WORLD TRADE IN CROCODILIAN SKINS, 1988-1989 Prepared under contract to the International Alligator and Crocodile Trade Study by RICHARD LUXMOORE February 1992 Wildlife Trade Monitoring Unit World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 ODL INTRODUCTION Two previous reports for the International Alligator and Crocodile Trade Study have examined the world trade in crocodilian skins from 1980 to 1987. The present report is intended to analyse new information for 1988 and 1989, retaining information from previous years for comparative purposes. Because of the interaction between the trade in classic skins (alligators and true crocodiles) and the caiman skin trade, it was decided to include data on the latter, representing, as they do, the greater proportion of the world's crocodilian skin trade. METHODS This report is based on an analysis of the annual reports submitted by the Parties to CITES for the years 1988 and 1989. A list of annual reports received at the time of writing is given in Table 1. Notable reports not available were those of Australia, Indonesia and Thailand. In order to be comparable with previous IACTS reports, all trade in whole skins and sides of crocodilian species was analysed. One skin was taken to comprise two sides. Trade reported in units of weight, area or length was excluded. Where the number of skins reported by the importing country was different from the number reported by the exporting country, the higher of the two quantities was used. Gross exports from all countries were summed to show the gross world trade. Net imports, taken as the positive difference between gross imports and gross exports, were summed to give the net world trade. The quantity of skins originating in the major source countries within the range of each species was estimated by calculating net world trade for each reported country of origin (or export, where no origin was declared). This was slightly different from previous IACTS studies which used gross trade; however, many countries re-export substantial quantities of skins and so the net trade was considered to give a more reliable estimate of the total quantity of skins in trade. Another departure from previous studies was the inclusion of data for Caiman crocodilus. The difficulties of calculating net trade in Caiman skins are discussed in the relevant section of the report. Exports of manufactured products (wallets, watchstraps, handbags, pairs of shoes, leather items and garments) of this species from Europe were also analysed. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge http://www.archive.org/details/worldtradeincroc88luxm Table 1. CITES annual reports for 1988 and 1989 available in the database for this analysis. Country Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Bahamas Belgium Bermuda Bolivia Botswana Cameroon Canada Cayman Is Chile China Colombia Congo Costa Rica Denmark Ecuador Finland France Gabon Germany, FR German DR Ghana Greece Greenland Guinea Guyana Hong Kong Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Italy Japan Jordan Kenya Liberia Luxembourg % * 4 4+ * * % % HF HF HF HF HF HF HF HF FF HF HK * + 4 % % * * HF 4 HF HF HF HF HF FH * + + + * * HF F * %* * + 4+ + * * ¥ * FF * Country Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Malta Mauritius Monaco Morocco Nepal Netherlands Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Portugal Senegal Singapore South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St Lucia Suriname Sweden Switzerland Tanzania Togo Trinidad & Tobago Tunisia UK Uruguay USA USSR Vanuatu Venezuela Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe EEE HHH HH HHH HF HF HH HH HHH HH HH HK * + * * + % * * * * * % * Crocodylus acutus American crocodile A total of only 60 skins of C. acutus were recorded in trade in 1988 and 1989, of which 59 were reported as exports by Switzerland as pre-Convention stock or originating in Argentina, a country outside the range of the species. Table 2. Minimum world trade in Crocodylus acutus skins (aa 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Table 3. Minimum gross trade in Crocodylus acutus skins reported as exported from or originating in countries in which the species occurs So i a I a es Pe ee vue: gl Dlby hele i a a ee eS a a Crocodylus cataphractus African Sharp-nosed or Slender-snouted Crocodile Table 4. Minimum world trade in Crocodylus cataphractus skins S| 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 uz679 | 2020| 59 | an | aaa | aasa| 570 | ‘es ae | I Table 5. Minimum net trade in Crocodylus cataphractus skins reported as exported from or originating in countries in which the species occurs 1983 | 1984 1985 1986 | 1987 | 1988] 1989 ase7| 2030| | | | aaa | 559 | Geis. cl eH ab hora Face pede aM el eee Sierra Leone zaire | Unknown The population of C. cataphractus in Congo was transferred to Appendix II in 1987 subject to an annual quota of 600. Exports were reported as 1193 in 1988 and 559 in 1989. It thus seems that skins from the 1988 quota were not exported until the following year. All were imported by France. The only other skins noted were 11 from Nigeria, seized on entry into the USA in 1989. a am ae — mae a Sb Perven-qicn. Rw lLdo Eber i tT / ' ¥ Bao Ri BvI 3b ing ame a O06 Yo ato, i $02 niewse urs AER easy pein “ynbu0 + mie. 1 Crocodylus johnsoni Australian Freshwater Crocodile Table 6. Minimum world trade in C. johnsoni skins ee 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 | 1989 The first recent exports of skins of C. johnsoni were authorised in 1987, after which they rose to a net figure of 1274 in 1988. The Australian annual report for 1989 was not available for this analysis which probably explains the low figure in that year. Almost all of the exports were to Japan in 1988. One as yet unsolved mystery is the reported import to the USA of 608 skins of C. johnsoni from Mali in 1987 and a further 34 skins in 1988 - both presumably errors, but it is strange that they should have been repeated in successive years. Crocodylus moreletii Morelet's Crocodile A total of 22 C. moreletii skins were reported in 1988 and 1989, almost all as illegal imports to the USA from Mexico. Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocodile Table 7. Minimum world trade in C. niloticus Pots | agg | izes | 1986 igea | _1989 34879 6510 | 10533 | 19507] 23548] 31252] 45626 28983 6115 9378 | 18480] 22974] 27525} 40253 Minimum net trade in C. niloticus has risen from 6115 in 1984 to 40,253 in 1989 (Table 7). The majority of these derived from the ranching programme in Zimbabwe but the other Appendix populations in African Countries accounted for a further 31,772 skins (Table 8). The main Appendix I skins traded have been from captive breeding operations in South Africa, whose output has risen to nearly 4560 in 1989. Appendix I imports have included 45 from Guinea Bissau, seized on entry to Spain and 1843 from Mali reported to have been imported by France. There is no explanation of why France should have permitted such an import. Most of the Appendix II imports have been within the agreed quotas (Table 10) but there were some notable exceptions. In 1989 France recorded the import of 4542 skins from Madagascar, and Italy imported a further 376. As the total quota for 1989 was 1000 skins, the EC countries reported imports of nearly five times the permitted quantity. Imports from Malawi also exceeded the quota, but by a smaller margin. The excess appears to have been due to the import of 500 skins reported by South Africa but not by Malawi. Exports from Tanzania exceeded the quota in 1988, but this may have been due to the inclusion of some skins from the previous year's quota. The main importing country was France which took over half of the skins, but Japan was the second most important destination of skins in 1989. Most of the remaining skins were imported to other European countries, notably Belgium, Italy, Switzerland and Austria (Table 9). 2, 4 ao atrlo MU wi 0s Bisyleans .- Pan o4s Pages: wrtHe 3% aven ‘Table 8. Minimum net trade in C. niloticus skins reported as exported from or originating in countries in which the species occurs. ray {o) Appendix II populations [Botswana | ee a ol _ oe ee el [Madagascar | rr Loi =o Boe | i sa00. | | 401 | =e a es) fare melies Be oasoliee 0] 150 3610 572 3153 1724 3231 7925 a ines 3 Ea eae pe feet mne| a 3453 aes | |aedies | as0| 2954 7217 Table 9. Net imports of C. niloticus skins to major importing countries * net exporter in this year Austria [es] ny) (eC | Belgium So Ee) ee ae Eee _ a ETE) [ETS a PE Eee 0 ee Beecueny ee) esi aaelay sos] ae | | apse | 2a [south Africa | * | cea emcume al msat eae Ced eas a Geena a Enea) Switzerland Te, SB hetgotws azole sunkgolin «Oo ob e@ese sons mimeo, 9 SAVhePD ahioege wif cotdw 1 @etasivoo ni oo bei : itn ss POPES ape ose puree GARE lebd art 2 SON SR EL eo Rat eee aa GRO alo Lirgery er manger te eye hd Ve 4 ‘em pater \ ' wee mi rears ee a par x i ok coo wiNAme aah ancien Brant Slane + i ‘ ee ne inn eats a Boe 784 BOS us: Ne ae SONU, SON aR inkl Jain | | 3a | og os | | Te yoamasens + icone — 7 nn eee at ieeenieniierae, on foe — 4 mt a Pa Wee | Res re) ne Los et rr Be - ealeinnes ead Sons ‘rote os skine dit ant} iW 2 2o ores Oe a dats id ae et EB ‘able 10. Export quotas for different populations of Crocodylus niloticus ‘ransferred to Appendix II under the special criteria set out in Resolutions tonf. 5.21 and 7.14. * ranching programme accepted W = Wild R = Ranched Ea fw | 150 ee! Ea 4000 4000 fw | 1000] sooo] s7ea] roof | | Ls fem | fee dt lal allot cat fw | soo[ roo] oo] 700] + | | | 200] 1000 | 2600 | pean | Pa Ea (NN ERIS [w | sooo] sooo | sooo| sooo | soso fw | 1000] 2000] 2000] 2000] 2000] 1000 | Ea Fee feet 500 ES Se ee ee a [2000] 2000] 2000 2000[ +{ +] + (ama Se late al || 2350] 3600 | 6200 | Crocodylus novaeguineae New Guinea Crocodile Table 11. Minimum world trade in C. novaguineae skins pts | aga] izes] ses | ise7| i920 | 1989 34983 | 34539] 49097| 43599 | 40830] 41725 | 47818 27352 | 29156] 43027| 33938| 37890] 34728 | 38235 Table 12. Minimum net trade in C. novaeguineae skins reported as exported from or originating in countries in which the species occurs. [mnaonesia | 6975] 7632 17332| saa] 1227| 10053 _1460 | | ue |g agi el laentie JS el EL (aa Rea! fenc | 29471 219e7| 27916| 20465] 32071 ene SE ¥ iss ay) : i s) ~ ; A | a) GoM ; oa fh rier $meWATS 20% vssovp some Ot umes sueradnertss etvane att ehew tibnegys of bea | a ea A ; | Baton mit alcate “Ww betqoros omen 06k See os Nes on , = ae aie i, a Hae I THOTT oT RORTESTTaL ATP & n t> } J Ai > tine @eolud wen asenligenven ate « — sponse <3 at ebsxs bisow cominin = ay oe me bes Lae ara ra Stabe | EBVOE i at ie t nine oa aD ind bias Spr simtn Ly = 7 Ae ab ‘eetsiavce al 6a Mbit os pe 4 ie? “a a pees Minimum net trade in skins of C. novaeguineae rose from 27,325 in 1983 to 38,325 in 1989. The majority of these skins were reported to have originated in Papua New Guinea, with lesser quantities from Indonesia. The low quantity from Indonesia in 1989 is probably because the Indonesian annual report was unavailable for this analysis. Information from elsewhere (Anon. 1991) suggests that permits were issued for the export of approximately 12,000 C. novaeguineae skins from Indonesia in 1989. The other factor which may have contributed to low trade figures was the holding of a reservation by Singapore. There have been reports of a substantial illegal trade in skins from Irian Jaya to Singapore which does not appear in the statistics. Singapore dropped its reservation for the species in 1990. Whereas previously Japan had been the main destination of skins of this species, France was the main importer in 1989. Crocodylus porosus Saltwater Crocodile Table 13. Minimum world trade in C. porosus skins. | iaves] age] ros] i986] 1987] 1988 | 1989 e431| sos2| e183 | 7684| 11303 | 16526 5398 | _ 5358 10042 | _13902 Table 14. Minimum net trade in C. porosus skins reported as exported from or originating in countries in which the species occurs. atiebralia i |. | Moo | 198 | oi%an0 | 499 | 11324] s2508] [Indonesia |_—345| 200] 1094] as] 949| 2670] 408: | eerie, re pase | wg el leon eee] ene jensen] een ie oem] nemenmonl | te Shili Samat pilpkew Crojodi le tlre and 411 werd] ist be Np 7 Rd Tou fel ae Bie EERO le pot al y thie alk saO0,loonteial|, oA00i|, 1450ine toon 2 6 POSE RRR | Philippines jo. dae Ler Singapore er a Re Table 15. Export quotas for the Indonesian population of Crocodylus porosus transferred to Appendix II under the special criteria set out in Resolutions Conf. 5.21 and 7.14. li, eaplep 1985 | 1986| 1987] 1988| 1989] 1990| 1991 Fe Te g(t al ela hi 3000 [ranchea | | | | 2000] 3000] S000 Minimum net trade in skins of C. porosus has increased from 5398 in 1983 to 13,902 in 1989. Skins from Papua New Guinea have fluctuated from 3910 to 7404 but those from Indonesia have increased from 200 in 1984 to 4081 in 1989 (Table 14). The country's population of this species was transferred to Appendix II in 1985 under a quota system, the quotas being shown in Table 15. Exports from Australia have also increased as the ranching programme has started to produce skins. Singapore held a reservation on this species until 1989 and so did not report trade before then. It is believed that additional skins have been illegally exported from Indonesia via Singapore. The majority of the skins have been imported to Japan, but France was the next most important destination (Table 16). The volume of the unreported trade is but ve ontpd sei fe iu: wee : | ~tijonp Wel ea Dapsd ie Ms ted yi ; Ome (£ege . ‘ UpwawOS | iL i g eoqanians a ‘tg Laz R r 1h eegey i poms = ae f ii) F la ay P Tn ing A Aaipes> eta wbri ‘ D440: : wa - ag 5 ae ae S —} 4 ovr an ide q . Hf wv ari iee hori a aphiciouc; visnuse ane si Seeye a@icup « wehin ocr aie a - 0 ti Oeis oved b.is soma “4 a fen eae ntis aye tip Ogee ee Ana 4 “ee $O3Hi obo tog: Jom SS Be HS ae = ogee Wiispel il needs i * 4 baal need even se ; , i side?) nokteniawe Set et b unknown was estimated to be 30,000 - 40,000 a year for both C. porosus and C. novaeguineae combined in 1987 (Ashley, 1989). It is to be expected that the withdrawal of reservations by Singapore will reduce the illegal trade. Table 16. Net imports of C. porosus skins to major importing countries. * Net exporter in this year [isc eel mente mp ems a) care me 1346 [singapore | 2srf {| = | as] a | [switzeriana| 2i6| 195| 305] as9|__10 [sec amo fe B23 te me sm se [ice smog veal i yt i ame hot Crocodylus siamensis Siamese Crocodile 8 * 10} Table 17. Minimum world trade in C. siamensis skins 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 Exports of C. siamensis from Thailand grew from O in 1983 to over 2000 in 1988. All are said to derive from the Samutprakan Crocodile Farm and all were imported to Japan, with the exception of 400 in 1988 and 600 in 1989, imported to Italy. Since Thailand has not submitted annual reports for 1988 and 1989, all the trade was recorded by the importing countries. Output from the farm was said to be 2220 and 2700 in these two years respectively (Youngprapakorn an iitt., 1990). Alligator mississippiensis American Alligator Most skins of Alligator mississippiensis which enter world trade are exported from the USA to Europe for tanning and are subsequently reimported to the USA. Since neither of the usual measures of CITES trade (gross or net world trade) give an accurate estimate of the total production of skins, it is better to use gross exports from the USA. These are shown in Table 18 where it can be seen that they have risen from 20,000 in 1983 to nearly 80,000 in 1989. They originate mainly from Louisiana and Florida, from a combination of wild harvest, ranching and captive breeding. An alligator farming industry has recently become established in Texas and Georgia. As in previous years, France and Italy have been the major destinations, importing about 60-80% of the gross exports from the USA (Table 19). Many skins are subsequently re-exported to the USA after tanning but the total quantity of skins retained in France and Italy was 29,150 in 1988 and 43,041 in 1989. This represents over half the gross exports. 10 ae j Mi \ u " ' | ee Ok) 08 = 0 weet yin 5 Oy ee ‘V BHLAS Sis ! L | alibeors , ; bem ‘ ie i weap Bhat iact >! ; “5 ‘vs ; Aad AqQeo ; ; beszemive ; pa As sone! ot , oe oe eyes ou Re i eu @36 > ITA eeui-:s Fo nee wen error ; prams nena thos papi te Y2dewss va) pphay: dere sae ats nsnowel & Boon easels mates Briiate git ea piste ee fee a get ige by Wit shay yp adn she): eo Alenia a ntv§ adzogne Bae: Ad 'segH2 ayer Ramat bedLintT oF enlus oF LL bonges 2e aa as ou ol Sheed Gis 45 seietiames.edy ted theqdh bivow 27. OBOh Me Cy Teter @hdstt eri om #. eet. Levtaos 227°9 sbdeade> vis Lobe P chcabetfr- Sehewet! SHINS 40 -stedhos a3 Idpien yd Bee tke SORELY TR 39. mkt .cocvevasnaay io a sew: est i“ be stocies tide soliheseso ooekal fone: Hicady 30 Basle! gseppie 65) Jolt, te pmaseut ae Tori ‘ons at ear NG01 nijertista Oud ist save oie coer fy Ego 2d bovioges Sag a eiieateinae Bue 890108 ad Sestrogel woabee sa to venous 340 .ticgue to1 ite esqokem: a aE Pad Rae HL SENET tiie vylesTl sont stoebhoug i igs ipazo eer ses, beveived ef? palwode y ‘ pe ihe Te bE. ao igJo9 ot Pt mane act: bite Po! amis "LO, ee pen PIR Wea OT LPS tyevindotew BES CEE y i, Fs taetiene 0 aoe! Bas reese = ad inition itiw toiteay oF S2a gavan brn endive Ro side eyvic s- S iw dyltetas sia 93 “hey edd le ependeey AND wt? Zycyh! bise ot «eo tadd iui Subtuy bra anjde to enodrregoug ad dwisewitas: 0m, ae pls iad dvail ct kien ow exits 2 det; bechroqut sspw eniate’ Sues Ause Nex sth ts 2mm - ef? af Mee, 1us94222b) ais? sdker® of Bagoe Re Ineseiteh moxt e7oehowy 40 Behe ey Sriwhnngy to eg! eu S Alay. ahd 2 Seo sud = ipoiaes 4G tx eatoexs 2nd mt Y say asters ie leea arte ye oa ays 22 bage esaw: \y a “y f atiagm] 3 “sada ans becdeade Pere Figure 1. Declared origins of skins of Caiman crocodilus imported to France -in 1987-89 and of manufactured products exported in 1988-89. French trade In Caiman skins Skin [imports (87-89) Thousends Product exports (88-89) AR 80 ao x Sv GF Gr cy HN PA PY ZA vE BB sin Imports FE) product exports Figure 2. Declared origins of skins of Caiman crocodilus imported to Italy in 1987-89 and of manufactured products exported in 1988-89. Italian trade in Caiman skins 120 300 100 250 lay a qa D a ; 60 200 a 5 wu uv a 4g B oH WW oes yr d@ 60 150 8 i 5 3 Pex: 2 F rFo@ = % = 40 400 3 a iM a AR BOCK wv | Skin imports Product exports 16 ons as besaoygmi gui kbooow HoaLes, Fo erie 2O Anhpeto bennafosd, MBBEEL. ct}, batratine wtoe “ay beawdeon hiner 6 bee 8S i y ae i RN Late fem je cl aie ‘riorett OE pg ee ee +s sna: be, mi lowe {o'entgine same iS oa oho sy PSI ues oe ~ white ee as 7 1; See ne)tar! Table 23. Net export from Italy in 1988 of products manufactured from Caiman crocodilus skin from different declared countries of origin. Country of origin Venezuela 2975 13434 59755 33567] 330 | Total 6170 65735 117245 22748 63238 ‘Table 24. Net export from Italy in 1989 of products manufactured from Caiman crocodilus skin from different declared countries of origin. Country of origin Argentina Bolivia Columbia French Guiana Guatemala Guyana Honduras Hong Kong Indonesia Italy Panama v Zz ao Paraguay El Salvador Venezuela 3907 60423 62820 1670 39897 Uaksows (Le 17 oe BO woadd ness AA. pig: ech cay By 19 CERI int DBL 40 | ae te PAliox babel ae’ t= URIS Qua wy, cose a pe eS Ft Ti ryghef Iya | CORE) byte + pus es! ar ‘wits i. th ese% Ty eeiad a= heen 1 } > i re pe = Table 25. Net export from France in 1988 of products manufactured from Caiman crocodilus skin from different declared countries of origin. Argentina Guatemala Guyana Honduras South Africa Thailand Venezuela Table 26. Net export from France in 1989 of products manufactured from Caiman erocodilus skin from different declared countries of origin. a re 3 Se ee SA Venezuela # 19 NTL moat Setictoatwnan, coc vines to O90 L mE eons? mo1t Sroene- Jal Oe ‘tiskie Io: ne ined bite iget trovetiin o7! «adie: age | nine” g je ee TSE ES , wenn i? base Se bere Ate tae 4 staita'¥ -- = mir sentinnns ine Saar a f '% A Se — ; - ki nn — 1 eeeae a — aes o ito in . af Sc et rn wa ; en nines —w ves a a et eer tie: Ny #) foam —— >— — 1 ORs ei — ar ere —— - be ————— a i Neeeed-sSy'aqste 7 GIpLyO 10 apesariwe besatoed ae fide OS a _.O8-f80F | ee, ‘ ; Ti =a Ae Gite [sae ie oe es ee Crocodylus intermedius Orinoco Crocodile, Crocodylus palustris Mugger, Crocodylus rhombifer Cuban Crocodile, Gavialis gangeticus Gharial, Tomistoma schlegelii False Gharial One skin of Melanosuchus niger was reported seized on entry to the USA in 1989. 21 TspeDy Slasennen: nubybares Gehl ouodapd OSGdlA> Bud Hevea O25 aunijegney “alietves SEthosexa visit THI K laos. & ; P ae LAI AKADS, Rhee Le lepstiice nS A + 7 ne ieee e ar ‘ant, aa ay. 1 ate whet haber omaroae aes Beyta SMOOVE ele ie = DISCUSSION Table 29. Minimum net trade in classic crocodilian skins reported in CITES annual reports. * Gross exports from the USA ee ed al Js a a ee ee eee ee a ee a a ee a a ae Pee 2 es . ife 2030 157 ake I [a ea) ae — (ees 559 624 90573 65245 80545 92081 115419 128669 173223 77332 : heaaas| 2) Lc rhombier | ee Sey J c.siamenss | | eos | sar | 2050] ima | 501 The world trade in classic crocodilian skins is summarised in Table 29. There has been an overall increase in the reported trade from 65,245 in 1984 to over 173,000 in 1989. As has been outlined for the individual species, this increase has been due to the development of controlled management programmes in several countries around the world. As a result of these changes, C. novaeguineae was overtaken by A. mississippiensis as the main species in trade in 1987 and again by C. niloticus in 1989. There is inevitably a further trade in classic crocodilian skins which takes place outside CITES controls, but there is little evidence for it. The principal areas of concern are Indonesia, where illegal harvesting of C. porosus and C. novaeguineae continues, and Madagascar, where the export quotas have been exceeded by almost a factor of five. The trade in Caiman skins is still far less well regulated and the majority of this is believed not to be under the control of CITES. Documented trade was in the region of 800,000 in 1988, falling to some 300,000 in 1989, although the data are less complete for that year. However, there is evidence of a similar quantity of skins entering Thailand in 1988 without any CITES control. Europe is the major destination for legal Caiman skins, although there is evidence that some skins illegally enter the Community. There is a substantial tanning and manufacturing industry in Europe, particularly Italy and France, and crocodile skin products are re-exported to destinations all around the world. It is doubtful if the declared origins of the products are correct in all cases. Since 1987, several countries that previously had export quotas for Nile Crocodile skins, have adopted ranching programmes and increased their output accordingly. A new resolution (Conf. 7.14) was passed in 1989 redefining the special criteria under which populations of Appendix I species could be transferred to Appendix II. One of the chief features of this is the imposition of a time limit on such quota schemes of a maximum of four years before ranching programmes must be instituted. The phenomenal growth in the supply of skins for legal trade has had a serious impact on the price of skins and must place in question the economic viability of 22 i 2 : ns : . z i Satta hegronet giikeieslibosonn sisesio mi ebsit, Jan myn, «8X 4 : - sores sai : ABU sit mort bs cde aeesoee : a] f Fj 4-1 hn iene lau b= { | oa Ancdipipabiaiaiane lars i oe — ance tle } autody » A ceeeiieeh homesite dae i, Sr ieee ale ala + ee ! 5 = oa 0H ec em ey =" — => Sr RREe Ue Biante meriitoooss o¢peelo oi sbesdt Tres* abst. be dab. aii 1: eecboned tS isiege fpubSV itd ek “dot hen iisuc pesd eset tee, Atemiggstia.n beliednon 3c tcduiypo layed yadbneds “ESAS 30 tfoce: ¢ ca” .blaow Sh itty Ai @eddeas wisn ei Re whee heny 'g0h37..20f0207 & yidsidiewni 6¢ weed 3 Sais sya jalessnes STIS olisawe Soe iw ~Gisomolytl 7a ateope: bo eee ae eesrepntek Pie ,860nl7nG5 enerineskve Ove? 30 4ovens « stehse ¥@: ~ >. by oh lowe arts abel rou, (DF * Epo Do giti Tie? ee td , 060, 84 Raga eVeROn 6 aAby Akko Soe : PiBASiM Bell re) bite Ls 2a pe ie dvoid (GAae terion lavas a Lin i at @ UPL atime ‘ote ay Be Sk a letyl Sagi) age vik red ances bie airod Jai 7 seh om viesen iw te geavie> Sie esub040 4 a co ara tepiees® SOl aw ies ana (lise w! eine bars ae a das aeindaves adie oe aL 2 ; ‘a SORES | ws 3 ati : hoe s Ady appre $c. 5 Aes ey aioe Vey 7 "3 eon Vigaire ans ne hae - Mat Dnt. avlae ry roa ierevoe, 4 7 f ens ‘ MONITORING CENTRE cn @ WCMC provides information services on conservation and sustainable use of the world’s living resources and helps others to develop information systems of their own. 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