7. 6. For an earlier description of the Dutch fishing fleet see: William B. Folsom, "The Netherlands Fisheries, 1985- 1989," International Fisheries Report, IFR-90/75, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Coimnerce, Washington, D.C., October 26, 1990. 7. Richard Lord, "Down to the sea with the Dutch," Seafood Leader, Spring 1988, p. 189. 8. "Dutch processor expresses flatfish fears," Seafood International, November 1991, p. 41. 9. Richard Lord, "Down to the sea with the Dutch," Seafood Leader, Spring 1988, p. 189. 10. Peter Hjul (Editor), The Stem Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd, London, 1972, pp. 167-168. J 1. Peter Kramer, "Holland's mighty trawlers," Fishing News International, September 1981, pp. 40-41 and "More new trawlers and carriers for Dutch fleet," Fishing News International, March 1982, p. 25. 12. Robert Ford, "The Dutch Mackerel Fishery," International Fisheries Report, IFR 84/34, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., May 4, 1984. The IFR reported that Dutch exports to Nigeria increased from 37,000 tons in 1978 to 109,000 tons in 1982. 13. The Netherlands identified the following high-seas vessels that would be authorized to fish off the coast of the United States in 1984: Alida, Annie Hillina, Ariadne, Arctic, Astrid, Atlantic, Boeier, Caribil, Celtic, Cornells Vrolijk, Dirk Dirk, Eer Sluis, Hendrika Johanna, Holland, Johanna Maria, Joint Forest, North Pole, Prins Femhard, and Zeeland. 14. "Danish plant freezes Dutch ship's fish," Fishing News International, April 1984, p. 11. 15. The name Dirk Dirk was later used in the construction of a large vessel in the Federal Republic of Germany by Dutch fishing interests. 127 16. Tom Wray, "Quality ships for quality catches," Fishing News International, June 1984, p. 31. 17. "Two Ministers' views: Holland - "We do not wish to see further growth of our cutter fleet," World Fishing, August 1984, p. 5. 18. Pieter Kramer, "Holland's latest supertrawlers," Fishing News International, January 1985, p. 27. 19. EC, Commission Decision of 24 April 1985 on the multiarmual guidance program in respect of the fishing fleet submitted by the Netherlands pursuant to Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2908/83, Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 157/38, June 15, 1985. 20. Cor de Graaf, " The Dutch high-seas fishing fleet, " Marine International Fisheries Magazine, 1986, pp. 15-16. 21. "Poland builds for Holland and Iceland," Fishing News International, August 1988, p. 55. 22. "Trawler takes: year to build!," Fishing News International, August 1988, p. 39. 23. Fishing News International, July 1989, p. 13. 24. "120 meter Dutch freezer," Fishing News International, May 1993, p. 3. 25. "Pelagics frozen onboard," Seafood News, July 1993, p. 14. 26. The Dutch began fishing in 1988 (1 ,475 tons of mostly squid) and cotinued through 1990 (3,346 tons of mostly squid. See appendix 29 and 30 for details. 27. "Fleet curbs working - says Dutch ministry," Fishing News International, November 1989, p. 8. 28. "Pelagic freezer packs 3500 tons on pallets," Fishing News International, December 1990, pp. 32-33. The ship is similar to the West German pelagic freezer Jan Maria, operated by Doggerbank Seefischerie, which is wholly- owned by the same Dutch Parlevliet company, which owns the Dirk Diederik and the Dirk Dirk. 29. Parlevliet & Van der Plas operates 5 trawlers, 3 under the German flag and 2 under the Dutch flag. The 5 vessels reportedly catch or purchase (through klondyking) more than 100,000 tons of fish annually! Tom Wray, "Exports increase despite supply fears," Seafood International, November 1991, p. 26. 30. Apparently renamed after the vessel by that name launched in 1984. Fishing News International reported that the old Zeeland and the Holland was sold to Russia. "From Holland's YVC yard," Fishing News International, February 1990, p. 37. 31. "120 metre trawler ordered by Comelis Vrolijk," World Fishing, June 1993, p. 12. 32. "Investment continues in Dutch fleet," Eurofish Report, August 19, 1981, p. FS/3. 33. "Dutch order three more big freezer trawlers," Fishing News International, March 1983, p. 29. 34. "OECD: Dutch increase amount of available shipbuilding subsidy," U.S. Embassy, The Hague, March 13, 1990. 128 35. See also: William B. Folsom, "The Netherlands Fisheries, 1985-1989," International Fisheries Report, IFR- 90/75, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., October 26, 1990. 36. "Dutch build up fleet despite quota warning," The Irish Skipper, April 1980. Most of these vessels were small, wooden vessels used in coastal fisheries. EC fleet statistics confirm that the Dutch fishing fleet declined sharply between 1970 and 1979. 37. William B. Folsom, "The Netherlands Fisheries, 1985-1989," International Fisheries Report, IFR-90/75, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., October 26, 1990. 38. "Dutch owners fly in," Fishing News International, July 1992, p. 15. 39. Office of Naval Intelligence. U.S. Navy. 40. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy. 129 130 2.9 PORTUGAL Portugal's high-seas fishing fleet once included many modem, supertrawlers, but the fleet slowly fell into disrepair following the loss of Portugal's African colonies and the extension of 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) by many countries in the mid-1970s. The high-seas fleet declined from 79 vessels in 1981 to 54 vessels in 1992. Portugal joined the EC in 1986 and this resulted in an infusion of EC funding to help modernize the fishing fleet. The Portuguese fishing fleet currently operates off Canada, the Svalbard Islands (off Norway), the Falkland Islands, Morocco, Mauritania, and Guinea (Bissau) under EC agreements. Portuguese fishing vessels fish off Spain and South Africa under special bilateral agreements with the Government of Spain and under the terms of a bilateral agreement with the Republic of South Africa. Distant-water fishing remains an important source of fish for Portugal's high-seas fleet and the Portuguese could shift their fleet quickly to take advantage of new opportunities. A few Portuguese high-seas vessels could begin fishing off Argentina or Namibia in the near future. CONTENTS 1. General Background 131 2. Fleet Background 132 3. Modernization Programs 133 4. Decommissioning Programs 133 5. Shipyards 133 6. International Agreements 133 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 134 Sources 135 Endnotes 139 1. General Background Portugal has a long tradition of fishing. Portuguese fishermen first appeared off the coast of North America long before the arrival of the Pilgrims in 1620. Fishing, especially for the highly prized Atlantic cod, was long a mainstay of Portugal's fisheries. Local fisheries tend to focus on the harvesting of sardines, using many small purse seines. Many of Portugal's fishing vessels are small, wooden boats that operate out of small harbors. These brightly decorated vessels are attractive, but not very efficient. Nevertheless, Portuguese fishermen landed 325,000 tons of fish and shellfish in 1991' (see tables 2-3). The 1991 harvest included 193,500 tons caught in Portuguese waters and 131,500 tons (or 40 percent) taken in international waters (see table 3).' International waters account for between 30 and 40 percent of Portugal's total landings. Portugal's catch in international waters declined from a high of 160,000 tons in 1986 to a low of 85,000 tons in 1989, but has since increased, as vessels displaced from Namibia apparently shifted their operations into the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) area off Canada. 131 2. Fleet Background The coastal fleets contrasted with Portugal's fleet of modem high-seas vessels in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The extension of fishery jurisdiction by many countries to 200-miles and the loss of Portugal's former African possessions disrupted the growth of Portugal's fishing fleet and the fleet began to decline in both number and catch, while growing older. In 1986, Portugal joined the European Community and efforts to modernize Portugal's fisheries have begun to take effect. There is a great deal of activity associated with modernizing Portugal's fishing fleet. The Portuguese fishing fleet consisted of 16,251 vessels registering 186,523-GRT in 1990 and 14,866 vessels registering 183,306-GRT on December 31, 1991.' Portugal's fishing fleet, the third largest in the EC is an aging fleet. In 1990, there were 16,000 registered vessels including 14,000 vessels that operated within 50 kilometers of the Portuguese coastline (mostly under 9 meters in length). The "coastal fleet" (Azores and Madera) consisted of 1,960 trawlers, purse seiners, and multi-purpose vessels measuring over 9 meters, with a GRT not exceeding 180-GRT, and powered by engines of over 25 kilowatts (kw)."* The coastal fleet fishes for demersal and semi-pelagic species, such as hake, pouting, and horse mackerel. This fleet also fishes for shrimp and lobster. Purse seiners concentrate on fishing for sardines, which account for half of Portugal's trade in fishery products. Multi-purpose vessels fishing for scabbardfish, octopus, hake, red grouper, meagre, and seabass. The high-seas fleet consists of approximately 108 vessels' which traditionally operate in the North Atlantic (off Norway and Svalbard), the Central Eastern Atlantic (Morocco, Mauritania, and Guinea), and in the South Atlantic (from Angola to South Africa). In recent years, Portuguese high-seas vessels have begun operating in the Falkland's fishing grounds.' The catch peaked at 9,800 tons in 1988 (mostly hake) and declined to 1,500 tons in 1992. Only two Portuguese vessels, the Murtosa and the Pardelhas, are licensed to fish in the Falkland's EEZ in 1993. One of the first high-seas trawlers built in Portugal was the Santa Issuable (2,056-GRT) which was launched by the Estaleiros Sao Jacinto of Aveiro for Empresa de Pesca de Aveiro Ltda. in 1965. The vessel was built as a saltfish and a freezer stem trawler for fishing off Labrador and Newfoundland, Canada.' The Praia de Ericeira (1,138-GRT), launched in 1967, was the first of five freezer trawlers built to operate on the Atlantic hake grounds off southern Africa.^ The Luis Ferreira de Carvalho (2,389-GRT) was launched in 1969 as a freezer trawler designed to fish for cod in the northwest Atlantic' All of these vessels established Portugal as a high-seas fishing nation able to build and operate vessels over 2,000-GRT. By 1976, there were 13 of these giant trawlers listed in Portugal's fleet. There followed a period when many nations extended their fisheries jurisdictions out to 200-miles. This coincided with Portugal's loss of its colonies in Africa and a major change in govemment that caused tremendous dislocations in the country. It was during this time that Portugal's high-seas fleet of 2,000-GRT vessels gradually declined; by 1992 there were only 2 vessels in that range in Portugal's fishing fleet. In 1982, the Portuguese tuna superseiner, the Tunamar (1 ,200-GRT) was launched by Campbell Industries of the United States.'" The vessel was later reported using a helicopter to search for tuna while fishing off Cape Verde." By 1983, there were 24 firms belonging to the Portuguese Long Distance Fleet Association (ADAPLA).'' The year 1983 was gloomy for many reasons, but the loss of the lucrative cod fishing grounds off North America was one key reason. Many Portuguese fishermen were calling for the Govemment to allocate funds to scrap these old vessels or to modemize the fleet.'' During the next two years the Portuguese began negotiations on entry into the EC and problems with access to Spanish waters became a major problem for both countries.'" When Portugal joined the EC on January 1, 1986, the fleet was described as "colorful, but inefficient" and "unable to compete with the modem efficiency and competition of its new neighbors. '^ The EC announced that for the first 10 years of membership, the renovation of the Portuguese fishing fleet would receive priority.'* The newest vessel in the Portuguese fishing fleet is the Iris Do Mar, built in the Sao Jacinto shipyards in Portugal. The vessel is 69 meters long (no tonnage figure available) and is built to fish for cod and other demersal species in the North Atlantic using Baader filleting equipment. The vessel will have an endurance of 22,000 miles and 150 fishing days. The vessel was built using EC grants and was expected to begin fishing in Febmary 1992." 132 3. Modernization Programs The Portuguese Council of Ministers allocated $150 million to rebuild the Portuguese fishing fleet in 1983. The five year plan includes funding for the construction and outfitting of 370 vessels, including 150 vessels for the artisanal fleet, 34 trawlers for the industrial/pelagic fleet, 34 vessels for coastal fisheries, 20 tuna seiners, and 15 freezer trawlers. The plan also called for the modernization of 60 fishing vessels. The program was designed to increase the tonnage of the Portuguese fishing fleet from 292,000-GRT in 1981 to 496,000-GRT by 1987." Despite this announcement, modernization of the Portuguese fleet lagged and many of the vessels were 10 to 15 years old when Portugal joined the EC on January 1, 1986. On July 4, 1986, the EC announced a program to modernize Portugal's aging fleet." The purpose of the program was to restructure the fishing fleet by replacing obsolete vessels and modernizing vessels in service. The plan called for 70 vessels to be modernized and over $55 million in funds to be spent modernizing the fleet. The Multiannual Guidance Program (MAGP) for the Portuguese fleet called for continued modernization of the fleet including redeploying fishing activities in coastal areas.-" Funding for fleet modernization between 1986 and 1990 amounted to $165 million and was provided primarily by the EC and the Government of Portugal. Funding for upgrading the fishing fleet amounted $20 and $145 million was earmarked for the construction of 127 new vessels. Approximately $211 million were used for modernizing Portugal's aging port infrastructure and fish processing industry.^' 4. Decommissioning Programs The EC's Multiannual Guidance Program (MAGP) for the Portuguese fleet called for a slight reduction in the size of the fleet from 216,000-GRT in 1986 to 210,000-GRTby 1991, while the fleet was being modernized. Portuguese fishermen took advantage of EC decommissioning programs to decommission 45 vessels between 1987 and 1988.-- The decommissioned vessels included the Rio Lima (1,329-GRT) which was sold to a third country in 1988, the Capitao Ferreira (735 -GRT) which was scrapped, the Nuno Filipe (1,299-GRT), and the Senhora do Mar (1,161 -GRT) which were both sold to third countries in 1988." The Portuguese high- seas fleet declined from 74 vessels in 1986 to 54 vessels in 1992, a decrease of 20 vessels since Portugal joined the EC. 5. Shipyards The Mar de Hielo (approximately 2,056-GRT) was built in Portuguese shipyards for delivery to a customer in Spain in 1966, thus establishing Portuguese shipyards as qualified to produce high- seas fishing vessels. -'' Portuguese shipyards still have the capacity to produce high-quality vessels, but appear to have lagged behind the Spanish in the development of new and innovative fishing vessels after the 1970s and into the 1980s. Fishing News International in July 1992 reported that the Sao Jacinto shipyards, which were working on the Iris Do Mar, a large stem trawler, was also busy attempting to work on a variety of new trawlers being built thanks to the availability of EC grants to Portuguese fishermen.^ 6. International Agreements Prior to accession to the European Community, Portugal negotiated agreements with the German Democratic Republic, Japan, Morocco, Mozambique, South Africa, Spain, and the Soviet Union. Portuguese fishermen also had historical fishing interests in Angola, Canada, Gambia, Guinea (Bissau), and Senegal. Upon entry into the EC, the responsibility for negotiating new or replacement agreements shifted to the Community.^* In accordance with the EC accession treaty, Portugal's third country agreements were guaranteed by the EC. In the case of a new country agreements, with whom the EC holds no fishing agreement, the EC agreed to negotiate agreements to ensure the traditional fishing activities of the member state are not disrupted. Since accession to the EC in 1986, the only bilateral fishing agreement retained by Portugal is the fishing agreement with the Republic of South Africa signed in 1979. This treaty entered into effect in 1988 and provides Portugal with an annual fishing quota of 700 tons." 133 A special 10-year "transitory regime" between Portugal and Spain was approved when Portugal and Spain joined the EC. According to this agreement, the following may operate within the Portuguese 12- mile limit: ■ 21 Spanish trawlers; only 1 1 ships may fish at any given time. Species fished are mainly hake and mackerel The same rules apply to Portuguese vessels fishing in Spanish waters. ■ "Palangreiero" ships: Permission for 75 vessels to operate north of Peniche, Portugal, and 15 vessels to fish south of the port of Peniche. ■ Fishing for tuna is permitted by 70 Spanish vessels from May to July of each year. Border agreements: Prior to joining the EC, Spain and Portugal both signed border agreements designed to control fishing in each other's waters. These agreements include the Minho border agreement (signed January 31, 1986) and the Guadiana border agreement (signed December 12, 1986). The Minho border agreement includes the following restrictions on fishing by Spanish vessels within 12-miles of the Portuguese coast: • traditional fishing: 26 Spanish vessels • "gamelas" fishing: unlimited number of vessels • sardine fishing: 10 Spanish vessels The Guadiana border agreement permits: • net fishing: 7 Spanish vessels. • razor clam trawling: 14 Spanish vessels. • conch trawling: 10 Spanish vessels. With regard to the agreement for the Guadiana river, fishing is allowed by 2 Spanish vessels and conch fishing by 10 vessels (see table 3 for catch statistics) 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans Portugal is certain to return to the lucrative hake fishing grounds off Namibia if the European Community is able to negotiate an agreement with that country in the next 1-2 years. Namibian waters provided Portugal with a catch that reached 45,400 tons in 1987.^* Portuguese vessels are certain to continue fishing in the NAFO area off Canada. Portuguese catches in the NAFO region went from 59,800 tons in 1989 to 75,300 tons in 1991 and included 13,357 tons of Atlantic cod." Fishing off Spain, Morocco, Mauritania, and Guinea (Bissau) are likely to continue as well as off the Svalbard Islands off Norway. Portuguese vessels fished off the Falkland Islands between 1987 and 1992 and 2 Portuguese vessels were licensed to fish those waters in 1993. The Portuguese catch in the Falklands amounted to only 1,500 tons in 1992 (appendix 29- 31). The authors are not certain of any future plans to fish in any special waters, but it is possible that Portuguese vessels may wish to return to fishing off Senegal, Guinea (Conakry), Sierra Leone, and Cape Verde in the future; harvests in these areas were fairly small in recent years and it may not justify a return to these areas. The U.S. Embassy in Lisbon reports that EC Regulation (EC) 4828/86 and Regulation (EC) 3944/90 stimulated the creation of joint ventures during 1991 and 1992 and has resulted in a number of projects being submitted in 1993. This, the Embassy reports, has reopened access for a number of Portuguese fishing companies to fish in the EEZs of many African nations .^° The U.S. Embassy in Lisbon also noted that an EC-Russia fisheries agreement could open the Barents Sea to cod fishing by a number of EC vessels; Portugal would support an EC effort to negotiate a treaty with the Russians that would open the doors to cod resources. '' The Embassy also notes that Portugal would welcome Norway's joining the EC, since access to Norwegian waters would likely be a requirement for EC membership; Norwegian waters have ample resources of cod and the Portuguese would certainly appreciate the opportunity to fish in those waters.'- There is also some indication that the Portuguese are considering fishing opportunities along the coast of Chile and Peru." 134 SOURCES Datapescas difusao, Gabinete de Estudos e Planeamento das Pescas, Secretaria de Estado das Pescas, Lisboa, 1989. Eurofish Report, various issues. Fishing Gazette, various issues. Fishing News International, various issues. Hjul, Peter (Editor). The Stem Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, p. 217. Jndustrias Pesqueras, various issues. Official Jounral of the European Communities, various issues. Programa de Orientagao Plurianual para a Frota, 1992-1996, Lisbon, 1991. Recursos da Pesca, Serie Estatistica 1991, Volume 5, A-B, Gabinete de Estudos e Planeamento das Pescas, Lisboa, August 1992 Seafood Magazine, various issues. U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, Portugal, various reports. World Fishing, various issues. Portugal 8e|8^y7 A/o'es ;ind Made* Islands ate ntii shoiv 135 Table 1 .--PORTUGAL. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. Year Gross Registered Tons (GRT) Total 500-999 1,000-1,999 Over 2,000 GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. 1975 11,702 16 57,434 44 26,653 12 95,789 72 1976 12,006 17 57,434 44 29,053 13 98,493 74 1977 12,103 17 61,974 47 29,035 13 103,112 11 1978 12,578 17 63,558 48 27,004 12 103,140 11 1979 14,086 19 63,558 48 27,004 12 104,648 79 1980 14,086 19 67,599 50 19,897 9 101,582 78 1981 13,989 19 70,484 52 17,735 8 102,208 79 1982 13,227 18 73,667 54 11,239 5 98,133 11 1983 13,274 18 75,654 55 8,834 4 97,762 11 1984 12,592 17 74,320 54 8,834 4 95,746 75 1985 12,592 17 73,134 53 8,834 4 94,560 74 1986 12,592 17 73,440 53 8,834 4 94,866 74 1987 14,824 20 72,137 52 4,764 2 91,725 74 1988 13,351 18 72,223 52 4,764 2 90,338 72 1989 12,584 17 69,733 50 4,764 2 87,081 69 1990 12,572 17 69,508 50 4,764 2 86,844 69 1991 12,826 17 59,912 43 4,764 2 77,502 62 1992 12,046 16 50,865 36 4,764 2 67,675 54 Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various years. 136 2 UJ UJ ■* m U-1 sO_ r-' so o pj <4-l O to 8 2 os' Cti CO •b OS Os 1 so o 00 so so so s in r-' OS in 8 o os' en o J 2 •*-* ««i •Q ■^ ,!3 K, OS 1 so' 00 so' OS so so' 00 OS o 8 Os' en a "^ ^^ Oo •S '§< 3 OS 00 s: 1 s OS 00 On Ov_ ■5- o Os so' OS so so r-' 00 en oo" en «N ■^ ON "^ ^ t; o CO •Si, a: 00 i S' . OS 00 OO in 2; fN 00 sO_^ so in en 1 Os rj' o r-' r- o' OS so' en ■*' 1? ^ c OO s OS 8 •>* >n O sO_^ - .as: •= ^ Os ■S OS* o I--' t^ OS os' 00 en -■5 ^ ■« u . O ^ 3- -S a S ^ ^ (/i *o o SO 00 OS o OS 8 r-' SO SO °°. ■*" OS m o PJ 8 in en 13 ■= s ^a >, to O ^u J .1. •§:§ < > ti. o o H 00 OS o r-4 o so in >n UJ o 8 P *-^ t«5 OS r~' S' o m' a. '♦r. m en K "» <3 •~ "Q (N 1^ ^ _' 'S O U 5 a < s 1 t^ "V g >n so in 00 >n CO [I. "5 OS CO OS r-' r- Os en en '^^ ■? 't:^ >" ^CS 00 en r~ SO in m OS oo' O 00 so' r- r-' OS r-' r4 en en < s u. ^ . . trt wa 3 1> o O ■!- c« Crt S S ^ 1 U jI - 13 C/5 V D in Vi c o C/3 00 c S3 CO c t2 . o 1^ E ^^ u II '5. 3S li i 6 OO 3 •SoS u e ^ i fSo f2z iZ £S £Z t»1 Table 3.- Portuguese fisheries catch, by fishing grounds, both domestic and international, 1986-91. Fishing grounds 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Metric tons DOMESTIC: Portuguese 243,118 209,179 210,563 198,432 199,194 193,536 INTERNATIONAL: North Atlantic: Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Organization 98,135 82,134 40,269 49,760 67,333 75,317 Svalbard/Norway 5,096 3,692 2,469 2,479 1,695 973 South Atlantic: Angola - - 1,200 - - - Namibia" 36,310 45,444 31,472 25,155 - - South Africa" - - 870 1,569 1,199 1,492 Falkland Islands - - 10,442 9,676 5,897 3,243 Eastern Central Atlantic and Mediterranean Spain^ - 2,448 3,266 2,916 3,285 3,984 Morocco: Joint venture operations'* 13,195 9,335 9,959 8,031 7,200 5,801 EC fishery agreements 1,908 4,054 4,165 6,420 7,542 8,553 Mauritania 5,152 42 455 1,533 1,848 2,085 Senegal - - 90 41 - - Guinea (Conakry) - - - 84 39 - Guinea (Bissau) 1,563 1,803 2,654 2,214 Sierra Leone - - 980 813 - - Catch in international waters 159,796 147,149 107,200 110,280 98,692 103,662 TOTAL CATCH 402,914 356,328 317,763 308,712 297,886 297,198 Source: Recursos da Pesca, Serie Estatistic i 1991. Volumes , A-B, Gabinete i le Estudos e Plan iamento das Pes cas, Lisboa, 1989 -1991 and Datapescas difusao, Gabinete de Esmdos e Planeaniento das Pescas, Secretaria de Estado das Pescas, Lisboa. various years. " Namibia declared independence on March 21, 1990 and ordered all foreign fishing vessels out of its waters shortly thereafter. ^ Portugal was permitted to maintain its bilateral fisheries agreement with the Republic of South Africa after it joined the EC in 1986. ' Under a bilateral agreement with Spain which permitted vessels from both countries to fish in each others waters. "* The EC-Morocco fisheries agreement permitted Portuguese fishing firms to establish joint venture fishing companies with Moroccan fishermen as a special source of fish. 138 ENDNOTES 1. Recursos da Pesca, Serie Estatistica 1991, Volume 5, A-B, Gabinete de Estudos e Planeamento das Pescas, Lisboa, August 1992, p. 15. 2. This quantity, however, does not appear in their national catch statistics. Recursos da Pesca, Serie Estatistica 1991, Volume 5, A-B, Gabinete de Estudos e Planeamento das Pescas, Lisboa, August 1992, p. 161. 3. Recursos da Pesca, Serie Estatistica 1991, Volume 5, A-B, Gabinete de Estudos e Planeamento das Pescas, Lisboa, August 1992, p. 7. 4. A kilowatt is 1.34 horsepower. 5. This figure was provided by the U.S. Embassy in Lisbon and includes some vessels under 500-GRT. Lloyd's Register shows 54 high-seas vessels over 500-GRT as listed under Portugal . 6. This section was provided by "Portuguese response for world fishing fleet study," U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, July 27, 1993. For details on Portugal's catch in the Falkland's EEZ see appendix 29-31. 7. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, p. 217. 8. Op.Cit., p. 218. 9. Op.Cit., p. 217. 10. "Tunamar 1 delivered to TUNAMAR S.R.L.," Fishing Gazette, March 1982, p. 54. 11. "Helicopteros para la pesca del atiin," Industrias Pesqueras, December 15, 1982. 12. "List of Portuguese long distant fleet (ADAPLA) association members," U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, October 14, 1983. 13. "PORTUGAL: Access of isolation?" World Fishing , April 1985, p. 9. 14. "PORTUGAL: Access of isolation?" World Fishing , April 1985, p. 9. 15. "EEC membership problems for Portuguese fishing fleet," Eurofish Report, May 23, 1985. 16. "Portugal is going to enlarge its fish Xand^mgs," Seafood Magazine, September/October 1985, p. 9. 17. "Portugal," Fishing News International, July 1991. 18. "Pescar o dobro dentro de 6 anos." Reprinted as a Weekly Highlight by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce on November 12, 1982. 19. Commission Decision of 4 July 1986 on the guidance program for the fishing fleet submitted by Portugal for 1986 in accordance with Council Regulation (EEC) No 2908/83, Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 205/45, July 29, 1986. 139 20. Commission Decision of February 9, 1990 amending Decision 88/150/EEC on the multiannual guidance program for the fishing fleet (1987 to 1991) forwarded by Portugal pursuant to Regulation (EEC) No 4028/86, OfficialJoumal of the European Communities, No. L 66/23, March 14, 1990. 21. "Portugal's response for world fishing fleet study," U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, July 27, 1993. 22. Vessels withdrawn according to Article 24 of Regulation (EEC) No 4028/85, Official Journal of the European Communities, No C 320/2, December 22, 1989. 23. Vessels withdrawn according to Article 24 of Regulation (EEC) No 4028/85, Official Journal of the European Communities, No C 320/2, December 22, 1989. 24. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, p. 217. 25. "Portugal," Fishing News International, July 1991. 26. "Portugal's fleet and fishery," World Fishing, April 1986, p. 6. 27. "Portuguese response for world fishing fleet study," U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, July 27, 1993. 28. Datapescas difusao, Gabinete de Estudos e Planeamento das Pescas, Secretaria de Estado das Pescas, Lisboa, 1989. 29. Leonor Ramos, Porugal's Groundfish Sector, U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, Portugal, August 26, 1993, p. 2. 30. Nina M. Fite, Economic Officer, U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, Portugal, fax dated August 27, 1993. 31. Nina M. Fite, Economic Officer, U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, Portugal, fax dated August 27, 1993. 32. Nina M. Fite, Economic Officer, U.S. Embassy, Lisbon, Portugal, fax dated August 27, 1993. 33. Programa de Orientagao Plurianual para a Frota, 1992-1996, Lisbon, Portugal, 1991, p. 32. 140 2.10 SPAIN The Spanish 1992 high-seas fleet of 204 vessels (235,000-Gross Registered Tons, GRT) is the largest in Western Europe.' Many of these vessels were excluded from Namibia's lucrative hake fisheries when Namibia gained independence in 1990 and extended its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to 200-miles. Some Spanish vessels were shifted to fishing off the Falkland Islands, but most were left idling in their home port of Vigo, Spain. The EC agreement with Argentina will allow some of these vessels to shift to South American waters. Many, however, will remain unemployed. Most Spanish vessel owners hope that the EC will resume negotiations with Namibia and reach an agreement permitting Spanish vessels to begin fishing in these waters in the near future. Some Spanish vessel owners have grown increasingly desperate; one company reflagged its vessels as a Congolese ship and attempted to fish in Namibia's waters. The vessel was caught. It is likely that a number of Spanish vessels will be sold in the next few years, especially if the EC is unable to negotiate a fishing agreement with Namibia. Alternatively, there will be increasing pressure on the EC to negotiate additional fishing agreements in Latin America where Spanish fishermen have the advantage of a common language. The long-term outlook for more Spanish vessels to fish off South America is good. Spanish tuna seiners currently fish off the coast of West Africa and in the Indian Ocean. These modem tuna seiners could easily move into the Pacific Ocean if catches in traditional waters begin to decline. One Spanish purse seiner, the Montedaro, sank in the Eastern Tropical Pacific on July 14, 1993 and several Spanish tuna vessels were reflagged in Panama in 1993. Spain remains Western Europe's single, largest potential source of vessel displacement. CONTENTS 1. General Background 141 2. Fleet Background 142 3. Modernization Programs 143 4. Decommissioning Programs 143 5. Shipyards 143 6. International Agreements 144 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 145 Sources 146 Endnotes 152 1. General Background any other European country. The Spanish have a love of seafood and the average Spaniard consumes Spain is the second largest fishing nation (after 30 kilograms of seafood products annually.^ Spain's Denmark) in the European Community, with a 1992 access to the Atlantic and Mediterranean, has catch of 1.4 million tons. Fisheries play a key role contributed to the growth of a large fishing industry in the Spanish economy, accounting for 1% of total and fleet.'' Spain dominates the world hake and Gross Domestic Product.^ This is more than that of squid markets.* The Spanish have the largest distant- 141 water fleet in Western Europe.^ This fleet is capable of fishing anywhere in the world. Despite a massive fishing fleet, Spanish businessmen imported nearly 800,000 tons of fish and shellfish worth approximately $2.9 billion in 1992 versus exports of 270,000 tons worth $690 million. An overview of the Spanish fishing industry can be seen in tables 1-3. 2. Fleet Background Spain was one of the pioneers in the development of distant-water fishing utilizing on-board freezing facilities. One of Spain's first distant-water ventures began in 196r when Pescanova, S.A. sent a refrigerated side trawler, the Andrade, to fish for hake off southern Africa and another side trawler, the Lemos, to the Patagonian shelf off South America.* Pescanova next converted a former passenger ship, Galicia, into a factory mothership supplied by a fleet of 10 small stem trawlers off South America. The operation was not as successful as hoped, despite abundant supplies of hake. The company decided to build a vessel that could fish for hake in distant waters and process and freeze the catch for long periods of time. The first ship was the Villalba (1,604-GRT) built in 1963.' Other Spanish companies realized the effectiveness of building high- seas stem trawlers and the boom in constmction began. In 1967, Spanish shipyards delivered the Mar de Vigo (2,938-GRT), one of the largest stem trawlers built in Europe at that time. The Spanish fishing fleet of the 1990s consists of three sectors: inshore (bajiira), offshore (alturd), and high-seas {gran altura).'° The high-seas fleet fishes off West Africa, Latin America, and New Zealand, as well as in the North Atlantic off Greenland and Newfoundland. These vessels harvest hake, squid, cod, and octopus." Most of the high-seas fleet operates from Vigo, an Atlantic port in the province of Galicia in northwest Spain straddling the border with Portugal. The ships catching cod in the Grand Banks off Newfoundland typically use La Comna, further up the coast toward the Bay of Biscay. The majority of Spain's processing plants and canneries are also located in Vigo.'- The Spanish fleet is the largest in Westem Europe, averaging 190 high-seas vessels over 500-GRT during the past decade. The Spanish high-seas fleet in 1992 included 204 vessels (235,000-GRT)." Spain's fishing partners have long considered the fleet to be oversized.'" This problem first surfaced in 1970 when massive building and intensive fishing resulted in lower catches in hake grounds. As a result, some trawlers were sold to Cuba and the Spanish Govemment ceased providing financial assistance for the constmction of hake freezers.'^ The size of the Spanish fleet was a point of contention as Spain negotiated accession to the European Community in the early 1980's." Other European nations feared the consequences of unfettered Spanish access to their fishing grounds. Fleet rationalization thus became a priority for both the Spanish govemment and the European Community. As early as 1981, a Spanish ministerial order prevented further expansion by Spanish vessels into EC waters." The Spanish govemment also put in place a series of scrapping and conversion schemes in order to reduce the capacity of the Spanish fleet to Community norms under the first and second Multiannual Guidance Programs (MAGP)." With accession into the EC in 1986, the Spanish fleet became eligible for EC grants to support fleet reduction. Spain took full advantage of such programs, and by 1987 represented one third of the Community budget for fleet reduction." Not surprisingly, Spanish fishermen and vessel owners have complained about EC fleet reduction initiatives. They have argued that the EC's Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) responded to the needs of northem Europe, whose small fleets (with the exception of French tuna vessels) rarely fish beyond Community waters. Continuing the CFP as before despite the addition of the distant water capacity of the Spanish and Portuguese fleets would "condemn the Spanish fleet to extinction through a complete lack of interest or ability to find more imaginative formulas which would be beneficial to the Community as a whole."-" Spain's lack of national cohesion has complicated Madrid's efforts to lead uniform national and external fishery policies. Both the Basque and Catalonian regional governments see themselves as representing distinct sociological nations, and as such resist any centralization of power in Madrid. The Basques are the most prolific fishers in Spain, and have strongly resisted efforts to restrict their fleets (or even to impose quotas on them). Basque fishermen are quick to take the law into their own hands, having gone so far as to deny Spanish and Community jurisdiction over fisheries by negotiating their own bilateral fishing accords with the Azores^' and a number of African states." 142 3. Modernization Programs As of 1985, the majority of Spanish vessels were over twenty years old." During the 1980's, the Government of Spain instituted a series of programs to encourage the replacement of old vessels. The Credito Social Pesquero (CSP) granted lines of credit to the builders of new fishing vessels until 1985, when Madrid's Industrial Credit Bank assumed responsibility for CSP programs.-'' CSP credits covered 30 percent of the cost of new vessels. Uncertainty over the availability to fish stocks, especially in third party waters, has forced the European Commission to insist that fleet renewal programs not allow the capacity of the fleet to expand, to the degree that new vessels would be constructed only if they replaced individual vessels of greater or equal tonnage." In 1987, Madrid signed agreements with the "autonomous communities" of Galicia, Catalonia, Valencia and the Basque provinces, providing for the joint financing of modernization subsidies aimed particularly at the artisanal fleet, largely overlooked by EC-sponsored initiatives.'* The 1987-91 MAGP mandated the renewal of 25% of the Spanish fleet, at a cost of $1.8 billion over five years." As part of the overall approach to fleet modernization, the Spanish government (aided by the EC) has also offered grants and subsidies to cover 35 % of the cost of upgrading the infrastructure of 150 Spanish ports. ^* The U.S. Embassy in Madrid reports that Spain received EC funding for 216 vessel modernization projects in 1991.-' EC support totaled $10.5 million and represented 18-percent of the total cost of the projects. The Government of Spain contributed $3.8 million to these projects. The Spanish Government also supported 68 modernization projects, contributing 14 percent of the $12.9 million in total costs.'" In July, 1993, the Fisheries Department of the Province of Galicia aimounced a $1.4 billion plan to scrap the region's entire fleet of 8,000 aging vessels in favor of 3,000 new and larger vessels. '' The plan is a combination of modernization and restructuring of the fleet. The current regional tonnage of 166,000-GRT will fall to 139,000-GRT as many old vessels are scapped. The province intends particularly to reduce the number of inland vessels, and to seek EC and Spanish state funding. The Province hopes to reduce the overall size of the Galician fleet and to increase the average size of the remaining vessels for reasons of safety and economy." 4. Decommissioning Programs The Spanish Government has also offered grants to owners of vessels willing to remove them from the fishing industry. The most recent program has come within the framework of the 1992-96 MAGP, which requires Spain to remove 52,000 GRT from its fleet. Spain will offer $418 million to participating vessels with 60% of the funding coming from Brussels." The MAGP targets the artisanal and South Atlantic fleets in particular for reduction. Direct Spanish Government assistance for decommissioning of Spanish vessels under the MAGP totaled $43.1 million in 1991. ''' 5. Shipyards Spanish shipyards have an excellent worldwide reputation for the construction of fishing vessels, and fill numerous orders for both domestic and foreign owners. Spanish shipyards concentrate around Vigo, the primary Spanish fishing port. Vigo yards include Barreras, Santo Domingo and Freire. Spanish shipyards began producing high quality stem trawlers for foreign fishermen in the early 1970s. Spanish shipyards underwent a construction "boom" in 1986-88. Production of new ships inceased as follows :'' 1986: 18 vessels (14,000-GRT). Average size: 777-GRT. 1987: 50 vessels (31,189-GRT). Average size: 624-GRT. 1988: 125 vessels (30,248-GRT). Average size: 242-GRT. 1989-90: Not available. 1991: 52 vessels (49,637-GRT).''' Average 955- GRT. The reasons for the rapid growth in vessels has been explained as follows:" 143 • General prosperity of Spain during those years, • opportunities in the Falklands, • opportunities off Namibia, and, • a new law in Spain favoring construction of new vessels. It might also be added that new EC funding also favored the construction of new vessels during those years. The result was significant growth in the size of the high-seas fleet (Table 1). This process has continued through the 1990s, but at more modest levels. In 1991 the Pasajes-based Guria yard built the Txori Berri (81 meters) to fish for tuna in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.'* In 1992 the Russian Federation placed an order for twenty tuna freezer vessels with the Astilleros de Heulva worth $200 million.-" Among the vessels built was the Radios, a 69 meter, 1,520-GRT vessel.'^ Naval Guijon also received an order for 15 factory trawlers which will join the Russian Far East fleet.'" In 1993, the shipyards of Factorias Vulcano and Naval Gijon were busy completing construction on two 105-meter factory stem trawlers for delivery to Russian owners. The Vladimir Stanhinsky and Gijon were ready for delivery in June 1993. The Mikhail Drozdov is scheduled for delivery in August 1993 along with the Kapitan Nazin. Two more ships will be delivered to Russian fishermen in January 1994 and two final ships in June 1994. This was part of a 15-ship construction program for Russian buyers at Spanish shipyards."- The Russian order was worth $540 million and reportedly is the world's biggest fishing vessel contract.''^ The agreement provides access for 600 Spanish vessels (mostly in the 100-GRT range) to fish on a daily basis. These are smaller vessels that deliver fresh fish to markets in Spain on a daily basis; fresh fish and shellfish command premium prices in Spain. The EC agreement with Morocco was renewed on May 13, 1992. The new accord imposed a two- month annual fishing ban on coastal and high-seas fisheries. The number of vessels permitted to fish in Moroccan waters was limited to only 600 vessels, including 143 high-seas vessels for Spanish fishing. There is also a quota for 28 licenses for tuna vessels."* The importance of Morocco to Spain's fisheries can be seen in the price tag paid by the EC for access: $341 million per year. The EC-Morocco agreement and the agreement with Mauritania allows Spanish fleets operating from Las Palmas in the Canary Islands to fish for a variety of fish and cephalopodes; most of the catch is frozen and shipped to the mainland or exported to markets in the Orient. Spanish fishermen take advantage of the EC's agreement with various West African countries to fish for shrimp, finfish and tuna. Spanish vessels also fish for tuna in the Indian Ocean thanks to EC agreements in that area. Spanish vessels began fishing in the prolific squid fishery off the Falkland Islands following the conflict between the United Kingdom and Argentina over these remote islands. The Spanish catch off the Falkland was minor until 1986 when it nearly reached 60,000 tons. Since then, Spanish fishermen have caught between 65,000 tons and 85,000 tons annually under license."^ The Spanish catch, which consists mostly of squid, hakes, and blue whiting, reached 88,000 tons in 1992 (see appendix 29-30 for details on the Spanish catch in the Falkland's EEZ). Thirty-four Spanish fishing companies received licenses to fish off the Falkland Islands in 1993 (table 5)."' 6. International Agreements Before accession to the European Community, Spain maintained numerous bilateral agreements with the EC itself (signed in April, 1980),"" the United States, Canada, and a host of African countries. In 1986, the EC assumed responsibility for these agreements, although a Spain-South Africa agreement remained in effect as of 1991."^ The EC agreement with Morocco allows Spain access to its single most important fishing ground. The Spanish fishing fleet suffered some setbacks when many nations established 200-mile EEZs. The Spanish fishing fleet was slowly replaced from waters off New England as U.S. fishermen gained experience in catching squid once caught by Spanish vessels."' Charges of overfishing cod stocks in waters off Canada led to diplomatic confrontations between the EC and Canada and ultimately to a reduction in cod quotas for EC vessels fishing in the Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) area.'" The reduction of cod quotas in the NAFO area was strongly resisted by Spanish fishermen until the stock nearly collapsed. '' 144 The Spanish fleet faced its most serious setback when Namibia declared independence in March 1991 and ordered all foreign vessels out of its newly declared 200-mile EEZ." The announcement impacted 202 Spanish vessels fishing off Namibia." Unfortimately, some Spanish vessel owners continued to fish illegally in Namibian waters. This generated strong resentment in the newly independent state and led to several Spanish vessels being seized for illegal fishing. Severe fines were imposed and several vessels and their catches were confiscated. Pending negotiations with the EC broke off in the face of continued illegal fishing. Many of these 202 vessels returned to Vigo where they have been tied up for several years. A few vessels were able to switch to fishing grounds off Canada or the Falkland Islands. The situation for m.ost of these vessels, however, has grown increasingly desperate. The loss of these important fishing grounds might help explain the reversal in the steady growth of the Spanish high-seas fleet through 1991 and the decommissioning of 15 ships in 1992. 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans Returning many of Spain's fleet of idle trawlers to fishing off Namibia is a primary goal of most Spanish fleet owners. If they fail to accomplish this goal in the next 1-2 years, it is possible that most of these vessels will have to be sold. Spanish fleet owners are also concerned with fighting off reductions mandated in the MAGP. Again, if Spanish fleet owners are unable to regain access to Namibian waters, they will have no alternative, except to comply with EC fleet reduction directives. . .or possibly to seek alternative approaches to fishing, including the possibility of reflagging their vessels. Eighteen Spanish vessels were reflagged in Panama in 1993 (table 4). Spanish fleet owners have begun preparation for moving some of their idled fleet into waters of Argentina as part of the newly negotiated agreement with that country. This will allow a significant number of vessels to shift into new grounds, but will continue to leave many vessels idle. The Spaniards hope that some of those remaining vessels will be allowed to resume fishing off Namibia and that the oldest vessels can be decommissioned in compliance with EC directives. The Spanish tuna fleet is also very modem and successfully fishing for tuna off West Africa and in the Indian Ocean. This fleet, much like the French tuna fleet, might seek opportunities in the Pacific Ocean if catch levels begin to decline in their current fishing grounds. The Spanish, unlike the French, will have to wait for the EC to forge new fishery agreements since they do not have any EC-sanctioned ties in the Pacific region. Those unwilling to wait can reflag their vessels. One Spanish tuna vessel, the Isabel Tuna, was reflagged in Cyprus in 1990 and has been fishing in the Eastern Tropical Pacific for the past few years. The Spanish have either sold or reflagged at least 5 tuna vessels in Panama (table 4). It should also be noted that a Spanish-flag purse seiner, the Montedaro (879-GRT), sank in waters in the Eastern tropical Pacific on July 14, 1993.5'' jjjjj suggests that Spain may already be investigating, if not actively fishing, tuna in the Pacific." One important distinction sets Spanish fishermen apart from many other European fishermen: they are actively fishing throughout the world and have years of experience fishing in distant-waters throughout the world (table 3). While other nations may have large fleets of modem vessels, many of their fishermen have remained close to home. The Spanish, by contrast, appear willing to fish from waters off the Antarctic to the Arctic. Spanish fishermen represent the single largest group in Europe that is able to fish anywhere in the world. A vital, and as yet unanswered question, is whether the EC will be able to negotiate access to Namibia and Argentina - and possibly other Latin American countries. If the EC fails to do so, it is possible that some Spanish vessel owners could decommission their vessels from EC rolls and reflag their vessels in other countries. ^^ This could pose a very serious problem for fishery administrators around the world. 145 SOURCES Arbex, Juan Carlos. Pescadores Espanoles, I, Secretaria General de Pesca Maritima, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca, y Alimentacion, Marid, 1990 "Canada works to save decimated Atlantic fisheries," The Christian Science Monitor, July 15, 1993 Eidel'man, D.Ya., "Mirovoe Rybopromyslovoe Sudostroenie v 1991 godu," Rybnoe Khoziastvo, N.2, 1993, pp. 17-18 and reprinted as "World Construction of Fishing Vessels in 1991," translated by the Office of International Affairs, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, June 1993. Eurofish Reports, various issues. "Euzkadi: Ecoutez la difference," France-Peche, November-December 1990, p. 31. Fishing News International, various reports. Hinton, Michael. "Estimated Catch and Fleet Information for the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna Fleet," Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July 19, 1993. Hjul, Peter (Editor). Tlie Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972 Industrias Pesqueras, various issues. La Agricultura, La Pesca y la Alimentacion Espanolas en 1991, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion, Secretaria General Tecnica, Madrid, 1992. La Peche Maritime, various issues. Leigh, Michael. European Integration and the Common Fisheries Policy, London: Croon Helm, 1983 Lord, Richard, "The Spanish Seafood Industry," Seafood Business, July- August 1991 Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy. Official Journal of the European Communities, various issues. "Pescadores or Pirates? The EC's High Seas Cowboys," Seafood Leader, July /August 1992 U.S. Consulate General, Barcelona, Spain, various reports. U.S. Consulate General, Casblanca, Morocco, report dated July 1, 1993. U.S. Embassy, Madrid, Spain, various reports. World Fishing, various reports. Spain 300 km Bay ot B'scay C^^-C^^o ^'^SI^J;^ in ''•^" Zaragoza. Barcelona/ y ' Valladolid ^^ Salamanca / MADRID , , ^ Valencia , C Balearic \ I D Balearic I „' ^ ^ Alicante V Cordoba • p Islands ■,,.„ Savilla MjlJSjy Mediterianean Sea a. ani,i \y^ Strait ot C'hralrar " •■•''"'<" ' 146 Table 1. -SPAIN. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. Year rii-ncc Dnni'cft^i-oH Tnnc H^WT\ Tnt«l «»»/ -1,999 500-999 1,000 Over 2,000 CRT No. CRT No. CRT No. GRT No. 1975 65,083 93 94,313 69 25,051 10 184,447 172 1976 69,324 98 106,441 78 27,707 11 203,472 187 1977 68,300 97 107,094 78 29,768 12 205,162 187 1978 69,657 99 111,843 82 24,832 10 206,332 191 1979 66,911 96 105,000 77 15,087 6 186,998 179 1980 61,478 87 98,555 73 15,087 6 175,120 166 1981 58,304 83 94,258 69 12,372 5 164,934 157 1982 50,136 70 93,982 69 12,372 5 156,490 144 1983 49,704 69 91,892 67 12,372 5 153,968 141 1984 52,945 74 88,369 64 9,657 4 150,971 142 1985 53,387 75 86,967 62 14,310 6 154,664 143 1986 54,871 78 86,792 62 11,982 5 153,645 145 1987 64,116 90 99,944 72 14,841 6 178,901 168 1988 69,488 96 117,736 85 16,968 7 204,192 188 1989 71,300 98 141,361 102 25,509 11 238,170 211 1990 71,436 100 145,656 105 25,650 11 242,742 216 1991 76,708 109 133,073 96 32,097 14 241,878 219 1992 70,232 99 119,706 86 44,693 19 234,631 204^ Source: years. Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various ' The U.S. Embassy in Madrid, reported 173 vessels (628,041-GRT) registering more than 500-GRT in the Spanish fleet in 1992 as compared with 204 vessels (234,631-GRT) reported by Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables. The authors are unable to explain the difference in the two sources. "World Fishing Fleet: Spain," U.S. Embassy, Madrid, August 5, 1993. 147 C4 OS On t CO 00 3 T3 00 13 u J3 > o z < a. I u OS 0\ o OS 0^ OS 00 00 00 o\ oo o\ oo OS 00 OS oo Ov 00 OS "? ^ g ■5 2 I o oo' so o in 00 1^ so PJ o o q_ OS ■^_^ >n SO 1^ so OS in OS SO o 00 so Ov OS (N OS SO to r- Os_^ 00* OS so oa c C o" 00 PJ o o o r- 00 in o o o in so so O 00 o .5 o O 7 o 0\ SO 00 00 00 so in m •* o 00 3 sO_ 00 00 ri O 00' m OS •<«■' o o Os_^ 00' in so_ m' in so so ^' in OS o in 00 so OS_^ in w o o o, o' in m o o o" in CO CO 00' in o o 00 Os' in in 00 in vO_^ (N OS m o o in 00 in 00' 00 CO 00 (N 00 so o so o so c o H u e 00 in m 00 00 m 00 o o o* OS Os' 00 00 OS o o o' OS so r-j •^' OS PJ O O o' OS so in o w o o o' o •^ 3 ■- Z 00 u T3 O 3 O ■~ s a ~^ ^^ ■S- o '5)05 I &^ § a >^ C<0 ^ >v 3 C O i^j S .a > 14, o -S OS t; in pu ^ 5 ^ TO o -■ ■5 {/I 00 O i2 < fg c . o CO S 1^ ■^ ^ o. LU J= 00 Table 3. --SPAIN. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91 Area 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1.000 Metric Tons Inland (FAO area 05) 14.2 33.0 26.2 11.1 28.7 29.6 30.7 29.1 29.2 Coastal" (Northeastern Atlantic and Baltic Sea, FAO area 27) 652.0 462.0 627.1 607.3 627.0 627.1 569.4 591.5 568.8 Distant-water: North Fastem Atlantic, FAO area 21 122.0 40.0 66.2 83.8 83.2 63.7 63.5 28.9 36.3 Western Central Atlantic, FAO area 31 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 1.8 1.6 Eastern Atlantic, FAO area 34 387.3 453.0 383.4 322.9 333.0 365.9 356.7 338.3 338.6 Mediterranean & Black Sea FAO area 37. 139.4 150.0 140.3 143.3 135.7 128.2 141.3 141.9 126.7 Southwestern Atlantic FAO area 41 0.0 0.0 9.2 58.5 61.1 84.5 82.7 68.8 60.6 South Eastern Atlantic, FAO area 47. 197.2 128.0 188.1 199.5 195.6 192.6 195.7 142.3 93.1 Atlantic- Antarctic, FAO area 48. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Western Indian Ocean, FAO area 51. 3.5 0.0 40.9 46.0 60.2 101.3 117.4 107.4 95.1 Sub-toal 849.4 771.0 829.6 854.0 869.3 936.2 959.7 829.4 752.0 Total 1,515.6 1,266.0 1,482.9 1,488.5 1,525.0 1,592.9 1,559.8 1,450.0 1,350.0 Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years *■ The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern Greenland to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea. 149 Table 4. --SPAIN. Spanish vessels reflagged in Panama, 1993. Vessel name Tonnage Year built Type of vessel Gross Registered Tons Acuario Dos 436 1959 NA Acuario Uno 436 1959 NA Adarra 232 1962 NA Al-Nassim 937 1991 NA Al-Shafq 937 1992 NA Albacora Caribe 2,058 1990 Trawler Albacora Diez 1,281 1977 Tuna vessel Albacora Nueve 1,281 1976 Tuna vessel Albacora Seis 1,836 1976 Tuna vessel Alicante 270 1950 Trawler, nes Alnajma Albaidha 937 1992 Trawler, nes Arcay 541 1974 Trawler Arcay Dos 1.293 1965 Refrigerated trawler Cascabel 199 1967 Trawler, nes Dushinka 612 1965 Refrigerated trawler Mar Caribe 2 2,396 1969 Factory trawler Mariano Otero 1,213 1983 Tuna vessel Txori Aundi 2,030 1984 Tuna vessel Source: Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy. 150 Table 5. -SPAIN. Spanish fishing vessels licensed to fish in the Falkland Islands, 1993. 1 Gross Registered Tons 1 1,344 1 A 1 Arpon 856 1,024 Beatriz Nores Chicha Touza 644 Codeside 529 Conbaroya Tercero 554 Eguzki 1,665 Esperanza Meduina 1,866 Farpesca Cuarto 789 Ferralemes 1,072 Fiasco 865 Fragana 554 Hermanos Touza 1,140 Heroya Primero 1,612 Isia Alegranza 655 Isla Montana Clara 633 Jugamar 1,127 La Penuca 1,272 Loitador 1.267 Nuevo Alcocero 2,849 Patricia Nores 1070 Pescapuerta Cuarto 1,627 Pescavigo Dos 1,632 Pescavigo Uno 2.511 Playa de Galicia 1.021 Playa de Mogor 750 Playa de Pesmar 688 Principado de Asturias 1,527 Puente Ladeira 868 P>uente Pereiras 1,093 SU 2156 Tasarte 475 Telleiro 2074 Teucro 760 Source: Falkland Islands. 151 ENDNOTES 1. Spanish statistics listed 300 high-seas vessels in 1991 as compared to 219 vessels listed by Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables for vessels over 500-GRT. Spanish statistics include vessels in the 100- to 499-GRT range. This is another example of the problem associated with using 500-GRT as a baseline for identifying high- seas vessels. 2. "Une flotte de quelque 13,000 bateaux," La Peche Maritime, January 1991, p. 41. 3. Lord, Richard, "The Spanish Seafood Industry," Seafood Business, July-August 1991, p. 63., "World Fishing Fleet: Spain," U.S. Embassy, Madrid, August 5, 1993, and La Agricultura, La Pesca y la Alimentacion Espanolas en 1991 , Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion, Secretaria General Tecnica, Madrid, 1992. 4. "World Fishing Fleet: Spain," U.S. Embassy, Madrid, August 5, 1993 reported the total fleet at 20,244 vessels of 628,041-GRT in 1992. The Embassy noted that there were 85,156 fishermen enrolled in Spain in 1992. 5. Lord, Richard, "The Spanish Seafood Industry," Seafood Business, July-August 1991, p. 63. 6. Lloyd's Register of Shipping identifies 204 vessels (234,63 1-GRT) over 500-GRT in the Spanish fleet. The U.S. Embassy in Madrid, reported 173 vessels (628,041-GRT) over 500-GRT in the Spanish fleet in 1992. The authors are unable to explain the difference in the two sources. "World Fishing Fleet: Spain," U.S. Embassy, Madrid, August 5, 1993. 7. Spanish fishermen began fishing off the coast of Newfoundland beginning in 1540 and have a long history of fishing in distant waters. Juan Carlos Arbex, Pescadores Espanoles, I, Secretaria General de Pesca Maritima, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca, y Alimentacion, Marid, 1990, p. 33. 8. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, p. 183 and Juan Carlos Arbex, Pescadores Espanoles, 1, Secretaria General de Pesca Maritima, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca, y Alimentacion, Marid, 1990, p. 237. 9. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, p. 183. 10. Lord, Richard, "The Spanish Seafood Industry," Seafood Business, July-August 1991, p. 63. 11. Lord, Richard, "The Spanish Seafood Industry," Seafood Business, July-August 1991, p. 64. 12. Lord, Richard, "The Spanish Seafood Industry," Seafood Business, July-August 1991, p. 63. 13. Spanish statistics report 302 high-seas vessels licensed to fish in distant waters in 1991. 14. "We are the market," Fishing News, July 20, 1984, p. 8. Spain's EC partners refer to the Spanish fleet as "The New Armada." 15. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1972, pp. 183-184. 16. Leigh, Michael. European Integration and the Common Fisheries Policy, London: Croon Helm, 1983, p. 176. 17. Leigh, Michael. European Integration and the Common Fisheries Policy, London: Croon Helm, 1983, p. 177. 152 18. For example, the second MAGP called on Spain to reduce its fleet from 631,838-GRT in January 1987 to 604,750-GRT in December, 1991. A total of 58,852 tons of the reductions were to come from vessels fishing in third country waters. Official Journal of the European Communities, August 30, 1991, p. L241/47. 19. Eurofish Report, June 23, 1988, p. FS/2. 20. "What Is Happening to the Spanish Fishing Industry?" Industrias Pesqueras, January 1, 1990. 21. "Euzkadi: Ecoutez la difference," France-Peche, November-December 1990, p. 31. 22. "Pescadores or Pirates? The EC's High Seas Cowboys," Seafood Leader , July/ August 1992, p. 90. 23. "Modernisation of Fleet Goes Ahead," Eurofish Report, May 22 1985. 24. "Spain Planning 76 New Fishing Vessels This Year," Eurofish Report, October 24, 1985. 25. "Spanish 1986 Guidance Program Approved by Commission," Eurofish Report, October 2, 1986. 26. "Renovarse o morir," Industrias Pesqueras, October 15, 1987, p. 3. 27. "EI 25% de la flota pesquera sera renovada antes de 1992," Industrias Pesqueras, August 15, 1988, p. 24. 28. "Big Grants for Ports and Boats," Fishing News International, January 1990, p. 21. 29. "World Fishing Fleet: Spain," U.S. Embassy, Madrid, August 5, 1993. 30. "World Fishing Fleet: Spain," U.S. Embassy, Madrid, August 5, 1993. 31. "Galicia: Rebuild entire fleet," Fishing News International, Supplement on Galicia, Spain, July 1993, p. 1. 32. "Rebuild Entire Fleet--Says Plan for Spanish Region's Future," Fishing News International, July 1993, Supplement on Galicia, Spain, p. 1. 33. "Espaiia propone la reduccion de 52.000 TRB en los proximos cinco anos," Industrias Pesqueras, June 15, 1991, p. 7. 34. "World Fishing Fleet: Spain," U.S. Embassy, Madrid, August 5, 1993. 35. "Crise de la flotte: historique," La Peche Maritime, June-July 1993, pp. 319-320. The article quoted from Irulustrias Pesqueras. 36. Eidel'man, D.Ya., "Mirovoe Rybopromyslovoe Sudostroenie v 1991 godu," Rybnoe Khoziastvo, N.2, 1993, pp. 17-18 and reprinted as "World Construction of Fishing Vessels in 1991," translated by the Office of International Affairs, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, June 1993. The article provides no information about the different vessels launched. 37. "Crise de la flotte: historique," La Peche Maritime, June-July 1993, pp. 319-320. The article quoted from Industrias Pesqueras. 38. "Atlantic Start for Tuna Ship," Fishing News International, November 1991, p. 46. 153 39. "Russian Order Revives Spanish Shipyard," Eurofish Report, May 21, 1992, p. FS/5. 40. "Astiileros de Huelva in Midst of Russian Order," World Fishing, April 1993, p. 25. 41. "Naval Guijon Ahead of Schedule With Russian Factory Trawlers," World Fishing, April 1993, p. 26. 42. "Latest Russian giant leaving Spain," Fishing News International, May 1993, p. 8. 43. "Six ships still to build - in world's biggest fishing vessel contract," Fishing News International, August 1993, pp.22-23. 44. Leigh, Michael. European Integration and the Common Fisheries Policy, London: Croon Helm, 1983, p. 168. 45. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Draft Review of Fisheries 1991 (Spain), Document AGR/FI(92)8/PART10, p. 7. 46. "World fishing fleet study," U.S. Consulate General, Casablanca, Morocco, July 1, 1993. 47. Enrique Lopez Veiga (interview), "Ni Falklands ni Malvinas: caladeros del Atlantico sur," Industrias Pesqueras, March 15, 1987, pp. 15-18. 48. "Late Falklands license rush," Fishing News International, June 1993, p. 41. 49. Spanish fishermen noted that their catch of squid went from 9,000 tons in 1977 to nothing by 1980. Miguel Maiza Esnaola, "Equilibrio y Desequilibiro 1," Industrias Pesqueras, March 15, 1983, p. 12. 50. The Spanish fisheries magazine, Industrias Pesqueras, noted that Spanish cod fishermen harvested 241,200 tons in Canadian waters in 1966 and that the catch dropped to 25,960 tons in 1980 and has since nearly disappeared. Miguel Maiza Esnaola, "Equilibrio y Desequilibiro I," Industrias Pesqueras, March 15, 1983, p. 12. 51. Canadian Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, Ross Reid, launched a "last-ditch" effort to save what little remains of Canada's once-rich Atlantic cod fishery at the United Nations in July 1993. He noted that cod stocks have declined from 40,000 tons in 1988 to about 6,000 tons at present. Canada fears that only a tiny fragment remains of what was once a vast concentration of hundreds of millions of fish. Canadians fear that this small concentration could easily be overfished by large fleets of foreign fishing vessels just outside of Canada's 200-mile EEZ. "Canada works to save decimated Atlantic fisheries," The Christian Science Monitor, July 15, 1993, p. 9. 52. The Spanish catch off Namibia went from a TAC of 135,000 tons in 1978 to 55,845 tons in 1981. This, however, was ended when Namibia declared independence in 1990 and ordered all vessels out of its waters. Miguel Maiza Esnaola, "Equilibrio y Desequilibiro 1," Industrias Pesqueras, March 15, 1983, p. 12. 53. The Spanish fleet included 155 vessels of the National Association of Hake Freezer Trawler Owners (ANAMER) based out of Vigo, Spain. There were also 40 ships operating with a Spanish association identified as ASPE and 7 with ANAC for a total of 202 Spanish ships. Eurofish Report, April 26, 1990, p. FS/1 and Fishing News International, 1990. 54. Michael Hinton, "Estimated Catch and Fleet Information for the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna Fleet," Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission, Report No. 93-23, January 1-July 19, 1993. 154 55. The authors realize that some of the 18 vessels could have been sold to Panamanian fishermen in a legal, above- board manner. It is also possible that Spanish fishermen have established joint venture operations with Panamanian fishing interests. However, it is also possible that some of these vessels have been reflagged. Reflagging could be done to avoid Spanish taxes, safety regulations, or other restrictions. Reflagging could also be undertaken to allow Spanish fishermen to harvest species that are tightly controlled in Europe. These vessels could operate out of Spanish ports or they could operate far from Panama, seeking only a legal presence on Panamanian registries. 56. The idea is not as farfetched as it may appear. A Spanish firm, identified as Interburgo, S.A., has licensed a ship identified as Sekishu (the name could be Japanese or Chinese), 991.37-GRT, in Honduras under registration number L- 192 1792. The authors have no additional information about this vessel, but a 991 -CRT represents a fairly large vessel. In addition, there is a vessel identified as La Paloma (4,358-GRT) registered in Honduras; the Government of Honduras, however, does not have any information about the owner of this vessel or the original flag state of the vessel. It is possible that the La Paloma (the name means "dove" in Spanish) could be of Spanish origin. A 4,358-GRT vessel is a large vessel. 155 156 2.11 UNITED KINGDOM The United Kingdom's (UK) fishing fleet of high-seas vessels ranked among the largest and most modem in the world less than two decades ago. The loss of the UK's traditional fishing grounds off Iceland during the "Cod Wars" of the 1970s, however, signaled the end of British dominance in high-seas fishing, the UK high-seas fleet declined to only 18 vessels in 1986. The fleet has since enjoyed a modest resurgence, more than doubling to 41 vessels. This was partially the result of the Falkland's War, which opened up the island's huge squid resources to UK fishermen and partially as a result of EC grants to modernize the fishing fleet. The UK fleet fishes primarily in the North Atlantic. If the UK fleet continues to expand, some vessels may begin to fish in other distant-water fisheries, because several key North Atlantic species have been overfished in recent years. CONTENTS 1. General Background 157 2. Fleet Background 158 3. Modernization Programs 159 4. Decommissioning Programs 159 5. Shipyards 159 6. International Agreements 159 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 160 Sources 160 Endnotes 164 1. General Background UK fishermen landed 589,000 tons of fish and shellfish worth nearly $695 million in 1992.' This was not sufficient to meet the demands of the island's 57 million consumers and represents a decline when compared with earlier years; UK fishermen landed 811,000 tons and ranked as the EC's third largest producer of fish and shellfish in 1990. British importers purchased 473 ,000 tons of seafood products worth $1.7 billion from overseas suppliers in 1992, as compared with exports of 410,000 tons worth $0.9 billion.^ UK fisheries are divided among its main regions and include: England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Charmel Islands, and the Isle of Man. Scottish fishermen normally produce the lion's share of UK fisheries followed by England and Wales. ^ The UK consumer is somewhat conservative in taste, preferring cod, haddock, saithe, plaice, mackerel, and herring. Dogfish is typically used to prepare "fish and chips," which is enjoyed as an inexpensive seafood meal. Scottish producers of farmed Atlantic salmon have expanded production significantly in recent years and can now meet most 157 of the nation's demand for fresh and smoked salmon. Shrimp (prawns), Norway lobsters, crabs, mussels, scallops, and other shellfish are also popular items. UK fishermen are very independent and many downplayed or resisted efforts by scientists or fishery managers in the UK and the EC to warn them about deteriorating stock conditions or conserving species.'' This led to overfishing of key species, such as cod, haddock, herring, and plaice in the North Sea and whiting in the Irish Sea.' EC Fisheries Commissioner Manuel Marin reported in December 1990, that reductions of as much as 40 percent were needed to restore some North Sea stocks.' Fleet reductions, special net mesh sizes and patterns, and other programs are being implemented or studied as a means of reducing by-catches of important species and allowing the key species to recover. Despite these problems, the UK fishing fleet appears healthy and landings of fish and shellfish appear steady. An overview of the United Kingdom fishing industry can be seen in tables 1-3. 2. Fleet Background The strong point of the UK fleet had always been its distant-water capacity. Foremost among this was the block freezer stem trawler fleet, which originated in 1961 with the launching of the freezer trawler Lord Nelson. In 1962 the Junella followed, another freezer trawler with a 350 CRT capacity.' These vessels fished in the Northwest and Northeast Atlantic, as well as off the coasts of South Africa, Australia, and South America.* The UK fleet operated successfully from the 1960s until the early to mid-1970s. The decline in the UK fishing fleet was signalled by the move of many nations to extend their national jurisdiction beyond the traditional 3 to 12 miles. The most significant setback to the UK fleet came in 1972 and in 1975 when Iceland extended control over its fisheries to 50 miles and then to 200 miles. These lucrative fishing grounds had attracted hundreds of UK fishing vessels and Iceland's move sparked a bitter confrontation known as the "Cod Wars." Ultimately Iceland prevailed and the UK fishing fleet was forced out of the area. This pattern was followed elsewhere in the world as many nations extended their exclusive economic zones to 200 miles. The UK high-seas fleet declined from 143 vessels in 1975 to 18 vessels in 1986 (see table 1). In 1982, The Boyd Line sold the two largest UK freezer stem trawlers, the Arctic Buccaneer and the Arctic Galliard, both 86 meters in length, to Fletcher Fishing of New Zealand.' The sale of the freezer Pict in 1986, marked the end of the UK freezer trawler fleet. Vessel owners continue to blame the British government for having been unwilling to support its fleet, as is the case with other EC states.'" UK fishermen believe they have fared poorly since their nation's entry into the EC. They have complained that other nations have won the right to fish in UK waters at the same time that the overall UK fishing effort has been curtailed, leaving the UK even worse off than it had been before 200-niile limits were established." They also argue that Britain has been unwise in following EC guidelines to the letter while other member states have repeatedly ignored or failed to enforce these guidelines.'^ Flag of convenience vessels have become a major concern in the industry. A loophole in UK legislation allowed foreign vessels (especially 62 Spanish vessels in 1984'^) to register under the British flag, allowing those vessels to fish within Community waters, as well as to evade stricter national regulations on the Continent. A 1984 law required British flagged vessels to be managed, directed, and controlled from within the UK. In 1990, the UK Government tightened these rales considerably, forcing all operators in UK fishing waters to make at least four visits to UK ports each year. "* The UK high-seas fleet underwent a dramatic reversal in 1988, when it doubled in size from 20 vessels to 41 vessels. This growth can be partially attributed to the Falkland's War, which opened up that island's fishery resources to British fishermen and also to the EC's vessel modemization program; most of the British high-seas fleet has continued to fish in the North Atlantic in recent years. This is somewhat curious, since fishery biologists and administrators have wamed fishermen of declining stocks in the North Atlantic for several years. The UK high-seas fleet included 51 vessels in 1993." 158 3. Modernization Programs The UK government was reluctant to offer grants for modernization throughout most of the 1980s. Grants that were available were more often than not sponsored by the European Commission in Brussels. '* The U.K. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food (MAFF) devised a program of "Seafish grants" which were available for the replacement of vessels lost at sea and for vessels 15 years and older. Under the program, modernization and replacement projects took priority over new vessels. MAFF approved 40 applications for grants through 1987, when the govenmient decided to scale down the program.'^ 4. Decoimriissioning Programs The MAFF announced in 1991 that there was "no prospect of the introduction of a decommissioning scheme."'* The announcement was premature; on May 11, 1993, the Sea Fish (Conservation) Act was passed which provides for approximately $39 million in decommissioning funds for UK fishermen." The most recent decommissioning scheme dates back to 1984, when Lxjndon and the EC offered grants of $600 per ton decommissioned, which resulted in the withdrawal of dozens of vessels from the fishing industry.^" Nonetheless, the present govenmient cites the "mess" the program created as justification for not introducing another plan. There has recently been a great deal of concern on the part of vessel owners, who complain that current conservation policies (such as quotas) are not effective. The market for second- hand vessels is presently such that sales to third parties would not be a viable option, those in the industry argue.-' In the 1992 election campaign, the opposition Labour Party promised to implement a decommissioning program if elected, ■■' and European Community fisheries officials have actively encouraged the U.K. to set up a scheme to reduce fleet size." 5. Shipyards The UK shipbuilding industry has become more optimistic over the last few years. The downsizing of the 1980's seems to have made the industry more competitive, and shipyards like Harland and Wolff of Belfast have been receiving large commercial orders since 1990.^" U.K. shipyards, which have recently completed fishing vessels, include Napier. Ltd. in Scotland, which has clients from as far away as New Zealand," Cochrane Shipbuilders of Selby, Yorkshire,^* Campbeltown Shipyard, which produced a special vessel to carry live salmon," and James N. Miller and Sons of St. Monans, builders of the Ulysses II, a 27 meter seiner/trawler.'* UK yards face their stiffest competition from aggressive Eastern European shipyards, especially those in Poland.'' A likely area of future activity is joint ventures with Asian shipyards. British yards have already undertaken negotiations with potential Japanese and Korean partners. 6. International Agreements Since the UK is a full member of the European Community, the European Commission in Brussels is responsible for UK external relations in the fisheries. EC fishery agreements have provided access to British vessels. In particular, UK fishermen regularly harvest Arctic cod in northern Norwegian waters under an EC-Norway agreement, though Norway has threatened to terminate the agreement on several occasions.'" At the same time, Britain continues to maintain a handful of agreements with third parties. Britain is currently negotiating with Argentina over fishing conservation measures around the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic within the framework of the Convention for the Preservation of Living Antarctic Sea Resources. '' The two countries have been struggling to rebuild a South Atlantic hake fishery. Britain also has fisheries treaties with Canada dating back to the late 1970's. 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans UK fishing vessels are not likely to take advantage of the EC agreement with Argentina, but will continue to fish off the Falkland Islands. Most UK vessels, however, will fish in the North Sea in their traditional fishing grounds. Continued reductions in Total Allowable Catches (TACs) in the North Sea and Irish Sea could stimulate some UK fishing companies to seek opportunities in more distant- waters. Joint ventures or distant-water operations most likely would occur in South Africa, Australia, or New Zealand. UK fishermen will be particularly interested in watching whether Norway joins the EC, since Norwegian waters are rich in many species prized by UK consumers. If Norway joins the EC, 159 then UK vessels would ultimately be able to fish in Norwegian waters. UK fishermen appear to have resisted the temptation to fish in distant waters, although one former UK-flag vessel, the Arctic Cavalier (764- GRT, built in 1960), was recently reflagged in Panama. The only other UK vessel known to the authors as having been reflagged in recent years is the Triton, a 39-GRT-vessel built in 1972. The vessel likely was sold to a Cypriot fishermen. SOURCES Eurofish Report, various issues. European Supplies Bulletin, Annual Data, 1991, Sea Fish Industry Authority, Edinburg, 1993. Fishing News, various issues. Fishing News International, various issues. "Fleet Suffers Shattering Blow as Two Top UK Freezers Sail With Crews to New Zealand," The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review, March 1982 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics - Catch and Landings, Rome, various years. Irish Skipper, various issues. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy. Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy, Commission of the European Communities, SEC (91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991. Seafood International, various issues. "UK Agrees to Negotiate Fishing Activities Conservation," La Nacion, reprinted in FBIS Daily Report-Latin America, 13 May 1993. U.S. Embassy, London, various reports. World Fishing, various issues. United Kingdom h Shetland ^ Islands Hebrides North Atlantic Jt North Sea Edinburgh ^Newcastle \ijpon Tyne ' Irish 7 \ Sei i \ uw©rpoo|_ English Channel 160 Table 1.--UK. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. Year 1 (jro ss Registered ions (ti rRT) Tol»i 1 - -1,999 Over 2,000 500-999 1,000 GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. 1975 76,872 105 48,992 38 - - 125,864 143 1976 59,234 82 56,096 43 - - 115,330 125 1977 50,871 71 49,044 38 - - 99,915 109 1978 41,144 58 46,660 36 - - 87,804 94 1979 32,375 46 47,852 37 - - 80,227 83 1980 27,300 40 47,773 37 - - 75,073 11 1981 12,709 19 45,392 35 - - 58,101 54 1982 12,794 19 28,832 23 - - 41,626 42 1983 9,924 15 23,439 18 - - 33,363 33 1984 7,931 12 21,417 16 - - 29,348 28 1985 7,017 11 17,398 12 - 24,415 23 1986 6,541 10 11,820 8 - 18,361 18 1987 7,576 11 13,303 9 - - 20,879 20 1988 16,179 23 25,087 17 2,031 1 43,297 41 1989 16,599 24 21,441 15 4,602 2 42,642 41 1990 15,975 24 18,364 13 7,482 3 41,821 40 1991 16,699 25 17,051 12 4,602 2 38,352 39 1992 16,544 25 18,180 13 7,024 3 41,748 41 Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, Lx)ndon, U years. K, various 161 o U 00 PJ O O Tt u u so OS en 00 8 csT 3 o o ^ O (N f^ CN . o o 8 00 •^ o in sO_ in so' (N so in Os > . 13 ^ O •bi •§ . 2 c a o 8 oo' oo' OS oo' OS 00 o' r- >n o SO_^ r-' SO in in 8 00^ rsl so in •^' 00 m o' 00 fN (N ^ 00 . ■"s JS ^ ^ ^ - o OS o\ i 60 W oo' oo' O 5^ 5^ in o' in Os in so' 00 so in in CO 8 o CO in 00 O rj-' 00 Os' OS in in Csl '^^ g .^ 05 .ti o» oo o> so SO r-' 00 oo' ^ sO_ ■ ' ^ >. ~ ^ c- 00 00 OS li (N OS Os 00 s 00_ r-' so ■* in en fN rj' ^ -id ^ 3 1 in' oo' ■* o so' SO in m' in Csl sO__ in in o ,2 c d Q (/5 •* lio (9 60 c •rt •-. in JS « o a S^ => (4-1 o oo 5 •S 00 o Os oo o SO s in so so m ^' in o so' 8 CO tN in in so m' in Os r4 OS rn fN Q .5: o «J •« 'S .a ^ u S fe 6 (D ^ O s t/5 -S Qj 73 SP ' t > O 00 5 so so SO 00 SO o so SO OS so CO 00 8 O tS t3 •'S o ^ ■§ so oo' 00 Os so SO Os (N in 00 in 00 2 !> 3 ^ -2 ^ Q "c, O 13 g c« -S Z a .y '^^ 2 Q H Z 3 iy-1 oo o> so in SO^ o r~-' •n ■*_ ^' m m' so so Os in •^' o Os m' (N rn Os so' 00 o o Os 00 r^' (N f2 ^.B s CO H 00 0^ 1 o 00 o' stO a-i-^ C u S" 00 OS OS o' >n r- r-' SO 00 o' in in Os' so oo o' (N en oo' in in r~ in 00 SO in in tN (N 5; s ~ S.2 ^ "•SO s a < o c:^ u. f- VI ^ fg Qi ^^^ t/) C/5 (/5 H OS o e o •a 1 o ■ 5 1^ ^ o 6JJ C D > S3 ^ I) •o R c/5 s 1 - .§ -B x (/5 •73 i) o !g S J3 Q 13 u u {/5 X5 OB 3 (/I 60 o o V5 00 c UJ C o Z u ^ ^ 1 •- z w :2i S " oi t^ t^z £z K to U Table 3. --UNITED KINGDOM. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91 Area 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1,000 Metric Tons Inland (FAO area 05) - - 13.4 13.2 15.2 16.7 19.4 16.0 19.2 Coastal' (Northeastern Atlantic and Baltic Sea, FAO area 27) 977.5 831.2 885.2 843.1 933.8 919.4 799.6 781.1 809.2 Distant-water: NE Atlantic, FAO area 21 2.2 0.9 - - 0.8 0.9 3.7 1.3 0.1 SW Atlantic, FAO area 41 - - - - 3.5 8.9 9.3 1.4 2.0 S Atlantic, FAO area 48 - - - - - 0.1 ngl 0.1 0.1 W Indian Ocean, FAO area 51 - - 2.8 2.3 - - - - - Sub-toal 2.2 0.9 2.8 2.3 4.3 9.9 13.0 2.8 2.2 Total 979.7 832.1 901.4 858.6 953.3 946.0 832.0 799.9 830.6 Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various yeafs ' The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern Greenland to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea. 163 ENDNOTES 1. European Supplies Bulletin, Annual Data, 1991, Sea Fish Industry Authority, Edinburgh, 1993, p. 52. 2. European Supplies Bulletin, Annual Data, 1991, Sea Fish Industry Authority, Edinburgh, 1993, pp. 53-61. 3. Food and Agriculture Organization, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics - Catch and landings. United Nations, Rome, various years. 4. "Comment," Seafood International, February 1991, p. 5. 5. Report 1991 from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Common Fisheries Policy, Commission of the European Communities, SEC (91) 2288, Brussels, December 18, 1991, pp. 46-47. 6. "Marin plans 40% cut in EC fishing capacity over 10 years," Eurofish Report, December 6, 1990, p. BB/1. 7. Tim Oliver, "Freezer Fleet Felled by Government Neglect," Fishing News, July 11, 1986, p. 6. 8. Tim Oliver, "Freezer Fleet Felled by Government Neglect," Fishing News, July 11, 1986, p. 6. 9. "Fleet Suffers Shattering Blow as Two Top UK Freezers Sail With Crews to New Zealand," The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review, March 1982, p. 29. 10. Tim Oliver, "Freezer Fleet Felled by Government Neglect," Fishing News, July 11, 1986, p. 6. 11. Ian ManSween, "The UK Fishing Industry in the Eighties," Eurofish Report, June 11, 1980, p. FS/6. 12. Tim Oliver, "Freezer Fleet Felled by Govenmient Neglect," Fishing News, July 11, 1986, p. 6. 13. This was 2 years before Spain joined the European Community. 14. "UK Tightens Fishing License Rules for Foreigners," Eurofish Report, November 22, 1990, p. FS/1. 15. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy. 16. "British Fleet Cutback with EEC Help," Fishing News International, September 1984, p. 2. 17. "Grant Approval Not Automatic," Fishing News, November 27, 1987. 18. "No Prospect of Scrapping Cash," Fishing News, February 22, 1991. 19. "UK Sea Fish Act passed amid fishermen's protests," Eurofish Report, May 20, 1993, p. FS/1. 20. "Britain's Fishing Fleet Continues to Run Down," Irish Skipper, September, 1985. 21. "No Prospect of Scrapping Cash," Fishing News, February 22, 1991. 22. "Labor Pledge on Decommissioning," Fishing News, March 15, 1991. 164 23. "The EEC Backs Decommissioning," Fishing News, November 4, 1988. 24. U.S. Embassy, London, September 13, 1991. 25. "Scottish Naval Architect Remains Busy," World Fishing, March 1991, p. 46. 26. "Order for 125 ft. Stem Trawler," Fishing News, March 10, 1989. 27. "Campbeltown Shipyard Wins £1M Order for Live Salmon Transporter," World Fishing, November, 1988, p. 34. 28. Jim Mair, "Ulysses Set for Trawling," Fishing News, July 29, 1988, p. 8. 29. U.S. Embassy, London, September 13, 1991. 30. "Norway Ban Would Be Total Disaster," Fishing News, November 17, 1989, p. 4. 31 . "UK Agrees to Negotiate Fishing Activities Conservation," La Nacion, reprinted in FBIS Daily Report-Latin America, 13 May 1993, p.l. 165 166 NON-EC COUNTRIES The non-EC fishing countries in Western Europe in 1993 include Cyprus, the Faroe Islands, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Malta, Norway, Sweden, and Turkey. Greece joined the EC in 1981 and Portugal and Spain became members in 1986. Sweden is currently being considered for membership in the EC and is expected to join that body in 1995. The Faroe Islands and Greenland, although independent, have their international relations and defense administered by Denmark. These nations operate their fishing fleets independently, in contrast to the 12- member EC which operates as a single body. The non-EC high-seas fishing fleet declined from a high of 436 vessels in 1978 to a low of 166 vessels in 1987, shortly after Portugal and Spain joined the Community (Appendix 1 and Figure 5). The fleet has since increased to 213 vessels in 1992. These expanding fishing fleets are largely deployed on coastal grounds. CONTENTS I. Country Summaries 167 II. Limitations to Fishing 168 III. Controlling Fleet Expansion 169 IV. Potential for Relocating Fleets 169 Sources 169 Endnotes 170 I. COUNTRY SUMMARIES The non-EC fishing fleets included about 19,000 vessels registering about 508,000 tons in 1992. This included approximately 2 1 3 high-seas fishing vessels registering over 214,000 gross registered tons. Unlike the EC, where fishing is controlled by a central authority, the fishing industries of the non-EC countries of western Europe are the responsibilities of each individual country. The growth or decline of the fishing industry, thus, is a matter of developments in each individual country. A summary of the fishing industry of each non-EC country follows. • Cyprus: One tuna purse seiner, Isabel Tuna, was registered on the Cypriot list of fishing vessels in 1991. The vessel fishes in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. There were 3 high-seas vessels on the Cypriot fishing fleet in 1992 and this jumped to over 30 vessels in 1993. Many of the vessels registered in Cyprus in 1993 were well over 500-GRT, including a former Russian reefer registering 11,755-GRT. One of the largest fishing vessels was the Galina, a 4,038-GRT factory trawler built in Poland. • Faroes: The Faroese fleet increased in the mid- 1980s as a result of government subsidies. In 1987, statistics about the Faroese fishing fleet were listed under Denmark by Lloyd's Register, and no further statistical breakdown of information is available for that country.' In the 1990s, severe economic problems associated with the previous administration, caused many fishing companies to go bankrupt and many fishing vessels have been sold in recent 167 months. Most of the Faroese fleet fishes in the North Sea and has shown little interest in distant-water operations, although one company attempted to begin a fishing operation off South Africa and another company recently began fishing in New Zealand. • Finland: The last Finnish high-seas vessel was sold in 1981 and has not been replaced. Finland is unlikely to return to high-seas fishing. • Greenland: The Royal Greenland Trade Company bought its first high-seas vessel in 1964. The high- seas fleet includes around 25 vessels, but statistical information about Greenland's fishing fleet is not published by Lloyd's Register. The fleet expanded rapidly in the 1980s, fishing for deepwater shrimp and cod. In the 1990s, however, the cod resource declined and this resulted in economic dislocation, causing some vessels to be sold. There are also too many vessels fishing for shrimp and this fishery is being trimmed. • Iceland: The high-seas fleet grew modestly in the 1970s, in part due to the displacement of foreign fishermen from Icelandic coastal waters, reaching 33 vessels in 1987. This was followed by rapid expansion from 42 vessels in 1988 to 61 vessels in 1992. High prices for fresh fish in UK and German ports prompted many Icelandic fishermen to invest in new vessels. The decline in the biomass of Atlantic cod, however, has hurt the industry and caused some fishermen to sell their vessels. • Malta: There is one high-seas vessel registered in Malta, but the authors have no information about the vessel and its operations. • Norway: The Norwegian high-seas fleet is growing the fastest, expanding from 72 vessels in 1975 to 139 vessels in 1992. The recovery of capelin and Atlantic cod stocks in recent years helps explain the growth of the Norwegian fleet. The majority of the Norwegian fleet fishes in the North Atlantic and shows little interest in shifting to distant fishing grounds, although a few individuals have attempted to find opportunities far from Norwegian waters. • Sweden: Swedish fishermen have expanded their high-seas fleet in recent years to a total of 8 vessels. This is surprising given the problems associated with Baltic fisheries and the authors are unable to explain why the Swedish fleet has expanded. • Turkey: Only one high-seas vessel is registered in Turkey. The authors have no information about this vessel and its operations. n. LIMITATIONS TO nSHING Most Nordic countries extended their jurisdictions to 200 miles in the mid-1970s. It was natural for Nordic fishermen to replace foreign fishermen and this explains why the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland all expanded their fleets in the 1970s. Other countries, such as Finland, Norway, and Sweden, had few options; they were excluded from their former fishing grounds and were forced to fish inside their own waters. Many of these nations have now reached the point where it is increasingly difficult to expand their fisheries. Even Iceland, which displaced foreign fishermen during the 1970s and early 1980s, is now reporting depleted stocks. As a result, the non-EC fishermen increasingly face the same difficulties obtaining access to adequate stocks that EC fishermen face. Most of these countries have large fleets of vessels that could be deployed in distant- water fisheries, but they are unlikely to do so. Most vessels built for Nordic fishermen are built to operate in Arctic conditions, which limits their effectiveness to cold waters. The Norwegians, fortunately, are the exception. They have ample room to fish off their coasts and have seen tough management regimes help cod stocks return to Norwegian waters in abundance. The Norwegians are among the few fishermen in the world that are catching good quantities of Atlantic cod in 1992-93. ni. CONTROLLING FLEET EXPANSION The non-EC Nordic countries have also maintained incentive programs to control the growth of their fishing fleets. The programs, however, have generally failed to limit fleet expansion. Norway and Iceland are the two major non-EC fishing countries. Efforts to limit the Norwegian and Icelandic fleets appear to have stimulated the expansion of the fleet by withdrawing older, less efficient vessels. The 168 fishermen have used the Government incentives to build more modem, efficient vessels with a larger fishing capacity. rV. POTENTIAL FOR RELOCATING FLEETS The authors believe that the non-EC Nordic countries will not relocate large numbers of high-seas fishing vessels in the immediate future. This is especially true for Norway; landings of cod and other species have increased in Norway and shipyards are busy building new high-seas fishing vessels^ for Norwegian and other fishermen around the world. There is always the possibility that small numbers of vessels could be deployed in distant-water fisheries or sold to fishermen in developing countries. Norwegian and Icelandic fishermen, however, have little experience with distant-water operations outside the North Atlantic. The complexity of such operations suggests that they are unlikely to shift their operations beyond the North Atlantic in the 1990s. Used vessel sales are another possibility. Such sales, however, have not been extensive in the past, even during periods of declining catches. Major reductions in fishing effort could possibly heighten interest in selling vessels. Icelandic and Norwegian fishery officials and businessmen have shown some interest in Latin American countries. Such interest, however, centers more on the sales of new vessels and equipment than the sale of used vessels. The downturn in fishing off the Faroe Islands, however, has impacted that nation's fisheries and may lead to a reduction in the relatively small Faroese fishing fleet. Some Faroese vessels might be sold to third parties, possibly in South America or Russia. The authors would not be surprised if as many as 30 Nordic vessels were sold in the next one to two years. Cyprus, Malta, and Turkey operate only a few large fishing vessels and are not expected to alter their fishing patterns significantly in the next few years. Cyprus and Malta, however, have become centers for reflagging operations and this process could continue in the future. An in-depth analysis of the fisheries of the various non-EC fisheries follows in the "Country Reports" which follow. These reports provide greater information on present and future developments for fleet deployment in the non-EC countries of Western Europe. SOURCES World Fishing, March 1993 169 ENDNOTES 1. No statistical information is available from Lloyds Register of Shipping. 2. In 1992, Norwegian shipyards launched several new, high-seas vessels including the Ligrunn (768-GRT) for a French owner, the Vigri (1,217-GRT) for an Icelandic owner, the Northern Osprey (2,700-GRT) for a Canadian firm, the Bjarne Nilsen (528-GRT) for a Norwegian owner, the Tjaldur (688-GRT) for an Icelandic firm, and the Amaltal Colombia (1,900-GRT) for a New Zealand firm. World Fishing, March 1993, pp. 51-54. 170 NON-EC COUNTRY REPORTS 171 3.1 CYPRUS Cyprus is a small country with very limited fishery resources. It has fishing grounds suited only for small fishing vessels. Any vessels over 100-Gross Registered Tons (GRT) are unlikely to be operated by local fishermen, but are reflagged for operations in other areas. Cyprus had a only one reflagged vessel, the tuna purse seiner Isabel Tuna, on its registry in 1991. There were 3 reflagged vessels registered in 1992 and 31 reflagged vessels flying the Cypriot flag in 1993. Cyprus now appears to be a major European center for reflagging. It appears likely that other vessels will reflag in Cyprus in the future. CONTENTS 1. General Background 172 2. Fleet Background 173 3. Modernization Programs 173 4. Decommissioning Programs 173 5. Shipyards 173 6. International Agreements 173 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 174 Sources 174 Endnotes 179 1. General Background Cyprus, a small island about the size of Connecticut, has only limited resources inside its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The island's Greek and Turkish populations clashed in 1974, resulting in two de facto autonomous zones: a Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (about 65- percent of the island) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35- percent of the island, which declared itself the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus on November 15, 1983). The conflict uprooted the lives of the island's inhabitants and disrupted fishing patterns. The island has a small fleet of mostly wooden vessels that catch only modest quantities (1,500 to 2,600 tons) of fish and shellfish for sale in local markets. The arrival of a growing number of tourists has stimulated the demand for fresh fish. Cypriot fishermen landed an estimated 2,690 tons of fish and shellfish in 1992. Cyprus is a major center for maritime vessels that enjoy special regulations and tax incentives for registering under the Cypriot flag. One tuna seiner, the former Spanish-flag Isabel Tuna, began fishing in the Pacific Ocean flying the Cypriot flag in 1991. There were 3 reflagged vessels in 1992 and 31 fishing vessels flying the Cypriot flag in 1993. Few of these vessels are expected to fish in Cypriot waters; most have been reflagged and will fish far from Cyprus. 172 2. Fleet Background The Cypriot fishing fleet is considered small by most standards. The nation's fishing fleet consists mostly of small rowboats or wooden sailboats. The trawler fleet has fluctuated greatly during the past 3 decades. In 1952, for example, the trawl fleet consisted of 10 vessels. The fleet remained at 12 vessels between 1961 and 1979, when the number declined to 8 vessels.' In 1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous areas, a Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot area.^ The conflict resulted in the loss of nearly 40 percent of the fishing grounds and disrupted fishing for many years. The Government of Cyprus first attempted to control fishing off the coast of Cyprus by limiting the number of trawlers to 10 licensed Cypriot trawlers in 1952.' This number was increased to 12 trawlers in 1961." The number of trawlers fluctuated between 10 and 12 until 1979, when the number declined to 9 vessels.^ The Cypriot trawler fleet typically consisted of 8 medium-sized wooden trawlers and 3 medium- sized steel trawlers.* The Fisheries Department of Cyprus implemented several programs to restrict fishing effort in 1982. One measure was to restrict the number of trawlers allowed to fish. The government also enacted closed fishing seasons. Between 1982 and 1984 the trawler fleet included only 8 vessels, which included 2 high-seas vessels (a 570-GRT vessel and a 2,584-GRT vessel). The artisanal fleet grew rapidly as tourists visited Cyprus and began paying high prices for fresh fish; the fishing fleet reached 97 artisanal fishing boats in 1986 and in 1988 grew to 117 inshore vessels and 2 licensed trawlers.^ A new vessel (a 1,533-GRT) was added in 1987. Another new vessel, a 5,624-GRT vessel, appeared on Cypriot rolls in 1992. The authors have no information about these vessels. It is highly unlikely that these giant vessels are fishing in coastal waters off Cyprus or that they are fishing to supply the tourist trade on Cyprus (table 1). The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (lATTC) reported that the Isabel Tuna, a Cypriot-flag tuna purse seiner, entered the lATTC tuna fishing grounds for the first time in 1991.* The U.S. Department of State advised the Government of Cyprus of United States laws regarding requirements for countries with purse seine vessels fishing for tuna in the region.' On March 12, 1992, the Economic Officer of the U.S. Embassy in Nicosia met with officials of the Government of Cyprus to review the question of Cypriot-flag vessels fishing for tuna in the Pacific. Cypriot officials indicated that a directive has been sent to all fishing vessels flying the Cypriot flag concerning U.S. regulations.'" The Isabel Tuna fished for yellowfin tuna in the lATTC area of the Pacific throughout 1992 and into 1993." The FAO statistical table does not reflect any catches in the Pacific Ocean (FAO area 87) for 1991 (table 2). In August 1993, the Office of Naval Intelligence, identified 31 fishing vessels reflagged in Cyprus; the vessels ranged from the Triton (a 39-GRT vessel built in the UK in 1972) to the Klaipedskii Bereg (1 1,755- GRT Russian refrigerated vessel built in East Germany in 1990). See table 4 for a listing of reflagged vessels registered in Cyprus in 1993. 3 . Modernization Programs All new fishing vessels entering the Cypriot fishing fleet reportedly at limited to 250-horsepower engines and must displace an old vessel of a similar size. This, reportedly, has limited the growth of the Cypriot fishing fleet to a total of 8 trawlers.'^ 4. Decommissioning Programs The authors are not aware of any decommissioning programs. 5. Shipyards Cypriot shipyards probably can build and repair small wooden boats and possibly some steel-hulled vessels. The authors have very little additional information about Cypriot shipyards. 6. International Agreements Cypriot trawlers once fished off the coasts of Egypt and Israel where they averaged about 500 kilograms of fish on a daily basis. No additional information is available to the authors about international fishery agreements reached by Cyprus and other countries. 173 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans The authors have no information about the operations of the Cypriot high-seas fleet, except for the Isabel Tuna. SOURCES FAO Country Profiles, "CYPRUS: The high-priced luxury food," Fishing News International, January 1980, p. 37. Farrugio, H. "L'Exemplaire amenagement de la peche a Chypre," Equinoxe, June 24, 1988, p. 37. Cyprus Mediterranean Sea Ri20karpasg/i/ Kyrenia United NatJoni\ V~T — ^ — ^~ BuMer Zone TuthshCypn,,!' aamtmstsrsa afsdl vFamagusta Area cofitrolled by Cyprus _ Gcve'nmef^t CSree* aftmj J Lafnaca ^Paphos Vssilikos EpiatoprS rLimassol Mediterranean Sea Garcia, S. and A. Demetropoulos, "Management of Cyprus fisheries," FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No. 250, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1986, p.l. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, Quarterly Report, Fourth Quarter, 1991, ISSN 1048-6259, La Jolla, 1992, p.25. "Regulations governing the harvesting and exporting of yellowfin tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean," U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. January 22, 1992. U.S. Embassy, Nicosia, various reports. World Factbook, 1991, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C 174 Table 1. -CYPRUS. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. Y(»ar r^rncc noCTicforoH Tnnc /tf^DT^ Total 500-999 1,000 -1,999 Over 2,000 GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. 1975 - - - - - - 0 0 1976 - - - - - - 0 0 1977 - - - - - - 0 0 1978 1,227 2 1,176 1 - - 2,403 3 1979 544 2,653 2 - - 3,197 3 1980 570 - - - - 570 1 1981 570 - - 2,584 1 3,154 2 1982 570 - - 2,584 1 3,154 2 1983 570 - - 2,584 1 3,154 2 1984 570 - - 2,584 1 3,154 2 1985 570 - - 4,885 2 5,455 3 1986 570 - - 2,584 1 3,154 2 1987 570 1,533 2,584 1 4,687 3 1988 570 1,533 2,584 1 4,687 3 1989 - - 1,533 - - 1,533 1 1990 - - 1,519 - - 1,519 1 1991 - - 1,737^ - - 1,737 1 1992 - - 1,737 5,624 2 7,361 3 Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various years. This vessel presumably is the Isabel Tuna which was first listed on the lATTC fleet list in 1991. 175 Table 2.--CYPRUS. Fisheries catch by FAO arej I, 1975, 1980, 1985-91 Area 1975 1980 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1 1987 1988 1,000 Metric Tons Inland (FAO area 05) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Coastal (Mediterranean, FAO area 37) 1.0 1.3 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 Total 1.1 1.4 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years. 176 Table 3. -CYPRUS. Listing of reflagged fishing vessels registered in 1993. Country and year the Previous Vessel type Name Tonnage vessel was built flag {^niintrv YftAr Gross Registered Tons Admiral Zavoiko 1,899 Norway 1991 Russian Factory trawler Aleksey Chirikov 1.899 Norway 1990 Russian Factory trawler Atlantis IX 152 Australia 1979 Australia N.A. Avangard 2,649 Norway 1989 Russian Factory trawler Buccaneer I 152 Australia 1879 Australia N.A. Bukhta Naezdnik 1,899 Norway 1991 Russian Factory trawler Caribic II. 3.431 Japan 1972 Japanese Factory trawler Chiquita Abava 7,390 Poland 1992 Reefer Eefeji 100 Netherlands 1985 N.A. Fisherman 442 France 1972 N.A. Galina 4,038 Poland 1992 Factory trawler Gerda 492 Netherlands 1989 Netherlands N.A. Grand Fisherman 375 Iceland 1977 N.A. Isabel Tuna 2,161 Spain 1991 Tuna purse seiner Jan Wiilem' 153 East Germany 1968 N.A. Klaipedskii Bereg 11,755 East Germany 1990 Russian Reefer Kurpie 8,864 Poland 1988 Poland Reefer Lenabella 106 Poland 1967 Cutter Mary Rose 106 Poland 1967 Cutter Mys Vindis 1,899 Norway 1991 Russian Factory trawler Naftilos III. 118 Australia 1978 N.A. '' Decommissioned from EC rolls on October 20, 1988. No information available on the new buyers of the vessel. " Decommissioned from EC registry on October 24, 1988. No information on the new buyer. 177 Nafiilos IV. 122 Australia 1979 N.A. Novik 1,899 Norway 1991 Russian Factory trawler Petr Iljin 1,919 Norway 1992 Russian Factory trawler Poolsler 129 East Germany 1970 N.A. Rex 626 Japan 1973 N.A. Santa Maria 105 Netherlands 1961 N.A. Sterkoder 1,899 Norway 1991 Russian Factory trawler Thalie Zachos 121 France 1956 N.A. Triton 39 U.K. 1972 N.A. Vilyuchinskiy 1,899 Norway 1990 Russian Factory trawler Source: Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy 178 E^fDNOTES 1. H. Farrugio, "L'Exemplaire amenagement de la peche a Chypre," Equinoxe, June 24, 1988, p. 37. 2. The World Factbook, 1991, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C., p. 77. The report notes that the UK maintains military bases in Cyprus which account for the remaining 5 percent of the land area. 3. S. Garcia and A. Demetropoulos, "Management of Cyprus fisheries," FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No. 250, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1986, p.l. 4. S. Garcia and A. Demetropoulos, "Management of Cyprus fisheries," FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No. 250, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1986, p.l. 5. S. Garcia and A. Demetropoulos, "Management of Cyprus fisheries," FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No. 250, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1986, p.l. 6. FAO Country Profiles, "CYPRUS: The high-priced luxury food," Fishing News International, January 1980, p. 37. 7. "Agriculture in Northern Cyprus," U.S. Embassy, Nicosia, October 17, 1989. 8. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, Quarterly Report, Fourth Quarter, 1991, ISSN 1048-6259, La JoUa, 1992, p. 25. 9. "Regulations governing the harvesting and exporting of yellowfin tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean," U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. January 22, 1992. 10. "GOC response on yellowfin tuna," U.S. Embassy, Nicosia, March 13, 1992. 11. Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission, Quarterly Report, First Quarter, 1993, ISSN 1048-6259, La Jolla, 1993, p. 35. 12. H. Farrugio, "L'Exemplaire amenagement de la peche a Chypre," Equinoxe, June 24, 1988, p. 37. 179 180 3.2 FAROE ISLANDS The Faroese fishing fleet in 1 992 consisted of 2 1 7 wooden and steel vessels (59 , 539-GRT) , including 25 modem high-seas trawlers that normally fish the rough waters of the North Atlantic. The Faroe Islands have been buffeted by economic dislocation and the decline in lucrative whitefish stocks. Many ultra-modem Faroese trawlers are for sale at "bargain" prices and many have been sold to customers around the world. Additional Faroese high-seas trawlers are expected to be sold in the next 2-3 years. The Faroe Islands remain dependent upon distant-water fishing grounds, primarily off Labrador, Greenland, and Norway, for approximately half of their catch. Although one distant-water venture off South Africa was attempted (which failed) and one venture in New Zealand began in 1990, the Faroese are not expected to seek distant fishing grounds outside of the North Atlantic in the near future. CONTENTS 1. General Background 171 2. Fleet Background 172 3. Modernization Programs 173 4. Decommissioning Programs 173 5. Shipyards 174 6. Intemational Agreements 174 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 175 Sources 175 Endnotes 183 1. General Background The Faroe Islands, a remote group of 18 islands situated between Scotland and Iceland, have a long tradition of fishing. The Faroes' 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) includes 274,000 square kilometers of fishing grounds. This area is influenced by the mixing of the warm Gulf Stream and cold northem currents; this confluence generates large quantities of plankton and results in excellent feeding conditions for many species of fish. The basis of the Faroese economy is fishing. Exports of fishery products account for over 90 percent of the nation's total foreign exchange earnings. In recent years, the catch of "traditional" species, cod, haddock, and whiting, declined as the loss of distant fishing grounds, biological fluctuations, and overfishing have slowly taken their toll. The Faroese Government responded to the loss of distant fishing grounds and the decline in lucrative local species by providing massive subsidies to both the fishing fleet and onshore processing industries. The subsidy program, although well intentioned, added further pressure on overfished local stocks and eventually undermined the economic efficiency of the industry, leading to bankruptcies in the 1990s. Despite massive subsidies, the Faroese catch declined from 390,000 tons in 1987 to 251,000 tons in 1992.' In early 1993, the Faroese Home Rule Government, in agreement with the Danish Government, established a Faroese/Danish working group, called the "Structural Committee" to review the short-term and long-term consequences of the Faroese fishing fleet. The study, which was released on July 1, 1993, deals with the "fresh fish" (coastal) 181 fleet and does not deal with the high-seas fleet. The committee acknowledged that the Faroese fishing fleet was too large for the available resources, but did not recommend a reduction in the size of the fleet. ^ The committee did not want to propose measures which would increase unemployment, widen the income gap, or add increased pressure on public budgets. It has, therefore, recommended that the number of fishery licenses in the Faroe Island's coastal fleet be kept at the July 1, 1993 level. ^ An overview of the Faroese fishing industry can be seen in tables 1-7. 2. Fleet Background The first Faroese vessel to begin fishing in distant- waters was the Fox, a 28-year old sloop purchased from a fisherman in Grimsby, England in 1870." The vessel, was used to fish off Iceland. Many Faroese fishermen followed in these footsteps by buying used boats in England for fishing off Iceland.' A century later, the Faroese fishing fleet was profitably fishing in 3 different zones: coastal waters (inside the Faroese 200-mile EEZ), middle waters (off Iceland, eastern Greenland, the North Sea, the Baltic, Norway, and Rockall, UK), and distant- waters (Newfoundland, western Greenland, off Norway, including the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea, shown in table 6). The establishment of 200-mile EEZs in the mid-1970s, however, adversely affected the Faroese fishing industry and caused a period of painful economic readjustment for the whole Faroese economy.* In the early 1980s, recognizing the loss of their former fishing grounds, and faced with possible overfishing of their own waters, the Government embarked on a program to 3( 25 #<*iH J.J ■^ ■ 1 ^* ■ "* i > H • 15 ■ l5 7 ■ s ■ £ 11 ■ ii 3 z hhIMhhIHII 1 I 5 m ' • iMM, 1975 1»M ISIS ISM ■Vessels •ver 5i«-GnT «»T»nnaf e | Figure 1.— Faroese high-seas fishing fleet, 1975-92. modernize the Faroese fisheries. The Govenunent's plan was twofold: first, to support the construction of new vessels which could fish for new species of fish, thereby reducing pressure on overfished species. This included the construction of vessels which could trawl in very deep waters within the Faroese 200- mile zone. Second, it was designed to modernize both onshore and offshore processing, to produce higher quality products at more competitive prices for export customers. One of the first vessels purchased under this program, was the Reynsatindur, a 3,800- Gross Registered Ton (GRT) vessel designed to catch and process abundant stocks of blue whiting for conversion into surimi (minced fish meat). This vessel was purchased from Italy in 1983^ as part of the program to shift the operations of the fishing fleet away from traditional species; blue whiting was abundant and production of the value-added surimi appeared to be logical. The potential pitfalls of the massive subsidy program, however, were becoming clear as early as 1985,* but rather than reducing subsidies, the Home Rule Government spent more money on the modernization of the fleet. In 1986, the Government earmarked $188 million to build 19 new vessels, including 4 shrimp trawlers, 1 or 2 scallop trawlers, 4 longliners, 4 blue whiting trawlers, and 5 or 6 other vessels to replace outdated vessels.' The increased size of the Faroese high-seas fishing fleet could be seen in the period 1983-86 (tables 1 and 2 and figure 1). The Faroese highs-seas fishing fleet in 1988 consisted of 35 vessels;'" 13 shrimp trawlers," 15 purse seiners and blue whiting trawlers and 7 saltfish trawlers and longliners.'^ The high-seas fleet declined to 25 vessels by 1990 as economic dislocations forced many companies to reduce their operations or sell off their vessels (table 3). Fishing beyond the Faroese 200-mile EEZ remains an important source of fish to Faroese fishermen; 123,000 tons out 25 1 ,000 tons were taken in high-seas fisheries in 1992 (Table 6 and figure 2)." More than half of the cod and all of the shrimp caught in 1992 came from waters outside of the Faroe Islands.'" It is noteworthy that the Faroese catch of cod has declined from 43,900 tons in 1989 to 20,800 tons in 1992. The catch of shrimp went from 14,000 tons to 10,900 tons during the same period. Landings of haddock and saithe also declined signficantly during the same years. In 1992, however, the catch of blue whiting, capelin, and 182 mackerel increased and this helped reverse the decline in landings which bottomed out at 231,670 tons in 1991. '^ The largest high-seas fleet operator is J.F. Kjolbro of Klaksvik. The firm operates 4 trawlers which fish in the Barents Sea, Greenland, and Labrador. The company produces saltfish aboard their vessels for exports to Spain, Italy, and Greece. "" The company purchased two of their massive stem trawlers, the Sundalberg and another vessel, from Norway in October 1988 and February 1989. '^ Fishing and the national economy are closely linked in the Faroe Islands. Huge investments in infrastructure since the early 1970s, together with investments in, and significant subsidies to, the fisheries sector eroded the country's economic basis and resulted in a $1.3 billion debt by 1990.'* The fishing industry generates $400 million in export earnings aimually and accounts for over 90 percent of the nation's total export earnings. This is far below the amount needed to keep pace with the massive subsidy program which has sapped the country's economic strength." During the past few years, subsidies to the fishing industry have been gradually reduced and a complete halt in subsidy expenditures is planned for the next few years.^" 3 . Modernization Programs The Faerasemes Realkreditinstitut provides first mortgages for up to 50 percent of the value of a new fishing vessel. The Denmark Fiskeribank grants second mortgages (15- to 20-percent) and the Faroese Government provides, under certain circumstances, the third mortgage."' An additional source of loans for large fishing vessels or comes from Denmark Skibskreditfond.^' Following the creation of many new 200-mile EEZs, the Government of the Faroe Islands embarked on a program to modernize both the fleet and onshore processing sectors. Funds were made available to encourage fishermen to look for new species of fish. Many fishermen, stimulated by these subsidized programs, invested heavily in ultra- modem, and very expensive, new fishing vessels in the late 1980s." The Faroese high-seas fishing fleet in 1990 consisted of 25 high-seas fishing vessels registering 24,700-GRT. The fleet includes one super purse seiner registering just over 2,000-GRT (Table 1). The outlook for the Faroese fisheries, including the high-seas fleet, remains clouded by both economic and biological considerations. Despite gloomy predictions about the fishing industry. Fishing News International reported that Faroese buyers were negotiating with Fishery Products Intemational of Newfoundland, Canada concerning the potential purchase of 15 stem trawlers.^'' Thus, despite problems the fishing industry appears optimistic and it is possible that the Faroese fishing fleet could expand in the near future. ■ C«ASTAL MMIULE □»IST*NT| Figure 2. -Faroese fisheries catch, by fishing grounds, 1989-92. 4. Decommissioning Programs Unfortunately, the modemization program failed to halt the country's declining catches. Faced with growing economic difficulties, the Faroese decided to scrap many of their vessels in early 1989." Many of the vessels purchased in 1987 and 1988 are now laid up as they are unable to compete economically in world markets without continued subsidies, particularly in the face of declining stocks at home and abroad. As a result, vessels- which cost $15 million to build only a few years ago are being offered for sale for half that price." Since 1989, there has been a continuous reduction of the fishing fleet. This is due mainly to bankruptcies among the owners of fishing vessels. A decommissioning program adopted by the Government of the Faroe Islands in 1990 has also had an impact on this reduction." The Faroese fishing fleet has been 183 reduced by some 20 percent since 1989, both by sale to buyers in overseas markets as well as by scrapping. The target is for a further reduction in the size of the fleet and sales of Faroese vessels have continued well into 1993. Four Faroese trawlers, for example, were sold at auction in South Africa after accumulating debts while attempting to fish off Namibia. On March 1, 1993, the Sudurhavid, Midhavid, Ferina Suna and Ferina Star were sold at auction to South Africa's Irvin & Johnson, a firm identified only as Oceanos, and a firm identified as Namibian Sea Fisheries.'* Seventeen Faorese fishing vessels were auctioned off in June 1993, as banks sought to recover their investments. Another 30 to 40 vessels are now available for sale. The auction attracted buyers from as far away as New Zealand. Prices for some of these vessels were 40 to 50 percent below normal prices." The Faroese Government provides subsidies to fishermen willing to scrap their vessels. No information is available on the amount of these subsidies.'" 5. Shipyards United States.'^ The U.S. -Faroe agreement expired on July 1, 1991. Most negotiations are bilateral and include an exchange of species desired by Faroese fishermen (cod, whiting, haddock, and shrimp) for species desired by other fishermen (mostly blue whiting, herring, and sand eel).'' In recent years, the Faroese, (with the assistance of Denmark), have reached new agreements with Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. The new agreements provides a 1993 quota for blue whiting as follows: Russia (140,000 tons), Latvia (12,000 tons), Lithuania ( 10,000 tons), and Estonia (6,000 tons). In exchange, the Faroese received quotas for other species including cod, capelin, herring, sprats, Atlantic salmon,'* and shrimp." Ten years after most nations extended their EEZs to 200-miles, the Faroese fisheries were still highly dependent upon distant-waters for almost half their catch. The 1992 Faroese fisheries catch included 72,000 tons caught in "middle" waters and 51,000 tons in "distant" waters (table 6). In exchange for 1993 quotas of 222,281 tons of fish in waters of other countries, the Faroese gave quotas of 272,160 tons to other nation's to fish in their waters (table 7). Foreign-flag vessels harvested 160,000 tons in Faroese waters in 1992.'* The Faroese have 2 large shipyards and several smaller shipyards which undertake both repairs and the construction of new vessels. Vessels up to about 2,000 tons deadweight can be built in the Faroe Islands. The Skala Shipyard built the Heygadrangur as a blue whiting processor. The ship was built in 1988 as part of the program to develop offshore resources; the original owner was unable to pay for the ship and, as a result, it was eventually sold at a bargain price to a buyer in Orkney, Scotland." 6. International Agreements The Faroese have been fishing in international waters for over a century. During the last 100 years, the Faroese fisheries became dependent on distant fishing grounds for well over half their total fisheries catch. In the 1970's, increasing numbers of countries extended their EEZ to 200-miles. The Faroe Islands established a 200-mile EEZ on January 1, 1977. They quickly initiated negotiations to maintain access to their former fishing grounds with the EC,'^ Iceland," Norway, the USSR, Canada, and even the The continued reliance on distant-waters has contributed to the gradual decline in the Faroese catch. This has been especially true for Atlantic cod. Landings of this prized fish have declined from Canada across the North Atlantic to Great Britain with disastrous consequences for Faroese and local fishermen alike. This biological phenomenon has led to some bankruptcies and forced the sale of some fishing vessels." Biological disruptions in distant fishing grounds, overfishing in local waters, and highly subsidized fishing fleets have impacted the Faroese and made it difficult to predict accurately the future of this important fishery. The Faroe Islands did not join the European Community with Denmark when the Danes joined the EC in 1973. An autonomous trade agreement with the EC was reached in 1974. This agreement was replaced by a bilateral trade agreement in 1992, which permits most Faroese products to enter the EC free of duties. The Faroese parliament has recently decided to remain outside the EC; it is thought that the advantages of full membership would be outweighed by its disadvantages."" 184 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans Economic difficulties can result in the sale of vessels at any time. Many Faroese fishing vessels have already been sold to foreign buyers. Economic difficulties may also force fishermen to seek opportunities in distant-waters. In 1990, a Faroese company reached an agreement with Waigunuei Trawlers on the North Island of New Zealand to establish a joint venture operation. The Faroese owner had sent his Polarborg I to fish for orange roughy, hoki, and squid. The vessel was scheduled to arrive in New Zealand on August 8, 1990."' The Polarborg I was built in a Norwegian shipyard as a wet fish/freezer trawler for bottom and pelagic fishmg in 1988."' Previously a Faroese effort to fish off Namibia was attempted, but the venture failed and the vessels were sold at auction in South Africa in an attempt by banks to recover some of their expenses. These efforts appear isolated. Faroese fishermen are not expected to seek distant fishing grounds where fishing conditions and species are different from those of the North Atlantic. It is likely, however, that Faroese fishermen will seek to maintain their access to their traditional fishing grounds in the North Atlantic. The Faroese will look to Deimiark for assistance in negotiating new annual agreements with the EC and countries such as Greenland, Canada, Iceland, Norway, Russia and the Baltic countries. SOURCES Danielsen, Birger. "Bread for the Faroes - fish for the world," Faroe Isles Review, Volume 1, No. 1, 1976, p.45. "Faer0emes banker ramt af pengemangel" and "Lavvande i landskassen," Berlingske Tidende, August 6, 1993. Faroese Business Environment, 1990, The Faroese Government, Copenhagen, 1990, p. 29. Faroese Statistical Bulletin, May 1992, p. 15. "Fish export decline, inflation cause crisis in Faeroes," Hufvudstadsbladet , Helsinki (in Swedish), April 16, 1985, p. 14. Fishing News International, various issues. Folsom, William B. "Faroe Islands Fisheries Sector, 1989-90," International Fisheries Report (IFR- 90/09), National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, February 9, 1990. Seren Hansen, Senior Economic Specialist, U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark Hulgaard, Erling. Danish Ministry of Fisheries, fax dated August 6, 1993 Johanse, Tryggvi. Faroese Government Office, letter to Erling Hulgaard, dated June 3, 1993 Milazzo, Matteo. "The Faroese Fishing Industry," International Fisheries Report (IFR-78/42), National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1978 Palme, Christian. "Hard Times for fishing — Debts hurting Faeroes," Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, May 28, 1985, p. 10. Scudder, Bernard. "Faroe Islands aim to stay one step ahead," Seafood International, September 1991, p. 39 World Fishing, various issues. Faroe Islands (pari of the Danish realm) North skJvoy'^ Atlantic b Ocean 185 Table 1. --FAROE ISLANDS. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-90. Year Gross R Bgistered Tons (GRT) 500-999 1,000-1,999 To*al Over 2,000 - y GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. 1975 8,709 12 1,036 - - 9,745 13 1976 10,285 14 1,036 - - 11,321 15 1977 10,269 14 1,036 - - 11,305 15 1978 11,211 15 1,036 - - 12,247 16 1979 10,303 14 1,036 - - 11,339 15 1980 10,872 15 1,036 - - 11,908 16 1981 10,178 14 4,226 3 - - 14,404 17 1982 9,440 13 4,226 3 - - 13,666 16 1983 9,444 13 4,226 3 - - 13,670 16 1984 10,785 15 5,262 4 3,816 P 19,863 20 1985 10,905 15 6,380 5 6,089 2 23,374 22 1986 12,355 17 6,380 5 6,089 2 24,824 24 1987" 10,083 14 12,923 11 4,942 2 27,948 27 1988 11,897 16 14,908 12 2,016 1 28,821 29 1989 11,973 16 13,980 11 2,016 1 27,969 28 1990 10,465 14 12,234 10 2,016 1 24,715 25 Sources: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various years (1975-1986). Information in the shaded area is from Tryggvi Johansen, Faroese Government Office, Copenhagen, Denmark in a letter to Eriing Hulgaard, June 3, 1993 (1987-1990). ' The Reynsatindur, a 3,816-GRT vessel, was designed to fish for blue whiting for conversion into surimi. This was part of the effort to move the Faroese fishing industry away from reliance on traditional species. The vessel was built in 1976 by an Italian fishing company that fished for squid off the United States Atlantic coast. The Italians sold the vessel to the Faroese in 1983. '' The fleet figures for 1987-90 were provided by Tryggvi Johansen, Faroese Government Office, Copenhagen, Denmark in a letter to Eriing Hulgaard dated June 3, 1993. The table is shaded to draw the reader's attention to this detail. All other figures were provided by Lloyds Register of Shipping Statistical Tables. 186 OS m 00 On 3 C B t > o Q Z < w o OS < On OS On On O On OS OS 00 On 00 00 On 00 OS 00 OS m oo OS 00 On 00 OS Q ■? g 60 o S ■s: so So I J3 fc On in Os" in On so r4 in m 00 NO OS_ o" NO m NO 00 NO NO m 00 00 r~ en Os' so NO Os so m SO m o o o o o_ ■*" in r- ■*' OS SO r-' 00 oo' 00 o\ SO 00 m r-' NO o in in NO NO OS O NO w o NO o r4 o o o' so o so OO •^' m en' so 00 o so 00 ID . ■ S « t.i ^^ ^ I •a OS ?« - OS .G ¥'i u *. o o -Is '"^ 5; wi '^^ ^ S ^ >.^ ^ p2 > ^ -' liO c OS . o o (u -a -" •B -■ S '^ oi - S -S II '5. § o. ~ W S ^ UJ > en 00 &• H >» .& XJ Tl > O tl o. u !3 o o\ r- 00 OS »-H Ul o m crt TN i^ OS 3 ~ ^ OO ^ iC m ^_, 0) V C u h C 1-^ T3 fS •o r~- ■o 00 rt! 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D 60 (13 K § O 00 o m ON 00 o On NO 00 NO O 00 en NO 00 On NO O H VO r^ fN O NO ■n r^i -^ ■n NO >n OC C3 '—' 4= u XI 3 ^ -O CO O NO t^ i^ 00 00 ■n f2 Q z ro Z < (U 00 P3 W-1 00 1^ 00 00 On IT} ON 8 o 00 o CO NO O Q. £2 f2 O U-) S m' oo" ri :3 1 «-) 00 NO NO ON ON r-~ in NO 1 (U 2 — ■ f2 ' 00 00 M3 OO 00 o 1^ ON g o 00 o NO <~o O m 0\ ON 00 o o u-i NO in U-) oo' ri p~ t^ ro NO oc - ON 5 E 3 Z 1 in 00 NO C-0 NO ON ON r- >n NO 3 CQ 1 to u ca V5 , H c/5 as H oo o o x> 3 00 c "ob c jj oo !-• o o X 3 O d z < z s; ON On O ON ON OS 00 o\ OO 00 ON OO ON NO 00 On 00 ON OO ON 00 On So oo o o ■5 S I o o o w o o o NO 00 ON in O r- in 00 uu w u o o w o o U-l NO NO o o NO NO 00 60 is p^ NO NO in P-l o o > 00 a fc u E 00 c ^ h 00 3 ■^ z 00 m o 8 o' NO 00 fN o" NO On O m' 1^ On NO^ 00 ON ON ON_^ o^ ON ON oo' 00 00 o no" On no' ON 00 en ON C3 O J= 'C ^^ 2 S g « c S in 00 U o o o NO ON 00 o o ON o m ON On On in m ON ON a.e c o ■a o T3 u ■a '> o t-i ex u to B I— I 0) - o ope ■ S ^ cx n ex a C t/5 ON S'l^ ON o ^ >> O -^ ^2 u CX t~< " I- s ^ O (^ K. ° ^ ■o S oj i3 « P. 4> ra .2 )^ "^ ■« ^ ON t^ gNON .5: 00 C3 iJu i5 .2 pu u X ^ ^ O o d < 'S^-^ "iTN u C 00 ^ < -a I § § tJU C^ "^ w t« q^ > 00 re S3 u I ^^ o Table 3. --FINLAND. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91 Area 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1.000 Metric Tons Inland (FAO area 05) 23.0 32.4 32.4 33.0" 9.0 8.2 9.4 9.7 7.4 Coastal" (Northeastern Atlantic and Baltic Sea, FAO area 27) 87.1 111.0 103.0 98.2 98.0 113.0 101.1 87.7 75.4 Total 110.1 143.4 135.4 131.2 107.0 121.2 110.5 97.4 82.8 Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years. ^ The Finnish Game and Fishery Research Institute (Riista- ja kalatalouden tutkimuslaitos) questioned the FAO catch statistics for inland waters. The Insitute provided catch statistics that reflect landings of about 5,000 tons for the years 1980 to 1986, followed by a gradual decline to 3,300 tons in 1990. Inland catch statistics for Finland were provided by Stephanie Miley, Economic Office, U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, Finland fax message, July 23, 1993. See table 2 for additional discrepancies between Finnish statistics and FAO statistics. " The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern Greenland to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea. 202 ENDNOTES 1. Stephanie Miley, Economic Office, U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, Finland fax message, July 23, 1993. 2. Stephanie Miley, Economic Office, U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, Finland fax message, July 23, 1993. The Atlantic salmon, in this instance, probably are raised by Finnish authorities and released into the wild to maintain stocks of Atlantic salmon. 3. The U.S. Embassy reported that mink breeding has diminished considerably during the past few years. Stephanie Miley, Economic Office, U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, Finland fax message, July 23, 1993. The FAO reports that Finland produced 18,000 tons of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The U.S. Embassy reports that brown trout {Salmo trutta) is frequently grown in pens or are released into the wild as a means of supplementing declining catches. 4. The base rate is an administrative reference rate determined by the Central Bank and the Parliamentary Supervisory Board, which applies to some domestic mortgages and consumer loans. Stephanie Miley, Economic Office, U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, Finland fax message, July 23, 1993. 5. Review of Fisheries, 1988. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Committee for Fisheries, Paris, 1989. 6. Brochures published by the Hollming Ltd. Shipyards which were received by the National Marine Fisheries Service in December 1983. 7. "Fiimish yard to build three giant Soviet factory vessels," World Fishing, October 1986, p. 12. 8. U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, April 27, 1988. 9. Stephanie Miley, Economic Office, U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, Finland fax message, July 23, 1993. 10. Stephanie Miley, Economic Office, U.S. Embassy, Helsinki, Finland fax message, July 23, 1993. 203 204 3.4 GREENLAND Greenland has a small, but modem fishing fleet. Large, steel vessels are needed to operate safely in icy Arctic waters where fishing conditions are often harsh. Greenland's fisheries are overcapitalized and the Government is encouraging Greenland fishermen to sell their vessels and get out of fishing; this is especially true for Greenland's shrimp fishery. Thus, some Greenlandic vessels may be sold in the next few years. Because these vessels are built for cold-water operation, it is likely that they will be sold only to firms operating in extreme northern or southern climates. CONTENTS 1. General Background 205 2. Fleet Background 207 3 . Modernization Programs 207 4. Decommissioning Programs 207 5. Shipyards 208 6. International Agreements 208 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 209 Sources 209 Endnotes 212 1. General Background Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat or "Land of Man") is the world's largest island. Almost 84 percent of the country is covered with a thick mantle of polar ice. Small, isolated coastal villages are scattered along the nation's ijords and rocky shoreline. Fishing and hunting are important sources of food and income for many Eskimo (Inuit) inhabitants. Greenland is fortunate to have access to large quantities of deepwater shrimp, an important source of revenue to this country. Fishing for wild salmon is limited to native fishermen and is a source of traditional food. Fishermen do, however, deliver wild salmon to the Greenland Government-owned Royal Greenland, the nation's largest seafood processing firm, which exports its products throughout the world. Greenland is the largest island in the world, stretching 2,670 kilometers (km) from north to south and 1,050 km from east to west. Geographically the island is part of the North American continent, but the island's inhabitants look to Denmark for 205 administrative and economic support, trade, cultural ties, military protection and diplomatic representation. The current Home Rule system was introduced under Danish Act No. 577 of November 29, 1978, and gave Greenland the status of a distinct community within the Kingdom of Denmark. The island has a total mass of 2.2 million square kilometers (km^), which includes 1.8 million km^ of polar ice nearly 3 km deep in some places. A lack of arable land and Greenland's harsh Arctic climate (where temperatures have been recorded as cold as minus 70° C) make agriculture difficult, if not impossible. The nation is sparsely populated, with only 55,500 inhabitants living in 133 settlements. Most of these settlements are located along the southern and western coasts of Greenland. Few roads connect these remote villages, which can be isolated for months during winter. The largest town is the capital, Nuuk/Godthaab, which has a population of about 12,000. Maintenance of a social welfare system similar to Denmark's has given the public sector a dominant role in the economy and has contributed to severe economic dislocation in recent years. With limited resources (there is potential for platinum and gold mining, but zinc and lead mines have recently closed) there are not many alternatives available to the Home Rule Government. Tourism, however, is a resource that the Home Rule Government hopes to expand in the future.' Greenland is fortunate to have a 39, 100 km. coastline and access to a continental shelf of nearly 500,000 km-. Fishing is Greenland's most important industry, accounting for over 95 percent of export income and about 25 percent of total income. The fishing industry directly employs 3,000 people. Another 10,000 to 12,000 people -- one quarter of the population - are partly dependent upon fishing for their livelihood. Greenland was administratively controlled by Denmark from 1774 to 1978, when Home Rule was introduced. Fishing is regulated by the Home Rule Executive {Landsstyre). Greenlandic officials set the Total Allowable Catch (TAG) according to recommendations of the North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO), the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO), and the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES). Fishing quotas are allocated to fishermen registered to fish in Greenland's waters. Vessels over 80-GRT need a license to fish in Greenland's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). These vessels are regulated by individual vessel quotas specifying which species they are allowed to fish. Special rules apply to shrimp and salmon fisheries. The Landsting (Greenland Assembly) grants fishing licenses to foreign vessels fishing certain species and quantities, either in accordance with international agreements or by special agreement with the Landsstyre. Normally, 10 percent of the catch must be landed in Greenlandic ports for processing. The production of sea-cooked shrimp for direct export, however, is permitted. There is a tax on shrimp caught in Greenlandic waters but not landed for processing. In 1987, the shrimp tax raised about $10 million. Revenues were expected to increase to about $12 million in 1988. Starting as a unit tax per kilogram, the shrimp tax in 1991 was changed xo an ad valorem tax of 11- percent. Effective July 1, 1992, the shrimp tax was reduced to one-percent. Trawlers producing sea- cooked shrimp for export require a license and export permit from Home Rule authorities. In 1990, the Landsting adopted a Fisheries Act permitting trade of shrimp fishing quotas. The Act was designed to increase flexibility in the industry and reduce catch capacity. Fishermen in Greenland landed slightly less than 101,200 tons of all species during 1992 compared with 113,600 tons in 1991. Northern deepwater shrimp (Pandalus borealis) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were important species in 1992, accounting for 71,300 tons and 10,400 tons respectively. Shrimp is a high-value product that has grown in both quantity and value since 1980, when only 36,000 tons were landed. Greenland's cod population, however, is weak and catches are expected to decline in the next few years. Fishermen also harvested Greenland halibut (14,000 tons), and Greenland cod (1,700 tons). Harvests of redfish, salmon, wolffish, grenadier, capelin and other species were under 500 tons during 1992. Greenland's cod stocks have fluctuated dramatically during the past 60 years. Thanks to generally warm oceanic conditions, the stock of cod off the coast was abundant, yielding catches exceeding 300,000 tons aimually. Catches of Atlantic cod in Greenland peaked at nearly 450,000 tons in 1964. Over-fishing, changes in sea temperatures, and poor recruitment have since led to significant decreases in the size of the Greenland cod population and resulted in lower landings. The total Atlantic cod catch was 89,900 tons in 1990, of which 206 Greenlandic vessels caught 54,900 tons. Landings declined to 42,500 tons in 1991 (26,900 tons by Greenlanders) and then to 20,300 tons in 1992 (10,400 tons by Greenlanders). Scientific studies conducted by the Greenland Fisheries Research Institute reveal that the stocks of cod found off Greenland have not recovered from the serious declines of the 1960s. Since the 1960s, poor recruitment has been the rule, rather than the exception. Only the 1973 and 1984 year-classes were of any significance. The population has since shifted towards the southern coasts of Greenland. The outlook for recovery of Greenland's cod fishery does not appear good and an annual catch of 10-20,000 tons is the best that can be projected by fishery biologists for the foreseeable future. Greenland's shrimp fishery began in the late 1950s and early 1960s following the failure of the cod fishery; poor landings of cod forced fishermen to seek alternative species. Fortunately, Greenland had huge offshore resources of small, coldwater shrimp. The harvest of these shrimp has grown substantially. Greenland's shrimp landings were 71,300 tons in 1992. The strong increase in landings have decreased deepwater shrimp prices. Lower shrimp prices and rising operating costs hurt some of Greenland's shrimp fishermen. 2. Fleet Background There were 462 fishing vessels registered in 1990, including 39 large trawlers over 500-GRT. Most of Greenland's fishing fleet (80 vessels) sails out of the port at Nuuk, which includes 19 trawlers over 500-GRT- (Table 1 and 2). yard as a 50-meter long wet fish trawler." Negotiations for the purchase of 2 additional trawlers were initiated and the vessels were expected to arrive in 1971.' Royal Greenland began fishing for deepwater shrimp with an 800-GRT vessel (un- named) in 1973.* By 1978, Greenland had 6 vessels (4,329-GRT) in operation and this increased to 8 vessels (6,067-GRT) in 1981.' The trawler Siku (1,650-GRT) arrived following a refit in Danish shipyards in 1983; the vessel, the former British trawler Junella was expected to fish for cod. Other additions to Greenland's fleet was the Auveq (the former Danish trawler Helen Basse) and the Thor Trawl (2,557-GRT former West German trawler Tubingen)} In 1984, the Nokasa underwent a modernization process in a Danish shipyard (11 meters were added to the length of the ship) and the ship returned to Greenland to resume shrimping.' In 1985, the Tasiilaq (1,376-GRT) was delivered to Greenland by the Orskov Christensens shipyards in Denmark. This reportedly was the 15th trawler built for Greenland by that shipyard.'" The Vilhelm Egede (1,100-GRT), the M. Rakel (1,100-GRT) and the Quipoqqaq (1,700-GRT) were all delivered to Polar Seafoods of Nuuk in 1985." In 1986, the Greenland Government aimounced that it would invest $26.6 million in buying new and used trawlers and factory vessels to fish redfish, halibut, cod, and capelin as part of the nation's fleet modernization program.'^ The Nanoq Trawl (2,340-GRT) was one of the latest vessels built for Greenland. The ship, built in a Norwegian shipyard, was delivered in 1989 and was designed to fish for shrimp.'^ 4. Decommissioning Programs Lloyd's Register includes Greenland's fishing fleet statistics under Denmark. This, unfortunately, causes problems in compiling statistical information. The authors have not included information about Greenland's high-seas fleet in its statistical presentations. Tables 1 and 2 provides information on Greenland's fishing fleet. 3. Modernization Programs The Royal Greenland Trade Department began investigating the use of large stem trawlers in 1964.^ Greenland's first trawler, the Nuk arrived in May 1969. The Nuk was built in the Ankerlokken Verft The Government of Greenland was modernizing and expanding its fleet up to 1990, when cod landings declined from 87,000 tons in 1989 to 56,000 tons in 1990. The loss of this high valued species impacted the industry. The northern shrimp fishery was also in difficulty, although the catch increased from 65,000 tons in 1989 to 73,000 tons in 1990. Despite the increase, the competition was so great that profitability was begirming to decline. The Greenland Home Rule Authority granted loans to companies willing to withdraw their vessels from the shrimp fleet in an effort to make the fishery more profitable. In 1990, Royal Greenland sold 3 of its trawlers as part of a restructuring program designed to cut losses. The sale of these 3 vessels, plus the 207 loss of the Carl Egede, which caught fire while docked in the Svenborg shipyard in Denmark, reduced Royal Greenland's fleet to 12 stem trawlers.''* Greenland's fishing industry in 1991-93 continued selling its fishing fleet. The Polar Princess, a large cod and shrimp trawler, owned by Polar Scallops and financed by Norway's Christiana Bank, was sold to Royal Greenland in December 1991 . Royal Greenland also purchased the Ango and Abel Egede and sold two vessels, the Manitsoq and Sisimiut in 1991. The 76-meter-long Simiutaq, built in 1973 for Norwegian owners (formerly named Atlantic), was also for sale. The vessel joined the Greenland fleet in 1986 and was operated by Royal Greenland as a cod vessel until it was reportedly sold to another Greenland company. Another vessel owned by Royal Greenland, the Sisimiut, has been sold to Chile. Other trawlers for sale in recent months include Ice Trawl Greenland's 46 m Qasiaqiaq and Qoornqoq. These are all very large, well-equipped vessels and the sales suggest economic difficulties within the fishing industry. According to a fleet reduction plan approved by the Landsting (Greenland Assembly) in early 1993, the trawler fleet should be reduced to 21 vessels by the end of 1993, of which one-third will be owned by Royal Greenland. The Home Rule Government has set aside $15 million to finance withdrawal of vessels from fishing, and to promote distant water fishing by Greenlandic vessels." 5. Shipyards Greenland Shipyards consists of 6 yards at Qaqortoq, Paamiut, Nuuk, Maniitsoq, Sisimiut, and Aasiaat. The shipyards are equipped to offer maintenance and repair services to the fleet. The shipyards can repair and maintain vessels built of steel, wood, and glass-reinforced polyester.'* There is no information available as to construction of new vessels in Greenland's shipyards. 6. International Agreements For many years Greenland was administratively controlled by Denmark. From 1774 to 1985, the Royal Greenland Trade Department controlled many facets of Greenland's economy, including fisheries. In 1979, the population of Greenland passed a referendum introducing Home Rule. Greenland established a 200-mile EEZ in 1977, subjecting foreign fishing in Greenland's waters to international agreement. Greenland currently permits fishing by member states of the European Community (EC), Iceland, Norway, Russia, and Japan. Greenland has "special relations" status in the EC because it is a self-governing administrative area of Denmark. The 1992 quota for all countries in Greenland's waters amounted to 167,545 tons (141,445 tons on the eastern coast of Greenland and 26,100 tons off western Greenland) and 167,395 tons of fish and shellfish in 1993." European Community: Greenland initially joined the EC following Home Rule. In 1982, however, Greenland voted to withdraw from the EC, effective February 1, 1985. Because of its relationship with Denmark, however, Greenland kept the status of an overseas territory associated with the Community. In view of Greenland's special relationship, and as spelled out in the protocol to the Treaty Amendment on Greenland's withdrawal from the EC, fishery products were granted access to the Community without tariff and quantitative restrictions. In exchange, Greenland grants EC vessels fishing licenses (within the framework of the EC-Greenland fisheries agreement). This agreement was reached in 1985 and remained in force until December 31, 1989, when it was renegotiated. The EC must, however, pay Greenland fishing fees, which were $37 million in 1989 and $46 million in 1990 and 1991 . Payments are expected to decline slightly in 1992 and 1993. These fees have nothing to do with the actual catch but represent a fee paid for the right to fish in Greenland's waters.'* EC fishing quotas in Greenland's EEZ totaled slightly over 167,400 tons in 1990 and 155,000 tons of fish and shellfish in 1991. The quotas were divided as follows: Germany (110,300 tons), UK (96,900 tons), France (4,260 tons), and Denmark (3,930 tons). Quota allocation by species included: redfish (52,320 tons), cod (34,000 tons), blue whiting (30,000 tons), capelin (30,000 tons), Greenland halibut (5,200 tons), marine catfish (2,000 tons), and deepwater-shrimp (2,850 tons). More than 80 percent of the quota was allocated to waters off eastern Greenland and the remaining 20 percent from waters off western Greenland. Catches are smaller than quotas." 208 Norway: The Governments of Norway and Greenland reached an agreement on fishing rights for cod in late 1991. The agreement gives Greenland a TAG for cod in the North Sea and Barents Sea in exchange for Norwegian fishing in Greenland's 200- mile exclusive economic zone. The agreement was arbitrated by Denmark. Russia: The Governments of Greenland and the Soviet Union were very near an agreement allowing the USSR access to redfish and halibut in waters off southern Greenland in exchange for Barents Sea cod and shrimp quotas. Royal Greenland A/S, Greenland's fish trading company, reached a fishing agreement with the Soviet Arkangelsk Trawler Fleet Co. during July 1991. The agreement provided for Arkangelsk to fish 21,000 tons of Royal Greenland's fish quotas from August to December 1991 . AH fish were landed and processed in Greenland. The talks broke off in January 1991 in protest against the Soviet crackdown in Lithuania. On March 7, 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a five-year fisheries agreement was signed by Denmark, Greenland, and Russia covering the framework and principles for reciprocal fishing in Greenland and Russian waters.'" Japan: Representatives of the Japan Deep Sea Trawlers Association and Royal Greenland have established cooperative agreements allowing Japanese fishennen to fish in Greenland's waters. In 1990, the quota was set as follows: redfish (7,000 tons), turbot (500 tons), and other species (500 tons). The fee (reportedly $1.8 million) was payable in 3 installments. Each Japanese trawler was required to carry a Greenland enforcement officer at the expense of the trawler. Japanese fishermen have operated in Greenland's waters since 1985 except in 1989 when negotiations were not concluded). The Japanese fishing quota is expected to be gradually reduced over the next 3 years as part of a long-term program to reduce foreign fishing. In 1988, Japan received a quota of 23,200 tons (including amounts for redfish, turbot, Atlantic herring, capelin, whiting, and squid). While there was no commercial fishing in 1989, the Japanese Marine Fishery Resource Research Center sent the trawler Shinkai Mam to conduct exploratory fishing in Greenland's waters. The vessel reportedly caught 1,989 tons during the exploratory fishing cruise. International organizations: Greenland participates in several international fishery organizations, including the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO), the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO), the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission, (NEAFC), and the International Whaling Commission (IWC). 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans Most of Greenland's large vessels are owned by Royal Greenland, which has already trimmed the size of its fleet. Whether additional sales will take place is unknown. It should be noted that most of Greenland's fleet of large shrimp trawlers are designed for work in Arctic waters; these vessels can only work effectively in cold waters and buyers for these vessels are likely to come from countries where fishing conditions are harsh. These vessels, for example, are unlikely to be sold to African, Asian, or South American countries with only a few exceptions; Argentina and Chile might be able to use these vessels in their cold-water fisheries. SOURCES Eurofish Report, various issues. Fishing News International, various issues. Greenland, Lalaallit Nunaat, 1990, Statistical Yearbook, pp. 21-22. Hansen, Soren. Senior Economic Specialist, U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark, fax dated August 10, 1993 Hjul, Peter (Editor), The Stem Trawler, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, England, 1972, p. 216. Hulgaard, Erling. Danish Ministry of Fisheries, personal communications. U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark, various reports. World Fishing, various issues. 209 Table 1. --GREENLAND. Fishing fleet, by fishing port, 1983-85 and 1987-90 Fishing port 1983 1984 1 1 1990 1985 1 1987 1988 1989 Number of vessels Nanortalik 34 32 30 26 25 26 24 Qaqortpq 25 23 27 25 23 25 27 Narsaq 15 14 13 17 19 18 18 Paamiut 63 63 63 57 56 56 58 Nuuk 62 74 69 75 80 80 80 Maniitsoq 59 54 52 53 50 50 47 Sisimiut 32 27 31 34 37 39 42 Kangaatsiaq 16 17 18 18 18 20 20 Aasiaat 15 14 15 17 19 19 20 Qasigiannguit 23 21 20 21 20 19 20 Ilulissat 60 61 56 58 62 61 63 Qeqertarsuag 8 12 13 14 14 15 14 Uummannaq 9 11 11 9 8 8 12 Upemavik 2 2 2 3 7 12 12 Avanersuaq 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tassiilaq 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 Ittoqqortoormiit 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 Total fleet 427 433 424 432 443 453 462 Source: OECD, Country Reports, various years and Statistisk Arbog Grenland 1990, p. 391. 210 Table 2. --Greenland. Fishing fleet, by vessel size, 1977-81, 1984-86 and 1989-90. I Vessel classification 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 I 1984 1985 1986 I 1989 1990 Number of vessels 5 - 49.9 GRT 277 282 288 291 335 370 367 359 365 373 50 - 99.9 GRT 12 12 12 13 14 12 14 19 21 100 - 499.9 GRT 10 15 21 27 29 23 26 32 29 500 GRT and over 16 22 24 37 39 Total 298 310 321 330 383 429 424 423 453 462 Source: OECD, Country Reports, various years and Statistisk Arbog Gronland 1990, p. 391. Greenland O d z < .J u u u 3 to H CTv 0^ O ON 00 00 00 0\ r- 00 ON 00 ON 00 ON 00 On 00 ON ON CnI o NO in o o' ON o r- 00 o NO ON NO m OS o ON 00 on' o ON ON ON ON ON in CnI in NO o\ 00 in ON 0\ O ON 00 NO 00 ON ON OO 00 00 00 oa c u. H O .E o in ^ i o H OB 3 00 00 NO r-' m ON NO NO no' OO m tN in m no' NO 00 r-)' (^1 O o_ f«^' fN O (N O CnI tN OO OS On 00 NO CO m in o NO NO 00__ oo" o m ^' o in 00 ON m r- NO NO NO_ tN NO o m m ^H rvl 00 ON in NO NO in o o' 00 NO in ON_ Tl-' en in tN rn 00 c o H u U O o in o o in in in o ON tN tN NO tN 00 o On O tN O r- 00 U I- p « . Oo to =: 3 o O .CV, 1^ •« > lO Si a: s - a; S h! O !> -, '^^ > o> u c E ■■= o ^ s < CJ5 T3 ■s: C~ o J3 00 VI d ^ g; o .P (U o 3 O _ 1>0 O . -o u 3 « J > « lU c O LU .5 ••- CI. ^ r\ O 1-! to W c/5 < 00 Table 3.--ICELAND. --Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91 Area 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1.000 Metric Tons Inland (FAO area 05) 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.8 CoastaP (Northeastern Atlantic and Baltic Sea, FAO area 27) 968.0 1,514.4 1,680.0 1,658.0 1,632.2 1,759.0 1,505.2 1,507.0 1,050.7 Distant-water: Northwestern Atlantic, (FAO area 21) 16.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eastern Central Atlantic (FAO area 34) 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 996.0 1,514.9 1,680.5 1,658.7 1,632.7 1,759.6 1,505.7 1,507.7 1,051.5 Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fist lery Statistii ~s, various y ears. ' The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern Greenland to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea. Iceland Greenland Sea 219 ENDNOTES 1. "Cod quota slashed 25%," News from Iceland, July 1993, p. 1. Iceland's cod quota has been reduced by more than 40 percent since 1991 and Icelandic scientists do not expect a recovery before 1998. The 25 percent reduction in 1992-93 is responsible for a 4 percent reduction in Iceland's Gross National Product. 2. One Icelandic company, the owner of the Safco Endeavour, was unable to complete refitting the vessel in a Danish shipyard following the purchase of the ship from it's Danish owners. The vessel previously fished off the Falkland Islands. "Iceland project halts," Fishing News International, July 1993, p. 43. 3. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message, September 24, 1993. 4. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message, September 24, 1993. 5. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message, September 24, 1993. 6. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message, September 24, 1993. 7. "Iceland's cod catch in decline," U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, June 2, 1993. 8. "Icelandic fishing industry statistics," U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, May 28, 1993. 9. "Icelandic fishing industry statistics," U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, May 28, 1993. 10. For additional information see: William B. Folsom, "Icelandic Fishery Landings and Outlook," International Fishery Report, 91/97, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Silver Spring, Maryland, December 20, 1991. 1 1 . This gave Iceland control over 216,000 square kilometers of ocean off its coastline. 12. Bernard Scudder, "A video in every home, a trawler in every fjord," News from Iceland, November 1985. 13. The Japanese vessels included the Arnar, Bjartur, Brettingur, Orangey, Hoffell, Ljosafell, Olafur Bekkur, Pall Pdlsson, Raudinupur, and Vestmannaey. All were 462-GRT vessels built with 1972 with Niigata 2,000-hp engines. 14. The Ogri was one of the vessels built in Poland. The ship was a top money earner in 1979, with much of the catch being landed directly in British and West German ports. "Iceland's trawler might. Fishing News International, October 1980, pp. 54-55. 15. "Icelandic trawlermen design for fuel economy, monitor every stage of consumption," The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review, September 1980, p. 47. The Kaldbakur was one of the vessels built in Spain. The vessel was the most successful ship in the Icelandic fleet in 1979 with a total catch of 5,619 tons. 220 16. The Stella Kristina and Stella Karine were built in Norway for fishermen in the Faroe Islands. "Iceland's trawler might. Fishing News International, October 1980, pp. 54-55. The Skipaskagi (formerly the Glen Carron, 297-GRT), Baldur (formerly the Glen Urquhart, 295-GRT), and the Haforn {Glen Moriston, 296-GRT) were UK trawlers sold to Iceland by J. Marr and Son Ltd of the UK in 1982. "British firm converts three trawlers for sale to Iceland," National Fisherman, September 1982, p. 52. 17. This gave Iceland control over 758,000 square kilometers of ocean off its coast. 18. The Hilmir was built in the Slippstodin shipyards as a combination blue whiting-capelin fishing vessel. The Stalvik shipyard in Reykjavik was also producing a trawler for delivery in 1981. "Iceland: home yards can," Fishing news International, October 1980, p. 56. 19. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message, September 24, 1993. 20. The price of Russian heavy fuel oil went from $187 in September 1979 to $270 per ton in December 1979. Iceland was paying $330 per ton for gas oil in 1979, which was mixed with cheaper Russian fuel oil. The Icelandic fleet in 1981 was using an estimated 170,000 tons of fuel oil. "Cheap fuel grows costly," News from Iceland, January 1981, p. 5. 21. Jon Sigurdsson, Consulate General of Iceland in New York City, NY in a fax to the authors dated August 8, 1993 and David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message, September 24, 1993. 22. Jon Sigurdsson, Consulate General of Iceland in New York City, NY in a fax to the authors dated August 8, 1993 and David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message, September 24, 1993. 23. Ian Strutt, "Iceland Buys into Rostock Fleet," Fishing News International, April 1993, p. 17 and Jon Sigurdsson, Consulate General of Iceland in New York City, NY in a fax to the authors dated August 8, 1993. 24. "Oceanic catches pay for Icelandic fleet," Fishing News International, July 1993, p. 18. 25. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message, September 24, 1993. 26. "1992 Fishing Vessel Completions," World Fishing. March 1993, p. 52. 27. "1992 Fishing Vessel Completions," World Fishing. March 1993, p. 54. 28. "New ice-class trawlers for Norway and Iceland," Fishing News International, July 1992, p. 43. 29. "Iceland's Cod Catch in Decline," U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, June 2, 1993. The Icelandic cod catch has fallen from 390,000 tons in 1987 to 150,000 tons for the 1993-94 quota. The last time it was this low was 1919. 30. "Icelandic Fishing Industry," U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, May 11, 1993. 31. "Icelandic Fishing Industry," U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, May 11, 1993. 32. News from Iceland, April 1993, p. 12B. 221 33. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message, September 24, 1993. 34. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message, September 24, 1993. 35. "Floating factory heads for Alaska," Fishing News International, December 1989, p. 39. 36. "Icelandic Fishing Vessel Andri I sold," U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, March 15, 1990. 37. This agreement was approved by the Council of the European Communities on June 24, 1993. 38. Council Regulation (EEC) No 1737/93 of 24 June 1993 on the conclusion of the Agreement on fisheries and the marine environment between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Iceland, Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 161/1, July 2, 1993. 39- David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message, September 24, 1993. 40. "Large-scale rationalization needed to meet cutbacks," News From Iceland, August 1993, p. B-6. 41. "Company to operate in Barents Sea," News from Iceland, p. 81. 42. "IMI -- New Namibian fisheries guidelines," U.S. Embassy, Windhok, September 1, 1993. 43. David G. Wagner, Economic/Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy, Reykjavik, Iceland, fax message, September 24, 1993. 44. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy. 222 3.6 MALTA Malta had only one vessel registering more than 500-Gross Registered Tons (GRT) in 1992, but this increased to 7 vessels in 1993. There were, in fact, a total of 33 reflagged vessels flying the Maltese flag in 1993, ranging from the Malout flOS-GRT) to the Norfisk II. (2,656-GRT). The vessels included former Libyan, Norwegian, Spanish, Ukranian, and UK-flag fishing vessels. Most of the vessels are fairly small (under 200-GRT) and several have been in Malta's fishing fleet for over 15 years. Malta, however, recently added 7 fishing vessels over 1,000- GRT. The authors believe that as many as 17 vessels may have been reflagged in Malta in 1993. CONTENTS 1. General Backgroimd 223 2. Fleet Background 223 3. Modernization Programs 224 4. Decommissioning Programs 224 5. Shipyards 224 6. International Agreements 224 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 224 Sources 225 Endnotes 229 1. General Background 2. Fleet Background Malta is a small Mediterranean country consisting of three islands, Malta, Gozo, and Comino. It is about twice the size of the District of Columbia. The total area of the islands is 320 square kilometers (km). The country has a coastline of 140 kilometers. Malta has an exclusive fishing zone that extends out for 25 nautical miles and a territorial sea that extends out 12 miles. Malta, located 93 km south of Sicily, had 275 registered full-time fishermen and 1,231 part-time fishermen at the end of 1992.' The country reported a catch of 539 tons of fresh fish for 1992, 37 tons of which was exported, while it imported nearly twice this amount in frozen fish. The importation of fresh fish is strictly controlled. - Malta's fishing fleet consists of large numbers of privately owned small, wooden boats with a few small steel trawlers. There were 724 fishing vessels registered in Malta in 1977, including 709 small wooden boats, 11 fiberglass boats, and 4 steel ships.' The steel-hulled vessels included the Hannibal and the Resound, which were built for a joint venture fishing company involving Malta and Libya and the and Malout which was loaned or given to Malta by Morocco in the mid-1970s. Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables lists one high-seas vessel registered as a fishing vessel in Malta.'* The vessel, reportedly 998-GRT, first appeared on Malta's rolls in 1982. The ship was not listed during 1983-84 and then reappeared in 1985. At the end of 1992, there was a total of 1,417 local fishing vessels. Of these. 223 only 30 were over 15 meters in length; 1,270 of the remaining vessels were under 9 meters long. In addition, there are an estimated 14 other fishing vessels (over 15 meters in length) operated by offshore registered companies in Malta. These vessels are not, however, allowed to fish within the Maltese fishing zone or land any fresh fish in Malta. No further details on these vessels are available, but some are thought to be included in the list of vessels shown in table 2.' In 1993, there were 33 vessels over 100-GRT flying the Maltese flag. This included two vessels over 2,600-GRT and 4 vessels over 1,000-GRT. It appears that as many as 17 foreign- flag vessels might have been reflagged in Malta in 1993. Information about the fleet is contained in tables 1 and 2. People's Republic of China helped Malta build "one of the largest ship-repair docks in southern Europe."' The Govenmient of Malta encourages local fishermen to upgrade their fishing vessels and equipment. It gives grants amounting to 40% of the value of the boat, up to a maximum of $33,000, if the purchased boat is imported, and up to $17,500, in the case of locally built vessels. Grants are also given for the purchase of new navigational and other fishing equipment and the replacement of marine engines. During 1992, the Maltese government gave a total of Lm 48,000 in grants to private fishermen. The government has also undertaken to reconstruct the fish market, installing electric winches in most of the important slipways and dredge fishing ports.'" 3. Modernization Programs 6. International Agreements The Government of Malta embarked upon a fleet modernization program in 1976. The plan called for the construction of 14 to 36 trawlers, well beyond the 2 trawlers recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations* which also provided financial assistance. Experts from North Korea, Greece, and Scotland were called in to provide advice. By 1977, five trawlers had been delivered, but landings were poor and only two of the original vessels (the Hannibal and Nalout) were operating by 1978. In 1978, Malta was forced to import $4.5 million worth of canned, fresh, and frozen fish to meet the needs of the island.' The socialist government then turned to Libya for assistance in the form of a joint venture. 4. Decommissioning Programs The authors are not aware decommissioning programs in Malta. of any 5. Shipyards Malta served as an important port for the Royal Navy during World War II and reportedly has the ability to build or repair wooden and steel vessels. In 1973, the President of the Mexican company Astilleros Unidos de Mexico held talks with officials of the Malta Drydocks. It was reported that Malta Drydocks would build 12 shrimp trawlers for Brazil and 6 trawlers for Venezuela on behalf of the Mexican company.' It has also been reported that the Malta and the Libyan Arab Jamahirija agreed to establish a joint venture fishing company in September 1978." The company, called "Stad U Staghn" (Maltese for "Fish and Get Rich") was to operate 16 trawlers in Maltese and Libyan waters and to market the catch in both countries.'^ Malta reportedly received a $4.4 million loan from the Kuwait Fund for Economic Development to purchase 6 to 8 of the vessels." Ten small trawlers were to have been built in the Malta Drydocks. ''' By 1982 only 2 of the joint venture's fleet of 3 vessels remained; the Hannibal (operated by a Maltese crew) and the Resound (operated by a Bulgarian crew) . The third vessel (presumed to be the Malout) was out of service because no crew was available to man the vessel." The Maltese-Libyan fishing company reported $2 million in losses between 1978 and 1984." During the 1 970s and early 1980s, Malta and Morocco had cooperative agreements in fisheries. In 1978, the Government of Morocco loaned Malta two trawlers, the Wahoud and the Malout, as training ships to help the island's fishing industry." Malta and Senegal signed a cooperative fisheries agreement on January 24, 1979, which reportedly allowed Maltese-built fishing vessels to fish in Senegalese waters as part of a Malta/Senegal joint venture fishing company.'* Malta also has reached cooperative agreements with Tunisia" and has cooperated with Japan in fisheries.-" At present, Malta has no valid international fishing agreements, but it is a member of the General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean.^' 224 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans The U.S. Embassy in Valletta reports that Malta has no fleet dispersal plans." SOURCES "Agreement signed to create joint Libya-Malta fishing company," International Fisheries Report, IFR-78/133, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., August 17, 1978. Central Office of Statistics, Census of Agriculture and Fisheries, 1976-77, Department of Information, Valletta, 1978 Fishing News International, various issues. "Malta Drydocks to build trawlers," The Malta Economist, June 1973 "Malta seeks trawl fleet," The Fisherman, September 5, 1975 "Maltese speech in China causes Soviet walkout," New York Times, November 4, 1977. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy U.S. Embassy Valletta, various reports. Malta X Rabat , — ^ „ Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea 225 Table 1. --MALTA. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. Year Gross Registered Tons (GRT) Total 500- 1,999 999 1,000- Over 2,000 GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. 1975 - - - - - - 0 0 1976 - - - - - - 0 0 1977 - - - - - - 0 0 1978 - - - - - - 0 0 1979 - - - - - - 0 0 1980 - - - - - - 0 0 1981 - - - - - - 0 0 1982 998 1 - - - - 998 1 1983^ - - - - - - 0 0 1984 - - - - - - 0 0 1985 998 - - - - 998 1986 998 - - - - 998 1987 998 - - - - 998 1988 998 - - - - 998 1989 998 - - - - 998 1990 998 - - - - 998 1991 998 - - - - 998 1992 998 - - - - 998 Source: years. Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various ' The authors have no information to explain why the vessels were not listed in 1983-84. The Office of Naval Intelligence of the U.S. Navy has no information about a vessel registering 998-GRT in its files. 226 Table 2. --MALTA. Listing of reflagged fishing vessels registered in 1993. Name year the built p,«..,;„..o Vessel type flag vessel was r^mintrv Year Gross Registered Tons Acros No. 2. 284 Japan 1974 Stem trawler Acros No. 3. 299 Japan 1977 Stem trawler Antonio Gancitano 194 Italy 1971 Vessel, nes Areos 183 Italy 1971 Libya Vessel, nes 473 East Germany 1963 Stem trawler Anon II Canarino 199 Italy 1971 Libya Vessel, nes Cidamino 199 Italy 1971 Vessel, nes Dnestr 1,361 USSR 1970 Ukraine Factory trawler 268 Netherlands 1957 Stem trawler tlenaki r.S. 165 Italy 1974 Stem trawler Izaro 1,539 Spain 1976 Spain Tuna vessel 1,300 Spain 1975 Spain Factory trawler Koi 41 ni 214 Japan 1971 Refrigerated trawler Kurema Mam Leonidas 148 Greece 1974 Stem trawler 168 Italy 1973 Stem trawler Madonna dell 'Alto Mare Sec Maloui^ 105 Italy 1975 Libya Stem trawler Manwel 173 East Germany 1974 Libya Vessel, nes 245 Netherlands 1965 Stem trawler Maria Bemadette 194 Italy 1970 Stem trawler Norfisk I. 2,655 Poland 1973 UK Factory trawler Norfisk II. 2,656 Poland 1973 UK Factory trawler North Sea Surveyor 1,237 Norway 1986 Norway Refrigerated trawler Italy 1973 Stem trawler Osiride 196 '' A vessel reportedly given or loaned to Malta by Morocco in the mid-1970s. 227 Palma Prima 195 Italy 1974 Libya Stem trawler Paola Bassi 194 Italy 1972 Stem trawler Queen Mary Three 174 Spain 1974 Stem trawler ResouncF 145 U.K. 1970 Stem trawler S. Terenzio 199 Italy 1972 Vessel, nes Saint Martin 781 Poland 1967 Stem trawler Salvatore Gancitano 199 Italy 1972 Stem trawler Sicula Pesca 150 Italy 1981 Stem trawler Taxiarchis 284 France 1956 Stem trawler Trionfale 132 Italy 1956 Stem trawler Source: Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy ■^ One of 4 steel-hulled vessels operated as a joint venture fishing company with Libya in 1977. The Hannibal was not listed as operating in 1993. The names of the other 2 vessels are not available. 228 ENDNOTES 1. "Help for Gozo fishermen," and "Maltese pay out," Fishing News International, May 1990 and October 1989 respectively, and fax from Paul Andersen, Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy Valletta, August 20, 1993. 2. Fax from Paul Andersen, Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy Valletta, August 20, 1993. 3. Central Office of Statistics, Census of Agriculture and Fisheries, 7976-77, Department of Information, Valletta, 1978, p. 75. 4. The Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy, reports that the former Japanese vessel Kurema Maru (214-GRT) was listed on Malta's registry of fishing vessels. The Kurema Maru was built in 1971 as is identified as a refrigerated trawler. 5. Fax from Paul Andersen, Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy Valletta, August 20, 1993. 6. "Malta seeks trawlers from Arabs," Fishing News International, April 1978, p. 15. 7. FAO Country Profiles, "Malta," Fishing News International, August 1980, p. 70. 8. "Malta Drydocks to build trawlers," The Malta Economist, June 1973, p. 6. The article did not explain why a Mexican company was building shrimp trawlers for Brazil and Venezuela. 9. "Maltese speech in China causes Soviet walkout," New York Times, November 4, 1977. 10. Fax from Paul Andersen, Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy Valletta, August 20, 1993. 11. "Malta to start trawler fleet," Fishing News International, June 1978. 12. "Malta seeks trawlers from Arabs," Fishing News International, April 1978, p. 15. 13. "Malta to start trawler fleet," Fishing News International, June 1978 and "Malta/Libya fisheries agreement," U.S. Embassy, Valletta, August 1, 1978. 14. For information on the Malta/Libya joint venture see: "Agreement signed to create joint Libya-Malta fishing company," International Fisheries Report, IFR-78/133, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., August 17, 1978. 15. "Big losses for Malta-Libya trawler venture," Fishing News International, August 1982. 16. "Maltese Economic/Commercial Developments, December 1985," U.S. Embassy, Valletta, January 8, 1986. 17. "Return trip," Fishing News International, February 1979. 18. "Malta/Senegal trade agreement signed," U.S. Embassy, Valletta, January 30, 1979. 19. "Malta/Senegal Trade Agreement Signed," U.S. Embassy, Valletta, January 30, 1979. 229 20. "Malta seeks trawl fleet," The Fisherman, September 5, 1975, p. 10. The Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy, reports that the former Japanese vessel Kurema Maru (214-GRT) was listed on Malta's registry of fishing vessels. The Kurema Maru was built in 1971 as is identified as a refrigerated trawler. The vessel could be a gift to Malta by the Government of Japan as a training vessel. The authors have no further information about this vessel. 21. Fax from Paul Andersen, Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy Valletta, August 20, 1993. 22. Fax from Paul Andersen, Commercial Officer, U.S. Embassy Valletta, August 20, 1993. 230 3.7 NORWAY The Norwegian high-seas fleet of 139 vessels as of 1992, is equipped to process a variety of fish and shellfish and to deliver a high quality product to customers around the world. The Norwegian high-seas fleet' began expanding rapidly in 1986, peaking at 143 vessels in 1990. Substantial catches of cod, capelin, Atlantic herring, Atlantic mackerel, sandeels, and other species in recent years are keeping Norwegian fishermen busy harvesting these species in domestic waters. Norwegian shipyards produce high quality vessels that are sold to fishermen all over the world. Seven Norwegian factory trawlers fished off Australia and New Zealand in 1992. These distant operations have not proven profitable. A shift in Norway's fishing fleet to distant grounds is not anticipated. Several Caribbean-flag vessels have recently begun fishing in international waters between Norway and Russia. CONTENTS 1. General Background 231 2. Fleet Background 232 3. Modernization Programs 232 4. Decommissioning Programs 233 5. Shipyards 233 6. International Agreements 234 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 235 Sources 235 Endnotes 239 1. General Background Norway is Western Europe's leading producer of fish and shellfish by virtue of its harvest of 2.4 million tons of fish and shellfish in 1992.' Norway controls some of the richest fishing grounds in the world. Norwegian waters provide excellent conditions for spawning and growth of healthy stocks of fish. Fishing is important to the people of coastal Norway as well as to the nation's social structure.' Fisheries is also a vital economic activity for the country: The value of the 1992 catch was $784 million and Norway's exports of fishery products amounted to 1,235,000 tons worth $2.1 billion." Exports of fishery products in 1992 rank third after petroleum and metals and constitute about 7.0 percent of the nation's exports in terms of value.' Fishing is important along the country's 21,925 kilometer coastline, and especially in isolated fishing villages. The most important species in Norwegian marine fisheries are Atlantic cod, Atlantic herring, mackerel, and capelin. Unlike all North Atlantic countries (from Canada to Greenland to Iceland to the United Kingdom), Norway has seen a return of Atlantic cod stocks. Norway's catch of Atlantic cod went from 231 161,000 tons in 1991 to 213,000 tons in 1992. The value of Norway's exports of cod products was nearly $590 million in 1992.* In addition to cod, Norwegian fishermen also benefited from a resurgence in capelin stocks; the catch of capelin went from 92,000 tons in 1990 to 576,000 tons in 1991 to 808,000 tons in 1992. The catch of Atlantic herring has declined in recent years, but accounted for 220,000 tons in 1992. Atlantic mackerel landings were 207,000 tons in 1992. Norway pout (165,000 tons), Saithe (160,000 tons), blue whiting (154,600 tons), horse mackerel (106,000 tons), sandeels (92,800 tons), haddock (38,000 tons), redfish (35,000 tons), sprat (32,500 tons), ling (21,400 tons), and Greenland halibut (1 1 ,000 tons), were also important fish caught in Norwegian waters in 1992. Harvests of Norway lobster and deepwater shrimp provide valuable income for these prized shellfish. Norway is also the world's leading producer of farmed Atlantic salmon and 1992 exports of 123,500 tons of fresh, chilled or frozen salmon (excluding fillets) generated $604 million in export earnings!^ Fish stocks are healthy and Norwegian fishermen are among the few enjoying a profitable season. The main product forms are fresh, frozen, dried, and salted fish as well as fishmeal and oil and a variety of caimed products. The boom in Norway's production of farmed salmon has led to the development of new, value-added products. The resumption of commercial whaling in Norway might lead to consumer boycotts of Norwegian fishery products that would be a setback to the fishing industry. An overview of the Norwegian fishing industry can be seen in tables 1 -3 . 2. Fleet Background Norway has a total fishing fleet of about 17,000 vessels, making it the leader among the non-EC nations of Western Europe. The Norwegian fishing fleet consists mainly of small coastal vessels which range from small, one-man boats to large trawlers and purse seiners. The number of vessels in the fleet has declined in recent years. The Norwegian high- seas fleet had its origin in the 1960s and 1970s.' The Gadus I (1,530-GRT) and Gadus II (1,600-GRT) were built in 1969 and 1970 respectively and were the first Norwegian stem trawlers over 1,000-GRT.' By 1975, the fleet consisted of 8 vessels over 1,000- GRT fishing the Norwegian quota of Arctic cod off the coast of Finnmark and in the Barents Sea. '" The Norwegian high-seas fleet grew slowly though the 1980s. The fleet expanded from 98 vessels in 1985 to 143 vessels in 1990, as fishermen began ordering large vessels (over 1,000-GRT) with on-board processing equipment. Norwegian fishermen eventually plan total of 30 fully equipped factory vessels able to process approximately 200,000 tons of cod at sea." This expansion program was taking place at the same time that the fleet of smaller-sized boats was being gradually reduced.'^ It was also reported that 33 of the 40 ringblock vessels operating in northern Norway were 20 or more years old and replacement programs for modernizing the ieao 1935 IVesses wei SOOQRT ■ 'bnnags Figure 1. -Norway's high-seas fleet, 1975-92. Norwegian fleet were needed." The Norwegian fleet also includes a number of large, pelagic purse seiners that fish for herring and capelin. The Norwegian high-seas fleet in 1992 included 75 vessels in the 500- to 999-GRT class, 52 vessels in the 1,000- to 1,999- GRT class and 12 vessels over 2,000-GRT as shown in table 1 . 3. Modernization Programs''' The National Fishery Bank (NFB) is charged with providing credit to promote the development of the Norwegian fishing fleet. The NFB provides mortgage loans and administers aid programs. In 1991, the NFB provided loans amounting to $416 million, which included $340 million in first mortgage loans. The NFB loan program covers 70 percent of the total investment in a fishing vessel. Loans are provided for a maximum period of 12 years at 12.5-percent (1990-92). Second mortgages are also available. Shipowners were limited to a maximum loan of $77 million in 1990 and to $54 232 million during 1991-93. NFB investment grants are also available for the financing of coastal fishing vessels in regions where fishing is the main activity. The modernization program appears to be very effective. The high-seas fleet increased from 72 vessels in 1975 to 143 vessels in 1990, before decreasing to 139 vessels in 1992. 4. Decommissioning Programs Norway has a long history of supporting efforts to decommission old and ineffective fishing vessels. One of the programs was initiated in 1979 and ended with the scrapping of 124 vessels." Another program ended in 1982 with 140 vessels over 15 meters in length being decommissioned.'* Most of these early programs were aimed at the large number of small vessels which dominated the Norwegian fishing fleet. During the last 3-4 years, these programs have been increased. Recent initiatives include: Financial support for the scrapping of old vessels (mostly coastal vessels). Since 1978, the Government has spent approximately $148 million on the scrapping of 950 vessels. Financial support for the sale of larger, offshore vessels to other nations, leading to the permanent withdrawal of the vessels from Norwegian fisheries. Financial support for the laying-up of vessels for a limited period. Reduction in the financial support for operational costs in Norwegian fisheries. In addition to these financial programs, the Government of Norway has also initiated administrative programs limiting the growth of the Norwegian fishing fleet. These programs include: Restrictions on loans for investment in vessels, gear, and other equipment and reduction in investment subsidies. Strict limitations on the granting of new licenses for replacement of licensed vessels. Regulations on the rate of replacement in the fishing fleet. Possibilities for the merging of quotas of licensed vessels in the Norwegian cod fishery. This allows one vessel to benefit from another vessel's cod quota, provided the second vessel is withdrawn from the cod fishery on a permanent basis. The program to reduce the fishing fleet appears to be less effective than the program to modernize the fleet in recent years. In 1992, 34 vessels were withdrawn. 5. Shipyards Norwegian shipyards rank among the best in the world. Ten Norwegian shipyards reported building 19 new fishing vessels in 1992." These vessels ranged in size from the 24-GRT Hans Robert built by Arctic Boat A/S in Guasvik for Hans Karisari of Vadso to the 2,700-GRT Northern Osprey built for M.V. Osprey Ltd., of Halifax, Nova Scotia, in Canada by the Mjellum & Karlsen Verft A/S of Bergen. The Sterkoder A/S shipyards were also active in the construction of six 1,900-GRT factory stem trawlers for the Rider Shipping Corporation of Monrovia, Liberia. Four of these stem trawlers were delivered: Peter, Iljin,'^ Admiral Nevelskoj, and Victoria.^^ One ship, the Mikhail Levashov was not delivered due to lack of funding. The last vessel, the Amaltal Colombia, was sold to the Amatal Fishing Company, Ltd. of Auckland, New Zealand. Norwegian shipyards also built fishing vessels for customers in France (Ligrunn, 768-GRT ), Iceland (Vigri, 1,217-GRT, Amar [no GRT reported], Tjaldur and Tjaldur II, 688-GRT), and Poland {John Erik, 492-GRT and Baldvin Torsteinsson [no GRT reported]). On April 29, 1993, the Norwegian shipyard Soviknes Verft AS delivered an ultra- modem autoliner to Nichimo Co. Ltd. of Japan with the unusual name oiKapitan Kartashov ( 1 ,079-GRT) . The vessel will operate out of Vladivostok for a Russian company affiliated with Nichimo and will fish for Pacific cod, halibut, and rockfish. This is the first of two identical vessels for Nichimo; the second vessel, the Kapitan Samoilenko, was delivered on June 11, 1993.^° Norwegian shipyards are able to produce highly efficient fishing vessels and are an important source of new vessels for fishermen aroimd the world. 233 6. International Agreements Norway holds annual fishery consultations with a number of countries. In 1992, discussions were held with Russia, the EC, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Sweden, and Poland. In each instance, access for Norwegian fishing vessels or fishing quotas are sought in exchange for reciprocal access to Norwegian grounds or fishing quotas. Norway also participated in the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) and in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO). Russia: A series of negotiations between Norway and Russia during 1992 resulted in several bilateral agreements covering several species. These agreements provided for quotas for Arcto-Norwegian cod (356,000 tons) and capelin (1,084,000 tons), and set up rules governing the by-catch of Greenland halibut. These accords cover both the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea. European Community: Norway and the EC came to an agreement on quotas in the North Sea. The agreement included allocations of joint stocks betweeen the two parties. Norway received a quotas of 112,610 tons of herring and 54,415 tons of mackerel in the North Sea. Norway was also allowed 232,000 tons of blue whiting in an area including the EC's EEZ as well as that of the Faroe Islands. Iceland: Norway and Iceland reached an agreement on reciprocal fishing on March 10, 1976. These agreements have since been amended. The agreement permits small quantities of cod, blue whiting, herring, capelin, and other species to be caught by Norwegian vessels in Icelandic waters and Icelandic vessels in Norwegian waters during specified times. Faroe Islands: Norway and the Faroe Islands have a reciprocal fisheries agreement which allows fishermen from each country to fish in waters of the other country. Greenland: The Governments of Norway and Greenland reached an agreement on fishing rights for cod in late 1991. The agreement gives Greenland a TAC for cod in the North Sea and Barents Sea in exchange for Norwegian fishing in Greenland's 200- mile exclusive economic zone. The agreement was arbitrated by Denmark. Sweden: There is a special tripartite agreement between Norway, Sweden, and Denmark dating back to 1966 which lasts until 2001. The agreement allows fishermen from each country to fish up to 4 nautical miles from the baselines in the area of the Skagerrak and the northern part of Kattegat, irrespective of fisheries zones. The EC has assumed legal responsibility to negotiate on behalf of Deimiark in 1978.2' Jan Mayen: Norway has agreements with the EC, Iceland, Greenland, Russia, the Faroe Islands, and Poland concerning cooperation in the management of capelin stocks which migrate between the Fishery Zone around Jan Mayen and the Icelandic and Greenland zones.*' The agreements also allow for fishing of blue whiting in the region. Norway experienced problems with Caribbean- flag fishing vessels in 1993. Two Caribbean-flag vessels were discovered fishing in the "loophole" around the Svalbard. The area is in international waters around the Svalbard which is jointly administered by Norway and Russia. A second "loophole" exists in the Barents Sea between the Russian and Norwegian EEZs in the Barents Sea." The trouble started during the summer of 1993 when Norway expelled two Caribbean-registered fishing vessels from the area around Svalbard. The vessels had sold their catch of cod in Iceland. Following their expulsion, the vessels sailed to the Barents Sea loophole, where they were joined by 4 other vessels."" 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans The Government of Norway in 1991 studied the possibilities of government support for fishing in distant-waters. The Government concluded that no policy was needed to encourage or discourage Norwegian fishermen from fishing in distant-waters. The Norwegian fleet is free to operate anywhere it wishes, provided its activity is consistent with international agreements and the legislation of coastal states. Norwegian fishermen established joint venture operations off New Zealand in 1989 and fished there for 2 years. The venture apparently was not 234 successful and no catches have been reported for 1991 (table 3). FAO catch data also indicates that Norwegian vessels fish in the Eastern Central Atlantic, where they average under 2,000 tons per year (table 3). Norwegian vessels caught 1,400 tons (mostly illex squid) in the Falkland's EEZ in 1990; they have not returned since that year (see Appendix 30). Norwegian vessels fish in waters off western Greenland (table 3). Norway's total distant-water catch of 5,100 tons was only a tiny fraction of the nation's total catch of 1,980,000 tons in 1991. Hansen, Torstein Assistant Director General and Krisin Alnes, Sr. Executive Officer, Royal Ministry of Fisheries, letter to Ivar 0sby, Embassy of the United States, Oslo, Norway dated April 22, 1993. Hjul, Peter. The Stem Trawler, Fishing News (Books), London, 1972, pp. 168-176. Larsen, Birger. Royal Norwegian Embassy, Washington, D.C. Norwegian high-seas vessels are mostly built to operate in the cold waters of the North Atlantic. It is unlikely that these vessels can operate profitably in many other fisheries, although one large Norwegian vessel, Mys Vindis, (1,899-GRT) was reflagged in Cyprus in 1993." In the past, vessels have generally been sold to other Nordic countries or to the UK where they have been used to fish in the North Atlantic. Norwegian fishing vessels are routinely sold to fishermen in Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Scotland, and other northern countries. Some vessels have been reconfigured to work in the offshore oil fields. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy. 0sby, Ivar. Embassy of the United States, Oslo, Norway various communications. The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries, Quota Regulations in Norwegian Fisheries Zones for 1989. Oslo, August 25, 1989, p.4. U.S. Embassy, Oslo, Norway, various reports. Wade, Nick. "Norway Ends Scrapping Programme," Fishing News International, July 1981, p. 3. In summary, at the present time it is unlikely that Norwegian high-seas vessels will be deployed beyond the North Atlantic groundfish, pelagic, or blue whiting fishing grounds in the foreseeable future. Vessels built in Norwegian shipyards, however, are likely to appear in distant-water fisheries throughout the world. World Fishing, various issues. SOURCES Eurofish Report, various issues. European Supplies Bulletin, Annual Data, 1992, Sea Fish Industry Authority, Edinburgh, 1993. Fishing News International, various issues. Food and Agriculture Organization, Fishery Statistics, Catches and Landings, 1990, Volume 70, United Nations, Rome, 1992. France Peche, September 1987. 235 Table 1. -NORWAY. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. Year Gross Registered Tons (GRT) Total 500 OQO 1 AAA -1,999 Over 2,000 1,UUU GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. 1975 45,088 64 10,822 8 - 55,910 72 1976 52,374 73 7,054 5 - 59,428 78 1977 51,899 73 8,366 6 - - 60,265 79 1978 59,209 82 13,016 10 - - 72,225 92 1979 60,636 84 20,169 16 2,909 1 83,714 101 1980 59,354 82 19,124 15 2,909 1 81,387 98 1981 56,799 79 19,727 16 5,092 2 81,618 97 1982 56,501 79 21,968 18 7,648 3 86,117 100 1983 56,982 79 22,045 18 5,001 2 84,028 99 1984 56,701 79 27,638 21 5,001 2 89,340 102 1985 57,507 79 24,317 19 - - 81,824 98 1986 62,297 85 30,122 23 2,425 1 94,844 109 1987 63,268 87 43,806 32 12,015 5 119,089 124 1988 63,655 87 60,651 42 20,692 9 144,998 138 1989 57,226 78 71,516 50 30,850 13 159,592 141 1990 56,817 79 73,974 52 28,550 12 159,341 143 1991 54,550 76 78,489 55 26,132 11 159,171 142 1992 54,359 75 73,429 52 28,188 12 155,976 139 Source: Lloyd's Register of London, UK, various years. Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, 236 m 00 3 •O a c i 00 u O Z 1) J3 u > O < o z I oo 00 00 ON oo Os 00 0\ 00 0\ 00 CO 00 1) J3 K O ■§ ?« ^ SO So s: s: o 1 a ■c 2 c ^ ■s: o m ON o ON oo' NO o 00 r-' 00 m ■*' 00 m in ri CO O r-' 00 m 00 00 ON o' 00 lU in in ^" j= Q iA ■3 eS ^ r° O "= ON o CO ON 00' in m ON^ o' CM 00 r- 00 NO ■n >n no' a u ex O ON 00 0\ o 00 On O On ON 00 c != O s 3 o H ^ ■« Z g NO ON^ >n in ON m ON in ON in On" m 00 ON o\^ ON 00 as 00_ ON 00 o ON 00 00 00 0) > c It-H 0 in u 1) W) XI x: 6 £* 3 DC z o 00 T1-' 00 in o' 00 ON r- in ON m in NO_ 00' 00 NO in m r- NO_^ . x: S3 X) 6 U4 ^ § 00 00 o- o ^ z '^ -a ° §" 00 u OS !3 -J T3 O T3 I S3 i/i 3 o 00 o '5 ■s: Table 3. --NORWAY. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91 Area 1975 1 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1.000 Metric Tons Inland (FAO area 05) - 8.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 Coastal" (Northeastern Atlantic and Baltic Sea, FAO area 27) 2,485.0 2,395.4 2,115.2 1,907.0 1,948.0 1,840.0 1,900.1 1,688.1 2,090.3 Distant-water: NE Atlantic, FAO area 21 53.0 5.3 2.1 5.4 0.4 2.0 5.3 16.9 5.1 Eastern-Central Atlantic, FAO area 34 13.0 - 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.3 2.0 1.8 - South-Central Pacific, FAO area 81 - - - - 1.2 4.0 Sub-toal 66.0 5.3 3.4 6.8 1.4 3.3 8.5 22.7 5.1 Total 2,551.0 2,409.0 2,119.0 1,914.2 1,949.8 1,843.6 1,909.1 1,711.3 2,095.9 Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fish ery Statistic •s, various y ears. ' The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern Greenland to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea. 238 ENDNOTES 1. Mr. Birger Larsen, Fisheries Attache, Royal Norwegian Embassy, Washington, D.C. notes that the term "high- seas" is not appropriate for the Norwegian fleet which mostly fishes in coastal waters. He did note that some Norwegian vessels fish in distant waters. 2. Food and Agriculture Organization, Fishery Statistics, Catches and Landings, 1990, Volume 70, United Nations, Rome, 1992, p. 89. 3. "Norway has jurisdiction over some of the world's richest fishing grounds; the following is an overview of its fisheries," World Fishing, July 1990, p. 8. 4. Birger Larsen, Fisheries Attache, Royal Norwegian Embassy, Washingto, D.C, personal communication on September 30, 1993. 5. "First semester 1993 Norwegian foreign trade," U.S. Embassy, Oslo, August 9, 1993. 6. Central Bureau of Statistics, as cited in European Supplies Bulletin, Annual Data, 1992, Sea Fish Industry Authority, Edinburgh, 1993, p. 35-37. 7. Based on an exchange rate of 7.35 Norwegian kroner = US$1.00. 8. Peter Hjul, TJie Stem Trawler, Fishing News (Books), London, 1972, pp. 168-176. 9. Peter Hjul, The Stern Trawler, Fishing News (Books), London, 1972, p. 171. 10. "Vessels that Attract the Young Men..." Fishing News International, March 1978, p. 21. 11. Eurofish Report, April 14, 1986. 12. France Peche, September 1987, p. 42. 13. Eurofish Report, February 13, 1986, p. FS/1. 14. Letter from Torstein Hansen, Assistant Director General and Krisin Alnes, Sr. Executive Officer, Royal Ministry of Fisheries, to Ivar 0sby, Embassy of the United States, Oslo, Norway dated April 22, 1993. This letter provides details on the information which is presented in this report. 15. Nick Wade, "Norway Ends Scrapping Programme," Fishing News International, July 1981, p. 3. 16. Fishing News International, June 1983. 17. "1992 Fishing Vessel Completions," World Fishing, March 1993, pp. 51-54. 18. A vessel identified as the Petr Iljin was registered in Cyprus in 1993. The vessel was built in Norway in 1992 and registered 1,919-GRT. The authors suspect that this was one of the vessels delivered to the Liberian firm and may have been renamed or it may be one vessel instead of the reported 2 vessels. 19. The vessels were apparently destined for Russian fisheries. 239 20. "MV Kapitan Kartashov," World Fishing, June 1993, p. 65 and "Autoliners sail from Norway," Fishing News International, August 1993, p. 23. 21. The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries, Quota Regulations in Norwegian Fisheries Zones for 1989, Oslo, August 25, 1989, p.4. 22. The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries, Quota Regulations in Norwegian Fisheries Zones for 1989, Oslo, August 25, 1989, p.4. 23. "Norway acts on fishing in Barents Sea "loophole," U.S. Embassy, Oslo, Norway, August 18, 1993. 24. "Norway acts on fishing in Barents Sea "loophole," U.S. Embassy, Oslo, Norway, August 18, 1993. 25. "Norway acts on fishing in Barents Sea "loophole," U.S. Embassy, Oslo, Norway, August 18, 1993, Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy, and Nick Wade, "Barents Sea 'Hole' Dispute," Fishing News International, September 1993, pp. 1-2. 26. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy. Norway 240 3.8 SWEDEN The Swedish high-seas fleet grew from 3 vessels in 1988 to 8 vessels in 1992 before declining to 7 vessels in 1993. All of these vessels are under 1,000-Gross Registered Tons (GRT). Sweden's coastal fishing vessels tend to be heavier than coastal vessels in warmer climates in order to operate savely in the harsh northern weather. It is unlikely that Sweden's vessels will move to distant fishing grounds in the near future. CONTENTS 1. General Background 241 2. Fleet Background 242 3 . Modernization Programs 242 4. Decommissioning Programs 242 5. Shipyards 242 6. International Agreements 243 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 243 Sources 243 Endnotes 248 1. General Background Fishing is not a significant industry in Sweden. It is, however, of importance to many coastal communities. Sweden's catch peaked at around 400,000 tons in 1964 when nearly 200,000 tons of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) were landed. The collapse of the North Sea herring stock, however, signaled a contraction of Sweden's fisheries which declined by half and never fully recovered.' Swedish fisheries were impacted again in the 1970s, when many nations extended their exclusive fishery zones to 200 miles, excluding Swedish fishermen from their traditional fishing grounds.' Many fishermen sold their vessels and sought other occupations during this time.' Sweden's landings have fluctuated near the 250,000 ton level for the past two decades, but the catch totaled 320,000 tons in 1992." Swedish high- seas vessels traditionally fish for herring and mackerel in the North Sea and other species in the Baltic,' the Skagerrak, and the Kattegat. With the decline in Swedish fisheries, seafood processors have turned to foreign suppliers to meet the growing demand for seafood in Sweden and Europe. In 1992, Sweden imported 100,000 tons of fish and shellfish valued at approximately $437 million.* Processing 241 seafood is an important business in Sweden today. Annual consumption of fishery products is around 26 kilograms of fish per capita; two thirds of this fish is imported and one-third caught by Swedish fishermen.^ Modest quantities of herring and industrial fish (i.e., fish used for reduction into fishmeal and fishoil) are landed in Denmark which is the major market for these types of fish.* Sweden has a 2,862 kilometer coastline consisting of many bays, coves, and islands. The Swedish shelf area includes 165,295 square kilometers. The country also has some 100,000 lakes covering about 38,000 square kilometers. This has attracted many individual fishermen who operate small fishing boats from many ports. Unfortunately, the low salinity of the Baltic yields only a few species of fish. Without access to distant fishing grounds, the Swedish fishing effort has been increasingly limited.' For additional information on Sweden's fishing industry refer to tables 1 to 3. Sweden's high-seas fleet in 1992 consisted of 8 vessels, all under 1,000-GRT. The Swedish high- seas fleet in 1993 included: Argos (985 -GRT), Ganthi (534-GRT), Ginneton (534-GRT),Z^von (511-GRT), Polar (690-GRT), Teaterskeppet (774-GRT), and the Torland{l\e-GKl)}^ 3. Modernization Programs In 1984-85, the Swedish government allocated just under $6 million in state aid to modernize the Swedish fishing fleet. The program included low interest loans for vessel construction, subsidies for new vessels, and funds to assist fishermen shifting into more profitable types of fishing.'^ Similar programs were reported for 1991-92 by the Government of Sweden; slightly more than $0.8 million was made available for the construction of new fishing vessels, and the purchase of second-hand vessels. 2. Fleet Background The total fishing fleet (powered vessels) has gradually declined from 4,000 vessels in 1981 to 1,638 licensed fishing vessels in 1992.'° The high- seas fleet grew from 3 vessels in 1988 to a high of 8 vessels in 1992 (table 1 and figure 1)." i»u 1SI5 ■Vossels aver 5M-GRT •■T^nnajo Figure I. Sweden's high-seas fishing fleet, 1975-92. The Govenmient budget for support to Swedish fisheries for the 1992-93 fiscal year was $5 million. The ceiling for credit guarantees to fishing companies has been $9.4 million in the loan program for FY 1992-93.'" As of FY 1993-94, the fishery loan program will be abolished. Government support for modernizing the fishing industry will only be provided in the form of credit guarantees in the future. The allocation for FY 1993-94 will be $3.3 milllion and the funds will be used for modernization, supporting idle vessels, and improving quality controls in the fishing industry. Of the total amount, a litfle more than half is earmarked for the modernization of the fishing fleet. '^ 4. Decommissioning Programs The Swedish government has introduced scrapping subsidies as part of an overall program to modernize the country's fleet of small, aging vessels." 5. Shipyards Between 1976 and 1978, there was one 2,508- GRT vessel operating under the Swedish flag. That vessel was decommissioned in 1979, and has never been replaced. A 1,181-GRT vessel began operating in 1980, but was sold or otherwise decommissioned in 1987 and it also has never been replaced. Swedish shipyards produce mostly small craft for local fishermen. However, on occasion they have produced very large vessels. The Irish super trawler, Veronica (4,034-GRT), for example, was built by the Marstrandsverben yard in Sweden. The Veronica is 242 one of the largest fishing vessels in Europe and demonstrates that Swedish shipyards can produce world-class fishing vessels. 6. International Agreements The extension of 200-mile fishery zones in the mid- 1970s prompted Sweden to establish its own 200- mile EEZ on January 1, 1978. This gave Sweden control over approximately 160,000 square kilometers of ocean, mostly in the Baltic where Sweden has a long tradition of fishing. It also required Sweden to negotiate maritime boundaries with its neighbors, including Finland, the Soviet Union, Poland, the German Democratic Republic, Denmark, and Norway. In addition to settling their maritime boundaries, the Swedish government also negotiated a series of bilateral agreements with its neighbors which permitted Swedish fishermen to fish in many of their traditional fishing grounds in exchange for foreign access to Swedish waters. Sweden and the Soviet Union, for example, negotiated an agreemnt to divide the "white zone" in the Baltic Sea in 1988. A joint protocol was signed on December 12, 1988, ending years of conflict. The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the reestablishment of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania as independent states has produced 4 separate bilateral fishery agreements in the area." Sweden and Poland signed an agreement in 1993 allowing 20 Swedish vessels to fish for herring and sprat and 4 Swedish vessels to fish for salmon within the Polish 40-mile EEZ. No information was made available on what Polish fishermen received from Sweden." Fishing in the Baltic Sea is also coordinated by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, which establishes total allowable catches on an annual basis for its member states. Quotas for the Baltic Sea are set by the International Baltic Sea Commission in Warsaw. The Baltic Sea Fishery Commission reduced catch quotas for cod to 23,900 tons in 1992, which amounted to a reduction of nearly 41 percent. Sweden also negotiated access agreements to the North Sea with the European Community and with Norway. Access and fishing quotas in the Skagerak are established through annual tri-lateral talks with the EC, Sweden and Norway. Access to the Kattegat involves bilateral talks between Sweden and the European Community. Sweden applied for membership in the European Community in July 1991, and negotiations began in the spring of 1993 with the goal of accession by January 1, 1995. Sweden is likely to face the prospect of reducing its fishing fleet when it joins the EC according to a 90-page report prepared by the EC." Sweden would be bound by EC regulations once it joins the body and negotiations with other countries will thereafter be the responsibility of the EC. Swedish fishermen, however, will also be in a position to resume fishing in grounds belonging to the EC and will be able to take advantage of some agreements concluded by the EC with other countries. Thus, the future holds promise for a leaner fishing industry, but one that will have access to more fish. 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans The Swedish high-seas fleet has grown modestly since 1988 when only 3 vessels were registered with more than 500-GRT. These vessels are mostly coastal craft that are built to withstand the rigors of fishing in northern waters and are not necessarily designed for fishing in distant-waters. The fleet now consists of 7 vessels. It is unlikely that these vessels will move to distant fishing grounds in the near future. SOURCES Aimex to the Worldwide Fisheries Marketing Study: Prospects to 1985 (SWEDEN), Industry, Trade and Commerce, Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, November 1979. Cole, Bruce. "Management rebuild Sweden's fishing industry," National Fisherman, July 1979. Eurofish Report, various issues. Fagerblad, Bo. Economic Section, U.S. Embassy, Stockholm, Sweden, fax dated August 11, 1993. "Fisheries in Sweden," Fact Sheets on Sweden, The Swedish Institute, November 1978. Svensk Fisk, Ekonomisk Forening cited in European Supplies Bulletin, Annual Data, 1992, Sea Fish Industry Authority, Edinburgh, 1993, p. 47. 243 Mulllins, Rose. Sweden: A high fish consumption market. The Centre for International Business Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 1978, p 6. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy. Pownall, Peter. "Swedish fisheries showing signs of recovery after crisis in late 1960s and early 1970s," Australian Fisheries, June 1979, p. 11. U.S. Embassy, Stockholm, various reports. World Fishing, various reports. Sweden Gull ol Sund5V3ll7 Bothnia Gavle Uppsala ^Karlstad V • ^STOCKHOLM Jonkoping ' ( 0Golland Kallegal \ Iff .ma sali.c Sea Malmpy r Kaflskrona Gotebor^ 244 Table 1. -SWEDEN. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. Year Gro ss Registered Tons (GRT) Total 500-999 1,000-1,999 Over 2,000 CRT No. GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. 1975 985 1 - - - - 985 1 1976 1,765 2 - - 2,508 1 4,273 3 1977 1,765 2 - - 2,508 1 4,273 3 1978 1,765 2 - - 2,508 1 4,273 3 1979 1,744 2 - - - - 1,744 2 1980 1,744 2 1,181 - - 2,925 3 1981 2,536 3 1,181 - - 3,717 4 1982 1,777 2 1,193 - - 2,970 3 1983 1,777 2 1,193 - - 2,970 3 1984 1,777 2 1,193 - - 2,970 3 1985 2,300 3 1,193 - - 3,493 4 1986 2,683 3 1,193 - - 3,876 4 1987 1,759 2 1,193 - - 2,952 3 1988 2,275 3 - - - - 2,275 3 1989 2,991 4 - - - - 2,991 4 1990 3,502 5 - - - - 3,502 5 1991 4,744 7 - - - - 4,744 7 1992 5,419 8 - - - - 5,419 8 Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various years. 245 a\ en oo OS •o a oo a o Z Q H n' 2 "^ ■« •o « e5 •— * 8 in o >n o' PQ O 8 r-^ i oo' m so in K -"^ 00 0\ ao 2 0^ Os^ oo' ■^ OS O; ON 00_ r-' ■n o in Si ^^ t? o "5 S ■^oi > 5> . 00 oo ON <3 o m >n OS OS o" o ft: 2 i in (N CN >n in 1? ^ r- 00 On 5 ■5 2 O IT) 00 r-j' m >n On_ oo en 2;' PL) in 1 ^ 3 -S c; c/D to VO oo OS O UJ 'S- so O 00 u-i' U-1 S3 •= u a 3 C" o ^ (N m' Csl m' •§:§ > ti. 00 <4j 8 8 o\ in so 00 o -S o\ B o^ •^ •^^ Os' >o Di ^ '^ > t~-' <^r ro m ■* -^ Tf r-4 'f' "3 '^ 1^ lo '5 O 00 OS ■s i NO OS m O Os^ \o o o o a < Co [I, to r-f r^r 00 -*' J^ 00 o\ OS 00 00 rn o of so On_ ■*' O i" < ^ t^ ^ en en 3 aj O CJ ■ — s § (/I en ^_. *-" CJ D O > u 3^ " c/l V5 - ki OJ U in c/l C o C C u s y (U ^^ . O B oil C2 ^^ s > en 1) 73 c3 S !5 .— O o f2 e^ U c ^ ,2 Oi VJ ,.^ u II '5. 1 ^S ^i i: 6 oo 3 ■aoOi 5 g £ fSo fSz £z £S ■~ Z u- C- so Table 3. -SWEDEN. Fisheries catch by FAO area, 1975, 1980, 1985-91 Area 1975 1980 1 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1,000 Metric Tons Inland (FAO area 05) 10.2 10.0 3.0 3.2 4.0 5.2 6.0 5.9 5.5 Coastal' (Northeastern Atlantic and Baltic Sea, FAO area 27) 205.0 231.0 237.0 212.0 211.0 246.0 252.2 254.2 239.5 Total 215.2 241.0 240.0 215.2 215.0 251.2 258.2 260.1 245.0 Source: FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, various years " The distinction between "coastal" and "distant-water" can be misleading, since FAO area 27 stretches from eastern Greenland to the Baltic Sea and north to the Barents Sea. 247 ENDNOTES 1. Peter Pownall, "Swedish fisheries showing signs of recovery after crisis in late 1960s and early 1970s," Australian Fisheries, June 1979, p. 11. 2. 200-niile fishing zones established by the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, and the United Kingdom virtually closed the North Sea to Swedish fishermen. This resulted in many high-seas fishermen leaving the fishery and promoted the Swedish government to begin negotiations with its neighbors. Rose Mulllins, Sweden: A high fish consumption market. The Centre for International Business Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 1978, p 6. 3. Bruce Cole, "Management rebuild Sweden's fishing industry," National Fisherman, July 1979. 4. A harvest of over 300,000 tons is a considerable quantity that makes Swedish fisheries reasonably important when weighed among other nations. 5. Fish species in the Baltic include freshwater eels, salmonids, and some cod and herring. The Baltic and the Gulf of Bothnia contain brackish water and have low productivity. Growing industrial and agricultural pollution have reduced the productivity of these waters. 6. Svensk Fisk, Ekonomisk Forening cited in European Supplies Bulletin, Annual Data, 1992, Sea Fish Industry Authority, Edinburgh, 1993, p. 47. 7. Peter Pownall, "Swedish fisheries showing signs of recovery after crisis in late 1960s and early 1970s," Australian Fisheries, June 1979, p. 20. 8. This pattern was reported as far back and 1979 and may go back even fiirther. Annex to the Worldwide Fisheries Marketing Study: Prospects to 1985 (SWEDEN), Industry, Trade and Commerce, Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, November 1979 and Bo Fagerblad, Economic Section, U.S. Embassy, Stockholm, Sweden, fax dated August 11, 1993. 9. "Fisheries in Sweden," Fact Sheets on Sweden, The Swedish Institute, November 1978. 10. Bo Fagerblad, Economic Section, U.S. Embassy, Stockholm, Sweden, fax dated August 11, 1993. 11. The U.S. Embassy in Stockholm reported that there were only 4 vessels of 500-GRT and over in 1992. Bo Fagerblad, Economic Section, U.S. Embassy, Stockholm, Sweden, fax dated August 11, 1993. 12. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy. 13. "Sweden: Adapting to the time," World Fishing, November 1987. 14. Bo Fagerblad, Economic Section, U.S. Embassy, Stockholm, Sweden, fax dated August 11, 1993. 15. Bo Fagerblad, Economic Section, U.S. Embassy, Stockholm, Sweden, fax dated August 11, 1993. 16. "Sweden: Adapting to the time," World Fishing, November 1987. 248 17. The 4 agreements are between Sweden and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia. 18. "Sweden granted quotas in Polish EEZ," Eurofish Report, April 7, 1993, p. FS/4. 19. "EC Commission says "yes" to Swedish accession," Eurofish Report, August 13, 1992, p. BB/2. 249 250 3.9 TURKEY Turkey has one stern trawler, the Papila /., registering 997-Gross Registered Tons (GRT). The authors have no information about its operations. Turkey is not likely to begin high-seas fishing in distant-waters in the near future. It is, however, likely to fish in areas of the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean where it may come into conflict with other coastal states in the region. CONTENTS 1. General Background 251 2. Fleet Background 252 3. Modernization Programs 252 4. Decommissioning Programs 252 5. Shipyards 252 6. International Agreements 252 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 252 Sources 252 Endnotes 256 1. General Background Turkish fishermen caught 365,000 tons of fish and shellfish in 1991, including 317,000 tons of marine fish and 47,200 tons of inland species. The main species caught were European anchovy (91,000 tons), Mediterranean horse mackerel (30,000 tons), mullets (28,000 tons), and whiting (23,000 tons). Carp, tuna, bluefish, sea bream, seabass, mussels, oysters, shrimp, and crayfish are other important species caught by Turkish fishermen. The Turkish catch has declined sharply from the high of 675,000 tons landed in 1988. This is the result of dramatic reductions in the harvest of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) since 1988. Most fish are consumed fresh, but some processing does take place, such as canning, smoking, or drying. There are 12,000 coastal villages settled on the Turkish coast and along the shores of inland lakes. Fishing is a family tradition employing father and son, typically using a small wooden boat. Turkish fisheries are geographically divided by region: Marmara Sea (927 kilometer coastline), Mediterranean (1,577 km coastline). Black Sea (1,695 km), Aegean Sea (2,805 km), the Istanbul Strait, and the Canakkale Strait and islands ( 1 ,329 km). ' Turkish fisheries increased from 120,000 tons in 1966 to a high of 676,000 tons in 1988, before declining to an estimated 360,000 tons 251 in 1992. Most of the Turkish marine harvest comes from the Black Sea. An overview of the Turkish fishing industry can be seen in tables 1-3. 2. Fleet Background The capacity of the Turkish fishing fleet is, in the words of Turkish authorities, "at the lowest level among the Mediterranean countries."^ The fishing fleet of approximately 8,000 vessels is mostly in the 1-GRT to 5-GRT range and most of these vessels are equipped with motors. The vessels do not have on- board freezing equipment.' None of the vessels are suitable for deep-sea fishing." The Turkish fishing fleet included about 36,600 small, wooden vessels under 10 meters in 1984.^ A number of new wooden vessels over 25 meters and built with steel hulls were added to the fleet in the early to mid-1980s. Turkey purchased a 997-GRT vessel in 1980 which appears to have remained active in it's fisheries through 1992. Another vessel, a 743-GRT craft, was active between 1984 and 1989. The authors have no further information about either vessel. 3. Modernization Programs The Turkish fishing fleet underwent a modernization program in the mid-1980's, with most of the small (under 10 meters) wooden boats being replaced by larger (over 25 meters) wooden boats with steel hulls.' This may explain why the Turkish fishing fleet declined from 36,600 vessels in 1984 to only 8,000 vessels a few years later. In 1987, the Government of Turkey began studying a plan to begin high-seas fishing under action plan number 124.' A Turkish fishing company purchased the Papila I., a 997-GRT vessel, in 1980 and operated this vessel through 1993. The vessel was built in 1979 and is listed as a factory trawler. A second vessel (743-GRT) operated between 1984 and 1987. The authors have no information about that vessel. In 1993, the Turkish fleet included 12 vessels, including the Papila I. The remaining vessels were between 100-GRT and 500-GRT. 4. Decommissioning Programs The authors are not aware decommissioning programs in Turkey . of any 5. Shipyards Turkish shipyards are able to build, maintain, and repair wooden vessels and small steel-hulled vessels. 6. International Agreements Turkey borders on Greece, Bulgaria, Syria, Iraq, Iran and Armenia. It shares maritime boundaries with Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Georgia and Russia in the Black Sea and Cyprus in the Mediterranean. Turkey established a 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Black Sea on December 5, 1986. Turkey signed an agreement with the USSR in 1990 that provided for scientific, economic, and technical cooperation. The agreement also permitted each country to harvest surplus fish in the territorial waters of the other country. The authors do not know if this agreement has been continued by the newly independent states in the region, but suspect that Ukraine and Georgia would be the most interested in negotiating fisheries accords with Turkey. 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans The authors have no information regarding the operation of Turkey's fishing fleet. SOURCES "Expansion potential for Turkish fishing industry," Eurofish Report, April 13, 1989 OECD, Review of Fisheries in OECD Member Countries, Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development, Paris, 1989. "Project proposal for developing the production and export of fisheries," Department of Externally Financed Projects, General Directorate of Project and Implementation, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Rural Affairs, Ankara, August 1987 Wray, Tom. "Turkey stocks develop," Fishing News International, August 1988. 252 Table 1. --TURKEY. Number and tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. 1 Total Year Gross Registered Tons (GRT) ^(KV -999 1,000-1,999 Over 2,000 GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. GRT No. 1975 - - - - - - 0 0 1976 - - - - - - 0 0 1977 - - - - - - 0 0 1978 - - - - - - 0 0 1979 - - - - - - 0 0 1980 997 P - - - - 997 1 1981 997 1 - - - - 997 1 1982 997 1 - - - - 997 1 1983 997 1 - - - - 997 1 1984 1,740 2 - - - - 1,740 2 1985 1,740 2 - - - - 1,740 2 1986 1,740 2 - - - - 1,740 2 1987 1,740 2 - - - - 1,740 2 1988 1,740 2 - - - - 1,740 2 1989 1,740 2 - - - - 1,740 2 1990 997 1 - - - - 997 1 1991 997 1 - - - - 997 1 1992 997 1 - - - - 997 1 Source: years. Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various " The Papila I. built in 1979 and purchased in 1980. 253 ON ^<^ oo ON 3 c 00 B E > o uu OS OS < z < z - OS OS o 8 < z ■Q c O ? 0\ < < r- s <; :2; 2 1 1 z z Os OS Z d < Jd 2i to O u (3 s a; to <: < OS OS *l < U On z z 00 z Vl ^ to i Oo t/5 3 •S O OS 00 Oo < < O OS §1 < > Os z z fN r- in* z a so t5 3 H to s^ o> OO 00 2 1 < z < z (N o OS Os_^ so < z to o Tl- so § g ^ f— « O s t/3 00 OS < z so so oo' rj rsf 00 < z is -s: f^ OJ to E a. a OS ■~r *0 to ■* o so c 00 .R, < o 'S- o < •^ OS -5 z so r^ t^ oo' z 5 '^ to oo' ^^ t^ .to ^ m :^ 5 oo OS 1 < z OS SO_^ n >n < z .5 u ■g .2 o t3 H > ^ y M c/) (/] 3 °^ }^ § - V3 o C/) to' U( OJ l> t« C/1 2 2i .'^ o c OO a3 " trt 4) c c '^ '^ 'r c C CQ ^ t« s .s o a i- ^ t2 e s 5 i>5 "S ^ c^ U 1) t/} ,^ o 0 ^ II %; -s: •^ to 1^ 1' OO 3 y 6 •- z £ fSS fSZ £2 £S « 5 Be W-1 00 o 00 o < u PU >^ p H I I so ■^ 0 ^ Tf CO NO s 0 00 On m Tf Ti- CI 00 OS 00 2; a\ so o m Ti- ■* >n On oo 00 en ON ON OS f<) m I—* CNl I-- <^ NO vo C ON ■* 00 oo f^ S^ g 0\ O fvl r~ 1—t •c 00 in r4 NO ^ § so 00 U-1 On in 00 o\ - On (N »— ' •n ENDNOTES 1. "Project proposal for developing the production and export of fisheries," Department of Externally Financed Projects, General Directorate of Project and Implementation, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Rural Affairs, Ankara, August 1987, p. 2. 2. "Project proposal for developing the production and export of fisheries," Department of Externally Financed Projects, General Directorate of Project and Implementation, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Rural Affairs, Ankara, August 1987, p. 2. 3. "Project proposal for developing the production and export of fisheries," Department of Externally Financed Projects, General Directorate of Project and Implementation, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Rural Affairs, Ankara, August 1987, p. 3. 4. "Expansion potential for Turkish fishing industry," Eurofish Report, April 13, 1989, p. SP/9. This statement conflicts with the statistical information in Lloyd's Register which shows that one vessel over 500-GRT is listed as being a Turkish fishing vessel. 5. Tom Wray, "Turkey stocks develop," Fishing News International, August 1988, p. 58. 6. Tom Wray, "Turkey stocks develop," Fishing News International, August 1988, p. 58. 7. OECD, Review of Fisheries in OECD Member Countries, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris, 1989, p. 186. 256 CANADA Canada is not a participant in high-seas fisheries although it maintains an active interest in high-seas fishing due to its history as one of the world's richest fishing grounds. Foreign vessels have fished in waters off Canada since the fifteenth century, shipping home thousands of tons of Atlantic cod and other fish and shellfish. Canada and France have been involved in complex negotiations since both countries extended their Exclusive Economic Zones to 200 miles; the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon both lie close to Newfoundland and the French have claimed rights to fish in these waters. Canada has also been required to deal with countries fishing in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) area off its coasts and with fishing fleets operating beyond Canada's 200-niileEEZ, but harvesting transboundary stocks offish. Canadian fishery officials have also dealt with reflagged vessels (flying the flags of Panama and Honduras) appearing in their waters in recent years. Canada has been a strong supporter of responsible fishing.' Canadian fishermen and government officials were able to manage their fisheries effectively for many years, but recently the catch of many key species has declined. An indefinite moratorium on the harvest of Atlantic cod and other groundfish off the coast of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia has had a major impact on the fishing industry of Atlantic Canada. The adverse economic conditions in Atlantic Canada prompted some fishermen and fishing companies to sell some of their assets in an effort to remain viable. In early 1993, Fishing News International reported that Faroese businessmen had gone to Canada to discuss the sale of 15 vessels. The authors have no information whether a sale was concluded. 257 ENDNOTES 1. John Crosby, Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, Canadian oral intervention. Responsible Fisheries Conference, Cancun, Mexico, May 7, 1992. 258 CANADIAN COUNTRY REPORT 259 260 4.1 CANADA Increasing restrictions on Atlantic Canada's fisheries have hurt the operations of many fishermen and fishing companies in Canada. This may prompt some Canadian fishermen or companies to sell their vessels in an attempt to trim their operating costs or to leave Canadian fisheries. The Canadian Government will remain vigilant in monitoring foreign-flag vessels fishing inside their 200-mile EEZ and will argue for responsible fishing in international bodies dealing with the issue of transboundary stocks. CONTENTS 1. General Background 261 2. Fleet Background 262 3. Modernization Programs 262 4. Decommissioning Programs 262 5. Shipyards 262 6. International Agreements 263 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans 263 Sources 263 Endnotes 266 1. General Background Canada is the second largest country in the world, covering an area of slightly less than 10 million square kilometers (km). Canada's coastline of 244,000km ranks among the world's largest and opens onto what were once some of the world's richest fishing grounds. As recently as 1988, Canada harvested 1.6 million metric tons, with cod, haddock, hake, lobsters, scallops, salmon, and crabs as the major species. Nearly one-fifth of the catch, mostly cod, was exported to the United States. However, a combination of overfishing and a dramatic fall in North Atlantic ocean temperatures, have led to declines in the stocks of groundfish (Table 1). In 1992, the Government of Canada imposed a two-year moratorium on the Newfoundland cod fishery, which has since been extended indefinitely and now covers other species of groundfish. This moratorium has led to unemployment for over 50,000 fishermen and plant workers in Atlantic Canada, causing a great deal of social dislocation. It has also called attention to accusations of overfishing just outside the Canadian EEZ. Thus, Canada has signed an agreement with the EC designed to regulate high-seas fishing, and has pushed for a United Nations convention that would give coastal states greater authority to restrict fishing just outside their EEZs. 261 2. Fleet Background 3. Modernization Programs In 1992, the Canadian fishing fleet included 550 vessels registering over 100-GRT with a gross tonnage of 186,333-GRT.Most of these, 375 vessels, were in the "medium" range (e.g, 100-GRT to 499- GRT) and 175 vessels were classified as over 500 tons.' None of these vessels operated beyond Canada's 200-mile EEZ. The vast majority of Canadian fishing vessels are skipper-owned inshore day vessels less than 35 meters in length and under 25-GRT. These commercial vessels typically restrict their fishing to coastal areas off Greenland and Labrador, as well as in the North Atlantic. These inshore vessels provide fish to processing plants located throughout the four Atlantic provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland. Vessels based in British Columbia, on the Canadian Pacific coast, rarely venture beyond Canadian waters in the Gulf of Alaska. Canada introduced several factory freezer trawlers into its fleet during the late 1980's. This introduction caused a great deal of acrimonious debate between the federal and Newfoundland governments. Newfoundland Premier Brian Peckford warned that use of factory freezer trawlers would increase the northern cod harvest, hastening depletion of the stock and destroying jobs in onshore processing plants.^ Provincial Fisheries Minister Tom Rideout also argued that fish frozen at sea was of an inferior quality to that purchased on land.' Fishing companies retorted that only factory freezer trawlers could produce large catches in quantities that would make exporting feasible. National Sea Products purchased the 75-meter Cape North from West Germany in 1986 for $6.5 million, which became its first freezer trawler. The Cape North makes two-month tours in the North Atlantic with crews of 60." In 1986, the "Pearse Report" on the Canadian fleet concluded that too many vessels remained in Canadian waters given the stocks available. The report led primarily to a reduction in the Pacific fleet (based in British Columbia) from 6,000vessels in 1984 to 4,400 in 1986.' Since 1983, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans has attempted 'o reduce the Atlantic purse seine fleet.' The Government of Canada bases its vessel replacement rules upon the overall measurement of vessel capacity in order to allow vessel owners greater replacement flexibility. Where fishing capacity exceeds available groundfish resources (largely anywhere in Canadian waters) vessel replacement rules are aimed at maintaining vessel and fleet capacity at existing levels, preventing further build-up of excess harvesting capacity. Vessels may be replaced with new ones of equal or smaller capacity.' While the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) regulates the entry of new vessels into the Canadian fishing fleet, it does not offer subsidies for vessel construction. The most significant fleet subsidy is the Fishing Vessel Insurance Program (FVIP), which provides below- market cost insurance coverage and benefits for all eligible Canadian fishing vessels, while maintaining full cost recovery on operations. During 1991-92, the Plan provided about $200 million in coverage to over 6,200vessels.* 4. Decommissioning Programs The Government introduced the Northern Cod Income Replacement Program in February, 1993. The program attempted to move away from transfer payments to unemployed fishery workers toward voluntary retirement and retraining. The Northern Cod Early Retirement Program encouraged cod fishermen and plant workers aged 55 to 64 to accept early retirement, which included the decommissioning of skipper-owned vessels. A special federal pension would apply to workers until they turned 65, when they could collect from the Canada Pension Plan. Fishermen under 55 had the option of surrendering their groundfish licenses to DFO for a lump-sum payment averaging $39,000. Younger fishermen and plant workers could enroll in federally sponsored retraining programs for non- fishing industries, or more intensive skills training for those intending to remain in fishing. 5. Shipyards Canadian shipyards produce mainly inshore vessels for individual fishermen. Few high-seas vessels are built in Canada. Much of the business that Canadian shipyards receive comes from DFO contracts to build patrol vessels. 262 6. International Agreements As a major coastal state, it is not surprising that Canada is party to a number of multilateral fishery agreements. Canada is a member of the NAFO and hosts its general secretariat in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. NAFO plays an important role in Canadian international fisheries policy, since it has the authority to impose quotas upon foreign vessels outside the Canadian EEZ in the North Atlantic. Canada also participates actively in United Nations fishing-related activities; it is a party to conventions governing the use of driftnets, and is a leading advocate of a UN convention on highseas fishing. While Canada offers quota allocations within its EEZ to foreign fleets for species which Canadian vessels decline to harvest, these allocations are not within the framework of bilateral fishing accords.' Canada nonetheless maintains bilateral accords with a handful of nations. In 1972, Canada and France negotiated an agreement setting out rules of access to Canadian waters for French fishermen based in St. Pierre et Miquelon, two French islands off the southern coast of Newfoundland. The Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement of 1989 provides for a special dispute settlement mechanism that the two parties have used on a number of occasions to settle fishery trade disputes. The Canada-U.S. fisheries relationship is extensively institutionalized, including the Pacific Salmon Commission, the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, and the International Pacific Halibut Commission. The two countries also maintain a joint enforcement agreement under which one of the states will prosecute its own fishermen charged with violating the laws of the other partner. SOURCES "Canadian Allocations to Foreign Fleets Inside Canada's 200-Mile Zone, " Fisheries and Oceans, Canada Backgrounder, March 1993. "Canada plans early cuts in Atlantic purse seiner fleet," Fishing News International, September 1983, p. 56. "DFO Appoints General Manager to Fishing Vessel Insurance Plan," News Release, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, December 23, 1992. "Table 1: Size of Trawlers and Fishing Vessels," Statistical Tables, June 1992, p. 27. "Hard work and old movies," Halifax Chronicle- Herald, September 2, 1987. "Rideout Reaffirms Stand Against Factory Freezer Trawlers," Atlantic Fishermen, January 1, 1988. "Still too many boats in Canadian fishery," Fishing News International, December 1986, p. 52. U.S. Consulate General, Halifax, various messages. Nova Scotia, "Vessel Replacement Rules for Atlantic Inshore Fishery," News Release, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, June 23, 1989. 7. Fleet Dispersal Plans Given the crisis in the Atlantic fisheries, there will be very little if any room for the addition of new vessels to the Canadian fleet, especially when Canada has been doing its utmost to force foreign vessels further from its shores. The overall depressed state of North Atlantic stocks makes expansion into this area very unlikely. Given the tremendous losses in jobs in Atlantic Canada (unemployment levels approach 30% in Newfoundland), many vessel owners see themselves as pushed to the point of desperation. The sale of Canadian vessels to foreign owners is a real possibility. 263 T5 e 3 o O ■a U H (N 00 o M r«-i ON NO 00 rNi NO in (N m 00 fS Tf m fN 00 On NO t-~ 00 IT) NO o NO 'S- ON r- 00 NO r^ 13 m On 00 t- ON 00 OS r-- o 0\ o »— < 00 CnI o r-- -o (N r<^ ^H (N NO \o >n NO NO m m m in ■* ■o NO NO 00 NO m O OJ O C •« m On !3 C rn ^ o ■rt 1 1 1 , , , 1 1 >o ^ ' r«-i CA 3 m u a\ m >o o o\ NO t-~ (N m t-~ in i^ 00 ^^ ON o in m ■^ t-~ ro OS m 1> ^^ 00 >/-) in (N NO NO r-- ro O r~- NO w-i ro o o ro o ^^ ^^ ON o f»i ,_, ^H ^^ *-H ^^ r~t CnI (N tN _^ K .H ^ * 00 00 fN o 00 o (N (N NO CnI o; 00 t^ 00 NO o rsi 00 t-~ in NO rn in "3 o ^-* •— ' ^^ ^H *—* »— 1 »— < tN r^ rN CnI (N <; (£ o 3 1 CTv ON ON in 00 00 in 00 m NO O 00 00 NO m in m 00 ro 2 r4 (N z^ O ON r^ NO On »-H CnI H W5 Tt O 00 ON Ol o On NO in ON ON m »— • iTi fN in NO O 00 rf r- 00 ^ m NO r- in ON f^ o Flatf small irT r~' NO m in 00 NO fN " o 1 O O o CNI m CnI tN ON ON ^^ ■* o ON NO NO (N ■* o OO (N 00 3 ^^ n ■^ o —^ ^H ON r- 00 m o ON Tf NO On r^ oo ■* On OS NO ta VO ■ O t~~ 00 ON o (N m Tj- in NO P~ vC NO NO NO r~- r- r~ t~~ t^ r~ t^ r~- OV ON ON 0\ ON ON ON On On On ON OS o 00 u C3 CJ Ui 4> J3 p u •s Vh u 73 a 3 T3 u s u 0) oo C3 ENDNOTES 1. "Table 12: Size of Trawlers and Fishing Vessels," Statistical Tables, June 1992, p. 27. 2. "Factory Freezer Trawler Approval: Peckford vs. Ottawa--Again," U.S. Consulate, Halifax, November 18, 1985. 3. "Rideout Reaffirms Stand Against Factory Freezer Traw\eTs," Atlantic Fishermen, January 1, 1988. 4. "Hard work and old mowics," Halifax Chronicle-Herald, Septemher 2, 1987. 5. "Still too many boats in Canadian fishery," Fishing News International, December 1986, p. 52. 4. "Canada plans early cuts in Atlantic purse seiner fleel," Fishing News International, Septemher 1983, p. 56. 7. "Vessel Replacement Rules for Atlantic Inshore Fishery ," News Release, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, June 23, 1989. 8. "DFO Appoints General Manager to Fishing Vessel Insurance Plan,"A'ew5 Release, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, December 23, 1992. 9. "Canadian Allocations to Foreign Fleets Inside Canada's 200-Mile Zone," Fisheries and Oceans, Canada Backgrounder, March 1993. Canada iabradoi Sea 266 SUMMARY 267 268 FUTURE OPERATIONS The shift in West European high-seas fleets will involve mostly the European Community and the Nordic, Canadian, or Mediterranean fleets only minimally. The EC high-seas fleet will shift slowly and predictably between 1994 and 1996. Morocco will remain critical to the EC, especially Spain. Africa will also be an important area for EC fishermen and fishing is expected to remain more or less constant, since the EC renegotiated its agreements with most African countries in 1993 and these agreements will remain in place until 1996. Negotiations with Namibia were begun in September 1993 and may allow EC vessels to resume fishing in 1994. No major changes are expected in the Indian Ocean in the next few years. Argentina must ratify the agreement reached allowing EC vessels to fish in Argentina's waters; this could open the door for 70 EC vessels. Some EC vessels may seek to fish in the Pacific Ocean in the next few years, but this remains speculative. CONTENTS I. Major Factors 269 II. Wildcards 270 III. Future Operations 270 1994 270 1995 271 1996 271 IV. Reflagging 272 Endnotes 274 I. MAJOR FACTORS The future expansion of European high-seas fishing will be influenced by a number of critical factors. These issues can be summarized as follows: ■ Groundfish stocks from Canada to western Greenland are not expected to recover before the end of the decade. ■ Much of the shift will be dependent upon the success (or failure) of the EC in concluding an agreement with Namibia and ratifying the agreement with Argentina. ■ EC fishing vessels are likely to continue fishing in the NAFO area, despite depleted stocks, in order to maintain a continuous historic presence in the fishery. ■ The Nordic countries are unlikely to join their EC neighbors in seeking opportunities in distant waters and these countries are expected to remain in the North Atlantic fishing grounds. ■ EC negotiators will focus their efforts on Latin America in the next few years, and could succeed in opening doors to Chile and Peru. This remains speculative. 269 ■ Russia might allow Germany, the Netherlands, or Norway access to their fish resources in the North Pacific in exchange for access to lucrative European markets, currency, or technology. ■ The EC fleet will be reduced in size by 184,000-GRTbetween 1993-96as a result of the Multi-annual Guidance Program. This will reduce the size of the EC high-seas fleet, but details are not available. ■ The Nordic fleets will remain in the North Atlantic. Few vessels will seek opportunities in distant waters, but some vessels may be sold to fishermen in distant countries or a few may seek joint venture opportunities in distant- waters. ■ Two Mediterranean countries, Cyprus and Malta, are becoming centers for reflagged vessels. ■ Canadian fishermen or companies are unlikely to seek opportunities in distant waters, but may sell some of their vessels. n. WILDCARDS There are always unexpected developments which could alter fishing patterns in Europe. The following is a list of events that would have an impact on high-seas fishing by European fleets: ■ The collapse of more North Atlantic stocks. ■ The sudden recovery of cod, haddock or saithe stocks in the North Atlantic. ■ The imposition of stricter rules on fishing in the North Atlantic by the EC or other countries. ■ An increase in fuel costs. ■ The EC fails to negotiate an agreement with Namibia or Argentina does not ratify the agreement with the EC' ra. FUTURE OPERATIONS' The authors projected the operations of the EC and non-EC fleets based on FAQ catch data for 1991 (figures 12-14). These projections are reasonably accurate for 1994-95, but are less certain for 1996. For example, most of the EC's bilateral agreements with African countries were renewed in 1993. Thus, it is safe to assume that fishing quotas in West Africa will not be changed until 1996. The idea that European vessels will fish in the Pacific Ocean by 1996 is speculation. There is, obviously, no way that the authors can accurately predict future catch rates and fishing grounds given the complex nature of international fisheries, even for a few years. Readers are cautioned that our projections are only educated "guesses "that can easily be wrong. A. 1994 Northwestern Atlantic: The failure of groundfish stocks off Canada is expected to reduce fishing by Spain, Portugal, and France in waters of the Northwestern Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) in 1994.' The Canadians have demonstrated that cod and other stocks have been seriously overfished and the EC has recognized this situation. Greenland also has serious problems with groundfish stocks and this will affect fishing by Dutch, German, and others. Eastern Central Atlantic: Fishing off West Africa is expected to remain unchanged between 1993 and 1995. The reason is that bilateral agreements with West African nations were renegotiated in 1993 and will remain in place until 1996. Thus, catches will remain mostly unchanged for most of the EC countries now fishing in the region. This assumes no major biological fluctuations that would affect landings. Southeastern Atlantic: Negotiations between the EC and Namibia are scheduled to begin in September 1993. The authors project (perhaps prematurely) that an agreement with Namibia will be reached in 1994 and that some Spanish and Portuguese vessels may be able to resume fishing for Cape hake {Merluccius capensis) in these waters; the initial catches will be modest, but will increase in the future. 270 Southwestern Atlantic: Fishing in the waters around the Falklands will remain mostly unchanged, with most of the catch of cephalopodes going to Spanish high-seas vessels (about 90,000 tons). A few Portuguese (3,000 tons) and Italian vessels (3,000 tons) may fish under licenses issued by U.K. authorities. In addition, the vanguard of the EC fleet is projected to arrive in Argentina during 1994 and fishing will begin, albeit at reduced levels. A few Portuguese or Greek vessels are expected to benefit from the agreement. The French may send one or two large stem trawlers to the region to "test the waters" in 1994 or 1995'' Some of the large pelagic vessels from the Netherlands or Germany could be attracted to the region if catches are good and problems are minimal.' complement of 70 EC vessels should be in operation in Argentina's waters and harvests should increase. However, the EC-Argentina agreement requires that half of the EC fleet (35 vessels) become Argentina- flag vessels; thus the catch of those vessels will be listed by Argentina and not the EC. Dutch or German high-seas may start "klondiking" fish from EC or local vessels.^ Indian Ocean: Fishing in the Indian Ocean will increase slightly as newer, more efficient vessels are added to the French and Spanish tuna fleets in the region. Italian vessels are expected to continue to fish for non-tuna species in the region, but may be increasingly attracted by the idea of fishing for these highly migratory species in these waters (Figure 16). Indian Ocean: Spanish and French tuna vessels will continue to fish for tuna in the Indian Ocean while Italian vessels fish for a variety of other marine species in the region (see Figure 15). B. 1995 Northwestern Atlantic: The groundfish resources of the NAFO area, from Canada to Greenland, are projected to remain depleted; few vessels will find opportunities to expand their catch in the northwestern Atlantic in 1995. Eastern Central Atlantic: Fishing off West Africa, from Morocco to Sao Tome and Principe will remain stable. No major increase or decrease is anticipated until the African countries renegotiate their bilateral agreements with the EC in 1996. Southeastern Atlantic: Fishing from Angola to Namibia and South Africa, is expected to increase as Spanish, French, and Portuguese vessels resume their former effort off Namibia. Modest fishing off South Africa will continue under agreement.* Southwestern Atlantic: The waters off the Falklands and Argentina, are expected to yield more fish to EC vessels, especially from Spain, Portugal, the UK, and Italy. The full C. 1996 Northwestern Atlantic: Groundfish resources in the NAFO region, between Canada and Western Greenland, are projected to remain poor during 1996 (and possibly through 1998, despite drastic efforts to rebuild stocks). Thus, this area should not produce an increase in fishing effort and catches in 1996. Eastern Central Atlantic: The catch of EC vessels off West Africa will see a modest decline, as Morocco trims the size of the Spanish fleet of day boats fishing off its coast in 1996 as they have done in the past. Many other African countries will impose greater financial requirements on the EC for continued access as most bilateral agreements are due for renewal in 1996. The EC is expected to continue to maintain ties with most African nations from Morocco south to Sao Tome and Principe and will continue to pay for access to African fishing grounds. Southeastern Atlantic: Fishing in the waters off Namibia, will plateau as EC vessels reach the maximum levels allowed under EC- Namibian agreements, probably in the area of 100,000 tons of cape hake. It is possible that Dutch or German-flag high-seas vessels' may be attracted to pelagic fish stocks off southern Africa or may be able to klondike fish from Angolan, Namibian, South African, or Mozamibican fishermen for sale elsewhere in Africa. 271 Southwestern Atlantic: Fishing off Argentina, will plateau as the 35 EC vessels permitted to fish in the region operate at full capacity. If the agreement proves profitable to both EC and Argentine fishing companies, then new fish may be added to the list of target species or quotas might be increased. Fishing off the Falklands is likely to be regulated at 1993 levels by UK authorities. Indian Ocean: Catches of tuna in the Indian Ocean may reach a peak as more and more Spanish and French tuna vessels fish for this species. Italian investors may decide to send tuna vessels into the Indian Ocean to obtain sources of tuna."* Western Central Pacific: Reduced catches or increased competition in the Indian Ocean might push Spanish and French tuna vessels into the Pacific Ocean in search of tuna. The French would likely be the first,'" operating from bases in New Caledonia or French Polynesia." Southwestern Pacific: It is possible that some UK fishing vessels may feel the pinch of increasing EC restrictions on fishing in the North Atlantic and seek new opportunities in distant-waters. They are likely to seek out joint venture possibilities in Australia or New Zealand where the language and culture are similar. Norwegian vessels, which have been fishing in these waters, may also demonstrate that these waters are worth fishing.'' Southeastern Pacific: It is possible that EC negotiators will open doors to fishing off Chile and Peru to Spanish, Dutch, or German high-seas stem trawlers or purse-seiners. The vessels might be attracted by large schools of jack mackerel which are found within 200-miles of the coast as well as beyond 200-miles. Jack mackerel are not normally attractive to West Europeans, but there are several Dutch and German high-seas vessels" ideally suited to fish for these species. EC negotiators have shown some interest in these waters, but overtures have been rejected by Latin American authorities in the region. Still, if the Argentine agreement proves profitable, it is likely that similar agreements might possibly be reached with officials in Chile and Peru. Access to Chilean or Peruvian waters, obviously, is speculative and may never be realized. Northwestern Pacific: Finally, it is possible that Danish, Dutch, German, or Norwegian high-seas stem trawlers and purse- seiners might be invited to fish off the coast of Russia. It is only a matter of time before the Russians realize that high-quality products generate high income and that joint ventures with Europe's most efficient seafood companies could show them how to produce the best seafood products, or show them how to gain access to the lucrative European seafood market. Altematively, access to some of their species could help earn them hard currency. The Russians might, for example, offer access to excess quantities of pelagic species or Alaska pollack, or Pacific cod, which the Europeans could process for sale in European markets. The Russians might even offer limited access to Pacific salmon with the expectation that the Europeans could produce high-value products for sale on world markets (Figure 17). All of this is highly speculative and might never come to fruition. IV.REFLAGGING The likelihood of West European fishermen selling, converting, scrapping, or reflagging their vessels is a real possibility if EC negotiators fail to win access to Namibian waters or if Argentina fails to ratify the agreement with the EC. The fate of between 70 and 170 Spanish and Portuguese vessels (possibly more) remains in the balance. EC vessels from other countries will be decommissioned under the MAGP. Finally, it is possible that some EC vessel owners will find restrictions on fishing in the North Sea too costly. Many captains or owners of vessels could decommission their vessels and some may reflag their vessels and seek opportunities to fish elsewhere where restrictions are different. Reflagged European vessels are likely to target cod, haddock, saithe, and other whitefish or will seek herring, mackerel, horse mackerel, or hake species. They will fish anywhere in the world where these species can be found. It is always possible that individual fishermen may seek to reflag their vessel in an attempt to circumvent local or 272 international laws protecting anything from Atlantic salmon to bluefin tuna. It is unlikely that many EC vessels will reflag their vessels to fish for tuna, in the Atlantic or Indian Ocean because opportunities for fishing tuna in these waters already exist. However, some Spanish vessels have been reflagged allowing them to fish for tuna in the Pacific Ocean. It is unlikely that any vessels will reflag to fish blue whiting, since that species is found in abundance and ample quotas for that species exists in the North Atlantic. It is possible that some fishermen might reflag their vessels to fish for shellfish (shrimp, crab, or lobster), since most shellfish are high-value species caught well inside coastal waters. Reflagging would allow some fishermen to fish well inside coastal waters of developing nations where stocks are abundant, but where fisheries are still relatively undeveloped.. The authors do not expect Canadian fishermen to reflag their vessels, but the severe economic dislocations being suffered in Atlantic Canada may prove too great; some fishermen might be attracted to reflagging their vessels, but this is considered highly unlikely. In summary, reflagging will continue, and could increase considerable between 1994 and 1996. This possibility will likely become a serious probability if the EC fails to gain access to waters in southern Africa and Latin America in 1994. 273 ENDNOTES 1. The EC ratified the agreement with Argentina in September 1993. 2. Forcasting the future, obviously, is based on guesses and speculation. In some cases, the authors are reasonably confident of their projections. In other cases, particularly for 1996, the projections are based on speculation; these events could take place, but there are few assurances to back up these assumptions. 3 . Despite general acceptance of the low level of resources off Atlantic Canada, EC vessels are expected to continue fishing in the area to maintain a historic fishing effort in the region. This is necessary if the EC wishes to claim or justify future quotas in the area when stocks recover. 4. The Commandant Gut, one of the larger (1,596-GRT) trawlers remaining in the French fishing fleet, returned to France in 1992-93, after an unsuccessful venture in Vietnamese waters. The vessel would be a logical candidate to fish in Argentina's waters under the EC umbrella. The Capitaine Pleven II (2,435-GRT) would be another vessel able to fish in Argentina's waters. 5. The German-flag Jan Maria, Dirk Dirk, and Gerda Maria and the Dutch-flag Dirk Diederick and Cornelis Vrolijk Fzn. would be especially suitable. 6. Portugal and Spain both have bilateral fishing agreements with the Republic of South Africa. 7. The German-flag Jan Maria, Dirk Dirk, and Gerda Maria and the Dutch-flag Dirk Diederick and Cornelis Vrolijk Fzrt. would be especially suitable. 8. The German-flag Jan Maria, Dirk Dirk, and Gerda Maria and the Dutch-flag O/r^ Diederick and Cornells Vrolijk Fzn. would be especially suitable. 9. This is speculation and is not based on substantive information or data. 10. The Isabel Tuna, flying the Cypiot flag began fishing in the Eastern Tropical Pacific in 1992 and a Spanish tuna purse seiner, the Monteclaro, sank in the area on July 14, 1993. It is always possible that one or two individual vessels may fish for tuna on an ad hoc basis. The authors, in this instance, are referrring to a permanent base involving more than one or two vessels. 11. The key word is "might". It is also possible that this will not occur. 12. Again, this is speculation by the authors. 13. The German-flag Jan Maria, Dirk Dirk, and Gerda Maria and the Dutch-flag Dirk Diederick and Cornells Vrolijk Fz«. would be especially suitable. 274 APPENDIX SECTION PART I. STATISTICAL TABLES A. GENERAL STATISTICS 275 276 APPENDIX SECTION 1. General fleet statistics 277 Appendix 1. --Western Europe. High-seas fishing fleet versus total fishing fleet, 1975-92. Year High-seas Vessels Total High-seas Fleet Regional Fleets Total Fleet (estimated) EC Non-EC EC Non-EC Number of Vessels 1975 406 392 798 52,539 57,036E 109,575 1976 390 416 806 52,606 53,336E 105,942 1977 367 416 783 52,357 54,354E 106,711 1978 342 436 778 52,613 55,864E 108,477 1979 322 435 757 51,893 58,455E 110,348 1980 309 419 728 50,826 59,559E 110,385 1981 295' 388 683 81,578 32,037E 113,615 1982 279 374 653 82,667 30,379E 113,046 1983 260 367 627 83,229 30,176E 113,405 1984 260 374 634 91,602 29,526E 121,128 1985 255 376 631 93,125 27,933E 121,058 1986 458" 172 630 85,919 27,115E 113,034 1987 518 166 684 97,943 26,124E 124,067 1988 584 189 773 96,662 24,894E 121,556 1989 607 197 804 95,211 21,385E 116,596 1990 623 203 826 91,209 20,122E 111,331 1991 648 209 857 96,173 20,95 IE 117,124 1992 591 213 804 90,000E 19,000E 109,000 Sources: Lloyd's Register of Snipping Stanslical Tables. Lloyds Register of Shipping, London, UK, vanous years (high-seas fleet only); Fishery Fleet Statistics, Bulletin of Fishery Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, various years; Annual Report on German Fisheries, Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculhire and Forestry, Bonn, various years; krsberetning vedkommende Norges Fiskerier, Fiskeridireccktoratet. Fiskeflaten, various issues. L'evolution du secteur beige de la peche maritime, Conseil Central de I'Economie. Commission Consultative Speciale de la Peche. Bruxelles. various years; Sea Fisheries Statistical Tables, Government Statistical Service, London, various years. (E) = Estimate, " Greece joined the EC on January 1, 1981. " Portugal and Spain joined the EC on January 1, 1986. 278 Appendix 2. --Western Europe. Tonnage of high-seas fishing fleet versus total fishing fleet, 1975-92. Year High-seas Vessels Total High-sea Fleet Regional Fleets s Total Fleet (estimated) EC Non-EC EC Non-EC Gross Registered Tons 1975 426,461 404,716 831,177 1,196,624 1,509,440 2,706,064 1976 392,446 431,252 823,698 1,188,878 1,619,659 2,808,537 389,624 434,630 824,254 1,165,496 1,549, 149E 2,714,645 1977 366,058 349,200 715,258 1,153,254 1,565,767E 2,719,021 1978 1979 344,274 441,728 786,002 1,092,701 1,697,414 2,790,115 1980 331,040 421,947 752,987 1,087,586 1,713,220 2,800,806 319,446 395,300 714,746 2,140,995 566,210E 2,707,205 198r 1982 287,969 386,260 674,229 2,118,966 516,575E 2,635,541 1983 262,469 378,969 641,438 2,098,895 506,497E 2,605,392 1984 255,160 386,204 641,364 2,081,182 514,830 2,596,012 1985 241,520 389,110 630,630 2,055, 355E 519,237E 2,574,592 465,167 152,922 618,089 1,985,861E 588,893E 2,574,754 1986" 1987 532,580 155,501 688,081 2,056,1 17E 702,774 2,758,891 1988 614,683 187,081 801,764 2,020, 371E 542,199 2,562,570 1989 650,488 203,620 854,108 1,984,634E 532,663 2,517,297 669,643 209,252 878,895 1,997,934E 530,525E 2,528,459 1990 718,416 214,663 933,079 1,994,030E 508,289E 2,502,319 1991 1992 645,860 222,635 ■ ■■„„,■„„ V,„,!.,!^„ 868,495 T„U„. TTTT 1,900,000E 500,000E 2,400,000 Fishery Fleet Statistics, Bulletin of Fishery Statistics, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, various years; Annual Report on German Fisheries, Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry, Bonn, various years; krsberetning vedkommende Norges Fiskerier, Fiskeridireccktoratet, Fiskeflaten, various issues, L'evolution du secteur beige de la peche maritime, Conseil Central de rEconomie, Commission Consultative Speciale de la Peche, Bruxelles, various years; Sea Fisheries Statistical Tables. Government Statistical Service, London, various years. (E) = Estimate. '^ Greece joined the EC on January 1, 1981. '' Portugal and Spain joined the EC on January 1, 1986. 279 00 .3 ■a J3 s u T3 B a. < 1 3 ON 00 O 00 in in 8 oo — ^ 00 m 00 m m i tN NO 00 3 5 m ^ m 0\ O ■* n t^ Tf »• 1— r~ O 00 CTv I^ r~ m ■* ^ Tf r-j On Oi (N •* r r- p- t~- r- r~ r- r~ r- r- r- t~- p~ t-- r~ NO NO NO m 9 a. ^ C/1 B >> ■^ (N — O (N T 00 ^^ o ON NO m m t- NO 00 ^M -^ ON c/l 3 V ^^ — " ^-> •^ — ^ — " (N m (N m n m es ^ c« %j ^ 1 a s oo u-i NO ■» (S o ^^ ^^ o o ON r- a :2: 1/^ m in m T •q- en m m m m m C<1 fn m o ^ r- r- t~ ti s f^ m m fsi n (N " o CTv Ov CT> CT> Ov ON ON On On ON On o> ON o> C7n a _ = =; == L™J ' ' c5? NO 00 On .9 ■8 .3 o o. (/J •a n oo <£ J3 O 00 (N O 3 f'l O 00 VO 00 00 (M ON r~ 5 t~ o PI 00 PI NO o 1 1/1 •n 1 PI PI NO ^ S NO VO S 00 PI 00 5 s m p- •«r ^ w^ r- i~- m 00 r- PI o 00 m NO 1 1« 00 ON s s s o s 00 Ov ON ON On Ov Ov o Ov 00 VO oo p- VO ■n Pb ^' ^^ ^^ ^" '^ t- o\ ^ •3 i > § ts O lO m 00 in (N vn S m Ov PI PI CM OO . 1 VO Ov m r~ «s 00 IC (M C/3 (ii yp cn fS m 00 n m Wl m in •V •*■ VO Ov a ^ £ V >rt •5 do ^ ^ s: 1 00 1 Ov s vn 00 m Ov m VO m VO vn Ov PI (N 00 PI r- oo 1— 00 Ov P^ s o PI o s PI NO i VO in 00 •a o« 00 2 a 1 t- 00 Ov Ov o o m m Tt oo NO VO PI NO §; PI Ov u § >n 1/1 m m m m m m m m m m in m m m i 2 1/1 in in vn vn m m m m in in vn m m m m .9 .o 1/1 lo m m in m in in m m m m in vn m m c 1 vr> ON O CnI m ■* >n VO p- 00 On O p^ o NO r- 00 r- t~- r- p~ r~ 00 00 oo 00 00 00 00 oo 00 00 ON ON On >> <3\ Ov Ov o\ Ov ON Ov Ov Ov ON ON Ov ON ON On ON Ov ON 5 o c/3 00 Appendix 5. -Non-EC countries. Number of high-seas fishing vessels, 1975-92. Year Non-European Connnunity states Total Faroe Islands Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Other* Number of Vessels 1975 13 2 26 72 1 0 114 1976 15 25 78 3 0 122 1977 15 24 79 3 0 122 1978 16 24 92 3 3 139 1979 15 27 101 2 3 149 1980 16 28 98 3 2 148 1981 17 30 97 4 3 152 1982 16 - 30 100 3 4 153 1983 16 - 28 99 3 3 149 1984 20 - 28 102 3 4 157 1983 22 - 29 98 4 6 159 1986 24 - 30 109 4 5 172 1987 -' - 33 124 3 6 166 1988 - - 42 138 3 6 189 1989 - - 48 141 4 4 197 1990 - - 52 143 5 3 203 1991 - - 57 142 7 3 209 1992 - - 61 139 8 5 213 Source: LI oyd's Register o t Shipping StatL ■tied Tables. U oyd's Register o f Shipping, Lon don, UK, vario us years. " Includes Cyprus, Malta, and Turkey. ' Included under Denmark beginning in 1987. 282 Appendix 6. --Non-EC countries. Tonnage of high-seas fishing vessels, 1975-92. Year Faroe Islands Non-European Community states Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Other^ Total Tonnage of fleet 1975 9,745 1,880 22,904 55,910 985 91,424 1976 11,321 581 21,254 59,428 4,273 96,857 1977 11,305 581 20,570 60,265 4,273 96,994 1978 12,247 581 20,071 72,225 4,273 2,403 111,800 1979 11,339 581 22,041 83,714 1,744 3,197 122,616 1980 11,908 581 22,581 81,387 2,925 1,567 120,949 1981 14,404 581 23,687 81,618 3,717 4,151 128,158 1982 13,666 23,735 86,117 2,970 5,149 131,637 1983 13,670 22,420 84,028 2,970 4,151 127,239 1984 19,863 22,420 89,340 2,970 4,894 139,487 1985 23,374 23,002 81,824 3,493 8,193 139,886 1986 24,824 23,486 94,844 3,876 5,892 152,922 1987 26,035 119,089 2,952 7,425 155,501 1988 32,383 144,998 2,275 7,425 187,081 1989 36,766 159,592 2,991 4,271 203,620 1990 42,895 159,341 3,502 3,514 209,252 1991 47,016 159,171 4,744 3,732 214,663 1992 51,884 155,976 5,419 9,356 222,635 Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various years. Includes Cyprus, Malta, and Turkey. 283 284 APPENDIX SECTION 2. Fleet, by tonnage 285 Appendix 7. -Western Europe. High-seas fishing vessels in the 500-999 GRT class, 1975-92. Year Belgium Denmark Faroe Islands Finland France Germany (FRG) Number of vessels 1975 9 12 67 38 1976 10 14 76 37 1977 11 14 75 40 1978 12 15 71 39 1979 12 14 71 35 1980 12 15 72 24 1981 16 14 65 17 1982 16 13 - 64 15 1983 15 13 - 66 14 1984 16 15 - 66 14 1985 21 15 - 68 12 1986 25 17 - 62 10 1987 47k _i - 66 10 1988 55 - - 65 8 1989 55 - - 67 7 1990 57 - - 65 7 1991 - 49 - - 66 23m 1992 - 50 - - 62 7 Source: LI oyd 's Register o / Shipping Stall stical Tables. L loyd's Register ot Shipping, Lo ndon, UK, vari years. ^ Includes vessels from the Faroe Islands. ' Included under Denmark beginning in 1987. ■" On October 3, 1990, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) was reunited the the German Democratic Republic (GDR). This resulted in 16 ex-GDR fishing vessels in the 500- lo 999-GRT range being added to the FRG fleet. Most of these vessels were sold in 1991-92. 286 Appendix 7. -Western Europe. Number of high-seas fishing vessels in the 500-999 gross registered tons class, 1975-92, continued... Year Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Number of vessels 1975 22 23 - 38 10 64 1976 21 24 - 37 8 73 1977 20 23 - 35 7 73 1978 20 23 - 33 10 82 1979 19 26 - 31 10 84 1980 19 28 - 31 14 82 1981 19 29 4 24 18 79 1982 16 29 4 22 24 79 1983 14 28 5 21 24 79 1984 11 28 6 20 23 79 1985 11 29 6 20 20 79 1986 10 30 5 18 20 85 1987 9 31 5 18 23 87 1988 9 40 4 18 21 87 1989 10 45 4 18 26 78 1990 12 43 4 18 27 79 1991 12 47 4 17 26 76 1992 13 48 4 17 26 75 Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, L years oyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various 287 Appendix 7. --Western Europe. Number of high-seas fishing vessels in the 500-999 gross registered tons class, 1975-92, continued... Year Portugal Spain Sweden U.K. 1 1 Other" Number of vessels 1975 16 93 1 105 0 1976 17 98 2 82 0 1977 17 97 2 71 0 1978 19 99 2 58 2 1979 19 96 2 46 1 1980 19 87 7 40 2 1981 19 83 3 19 2 1982 18 70 2 19 3 1983 18 69 2 15 2 1984 17 74 2 12 3 1985 17 75 3 11 4 1986 17 78 3 10 4 1987 20 90 2 11 4 1988 28 96 3 23 4 1989 17 98 4 24 3 1990 17 100 5 24 2 1991 17 109 7 25 2 1992 16 99 8 25 2 Source: LI oyd 's Register o 7 Shipping Stan stical Tables, L loyd's Register of Shipping, Lo UK, various years. " Includes Cyprus, Malta, and Turkey. 288 Appendix 8. -Western Europe. High-seas fishing vessels in the 1,000-1,999 GRT class, 1975-92. Denmark Faroe Finland France Germany (FRG) Year Cyprus Islands Number of vessels 1975 - - 1 28 17 1976 - - 28 14 1977 - - 25 9 1978 1 - 23 8 1979 2 - 19 7 1980 - - 17 6 1981 - 3 - 18 3 1982 - 3 - 18 3 1983 - 3 - 18 3 1984 - 3 4 - 19 2 1985 - 6 5 - 19 2 1986 - 8 5 - 20 1 1987 17° j> - 20 1 1988 25 - - 21 - 1989 24 - - 19 1 1990 22 - - 19 2 1991 24 - - 24 10" 1992 20 - - 23 11 Source: LI oyd 's Register c / Shipping Stall stical Tables, L oyd's Register ot Shipping, Lo ndon, UK, various years. ° Includes fishing vessels from the Faroe Islands beginning in 1987. P Listed under Denmark beginning in 1987. " On October 3, 1990, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) was united with the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). This resulted in the addition of several former GDR fishing vessels to the FRG fishing fleet. Some of these vessels were sold in 1991-92. 289 Appendix 8. --Western Europe. Number of high-seas fishing vessels in the 1,000-1,999 gross registered tons class, 1975-92, continued... Year Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Number of vessels 1975 10 3 - 22 2 8 1976 10 1 1 20 3 5 1977 8 1 2 10 3 6 1978 7 1 2 18 2 10 1979 7 1 2 18 4 16 1980 7 - 2 17 4 15 1981 7 1 - 15 3 16 1982 7 - - 16 6 18 1983 5 - - 14 5 18 1984 4 — - 14 9 21 1985 4 - - 12 7 19 1986 3 1 1 12 5 23 1987 2 2 2 13 6 32 1988 3 2 2 13 6 42 1989 1 2 2 12 2 50 1990 1 2 2 12 3 52 1991 2 2 12 3 55 1992 1 3 3 10 1 52 Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various years. 290 Appendix 8. --Western Europe. Number of high-seas fishing vessels in the 1,000-1,999 gross registered tons class, 1975-92, continued... Year Portugal n K" Spain Number of vessels 1975 44 69 - 38 1976 44 78 - 43 1977 47 78 - 38 1978 48 82 - 36 1979 48 77 - 37 1980 50 73 37 1981 52 69 35 1982 54 69 23 1983 55 67 18 1984 54 64 16 1985 53 62 12 1986 53 62 8 1987 52 72 9 1988 52 85 - 17 1989 50 102 - 15 1990 50 105 - 13 1991 43 96 - 12 1992 36 86 - 13 Source: Lloyd's Register of Shipping Statistical Tables, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, UK, various years. 291 Appendix 9. --Western Europe. High-seas fishing vessels over 2,000 GRT, 1975-92. Year Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands France Germany (FRG) Greece Ireland Number of vessels 1975 - - - 5 - - 1976 - - - 5 - - 1977 - - - - 1978 - - - - 1979 - - - - 1980 - - - - - 1981 1 - - - 1982 1 - - - - 1983 1 - - 1984 1 1 - - 1985 2 2 - - - 1986 1 3 2 - - - 1987 1 7' _b 2 1 - 1988 1 10 - ■1 4 2 1989 - 13 - 3 3 1 1990 - 15 - 4 1 1991 - 13 - - I 1992 2 13 - 2 3 1 Source: LI oyd's Register o / Shipping Stall stical Tables, L loyd's Register of Shipping, Lo ndon, UK, van ous years. ' Includes fishing vessels from the Faroe Islands beginning in 1987. '' Included under Denmark begiiming in 1987. 292 Appendix 9. -Western Europe. Number of high-seas fishing vessels over 2,000 gross registered tons, 1975-92, continued... Year Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden U.K. Number of vessels 1975 - - - 12 10 - - 1976 - - 13 11 1 - 1977 - - 13 12 1 - 1978 - - 12 10 1 - 1979 - 1 12 6 - - 1980 - 1 9 6 - - 1981 - 2 8 5 - - 1982 - 3 5 5 - - 1983 - 2 4 5 - - 1984 - 4 2 4 4 - - 1985 - 6 - 4 6 - - 1986 - 8 1 4 5 - - 1987 - 8 5 2 6 - - 1988 - 9 9 2 7 - 1 1989 - 10 13 2 11 - 2 1990 - 11 12 2 11 - 3 1991 - 12 11 2 14 - 2 1992 - 12 12 2 19 - 3 Source: LI oyd 's Register c / Shipping Statis tical Tables, Llo yd's Register o Shipping, Lon don, UK, varioi IS years. 293 Appendix 10. --Western Europe. High-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. Year Gross Registered Tons (GRT) Total 500-999 1,000-1,999 Over 2,000 Number of vessels 1975 500 243 55 798 1976 501 246 59 806 1977 487 236 60 783 1978 485 236 57 778 1979 468 238 51 757 1980 449 232 47 728 1981 413 224 46 683 1982 395 220 38 653 1983 386 209 32 627 1984 387 211 36 634 1985 392 203 36 631 1986 395 202 33 630 1987 414 231 39 684 1988 452 267 54 773 1989 457 282 65 804 1990 461 296 69 826 1991 480 293 84 857 1992 452 273 79 804 Source: LI oyd 's Register of Shii opins Statistical Tables , Lloyd's Register o Shipping, London, UK, various years. 294 Appendix 11. --EC countries. High-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. Year Total Gross Registered Tons (GRT) 500-999 1,000-1,999 Over 2,000 Number of vessels 1975 268 107 31 406 1976 251 107 32 390 1977 240 95 32 367 1978 224 86 32 342 1979 206 86 30 322 1980 194 85 30 309 198r 183 25 30 238 1982 181 74 24 279 1983 175 65 20 260 1984 169 67 24 260 1985 170 63 22 255 1986" 256 173 29 458 1987 290 195 33 518 1988 318 222 44 584 1989 327 228 52 607 1990 332 234 57 623 1991 348 227 73 648 1992 319 207 65 591 Source: L/< jyd 's Register of Shii 7ping Statistical Tables , Lloyd's Register o Shipping, London, UK, various years. '^ Greece joined the EC and is included in this statistical table beginning in 1981. ^ Portugal and Spain joined the EC in 1986 and are included in this statistical table beginning in 1986. 295 Appendix 12. -Non-EC countries. High-seas fishing vessels, ranked by tonnage, 1975-92. Year Gross Registered Tons (GRT) Total 500-999 1,000-1,999 Over 2,000 Number of vessels 1975 232 136 24 392 1976 250 139 27 416 1977 247 141 28 416 1978 261 150 25 436 1979 262 152 21 435 1980 255 147 17 419 1981'= 230 142 16 388 1982 214 146 14 374 1983 211 144 12 367 1984 218 144 12 374 1985 222 140 14 376 1986' 139 29 4 172 1987 124 36 6 166 1988 134 45 10 189 1989 130 54 13 197 1990 129 62 12 203 1991 132 66 11 209 1992 133 66 14 213 Source: LI oyd 's Register oj Shi pping Statistical Table r, Lloyd's Register o Shipping, London, UK, various years. " Greece joined the EC in 1981. Data for Greece is included in Appendix 1 1, and has been removed from this table, beginning in 1981. ' Portugal and Spain joined in the EC on January 1, 1986. Data for Portugal and Spain were included in Appendix 11 and has been removed from this table beginning with 1986. 296 APPENDIX SECTION 3. Total Fleet 297 o 00 o r- > 00 o H c 3 O o O T3 C lU CI. ex < ' — ' (Li rL 1> c n 00_ o oo ON U-1 ■n O 00 OS 1 lyT u a o V) r- 2 VO i^ CTs' o cs no' 00 (N i3 /5 cs •* OS — ' m o 00 00 Os r*-i O 1^ o O o ^ 1 ^^ , r- •* b ON o o o no' ^^ OO Os_ so o so' > O 'i- SO t^ 1^ (N o ON 3 r- o r- rn m •^ OS 0^ (N Tl- •* •a- (N 00 OO so — < (N r^ o v-i 00 r- J "^ — r\ ON SO oo •«• «rN SO so 00 ON ND_ 00 oo o :i O o _.' _,' r-' no' so' ^ oo' 5 m (N OO U-1 '^ 00 ON c-l r^ r- Os f^l r^» 00 (N C ii E H £ o •a U-1 § c s 3 m s c Q C c ca s o c OJ 3 ■a c z 00 c B c D < O H In 5 O w t- o Ci a: ^ "5 u 00 , — I ^ 'T' Si 2 a\ 00 > 00 (3 00 O c 3 O o U UJ T3 < O ON u o o O a o •a u ■»-» 'S 3 U £■ Q o 3 o o 6 u Q O J3 o OS VO ^^ 00 00 ON ^o '-' oo ■ ' - a^ ^^ c o *— » o o u c u u o •§ 1) J3 U tq T3 •a 1) /3 c ^5 T3 U C -a 0) ■a 00 3 o c u 4i C e^ f^ o (2 C/5 c ■* r- ON m f V~i W^ O NO o u-l •>!• m CNl t^ r-^ i ^^ oo M3 ON •r> tT (N 1- Ti- 1^ m oo_ NO_ r^ o On^ -^ O^ o *l § & ri oC rf (N (3) r-' U-l' ri ■*' oo' ^ >ri ro ^ l-~ O NO ■* ON ^^ -^ ^^ m (N r- NO^ '^ '^ ^ — b ^^ 1^ w VO I^ m OO *« •"* Tf (^ (N 00 •q- NO CO CO — >' c y 1. > s 00 o vo oo (^ m On u-l Ti- NO »o o O ro NO m NO NO o Tl- i a. ^O r*-i Os_ NO m o in ON '^ rj m •s r~ u^ \6 O ON r-' NO ^' ON S o ^^ r") OO NO aS u U ^ — ' > UJ u! to 3 c O s bfi a .5 ^ m m 00 ui (N r*1 ■* o c > 00 >o o m ON U-l ~^ u-l Tf Tf nj J3 >y-i H^ O °°> °°. m ^— NO r-_ NO •* C o j3 t-- o" r^ oC VO O on' On' (N m o ON o ^ ■* •>* On u-l r- fS Tt o e aj a. 00 U " 1 m 1^ m cu w 0 « o « c c o o 1/-I ^D — H U-l NO r— 1 m ■* ou NO H z ^ m 00 00 o r- NO 00 m CJ 5 o m m o oo_ On NO_ o NO^ i tu CO ^ m' li-i o no' m On' r^' o oo' i II (U rl- ■* o O u-l r- oo ui ro NO ■* ■* o ~ 3 O ,A o o r- u-i W u O NO NO oo NO oo 1 " U VD o o o ON u-l (N o ^ On O o o o o o oo_ On o ri •^' oo' rt ^ c ^ o' o On t-~ 1^ •* 'J- (N o ^^ m f*1 ^^ NO ■», Z '—' ^ > '.^ e >n ^ "O tu u »n NO rt o U CN i o •■"' (N o m oo 00 i: oi X ■■3 c (N — 00_ O o m ^_ u-l NO Q '"i c: 2 ri >n O^ o ^ ON (N ■*' o o § a -* o o 00 NO t-~ NO u-l' u-l o. •-^ E T3 < ^ U o PU w w r-- o u-^ r- U-l On s a ro o o 0\ (N NO oo On 5 => *— < O Q o ON_ o a U a I c o B 00 o H O o U U I a o Z. B < O o 00 I o > 00 a C E z c 3 O o U •t3 C < 8 OJ) U o 00 On 00 0\ ON o\ ON OS 0\ o On c a o U I 03 U. o o NO o NO On rr, g O 0\ o o 00 o H < o I5; E 2 3 c -a 33 O 0^ P PL) a S - 3 ti w 5 w ^ si "* r-1 O en PJ ON oo r. 2 o ^ rf 00 _ (^ u f*-l On m r- m _ (N lO On o m ITi o ^ 00 M 00 r-i ON ri O >/-l oo_ o oo' o NO_ no' fn oo' v-i c Ov (N On M On § O ON ON u 1 tn t^ en 00 PU w NO NO r- oo (S ^ 00 q_ en Tl" 00 tr^ m 00 PJ 1 o PJ P-1 a; m 5= 5 3 ■^ On (N u^ ^ 00 m _h' O cs On' ^ o^ o oo C: Q O o\ '"' (N — ' ' ' r-' v~i ON > -Q o 1 00 e S^£ 2i IS 13 "5 s I-I tu ON 2; o oo On VI ON w-1 o v-i NO NO (4-1 60 VO > (N 5^_ NO o f*^ t-_ o o TT ^ m 2 ■§ .| s~ D t4-. o S o S z C 00 1 r^ — ' o On' r~-' r-' oo' r-' 00 Q O s 3 00 ^ 00 -s •a b oo ON rn NO_ s ON VN O on' o 00 no' r- r-~' m' oo N4-> O NO 1 " 1 g' 6 00 2 00 On r-- oo NO m w ^ ^ v-1 ■* On r- r- NO 00 On N a 5§ 3 1 3 r^ (N oo W ^ oo v-1 ^ 1 v-i ^^ oo g ON oo (N oo o n ^ "^ 2i ^' i, 00 b2 o m m OS o la o O n' ^ .2 o OJ .^ 3J 00 OJ r- • o u o Ov so OJ oo Os O o o o r- oo o ^ m 1) u > 60 ^ m o ri-i 00 >n o sO_ in a. o o Z 2 r^ o o o VI r- 2 -2 Ui o so 00 oo Os 6 r*-) oo' ■*' so' ri so' m 3 z u § S 1 o -5: m m (U 1) , 1 o o o E >. ON (N o (N in so' (N ■*' in o n ° ^ , ■* OJ •* _ r*^ oo m (N 1 O OJ c o Z m fS o OS o ' X 2 E OS (N 1> oo r- SO Tf OO 0) m C 9 "O (N s I- o OB a o ex c •a u -J y o ^ 3 a Uh £ a cS ^u Z 0. 1/5 C/5 H ? a § o iC NO u m (N PJ — < ^ tN »ri ON m — <_^ r<% *^ 00 oo' , 1 r~^ a ON n c >. 1^ m r^ in (N ON 3 NO NO in m t^ g ON 00 00 r) m ON ON O (N 00^ ■*' ^H « 00 ON (N fS ■^ a\ (/ T— t ' X ^M V3 NO oo a^ ■* I^ ■* C U-1 »n o OO (S 1 u r- •* >n ON O — •— ' > oo (N CN no' o 6B g flj On 1-^ tN (N > 2 u E>) a CA c g c t4-H 00 J^ O Wl (N 00 OJ in rt O c w-i *o fS 1^ o 8 fs' '— ' C 1-1 CD 1 3 2 NO 00 On ■^ in OO r-' o i2 u< k. u ^ o. u 1 1 ? . z a o a m NO ^ 00 u m J s (J s Cfl o NO NO (N c^ o m c ■■ .2^ Z 00 (N U-1 OO o ':f' o (N I—* ON r^ (N (N o II o il uJ kfl ^ o O ^ C M O OJ ^ UJ ■* Ov ^ Ct-. NO s CTv in 00 NO in > a Tf S <" o 00 r^ in 3 . o _^ - -a ^S S 1/-I o NO o o o f in o c 2: Si r-- m o (N o o 00 ^ 00 (N o "^ oo_ NO o VO oo NO ON ^ u-T t^ 03 ON NO (N o (N o ON -^ (N ill (U ^ m (~- oo oo o o £ 2 ■* in' (N "n no' o m' "*' NO ON « ^^ m NO C J 2 3^. ^ 00 u-i 1) 00 m o n (^ in •* oo_ >< 1— 1 ' — ' ^' tn no' m" NO rf-' *n >n r^ ^ 1 u r<-> C <: f-i o J o !^ •§ C o •a c t- E o ■a c ■a a 'c 3 •a c « i> •5 Z ■ji ii ° ^ a ^ o '^ S i2 W S 00 o 5 1 B o E » ^ i -H, ^ « ..- M 00 UU m to w pj u w PJ _^ PJ r- Fishe pan P nomie tedK ^ o so OO o o o oo O r- i-H (N o O r-_ o ^ Q o o >o sO cs. Bulletin of and the Euroe entral de I'Ecoi ous years. Unii H 8^ _'" o o •*' o O^ O o o r--' o ^ 3 t~- (N Os' ri in •*' Os' m 00 ri Os a u CTv tu (S U PL) W o PU W to so ^ o UJ oo o OS ^ o to £3 r~l (N o O sO_^ o (^ ^ rN O o O^ ^ ^ o § (N o^ o o^ Tf o o ti tu *5 3 S '^ 2 6 o and ! mmu m du deral > C u ber of fishe C. Fisherm oo O Pd m o ud U PJ PJ so O r^ £■ ■C 1/-1 o l-~ o ■* o r- \a o .sj u VO s CN o Q so_^ o ^ Q Q ^ (VI so r-; Uperatioi ropean C L 'evolut heries, F Q O u 00 OS '""' a: 1 CS os' t^ o ^' m' m s; ri •■*' (N 1 hconomic Co- ssion of the Eu nly). Belgium: on German Fis ) = Estimate. 1 1 « Z >ri SO SO § PQ 8 o 8 OS O w o PU M pq 00 r- 00 00 ^ o o ri ^— OS to_ •3 I Oh < 00 •*' o m r-' oo' r~' ^' en ri ^ tT o OS C-l I^ o r<-i (N m m o O in to ■* .2 m (N o so' O m' (N 1 u O >, ^ — OS (N o m O a o •— * so I/-1 o o ^ o r^ ITS (N (N 'O L_ i2 "" in o o c ^H n ^ "^ o • — 1 o '— * 1 o oo^ r*1 5 w m n -^ NO s o 8 no' r~' o v^ no' Ov rl u-i o o u-i u f—l §1 ■I. a a\ ON «-> o 1- c^ c^ (^ (N NO o oo 00 >/^ >n no' oo' o r^ s- ra On (S fNl »n Tj- ^ 2 M >1 .2 u ^^ ts o uu ro S 3 o y oo ^^ a\ 2° tu o oo VI W m t-- s s. S 0) t- D. -^ O a> 00 m NO w^ ON o O J3 r-i <^1 v^ *n ?? o c _ ^ PJ o „ 1 tu ^^^ 1 •" c 8 -s Z W o S^ o On oo m a "J: c w-i o On ^^ m NO ^ s >^ 3 00 >n no' no' On' •f o' c S O ON cs fNl •o o * o CJ I. U f 1 W 2 rf rn o Q ro 5 ^* < 00 On •'t t~-' oo' o\ -*' r-' 3 1 m i/-> r- o W (N s| o m (^) (^ ^ NO o o NO 00 ON »/-i Tt r-' o On s! r^' m u-1 rf c o 2.1 ? 3 U (N Ta- ^^ P-1 I~- ^ .N o 'I- NO ^ '5 00 o rn vi r^ On_ -1 ON ri r*1 Vl 1/-1 1 2 ^1 ^ ^ J < 14 -a ^ •a 3 s 1 c in T3 a> o o ■o c « .5 •a c >> O C ■o -J < O S 5 iS ti. ^ Z CO H APPENDIX SECTION B. EC INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS 313 Appendix 25. --EC. International fishery agreements, by country, 1977-1993. Country First treaty signed Current treaty stanjs Payn nents Vessels licensed to fish in local waters Tuna Fish& shellfish Year ECU thousand USSI thousand Number of Vessels Tonnage CARIBBEAN Dominica 1987 6/93-6/96 2,050 2,481 None NA' Sub-total 2,050 2,481 NORTH AMERICA Canada 1979 Special tariffs on certain Canadian products Greenland 1985 1/90-12/94 34,250 38,627 None NA United States 1977 Access to surplus U.S. fish species Sub-Total 34,250 38,627 NORTHERN EUROPE Faroe Islands 1980 Special quota allocations Finland 1983 Special quota allocations Iceland Special tariff arrangements for some Icelandic fishery products. Norway 1980 Special quota allocations for reciprocal fishing rights. Sweden 1981 Exchange of quotas (*) Latvia 1992 Recipocal fishing rights. Lithuania 1992 Reciprocal fishing rights. Estonia 1992 Reciprocal fishing rights. WEST AFRICA Angola 1987 5/92-5/94 16,700 18,834 32 9,150 A total of 220 licenses were issued for small, artisanal vessels under 40 feet in length. 314 Cape Verde 1990 9/91-9/94 2,450 2,763 45 420 Equatorial Guinea 1983 6/89-6/92 6,500 7,331 80 9,000 Gabon 1988 3 years 9,150 10,319 66 NA Gambia, The 1987 7/90-6/93' 3,950 4.455 65 17,270 Guinea (Bissau) 1980 6/93-6/95 12,450 14,041 32 15,000 Guinea (Conakry) 1980 1/92-12/93 7,100 8,007 37 12,000 Ivory Coast 1990 1/91-1/94 6,600 7,443 89 6,300 Mauritania 1979 8/90-7/93 28,658 32,320 63 26,950 Morocco 1988 5/92-5/96 545,500 615,215 26 97.287 Sao Tome & Principe 1983 6/93-5/96 1,900 2,143 51 None Senegal 1979 10/92-10/94 31,800 35,864 79 31,000 Sierra Leone 1990 2 years 5,350 6,034 89 10,300 764,770 Sub-total 678,108 EAST AFRICA Madagascar 1984 5/92-5/95 1,675 1,889 50 None Mozambique 1983 1/90-12/91 6,250 7,049 44 4.800 Tanzania 1990 3 years 560 632 NA NA Sub-total 8,485 9,569 INDIAN OCEAN: Comoro Islands 1988 7/91-7/94 1,400 1,579 40 None Mauritius 1988 12/90-11/93 1,620 1,827 40 None Seychelles 1984 1/93-1/96 9,600 10,827 40 None Sub-total 12,620 14,233 120 0 Total: 701,263 790,884 Fisheries Policy," SEC(91) 2288, Brussels, December 18. 1991. p. 39 and other EC documents. (*) Since 1980, the EC has been paying Sweden an annual contribution towards the costs of salmon breeding. This contribution amounted to ECU 765,000 (US$926,000) in 1981 . Exchange rate converted at US$1.00 equals ECU0.89 (or ECUl.OO = US$1.13) based on market rate on August 10, 1993.. The EC has agreed to extend the agreement, but negotiators have not yet met. The number of licenses will be decreased as will the level of payments according to preliminary information. 315 316 APPENDIX SECTION C. EC DECOMMISSIONING PROGRAMS 317 Appendix 26. -EC. Fishing vessels withdrawn under provisions of Council Directive 83/515/EEC and Article 24 or Regulation (EEC) No. 4028/86. 11 Country Vessels decommissioned 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Number of vessels Belgium 10 4 3 - - Denmark 10 154 18 110 25 France 0 5 1 3 1 Germany, FRG 0 15 - 15 - Greece 0 67 35 32 - Italy 0 29 1 / 16 - Netherlands 5 4 - 3 1 Portugal 0 45 21 24 - United Kingdom 97 NA NA NA NA TOTAL 122 323 85 203 27 Source: Vessels withdrawn according to Council Directive 83/515/EEC, Official Journal of the European Communitie No. C. 276/1, November 1, 1986 and Vessels withdrawn according to Article 24 of Regulation (EEC) NO. 4028/86, Official Journal of the European Communities, No C, 320/2, December 22, 1989. 318 Appendix 27. --EC. Fishing fleet size on January 1, 1987, and the projected size of the fleet on December 31, 1989, 1990, and 1991. Country 1987 Decommissioning Objectives 1989 1990 Gross Registered Tons 1991 25,165 24,785 22,870 21,340 Belgium Denmark 136,894 133,403 122,899 119,400 198,000 197,612 195,671 194,119 France 137,761 137,079 133,672 130,946 Greece Germany, FRG 51,500 51,270 50,120 49,200 Ireland 58,845 57,355 49,903 43,941 Italy 302,986 299,507 282,114 268,198 82,400 80,640 71,840 64,796 Portugal (Mainland) 188,218 n.a. n.a. 184,459 s) 4,602 n.a. n.a. 6,000 Portugal (Azore Portugal (Madeira) 15,850 n.a. n.a. 19,081 623.719 620,207 602,642 588,590 Jjpam United Kingdom 163,410 161,231 150,336 141,620 1,964,185 1,738,304 1,659,197 1,810,350 TOTAL FLEET Sources: Official Journal of the European Communities, Legislation, January 19, 1989, p. BB/2. Volume 33, March 14, 1990, and Eurofish Repo 319 Appendix 28. --EC. Fishing fleet size for 1991, the actual size of the fleet in 1992, and projections for 1996. Country 1991 Target (12/31/91) Actual size (01/01/92) Over/Under 1996 Target (12/31/96) Gross Registered Tons Belgium 21,340 27,089 5,749 17,992 Denmark 119,188 126,831 7,643 81,560 France 201,601 195,969 -5,632 180,378 Greece 130,946 162,395 31,449 123,014 Germany, FRG 83,335 78,341 -4,994 74,764 Ireland 48,750 50,693 1,943 51,595 Italy 269,198 267,471 -1,727 249,182 Netherlands 64,796 NA 0 NA Portugal (Mainland) 186,449 165,447 -21,002 167,503 Portugal (Azores) 19,081 16,546 -2,535 18,267 Portugal (Madeira) 6,000 6,000 0 6,485 Spain 673,303 644,989 -28,314 618,773 United Kingdom 193,027 214,733 21,706 173,455 TOTAL FLEET 1,930,878 1,929,415 -1,463 1,744,976 Source: Eurofish Report December 3, 1992, p . BB/4-8. 320 APPENDIX SECTION D. FALKLAND ISLANDS CATCH STATISTICS 321 Appendix 29. -FALKLAND ISLANDS. West European catch in the 150-mile Falkland Islands Protection Zone (FIP by country and species, 1987-88 Year/species France Greece Italy Netherlands Portugal Spain U.K. 1 Total Metric tons 1987: Loligo squid 65 9 476 0 71 1,330 137 2,088 Illex squid 1,361 1,690 4,056 0 327 44,871 2,146 54,451 Marti alia 1 0 1 0 0 0 5 7 Hakes 208 234 444 0 134 9,874 678 11.572 Blue whiting 0 107 0 0 0 58 45 210 Hoki 0 0 0 0 0 98 9 107 Kingclip 0 9 10 0 2 370 32 423 Toothfish 5 0 1 0 0 15 0 21 Red cod 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rays 0 20 54 0 4 203 29 310 Other 14 103 119 0 5 4,290 456 4,987 Total: 1,654 2,172 5,161 0 543 61,109 3,537 74,176 1988: Loligo squid 0 103 67 66 383 6,278 136 7,033 lilex squid 0 2,603 3,320 1,406 1.322 30,653 5.080 44,384 Martialia 0 4 1 0 9 37 1 52 Hakes 0 95 179 0 6,588 39.129 2.578 48,569 Blue whiting 0 6 0 0 73 707 68 854 Hoki 0 1 0 3 64 1,383 196 1,647 Kingclip 0 0 12 0 227 1,392 130 1,761 Toothfisb 0 0 0 0 27 36 21 84 Red cod 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rays 0 0 55 0 468 724 180 1.427 Other 0 10 22 0 687 4,121 475 5.315 Total: 0 2,822 3,656 1,475 9,848 84,460 8.865 111.126 Source: Falkland Islands Fish enes Develo pmem, vane >us years. 322 Appendix 30. --FALKLAND ISLANDS. West European fisheries catch in the 150-mile Falkland Islands Protection Z (FIPZ), by country and species, 1989-90. Year/species Greece Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal 1 Spain U.K. 1 Total Metric tons 1989: Loligo squid 0 5 0 0 14 2,109 3 2,131 Illex squid 4,482 10,274 4,581 0 8,693 63,033 12,033 103,096 Martialia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hakes 174 84 0 0 385 11,906 299 12,848 Blue whiting 44 0 0 0 0 328 8 380 Hoki 73 0 0 0 1 399 33 506 Kingclip 23 2 0 0 9 752 23 809 Toothfish 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 Red cod 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rays 4 0 0 0 23 670 53 750 Other 57 5 0 0 20 2,491 86 2,659 Total: 4,860 10,370 4,581 0 9,145 81,689 12,541 123,186 1990: Loligo squid 0 0 0 2 24 1,214 19 1,259 Illex squid 3,112 4,407 3,342 1,324 5,276 45,270 1,525 64,256 Martialia 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Hakes 0 0 3 26 509 10,373 10 10,921 Blue whiting 0 0 0 0 72 2,624 1 2,697 Hoki 0 0 0 28 233 1,756 4 2,021 Kingclip 0 0 1 2 39 712 0 754 Toothfish 0 0 0 2 1 184 0 187 Red cod 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rays 1 2 0 3 26 764 0 796 Other 10 8 0 - 3 199 2,487 3 2,710 Total: 3,123 4,417 3,346 1,390 6,379 65,385 1,562 85,602 Source: Falkland Islands Fish eries Develo pment, various years. 323 Appendix 31. --FALKLAND ISLANDS. West European catches in the ISO-mile Falkland Islands Protection Zone (FI by country and species, 1991-92 Year/species Italy Portugal Spain UK 1 Total Metric tons 1991: Loligo squid 2,335 3,054 35,509 1,921 42,819 niex squid 56 132 1,167 58 1,413 Martialia 0 0 0 0 0 Hakes 4 49 6,027 7 6,087 Blue whiting 0 4 5,980 0 5,984 Hoki 0 10 2,990 0 3,000 Kingclip 1 3 843 1 848 Toothfish 0 1 975 1 977 Red cod 14 22 2,297 3 2,336 Rays 0 13 1,076 1 1,090 Other 0 0 819 0 819 Total: 2,410 3,288 57,683 1,992 65,373 1992: Loligo squid 2,167 1,395 60,843 0 64,405 Illex squid 179 24 947 0 1,150 Martialia 0 0 1 0 1 Hakes 186 23 3,092 0 3,301 Blue whiting 149 1 9,862 0 10,012 Hoki 54 48 5,087 0 5,189 Kingclip 14 6 870 0 890 Toothfish 21 3 626 0 650 Red cod 80 36 4,169 0 4,285 Rays 40 13 1,227 0 1,280 Other 35 0 1,053 0 1,088 Total: 2,925 1,549 87,777 0 92,251 Source: Falkland Islands Fish eries Develc )pment, vari Dus years. 324 APPENDIX SECTION PART II. 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