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Sty i ar a x ae ee) ine ‘ Taw paging | fee | av , ‘ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/yearbookofagricu1905unit Ke AL NS x AR BX t r. ¢} ee et YEARBOOK OF THE Poet te ro t Ad ES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Wer tin \\ WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. I9go6. [CHaprTer 23, Stat. at L., 1895.] [AN ACT providing for the public printing and binding and the distribution of public documents. } x * & * * * Section 73, paragraph 2: The Annual Report of the Secretary of Agriculture shall hereafter be submitted and printed in two parts, as follows: Part One, which shall contain purely business and executive matter which it is necessary for the Secretary to submit to the Presi- dent and Congress; Part Two, which shall contain such reports from the different Bureaus and Divisions, and such papers prepared by their special agents, accompa- nied by suitable illustrations, as shall, in the opinion of the Secretary, be specially suited to interest and instruct the farmers of the country, and to include a general report of the operations of the Department for their information. There shall be printed of Part One, one thousand copies for the Senate, two thousand copies for the House, and three thousand copies for the Department of Agriculture; and of Part Two, one hundred and ten thousand copies for the use of the Senate, three hundred and sixty thousand copies for the use of the House of Representatives, and thirty thousand copies for the use of the Department of Agriculture, the illustrations for the same to be executed under the supervision of the Public Printer, in accordance with directions of the Joint Committee on Printing, said illustrations to be subject to the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture; and the title of each of the said parts shall be such as to show that such part is complete in itself. S a A235 l\So5s cop 3 PREFACE. In view of the recent somewhat active discussion with regard to Government publications, more especially annual reports, and in view of the fact that, under the law providing for its issue, the Yearbook is designated as Part II of the Annual Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, it may be of interest to indicate the circumstances which have given to the Yearbook its present special character. The publication of the Yearbook is called for by ‘‘an act providing for the public printing and binding, and the distribution of public documents,” approved January 12, 1895, which is quoted on the opposite page. This act was the result of a careful and protracted investigation by the Joint Committee on Printing of the Senate and the House of Representatives concerning the character of public documents and the manner of distributing them. Of the publications issued under the law then existing, the Annual Report of the Department of Agri- culture was necessarily the object of special consideration, owing to the very large edition, 500,000 copies. It was recognized that in its old form the Annual Report of the Department contained a large amount of administrative detail of interest to comparatively few read- ers outside of Congress, and consequently quite superfluous in a volume intended for widespread popular distribution. Besides these administrative details, the Annual Report was made the vehicle for a considerable amount of scientific matter. This matter was of interest chiefly to specialists in some one but rarely in all of the lines of scientific work pursued in the Department. Moreover, the growth of the Department and the creation of new offices threatened to increase greatly the bulk of the volume. It was, therefore, wisely determined to divide the Annual Report of the Department into two parts, sepa- rately bound. The first part, known as the Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture, and issued in an edition of 6,000 copies, contains, first, the personal report of the Secretary of Agriculture, addressed to the Presi- dent, and, second, a detailed report from each division chief addressed to the Secretary. The Yearbook, forming the second part, is issued in an edition of 500,000 copies. It is made up of three sections. The first is the per- sonal report of the Secretary, reprinted from Part I in order to fur- 3 4 PREFACE. nish a ‘‘general report of the operations of the Department.” The second consists of papers prepared in the various offices or by special agents, with the object of presenting the latest and best practical and scientific information at the command of the Department in such form as to be readily understood by each reader of the Yearbook. The third section, under the title Appendix, contains a large amount of statistical matter of interest to the farming public. In the present volume the first section covers 122 pages, while 440 pages are devoted to the papers composing the second section. Although information of immediate use and value to actual farmers holds the first place in the Yearbook, an important place is given to agricultural progress. As an educator, the Yearbook also gives space to the discussion of the problems underlying successful agriculture, avoiding as much as possible scientific and technical language, which would deprive it of its popular character. It is hoped that the Year- book for 1905 will be found to meet these requirements. In the second section every article but one was prepared in some one or other of the oflices of the Department, only one office being unrepresented. ‘The third section, the Appendix, may itself be subdivided into three parts, the first consisting of a sort of agricultural directory, brought up to date; the second, a brief review from each oflice, setting forth the progress and conditions throughout the year of the special line of work assigned to it; the third, the statistics of agricuiture covering the year 1905, but including, for purposes of comparison, various periods from three to ten years preceding. The thirty special papers in the second section of the Yearbook aver- age less than 15 pages, and every effort has been made to confine the illustrations to such as will clearly assist the reader in his appre- hension of the text. Gro. Wm. Hitt, Department Editor. Wasuineaton, D. C., June 1, 1906. CONTENTS. SOLO Ore Pie ora ae oto be wea bud ec Usew slant One e ticles! ovat The Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths and their HMuropean Parasites. By L. O. PRIIEING take od age ts pS eak WIEST ES is Mi a bie a uteaa agi da dxbiek sod ae ..- How to Grow Young Trees for Forest Planting. By E. A. Sterling.......--. Diversified Farming in the Cotton Belt: (pou A tianie Ooast: By W...J: Spillman » - 25. 3s 2bens sb Seeds il.) Alabama and Mississippi... By M. A. Crosby ......2.....--..-.+.-- III. Louisiana, Arkansas, and Northeastern Texas. By D. A. Brodie--. eas WY | VW ALDUICON A. 222 4 peri edieis eine Samwin'dinia ao smd Dace ee Dark Fire-Cured Tobacco of Virginia and the Possibilities for Its Improve- ment. By George T. McNess and E. H. Mathewson.-.............------.-- Extension of the River and Flood Service of the Weather Bureau. By H. C. SITE re ee ree i le IES aid nas pio ae Oma nieeaeee aN RUMEM RIAL Vs WV OV ce ee sg ce wot hdewe was sede ce Insect Enemies of Forest Reproduction. By A. D. Hopkins .....-........-.- The Use of Illustrative Material in Teaching Agriculture in Rural Schools. ar EUs eee ot St ees tee ee ER need Has New Fruit Productions of the Department of Agriculture. By Herbert J. SE ec GS ee Ta eed a ak catia iene nln d Wawa greja eae The Business of Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution. By A. J. Nae eee BE ar ete ner Peete she Ge bie ot et vole nnd cauen Pea and iis Uses. as Food, By C. ¥. Langworthy ........ 02:02... ..2-.2-.-- The Principal Insect Enemies of the Peach. By A. L. Quaintance _......--- The Handling of Fruit for Transportation. By G. Harold Powell.......---- Meadow Mice in Relation to Agriculture and Horticulture. By D. E. Lantz. The Effect of Inbreeding in Plants. By A. D. Shamel...................-.- Renovated Butter: Its Origin and History. By Levi Wells ................- Gstrich Farming in Arizona. By Watson Pickrell....................---..- Illustrations of the Influence of Experiment Station Work on Culture of Field NE CAE PSEA ods ad cae he Sa ce wnd ac ly amice nelle a= sisiee The Relation of Irrigation to Dry Farming. By Elwood Mead...........--. New Opportunities in Subtropical Fruit Growing. By P. H. Rolfs........--- Prolonging the Life of Telephone Poles. By Henry Grinnell..............-- Farm Practice in the Control of Field-Crop Insects. By F. M. Webster ..-.- Formaldehyde: Its Composition and Uses. By Bernard H. Smith ........-- Waste in Logging Southern Yellow Pine. By J. Girvin Peters...........--- ne Now Pruiis. By William A. Taylor. 3.00.22. .c..-2 2. se cn enc ‘Causes Affecting Farm Values. By George K. Holmes..........--.-:.----- Progress in Drug-Plant Cultivation. By Rodney H. True.................-- Federal Game Protection—A Five Years’ Retrospect. By T. S. Palmer....-- Page. 9 6 CONTENTS. Appendix: Organization of the Department of Agriculture................2..2-.---- Appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal years end- ing June 90, 1004, IGOB. aid 3606 ohn oo ok oboe cn do duoc cecoccecewes Agricultural colleges and other institutions in the United States having chbrebe fit Merion soak « ws acca een oc sen eee bade Agricultural experiment stations of the United States ................--- Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. . Officials in charge of farmers’ institutes................---.------------ American Association of Farmers’ Institute Workers..............-.---- State officials in charge of agriculture _..... 222-2... cee cc ce ceccceccecee National Gairy awoclegdone.. oo sb clea ccce Ccdeniechacecueeuwl ensues American National Live Stock Association .................2--2-------- Protection against contagion from foreign cattle.............-..-.------ Beck breeger® agsocistions. 322.622. c2 eS eee Sanitary officers in charge of live stock interests................-------- pomeiry eeiomintinns 2.255 she b cs wos eawnddidewcddde. ca PR So SE Tg ee ee a are TS Nauonel Bes Loppers’ Augociation .....0. 6.0 ceec. cast ~ ss ceeees face cucccewesccctcoccecdectecevaccinae 370 XXXIX. Hyacinth bulbs eaten by pine mice. Beds from which the bulbs were taken ......-. 370 XL. Apple tree killed by prairie meadow mice. Apple tree showing injury by mice..... 374 ia A pple wrees girdled by prairie Meadow MICE... << nis =~ 6 s2 eens ne owesecee essa yeccoceces 374 XLII. Tobacco flowers before opening. Cotton flower immediately after opening......... 382 XLIII. An ear of corn borne by isolated stalk. Improved uniformity and increased vigor Ores pianist Rel Teri iZed GOO 2. coos ancbeasccctescesveciamscockcsce scone 382 XLIV. Saving tobacco seed under bag. Inbred compared with crossbred tobacco ......... 386 er ein oo nonthe old, ‘ Plucking av ostrich....-..-. 6.2... 655ceadentebeececkeecdece 404 ar. Ostricnes 5 days old. Ostriches 5 months old... 5... 22.222. 2 2c. a ewe ee ee ene cencccencocns 404 arn ne VERE CME ee Sone Ces Se eee et sles Ree Pees a ee 404 XLVIII. Windmill in use at Cheyenne, Wyo. Reservoir in use near Cheyenne, Wyo ........ 436 XLIX. Farm home in eastern Oregon, showing trees grown by winter irrigation only. Pear En SRNL MICE SITIO MUI g nha k xe ncc cow nhunccews an casacdccncsncecnces 436 L. Method of eating the Mulgoba mango. Cluster of mangoes ......................-.- 444 LI. Rusty sapodilla fruits. Inconspicuous sapodilla bloom. Sugar-appletwigand fruit. 450 LII. Ceriman bloom. A ripe ceriman fruit. Ceriman fruiting in half shade............. 450 LIII. Treating whitecedar. Treating chestnut poles by tank method....................- 462 LIV. Timothy meadows showing effects of jointworm infestation ...................-.--- 474 LV. Studying Hessian fly in spring-wheat regions of Northwest...............--e0-eeeeee 474 LVI. Virgin stand of southern yellow pine. Snags of trees knocked down by falling timber. 486 LVII. Specimen top log left after logging. Timber left in tops after logging............... 486 IRE TREE, UPCCIRCRL DN IO Pe oe are ha Skeet ten b baa Concd deck cua sueat cues 496 Ee apd SE ne Ba Se SA ie OP | id a a SY ae, Soman 496 ETM trol sri cen deen. Nowe s ree es RELST. te tots cLosctab a pecees 496 ET DE gE A SEE TR "lll a RR RE 498 ete eee et balun optus ap Oa timahe p Ged ood oueneeeenecQececuuns 502 8 ILLUSTRATIONS, Page. ew py agi” i a ae ae ee ee ee OE 502 TEST. unseen 390 el (PON SUE WO ea. wae not wanenasscainsns 148 92. Routes of ‘‘seed corn specials’ inIowa 410 22. Twisted wireworm of sheep ..........-. 149 93. Annual rainfall west of ninety-fifth POT RVOORIN x. ccran as vapsacenaere= oee logs left in the woods could be utilized without added expense. And a not less serious waste of a great resource was cut off when the inven- tion of a new method of turpentining made it possible to eliminate REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 55 the destruction of our southern forests through boxing the trees, and at the same time to gather a far larger value in turpentine than be- fore. FOREST EXPLORATION. Finally, the Forest Service has rendered a great service by its explorations of forested regions. Useful contributions to the knowl- edge of our forest resources have been made through specific studies of important regions. The guiding principle of this policy is, of course, that all land should be put to its best use. This principle the Forest Service has assisted to put into effect by its recommendations as to what lands should not as well as what should be reserved. RESERVE ADMINISTRATION BY THE FOREST SERVICE. The Forest Service had become fully qualified, by its past work, for the responsibility laid upon it by the transfer of the reserves to its administrative charge. The immediate effect of the change was the opening of the reserves to much wider use than ever before. This is the natural consequence of intrusting the care of these great forests to the only branch of the Government which has the necessary tech- nical knowledge. The inevitable consequence of a lack of such knowl- edge must be the restriction of right use or the practical certainty of misuse. Only under expert control can any property yield its best return to the owner, who in this case is the people of the United States. : Under the system of administration now in force everything affect- ing the reserves is determined or executed by men of expert knowl- edge, familiar with local conditions. This entire force has become a part of the classified civil service. Timber is cut only under the supervision of trained men in accordance with a plan carefully pre- pared to safeguard the permanent welfare of the forest; yet the sales of timber have many times increased since the Forest Service took charge. A far more complete control is exercised than formerly, yet the net cost to the Government of all the work of the Service will be less for the present year than that of the Bureau of Forestry alone before the transfer. A property worth in cash not less than $250,000,000 is administered at a cost of less than one-third of 1 per cent of its value, while increase in that value of not less than 10 per cent per annum is taking place. As the use of the reserves increases the cost of administration must, of course, increase also, but receipts will certainly increase much more rapidly. The forest reserves are certain to become not only self-supporting but a source of large public revenue. Work OF THE YEAR. The transfer of the National forest reserves to the care of tne De- partment of Agriculture was effected on February 1, 1905. The 56 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, administration of these vast forests fell quietly into its place in the Service, and has since been conducted with steadily advancing efli- ciency. Every office in the Forest Service is actively concerned in their management, working and planting plans are in preparation and have been prepared for various parts of them, and they are ab- sorbing and will continue to absorb a greater and greater part of the work of the Forest Service. FOREST MANAGEMENT. PUBLIC LANDS. On the public lands greater strides were made in the introduction of forest management than ever before. Wherever on the reserves timber is in present demand working plans are being prepared which will insure the best use of the forests. On the Chippewa Indian Reservation, in Minnesota, the complete success of the plan to secure the perpetuation of the forests is assured. In California, Colorado, Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming studies of leading commer- cial trees have provided a basis for the intelhgent management of the forests in which these trees hold an important place, including many of the reserve forests. PRIVATE LANDS. The movement to introduce forest management on private lands is spreading rapidly, especially in the Pacific Coast States and the Mid- dle West. Nearly four-fifths of the applicants for cooperative assist- ance were small owners. The total area for which assistance was asked was nearly 1,500,000 acres. Examinations to determine the practicability of management were made of 22 large timber tracts in 15 States, and detailed working plans were made for 8 large and 81 small tracts, with a total area of almost 2,000,000 acres. FOREST EXTENSION. Up to the present year the work in extension found altogether its largest field of usefulness in the preparation of planting plans for farm protection and local timber supply in the scantily timbered regions of the Middle West. It is certain that tree planting will always hold an important place in farm economy, but it is more and more becoming possible to supply the needed information for this work from the central office as a result of regional studies. The large projects involved in the establishing or replacing of forests on reserve lands now unforested, and in demonstrating to the consumers of timber that they must provide for their future needs, will probably for the next few years increasingly claim the attention of the Forest Service. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 57 During the year a revision of the terms of cooperative assistance was made to induce wider acceptance by small owners. Up to the present time 380 planting plans have been made, of which 49 were made during the past year. Reserve planting during the year included the establishment of nurseries in the Santa Barbara and Gila River reserves, broadcast sowing and field planting on the Black Hills Reserve, and field planting in the San Gabriel and Dismal River reserves, besides the extension of previously established nurseries. The experiment in broadcast sowing in the Black Hills is especially notable, because the results obtained now appear to be entirely favorable and because success has never before been gained under this method in this country. The significance of this fact lies in the enormous difference in the cost of reforesting by sowing seed on ground not previously prepared and of rearing and transplanting nursery stock for large areas. By the completion of the cooperative study conducted in the State of California valuable information was secured concerning the rela- tion of chaparral to water conservation and forest renewal and con- cerning fire protection. FOREST PRODUCTS. Lines of cooperative work now completed have brought definite and important results in introducing preservative treatment as a means of increasing the durability of ties, and thereby decreasing the drain upon the forests. The results give good reason for the belief that tie preservation will shortly become practically universal. The study of the preservation of telegraph and telephone poles promises further economies of the same kind. In timber tests, studies of red gum, red fir, western hemlock, and loblolly and longleaf pine have furnished facts which will lead to the wiser use of these species and of structural timber generally. Strength tests of woods for other purposes have been begun, and methods have been prepared for the more extensive prosecution of this very practical work; but the full utilization of the opportunity presented for public Sea must wait until the necessary facili- ties are provided. DENDROLOGY AND FOREST EXHIBITS. Progress was made during the year in the general study of forest distribution, classification, and composition throughout the United States, especially through regional studies. Previous studies of bas- ket willows and turpentining methods have been continued with further helpful results. od YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. During the period begun July 1, 1897, and ended June 30, 1905, the present Bureau of Chemistry has increased its activities, and by reason of its enlarged work was raised from a division to the rank of a bureau July 1, 1901. The work of the Bureau has been seriously retarded, both during the past eight years and prior thereto, by reason of the large number of employees who, having attained a reputation for efficiency and ability, have been induced by superior opportunities of advancement to resign from the Bureau and enter work for other institutions or corporations. Nineteen of the prom- ising members of the Bureau, during these periods, have resigned to enter more lucrative employment in other positions. CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. The chemical investigation of the cereal products of the United States has been one of the principal items of work, and several bulle- tins have been published embodying the results of the investiga- tions. Starting from the mean composition of the principal cereals, the chemical studies of the products made therefrom have included flours, meals, breads of every description, breakfast foods, cakes, and biscuits. The changes which take place in cereal products during the process of milling are fully discussed in the above publications. PREPARED MEATS. Important investigations, also, were made in the study of prepared meats. Asa result of these investigations it was shown that the pro- cess of parboiling, or “ shrinking,” as it is technically called, is prac- ticed to produce a marketable article, since meat must be cooked before it is canned. The process was shown to detract little from the muscle-forming elements of the meat. The only substances re- moved in any considerable quantity are fat, soluble ash, and meat bases. In addition to this work, a systematic examination of the canned goods sold in the American markets was undertaken, and a total of 513 samples of such products were examined. It is interest- ing to note in connection with this work that in addition to the above 39 samples of horse meat were obtained, designed, according to state- ments made, for export to foreign countries. The investigation of canned meats has proved of particular advan- tage, both to the manufacturers and consumers. That meat can be- preserved unharmed for a long time when thoroughly sterilized in cans has been fully established as the result of the investigations. It has further been shown that it is not necessary in preserving the meat in this condition to add any chemical preservative whatever. The REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 59 meats thus prepared preserve their wholesome properties and nutri- tive value and do not lose appreciably in palatability when not kept for too long a time. FOOD PRESERVATIVES. Elaborate studies have been made of the character of preservatives used in food products and the best methods of detecting them. ‘These investigations have proved most useful to all workers in this line in the United States and foreign countries. An important investigation has also been made to determine the effect of preservatives and coloring matters, when added to foods, upon the health of the consumer. ‘To this end a class of young men was secured to whom were fed foods containing these articles. In so far as the investigations have been completed, it has been found without exception that the addition of the ordinary preservatives to foods is prejudicial to health. The same is true, also, of at least one of the coloring matters commonly employed, namely, sulphate of copper. The results of these investigations show the need of protecting the public by legislation against the addition of such articles to foods, either by prohibiting their use altogether or by regulating the amount thereof and securing a statement of composition upon the label of each package. FOOD STANDABEDS. Important investigations have been conducted by the Bureau of Chemistry looking to the establishment of standards of purity for foods. The results of these investigations have been laid before the food standards committee of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, a body authorized by law to advise the Secretary of Agri- culture, which has been instrumental in forming the standards al- ready published as well as those which are still under consideration. The lack of uniformity in the food legislation in the various States is a source of great annoyance to manufacturers and dealers. The Bureau of Chemistry has cordially cooperated with the officials of the various States in their efforts to regulate the manufacture and sale of adulterated foods, drinks, and drugs. It is becoming more and more evident, however, that for the complete control of evils of this kind interstate regulation of commerce in such articles is necessary. THE INSPECTION OF FOODS INTENDED FOR EXPORT. The Congress of the United States has authorized the Department of Agriculture, through the Bureau of Chemistry, to inspect all food products intended for export to countries whose laws require a physi- cal or chemical inspection of foods. This privilege, however, is optional with the exporter. He is not compelled to secure such an inspection, but is authorized to do so if he so desires. Under this law 60 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. a great many of the exporters of food products in this country have applied to the Department for inspection of their goods. They have thus been enabled to send with the foods to foreign countries a cer- tificate of inspection, which as a rule is accepted as prima facie evidence of purity. It is evident that our foreign commerce in food products would be greatly promoted if this practice should become general, and our foods would thus acquire a standing in foreign countries which would remove from them all suspicion of impurity. INSPECTION OF IMPORTED FOODS. Congress has also authorized this Department to inspect all food products offered for entry into the United States from foreign coun- tries and to refuse delivery to the consignee of all products which are found to contain any added substance injurious to health, or to be misbranded in any particular, either as to their contents or origin, and of such products as are forbidden or restricted in sale in the country from which they come or from which they are exported. In order to carry this law into effect, branch laboratories of the Bureau of Chemistry have been established in the ports of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, New Orleans, San Francisco, and Chicago. As far as the facilities at hand will permit, all food products enter- ing this country are inspected and analyzed before delivery to the consignee. As a result of this inspection a great improvement in the character of our imported foods has already been secured. There has been developed also among the exporters from foreign countries a desire to send only such articles as may conform to the requirements of the laws of the United States. During the period between July 1, 1903, when the enforcement of the law began, and June 30, 1905, 3,576 invoices of food products were inspected, among which 712 were found to be of a character forbidden by law. TABLE SIRUPS. Important investigations have been made in the last few years looking to the improvement of the character of the table sirups so largely used in the United States. These sirups are made chiefly from the maple tree, from sorghum, and from sugar cane. ‘These investigations have shown the best methods of procedure in all these cases to secure a product of the highest quality, free from added chemicals. Several bulletins have been published embodying the results of these investigations. INSECTICIDES. An elaborate study has been made of the insecticides in use in the United States, in collaboration with the Bureau of Entomology. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 61 These investigations have shown that many of the insecticides offered to our farmers are of little value, and that the price demanded and the value of the goods are not always proportionate. These studies have tended to protect the farmers of the country and secure for them a much better quality of insecticide for the money expended. CONTRACTS. In the Contracts Laboratory studies are made of the materials submitted for the Department of Agriculture, and other Departments of the Government which may ask for such studies. The results of these studies are of the greatest practical benefit in securing for the use of the United States Government materials which fully conform to the requirements of the contract and the character of the samples submitted. ‘The extension of this inspection to all materials supplied the United States Government would undoubtedly prove advan- tageous. DRUGS AND CHEMICALS. The importance of pure drugs from the hygienic and remedial standpoint is evident to everyone. Congress has authorized the study by the Bureau of Chemistry of the purity of drugs, their nature, and the sophistications to which they are subject. The Drug Laboratory of the Bureau of Chemistry pursues investigations of this kind, as well as of the purity of chemicals and reagents offered for the use of the Bureau. COOPERATIVE WORK WITH THE ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. The work of the Bureau of Chemistry in connection with the Asso- ciation of Official Agricultural Chemists of the United States has been of a most useful character. This association is composed of all chemists connected with agricultural colleges, experiment stations, State and municipal boards of health, boards of agriculture, etc.; hence it represents some of the most important activities in connection with agriculture. By act of Congress this association is made the adviser in certain respects of the Department of Agriculture, and this Department has extended its patronage to the association from the beginning, with great mutual benefit, and still greater benefit to the agricultural interests of the country. CIDER AND WINE INVESTIGATIONS. It is well understood that the character of ciders, wines, etc., is due to the chemical reactions which take place during the process of fer- mentation. Special studies have been made by the Bureau of Chem- istry of these chemical reactions, especially with relation to cider, and 62 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. numerous cultures of yeast, producing specific properties, have been made and distributed. Careful studies of the wines of this and other countries have also been made which have proved of great practical benefit. COLLABORATION WITH OTHER DEPARTMENTS, Under the authority of Congress the Bureau of Chemistry is authorized to collaborate with other Departments which may require its aid. Under this authority work is constantly done for nearly all the Departments of the Government. ie... Bsr Mie. | Mitld 2 ho ay eR a Quantity applied per acre....pounds.. 400 500 100 100 150 850 Equivalent quantity per acre of— Ammonia (NHsg) ............. pounds.. 12 50- 19 > eee 73.5 Phosphoric acid (P,0;) .......--- Gorn. 36 Lg Meee ek ! AGT ot a 57 See GGccns tL in PRE PR ee eer bape ana write | 75 | 75 Cost per ton delivered at Appomat- sie, RE ee dollars... 25.00 | 34.50 50.50 | 30.00; 50.50 |.....--.) ey of quantities used in experiment, | ET EES es ys ee ee 5. 00 8. 62 2.53 1.50 3.79 | 16.44 Cost of fertilizer constituents per pound: Ammonia (NH;).-..............- cents..| 21.66 | 14.45| 18.80] 13.80 |...2.... epee Phosphoric acid (1,0;).......... do.... 5. 00 "8 ieee eae tee Og SEP Peee Ss eee Se | ee doc. CY, a ed EE g 4 Pie pete B06 42.050 Cost of fertilizer constituents per acre: | | | Ammonia (NH,)............-- dollars. . 2.60] 7.22| 2.53 fe meta 10.37 | Phosphoric acid (P.,0;).......... GOo.2% 1. 80 ye) ee ol hehe 2, 28 SS 2 ee do.... oe Cee Ligh oon of davies 3.79 | 3.79 3 Al905——15 226 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Composition and cost of the several fertilizers used in the experiments—Continued. ae Formula No. 3. esate Material. (Gate lground| Nitrate Bone ches . | Total mixed).| fish. | soda, | meal. Berti Oval. Guaranteed analysis: | Ammonia (NHs3) ..-.-..-.... per cent.. 3 10 19 4.6) oot, ole ee Phosphoric acid (PsO;) ...-..-.-- 6.2.2 9 Pee ee | pRB PP Potash (ot?) 38on2 cece eee cecae G0... BAAS Se) ace ieaax onan SO Feo ck pane Quantity applied per acre....pounds.. 400 | 1,200 150 100 250 1, 700 Equivalent quantity per acre of— Ammonia (Ns) . jsancus ones pounds.. 12 120 28.5 4:01), tee 153 Phosphoric acid (P9Q;) ...--...-- CO: 36 | OF bawacenae’s Oe oe an tee 106 | Potash (oO)-: 20.3 ee one ao. Yl Be oat Dee rcata el ace 125 125 Cost per ton delivered at Appomat- | | BOR ors caters ea oar ee dollars... -25.00 | -34.50 50.60 } 80.00, 50.50 |........ Cost of quantities used in experiment, | | Cs TONG FA a ere eae ieee Ae APR es Bee 5.00 | 20.70 | 3.79 1.50 6.31 | 32.30 Cost of fertilizer constituents per pound: Ammoniai(N Fay a6 ins cce a --.CODtas 21.66 | 14.45°| 18.80:) ' 18.80. /., .oo oe Phosphoric acid (P.O;) ....--.--- C0) -- 5.00 A OO NE a tre oe 4.00. | .. 0a 5 wena Potash (BQ) 3.2 cccen aces saws QOcn. = BL 00 |.0 sc eees|uoxancensfabnacsna) sgRin enn Cost of fertilizer constituents per acre: . | Ammonia: (NHe)= 2 sees 23k tee dollars. . 2.60 |} 17.34 3.79 GQr lS 225 eeee 21.75 Phosphoric acid (PsO;)...--.--..- (6 Cea 1. 80 B.iSG) la checkers « G8 linia 4, 24 Detamh FR ree eke cee do... GN (yeek Sten ke check oo | 6.31 | 6.81 In this table it will be seen that the actual fertilizer constituents in the factory-mixed brand of fertilizer are more expensive than in the home mixtures. The cost of the ammonia in the former is 21.66 cents per pound as against 14.45 cents and 13.8 cents for the ammonia supplied by the ground fish and bone meal and 13.3 cents per pound for that furnished by the nitrate of soda. This difference indicates the consid- erable saving in cost of the material used where the farmer mixes his own fertilizers. ‘To offset this there is, of course, the cost of mixing, but this should not be more than 75 cents or $1 a ton. It should be further noted that it would have taken 5,100 pounds of the factory-mixed fertilizer to furnish the 153 pounds of ammonia yielded by the 1,700 pounds of home mixture. The cost of the 5,100 pounds would have been $63.75, a sum so large as to prohibit profit- able use, even ignoring the extra expense of handling such a large amount of material. On a basis of the 9 per cent guaranteed, the_ 5,100 pounds would have contained 459 pounds of available phosphoric acid, an amount entirely out of balance as compared with the amount of ammonia and potash furnished, and excessive in the extreme as compared with the needs of the crop. Moreover, had there been 5,100 pounds of this fertilizer, in which it may be assumed acid phosphate furnished the phosphoric acid, it is highly probable that the consider- able quantity of acid always present in acid phosphate would have had a marked harmful effect on the roots of the plants, especially if THE DARK FIRE-CURED TOBACCO OF VIRGINIA. 927 used in the drill. The acid would tend also to retard nitrification in the soil. This condition, of course, might be counteracted by the use of lime or other alkali, but only at a further needless expense. It is therefore apparent that increasing the applications of the fertilizer in common use in the county sufficiently to give the amount of ammonia and potash required for a 1,500-pound crop of tobacco would not. be economical. The use of large quantities of fertilizer in the growing of tobacco in this district of Virginia can probably be made to pay well, but the mixtures must be properly proportioned. It would lead to a much clearer understanding of the whole subject of fertilizers if the farmers would think, not of how many pounds of mixture they are applying to their fields, but rather of how many pounds of ammonia, phosphoric acid, and potash they are using. For example, if the tobacco grower who applies 400 pounds of the factory-mixed fertilizer to the acre would not think of the 400 pounds but of the fact that he is applying 12 pounds of ammonia, 36 pounds of phosphoric acid, and 12 pounds of potash to the acre, he would understand more clearly what it is reasonable to expect from the fertilizer he applies. In this discussion the terms ‘‘ammonia” and ‘‘ammoniates” have been used in preference to ‘‘ nitrogen” and ‘*‘ nitrates,” as the former are the terms in common use in Virginia, as well as in most parts of the South, and are, therefore, more likely to be understood. For those accustomed to the use of the words ‘‘ nitrogen” and ‘‘ nitrates,” it may be well to state briefly that of 17 parts of ammonia 14 are nitrogen. CULTIVATION. Great improvements can be made in the present methods of cultiva- tion. The Virginia farmers generally cultivate their crops deeply, thus injuring the root system, which is spreading and near the surface (Pl. X,fig.2). Their rule is to give the tobacco three cultivations, using a one-horse implement (the first two with a double-shovel plow and the last with a turning plow), and two hoeingsby hand. Except in the case of low-lying fields, where there is danger from standing water, it is best to discard the turning plow entirely and use nothing but imple- ments for shallow cultivation. This has been fully demonstrated in recent experinents, where the efficiency and profitableness of frequent and shallow cultivation of tobacco have been studied. The shovel plow may be used to advantage and is recommended for the first cultiva- tion. At this time the roots of the plants have not spread into the row, and the soil is likely to be packed from heavy rains and from ‘tramping it at the time of setting. Deep, thorough breaking out of the middles is to be advised at this time, and the double-shovel plow with narrow blades is about the best tool available. 928 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. As the plants grow and the roots begin to occupy the soil between the rows, deep cultivation should be stopped and frequent shallow cul- tivation substituted. For this purpose a five-toothed cultivator (fig. 60), with an 18-inch sweep and a depth-regulating attachment, is rec- ommended. This will keep down the weeds and preserve an effectual soil mulch, which retards surface evaporation without doing injury to the roots. About six cultivations are necessary to keep the soil in eood tilth, or an average of one a week between the setting and top- “ping seasons, the soil being worked a little toward the plant at each cultivation. The low ridges thus formed will be effective in keeping surface water from standing around the plant in times of excessive rains, but will not be high enough to increase materially the surface of the soil exposed to evaporation. CURING, None of the operations conducted by the farmer is more important than the curing of the tobacco after it is grown and placed in the curing barn (Pl. X, fig. A 1). Every year lg there are thou- sands of dollars lost to the farm- ers of Virginia through an im- perfect under- standing of the fundamental principles in- volved in the process of curing. Weather and other conditions vary so greatly that rules can not be formulated to fit all cases, and the final dependence in every case must be reposed in the skill and experience of the individual farmer. It should always be kept clearly in mind, however, that the essential factor in securing a satisfactory cure is the maintenance in tke barn of a’ proper degree of both heat and moisture. The grower’s inge- nuity and experience must be drawn upon to offset weather con litions when they are unfavorable. It must be remembered that curing tobacco and drying it are two different processes. After placing the tobacco in the barn it is first necessary to see that it yellows properly. When that is completed the final browning process follows. The yellowing takes place during the first week after the ripe tobacco is cut, as an accompaniment of slow starvation and death of the leaf. This stage of the curing process proceeds best under moderate temper- : ry Fig. 60.—Cultivator used in the Appomattox experiments. THE DARK FIRE-CURED TOBACCO OF VIRGINTA. 229 ature and moisture and in darkness. Therefore crowding the tobacco in the barn is to be recommended, especially if the weather should be dry. In cool weather materia] help may be given by building small fires in the barn and maintaining a temperature of from 85° to 90° F. A high temperature at this time would exhaust the moisture of the leaf before the color changes could take place. In this event the tobacco would dry out and not cure. While the process of yellowing is proceeding, the tobacco should be closely watched, and upon the slightest signs of house burn the ventilation should be regulated so as to allow a moderately free circulation of air. Fires should be started and a temperature of 95° to 100° F. maintained long enough to start the tips of the leaves to browning and drying. It should be borne in mind that in the browning as well as in the yellowing processes moisture as well as heat is essential to a good cure. The fires should be controlled so as to give heat and yet allow the leaf time enough to undergo the necessary color changes before the moisture is exhausted. It is advisable not to hasten the process of curing, especially at first, and after the fires have been burning long enough to start the tips of the leaves browning it is advisable to let the barn cool, which will allow the sap to become uniformly distributed throughout the leaf. This insures more solid and even color. After afew days the barn may be heated again for a short time, the temperature being allowed to rise a little higher than at the time of the first firing. The barn is then allowed to cool off again so that the sap may once more become equally distributed through the leaf. This process is continued until the leaf cures. As the cure proceeds, somewhat higher temperatures may be used if the moisture supply is: sufficient. However, about 125° F. is as high as it is usually desirable to carry the temperature, even when the curing process is nearly completed and the danger from ‘‘ setting” undesirable colors is minimized. Advantage shouid be taken of damp, rainy weather, as at that time a higher temperature may be maintained without unduly exhausting the moisture supply. Under such favorable conditions the cure may be hastened. If it is desired to darken the tobacco materially, as is often the case in curing plug wrappers, the aim should be to secure rather high temperature and moisture content during the last part of the curing process, and to maintain these conditions for several hours. When there is danger from house burn or pole sweat, it is, of course, imperative to use sufficient heat to dry out the barn beyond the point of danger. It is usually in a barn of tobacco in which some house burn has developed that the undamaged tobacco is exceptionally well cured. This shows that the conditions of heat and moisture just below those which would cause damage are what the farmer should strive to secure. 2380 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MARKETING, In marketing is found the final test which is to decide the result of the year’s hard work. Itis a lamentable fact that many of the farmers work extremely hard during the year in the effort to produce a fine crop of tobacco, and then, after reaching this stage, hurry the tobacco upon the market in a most indifferent manner, having little idea of the place in the trade that it is fitted to fill or the price which it is reason- able to expect for it. The growers should strive as hard to master the art of marketing their tobacco advantageously as to acquire the skill to grow and cure it. As previously stated, their first aim should be to produce a type of leaf suited to some specific market demand. They should study the market demands and at least keep up with a few of the standard trade requirements and current prices, and then try to assort their tobacco in such a way as to have each grade meet as far as possible some specific use in the trade. The auction system of marketing, common throughout Virginia, is avery good one, but it does not assure the farmer that he will in every ‘ase get for his tobacco its true value. The absence of a buyer or a temporary market congestion may cause a sharp reduction in the price of certain grades on any particular day of sale. The farmer must look for protection to his own vigilance and knowledge of grades and prices, and in some instances it will pay him to pass the sale of his tobacco and offer it again on another day if he has reason to believe that the price bid is below the general market average. EXTENSION OF THE RIVER AND FLOOD SERVICE OF THE WEATHER BUREAU. By H. C. FRANKENFIELD, Professor of Meteorology, Weather Bureau. EARLY ORGANIZATION OF THE SERVICE. Inan article on Floods and Flood Warnings, in the Yearbook for 1901, the writer, in a general description of the River and Flood Service of the Weather Bureau, stated that ‘‘ efforts were being constantly made to still further improve this branch of the public service by more searching investigation and judicious expansion.” At that time the organization consisted of 163 special river and 50 special rainfall sta- tions, divided into 35 districts, each under the supervision of the official in charge of a regular Weather Bureau station, and daily river obser- vations were also made at 42 regular stations. Since then many changes have been made. During the year 1902 the new districts of Boston, Mass., Knoxville, Tenn., and Sioux City, Iowa, were created and the district of Harrisburg, Pa., thoroughly reorganized; 31 special river and 14 special rainfall stations were established, and daily river readings were begun at 2 additional Weather Bureau stations; 3 special river and 5 special rainfall stations were discontinued during the year. REORGANIZATION OF THE SERVICE. During the year 1903 the district of Philadelphia, Pa., was created, with territory comprising the watersheds of New Jersey and the extreme eastern portion of Pennsylvania. Forty-one special river and 9 special rainfall stations were established, 1 special river station was discontinued, and 2 additional regular Weather Bureau stations began a daily record of river stages. FIRST PERIOD OF IMPROVEMENT. The year 1904 was a transition period. The first real transition period of the River and Flood Service began on July 1, 1893, when the work of river forecasting, which for twenty years had been done at the central office at Washington, was delegated to various station officials of the Weather Bureau, under the supervision of the central office, each with a certain specified territory in which was located a number of substations, both river and rainfall. At once the wisdom of the change became apparent. Each district was from that time on in charge of an official who kept in close touch with its remotest boundaries and who thoroughly understood its physical character as 231 232 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, affected and modified by the elements. . ‘The natural results were abso- lute localization, greater promptness of service, and vastly increased accuracy. At the same time the foundation was laid for more thorough investigation and study, with the almost assured certainty of greater efliciency in all branches of the work as a reward for the added labor. SECOND PERIOD OF IMPROVEMENT. The second transition period begins with the year 1904. The enor- mous magnitude and appalling destructiveness of the floods of the previous year, notwithstanding the good flood work of the Weather Bureau, had focused the attention of the country upon the subject. In districts provided with River and Flood Service, warnings were issued whenever necessary. The various communities affected had learned through previous experience to respect these warnings, and as a conse- quence all possible preparations were made and all due precautions were observed in the threatened districts, while throughout others not likely to be affected the fears of the people were allayed, and a great amount of unnecessary labor was saved. From Kansas and other dis- tricts, where River and Flood Service was not maintained, and where almost the extreme limit of disaster was reached, there came, even before the flood waters had subsided, an irresistible demand for a river service of the character and efficiency of that maintained in many other localities. There were also many requests, from districts already organ- ized, for the establishment of new river and rainfall stations and a fur- ther extension of the work. Previous to this time it had been the policy of the Weather Bureau, with but very few exceptions, to main- tain River and Flood Service on navigable rivers only, but from all sections there arose demands, after the great May and June floods of — 1903, for flood warnings on the nonnavigable rivers. It was impos- sible to meet many of these demands on account of the character and environment of the streams involved. Some river channels were so short and precipitous that destructive floods could come and go before a warning could be distributed, while along others there were no means of rapid communication, such as the telegraph and telephone. It is manifestly useless to hope to aid those on the former class of rivers, but to those on the latter assistance can be given as soon as the respective communities increase sufficiently in size and importance to command the necessary facilities for electric communication. On other nonnavigable rivers it was found to be possible to establish serv- ices that promised to become efficient and valuable, and Congress was therefore asked to provide the funds necessary for their inauguration and maintenance. The request was met in a liberal spirit on the part of Congress. Appropriations sufficient for a much enlarged and improved service were made, and on July 1, 1904, the work was begun. Some consider- able extensions had already been made during the preceding six months PLATE X\l Yearbook ‘Uz. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905. ——. LAX ORS Vy THE NORRIS PETERS CO., WASHINGTON, D.C~ t 7.4 ae A a8 Pt [o~ P etl, Ohi0........2cscancvcesecncoe EXTENSION OF THE RIVER AND FLOOD SERVICE. 933 in the central and northern Pacific districts, but no attempts were made in new fields until fresh appropriations became available. The work was prosecuted vigorously, and by the end of the year 1904 four new districts had been created, as follows: Columbus, Ohio, for the watersheds of the interior rivers of the State of Ohio; Des Moines, Iowa, for the watershed of the upper Des Moines River; Grand Rapids, Mich., for the watersheds of lower Michigan, and particularly that of the Grand River, the scene of the devastating floods of the spring of 1904; and Meridian, Miss., for the watersheds of the Pearl and Pasca- goula rivers. During the year 1904 there were established 100 new special river and 30 special rainfall stations, and daily river observations were begun at 1 regular Weather Bureau station. Six special river and 6 special rainfall stations were discontinued. PRESENT ORGANIZATION OF THE SERVICE. During the year 1905 the district of Denver, Colo., was organized, its territory comprising the watersheds of Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, and an adequate number of new stations were estab- lished therein. Attention was first directed to the Rocky Mountain district by the great floods of the autumn of 1904, which occurred after a long period of freedom from floods. These continued at inter- vals during the first half of the present year, and the new service, although only in a formative state, was able to do some very effective work by issuing general flood warnings that were instrumental in sav- ing a large amountof property. Several other new stations were also established in various districts, and the district of Boston, Mass., was subdivided into three smaller ones, with headquarters at Portland, Me., Concord, N. H., and Hartford, Conn. To the Portland district were assigned the watersheds of the rivers of the State of Maine; to Con- cord that of the Merrimac River, and to Hartford those of the Con- necticut and Housatonic rivers. By the end of the year the river and flood organization consisted as a whole of 546 stations (Pl. XI), classi- fied as shown in the following table: Number of stacions now in operation in connection with the river and flood service. —E Special river. | Special rainfall. Pie. pe Wg ETS See : Stations | .__ | Stations District center station. oom wig making | Cooper- Far ae making | Cooper- ra ian occa- ative = ae oea- ative § ig sional | stations. id ti sional | stations. Teporis. | reports. | Teports. | rerorts. 6 Seg Ra aS ee can eae ea 18 0 0 0 0 | 0 LN RC CE RRS EE a ee a 8 1 0 4 0 0 IEE RAL Sha ans ook aaa cic ae aoe ove ae : 0 0 4 0 0 CRIN ea a ale ad doin eawice ep 10 4 0 0 2 0 OR @ ce li 0 0 5 0 0 GR 1 8 1 2 2 0 0 9 4 0 1 1 0 234 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Number of stations now in operation in connection with the river and flood service—Cont’ d, Special river. Special rainfall, Stations | (— J — 3 — Tn — et — ee — J — J — ee — ee — ee — ee — J — ee — J — 2 — J — ee — J — J — Ye — ee — Je — J — De — i — ee — 2 — 2 — 2 — J — ee — es — De — District center station. sepa making | Cooper- nyt plop me Cooper- regular occa- | ative | regular occa- ative reports. sional | stations. reports. sional | stations, reports, | reports, Columbus; OD cc <0 oe cas cas ce vadeuaaca. 2 12 1 3 3 Concora: Wo case ones adevouseceecuuew 3 0 0 1 0 Davenport, Lowa: . ..:2 sn ocswedvecwees ss se 3 0 0 0 0 Denver, Cole: ~~ .00 92 eee ea sere 0 16 0 0 12 Des Moines: Towa. «<->... 6S ee eee 0 2 0 0 0 Dubuque, Iowa ......-- 22. - eee eeenvec ene 0 0 0 0 0 Port Sprit. “ARE «..202.. cee crake eee a 0 0 1 0 Galvestorm (P6x. 02. cis oo Ce eee 17 2 6 0 0 Grond Rapids: Mich. - 2.032 ck tows wws weak 5 0 0 0 mM FIGYMBOUTE OP. foo oath ran een aes 7 2 8 0 0 Blartions COMM 0: =~ nescence aaa es 5 0 0 3 0 Ranean Civ Oct-20. cas eb woe ae 8 0 0 0 0 Reokwh. TOW 200: ects du ene eter dese. 3 1 1 1 0 Bnorvinle: Tenn. occ. eke ann on eres 6 0 0 4| 0 Pia? CSAG-? WIS Soe nee as ee hein ee's 5 2 0 2 0 Rirtele: ROGGE OATES S702. che eee eeee un ees 7 0 0 1 3 Louisville; Woe Soc 2cre* 2 ecee esos. ae 5 0 0 0 0 MaGO0n Ge sen er a eee 3 J 0 4 0 Memphis FON. os ccs eae asces 4 | 0 0 1 0 Meridian: Miggecis F256 eos eee 6 0 0 0 0 Minneapolis) Minn (32cs-2/7- eke. woke 2 0 0 b! 0 AG QUOC ALR We ee. ee nee ee 4 1 0 4 0 Montgomery Ala: 2. ous =e een ona e en 6 0 2 1 0 Moorhead: Winn? ss24 2) cc a ee openers 0 0 0 0 § Nashville: iienn ot ee ae oe x naires 4 0 0 1 2 New OPIOCRDS Ane knew ance eae ne 10 0 0 0 3 Omaha. NOD ic .csoccke sceeseeueeabe bce 2 0 0 0 0 Parkersburg, Wi VG. > s . =f 2 z ~ = ri Fic. 2.—CLass IN LivE Stock JUDGING DAIRY COWS AT THE WATERFORD, PA., HIGH SCHOOL. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905. PLATE XV. Bigs yee DL tt EMI Pi FiG. 2.—WATERFORD HIGH SCHOOL CLASS IN LIVE STOCK EXAMINING A HAMBLETONIAN MARE. Yearbook U, S, Dept. of Agriculture, 1905. PLATE XVI. Fig. 1.—THE LAST SOD SCHOOL HOUSE IN NORTON COUNTY, KANS. FIG. 2.—COUNTY HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING, NORTON, KANS. ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL IN RURAL SCHOOLS. 265 of the general science course, and hired a graduate of the Kansas State Agricultural College to teach agriculture and other sciences in the high school. The Secretary of Agriculture, while making a trip through the ‘‘short-grass country,” learned of the enterprise, became much interested in it, and in response to enappeal for aid sent a repre- sentative of the Office of Experiment Stations to Norton to help start it. The president of the Kansas State Agricultural College also responded to a call for assistance and made one of a party of four that toured the county for eight days in the interests of the new course of study. Asa result, considerable interest was aroused in the proposed new work, a tentative agricultural course was outlined, and arrange- ments were made with the three farm implement dealers of the town to open their warehouses to the classes in agriculture and furnish experts to give instruction on the mechanics, care, and use of farm machinery. The agricultural work of the course will include botany, with special reference to variation, development of species, hybridization, and the influence of light, heat, moisture, etc., on the plant; soils and tillage; plant physiology, farm crops, grain judging, and horticulture; farm accounts; farm management, including farm plans, methods of crop- ping, farm machinery and its care, and rural economics with special reference to the problems of a business nature that will be met on the farm; animal production and stock judging, and dairying. The teacher of agriculture reports that the implement dealers have given further evidence of their interest in the agricultural course by offer- ing prizes aggregating $112 in value for a grain-judginyg contest, open to all young men in the county, and that these prizes have been supplemented by a $15 suit of clothes from a clothing dealer. Con- tinuing, he says: ‘‘I am well pleased with the way the boys take hold of the work. Out of 70 boys we have 9 enrolled in the agricultural course, and I think most of the first-year boys will take it up when they get to itin the course. It is proving popular in the school and entirely free from the prejudice I had anticipated at the outset.” This is the nucleus of an important experiment in education. Nor- ton is just in the edge of the great semiarid region of the Middle West. Agricultural practice in that region differs materially from that of the more humid regions on the one hand and from that of the irvi- gated districts on the other. The teacher of agriculture is thoroughly familiar with the agriculture of the region, and has but recently graduated from an agricultural college which is devoting much study to the problems of the hundredth meridian belt. The agriculture of this belt is extensive. Here one man works as much land as four or five men in the East; he cultivates three rows of corn at one cross- ing of the field, and does other things on an equally extensive scale. Improved farm machinery makes this method of farming possible. It 266 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. is therefore of the greatest importance that much attention to farm machinery be given in the agricultural course at the Norton County High School. The cereals (corn and wheat) are the leading field crops, hence the importance of grain-judging contests and other school work relating to these great staples. The county superintendent of schools has expressed the hope that the school may also do much work that will be of immediate practical benetit to the agriculture of the county, such as testing seeds for viability, or germinating power (exercise 2), and milk and cream for butter fat; treating oats and wheat for smut and potatoes for scab; spraying trees and garden crops for insect pests and diseases, and making plans for farm buildings, roads, water systems, ete. Such work could be done largely by the pupils at school or on the different farms on Saturdays. It would be educational and at the same time would make the farmers feel that they were getting some immediate tangible return for the taxes paid in support of the school. EXeErcIsE 2.—Germination test of seeds. Count out 50 or 100 seeds of the kind to. be tested@ and place them in a plate between two folds of moistened canton flannel or thin blotting paper (fig. 73). On a slip of white paper record the variety, number of seeds, and the date, then place it on the edge of the plate. Coverthe whole with another plate or a pane of glass to pre- vent too rapid evapo- ration of moisture. Set the plate in a warm room (68° to 86° F.) and examine the seeds every twenty-four hours for six or eight days.? If they get too dry add enough water to moisten, not saturate, the cloth or blotting paper. At the end of the test count the sprouted seeds and from them determine what per- centage of the whole number of seeds are good. With large seeds no difficulty will be experienced in using the folds of can- ton flannel, but with small seeds the blot- ting paper is better. Another seed tester (fig. 74) is made bv inverting a small tin basin (b) in a larger basin (a) and covering the small basin with a piece of clean cloth large enough to dip into the water (c) at each end. Place seeds on the cloth and cover with another cloth as shown at d, e. How does moisture get to the seeds? Fig. 73.—Seed-testing device. Fig. 74.—Another seed-testing device. aIn official germination tests 100 seeds are used of peas, beans, corn, and other seeds of similar size, and 200 seeds of clover, timothy, cabbage, wheat, and other small seeds. >For most seeds six days are enough for the test, but beets, buckwheat, cotton, cowpeas, onions, redtop, tomatoes, and watermelons should be allowed to remain eight days; salsify and spinach ten days; carrots, celery, parsnips, and tobacco four- teen days, and bluegrass and parsley twenty-eight days. ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL IN RURAL SCHOOLS. 267 LABORATORY EXERCISES, The schools just described are utilizing illustrative material in the best possible way. They afe making use of the actual experiences and business of the communities. There is no make-believe about. it. Some of the principles of agriculture, however, do not lend themselves so readily to illustration in this manner. There is need of some labo- ratory work which can best be performed indoors with specially pre- pared apparatus. But much of the material for this apparatus is so inexpensive and many of the exercises are so simple that even the untrained teacher in the one-room rural school need have no hesitation in undertaking such work. MATERIALS NEEDED. Two dozen empty tomato cans, three or four lard pails, a few bak- ing-powder cans and covers, a lot of empty bottles, a few small wooden boxes, a collection of typical soils (clay, sand, loam, and muck or peat), and a few seeds of garden and farm crops will enable the teacher and pupils to perform’‘a variety of experiments illustrating important principles upon which the science and practice of agriculture are based, and will not cost a cent. If to this material the school board or the pupils will add by purchase an 8-ounce glass graduate (10 cents), 4 dairy thermometers (60 cents), 6 student-lamp chimneys (30 cents), 100 5-inch filter papers (15 cents), a pint glass funnel (10 cents), a 4-bottle Babcock milk tester with test bottles, pipette acid measure and acid ($5), an alcohol lamp (25 cents), a kitchen scale with dial which will weigh from 1 ounce to 24 pounds (90 cents), 12 ordinary glass tum- blers (30 to 50 cents), a small quantity of litmus paper, and a few ordi- nary plates, pie tins, etc., the school will be provided with an excellent equipment for laboratory exercises, and all at a cost of less than $10. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS. With this material in the hands of the pupils and a teacher willing to experiment and learn with the pupils the ordinary rural schoolroom becomes a laboratory in which it is possible to determine the compara- trve temperature, weight, acidity, porosity (exercise 3), capillarity (exercise 4), and fertility of different soils; to test their water-holding capacity and the readiness with which they may be drained, and to show the effects of cultivation, mulching, and puddling on the moisture content and physical condition of different soils. As far as the train- ing of the pupils in mathematics will permit, the results obtained in the laboratory exercises should be translated to field conditions, and the importance of the principles involved should be brought out by questions concerning their application to the practical operations of farming. 268 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Exercise 3.—DPorosity—the capacity of soils to take in rainfall. Break the bottoms off 5 long-necked bottles,@ tie a small piece of cheese cloth or thin muslin over the mouth of each and arrange them in a rack with a glass tumbler under each, as shown in figure 75. Fill the bottles to about the same height with different kinds of soil—gravel in one, sand in another, etc., and firm the soils by lifting the rack and jarring it down moderately three or four times. Now, with watch or clock at hand, and with a glass of water held as near as possible to the soil, pour water into one of the bottles just rapidly enough to keep the surface of the soil covered and note how long before it begins dropping into the tumbler below. Make a record of the time. Do likewise with each-of the other bottles and compare results. Which soil takes in water most rapidly? Which is the most porous? What happens to the less porous soils when a heavy shower of rain comes? How can a soil be made more porous? Repeat the experiment with one of the soils, packing the soil tightly in one bottle and leaving it loose in the other. What is the effect of packing? Does this have any bearing on farm practice? Fig. 75—Apparatus to test the capacity of soils to take in rainfall. Which soil has the greatest capacity for water—that is, which could take in the heaviest shower? This can be determined from the above experiment by emptying and replacing each tumbler as soon as all free water has disappeared from the upper surface of the soil above it. After water has ceased dripping from all the bottles measure and compare the water in the different tumblers. Which soil continued dripping longest? Which would drain most readily? . Which soil would store up the greatest amount of moisture for the use of plants? This can be determined from the same experiment by weighing each bottle before and after filling it with dry soil, and again after water has entirely ceased dripping from it. The difference between the weight of the dry soil and that of the wet soil is the weight of water stored. During the time that the bottles are dripping, which may take several days, they should be covered to prevent evaporation of water from the surface of the soils. | Make other practical applications of the principles brought out in this exercise. — @To break the bottom off a bottle file a groove in the bottle parallel with the bottom. Heat a poker red hot and lay it in the groove. As soon as a small crack starts from the groove draw the poker around the bottle and the crack will follow. ) ; | | ; i —s ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL IN RURAL SCHOOLS. 269 Exercise 4.—Capillarity—the power of soils to take up moisture from below. Arrange 4 or 5 student-lamp chimneys, as shown in figure 76, and tie cheese cloth or thin muslin over their lower ends. Fill each with a different kind of dry soil, as in exercise 3. Pour water into the pan beneath until it stands about half an inch above the lower end of the chimneys, then observe the rise of iW Lu _= water in the different soils) Make QX= ae Soe notes on the height to which the j N water rises, and on the time it takes. / In which soil does the water rise | most rapidly; in which to the great- | est height? Which soil draws up \ \ i ee DP eed y ~ nhata oe SELLA TTH ALLO EM LEAP i Al gi BEE iia : is alll ' MMOLTLLTOSPLTPE MLL LILDPLLEL iz ha the greatest amount of water? How can this bedetermined? This power of soils to raise water from below is called capillarity. It is an impor- tant function, for by it plants are able to get moisture and plant food — py, 7¢—Apparatus to test the power of soils to take up from the subsoil in times of drought. moisture from below. If chimneys are not to be had, this experiment can be performed with the apparatus shown in figure 75 by substitut- ing the pan for the tumblers; or the experiments performed with the bottles can be performed with the chimneys and tumblers. If more accurate tests of capillarity are desired it will be necessary to procure a series of glass tubes at least 3 feet high, for in some soils water will rise to that height, or even higher. ve « RELATION OF SOILS TO PLANTS. It will be perfectly feasible also to arrange exercises showing the relation of the physical characteristics of soils to plant growth—that plants need moisture in the soil; that they take up this moisture (exercise 5) and give off a part of it through their leaves (exercise 6); how much moisture is taken from the soil by a given plant; that too much moisture is injurious to plants; how the root hairs of plants absorb moisture; the best depth at which to plant different seeds in different soils (exercise 7); the effect of cultivation on plant growth, and a dozen other things important for the farmer to know and inter- esting as experiments for school children. Seed testing has already been referred to. It is highly important that farmers should know that they plant good seed in order that all of the land they plow, plant, and cultivate may at least have a chance to make some return for the labor bestowed upon it. It is estimated that in the summer of 1905 the farmers of Iowa increased their corn crop several million bushels merely by giving better attention to the quality of seed planted. It would not be a difficult matter to teach every boy in school the process of testing seed, nor to impress upon him the practical importance of this work. Testing the viability of seeds would lead naturally to other studies in propagation, such as 270 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. making hard and soft cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding, all of which are clearly described in bulletins of this Department and in other publications which teachers can procure without cost. Exercise 5.—To show that plants absorb moisture from the soil. Thoroughly pulverize and sift enough good garden soil to fill two flower pots of the same size. To get the same amount of soil into each pot it should previously Fic. 77.—To show that plants absorb moisture from the soil. be weighed or carefully meas- ured. Plant several kernels of corn in one pot, water both, and set them aside for the corn to grow. Whenever wa- ter is applied to the pot con- taining the corn an equalamount should be applied to the other pot, in order that both soils may be packed alike. When the corn is 2 or 3 inches high get two lard pails just large enough to take in the pots to their rims, as shown in figure 77. Mark on the outside of the pails the depth to which the pots will extend on the inside, and at a point 1 inch above each mark make a dent which can be distinctly seen on the inside of the pail. Now fill each pail with water up to the dent, water both pots thoroughly, and set them in the pails as shown in the figure. Set both pails and pots in a warm, light place so that the corn will continue to grow. The next day remove the pots, and you will probably find that the water is not up to the dents. What has become of it? From a previous experiment you will probably con- clude that the soil has taken it up. From an 8-ounce graduate pour into one pail just enough water to bring itup to thedent again. Makea record of the amount necessary to do this. Fill the graduate and bring the water in the other pail up to the dent. Again record the amount of water used. Repeat these operations daily for two or three weeks. Find the total amount of water added to each pail. You will probably find that the pot containing the corn has taken up considerably more water than the other pot. Why? Was there any place for the water to escape except through the soil and the corn? How much water did the corn use? What became of this water? became of a part of it. Fie. 78.—To show that plants give off a part of the moisture absorbed from the soil. The next exercise will show what ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL IN RURAL SCHOOLS. 271 Exercise 6.—T7o show that plants give off moisture. Take a plant that is well started in a tomato can or flower pot, a piece of cardboard, and a glass tumbler or jar large enough to cover the plant. Cut a slit in the cardboard and draw it around the plant as shown in figure 78. Seal the slit with pitch, wax, or tallow so that no moisture can come up through it from below; cover the plant with the glass and set it in a warm, sunny place. Moisture will condense on the inner surface of the glass. Where does it come from? Is all the moisture absorbed by the roots given off in this way? How can you find out? Why do plants need water? Exercise 7.—Depth of planting. To determine the best depth at which to plant corn take an olive bottle about 8 inches high, or other similar glass vessel. Fill it with garden soil to a height of 5 or 6 inches from the top, put in a kernel of corn flat against the side of the bottle, put in another inch of soil, then another kernel of corn, and so on until the bottle is full, arranging the kernels spirally as shown in figure 79. Moisten the soil, wrap the bottle up to the neck in black paper or cloth, and set it ina warm place. Prepare other bottles in the same way, but plant in them beans, peas, and some small seeds, such as those of radishes, onions, and lettuce. By taking off the wrappings and looking at the seeds daily you can not only determine the best depth at which to plant different seeds, but make many interest- ing observations regarding the rate of germination, how the little plants push out of the ground, whether they take the seeds up with them or leave them behind, etc. Take care- ful notes and try to determine whether large or small seeds should be planted deeper, whether the roots or the little plants are formed first, whether the plants ever start down or the roots up.. STUDIES OF MILK. The extent to which milk enters into the regu- lar diet of a large percentage of the inhabitants of both urban and rural communities renders it almost imperative that some instruction concern- ing the importance of sanitary methods of han- = dling milk be given in the public schools. In yy. 79.70 show the best rural districts a number of inexpensive and simple 4¢Pth at which to plant experiments could be arranged to show the effect ae of different methods of milking, cooling, aerating, bottling, shipping, and other processes in the handling of milk upon its purity, flavor, odor, and keeping qualities (exercise 8). If the school is provided with a Babcock milk tester, the pupils could determine the relative value of different cows for the production of cream and butter, also the relative efficiency of different methods of separating cream from the rest of the milk. 972 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. EXERCISE 8.— To show the effect of cleanliness on the keeping quality of milk. Provide one of the boys with two pint bottles which have been cleaned thoroughly, scalded, and plugged with clean cotton batting (absorbent cotton is better), and instruct him as follows: Take the bottles home and at milking time select a cow which has stood in the stable several hours and has not been cleaned. Milk a quart or two of milk into a pailin the usual way and set it aside. Then clean the sides and udder of the cow by first brushing and then wiping with a damp cloth. Wash the hands thoroughly, remove the cotton plug from one of the bottles, fill the bottle to the neck by milking directly into it, and immediately replace the cotton plug. Mark this bottle A. Now carry the milk in the pail tothe milk room, strain it in the usual way, and from it fill the other bottle, removing and replacing the cotton plug as before. Mark this bottle B. Set both bottles over night in the room where the milk is usually kept, and the next morning bring them to school. Remove the plugs and note whether any bad odor has developed in either bottle. Pour a small quantity of milk out of each bottle and replace the plugs. Taste the samples. Is there any bad flavor? Test them with litmus paper to see if either is getting sour. Set the bottles in a moderately cool place, and examine them as above, morning and evening, for several days, making notes on any changes that take place in either. Does cleanliness have any effect on odor? On flavor? On acid formation? Repeat this experiment, cooling bottle A immediately after filling and treating B as before. Does cooling affect the keeping quality of milk? By keeping accurate temperature records and careful notes on changes occurring under different conditions, the above exercise may be made to yield quite accurate data regarding the proper methods of handling milk. AGRICULTURE AN AID TO OTHER SCHOOL WORK. Agriculture taught in this way, that is, supplemented and illustrated by numerous outdoor observations and laboratory exercises, will prove not only an interesting and instructive study in itself, but also an aid in teaching other subjects. What more eflicient method of enforcing and fixing in the minds of the pupils the fundamental operations in arithmetic than by the frequent use of these operations in solving problems in their everyday life and work? The tables of weights and measures will be in constant use and the principles of percentage and proportion will enter into the solution of nearly every problem in soils. Composition will lose some of its bad flavor, and spelling be no longer distasteful when applied to the description of experiments in which the pupils are interested. Manual training will find its place in the making of boxes, labels, farm-levels, and other appliances used in the experi- ments. Some of the principles of botany, physics, and chemistry will be learned and applied in the experiments with soils, plants, and milk. And all of the work will leave a more lasting impression because con- crete; more interesting because connected with the life and occupation of the pupils. An educator who has had nearly five years’ experience teaching in ungraded rural schools relates that as he now looks back upon that experience the nearest approach to satisfaction that he can feel is in ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL IN RURAL SCHOOLS, 273 contemplation of a winter term’s work in a country school having an enrollment of about 65 pupils, ranging in age from 5 to 20 years. He conducted between 25 and 30 recitations a day, played with the pupils during recess, drilled a company of boys in military tactics at noon, and yet found time nearly every day for a simple experiment or dem- onstration in physics or chemistry. Neither of these subjects was taught regularly in the school, but the exercises were introduced to illustrate the principles governing some of the common elements, such as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, in some of the combinations in which they are found in water, pure air and foul, plant and animal tissue, and other things affecting the everyday life and experience of the pupils. Teacher and pupils extinguished lighted candles by pouring carbon dioxid over them, made hydrogen guns, burned picture wire in oxygen, and performed other experiments which not only were interesting enough to make the teacher forget his troubles and the pupils their mischief-making, but made lasting impressions concerning the principles illustrated. The teacher was recently told by two of his former pupils that the one feature of school work that winter which they recalled clearly was the ‘‘ experiments.” That was fourteen years ago, when educators in the North Central States were giving little heed to the needs of the rural schools. The teacher had spent two and a half years in an agricultural college, but had never heard or dreamed of such a thing as teaching agriculture in country schools. There were no elementary text-books of agriculture, no bulletins containing laboratory exercises carefully prepared for the use of country teachers, no normal schools where teachers could be trained in country-life, subjects, no encouraging words from school superintendents, teachers’ journals, or even the agricultural press. Now a wonderful change has come over the aspect of country life and over the attitude of educators toward rural education. The State superintendents of schools consider it their highest duty to minister to the welfare and progress of the rural schools; State legis- latures are providing special normal schools for country teachers; the older normal schools are offering courses in country-life subjects; the State agricultural colleges are aiding the normal schools by giving short courses for teachers, and their experts are preparing text-books, bulletins, and other reading matter on nature study and agriculture for the rural schools; teachers’ associations and farmers’ organizations are giving much discussion to these matters, and the school journals and agricultural papers are almost unanimous in their support of the move- ment for better rural schools and more instruction related to the envi- ronment of the pupils in these schools. With such encouragement and such assistance no teacher imbued with the spirit of progress, who is willing to do a little more than the contract calls for, and who is brave 3 a1905——18 274 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. enough to say to the pupils, ‘¢ I don’t know, but Pll work with you to find out,” need have any hesitation about undertaking some features of the work alluded to in this article. Such teachers may feel assured that their efforts will not be passed over without recognition. There may be no immediate call to ‘t come up higher,” though intelligent and unselfish devotion to study is seldom without its pecuniary reward; but there will be a never-failing reward in feeling and knowing that better work has been done in preparing the children to meet the duties of life. Od NEW FRUIT PRODUCTIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.? By Hersert J. WeBBEr, Physiologist in Charge of Plant Breeding Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry. CAUTION NECESSARY IN PLANTING NEW VARIETIES. The new fruits resulting from the Department’s experiments possess interesting and apparently valuable characters, so far as can be judged by limited experimental tests. It is clearly impossible or at least impracticable for the Department to test these plants commercially under all conditions of soil and climate, and it is possible and indeed probable that some of the new plants may prove disappointing. Growers are therefore cautioned against planting new varieties exten- sively until they have been thoroughly tested and their full commer- cial value has been determined. Every experienced horticulturist knows how difficult it is to predict what a new variety will do, and how frequently very promising sorts fail to fulfill the expectations concerning them in extensive commer- cial planting. The Drake Star orange forms a good illustration of this sort. This variety originated as an accidental seedling at Drakes Point, on the south shore of Lake Harris, near Yalaha, Fla. It was found to possess merit asa late orange, and was extensively budded on sour stocks at the place of its origin, many of the stocks, if the writer is correctly informed, being wild hammock orange trees. Yalaha is situated on very excellent hammock land, and there the Drake Star, budded on a fairly large scale, proved a very excellent late orange and at the same time prolitic. It possessed a distinctive character of tree and fruit, differing markedly from other varieties, and this was much in its favor. The variety gradually grew into local prominence, and 4 For the 1904 Yearbook the writer, in conjunction with Mr. Walter T. Swingle, pre- pared a paper on ‘‘ New Citrus Creations of the Department of Agriculture,’’ in which were described five new varieties or clons, namely, the Rusk and Willits citranges, the Sampson tangelo, and the Weshart and Trimble tangerines. Thanks are due Prof. P. H. Rolfs, Mr. H. C. Henricksen, and P. J. Wester, of the Department’s subtropical garden at Miami, Fla., for valuable aid in the experiments; also to Mr. J. B. Norton and Mrs. L. H. Webber for assistance in testing as fruits and making the necessary notes. f 275 276 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. was budded extensively, particularly in the high pine land regions of Lake County. ‘Outside of its native hammock, however, it proved very disappointing, being an exceedingly shy bearer, and thousands of trees of this variety after eight or ten years’ trial were budded over to other sorts. The Drake Star was mainly budded on sour orange and sweet orange stocks, and this may have been partially responsible for its failure. The writer has seen a few trees on rough lemon stock in high pine-land regions bearing heavily, and it is possible that if all of the trees had been budded on this stock the loss might have been prevented. In the present paper there will be described one new citrange or hardy orange, two new limes, and five new pineapples. THE MORTON CITRANGE. [PLATES XVII AND XVIII.} NAME AND orIGIN.—In the last Yearbook of the Department an outline was given of the work which had been conducted up to that time in the production of hardy types of citrus fruits, and two new hardy sorts, the Rusk and Willits citranges, were described.“ Since that time further hybrids have fruited, and one apparently very excellent sort has been secured. This new citrange has, with the consent of the Secretary, been named the J/orton, in recognition of the valuable services to agriculture of the late Hon. J. Sterling Morton. This very remarkable hybrid (No. 771), which in fruit characters closely resembles an ordinary orange, is nearly related to the Willits citrange (hybrid No. 777), having developed from another seed of the same hybrid fruit. Theoriginal fruit from which this hybrid developed was across of the trifoliate orange with pollen of the sweet orange, the pollination being made by Mr. Swingle in the grove of Col. G. H. Norton, at Eustis, Fla. This crossed fruit gave 40 seedlings, of which 11 exhibited clearly intermediate characters of foliage, showing that they were true hybrids, while the other 29 showed no indications of hybridization. DESCRIPTION OF FRUIT AND TREE.—Fruit slightly compressed, spherical or nearly so; large, from 3 to 33 inches in diameter and from 2§ to 3} inches in height; color rather light orange yellow, similar to the Willits citrange; surface smooth or slightly roughened by small depressions over some of the large oil glands, this roughening being most pronounced at the base of the fruit, and with a few slight furrows run- ning from base to apex, giving the fruit a slightly lobed appearance; weight medium, from 9 to 11 ounces, somewhat lighter than water; calyx persistent but inconspicu- ous, as in the case of the ordinary orange; rind medium thin, ¢ to 38; inch in thick- ness, tender, not adhering so close to fruit as in the Rusk citrange, with some flavor « New Citrus Creations of the Department of Agriculture, Yearbook, 1904, pp. 223- 235. a a a Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905 PLaTe XVII. THE MORTON CITRANGE. NATURAL SIZE. (From a painting by Miss D.G. Passmore. I i PLATE XVIII. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905. NATURAL SIZE. THE MORTON CITRANGE. 7 ae 1 B vd oA oa? a ‘i ah Aa pores : PLATE XIX. Yearbook U. S, Dept. of Agriculture, 1905. Fic. 1.—SEEDLING HYBRIDS OF TRIFOLIATE ORANGE CROSSED WITH POLLEN OF THE COMMON ORANGE. [Seedling on the right, the Morton (No. 771). Seedling in the center, a false hybrid, thus a true trifoliate orange. Seedling on the left, a true hvbrid (No. 783).] Fic. 2.—THE MIAMI PINEAPPLE. NATURAL SIZE. ONE-FOURTH ce : » ene rf ss NEW FRUIT PRODUCTIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT. Ee of orange and some of trifoliate, no more disagreeable to taste than skin of ordinary orange; oil glands similar in size to those of ordinary orange, mainly round (fig. 80) ; pulp translucent, light orange vellow; pulp vesicles longer and smaller in diameter than in ordinary orange (fig. 80, band c); tender; segments 9 to 10, separating membranes rather thicker and firmer than in ordinary orange, with very slight suggestion of the tri- foliate orange bitterness; texture of fruit ten- der; axis small, } to ,°; inch in diameter; flavor sprightly acid, with ‘a peculiar but pleasant taste, sweeter than either the Rusk or Willits citrange and less bitter; seedless, or nearly so; aroma pleasant, but very light, rye. 80.—a, Section of the skin of Morton suggesting both the common and trifoliate citrange, showing oil glands; b, pulp vesi- orange. Trees similar to trifoliate orange, cles of Morton citrange; ¢, pulp vesicles 3 / of ordinary orange. (Natural size.) vigorous and hardy, evergreen or semi- evergreen, medium height, shapely; leaves trifoliolate, but larger than those of ordinary trifoliate orange. Season of maturity medium early—from first of October to last of November. The tree of the Morton citrange is a vigorous grower, of attractive appearance. The leaves are nearly twice as large as those of the tri- foliate orange, as will be seen by an examination of Plate XIX, fig- ure 1. Here the seedling on the right is the Morton citrange (No. 771), while that in the center (No. 780) is a false hybrid seedling of the same age, showing no influence of the hybridization, being thus a true trifoliate orange. The seedling on the left (No. 783) is another true hybrid similar to the Morton citrange. While No. 783 is almost exactly the same in all foliage and tree characters as No. 771 (the Mor- ton), it produces an entirely different fruit, which, while differing greatly from the trifoliate orange fruit, is nevertheless small and of rather inferior quality in comparison to the Morton citrange. While most of the fruits of the Morton citrange that have been pro- duced up to the present time have been entirely seedless, a few seeds and rudiments occur in some fruits. It is probable that the variety, when extensively grown, will produce few seeds. RESISTANCE TO CoLD.—The hardiness or cold-resistant quality of the Morton citrange has not been thoroughly tested, but it is appar- ently about the same in this respect as the Rusk and Willits citranges. It has endured all of the winters at Glen St. Mary, Fla., since the spring of 1899 without losing its leaves. During this period severe freezes have occurred, which were very disastrous to the orange industry even much farther south. In January of 1900, when the buds were about eight months old, thus being young and tender, they endured a temperature between 15° and 18° F. without noticeable effect. Since this time these trees and others under test at the experiment station at Lake City, Fla., have frequently withstood temperatures which would have seriously injured the ordinary orange. At the Georgia Experiment Station, located at Experiment, Ga., a set of the Department’s hardy orange hybrids have been tested under ” 278 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, the direction of Director R. J. Redding and Prof. H. N. Starnes. Here the Morton citrange (No. 771) has withstood the winters, although the temperature fell in February, 1901, to 17° F. and in December, 1901, to8° F. At the Alabama Experiment Station, where trees of this hybrid were also sent for testing, a temperature of about 9° F. was experienced in December, 1901. The trees of the Morton citrange at this station are reported dead, but it is not clear whether their death is to be attributed directly to the cold. At this station other intermediate hybrids of apparently similar hardiness have with- stood all winters and are still alive. It is believed from the evidence accumulated that the Morton citrange can be grown safely without protection throughout the greater parts of Georgia, Alabama, Missis- sippi, Louisiana, Florida, California, and eastern and southern Texas. With some protection during severe cold spells, while the trees are small, it can probably be grown in South Carolina and in southern Tennessee and Arkansas. It can probably also be grown in regions of low altitude in Arizona and New Mexico and near the coast in Oregon and Washington. In any region which is only slightly too cold for the ordinary orange the Morton citrange can be expected to grow without danger of freezing. Usrs.—The fruit of the Morton citrange is so similar to an ordinary orange that the two would not be distinguished by an ordinary observer. The former differs from the latter only in being slightly lighter in color and having a slight indication of lobing. This does not detract from its appearance, which is equal to that of a good ordinary orange. The fruit has been tested by several different persons familiar with oranges and the orange industry, and all, without exception, considering its hardiness, pronounce it a very valuable and desirable fruit. It is more sour than the ordinary sweet orange, but some so-called sweet oranges are sold in the market which are as sour as the Morton citrange. It has a pleasant characteristic flavor, with very slight bitter taste, and served with sugar it will be found to be a good breakfast fruit. The rather firm membranes separating the segments allow the pulp to be easily extracted with a spoon. It makes an attractive citrangeade, similar to lemonade or limeade, but is probably no better for this pur- pose than the Rusk or Willits citranges. It is believed that this fruit will prove of great value for cultivation in the sections previously mentioned, and that it will find a permanent place in the local southern markets and possibly also in northern mar- kets. For eating purposes and as a dessert fruit it is much superior to the Rusk or the Willits citrange. Se NEW FRUIT PRODUCTIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT. 279 New LIMEs. In the course of the Department’s experiments the lime and lemon, which are supposed to be closely related, were several times crossed, with no definite aim in view other than to determine the nature of the product that might be expected from such crosses. For similar reasons the lime in one instance was crossed with the pomelo, the two parents here being quite widely distinct species. A number of the hybrids resulting from such crosses have now fruited and are found to possess some interesting variations. Here, as in the case of certain other citrus crosses which have been described previously,¢ the effect of the hybridization is only shown in a compar- atively small number of the resulting seedlings. In some crosses of the lime with pollen of the lemon, for instance, the great majority of the seedlings show nothing but pure lime characters. Out of 18 hybrids of West Indian lime with pollen of Sicily lemon 16 of the seedlings show only lime characters, while 2 show by their foliage a true effect of the hybridization. Neither of these true hybrids has fruited, but the majority of the 16 false hybrids which show no effect of the hybridization have fruited. It is only within the last seven or eight years that the lime has become an important commercial fruit, and this has resulted from the use of limes at soda fountains, principally in making limeade. Previ- ous to this time the lime was grown in all tropical and subtropical countries for home consumption, and was cultivated extensively in a few places for the manufacture of the commercial article known as **lime juice.” No commercial culture existed, however, in the United States. Since limes have come to be used at the soda fountains there has grown up a considerable demand for these fruits, and this demand has been largely supplied from plantations in southern Florida. The trees cultivated are mainly seedlings and of unknown qualities. -Some give large fruits, some small fruits; some are very seedy and others ure nearly seedless; some are early and others late in season. Some markets have come to demand small fruits, and in other cases large fruits are more in demand. Very few varieties have been introduced and named, and there is thus little selection of varieties possible at the present time. Under these conditions it seems desirable to have good fruits of known qualities named, so that growers may know what they are planting. Some of the hybrids between the West Indian lime and Sicily lemon, which are true limes in all characters, are excellent fruits, and, while other seedling limes can doubtless be found among the plantations in southern Florida which are just as good as these, it «Webber, H. J., and Swingle, W. T., Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1904, pp. 226-227. 280 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, is thought desirable to name two of them which are believed to pos- sess characters of merit. One of the hybrids selected gives uniformly a small fruit, while the other has a rather large fruit for a lime, approaching the size of an ordinary lemon. THE PALMETTO LIME. [PLATE XX, FIGURE 1.] NAME AND oORIGIN.—The smaller of the two limes referred to has been named the Palmetto, and is a hybrid of West Indian lime with pollen of the Sicily lemon. The original seedling has been grown, fruited, and tested in the Subtropical Garden at Miami, Fla. The original hybridized lime fruit from which the seedling developed pro- duced only three seedlings (Nos. 931-933), one of which was small and ultimately died; both of the others have fruited and are very similar to each other, the two being the smallest fruited limes which have thus far been produced in the Department’s experiments. No, 931 had fruits in 1905 which had an average weight of 1.21 ounces, with an average water displacement per fruit of 36.2 c. c. The fruits of No. 933, the Palmetto, in the same season had an average weight of 1.16 ounces and an average water displacement per fruit of 35.2 ¢. c., being somewhat smaller than No. 9381. DESCRIPTION OF FRUIT AND TREE.—Fruit elliptical or nearly round, with small apical nipple, having the form and appearance of an ordinary lime; size small, from 1; to 14 inches in diameter and from 1% to 1+} inches in height; average weight per fruit about 1.16 ounces; average water displacement per fruit 33.2 ¢. c.; color light yellow, like ordinary lime; surface smooth and attractive; rind very thin, less than zis of an inch; segments from 8 to 10; membranes tender; axis small, ;'; to } inch in diameter; pulp tender, very juicy, light greenish color, like ordinary lime; seeds few, from 3 to 6; quality and texture excellent; flavor a sprightly acid of excellent bou- .quet; tree of spreading bushy habit, vigorous and prolific, bearing the greater part of the fruit near the exterior; foliage, branching, and shape of tree like that of ordi- nary lime; season of maturing, early. The fruits of the Palmetto lime are of particulariy fine appearance, running very uniformly of about the same size. This variety will prove especially desirable for those markets that demand a small fruit. THE EVERGLADE LIME. [PLATE XX, FIGURE 2.] NaME AND oOrIGIN.—The larger of the two limes mentioned in the general discussion has been named the Averglade. The original fruit producing the, seeds, one of which gave the Everglade lime, was a hybrid of West Indian lime with pollen of the pomelo, or grapefruit. Of the four hybrids (Nos. 732, 733, 734, and 735) that were grown from seeds of this fruit none showed any visible effect of the pomelo Yearbook U, S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905. PLATE XX. rad A ae as Fic. 1.—THE PALMETTO LIME. Fig. 2.—THE EVERGLADE LIME. NATURAL SIZE. NATURAL SIZE. NEW FRUIT PRODUCTIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT. 281 parent; all were true limes in every visible character and were doubt- less false hybrids developed from adventive embryos. Of these four the Everglade (No. 735) produces the largest and best fruit, and it also produces the largest fruits of any lime which has been tested in the course of the experiments. DesCRIPTION OF FRUIT AND TREE.—Fruit elliptical, with »ather large apical nipple, having shape and appearance of ordinary lime; size from 14 to 2 inches in diameter and from 1} to 24 inches in height; average weight per fruit 1.6 ounces; average water displacement per fruit 44.4 ¢.c.; color light yellow, like ordinary lime; surface medium smooth with slight depression over largest oil glands, rougher than the Palmetto; rind thin, about + inch; segments 8 to 11; membranes tender; axis small, about } inch in diameter; pulp tender, very juicy, light greenish in color; seeds few, from 2 to 10, averaging usually about 5; quality and texture excellent; flavor aclear sprightly acid of good bouquet; tree vigerous and productive, of spreading and bushy habit, bearing fruits mainly near exterior, thus easy to pick; foliage like ordinary lime; season of maturing, early. The fruits of the Everglade lime run very uniform in size and are of excellent appearance. If a large-sized lime is desired the Everglade will be found an excellent variety. PINEAPPLE HyBRIDS. > When the writer, jointly with Mr. W. T. Swingle, took up work in pineapple breeding no literature bearing on the methods by which existing varieties had been produced could be found. The pineapple as ordinarily cultivated is almost seedless, seeds being so rarely produced that the great majority of growers had never seen a seed and believed the fruit to be wholly sterile. To test the possibili- ties of obtaining seeds, the writer in 1895 crossed 10 flowers on a fruit of Mauritius with pollen of the Red Spanish variety. This fruit pro- duced about 35 seeds, from which 15 seedlings were grown. These were grown and tested by Mr. G. C. Matthams, at West Palm Beach, Fla., but none of them gave desirable varieties and all were finally discarded. In March, 1897, Mr. Swingle made a large number of crosses between as many varieties as could be obtained, and in March, 1898, the writer made a considerable number of crosses between vari- ous desirable varieties. When the Department’s pineapple breeding experiments were started the question of what varieties to cultivate was giving growers considerable trouble. Many growers insisted that the Red Spanish was by far the best variety, basing their conclusion on the fact of its adaptability to open field culture, freedom from disease, and good shipping qualities. Other growers contended that as varieties existed that were of far better quality and flavor, the market should be edu- cated to demand these better so-called ‘‘ fancy fruits.” Among the fancy varieties that were at this time most generally cultivated, the 289 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Smooth Cayenne, Abachi, Enville, Porto Rico, Green Ripley, and Pernambuco may be mentioned. ‘The fancy sorts were grown mainly under sheds and required more careful culture than ordinary varie- ties to give satisfactory results. Several other varieties, such as the Sugar Loaf and Egyptian Queen, were considered as semi-fancy and were grown to some extent both in field culture and under sheds, Practically all of these varieties had some fault or faults which rendered them more or less unsatisfactory. The Red Spanish, while productive and hardy, bore rather too small fruits and was of poor quality. The Smooth Cayenne, while producing a large fruit of the highest quality on a smooth-leafed plant—a very desirable character— was very subject to disease, gave almost no slips and few suckers, and did not carry well in shipment. The Abachi, while producing an excellent fruit of good size, did not ship very well, and the slips were borne so close to the fruit that it was often injured and disfigured in cutting or breaking it from the plant. The Porto Rico gave a large fruit and was found to be a fairly good shipper, but the quality was little, if in any measure, superior to the Red Spanish, and it was late in ripening. The Enville produced a poorly shaped fruit of excellent quality, but was a poor shipper, and was disfigured by its multiple crown. The Mauritius produced no slips. The Egyptian Queen was very susceptible to disease. In the Ripley the crown would drop out, and the variety was unproductive and possessed other undesirable characters. It seemed that by carefully planned experiments in crossing differ- ent varieties new sorts could be obtained, remedying some of these defects. It was primarily desirable (1) that more smooth or entire leafed varieties be produced, as this is an important character, and only one variety with entire margined leaves was known to the growers; (2) that more hardy, disease-resistant varieties be obtained; (3) that the general quality of the fruit be improved; and (4) that better ship- ping varieties be produced. General purpose fruits, possessing all of these four desirable qualities in improved degree, were greatly demanded, and the mating of the different varieties was planned to secure some or all of these improved qualities, if possible. In the pineapple a number of flowers are borne together in a com- pact, solid head, and the cohesion of the fleshy ovaries and perianths forms the fruit. Each flower normally bears both stamens and pistils. In the writer’s experiments flower heads of a certain variety were selected on which a number of flowers were found to be open. Allof the flowers on the head do not open at the same time, and usually only from six to eight flowers can be found open at once on a single flower head. The pollen to be used in the crossing was obtained by cutting off the flowers close to the fruit with small scissors. These clipped flowers were put in small vials, labeled, and carried in the pocket until Ee NEW FRUIT PRODUCTIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT. 283 desired for use. 88.1 7 1 10.8 3 220 Pears, (CANNON noe case an ct wen Wome fees 81.1 3 3 18.0 3 355 Pineapples (Canned) 20. .csscecnacslencacmss 61.8 4 7 36.4 ra 715 PYUNIOS BEB WG. esas oc case sania as bam ators 76.6 5 ANS 22.3 5 430 Straw Derren, StOWOG 2% cenc< on ecanriclsces wns 74.8 eh Weeism doce 24.0 5 460 OTHER FOODS FOR COMPARISON. Cahvaee a ceaccctuis vemaeneans cate atone 15.0 91.5 1.6 0.3 4.5 TE 1.0 145 OUCOCR sscc one a caaaee cae tea chee as 20.0 78.3 2.2 Ai 18.0 4 1.0 385 Wheat flour, high srade. 22... ccac 5 | seen nnee 12.0 11.4 1.0 74.8 .3 .5 1, 650 Gorn meal. bolted ccc. Saws cimneiacteode dane 12.5 9.2 1.9 74.4 1 el 1.0 1, 655 White bread... -..... eid uwltielnc hana cektaaiee 35.3 9.2 1.3 52.6 5 V2 1, 215 BGAN ORIOM on nnie testes Roe onisaceeeae oes 12.6 22.5 1.8 55. 2 4.4 3.5 1, 605 Most fruits, like other classes of foods, contain more or less mate- rial, such as pits, skin, ete., which is inedible. When such portions are removed a larger or smaller part of the edible material is almost always of necessity removed also, and is spoken of as ‘‘ waste.” In reporting analyses the amounts of inedible material and waste are grouped together under the heading ‘‘ refuse.” As may be seen from the above table, the proportion of refuse in fruits varies within rather wide limits. Thus, of pears it constitutes on an average 10 per cent of the total fruit, peaches 18 per cent, apples and grapes 25 per cent, and bananas 35 per cent, while in the case of raspberries and black- berries there is no refuse and the whole fruit can be eaten. The com- position of some fresh and dried fruits is shown graphically in figure 81. FRUIT AND ITS USES AS FOOD. 311 The analytical data quoted above show that fresh fruits are in gen- eral dilute foods—that is, the proportion of water which they contain is large compared with the total amount of nutritive material. It has been suggested that fruits containing 80 per cent or more of water be PEF USE 25% fos . PERCENTAGE COMPO SITION OF EDIBLE PORTION 84.6 %o VATER aay 0.4% PROTEIN 75 Wo 0.5 Yo FAT 13.0 Yo WITROGEN FREE EXTRACT 1.2 Yo CRUOE FIBER O35 Yo ASH ) 100.0 %o TOTAL PEACENTAGE COMPO= S/TION OF FOIGLE PORTION EDIBLE POR?T/ON 75.3 Yo WATER 65% 5 Yo PROTEIN 2/.0 Yo WITROGEN FREE EXTRACT 1.0 %o GAUDE FIBER 8% ASH FLACENTAGE COMPO= O/TION OF EDIBLE POPRPT/ON Cc 18.8 We WATER 4.3 Yo PROTEIN LOIELE PORTION O.5 Yo FAT 68.0 Yo MTROGEN FREE EXTRACT 6.2 Yo CRUDE FIBER 2.4% ASH 100.0 Ge TOTAL Fie. 81.—Composition of apple (a), banana (b), and dried fig (c). 100 Fo classed as flavor fruits and those with less than 80 per cent as food fruits. As may be seen from the table (p. 309), such fruits as straw- berries, blackberries, and raspberries would be included in the first 812 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. class, and fresh figs, bananas, grapes, etc., in the second. In dried fruits, which have been concentrated by evaporation, the percentage of nutrients is very much higher than in fresh fruits. Some preserved fruits also possess a comparatively high nutritive value, owing to the evaporation of water by the heat of cooking or to the addition of sugar, or to both factors. Olives and the avocado are remarkable for the large percentage of fat which they contain, but in general it may be said that this con- stituent is present in very small proportion in fresh fruits. In the ‘ase of the apple, pear, etc., it seems probable that the small amount of fat obtained in chemical analysis consists of the coloring matter contained in the fruit. In the majority of fruits and fruit products the carbohydrates are the food constituents most abundantly represented. The figures in the table show that the proportion of nitrogen-free extract varies greatly, being lowest in the fresh and highest in the dried and preserved fruits. It is interesting to consider also the values which have been reported for some of the constituents not shown in the table but included in the group ‘‘nitrogen-free extract.” In seeds which are commonly eaten, such as the cereal grains, and beans, peas, and other legumes, the nitrogen-free extract is quite largely made up of starches. In fruits, however, sugars and the so-called pectin bodies, with very often more or less starch, make up the group. The principal sugars in fruit are cane sugar, grape sugar (glucose), and fruit sugar (levulose), the last two being usually present together in equal quantity and desig- nated invert sugar or reducing sugar. The stage of growth and the degree of ripeness have a very marked effect on the kind and amount of sugar, and it is therefore difficult to give average figures for the quantities present which will be fairly representative. An idea of the range in the sugar content of ripe fruits may be gathered from figures quoted from a summary ® published several years ago. According to these data, invert sugar ranged from 2 per cent in round numbers in large early apricots to 15 per cent in grapes and a variety of sweet cherries. A number of fruits (strawberries, gooseberries, raspber- ries, and apples) contained about half the latter quantity. The cane sugar ranged from less than 1 per cent in lemons to 14 per cent in a variety of plums. Bananas also contained a fairly high percentage, namely, 11 per cent. Fruit sugar rarely occurs unaccompanied by grape sugar, but has been thus reported in the mango and in amounts large in proportion to the grape sugar in sweet apples and sweet pears and a number of varieties of grapes. In the case of grape sugar large amounts—18 to 30 per cent—have been reported in juice of different sorts of grapes, «Lippmann: Chemie der Zuckerarten, 1895, 3d ed., pp. 493, 591; 1904, 4th ed., pp. 200, 794. FRUIT AND ITS USES AS FOOD. 313 while in dried fruits the values are even higher, 32 per cent having been found in prunes, 54 per cent in Zante currants, 61 per cent in ‘aisins, 48 per cent in figs, and 66 per cent in dates. The acid in fruits, which in proximate analyses is not usually deter- mined separately, varies within rather wide limits, 1 to 2 per cent being reported on an average in such fruits as apples, pears, plums, strawberries, etc., and as high as 7 per cent or more in lemon juice. It often happens that of two fruits with the same acid content one has a much sourer taste than the other, because the acid is not so much masked by sugar. Fruits contain a comparatively small amount of mineral matter—less than 1 per cent on an average—consisting quite largely of potassium salts, with a little phosphoric acid, iron, lime, etc. As a class, it is apparent that fresh fruits are directly comparable with green vegetables and root crops rather than with more con- centrated foods, such as flour or meal. The dried and some of the preserved fruits, which are more concentrated than the fresh, compare favorably with bread, dried beans, and similar foods on the basis of total food material present. There is this difference, however, that the cereals and dried legumes contain fairly large proportions of pro- tein, while the quantity present in fruits is always small. In other words, fruits—fresh, dried, and preserved—are sources of energy rather than of tissue-forming material. RIPENING AND ITS EFFECT ON COMPOSITION.@ As fruits grow to their full size and ripen they undergo marked changes in chemical composition with respect both to the total and to the relative amount of the different chemical bodies present. When stored after gathering, the changes continue, some fruits improving on storage and others deteriorating very rapidly. In general, ripe fruits are less acid than green, and contain less starch, woody material, crude fiber, and the carbohydrates known as pectin bodies, and cor- respondingly larger amounts of the different sugars. A knowledge of the changes which accompany the growth, ripening, and storage of fruits is very important commercially as well as from the housekeeper’s standpoint. For instance, in cider making it is desirable that the fruit should be used when the sugar content is high, as the quality of cider and vinegar is largely determined by the amount of sugar present. As every housewife knows, underripe fruit—that is, fruit which still contains the so-called pectin bodies rather than the sugars characteristic of fully ripened fruit—is the most satisfactory for jelly making. In the case of bananas the underripe fruit, rich in «A number of investigations on this subject have been reported from the Bureau of Chemistry by Bigelow and his associates. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Buls. 94 and 97. 314 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. starch, is best for cooking, and the very ripe fruit, in which the starch has been changed into sugar, for use uncooked. It is not unlikely that failure to recognize this distinction is responsible for the digest- ive disturbance which many persons experience when bananas are eaten, as the raw, underripe, starchy fruits are generally conceded to be difhcult of digestion. The underripe bananas, when dried, sliced, and ground, yield a flour or meal rich in starch, while the riper fruit with the higher sugar content, sliced and dried, is very sweet and not unlike figs in composition. PLACE OF FRUIT IN THE DIET. In most families fruits are commonly thought of as a food accessory, and are prized for their pleasant flavor or for supposed hygienic reasons rather than for their food value; yet a study of available figures shows that they constitute a by no means unimportant part of the diet, since they supply, on the basis of recent statistics, 5.6 per cent of the total food and 4.9 per cent of the total carbohydrates of the average American diet. With a view to learning something more definite regarding the possibilities of fruits as sources of nutrients, the relative cost of nutrients supplied by fruits and other foods, the diges- tibility of a fruit diet as compared with an ordinary mixed diet, and related questions, extended investigations were undertaken at the Cali- fornia Agricultural Experiment Station by Prof. M. E. Jaffa, the work as a whole being carried on in cooperation with the nutrition investiga- tions of the Office of Experiment Stations. In the first series reported six dietary studies were made with fruitarians—two women and four children who had lived on a fruit and nut diet for several years. The dietary studies covered from twenty to twenty-eight days, and the daily food consisted of different combinations of fruits and nuts, of which the following day’s ration may serve as a sample: 475 gm. apples, 110 gm. bananas, 850 em. oranges, 5 gm. dates, 2 gm. honey, 10 gm. olive oil, 55 gm. almonds, 70 gm. pine nuts, and 50 gm. walnuts. The later studies were made with one of the women and two of the children included in the first group, and in addition with two elderly men who had been vegetarians for years and had limited their diet almost exclusively to fruits and nuts, and with two young men, uni- versity students, who were accustomed to the ordinary diet, though one of them had experimented with a vegetarian and fruitarian diet for some time. The students and one of the elderly men ate three meals a day‘at the usual hours. The others ate but twice, the first meal being taken between 10 and 11 o’clock in the morning and the second between 5 and 6 o’clock in the afternoon. As before, the diet included a large assortment of fresh fruits, with considerable quantities of dried fruits and nuts, and some honey and olive oil. Ina few cases small quantities of other foods were also eaten. FRUIT AND ITS USES AS FOOD. 315 Considering these studies as a whole, the diet of the women and children furnished from 32 to 48 gm. of protein and 1,190 to 1,480 calories of energy per day, the cost ranging from 15.7 to 27.5 cents. It is the usual custom to discuss dietary studies on the basis of the amounts eaten per man per day, and the results obtained with these women and children, when recalculated to this basis, showed a range of 47 to 80 gm. of protein and 1,850 to 2,805 calories of energy, the cost of the daily food ranging from 21 to 55 cents per man per day. In the studies with the young and the old men the protein supplied by the daily diet ranged from 49 to 85 gm. and the energy from 1,712 to 8,305 calories, the average being 62 gm. protein and 2,493 calories, the cost ranging from 18.1 to 47 cents per person per day. ‘These amounts are considerably smaller than have been found on an average with families living in many different regions of the United States and under a variety of conditions, as is shown by the fact that with 52 families in comfortable circumstances the average protein in the daily diet was 103 gm. and the average energy 3,500 calories. On the other hand, in many of the dietary studies made under the auspices of the Office of Experiment Stations it has been found that persons living on a mixed diet have obtained amounts directly comparable with those supplied by the fruitarian diet. Thus, at the North Dakota Agricul- tural College several years ago a dietary study showed that the food consumed per man per day by a group of students furnished 64 gm. protein and 2,579 calories, and at Lake Erie College 68 gm. protein and 2,610 calories, calculated on a uniform basis per man per day. In a recent investigation carried on at Harvard it was found that the diet of 9 students who lived at the college commons and from necessity or choice endeavored to live cheaply supplied, on an average, 89 gm. protein and 3,068 calories. In this case the average cost was 39.9 cents per day, and at the North Dakota and the Lake Erie colleges 13 and 18 cents, respectively. It will thus be seen that in the California investigations the fruit and nut diet supplied the subjects with amounts of protein and energy which are directly comparable with those ob- tained by many other persons from a mixed diet, though in general the quantities were smaller than is supplied by the diet of the average family. It should be said that the persons living on a fruit and nut diet apparently maintained their normal health and strength, and it is only fair to conclude that if for any reason such a course seems desir- able it is perfectly possible to select a diet made up of fruits and nuts, which for long periods at any rate will supply the body with the requi- site protein and energy, as was shown by a detailed study of the results of the California experiments. In such a diet nuts were the principal source of protein, and nuts, olives, or the expressed olive oil the chief source of fat, while fruits, fresh and dried, supplied the bulk of the carbohydrates. 316 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, As regards cost, it will be seen that there was a considerable range with the fruitarian diet, the amount expended per person per day being in some cases quite low and in others quite high. On the whole, the range did not ditler greatly from that observed in many instances on an ordinary mixed diet. It would seem from the recorded data that it is more difficult for the subjects to obtain the requisite amount of protein when on a limited diet of one kind of nut combined with fruits than it is when they are unrestricted and eat a variety of both fruits and nuts. In nearly all cases where the diet was limited to combinations of one or two fruits with one kind of nuts the subjects complained of a constant craving for some other food, such as green vegetables or cereals, and in these cases it was found that the coefficients of digestibility were lower than in those tests in which some vegetable or cereal was eaten, which made the diet more appetizing. The addition of a small amount of some cereal food to the diet markedly increased its protein and energy value. It would be going too far to conclude on the basis of the California investigations that a fruitarian diet in general is equal or superior to the ordinary diet, and indeed the study of this question was nota part of the investigation. Before such a conclusion could be drawn it would be necessary to make investigations extending over a long period of years and with a variety of subjects, and which would take into account resistance to disease and other unfavorable conditions, body development, the health and condition of the offspring of persons living for years on such a diet, and other similar questions. It seems fair to say, however, that at the present time the consensus of opin- ion of well-informed physiologists is that the ordinary mixed diet is most convenient and satisfactory for the average individual. It is equally clear from the investigations reported that fruits and nuts should not be looked upon simply as food accessories, but should be considered a fairly economical source of nutritive material. It must be remembered, too, that the use of fruits, fresh and preserved, often makes palatable an otherwise rather tasteless meal.) Jam with our bread is a reasonable combination, the highly flavored fruit product whetting the appetite for the needed quantity of rather flavorless bread. DIGESTIBILITY OF FRUIT. In addition to the dietary studies, a large number of digestion experi- ments were made at the California Experiment Station for the purpose of learning how thoroughly a diet made up of various combinations of fruits and nuts was assimilated. In such an experiment covering 10 days, made with a child 7 years old, on an average 82 per cent of the protein, 87 per cent of the fat, 96 per cent of the nitrogen-free extract (sugar, starches, etc.), 80 per cent of the crude fiber, and 54 per cent of FRUIT AND ITS USES AS FOOD. 317 the ash of the food eaten were digested, and 87 per cent of the energy of the diet was available to the body. In 380 experiments with men 75 per cent of the protein, 86 per cent of the fat, 95 per cent of the nitrogen- free extract, 79 per cent of the crude fiber, and 55 per cent of the ash of the fruit and nut diet were digested, and 86 per cent of the energy was available. ‘These values are comparable with those obtained from an ordinary mixed diet, as is shown by the fact that in 93 experiments with young men 93 per cent of the protein, 95 per cent of the fat, and 98 per cent of the total carbohydrates supplied were assimilated. The average coeflicients of digestibility which have been calculated for fruits in connection with the nutrition investigations carried on under the auspices of the Office of Experiment Stations are protein 85 per cent, fat 90 per cent, and carbohydrates 90 per cent, and those for fresh vegetables, protein 83 per cent, fat 90 per cent, and carbohy- drates 95 per cent. The feces excreted per person per day on the fruit and nut diet in the California experiments were less in amount than has been the case in some experiments with a mixed diet or a ration of bread and milk. This is contrary to what has been commonly found with a vegetarian diet made up of bread and other cereal foods, garden vegetables, etc., and containing little if any fruit or nuts. The percentage of so-called metabolic nitrogen in the feces from the fruit and nut diet did not exceed that reported by other investigators in tests with a bread and milk diet. In other words, if the amount of metabolic products can be looked upon as a measure of the work of digestion, no more effort is required to digest the fruit and nuts than is needed for bread and milk. Although, as Professor Jaffa points out, it is undoubtedly advisable to wait until more data have been obtained before making definite statements regarding the digestibility of fruits and nuts, enough has been done to show that they are thoroughly digested and have a higher nutritive value than is popularly attributed to them. In view of this it is certainly an error to regard fruit as something of value only for its pleasant flavor or for its hygienic or medicinal prop- erties, or to consider nuts simply as an accessory to an already hearty meal. As shown by the composition and digestibility of both fruit and nuts, they can be favorably compared with other and more common food. So far as can be learned, comparatively few investigations have been made to ascertain the digestibility of particular fruits, raw or cooked. In a series of investigations recently reported by Bryant and Milner the digestibility of apple sauce was determined when eaten with a simple basal ration. The coefticients of digestibility for apple sauce alone were calculated in the usual way and were, protein 28 per cent, nitrogen-free extract 99.6 per cent, crude fiber 96 per cent, and ash 100 per cent, while all the energy supplied by the apple sauce was 318 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, considered to be available to the body. The coeflicient of digesti- bility of protein is low, but, as the authors pointed out, the total amount of this constituent present was so small that it may be disre- earded. ‘This investigation, like those at the California Experiment Station, indicates that the fruit carbohydrates (sugar, starches, etc.), that is, the principal nutritive materials which fruits supply, are very thoroughly assimilated. Few studies seem to have been made to determine the ease or rapidity of digestion of different fruits in the stomach, but a comparison of available data indicates that fruits compare favorably with other com- mon foods as regards stomach digestion. Apparently it is fair to say that stomach digestion is influenced by the nature of the fruit and its stage of ripeness. Beaumont states that mellow sour apples eaten uncooked require 2 hours for digestion in the stomach and mellow sweet apples 1.5 hours. Another observer notes that about 5 ounces of raw ripe apple requires 3 hours and 10 minutes for digestion in the stomach, but states that if the fruit is unripe, and consequently contains a high proportion of cellulose, a much longer time may be required. Little is definitely known regarding the relative digestion and absorption of fruits in the intestine, but experiments .indicate that as a class ripe fruits are quite thoroughly digested, and it is evident that, generally speaking, fruits, like other foods, usually remain in the intestinal tract long enough for the body to absorb the nutritive material present, and that therefore the rate of intestinal digestion would not be a matter of special importance. RELATIVE ECONOMY OF FRUITS AND OTHER FOODS. In connection with his studies of the comparative value of fruits Professor Jaffa summarizes data regarding the cost of nutrients and energy supplied by fruits as compared with some other foods at certain values per pound. Some of his data follow: Comparative cost of total nutrients and energy in fruits and other food materials at certain average prices. FRESH FRUITS. Amounts for 10 cents. Price | Cost of Cost of Total Kind of food material. per |lpound|,-; | weight ‘ Carbo- pound. |protein. onict 1€S! of food nics Fat. hy- |Energy. 8Y-| materi- : drates. als. Cents. |Dollars.| Cents. |Pounds.|Pounds.| Pounds. Pounds.| Calories OIVIORS ies oie oh SE se ok 1.5 5. 00 7.3 6. 67 0. 02 0. 02 0, 72 1, 467 TESTE ES Se nS, ee ee re a= 2 7.0 8.75 23.3 1. 43 OR joo eae oo 429 Cia Gre ee os i rae Satna te me ate 4.0 4.00 15:9 2.50 . 03 . 03 . 36 837 Rare oad ea. Cel Te eer 6.0} 10.00 35. 2 1. 67 y OR i Se tectes .14 284 eC ea a ee eee oe 4.0 8.00 25.1 2.50 JO 6 ae 19 398 Ee cs yc cubhinan aus i meVnae ane sne 3.0 6. 00 11.5 3. 33 . 02 OL 42 866 FRUIT AND ITS USES AS FOOD. 319 Comparative cost of total nutrients and energy in fruits and other food materials at certain average prices—Continued. FRESH FRUITS—Continued. Amounts for 10 cents. Price | Cost ve Cost of La pe Kind of food material. per |lpoun line!) Weight! p.. Carbo- pound. |protein, rena of food Hie Fat. | hy-- |Energy. BY. as gE ; drates. als. Cents. |Dollars.| Cents. |Pounds. Pounds.| Pounds.| Pounds.| Calories PIGS. 2. ccc cencescecvepecuccenacs 3.0 38. 33 8.1] 3.33 Be CO be nes aig 0. 64 1, 232 WHUGIINGIONS 1h O92 1 ibis oe don ee ca ee 1.5 7.50 25.0 6. 67 SiO Te Prise cage .18 400 IME SETAOS 310 Oh or. ce tas Oe Cawh ese G0 5. 88 25.9 1. 43 . 02 0.01 .16 386 MMGMLDEINION . Sackideticnas cewdshoatee 5.0 | 12.50 23.3 2. 00 .01 - OL . 20 430 MRR EL TONES caictale'p Gletaa cue aia win niente 5.0 3. 33 18.9 2.00 eee eee . 26 530 [Le yo} o. chat y |S ee 3.5 Se Sg 9 OS 70 7.00 27.4 1.438 POL, Niece ate .18 365 MEM MESCITION SS fociat cutia Dept of A yricuiture ] 105 PLATE XXVIII. o THE PLUM CURCULIO AND ITS WORK. [Fig. 1.—Young plum, showing crescent-shaped egg-laying punctures. Fig. 2.—The adult, or beetle, on a young peach. Fig. 3.—Young peaches infested with larve, from ground under tree. Figs. 1 and 2, enlarged 4 times; fig. 3, reduced about one-half. (Original. )] Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905, PLATE XXVIII. WORK OF THE PLUM CURCULIO. [Fig. 1.—Larva and its work, in ripe peach. Fig. 2.—Gum exudations from punctures in green peaches. Fig. 3.—Deformed peaches, due to curculio punctures. Fig. 4.—Deformed apples, > due to cureulio punctures. Fig. 1, natural size; figs. 2, 3, and 4, reduced about one-half. (Original. )] PRINCIPAL INSECT ENEMIES OF THE PEAOH. 327 beetles of the new generation, from eggs first laid, are out some time before the parent beetles have disappeared. Beetles of the new generation, after their emergence from the soil, feed on the fruit and foliage of various fruit trees until the approach of cold weather, when they seek shelter for the winter, emerging the following spring to attack the new fruit, as already indicated. FOOD PLANTS. The natural and original food of the curculio is the wild plum. It also breeds in wild crab apples and hawthorns and is recorded as breeding in persimmon. Practically all cultivated varieties of stone and pome fruits are attacked, as plums, peaches, cherries, nectarines, apricots, apples, and pears, though a preference is shown for the smooth-skinned sorts, notably plums. CHARACTER OF INJURY. Injury to fruit by this insect is due to the punctures made by the beetles in feeding and to the punctures of the females in ovipositing, and also to the work of the larvee within the fruit itself. Much of the fruit injured when small shortly falls to the ground, but if punctured when of some size it may remain on the tree, and if the punctures are numerous it becomes knotty and misshapen as it grows (see PI. XXVIII, figs. 3 and 4). From the punctures made, gum may exude and form globules, which during moist or rainy weather become quite conspicuous, as shown in Plate X XVIII, figure 2. Cherries, with the exception of one or two varieties, do not fall, the larva completing its growth in the fruit on the tree. Much injury is also done, particu- larly in the more northern States, to apples and plums by the feeding on the fruit, during the late summer and fall, of beetles of the new generation before they go into hibernation for the winter. In some sections this may be the more important injury. In the South, where early maturing fruit is generally grown, injury by the new generation of beetles is of little importance. NATURAL ENEMIES. It has been discovered recently that the eggs of the curculio are destroyed by a minute parasite (Anaphes conotracheli Girault), which, according to the limited observations made, destroys from 60 to 70 per cent of them. The larve are attacked by two parasites, Szgalphus curculions Fitch and Porizon conotracheli Riley, the former species being much the more important. Certain predaceous insects are known to destroy the curculio larve as they are leaving the fruit to enter the soil. 528 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PREVENTIVE MEASURES. Of many different methods which have been proposed for the pre- vention of injury to fruit by the curculio, comparatively few are worthy of consideration. JARRING.—One of the best and perhaps most generally practiced preventive measures at the present day is the so-called jarring method. Its value depends on the fact that a sudden jar to the tree will cause the beetles to fold their legs and fall to the ground, feigning death asa means of escaping detection. Advantage is taken of this habit to_col- lect the beetles on sheets held, or placed on the ground, under the trees. Jarring is begun in the spring as soon as the fruit is well set, and should be done preferably in the early morning or late evening, when the insects are somewhat torpid with cold and drop quickly. In large orchards it is often necessary to work during midday, though not so many beetles are caught, as they cling to the tree more tena- ciously and after falling escape more quickly. During seasons when the beetles are numerous it is best to jar the trees every day for a period of four or five weeks, until it is observed that but few beetles are being caught. Various forms of curculio catchers have been devised, but perhaps the simplest, and one suitable for work on a small scale, consists of a sheet some 12 feet square, made by sewing together strips of heavy muslin, the central seam being left open to the middle of the sheet. The canvas is placed on the ground under the tree, being centered by passing the midseam around the trunk and one margin along the seam being overlapped to entirely cover the ground. A padded pole for jarring the tree completes the outfit. In jarring on a larger scale the work must be done more expedi- tiously. A form of catcher much in use in extensive eastern orchards is shown in Plate X XIX, figure 1. This form of catcher consists of a cart on which is carried an inverted umbrella-shaped canvas on a fold- ing frame, with an opening in front to receive the trunk of the tree. In operation the cart is pushed under the tree, which is given a sud- den jar by means of a padded bumper at the base of the slit, or preferably with a padded pole. The beetles falling on the hopper-like canvas are brushed down through the opening in the bottom into a can of kerosene fastened beneath. The method of jarring practiced in a large Georgia orchard is illustrated in Plate X XIX, figure 2. The work is done by gangs of five hands each, the apparatus consisting of two sheets stretched on frames, each 6 by 12 feet, and a padded pole for jarring the tree. The sheets are momentarily held under the respective trees as they are being carried along, at which instant the tree is given a jar with the padded pole. At the end of the row the sheets are placed on the ground, the curculios are picked off, and the beneficial insects permitted to escape. PRINCIPAL INSECT ENEMIES OF THE PEACH. 829 Potsontna.—It has been known for several years that the adult curculios feed freely on the foliage and fruit of the plants used for egg-laying purposes, and numerous experiments have shown that injury to fruit may be greatly lessened by thoroughly spraying the trees with arsenical poisons. In the case of the peach, however, repeated applications of poisons, such as Paris green or arsenate of lead, are likely to be followed by injury to and subsequent dropping of the foliage. But some peach growers habitually spray their trees with arsenical poisons for the curculio and report no injurious effects; and in localities where it has been established that no injury results the practice is to be recommended. But the grower who is using arsenicals on the peach for tie first time should proceed with caution. Of the poisons available for this work, arsenate of lead is likely to be least injurious, and it has the advantage of adhering well to the foli- age. To be reasonably effective in killing the beetles, it should be used at the rate of about 2 pounds to 50 gallons of water. Paris green, or ‘‘ green arsenoid,” should not be used stronger than 1 pound to 150 or 200 gallons of water. The caustic properties of these poisons will be greatly reduced by the addition to the liquid of the milk of lime, made from slaking some 2 or 3 pounds of stone lime; or the poisons may be used in Bordeaux mixture which it is proposed to use in the control of fungous diseases. In the control of the curculio several applications of the poison are necessary. The first application should be made at once after the blos- soms fall, and other applications should be made at intervals of eight to ten days until three or four applications have been made. CuttivatTion.—In the discussion of the life history of the curculio it was shown that the pupa or quiescent stage of the insect is passed for the great majority of individuals not more than 2 inches below the surface of the ground.. The destruction of these soft, helpless pupe - by the crushing action of a cultivator would therefore appear reason- able; and, as it involves no outlay for labor not essential to successful fruit growing, the practice is to be strongly recommended. Pains should be taken to run the cultivators as near the trees as possible, as the nrajority of the larve pupate beneath the spread of the limbs. Since the period of maximum oviposition lasts for four or five weeks, it follows that the pupe will be in the ground in numbers over an. equal length of time. In the latitude of Washington and southward the larvee begin to enter the soil for pupation in about six weeks after the time of full bloom of the trees, and cultivation should hence be begun by about this time. In Illinois, as shown by Professor Cran- dall, and probably elsewhere in the more northern States, the larvee are entering the soil in about two months from the blooming period of the trees. 3380 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. GATHERING FALLEN FRUIT.—A large proportion of the fruit, other than cherries, punctured while small, will fall before the larve have completed their growth. Infested fruit will thus be on the ground some days before the larvee leave it to enter the ground. The system- atic collection and destruction of this fallen fruit would serve greatly to keep the insect in check, and, where practicable, this method should be followed. Fruit should be collected every two or three days to insure the destruction of the larve before the fruit has been deserted. Plate X XVII, figure 3, shows the condition of a few peaches gathered from under a tree in a Georgia orchard. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS.—In the control of this pest, as of most other destructive insects, clean culture is of great importance as remoy- ing conditions favorable to insect multiplication. The numerous plum thickets to be observed in the neighborhood of orchards and along roads, particularly in the South, are constant sources of infestation of orchards, and should be destroyed wherever possible. In fighting the curculio best results will come from a combination of two or more of the several methods recommended, and uniformity of action by all the orchardists of a community will bring about a great reduction of loss from this pest in that section. THE PEACH BORER. (Sanninoidea exitiosa Say.) In many parts of the country the peach borer is perhaps the most destructive insect enemy of the peach. Injury is done by the larva or borer, which feeds on the soft inner bark at the crown of the root or on the adjacent roots (see Pl. XXX, fig. 2). The larve are vora- cious feeders, and trees are always greatly injured and often com- pletely girdled by them. The peach is subject to attack throughout its entire life, from the seedling in the nursery row to the oldest relic, though injury is most severe on the younger trees. The presence of the borer is indicated by the exudation from the base of the tree of a brownish, gummy mass more or less mixed with soil, which, during damp or rainy weather, by the absorption of water, becomes gelati- nous and often quite conspicuous (see Pl. XXX, fig. 1). 7 DISTRIBUTION AND FOOD PLANTS. The peach borer, like the plum curculio, is a native species, and at present appears still to be confined to Canada and the United States. So far as is recorded, it has not yet become established on the Pacific coast nor west of the Rocky Mountains, except in Colorado and pos- sibly in New Mexico. There occurs on the Pacific coast, however, a closely related species (Sanninotdea opalescens Hy. Ed.) of similar life history and habits and against which the same remedial measures may be practiced. Eastward of the Rocky Mountains, from Canada south Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905. PLATE XXIX, cet th Sa een FiG. 1.—WHEELBARROW CURCULIO CATCHER USED IN NEW YorRK STATE (FROM SLINGERLAND). FiG. 2.—CURCULIO CATCHER MADE OF SHEETS ON FRAMES, USED IN GEORGIA (ORIGINAL). PLATE XXX. Yearbook U. S, Dept. of Agriculture 1905 THE PEACH BORER AND ITS WORK. (Fig. 1.—Exudation of gum at base of infested tree. Fig. 2.—The * borer’? and its cocoon at root-crown of 2-year-old peach tree. (Original. )] PRINCIPAL INSECT ENEMIES OF THE PEACH. 331 to Florida and Texas, the peach borer is almost universally found wherever peach trees are grown. Its native food plant is thought to have been the wild cherry, and possibly also the wild plum. With the introduction of the peach by the early settlers this plant soon became its favorite food, and com- plaints of its destructiveness are frequent in our early horticultural literature. It is now known to infest various cultivated varieties of stone fruits, as the apricot, nectarine, prune, and plum, but it is pre- eminently destructive to the peach. LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS. There is but one generation annually. The insect winters in the larval or borer condition, the larger individuals simply hibernating in their burrows under the bark, many of the smaller ones con- structing a cell or hibernaculum outside of the burrow, on the bark of the tree. With the approach of spring, and probably during warm spells during the winter in the South, feeding is resumed. Larve of various sizes are to be found in the tree at almost any time, varying from quite small to nearly full grown, and the period of pupation and emergence of the moths is thus extended over several months. Upon completing its growth the borer leaves its burrow and constructs a cocoon at or near the surface of the ground, usually on the trunk of the tree near the burrow (see Pl. XXX, fig. 2), but often loose on the soil. Within the cocoon the borer transforms to a pupa, from which the moth or parent will emerge in the course of three or four weeks. Plate XX XI, figure 1, illustrates the two sexes, the female moth above and the male below. Soon after emergence the moths mate, and the female at once begins depositing her eggs. These are laid rather indiscriminately over the trunk of the tree, on adjacent weeds or trash, or even on the ground. Dissections of females show the ovaries to contain from about 200 to 800 fully developed eggs, the number varying with the size of the individual moth. The moths are day fliers, and both sexes are quite active. The eggs are small, red- dish, oval in shape, and not readily detected on the bark of the tree. These hatch in from nine to ten days, the young larve at once seeking cracks in the bark, soon making their way into the soft bark of the tree. Their location is easily detected by the powdery, light brownish frass which they push out from their burrows. The young larve grow rapidly, feeding until forced into hibernation by the cool weather of fall. Growth is resumed with the coming of spring, as already indicated. In the control of this species it is important to know as accurately as possible the period of greatest abundance of moths. According to Professor Slingerland, in New York State, and probably in that lati- tude generally, usually no moths emerge before July 1, and they 832 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. mostly appear from July 15 to August 15. It is noted, however, that during exceptional years moths may appear as early as June 15, and they have been reared at Buffalo late in September. Results of an investigation of this species at Youngstown, N. Y., by Mr. Fred Johnson, of the Bureau of Entomology, during the season of 1905, largely agree with the statements of Professor Slingerland. The period of emergence of moths was found to be from June 12 to August 24, not many appearing, however, until two or three weeks after the first date mentioned. No pup were found later than August 5. In the vicinity of Washington, from observations made during 1905, it appears that a few moths may emerge during late May, but they do not begin to emerge to any extent until about the middle of June, and the period of maximum emergence is not reachcd until some four or tive weeks later.. The great majority of larve have pupated and the moths have emerged by the middie of September, though a few strag- glers may emerge later. Much the same condition obtains in New Jersey, according to Dr. J. B. Smith, who states that moths of the peach borer emerge in greatest numbers from about June 15 to September 15. Until recently there have been no accurate data on the period of emergence of the moths in the extreme South. During the past two years, however, Prof. H. N. Starnes, of the Georgia experiment sta- tion, has determined, by careful investigation, that the period of emergence of the majority of the moths is from about August 26 to September 15, a few earlier, and a few at later intervals, extending even into October. Results of investigations by the Bureau of Entomology during 1905, at Fort Valley, Ga., agree fairly with the statements made by Professor Starnes. According to records made by Mr. James H. Beattie, no pup were found, with one exception, until July 10, from which date they became increasingly abundant. By August 20 it was estimated - that fully 80 per cent of the larve had pupated and many of the moths emerged. By early September pup were relatively scarce. The period of flight of the moths in any numbers would thus extend roughly from about August 1 to late September. However, Messrs. Scott and Fiske, for some years entomologists to the Georgia State board of ento- mology, while inspecting nurseries during Octoberand early November, often observed the moths in numbers, and further observations are nec- essary before final conclusions may be reached on this important point. . The periods of maximum emergence and oviposition of the moths for the respective regions indicated would doubtless be included within the following dates: For New York and other States of about that latitude, from July 1 to September 1. | PRINOIPAL INSECT ENEMIES OF THE PEACH. 338 For States of about the latitude of Washington City, from June 15 to September 15. For Georgia and other States of about that latitude, from August 1 to October 1, and possibly later. NATURAL ENEMIES. In all, 7 or 8 species of hymenopterous parasites have been found infesting the larva or pupa, and during 1905 Mr. A. A. Girault has bred from eggs collected on peach trees an important egg parasite, Telenomus quaimtancet Girault MS. Limited observations in the vicinity of Washington indicate that about 50 per cent of the borer’s egos may be destroyed by this minute insect. PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES. PREVENTIVE MEASURES.—Under this head are to be considered methods designed to prevent the deposition by the moth of her eggs on the trunk of the tree, or such measures as will hinder or prevent the entrance of the newly hatched larve. Of all of these, mounding has perhaps given as good results as any other. Slingerland found in New York State that from one-half to seven-tenths of the borers were kept out of the trees by this practice, and he considers it one of the cheapest and most effective of numerous methods tested by him. Many successful orchardists rely on this practice alone or in conjunction with ‘* worming,” to be mentioned later. Mounding consists simply in dragging up the earth, by means of a hoe or otherwise, all around the base of the tree toa height of 8 or 10 inches. ‘This artificial earth surface will induce the moths to deposit egos higher on the trunk, and but few larve will enter the bark much below the place of contact of the mound with the tree, and they may thus be readily destroyed upon the removal of the mound after the period of egg laying of the moths has passed. Of much the same order is the use of strips of tarred paper, newspaper, or other forms of sheathing, wrapped around the trunk. Two or three inches of soil is first removed from around the base of the tree and the protector applied. The return of the earth will hold the bottom of the sheath- ing in place, and it is secured above with a string or other suitable means. Wrapping, or the application of a wash, is often followed by mounding, and when these are employed in conjunction a greater degree of freedom from injury should result. Perhaps the method most generally relied on, usually in conjunction with worming, is the use of some kind of wash painted on the trunks of the trees. The number of these washes is very large; many are quite worthless, while others are positively injurious to the tree. Lime, soap, clay, glue, white lead, carbolic acid, tobacco decoction, kerosene, sulphur, and Paris green are some of the ingredients, in 354 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. various combinations, which enter into their composition. Many washes are concocted in the belief that some one ingredient, as car- bolic acid, will be offensive to the moths, while another, as Paris green, will destroy the just-hatched larvee as they bore into the tree. There is no evidence to show that the moths are affected by such odoriferous substances, and the fact that the great majority of the young larve enter the bark through cracks and do not bore directly through the poisoned coating renders substances of a poisonous nature ineffective. Washes containing Paris green or other arsenites, especially with glue or paint as a base, are likely to be injurious, though moderate quanti- ties of poison in a wash, with lime as a base, have been used without injurious results. On young, thin-barked trees, however, washes con- taining arsenites should be used with the greatest caution. Lime perhaps forms the base of the greatest number of washes, one or more other ingredients being added according to the fancy of the user. One of these which, in the hands of Mr. J. H. Hale, is reported as giving good results is made as follows: Two quarts of soap, one-half pint of crude carbolic acid, and 2 ounces of Paris green, all thoroughly mixed with a bucketful of water, to which enough lime and clay have been added to make a thin paste. Several substances which maintain a fairly impervious character have been tried at different times, but unfortunately their use is not without risk of injury. Of these, white paint, printer’s ink, and two of the common brands of insect lime are, according to Professor Slinger- land, fatal or injurious. In his hands gas tar proved very effective, keeping out from four-fifths to all of the borers and doing no injury to the trees. In the hands of others, however, serious injury has at times resulted, and where its use is contemplated it should first be tried in a small way. Whatever the method or methods adopted, whether mounding, the use of paper or other similar protectors, or the use of washes, these should be applied to the trees before the period of flight of the moths, and should remain in working order until this period has passed. REMEDIAL MEASURES.—After the borers have once penetrated beneath the bark the use of washes or mounding are of no avail, and the old-time process of digging them out or ‘‘ worming” is still the best of the direct remedial measures. Worming is done usually in the spring or early summer, and often again in the fall, though at this time many of the lary are quite small and are liable to be overlooked. In California Prof. C. M. Woodworth has been able to successfully treat the related borer infesting the peach, the larva of Sanninoidea opalescens, by the injection of carbon bisulphid into the ground around the base of the tree. The larve were killed in their burrows and no injury done to the trees. In New York State, however, this method PRINOIPAL INSECT ENEMIES OF THE PEACH. 335 was condemned by Slingerland on account of its cost, as being ineffect- ive in killing the borers and as being dangerous to the health of the tree. THE LESSER PEACH BORER. ( Ageria pictipes G. & R.) In the course of investigations of the peach borer by the Bureau of Entomology during 1905 another borer was found infesting the peach, inhabiting principally the trunk, especially of old trees or those show- ing injury from freezing or other causes. This insect, to be known as the lesser peach borer, has been found in western New York and adjacent portions of Canada, in Maryland and Virginia, and in Georgia, so that it would appear to be widely distributed. In the last-mentioned State it is very abundant and is the cause of important injury, infesting principally the trunks of the older trees, feeding on the soft bark, exca- vating burrows after the manner of the true peach borer. It has, however, been frequently taken at the crown of the root, and under these circumstances might readily be confused with the other species. (See Pl. XXXI, figs. 8 and 4, showing the cocoon and empty pupa case and female and male moths, respectively, all enlarged on same scale with figs. 1 and 2, the true peach borer, of the same plate.) To control this species it will be advisable to closely examine the trunks as well as the crowns of the roots during the time of worming for the peach borer. THE SAN JOSE SCALE. ( Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. ) But a few years ago the San Jose scale was considered a veritable menace to the growing of deciduous fruits in the East, and its discoy- ery in an orchard was often followed by the destruction of the trees in the hope that its extermination might be secured. However, this feeling of alarm has now given way to one of confidence that the pest may be controlled by the proper use of insecticidal sprays, and with- out belittling the serious character of the insect, it may be said that it has simply taken its place among the several insect pests of the orchard, whose control must be enforced as a regular feature of orchard work. Since its introduction into the East from California some seventeen or eighteen years ago it has become established in the principal deciduous-fruit regions in the more eastern States from Canada south to Florida and Texas. There are still many fruit-growing sections throughout this area where the scale has not made its appearance, and no effort should be spared to keep it out for as long a timé as possible; but its appearance in an orchard should not be the occasion of the destruction of otherwise valuable trees, in view of the fact that it can be controlled by thorough and painstaking work with sprays. The 336 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. insect is introduced into new localities principally on nursery stock, but once established under conditions of neglect it spreads more or less rapidly from orchard to orchard. The system of inspection and fumigation of nursery stock which has been in practice for some years in most States has been an important means of restricting its more general distribution, and prospective purchasers of trees should assure themselves of their freedom from this and other pests likely to be distributed from nurseries. FOOD PLANTS AND DESTRUCTIVENESS. The San Jose scale is practically an omnivorous feeder, it having been reported from some sixty plants, and the lst is being gradually extended. It is worthy of note, however, that, with the exception of a few incidental plants, it is able to live and multiply in injurious numbers only on members of the Rosacexe, to which family our deciduous fruits belong. . If permitted to multiply unrestricted, young trees will usually suc. cumb to its ravages in three or four years, often in two or three years. Older trees may withstand it longer. The smaller limbs and branches are usually the first to be killed, and the tree will throw out from below a varying number of shoots (see Pl. XXXII, fig. 1, illustrating a peach tree thus injured). With trees in fruit, especially apples, plums, and pears, the fruit will frequently be quite ruined for market purposes by the settling upon it of the young scales. APPEARANCE OF THE INSECT. An individual San Jose scale is quite small, grayish, circular in out- line, somewhat convex, and with a nipple-like prominence in the cen- ter. The female scale is about 1 mm. in diameter, the male being smaller and elongate. (See Pl. XXXII, fig. 2, showing an infested peach twig, enlarged four times.) The insect itself is beneath the so-called scale, which is simply a waxy covering secreted by the soft, yellow, helpless louse for its own protection. Where trees are but slightly infested its presence is not readily detected by the casual observer; but in cases of severe infestation the bark of the tree and limbs will present an ash-gray appearance, and on examination will be found thoroughly incrusted with the scales. These may be readily scraped off with a knife, producing a yellowish, oily fluid from the crushed bodies of the insects. Plate XXXII, figure 3, illustrates a section of limb of peach tree thickly infested with the scales, twice | enlarged. When thus abundant on a tree the foliage will be thor- ‘oughly infested, giving it a spotted and diseased appearance readily observed some feet away, thus aiding in its more ready detection. PLATE XXXI 1905, yriculture of Ag arbook U, S. Dept Ye ADULTS AND COCOONS OF THE PEACH BORER AND LESSER PEACH BORER. (Fig. 1.—Peach borer moths, female above, male below. Fig. 2.—Cocoon and empty pupa case of peach borer. Fig. 3.—Cocoon and empty pupa case of lesser peach borer. re i ot ee oe ee et a in Annee Orhan. nee: HaAlAtGw All fonres 2.vice enlarged. (Original. )] PLATE XXXII. 1905, of Agriculture, Dept. ~~ c Yearbook U. 1.—Peach tree with top killed by the scale. THE SAN JOSE SCALE AND ITS WORK. Fig. 2.—Peach twig, moderately infested, showing male and female scale. limh hadlv infested with scale. Fig. 2. enlarged 4 times; fig. 3, enlarged twice. (Original. )] gr, 8.—Peach PRINCIPAL INSECT ENEMIES OF THE PEACH. 887 METHODS OF CONTROL, Trees which from neglect of treatment have been practically killed by the scale should at once be cut down and burned, and, if desired, new ones planted in their places. Trees which have been severely injured, the tops being more or less killed, should be closely pruned and all parts thoroughly treated with a suitable spray. Trees thus injured may be much more quickly brought into condition by thorough cultivation of the land and the use of fertilizers. LIME-SULPHUR-SALT WASH.—This wash is now perhaps the main reli- ance in the control of the San Jose scale in commercial peach orchards in the East, as it has been for many years on the Pacific slope. When properly made and thoroughly applied it has proven to be the most satisfactory of the several washes available for the control of this pest on all deciduous fruits. Its use on dormant peach trees, with unim- portant exceptions, has proven to be without any injurious effects whatever to the tree or fruit buds. The exceptions to be noted are reports of injury to the terminal twigs, due apparently to their imma- ture condition by reason of late growth in the fall. The wash is applied in the spring before the fruit buds open, or, in the case of badly infested orchards, both in the late fall and spring. In regions where peach-leaf cur] is troublesome the spring application will almost entirely prevent it. There is some variance at present as regards the quantities of the respective ingredients of the wash which should be used; also as to the details of its preparation. There seems to be, however, consider- able latitude in these particulars without seriously affecting its efli- ciency. Of numerous formulas tested by the Bureau of Entomology in 1905, the following, which is substantially the formula hitherto recom- mended by the Bureau, reduced to the 50-gailon basis, was found satisfactory: eT Rs ciel eg. ac Te coy re a pounds.. 20 Sewer lor mane or maliot ees le ee GSS EG NLC TER Se ee eee eo So Sl isa doxzis - (40 BY ROL We ee eee Fone So a tee cee nee gallons.. 50 The lime should all be slaked in a cooking barrel or vessel, using of hot water about one-third of the total required; and while the lime is vigorously slaking add the sulphur, which should previously have been made into a thick paste with water, and next add the salt. When the lime has slaked add water to make up to about two-thirds of the total amount required, and cook for about one hour, after which add water to make the total required amount of wash. Strain as it is being poured into the spray tank or barrel and apply before it cools. The wash may be cooked in open kettles or with steam in barrels or tanks. The use of salt is apparently not essen- tial to the effectiveness of the wash, and may be omitted if desired. In the case of badly infested orchards being treated for the first time it is advisable to strengthen the wash by the addition to the formula of 5 pounds each of lime and sulphur. 3 al905——22 838 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. One application of the wash during the spring of each year is usually quite sufficient to keep the scale under control. For the cooking of the wash on a small scale large open kettles may be used, but when large quantities are needed, the use of steam will be found much more convenient and economical. Most large orchards now have steam cooking plants, varying much in detail, as shown in Plate XXXIII. Many growers prefer large tanks to barrels for cooking vessels, making up large quantities of the wash at once, thereby effecting a saving in fuel and labor. WHALE-o1L soAp.—Whale-oil or fish-oil soap is especially useful where only a few trees are to be treated. It is dissolved in water by boiling at the rate of 2 pounds to the gallon, and if a spray pump is to be used, the solution should be applied hot. A wash made from potash-lye soap is preferable to one made of a soda soap, since the latter used at the strength mentioned is likely to become gelatinous on cooling, and hence will be difficult of application. Perhaps the princi- pal objection to whale-oil soap is its cost as compared with other washes, and to the fact that as sold on the market it is of quite varia- ble composition. A potash-lye soap should be insisted on, and one that contains not more than 30 per cent of water. The wash is applied in late spring. KEROSENE AND CRUDE PETROLEUM.—In general the use of kerosene and crude petroleum on peach trees in the East is attended with much risk of injury to trees and fruit buds, though in the hands of many erowers such injury has never been noted. Theoretically these oils constitute an ideal treatment for scale-infested peach trees, but the serious injury often following their use has placed them in disrepute, and they are now practically displaced by the safer and cheaper lime- sulphur-salt wash. Kerosene and crude petroleum are used either pure or in soap or mechanical emulsions with water. When used undiluted, the greatest care must be exercised that the trees be sprayed only sufliciently to moisten the trunk and branches, and especially that no oil be allowed to form puddles around the tree. Applications should be made only during bright, dry days, so that the oil will evaporate from the trees as quickly as possible. The ordinary kerosene or coal oil (150° flash test) is used. The crude petroleum should show from 43° to 45° Baumé. Kerosene and crude petroleum are more commonly used diluted—that is, in soap or mechanical emulsions with water. A 20 per cent soap emulsion, which is about the right strength for a dormant peach tree, is made as follows: Whale-oil or other Boa io oo etc cs enn amend aelaaie pounds.. 23 Kerosene or crude petroletm: 2.6 tao ne ie Seed pase eed gallons.. 10 Water to make. ..25 50.6 25 pA ao ae e dnk Hoe ees one Goins.) ie Yearbook U. S, Dept. of Agriculture, 1905 PLATE XXXIII. STEAM PLANTS FOR COOKING LIME-SULPHUR-SALT WASH. [Photographs by Jas. H. Beattie. ] PRINCIPAL INSEOT ENEMIES OF THE PEACH. 339 | The soap is dissolved in 5 gallons of hot water, which is at once poured into the | spray-pump barrel. The 10 gallons of kerosene or crude petroleum is next added, and the whole thoroughly emulsified by pumping it back through the hose into the bar- rel for six or eight minutes. After the oil has become thoroughly emulsified the | barrel is filled with water, and the preparation is ready for use. _ Various spray pumps are now on the market which are designed to _ mechanically mix with water any desired percentage of kerosene or crude petroleum in the act of spraying. In the use of such pumps _ care must always be exercised to see that the desired percentage of oil is being discharged from the nozzle, or injury to the trees or ineffective work is likely to result. THE WEST INDIAN PEACH SCALE. ( Diaspis pentagona Targ. ) Next to the San Jose scale, the West Indian peach scale is undoubt- edly the most destructive of the scale insects affecting the peach in the United States. According to Mr. Marlatt, it is a native of eastern Asia. It was first discovered in the United States in 1892 infesting seedling peach trees growing on the Department grounds at Washing- ton, though old trees throughout the city were soon afterwards found to be infested in a way to indicate that it had been present in the District of Columbia for a number of years. The species has been discussed at length by Riley and Howard in Insect Life (Vol. VI, p- 287), and again by Doctor Howard in the Yearbook of this Depart- ment for 1894. Owing to its general occurrence in the West Indies it was at one time supposed to be native to those islands, hence its common name. It is known, however, to occur in many parts of the world. Throughout its wide range this species attacks many different species of plants. In the United States it is injurious particularly to the plum, peach, prune, cherry, and apricot among deciduous fruits, and to a considerable list of ornamental shrubs and plants, as lilac, hibiscus, ete. DESCRIPTION AND LIFE HISTORY. This species is illustrated in figure 82, in which a shows a branch covered with female and male scales, natural size, and these are shown enlarged at 4 and ¢, respectively. The scale of an adult female is circular, rather convex, grayish in color, and often not readily dis- tinguished from the adjacent bark, the scales of which may more or less cover it. The male scales are elongate, white, and on badly infested trees occur in such numbers as to give the tree a whitish appearance, as if whitewashed. In the latitude of Washington there are three broods each year. In Georgia, according to Mr. W. M. Scott, there are three or four broods each year, the young of the first 340 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, brood appearing during a favorable season about the middle of March. Mr. G. F. Mills, of Quintette, Fla., according to Prof. H. A. Gossard, believes that there are in that latitude four broods per year, and some- times five. On account of its prolificness and rapidity of development it is capable of doing serious damage even during a single season, and if treatment be neglected the death of infested trees is certain to result. In the South where it has become established it is almost equally destructive with the San Jose scale. Fic. 82.—The West Indian peach scale (Diaspis pentagona): a, infested branch; b, female scale; c, male scale; d, group of male scales. (From Howard.) REMEDIES. The treatment of orchards and remedies advised in the control of the San Jose scale will be equally effective in the control of this species. THE PEACH LECANIUM. (Eulecanium nigrofasciatum Perg. ) The branches and foliage of the peach are often noticed to havea dark, smutty appearance, as if covered with soot. This usually indi- cates the presence of the peach lecanium, though not always, as this condition may result from the presence of plant lice, or, more properly speaking, aphides. The black, sooty substance is a fungus which grows on the honeydew excreted in considerable quantities by these scales, which infest the smaller branches and twigs of the tree, the males often occurring on the foliage. The peach lecanium, or ‘‘ terrapin scale,” was long considered identical with the European peach lecanium (Eulecanium persice), but it was established by Pergande in 1898 to be a distinct species. Mr. Pergande considers it a native of the United States, and probably indigenous to the territory south of New York PRINCIPAL INSECT ENEMIES OF THE PEACH. 341 and north of the Potomac River. Whatever its origin, it has now become quite widely distributed, being known to occur in many locali- ties in the eastern United States, from Canada to Florida. Through- out its range it subsists on a considerable number of food plants, as plum, peach, avple, olive, maple, sycamore, linden, and birch. DESCRIPTION AND NATURAL HISTORY. The female insect is illustrated, about natural size, on twig, in figure 83, and enlarged, in ventral, dorsal, and lateral views, to the left. The males are much smaller, elongate, slightly convex, and greenish white in color. They occur on the twigs among the female scales, some usually making their way to the foliage. There is apparently but one genera- tion each year, the insect passing the winter mainly in the condition of the advanced female. The overwintering insect matures early in Fig. 83.—The peach lecanium (Eulecanium nigrofasciatum): Adults at left, natural size and enlarged; young at right, much enlarged. (From Howard.) spring, depositing her numerous eggs in a mass beneath her body scale. In Missouri, where this species has been studied by Miss Murt- feldt, the eggs begin to hatch by June 10, and hatching continues for about a month. The males begin to appear by July 22, living about one week. The females continue growth until the approach of cold weather, hibernating in an immature condition, as stated. TREATMENT. It is probable that in orchards treated for the San Jose scale the treatment will also serve to keep this species under control. Where this pest only is present it is best treated by thoroughly spraying the infested trees with 15 or 20 per cent kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap solution, 1 pound to 4 or 5 gallons of water, just as the eggs are beginning to hatch. As the period of hatching extends over about one month, one or two subsequent applications are advisable. 342 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. THE BLACK PEACH APHIS. (Aphis persice-niger Er. Sm. ) The black peach aphis infests the roots, tender shoots, and foliage of the peach, causing more serious injury when occurring on the roots. Its presence on the roots is often unsuspected, the failure of the trees being attributed to other causes. Young trees recently planted are most subject to injury, before they have become well established in the soil. Infested trees may fail to grow off well, at the end of two or three years being scarcely larger than when planted. The foliage assumes a yellowish green, sickly appearance, the leaves becoming somewhat curled on the edges and blotched with red, suggesting a wet soil or incipient *‘ yellows.” DESCRIPTION AND LIFE HISTORY. The insects occur in two forms—winged and wingless—the former occurring only on the shoots and leaves, while the latter occur on both the foliage and roots. An individual aphis is quite small, the body in both forms averaging about 2 mm. in length, shining jet black or dark brown in color, oval in shape, though the body of the wingless form is stouter. Both forms are illustrated, much enlarged, in figure 84. The young are faint greenish-brown in color, gradually becoming darker as they grow, till the jet black condition of the adult is reached. Aphides of all ages occur promiscuously together, often in such num- bers as to practically hide the infested parts. They feed by means of a beak, which is thrust into the tissues of the plant, and the sap removed by their combined attack constitutes a serious drain on plant vitality. The insect lives on the roots of the plant during the entire season, and breeding is continuous, except during the winter, which is spent in hibernation. The aphides are usually attended by ants, which aid them in securing food, transporting them from place to place and otherwise varing for them. ‘The ants secure from the aphides for food quantities of honeydew which is excreted by them. In the spring the aphides make their way above the ground and begin to feed and breed on the tender growth just pushing out. The young are born alive, the prog- eny soon becoming mature and giving birth to living young in their turn. They thus multiply very rapidly, an aphis soon becoming the pro- genitor of many thousands. The winged aphides fly readily and migrate to other trees, where new colonies are started. The insect is thus principally spread in orchards or localities where it has once become established. During summer the aphides for the most part are to be found on the roots, though a few may be found on the foliage and shoots in badly infested orchards at almost any time during the growing season. Below ground they occur more or less promis- PRINCIPAL INSECT ENEMIES OF THE PEAOH. 8438 cuously on roots of all sizes, but the smaller and more tender ones are preferred. Some of the aphides may retain their hold on the Fig. 84.—The black peach aphis (Aphis persicx-niger): a, winged agamic female; b, wingless agamic female. Much enlarged (original). roots after the trees are dug, and the insect is thus frequently distributed on nursery stock. The general practice of fumigation by nursery- men now renders their distribution much more unlikely than formerly. Light, sandy soils are worst infested, though they have been found in abundance on stiff clay soils. REMEDIAL AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES. Trees from the nursery should be carefully examined before planting, and if aphides are found on the roots these should be destroyed by dip- ping the roots in strong tobacco water, kerosene emulsion, or whale- oil soap solution. The precaution should be taken to purchase trees only from nurserymen who practice fumigation. Where the pest has already become established on the roots of orchard trees its control is often quite difficult. Heavy dressings of kainit, according to Dr. J.B. Smith, are effectual in killing the aphides. The fertilizer should be applied over the ground covering the root area of the tree, prefera- bly just before a rain. Unleached wood ashes, from one-half to one bushel per tree, is recommended by Pettit as being very effective. It is better to first remove the soil over approximately the root area of the tree, replacing it after the ashes have been applied. Ground tobacco dust may be used in the same way. In all of these substances the insecticidal properties leach out, coming in contact with the soft bodies of the aphides on the roots and thus killing many of them. Mr. H. G. Welch, of Douglas, Mich., reports much success from the free use of stable manure applied around the trees, which are thus 344 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. enabled to outgrow the effects of the aphides. In general, it would seem that injuries from the pest would be overcome to a considerable extent by supplying the tree with an abundance of plant food in the way of fertilizers and by cultivation. Prof. Wesley Webb, of Dela- ware, reports success in the control of this pest in nurseries in the sandy soils of that State by the free use of tobacco dust as a fertilizer, drilled in with the seed, or later along the rows of the trees. THE PEACH TWIG- BORER. ( Anarsia lineatella Zell. ) The peach taig-borer, of European origin and first noticed in this country in 1860, is now probably quite generally distributed over the United States. It is particularly destructive in the more western States, as California, Oregon, and Washington, there constituting a permanent and serious enemy of the peach, attacking also the prune, nectarine,apricot,almond,and pear. In California, where it has been care- fully studied by Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn and also by Mr. W. T. Clark, it is perhaps the most serious pest with which the peach growers have to contend. The losses of fruit during the four years from 1898 to 1901, as estimated by Mr. Clark, amounted to $1,373,000. Injury is done (1) bn by the overwintering larve to the Fre, She peach twig pores (Arora net. tender shoots in early spring, and with wings closed. All much enlarged (from (2) by the summer generations of aaa larvee to the fruit, especially to the later varieties. The latter constitutes its principal injury. In the Eastern States this species has at times been the occasion of serious injury, though this has practically been limited to the destruc- tion of the tender shoots of the peach in early spring by the overwin- tering larve. DESCRIPTION AND LIFE HISTORY. The adult, a moth of the family Gelechiide, is shown enlarged in figure 85, the exact length of body and wing expanse being indicated by the hair lines at the top of the figure. The larva and pupa are shown at } and ¢, respectively, of figure 86, and a illustrates the with- ering effect on a young peach shoot resulting from attack by the larva. As shown by the hair line, the larva is about one-half inch long, and PRINCIPAL INSECT ENEMIES OF THE PEACH. 845 the pupa somewhat less. The larva is pinkish or brownish in color, while the pupa varies from light to dark yellow. Several observers have contributed to our present knowledge of the life and habits of this species, notably Messrs. Ehrhorn and Clark in California, Cordley in Oregon, and Marlatt at Washington. The in- sect passes the winter as a very small larva in silken-lined cells or burrows in the spongy tissue of the bark at the crotches of the limbs. Their presence is indicated by small mounds of comminuted bark, as shown in figure 87, at a and $. Early in the spring, as the foliage is putting out, the larvee begin to leave their burrows and attack the tender shoots, boring into and down the pith, the gal- Fic. 86—The peach twig-borer: a, a new peach levies ranging from about one- 0" withering trom work of Iara and third inch to 14 inches in length. side view. Hair line indicates actual length The shoot thus injured soon wilts — (°™ Marat. and dies, as shown in figure 86, at a. Many shoots may be attacked by a single larva, which is thus capable of doing considerable harm. There are two or three generations of larve during the summer in the West, those of the second and third attacking the fruit, the later varieties being the worst injured. According to Prof. C. V. Piper, the -z=7_ larva enters the peach at the stem end, usually boring into the pit, the seed of which it seems to prefer, usually causing the stone to split as the fruit ripens; or simply the flesh may be tunneled, depending on whether or not the stone is hard when the fruit isattacked. In Calli- fornia, according to Clark, the larva usually enters the fruit along the Fic. 87.—The peach twig-borer: a, twigofpeach oyture at the stem end, excavating showing in crotch minute masses of chewed ; } bark above larval chambers; b, same, more a chamber beneath the skin, which ren Trane above, more’ culated. tfrom Dlackens and shrivels somewhat, Marlatt.) affording entrance to organisms of decay. In the ripe fruit the larve frequently make their way to and around the stone, which, if split, may be entered and the seed fed upon. According to the observations of Mr. Marlatt, at Washington, the larve of the summer broods feed beneath the bark or in the fruit 846 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, stems of the peach, occasionally when nearly full grown boring into the fruit. Early in the fall, about September 1 in California, the very young larve from eggs of the last generation of moths construct their hibernation cells in the soft tissue in crotches of limbs (see fig. 87), where they remain until the following spring, thus spending some six months in this condition. TREATMENT. Mr. Ehrhorn secured excellent results by winter spraying of trees with strong kerosene emulsion. The castings at the mouth of the bur- rows, referred to under the discussion of the life history, readily absorb the oil, which, penetrating the burrow, destroys the larva. These results were confirmed by Professor Piper in the Snake River Valley (Farmers’ Bulletin No. 153, U. S. Department of Agriculture). In the experience of Professor Piper, the use of lime-sulphur-salt wash was without beneficial results. However, in recent extensive experiments with this wash in California by Mr. Clark he finds it a most effective remedy. The application should be begun as the buds begin to swell, and may be continued without injurious results until after the blossoms have begun to appear, this period coinciding with the escape of the larve from their hibernation burrows. With either treatment the applications must be made with great thoroughness to insure the coating of every part of the tree. THE FRUIT-TREE BARKBEETLE. (Scolytus rugulosus Ratz. ) Injury to the peach by the fruit-tree barkbeetle is usually first indi- cated by the exudation of gum from the trunk and branches, forming numerous globules, and later by the presence in the bark of numerous small round holes, as if the tree had been peppered with shot. Asa rule, only trees in a weakened or sickly condition are attacked, but injury to apparently healthy trees has been observed. The insect causing this trouble is a small cylindrical beetle, about one-tenth of an inch in length and about one-third as wide. Closely examined, it is seen to be uniformly black in color, except a portion of the legs and the tips of the wing covers, which are dull red. The insect is shown in the adult, pupal, and larval stages in figure 88, the hair lines indi- cating the natural length. LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS. Generally speaking, the beetles infest only such trees as are sickly or weakened, as from neglect, injury from borers, or other causes. The copious gum exuded by hardy peach trees seems to be fatal to the purposes of the beetles by filling up their holes and breeding cham- bers. Where the insects are very abundant, as becomes possible in PRINCIPAL INSECT ENEMIES OF THE PEACH. 347 orchards containing many sickly and dying trees, their continued attack on healthy trees and the resulting loss of sap may so weaken them that they finally become suitable for the breeding purposes of the insect. Upon the decline of a tree, from whatever cause, it at once becomes subject to attack. ‘The beetle bores a small hole through the bark, beneath which a vertical brood chamber is constructed, along the sides of which little pockets are excavated, where the eggs are deposited. Ege laying begins by the time the brood chamber is about three- fourths of an inch long, and is continued from time to time as the bur- row is lengthened. ‘The completed burrows average about 14 inches in length. The young larve start boring galleries more or less at right angles to the brood chamber, but these galleries soon take vari- ous directions. If attack has been severe the trees may soon be gir- dled. There are several generations annually. In the latitude of Washington, Doctor Chittenden is of the opinion that there may be Fia. 88.—The truit-tree barkbeetle (Scolytus rugulosus): a, adult beetle; b, same in profile; c, pupa; d, larva. Enlarged about ten times (from Chittenden). three broods, while in the extreme South, according to Mr. C. F. Baker, breeding is apparently continuous through the spring, summer, and fall. FOOD PLANTS. The fruit-tree barkbeetle attacks plum in preference to other plants, and apple, peach, and cherry are about equally attractive. Pear, quince, apricot, nectarine, mountain ash, and Juneberry are also infested, and in Europe, to which country it is native, hawthorn, elm, and mountain ash are said to be among its food plants. PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES. In orchards where proper attention is given to maintaining a healthy, vigorous condition of the trees but little is to be feared from the fruit- tree barkbeetle. Since it is not able to multiply to any extent save in trees that are in a weak, diseased, or dying condition, these should frequently be searched for and at once destroyed by burning. It will not be sufficient to simply cut them down, for the beetles will continue to breed in portions of a tree left lying or piled on the ground, thus reinfesting the orchard. 3458 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. NEMATODE ROOT-GALL, (Heterodera radicicola (Greeff) Mull.) In the light sandy soils of the Southern States a very prevalent and important affection of the peach is the so-called ‘* root-knot” or *‘ root- call,” due to the work on the roots of a microscopic nematode worm (Leterodera radicicola (Greett) Mill). Although the organism respon- sible for this malady is not an insect nor is it nearly related to insects, its importance as a pest of the peach in the territory mentioned warrants its brief consideration in this connection, especially since, in the minds of many orchardists, the root-knot is believed to be the result of insect work. Atthe present time this and other nematode diseases are the sub- ject of special investigation by Dr. Ernst Bessey, of this Department. The affection is too well known to southern orchardists and nursery- men to require special description. In addition to the peach a very long list of plants are attacked with varying severity, according to the species, including most garden vegetables and common weeds. The cowpea is especially subject to attack, and the expediency of the cultivation of this crop for soiling purposes in orchards where the nematode prevails is a question concerning which considerable differ- ence of opinion prevails among practical orchardists. On the whole, it is probably the consensus of opinion that the benefits to the soil do not offset the increased injury to the trees by the propagation and spread of the disease. A variety of cowpea, namely, the lron, is prac- tically immune from nematode injury, and the planting in orchards of this variety is to be recommended. The small nitrogen tubercles, nor- mal to the roots of the cowpea and other legumes, should not be con- fused with the deformities caused by the parasite under consideration. PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES. In planting orchards new land, uninfested by the parasite, should be selected, if possible, and care should be exercised to secure trees for planting free from the root-knots. Trees infested from the nursery fail to grow off well, often dying in from one to two years, and trees infested soon after planting by reason of the presence of the nematode in the soil rarely attain normal growth and productiveness. Theoret- ically, conditions of high fertility which would induce a vigorous growth of tender roots are favorable to the parasite. However, some orchardists have found that the free use of fertilizers, as stable manure, mulches, or commercial fertilizers, will in most instances insure a vigorous tree in spite of the parasite. Owing to the consid- erable number of weeds and other plants upon which this pest will breed, clean culture in orchards is very essential in its control. The use of Marianna and other plums as a stock for the peach, once much in vogue on account of the immunity of the roots of these varieties from nematode injury, has been practically discontinued on account of their unsuitableness for this purpose. THE HANDLING OF FRUIT FOR TRANSPORTATION. By G. Harotp Powe LL, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit Transportation and Storage Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry. INTRODUCTION. The fruit-growing and the transportation interests of the country are inseparably bound together. There is no use in growing apples, oranges, or peaches commercially without an efficient system of safe and rapid distribution. The intricate system of railroads and water- ways that spreads out like a network over the country has converted vast areas of unproductive land into highly specialized fruit-growing regions, and distributes the products of the orchard, the plantation, and the vineyard to the remotest parts of the country and to many foreign markets. There has been a gradual evolution of special trans- portation facilities from the box car, the pony refrigerators, and the slow express or boat service, with their irregular schedules, of forty years ago. The fast fruit-train service, the fruit-express car, the refrigerator-car lines, the special fruit boats, the refrigerator compart ments on shipboard, and the development of cold-storage warehouses as a link in the chain of distribution have brought together the pro- ducer and the consumer in the most distant parts of the United States and Canada. They have made accessible to the American fruit grower the principal markets of Europe, of Asia, and of other foreign lands. RECENT GROWTH OF CERTAIN PHASES OF THE FRUIT INDUSTRY. The citrus fruit business of California is a striking example of a large commercial industry that has grown up within thirty years. The first carload of 300 boxes of oranges is said to have been shipped from the State in 1876. The shipments reached 1,000 cars ten years later, in 1886. A decade afterwards, in 1896, nearly 16,000 cars were for- warded, while about 30,000 carloads of oranges and lemons, amounting to over 10,000,000 boxes of fruit, valued in California at $27,000,000, were shipped during the forwarding season of 1904-5, the fruit reach- ing every town of importance in the United States and Canada, as well as many European and other foreign markets. 349 3850 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, The deciduous-fruit industry of California has also shown a remark- able development. The first carload of fresh fruit was shipped East in 1869. The fresh-fruit shipments in 1895 amounted to 4,568 carloads, while in 1905 between 8,000 and 10,000 cars were shipped from the State, many of the apples, pears, plums, and peaches finding their way across the Atlantic and the Pacific as well. The western coast has not been alone in the rapid development of commercial fruit growing. About fifteen years ago strawberry cul- ture began to develop as an important commercial industry in North Carolina and South Carolina. Im 1897 the marketed crop reached about 500 carloads, while in 1905 it was between four and five times as large. Peach growing in Georgia is another example of the rapid development of an American fruit industry. About thirty years ago a few peaches were shipped from the State by express. The refrig- erator chests devised in 1866 by Mr. Parker Earle for the shipment of strawberries were used in Georgia as early as 1878 to prevent the rots and overripeness of peaches in transit. Two years later some of the crop was forwarded to Savannah by freight and thence in refrig- erator compartments by boat to New York. About 1882, crude forms of the refrigerator car were introduced for the carrying of the fruit. The Elberta peach, which originated at Marshallville, Ga., came into prominence in the early eighties, giving the industry a great impetus, which has resulted in the growth of the shipments in the last ten years from about 700 to 5,000 cars of fruit annually. The Georgia peach orchards represent now nearly 20,000,000 trees. The distribution of the fruit crop from these widely separated areas is one of the most diffi- cult problems in transportation. THE HAZARDOUS NATURE OF FRUIT SHIPPING. No commodity is more likely to deteriorate in transit than the fruit crop. The ripening and the rots continue to develop in the cars in hot, moist seasons unless they are checked by a cold temperature soon after picking. Summer fruits, like the cherry, the peach, the plum, or the berries of different kinds, are likely to reach the market soft and decaying unless handled under the most favorable conditions. It is not uncommon to find the markets filled with overripe peaches from Texas, Georgia, or Michigan, or strawberries from the Carolina dis- trict, during hot, moist shipping seasons. The Bartlett pear often reaches the distant market in a ‘‘slack” condition on account of the ripening and shrinkage of the fruit in transit. The slow-ripening fall or winter fruits are less likely to develop troubles in transit, but on long trips the ripening processes may bring them to the point of THE HANDLING OF FRUIT FOR TRANSPORTATION. 851 deterioration, or the development of rots may cause serious commer- cial loss. CAUSES OF LOSSES IN TRANSIT. The reader should distinguish between the losses that result from the continued ripening of the fruit and the deterioration from decay which the fruit may have contracted while growing or after it is picked. Kither of these factors, or both of them working together, may be responsible for transportation troubles. FUNGOUS DISEASES. Many of the diseases that attack the growing fruit continue to develop in transit. The bitter-rot is one of the worst apple diseases in the central-western and eastern-southern apple-growing States. The disease is often in an early stage of development when the apples are packed for shipment. It develops with great rapidity in the moist, warm air of the package and renders the fruit worthless in a few days unless it is shipped or stored immediately after picking in a temperature as lowas 40° F. It grows luxuriantly in warm weather if the shipping is delayed, or if the apples are forwarded in warm cars. The scab may grow slightly in transit, but the most serious result from shipping scabby apples follows the growth of the blue mold and the pink mold or rot in the tissue around the diseased spots. These secondary troubles grow rapidly if the fruit is warm and moist in transit, but are retarded by cold temperatures, the former disease growing very slowly in a temperature as low as 32° F., the latter not developing when the temperature drops to 40° F. The monilia or brown-rot of the peach, a serious transportation trouble, may attack the fruit before or after it is picked. The peach is especially susceptible in warm, moist seasons, when the early varie- ties may decay badly on the trees. The disease grows with astonish- ing rapidity, a small point of infection developing into a spot as large as a quarter of a dollar in twenty-four hours in warm weather. Delay- ing the shipping of the fruit a few hours, or shipping it without thorough icing and ventilation in transit, is invariably followed by a large amount of decay. This rot is most severe in the comparatively warm, moist air in the top tiers of packages in a refrigerator car. There may be none of the trouble in the cooler, bottom tiers of pack- ages. This condition in the different parts of a car leads to the con- clusion that the monilia and the overripeness can both be controlled in transit when all of the fruit is cooled as quickly as the bottom tiers of packages. The diseases that affect the fruit after picking cause the most serious losses in transit. The molds of various kinds, such as Penicillium, 352 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ew - Mucor, Aspergillus, and Botrytus, probably cause more losses in tran- sit and in fruits in cold storage than all other diseases combined. The blue molds (Penicillium), shown in Plates XXXIV and XXXYV, pro- duce the principal rots in apples and pears in storage and in transit, and in oranges and lemons in transit. These molds do not usually penetrate the uninjured surface of thick-skinned fruits like the orange, the lemon, theapple, or the pear. ‘The delicate fruits, like the strawberry, are more easily attacked by a mold like Botrytus. The molds attack ull fruits more readily when their vital processes are at low ebb from overripeness or from any other cause, but they gain entrance to a fruit commonly when a spore comes in contact with a broken part of the skin, the disease growing rapidly if there is sufficient moisture with a temperature high enough to start it. These diseases grow luxuriantly in warm, moist air. The limits of temperature in which they will grow are not well understood. Some of the blue molds probably grow at the freezing point of water, though slowly at a temperature below 40° F. If the fruit remains in the orchard in warm weather after picking the molds develop rapidly in injured fruit. . CONTACT INJURIES. Another type of injury is due to packing the fruit so loosely that it moves in the package in transit, or to severe pressing, or to rubbing the fruit in any way. ‘This injury is apparent on arrival in market. It frequently shows in brown, discolored spots on the Yellow Newtown apple or on the Wickson plum when the latter comes in contact with the package. It is primarily a packing difficulty that may be over- come by wrapping the fruit and by packing it more carefully. CARELESS HANDLING. The care with which a fruit is handled in the orchard or plantation and in the packing house is one of the important factors in determin- ing the shipping quality. It is the one factor above all others that keeps the thick-skinned fruits, like the orange or the apple, immune from the attacks of the common molds. These fruits do not often decay as long as the skin is whole, unless they are weakened by over- ripeness or by other adverse conditions. The least abrasion or cut in the skin gives the molds a foothold, and once started the decay is likely to continue under the most favorable transportation conditions. It is equally important that soft-fleshed fruits, like the strawberry and the raspberry, be protected from injury. No fruit is more diffi- cult to transport than a ripe strawberry; yet it can be shipped long distances and arrive in perfect condition under efficient refrigeration if the surface of the berry is intact. Yearbook U. S, Dept. of Agriculture, 1905. PLATE XXXIV. DECAY IN THE LEMON AND ORANGE AS THE RESULT OF CUTS FROM CLIPPERS. Yearbook U. S. Dept of Agriculture, 1905 PLATE XXXY. DECAY IN APPLES RESULTING FROM MECHANIC ALBRUISING (UPPER FIGURE) AND FROM CODLING MOTH INJURY ( LOWER FIGURE). VUUUS GIENE CO NY Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905, PLATE XXXVI, Fic. 1.—CARELESS PILING OF PEACHES. FRUIT IS OFTEN INJURED IN THIS WAY. FiG. 2.—ORANGE PACKING HOUSE, CALIFORNIA, SHOWING COMPLICATED MACHINERY. THE HANDLING OF FRUIT FOR TRANSPORTATION. 358 # THE EXTENT OF MECHANICAL INJURIES. It is well known that decay in fruit in transit and in storage gener- ally develops from a wound on the surface, though few persons know how common these injuries are. The commonest injuries are caused by the punctures of insects, by the stem of one fruit penetrating another, by cuts from the finger nails of the handler, by dropping the fruit on a sharp surface, by ruptures caused by the rapid growth of the fruit, by windstorms, or by cutting the surface in some way. In Plate XX XV, figure 1, decay is shown starting from a cut on the sur- face of an apple; in the lower figure decay occurs around a codling- moth injury. Decay from clipper cuts in the lemon and orange is _ shown in Plate XX XLV, figure 1. There has been a gradual improvement since the beginning of the fruit business in the methods of handling the crop. The early, crude manner of harvesting and packing is giving way to better methods in the orchard and in the packing houses. There needs to be further improvement along these lines in every branch of the fruit industry. In the apple industry, for example, where the crop is handled with more than average care, 10 per cent of the fruit is frequently made susceptible to decay by stem punctures caused by dropping the fruit roughly into the basket, on the sorting pile or table, or into the ship- ping package. A package of peaches will reveal a greater number of bruises, the trouble arising from the tearing of the skin in pulling the fruit from the stem, from packing it so firmly as to squeeze the fruit against the edges of the package, and from the pressure of the fingers of the picker; and, in addition to these causes, many injuries are the result of the rough handling of the packages in the orchards, in the packing houses, and in loading them in the cars. The softer fruits, like the strawberry, are damaged in the ordinary course of handling to a still greater degree. None of the thick-skinned fruits is injured in handling more than the orange. The orange is not picked like an apple or a pear by sep- arating it from the fruit spur. The frnit is attached firmly to the branch, from which it must be cut off with shears or clippers to pre- vent tearing the skin around the stem. Ina variety like the Wash- ington Navel, having a distinct cavity at the base, the picker often sticks the clippers into the edge of the cavity beyond the stem, espe- cially if a sharp-pointed pair of shears is used. If the stem is cut too short, the skin may be shaved with the clippers, or if too long, the stem may puncture another orange with which it comes in contact. If the fruit is packed in a house equipped with machinery, the chances for bruising are further increased. Until recently, when the attention of the grower and packer was directed to these injuries, it was difficult to find a box in which 10 per 3 41905——23 354 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. cent of the fruit had not been mechanically bruised. ‘The injury from clipper cuts alone may vary from 5 to 50 per cent. In addition, the oranges may have been injured by stem punctures or by the finger- nails of the picker, and still more bruising occurs in the field in drop- ping the fruit roughly into boxes, bags, or baskets, by filling boxes too full, or by throwing the pavkages carelessly on or off the wagon. An easy method of injuring the peach in the piling of the packages is shown in Plate XXXVI, figure 1. It is more difficult to locate the cause of injury in packing the fruit. There is a wide variation in the equipment and management of pack- ing houses and in the care exercised in packing the fruit in the field. In machine-equipped packing houses these troubles are likely to result from an apparently trifling disarrangement of some part of the machinery. In an orange or lemon packing house the fruit may be cut or scratched by a wire that projects from a brush, by a nail pro- truding in a runway, by a sharp corner exposed without padding, or by some other mechanical defect. Ten per cent or more of the peaches or plums in a package often have the skin broken by the sharp edges of the baskets or boxes, especially when the fruit extends above the package. A similar amount of injury may result in cover- ing the packages with undue pressure or in dropping the fruit in some part of the packing operation. A packing house equipped with com- plicated machinery like the orange house shown in Plate XXXYI, figure 2, is likely to injure the fruit. THE PRESENT METHODS OF HANDLING. Few experienced fruit handlers realize how much the fruit is injured in the orchards, plantations, and packing houses. The fruit shipper is likely to seek an explanation of the losses in transit in factors other than the condition of the fruit when it is shipped. This phase of the fruit business is one that needs to be made more prominent and which requires a determined effort to improve. An efficient labor foreman who appreciates the nature of these troubles can reduce to a minimum such bruises as result from the dropping of an apple or a peach or from the clipping of an orange. The writer has seen an average injury of 20 per cent of the oranges in a grove in which more than 100 men were employed reduced to 5 per cent in a few days by the persistent efforts of a competent foreman, with an additional cost of less than one-half cent a box for the more careful picking. | The responsibility for rough handling may often lie back of the individual picker or packer. It is often the result of the system of handling the labor and the fruit in the plantations and packing houses. The fruit-growing business has not yet developed to that point where every picker or packer is held responsible for the quality THE HANDLING OF FRUIT FOR TRANSPORTATION. 355 of his work. No two persons handle the fruit with equal care. One orange picker, for example, may cut 1 per cent of the fruit in picking, while another injures from 50 to 75 per cent. One leaves 5 per cent with stems too long; another, 50 per cent. A careful apple picker or a peach picker may not injure 2 per cent of the fruit by pinching it, while a clumsy-handed picker may bruise 90 per cent. These differences are common rather than unusual. They may be overcome to a large extent by the persistent effort of those in charge of labor, but a system by which the fruit of every picker or packer can be identified might be adopted in order that the persistently care- less worker may be eliminated. If the picker and the packer each places a number, or a numbered ticket, on the package when the fruit leaves his hands, an inspector is able to trace the fruit to the one who is responsible for the handling. An efficient system of inspection of the work in the plantations and packing houses is an essential feature of the organization of a large fruit business. In cases like the Cali- fornia orange industry, where the growers of a community may pool the fruit, the inspection of the work of the individual picker by the grower and of the fruit of each grower by the management of the packing house is necessary to prevent an injustice to a careful handler who may otherwise pool his fruit with oranges showing a large amount of injury. Another prolific cause of careless handling in the orchards and pack- ing houses comes from paying the labor by a package rate, without inspecting the work of the individual. Under these conditions, the quantity rather than the quality of the work is the prime consideration of the picker or packer, and it often leads to the most flagrant care- lessness. If the work of the individual can be traced by an inspection system, this method of fruit handling is less objectionable. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE KEEPING QUALITY. A cold, dry, pure air is ideal for the preservation of fruits of most kinds. Cold air checks the ripening processes and retards the growth of diseases. Dry air may prevent the development of rots, and pure air preserves the delicate quality of the fruit. The ripening must be checked soon after the fruit is picked to prevent premature deteriora- tion. Ripening proceeds much more rapidly when a fruit is severed from the tree, so that it comes nearer the point of deterioration in a few hours or days than it would have been if left hanging on the tree in the same temperature for a much longer period. In cold storage the rots develop and most fruits ripen if the temperature remains much above 32° F. for any length of time. The molds grow if the . room is moist; the flavor deteriorates if the air is impure. If the temperature throughout the room is not uniform, the stored products 356 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ripen unevenly. If the products are not piled so that the air ean cir- culate freely about the packages, the ripening may proceed and the rots develop before the fruit is cooled. The behavior of products in cold storage depends on their condition when stored, as well as on the conditions in the storage house. If fruit is bruised and susceptible to rot, the molds that grow in low temperatures cause it to decay early in the storage season, If it ripans or diseases develop during delays in storing, the fruit breaks down prematurely; or, if the packages are large and radiate the. heat slowly, the fruit in the center of the package ripens and decays early in the storage season. These are some of the fundamental principles that govern the successful cold storage of fruit. They apply with equal force to the transportation of most fruits in cold temperatures. The successful transportation of perishable fruits in refrigeration depends primarily on the sound condition of the fruit; on cooling it soon after it is picked; on shipping it in packages which cool quickly throughout; on a dry, pure, cold air uniformly distributed in the car or compartment, and on a free circulation of air throughout the packages. 7 CONDITIONS IN A REFRIGERATOR CAR. The principal difference between a cold-storage warehouse and a refrigerator car lies in the poorer control of the conditions in the latter. The temperature is higher, the moisture greater, the dis- tribution of cold air less uniform, and the refrigerating power less efficient. Perishable fruit is usually loaded for shipment soon after it is packed, the temperature of the fruit approximating the temperature of the atmosphere. In the South and in the western semiarid parts of the country it is sometimes loaded at a temperature of 95° F. In the refrigerator cars in common use the temperature may drop to 40° or 50° F. after a few days in transit; but the top and center of the car are usually several degrees warmer than the bottom and the ends. A car of peaches packed in Georgia carriers, which allow a free circu- lation of air around the fruit, may cool gradually to 42° to 45° F. in three days in the bottom of the car if the fruit is at 85° F. when loaded. At the same time the fruit in the top of the car may be 10 degrees warmer. ‘ ‘ an ‘ * an & ae | Fic. 1.—AN EAR OF CORN BORNE BY ISOLATED STALK, SHOWING LACK OF SELF-FERTILIZATION. Fia. 2.—IMPROVED UNIFORMITY AND INCREASED VIGOR OF TOBACCO PLANTS RAISED FROM SELF-FERTILIZED SEED. THE EFFECT OF INBREEDING IN PLANTS. 383 The third kind of fertilization naturally occurring among cultivated plants is cross-fertilization, or the union of the sexual elements belong- ing to two distinct flowers borne by separate plants. Cross-fertiliza- tion is accomplished through the agency of wind, water, insects, or birds, and the various devices to secure cross-fertilization exhibited by different plants are most wonderful and interesting, and furnish an almost inexhaustible field for study and observation. Corn, or maize, is a good illustration of this class of plants. Here the plant produces enormous quantities of pollen, which is very light and easily carried long distances by the wind. Frequent cases have been observed by the writer where the pollen of corn plants has been carried a half mile where there were no obstructions, but in the cornfield the pollen is usually carried only a short distance, owing to the plants catching the pollen grains as they drift about. The anthers borne by the tassels of the corn plants ripen and discharge their pollen in enormous quanti- ties when the plants are shaken by the wind. The pollen of any one plant is usually discharged slightly before the silks, or stigmas, of the same plant are ready for fertilization, so that the corn plant is usually cross-fertilized. In Plate XLII, figure 1, is shown an ear of corn which was borne by an isolated plant and on which only a few kernels were developed, owing to the fact that the silks were not in condition to receive the pollen from this plant at the time it was distributed by the opening of the anthers on the tassel. The long corn silks, or stigmas, are covered with numerous stigmatic hairs—a special adaptation to catch floating pollen and insure cross-fertilization. The imperfectly fertilized ear borne by the isolated plant shows that in order to secure complete fertilization it is necessary to grow large numbers of corn plants together, and that self-fertilization does not take place except in a small percentage of the seed. In the case of certain hermaphrodite plants, in which the male and female reproductive organs are both borne in the same flower, where self-pollination takes place about the same time as cross-pollination, it has been found that the pollen of a different plant of the same race, or in some cases of a different race, is frequently prepotent over the plant’s own pollen. Webber gives an instance where he pollinated a flower of Sea Island cotton (Gossypium barbadense) with its own pollen early in the morning. About four hours later the same stigma was dusted with the pollen of Upland cotton (G. herbaceum), a different but nearly related species. The seed of this Sea Island capsule gave five plants, three of which were hybrids. Other plants are self-sterile, and produce seeds only when cross- fertilized. Mr. M. B. Waite found that many varieties of pears, such as Bartlett and Anjou, are largely self-sterile, producing few or no fruits when pollinated only with the pollen of the same variety. The orchards of pears had been found to be unfruitful for some unknown 884 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. cause. Waite found that by crossing these self-sterile varieties with a different horticultural variety they were rendered fertile. These, like most cultivated fruits, are clonal varieties which are propagated by budding, so that the individual trees of a variety are simply parts of the same individual. Therefore, the pollination of the flowers of one tree by the pollen of a different tree of the same variety is true self-fertilization. The recent experiments of Waite, Waugh, Beach, and others have shown that the barrenness of many varieties of plums and apples is due to self-sterility, and that by placing among the trees of these varieties a few trees budded with varieties which have been determined by experiment to be good pollenizers for such varieties a simple remedy for this lack of fruitfulness is obtained. These discoveries have been of great practical value to fruit growers, as they have made it possible to produce profitable crops from naturally self-sterile and unproductive varieties by providing for proper cross-fertilization. EFFECT OF INBREEDING ON VEGETATIVE VIGOR AND FERTILITY OF PLANTS. The degree of relationship between parents in plants has a wide range of effect upon the vigor and fertility of the progeny, depending to a greater or less extent on the natural method of fertilization of the plants, so that it is impossible to draw general conclusions by a consideration of one phase of the subject. It is necessary to study the plants in each class separately, as determined by the natural habit of fertilization, in order to arrive at any satisfactory conclusion regarding the evil or beneficial effect of inbreeding. Darwin, in his classical work on cross and self fertilization in the vegetable kingdom, recorded his extensive experiments and observa- tions, which furnish the best known data on the effect of self-fertiliza- tion in plants. His general conclusion, after thirty years of the most careful study and observation on this subject, was that cross-fertiliza- tion is generally beneficial, and self-fertilization injurious. The bene- ficial results were not invariable, however, as is illustrated in the case of a highly self-fertilized individual of the common morning-glory (Lpomea purpurea), which he named Hero. The flowers of the morning- glory are highly self-fertile, but when grown out of doors are freely crossed by insects, so that it is probable that the plant is largely cross-fertilized in nature. In Darwin’s experiments with this plant he found that the average height of the cross-fertilized plants exceeded the height of the self-fertilized plants during ten generations in the ratio of 100 to 77. In the sixth generation, Hero appeared among the plants raised from the self-fertilized seed, which grew more vigorously and finally reached a greater height than the cross-fertilized plants under similar condi- tions. Several of the flowers on this plant were self-fertilized, and THE EFFECT OF INBREEDING IN PLANTS. 3885 the plants produced from this seed were found to inherit the powers of growth of their parent, for they exceeded in height not only the self-fertilized offspring of other self-fertilized plants, but made a more vigorous growth than intercrossed plants of the same generation. The average height of the self-fertilized children of Hero to ordinary self- fertilized plants of the same generation was as 100 to 84, and the ratio of height to the intercrossed plants was 100 to 95. Similar results were obtained in succeeding generations, so that Darwin was led to observe that ‘‘it appeared, therefore, that Hero and its descendants have varied from the common type, not only in acquiring great power of growth and increased fertility when subjected to self-fertilization, but in not profiting from a cross with a distinct stock.” Among cultivated plants there are almost numberless illustrations of flowers becoming habitually self-fertilized, in the absence of insects specially adapted for crossing them, or by transportation from a warm to a cooler climate, or from other changed conditions, without injuri- ous effect. The garden pea (Pisum sativum) is an interesting excep- tion in Darwin’s experiments to his many observations of the beneficial] effect of cross-fertilization. The average height of the self-fertilized plants was 39.68 inches, while that of the cross-fertilized plants was only 34.62 inches, or in the proportion of 115 to 100. The garden pea is a plant which is normally self-fertilized, crosses rarely occurring, and has become adapted for self-fertilization. The lack of vigor shown by the cross-fertilized plants may have been due to an injurious effect of cross-fertilization, a fact which seems to hold true in the case of a large number of our normally self-fertilized plants. The experi- ments conducted by Prof. W. M. Hays at the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station showed that artificial crossing in wheat, of indi- viduals of the same race or of different races, almost invariably resulted in decreased fertility, but in the crosses of distinct races certain indi- viduals with increased fertility could be selected. The writer’s experi- ments with tobacco have shown that the crossing of individuals of the same race results in decreased vigor of growth, loss of fertility, and a general deterioration of the qualities of the plants. The effect of self and cross fertilization upon the vigor and fertility of leguminous plants, as well as the habit of fertilization of the differ- ent species, is somewhat in doubt, owing to the incompleteness of observations and experiments on this subject. The seed production in most of the clovers seems to depend largely on the visits of bees. In a series of experiments to determine the extent to which clover would set seed without the aid of bees, the writer found that in red clover (Trifolium pratense) bees were absolutely necessary for the production of seed. In these experiments each of the 51 heads was covered with a paper bag to exclude insects. In these heads not a single seed was 3 A1905——25 386 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. produced, while from 20 open heads freely visited by bumblebees, and harvested for comparison, 478 well-developed seeds were obtained. In white clover (7: repens) 27 covered heads did not produce a seed, while 11 unprotected heads yielded 874 seeds. Similar results were obtained with mammoth clover (7: medium) and Egyptian clover (7: alewandrinum), so that it is apparent that insect aid is necessary for seed production in these clovers as a rule. This condition has been generally assumed to be due to the necessity for cross-fertilization, although it has been recently suggested that the visits of insects may be beneficial to the fertilization of the flowers through stirring the anthers, so that self-pollination can take place. Morrow and Gardner, of the Illinois experiment station, found that in crossing races of corn which had been grown under different condi- tions for a number of generations the crossbred sorts gave a larger yield and made a more vigorous growth than the ordinary corn of the parent varieties. Of 15 crossbred sorts tested, 12 gave an increase in yield over the parent varieties of from 2 to 86 per cent. In the three remaining cases the yield was decreased from 8 to 20 per cent, while in the 15 crosses, as a whole, an increase in yiel of about 16 per cent was secured. Similar experiments with corn by McCluer, of the same station, gave similar results. In tobacco experiments the writer has found that the offspring of crosses of two varieties possesses increased vigor of growth, earlier germination of seed, and greater resistance to drought than either of the parent varieties. In Plate XLIV, figure 2, is an illustration of the increased vigor of growth of across between two varieties of tobacco. The taller and more vigorous plants in the row on the left were grown from a cross between Connecticut Broadleaf and Connecticut Havana varieties of tobacco. The smaller but more uniform plants in the row on the right were grown from self-fertilized seed of the Connecticut Broadleaf variety, the mother parent of the crossbred plants. All of the plants were grown under uniform conditions, both in the seed bed and the field. During a severe and prolonged drought in the growing season it was noticed that the hybrids had a better and more healthy appearance and made a decidedly more vigorous growth than the inbred plants. In the hybrids, however, there was great variation in the height of the individual plants, in the size of plants, size and shape of leaves, time of flowering, and other qualities, while in the self- fertilized strains there was a remarkable uniformity of all characters. BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF INBREEDING IN TOBACCO. Self-fertilized tobacco seed produces more vigorous and uniform plants than seed which has been cross-fertilized within the variety. In the course of tobacco-breeding investigations conducted by the writer, it has been found that by protecting the flowers from cross-fertilization Yearbook U, S, Dept. of Agriculture, 1905 PLATE XLIV. FiG. 2.—INBRED COMPARED WITH CROSSBRED TOBACCO. THE EFFECT OF INBREEDING IN PLANTS. 387 larger and heavier seed are developed than where the seed is allowed to set ordinarily, without protection from the visits of bees and other cross-fertilizing agents. The tobacco flowers on the selected seed plants are covered with a light manila-paper bag inclosing the entire seed head. In this way bees are excluded and the flowers are fertilized by their own pollen. | Extensive tests have been made of the productiveness and quality of the tobacco raised from such self-fertilized seed in comparison with plants raised from seed grown under normal conditions. An illustra- tion of the comparative height, uniformity of plants and leaves, and other characters of two strains of Connecticut Sumatra tobacco grown from carefully selected seed plants of the same type is given in Plate XLIII, figure 2. Therow on the left was raised from self-fertilized seed, and the smaller row on the right from open-fertilized seed subject: to cross-fertilization. The original seed plants were of the same variety, selected from the same field, and were as uniform in height, number, size and shape of leaves, time of flowering, and other characters as it is possible to find in two plants. The conditions of soil, fertiliza- tion, and culture were the same in both cases, particular care having been taken to secure the greatest possible uniformity of treatment, in order to make the comparisons fair and trustworthy. As can be seen from the illustration, the plants grown from the self-fertilized seed are larger and the leaves more fully developed than in the plants grown from the open-fertilized seed. A similar result was observed in the © case of other tests of this character. The great uniformity of the leaves and plants from the self-fertilized seed is of great practical importance to tobacco growers, as it decreases the cost of sorting the various sizes and kinds of leaves into different grades and greatly increases the yield of the most valuable grades, The total yield from the self-fertilized seed is greater than that from the open-fertilized seed, and the rate of growth is correspondingly increased, so that the self-fertilized plants are earlier, as well as more productive, than the partially cross-fertilized strains. The practical benefits derived from using self-fertilized tobacco seed have been so marked that tobacco growers have adopted the plan of bagging the seed heads of their selected plants. 4 sk ~ J pes Vives He oer, . ‘Fie. 90.—Inbred corn plants, showing lessened vigor of growth. tion of pedigreed strains of corn, by which the record of perform- ance of both male and female parents can be secured and a reliable pedigree established by breeders. As explained in the accompanying diagram (fig. 91), the first year’s work consists in selecting the ears to be tested for future breeding work. These ears can be selected from the general field and should come as near as possible to fulfilling the breeder’s ideal of the most desirable type of corn, as regards characteristics of both stalk and ear. The second year at least 100 of the selected ears should be tested in a test plat, using one-half the kernels from each ear for this purpose, planting this seed in individua] rows, and so labeling the rows and the remnants of the ears from which they were planted that the parent ears can be readily traced to their progeny in the test plat. The remaining seed of each parent ear should be kept separate and 390 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. saved for the next season’s use. The third year 2 breeding blocks are planted with the remnants of the ears producing the 4 best rows, as regards both yield and quality of corn, of the preceding year’s test plat. These breeding blocks must be isolated to prevent accidental crossing with foreign pollen. In each breeding block 2 of the ears are planted in alternate rows, a convenient arrangement being 10 rows 15 hills long from each ear. The plants in the rows grown from the ear selected for the female parent are carefully detasseled at the proper time, so that the seed borne by these plants must be fertilized by the pollen of the plants in the adjoining rows grown from the ear selected for the male parent. The ears on the detasseled rows are certainly cross-fertilized, and as the performance of both the parents 1ST YEAR 2DYEAR SDYEAR 4THYEAR STHYEAR 6TH YEAR TT PEE severe TT era 5 HH PySera 9A CROP am ittiiititiiii mma RE [il mnt ee lt a : hi Pe = i snl il enw aca eaes ITF ee Fie. 91.—Diagram illustrating method of corn breeding to avoid inbreeding. B Pecan ——— aa —_ —— et is known, by referring to the record of the test plat a definite pedigree of these ears is obtained. The test plat can be planted the third year from selected ears from the best rows of the preceding year’s test plat, or from selected ears | from the general field, or both, as may be found most desirable. The fourth year one of the breeding blocks, B, is planted with one ear from breeding block A and one from a, thus bringing together and crossing the best individuals from each of the preceding year’s breeding blocks. The other breeding block, }, is planted from the remnant of the two ears producing the two best rows in the preceding year’s test plat. The work the fifth year consists of planting a general multiplying field from selected ears borne by the detasseled plants in the breeding block B, in order to secure enough seed to plant a large field the next or sixth THE EFFECT OF INBREEDING IN PLANTS. 391 year. In this multiplying field, which on small farms may be the gen- eral crop, the seed of the select ears is mixed together, care being taken in the summer to detassel all inferior plants in order to prevent the possible fertilization of the seed by the pollen of undesirable plants. The breeding block C should be planted from one ear selected from breeding block £ and one ear from. The breeding block c should be planted from the remnants of the two ears producing the best two rows in the preceding year’s test plat. The sixth year a general crop can be grown for distribution from the seed selected from the multiplying plat of the preceding year. This corn can be sold as pedigreed seed corn, and the record of the parents, both male and female, as shown by their performance in the test plats, can be given to the purchaser. In the sixth year the multi- plying field, the two breeding blocks, and the test plat should be arranged as before. This plan can be continued each year, and after the fifth year a general crop can be grown every season from highly bred seed of known ancestry. At this time, or at any future time, it may become desirable to introduce other strains grown by breeders in other localities, so as to get the beneficial effect of outbreeding in added constitutional vigor and productiveness. If so, a special test plat should be planted, using one-half the kernels from the ears of the new strain for the rows. This test plat enables the grower to determine the desirability of the new strain and its adaptation to the conditions under which it is to be grown. The following season part of the rows in the regular test plat should be planted from the remnants of the ears which produced the best rows in the test plat of the new strain the preceding year. In this way the introduction of the new strain is made slowly, with the assurance that only desirable strains are used, and without danger of swamping the important characters of the original strain with possible undesirable results. The necessity for the use of this and other more complicated means of preventing inbreeding and securing definite cross-fertilization, at least occasionally, with fresh stock is sufficient evidence of the injurious effects of self-fertilization and close inbreeding in corn. However, the corn breeder and the leaders of experiments in this field should keep in mind Darwin’s experience with the naturally cross-fertilized morning- glory, where after several geneiations of self-fertilization the plant Hero appeared. This plant and its offspring during the succeeding generations of the experiment surpassed the plants raised from cross- fertilized seed. In the case of corn, as well as other cross-fertilized crops, it is not beyond the limits of possibility that by continuous inbreeding an individual plant adapted for self-fertilization might be found, which would revolutionize and greatly simplify the work of corn breeding. 392 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, CONCLUSION. The writer has attempted to describe a few cases of self-fertilized, cross-fertilized, and open-fertilized plants and the effect of such methods of fertilization on the vigor of constitution and the produc- tiveness of our most important cultivated plants. It is impossible to overestimate the practical importance of a more careful study of this subject as applied to the improvement of our crops. The effect of inbreeding in plants, both as regards its use in propagating important and valuable characters and its effect in the different degrees of rela- tionship of parents on the constitutional vigor and fertility of the plants, should receive the most careful attention of plant breeders and others interested in this subject. In general, in the light of the experience of plant breeders up to the present time, it would seem that the improvement of our crops can be most rapidly effected with permanently beneficial results by following the practice of inbreeding, or crossing, to the degree in which these methods of fertilization are found to exist naturally in the kind of plant under consideration. RENOVATED BUTTER: ITS ORIGIN AND HISTORY. sy Levi WELLS, Inspector, Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. SURPLUS COUNTRY BUTTER Great quantities of butter are made annually on the farm. The quality of this farm-made butter is as varied as the number of indi- viduals who make it. The greater part of it finds its way to the con- sumer within a short time after it is made. Usually the better grades are in demand and bring a fair price as dairy butter, but there isa considerable quantity that is unsalable because it is not good butter. Owing to increased production in the summer months, most of the surplus accumulates during that season. Formerly this surplus of country butter was a drug on the market, and it was of such indiffer- ent quality that to store it was a doubtful expedient. After it came out of the storage houses it had developed, in addition to its other defects, the storage flavors, and was unsalable as butter. The only method formerly known of profitably handling the surplus was to rework it, adding coloring matter and salt. This reworking brought the butter to a uniform shade of color and a uniform degree of saltiness. If it was salted heavily, this helped to conceal some of the undesirable flavors. Such butter was called, commercially, **Jadles.” ! Along in the early eighties several persons began to experiment with the surplus country butter to determine, if possible, whether there was not’some way to bring it to uniform color and saltiness and at the same time free it from bad or disagreeable flavors. The first thought of the manipulator was to devise some way to rid the butter of the curd and coarse salt it often contained. Melting was the only practicable method. “WORK OF EARLY MANUFACTURERS. Melting butter and separating the fat from the other ingredients, then canning the fat and shipping it to tropical countries to be used as a substitute for butter was practiced in some sections of Europe many years ago, but restoring the ingredients extracted and again converting the substance into butter is an American invention. Several persons in different sections of the country were working independently on the same idea. The earliest experiments along this line of which there seems to be any data were made in Missouri. The account is given in the words of the experimenter: I began melting butter in 1883 at Memphis, Mo., at first washing the oil and churning it in cold water, salting and working it like other butter. A little later I used cold milk. 393 B94 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. } In 1888, at Monmouth, I1l., | conceived the idea of converting the butter oil back to cream by feeding the milk and oil into a centrifugal separator and forming an emulsion by plugging the skim-milk outlet. This proved intensely interesting and in a measure successful, but the grain of the butter was still short and sandy. In 1893, at Scottville, Mich., | substituted steam pressure for this work of emulsion, with much the same results as with centrifugal force, a large percentage of the fat rising to the top of the cream while ripening over night, and the grain of the butter was imperiect. At Cleveland, Ohio, in 1898, I switched back to the granular emulsion until 1903, when the idea occurred to me that I had overlooked an important point on liquid emulsion. | have now perfected this work. The grain and body of the butter are perfect. The cream can be used for several purposes outside of being churned into butter, and can be shipped like ordinary cream. I make it with the percentage of oil as heavy as 50 per cent for renovated butter. I have thought enough of the process to take out a patent. This covers my twenty-two years’ experience in this butter proposition. In 1885, at Baltimore, Md., another experimenter manufactured what is now known as renovated butter. It was then nameless, and the manufacturer came to be known to the trade as the ‘‘ butter wizard.” He bought inferior grades of all shades of color and sold a uniform article, much improved in quality and appearance. The melting was done in a tin milk can surrounded with hot water. After melting, the butter was transferred to a barrel, with spigots to draw off the milky portion and the sediment. The fat was separated by gravity, and cleansed and purified with warm water. An attempt was made to clarify with air, by using a hand bellows, but it proved unsuccessful. After getting the melted fat in as good condition as possible with the crude appliances at his command, an emulsion with milk was made, and granulation was secured by suddenly cooling the mixture in cold water. This man had had experience in manufacturing oleomargarin, which experience he no doubt employed in his experiments with renovated butter, as, after separating the butter fat from other material, the processes were much the same. : Another man, in Detroit, Mich., in 1884, began experimenting in separating the fat from butter and mixing it with milk, thus forming an artificial cream. On August 9, 1887, he was granted letters patent on the process of purifying and preserving butter. The declaration reads as follows: This invention relates to certain improvements in a process for the preservation of freshly made butter and the remanufacturing of old butter, by which such old butter is renovated and made to resemble in every way that which is freshly made. The process consists of melting, securing the fat, then granulating by the use of ice-cold water; then the fat is solidly packed, there being added to the butter fat 5 per cent salt and 1 per cent glycerin. When wanted to make into butter, it is again melted, separating the salt and glyc- erin. The fat is then mixed witli three times its volume of fresh milk. The mixture is then placed in an emulsifier, the action of which is to produce an emulsion of the RENOVATED BUTTER: FITS ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 895 butter and milk which resembles natural cream. This cream is then treated like natural cream in manufacturing butter. Numerous other persons have done a great deal of experimental work. One firm in Chicago discontinued the manufacture of oleomar- garin soon after the act of 1885 placing a tax of 2 cents a pound on that substitute for butter went into effect, and took up the manufac- ture of renovated butter. This firm has been very successful in bring- ing to a high degree of perfection the system under which it operates. WHAT CONSTITUTES RENOVATED BUTTER. What constitutes process or renovated butter can not be better explained than in the definition given by the Department of Agricul- ture in accordance with the act of Congress approved May 9, 1902: This grade or kind of butter may be made from one or more lots or parcels of but- ter which has been or have been ‘‘subjected to any process by which it is melted, clarified, or refined and made to resemble genuine butter, always excepting ‘ adulter- ated butter’ as defined by this act.” The butter, to be subject to this definition, must have been melted—that is, so affected by heat as to become of sufficient fluidity to move in a continuous stream of even consistency from one vessel to another by pouring or pumping, because butter can not be ‘‘clarified or refined’’ unless it be melted to that degree. The butter must, besides melting, have been subjected to some process by which it is ‘‘clarified or refined.’’ Butter, or melted butter, may be clarified or refined by skimming, aerating, washing, and other processes, through the action of heat, cold, agitation or motion, or rest. Butter thus melted and clarified or refined becomes an oil or fat almost free from taste and odor. To be again ‘‘made to resemble genuine butter’’ it must have restored to it the butter characteristics or similitude of texture, granulation, and flavor. For this purpose the processed or renovated butter is usually mixed with milk or skim milk, or buttermilk, or cream, sweet or sour, and granulated by cooling. It may or may not have common salt or artificial coloring added. To ‘‘resemble genuine butter’’ the article must have passed through these or other processes sub- sequent to melting, so that it looks, smells, and tastes like ‘‘ butter,’’ having a similar appearance, consistency, texture, and flavor. FIRST APPEARANCE ON THE MARKETS. It was not until the early nineties that renovated butter began to appear in any considerable quantities on the markets of this country. It was generally quoted and sold as creamery seconds, its quality pre- venting its securing any higher rating. Its source and mode of prep- aration were unknown to the general public, though in some localities it had a distinctive name. In Philadelphia it was called ‘‘ boiled” butter, in Boston ‘‘ sterilized” butter; then ‘‘ process” was substituted as its prefix by those interested in its manufacture and sale. The consuming public, however, knew little or nothing of its origin or make-up, supposing that it was an inferior quality of ordinary butter. Its keeping qualities were very poor; and while attractive in appear- ance and to the casual observer of fairly good quality when it left the manufacturer’s hands, yet when it reached the consumer it was in most cases vile, and in its last estate worse than its first. 896 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ORIGIN OF NAME. The first attempt to control the sale of renovated butter in a legal way was made by the dairy and food commissioner of Pennsylvania in 1897 under that clause of the food law prohibiting the sale of any article of food under the name of another article, the commissioner claiming that this butter was not genuine and should be sold under a distinctive name that was in a sense indicative of its nature. A case was brought against a manufacturing firm in Philadelphia which made and sold the goods for creamery butter. At the prelimi- nary hearing the defendants were held to court, but the case was finally settled by their agreeing to discontinue selling their product as creamery butter and to print on the wrappers a name satisfactory to the commissioner. ‘The word ‘‘ renovated” was selected as being appro- priate, and one that conveyed to the consumer an idea of its nature. The name ‘‘renovated butter” was unpopular with those engaged in its manufacture and sale, but the public looked upon it with favor as a step in the right direction to compel dealers in articles of food to sell them for what they were. In 1899 the legislatures of several States enacted laws requiring this product to be labeled and sold as renovated butter. The prejudice against this name has in a great measure worn away, and the business probably now stands on a firm basis and with good prospects for its continuance as a legitimate dairy industry. — To improve the quality of an inferior article is certainly commendable and advantageous in many ways. With improved methods and greater care taken by manufacturers in selecting their packing stock before it has deteriorated and become ~ rancid, a wholesome and palatable article is produced, one that is very acceptable to those who wish to save a portion of the cost of high- priced butter. LEGISLATION GOVERNING MANUFACTURE AND SALE, To sell articles of food for something which they are not is a fraud and imposition on the consumer. The public had become disgusted at the extent of the manufacture and sale of spurious butter as the gen- uine article. Before National and State legislation became effective, as high as 150,000,000 pounds of renovated butter and oleomargarin were produced and sold in this country annually, the greater part of it being sold for genuine butter. While these products did not come into direct competition with high-grade butter, they seriously affected the price and caused dull markets and an apparent overpro- duction of dairy products, as the inferior quality greatly reduced consumption. The manufacturers of genuine dairy products became aroused and alarmed at the danger threatening the dairy interests of the country, and asked protection against an unjust competition with RENOVATED BUTTER: ITS ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 897 counterfeit goods masquerading as genuine, demanding remedial legis- lation—not to prevent their manufacture, but to prevent fraud. As the result of an aroused public opinion, the sale of oleomargarin colored in imitation of yellow butter was prohibited in a large majority of the dairy States, and laws requiring renovated butter to be marked and sold as such were passed. National legislation was also sought, and what is familiarly known as the Grout bill, covering both the manufacture and sale of oleomargarin and renovated butter, finally became a law May 9, 1902. This act classes all butter under one of three grades, and legally defines the same as (1) butter, (2) renovated or process butter, and (3) adulterated butter. Adulterated butter also includes that which car- ries an abnormal quantity of water, milk, or cream. The tax on adul- terated butter is 10 cents a pound, the same as on colored oleomarga- rin, and the license to manufacture is also the same. There are no factories in the United States that have taken a license to make adul- terated butter, or that are ostensibly engaged in the business, but some have been obliged to qualify and pay for a license with penalties, and also pay the tax of 10 cents a pound, because their goods were found to contain more than 16 per cent of moisture. This law applies to all butter, whether renovated, dairy, or creamery, so that loading any butter with an abnormal quantity of milk, brine, or water is liable to entail on the manufacturer a heavy expense if the same is detected by any Government inspector. Any butter-carrying less than 80 per cent of fat is almost sure to come under the ban as adulterated butter. GOVERNMENT INSPECTION OF FACTORIES. The law as applied to renovated butter requires rigid and frequent inspection to be made of the plants where it is manufactured, and of the materials used in its composition, as well as the sanitary condi- tions within and around the factories, including proper drainage, ven- tilation, etc., so that nothing unwholesome or detrimental to health shall exist in the finished product when it leaves the factory. While the sanitary conditions of some factories were very good at the beginning of this inspection, others were in a most deplorable con- dition. The writer, on one of his first tours of inspection, came to the melting room of a factory so bad that it seemed difficult to know where to begin a reformation. Floors and stairways apparently were seldom cleaned; vats and tanks were used time and again without cleaning. Such methods and conditions fortunately were the exception, and better still, the factory from which this picture is drawn was closed very soon after the present law became operative. 398 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUBE. FACTORS IN IMPROVEMENT OF PRODUCT. At the present time many creamery men who consider their product eilt-edged could with profit, so far as cleanliness and sanitary condi- tions are concerned, advantageously examine and adopt methods prac- ticed in some of the best renovating plants. But the marked improvement in the quality of renovated butter is only partially due to the improved conditions of recent years. The most important factor in this improvement is in securing the packing stock while it is fresh and giving it proper care until it is needed for use, so that instead of lying around in the basements of country stores absorbing the odors of fish and kerosene oi] it is put in cold storage at a temperature below zero, where it remains, without deteriorating in quality, until it is needed to make over. Manufacturers generally have abandoned the idea that they can pro- duce a merchantable article of butter from old rancid stock, and asa rule if any such is received they reject it. Some of it goes to the cheap bakeries and the rest is used for soap grease. EXTENT AND PROSPECTS OF THE INDUSTRY. There are 78 factories now running, no two working under precisely the same system, but all striving to produce as good a quality of reno- vated butter as possible. The total product of renovated butter the last fiscal year was fully 60,000,000 pounds, the product of 78 factories. There is nearly $1,000,000 invested in the plants, which give employment at good wages to a considerable number of men and women. The markets here and abroad seem to take readily at remunerative prices all the better grades of renovated butter that can be produced, and the quantity is only limited by the amount of packing stock that the country provides. The facilities of factories now in operation are ample for working up all there is. The business, so far as the quan- tity produced is concerned, has undoubtedly reached its limit, not from lack of profit in manufacturing, or of demand for the finished product, but from lack of material from which to make the goods. The amount of packing stock to be produced each year will gradu- ally decline, principally because it will be diverted into more profitable channels by improved methods and the introduction of hand separators. A man in Indiana who operates both a creamery and a renovating plant stated recently that within the last year he had placed among his patrons two carloads of cream separators, taking their cream instead of packing stock manufactured by the farmers themselves, and bene- fiting the farmer rearly the amount of the increased value of the product made by the change. OSTRICH FARMING IN ARIZONA. By Watson Pickreii, Tempe, Arizona. INTRODUCTION. Ostrich farming in the United States is really only in its infancy. It has been. only twenty-three years since the first American ostrich farm was started. The early attempts met with varying degrees of success. The pioneer breeders in this country had to get most of their knowledge from their own experience. In fact, more than half the ostriches now in the United States are the progeny of a single pair owned in Arizona.in 1891. Great progress has been made in the last five years, and there are now (October, 1905) 2,200 ostriches on farms in the United States. Of these, 1,540 (including chicks of 1905) are in Arizona, and the remainder in California, Florida, and Arkansas. Where good alfalfa pasture has been available the birds bred in America have grown larger than those first imported. A full-grown fat ostrich will weigh from 375 to 450 pounds. He will stand 8 feet high, but can easily reach to a height of 10 or 11 feet. Ostriches thrive best in a warm, dry climate, but can be grown in any of the Southern States and Territories in this country. Ina moist climate they should have protection from cold and rain. Salt River Valley, Arizona, is thought by many to be the best loca- tion in the United States for ostrich farming. Climatic conditions are favorable to the health of the birds, yield and quality of feathers, and the production of alfalfa for green feed the year round. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE OSTRICH IN ARIZONA. The first ostriches brought to Arizona came from the Cawston importation, and were shipped from California in 1888 by M. E. Clanton & Co. There were 13 in the troop, 2 old ones and 11 young ones. While the ostriches were being transported from the railroad station to the ranch 10 of the young birds were smothered. The men, knowing nothing of ostriches, took double precautions to prevent their escaping from the wagon—they put hoods over their heads and a canvas over the wagon. ‘The weather being extremely hot, 10 of the young birds died before they were transported 4 miles. Before the old pair made a nest the female ostrich died from an accident, which left only the old male and a young female. In 1891 the first ostrich was hatched in Arizona. The birds had then passed into the possession of Josiah Harbert, and the Arizona ostriches remained under his control until 399 400 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1896, when they were sold to the Arizona Ostrich Company. At that time there were 123 ostriches in the troop. W. 5S. Pickrell, of Phoe- nix, was the manager of the ostriches for two years. Under Mr. Pickrell’s management the ostriches increased at the rate of 11 toa pair of breeding birds, which was the largest increase ever made on an Arizona ostrich farm, or even in America. Over 75 per cent of the birds were hatched in incubators. In 1898 the Arizona Ostrich Company sold its entire troop of over 300 ostriches to Messrs. A. Y. Pearsonand M. J. Taylor. These gentle- men purchased 300 ostriches from the Fullerton, Cal., farm,which birds they brought to Arizona. The next year (1899) Mr. Pearson bought Mr. Taylor’s interest. In 1903 Mr. Pearson sold to W.S. Pickrell & Co., of Phoenix, 21 pairs of breeding birds for $16,800. Within two years W. 8S. Pickrell & Co. had sold $30,000 worth of young ostriches, the produce of the 21 pairs. There are six ostrich farms in the Salt River Valley, Arizona, and on these are all the ostriches in Arizona. They are all owned by the following incorporated companies: The Arizona Ostrich Company, the National Ostrich Company, the Phoenix-American Ostrich Company, the Big Five Company, and the McNeil-Wiley Company, all of Phoe- nix, Ariz.; and the Tempe Ostrich Company, of Tempe, Ariz. The description of methods which follows is based almost entirely on the experience and observation of the writer, and applies especially to ostrich farming as practiced in Arizona. EGG LAYING AND INCUBATION. Ostriches come to maturity when about 4 years of age. The female matures from six months to a year before the male, but she will seldom lay a fertile egg until she is 34 years old. The nest is a round hole in the ground which the male scoops out with his feet. At first the female may not take to the nest, but may lay her first eggs on the ground, whereupon the male will roll them into the nest. Generally, after the male has put 3 or 4 eggs into the nest, the female will lay there. In about thirty days she will lay 12 to 16-eggs, and will be ready to commence incubation. Incubation under domestication is carried on in two ways—by nat- ural and by artificial means. Some growers prefer the former method, others the latter. Either has been found to yield satisfactory results with fertile eggs. About forty-two days of very careful attention are required for good results. In natural incubation the male takes a prominent part, covering the egos fifteen or sixteen hours out of the twenty-four. He will usually go on the nest about 5 o’clock in the evening and remain there till 8 or 8.30 the next morning, the female taking her turn during the day. It is thought that the color of the sexes has had something to do with OSTRICH FARMING IN ARIZONA. 401 developing these instincts. The male, being black, is not so easily seen at night, and the female, being drab or nearly the color of sand, can not be so readily seen in daylight. The male usually begins sitting three or four days before the hen stops laying. If the weather is cold during the laying period the male may often be found covering the eggs at intervals during the night to prevent them from becoming chilled. The birds are also very watchful in the warmest season to prevent the eggs from becoming overheated by the sun. Often, in the heat of the day, one or the other of the old birds may be found sitting on itsankle joints with both wings extended to shade the eggs from the sun. The careful ostrich farmer should make this work unnecessary by providing artificial shade during the hot season. The birds sit very much closer to the nest during the first half of the incubation period, the internal heat of the eggs making this less necessary during the last half. As is usually the case with all eggs ina dry climate, the shell of the ostrich egg becomes dry and hard, and very difficult for the chick to break. When the time arrives for the liberation of the young, they will be heard to chirp and to move in the shell. The parent bird seems to understand the situation, and will often crack the shell with its breastbone, sometimes taking the young bird by the head and drawing it out of the shell. Sometimes three or four days elapse between the hatching of the first and the last eggs in the nest. During this time one or the other parent bird takes care of the chicks while the other is attentive to the nest. Owing to liability of injury to the young birds by reason of the anxiety of the parent birds, it is agood plan after the first eggs have hatched to remove the remain- ing eggs to an incubator. Artificial incubation can be successfully carried on with any good, well-regulated machine that will hatch eggs of common fowls, provided, of course, it is constructed on a large enough scale to accommodate ostrich eggs, which are 5 inches in diameter and 7 inches long. It has been found best to use an incubator which will hold only 30 to 35 eges, as in case of a blunder or an accident to the incubator the loss will be comparatively small. The incubator should be heated for two or three days before the eggs are put in, to see that everything is in proper working order. The incubation should be started at a tempera- ture of 101° F. In three weeks this temperature will be slightly increased by the heat generated in the eggs themselves. Every egg should be turned at least once or twice a day. To be on the safe side it is well to adopt the rule of turning the eggs three times daily. The regulation of the temperature is not the only thing to be con- sidered in hatching eggs in an incubator. The matter of moisture presents quite a serious problem. Inside the shell of the egg are two fibrous coats, of which one adheres closely to the shell and the other incloses the contents, there being a small air space between them. 3 A1905——26 402 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. This air space should be closely watched by the attendant, as its size indicates the moisture condition of the egg. If this space becomes abnormally large, small pans of warm water should be placed in the incubator; if it becomes too small the moisture should be reduced. An intelligent and watchful attendant will experience no difficulty in this matter. Moisture pans are seldom required before the fourth week. In a warm climate the incubator house should be so constructed as to be as cool as possible and at the same time free from drafts and not subject to sudden changes. During the period of incubation the attendant should observe the growth of the embryo at least once every two days. ‘This he can do by shading the egg with the open hand and holding it to a lighted candle. Careful observation will enable him to detect and remove the infertile eggs by the end of the second week; but whenever there is room for doubt, the egg should be allowed to remain longer, perhaps to the end of the third week, when the internal heat of the eggs will be sufficient to unmistakably indicate the live eggs. Near the end of the sixth week the eggs should be watched more closely. By placing an egg to the ear one can hear the unhatched chick scratch the inside of the shell and chirp; also the air space will be observed to become filled up. It is then time to crack the shell and thus aid the chick in liberating itself. CARE AND FEEDING OF THE CHICKS. It is not well to suddenly transfer a newly hatched chick from the incubator temperature of 101° to that of the open air. A well- ventilated brooder kept at 90° F. is the proper thing for the first twenty-four hours, after which the temperature may be gradually brought to that of the outside air. The chicks should never be allowed to become damp or cold, and they should not be fed for the first three or four days, but they may be allowed to pick up sand and gravel. Dry feed is preferable for the first week. Cracked wheat and mois- tened bran are excellent, but the chicks should never be given feed which has begun to sour. The inclosure should always be kept clean. At the end of the first week green alfalfa cut very fine may be fed, but not too freely at first. It should not be allowed to become dry, as fresh feed should be the ostrich farmer’s watchword at all times. Young ostriches, like young chickens, should be housed and pro- tected from cool drafts until they are two or three months old, the length of time depending somewhat on the climatic conditions. PLUCKING AND SORTING THE FEATHERS. The ostrich is plucked the first time when six months old, and should be plucked about every eight months thereafter during its lifetime. The only feathers removed are those of the wing and the tail. The process of plucking consists in cutting the tail feathers and one row of the largest quill feathers in the wing with pruning shears, and OSTRICH FARMING IN ARIZONA. 403 drawing by hand those of the remaining two or three rows in the wing. Two months later the quills of the cut feathers may be removed. At plucking time the ostriches are driven in from the pasture and placed in a small pen surrounded by a tight board fence 5 or 6 feet high. The plucking box is about 4 feet high, 20 inches wide, and 34 feet long, open at one end and closed with a door at the other. An ostrich is caught and a hood placed over its head. An old black stock- ing makes a very satisfactory hood. The hooded bird is very easily handled. It is placed in the plucking box with its head next to the closed door. ‘The plucker stands behind the bird while removing the feathers (P]. XLV, fig. 2). This is necessary, because the ostrich ean kick or strike very hard, but it always strikes out in front and never behind, so that the plucker is perfectly safe if he stands in the rear. When removing the feathers from the ostrich, the pluckers usually tie in a bunch the feathers of each length as they are taken from each bird. When through plucking, they havea grading table with enough compartments in it to hold all the grades and lengths of feathers, which are many. The size of each compartment is about 4 inches wide and 4 inches deep, and the length varies from 4 to 30 inches. In sorting, the feathers of the male are kept separate from those of the female. The former are the more valuable. Manufacturers in this country usually request that the feathers be graded as nearly as possible as they are in the London market, where nearly all the feathers of the world are marketed. A London report shows the fol- lowing classification: White, femina, bayocks, black, drabs, floss, spadones, and boos, with numerous subdivisions or grades. The value of the American feathers depends on the London market. In an American factory they will bring 15 per cent more than the London price, plus the freight charges. In October, 1905, ‘‘ white primes” and ‘‘blood feathers”—the most valuable—sold in -London for £30 sterling ($146) per pound. It takes about 90 of these feathers to weigh a pound. The ‘‘white primes” and ‘‘blood feathers” are taken from the males, as well as most of the ‘‘ white firsts,” though occasionally a female bird will have what the feather men call a ‘‘ first white.” The black feathers are plucked from the male birds and the drab from the females. ‘‘Spadones” are chick feathers, the first plucking. ‘‘ Boos” are tail feathers. ‘‘ Bayocks” come mostly from the male birds. The shortest drab feathers, which are frequently used in making feather dusters, are worth about $4 per pound. An average ostrich will yield 14 pounds of feathers annually. The United States is one of the largest consumers of ostrich feathers in the world. During the fiscal year 1903-4 there was imported into this country $2,292,515 worth of ‘‘raw” or ‘‘unmanufactured” feathers. The feathers produced in America are fully as good as those coming from Africa, and it is claimed that they are broader and finer looking, 404 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. though some manufacturers contend that they are not as strong and tough as the wild feathers. There seems to be no reason why ostrich farming may not be developed sufficiently in Arizona and California alone to supply all the feathers consumed in America. PERIODS OF LIFE AND MARKINGS. Ostriches are called ‘* chicks” until 6 months old, or as long as they have their first crop of feathers. From then until 1 year old they are called ‘‘ young birds,” and from 1 to 4 years old they are known as “plucking” or ‘‘feather” birds. It is difficult to determine the age of an ostrich when it is more than 3 years old. Illustrations of ostriches at various ages are given in Plates XLV to XLVII. Douglas, in Ostrich Farming in South Africa, says: The distinguishing marks of the different ages are somewhat as follows, though it must be borne in mind that a very forward bird of one age will have many of the marks of the age above him, whilst a backward bird will have many of the marks of the age below: At six and a half months old the quill feathers will be ready to cut; some of the body feathers will have begun to change; some of the cocks will show yellow in front of the legs. At twelve months old the second growth of quill feathers should be showing; some of the cocks should begin to show black feathers; all cocks should show white on legs and bill. At two years old all the ‘‘chicken’’ feathers should have gone from the back, and the cocks should show quite black or nearly so. Most of the little white belly feathers should have been replaced by blacks or drabs, according to sex. At three years old there should not be a single ‘‘chicken’’ feather to be found on the body; the last place from which they disappear is where the neck joins the body. Every vestige of the white belly feathers has gone. The bird’s plumage has reached perfection. Some of the cocks will be red in front of the leg and on the bill. At four years old the birds have reached maturity; the breeding organs are fully developed; the cocks in season will have the back sinews of the leg pink, the front of the leg and the bill scarlet; and much of the fineness of the feet, the leg, and the lines of the body will have gone. At five years old and upwards the only distinguishing marks we know are a generally coarser look of the limbs and body and an increased coarseness of the scaling in front of the legs and feet. HANDLING AND FEEDING OSTRICHES. Lands used for ostrich farms in Arizona are worth from $40 to $125 peracre. As irrigation is absolutely necessary for farming here, the land value depends mainly on location and water rights. The annual cost of water is from 50 cents to $2.50 per acre, depending partly on the cost of bringing the water from the river to the land and partly on whether the canals are owned by a corporation or by the owners of the land. The land used for growing alfalfa is usually a sandy loam. Young ostriches are usually kept in troops of 25 to 50. When they are 1 year old the males should -be separated from the females. When they are 3} years old the birds should be paired off, each pair being placed in a separate inclosure, which, in case the birds are to graze on Yearbook U. S, Dept. of Agriculture, 1905. BLATE Clay. Fig. 1.—OSTRICH 26 MONTHS OLD. FiG. 2.—PLUCKING AN OSTRICH. Yearbook U, S, Dept. of Agriculture, 1905, PLATE XLVI. a peenng ug ad FiG. 1.—OSTRICHES 5 Days OLD. FiG. 2.—OSTRICHES 5 MONTHS OLD. Yearbook U, S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905. PLATE XLVII. = % a> * 4 & OSTRICHES 5 YEARS OLD. OSTRICH FARMING IN ARIZONA. 405 alfalfa or other green feed, should be large enough to furnish them suflicient food. If they are fed on dry feed the inclosure need only be large enough to allow plenty of exercise. The usual way to fence an ostrich farm is to use a woven wire for the outside fences about 5$ feet high and with meshes small enough to keep out wolves and dogs. The fences used to divide the farm into small paddocks may be made about 5 feet high and need not extend nearer than 18 inches to the ground. Paddocks for chicks should be inclosed with woven wire, which should extend to the ground, but need not be so high. Ostriches are easily moved from one field to another by one person going ahead, calling them, and toling them on with grain, while another follows on a horse. The birds are very timid and do not like to be driven unless someone goes ahead of them. After ostriches are over 1 year old no one should go among them without a brush or stick in the hand, as at times they will want to fight, and a person going among them is liable to injury unless he has something with which to drive or frighten them away. One of the very best feeds for ostriches is alfalfa. One acre of good alfalfa in Arizona will maintain 4 ostriches without their receiy- ing any additional feed. When pastured or fed on green alfalfa they are always healthy. The writer has known troops of more than 100 to be kept on alfalfa for three or four years without a death. Ostriches thrive well on any tender green forage, and they prefer the kind they have been taught to eat. Birds fed on hay, when turned out, often refuse to eat grass until they become very hungry. For dry feed, alfalfa or clover hay cut up, mixed with bran, and moistened is excellent. An ostrich will consume about 3 pounds of hay and 1 pound of bran daily. They should have gravel and broken bone at all times. Occasionally an ostrich will get a piece of bone lodged in its throat. In such case, if the bone can not be worked up or down by external manipulation, the throat may be cut, the bone removed, and the incision sewed up. It will heal very quickly. Ostriches may be fed any kind of grain—corn, wheat, barley, oats, or peas. Some farmers feed a little grain while the birds are nesting. Ordinarily, however, if ostriches are in good flesh and have plenty of good green feed they need no grain. Besides, if fed much grain they are liable to become cross and hard to manage. Although African writers assert that.ostriches will live for years without water, Arizona farmers find that they drink water freely every day if it is supplied to them. THE FLESH AND EGGS AS FOOD. The value of the ostrich as a domestic animal depends on its produc- tion of feathers for ornamental purposes. It is hardly probable that the relations between supply and demand will so change as to make the 406 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ostrich more valuable as a source of food in the form of meat and eggs. The flesh of the domestic ostrich, however, is said to be much relished by those who have eaten it. The eggs are fine for making omelets and are good scrambled. One egg will make as much omelet as 24 dozen hen’s eggs. An ostrich has been known to produce over 300 pounds of egg food in a year. AGE OF THE OSTRICH. Nothing is positively known as to how long an ostrich will live. Some writers claim that it will live one hundred years. Ostriches which are known to have been in captivity for forty years are still breeding and producing feathers. It is the experience of Arizona farmers that among birds having good nutritious green feed deaths seldom occur except as the result of accident. A dog or other small animal will sometimes frighten ostriches and cause them to run into the fence, which may result in a broken leg. When this happens the bird may as well be killed, as few if any ever recover from such an injury. THE VALUE OF OSTRICHES. The question most frequently asked by visitors to an ostrich farm is, ‘* What is an ostrich worth?” The somewhat curt reply usually given is, ‘‘The birds are not for sale at any price.” The day has not yet arrived when the American grower is ready to part with his birds as the grower of other animals does. The value of the ostrich has only begun to be appreciated. Practically the only inducement that will bring an ostrich farmer to the point where he will sell birds is lack of available pasture for them. Ostrich farmers may name the estimated value of their birds, but there are few who will sell the birds at the prices named. Chicks 6 months old may be set down as worth $100 each; 1-year-old birds, $150; 2-year-olds, $200 to $250; birds 8 years of age, $300 to $350, and birds 4 years old, the age at which they pair, $800 or more per pair. IS OSTRICH FARMING PROFITABLE? ‘*Does ostrich farming pay?” This question is asked by almost everyone who visits an ostrich farm. When an acre of alfalfa will furnish a home for 4 birds, with food enough to maintain them; when an ostrich will yield annually 14 pounds of feathers, with an average value of $20 a pound, and from 36 to 90 eggs, which may be used for incubation, or may furnish egg food at the rate of 34 pounds to the egg if the owner does not wish to increase his troop, readers may be left to decide for themselves as to the profitableness of the industry. — ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE INFLUENCE OF EXPERIMENT STATION WORK ON CULTURE OF FIELD CROPS. By J. I. Scuutrs, Of the Office of Experiment Stations. INTRODUCTION. Improvement in the culture of field crops is manifested by a greater efficiency in methods of soil preparation and cultivation; by more nearly perfect stands of all kinds of crops, whether sown broadcast, drilled, or planted; by varieties better adapted to soil and climate, while at the same time meeting the requirements for the market and for use on the farm, and by scientific systems of crop rotation followed not merely for the diversification of the crops produced, but largely for the improvement and maintenance of soil fertility. Great progress in the production of field crops has been made during the last fifteen or twenty years, and the object of this article is to point out some specific examples indicative of the influence of experiment station work on these different phases of crop production. In many instances work carried on by the stations was inaugurated by the Department of Agriculture, and the particular lines of investi- gation were carried on in cooperation with the stations. Asa notable example of this kind of work the introduction and distribution of new crops and new varieties, as, for instance, Kafir corn, durum wheats, numerous varieties of other cereal and forage crops, varieties of sugar beets, etc., may be mentioned. To-day we find a number of these introduced crops grown as staples in many States, and a large number of the new varieties outranking the common sorts in distribution and production. While the experiment stations and the Department of Agriculture have done much in the way of bettering field-crop culture in different lines, they have not been alone in the work, and such help- ful factors as the agricultural press, farmers’ institutes, agricultural schools and colleges, cooperative demonstration work, agricultural shows, such as State and county fairs, improved farm implements, and other valuable aids of a similar nature must also be given credit for helping to bring about the general result. Owing to the multiplicity of forces and the relation they bear to one another it is impossible to say with accuracy how much credit is due to each one, and estimates as to definite results, such as the actual increase 407 408 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. in crop production or in financial returns, are necessarily unreliable. The results of experiment station work are largely used by the differ- ent educational agencies which make for progress in cultural methods, and thus they exert a very strong although indirect influence in vari- ous ways. ‘The nature of the case makes it futile to attempt to show in terms of bushels or in dollars and cents the advantages that have accrued to American agriculture through the results of experiments in field-crop culture secured in station work and the recommendations and suggestions based upon the same. In very few of the examples here given can it be claimed that the progress made is due exclusively to experiment station activity, but in all cases the stations have been important factors in bringing about the results achieved. The pur- pose of the writer is therefore to outline in a general way how these results and recommendations have borne fruit and to what extent the interest of the farming public in the matter has been aroused. In the following discussion of individual crops the work of certain stations is mentioned to indicate the lines along which the influence of the stations in general is exerting itself. THE INFLUENCE OF THE WORK ON THE CULTURE OF INDIVIDUAL CROPS. CORN. Experiments in the different phases of corn culture carried on by nearly all the stations have shown the advantages of frequent and shallow cultivation and have given rise to the more general adoption of this method by farmers, who are finding that their results con- firm the station recommendations. By actual test the stations dem- onstrated that cultivating about 3 inches deep is likely to give better results than allowing the cultivator to go to a depth of 5 or 6 inches; and by a series of studies on the development of the root system of the corn plant they have shown the relation of the depth of cultiva- tion to the location of the roots under the surface soil stirred by the cultivator. ‘The advocacy of shallow cultivation by the stations, based on these results, is doubtless responsible to a very considerable extent for the more or less general substitution of this practice for the deep cultivation and root pruning so common some years ago. When the stations were established deep cultivation of corn was commonly practiced, and the idea prevailed that culture was merely for the destruction of grass and weeds growing in the crop; but care- fully conducted experiments extending over a series of years indicated plainly that frequent shallow cultivation, especially during the latter part of the cultivating season, is likely to give better yields than deep cultivation because, in addition to a more efficient destruction of the weeds, it forms a dust mulch which conserves the soil moisture, so necessary to the plants at this period of their growth. Since then the manufacturers of implements for corn cultivation have made such INFLUENCE OF EXPERIMENT STATION WORK. 409 improvements in this line of machinery that shallow cultivation is much more easily and effectually accomplished than it was with the old style of cultivators. Some authorities estimate that in the cofn belt to-day 75 per cent of the farmers practice shallow cultivation. In the way of improving the yield and quality of corn, together with the growing of seed corn as a special crop, the stations in the great corn States are doing valuable work. Corn-breeding investigations have been pursued by the Illinois station for some ten years. After several years of experimentation it was shown beyond a doubt that improvements in the quality as well as the yield of corn could be made. These results were largely instrumental in the organization five years ago of the Illinois Seed Corn Breeders’ Association, the first associa- tion of its kind in the world. To-day seed corn breeders’ associations have been organized in all the principal corn-growing States, and in general the method of corn breeding as worked out by the stations, and their recommendations in the management of the special breeding plats or fields, are followed in detail. In L[llinois this work has induced a group of farmers to form a company for producing agricultural seeds and to fit up a chemical laboratory in which numerous analyses are made to determine the protein and oil content of sample ears, and to base upon these results the selection of seed corn for improvement in quality. Many members of these associations have taken up corn breeding commercially, but there are also many farmers who, through the advice of the stations, maintain a breeding plat for the production of seed corn for their own farms. ‘The Illinois station has devised a method of determining approximately the chemical composition of the corn kernel by a simple mechanical examination which may be made with a pocketknife, and which enables every farmer to make an intel- ligent selection of his seed corn according to scientific principles of plant breeding. Methods of registration showing the pedigree of each ear produced have also been devised by this institution. The growing interest in the production of field crop seeds and the improvement of the crops, as well as the maintenance of their good qualities, may justly be ascribed to the initiative of the experiment stations. The lowa Experiment Station has been prominent for’ the last two years in impressing upon the farmers of the State the necessity of a proper selection of seed corn and of testing every ear before it is shelled and used. The method of bringing the subject before the people was both unique and effective, and the efforts of the station were assisted in a great measure by the railroads and supported by the agricultural press and agricultural associations. A brief review of what was accomplished during the two years will best illustrate the extent and the success of the work and the general interest it awakened. Special trains, known as ‘‘seed corn specials,” were run for the pur- pose of giving instruction in selecting, testing, and planting seed corn. 410 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The lectures on these subjects were delivered by the agronomist and other officials of the station. In 1904 a special train covered 1,480 miles in eight days on three different roads. During this time 100 stops were made in 37 of the 99 counties of the State and 150 short lectures delivered, with a total attendance of 17,600. In 1905 the movement assumed much larger proportions. Six railroads were inter- ested. The special train covered 7,855 miles and made 570 stops in fifty-seven days, while 1,085 lectures were delivered to 127,763 hear- ers. During the two years 96 counties were traversed, and the infor- mation given out in the lectures was further disseminated by 312 newspapers and by 25,000 bulletins of instruction issued. by the rail- roads themselves. (See fig. 92.) The average attendance at each meeting was over 190. Similar work is being done in other States. O o 0 0-O Fia. 92.—How Iowa was covered by the ‘‘ seed corn specials’’ during 1904 and 1905. The Lowa station also found that the grading of seed corn for the planter is an important factor in securing an even stand. When the corn is shelled the kernels from each ear are kept separate. Three grades are established—large, medium, and small. By examination of several kernels from each ear it is determined to which grade the kernels from that ear belong, and all the kernels of a single grade are then put together in one receptacle. Then the different plates of the planter are tested with kernels fromasingle grade. The plate should drop the required number 90 to 95 times out of 100. If it fails to do this it is ground or filed until it will drop with the desired uniformity. It is then used in planting seed of that particular grade. This sta- tion has also recently begun to utilize the county poor farms of the State for testing varieties with a view to determining those best adapted INFLUENCE OF EXPERIMENT STATION WORK. 411 to different localities. This is another eflicient way of bringing experi- ment station influence to bear upon the agriculture of the State. The varieties of corn now grownin the different States have in many cases been distributed by the stations or their culture recommended by them. In Alabama, for instance, Cocke Prolific and Mosby Pro- lific have become quite well known in this way, and in Illinois the experiment station has published bulletins in which the standard vari- eties for the State, as determined by trial and observation, are accu- rately described and figured. Some years ago the Minnesota station originated a new variety known as Minnesota No. 13, and, when satisfied of its merits, began its distribution. This variety is now one of the standard varieties of the southern part of Minnesota, the region for which it was originally intended. The reports received indicate that it yields from 4 to 5 bushels more per acre than the varieties for which it was substituted. As another evi- dence of its value the fact may be cited that the South Dakota station is now distributing the variety among thefarmers of that State. Some of the first work done by the New Hampshire station was to demon- strate to the farmers of the State the value of varieties of corn for silage purposes, and as a result a variety known as the Sanford came very prominently into use throughout the State; and a number of years later, when the station, pursuing this same line of investigation, found that Leaming corn was of pronounced value in the southern part of the State and recommended the same, this variety largely supplanted the former in the section to which it was adapted, and its value by farmers generally is now well recognized. The Georgia experiment station, among other southern institutions of this class, has been quite successful in testing and introducing the method of cutting and shocking corn, curing it in the field, and then husking and cribbing the ears and shredding the stalks for forage, in place of gathering the blades some time before the corn is ripe and curing the same for fodder, while the ears remain on the stripped stalks to be broken off, with more or less of the husks, and stored in the crib when they have become sufficiently dry. WHEAT. Experiment station work with wheat includes culture, variety, and fertilizer tests, together with other lines of work for the improvement of the crop in both yield and quality. The Montana station has shown that fall plowing, followed by thorough preparation and cultivation of the soil the next spring, gives a considerable increase in yield, due to the possibility of early seeding and to the benefits derived from a firmer seed bed. These practices are now largely followed. The Oklahoma experiment station has impressed upon the farmers of the Territory the necessity of early plowing and thorough prepara- tion of the seed bed for wheat, and it is estimated that 20 per cent of 412 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the wheat growers have improved their methods of soil preparation. Late seeding is necessarily the consequence of late plowing, and with the change in the time of plowing has come a change in the date of seeding, much to the advantage of the crop, it having been shown by station work that seeding in October, as a rule, gives better yields than seeding in November. The lessons taught by experiments show- ing that pasturing winter wheat when the soil is not in suitable condi- tion or when the pasturing is continued much later than March 1 is likely to reduce the yield more than is gained by the grazing, have been quite thoroughly followed by Oklahoma wheat growers. On the other hand, although the station tests show an increase of 60 per cent during six years on land treated with stable manure, little progress has been made in getting the farmers to follow the station practice. This station, like all others in the wheat-growing States, has been instru- mental in testing and distributing the varieties best suited to its terri- tory. The institution has been unable to supply the demand for seed, which was furnished the farmers at market prices. Weissenberg, one of these varieties, is fast becoming a favorite. In Maryland, Currell Prolific, a variety of wheat well adapted to all the tide-water sections of the State, was introduced into the State by the experiment station. To the credit of the Michigan station belongs the introduction into that State of Dawson Golden Chaff wheat, which has to a considerable extent replaced some of the older varieties with an estimated increase in yield of about 10 per cent. In Ohio no part of the station work has attracted more attention among the farmers than its variety tests with wheat, which have been in progress since the institution was first organized, and the results of which have been made public in many bulletins and by annual exhibits at the State fairs. The surplus produced of the better varieties is sold to the farmers for seed. The increasing yield of wheat per acre in the State is in part due to the more intelligent use of fertilizers, upon which sub- ject the station has also disseminated much valuable information, but that it likewise largely results from the more general distribution of the better varieties can not reasonably be doubted. New varieties of wheat originated by the Minnesota station, especially Minnesota No. 163 and Minnesota No. 169, have spread over large areas in the State of Minnesota, and have already found their way to neighboring States. They are now successfully grown on about a half million acres, and are estimated to yield from 1 to 2 bushels more per acre than the varieties they are replacing. In quality these new varieties rank with the best Minnesota hard wheat. In Kansas and other wheat-growing States the stations have also achieved notable success. In North Dakota a newly bred Fife wheat originated at the station, known as Experiment Station No. 66, together INFLUENCE OF EXPERIMENT STATION WORK. 413 with Minnesota No. 163, has been widely distributed and the two sorts have come into more general use than any other variety. In the distribution of durum wheats, introduced by this Department, the Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota stations, and others whose territory includes wheat lands with scanty rainfall, have met with good success, and thousands of acres of this class of wheat are now grown by the farmers of those States, the total annual production for the entire country having now reached about 20,000,000 bushels. It is estimated that in North Dakota good strains of durum wheats are now grown on nearly one-half of the fields in a third of the wheat- growing portion of the State. The Idaho station reports good results with durum wheat in the high altitudes of the State, which is in part a solution of the problems connected with high-altitude agriculture. Some of the principal advantages in growing winter wheat are a better distribution of farm work; generally higher yields, largely due to the ripening of the crop before the extreme heat of midsummer, which prevents proper development; a conservation of soil fertility by the crop during winter; and in some localities and under certain con- ditions, an increase in pasturage. Through experiment station work the culture of winter wheat is being extended. As a particular instance, the work of the Nebraska station may be cited. This station, beginning its work with winter wheat when very little was grown in the State, has contributed largely to bringing Nebraska to its present rank in winter-wheat production. Some of the more recent efforts include the distribution, in 1900, of seed of hardy strains of Turkey Red and Big Frame wheat to 400 farmers throughout the northern and the western part of the State. Since that time the winter-wheat production of the State has been increased by about 10,000,000 bushels, and while this can not be credited solely to this particular effort of the station, it must be acknowledged as a great factor in bringing about this result. The results obtained generally have indi- cated that the best success may be expected from the selection of hardy strains of Turkey Red, a well-known domestic variety. OATS. Important results have been obtained by several stations with the oat crop, and its culture has been measurably benefited. The Georgia sta- tion originated and developed a method of sowing oats which has proven to be effective in protecting the plants against winterkilling. This method of sowing consists in leaving the drill furrows open after drilling the seed instead of filling them up by means of the harrow, clod crusher, or smoother. The plants thus come up an inch or two below the general surface, which affords them protection. This station has also done valuable work in improving and maintaining the quality 414 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of Appler rust-proof oats and has distributed several thousand bushels of seed of this variety through the South. In Nebraska it has been shown by cooperative experiments conducted by several hundred farm- ers during the last four years that Kherson oats, imported eight years ago by the State experiment station from the Province of Kherson, in Russia, is a valuable variety for Nebraska. Its distribution has already become quite general in the State. Another striking instance of the far-reaching influence of experiment station work is the introduction of Swedish Select oats into Wisconsin. In 1899 the experiment station secured 6 pounds of seed of this variety from this Department, compared it with 40 different sorts, and improved it by selection. Seed was sent for trial to practically every county in the State, and good returns were obtained. It is estimated that in 1904 no © less than 5,000,000 bushels of this variety was grown by Wisconsin farmers. This same variety has also been tested and distributed by the Montana station and has proven to be one of the best sorts for that State. In Idaho the station has distributed early varieties in high alti- tudes, where the seasons are too short to mature the varieties now grown. BARLEY. Comparatively few stations have worked with barley, because of its lesser importance. The Colorado station in testing the best varieties of barley obtainable in Europe and America found a type of special value on account of a high protein content in the grain, and with this as a basis is now working on the development of a superior feeding barley for Colorado. The Wisconsin station began the dissemination of Manshury barley about twenty years ago, and this variety has become the standard barley of the State and has proven of the greatest practical value for the Northwest. In Montana the station has demon- strated the excellence of New Zealand barley, and the distribution of seed of this variety throughout the State is now in progress. COTTON. Much useful information regarding the culture of cotton and the use of fertilizers in that connection has been given by the stations in the cotton-growing States, and their work along the line of improving varieties in yield, earliness, and staple by breeding and selection is of the greatest value to the cotton grower. Early varieties and early planting have recently been recommended as a means of reducing the ravages of the boll-weevil, the late-maturing varieties and crops being the more subject to its depredations. In Louisiana the recommenda- tions of the experiment stations regarding the use of the cultivator, the practice of thorough preparation of the soil, and frequent shallow cultivation have been the most potent factors in decreasing the cost of INFLUENCE OF EXPERIMENT STATION WORK. 415 producing the crop. Animproved method of cultivating cotton, origi- nated by the director of the Georgia experiment station, has been adopted with very satisfactory results by many farmers of that State. The extensive work of this station in testing the more prominent and popular varieties of cotton now grown in the South Atlantic and Kast- ern Gulf States has brought them to the more general notice of the Georgia cotton growers, and has been of great assistance in protecting them against fraud and imposition regarding varieties. The Alabama station has been very influential in extending the culture of the Cul- pepper and other valuable varieties of cotton in Alabama. These lines of work are pursued by all experiment stations in the cotton belt. FLAX. Experiments with flax have been limited to a few stations. Improved strains of flax have been originated in the plant-breeding nurseries of the Minnesota experiment station. The most promising strain has been named Premost, and pedigreed seed of this new variety, which is much superior in seed production to the varieties generally grown, is being distributed. The farmers and seed growers cooperating with the sta- tion in this work guarantee to grow for seed the several bushels of seed allotted to them. This plan of distributing new varieties has proven most successful. The North Dakota station is giving special attention to combating the wilt disease of flax by treating the seed and by developing resistant or immune strains. The formaldehyde treatment for the prevention of the disease is almost universally used in that region as the direct result of the station’s efforts. POTATOES. Potato growing has received considerable attention at the Oklahoma station and the varieties and cultural methods most likely to give the average best results were determined. A few farmers who, according to station advice, have followed the plan of growing cowpeas as a reno- vating crop after early potatoes have reported it as being very profitable, but the greater number of growers are still making the mistake of pro- ducing a second crop of potatoes the same year on the same land. The New York Cornell station has shown that for certain soils of New York State very thorough preparation, deep planting, and thorough, level, and late-continued cultivation are decidedly more profitable in growing potatoes than the practices in vogue, and these ideas are being spread by means of cooperative tests carried on by the farmers under the direc- tion of the station. The Geneva station demonstrated to Long Island potato growers that, on the average, the largest profit is realized from the use of 1,000 pounds per acre of commercial fertilizers containing 4 per cent of nitrogen, 8 per cent of available phosphoric acid, and 10 per cent of potash, and that the large quantities of potash used by many Long Island farmers are not economical. 416 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. In the matter of treating seed potatoes for the prevention of scab the farmers in many States have quite generally and promptly fol- lowed the advice of the stations whenever the crop has become badly infected; and while spraying with Bordeaux mixture to prevent blight has not been of such wide adoption, a large proportion of farmers in localities where blight prevails are treating the potato crop as recom- mended, and where the disease is generally prevalent the spraying of potato fields is becoming as common as the spraying of orchards. It may further be stated that in the section of Maine in which potatoes are a great commercial crop practically all of the thousands of acres are treated with Bordeaux mixture, and the leading farmers in that region attribute the rapid introduction of the practice to the results of the demonstration experiments carried on by the station in 1900 in cooperation with practical growers. It is considered that in 1903 spraying potatoes saved the growers of Aroostook County many times the cost of maintenance of the station. In the potato region about Greenville, Mich., farmers have practically eradicated the scab from potatoes by following the advice of the State experiment station. In the potato-growing districts of New Jersey the experiments of the New Jersey stations have very materially changed the practice in the growing of this crop by a substitution of commercial fertilizers for barnyard manure, and this has resulted not only in heavier yields but also in a lower cost of production. TOBACCO. In 1898, the first year of the State system of farmers’ institutes in Maryland, the officers of the State experiment station advocated the use of crimson clover as a preparatory crop for tobacco, and the gen- eral opinion held with regard to such a practice was that it was ruin- ous to the crop. The station teaching, however, took root, and in addition to crimson clover, which is now quite frequently grown in this connection, cowpeas are also used as a preparatory crop for tobacco. In Connecticut the growers have generally adopted the methods of fertilization for tobacco which the station tested and advocated, and in consequence carbonate of potash and cotton-seed meal are extensively used on the tobacco fields of Connecticut, while large quantities of sulphates are generally avoided. A movement has recently been started by the station in cooperation with this Department to induce growers to select their tobacco seed and to sow only the heavy grains. This station has also done much to introduce the method of fermenting tobacco in bulk instead of in case. Investigations upon the manuring of tobacco by the Pennsylvania station have distinctly modified the practice in the Lancaster County tobacco district. It was found that larger yields and a better quality were secured from the use of commercial fertilizers than from the application of barnyard manure alone. This work has also led toa more intelligent use of fertilizer ingredients with reference to their INFLUENOE OF EXPERIMENT STATION WORK. 417 effect upon the yield, and especially upon the quality of the crop. Experiments in curing tobacco have thrown more light on the nature of the process and have materially aided in reducing the loss from pole burn. Tests of growing Sumatra leaf under shade by the station have discouraged the investment of large sums of money in such an enter- prise before the practical local requirements of this method of tobacco culture have been ascertained and its feasibility demonstrated. SUGAR BEETS. A striking illustration of the value of experiment station work through a series of years may be found in the extensive culture and variety tests of sugar beets conducted by these institutions in a number of States in which the beet-sugar industry has been established. The progress made in the past ten to fifteen years in the culture of this crop has assured not only the permanency of this industry, but also its further healthful development. In pointing out the possibilities and in determining the sections of the country in which the industry could be profitably established, this work has been a most important factor. Early in its organization the Nebraska station, in cooperation with this Department, experimented with sugar beets and demonstrated, before any factories were built in the State, the adaptability of the soil and climate to beet growing. More recent experiments have demonstrated the possibility of producing beets on alkali soils. In Michigan, as in several other States, the growing of sugar beets was first urged by the experiment station. Seed secured from this Department and imported from Europe was distributed throughout the State and the beets grown from it were analyzed. The results reported in a bulletin were widely circulated. The third year of the work nearly 100 acres of beets were grown near Saginaw, and after this several wealthy citizens cooperated with the station by furnishing the capital for the erection of the first beet-sugar factory in the State. The farmers in nearly all cases have been and are now guided in the culture of the beet by the work of the station. To-day Michigan has 16 beet-sugar factories, being the lead- ing State in this regard. These examples illustrate the course of the movement in general. In many instances the stations were the first to demonstrate what could be done in the production of beets and of sugar per acre in certain localities, and thus gave confidence to the investor and the manufac- turer as well as to the farmer. SUGAR CANE. Experiment station work with sugar cane is practically limited to the Louisiana station. When this station was established the crop was almost entirely cultivated with the turning plow, but at present it is estimated that not more than 10 per cent of the crop grown in the 3 Aa1905——27 418 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. State is cultivated by this method. The station was the first to demon- strate to the planter the value of the cultivator in the more economical production of the cane crop, and this implement is now quite generally used, ‘This result was achieved by the station inducing certain planters to give the cultivator a trial, and when these had proved its value others followed their example. In addition, the manufacturers of cultivators used this testimony in selling their implements and thus became an important factor in extending their use. The cultivator as compared with the turning plow not only saves labor but is also more efficient in the eradication of weeds, especially in rainy seasons. The work of the station has also been the greatest factor in reducing the width of the cane rows, and at present very few planters are still using the 7-foot rows, while practically none are using 74-foot rows. Among the new varieties of sugar cane introduced by this station, seedling canes D. 74 and D. 95 are giving most promising results. These canes were sent out about nine years ago and have now been so thoroughly tested that some of the planters are at present growing from one-half to two-thirds of their crop of the D. 74. The mill and field tests of this cane during the past few years have established a good record, and if the results continue to be as satisfactory as they have been it is fair to assume that in a few years much the greater proportion, if not the entire crop of the State, will be of D. 74. FORAGE CROPS. In the introduction and distribution of forage crops in the different States the experiment stations have been most prominent, and through their work new crops have come into use and the culture of others has been widely extended. A special effort has been made to impress upon every community the value of growing leguminous crops for forage and for soil improvement. Alfalfa, which has received the attention of every station, is fast becoming a staple forage crop through- out the country. In every State containing dry land areas grasses and other forage plants have been tested on such lands, and the species and varieties making the most successful growths have been adopted. The Wyoming station demonstrated the successful culture of alfalfa in that latitude at altitudes of 6,000 to 7,000 feet above sea level. Four years were devoted to working out the problems of successful alfalfa culture under the prevailing conditions, and the suggestions of the station, closely followed by many farmers, have resulted in the use of the press drill as a sure method of securing proper germination and ia a much larger acreage of the crop for hay in the State. Turkestan and an acclimated strain of alfalfa distributed by the North Dakota station are being largely tried by the farmers of that State, and the results secured indicate their more general adoption. In addition to establishing the use of different leguminous forage crops in the crop rotations for the State, the Oregon station has shown that alfalfa can INFLUENOE OF EXPERIMENT STATION WORK. 419 be grown with reasonable success on either naturally or artificially drained soils of western Oregon, and through cooperative work during the season of 1905 about 100 farmers in that part of the State have been induced to grow the crop for the first time. Through cooper- ative work started by the Maryland station a few years ago this crop has been introduced into every county of the State. It is successfully grown on many different kinds of soil, the two most important requi- sites under Maryland conditions being proper drainage and the liberal use of lime. Many of the stations have given more or less attention to the inoculation of soils for alfalfa, and some—as, for instance, the Illinois station—report that alfalfa inoculation has become quite gen- eral. The Illinois station also made the discovery that infected sweet- clover soil can be used for inoculating alfalfa fields. The culture of the Canadian field pea as a feed for lambs by turning them on to the crop without harvesting it was recently introduced into Wyoming by the Wyoming station, and during the year 1905 about 1,000 acres were grown with this object in view. The value of cow- peas has of course long been recognized in Maryland, but the station was the first to demonstrate the practicability of growing this crop in conjunction with corn for silage, and this method is being put into practice on a number of leading dairy farms in the State. The Mississippi station has done good work in the introduction of vetch into the South, and many farmers of Mississippi are now growing this crop for soil restoration and for early pasturage, and also in con- nection with wheat, oats, rye, or barley for early spring grazing. Varieties of grasses and grains have been introduced into various parts of Wyoming through the seed distribution carried on by the station, and in certain parts of the State where the ranchmen had no cultivated grasses producing heavy crops of hay, large areas of brome grass have been planted. This grass has also been widely distributed by the Nebraska station and thousands of acres are now grown in that’ State. In North Dakota many of the details of growing and handling this crop were worked out and established by the State experiment station. Farmers have followed the plan of brome-grass culture outlined by the station, and as a result this grass has already become the principal cultivated grass of half of the State. This station has also been successful in originating a strain of slender wheat grass by selecting native seed grown on the prairies. A hardy variety of Bermuda grass growing on the Oklahoma station grounds was distributed with good results. The grass grown from roots which were sent out instead of seed withstood unfavorable winter weather in localities where the seed-grown grass did not survive. In demonstrating the value of sorghum and Kafir corn for forage, in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture, the stations in California and the States of the Plains have shown great activity and have been specially successful in establishing these crops in sections - 420 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. with insufficient rainfall for profitable corn enlture. In Kansas, where the station has been a leader in this work, over one-half million acres are now grown annually. The Oklahoma station is now working with the selection of seed of black-capped white Kafir corn for large heads and uniformity in height of stalks, so that the heads may be harvested by machinery, and the results thus far secured are already being put to use in western Oklahoma. In North Dakota, a State which is out of the corn belt proper, the results of rotation trials, field experiments, corn breeding, and seed distribution by the experiment station have led to the quite general adoption of growing corn for fodder, and similar work has been inaugurated by the Oregon station. CROP ROTATIONS. Crop rotations in a country like ours, in which large areas of new lands have come under cultivation during a comparatively short period of time and where the virgin soil yields abundantly of a certain crop, there is a tendency to disregard largely the principles of crop rotation. In the older sections of the country the further advanced depletion of soil fertility brought the attention of the farmer to the necessity of a varied soil management before the experiment stations were estab- lished and their study of this important phase of agriculture was begun. Soil-management investigations, in progress in many cases for a series of years, are showing results more definite in their indica- tions as the work is carried on. The general object of rotating crops is the improvement and maintenance of soil fertility and the diversi- fication of agricultural products, but in some of the Eastern States the stations have worked out rotations with a view to securing green forage in succession from spring until fall, and this practice is coming more and more into use among dairymen. The culture of corn for fodder has been quite generally adopted in North Dakota, partly as a result of rotation trials by the station; and in connection with this work it was also shown that the wheat and flax crops are largely benefited when following corn in the rotation. The Oregon, Idaho, and Montana stations have been very successful in demonstrating the advisability of substituting the culture of legumi- nous crops in rotation for the pioneer system of growing cereals one year after another. As a result the acreage in leguminous crops has ‘been materially increased during recent years, and the cereals follow- ing these crops have given better yields. Before these rotations were begun the farmers practiced fallowing every third year, while under proper rotation a crop is produced every year. The Georgia station has persistently practiced and advocated a three- year rotation in which small grain, liberally fertilized and followed by a crop of cowpeas for hay, is grown the first year; cotton, highly fer- INFLUENCE OF EXPERIMENT STATION WORK. 42] tilized, the second year; and corn, with cowpeas as a catch crop, the third year. This rotation is followed by a great many farmers in the State, but it has not become general as yet. ARID FARMING. Several years ago the Utah station began a systematic study of arid farming, or agriculture carried on in dry regions without irrigation, and the value of the results secured has been recognized to the extent that the State has established and maintains six experimental arid farms of 40 acres each, upon which the actual work of experimenta- tion and demonstration is under the direction of the experiment station. Although this work is new, notable results have already been obtained, and each one of these farms serves as a demonstration station to the surrounding country, and its influence is favorable to the extension of dry farming on a safe and profitable basis. COOPERATIVE EXPERIMENT AND DEMONSTRATION WORK. The foregoing is a brief statement regarding some of the principal lines of field-crop work conducted by the experiment stations and the influence the results obtained, as estimated largely by the station offi- cers themselves, are exerting on the culture of field crops throughout the country. It has been the endeavor to call attention to the fund of agricultural facts which the stations are creating through constant research work and how these facts are of benefit to the people. The experiment stations are primarily institutions of research, cre- ated as such by law, and their duty is really performed when the results of their investigations have been published. The station pub- lications, aggregating about 7,000,000 copies annually, are distributed to those requesting them, and in this way only about 700,000 of the 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 farmers of the country are regularly supplied with information in this form. A further dissemination of station results takes place through the press, and especially through agricul- tural journals, but not all who read the advices are sufliciently influ- enced thereby to follow them, and such persons are often more readily reached by the farmers’ institutes and other similar agencies. More- over, many farmers are much more ready to take up a new variety or a new method of culture upon learning by observation than by reading or being told about it, and these must be influenced mainly by being shown how they may benefit themselves. Farmers are often slow in adopting new methods so long as fairly good results may be obtained in the old accustomed ways, and more than mere publications are nec- essary to induce them to try the newly recommended practice. Cooperative experiments have been a great help to the stations in forcing upon the farmer the advantages to be derived from the application of the new methods. Each experiment is an object lesson and forms a center from which progressive agriculture is sent 422 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. onward. In these cooperative tests no new facts are brought out, but they are of value in confirming the results obtained by the station and in getting the farmer to try the method, which is one of the best ways of teaching him. How cooperation and demonstration popularize experiment station results may best be shown by giving a few illustrations. In 1886, when the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union of the Proy- ince of Ontario, Canada, began its work, twelve parties made fertilizer and culture tests, and in 1904, 4,050 farmers conducted experimental work on their own farms along 35 different lines of field agriculture, including all the various crops grown in the Province. These data at once point out the great value of the work in distributing the best varieties of farm crops, in bringing into use the best methods of culture, and in creating a desire to solve the problems which every day con- front the farmer. In addition to these advantages, the farmer remains in close contact with the experiment station, and the influence of the institution is therefore more effective. Similar organizations have been formed recently in California, Illinois, lowa, Kansas, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Texas, and Wisconsin. As our agricultural colleges are getting older the number of farmers who have followed either the long or the short courses is fast increasing, and this association move- ment is an inducement to continue the study begun at the college, applying its principles in practice, and to keep in touch with the insti- tution naturally advocating the application of methods tested and in some instances devised by the experiment station. The Minnesota station inaugurated in a most efficient manner the introduction of a certain line of cooperative experiments in crop rota- tions throughout the State by inducing the students of the Minnesota Agricultural High School to plan the reorganization of their home farms and to project crop rotations for ten years ahead. As these principles are studied and applied by the students the difficulties of reorganizing a farm which has never been brought under a rotation, or of changing from one good cropping system to another, practically disappear, and many facts not now obtainable are brought out and serve as a guide for all future rotation work. In Wisconsin the experiment association 1s composed of 700 students of the College of Agriculture conducting cooperative tests under the direction of the experiment station, and in Ohio over 1,000 farmers have taken up similar work. There is urgent need of extending demonstration work in order that experiment station recommendations may be more generally and more uniformly applied, and it is encouraging to observe that, while the National funds given to the stations are being applied more strictly to research work, the States are providing more largely for the dem- onstration of the results through the stations, agricultural colleges, experiment associations, and other agencies. THE RELATION OF IRRIGATION TO DRY FARMING. By E_twoop Meap, Chief of Irrigation and Drainage Investigations. A GREAT SEMIARID STRIP. Between the line of 20 inches average annual rainfall and the Rocky Mountains there is a strip of land reaching from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, embracing about 300,000,000 acres, which for agriculture is debatable ground. This semiarid belt and other separated semiarid areas farther west are shown in figure 93.“ Together they present one of the greatest problems of American agriculture. The area is great, the soil is deep and exceedingly fertile, and the climate healthful and agreeable aside from lack of moisture. Men need it for homes. All interests are eager to see these areas settled, provided the set- tlers can be self-supporting, or to avert this if settlement is to mean disaster. From all classes come the questions: What methods will make the most of these lands?) How can they be made to support the largest number of people and give them the greatest measure of human comfort? There is a variety of causes tempting men to plow up the native sod. The stockman realizes the need of a reserve food supply and seeks to provide it by growing Kafir corn, sorghum, rye, hay, and other drought-resistant forage crops. The eastern farmer finds these broad, rolling plains, with their fertile soiland freedom from rocks or stumps, attractive. Hopeful, enterprising men are prone to believe that settle- ment and cultivation will change the climate, and a few wet years are almost certain to create a wave of settlement. EARLY FAILURE AND ITS LESSONS. The first general attempt of this kind began in 1883. Western Kansas and Nebraska were dotted with farmhouses. Eastern Colorado was largely settled up between 1886 and 1889. A few wet years, in which fine crops were grown, were followed by a succession of dry seasons. On millions of acres crops shriveled and died, men lost hope and energy through repeated bitter failures, and women and children endured dreary years of poverty and hardship. Homes which rep- resented the savings of a lifetime had to be abandoned. Whole counties were almost depopulated. What had been thriving towns were deserted. @Taken from Chart 1, Part VII, Annual Report of Weather Bureau, 1896-97. 423 424 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The bitter lessons of this failure lasted for years, but its scars at length healed. Other influences were meanwhile at work to restore confidence in ability to farm this region. As a result, another wave of settlement is sweeping over these plains. Other settlers are buy- ing the abandoned farms. Deserted towns are being rebuilt and new ones laid out. ‘This latest attempt is not, however, a repetition of the first. New methodsare being tried. Much has been learned in the past twenty years. Practically every settler who has remained in the semiarid belt has been an experimenter in developing a kind of agri- - 40" 420° UE? 410° is? 45° it | | | E ; er, 1s) e Za oe ee —— ll IO OM 35° mer waa aww y f atl rm aw 77 iA LALA A Abg¢ethte ve wrees we ms Loe y | if | / «! [ cee ol Mf LU we | | | il 0 a20 ax eee WES 20... Fic. 93.—Map showing annual rainfall west of the ninety-fifth meridian. 705° culture suited to this climate. The Department of Agriculture has searched the world for drought-resistant crops, and it and the State experiment stations have conducted extended experiments to deter- mine their value in this country. Independent investigators, like Robert Gauss, of Denver, have been working many years to adapt old varieties to semiarid conditions. Tools have been invented for culti- vating the soil so as to check evaporation, and investigations are now being made to perfect these tools and methods. To this combination of special tools, special methods of cultivation, and drought-resistant THE RELATION OF IRRIGATION TO DRY FARMING. 425 crops as means of overcoming drought has been given the name “dry farming.” The successful working out of agricultural methods adapted to the semiarid region will open up to permanent settlement hundreds of millions of acres of land which under ordinary methods of cultivation could be used for pasturage only. 425° TNT f i 110° Fic. 94.—Annual rainfall, April to September, west of the ninety-fifth meridian. THE HAZARDS OF DRY FARMING. The agricultural problems of the semiarid region relate to heat and moisture. There is no lack of fertility. The average rainfall, which varies from 20 inches on the eastern margin of the semiarid district to 10 inches on the western, is not simply scanty, itisirregular. Figure 94 shows the normal rainfall from April to September west of the ninety-fifth meridian, and figure 95 shows the least rainfall for the same section from April to December. There are years when the average is almost cut in two, and there are months without a cloud and days, especially in the Southwest, when the winds are like a blast from a 426 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, furnace—so hot and dry that they change green fields of corn into dry and rattling stalks in twenty-four hours. In order to show the wide variation in annual and monthly rainfall a set of diagrams has been made from the rainfall records of the Weather Bureau for a number of points along the eastern or humid border of the debatable ground. Ae 4 i x Fic. 2.—PEAR ORCHARD 25 YEARS OLD, RAISED BY WINTER IRRIGATION. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905. PLATE XLIX, “e a. Le € . = £ Ae gi io Fi@. 1.—FARM HOME IN EASTERN OREGON, SHOWING TREES GROWN BY WINTER IRRIGATION ONLY. FiG. 2.—PEAR ORCHARD 25 YEARS OLD, RAISED BY WINTER IRRIGATION. : a — LEE LAL ALL LAE OE A a On a i a ene - =* THE RELATION OF IRRIGATION TO DRY FARMING. 437 drought-resistant crops are for forage. ‘The experience of the Sacra- mento Valley has demonstrated that grain can not be grown continu- ously. There must be some provision for restoring fertility to the soil. Furthermore, many of these farms will always be remote from markets, and live stock can be shipped to better advantage than grain or hay. Poultry is oneof the most profitable products of the western farm, and chickens and turkeys will pay as well indry years as in wet ones. ‘ The dry farm should have a larger acreage than either the irrigated or humid farm. There should be land enough to provide summer | pasturage for stock, and, as it takes from 10 to 100 acres of native grass to support an animal, this summer pasture must of itself be larger than the cultivated farm in many sections. With live stock as a foundation and with alfalfa, vegetables, and fruit grown by irriga- tion, the dry-farmed portion will insure large crops in wet years and render the farmer largely immune from losses in years of drought. The dry farm must have a relatively large area if irrigation is to be a feature. The reservoir near Cheyenne, Wyo. (Pl. XLVILI, fig. 2), draws the water from six sections of land. The wells used in the irri- gation of the tracts reported on would not continue to furnish adequate water for these areas if an attempt should be made to irrigate all the land in that vicinity, but they will maintain it perpetually if these wells are widely separated. It is believed that there are few localities in the arid region where nough water can not be had for the irrigation of 1 to 10 acres on each section. It is remarkable how much can be done with a little water Vhere rightly used. The irrigation of 1 acre on a dry farm will make it possible to grow . wind-break of trees around the farmer’s house and barns, which will _jerve as a shade in summer and one of the best of protections against . vinds and storms in winter. No range stockman needs argument to _//onwince him of the value of these wind-breaks, and everyone who as seen the shimmering waves of heat which rise from these gray and usty plains in summer appreciates the value of shade and foliage in nidsummer. It will insure a green lawn for the house, the growing \f a wide range of fruits, and a still jarger list of the best vegetables ‘hich can be produced anywhere. This will do one of two things yr the farmer: It will save him from an excessive bill for canned oods or from living on a monotonous diet. If 5 acres of land are irri- ated and 1 given to trees, orchards, and garden, 4 will be left for eld crops. Planted to alfalfa this will produce 15 to 20 tons of hay— ough to support the farmer’s milch cows and work horses. What jin be done in the irrigation of 4 acres under intensive cultivation is iown by the returns of pumping plants. That much land will sup- ort a farmer in dry years if he grows nothing on the rest of his farm. 438 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. These returns are not exceptional. They are a few of many similar ones gathered by the engineers of the Office of Experiment Stations in all parts of the semiarid region. In considering the relation of irrigation to the dry farm we have thus far dealt only with its value in the complete irrigation of a small part of the farm, but this alone leaves out of account a kind of irriga- tion which is possible wherever a storage reservoir can be built and watery held for emergency use on the dry-farmed fields. Everyone familiar with irrigation knows what can be accomplished by a little stored water to be applied in times of excessive drought. It often happens that a single and scanty irrigation will result in an abundant yield, where there would otherwise be a complete failure. The experiment station at Stillwater, Okla., is building a reservoir for this kind of emergency use. The station is carrying on experiments in the breeding of drought-resistant varieties of corn. It always has to face the possibility of a year of such excessive drought that without a supplemental water supply the entire crop might be killed. The reser- voir which is being built will not be used unless necessity arises to save the crop, but it will always be on hand for that purpose. Supplemental irrigation is the insurance of the dry farm, whether the water is con- fined to intensive cultivation of a small tract or used in emergencies on larger areas. Used in either way, its value is so great that farmers need only an understanding of methods to secure its general adoption. The Office of Experiment Stations is now studying two phases of this question: (1) Cost and methods of providing a water supply, and (2) the tools and methods for the distribution of the water and the cultivation of the soil to secure its economical use. Bulletins giving practical advice along these lines will be published from time to time as experiments and investigations bring definite results. NEW OPPORTUNITIES IN SUBTROPICAL FRUIT GROWING. By P. H. Ro trs, Pathologist in Charge of the Subtropical Laboratory, Bureau of Plant Industry.¢ INTRODUCTION. Agricultural problems in the Tropics and Subtropics until recently have been confined principally to products which will not deteriorate by being carried long distances in slow sailing vessels. The chief productions hitherto have been rubber, tobacco, fibers, and similar materials. The principal reason for this has been that ocean trans- portation has been slow and irregular. With the advent of new steam- ship lines and better railway facilities, together with an increased demand for food supplies, it has become possible to transport quickly and without loss large quantities of such perishable products as fruits. The possibility of making the production of fruits a thorough finan- cial success has been sufliciently tested to make it no longer open to question. Business men of means are now planting orchards as rapidly as the necessary nursery stock can be supplied. For persons of smaller capital there is a most excellent opening in growing the plants to sup- ply such stock. The demand is considerably in advance of the supply, especially for grafted and budded trees. The difficulties in the way of providing this line of nursery stock are somewhat greater than in the case of citrus and deciduous fruit trees, but the selling price is from six to ten times as great, and the margin of profit is much greater. The direct personal attention of a most capable worker is, however, required. AVOCADO. The avocado, known by many names in the various tropical coun- tries of America, is a salad fruit, occupying a place more nearly com- parable with the olive than any other fruit. In the markets of the United States it is sometimes called **avocado pear” and ‘‘alligator pear,” but the name ‘‘avocado” is now more generally used than either of the others. There is no good reason for continuing such a barbarism of language as ‘‘alligator pear,” since the term ‘*avocado” @Since this paper was prepared Mr. Rolfs has become the Director of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station at Lake City, Fla. 439 440 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. is sufliciently distinctive, and the word ‘‘ pear” is altogether a mis- nomer. Mr. G. N. Collins,“ in his paper on this fruit, shows that no less than 43 common names are applied to it, though it is almost unknown outside of the American Tropics. This speaks volumes for its popularity. Chemical analysis brings out the fact that theripe fruit contains from 10 to 15 per cent of fat, clearly indicating its value asa food. Asa breakfast food it is of superior excellence. Adding pepper and salt as condiments and a teaspoonful of lime juice makes it a dish to please an epicure. However much it may fail to please on first trial, one is almost certain to become extravagantly fond of it if he continues to live in the Tropics. It is, indeed, the rare exception to find a person living in the section where good ripe fruit may be obtained in quan- tity who is not extremely fond of the avocado. Fruits picked green and ripened in a crate are as far from the real thing~as are green tomatoes from ripe ones. ‘Then, too, there are as great varietal varia- tions as in other cultivated fruits. The tree is easily budded and readily transplanted,? so there is no need of planting and growing seedling orchards. A variety lately imported from Mexico by the Bureau of Plant Industry has passed through a freeze of 15.5° F. witha loss of only the smaller limbs. This hardiness greatly increases the possibilities of extending the range of this fruit. : USES OF THE FRUIT. The most primitive way of using the avocado is to cut it into halves, remove the seed, and dip out the meat with a teaspoon; it should cut readily, and yet should come out neither oily nor mushy. Rolis, P. H., The Avocado in Florida, Bul. 61, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. 8. Dept. of Rovntkare, 1904, p. 17. SUBTROPICAL FRUIT GROWING. 44] inch in size, is frequently mixed with minced salads. At times it is added to lobster and shellfish salad, to which it imparts a pleasing nutty flavor. In Mexico and other Central American countries small cubes of avocado are added to soup as it is served. This imparts to the soup an agreeable nutty flavor that is pleasing to the novice. A mixed sweet pickle made up largely of avocado cubes has been prepared. ‘Thoroughly ripened fruit was chosen and prepared before it had softened, as otherwise it would have become mushy in cooking. PROPAGATION, Until very recently the propagation of avocado trees as a commercial enterprise was not undertaken, and the only method employed to extend the culture was to plant the seed where the tree was expected to fruit. Under this method no extensive plantings were made, since the resulting crop proved too variable and uncertain. All species of plants grown from seed are subject to variation. Our principal fruit trees, without exception, must be propagated by asexual means to obtain even an approximately uniform product. It has been asserted frequently that the avocado comes true to seed, and until the growing of it was taken up for commercial: purposes this view was generally accepted. In fact, only a few years ago it was generally believed that avocados could not be budded, and it has been but recently demonstrated that budding and grafting are practicable. Mr. Henry Davis, “speaking before the Farmers’ Institute of Hawaii, February 4, 1905, said: ‘‘I can positively state that I have planted seed from selected fruit, both as to size and quality, and the resulting tree upon bearing produced fruit entirely different from the original.” The experience in Florida? with seedling avocados is quite the same as in the Hawaiian Islands. The budded orchard has so many advantages over one consisting of seedlings that it is not at all probable that any grower would plant seeds in order to establish an orchard. A few good varieties can now be obtained in limited quantity from nurserymen. The present high prices indicate a strong demand for the stock rather than a difficulty in the operation of budding. There are now thousands of seedlings that are producing fruit; among these will be found a few of such superior excellence that buds ought to be taken from them for propagation. BUDDING. The simplest form, known as shield budding, is the best one to employ for the avocado. This not only proves very successful, but admits of being done most rapidly. The operation is very simple and @Tropicai Agriculturist, X XV, 256. > Rolfs, P. H., The Avocado in Florida, Bul. 61, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1904, pp. 21-23. 449 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. readily learned. A longitudinal cut is made in the stock 14 or 2 inches long, followed by a transverse cut either at the upper or lower end of the longitudinal one. This makes a cut shaped like a T or an inverted | (fig. 104). The blade of the budding knife or the ivory end is then inserted into the longitudinal cut and the bark lifted so as’ to permit the bud to be slipped into place. A bud on the bud stick (fig. 106) is then chosen. Here care must be exercised not to get a F ia. 108.—Shield Fic. 104.—Seed- Fig. 105.—Shield Fie. 106.—Bud stick; a, a, ete., bud cut out ling avocado bud wrapped ‘‘live” budsin variousstages — preparatory to stock with with waxed of development; b, b, etc., insertion, shield bud in- cloth. blind buds which should not serted. be used. ‘‘blind” bud (fig. 106, J 2), but a live one (fig. 106, a a, and fig. 103). In cutting a bud the knife should be forced deep enough into the bud stick to cut out a small portion of wood. The bud is then inserted in the most convenient way, either right-end up or the reverse. When the bud has been inserted firmly, if a portion should project beyond the crosscut, it can be cut off and the bud fitted into place. The bud may then be wrapped with the waxed tape commonly used in budding or erafting (fig.105). Ina dry climate or during a dry season waxed tape is better than twine or raflia for wrapping, as it prevents the bud from drying out before it has had time to ‘‘take.” The time required for a bud to ‘‘ take” depends entirely upon the condition of the stock; if it is growing vigorously, as is usually the case in a nursery, twelve to SUBTROPICAL FRUIT GROWING. 4438 twenty days will be sufficient. After the twelfth day a few buds should be examined; if they show a plumpness indicating that they have increased in size, it proves that they have taken. After a little practice, even the novice in the work will be able to judge whether the buds have taken or not. When the buds have taken, the wrapping should be removed, and a week or two weeks later the stock should be lopped. Here is where considerable difficulty will be experienced, as a vigorous-growing avocado stem will snap off rather than be lopped. If the entire top is taken off it is apt to prove fatal tothe bud. Where the stock happens to be very brittle it becomes necessary to resort to ringing; this should be done 2 or more inches above the bud. Where ringing has to be practiced it should be followed by cutting back the growing tips of the stock so as to force the bud along, and any buds of the stock that have been forced into growth as a result of the ringing should be removed. As soon as the buds have grown to the desired size and the wood has matured, the trees must be taken from the nursery and set out in the places they are to occupy in the orchard. In transplanting, a con- siderable portion of the top should be cut off; otherwise the amount of evaporation from the leaves will be too great for the plant and the death of the tree will result. The extent to which the top must be cut back will depend upon the proportion of the roots that has been lost in the digging. When the trees have been set out, some kind of shade should be provided to protect them from the direct rays of the sun. This can be most readily accomplished by employing palm leaves, which are easily procured throughout the region where avocados grow. MARKETING. At the present time avocados are shipped in tomato crates, eggplant crates, barrels, and even in other kinds of packages; consequently there can be no uniformity in quotations. In the local markets they are sold by the dozen, the prices varying according to size and appear- ance—the largest ones bringing the highest price. In size they range from a few ounces to 3% pounds, both extremes being somewhat unusual. Avocados ranging in size from a pound toa pound anda half seem the most desirable to meet the conditions of the grower and the seller. As the bulk of the crop is at present borne by seedlings, there are as many varieties of fruit as there were trees to produce it, which makes grading and sorting according to size impracticable and good packing difficult. In the matter of ripening there is also great variation. Some trees will mature nearly all their fruit so that the whole crop may be gathered at one time, while others have to be picked over several times, and a few trees extend their ripening period over three months. 444 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. EXTENT OF ORCHARDS. The orchards that are now producing fruit are rarely more than 2 acres in extent, but the budded orchards recently set out range in size up to 15 acres, having been limited by the number of trees procurable. The trees are usually planted at the rate of 80 to 100 per acre and cost about $1.50 apiece. This price tends to deter the man of very small means from planting avocados, since it is possible for him to buy three to five times as many citrus trees for an equal amountof money. Itis possible, however, to secure an orchard of considerable size with no ereat outlay, since by his own labor the grower can secure the seed, plant his nursery, and set out his own orchard, costing him not more than 10 to 25 cents per tree in addition to his labor. MANGO. The mango (PI. L) is one of the most beautiful fruits placed on the American markets. ‘The varieties range in color from light lemon to dark scarlet, and also various shades of green. In form the fruits vary considerably, but in general they may be described as unsymmetrically heart-shaped. Some sorts, like the variety called ‘‘ Bishop,” are very long and narrow, while others, notably those belonging to the apricot mango group, are short and thick. The skin is smooth and usually covered with a slight waxy bloom. Since the mango is one of the fruits that have come to us from the Orient, it has had the advantage of hundreds of years’ cultivation and selection. It is one with which the traveler in eastern countries becomes acquainted and which he always recalls with much pleasure. It should not be supposed for an instant that all mangoes are good man- goes, any more than that all peaches are good. Some seedling mango trees, the descendants of a fine parental variety, are simply abominable, but a fine specimen of a well-ripened, Mulgoba mango is luscious and fragrant. The aromatic principle is decidedly pleasant and has a quality peculiarly its own, and the fruit is not to be compared with any other known to the writer. There is nothing that confuses a novice so much as his first expert- ence in using the fruit. Of course, 1t ean be pared and sliced before serving, but in this way the aromatic principle escapes, so that one enjoys merely a sweet, subacid, slippery something that hints at a mango. In some cases the fruit is served accompanied with a three- tined fork,“ the side prongs being only a fraction of an inch long, while the middle one is stronger and longer than those usually found on table forks. This middle prong is thrust deeply into the fruit at the stem end, enabling one to hold the fruit firmly, remove the skin, « Collins, G. N., The Mango in Porto Rico, Bui. 28, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1903, Pl. VI, fig. 3. Yearbook U. S, Dept. of Agriculture, 1905, PLATE L. FiG. 2.—CLUSTER OF MANGOES. SUBTROPICAL FRUIT GROWING. 445 ind then slice off the meat. This is not possible with the fibrous seed- ings now frequently found in the market. Another easy way of handling this fruit is to cut with a penknife or ‘ther sharp instrument around the stem a circle about three-fourths uch in diameter, and then a similar circle at the distal end; then place he middle finger of the left hand within the circle made at the stem ‘nd and the thumb within the circle made at the distal end, and with a harp knife cut the skin into six or eight longitudinal segments; then, vy placing the blade of the knife under a segment at the stem end, it uay be pulled off with ease. This operation is continued until all the coments have been removed, after which the fleshy part can be cut if readily with a table knife, cutting from the stem toward the apex. \Vith the fine varieties, such as the Mulgoba and most of the Manila uangoes, no such difliculty is encountered, since the fiber is so much ‘educed that the fleshy part may be cut out with a teaspoon, as is done vith a cantaloupe, the fruit being prepared before serving by making in X-cut on each side and peeling the corners back as far as possible, ind then putting them into place to prevent the aroma from escaping. lo use the fruit the corners are turned back and the melting pulp lipped out with a spoon, as shown in Plate L, figure 1. Another way of serving this variety is to cut the fruit in half and ‘emove the seed. The only fibers noticeable in this sort are at the ‘dge of the seed. If the fruit be cut into longitudinal halves by run- 1ing the knife near the edge of the seed, one-half of the fibers will ‘ome off; those remaining may then be readily broken, when the seed vill come free from the other half. A very primitive way of eating ecdling mangoes, and one thoroughly enjoyed by boys, is to seize che ripe fruit, force the teeth into the skin at the stem end, pull off strip after strip until the fruit is completely peeled, and then munch ‘he delicious fibrous mass. The mango is still too new on the market to be thought of to any »xtent for culinary purposes. In India it is said to be used in a great nany different ways. It is frequently employed as an ingredient in chutneys. The green fruits have been employed in various ways for siuce and for making pies. Mango pie, made of the green fruit, is not readily distinguished from rhubarb pie. The ripe fruits make an excellent marmalade, which has a character of its own and is relished by everyone who is fond of this class of preserves. PROPAGATION, The greatest barrier in the way of a more rapid introduction of the mango bas been the difficulty of budding and grafting. Fora consid- erable time there was a general belief that certain varieties came true to seed. It is quite true that the seedlings come true to seed within the limits of a race, if cross-pollination with another race has not ce 446 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. taken place, but the variations that occur in a seedling orchard are too great to make it a profitable undertaking. Each race has its own peculiarities, and cross-pollination has more or less obliterated the demarcations. Nearly all the fruit that has been marketed has been produced from seedling trees, and no one has considered it a sufli- ciently safe commercial project to plant these on an extensive scale. With the advent of the fine Indian varieties the matters of propagating and planting out are being pushed as rapidly as the material at hand will permit. Fruit trees are usually propagated most rapidly by budding, but in the case of mangoes some obstacles are met that are not encountered in the propagation of avocados. For one thing, the bud wood of the mango requires a longer time to mature sufliciently to be used to best advantage. ‘The stock must also be in first-class thriving condition to make the buds take well. ‘The most successful method of budding has been found to be the patch bud. This is accomplished by removing from the stock a piece of bark a half inch wide by an inch and a half long, approximately, and fitting into this a similar-shaped piece of bark, in the center of which is contained a bud from the bud stick. Then the bud is wrapped with waxed tape, as described in the para- graph on budding the avocado. The degree of success attained depends upon the rapidity and skill with which the work is done. After the buds have grown well considerable difficulty is encountered in transplanting the trees to the orchard. Inarching, while an ancient method, is still the most successful, though probably not the cheapest means of propagating the mango. It has a great advantage over budding in that the scion wood can be used as soon as the ‘* flush” has hardened, while in budding at least two flushes have to be sacrificed to secure bud wood that has matured sufficiently. It is true that» one bud stick will usually have a dozen buds, but many of these same buds would sprout later and produce terminals for inarching. In preparing stock for inarching it is necessary to have it in some kind of pot to enable one to move it to the tree from which the branch to be inarched is to be secured. Experiments at the Subtropical Lab- oratory, Miami, Fla., have shown that the best form of pot available is one made from 5-inch shingles. Enough is sawed from the thinner ends of the shingles to leave them 12 inches long. Four of these shingles are lightly nailed together and a piece 5 inches square and one-half inch thick is used for the bottom of the pot. When properly constructed such a box-pot would be approximately 5 inches square and 12 inches deep. By putting a strand of rather thin galvanized wire about the pot 3 inches from the bottom and another wire 2 inches from the top, it is made strong enough to be handled with perfect safety. When the inarched plant is to be set out, the wires are cut SUBTROPICAL FRUIT GROWING. 447 with a pair of clippers and the shingles are pried apart with a hatchet, enabling one to remove the plant with no injury whatever to the roots. The next operation in inarching is to bring the stock into contact with the scion. A fully matured end of a limb is chosen as the scion; the stock in a pot is then placed either on a scaffolding or other sup- port in such a manner that the scion and stock can be brought into direct contact; then a strip of about 3 inches in length is cut from the side of the scion, penetrating through the bark and taking out only a small piece of wood. A similar cut is made on the stock. If these two cuts have been made properly, their flat surfaces can be brought into neat contact, when the stock and scion are bound firmly together with a stout twine. In the course of two weeks the wound should be examined carefully without loosening the twine, and, if the cut sur- faces are beginning to knit, a V-shaped cut should be made on the scion, below the juncture. This cut should extend about one-third through the limb. At the end of the third week the cut may be deepened nearly to the middle of the scion, and this operation may be repeated at the end of each succeeding week, gauging the cutting so as to sever the scion from the tree in six weeks. Where the conditions of growth have not been favorable, the cutting operations should not be begun so soon, and the final cutting should not be done before eight weeks or even longer. Each time a cut is made on the scion a sim- ilar cut should be made on the stock above the wound. After the scion has been separated and the top of the stock taken off, the inarched - mango should be returned to the plant house for two to three weeks to allow time for a more complete adjustment of the scion to the stock before setting out into the orchard. VARIETIES. Strictly speaking, there is only one variety of mango fruiting in Florida at present that is generally distributed and true to name, viz, the Mulgoba. There are many other so-called varieties, but as the trees are seedlings the product is by no means uniform in quality. The race commonly called No. 11 has been exploited as coming true to seed, but the fruits, now that the trees are bearing, vary as greatly as do seedling oranges. While this race has a certain general resem- blance in color and shape (see Pl. L, fig. 2), the flavor or taste of the fruits varies from the most palatable to the most insipid, and even» repulsive. In size and quantity of fiber present the mango is also quite variable, and there is a considerable variation in the date of ripening of different trees. ~ Even the mango known in Mexico as the Manila, and said to be the same as the ‘‘ Philippine” of Cuba, is found to be exceedingly varia- ble in shape, size, and edible qualities. The growers of this fruit are very positive in their assertions that it comes true to seed. A very 445 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, brief examination by one familiar with mangoes, however, is suflicient to show that ditferent trees bear fruits that are distinctly different in shape, size, and quantity of fiber. For commercial purposes the planter should strive to have in his orchard for early ripening the best selections from the No. 11 and the Manila races, for midseason the Gordon, and for late season the Mul- goba. A single fruit of the Manila mango brings as much in the Mexican market as a dozen of the common kinds. The Mulgoba is of such superior excellence that it will sell at a high price even when the market is filled with other fruit. MARKETING. The mango ripens from April to about the last of June. This is an opportune time of the year from the grower’s standpoint, as the fruit can be placed on the market earlier than the bulk of southern peaches and northern bush fruits. The tomato crate is most commonly used for shipping the mango. Of the tine Indian varieties the Mulgoba mangoes have been selling for 25 cents apiece. The prices obtained for the common fruit in the local markets of Florida and in the larger cities on the Gulf are so satisfactory that very little effort has been made to introduce the mango into new markets. A considerable quantity of the fruit is so inferior that it is absolutely valueless, except to furnish seed for prop- agation. Fine mangoes sell for from 20 to 40 cents a dozen on the tree, and good bearing trees in south Florida have produced 150 dozen each. On such trees the fruits hang in clusters (Pl. L, fig. 2). SAPODILLA. The sapodilla, as rewgh as a russet apple and as luscious as a peach (Pl. LI, figs. land 2), has the disadvantage of being American in origin. The great trend of tourist travel has been toward the Orient, and there these travelers have learned to know the oriental fruits and to like them. The sapodilla is as good as many well-known fruits, yet it is almost unknown in any markets except those on the Gulf of Mexico and the east coast of Florida. There is no more difficulty in shipping this fruit than in shipping peaches. It grows without cultivation on the Bahamas, and stands the winter as far north as Palm Beach, Fla., where large trees have been producing heavy crops for many years. It grows wild in all the warmer portions of Mexico, and is common in the West Indies and throughout Central America and northern South America. In Mexico the fruit isa great favorite with the natives, both in the woods and in the markets. | The tree makes a handsome one for ornamental planting, being con- ical in outline, with thick, waxy, evergreen leaves (Pi. LI, fig. 2). The flowers are inconspicuous, and are borne in a heavy rosette of SUBTROPICAL FRUIT GROWING. 449 leaves. In its native habitat the tree grows to be one of the tallest in the forest, but heavy-fruiting trees rarely attain to more than 30 feet in height. In the Bahamas and on the keys of Florida the fruit is ‘* picked with aclub,” thrown intoa basket or barrel, and dumped at the market. A fruit that can stand such handling and still be salable certainly deserves better treatment. It has been possible to ship fruit picked in this way to Washington and New York and find it in good condition upon arrival. The great obstacle to the introduction of the sapodilla is its growth on seedling trees. The resulting product is exceedingly variable, both in time of ripening and in quality of fruit. This defect is not unavoid- able, but is rather due to lack of attention and want of persistent effort. The tree may be budded, and it may also be transplanted with a fair degree of certainty. The ordinary shield bud, such as is employed in the budding of avocados, is fairly successful. VARIETIES. The variations in quality, size, and‘shape of the sapodilla areas numer- ous as the trees, all the fruit grown at the present time being from seedling trees. Cultivation and fertilization, however, improve this fruit as well as any other. Among the trees grown on the Florida keys are specimens that produce fruit as large as a medium-sized apple. The flavor is usually rather mild in aromatic principle, though varia- tions in this respect occur. In sugar content the fruit ranks rather high. Some trees bear fruit that is nearly seedless, while others bear sapodillas having as many as ten or a dozen seeds. Selection and budding will make great improvements in this respect. In the markets the fruits are usually graded according to shape and size, viz, large, medium, and small; round, flat, and long. Some growers have trees which produce fruits of superior excellence, and these become known in local markets and are in demand accordingly. MARKETING. At the present time the sapodilla is shipped only in small quantities, the tomato crate, with carriers, being used. In this way the fruit arrives in Washington and New York in good condition for the retail market, and is quickly bought by those familiar with it. For the near-by markets the ordinary way, as has been said, is to knock or shake the fruit off the tree, then pick it up and carry it in boxes, bas- kets, or barrels to the place of sale. The usual selling prices range from 10 to 25 cents a dozen, while the very fine, large specimens, grown by a few people only, are carefully picked and taken to Key West or Miami, Fla., where they sell readily for $1 a dozen. 3 A1905——29 450 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SUGAR APPLE. The sugar apple (PI. LI, fig. 3) should be classed among the sub- tropical bush fruits. While a few specimens attain the size of a small tree, the plant begins to bear when only 2 years old and about 3 feet tall. The bush is very ornamental as well as useful. Ordinarily one has to acquire a taste for the fruit, the flavor being obscured by its large percentage of sugar, but after growing accustomed to it the flavor becomes apparent and is well liked. The plant is not a very profuse bearer and is grown entirely from seed, though buds take rather readily. The matured fruits become edible in a week or ten days, making it necessary to place them in the hands of the consumer as soon as possible. The maturing of the fruits is indicated by the segments opening and showing a cream-colored space between. The sugar apple should not be eaten until it has softened to about the consistency of a ripe peach. Then the fruit is broken into halves and eaten with a teaspoon. CERIMAN. The ceriman (PI. LII) has been grown in many conservatories in the United States. At the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, a single plant occupied many square feet of wall space, and at Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, a plant has climbed to the highest part of the conserva- tory; but in such locations it is by no means as fruitful as when grow- ing on the ground under a pineapple shed (PI. LI, fig. 3). The plant belongs to the peculiar family of aroids, the most familiar example of which in the temperate part of the United States is the Indian turnip, or jack-in-the-pulpit. The bloom in some respects resembles a gigantic calla (Pl. LI, fig. 1), and normally the plant is a climber, attaching itself by large roots either to walls in conservatories or to trees in its native home. For fruit production it should not be permitted to reach any support which will enable it to grow more than a foot or two from the ground. Under such conditions the plant grows slowly and makes a great number of leaves and very short internodes. The trunk becomes 4 or 5 inches in diameter and sends out an abundance of large flowers. The fruit (Pl. LII, fig. 2) ripens in fourteen to eighteen months from the time of blooming. It can be grown in all regions where no freezing occurs; light frosts do not prove injurious. The flavor of the ripe fruit is most delicious. It has been described as partaking of the qualities of the pineapple and banana. Its mild, subacid taste is penetrating, but not heavy, and the aroma is delightful. The ripen- ing of the fruit is shown by the lower portion becoming yellow. After a few days the covering of the lower segments begins to peel and will fall off at the touch. After this it will require several days before the apex of the fruit has fully ripened. Yearbook us Dept of Agriculture, 1905. PLATE eb: FiG. 1.—RUSTY SAPODILLA FRUITS AND DARK Fia. 2.—INCONSPICUOUS SAPODILLA BLOOM GREEN FOLIAGE. IN A ROSETTE OF LEAVES. Fia. 3.—SUGAR-APPLE TWIG AND FRUIT. Yearbook U, S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905, PLATE LII. Fic. 1.—CERIMAN BLOOM OPENING LIKE A Fig. 2.—A RIPE CERIMAN FRUIT, 14 INCHES GIGANTIC CALLA. LONG. Fia. 3.—CERIMAN FRUITING IN HALF SHADE. SUBTROPICAL FRUIT GROWING. 451 PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION, The best way of propagating the ceriman is by cutting the trunk into segments, being careful to have at least one uninjured bud to each portion. When cut in the proper manner each segment will have at least one leaf, the blade of which may be cut off. When the stem is cut into segments these should be allowed to stand in the shade for a day or two before planting. This permits the cut surfaces to dry down and serves the purpose of callousing. After this the pieces may be planted in the place where they are to grow. If the soil be kept from drying out, there will be no great danger of the segments being destroyed. The most tardy ones may be six months in sprouting. The most suitable soil is either a very light loam or a sandy one which contains considerable humus, and it should never become flooded or water-logged. The best location for growing this crop is in half shade, such as is produced by a pineapple shed.* (See Pl. LI, fig. 3.) The bright sun scalds the leaves in summer, and the light frosts in winter also cause injury to the leaves if the plant be grown in the open. Under large trees the plants thrive only moderately well, since the distribution of sunlight is somewhat uneven and during the dry season the soil under the trees becomes intensely dry. A good, heavy mulching should be provided, and for manurial purposes a good pine- apple fertilizer® will be found best. It requires two to three years from the time of setting out for the plants so propagated to come into bearing. Plants may be grown from seed, but they will require a year or two longer to come into bearing, after which they will pro- duce continuously for years. The cultivation is of the simplest kind. There is no necessity for stirring the soil if the ground be kept mulched. Under such condi- tions very few weeds occur, and these may be destroyed at compara- tively little expense. GUAVA. The guava (Pstdium guajava) is most peculiar in that when ripe its odor is usually very offensive to the uninitiated, but after a consid- erable familiarity with it the odor is no longer disagreeable and most people like it. Not a few, especially those who are familiar with a variety of odors, consider it pleasant from the first. Commercially, the guava is the leader of the jelly fruits. The fact, however, that it decays soon after ripening makes it impossible to keep it on the market, as is done with ordinary fruits. Jelly facto- ries have to be established near the place where the fruit is grown, @See Farmers’ Bulletin No. 140, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 452 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. but with good railway service guavas may be transported 800 miles without danger of loss. For immediate home use large quantities are sent annually by express to all portions of the United States south of the Ohio River and also to New York. The fact that the ripe fruit does not remain in good condition for more than three or four days makes it also imperative that it be sent only to customers who order it in advance. ‘These people find it the cheapest jelly fruit in the market, in spite of the fact that the express charges are from $1 to $1.50 a crate. Even ata cost of $2.50 to $3a crate delivered, it is considered the cheapest jelly fruit obtainable. The cost of the jelly when made by the private consumer amounts to less than 10 cents a glass, including the cost of tumblers. On the market the same quantity costs 20 to 30 cents. For transportation to northern markets the fruit has to be picked when it is just turning yellow. The guavas are then wrapped singly and placed in ** carriers,” six of which fill a tomato crate. For points as readily accessible as Washington, D. C., the fruit, without wrapping, may be put in car- riers and shipped. Trial shipments have been made to the best fruit stores in the larger eastern cities, but they can not handle guavas profitably, since the fruit decays so soon. No extensive guava orchards have been planted, as the market has been somewhat uncertain. During the height of the season the jelly factories usually take all the fruit offered them at 75 cents to $la bushel. These prices are remunerative, since the fruit is merely shaken from the trees, picked up, and delivered. For shipping pur- poses the uniform charge for the fruit is $1 a crate. In the southern extremity of Florida, in addition to the regular crop, there are guavas ripening throughout the entire year. These find ready sale in the local markets at good prices. JELLY AND OTHER CONSERVES. Large quantities of guava jelly are annually imported from Porto Rico and Cuba in addition to that made in Florida. In color this jelly varies from light amber to dark wine. For commercial purposes the latter is preferred. -.2 1S 135 1.15 1 common boards............. 6. 36 769 8. 46 2.common hoerdgsi2 oc: 1s555 1. 03 125 | 1,12 Clear finish ~~ .vsccn usec e me | 26 .57 Sigrimish os. s.on 5. de ee ete Sl if: 21 . 42 1 common dimension .......- 67. 86 8,203 | 82.03 2 common dimension ........ 14. 49 1,751 | 14.45 Aas oy ee Sols Seipeeas es eS ee 100. 00 12, 088 119. 87 Average value per M board BOOU LR ss CEE tes AR ea een see tone 9, 92 From the above table, then, it appears that the market value of the lumber sawed from these top logs averages $9.92 per 1,000 feet. The practical question for the company was, therefore, could it afford to manufacture this lumber which it can sell for only $9.92 % It may be said in this connection that the course which market prices have taken since the spring of 1904 has been such as to dispel all doubts as to whether such lumber as the above is worth taking. Many lum- ber companies in the southern pine belt which would not saw top logs two years ago are now using their trees far up into the limbs. The excuse for waste in logging is now less than ever before. Neverthe- iess, the essential fact remains that the higher the stumpage price the less is the incentive to a lumber company to take the lower grades, and the greater the importance to the timberland owner of protecting his interests by specifying for utilization of all merchantable timber and by providing for adequate inspection to enforce observance of con- tract terms. Lumber companies which are operating on their own lands are much less likely to leave good timber in the woods, though even here the conservatism of established custom tends to retard the use of up-to-date methods; but the seller of stumpage must expect to lose if he does not require the purchaser to pay for all merchantable timber left on the ground through wasteful logging. The conclusions in regard to merchantable timber left on the ground in tops, etc., are that—- (1) The amount of waste, if 16 feet is assumed as the shortest merchantable log length, was 667 feet per acre; if 12 feet, 962 per acre. (2) The market value of the lumber which this waste would saw out was $9.92 per 1,000 feet. WASTE IN LOGGING SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE. 489 WASTE IN HIGH STUMPS. The fixation of stump heights is, in any case, purely arbitrary, for the object is simply to have the small trees as well as the Jarge trees cut as reasonably low as possible. It is believed that a stump height of 24 inches for sound trees 24 inches and over on the stump at 2 feet above the ground, and of 18 inches for sound trees under 24 inches on the stump, would in this particular case have given the best results. On this basis the waste in cutting high stumps on the land company’s tract was calculated. It appeared that the average stump height for trees 24 inches and over on the stump was 29 inches; for trees under 24 inches on the stump, 27 inches; and that this represented a loss of 218 board feet per acre, or 1.85 per cent of the total yield. It is significant that the largest lumber companies in the South are now beginning to cut low stumps, usually 24 inches high, against 30 to 36 inches formerly, realizing thereby a slight profit not only in the quantity of lumber saved, but especially in its quality. However, where no discrimination is exercised in cutting low stumps, this profit will decrease proportionately with the increase of trees with damaged butts. Only sound-butted trees will yield a profit on low stumps. What is supposed to be gained in the woods by cutting trees with damaged butts too low is lost in the mill at the trimmer, where the original length may be reduced by at least 2 feet. The indiscriminate cutting of low stumps is especially impractical when a mill is sawing bill stock, logs of specified lengths being cut in the woods to fill a particular order. The stumps measured were separated into three classes—(1) sound, (2) pitchy, and (3) doty or rotten. Of the stumps on 333.5 acres, 7.4 per cent were pitchy; 4.8 per cent doty. There were, then, 87.8 per cent of sound stumps, which could have been cut on an average 4 to 13 inches lower, thereby saving 218 board feet per acre to the land company. A pitchy stump results from a scar, and fire is usually the agent which makes the scar. In the natural healing process a copious exu- dation of pitch from the wound takes place, in consequence of which the wood becomes pitch-streaked to a depth proportionate with the size of the scar. This condition produces what are ordinarily known to the loggers as rich, fat, or pitchy stumps, so common on burned areas. Fire-scarred timber saws out most of the pitch-streaked lumber culled at the mill. As a prominent lumberman expressed it, ‘‘ Every tree with a defective butt is a separate proposition, about which no hard and fast rule as to a low stump can be laid down.” The conclusion, then, is that a low stump height should be enforced in the case of all sound-butted trees, and that this will result, in an appreciable gain to both the land company and the lumber company— to the one from an increase in the amount of timber, to the other more especially from the high quality of lumber thus secured. 490 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, USE OF SKID POLES. A large number of young trees, 5 to 8 inches in diameter, are cut for skid poles. Where logs are loaded by a cross-haul team, ground skids are essential. For this purpose inferior and unhealthy trees should be selected in preference to thrifty, growing trees. The basis for a future yield must be the growing trees which remain standing after logging. Therefore, indiscriminate cutting of small trees will tend to diminish the future yield. The number of skid poles was counted on several switches of varying lengths. The result is shown in detail in the following table, the feature of which is the high percentage of sap poles. The terms ‘‘sap” and ‘‘heart” used in the table refer respectively to thrifty, growing trees, and to unhealthy or matured slow-growing trees. When standing they are distinguished entirely by the appearance of the bark, which in the former is loose, exfoliat- ing, and furrowed; in the latter, comparatively smooth and tight. ‘*Sap” and ‘‘ heart” are terms perfectly intelligible to the logger, and have been used as the best means of distinguishing between what should and what should not be cut for skid poles. Skid poles cut for 8.28 miles of switches, through southern pine forest yielding about 10,000 board feet per acre. Number of poles. —| Percent- Class of pole. For en- age - tire Per Per Sines length of| mile. | section. ’ switches. SON wnicwe ss seeweneenes 885 107 28 63 Heart if 5554). tees 484 58 351 34 Cell = ee oe ee 39 5 641 3 ‘POLAR 22 oo ss oe 1, 408 170 1, 020 100 Of the total number of sap trees destroyed by logging, it was found that about one-fifth were cut for skid poles. The number of skid poles required varies with the amount of timber cut. Ifa section of land will require 6 miles of tramway, the above table shows that upward of a thousand skid poles are necessary. Itis possible to check up this estimate—a conservative one—as follows: If the average acre yields 10,000 board feet, the whole section will yield 6,400,000 feet. One skidway is allowed to about every 12,000 board feet logged; if two skid poles are allowed to askidway, the total number of poles per section is 1,066, which is practically the same as the number shown in the above table. This estimate is very con- servative, for often third and fourth poles of 2 to 3 inches in diameter are placed alongside the larger poles to ease the skidding cart over the latter. WASTE IN LOGGING SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE. 491 Where a steam loader operates no ground skids are necessary, for the loader can pick up logs from the ground or from a skidway with equal ease. Where, however, it is impossible to load the logs until some time after cutting, skid poles are desirable to prevent them com- ing in contact with the ground, owing to the possible bluing of the sapwood which might occur. It might appear feasible to haul the poles from an old switch and relay them on a new one, thus keeping the same skids in use continu- ously. Such, however, is not the case, for the reason that the skid- ways are filled with logs before the track is laid. To conclude, in the use of skid poles, dead, dying, and deformed trees and those trees distinguished by the loggers as heart trees, also hardwoods where available, should be used in preference to thrifty sap trees, which are important for the future stand. CORDUROY. During the rainy season in the Gulf States, beginning about Novem- ber and continuing usually through March, the ground is more or less soft and boggy, with the result that in many localities logging is extremely difficult, so that corduroying is indispensable. Small trees of about 3 to § inches in diameter are used for this purpose. They are cut into 12-foot lengths and laid crosswise and close together on the right of way. This gives the ties a solid floor to rest on, and so keeps the rails above the surface of the bog. In selecting corduroy, as in selecting small trees for skid poles, absolutely no discretion, as a rule, is exercised. Letters of R. M. Crockett, Pulaski, Va.; Prof. William B. Alwood, Blacksburg, Va.; H. C. Wysor, Dublin, Va.; J. W. Stoneman, Cap, Va., and S. D. Stoneman, Gambetta, Va., 1901-6. 495 496 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ‘*Zach Red,” but as neither of these appears to have been published they are not admitted as synonyms. About 1850 Mr, Stoneman named the variety ‘‘ Virginia Beauty,” under which name it appears to have been first catalogued and offered for sale soon after 1871 by the Franklin Davis Nursery Company, then of Richmond, Va., which began its propagation in nursery in that year.“ So far as known, it has no published synonyms. ‘The earliest published description appears to be that contained in the Report of the Pomologist of the Depart- ment of Agriculture for 1895, page 36. Though apparently never extensively advertised or illustrated, the Virginia Beauty is now quite widely distributed throughout the mountain region of Virginia and North Carolina, and is recognized as u promising variety for like latitudes, at least as far west as eastern Nebraska. Its mild flavor, which closely approximates sweetness, is highly appreciated in southern markets, where the variety commands a premium on this account, and accordingly it is being considerably planted as a commercial variety in the mountain region referred to. DESCRIPTION. Form quite variable, ranging from oblate to roundish oblong; size medium to large; surface smooth, glossy; color dark yellow, almost entirely covered with purplish red, showing occasional dim stripes of darker red; dots variable, numerous, russet, some indented; cavity irregular, of medium size and gradual slope, sometimes lipped and usually russeted; stem short, rather stout, frequently bearing bracts; basin regular, small, shallow, slightly furrowed and lumpy; calyx segments thin, converging; eye medium, closed; skin moderately thick and tenacious; flesh greenish yellow, fine grained, tender, juicy; core medium to large, conical, clasping; seeds numerous, of medium size, short, plump, brown; flavor mild subacid, almost sweet; quality good to very good for dessert use in the fresh state and for baking. Season, October to February in the mountain region of North Carolina and Virginia. The tree is reported to be a moderately strong, rather upright grower, becoming somewhat pendulous after reaching bearing age. The specimen illustrated on Plate LVIII was grown near Taylors- ville, Alexander County, N. C. CARSON APPLE. [PLATE LIX.] The original tree of this variety was obtained about 1835 by a relative of Mr. Nathan Moore, of Toledo, Ohio, from a small apple seedling nursery in Wood County, Ohio, owned by a family named Carson. When it came into bearing, about 1850, it was so attractive «Letter of W. T. Hood, Richmond, Va., March 28, 1906. PLATE LVIII Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 190! PLATE LIX. CARSON APPLE. s/ULIUS BIEN £ COON Y PLATE LX. 1905 Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, CROCKER PEAR. PROMISING NEW FRUITS. 497 in appearance and of such excellent quality that Mr. Moore began its propagation and dissemination in northern Ohio about 1855 under the name ‘‘ Carson,” which it has ever since borne. ‘The earliest publication of the name appears to have been in the report of the Kentucky State Fruit Committee in the Proceedings of the American Pomological Society for 1875 (p. 185), where it was recommended for planting in the central and southern portions of Kentucky. Its excellent record for productiveness, beauty, and quality in northern Ohio for a half century renders it worthy of experimental planting throughout the Lake region and the New England States, both for the home orchard and as a commercial variety. DESCRIPTION. Form oblate, sometimes slightly conical; size large; surface smooth, with occasional russet knobs and patches; color pale yellow, washed, splashed, and narrowly striped with bright crimson; dots rather large, conspicuous, and protruding; cavity medium, regular, deep, russeted; stem of medium length and rather slender; basin very large, deep, abrupt, furrowed, and sometimes russeted; calyx segments converg- ing; eye large, closed; skin thin, tough; flesh yellowish, with satiny luster when fresh cut; texture fine, tender, juicy; core small, broad, oval, clasping, nearly closed; seeds few, plump, medium, brown; flavor subacid, pleasant; quality very good. Season, November to March in northern Ohio. Tree vigorous and upright in habit, very productive. The specimen illustrated on Plate LIX was grown near Toledo, Ohio. CROCKER PEAR. (Synonym: Crocker Bartlett. ) [PLATE LX.] One of the most evident needs of the American commercial pear grower is an attractive winter variety of good dessert quality that is at the same time productive and at least fairly resistant to blight. Most of the European winter varieties thus far tested in this country have failed in one or more of these important particulars when trans- ferred to America, so that the supply of desirable winter sorts is rarely equal to the demand of our domestic markets. One of the most promising new varieties in this field is the ‘‘Crocker,” which appears to have originated in a small orchard planted by gold miners on the American River, near Loomis, Cal., about 1850 to 1860. This orchard, which consisted of about 4 acres of apples, pears, peaches, and plums, with some grapes and figs, was purchased by Mr. L. L. Crocker in 1872.4 It then contained a thicket of some 50 young pear 4 Letters of L. L. Crocker, February, 1905. 3 al905—— 32 498 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. sprouts surrounding an older tree of an unrecognized winter variety. Desiring to clear the ground to make way for planting other trees, Mr. Crocker noticed fruit upon some of these young trees, which were evidently suckers from the stock upon which the old tree had been budded or grafted. He therefore deferred their destruction until the end of the season, to permit the fruit to ripen. The pears remained on the trees until December, when they began falling, although still hard and inedible. Specimens that were laid away ripened gradually from January until the end of winter and were of such excellent quality that Mr. Crocker transplanted five of the largest sprouts to his orchard, where they are still bearing annual crops. Later he began the nursery propagation of the variety, and gradually increased his plantings of it until he now has over 3,000 bearing trees. It is locally known as the ‘‘ Crocker Bartlett,” and has been disseminated under that name by Mr. Crocker since 1902. It has but recently begun to attract attention elsewhere, but is considered worthy of testing in eastern pear districts. DESCRIPTION. Form oblong, obovate, pyriform, somewhat angular; size medium to large; surface rather smooth; color rich golden yellow, somewhat netted and overspread with russet; dots minute, russet; stem medium +o long, rather slender, inserted obliquely, with little or no depression; basin of medium size, regular, deep, abrupt, russeted, and furrowed; calyx segments rather small, converging; eye small, closed; skinsrather thick, but quite tender; flesh yellowish, buttery, juicy, with some woody granules near core; core of medium size, oval, slightly open, meeting the eye; seeds short, plump, round, rather numerous; flavor mild subacid to sweet and very rich; quality very good. The tree is reported to be a vigorous grower, thus far free from blight, and regularly productive. The fruit is somewhat subject to scab in the locality of its origin, and therefore needs to be sprayed to protect against this disease. Season, January to March in Placer County, Cal. The specimen illustrated on Plate LX was grown at Loomis, Cal. EVERBEARING PEACH. [PLATE LXI.] The so-called ‘‘ Spanish” group of peaches, which is supposed to have been introduced into both Mexico and our own Gulf region by the early Spanish explorers and missionaries, is in some respects our most interesting group of peaches. It unquestionably attained wider distri- bution in the United States during the period of exploration and col- onization which preceded the development of commercial peach culture Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905 PLATE LX]. EVERBEARING PEACH ee s hank 4% at ae sw PROMISING NEW FRUITS. 499 than the so-called ‘* Persian” group, to which most of our older cultivated varieties belong. Hunters and trappers, and even the Indians, appear to have aided in the dissemination of these peaches in many sections, so that the early settlers in many parts of the Mississippi Valley and the Upper Lake regions found the type so firmly established in certain localities as to appear indigenous. From the Gulf to the Great Lakes it was thor- oughly established by the beginning of the nineteenth century, reach- ing its northern limit of planting in orchard form, so far as known to the writer, in the so-called ‘‘ Indian peach orchard” on the Kalamazoo River, near the present village of Douglas, Mich., where a bearing orchard of 300 trees was found by the settlers when they reached there, about 1834. In the mountain regions of southwestern Virginia, western North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee there are numerous seedling orchards of the type still in existence, and it is a significant fact that in recent years nurserymen throughout the Northern and Eastern States are turning to that region for sound and disease-free seed for planting. Notwithstanding the early introduction and wide distribution of the type under such names as ‘‘ Indian Peach,” ‘‘ Indian Cling,” ‘* Squaw Peach,” etc., it has given rise to but few varieties that have been con- sidered worthy of perpetuation by budding. The ‘* Columbia,” which Coxe originated in New Jersey from a seed taken from Georgia, was for many years after its description in 1817 apparently the only described variety. At the present time there are but few varieties, and most of these are restricted in their planting to the region in close proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, to which they appear to be better adapted than those of any other group. None of these has yet attained distinct commercial importance, but several are highly esteemed for home use. A marked characteristic of this group is that certain individual trees have a long blossoming period and a correspondingly long season in which the fruit matures. It is this that gives special value to the ‘‘ Everbearing,” a variety which originated about 1885 in the garden of a Mrs. Page, at Cuthbert, Ga. Blossoming, as it does, through a period of several weeks, it rarely fails to set a fair crop of fruit, while the fruit in turn ripens through a period of from six to twelve weeks on the same tree. The variety was named and disseminated by the P. J. Berckmans Company, of Augusta, Ga., in 1897. It has been found insufficiently hardy in New Jersey, but is considered worthy of planting for home use throughout the recognized peach districts of the South. It is not recommended as a commercial peach, as the peculiar color and long ripening season would doubtless prevent it from becoming a profitable market sort. 5UO YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DESCRIPTION, Form roundish conical; size medium to large, the later ripening fruits being smaller than the earlier ones; cavity large, regular, deep, abrupt; stem rather stout; suture shallow; apex rather prominent; surface smooth, thickly covered with long, loose, velvety down; color greenish white, striped and mottled with purplish red; skin thick, tenacious; flesh whitish, considerably stained and veined with red, meaty, tender, and juicy; stone of medium size, oval, free; flavor subacid, rich; quality good to very good. Season, July 1 to September 1 or later in southern Georgia. Tree vigorous, compact, productive; glands reniform; flowers large. - The specimen illustrated on Plate LXI was grown at Augusta, Ga. GOLDEN PLUM. (Synonym: Gold.) [PLATE LXII.] Of the hybrid plums originated by Luther Burbank that have been introduced for a sufficient time to render a forecast of their climatic requirements possible, this variety appears adapted to the widest geo- graphical range. The original tree was grown in 1887 or 1888, by Mr. Burbank, from a seed of Robinson (Prunus angustifolia), which was the result of a cross with pollen of Abundance (synonyms Botan, Yel- low-jleshed Botan, Sweet Botan of Burbank, but not of others), one of the best known and most widely grown of the Japanese plums in America. It was named ‘* Golden” by Mr. Burbank in 1892, and a brief description of the variety, based on specimens submitted by him, was | published in the Report of the Pomologist of the Department of Agri- culture for that year.“ It was catalogued and illustrated by Mr. Bur- bank under this name in his catalogue of New Creations in Fruits and Flowers, June, 1893. About that time the original tree and the right of introduction were purchased by the Stark Brothers Nurseries and Orchards Company, of Louisiana, Mo., which catalogued it for dissemi- nation in the autumn of 1894 under the name ‘* Gold,” which was registered as a trade-mark in the United States Patent Office on Feb- ruary 26, 1895. The prior application and publication of the name ‘**Golden” entitles it to precedence under the code of nomenclature of the American Pomological Society and has, therefore, been generally adopted by pomologists. The variety has been planted in most of our plum districts, and, while not of the highest dessert quality, is a hardy, productive, and excellent fruit in most of the territory where either the Japanese or the Chickasaw plums succeed. «Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 1892, p. 263. PROMISING NEW FRUITS. 5OL DESCRIPTION, Form globular to globular oblate; size medium to large; cavity of medium size, deep and abrupt; stem of medium length, rather slender; suture shallow, except at apex, which is slightly depressed; surface golden yellow, lightly blushed with carmine when well ripened and covered with thin bloom; dots numerous, russet or gray; skin moder- ately thick, tenacious, rather acid, and when picked prematurely quite bitter; stone small to medium, oval, cling; flesh yellowish, translucent, with yellow veins, tender and juicy, yet firm enough to endure ship- ment well; flavor rich, subacid, pleasant; quality good to very good. Season medium, about July 20 to 30 at Augusta, Ga.; reported by Mr. Burbank to ripen through a period of five or six weeks during July and August in Sonoma County, Cal. Tree dwarfish and compact, with small foliage, resembling its Chickasaw rather than its Japanese parent in these respects, a good bearer, and apparently hardy throughout all but the coldest plum districts. It is apparently particularly well adapted to the South Atlantic and Gulf States. The specimens illustrated on Plate LXII were grown at Augusta, Ga. DAMSON. PLUMS. [PLATE LXIII.] In the effort on the part of commercial fruit growers and nursery- men to secure plums of large size and bright color that are suitable for dessert use in the fresh state as well as for cooking, the value of this important group of culinary plums has been largely overlooked in recent years. The production of damsons has lagged behind that of other plums, so that it may well be questioned whether the total product of this type now available in qur markets is as large as it was twenty-five years ago. The market demand for the fruit continues strong in practically all city markets, so that the average wholesale price of damsons is considerably higher in most of them than that of the Domestica, native, or Japanese plums. This is especially true of the later ripening varieties, the fruit of which is available for domestic preserving after city families return from their country outings. As the damsons are adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions and are, as a rule, quite regularly productive, the present outlook appears to favor an increase in their commercial planting in the districts where they are known to succeed. This is especially true of varieties and districts that yield fruit which can be marketed after September 15 in the larger cities. The varieties chiefly grown in this country are the ‘‘Common,” **Cluster,” ‘‘French,” and ‘‘Shropshire,” the last named being by 5OL YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. far the most extensively planted. Quite recently renewed interest in the damsons has brought to light several promising new sorts, of which the three following are considered worthy of ‘lustenean at this time: RILey. This variety was discovered as a chance seedling about 1890 on the grounds of Mr. J. N. Riley, at Washington C. H., Ohio. It has an excellent record for productiveness and is reported to be especially resistant to the black-knot. Mr. Riley began its propagation in a small way about 1890 and disseminated it locally without a name shortly thereafter. It was named ‘* Riley,” in honor of the originator, in 1901 by Messrs. McNary & Gaines, of Xenia, Ohio, and was intro- duced by them in 1902. DESCRIPTION. Form globular; size medium; cavity small, shallow, abrupt; stem slender and of medium length; suture very shallow; apex minute; surface moderately smooth, glossy; color very dark brownish purple, covered with a profuse bluish-white bloom; dots small, russet, indented; skin thick, brittle, without trace of bitterness; flesh yel- lowish, translucent, with yellow veins, meaty and juicy; stone of medium size, roundish oval, semiadherent; flavor subacid, rich; quality good to very good for culinary use. Season, August 15 to September 1 at Washington C. H., Ohio. The tree is reported to be a strong grower, both in nursery and in orchard, and very productive. The specimen illustrated on Plate L-XIII was grown at Washington Cy Ft. (bio. Scioro. This variety has been grown at Chillicothe, Ohio, formerly a noted damson district, for nearly seventy-five years, generally under the name ‘* Mussel,” but sometimes as ‘*‘ Chickasaw,” the name commonly applied to the native species Prunus angustifolia. It was brought to Chillicothe by Miss Palace Hill in 1831, in the form of young trees, from Petersburg, Va. These trees were from the nursery of her brother, Mr. Joseph C. Hill, who started a nursery on Halifax street, in that city, in 1820. The variety had been found by him on the farm of his brother, Mr. Thomas Hill, near Bollings Bridge, North Caro- lina, on the Roanoke River.¢ It isa damson of superior quality and is highly esteemed in Ross County, Ohio. It is reputed to reproduce itself very closely through its seedlings, though commonly propagated by sprouts. So far as known, it has not been formally named and «Statements of William E. Hill, Chillicothe, Ohio, January, 1906, through letters of William B. Mills. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905. PLATE LX\l. ra é GOLDEN PLUM. PLATE LXIll. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905 RILEY Scrano: PRINGLE. DAMSON PLUMS. “we ° | | | | Py. +s! a ¥ 3 ‘ PROMISING NEW FRUITS. 508 introduced. It has been gratuitously disseminated in recent years under the name ‘‘Scioto” by Mr. William B. Mills, of Chillicothe, Ohio. DESCRIPTION, Form oblong to obovate; size medium to large for a damson; cavity small, shallow; stem medium in length, slender; suture very shallow; apex minute; surface smooth; color very dark purplish brown, almost black, covered with a profuse bluish bloom; dots minute, russet; skin moderately thick, tenacious, without bitterness; flesh yellowish green with whitish veins, meaty, firm, and moderately juicy; stone oval, free, small; flavor rich, subacid; quality good to very good, both in the fresh state and when cooked. Season, August 20 to 30 in Ross County, Ohio. Tree a vigorous, upright grower, more spreading than most of the damsons, and very productive. The specimen illustrated on Plate L-XILI was grown at Chillicothe, Ohio. PRINGLE. This variety was discovered as a sprout from the stock of a Lombard plum tree in the orchard of Mr. A. C. Pringle, at Mears, Mich. The Lombard tree had been brought from a nursery at Geneva, N. Y., in 1863. After the sprout began bearing, the lateness of its fruit attracted attention, and the high prices received for it in the Chicago market led to its propagation and dissemination under the name ‘“‘ Pringle,” by E. Hawley & Sons, of Hart, Mich., about 1896. DESCRIPTION, Form roundish oval; size large for this type; cavity regular, small, shallow; stem rather long, stout; suture shallow; apex slightly depressed; surface very smooth and glossy; color dark blue, covered with bright blue bloom; dots numerous, minute; skin moderately thick, tenacious, somewhat bitter; flesh translucent, greenish, with yellow veins, meaty and juicy; stone rather large, oval, adherent; flavor mild subacid; quality good for culinary use. Season late, Octo- ber 1 to 15 in Oceana County, Mich. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, but rather slender, with very smooth wood and few spines. Unites well with myrobalan stock, but not at all with peach. The specimen illustrated on Plate LXIII was grown at Hart, Mich. EULALIA LOQUAT. [PLATE LXIV.] The loquat continues to attract interest in subtropical districts, especially in southern California, and several originators are now giy- ing special attention to the development of improved varieties. One 04 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. »f the most interesting yet introduced is the Eulalia, which was origi- ated by Mr. M. Payan, of Olive, Cal., as one of several seedlings ‘rom seed of the ‘‘Advance”® planted by him in 1897. The Advance ree from which the seed was secured stood beside a red-fruited seed- ing tree, which is supposed to be the staminate parent. When the seedling bore its first crop in 1893 the red color of its fruit, which »xtends through the flesh as a distinct pinkish tinge, attracted atten- ion, and Mr. Payan at once began its propagation. He at first named t ‘*Red Eulalia,” but in May, 1904, reduced this to ‘* Eulalia,” in con- formity with the code of nomenclature of the American Pomological Society. So far as known to the writer the variety has not been pre- viously published or described. Its dissemination was begun by Mr. Payan in 1905. DESCRIPTION. Form truncate pyriform to obovate pyriform, borne in large, rather loose terminal clusters on stout woolly stems inserted without depres- sion; surface smooth, sparsely covered with light down; apex depressed; basin irregular, abrupt, corrugated; calyx segments broad, short, lowny, converging; eye medium, partially open; color orange yellow, blushed, and washed with red when tree-ripened and overspread with a thin bloom; dots numerous, aureole, light gray; skin thick, tough, acid; flesh pinkish, translucent, orange, melting, tender, very juicy; seals of medium size, rather numerous; flavor subacid; soalie good, Season, February to Nags in Orange ee , Cal. The tree is reported to be a rather vigorous grower, spreading and productive, and has thus far snown no blight. The cluster illustrated on Plate LXIV was grown at Olive, Cal., and is rather below the usual size of the variety grown at that place. PECANS. [PLATE LXV.}] Interest in the pecan as an orchard nut continues to increase, and a large number of named varieties are now offered by southern nursery- men in the form of budded and grafted trees. Aside from the ten varieties described and illustrated in 1904° but few of these have yet been fruited outside of the localities where they originated or on other than their original trees. Of the numerous new sorts that have come under the observation of the writer, the following are considered dis- tinctly promising and worthy of test in their respective climatic regions. a For an illustration of the Advance loquat, see Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1901, Pl. LIL. > Promising New Fruits, Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1904, pp. 405-416, Pls. LVI and LVII. | PROMISING NEW FRUITS. BOS Ho.tuis. (Synonyms: Jlollis’s Jumbo; Jumbo; Risien, through error; Posts Select, in part; Georgia Belle.) The original tree of this variety is a wild seedling which was dis- covered on the Colorado River bottom, on the farm of the late Thomas Hollis, near Bend, San Saba County, Tex., now owned by Mr. P. B. McCoury. It is reported to be from 75 to 100 years old, 100 feet high, and 34 feet in diameter. -It has averaged about 300 pounds of nuts per annum for several years, and yielded 540 pounds in 1905.4 This original tree has long had a high local reputation in the region of its origin, where it has been known as ‘‘ Jumbo” and ‘‘ Hollis’s Jumbo.” It appears to have been first propagated by Mr. E. E. Risien, of San Saba, Tex., about 1884, he having received scions of it from the late Dr. Gregg, of that place. Its general introduction under the name Hollis appears due to Mr. C. Falkner, of Waco, Tex., who began its nursery propagation about 1900. Since that time it has been consid- erably disseminated throughout central and eastern Texas by top-graft- ing.and through nursery stock. Nuts from the original tree are reported to have been exhibited at the New Orleans Exposition in 1884-85 by Mr. F. H. Holloway, then of Burnet, but now-of Fairland, Tex.? Nuts from the same tree have been widely sold for seed since about 1899 under the name ‘‘ Post’s Select,” which had previously been applied to the Fost, an entirely distinct variety.“ Specimens of the Hollis, received from Mr. F. M. Ramsey, then of Bluffton, Tex., in 1891, under the name ‘‘ Jumbo,” were described and illustrated under that name in 1896,“ and other specimens received from Mr. E. E. Risien, San Saba, Tex., in November, 1890, without name, appear to have been erroneously described and illustrated under the name ‘ Risien” in the same publication.§¢ DESCRIPTION. Size medium to large, averaging about 45 to 50 to the pound; form roundish oblong, with very blunt base and apex, very regular and symmetrical; color rather dull yellowish brown, with numerous pur- ple splashes; shell thick, with partitions thick but soft, rendering the cracking quality good; kernel short, plump, rather dark in color, broadly grooved, releasing the shell easily, and of excellent form for confectioners’ use; texture firm, but rather coarse; flavor sweet; quality > Letter of Mrs. M. E. Hollis, Lometa, Tex., March, 1906. ‘See Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1904, p. 411, Pl. LVII. ¢Nut Culture in the United States, Division of Pomology, Department of Agricul- ture, p. 63, Pl. IX, fig. 7. ¢Nut Culture in the United States, Division of Pomology, Department of Agricul- ture, p. 64, Pl. VIII, fig. 14. 506, YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The Hollis tree is a strong, rather upright grower, with stout, light- gray wood, showing large yellowish dots. The crop is said to run very uniform in size, and the nuts fill well. It is recommended for testing throughout eastern and central Texas and northward toward the limits of the range of the pecan. The nuts illustrated on Plate LXV were grown at Bend, Tex., by the present owner of the original tree. MoNEYMAKER. The original tree of the Moneymaker variety is one of a large num- ber of seedlings in the orchard grown by Mr. S. H. James, Mound, La., from nuts planted by him about 1885. The nuts planted were purchased in New Orleans by Mr. James, and are supposed to have erown somewhere west of that city, between New Orleans and the Texas boundary. The seedlings from this lot of seed are quite distinct in habit of growth, color of bark, and foliage from the pecans of the Mississippi Valley, resembling more closely the characteristic Texas form of the species. The original Moneymaker tree began bearing at an early age, and has continued to increase its yield almost without interruption ina very satisfactory way. When examined by the writer in October, 1902, it was a beautiful, spreading tree, and had just yielded a crop of about 130 pounds of nuts. Mr. James began the propagation of the variety by budding and grafting in 1898, having catalogued it under the name ‘*‘ Moneymaker” about 1896. DESCRIPTION. Size medium, averaging 50 to 60 nuts per pound; form roundish oblong to roundish conical, rounded at base, usually with rather blunt apex; color bright brownish yellow with few purple splashes; shell rather thick, with thin partitions, cracking well; kernel roundish oblong, plump, bright, and rather broadly grooved, releasing the shell easily; texture moderately firm and compact, rather dry; flavor sweet; quality good to very good. The crop runs very uniform in size and the nuts fill well. The tree is a strong, spreading grower, with large pale-green foliage, young wood pale green covered with light bloom, and with large dots. The hulls are nearly round and very bright in color, giving the fruit- ing tree an aspect quite like the Persian walnut (/uglans regia). The thrift and productiveness of this variety in the latitude of Vicks- burg, Miss., where it originated, render it promising for test in the more northern pecan districts, where hardiness is likely to be an important point. The specimens illustrated on Plate LXV were grown at Mound, La. a Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905. PLATE LXIV. EULALIA LOQUAT. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905 PLATE LXV. -YOUNG. EI Schutte PECAN VARIETIES. JUCIUS BIEN S CO M%¥ ‘1. mae oe s% a Me Lis ya PROMISING NEW FRUITS. 507 SCHLEY. (Synonym: Admiral Schley. ) This variety is a seedling of the Stuart, grown from nuts from the original tree of that variety at Pascagoula, Miss., planted about 1881 by Mr. A. G. Delmas, Scranton, Miss., upon whose grounds the origi- nal tree of the Schley still stands. It is considered by the originator the best of a large number of seedlings grown by him. He named it ‘Schley ” in 1898, and began its propagation by top-grafting in 1900. In 1902 Mr. D. L. Pierson, of Monticello, Fla., secured scions from the original tree and catalogued and introduced it as ‘‘Admiral Schley,” under which name it has been quite widely disseminated. DESCRIPTION. Size medium to large, quite variable, ranging from 45 to 60 per pound; form quite variable, oblong conic to long obovate, with conical apex; color golden brown, with few purple splashes toward apex; shell very thin, partitions thin and brittle, cracking very easily; kernel long, slender, bright, rather deeply and narrowly grooved, but releasing the shell so easily that the entire kernel can readily be removed with- out mutilation; texture fine grained; flavor delicate, sweet, and rich; quality very good. The thinness of shell, attractive color, and fine quality of this nut leave little to be desired in a dessert pecan, but the slenderness of the kernel is objectionable from the confectioner’s standpoint. The crop is quite variable as to quantity, and the nuts vary considerably in size and form. The tree is a rather slender grower, with bright brownish-green young wood, with numerous large, light dots. The original tree, now 25 years old, bore about 125 pounds of nuts in 1905. The variety should be tested in all districts near the Gulf of Mexico. The nuts illustrated on Plate LXV were grown at Scranton, Miss. SUCCESS. The original tree of the Success pecan-stands on the grounds of the late William B. Schmidt, at Ocean Springs, Miss., where it was grown from a nut supposed to have been planted by him about 1890. The attractiveness and superior quality of its crop were noticed by Mr. Theodore Bechtel in 1901, who began its propagation in the spring of 1902. ‘The variety was named and introduced by Mr. Bechtel in 1903. DESCRIPTION. Size large, running about 45 to 50 nuts per pound; form oblong, with rather sharply conical base and blunt apex; color grayish brown, with rather heavy purple stripes, especially toward apex; shell of 5O8 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, medium thickness, with moderately thick partitions and fair cracking quality; kernel roundish oval, plump, bright, somewhat flaky in texture, but of pleasant flavor and very good quality. Tree vigorous, rather upright, and regularly productive so far as observed. Promising for the Gulf region. The original tree has been crowded by neighboring seedlings until recently, so that it is smaller than most pecan trees of its age in the same locality, but it yielded 45 pounds of nuts in 1905. The specimen illustrated on Plate LXV was grown on the original tree at Ocean Springs, Miss. Youna. The original tree of the Young pecan is a planted tree, probably 60 or 70 years old, in the grounds of Mr. C. B. Delahoussaye in St. Mar- tinsville, La. The parentage and early history of the tree are at present unknown. ‘The large size and thinness of shell of the nuts borne by this tree attracted the attention of Mr. B. M. Young, of Morgan City, La., about 1891, who propagated it by top-grafting in 1895. It was named ‘‘ Young” by Burnette in 1902, and was first cata- logued for dissemination by J. F. Jones & Son, Monticello, Fla., in 1904. The Young bears a striking resemblance in both tree and nut to the Russell, and, as it is much older, is possibly the parent of that variety. DESCRIPTION. Size medium to large, running about 50 to 60 nuts to the pound; form compressed, ovate conical, with pointed base and sharply conical apex; color rather dark grayish brown, with a few purplish splashes toward apex; shell very thin, cracking very easily; partitions thin and soft; kernel bright, oblong, symmetrical, releasing the shell easily, but not always plump at tip; texture fine; flavor delicate and rich; quality very good. The tree is a vigorous grower, of rather pendulous habit, with slender brownish-green wood, conspicuously dotted. It has a good record for productiveness in recent years and is a promising fancy table nut for the Gulf region. The specimen illustrated on Plate LXV was grown at Morgan City, La. TRAPP AVOCADO. (PLATE LXVL.] The avocado (Persea gratissima), variously known in the Tropics as ‘avocado pear,” ‘‘avocate,” ‘‘ aguacate,” ‘‘alligator pear,” ** midship- man’s butter,” ‘‘ palta,” ‘‘ vegetable marrow,” etc., has in recent years @Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 69, second series, p. 874. | Yearoook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905 PLATE LXVI TRAPP AVOCADO JUUUS BIEN 6 CO. MN PROMISING NEW FRUITS. 509 assumed distinct commercial importance in southern Florida. It occupies a rather unique position among tree fruits, inasmuch as it is chiefly used as a salad, so that it has been very properly designated by Collins *‘a salad fruit.” The name “alligator pear,” under which it is known to English-speaking people in Florida and the West Indies, and which is commonly applied to it in our markets, is a regrettable misnomer, as the species belongs to the laurel family, is subtropical in its climatic requirements, and has little in common with the pear. The forms commonly found in Florida are almost tropical, enduring little more frost than the mango, though a form introduced into the United States from Mexico by the Division of Pomology in 1893 is proving considerably hardier both in California and in Florida than the sorts usually grown. While avocados have long been prized in the West Indies and Florida for home consumption, there does not appear to have been any considerable demand for them in northern markets until about 1887, when Mr. P. W. Reasoner notes’ that one firm in the New York market handled from 300 to 500 West Indian fruits per week during the season from June to November. Shipments from south Florida to northern markets began about as soon as express transportation was available, and many small plantings of seedlings are now found on the east coast, mostly below Palm Beach, and on the neighboring keys. The seedlings are exceedingly variable in productiveness and in the size, form, color, flavor, and time of ripening of the fruit, as noted by Rolfs,‘and not until its bud propagation was mastered was it _ possible for planters to perpetuate particular individual varieties. | The earliest commercial budding appears to have been done by Mr. _ George B. Cellon, Miami, Fla., in 1901, and since that time budded _ trees of several desirable varieties have been planted in considerable numbers in that region. From the commercial standpoint one of the most important features is lateness of ripening, so that the fresh-picked fruit can be marketed in the North from October to December. Of the varieties that are known to be of this character, the ‘‘ Trapp” has been most widely propagated. This variety appears to have originated as one of a lot of seedlings \grown from seed planted about 1894 by the late Mr. S. C. Trapp in his garden at Cocoanut Grove, Fla. The fruit from which the seed was taken is supposed by Mrs. Trapp to have come from Key West. ‘The original tree is now about 10 to 20 feet in height and is in healthy condition. Its late ripening habit and other desirable qualities having | ; “Bul. 77, Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, ‘‘The Avocado, a salad Fruit from the Tropics,’’ 1905. » Bul. 1, Division of Pomology, Department of Agriculture, p. 40. ¢ Bul. 61, Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, ‘‘The Avocado in ‘lorida,’’ pp. 21-23, 1904. 510 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. attracted attention, its propagation by budding was begun in 1901 by Mr. Cellon, who introduced the variety under the name ‘‘ Trapp” in the following year. DESCRIPTION, Form roundish oblate to oblate pyriform; size medium to large; cay- ity regular, small, shallow, with gradual slope, somewhat furrowed; stem stout; apex slightly depressed; surface smooth and undulating, with numerous brownish dots, some of which are indented; color pale green, with faint and indistinct pale-yellow stripes; skin very thick and tough, separating readily from the flesh; flesh fairly thick, firm, but smooth and rather oily in texture, ranging from pale green near the skin to greenish yellow next the seed cavity; flavor mild, pleasant; seed large, oblate, with loose seed coats, and loose in the cavity, some- times germinating in the fruit when allowed to remain late on the tree, though, so far as observed, without injury to either texture or flavor of flesh; quality very good. Season, from October 1 to Janu- ary in south Florida, occasional specimens having remained on the tree in good condition until March. The tree is reported to be a fairly vigorous grower and very productive. The striking commercial characteristic of the variety is its lateness of ripening, which renders it marketable for the midwinter holiday trade, when very high prices are realized. A large proportion of the budded trees thus far planted in Florida consists of this sort. The specimen from which the illustration on Plate LXVI was made was from. the original tree at Cocoanut Grove, Fla. CAUSES AFFECTING FARM VALUES. By Grorce K. Hoimss, Chief of Division of Foreign Markets, Bureau of Statistics. INCREASES OF LAST FIVE YEARS. A PROSPEROUS PERIOD. Farm real estate in the United States has gained in value in such a degree since the census of 1900 that an examination of the causes of this gain may be not only interesting, but instructive, to the economic student as well as to the practical agriculturist. Inquiries addressed to 45,000 State, county, and township crop correspondents in the autumn of 1905 secured reports which, when properly tabulated, establish the conclusion that at this time, about five years after the census, the real estate of farms, medium in quality and equipment of buildings and improvements, has increased in value 33.9 per cent. RATES OF INCREASE HIGHER SOUTH AND WEST. The highest percentage of increase, 40.3 per cent, was found in the South Central group of States, and close after that 40.2 per cent in the Western group. ‘Third in order is the South Atlantic group, with 386 per cent, while a close fourth place is held by the North Central States with an increase of 35.3 per cent. The lowest increase of the five groups of States into which the country is divided in the census reports occurred in the North Atlantic States, where it is 13.5 per cent. Corron FARMS LEAD.—The grouping of farms according to princi- pal sources of income adopted by the census was followed as nearly as possible in this investigation, and the computation of increase in value of medium farms per acre has been made for each group. The rate of increase for cotton farms is highest-—48.2 per cent. Second in order are the hay and grain farms, with an increase of 35 per cent; the live-stock farms increased in value per acre 34.3 per cent, and the farms devoted principally to sugar are found to have increased 33.2 per cent. Rice farming follows with an increase of 32.2 per cent in value per acre, while close to this is 32.1 per cent for tobacco farms. The farms having no special sources of income have an increase in value per acre amounting to 30.1 per cent, below which are the fruit farms with an increase of 27.9 per cent, the vegetable farms with 26.7 per cent, and, lowest of all, the dairy farms with an increase of 25.8 per cent. 511 12 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1 YEARLY RATE OF GAIN, The foregoing percentages of increase appear extraordinarily large when compared with the percentage of the increase of the average value per acre of all farms from 1890 to 1900, which was 25 per cent, an average of 2.5 per cent a year as compared with an ayver- age of 6.7 per cent per year as ascertained by the Department. ABSOLUTE GAIN. Although the inquiries of the Department were confined to medium farms, there are reasons for believing that the averages derived from the reports are applicable to the various totals of the farms of the cen- sus, including farms below and above medium, classified according to principal sources of income; and, with the understanding that the application is subject to qualifications, the increases in value of all farms during the five years have been computed. INCREASE IN VALUE FOR TEN CLASSES OF FARMS.—For rice farms the increased value of the farm real estate during the five years is $3,000,000, after which are the sugar farms, with an increase of $20,000,000. The tobacco farms increased $57,000,000, the fruit farms $94,000,000, and the vegetable farms $113,000,000. The dairy-farm increase of $369,000,000 is exceeded by the increase of $460,000,000 for cotton farms, and considerably more by the increase for farms devoted to general purposes, including a small element of farms with minor specialties, which was $768,000,000. The grand aggregate of increase for all classes of farms is $6,131,000,000, more than two-thirds of which is contributed by the increase for hay and grain farms, $1,983,000,000, and $2,263,000,000 for live-stock farms. INCREASE IN VALUE FOR FIVE GEOGRAPHIC DIvisions.—Nearly four-fifths of the National aggregate increase in value of farm real estate during the five years is found in two groups of States—the North Central States, with more than half of the total increase, or $38,572,000,000, and the South Central States, with one-fifth of that increase, or $1,201,000,000. The South Atlantic and Western groups of States have nearly the same increases—$514,000,000 and $500,000,000, respectively. The smallest increase is left to the North Atlantic States, where a net gain of $344,000,000 remains after deduct- ing some reported decreases in value. EXPLANATIONS OF INCREASES. From every agricultural neighborhood in the United States explana- tions have been received of the increases and decreases in the real- estate value per acre of medium farms during the last five years. Subject to some qualifications, the general principle is that the farm CAUSES AFFECTING FARM VALUES. 513 land itself has become more highly capitalized by a larger amount of net profit per acre. Only the main features of the analysis can be given in this article. PRICE AND NET PROFIT. In the general matter of price of farm products farming had long been performed under disadvantages that were often discouraging until a few years ago. With now and then a year of exception in favor of this or the other crop it has been a general fact that prices of farm products, long previous to these recent years, have fallen too near the full economic cost of production, which is considerably larger than the immediate cost of production and includes many items gen- erally overlooked by farmers. Indeed, it is quite certain that the price has at times fallen below the full economic cost of production, of which the most conspicuous illustration was afforded seven years ago, when the price of cotton fell to 44 cents per pound, or even lower, at the plantation. LAND MORE HIGHLY CAPITALIZED.—In 1905, at the end of the five- year period covered by this investigation, the prices of farm products have risen out of the depths to which various causes had previously sunk them, so that the farmer is at last getting a fair ret return for his labor and farming operations in most products. This is naturally reflected in the higher capitalization of agricultural land. This con- clusion is not advanced theoretically, but is amply sustained by the reports of many thousands of correspondents in all parts of the country and for all classes of farms for which there has been a con- siderable increase in price of products. EFFECT OF CHEAP PUBLIC LAND. One can well realize how directly the availability of cheap public land suitable for farming has depressed the value of old agricultural land and kept from rising to its otherwise natural level the value of the newer land taken into cultivation, upon reading the statements of many correspondents, particularly in the agricultural margin near the land recently acquired from nation, State, or railroad. The National land that can be utilized agriculturally is now reduced to about 300,000,000 acres, but nearly all of this is suitable only for grazing, since it can not be used in dry farming nor under irrigation. Much cultivable land, however, especially in the Southwest, has passed into private ownership during the five years under review, and there is striking testimony from many correspondents that until it passed into private ownership it held down the value of the acquired farms in near-by regions. ‘This effect has extended backward upon the farms farther and farther away, even to the Atlantic coast, where the direct cause has not been as apparent as in the neighborhood where its effect is closely associated with it. 3 A1905——33 514 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. EFFECT OF IMMIGRATION, While the public land suitable for farming has been reaching exhaus- tion the flow of immigration from foreign countries and from the older parts of this country has been continuing in its direction, and where no farming land could be obtained from nation, State, or rail- road the influx of agricultural people was halted in regions where farms had been established in more recent years, and the consequent pressure of new demand upon a fixed area increased the value per acre during the five years often as much as 50 to 100 per cent. , LOWER RATES OF INTEREST AS A FACTOR, Along with the general causes that have elevated the price of farm land during the last five years should be mentioned the diminishing rate of interest. So great in the aggregate have been the savings of the farmers and persons in other occupations in the North Central States and in other sections that a large amount of these savings has sought investment in farms, even to the extent of raising farm values and diminishing the rate of interest, so that an advance of the price has followed often with no increased net profit per acre. PASSING OF THE COTTON-CROP LIEN. In the cotton belt the abolition of the crop lien in consequence of profitable prices of cotton has worked a greater economic revolution than has taken place in any other part of the country or for any crop other than cotton. When the cotton planter ceased to pay an extremely high rate of interest for an advancement of supplies—estimated at 40 per cent fifteen years ago—and became able to sustain his plantation with his own capital, as he did three years ago, and was often able to retain a large portion of his cotton for sale at a time when most to his own advantage, his land was at once converted into an economic strong- hold and appreciated in value in a greater degree than the land devoted to any other large crop. CITY DEMAND FOR COUNTRY HOMES. In the North Atlantic States, and in a less degree in other groups, there has been some back pressure upon the land from the cities, and in this reversion of the tide of population from country to city the old farm lands have not been lost to agriculture, although, in so far as they have become the diversion of wealthy men, they may have become unprofitable. In some regions the old abandoned farms are becoming the country homes of city families, and are passing back into some sort of cultivation and production. CAUSES AFFECTING FARM VALUES. 515 EFFECT OF BETTER FARMING. It would’ by no means be fair in the explanation of increase of farm values during the last five years to confine it to increases in price of products and to pressure of demand upon area. Very large effects have been derived from better cultural methods; from the substitution of profitable for unprofitable crops; by the adoption of more intensive culture and crop; by better applied labor; by larger and cheaper facili- ties for reaching markets; and by some improvements in the business features of marketing products. Hach one of these causes is of large account and all together combine to make the net return per acre larger than it was five years ago by an amount suflicient to raise the capital- ization of farm lands in a considerable degree. IMPROVEMENTS. The values embraced in this investigation include improved and new buildings and all improvements upon farms. In many cases corre- spondents have reported a large percentage of increase in farm values per acre where the increase was almost entirely due to added improve- ments in the way of better dwellings, new barns, improvements in old barns, new granaries, and new buildings for the protection of live stock in winter. Throughout extensive areas there have been great additions to land values as the result of draining by tile and open ditches, and the latter are sometimes so large as to be called canals. Increases have resulted from the removal] of the stumps of forest trees and the construction of new or better boundary fences. Better and more durable roads on the farm and between the farm and its market town or railroad station have had a distinct effect upon the farm values. Along with numerous improvements, not all of which can be men- tioned here, stands forth the improvement of the soil itself. There is a materially increased production of live stock, with the resultant increased acreage of forage and grain crops which in rotation produce farm manures, humus, and rest; enrich the soil, as with nitrogen brought by legumes; and improve the mechanical condition of the soilforall crops. In regions needing commercial fertilizers, nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, and lime have been used more abundantly and more intelligently, and on crops bringing better prices. FARMERS’ NEW ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE. A matter of great importance in its bearing upon the increased value of farm lands is the new economic independence of farmers, fundament- ally growing out of their improved financial condition. Farmers now occupy a strong economic position, founded upon the tendency of the consumption of some important products to increase faster than 516 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. population does, and upon the tendency of the desires for these prod- ucts to increase faster than the production does, so that with respect to these products consumption is close upon the heels of production. Pouurry.—It may seem a matter of small consequence to mention poultry and eggs as an instance, but it should be remembered that the values of these products now reach an annual figure of half a billion dollars or more, or an amount about equal to the value of the wheat crop. ‘The price of eggs has been high and growing higher for several ‘ years, because consumers have wanted more eggs than have been produced. The exports are not worth mentioning. Apparently there is no limit to the consumption of fresh eggs at a moderate price. Fruit is in the same category. There is not enough fruit of any kind raised in this country at the present time which is actually placed upon the market in the grade of first quality, or better, that is pro- duced in sufficient quantity to meet the wants of consumers at a moder- ate price. The city family that has bought first-grade apples in almost any recent year has paid a luxury price. This is true also of pears, plums, peaches, and oranges, and it is true of the small fruits, such as cherries and grapes. The assertion may easily be extended to most, if not all, of the commercial berries—strawberries, currants, blackberries, and raspberries. BurTer is another product that tends to underrun consumption. We have no larger butter exports from this country because the price of first-grade butter is often lower in London than in New York. The highest priced butter in the world in its home markets, taking first and fancy grades and ignoring specialties in other countries too small for notice, is found in this country. With regard to milk and cheese also the economic position has become stronger. The annual products of dairying, of fruit and vegetable raising, and of poultry keeping aggregated nearly $2,000,000,000 in farmers’ hands in 1905, or three-tenths of the gross value of all farm products; and these particular products belong to the class of those for which there is a tendency of demand to be greater than supply. In the case of none of these products is there a desired quantity satisfactory in quality obtainable by consumers at moderate prices. The public is underfed in the higher grades of these luxuries of the farm. MEAT ANIMALS, too, are establishing themselves in a stronger posi- tion in favor of the farmer, because of the tendency of population increase to outfoot the increase of these animals; but this statement, - although true under natural conditions, may become subverted in its application to this country by the prohibitive legislation of importing countries. IN WHEAT PRODUCTION also the farmers of this country are in a position that is at least moderately strong. Canada and Argentina fs * le —_— ¥; CAUSES AFFECTING FARM VALUES. 517 may stand in the way of a more advantageous position for a dozen years or so, but in the meantime the increasing demand of the world for wheat promises to the wheat grower that he shall not again suffer from the consequences of overproduction. LINES CONVERGING UPON HIGHER VALUES.—The foregoing lines of evidence converge upon the conclusion, which is now apparent in all parts of the United States, that in his new economic independence the farmer is now more than ever before free to choose his crop, and this is a matter of tremendous importance. This removes obstacles to the rotation of crops and to intensifying culture and methods. It gives the farmer ability to raise leguminous crops, with their impor- tant benefits to the soil. It enables him to multiply his domestic ani- mals, with further consequences upon tillage and land fertility. It enables him to adapt himself to his best markets with the best crops. The agricultural situation just indicated is very appreciably reflected by increased land and improvement values. MINOR DECREASES IN VALUE. While the net result of changes in the average acre-values of farms in the last five years has been a marked increase for the whole country, decreases have been found within small areas, and these should not be lost to view in the grandeur of the counter movement. FARM TO CITY. The migration of farmers’ sons to town and city, to industry, trade, and transportation—a common fact especially apparent in the North Atlantic and North Central States-—is throwing farms upon the market for sale, and this occurs sometimes in neighborhoods where there is no immigration and little, if any, local demand for farm lands. The unavoidable result is that in such neighborhoods farms have decreased and are still decreasing in value. SCARCITY OF FARM LABOR. Probably no cause of depreciation of farm values is so frequently mentioned in nearly all parts of the country as the scarcity and dete- rioration of farm labor. The reports on which this statement is based generally refer to wage labor, but the scarcity is found, though less prevalently, in the supply of tenant labor also, particularly that of a trustworthy sort. FARMERS ‘‘IN A RUT.”’ A cause of depression in farm values in many places in the North Atlantic States is the continuance of crop production which meets the 518 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, competition of the prairie farms. ‘There is a considerable fraction of farmers who are ‘Sin a rut” and seem lacking in adaptability to new conditions of competition, and more particularly to new market conditions which have grown up around them and which are guaran- teeing a profit to the producers of such crops as can be supplied directly by them to near-by consumers, or perhaps with small intervention by middlemen. TEMPORARILY ADVERSE WEATHER. Another cause of decrease in farm values, but one that alternates with causes of increase, is unfavorable weather—too much or too little rain, devastating iglesias parching droughts, excessive or deficient sun heat, frosts that are too [ate in the spring or too early in the autumn, or severe winter freezes in a latitude not accustomed to them. Such unfavorable weather conditions depress the value of farm real - estate, even though they have continued for no longer than one year; and when they have continued for two or three years the depression in values is extreme. In such cases there is an eventual recovery, sometimes promptly within a year and sometimes within a few years. A FEW PRICE DEPRESSIONS. Some depressions in price have been in evidence during the five years under review. ‘The tobacco crop in some of its varieties has suffered in this respect for several years and this in the face of station- ary if not diminishing production. The owners of tobacco farms in some counties assert that the value of their lands has decreased within ve years because the offers to buy tobacco have come solely or mostly from one buyer, who would take the crop only at his own price. In the case of the extraordinarily large rice crop of 1904 also there was a diminished price which at once made itself felt in diminished land values as compared with those of the preceding year, although during the five-year period there was some increase. The marked drop in the price of cotton in December, 1904, from_ which there was no full recovery until half a year after, diminished the aggregate value of cotton plantations and farms by many millions of dollars while the lower price continued. So it happens that farm- land values are as sensitive to lower and low prices of products as they are to higher and high prices. DECREASES LOCALIZED AND RESTRICTED. In preceding paragraphs are given the more frequently mentioned causes of depression in farm values during the last five years, but these causes are not generally prevalent and are often highly localized and specifically restricted. CAUSES AFFECTING FARM VALUES. 519 ITEMIZED INFLUENCES UPON VALUE. In passing from a general survey of the subject to particulars, an itemized account of definite causes of increase and decrease in farm real-estate values has been prepared from the statements of corre- spondents. No attempt is made to give due weight to any of these items; some are very common and others rare, and any attempt at weighting them or estimating their prevalence or importance would be impossible with any degree of success. CAUSES OF INCREASE, Improvement in cultural methods. Immigration from Eastern States into the North Central and Western divisions. Substitution of crop rotation for one-crop farming. Changing from grain farming to dairy farming. Introduction of seeding to grass into cultural method where it did not exist before. Increase of improvements. New buildings, buildings kept in better repair, better fences. Tile draining for land that was too wet or too wet in wet seasons. Acquirement of irrigation rights. Use of hand cream separators, by reason of which market for cream has been acquired at creameries or in cities. New or expanding manufacturing industries in near-by markets. Increase of adjacent urban populations. Raising sugar beets for sugar factories. New or improved facilities for transportation. Railroad extensions to isolated places. Intensive agriculture in numerous directions. Raising vegetables for neighboring canneries. Improvement in fertility and productiveness of the land. Improved economic conditions; general prosperity. Increasing timber values. Constructing levees against freshets. Introduction of alfalfa as a live-stock feed and soil improver. Employment of implements and machines not before in use. Movement of city families to acquire country homes. Increase of local loan capital, causing a decrease in the rate of interest. Farms diminishing in size and increasing in average value per acre because of better attention and improvements and more intensive methods. Immigration of Hebrews or Poles or people of some other race or nationality in such numbers as to set up a special local demand. Higher price of wheat. In Eastern States a diminution of Western competition. Improved facilities for marketing the crops. Increasing demand for milk in cities. Abandonment of ‘‘ resting’’ land in favor of seeding to grass in rotation. Immigration from foreign countries. Higher prices for products. The construction of good roads. New railroad towns, affording new local markets. Substitution of truck farming for extensive agriculture. Demand for farm lands created and stimulated by extensive advertising. 520 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Substitution of wheat for grazing and stock raising. Relief from the depressing influence of sales of near-by Government land. More profitable marketing of products because of cooperative shipping. More real money in circulation. Large farms cut up and sold to various purchasers at advanced prices. In Eastern States a substitution of products with good local markets for former local products subject to Western competition. Farm land now sought as investments by farmers and other possessors of surplus for investment, not only in near-by regions, but in other States. Immigration of Scandinavians, ‘‘everlasting workers and very economical.’’ Substitution of fruit farming for extensive agriculture. Increasing demand for corn land. Through the efforts of industrial agents of railroad companies in securing immi- grants from other parts of the United States and from foreign countries. Change from grain to fruit or vegetables. New or increased markets because of near-by lumbering operations. Increased or more intelligent use of fertilizers. Increase in business of keeping summer boarders. Better markets. New or better facilities for traveling between city and country regions, whereby the buying and maintenance of country homes is becoming more feasible. Rural telephones. Rural electric railways connecting with town and city. Rural free delivery of mail. Immigration into Southern States from North Atlanticand North Central divisions. Irrigation applied to new rice fields in Texas and Louisiana. Cancellation of burdensome debt (little or no value received therefor) incurred by various counties to promote railroad building. Maturing of fruit trees. Abundance of deposits in local banks, causing a decline in the rate of interest paid by them, whereby farmers have preferred to invest in agricultural land. Dredging ditches; bringing unimproved land into cultivation. State officials inducing immigration from other States and from foreign countries. Extension of wheat area by raising durum, or macaroni, wheat. ? Supply of water obtained from artesian wells in arid and semiarid regions. Clearing and reclaiming swamp lands (in southeastern Missouri). Removing stumps; clearing land of trees and bushes; erecting barns, dwellings, and granaries; building fences, etc., in a poor agricultural region. A series of good crop years. Townspeople buying farms for investment. The doubling back of immigration; the stream of immigrants had gone beyond into an unprofitable farming region and returned to the nearest profitable one. Technical knowledge of agriculture supplied by bulletins, periodicals, books, lec- tures, schools, and demonstration farms. CAUSES OF DECREASE. Devastations of the codling moth. Partial collapse of an unreasonable ‘‘boom’’ in land prices Several successive wet seasons. Cotton boll weevil. More frequent floods in lowlands than in former years. In some parts of the East, western and southern competition. High and increasing wages of farm labor. No material increase in prices of certain products. CAUSES AFFECTING FARM VALUES. 521 Disastrous effects of smelter smoke and coke smoke. Devastations of the San Jose scale. Crop failure, in some places for only one year. Emigration from North Central States farther west, or to Canada, or to the South. Scarcity of tenants and inability or indisposition of owners to cultivate. Inefficient and scarce farm labor. Unproductive land remaining without prospect of improvement. Emigration from a cold climate to the warmer South. Excessive advance in agricultural land prices, followed by emigration to cheaper lands in other States. Succession of severe winters. Deterioration of farms owing to tenancy. Drifting of farmers’ sons from farms to towns and cities and eventual abandonment of such farms by parents to tenants; sometimes, and in comparatively small areas, followed by abandonment of tenancy and of cultivation. Diminution of supply of farm labor because of cotton mills. Searcity of farm labor owing to numerous causes, among which are better wages paid in town and city and in manufacturing, trade, and transportation. Because of a new ‘‘stock law’’ compelling farmers to fence in. Poor markets or entire absence of any market at all. - Lower prices of cattle and various products at various times. Freight charges too high, especially as discriminating against complaining farmers and in favor of competitors in other regions. Habitual neglect, poor cultural methods, waste, laziness, ignorance. Pollution of water of streams by sulphur water pumped from mines. Subsidence or drainage of land surface on account of excavations in coal mines. The West Indian hurricane of September, 1900, from the effects of which several Texas counties have not yet recovered. Depressed tobacco prices. The large rice crop of 1904. Neglect to replenish the soil, washing of fertility into streams from unprotected land; gullies made by rains; encroachment by shrubs, sprouts, bushes, and briers. The clearing of timber from farm woodland, leaving the land less valuable. Exhausting the fertility of the land. Remoteness from a railroad and depletion of population by enticements of more exciting or remunerative places. The hopelessness of improvements because of the absence or insufficiency of water, es in arid or semiarid regions. ILLUSTRATIVE LOCAL CONDITIONS. PANORAMIC VIEW OF PROMINENT FEATURES. A panoramic view, although brief, of local conditions as affecting farm acre-values may be derived from the abundant material supplied by correspondents, and will be instructive. The statements apply to medium farms unless otherwise stated, and cover five years. NORTH ATLANTIC STATES. New Encuanp.—In Sagadahoc County, Me., the ‘‘inquiry for farms as country homes or for improved potato culture has raised values 25 per cent in three years.” The demand for farms ‘‘has increased more than the price’ in Belknap County, N. H.; yet there are still many back farms with good buildings, good soil, stone walls, 522 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. plenty of wood and water, and with good roads and markets, for sale at $8 to $12 per acre. Land is ‘‘at a premium’’ in some parts of Cheshire County where farms are sought for country homes. The business of keeping summer boarders has become large in more than half of New Hampshire, with new profit to the farmers. Investors are buying some abandoned farms in Vermont, and in Rutland County capital has been looking toward farm mortgages for investment. More profitable dairying in Orleans County has much increased the number of cows and raised the price of farm lands. In Berkshire County, Mass., the increased farm acre-value is due to better-known methods of cultivation, better farm machinery, better methods of utilizing crops when grown, and better ways of getting to market, with much help derived from silos and good roads. Trolley railways in Hampden County have given an upward tendency to the value of all land along their lines. New Yorx.—Farms in Cortland county, with medium buildings, can be bought for $8 per acre which a few years ago were worth $40 per acre. The demand for farms in Dutchess County by wealthy families in New York City has considerably raised their price. Factories in Genesee County have robbed the farms of the better grade of help, and farming is suffering for want of labor. Many farms have been sold in Queens and Nassau counties recently at prices ranging from $700 te $4,000 per acre, some being for development and others for large estates. The hop farms of Oneida County have risen from $25 per acre in 1890 to $60 in 1905. The substitution of sugar beets, potatoes, cabbages, fruits, and milk for hay and grain in Ontario County has made farms more salable and of higher value. Improved fruit farms in Orleans County with apple orchards of 500 to 1,000 trees have doubled in value since 1900, and the same increase is true for pear and small-fruit farms. Swamp lands in Steuben County that have been reclaimed for celery or lettuce growing have risen from $8 per acre to $80 and $125. Several very prosperous years in the cauliflower and potato section of Suffolk County, on Long Island, have stimu- lated the demand for farms and the price of land. In some parts of Ulster County land has advanced over 100 per cent in five years because ‘‘the Hebrews are buying almost everything they can get and establishing boarding houses; some places which sold for $3,000 in 1900 are now selling for $10,000.’’ A Yates County correspondent writes that ‘‘no investment pays as safe and high a rate of interest to-day as a good farm in western New York.’’ PENNSYLYANIA.—‘‘ Dollar wheat and good prices for hay, eggs, butter, milk, poul- try, and even sweet corn in Adams County have helped to raise farm prices, and sales of farms are more readily made than five years ago.’’ The farmers of Butler County are discontented because the oil wells and steel mills are attracting labor away from the farms, with consequent depression in farm values. The fear that farms will be drained dry through underlying coal mines in Cambria County is decreasing their value. Farms in Chester County are gaining in value on account of the growth of improvements. Higher tobacco and wheat prices are raising the value of farms in Lancaster County, and in one district at least lower rates of interest are more highly capitalizing land values. Farms in Montgomery County not accessible from electric railways and macadamized roads are having a dull sale with low prices. SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES. Marytanp.—Fruit land in Anne Arundel County has decreased in value on account of the San Jose scale. People from the North and Middle West are coming to Charles County to buy farms, and land formerly abandoned is now profitably producing corn, vegetables, and wheat. ‘‘Owing to extensive advertising by the State board of immigration farm lands have risen in price from 20 to 30 per cent’’ in Dorchester County; ‘‘since 1900 many parts of this county have been improved rapidly with CAUSES AFFECTING FARM VALUES. 593 large farm dwellings, barns, and other buildings; miles of wire fencing have been put up, and much land cleared and improved; the growing of melons, cantaloupes, toma- toes, and small fruits is increasing every year, and farmers are prosperous.’’ The abundance of capital seeking investment in Talbot County is reported to be a large cause of increased farm values, and the investments are sustained by packing and canning factories. Virerinta.—Cooperative marketing has much increased the profits of raising sweet potatoes and other farm products in Accomac County and caused a great rise in farm values. Low tobacco prices have diminished the value of many tobacco farms in the tobacco belt in the southern tier of counties. Farm values in Augusta County are rising on account of new cement works and owing to better farm fences, buildings, and roads. Farm values are affected in Bedford County by better local markets, by rural free delivery of mail, by better railroad conveniences, and by immigration from the North Atlantic and North Central States. Apples and tomatoes are raising the price of farms in Botetourt County. The increase in the value of all farms in a section of Dinwiddie County is due largely to higher prices of timber. Dairy farming, new and better buildings, trolley roads, and an increased market in Washington, D. C., have raised values in Fairfax County. The more liberal use of fertilizers has advanced values in King and Queen and other counties. Norra Caroiina.—In Alamance County ‘‘the people are seeking small farms so as to be able to do their own work, since the young men are finding work off the . farm and labor is so unreliable, especially among the young people.’”’ A corre- spondent in Catawba County, who has been writing deeds for thirty years, reports that he has ‘‘never seen such a rush in land matters at any period as there is now.’’ A Chatham County correspondent writes that ‘‘land in the new bright- tobacco belt is worth almost anything asked.”’ In Currituck County ‘‘lands that will produce sweet and Irish potatoes are bring- ing fabulous prices.’’ In Forsyth County ‘‘the farmer is not looked upon as he was years ago,’’ and farm land has much increased in value. Road improvement and cotton factories have increased farm-land value in Gaston County. Such farmers in Lenoir County as have begun to ‘‘raise their own meat and bread,’ as have ditched their farms and built new houses for tenants, and as have increased the use of fertilizers have profited notably. SournH Caroitina.—Truck farming is ‘‘ increasing in value every day’’ in Beaufort County; ‘‘ a few years ago lands on this island were ‘ butchered,’ but in the last few years a few planters have come in, and lands that have been a drug on the market readily sell at $10 per acre, and there are some plantations that can hardly be bought at any price.”’ In Cherokee County ‘‘the white renters are getting tired of paying rent and are becoming owners; besides this the employees of cotton mills who have saved money enough to buy land have become so tired of millwork that they are getting out into the country again.’”’ Owing to the increase in the price of cotton, cotton lands in Lexington County have been fertilized better and improved to a higher state of pro- ductiveness, while buildings have been remodeled and rebuilt, with the result that acre values have increased 100 per cent during the last five years. The introduction of tobacco culture into Marion County ‘‘has worked wonders in the financial condition of the farmers, and lands that were worth $10 per acre in 1900 are now readily selling for $50 to $75.’’ The thousands of peach trees recently planted in Oconee County have largely raised land values. GrorGiA.—From Appling County the report is that ‘‘the increase in the value of farm lands is because more interest is taken in farming, better machinery is used for cultivating and harvesting, and home seekers are coming South.’? ‘‘The business 524 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. men of Macon, in Bibb County, are buying all the farming land that is for sale as an investment, and much of such land is lying idle.’’ There is an active demand for land for fruit and general farming in Floyd County, and many thousands of fruit trees have been planted within a few years; ‘‘the advance in the price of cotton, horses, and mules has been the main cause of the advance in the price of farming land.’’ The lands of Houston County are bought for peach growing and consequently are going higher in value every year. The increase in the value of farm lands in Morgan County ‘‘ has been remarkable for several reasons—educational advantages, increase in the value of cotton, the partitioning of large landed estates into small farms bought and settled upon by thrifty white people.”’ ”? l‘LorrpDA.—‘‘ Generally speaking,’’ writes a De Soto County correspondent, ‘‘land values have about doubled in the last five years owing to hard winters in the north- ern counties of the State, which made De Soto the banner orange county of the State. Vegetables are more extensively planted than formerly and are becoming more remunerative.’’ The largely increased farm values in Duval County are due to increased production per acre and improved methods of culture. NORTH CENTRAL STATES. — Ou1o.—Farm land has increased $10 per acre since 1900 in Ashland County; ‘‘farms are kept in very good repair, and the soil is looked after more carefully than formerly by the use of barnyard manure and other fertilizers.’? From Carroll County comes the complaint that ‘‘one of the greatest factors in lowering the value of farm lands is the extreme scarcity of help and the high wages demanded for very unsatisfactory labor.’’ Tobacco has been selling for good prices in Darke County, and ‘‘this has been the principal cause of the boom in land prices.’? Land suitable for gardening has increased more than any other kind in the neighborhood of Columbus, in Franklin County. A new milk-condensing factory in Fulton County is said to be the chief cause of the rise in land, and in Geauga County farms so situated as to be able to sell milk for city consumption have been the ones to increase most in value. The higher price of white oak has raised the value of farms in Trumbull County, and in Wyandotte and other counties the making of good roads has added value to the farms served by them. InprAna.—A large part of the increased value of farms in Adams County is due to new improvements, tile draining, and the construction of many miles of durable roads. A Jennings County correspondent believes that ‘‘the two principal causes of ~ the advance in prices are improved highways and better methods of soil management.”’ Marsh land in Kosciusko County has been enhanced in value fourfold by drainage and by growing onions, celery, and potatoes. Farm values are increasing in Ripley County because farmers are coming from the higher priced land in the northern part of the State to buy the cheaper land in this county. Farms have doubled in value in Lake County, 45 miles from Chicago, on account of market facilities. Iuurnois.—‘‘ Farms have been selling above their real value’’ in Bureau County because money was plentiful and could not readily be loaned at interest; ‘‘ farms are not paying more than 34 to 4 per cent on the investment after deducting taxes and cost of keeping up the improvements.’’ Crawford County has large commercial orchards just coming to maturity, which have much increased acre values. There has been a migration of farmers from the high-priced land of the northern part of the State into Edwards County, with consequent rise in land prices. The bottom lands of Fayette County have increased in value threefold by drain- ing and levee building. ‘‘All farm lands have increased 50 per cent in value in the past five years in Henry County on account of the high prices of corn, cattle, and hogs, because of the safe investment for money in land and farm mortgages, and the CAUSES AFFECTING FARM VALUES. 525 abundance of money at 5 and 54 per cent.’? The extinguishment of an enormous county debt by Macoupin County has removed a long-standing depression from farm values in that county. ‘‘A change from the old methods of farming to the more modern practice of handling soil and live stock is raising the price of land’’ in Massac County. MicuigAn.—Fruit lands on the shore of Lake Michigan are three or four times more valuable now than they were four years ago. ‘‘There is now a steady flow of people from the city to the farms, with a steady rise in the value of farm lands’’ in Calhoun County. Farms containing some timber are the ones that have increased in value in Grand Traverse County. The establishment of ‘‘several beet-sugar fac- tories within reach of the farmers of this [Gratiot] county has done more to enhance the value of farms than any other cause within the last five years.’’ Farming in Huron County is entirely different from what it was five years ago, and values have increased for several reasons—better highways, chicory growing, the bean crop taking the place of wheat and rye, better buildings, more intelligent utili- zation of land, improved breeds of horses and other live stock, higher prices for swine, and better contact with outside markets. Grape raising has increased rapidly in Kalamazoo County, and ‘‘ choice locations for this fruit have doubled in value.’’ Lands in Muskegon County, as in other counties bordering on Lake Michigan, have risen in value rapidly during the last five years on account of the summer- resort business. A large influx of settlers into Osceola County a few years ago mostly accounts for the advance in land values. Raising cucumbers for pickles has combined with sugar beets to make higher land values in Ottawa County. Wisconsin.—Dairying and potatoes have rapidly enhanced the values of farm lands in Adams County. The wild lands of Jackson County are being bought in large tracts for stock farms; marshes are turned into cranberry bogs; and the ‘‘cut-over lands’’ are rapidly settled upon—all causing largely increased values. Old log build- ings have been taken down in Oconto County and their places taken by modern buildings. Better buildings and a better state of cultivation have raised farm-land values in Outagamie County; and dairying, hogs, and sheep have had their due effects in Pierce County. Tobacco lands have increased in value more than any other in Vernon County on account of high prices for that crop. ‘‘ Formerly we had to haul potatoes 18 miles,”’ writes a Waukesha County correspondent, ‘‘ but three years ago a railroad was built 6 miles from here, and that will explain much of the rise in farm values; a creamery in the center of the town raised values to some extent.”’ Minnesota.—Heavy rains and too much wet weather since 1902 have depressed the value of farm lands in Benton and several other counties. Reasons for higher farm values in Lesueur County are thus stated: ‘‘Sugar-beet raising is booming here; Bohemians are the principal people, and they do not mind the drudgery of farming and have large families; dairying is largely increasing, and half the people have hand separators and sell or ship their cream.’’ Illinois men have been coming to Martin County, with a consequent sharp advance in the price of farms. Emigration from Meeker County to the cheaper lands of northern Minnesota and of Canada has prevented large advances in farm lands. The immigration of farmers from Iowa and Illinois into Murray County raised farm prices so high three years ago that there has been a subsequent fall of perhaps $10 per acre. ‘*Overspecula- tion and gambling by land agents in poor and worthless land’’ in some parts of the Red River Valley several years ago have been followed by a fall in the price of lands to their sound value. lowa.—Lands have not recently been as salable in Blackhawk County as some time ago, because many of the tenant farmers have gone westward or northward in quest of cheaper lands. The low rate of interest paid by banks on deposits in Clin- ton County is regarded as causing investors to buy farm lands, whereupon the sellers 526 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. have moved to cheaper land in the West. Many improvements are reported from Greene County, where the farmers have been building better houses and barns and tile-draining their land. The general estimation of the desirability of farm ownership as an investment is indicated by the statement of a Polk County correspondent, who believes that ‘‘ farm land is just as good as a gold bond with diamonds in the corners.’’ Missourr.—Fruit growing in Barry County has greatly increased the value of land. The increase in the value of Boone County farms is because of the great number of farmers in Illinois, lowa, and Indiana who have sold their high-priced farms and come to this county to buy larger ones with the same or less capital. The rapid growth of St. Joseph, with its stock yards and meat-packing industries, has influenced the price of farms favorably situated in Buchanan County. The price of land in Christian County did not change from 1900 to 1904 for the reason that many farms were for sale, the owners being about to leave for new regions and take up Government land which was open for settlement, as in Texas, Oklahoma, and openings farther north. The Ozark region in southwest Missouri was so advertised at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904 that immigration ensued, with consequent rise of land values. The increase of land values in Howard County is due in part to the better financial condition of the county, which has become free from a bonded debt of $600,000 for two railroads, one of which was not built. The prosperous condition of the farmers of Lincoln County is such that many of them with large bank accounts, being unable to place their deposits at interest, have invested in farm land. Land has gradually advanced in price in the last few years in Mississippi County, especially wet land which has been drained by dredge boat, ditches, and canals. The stationary values of land in a portion of Ozark County are explained by a correspondent who writes that ‘‘ we are 40 miles from a railroad, so the home seekers who have means are a little slow in locating among us.’’ The lead mines of St. Francois County have brought in immigrants and advanced the market price of farm products. Soura Daxora.—The rise in price of land in Edmunds County is said to be mostly due to the artesian wells, which are now guaranteed to be flowing for $300 to $500. From Meade County the explanation is that ‘‘as long as there is Government land to be homesteaded east of us, we can not expect any fancy prices for our land.’’ Unirrigated farm lands have not advanced in price in Butte County, but irrigated lands have advanced fully 50 per cent in five years. Nepraska.—Creameries have given an increased value to farm land in Brown County. The demand for land in Clay County comes considerably from those well- to-do farmers who desire to establish their sons near them and from those coming into the State; and in Otoe County the many German farmers are especially pros- perous, and all their surplus money is invested in land. A Richardson County cor- respondent believes that ‘‘a dangerous condition confronts the young farmer, as he is unable to buy at these large prices and capitalists are buying whatever they can get.’’? Alfalfa land in Valley and Webster counties, as everywhere else, is somewhat higher priced than neighboring land that will not raise it. Kansas.—Barber County was nearly depopulated in 1900 because of the Oklahoma movement, and consequently lands have more than quadrupled in value under reset- tlement. Prior to 1900 Comanche County was devoted entirely to grass, but since that time land has been bought in small tracts, and under proper cultivation has been found to be very productive for wheat and corn, with consequent remarkable increase in price. The dairy-farm lands of Ford County have the highest values on account of being in the alfalfa district. The land of Johnson County has about doubled in value since 1900, being favorably situated near Kansas City and in demand for farm homes. CAUSES AFFECTING FARM VALUES. 527 Immigration to western Kansas has raised the value of all kinds of land, and Meade County, among others, is being rapidly developed for wheat production as well as cattle raising, and, in addition to the foregoing, alfalfa has greatly increased the value of land. The large wheat and corn crops of Ottawa County and many other counties in the State are attracting many eastern farmers, who are bidding up the price of land. SOUTH CENTRAL STATES. Kentucky.—Several millionaires have established stock farms in Lexington, in Bourbon County, in the past five years, and the demand for stock lands has caused the price to advance rapidly. Bracken is a tobacco county, and land for raising this crop is becoming scarce and the demand is greater than the supply. The advance in the price of timber has increased the value of farms to some extent in Clinton County. There has been a marked advance in the character of farming in Hickman County; ‘fa younger and more skilled class of farmers are acquiring possession of the lands and devoting more attention to raising hogs and cattle.’’ The advance in the price of farm lands in Lee County ‘‘ would probably have been more marked if it were not that they have been badly cared for; hillside lands have been worked and washed in many instances until ruined, while bottom lands have been continued in one crop until they are worn out.”’ Farming interests have revived in Muhlenburg County in consequence of the reduc- tion of a debt of more than $1,000,000 to a small figure. The desire of capitalists, merchants, and others to retire upon a good bluegrass farm in Shelby County is raising prices of farms toa fancy figure. There has been a large migration of tobacco- raising people from the mountain country into Spencer County, whereupon the prices of tobacco lands have much increased. TENNESSEE.—A correspondent in Bradley County accounts for advanced farm prices by writing that ‘‘more and better farming is done than ever before; lands of all kinds are being improved and better homes built; millions of fruit trees are being set out and a spirit of improvement seems to be prevalent.’’ In addition to this there is considerable immigration from the North. One of the reasons for the increased value of land in Lawrence County is the rais- ing of cantaloupes and tomatoes, which are sent to Chicago and other far-away places. From Madison County the report is that ‘‘we have gravel roads leading out 5 miles from Jackson, and land on these roads can not be bought at a reasonable price at all.’’ The introduction of alfalfa has had a wonderful effect on hay and grain lands in Montgomery County, and the farmers are quitting tobacco and resorting to hay, fruits, vegetables, live stock, ete. ALABAMA.—Possibly farms would increase in value, in the opinion of a Coosa County correspondent, if it were not for the uncertainty of labor, which rises from three causes: ‘‘The best of our citizens are going West; secondly, the flocking of all our able-bodied laborers to the public works; thirdly, the tendency of labor to farm without intelligent direction and its general demoralization.’’ Lands devoted to apples and pears in Dale County have probably decreased in value, owing to blight, while peach and other crops have greatly increased the land values. Owing to the better price of cotton during the last three years and ‘‘plenty of money”? in Macon County, it is rare that a planter can be induced to fix a selling price on his farm. Mississipp1.—Lands of all kinds have advanced very much in the past five years in Alcorn County, ‘‘since people from other States are seeing the advantages in this part of our Southland and are coming here in great numbers.’’ In Bolivar County increased values are due to the protection of land from the usual overflow of the Mis- sissippi River by improved levees and to the many investments of northern men in delta lands. ‘‘There is a new railroad in this part of Green County,’ writes a corre- spondent, ‘‘and almost everyone is wanting to buy farm lands, and I can not find anyone who wants to sell out at any price.’’ 528 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Lands in Hinds County which in 1900 were devoted to corn and cotton are now for the most part used for fruit and vegetable growing and dairy products for con- sumption in Jackson, and the prices of these lands have about doubled. Strawberry growing has developed considerably in Holmes County and much raised the price of land used for the purpose. LouistANna.—lrrigating canals along the Gulf coast have raised the value of rice land. Draining ditches and levees are much increasing the land values in Ascen- sion Parish. In DeSoto Parish truck farming and cooperative marketing are increas- ing farmers’ profits; vegetable lands along the railroads are much in demand in East Feliciana Parish and all Government lands have been taken up by farmers from the North Central and Eastern States. The higher price of cotton and increased immi- gration from the Northern States have much advanced farm-land values in Lafayette Parish. Rice lands unprotected by a levee in the southern portion of Saint Tammany Parish are down in price, but protected lands are sold at fancy prices. Early vege- tables and berries in Tangipahoa Parish grown for the Northern markets overshadow all other farm products and land prices have much increased. Landin Union Parish in 1900 ‘‘was a drug on the market at $1.50 per acre; but since railroads have been built here it sells now for $3 to $15, and is going higher.’’ Texas.—The cotton-boll weevil has held cotton land at a stationary price or dimin- ished it in a considerable number of counties. ‘‘A flood of immigrants from eastern Texas and other States’? has much increased the value of land in Baylor County. Cameron County is fast changing from a cattle range to a farming country and values of land havedoubled in three years. White potatoes and fruit orchards combined with immigration have increased land values in Camp County one-third above those of 1900. The land in Chambers County that was used for stock raising in 1900 is now used for rice growing and has increased 300 per cent without regard to buildings. The price of land near railroads in Cherokee County for fruit and vegetable raising ‘‘ has gone out of sight,’’ and some of it is selling at $100 per acre. Tomatoes, cantaloupes, and cabbages bring a gross return of $50 to $300 per acre. The Panhandle was entirely a stock range a few years ago, but its value for agri- cultural purposes is now thoroughly established; cotton, wheat, and corn, among other crops, are raised, and the price of lands has advanced in five years one-third in some counties. Irrigation began within the five years under review and has enormously increased the value of the land in various counties in western Texas and also in rice counties along the Gull. ArKANSAs.—New railroads and the development of fruit growing are enhancing land values in many counties, and higher prices for cotton and timber and the devel- opment of vegetable and berry growing are greatly aiding. Cheap lands are attract- ing large numbers of immigrants, with a consequent rise in land values. New levees have much increased land values in Mississippi County, but the Red River bottom lands in Miller County are of lower value because of overflows. Land values have been kept down in Montgomery County because of cheap public lands elsewhere to which residents could migrate, but this depression is now relieved. WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. Rocky Mountain States AND TERRITORIES.—In Beaverhead County, Mont., land near arailroad that has been subjected to irrigation and will raise alfalfa and oats has increased enormously in value. Sugar-beet growing in Colorado has been a promi- nent cause of great increases in land values and ina large degree the same may be said of fruit and vegetable farms. Everywhere farms on which alfalfa can enter into rotation with other crops are greatly gaining in value. Of course, by far the largest rates of gain in value have gone to farms with good water rights. The foregoing v CAUSES AFFECTING FARM VALUES. 529 observations upon Colorado apply to this entire mountain group of States and Territories. The remarkable increase in the price of lands in eastern Colorado is, in the opinion of a correspondent, partly due to the fact that it has been found that farming can be carried on successfully under the ‘‘ Campbell system of soil culture.’’ A strong combination to raise land values is mentioned in Larimer County, Colo.: Irrigation, sugar beets, lambs for Chicago, rotation of crops—alfalfa followed by grain, potatoes, and sugar beets—ground well manured from the feeding of lambs, a better knowl- edge of the application of water, and a fine climate. The immigrants who have come to San Miguel County, N. Mex., and taken up substantially all land that has a living water supply have materially increased the price of land. Grain is rapidly taking the place of cattle and hay in Boise County, Idaho, and land values are consequently gaining. Higher farm-land values in Idaho County have followed railroad building, nearer markets, higher prices of wheat, new mining camps, and the advertising of county attractions to induce immigration. W asuincton.—Hop growing has multiplied the value of hop land in Clark County; prune orchards grow to be worth $500 per acre or more. Douglas County values have gained much because of recent improvements, higher prices of grain, better facilities for handling it, and the entry of all Government land. In King County, containing Seattle, land values have been largely increased by dairying and the growing of vegetables and berries, with the aid of better railroad service and new electric railways. To this should be added much higher prices of hops, hay, and othcr farm products wanted in Seattle. During the last five years Washington land values have felt the effects of immigration more than those of the Pacific coast southward. OreGon.—Hop yards in Polk County have advanced in value more than other lands. Fruit lands everywhere in the State have advanced enormously in value, par- ticularly so in the case of the growth of orchards into bearing. Among numerous other influences upon land values are irrigation by means of wells, new dwellings and barns, better transportation facilities, larger profits of sheep raising, the benefits of alfalfa, immigration, sugar beets, and the growth of local markets. CaALIFoRNIA.—Dairying, with dependence upon alfalfa, in Colusa County has doubled the value of farms. Bottom lands -subject to overflow in Contra Costa County, used for dairying or growing asparagus or other vegetables, have increased in value more than other lands. Some vegetable lands are worth as much as $500 per acre. The growth of San Francisco and suburbs and the extension of electric- car lines have combined with the foregoing to affect land values. The conversion of an immense cattle ranch in Fresno County since 1900 into farms has enormously increased the land value. There is much demand for alfalfa land in Kern County on account of the development of dairying; even fruit orchards are displaced by alfalfa. The remarkable extension of electric railways in Los Angeles County has much enhanced the value of all lands within 30 miles of the city. Dairying, alfalfa, walnut, and vegetable lands that have recently come under irrigation have increased enor- mously in value. Some lands with orchards, water rights, and other improvements have gone as high as $1,500 to $1,800 per acre, and even higher values can be found. Wheat lands have responded to higher prices in Montgomery County. Vineyards in Napa County, worth $150 per acre in 1900, can not now be bought for less than $200. The introduction of celery growing into Orange County upon a large scale has raised the price of land so used from $20 to $1,000. Asparagus growing in Sacra- mento County has raised the value of land $80 to $100 or more. Good alfalfa lands have advanced 75 per cent in value in San J oaquin County in five years; natural grape land has been raised by grape growing from a few dollars 3 A1905——34 530 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, to $300 per acre within five years. The high price of wool is giving strength to land values where sheep are kept, in Sonoma County. ‘The subdivision of large farms of Tehama County, with more intensive agriculture, has greatly enhanced yalues. Sugar-beet and lima-bean lands of Ventura County have more than doubled in price in five years. . THREE BROAD OBSERVATIONS. FUTURE CONTINUANCE OF GAIN. RaTESs OF ADVANCE.—The extraordinary advance in the value of farm real estate, an advancement mostly in land values, but consider- ably in improvement values, which has appeared during the last five years can not of course continue indefinitely at the same pace. A gain of 33.5 per cent in five years is so great as to suggest a cessation, perhaps retrogression for some parts of the country or for some years, or, more likely, on the whole, as a net result of diverse tenden- cies, a diminution of the rate of increase to a more steady one, which will reflect the capitalization of farm real estate that can be sustained mostly by the profits of production and by improvements. WAVES OF DEPRESSION AND ELEVATION.—While, apart from new land taken into cultivation, there has been a general advance in the value of farm real estate from census to census (with the exception of the disturbing effect of the civil war upon the South), it is neverthe- less true that within areas sometimes much restricted and at other times much enlarged the value of the farm real estate has been sub- ject to waves of depression and elevation, continuing sometimes no longer than one year and sometimes during a period of considerable length in case of depression. Periods of general depression have so far been retrievable, and most localizations of depressions have so far been curable. The localized depressions of the past five years have often been of small account, and from a national point of view are thoroughly lost in the great gain in values in which every State has participated for every one of the ten classes into which the farms of the country are divided in this investigation according to principal sources of income, with minute exceptions in the North Atlantic States. LANDLORDISM FOR INVESTMENT. THREE FORMER CLASSES OF LANDLORDISM.—-A new sort of landlord- ism—new to this country—seems to have grown out of the great and rapid increase in farm real-estate values in recentyears. The farm land- lordism of many years has mostly been of three general sorts: (1) The landlordism of the cotton plantation worked mostly by tenants under a system which, while technically constituting tenancy, often has been little more than a contract for labor at contingent wages wich an element of profit-sharing; (2) the landlordism of the old farmers who | have moved to town and city or gone to live with children, and that CAUSES AFFECTING FARM VALUES. 531 which has followed their death, with breaking up of family; (3) the landlordism of owners temporarily holding farm titles until tenants shall have become able to buy, or until other purchasers have appeared, embracing a large class of landlords, apart from the second class. NEW PREFERENCES FOR FARMS.—To these three is now added a class of landlords who have become such as a consequence of seeking invest- ment and finding it preferably in farm lands. This class of landlord investors is more especially found in the North Central States; it is hardly apparent in the North Atlantic States, but is becoming percep- tible in the South. FounDING ** EsTATEsS.”—There has been a marked continuance of the founding of ** estates” in the North Atlantic and North Central States and Virginia, and in spots throughout the rest of the country, a move- ment that began over half a century ago, notably in Berkshire County, Mass.; but this movement is generally without farm landlordism, in place of which there isa hiring of farm managers and laborers for wages. GAINS WHERE MOST NEEDED. THROUGHOUT THE SoutH.—Derived from the various degrees of advance in the values of farm real estate during the period under review, an observation that is particularly pleasing from the point of view of national welfare is the common tendency of regions with land of low values to overtake the regions with higher values. Such a movement has stimulated the entire South in a remarkable degree, and has accompanied a notable increase in prosperity. SEMIARID LAND.—The new lands of the semiarid regions have acquired a value almost wholly created by means of suitable cultural methods. IN THE DEPRESSED East.—The farm-acre values of the East were not low enough to win the high increases of the other parts of the country during the last five years, but the long agricultural depression, against which the farmers of that region have struggled for many years, has given way on the whole to more profitable farming operations, and the East has joined the regions that were backward in advances of value in an onward and upward movement to capitalize their land with a more profitable agriculture. 3 RELATION OF FARMING TO OTHER VOCATIONS. The rapid development of manufacturing, transportation, and mer- chandising, of professional, personal, and domestic service, and of minor vocations, with a sustained export demand, is supporting good prices for the farm products of this country. The nonagricultural vocations have made such heavy demands for labor that farm workers are not so numerous as to cause overproduction. Since the making 5382 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of the raw products of food and clothing chiefly constitutes farm industry, and since the consumption of each of these two classes of products is subject to only a limited change per capita of the total population, high prices of lands necessarily require that there shall not be too large a percentage of total population engaged in agri- culture, and the nonagricultural population must be prosperous so as to pay profitable prices for agricultural products. The balance between country inhabitants and townspeople now seems fairly well adjusted, so that there are good wages in the non- agricultural pursuits and reasonable remuneration in farming. Good prices for farm products and the absence of an oversupply of hired - labor promote the continuance of the nation’s homestead plan of family-sized farms, one of the important social successes that this Republic has placed before the world. Free popular education, secondary schools, higher institutions of learning and of research devoted to nonagricultural pursuits, along with Governmental assistance in promoting marketing at home and abroad, are building up the nonagricultural classes and thus helping to enlarge home markets and raise their purchasing power for farm products. In still another encouraging way rural schools, agricultural col- leges, experiment stations, departments of agriculture, and inventors are enlarging and strengthening the technique of farm management, enabling the farmer to produce more from the acre and more per worker, and building up a class of farmers who not only pro- duce a living, but also substantially increase their capital and _ its productiveness. ——_— PROGRESS IN DRUG-PLANT CULTIVATION. By Ropney H. True, Physiologist in Charge of Drug-Plant Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry. INTRODUCTION. From the most ancient times mankind has turned to the plant world not only for foods and fibers but also for medicinal substances to com- bat bis physical ailments; and, in spite of the important contributions made by chemistry, and in later days by organ therapy, to the materia medica, the vegetable kingdom still forms the most iniportant single source to which the physician turns for disease-counteracting sub- stances. An examination of the official list of crude drugs of plant origin develops the fact that a large proportion of the species represented is found growing in the United States. Many of them are weeds, often classed as noxious by the farmer; others are simply wild plants of the fields and forests of different parts of the country. A very considera- ble proportion of the crude-drug supply is of foreign origin and is imported from many parts of the world. Of the entire list of drug plants, those under cultivation in this country constitute but a small portion. There has been an almost complete neglect of this phase of plant economics in this country and certain results have followed: (1) Many of the most valuable of our native drug plants have been well-nigh exterminated by drug collectors; (2) several.kinds of our most noxious weeds, instead of being utilized, have remained to encum- ber the land and impoverish the farmer; (3) millions of dollars are sent abroad annually to pay for crude drugs which are grown under condi- tions of soil and climate in general similar to those of our own country. The domestication and cultivation of those valuable wild plants which are most seriously threatened are an obvious necessity if the products concerned are not to disappear from the materia medica. The proper utilization of such weeds as possess useful properties would not only tend to check their spread, but would make them the source of income sufficient at least to pay for their removal when rightly handled. It is even possible that the cultivation of some of the weeds furnishing products most in demand might prove financially profitable. The experimental cultivation of drug plants from foreign lands with the hope that some may be grown here with profit is the first neces- sary step if this country is to supply its own demands for crude drugs. 533 53 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Experiments along these lines in the Bureau of Plant Industry have been carried on for some time and progress has been made in sevexal directions. In these investigations: the Office of Seed and Plant Intro- duction has cooperated with Drug-Plant Investigations. DOMESTICATION OF WILD DRUG PLANTS, GOLDEN SEAL.—The root. known as golden seal, /lydrastis canaden- sis L., has long had a wide use in America in connection with a class of troubles against which it has an especial efficacy. Of late years this favorable action has attracted attention abroad, with the result that, in addition to an increasing domestic demand, a very considerable foreign market has been built up. The search for this plant in the forests has been carried on so persistently that it has become scarce in commercial quantities and consequently high priced. For its preser- vation, therefore, cultivation is necessary. For a number of years it has been under observation at the testing gardens, Washington, D. C., and certain points essential in its cultivation have been made clear. Shade, artificial or natural, and a rich loamy soil are necessary. The plant reproduces readily from buds on the underground stem and by small buds developed on the fibrous roots. It is doubtful whether it is propagated from seed to any great extent, the seed seeming fre- quently to be incapable of growth. It takes about two years for the young plant grown from the divided rootstock to reach a good size for market. The demand for the dried root of golden seal continues good, the quotations indicating ready sale at from $1 to $1.50 per pound. Our experiments seem to show that the outlook for a small industry in the growing of this plant is bright. It is to be hoped, however, that over- production may be avoided. At present several firms are growing golden seal in small areas. CASCARA SAGRADA.—The cultivation of the cascara sagrada tree, Rhamnus purshiana DC. (Pl. LXVII, fig. 1), has been made a subject of study for about two years. The tree producing this useful bark, known as cascara sagrada, is a native of the upper Pacific coast region, where it chooses moist situations in the mountains. This usually small tree grows readily from seed sown in rich wood soil, and makes a fair growth the first year. It is under observation both at Washing- ton, D. C., and at Ebenezer, 5S. C. In both places it seems thus far to do well. Prof. C. S. Sargent, of Harvard University, states that at the Arnold Arboretum, near Boston, the tree maintains an existence for some years after transplanting, but eventually dies. So far both the seedlings grown at Washington and the transplanted trees sent in from the Pacific coast have made a good growth and look well. It is very desirable that the cultivation of this tree on an experimental scale should be taken up in the country to which it is native. The demand PLATE LXVII. 1905. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture © ee SoS Fic. 1.—A TRANSPLANTED SEEDLING OF CASCARA SAGRADA ABouT 3 YEARS OLD, 4 FEET HIGH. TWICE TRANSPLANTED. Fic. 2.—PURPLE CONEFLOWER. WHOLE PLANT AT TIME OF FLOWERING. HEIGHT ABOUT 20 INCHES. PROGRESS IN DRUG-PLANT CULTIVATION. 535 for this bark is great, not only in America but to an increasing degree in foreign lands, and since the amount of available material wherewith to supply this demand is decreasing rapidly and considerable time is required to grow trees large enough to peel, it is apparent that in the not very distant future a shortage is inevitable. SENECA SNAKEROOT AND PURPLE CONEFLOWER.—Among other wild drug plants now rapidly disappearing to which attention is being given by the Bureau of Plant Industry may be mentioned Seneca snakeroot, Polygala senega l., and echinacea, or purple coneflower, Brauneria angustifolia (DC.) Heller. (Pl. LXVII, fig. 2.) The latter plant is a member of the aster family, and grows scatteringly over consider- able areas of the plains in Kansas and Nebraska. This drug has come into special prominence in the last few years, and is much in demand, an increasing foreign consumption being noted in addition to the quantity necessary to satisfy home demands. Although formerly an easy drug to obtain at reasonable prices, echinacea has become increas- ingly rare during the last few years, with a consequent rise in price. The transplanted plants at Washington are making a very promising growth, and the outlook for successful cultivation is good. UTILIZATION OF WEEDS. There is a considerable number of kinds of plants occurring fre- quently along roadsides, in fence corners and waste places, or even among the crops, which furnish products used in greater or less quan- tities as crude drugs. Among these may be mentioned a few species which have received attention. AMERICAN WORMSEED.——The so-called American wormseed, used, as its name indicates, as a vermifuge, consists of the dried fruits of Chenopodium anthelminticum L. When drilled in rows and properly cultivated, a yield of 500 pounds or more to the acre was obtained under the conditions of soil and climate prevailing near Florence, 5. C. It was harvested by cutting the plants near the surface of the ground while the fruit had still a bright-green color, the seed showing a bright, black surface when rubbed out, and was dried in a barn having a tight board floor. When dry the fruits were beaten off, the leaves and other débris sifted out, and the fruits bag ged for market. The price obtained gave a better net return, acre for acre, than cotton on the same type of land for the same season. It is necessary to remem- ber, however, that the annual demand for wormseed is limited and that overproduction is easily possible. JiIMSON WEED.—Another weed regarded with great hostility by farm- ers generally is the well-known jimson weed, Datura stramonium L. This spreading, ungainly, and ill-smelling weed, often occupying considerable areas of unused, usually rich lands about buildings and 536 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, yards, supplies the drug dealers with both leaves and seed. Although it grows frequently to great size if left to itself, when grown under cultivation in rows jimson weed needs good soil and some cultivation in order to make a good growth. It then appears also to suffer from insect pests, which are seldom seen to molest it otherwise. However, if it has a good chance, it yields a crop of leaves which, if properly cured and marketed, will equal or surpass the net yield, acre for acre, of large areas of land now growing wheat and other staple crops. The curing is best done by cutting the plant at the ground when in fullest leaf and drying it out at from 100° to 110° F. in a tobacco-curing barn of the type in use in the Carolinas for curing bright tobacco. ‘The plants, stems and all, are cured, and when the leaves are dry they may be easily stripped from the stems. After taking on enough moisture to prevent them from being too brittle to handle without breaking to pieces, the leaves may be bagged for storage or shipment. Poxr.—Experimental plats of pokeroot, Phytolacca umericana L., have shown on a small seale that these roots, which are dug, sliced, and cured at the close of the first year’s growth, may be easily grown and handled. The fleshy branch roots of older plants, before they become too woody, are also acceptable, though less readily gotten out of the ground. BurbDOocK AND YELLOW DOocK.—Similar small experimental plats of yellow dock, Rwmew crispus L., and of burdock, Arctium lappa L., gave favorable indications. These roots are now imported in part. None of the drugs mentioned here has an unlimited demand, and any considerable overproduction would result in a decline in price. CULTIVATION OF IMPORTED DRUGS. The feasibility of cultivating foreign drug plants as a commercial enterprise depends on a number of factors. It is necessary, first of all, to know whether the species concerned will do well under the condi- tions which we have to give them. Secondly, it must be ascertained whether the resulting product has the desired properties among the new surroundings. Thirdly, the question must be faced as to whether, with the economic conditions prevailing in the region concerned, it is possible for the cultivator to realize a profit sufficient to repay him for bis efforts. ® To work through a!l these stages with a new industry requires not only patient investigation, but also considerable time. A series of cultural tests is being made on a small scale at Washington, D. C., Ebenezer, S. C., Burlington, Vt., and other points, and in some cases the behavior of important drug-producing plants of Europe and the Orient under our conditions has thus been determined. Astatic poppy.—The Asiatic poppy, Papaver somniferum L., grown in various parts of Europe and the Orient, has made a good growth in PLATE LXVIII. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905. FiG. 1.—CAMPHOR TR EES 7 YEARS FROM QUINCY, FLA. SEED, GROWN AT FIG. 2.—PLANT OF PAPRIKA PEPPER, GROWN FROM HUNGARIAN SEED AT WASHINGTON, D. C. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905. PLATE Ket be rn wy iA Al wa ont Raa ‘ne i Fic. 1.—PAPRIKA PEPPERS. WHOLE DRIED FRUITS AS THEY APPEAR WHEN READY FOR MARKET. Fic. 2.—BRANCH OF JAPANESE CHILLI PEPPER, SHOWING THE CLUSTERED ARRANGEMENT OF THE FRUIT. THREE-FIFTHS NATURAL SIZE. FiG. 3.—ROOT OF A 22-YEAR-OLD BELLADONNA PLANT, 2 FEET DEEP. GROWN AT WASHINGTON, D. C. PROGRESS IN DRUG-PLANT CULTIVATION. 537 the most widely separated parts of the United States. In so cold a climate as Vermont and in the warm sections of the South it has shown its ability to maintain a vigorous existence. Under unfavorable con- ditions of soil drainage, especially where the land is of a clayey nature, a diseased condition develops with disastrous results. This seems to be aggravated by too late planting in the spring. In July and August the plants bloom freely and produce in about four or five weeks a good crop of the large capsules characteristic of this species and its varieties. The poppy plant is traversed by an elaborate series of tubes carrying a white, milky juice, which oozes out whenever these ducts are cut or otherwise opened. The capsule after it reaches its full size contains a very liberal supply of this juice. By incising the capsule and collect- ing the partly dried juice a product is obtained which on further treat- ment becomes the commercial product from which morphine, codeine, and related alkaloids are extracted. Mr. W. 0. Richtmann, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, has at present under test on a large scale a process for separating morphine, codeine, etc., directly from the plant, which has promised well in the laboratory. Small experiments indicate the practicability of obtaining a high grade of crude morphine in fair quantity from the dried capsules of poppies grown in different parts of the country, but much further experimenta- tion will still be necessary before the success or failure of the plan is demonstrated. Campuor.—At the present time the world’s entire supply of camphor is derived from Japan, the annexation of the island of Formosa bring- ing under the Japanese flag all the sources of production. This, together with the additional fact that the supply has been already seriously trenched upon, has raised. the price of this commodity to a high mark and placed under the exclusive control of a single govern- ment a substance not only important medicinally, but also necessary in various technical processes connected with the manufacture of cel- luloid and of certain other products derived from nitrated cellulose. Our importation of camphor, crude and refined, between 1897 and 1904, has varied in value from $350,000 in 1899 to about $939,000 in 1904. This increase in value is due not only to a large increase in the number of pounds of camphor purchased, but also to an increase in the value. At various times in the past the United States Department of Agri- culture has imported camphor trees which have been distributed throughout various parts of the South (Pl. LX VIII, fig. 1), and it has been practically demonstrated that over considerable areas of the warmer portions of this country camphor will grow well. It has also been established by experimental distillations made from a good num- ber of trees in several localities in Florida and in different seasons that the leaves and twigs obtained by pruning trees of various ages will yield from 1 to 14 per cent of crude camphor, calculated on the 538 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. fresh weight of the clippings. That this yield can >e increased mate- rially is probable, since a very thorough opening up of the cells of the tissues to be distilled is a necessary preliminary treatment. Means for doing this most effectively were not at hand in the experiments here referred to. A considerable area of camphor growth of various ages has been generously placed at the service of the Bureau of Plant Industry by landowners in Florida, and more thoroughgoing tests are planned. The economic possibilities of camphor growing will be experimentally tested. The readiness with which the camphor tree is propagated from seed and the rapid growth made, together with the yield of gum and oil, make the outlook one of great interest. Licorice. -—The annual importation of licorice root and licorice paste has fallen between one and one-half and two million dollars since 1898. The sum paid for the paste—between $75,000 and $100,000—shows that the great bulk is purchased in the form of the crude root. Experi- ments in licorice cultivation by the Bureau of Plant Industry and by private parties show pretty clearly that although the imported article comes chiefly from the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, the licorice plant is hardy as far north as Pennsylvania. It will succeed best, however, in somewhat warmer regions. It maintains itself wild in some parts of California in which it has escaped from cultivation. Licorice cuttings imported from England made a good growth at Washington until interfered with by accidental conditions. In South Carolina an experimental planting has thus far made good growth. It is, however, too early for a complete report. BELLADONNA.——-Among the important minor crude-drug importations may be mentioned belladonna and digitalis. The belladonna plant, Atropa belladonna L., supplies the leaf and root drugs known under this name and is the source of the important principle known as atropine. Since these products are not itemized in the Government reports on imports, there is no ofiicial source from which the magni- tude of the demand in America can be accurately determined. Bella- donna, however, isastandard drug widely used, anda very considerable sum is paid annually for the products of this plant. Experiments with belladonna have been in progress at the Washington gardens for about four years. At first considerable difficulty was experienced in getting plants from the seeds. Two causes were operative—the bad quality of much of the seed and the too deep planting of good seed. Belladonna does well ina good garden soil. The area to be devoted to it should be gotten into good tilth before seeding. The seed may be drilled in rows about 3 feet apart and covered very lightly. The plants if too thick may be thinned until a footapart inthe row. In the late summer of the first year the plants will reach a good size and flower PROGRESS IN DRUG-PLANT CULTIVATION, 539 and fruit freely. The leaves are collected after the plants have begun to fruit and are cured by drying in the shade. The plant is perennial; and if unusual conditions do not interfere, the yield in leaves and fruit will be considerably greater for the succeeding years than for the first year. After the first year the roots (Pl. LXLX, fig. 3) become valuable and may be dug in the late autumn or early spring. It is desirable that they should not be allowed to become too woody before digging. They are cut up and cured. The cultivation of belladonna on a com- mercial scale has been taken up successfully during the past two years by an American firm using this drug. FoxeLove.—Foxglove, Digitalis purpurea Li., furnishes a very important drug in the shape of the leaf collected from the flowering plant. It has been found easy to raise foxglove both at Washington and in South Carolina. In case the soil conditions are entirely satis- factory and the ground is clear of weeds, the very minute seed may be drilled into the garden in rows about 23 to 3 feetapart. The seedlings are very small and are likely to be smothered if the soil contains many weed seeds. The plants may be more surely saved by planting in the early spring in a seed bed or under a cold frame. They may then be set out a foot apart in the rows. The leaf growth of the first year is not usually collected. The flowers appear in the spring or early sum- mer of the second year. When the plant is in flower the leaves are collected, cured under shade, and baled for market. Prprrers.—At the present time a small but growing market exists in this country for ground paprika pepper prepared from the pods of a slender-fruited sort grown especially in Hungary (Pl. LX VIII, fig. 2; Pl. LXIX, fig. 1). This product is imported in both the whole and the ground condition, chiefly in the latter state. This pepper is marked by a somewhat sweet taste, a characteristic aromatic quality, and a narrow pointed outline. During the past two seasons small experi- mental plantings have been made at Ebenezer, 8S. C. Three acres grown during the past season have yielded between 3,000 and 3,500 pounds of dried pepper pods, for which a profitable price has been received. In spite of the fact that the ripe fruit was picked weekly and cured out in a tobacco barn over artificial heat, the profits resulting have been very satisfactory. At the present time, in view of the small demand for this product, the limit of overproduction could be readily reached. The smaller forms of red peppers, known as chillies, have received some attention at Ebenezer, 5. C., and the results with Japanese chillies (Pl. LXIX, fig. 2), while not as favorable as those just noted, still give good ground for hope that, with the long growing season, cheap labor, and special curing facilities of the tobacco region of South Carolina, there is the possibility of a considerably larger industry in supplying 540 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, this type of peppers. The importation for consumption into the United States of all kinds of red peppers (ground and unground) dur- ing the fiscai years 1903-1905 was as follows: Year. | Pounds, Value. 1). a ep | 2, 835, 574 $183, 166 gh 1: dogs cer aaene ia 3, 209, 623 | 217, 042 ROOD Ss casters ae 38, 509, 444 259, 631 While it is possible that a part of this demand could only be satisfied by peppers grown in tropical climates, it seems probable that a con- siderable quantity of the home product will find a ready sale in the American market. In closing, one point should be emphasized. Owing to the limited demand for any one product mentioned in this paper, the prospective drug grower is strongly advised to cultivate small areas of several kinds rather than to trust himself to the market conditions of a single crop. By dividing his risks he is more likely to avoid the full force of unfavorable seasonal effects and fluctuations of the market. FEDERAL GAME PROTECTION—A FIVE YEARS’ RETROSPECT. By T. 8. Paumer, Assistant in Charge of Game Preservation, Biological Survey. INTRODUCTION. The opening year of the twentieth century marked the beginning of a new era in game protection in the United States. The first general Federal law for the protection of game went into effect on May 25, 1900, and inaugurated a policy which was in striking contrast with that of the previous century. From colonial days the States had made repeated efforts to protect their game, and some of them had devel- oped their laws to a comparatively high degree of complexity. Dis- puted points had been carried to the highest courts and in a few cases to the Supreme Court of the United States. The Federal Government, on the other hand, had done comparatively little. In 1832 Congress passed an act regulating the destruction of game in the Indian country; in 1878 a game law for the District of Columbia; in 1894 one for the Yellowstone National Park; and in 1899 a new law for the District of Columbia and one providing against the wanton destruction of fish and game in the Mount Rainier National Park. It also incorpo- rated a few provisions in the tariff acts affecting the importation of birds and mammals, and inserted in the criminal code of Alaska a section prohibiting the destruction or export of eggs of cranes and waterfowl. It had done nothing, however, to prevent the intro- duction of noxious animals and birds from abroad, had never exercised its functions in regulating interstate commerce in game, and had made no general provision for protecting game in national parks or reservations. PASSAGE OF THE LACEY ACT. A decision rendered by the Supreme Court in 1896 in the case of Geer v. Connecticut held that game was the property of the State; that it could be protected in such manner as prescribed by the iegislature, and that its export to other States could be prohibited without conflict with the interstate-commerce clause of the Constitution. This decision gave a new impetus to game legislation throughout the country and encouraged the States to incorporate nonexport provisions in their laws. Its.effect on Federal legislation is largely a matter of specula- tion, but it is worthy of note that within a few months three bills were introduced in Congress. 541 542 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. On July 1, 1897, Hon. John ¥. Lacey, of Iowa, introduced in the House of Representatives a bill to encourage the introduction of new or valuable birds, which was destined finally to assume much broader scope than was then contemplated. This work, by the provisions of the bill, was placed in charge of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, which it authorized to introduce, propagate, and dis- tribute game or other wild birds and to collect and publish useful information concerning them. On the following day Hon. Henry M. Teller, of Colorado, introduced in the Senate a bill to prevent the illegal export of big game from the States of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Six months later he reintroduced this bill in a form which broadened its scope, shaping it so as to prohibit interstate commerce in big game and certain game birds shipped in violation of local laws, to require the proper marking of packages of game, and to give the Inter- state Commerce Commission jurisdiction over transportation of game from one State to anotrer. On March 14, 1898, a bill was introduced in the Senate by Hon. George F. Hoar, of Massachusetts, with the object of restricting the traffic in birds or feathers, particularly those used for millinery purposes. This bill prohibited importation, ship- ment from one State to another, and sale in the Territories or the District of Columbia of birds or feathers for ornamental purposes. All of these measures failed of passage and were reintroduced in the next Congress. Without going into the details of the history of these bills* it will be sufficient to say that the Teller bill failed to pass either branch of Congress, the Hoar bill passed the Senate twice, but failed to pass the House, and the Lacey bill passed both House and Senate twice before it became a law.? PROVISIONS OF THE LACEY ACT. Between the dates of intvoduction and approval of the Lacey bill nearly three years had intervened. The measure had been introduced at least four times, with more or less modification each time; had been freely discussed by the press and by sportsmen and game protection- ists, and had been under consideration simultaneously with the Hoar and Teller bills. AIL these circumstances left their impress on its final form. froma simple measure to authorize a new line of work in the Fish Commission it had developed into a general bill to provide for introduction of foreign birds, prevent importation of noxious species, regulate interstate traffic in game, and place the supervision of Fed- eral game protection under the direction of the Secretary of Agricul- «See Bull. No. 12, Biological Survey, U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture, pp. 49-54, 1900. ’The first time it passed the House December 19, 1898, and the Senate January 6, 1899. It had, however, been amended in the Senate by the addition of the Hoar bill, and the combined Lacey-Hoar bill was lost in conference in the closing days of the session. It was reintroduced on January 3, 1900, and again on January 17, passed the House April 30, and the Senate May 18, and was approved May 25, 1900. FEDERAL GAME PROTEOTION. 543 ture. It was intended also to supplement State laws and to settle the vexed question as to jurisdiction over imported game. In effect it was intended to form a Federal capstone resting on an uneven foun- dation of State legislation cemented as far as possible into one solid structure. Its five sections were derived from different sources and drawn for different purposes. Section 1, relating to introduction and propagation of game and publication of information concerning game, was the original bill modified and enlarged. Section 2, regu- lating importation of all foreign species and prohibiting introduction of those known to be injurious, was modeled after a law passed in Western Australia in 1893. Section 3, relating to interstate commerce in game, incorporated the principal provisions of the revised Teller bill. Section 4, in so far as it provided for marking of packages of game, was also modeled after the Teller bill. Section 5, making ‘mported game subject to State laws, was copied from the Wilson original-package act. Even the final provision, that the bill should not prevent importation, transportation, or sale of plumage manu- factured from the feathers of the barnyard fowl, may be regarded as an echo of the opposition to the Hoar bill, which had once prevented the Lacey bill from becoming law. This provision had been inserted, during the passage of the measure through the House, to insure that the bill should not be construed as affecting in any way the sale of so-called fancy feathers. IMPORTATION OF FOREIGN BIRDS AND MAMMALS. In regulating the importation of foreign birds and mammals the United States has undertaken a task of greater magnitude than that attempted by any other nation. The governments of Cape Colony, New Zealand, and some of the States of Australia restrict the impor- tation of species which are considered pests, but no country with such extensive coast lines and so many ports of entry has hitherto attempted a supervision of all imported species in order to protect its agricul- tural interests. With the cordial cooperation of the Secretary of the Treasury and the officers of the customs service, the Secretary of Agriculture is now able to supervise importations which arrive at any of the ports on the Atlantic or Pacific coast, on the Canadian or Mexi- can borders, or in the Territory of Hawaii. Persons desiring to import wild animals or birds from abroad must first make application to the Department of Agriculture for a permit, setting forth the num- ber and kind of each animal or bird, the port of entry, the date of probable arrival, and the purpose for which the importation is made. A permit is then issued which, when presented to the collector of customs at the port designated, authorizes the entry of the shipment. When necessary the consignment is subjected to expert examination in order to determine the identity of the species and so prevent the 544 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. entry of certain injurious species, the importation of which is pro- hibited. Asa rule, special inspections are made only at the ports of New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Honolulu, but they can also be made, when required, at Boston, Baltimore, Washington, and New Orleans. When the law went into effect it was thought by some that it would be impossible to enforce its provisions;. that the requirement of per- mits would cause serious delay and loss and endless criticism; that the placing of the work under two Departments would result in friction aud prevent the accomplishment of the desired objects. Experience, however, has proved that such fears were groundless. “The law has worked smoothly and effectively, without causing delay, loss, or fric- tion. As its provisions have become better known its restrictions have been cheerfully complied with and its inconvenience to importers has been reduced to a minimum. Permits are obtained in advance but when for any reason this is impracticable a telegraphic request for- warded upon arrival usually secures an order for inspection or release of the consignment with the delay of only an hour or two. Parrots are admitted without permit or examination, and passengers bringing with them not more than five cage birds are allowed to declare them with their personal baggage without the formality of securing a regu- lar permit. Besides accomplishing the main object of preventing the importation of dangerous pests, this simple system gives a permanent record of every importation, affords the means of collecting valuable statistics concerning the trade in foreign birds and animals, and enables the Department to follow intelligently the various experiments which are made in introducing new species fromabroad. It has already brought to light many facts of interest concerning the extensive trade in cana- ries from Germany, pheasants from Canada, and quail from China; the history of the introduction of new game birds, like the capercailzie, black cock, and Scandinavian ptarmigan, and numerous species of pheasants, waterfowl, and cage birds brought in for aviary purposes. When it is considered that one consignment of foreign birds arrives on an average nearly every day in the year, that in busy seasons as many as 10,000 birds have come into New York on one steamer, and that in the course of a year the importations aggregate more than 200,000 canaries and 40,000 miscellaneous birds, some idea can be formed of the extent of the foreign trade in live birds. During the five years ending June 30, 1905, 1,563 permits were issued, covering the entry of 2,841 mammals, 819,970 canaries, and 185,765 miscellaneous birds, of which 30,8837 were game birds. In addition to these, 19 permits were issued for the entry of 7,128 eggs of game birds brought in for propagation. The record for each fiscal year is shown in the table following. | o> ———— FEDERAL GAME PROTECTION. 545 Importations of mammals and birds, 1901-1908. 4 ; Mam- Year ending June 30— | Permits, | “7% | | Canaries Total birds. | | Game _ |Miscellane- mals. 4 birds. | ous birds. edited - a ee eee oe as | RAS eR ee ee 186 350 (a) 6, 584 3, 416 10, 000 | N18 ES a a pea aes 287 214 182, 361 5, 281 47,791 235, 433 SETS digs cua koe nevns. 382 629 201, 527 9, 126 43, 980 254,633 | Tne t daeiatee a gh t.0' ie ars 318 1,470 205, 400 6, 807 85, 323 247, 030 | | DUNS G Laas Ae nm 5 wntas 390 178 230, 682 8, 539 24, 418 258, 639 Total bs.2ie. J... 1, 563 2,841 | 2819,970 30, 837 154, 928 1, 005, 735 a The number of canaries imported in 1901 is not known, but it was probably not less than 180,000. This would inerease the total number of canaries to about 1,000,000, and the total number of birds to about 1,186,000. > These figures are somewhat less than those given on page 87, owing chiefly to the omission in this table of a few permits which were issued to replace others not used. Comparatively few attempts have been made to import any of the mammals or birds prohibited by law. During the last five years admission has been denied to 7 specimens of the mongoose, 54 flying foxes, 1 kohlmeise (Parus major), 15 blaumeisen (Parus cwruleus), and 2 European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). In the case of the mongoose 3 examples arrived at San Francisco (i in 1901, 1 in 1902, and 1 in 1903), and 3 at Philadelphia (1 in 1901 and 2 in 1903), all of which were promptly destroyed. The seventh specimen was brought in at some port on the Gulf coast and was discovered at Los Angeles, Cal., where it died a few months after arrival. At the present time the only living specimens known to be in the United States are those in the zoological gardens in Philadelphiaand Washington, and these are safely kept in con- finement. Of the flying foxes 2 were brought to San Francisco in 1903 and were destroyed; the others, which arrived at New York in 1902, were refused entry and were promptly reshipped to Hamburg,Germany. The importation feature of the law has been made elastic so that the Secretary of Agriculture can, when necessary, add to the list of pro- hibited species of birds or mammals which he has reason to suppose may become injurious if introduced into the United States. Should the mongoose once gain a foothold in the South, it would probably repeat its record in Jamaica and exterminate quail, grouse, and other ground-nesting birds, destroy poultry, and otherwise do immense damage. In short, it would in all probability become the worst pest which could be introduced into this country. Since the passage of the Lacey Act every mongoose known to have arrived at any of the ports of the United States, as just explained, has been promptly destroyed. So well has the law worked in practice that notwithstand- ing the fact that the Territories of Hawaii and Porto Rico, which were both overrun with the pest, were annexed while the bill was pending in Congress, the provision forbidding shipment from one State to another of species the entry of which is prohibited has thus far prevented the animals from securing a foothold. In the strict enforcement of this law lies the protection of the United States in future from the 3 «1905——35 546 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. repetition of such a costly experiment as the introduction of the Eng- lish sparrow and from the danger of acclimatization of the mongoose or other pests capable of doing immense damage. INTERSTATE COMMERCE IN GAME. Development of cold storage and extension of railroads in the West in the early seventies made accessible to the markets of eastern cities a supply of game which at first seemed inexhaustible. So rapidly did this trade increase that some of the western States in self-defense were compelled to take steps to restrict shipments of game beyond their borders. Minnesota was one of the pioneers in this movement and as early as 1871 prohibited export of game for market, while in 1877 it prohibited export of all game birds, except pheasants, for‘any purpose. Several of the States in the Southwest soon followed with laws regu- lating market hunting, but progress was comparatively slow. In 1896, however, a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States (Geer v. Connecticut, 161 U. S., 519) finally established the right of a State to prohibit export of game. ‘This decision had the effect of rendering nonexport laws more popular, and four years later they were in force in 41 States. But, in spite of all legislative restrictions, the trade’ in game continued to increase. Difficulty was experienced in detecting consignments of game before they crossed the border, and statutory prohibitions, while restricting, failed to prevent the growth of the trade through which large quantities of game were annually swept into cold storage in the larger cities. Until recently Chicago and St. Louis were the largest game markets in the West. The conditions in these cities illustrate clearly the difh- culties encountered in protecting game, and at the same time show the progress recently made in game-law enforcement. In 1900, nonexport laws were on the statute books of all the States of the Northwest except Nebraska and Montana. In Missouri the local law did not affect shipment or sale of game from other States, while in Illinois imported game could be sold without restriction as late as February 1. Under these conditions the game trade in Chicago and St. Louis flour- ished in spite of State laws, and enormous quantities of deer, grouse, prairie chickens, quail, and ducks were handled each season. Quail and grouse were received by the barrel and ducks and venison in larger quantities. A single consignment of game from Nebraska received at Chicago in 1900 contained no less than 87 barrels of prairie chickens, and a rough estimate of the number of these birds killed in Nebraska that year placed it at about 5 millions, of which 1 million were killed for local consumption and 4 millions for shipment beyond the State. The enactment of the Federal law infused new life into State laws and made possible the enforcement of provisions which previously had been of little effect. When its operation began to be felt the changed conditions caused shippers to seek means by which they could continue FEDERAL GAME PROTEOTION. 547 their trade undisturbed. Every advantage was taken of defects in State laws, and various devices, technical or otherwise, were adopted to evade the provisions of the Federal law requiring marking of packages. Quail and other game birds were concealed in trunks, barrels, egg cases, and similar misleading packages, and were marked “butter,” ‘‘dressed poultry,” or ‘‘ household goods.” Special ship- ping tags were devised for the purpose of concealing the identity of the shipper and minimizing the risk which he assumed in for- warding shipments to market. But these devices have been rendered more and more futile. All the States in the Union except Mississippi now prohibit export (see fig. 113), and several of them have stopped the sale of all or certain kinds of game. Stringent laws prohibiting sale and shipment have been enacted in Missouri and Nebraska. These Fig. 113.—States and Provinces which prohibited export of game in 1905. Ruled areas indicate those which prohibited export of any game; dotted areas, those which prohibited export of certain kinds of game; blank areas, those which did not prohibit export. Inclosed names indicate special excep- tions permitting nonresident hunters to take out a limited amount of game. The letter a indicates prohibition of export for sale only. and the equally sweeping legislation of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin can be and are rigidly enforced through the cooperative influence of the Federal law and the support their enforcement secures from the strong public sentiment that caused their adoption. In Chicago alone thousands of birds illegally shipped have been seized, and from the evidence thus secured many of the shippers in other States have been brought to justice. Under the Federal law more than 50 convictions have been secured, and in nearly half of these cases fines of $100 or more have been imposed. In each of three cases they amounted to $150, in two to $200, and in two others to $400. In consequence of the impulse given to State legislation and public sentiment by the Lacey Act, conditions in 1905 presented a marked 545 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, contrast to those prevailing in 1900. Prairie chickens had almost entirely disappeared from the markets of Chicago; venison, quail, and crouse were received in greatly diminished quantities, and even ducks, which formerly were shipped from Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas by thousands, were offered for sale in comparatively small numbers. Cottontails and jack rabbits were almost the only kinds of game received in large quantities. In St. Louis the anti-sale pro- vision in the Missouri law had practically driven all game, except rabbits, from the market; the wholesale trade in game was a thing of the past, and game birds were no longer freely offered for sale through- out the year in hotels and restaurants. Even more striking are the changes which have taken place in methods of shipment. Until recently most of the game was forwarded to market by express, but the rigid inspection to which express mat- ter is now subjected in Chicago and St. Louis has resulted in detection of many of the devices formerly resorted to with success and has rendered the ordinary methods of evading the law unsafe. As a result comparatively little game was received at these two cities by express during the past year, and shippers have been driven to the adoption of other means of transportation which, being more or less unsatisfactory and expensive, are likely to prevent a resumption of the trade in violation of law. Conditions similar to those now exist- ing in Chicago and St. Louis may be found also in Milwaukee, Min- neapolis, St. Paul, Omaha, Kansas City, and other important points in the West. This marked contrast between the present state of the game trade in these cities and that of a few years ago serves to illus- trate the progress made possible by stringent laws coupled with effective and intelligent cooperation in enforcement. INFORMATION CONCERNING GAME. In accordance with the provision of the Lacey Act requiring the Secretary of Agriculture to ‘‘ collect and publish useful information as to the propagation, uses, and preservation of birds,” the collection of data has been carried on steadily and systematically. Notes and obser- rations have been brought together from every available source on the food habits, distribution, and migration of game birds; on methods of hunting; on the restrictions placed on killing game (see figs. 114, 115), as well as on its export (see fig. 113) and sale (see fig. 116); on licenses, game preserves, and many other topics connected with game protec- tion. The results which have attended the wide dissemination of such information bid fair to render this feature one of the most important in the law and the one of most general interest. Distribution of publications on the habits and uses of birds constitutes a prominent educational factor and is of great service in creating a sentiment in favor of game preservation, while the result of placing before the pub- FEDERAL GAME PROTECTION. 549 lic a summary of the game laws enacted in the several States each year has had much influence in securing greater uniformity in State laws. Among the bulletins issued by the Biological Survey relating to habits and uses of birds may be mentioned two illustrated reports on upland game—one devoted to the ‘* Bobwhite and other Quails of the United States,” the other to ‘‘Grouse and Wild Turkeys;” a third r tt+ + ti t+ PTH Watt +4 ttt peeebbsens: ++ +++ Itty + UTA Tt They +++ Sittt+se 5 ‘ ei, GA 4 s -~ A 4 s ‘ ‘ ' Fic. 114.—Bag limits in 1900. +t ++ +* 7+ a+ ++ +? E tk od + Tar terr++se P+srre1rrtt + = + -; c + + + CFF En Ee ge A+ > + NPE + Fic. 115.—Bag limits in 1908. Ruled areas indicate States and Provinces which limit the bag of both big and small game; crossed areas, those which limit the number of big game only; dotted areas, those which limit the bag of small game only. PROGRESS IN LEGISLATION RESTRICTING THE KILLING OF GAME. 550 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, bulletin of the same general class deals with the ‘‘Importation of Game Birds and Eges for Propagation,” and a fourth report, devoted to the *f Distribution and Migration of Ducks, Geese, and Swans,” is now ready for publication. This last report has been prepared to aid in an understanding of the underlying conditions which should govern legislation for the protection of wild fowl. It should be of special service in connection with the movement to prohibit spring shooting, a much needed form of protection for waterfowl which has recently made some progress (see figs. 117, 118), and one which is destined to receive more consideration in future. Three series of publications on the game laws have been undertaken: (1) A bulletin containing in full the laws relating to nongame birds, first issued in 1900 and revised in 1902. (2) An annual summary of x ++ TOKE.» Rw last TA pod | TER: YH * > > FTTH Tet Here He TTT eereere ee pee ee ee ee —hrtt mreeet, > Ares eT Tete erorseeeoe TT ++ ++ 44 terre eee corres ++ orerereed toe teseeere TET TT t+ e+ e+e TTT TTT He TF Kee etereree Fete tore reesd tHe + err eeee Fig. 116.—States and Provinces which prohibited sale of game throughout the year in 1905. Ruled areas indicate those which prohibited sale (resale in Nevada) of all protected game; crossed areas, those which prohibited sale of all protected game taken within the State; dotted areas, those which prohibited sale (resale in Delaware) of certain game; and blank areas, those which had no sale prohibitions (except a few local provisions in North Carolina and Virginia). the game laws relating to seasons, shipment, sale, and licenses, for wide distribution to wardens, officers of transportation companies, and other persons interested in game protection. This summary is supple- mented each year by two sets of posters, one showing in tabular form the close seasons for game in each State and in each of the Provinces of Canada; the other, close seasons for game under local laws in Mary- land and North Carolina, which have separate statutes for many of the counties. (3) A bulletin relating to enforcement of the game laws, which is still in course of preparation, will, when completed, contain a history of the development of the warden system, a summary of the provisions relating to the duties and powers of wardens, and extracts from the statutes relating to the details of enforcing the game laws. ‘This series will be supplemented by an index and digest FEDERAL GAME PROTECTION. 551 of game decisions, containing references to about 200 of the most important cases, and accompanied by alphabetical and chronological lists and a subject index, which will show at a glance the decisions rendered in a given State, in a given year, or on a specific topic. From time to time information on special subjects has been pub- lished in the form of circulars and articles in the Yearbook. Among these may be mentioned ‘‘ Definitions of Close Seasons for Game,” GN ---" gece -_ -----°" anton weoeneerrrt proow.------ FLA! oasis KY. pe: Sa ee RS a ee 5 1‘ oncoer Ce ee ed ro tg N.C. H -L LALA y = rs ITTF on Lc reTTt “ 0. ae Ole OF oe Fic. 1.—TERNS ON SOUTHWEST HARBOR KEY IN THE BRETON ISLAND RESERVATION, [Photograph by Frank M. Miller. | Fic. 2.—BROwN PELICANS ON PELICAN ISLAND RESERVATION. [Photograph by Frank M. Chapman.] FEDERAL BIRD RESERVATIONS. FEDERAL GAME PROTECTION. 559 The best known of these reservations is Pelican Island, in Indian River, Florida, not far from Sebastian. It is little more than a mud flat, with only a few black mangroves, one or two cabbage palms, and large patches of grass to conceal its expanse of something less than 4 acres. For many years it has been the home of a large colony of brown pelicans, the only breeding grounds of the species thus far known on the east coast of Florida (see Pl. LXX, fig. 1). Prior to --- corer I Reed, Sede -* ee ee Oto maree Nets Reseee® POS. ead dahl y ed by err oka: rac . Watch be Veer er a se Fie. 124.—Protection of nongame birds in 1905. Ruled areas indicate States and Provinces which protect all nongame birds except certain injurious species, dotted areas those which protect only a part of their nongame birds. PROGRESS IN LEGISLATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NONGAME BIRDS. 560 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1901, when the State passed a comprehensive law protecting nongame birds, their nests and eggs, and the Audubon societies placed a warden in charge of the island, the colony was in danger of extermination. Plume hunters could easily destroy the birds for their quills, which were then in fashion as trimmings for ladies’ hats, and egg collectors could carry away large numbers of eggs. One collector who visited the island in April, 1894, records the fact that in about an hour he gathered some 125 sets,“ which must have represented a very consid- erable proportion of the eggs then in the nests. Even tourists often did considerable harm by shooting at the pelicans merely because they furnished an easy mark, or drove them from their nests, thus expos- ing the young to the scorching, often fatal, rays of the sen. All this Fig. 125.—Federal parks and reservations for the protection of birds and game in 1905. 1, Yellowstone National Park; 2, Stump Lake Reservation; 8, Siskiwit Islands Reservation; 4, Huron Islands Reservation; 5, Wichita Forest Reserve and Game Preserve; 6, Breton Island Reservation; 7, Passage Key Reservation; 8, Pelican Island Reservation. is now changed. For the last four years the birds have enjoyed tne protection of the State law. In 1903 the island was made a Govern- ment reservation by Executive order and placed in charge of the Departmentof Agriculture, and the warden was duly commissioned as an officer of the Department. For several seasons the birds have bred free from molestation, and the colony is now in flourishing condition. The island has been visited by naturalists, who have made careful studies of the birds;? data never before available are being collected regarding their food, moulting, and nesting habits, and the reservation @QOsprey, III, p. 70. bF. M. Chapman, Bird Studies with a Camera, pp. 191-214, 1900; the Century Mag., Vol. LX XI, pp. 199-211, December, 1905; H. K. Job, Wild Wings, pp. 1-18, . 1905. FEDERAL GAME PROTECTION. 561 is fast becoming a point of interest for visitors and students of nature, who are attracted by the exceptional opportunities afforded for observ- ing the birds and studying their habits. The second reservation in Florida, Passage Key, was not established until October, 1905, but already bids fair to become an important refuge for both land and sea birds. Within three months after its establishment more than 50 species of birds were found on the island, and among these were noted 200 common terns, 200 Cabot terns, 500 royal terns, 150 laughing gulls, 600 herring gulls, 800 brown pelicans, and about 5,000 red-breasted mergansers. Even more important as a breeding ground for terns are the keys included in the Breton Island Reservation off the mouth of the Missis- sippi, which were set aside as a Federal reserve on October 4, 1904. A photograph taken on July 2, 1905, shows thousands of terns which were then breeding on Southwest Harbor Key, one of the Old Harbor Islands (see Pl. LXX, fig. 2). These included Cabot, common, and royal terns. During the winter months this reservation becomes the refuge for thousands of ducks of various species, especially mallards. Of the northern preserves, suffice it to say that the Huron and Siski- wit reservations, in Lake Superior, Michigan, form the largest breeding grounds of the herring gull thus far discovered in the interior; and that Stump Lake Reservation, in North Dakota, although small in extent, is in the midst of the extensive breeding grounds for ducks in that State and during the autumn forms a haven of refuge for migratory waterfowl on their way south. The Wichita game preserve, in Oklahoma, was created by Executive proclamation of June 2, 1905, under the terms of an act approved in January of the same year. It includes 57,000 acres and is the first large game refuge of the kind in the United States. While its area is only one-tenth that of the State game preserve established by Wyo- ming in 1905 and but a fraction of that of the Yellowstone Park, it has great possibilities as a preserve for the propagation of quail, prairie chickens, and turkeys, and several kinds of big game, including deer, elk, antelope, and bison. In this connection reference should be made to the herd of elk recently established in the Sequoia National Park, California. Several years ago Miller & Lux, who own a large cattle ranch at Buttonwil- low, Kern County, Cal., presented to the Government, through the Biological Survey, a number of the small San Joaquin Valley elk (Cervus nannodes) which hac. been protected on their ranch for some time. These elk belong to a species which was formerly abundant and ranged over the southern San Joaquin Valley, but which now numbers less than 150 individuals. In 1904, upon application of the Secretary of Agriculture to the Secretary of the Interior, permission 3 al905——36 562 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. was granted to place a small herd in the Sequoia National Park, and a preserve was inclosed for them on the Kaweah River. An unsuccess- ful attempt to capture the animals by driving them into a corral was made in November of that year, but in the autumn of 1905 about 20 were caught and safely transferred to their new quarters. Here ina National park, where they are safe from molestation, it is hoped they will increase, and that their transfer will thus insure the preservation of this interesting species. In the Yellowstone National Park a striking example is afforded of how much can be accomplished in a comparatively short time at mod- erate expense under intelligent supervision. Although the park was established in 1872, it was not until several years later that a military patrol was provided, and no law to protect the animals in the park was enacted until 1894. In the meantime the big game had been exposed to indiscriminate slaughter and the herd of bison reduced to a mere handful. In 1902 Congress made an appropriation of $15,000 for the purpose of starting a new herd of bison in the park. “With this fund the necessary inclosures were built and 18 cows were purchased in Montana and 3 bulls in Texas. One of these bulls was turned out with the wild bison with a view to introducing new blood in that herd. The domesticated herd of 20 animals has increased rapidly since 1902, and, with the addition of 3 wild calves caught in the park, numbered 44 at the close of 1905. The wild bison still ranging near the head of Pelican Creek now number about 30. Under the successful adminis- tration of the present superintendent the condition of the big game in the park is flourishing. Beaver are increasing, mountain sheep num- ber about 100, and antelope about 1,500. Deer, elk, and black bears are abundant. The elk are by far the most numerous of all the big eame, but it is difficult to tell even approximately how many there are. During the summer they find abundant feed, but in the winter probably half of them leave the park and pass into the neighboring States in search of suitable range at lower altitudes. During the last two or three years feed has been provided in winter, and this fact, together with the complete protection afforded, has rendered the game remarkably tame, so that several different kinds come close about the buildings and even on the parade ground at Fort Yellowstone. The experience of the past decade in the park demonstrates how readily the big game of the West may be saved from extermination by proper protection when Congress shall have authorized the utilization of certain parts of the forest reserves as game refuges. —— a APPENDIX. ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. / SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE, James Wilson. The Secretary of Agriculture is charged with the supervision of all public business relating to the agricultural industry. He makes such regulations for interstate traffic in live stock as may be necessary to prevent transmission of contagious dis- eases, and has charge of all interstate quarantine. He directs the admission or exclusion of live animals from foreign countries, and has charge of quarantine sta- tions for importing cattle. He conducts the inspection and regulates the conditions of shipment of live stock and of meat products exported from American ports. He exercises advisory supervision over the agricultural experiment stations deriving support from the National Treasury. AssISTANT SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE, Willet M. Hays. The Assistant Secretary performs such duties as may be required by law or pre- scribed by the Secretary, and becomes Acting Secretary of Agriculture in wi absence of the Secretary. He has charge of the Bureau of Statistics. CuieF CuerK, 8. R. Burch. The Chief Clerk has the general supervision of the clerks and employees; he is charged with the enforcement of the internal regulations of the Department; and i is, by law, superintendent of the buildings occupied by the Department of Agriculture. He represents the Department on the Government board of the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, Portland, Oreg. APPOINTMENT CLERK, Joseph B. Bennett. The Appointment Clerk prepares all papers involved in the making of appoint- ments, transfers, promotions, reductions, details, furloughs, and removals for the entire Department, and decides all questions relating to the civil-service regulations affecting thesame. He has charge of all correspondence of the Department with the Civil-Service Commission, and of all certifications and communications issued by the Commission to the Department. He keeps the personal records of all employees of the Department, and is custodian of their oaths of office and efficiency reports. He is also custodian of the Department seal. Cuier or Suppiy Division, Cyrus B. Lower. The Supply Division has charge of purchases of supplies and materials paid for from the general funds of the Department. BUREAUS, DIVISIONS, AND OFFICES. WeraTHER Bureau (corner Twenty-fourth and M streets NW.).—Chief, Willis L. Moore; Assistant Chief, Henry E. Williams; Chief Clerk, Daniel J. Carroll; Private Secretary to Chief, Edgar B. Calvert; Editor Weather Review, Cleveland Abbe; In charge Special Researches, F. H. Bigelow; In charge Instrument Division, Charles F. Marvin; In charge Forecast Division, Edward B. Garriott; Assigned as Official Fore- casters, Alfred J. Henry and Harry C. Frankenfield; Chief of Climatological Division, James Berry; Chief of Division of Meteorological Records, William B. Stockman; Chief of Publications Division, John P. Church; Chief of "Telegraph Division, Jesse H. Robinson; In charge of Division of Ocean ‘Meteorology, James Page; Chief of bids ide of Supplies, Frank M. Cleaver; Librarian and Climatologist, Herbert H. imball. «The organization of the Department here given is in abdomen with the act approved March 3, 1905, making appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1906, and shows changes in personnel to April 1, 1906. 563 564 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, The Weather Bureau has charge of the forecasting of weather; the issue of storm warnings; the display of weather and flood signals for the benefit of agriculture, commerce, and navigation; the gaging and reporting of river stages; the maintenance and operation of seacoast telegraph lines, and the collection and transmission of marine intelligence for the benefit of commerce and navigation; the reporting of tem- perature and rainfall conditions for the cotton, rice, sugar, and other interests; the display of frost and cold-wave signals; the distribution of meteorological information in the interests of agriculture and commerce; and the taking of such meteorological observations as may be necessary to establish and record the climatic conditions of the United States, or as are essential for the proper execution of the foregoing duties. Bureau oF ANIMAL INDustry.—Chief, A. D. Melvin; Assistant Chief, A. M. Farring- ton; Chief Clerk, EK. B. Jones; Chief of Inspection Division, Rice P. Steddom; Chief of Quarantine Division, Richard W. Hickman; Chief of Pathological Division, John R. Mohler; Chief of Biochemic Division, M. Dorset; Chief of Dairy Division, Ed. H. Webster; Scientific Assistant in charge of Zoological Laboratory, B. H. Ransom; Superintendent of Experiment Station, KE. C. Schroeder; Editor, James M. Pickens; Animal Husbandman, George M. Rommel. The Bureau of Animal Industry makes investigations as to the existence of dan- gerous communicable diseases of live stock, superintends the measures for their con- trol and extirpation, makes original investigations as to the nature and prevention of such diseases, and reports on the condition and the means of improving the ani- mal industries of the country. It conducts feeding and breeding experiments. It has charge of the inspection of import and export animals, of the inspection of ves- sels for the transportation of export cattle, and of the quarantine stations for imported neat cattle, supervises the interstate movement of cattle, and inspects live stock and their products when offered for food consumption; it also has supervision of the manufacture, interstate commerce, and export of renovated butter. Bureau oF PLant Inpustry.—Pathologist and Physiologist and Chief, Beverly T. Gal- loway; Pathologist and Physiologist and Assistant Chief, A. F. Woods; Chief Clerk, James E. Jones; Editor, J. E. Rockwell; Pathologist in charge of Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith; Pathologist in charge of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite; Physiologist in charge of Plant Breeding Investigations, Herbert J. Webber, Physiologist in charge of Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle; Physi- ologist in charge of Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman; Bionomist in charge of Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook; Physiologist in charge of Drug and Poisonous Plant Investiga- tions and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True; Physicist in charge of Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs; Botanist in charge of Economie Collections, Frederick V. Coville; Agriculturist in charge of Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spill- man; Cerealist in charge of Cereal Investigations, Mark A. Carleton; Horticulturist in charge of Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett; Pathologist in charge of Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend; Agriculturist in charge of Western Agricultural Extension Investigations, Carl 8. Scofield; Expert in charge of Dry Land Agriculture Investigations, E. Channing Chilcott; Pomologist in charge of Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett; Pomologists in charge of Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell; Superintendent of Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes; Botanist, and Agricultural Explorer in charge of Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, Adrian J. Pieters and David G. Fairchild; Botanist in charge of Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown. The Bureau of Plant Industry studies plant life in all its relations to agriculture. Its work is classified under the general subjects of Pathological Investigations, Physiological Investigations, Taxonomic Investigations, Agronomic Investigations, - Horticultural Investigations, and Seed and Plant Introduction Investigations. Forest Service (Atlantic Building, 928-930 F street, NW.).—Forester and Chief, Gifford Pinchot; Associate Forester, Overton W. Price; In charge of Forest Manage- ment, Thomas H. Sherrard; Jn charge of Dendrology, George B. Sudworth; In charge of Forest Extension, Ernest A. Sterling; Jn charge of Forest Products, William L. Hall; Special Fiscal Agent, James B. Adams. | The Forest Service has charge of the administration of the National forest reserves, and conducts examinations on the public lands to determine the propriety of mak- ing changes in the boundaries of existing National forest reserves and of with- drawing other areas suitable for new reserves; gives practical assistance in the ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT. 565 conservative handling of State and private forest lands; investigates methods of plant- ing and kinds of trees for planting, and gives practical assistance to tree planters; studies commercially valuable trees to determine the best means of using and repro- ducing them; tests the strength and durability of construction timbers, railroad ties, and poles, and determines the best sethods of extending their life through pre- servative treatment; and studies forest fires, the effects of grazing on forest land, turpentine orcharding, and other forest problems. Bureau or Cuemistry (corner Fourteenth and B streets SW. ).—Chemist and Chief, Harvey W. Wiley; Chief, Division of Moods, W. D. Bigelow; Sugar Laboratory, Under direction of Chief of Bureau; Chief, Miscellaneous Laboratory, J. K. Hay- wood; Chief, Dairy Laboratory, G. E. Patrick; Chief, Plant Analysis Laboratory, C. C. Moore; Chief, Drug Laboratory, L. F. Kebler; Chief, Contracts Laboratory, L. 8S. Munson; Chief, Leather and Paper Laboratory, ¥. P. Veitch; Chief, Micro- chemical Laboratory, B. J. Howard; Chief Clerk, M. T. Read. The Bureau of Chemistry investigates methods proposed for the analysis of plants, fertilizers, and agricultural products, and makes such analyses as pertain in general to the interests of agriculture. The work on foods includes the analysis of adulterated products, experiments to determine the effect of adulterants on the human organism, and the investigation of food products imported into the United States. The Bureau does chemical work for some of the other Bureaus and Divisions of the Department, and for other Departments of the Government which apply to the Secretary of Agriculture for such assistance. BurEAv oF Sorts (208-214 Thirteenth street SW.).—Chief, Milton Whitney, Chief Clerk, A. G. Rice; In charge of Soil Laboratories, Frank K. Cameron; Jn charge of Soil Survey, Jay A. Bonsteel; Jn charge of Alkali Reclamation Investigations, Clarence W. Dorsey; Jn charge of Tobacco Investigations, George T. McNess; In charge of Ses Management, Frank D. Gardner; In charge of Fertility Investigations, Oswald chreiner. The Bureau of Soils is intrusted with the investigation, survey, and mapping of soils; the investigation of the cause and prevention of the rise of alkali in the soil, and the drainage of soils; and the investigation of the methods of growing, curing, and fermentation of tobacco in the different tobacco districts. Bureau OF EntomoLtoay.—Lntomologist and Chief, L. O. Howard; Entomologist and Acting Chief in absence of Chief, C. L. Marlatt; Chief Clerk, R. 8. Clifton; Jn charge of Breeding Experiments, F. H. Chittenden; In charge of Forest Insect Investigations, A. D. Hopkins; In charge of Cotion Boll Weevil Investigations, W. D. Hunter; In charge of Cereal and Forage-plant Insect Investigations, F. M. Webster; In charge of Deciduous-fruit Insect Investigations, A. L. Quaintance; In charge of Apicultural Investigations, Frank Benton. The Bureau of Entomology obtains and disseminates information regarding inju- rious insects affecting field crops, fruits, small fruits, and truck crops, forests and forest products, and stored products; studies insects in relation to diseases of man and other animals and as animal parasites; experiments with the introduction of beneficial insects and with the fungous and other diseases of insects; and conducts experiments and tests with insecticides and insecticide machinery. Itis further charged with investigations in apiculture and sericulture. The information gained is disseminated in the form of general reports, bulletins, and circulars. Museum work is done in connection with the Division of Insects of the National Museum, and insects are identified for experiment stations and other public institutions and for private individuals. ; Bureau or Brotoaicat SurvEy.—Biologist and Chief, C. Hart Merriam; Admin- istrative Assistant and Acting Chief in absence of Chief, E. W. Henshaw; Assistant in charge of Economic Investigations, A. K. Fisher; Assistant in charge of Game Pres- ervation, T. 8. Palmer; Assistant in charge of Geographic Distribution, Vernon Bailey. The Division of Biological Survey studies the geographic distribution of animals and plants, and maps the natural life zones of the country; it also investigates the economic relations of »irds and mammals, and recommends measures for the preser- vation of beneficial and the destruction of injurious species. It ischarged with carry- ing into effect the provisions of the Federal Jaw for the importation and protection of birds and certain provisions of the law for the protection of game in Alaska. - 566 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Division or Accounts AND DisBpuRsSEMENTS.—Chief and Disbursing Clerk, Frank L. Evans; Assistant Chief (in charge of Weather Bureau disbursements), A. Zappone; Cashier, M. EK. Fagan. The Division of Accounts and Disbursements audits; adjusts, and pays all accounts and claims against the Department; decides questions involving the expenditure of public funds; prepares advertisements, schedules, contracts for annual supplies, leases, agreements, bonds, and letters of authority; writes, for the signature of the Secretary, all letters to the Treasury Department pertaining to fiscal matters and all letters to the Department of Justice; attends to litigation in which the Department is inter- ested; 1ssues requisitions for the purchase of supplies and requests for passenger and for freight transportation; prepares the annual estimates of appropriations; and transacts all other business relating to the financial interests of the Department. Division oF Pusiications.—Lditor and Chief, Geo. Wm. Hill; Associate Editor, Joseph A. Arnold; Assistant Editor, B. D. Stallings; Assistant in charge of Document Section, R. B. Handy; Chief Clerk, A. I. Mudd; Assistant in charge of Indexing, Charles H. Greathouse; Assistant in charge of Illustrations, Louis 8. Williams. The Division of Publications exercises general supervision of the Department print- ing and illustrations, edits all publications of the Department (with the exception of those of the Weather Bureau), has charge of the printing and Farmers’ Bulletin funds, and distributes all Department publications with the exception of those issued by the Weather Bureau and those turned over by law to the Superintendent of Docu- ments for sale at the price affixed by him; it issues, in the form of press notices, official information of interest to agriculturists, and distributes to agricultural publi- cations and writers notices and synopses of Department publications; and has charge of all correspondence with the Government Printing Office. Bureau oF Srarisrics.—Statistician and Chief, W. M. Hays, Assistant Secretary, in Charge; Associate Statistician, Victor H. Olmsted; Assistant Statistician and Assistant Chief, C. C. Clark; Chief Clerk, E. J. Lundy; Chief, Division of Foreign Markets, George K. Holmes; Acting Chief, Division of Domestic Crop Reports, C. C. Clark. The Statistician collects information as to the condition, production, ete., of the principal crops and the status of farm animals through State agents, each of whom is assisted by a corps of local reporters, through separate corps of county, township, and cotton correspondents, through traveling agents, and through a special foreign correspondent, assisted by consular, agricultural, and commercial authorities. He records, tabulates, and coordinates statistics of agricultural production, distribution, and consumption, the authorized data of governments, institutes, societies, boards of trade, and individual experts; prepares special statistical bulletins upon domestic and foreign agricultural subjects, and issues a monthly crop report for the informa- tion of producers and consumers. Special bulletins are published giving information of domestic and foreign trade, of the conditions under which foreign trade may be extended. Investigations are made of land tenures, cost of producing farm products, country-life education, transportation, and other lines of rural economics. Lisrary.—Librurian, Josephine A. Clark; Assistant Librarian, Claribel R. Barnett. The Librarian has charge of the Library and supervises the arrangement and cata- loguing of books, the preparation of bibliographies and similar publications, and the purchase of new books. The mailing lists for the distribution of Department publi- cations to foreign countries are under the supervision of the Librarian. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT StatTions.—Director, A. C. True; Assistant Director and Editor of Experiment Station Record, E. W. Allen; Chief of Editorial Division, W. H. Beal; Chief of Division of Insular Stations, W. H. Evans; Special Agent, Alaska, C. C. Georgeson; Special Agent, Hawaii, Jared G. Smith; Special Agent, Porto Rico, D. W. May; Expert in Nutrition Investigations, C. F. Langworthy; Jn charge of Respiration Calorimeter Experiments, F. G. Benedict; Chief of Irrigation and Drainage Investiga- tions, Elwood Mead; Farmers’ Institute Specialist, John Hamilton; Chief Clerk, Mrs. C. E. Johnston. The Office of Experiment Stations represents the Department in its relation to the experiment stations, which are now in operation in all the States and Territories, and directly manages the experiment stations in Alaska, Porto Rico, and Hawaii. It seeks to promote the interests of agricultural education and investigation through- out the United States. It collects and disseminates general information regarding agricultural schools, colleges, and stations, and publishes accounts of agricultura investigations at home and abroad. It also indicates lines of inquiry for the stations, aids in the conduct of cooperative experiments, reports upon their expenditures and APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE DEPARTMENT. 567 work, and in general furnishes them with such advice and assistance as will best promote the purposes for which they were established. In a similar way it aids in the development of the farmers’ institutes throughout the United States. It is charged with investigations on the nutritive value and economy of human foods. It conducts investigations of the laws and institutions relating to irrigation in different regions, the use of irrigation waters, the removal of seepage and surplus waters by drainage, and the use of different kinds of power and machinery for irrigation and other agricultural purposes. Orrice or Pustic Roaps.—Director, Logan Waller Page; Assistant Director, Allerton 8. Cushman; Jlighway Engineer, Vernon M. Peirce; Chief of Records, Maurice O. Eldridge; Testing Engineer, Philip L. Wormley, jr.; Chief Clerk, James Edmund Pennybacker, jr. The Office of Public Roads collects and disseminates information concerning sys- tems of road management throughout the United States; conducts investigations and experiments regarding road-building materials and methods of road construction; makes chemical and physical tests of road materials and materials of construction relating to agriculture; gives expert advice on road administration and road con- struction, and demonstrates the best methods of construction; and prepares publica- tions on these subjects. ; APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE FISCAL YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1904, 1905, AND 1906. Object of appropriation. 1904. 1905. 1906. Salaries, Department of Agriculture ........................ $471, 080.00 | $482, 300.00 $814, 970. 00 iibrary, Department of Agriculture - 2752 2. vies Silk 10, 000. 00 10, 000. 00 8, 040. 00 Contingent Expenses, Department of Agriculture .......... 37, 000. 00 37, 000. 00 37, 000. 00 Collectine Agricultural Statistics Psositt oR Sees oe. 109, 200. 00 139, 500. 00 98, 800. 00 Botanical Investigations and Experiments ................- 65, 000. 00 67, 500. 00 63, 840. 00 HMntomolopical Investigauous). rere tke Vis ss oe os ke ae Bake adc cs seme a Expenses of Office of Experiment Stations. + Does not include $300,000 for Yearbook and $185,000 in general printing fund. | 5, 428, 160.00 | 5, 944,540. 00 | | 1, 248, 520.00 | 1, 337,740.00 | 1,392, 990.00 7, 112, 690. 00 568 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ; AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES HAVING COURSES IN AGRICULTURE. 4 College imstruction in agriculture is given in the colleges and universities receiving the benefits of the acts of Congress of Jul 2, 1862, and August 30, 1890, which are now in operation in all the States and Territories, except Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. instruction in agriculture. the State universities. The total number of these institutions is 65, of which 63 maintain courses of In 21 States the agricultural colleges are departments of In 15 States and Territories separate institutions hayin courses in agriculture are maintained for the colored race. All of the agricultura colleges for white persons and several of those for negroes offer four-year « courses in agriculture and its related sciences leading to bachelors’ degrees, and man About 45 of these institutions also provide special, short, and | for graduate study. provide correspondence courses in the different branches of agriculture, including agronomy, = - horticulture, animal husbandry, poultry raising, cheese making, dairying, making, rural engineering, farm mechanics, and other technical subjects. “The officers of the agricultural colleges engage quite largely in conducting farmers’ insti- tutes and various other forms of college extension. stations with very few exceptions are departments of the agricultural colleges. { The agricultural experiment | The total number of persons engaged in the work of education ‘and research in the land- . grant colleges and the experiment stations in 1905 was 5,406; the number of students | in these colleges, 59,812; the number of students (white) in the four-year college courses in agriculture, 2. 638; in short and 1,624 students in agriculture in the separate institutions for’ negroes. exceptions each of these colleges offers free tuition to residents of the State in which In the excepted cases scholarships are open to promising and ener- getic students; and, in all, opportunities are foufid for some to earn part of their The expenses are from $125 to $300 for the school year. it is located. expenses by their own labor. Agricultural colleges and other institutions in the United States having courses in agriculture. State or Territory. Name of institution. ATabamisy: 2 c2.4 Alabama Polytechnic Institute. Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes. VV SSN 1 ee ee eee University of Arizona .......... ATRANSaS 3035 4hen University of Arkansas......... Calitornis:....5.i. Northrop, LL. D. Agricultural Col- | J. C. Hardy, LL. D. lege. Orman |... ..c5..-: L. J. Rowan, B.S. Cormm pits... Sc. R. H. Jesse, LL. D. Jefferson City ....| B. F. Allen, LL. D. IBOZEDIEN: voccs2562 J. M. Hamilton, M.S. BANCO s. ote .5- = FE. B. Andrews, LL. D. eno 22 2e ke sce J. E. Stubbs, D. D., LL. D. IBN AT se oc cie-'2c W. D. Gibbs, M.S. New Brunswick ..| W. H. 8. Demarest. Agricultural Col- | Luther Foster, M.S. A. lege. MP EAICH oes Useee. J.G.Schurman, D.Sc., LL.D. West Raleigh..... G. T. Winston, LL. D. Greensboro......- J. B. Dudley, LL. D. Agricultural Col- | J. H. Worst, LL. D. cols aon 10: Sone LEM a bane ston, ss... 2... I. E. Page, M.A. COLvallist css... T.MaGateh) Ph.D: State College ..... G. W. Atherton, LL. D. Kingston’: o..<'.- K. L. Butterfield, A.M. Clemson College..| P. H. Mell, Ph. D., LL. D. Orangeburg ...... T. E. Miller, LL. D. Brookings: .<./252- R. L. Slagle. Knoxville... 2.2% Brown Ayres, Ph. D., LL. D. H. H. Harrington, M.S. E. L. Blackshear. College Station... Prairie View A 72th ogee ee ee W. J. Kerr, D.Sc. Burlington ....... M.H. Buckham, D.D., LL.D. Blacksburg .......- J.M. McBryde, Ph.D., LL. D. BEI pton.'.c.6..%.2 H. B.Frissell, D. D., LL. D. eWUINGD) 5 sic6 nw oc E. A. Bryan, LL. D. Morgantown ..... D.B. Purinton, Ph.D., LL. D. Institute... .s.u J. McH. Jones, A. M. MeBOIsOR. ... ove< ss C. R. Van Hise, Ph. D. LATEMICL SE. «65. ce: F. M. Tisdel, Ph. D. a Acting president. 570 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, THEIR LOCATIONS, DIRECTORS, AND PRINCIPAL LINES OF WORK. Station, location, and director. Principal lines of work. Alabama (College), Auburn: eo ORR ee en aah dau uses Chemistry; botany; soils; analysis of fertilizers and food materials; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; animal husbandry; dairying. Alabama (Canebrake), Uniontown: J. MW Rlahaann @: 2. o-oo eae cans Agronomy; horticulture; floriculture; diseases of plants and animals. Alabama (Tuskegee), Tuskegee Insti- tute: CTW. Gorver 220bss 32. ses anon ewer Agronomy; horticulture; diseases of plants; animal industry; dairying. Arizona, Tucson: RF -FOEDGR xe oink kta oe noe Chemistry; botany; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; animal husbandry; dairying; irrigation. Arkansas, Fayetteville: WG. Vincenhellerss .. 0. os...%.0.-- Chemistry; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; animal husbandry; dairying; ento- mology. California, Berkeley: RAW Boar on. orcas wage ees Chemistry; soils; bacteriology; fertilizer control; agronomy; horticulture, including viticulture and zymology; botany; meteorology; entomology; animal husbandry; dairying; poultry experiments; irrigation and drainage; silviculture; reclamation of alkali lands; animal and plant pathology; nutrition investigations. Colorado, Fort Collins: : i he CANDOR TON Sess 2 a ene Chemistry; meteorology; agronomy; horticulture; forestry; plant breeding; diseases of plants; animal husbandry; ento- mology; irrigation. Connecticut (State), New Haven: Rh Pei genwings ee oe Chemistry; inspection of fertilizers, foods, feeding stuffs, Bab- cock test apparatus, and nurseries; diseases of plants; plant breeding; forestry; agronomy; entomology. Connecticut (Storrs), Storrs: Ba COIN Ce one coe cee on tecene wee Food and nutrition of man and animals; dairy bacteriology; agronomy; horticulture; poultry culture; dairying. Delaware, Newark: ? PROVE NORIO Gee ake: Shine toe ete prec Chemistry; bacteriology;° agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals; animal hus- bandry; dairying; entomology. Florida, Lake City: OR. ROLE soe oo eee oe eee Chemistry; agronomy; horticulture; diseases of plants; feed- ing experiments; veterinary science; entomology. Georgia, Experiment: | 8 IR Co Go ao te oh Se A Agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; entomology; animal husbandry; dairying. Idaho, Moscow: Fee SP PONCD ve cn. a nscoan une neee Chemistry; physics; botany; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants; entomology; animal husbandry. Tllinois, Urbana: He Davenport....2-. .2- ek ec tone ee Chemistry; alkalisoil investigations; agronomy; horticulture; diseases of plants; animal husbandry; dairying; poultry experiments; entomology; irrigation; arid farming. Vermont, Burlington: Eee 4 oo eee ee Chemistry; botany; bacteriology; inspection of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, and creamery glassware; agronomy; horti- culture; diseases of plants; animal husbandry; dairying. Virginia, Blacksburg: A. MASouleiies sens eo eee Chemistry; geology; biology; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; bacteriology; analysis of foods and soils; inspec- tion of orchards; animal husbandry; veterinary science; dairying; entomology; cider and vinegar making; ferments. Washington, Pullman: ; eA Bryely st ae eee eee Chemistry; botany; bacteriology; agronomy; horticulture; ; plant breeding; diseases of plants; animal husbandry; vet- erinary science; dairying; entomology; irrigation. West Virginia, Morgantown: : Pr Stewaert:. st eee eee Chemistry; inspection of fertilizers, orchards, and nurseries; agronomy; horticulture; diseases of plants; animal hus- bandry; poultry experiments; entomology. Wisconsin, Madison: WA Benryy so sk Ce ee Chemistry; bacteriology; soils; agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; animal husbandry; dairying; irrigation, drainage, and agricultural engineering. Wyoming, Laramie: B.C. Bue Te Le eS Botany; meteorology; soils; range improvement; fertilizers; agronomy; plant selection; food analysis; animal hus- bandry; irrigation. ; FARMERS’ INSTITUTE OFFICIALS. ASSOCIATION EXPERIMENT STATIONS. President, M. H. Buckham, 5738 OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND resident of the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.; secretary-treasurer, J. L. Hills, director Vermont Experiment Station, Burling- ton, Vt. OFFICIALS IN CHARGE OF FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. Farmers’ Institute Specialist, Department of Agriculture. John Hamilton, Washington, District of Columbia. State superintendents. State or Territory. Name of official. et ea eee ee C. A. Cary, Alabama Polytechnic Institute............... G. W. Carver, Director Agricultural Experiment Station. PRIRON 6 5 a cekm bans C. C. Georgeson, Agricultural Experiment Station ....... PASTA. fat alee a oe R. H. Forbes, Director Agricultural Experiment Station. PARRA UIBAR i nak ie clave J. M. Tillman, President University of Arkansas......... Galiiormia weevils vc Bids, WICKHOn. University of California... iivs.es2. 62.22. WoOlorado 2. ..s%22.< W. L. Carlyle, State Agricultural College................. Connecticut ....... J. F. Brown, Secretary State Board of Agriculture ....... J. G. Sechwink, See’ y Connecticut Dairymen’s Association. H.C.C. Miles, Secretary Connecticut Pomological Society. Delaware.......... Wesley Webb, Director of Farmers’ Institutes............ A. T. Neale, Director Agricultural Experiment Station .. MIGHGG. Soniceeiune CaM. Conner, University of MlOrida <.. o.. ecceecocees GeORBIAs Sect Naas H. C. White, President State College of Agriculture...... Harvie Jordan, Director of Farmers’ Institutes........... Maweie sso525 5.2 J. G. Smith, Agricultural Experiment Station............ MERRG se ons ree H. T. French, Director Agricultural Experiment Station. SOI occ ame oe Frank H. Hall, Secretary Farmers’ Institutes ............ STASI oa oe in is WY Mabie ee TILA te UME VETALG Yet cic cisscen,~ ace cgelceccc eens BOWME acess 5 o~ tJon se J. C. Simpson, Secretary State Board of Agriculture...... eee ee J. H. Miller, Superintendent of Farmers’ Institutes ...... Kentucky ......... Hubert Vreeland, Commissioner of Agriculture .......... TOWISIANG) «50-50. Charles Schuler, Commissioner of Agriculture...........- cs gee eae ne ee A. W. Gilman, Commissioner of Agriculture.............- Marviand: 2... <... W. L. Amoss, Director of Farmers’ Institutes............- Massachusetts ..... J. L. Ellsworth, Secretary State Board of Agriculture .... MAGMIPEIT oo ec L. R. Taft, Superintendent of Farmers’ Institutes........ Mannesota .........- O. C. Gregg, Director of Farmers’ Institutes .............-. MAISsISSIppl...<...< J.C. Hardy, President Ag’l and Mechanical College ..... Li ph aoe Geo. B. Ellis, Secretary State Board of Agriculture....... Montana ..4....... F. B. Linfield, Director Agr. Experiment Station......... Nebraska.......... E. A. Burnett, Director Agricultural Experiment Station. MeVECN. co. .2. 2... J. E. Stubbs, President Nevada State University.......... New Hampshire...| N. J. Bachelder, Secretary State Board of Agriculture.... New Jersey........ Franklin Dye, Secretary State Board of Agriculture. ..... New Mexico....... Luther Foster, President Ag’]1 and Mechanical College... New: Yorkt..3 0. F. E. Dawley, Director of Farmers’ Institutes ............ North Carolina....) S. L. Patterson, Commissioner of Agriculture ...........- North Dakota ..... E, E. Kaufman, Director of Farmers’ Institutes .......... RIE fae ore ec regh om T. L. Calvert, Secretary State Board of Agriculture....... Qklahoma..:.....- C. A. McNabb, Secretary Board of Agriculture........... Oreron:. 2s 6.6265 .2 J.Withycombe, Director Agricultural ExperimentStation. Pennsylvania ..... A. L. Martin, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture............ Porto Rico... ..,--.- D. W. May, Agricultural Experiment Station ............ Rhode Island...... John G. Clarke, Secretary State Board of Agriculture .... South Carolina.... J. N. Harper, Director Agricultural Experiment Station . South Dakota SSL Es | M. F. Greeley, Superintendent of Farmers’ Institutes .... TENUESSE ~ . conan W. W. Ogilvie, Commissioner of Agriculture...........-. Ace 20ST ee ae J. W. Carson, Director of Farmers’ Institutes...........-- [Uo 6 ia gh iors ee | a. a Yoder/ Director Agr. Experiment Station .......... Wernmont. 232-2222 Geo. Aitken, Secretary State Board of Agriculiure........ Wixeinia 72>. 32-27 2: G. W. Koiner, Commissioner of Agriculture............-- A. M. Soule, Director Agricultural Experiment Station -. Washington ....... E. A. Bryan, President Agriculture College ............-. E. E. Elliott, Agricultural College .......................-- West Virginia ..... H. E. Williams, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture....... WiSCpben ts. oo. . G. McKerrow, Director of Farmers’ Institutes ............ We YOUNGS 340 eu B. C. Buffum, Director Agricultural Experiment Station. Post-office. Auburn. Tuskegee Institute, Sitka. Tucson. Fayetteville. Berkeley. Fort Collins. N. Stonington. Hartford. Milford. Dover. Newark. Lake City. Athens. Atlanta. Honolulu. Moscow. Springfield. Lafayette. Des Moines. Manhattan. Frankfort. Baton Rouge. Augusta. Benson. Boston. Agricultural College. Lynd. Agricultural College. Columbia. Bozeman. Lincoln. Reno. Concord. Trenton. Agricultural College. Fayetteville. Raleigh. Bismarck. Columbus. Guthrie. Corvallis. Harrisburg. | San Juan. Providence. Clemson College. Gary. Nashville. College Station. Logan. Woodstock. Richmond. Blacksburg. Pullman. Do. Sunlight. Madison. Laramie. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF FARMERS’ INSTITUTE WORKERS. President, G. C. Creelman, president of the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario; secretary-treasurer, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C ohn Hamilton, Farmers’ Institute Specialist, U. S. 574 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, STATE OFFICIALS IN CHARGE OF AGRICULTURE. + Commissioners of Agriculture. State or Territory. Name of official. Post-office. . RISDOIM .caccus. ecu swewe Chee BR, (ie PON a doce cca densee hb eveedies ed eeee dane Montgomery. Te EARP ese REE HT Bradiordsgs ok: css eek calc ee eae betes Little Rock. ri a a ee one BB. Men on. ows. ce cawencenae ck sewers omees Tallahassee, Ganreigns bs Sco. esuctens oes ©. By Stevens ss eb Sone ere ee on cee ote adane Atlanta. WNO. oe ea Bae oF Allen Miller, Com’r of Immigration, etc........ Boise. Kentucky .......; = tne Seed Bubert/Vreelan dis siss sak oe cee ae cede oe Frankfort. Mouisiane = 225i ees xe ence Charles:Bahwiler. <<. .consse ss cscsnbe os vadeesee Baton Rouge. Wate Fea see ca ae As Geib se ee Sco tad oon kiceueiemes Augusta. MOMtAND 32. sos aceecastes's JuwA. FOFRUBOR ie. Docseecs~ cn cs cedeedesse ween Helena. New Yorks sc. . cage ek canoes Chas... A. Wiehine = eces oo aise ee wee eee Albany. North’ Carolina ..oc 2... ce... % S04; Peterson oo cee wae aie deat Raleigh. NOFGR DAR OUR os fo2 sw chao mcs WW C. Gilbreativer so cepese cece acca ceececetenits Bismarck. New, Me@s100. . ccs .an wecteactns J. W. Raynolds, Secretary of State.............. Santa Fe. Pennsylvania... .....--. <>... N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture...... Harrisburg. Philippine Islands..........- W. C. Welborn, Chief, Bureau of Agriculture...) Manila. Ror: Rico soe seo Sse Wm. H., Elliott, Commissioner of the Interior ..| San Juan. Routh Carolina . 25 225.60<6c- Bd NV RTSON 1. 2 FS ae td Senlsd eee ae tele Columbia. es TennGneGe:. 6 a eee WW SORE Vie eee ea ts PRS ae ere Nashville. Ly > 0 a OS te ae Oe a ee Wiens, a As COREA S.. Sa ake oat Austin, Virerinia, 3.05 5 id saen tert Geo, W..Koinerifos. 27S Fas ree eee Richmond. Washington oo-62 7.04 ces co ees A. W. Frater, Deputy Secretary of State........ Olympia. Secretaries of State boards of agriculture. State or Territory. Name of official. Post-office. Californie pete. coches RID OPREAMOIGY «ao. vocs s fone cite ee otis iaciaaeos Sacramento. CHOTAIO 228 on cece senans he MES ERermloy es ssc. some ass rice Saw dene eee Fort Collins. Gomneackhioul <~ =. ... COOD re 1, spent Homer, N. Y. a Officials of Territories and island dependencies are included. So far as learned, Arizona, Missis- yf ae Mexico, and Utah have no State official charged with agricultural interests, but letters — addressed to the Secretary of State would probably receive attention. ; i : * LIVE STOCK ASSOCIATIONS. 575 AMERICAN NATIONAL LIVE STOCK ASSOCIATION. President, Murdo Mackenzie, Trinidad, Colo.; secretary, W. M. Tomlinson, Denver. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF LIVE STOCK HERD BOOK SECRETARIES. President, C. R. Thomas, Independence, Mo.; secretary, Charles F. Mills, Spring- field, Ill. NATIONAL WOOL GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. President, Francis E. Warren, Cheyenne; secretary, George 8. Walker, Cheyenne. THE CORN BELT MEAT PRODUCERS’ ASSOCIATION. President, A. L. Ames, Buckingham, Iowa; secretary, H. C. Wallace, Des Moines, Iowa. PROTECTION AGAINST CONTAGION FROM FOREIGN CATTLE. An act of Congress of August 28, 1894, prohibits the importation of cattle and cattle hides, but by the act of March 2, 1895, making appropriations for the Depart- ment of Agriculture, it is provided that the prohibition may be suspended by the President whenever the Secretary of Agriculture shall certify to the President ‘what countries or parts of countries are free from contagious or infectious diseases of domestic animals. The President, by proclamation of November 8, 1895, lifted the embargo with reference to Norway, Sweden, Holland, Great Britain, Ireland, the Channel Islands, and the countries of North, Central, and Soutb America so as to admit cattle under sanitary regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture; also from all countries so as to admit hides under regulations prescribed by the Sec- retary of the Treasury. STOCK BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATIONS. 4 Names and addresses of stock association owing with breeds and numbers of re egistered live stock in United States, December 81, 1905. CATTLE. Number registered.| Number living. Breed. Secretary. Post-office. SS ee Male. | Female. Male. Female. Aberdeen Angus ..| Thos. McFarlane..| Union Stock Yards, 38, 188 | 48, 604 27,496 | 34, 994 Chicago, Ill. AFTARITC oS eect Se C. M. Winslow..... Brandon, Vt........ 9, 689 20, 883 (o) (b) WIOVOW Ss cca cass Tice SiIssonts 22.25 Newark, Ohio...... 8, 084 IB 77 3, 500 10, 000 Dutch Belted...... H. B. Richards ....| Easton, Pa.......... 573 1, 265 b ee C2) Garloway tcc. 2c. COWFGTH YI <2 os. Union Stock Yards, 16,620 | 11,080 8, 370 | 6, 480 Chicago, I]. Guernsey ;..:.. =<... Wm. H.Caldwell..| Peterboro, N.H..... 10, 683 19, 889 | 6, 000 | 12, 000 reretord: soe. 5. C.R. Thomas...-.. 225 W.12th st., Kan- 112, 780 115, 620 45, 000 60, 000 sas City, Mo. Holstein Friesian..| Frederick L. | Brattleboro, Vt..... 46, 031 95,037 | 14,199 31, 756 | Houghton. DOIBEV oa: pa toutessd J.J. Hemingway ..} 8 W. 17th st., New 71,907 | 193,978 (d) (b) York, N.Y. Polled Durham....| FletcherS. Hines..| Indianapolis, Ind... 5, 403 | 6, 460 3, 935 | 4, 845 Red Polled ........ | H. A. Martin ...... Gothim ; Wis’. 3.52: 14, 601 25, 006 5, 500 | 10, 500 Shorthorn ......... John W. Groves ...| Union Stock Yards, | 249,800 | 391,600 87,430 | 176, 220 Chicago, Il. ly 2 ae Overton Lea ...... Nashville, Tenn .... 78 | 185 | 50 100 Swiss, Brown ...... id, NIK OU Fe 355 56 UWe2) Dw tower | 2, 159 | 3, 150 300 1, 500 | aie | | ! a Under the provisions of para graph 473 ; of the act t of ids 24, 1897, Shaded packs 3, 1903, any ani- mal imported specially for breeding purposes shall be admitted free, provided that no such animal shall be admitted free unless pure bred, of a recognized breed, and duly registered in the book of record established for that breed. The Secretary of the Treasury, upon the advice of the Secretary of Agriculture, issued April 24, 1903, regulations for the importation of animals under this law, and ey mene the recognized breeds and the books of record established for these breeds. o data. 576 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Names and addresses of stock association secretaries, with breeds and numbers of registered live stock in United States, December 81, 1905—Continued. HORSES. | Number registered.| Number living. Breed. Secretary. Post-office. Se eee Male. | Female.| Male. | Female. Cleveland Bay ....| R. P. Stericker.:..| 80 Chestnut ave., 1, 236 502 1, 050 400 W. Orange, N. J. Clydesdale ........ BR. B. Ogilvie....2. Union Stock Yards, a 12,370 (») (b) Chicago, I. Coach, French ....| Chas. C. Glenn....| Columbus, Ohio.... 130 4 125 4 Coach, German....| J. Crouch ........: Lafayette, Ind...... 1, 656 246 1, 500 225 Coach, German | C. E. Stubbs ...... Fairfield, Iowa ..... 260 23 190 14 (Oldenburg). Draft, Belgian..... J.D. Connor, jr.) Wabash;-Ind . «522 2, 056 266 2,055 265 Draft, French ..-.. ©. B. Stubbs....2- Fairfield, lowa..... 9, 000 5, 000 (b) b) Hackney « ..neee scx A. H. Godfrey..... Box 111, Madison c 726 ¢1,542 ce 684 ¢1, 416 Square, New / York City. MOFGEN «6 onc occ ee ee Cotta. 3. 22. Middlebury, Vt..... c 5, 021 ¢ 2, 800 c 3, 765 ec 2,100 Percheron .....«-.- S60: W. Stubble- | Union Stock Yards, 1, 640 1, 460 19, 000 12, 000 Chicago, Il. Percheron .. «<..«5. Charles C. Glenn..| Columbus, Ohio.... 928 102 913 94 Saddle Horse, Nat ic cis: Louisville, Ky.....-. d 2,529 3,549 (>) (0) American. Shetland Pony .... teaeee: Lever- | Lafayette, Ind...... 2, 300 38, 500 2, 000 / 2, 500 ing. 1: ee ee Ae ae ee Charles Burgess...) Wenona, II] ........ 6, 062 2,148 (d) | (6) SUMOLE ., caaens seas Alex. Galbraith...| Janesville, Wis..... 159 88 a 150 Thoroughbred..... James E.Wheeler . _ Pith ave. , New a 45, 309 (0) » (3) yor Trotter, American.| Wm. H. Knight...| 355 Dearborn St, 42,597 | ¢ 152, 700 (0) (b) Chicago, Tl. Jacks and Jennies.| J. W. Jones ....... Columbia, Tenn.... 1, 000 750 750 500 SHEEP. | Chaviot..cs...c-50 Secretary State live stock commission, Paul Fischer, Columbus...........-... State veterinarian. Oklahoma ......<.. Thomas Morris, Guthrie... . 65s. | CCCP) SPs a he Sa HH PUTT TT RPH & | RU TTT Ee eeaitin SULT ALTE TT TTT | CANEAANAUUERAALVINNE TT SETTER 8 POUT SST ET ST SIS ATT SISTA T ASIN TTT ee TNT Sis TT HLL |S SRECCCACCLE ERT ECE) SISTER ist BEREERES WEATHER AND OROP CONDITIONS IN 1905. 587 the Southern States and was nearly completed in the southern portions of Kansas and Missouri. In the southern portion of the Middle Atlantic States planting was actively carried on and had begun as far north as Pennsylvania. Winter wheat continued in unusually promising condition. Dry weather was unfavorable for the germination and growth of spring wheat in the Dakotas. The early sown in South Dakota, however, and in Minnesota was doing well. The outlook for spring wheat in Lowa, Oregon, and Washington was very promising. The general outlook for oats continued favorable in the most important oat States. In Kansas and Nebraska the crop was recovering from the effects of previous cold. In the Dakotas and portions of the Lake region germination had not been satisfac- tory. Seeding was well advanced in the more northerly sections of the central part of the country and had begun in the northern part of the Middle Atlantic States. Over the eastern portion of the cotton belt the weather conditions were favorable for cotton planting, which was nearing completion in the more southerly districts, good stands being generally indicated. In the central and western districts planting was much delayed, less than half of the area having been planted in Louisiana and in Oklahoma and Indian Territories, only about one-half in northern Mississippi, and very little in Arkansas. In northern, central, and eastern counties of Texas, much of the cotton area remained unplanted; much cotton land in Texas and Lou- isiana had been badly washed by rains, necessitating extensive replanting. Over the southwestern part of the cotton area in Texas cotton was generally doing well and chopping and cultivation were in progress. Transplanting tobacco was nearly finished in South Carolina, and had begun in North Carolina. Plants were generally plentiful, but were backward in Ohio and were being damaged somewhat by insects in Kentucky, where preparations for plant- ing were in progress. LOCALLY EXCESSIVE RAINS—WINTER WHEAT PROMISING. May 8.—In California, generally throughout the central and southern Rocky Mountain districts, and in the Dakotas and Minnesota, the week ended May 8 was abnormally cool and moist. Freezing temperatures extended southward to the cen- tral portions of Arizona and New Mexico, with frost and snow in the central and northern Rocky Mountain regions and the valleys of the upper Missouri and Red River of the North. In the Gulf States, central valleys, most of the Lake region, and the Atlantic coast districts, excepting New England, the temperature was favor- able, but excessive rains hindered work over the northern portions of the central and west Gulf States, inthe lower Ohio and central Mississippi valleys, in Minnesota and the Dakotas, and in the middle Rocky Mountain region. Drought continued in New England and rain was needed in the Middle Atlantic States, in portions of Kansas, and on the north Pacific coast. Heavy rains prevented rapid progress with corn planting over a large part of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, but elsewhere this work advanced satisfactorily, planting haying begun as far north as the southern portions of South Dakota, Minne- sota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. In the Southern States the general condition of the crop was reported as promising, but it was suffering for cultivation over a large part of the South Atlantic and east Gulf States and in Texas. Winter wheat was heading as far north as the southern portions of Kansas and Missouri and in’ Kentucky. The general condition of this crop continued highly favorable in the States east of the Rocky Mountains, although some reports of injury by rust were received from Texas and from Oklahoma and Indian Territories. On the Pacific coast winter wheat continued promising, although some unfavorable reports respecting lowland wheat were received from Oregon, and recent heavy rains and high winds caused some lodging in California. The weather was not favorable for the completion of wheat sowing over the north- ern portions of North Dakota and Minnesota, and early spring wheat over the central portion of the spring-wheat region and in Iowa made only fair progress. In Nebraska and Colorado and on the north Pacific coast the condition of the crop was promising. Much cotton remained to be planted in Arkansas, northern Mississippi, portions of Louisiana, and northern and central Texas, and planting was unfinished in the Carolinas, northern Georgia, Tennessee, and Oklahoma. In central and northern Texas a large area required replanting, and that which had come up was not in very promising condition and needed cultivation. In southern Texas the crop was in bet- ter condition, although damaged by rain. Good stands were reported from the cen- tral and eastern districts of the cotton belt, where the crop was making favorable progress, although needing cultivation in Georgia. 588 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, The outlook for most fruits, except peaches, was favorable. A good hay crop was generally promised. 4 May 15.—I1n the upper Mississippi and upper Missouri valleys and throughout the Rocky Mountain and north Pacific coast regions the week ended May 15 was too cool for germination and growth, and excessive rains greatly interfered with farming operations in the central and west Gulf States and generally throughout the central valleys and Lake region. In the Atlantic coast and east Gulf districts, with the ’ exception of New England and the northern portion of the Middle Atlantic States, the temperature conditions were favorable, but there was too much rain in the Caro- linas and insuflicient moisture in portions of the Middle Atlantic States and New England, the fore part of the week being too cool in the two last-named districts. In California the conditions were more favorable than in the preceding week. CORN PLANTING DELAYED BY HEAVY RAINB. In consequence of continuous heavy rains, corn planting was impracticable over nearly the whole of the corn belt, this work having now become greatly delayed. Corn planting progressed favorably in the Middle Atlantic States, where it was largely finished. Reports of damage to winter wheat by rust and insects, while principally confined to the southern portions of the wheat belt, were more numerous than in the previous week, but the crop, as a whole, continued in promising condition. Over the southern portion of the spring-wheat region spring wheat grew well and was in good condition, but in the Dakotas and Minnesota growth was very slow, much of the early sown in North Dakota having been frozen. On the north Pacific coast spring wheat was in very promising condition. An improvement in the condition of oats was reported from Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas, although rain was needed in portions of the last-named State. In the Dakotas and Minnesota growth was slow, and in Texas the crop suffered from rust. Elsewhere the outlook was promising. GROWTH OF COTTON SATISFACTORY. In the central and eastern districts of the cotton belt good stands and satisfactory growth of cotton were generally reported. Considerable planting remained to be done in Arkansas and in the northern portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Ala- bama, and planting was unfinished in the Carolinas. Planting was about completed in Georgia, where the stands were excellent and the plants healthy and growing fast. In the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, and Arkansas many fields were foul. In central and northern Texas planting was further delayed, and the crop, which was very weedy, had been much damaged by heavy rains and was doing well over limited areas Only. In southern Texas the condition of cotton ranged from fair to good, and much had been chopped and cultivated. Boll weevils and other pests were attacking the crop in localities. The general outlook for hay was promising, except in the upper Missouri Valley, where growth was very slow. GENERALLY UNFAVORABLE WEATHER—FROSTS IN NORTHERN DISTRICTS. May 22.—The weather conditions were generally unfavorable, except in portions of the Middle and South Atlantic and Gulf States and the upper Mississippi and Mis- souri valleys, the southern Rocky Mountain region, and California. Frequent, and in some cases heavy, rains delayed work in eastern districts and on the north Pacifie coast, but improved the condition of grains and grasses, while cool nights and cloudy weather retarded germination and growth in nearly all districts. Frosts, more or_ less damaging, occurred in New England, the northern portion of the Middle Atlantic States, Ohio, the northern Rocky Mountain region, Oregon, and Washington. - Further delay in corn planting was reported from Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and much replanting was necessary in the first and last named States, as well as in lowa and Nebraska. Planting was nearly completed in southern Missouri, and about three- fourths of the area had been planted in Jowa and northern Missouri, was mostly finished in Nebraska and central Illinois, and was being vigorously pushed in Indiana and Kentucky. On dry, warm soils in lowa germination was fairly good, but corn needed warmth and sunshine to insure satisfactory growth. Cutworms were doin a damage in the Ohio Valley and portions of the Middle and South Atlantic States, and the crop was suffering from Jack of cultivation in the last-named district and in the — States of the lower Mississippi Valley. WEATHER AND CROP CONDITIONS IN 1905. 589 Winter wheat generally continued promising, although complaints of rust were received from Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas, and reports of short straw from portions of the Middle Atlantic States, Illinois, and Missouri. ‘The crop was beginning to head in southern Nebraska. Winter wheat was doing well in California, heading nicely in Oregon, and looking well but making slow progress in Washington, owing to heavy frosts, which cut down some grain in low valleys. During the latter part of the week spring wheat improved rapidly, and this crop made satisfactory progress, except on lowlands in North Dakota, where it was slightly damaged by flooding. Spring wheat advanced satisfactorily in Oregon, and, though heavy frosts caused some damage in low valleys in Washington, the crop was looking well. COTTON NEEDING WARMTH AND CULTIVATION. While good stands of cotton were generally reported from the eastern and central sections of the cotton belt, cool nights checked growth, and the staple was suffering from lack of sunshine and cultivation, complaints of grassy fields being received from nearly every State in these two sections. Planting was finished in South Carolina and Alabama and nearly completed in North Carolina and Mississippi, but about 25 per cent of the area arene to be planted in Louisiana and Arkansas. Chopping was well advanced in the Carolinas, continued in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and had begun in some places in Arkansas. In northern Texas, though cotton was damaged somewhat by heavy showers and continued poor in places and very weedy, and much planting was unfinished, the prospects were improved; with more favorable conditions for replanting and cultivation, the crop looked better and cultivation and chopping were progressing. Cotton was growing well in southern Texas; chopping and cultivation were general; squares were forming, and some cotton had been laid by. Boll weevils and other insect pests were active in some counties. All reports indicated a good crop of hay. Haying was in progress in California, with a heavy crop of excellent quality. LOW TEMPERATURES UNFAVORABLE—CORN PLANTING NEARLY FINISHED. May 29.—During the week most of the country experienced unfavorable tempera- tures, frosts occurring in the early part in the Plateau regions, in most of the northern tier of States east of the Rocky Mountains, and as far south as the interior portions of the Middle Atlantic States. Rains interfered with farm work in portions of the South Atlantic and east Gulf States, in Tennessee, over an area extending from cen- tral Texas northward to South Dakota, and in portions of the Lake region. At the close of the week rain was much needed in New England and the Middle Atlantic States, and sunshine and warmth in the South Atlantic and east Gulf States and the Missouri Valley. On the Pacific coast the weather was cool and cloudy, with showers in northern California, Oregon, and Washington. Corn planting was largely finished, except in the Lake region, Ohio Valley, and the northern portion of the Middle Atlantic States. Throughout the principal corn States germination and growth of corn were very slow owing to cool weather. In the central Gulf States part of the crop had been laid by. In this region corn suffered considerably from overflows. In northern Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Tennes- see corn was much in need of cultivation. Winter wheat suffered slight deterioration in portions of the central and western districts of the winter-wheat belt, but continued promising in the eastern districts, an improvement being reported from Ohio. Although freezing temperature occurred in the northern portion of the spring- wheat region, spring wheat was reported in good condition in Minnesota; and while frost in North Dakota proved injurious, the crop in that State was not seriously dam- aged. Over the southern portion of the spring-wheat region the crop made more favorable progress, although growth was slow. On the north Pacific coast spring wheat was much improved in Washington, but in Oregon it advanced slowly. In the Dakotas, Minnesota, and Nebraska oats made slow growth, and the crop suffered deterioration in Texas and portions of the Middle Atlantic States, but else- where and in the principal oat-producing States the outlook continued very promising. Throughout nearly the whole of the cotton belt cotton was much in need of cultiva- tion, and reports of abandoned fields were received from the Carolinas, Georgia, Ala- bama, and Louisiana. Good stands were generally reported, but much planting remained to be done in northern Texas, and planting was unfinished in Arkansas. In southern Texas and in portions of the central and eastern districts the situation was improved and the crop was doing well in localities. The general outlook for a good crop of hay continued promising. 590 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WARMER OVER MOST OF THE COUNTRY, WITH MARKED CROP IMPROVEMENT, June 5.—The week ended June 5 was the most favorable of the season in the Rocky Mountain region and over the western portions of the central valleys. Generally favorable conditions also prevailed in the Middle Atlantic and Southern States, but in New England low temperatures, with light frosts and lack of rainfall, prevented growth. Portions of the Ohio Valley, upper Lake region, Oklahoma, and southern Texas suffered from excessive moisture. In the States of the Missouri and central Mississippi valleys corn improved greatly and good progress was made with cultivation. In the upper Ohio Valley much plant- ing remained to be done, and in the Middle Atlantic States cutworms had caused much damage in fields already planted. In the Southern States early corn was being laid by in good condition. BEGINNING OF WHEAT HARVEST. Winter wheat advanced favorably, fewer reports of injury from rust being received from the greater part of the area previously affected. In Ohio and Nebraska, how- ever, although in promising condition, damage from rust and insects increased some- what. Wiuter-wheat harvest was in progress in the Southern States, and was beginning in Oklahoma and extreme southern Kansas, and wheat was ripening in the lower Ohio and central Mississippi valleys. Harvest had also begun in California, where wheat was maturing rapidly. On the north Pacific coast winter wheat was in promising condition, having experienced decided improvement in Washington. Under decidedly better temperature conditions spring wheat made good progress and was stooling well. In portions of the Dakotas, however, the crop was thin and weedy in localities. Im Washington spring wheat was in fine condition and had made rapid growth; and while the outlook in Oregon was favorable, low temperatures were detrimental. The general condition of the oat crop was very promising, an improvement being reported from the Middle Atlantic States and the Missouri Valley. Oats were head- ing as far north as Kansas, Missouri, and central Illinois, and harvesting was in progress in the South Atlantic and east Gulf States. A general improvement in the condition of cotton was indicated. Except in south- ern Texas and portions of the east Gulf and South Atlantic States, where heavy rains fell, the weather afforded opportunity for much-needed cultivation, which was actively carried on, although a large part of the crop was still in grass, the supply of labor being insufficient. Cool nights over the northern portion of the central dis- tricts checked the advance of cotton, but, as a whole, growth was satisfactory. In New England and portions of the Middle Atlantic States the grass crop had been materially shortened by drought, but throughout the central valleys and Lake region a good hay crop was promised. CULTIVATION ADVANCED—PROGRESS OF WHEAT HARVEST. June 12.—The Lake region and a part of the upper Mississippi Valley suffered from heavy rains, while the Southern States and the southern portion of the central val- leys were beginning to experience the effects of drought. As a whole, however, the weather was favorable for the cultivation of crops. There was ample warmth — throughout the central and southern portions of the country, but insufficient heat in ~ the extreme northern districts, especially in New England, Minnesota, and the Dakotas. Throughout the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast districts the week was generally favorable. In the Lake region and upper Ohio Valley the condition of corn was not promising, owing largely to unfavorable effects of low temperature and excessive moisture, but in the States of the lower Ohio, upper Mississippi, and Missouri valleys the crop made good progress and, as a rule, showed decided improvement. Winter-wheat harvest had begun as far north as the central portions of Kansas and Missouri and southern Illinois, and was in full progress in the more southerly sec- tions, where the yields were generally disappointing. In the more northerly por- tions of the principal winter-wheat States the crop had generally done well, although complaints of rust and insects continued in some sections, and heavy rains in Michi- gan and Wisconsin caused lodging. On the Pacific coast the outlook continued promising, exceptionally so in Washington. COTTON GRASSY—BOLL WEEVILS IN TEXAS. The weather conditions throughout nearly the whole of the cotton belt were favo a able for the cultivation of cotton, although a considerable part of the crop continued ~ grassy. A general, though not decided, improvement in the condition of cotton in WEATHER AND OROP CONDITIONS IN 1905. 591 the central and western districts was indicated, but in the Carolinas and Tennessee cotton made slow progress, and in the first-mentioned States the plants were small and of unhealthy color. In portions of the central and eastern districts of the cotton belt light rains were desired. In the northern and central counties of Texas pros- pects were improved, though still poor in localities; in southern Texas the crop was in good condition and an improvement in localities was reported. Boll weevils were active over an increased area. In the Lake region and New England the apple outlook was more or less promis- ing, but in the central valleys was not favorable, except in some sections. TEMPERATURES GENERALLY FAVORABLE—RAINFALL UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED. June 19.—With the exception of the upper Missouri Valley, where low tempera- tures prevailed, all districts east of the Rocky Mountains received ample heat during the week. The rainfall was very unevenly distributed, being ample in most north- ern districts, but insufficient in portions of the central valleys and of the Middle Atlantic and Southern States, although good rains fell in some parts of these districts. The week was favorable for the cultivation of crops, and this previously hindered wo-k was in a very satisfactory state. Abnormally low temperatures prevailed over most of the Plateau districts, with frosts in some places. On the Pacific coast the weather conditions were favorable. CORN GOOD—COTTON IMPROVED. Except in eastern Missouri and central and southern Illinois, corn made good progress throughout the corn belt. Cultivation was brought up to date, except in portions of Michigan, Wisconsin, and South Dakota. Winter wheat progressed under favorable conditions, and harvesting was well advanced in Kansas, Missouri, and southern Illinois, and had begun in Indiana and Maryland. In portions of Wisconsin and Minnesota dry weather was needed for spring wheat, but this crop generally made very satisfactory progress throughout the spring-wheat region, and was beginning to head in the southern portion. Very favorable reports respecting spring wheat also continued from the North Pacific coast. The oat crop suffered to some extent from excessive moisture in Wisconsin and Minnesota, rust in southern Iowa, rank growth in northern Illinois, and drought in southern Illinois, but in these States and generally elsewhere the condition of the crop was promising. Oat harvest was in progress as far north as Missouri. Further improvement in the condition of cotton was very generally indicated throughout the cotton belt. The crop was in a good state of cultivation, although some fields continued foul in portions of the central and western districts and in Florida. While, as a rule, good growth was reported, ihe plant continued small. Lice were still prevalent in North Carolina, but were less numerous in South Caro- lina, Georgia, and Alabama. Considerable damage by webworms was reported from Oklahoma and Indian Territories, where some fields were being devoted to other crops. Boll weevils were spreading in northeastern Texas, but generally the damage was not great. EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN LOCALITIES, INTERRUPTING CULTIVATION AND WHEAT HARVEST. June 26.—The region from the upper Lakes westward to the north Pacific coast received insufficient heat, lack of sunshine being especially unfavorable in Washington and Oregon, but elsewhere the temperature conditions were fayorable. Excessively heavy rains occurred in the central and west Gulf districts and in portions of the central Missouri and Ohio valleys, lower Lake region, and New England, while por- tions of the South Atlantic States and central and eastern Missouri continued to suffer from drought. Sunshine was generally needed in the central Gulf States, Ten- nessee, Ohio Valley, and lewer Lake region. Except in the valleys of the upper Missouri and Red River of the North, where, as a result of low temperatures, the growth of corn was slow, this crop made good progress, although suffering somewhat from lack of cultivation in portions of the Ohio Valley and Middle Atlantic States and in central and western Nebraska. In Iowa corn made vigorous growth and was well cultivated, with better stands than previous reports indicated, and the outlook in Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas was very favorable. Heavy rains interrupted the harvesting of winter wheat in the Ohio Valley, Ten- nessee, and portions of the Middle Atlantic States, but elsewhere this work progressed favorably, and was nearing completion in Missouriand southern Kansas. Some grain in shock was damaged by rains in Kentucky and Tennessee. 592 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Spring wheat on lowlands in the Dakotas and Minnesota was suffering some- what from rust, but as a whole this crop made vigorous growth and continued in | promising condition throughout the spring-wheat region and also on the north Pacifie coast. While heavy rains hindered the cultivation of cotton over a large part of the cen- tral Gulf districts and in central and northern Texas, where many fields were foul, the crop as a whole experienced general improvement throughout the cotton belt. The plants were generally undersized, especially in the central and eastern districts but good growth was nearly everywhere reported. Complaints of lice continue from South Carolina and Georgia. In Texas less damage trom webworms and boll weevils was indicated; in western Louisiana, however, some fields were abandoned on account of weevils, and in Oklahoma and Indian Territories webworms continued damaging. Some picking had been done in extreme southern Texas. The weather was unfavorable for haying in the Middle Atlantic States and Ohio Valley and on the north Pacitic coast, where considerable hay was spoiled. In por- tions of the central Mississippi Valley meadows deteriorated, but in the Lake region, the Dakotas, Nebraska, and Kansas a good hay crop was promised. EXCELLENT GROWTH OF CORN—COTTON GENERALLY FRUITING WELL. July 8.—The northern districts of the country experienced temperatures too low for rapid growth, but in the Southern States the temperatures were highly favorable. Excessively heavy rains from the central and west Gulf districts northward over the western portion of the central valleys, while relieving drought in Missouri, were inju- rious in places and interfered extensively with cultivation. The conditions on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts were generally favorable. Rain was much needed in the southern Plateau region. Corn made excellent growth over the greater part of the corn belt and, except in the upper Missouri and lower Ohio valleys, where rains retarded cultivation, the crop was clean and well advanced. Considerable was laid by in Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas. Late corn in the Southern States was suffering from lack of cultivation. Winter-wheat harvest was well advanced in the northern portion of the winter- wheat belt and was practically finished in Illinois, Missouri, and eastern Kansas. Rain caused injury to grain in shock in Texas, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Spring wheat advanced rapidly throughout the spring-wheat region and continued in promising condition. Some rust, however, was reported from the southern por- tion, and on lowlands in Minnesota there was a tendency to lodge. The crop also continued in fine condition on the north Pacific coast, except in the Willamette Valley, where aphides were unusually numerous. A fine crop of oats was indicated generally in the principal oat-producing States. Harvesting was in progress in the lower Missouri and central Mississippi valleys. While cotton generally improved and made good growth throughout the cotton belt, the crop was much in need of sunshine and cultivation in the central and west- ern districts, in portions of which too rank growth was reported. Except in the central districts, cotton was generally fruiting well. Boll weevils and other pests were active in Texas and Louisiana. Tobacco suffered from drought in central North Carolina and from lack of cultiva- tion in Kentucky; elsewhere this crop was doing well. Reports generally indicated an apple crop much below average in all sections. Considerable hay was damaged by rains in Iowa, Nebraska, and Tennessee. In the upper Ohio Valley and northern portion of the Middle Atlantic States and New England an average crop of hay was being secured under favorable conditions. 4 a 4 « : 4 4 LOCAL DAMAGE BY HEAVY RAINS-—-SOME RUST IN SPRING WHEAT. July 10.—In the districts east of the Rocky Mountains temperature conditions were generally favorable, though rather cool in the Missouri Valley. Over much the greater part of the country from the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts northward to the Lake region, Minnesota, and the Dakotas excessive rainfall greatly hindered the cultivation of crops, caused rapid growth of weeds, and in places injured hay and harvested grain. There was practically no rain in New England, only light showers on the immediate Middle Atlantic coast, and none in the Rocky Mountain and Pacifie coast regions. In central and northern Californiaand portions of Oregon and Wash- — ington intense heat preyailed during the latter part of the week. ‘ The corn crop experienced a week of very favorable conditions for growth, except in the upper Missouri Valley, where its progress was rather slow on account of insuf- — ficient heat and lack of sunshine. While rains interfered with cultivation to some — ’ role ‘obs WEATHER AND OROP CONDITIONS IN 1905. 598 extent, the crop as a whole was in a fairly good state of cultivation and was largely laid by, except in the more northerly districts. Winter-wheat harvest continued in the more northerly districts and was largely finished elsewhere. Rainy weather extensively interfered with thrashing and caused damage to grain in shock in portions of the Middle Atlantic States and central valleys. ‘The abnormal heat on the north Pacific coast during the latter part of the week caused but slight damage to the wheat crop in Washington. In portions of South Dakota and Minnesota spring wheat on low lands suffered from overflows, but elsewhere in the spring-wheat region the crop was in promising condi- tion. Rust continued in South Dakota and Minnesota, though not materially increas- ing, and was beginning to appear in North Dakota. Spring wheat continued prom- ising on the north Pacific coast, though exposed to trying heat conditions during the latter part of the week. Both standing and harvested oats suffered considerably from wet weather. In the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida, over the greater part of Alabama, and in southern Mississippi cotton generally did well. Good growth was-reported from the central and western districts, but much of the crop suffered deterioration, largely from lack of cultivation due to continuous heavy rains. In Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and ouisiana, fields were abandoned to grass. Too rank growth was more or less reported in all districts, except the Carolinas and Florida. In New England and portions of the Middle Atlantic States much hay was secured in good condition, but-in the central valleys haying progressed under disadvantages, and considerable hay was damaged. CORN OUTLOOK VERY PROMISING—LIGHT FRUITING AND TOO RAPID GROWTH IN COTTON, July 17.—Favorable temperatures prevailed during the week ending July 17 throughout the country. The intense heat on the Pacific coast during the latter part of the previous week was followed by decidedly lower temperature. Heavy rains interfered with work in the Ohio Valley and over a large part of the South Atlantic and east Gulf States, but a very general absence of rain in the west Gulf districts, with only light showers over much of the Missouri and upper Mississippi valleys, afforded favorable opportunity for much-needed cultivation. Corn made splendid progress throughout nearly the whole of the corn belt, and improved decidedly in the States of the Missouri Valley, where its previous progress had been retarded by cool weather. While the general outlook for this crop was very promising, it sustained some injury on low land in Missouri and in portions of the South Atlantic and east Gulf States, and was not in a good state of cultivation in portions of the Ohio Valley. Further reports of injury to harvested winter wheat were received from the central Mississippi and Ohio valleys, the Middle Atlantic States, Texas, and Oklahoma and Indian Territories. Harvesting, where not finished in the more northerly districts, was well advanced. Spring wheat experienced a week of favorable weather and continued in promising condition. In the central Mississippi and Ohio valleys and in portions of the Middle Atlantic States, oat harvest was interrupted, and considerable damage to harvested and standing oats resulted from wet weather. Harvesting was largely finished, except in the more northerly districts. While too rapid growth of cotton and light fruiting were very generally reported throughout the cotton belt, an improvement was indicated in many districts. The crop continued to suffer from lack of cultivation, especially in the central and western portions of the belt, where, however, the weather of the week was favorable for cleaning the fields, a work that was pushed vigorously. Much hay was damaged in the central Mississippi and Ohio valleys and Middle Atlantic States, but in New England and the Missouri and upper Mississippi valleys haying progressed under favorable conditions. Nearly all reports indicated an inferior apple crop. WEATHER FAVORABLE FOR GROWTH—SOME HARVESTED CROPS DAMAGED BY SHOWERS. July 24.—Although excessively hot and dry in portions of the Middle Atlantic States and Kentucky and Tennessee during the forepart of the week, with similar conditions also prevailing in the northern plateau region and on the north Pacific coast, as a rule temperatures were favorable. Showers delayed work and caused some damage to crops in Virginia, West Virginia, portions of the lower Ohio and 3 Aal905——38 594 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, central and lower Mississippi valleys, Oklahoma, and Texas, while rain was needed in New England, ‘Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Kansas, and generally throughout the plateau districts. Favorable weather caused rapid growth of corn and, with very few exceptions, the crop was in excellent condition. Winter wheat harvest was nearly completed in the principal winter-wheat States, and thrashing was well advanced. Rains caused further damage to grain in shock or stack in Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. In the principal oat-producing States harvesting of this crop was well advanced, while in the more northerly districts oats were heading and the early sown were maturing rapidly. The crop generally was in promising condition, though badly lodged in Ohio, and some complaints of lodging were received from Wisconsin. Although improvement was indicated in parts of nearly all of the cotton States, it was neither general nor marked. While the staple grew rapidly, and was generally fruiting well in portions of Georgia, Alabama, Texas, and Missouri, complaints of unsatisfactory fruiting were received from the Carolinas, Mississippi, Alabama, Ten- nessee, and Oklahoma, and of rust or shedding from all sections. Insects were caus- ing considerable damage to cotton in localities in Texas, but generally no great injury was reported. The crop was opening in the southern portion of the belt, and pick- ing was under way in southern Texas. Tobacco made rapid growth and was generally in satisfactory condition. The crop was weedy and some was drowned out in Kentucky, damaged locally by rains in Virginia, and was poor on light soil in Maryland. Topping was in progress in New England and Ohio, and curing was becoming general, with good results, in North Carolina. Haying was delayed by rains in Virginia and portions of the Ohio Valley, and con- siderable damage to hay was reported from Oklahoma, Missouri, and southern Illinois. Elsewhere a good crop was being secured under favorable conditions. CONDITION OF COTTON—GOOD HAY YIELDS GENERALLY SECURED. July 31.—During the week the Ohio Valley and northern portions of the Middle Atlantic States and New England experienced temperatures too low for best results, but elsewhere the temperature conditions were favorable. Rains interfered with farm work in the Missouri Valley, northeastern Texas, and portions of the lower Ohio Valley and east Gulf coast districts, while rain was needed in Georgia, portions of Florida, northern Mississippi, northern Llinois, Ohio, and northern New Jersey. In the Ohio Valley the growth of corn was somewhat checked by cool weather, but elsewhere in the principal corn States this crop made excellent progress. Through- out the Atlantic coast districts a fine crop was indicated. In Tennessee, Arkansas, Indian territory, and northern Texas the condition of corn was not so promising. Winter-wheat harvest was finished, except a small part of the crop in Michigan and New York. Spring wheat made favorable progress, no rust damage having been reported ex- cept from scattered fields in South Dakota, where smut and blight were also preva- lent to some extent. Late spring wheat was materially damaged in Washington by hot winds of the preceding week, but the early crop escaped injury. Harvest was general in Oregon, with about the average yield and quality. Some improvement in the condition of cotton over most of Texas was indicated, and, while too rank growth and unsatisfactory fruiting were reported from Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, a general, but slight, improvement was also shown in these States. In Alabama the crop generally deteriorated; in Georgia it was fruiting rapidly where sufficient rains had occurred, but in other localities of that State rain was badly needed, and shedding, rust, and black root were prevalent. Too rank growth and shedding were also reported from Tennessee, the Carolinas, and Florida, in which States no improvement was indicated except on clay lands in South Carolina, while on sandy lands in that State the crop deteriorated. Haying was retarded in portions of lowa, North Dakota, and Virginia, but reports generally indicated that a good crop of hay had been secured. SLIGHT INJURY TO SPRING WHEAT BY RUST—CORN GOOD—COTTON IRREGULAR. August 7.—Texas and Oklahoma experienced very warm weather, while it was too cool over the northern portion of the Lake region and on the California coast; other- wise temperature conditions during the week were generally favorable. Too much rain proved detrimental in portions of Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri, and also in Florida and portions of Mississippi, but in northern Alabama, Georgia, and the ~ WEATHER AND OROP CONDITIONS IN 1905. 595 Carolinas, and over a considerable part of the Middle Atlantic States, Ohio Valley, and Tennessee rain was much needed, the effects of drought having become serious over the greater part of Georgia. Rain was also needed on the north Pacific coast. Over the central and western portions of the corn belt and the greater part of the Middle Atlantic States corn continued in excellent condition, and, while needing rain in the Ohio Valley, the condition of the crop in that district was generally promising. While rust in spring wheat was more or less prevalent in the Dakotas, and to a slight extent in Nebraska, Iowa, and Minnesota, the reports generally indicated that the crop had not sustained serious injury. Harvest was nearly finished in Iowa and was in progress in Nebraska and the southern portions of South Dakota and Minne- sota, but had not begun in North Dakota, where the crop was generally in excellent condition, with long heads, which were filling well. In Oregon harvesting was active; in Washington spring wheat was ripening rapidly and was beyond further injury from hot winds. Harvesting of oats was finished, except in extreme northerly districts, where it was well advanced. Cotton showed some improvement in Tennessee, western North Carolina, north- ern Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Indian Territories, northeastern Texas, and portions of Louisiana, but elsewhere over the cotton belt the crop had deteriorated. The prevalence of rust was very generally reported from the eastern districts, and also from portions of the central and western districts. Boll weevils and bollworms were doing considerable damage in Texas and western Louisiana, but in the first-named State they were less numerous. Picking was general in south- ern Texas and in some central counties of that State, and had commenced over the southern portion of the eastern districts. SPRING WHEAT HARVEST WELL ADVANCED—HEAVY RAINS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN COTTON BELT. . August 14.— Very favorable temperatures prevailed in all districts east of the Rocky Mountains, the week averaging slightly cooler than usual in the Gulf States and warmer than usual throughout the central and northern portions of the country. The drought prevailing in the previous week in the Middle and South Atlantic and east Gulf States was relieved by abundant rains, which proved damaging in portions of the Carolinas and Florida. Needed rains also occurred in portions of the upper Mississippi and lower Missouri valleys, but parts of Nebraska, Iowa, Arkansas, and Texas were in need of moisture. Farm work was interrupted by heavy rains in the central Gulf district and in the lower Ohio Valley. Rain was badly needed on the north Pacific coast. The reports continued to indicate an excellent outlook for corn throughout the central valleys, Lake region, and Middle Atlantic States. Rain afforded relief in the Ohio Valley; portions of Illinois, Missouri, and Nebraska were in need of rain until the close of the week, when good rains occurred where needed in the two first- mentioned States. Early corn was practically made in the southern portions of Kansas and Missouri. Spring wheat did well, only slight injury from rust being reported. Under high temperatures the crop ripened rapidly, some of the early sown having been harvested in North Dakota. Cutting was well advanced in central Minnesota and northern South Dakota, and was practically finished in the southern portions of these States, and in Iowa and Nebraska. In Oregon spring wheat was badly shriveled in the Willamette Valley, where the yields were disappointing. Only a small part of the oat crop in the extreme northern districts remained unharvested. As in the previous week, the least favorable reports respecting cotton were received from the eastern districts, where the prevalence of rust and shedding continued. During the week a large part of the central and eastern portions of the cotton belt received-from 2 to 6 inches of rain, which proved injurious. In northern Alabama and in portions of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas cotton improved, but in other portions of these States the crop deteriorated. In Oklahoma and Indian Territories, Arkansas, and Missouri cotton generally improved. The apple outlook continued unchanged, a poor crop being indicated in nearly all the principal apple-producing States. The soil was in excellent condition for fall plowing throughout the central valleys, Lake region, and Atlantic coast districts, and this work made good progress. 596 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, CORN DAMAGED BY HIGH WINDS-—-EXTENSIVE RUST AND SHEDDING IN COTTON, August 21.—During the week central and western Texas experienced unusual heat, while unseasonably cool weather prevailed in New England and the northern portion of the Middle Atlantic States; elsewhere the temperature was favorable. The rain- fall was excessive and injurious in the Dakotas and Minnesota, and also in parts of the Lake region, South Atlantic and central Gulf States, and in Florida. Rain was badly needed over the greater part of Texas, in portions of Kansas, generally throughout the central and southern Rocky Mountain districts, and in Oregon. Frosts, causing slight damage, occurred on the 16th in Montana and Idaho. The previously reported excellent condition of corn continued generally through- out the principal corn-producing States, and also in the Atlantic coast and eastern Gulf districts. Windstorms blew down considerable corn in Nebraska, Missouri, Arkansas, and Ohio. In some counties in Kansas and generally throughout Texas the crop was in need of rain. The harvesting, stacking, and thrashing of spring wheat on low lands in the northern part of the spring wheat region, where grain was fully ripe, were interrupted during the forepart of the week, the fields being too wet for the reapers. Local storms in North Dakota and northeastern South Dakota caused the lodging of considerable grain. Complaints of shrunken grain were general from Washington and western regon. While cotton improved in portions of the central and western districts, the crop as a whole suffered deterioration, which was most marked in the eastern districts. Rust and shedding were extensive throughout the belt, and dry, hot weather proved injurious over much of Texas, where premature opening was reported, but boll weevils in that State, as a rule, were diminishing. The crop improved in Arkansas, some northeastern counties in Texas, in portions of Louisiana, northern Alabama, and in a few places in South Carolina. Wet weather proved injurious to tobacco in Ohio and Indiana, but most reports respecting this crop were favorable, an improvement in Kentucky, the Middle Atlan- tic States, and New England being indicated. Much complaint of blight and rot in potatoes was received from the Lake region and the northern part of the Middle Atlantic States, but the reports from the Mis- souri and central Mississippi valleys were more favorable. WEATHER FAVORABLE FOR CORN, CUTTING BEGUN—INCREASE OF SHEDDING AND RUST IN COTTON. August 28.—During the week the temperatures were highly favorable in the cen- tral valleys and in the Gulf and Atlantic coast districts, with the exception of the northern portion of the Middle Atlantic States and New England, where it was rather cool. Wet weather interfered with farm work and injured crops in portions of Vir- ginia, the Carolinas, Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, Wisconsin, Iowa, and the Dakotas. Rain was much needed over the southeastern Rocky Mountain slope, the greater part of Texas, and on the north Pacific coast. The principal corn States of the central valleys experienced a week of exceptionally favorable weather conditions for the development and maturity of corn. There was everywhere ample moisture to insure satisfactory development of the crop, except in Texas and portions of Kansas, but in the last-named State only the late planted was suf- fering forrain. Cutting was in progress in Oklahoma and Indian Territories, southern Missouri, and over a large part of Kansas. The reports indicated that the bulk of the early corn would be safe from injury from frost by September 15, and most of the late corn by October 1. Some damage from local storms was reported from portions of Illinois and South Dakota. Spring-wheat harvest was finished, except in the northern portions of Minnesota and South Dakota and in North Dakota where, although well advanced, it was delayed by rains. In some northeastern counties of Texas, in Arkansas, and in portions of Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia improvement in the condition of cotton was indicated, and in Oklahoma and Indian Territories and Missouri the crop was in fair to good con- dition; elsewhere cotton did not make favorable progress. Complaints of shedding were received from every State, of rust from the eastern districts, of premature opening from Texas, Arkansas, and North Carolina, and of rotting of bolls from South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. The bolls were opening rapidly gen- ey throughout the belt and picking was in progress in all but the northerly istricts. Tobacco suffered from wet weather in portions of Kentucky, and in Virginia and Maryland, but in the first-mentioned State generally made good progress. A good fon cae | ee WEATHER AND OROP CONDITIONS IN 1905. 597 crop was promised in Pennsylvania, New York, and New England. Cutting was general, Move favorable reports respecting apples were received from Maryland and Vir- ginia, but elsewhere the outlook for this crop continued very poor. Plowing for fall seeding was active nearly everywhere, except in Texas, where the soil was too dry. This work was much further advanced than usual and some seeding was done. COTTON OPENING RAPIDLY—MUCH TOBACCO HOUSED. September 4.—Temperatures favorable for the maturing of crops prevailed in all districts east of the Rocky Mountains during the week, except in the northern por- tions of the upper Missouri and upper Mississippi valieys and in northern New England, where it was somewhat too cool. Scattered light frosts, causing slight damage, occurred in the central and northern Rocky Mountain districts and in the upper Missouri Valley during the latter part of the week. The greater part of Texas, portions of Kansas and Missouri, and the north Pacific coast continued to need rain. Under favorable temperatures corn advanced rapidly and the condition of the crop continued excellent generaily throughout the corn belt. Considerable over-ripe spring wheat remained uncut on flooded lowlandsin northern Minnesota and eastern North Dakota and moisture injured grain in shock in portions of South Dakota and Iowa. On the north Pacific coast high winds caused injury ta standing grain in Washington, but otherwise the weather was favorable for harvesting and thrashing. While there wasa slight improvement in the condition of cotton in northeast Texas and in portions of the central cotton States, the reports, as a whole, indicated deterioration in the average condition of the crop as compared with the previous week. Rust and shedding continued quite general, but injury from boll weevils in Texas was somewhat diminished. Cotton opened rapidly throughout the belt, and the weather was favorable for picking, which was generally active, having been completed in portions of Alabama and Georgia. Much tobacco in the Ohio Valley and Middle Atlantic States was housed and the remainder was maturing rapidly. A good crop was generally reported, especially in the northern part of the Middle Atlantic States and in New England. In Texas and portions of Kansas and Nebraska the soil was too dry for plowing, but elsewhere this work made excellent progress. PROGRESS IN CORN CUTTING AND COTTON PICKING—BLIGHT AND DECAY IN POTATOES, September 11.—In the lower Missouri, central Mississippi, and Ohio valleys the week was cool and wet, and farm work was more or less interrupted in these dis- tricts, more particularly in the western portions. The temperature conditions in the Atlantic coast and Gulf districts and on the Pacific coast were generally favorable. Notwithstanding the excessive moisture and cool weather over the greater part of the corn belt, corn generally made good progress toward maturity, having advanced rapidly in the northern and western portions. Much of the crop was safe, and cut- ting was general over the southern portion of the belt. The harvesting of spring wheat was practically finished in North Dakotaand Min- nesota. Large areas, however, on flooded lowlands in the last-named State were abandoned. In North Dakota the little thrashing done indicated disappointing yields, considerable being smutty. In South Dakota the yield of spring wheat was good, but the quality was variable. Thrashing was completed in Oregon and har- vesting was progressing under favorable conditions in Washington, except in the northwestern counties, where it was interrupted by showers. In the Carolinas the cotton situation was not materially changed as compared with that of the previous week. In South Carolina a slight improvement was indicated in localities and deterioration in others, the plant having stopped growing on sandy lands, but continuing green and fruiting on clay soils. Slight improvement was reported from Alabama and portions of Louisiana and Texas, but in Florida, Geor- gia, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Indian Territories, and the greater part of Texas there was more or less deterioration, with slight improvement over scattered local areas. Boll weevils and other pests were increasing in portions of Texas. Generally the weather conditions throughout the belt were highly favorable for picking, aac 4 work was actively carried on. The general outlook for potatoes continued unpromising, blight and decay being extensively reported, except in New England and portions of the Missouri Valley, 598 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, where the prospects were more favorable. In New England a good crop was indi- cated and in Iowa the early potatoes were good, but the late were damaged by blight. Plowing and seeding made excellent progress throughout the central valleys, Lake region, and Middle Atlantic coast districts. CORN DAMAGED BY RAINS AND HIGH WINDS IN LOWER MISSOURI VALLEY. September 18.—Except in New England and the northern part of the Middle Atlantic States, where the week averaged considerably cooler than usual, the temperature was above the normal and generally favorable, the week being decidedly warm over the greater part of the central valleys, Gulf States, and eastern Rocky Mountain slope. Light to heavy frosts occurred in the Rocky Mountain regions and also in North \ Dakota, the Lake region, New England, and the northern portion of the Middle Atlantic States, but they resulted in no serious injury. A marked feature of the week was the excessive precipitation, accompanied in places by high winds, in the lower Missouri Valley, where much damage was done, especially in central and western Missouri and eastern Kansas. Wet weather also proved detrimental over a large part of the Middle Atlantic States and in portions of the South Atlantic and east Gulf districts, while drought continued over portions of Texas. Generally favorable weather prevailed in the central Gulf States, Tennessee, and most of the Ohio Valley and Middle Atlantic States. Favorable weather also prevailed in Cali- fornia, and showers relieved drought conditions to a greater or less extent in Wash- ington and Oregon. While corn experienced favorable conditions over a large part of the corn belt, late corn in the upper Ohio and Missouri valleys was maturing slowly and the crop in the lower Missouri Valley suffered seriously from excessive rains and high winds, especially in Missouri and Kansas. In the first-mentioned State a large part of the crop was blown down or badly lodged, much was under water, and that in shock was beginning to mold. Over the northern part of the corn belt from two-thirds to three-fourths of the crop was safe from frost. | While a slight improvement in the condition of cotton was reported from Okla- homa and Indian Territories and portions of Louisiana and northern Texas, the crop as a whole over most of the belt experienced little or no change, with a tendency toward deterioration. Premature opening was extensively reported in the eastern and western districts, but only a few complaints of this character were received from the central portion. Boll weevils were increasing in Texas and were causing injury in western Louisiana. A poor top crop was promised. Picking was advancing rap- idly and was nearing completion in most fields in southern Georgia. Except in Kentucky, where about one-third of the crop remained to be secured, tobacco was nearly all cut and housed. Moist atmosphere was not favorable for curing in Kentucky and New England, but in Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennes- see the crop was curing nicely. Blight and rot in potatoes continued to be extensively reported in the principal potato-producing States, although fair yields were indicated in some sections. ~~ Plowing for fall seeding was interrupted by rains in the lower Missouri and Ohio valleys, and was prevented by drought in portions of the Southern States; elsewhere this work was well advanced. CONDITION OF COTTON GENERALLY UNSATISFACTORY, BUT PICKING ACTIVE. September 25.—The temperature during the week was favorable throughout the country, being nearly everywhere above the normal. Rains caused some damage in portions of the Missouri and upper Mississippi valleys, while a considerable part of the South Atlantic and Gulf States was in need of rain. Damaging frosts occurred in the middle Rocky Mountain regions and light frosts, with little or no injury, in portions of the lower Lake region and interior of the Middle Atlantic States. Except in limited portions of the Missouri Valley, corn experienced a week of con- ditions highly favorable for maturing the crop, from 75 to 90 per cent being safe from frost. In Nebraska considerable corn was blown down by high winds, making harvesting more difficult, but not reducing the yield. Some corn in shock in Mis- seed and Kansas was damaged by moisture, due largely to rains of the previous week. ’ The thrashing of spring wheat in the Dakotas and Minnesota was interrupted by saat es the first half of the week, but shock thrashing and stacking were nearly nished. The reports indicated but little change in the condition of cotton in South Caro- — lina, Georgia, Alabama, and Oklahoma and Indian Territories, a slight improvement — in North Carolina, Missouri, Arkansas, and northeastern Texas, and more or less So WEATHER AND CROP CONDITIONS IN 1905. 599 deterioration in other portions of the cotton belt, although there was decidedly less complaint of rust and shedding in the central and in portions of the eastern districts. Picking in Texas was interrupted to some extent by rain, but this work was active under generally favorable oomniifons in all districts, except in the north-central por- tion of the belt, where it was not yet general. Picking was nearing completion in portions of Georgia, Louisiana, and extreme southern Texas. Some injury to housed tobacco by moist weather was reported from portions of the Middle Atlantic States and New England, but elsewhere the reports respecting this crop were favorable. FAVORABLE WEATHER—FINE CORN YIELD ASSURED—LIGHT APPLE CROP. October 2.—The weather conditions of the week, as a whole, were exceptionally favorable to agricultural interests. Under the influence of warm and generally dry weather throughout the central valleys, Lake region, and Atlantic coast districts, late crops matured rapidly. Florida and portions of the central Gulf districts suffered injury from excessive rains, while much-needed rains fell in the Rocky Mountain and North Pacific coast regions. The Middle and South Atlantic States and southern Texas were in need of rain. Frosts occurred in the middle Rocky Mountain districts and in the upper Ohio Valley, lower Lake region, and northern portion of the Middle Atlantic States, but caused no serious injury. Highly favorable weather prevailed throughout the principal corn States. An exceptionally large and fine yield of corn was assured over-much the greater part of the corn belt, and only a very small part of the crop in the north-central portion, estimated at from 2 to 5 per cent of the total, remained exposed to injury from frost, and this was maturing rapidly. The crop in Missouri was extensively blown down or lodged, but, notwithstanding this and the damage by September floods, a heavy yield was assured in that State. As a whole, the reports indicated no decided change in the condition of cotton, as compared with the previous week, a slight improvement being shown in northern Alabama and in portions of Texas, while in other sections of the latter State there was aslight deterioration. The cropsuffered from the ravages of insects in Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, boll weevils being numerous in the last-named State. Rains caused slight damage in Georgia, Alabama, southwestern Mississippi, and Louisiana, and seriously injured the crop in Florida. With the exception of heavy rains in Louisiana, southern Mississippi, and Florida, and showers in portions of Alabama and Georgia, the weather conditions were favorable for picking. A light apple crop was reported nearly everywhere. Only in a few unimportant apple- producing States were satisfactory yields indicated. Owing to the extensive prevalence of blight and rot in the principal potato- producing States, a light crop of potatoes of inferior quality was generally promised. The fall season thus far had been exceptionally favorable for plowing and seeding in the central valleys, Lake region, and Middle Atlantic States. In portions of the Southern States and on the North Pacific coast dry soil conditions were not favorable for this work. OCTOBER. The month of October was somewhat milder than usual in the districts east of the Mississippi River, and much colder than usual from the Missouri Valley northwest- ward to the Pacific coast. The lower Ohio, central Mississippi, and lower Missouri valleys and portions of the central and west Gulf States suffered from heavy rains, while droughty conditions prevailed on the South Atlantic and west Gulf coasts, in central and western Kansas, the middle and southern plateau region, and California. Over the south-central and southwestern portions of the corn belt wet weather proved unfavorable for cutting and husking corn, and caused considerable mold and decay. Good progress was made, however, with gathering corn in other portions of the corn belt, the crop having fully matured before the occurrence of injurious frost. Favorable weather for gathering and husking corn prevailed throughout the Atlantic coast districts. Heavy rains in portions of the Ohio, central Mississippi, and lower Missouri valleys hindered plowing and fall seeding to a considerable extent, but, as a whole, this work was prosecuted under favorable conditions and at the close of the month was largely completed, and good stands of fall-sown wheat were generally indicated throughout the central valleys, Lake region, and Middle Atlantic States. At the close of the month cotton picking was from one-half to two-thirds com- pleted in Oklahoma and Indian Territories, Arkansas, and northwestern Mississippi, and a much larger proportion of the crop had been gathered in other sections, pick- ing being practically completed in the more southerly districts. GUO YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, NOVEMBER. While the Atlantic coast districts experienced droughty conditions, and heavy rains proved detrimental in the west Gulf States, the weather conditions during November, 1905, generally were favorable for farming operations in nearly all dis- tricts, being exceptionally so in the central valleys. The long-continued drought in California was relieved by generous rains near the close of the month, when a heavy fall of snow occurred throughout the northern Rocky Mountain region and thence eastward to the upper lakes. The reports indicated that in the principal winter-wheat States wheat was entering the winter in excellent condition. In the Middle Atlantic States, however, the ger- mination of late-sown wheat was not wholly satisfactory, but that sown early was in promising condition. The Hessian fly was reported from scattered localities in Missouri and Pennsylvania, and also in Michigan, being confined principally to the early sown in the last-mentioned State. On the North Pacific coast the conditions had been favorable for seeding, but germination was not satisfactory. Except in a small part of western Mississippi and scattered localities in Alabama, practically all of the cotton crop in the districts east of the Mississippi had been gathered by the close of the month, the same being true of Louisiana, but in Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, and Oklahoma and Indian Territories a small part of the crop was still in the fields. Average daily temperature departures (degrees Fahrenheit) for season of 1905 from normal bused upon observations for many years, by sections. From For weeks ended— Jan.1to Section. Apr. 3, April— May— é inehae |}A$ J sive. | 10, 17. 24, 1. eat 22, 29. LS (CVT SST ONT Bey ge aa ips —2.5 | +1.8 |+ 1.0] —3.2 | +1.8 | +1.4 |) +0.5| —4.2| +10 Middle Atlantic States ............- —2.8 | +0.2 |+ 1.1] —2.4] +4.2] +3.8 | +3.9| —0.8} -—0.5 South Atlantic States... ..5.ss.s<0cs —2.6 | +0.2 |+ 0.1 | —2.4 | +3.3 | +4.4] +7.3] +11] —0.6 Pipa, PEMINSUIG «can candants onans —1.2 |] —1.3 |— 1.0] -2.3] +2.7] +40] +4.0] +2.3} +413 Fastern Gulf States... .....0.-nnen-s —3.2} —1.1 ]— 3.0] —8.1 |-4+2.0 | +4.9 |] +6.0] +1.0|] +0.9 Western Gulf States... 20.25 ..25.2.: —~2.9 1} —0.6 |— 4.7 | —3.1 | +0.7 | +3.9 | +4.0] +0.9 | 41.7 Ohio Valley and Tennessee ........ —2.8 | —1.1 |— 3.8 | —4.6] +2.6 |] +6.8 | +5.8 | —4.2| —0.4 Tower. Parke reeion: 4o..~2 s2ccuxceus —2.6 | +1.8 |— 4.6] —6.1 |.+2.9 | +4.8 | +1.4] —3.1 —2.4 Upper Lake POPIOM: 5. <2. .a<-nes ane —1.5}] +1.3 |— 4.5] —1.8 | +2.8 | +1.2 | +0.4] —-19] -—2.6 NOVER Dakota .5 onc. taesecanee ences +4.0 | +3.3 |— 1.4] —3.0 | +1.3 } —7.3 | +7.3] +2.3] —5.0 Upper Mississippi Valley ..........- —1.9 | +0.3 |— 7.4 | —3.5 | +1.2 |] +3.2 | —0.3 |] -3.0] —3.2 PEISHOUEPE VGLIOV . coc an cninanas<= eae —0.5 | +1.5 |— 1.1 | —4.2 | +0.5 | +0.3 | —0.6 |] —0.6| -—3.3 Northern slOnG <2... ases aces see +1.5 | +2.7 |—10.3 | —1.3 |] +2.3 | —3.9] —5.6| -—0.3| —49 MYA IBIBIONG ce auawc seat ee BOULNOIN Dates. s 2.05 .0255 Soeecee Biddle: niateogy ooo... ss aaa ceeds Northern plateau’ ....0-sse.c.2eeees North Pacifie coast region.......-.-. Middle Pacific coast regior ........ South Pacific coast region........-. For weeks ended— Section. August— September— RUC (Blo do ee ST ae Peay a Middle Atlantic States ............. South Atlantic States ............-. Pioridsa Peninsula: . 3.525. ccesnens Ohio Valley and Tennessee ........ Lower Lake region................- Mpper Lake region, «2.6 cei esen- ose EOE GO OES tao esos mare p aon neaas Upper Mississippi Valley ........... OP ISHOIEPL iG LO Yi nis sais anim ow cacamne wee POR DNOTIMBINNG a. on acco ean MYCMIO ALON (...5 5. wcico en cene vessecs BOUIREIN BLONS Jose )oe oss cee eewanmas BOULNEGIN DIAtOAll: f..< 6.5 a> ceecenss IMIGGIG wlateat sc. oac~ Flyspeck ( Leptothyrium pomi (Mont. and Fr.) Sacc.) and sooty-blotch ( Phyllachora er tilss (Schw.) Sacc.) disfigured unsprayed fruit as usual in the Eastern and Mid- le States. Leaf-spot (Phyllosticta spp.) was reported to be generally prevalent in Maryland, Ohio, Missouri, Nebraska, West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina. It is especially injurious in neglected and unsprayed orchards, where it causes premature defoliation. Root-rot (Clitocybe parasitica Wilcox, in part) was reported from Arkansas and West Virginia. It causes some loss in these and other south central States. Texas root-rot (Ozonium sp.) has done considerable damage to apples in Texas and New Mexico. ' Rot (Penicillium glaucum Lk.) is the principal cause of decay of fruit in Missouri and Nebraska. Pink-mold (Cephalothecium roseum Cda.) was reported this year only from Maine. An apple rot due to Alternaria sp. was described by B. O. Longyear in Colorado Station Bulletin No.*105. It does comparatively slight damage there. Powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha (E. and E.) Salm.) was reported this year only from Nebraska. ; Rust (Gymnosporangium macropus Lk., ete.) appears to be most common in West Virginia, Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, and in eastern Nebraska and other Central Western States. It defoliates small orchards where cedars are allowed to remain. Large growers combat it by removing the red cedars. Scab ( Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Aderh.) was, owing to the wet and cool season, far more destructive than usual over most of the country. Great losses were reported from Arkansas, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Nebraska, and Ohio. In Ohio the loss is estimated at one and a half million dollars; Scab increased in Maryland, Penn- sylvania, and New England, but not to such a serious extent. In New York scab was not troublesome, but there was unusual complaint of injury from spraying— russeting of the fruit and spotting and dropping of the leaves. Scab has continued to spread in California, northern Idaho, and elsewhere. Pear.—Blight (Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) De Toni) caused much loss throughout the country, as usual. Noteworthy demonstrations have been undertaken by this Department in cooperation with the local authorities in Georgia, and especially in California, to show how this disease may be controlled. Leaf-blight (Entomosporium maculatum Léy.) and leai-spot (Septoria piricola Desm. ) caused considerable loss, especially in New York, Ohio, Michigan, and West Vir- ginia. The former appears to have been less abundant in the South and West. Rust (Gymnosporangium sp.). One outbreak was reported from Long Island on Kieffer pears. 604 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scab ( Venturia pirina Aderh.) was bad in California owing to weather conditions. Unusual loss, estimated at $50,000, was reported in Ohio. The disease was not as bad as expected in New York. Texas root-rot (Ozonium sp.) has been injurious to pears in Texas and New Mexico. (uince.—Black-rot (Sphaeropsis malorum Pk.) was destructive to this fruit in Mary- land, Ohio, and West Virginia. Leaf-spot (Hntomosporium maculatum Léy.) was reported from Delaware, Ohio, and West Virginia. This and black-rot are easily controlled by spraying. ~ Blight (Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) De Toni) prevailed as usual. STONE FRUITS. Almond.—Shot-hole ( Cercospora circumscissa Sace.) prevailed to about the usual extent in the coast regions of California. It is easily prevented by sprays. Apricot.—Shot-hole ( Phyllosticta cireumscissa Cke.) 13 causing a gradually increas- ing loss throughout California, and treatment is rare and rather difficult. Troubles possibly similar have done much injury to twigs of apricot and peach. Blight (Bacillus amylovorus ( Burr.) De Toni) was reported on Russian apricot from Nebraska. Cherry.—Black-knot (Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sacec.) was reported from Nebraska, Ohio, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. This is a common disease else- where, especially on wild trees and in neglected orchards. It is easily controlled by spraying and cutting out the knots. Brown-rot (Sclerotinia fructigena (Pers. ) Schrt.) was more destructive this year in New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Ohio, Michigan, and West Virginia than usual. Less trouble was experienced in Rhode Island, Nebraska, and Missouri. Leaf-spot ( Cylindrosporium padi Karst.) was serious in Nebraska, New York, Ohio, West Virginia, and in Florida on Prunus serottna Ehrh. The loss in Ohio is esti- mated at $25,000. Towa, Maryland, and Missouri reported less injury. It is readily controlled by spraying. Powdery ‘mildew (Podosphaera oxyacanthae (DC.) De By.) was reported to be very common in Arkansas, doing considerable damage there late in spring. The occurrence of this disease, with slight Joss, was reported from Iowa, Ohio, and West Virginia. Root-rot, due to an undetermined fungus, has done much harm in Nebraska, especially on trees weakened by leaf-spot. Rust (Puccinia pruni Pers.) was reported from Nebraska. Trunk-rot (Schizophyllum commune Fr.). A case has been reported from Lincoln, Nebr., where this fungus occurred as an undoubted parasite, destroying the orchard. Peach.—Brown-rot (Sclerotinia fructigena (Pers.) Schrt.) was on the whole more destructive than usual. In Georgia the loss was greater in the southern than in the middle and northern peach sections of that State, and amounted to one-third of the crop, or 800 carloads. Maryland, New Jersey, and Connecticut suffered severely. In one instance in Pennsylvania 20 carloads were lost. The estimated damage in Ohio. was $250,000. There was serious injury to the crop in West Virginia. In Missouri and Nebraska the peach crop had previously been greatly reduced by cold. Crown-gall was reported as being common on nursery stock from all sections. Little-peach was worse than last year in Michigan, and continues spreading at about the usual rate. Leaf-curl (Exoascus deformans (Berk.) Fekl.), although generally prevalent, has done less injury in the great fruit-growing districts of New York, Ohio, Georgia, and the Pacific coast on account of the general use of preventive winter sprays. Where peach growing is less important spraying is neglected and much loss results. Loss was reported from Indiana, part of Ohio, South Carolina, Nebraska, Maryland, and Michigan. Root-knot (Heterodera radicicola (Greef.) Mull.) has done much injury to young orchards in the Gulf States, as in previous years. Root-rot, due to somewhat obscure causes, was reported from Georgia, Ohio, and Nebraska. Rosette occurred in isolated instances in Georgia and Missouri. a Rust (Puccinia pruni Pers.) occurred to a slight extent. Reports came from Flor- — ida, Missouri, and Ohio only. -- Seab (Cladosporium carpophilum Thiim.) was reported as causing serious injury in — Florida, Missouri, Ohio, and West Virginia, though not as great as in some years. _ Texas root-rot ( Ozonium sp.) has greatly injured peaches in Texas and New Mexico, _ Yellows has prevailed to about the normal extent or somewhat more in Indiana, - Maryland, Ohio. and West Virginia. The relative loss is greatest where peach grow- PLANT DIS#ASES IN 1905. 605 ing is a new or secondary industry, and preventive measures are therefore not practiced. Plum.—Black-knot ( Plowrightia morbosa (Schw. ) Sacc. ) wasreported from Delaware, Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska to occur as usual, and from Ohio and West Vir- ginia as more prevalent. It does not appear to be a very dangerous disease to the watchful grower. It was most serious on the damson near wild trees. Black-spot ( Pseudomonaspruni Erw.Sm.). This bacterial rot of the fruit occurred to a limited extent in Connecticut and Rhode Island. Blight (Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) De Toni) was reported from Furnas County, Nebr. Brown-rot (Sclerotinia fructigena (Pers.) Schrt.) has done more than usual harm from Florida to Maryland and in New Jersey, Connecticut, Vermont, Lowa, Ohio, West Virginia, Michigan, Indiana, Missouri, and Nebraska. The estimated loss in Ohio was $25,000. Thorough spraying and destruction of the mummied fruit has controlled the disease when practiced. Leaf-curl (voascus spp.) was reported on Chickasaw plums in lowa, but was less prevalent than usual. It was also reported from South Dakota, especially on Miner and sand cherry. Leatf-spot ( Cylindrosporium padi Karst.) has been most serious in New York, Mich- igan, and Ohio. The estimated loss in Ohio was $20,000. It occurred to a consider- able extent in Florida, Arkansas, Missouri, and West Virginia, but was not trouble- some in Wisconsin and Nebraska. This disease is easily controlled by spraying. Plum-pockets ( Exoascus pruni Fckl.) appears to be most common and injurious in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and North Dakota. It was reported as of minor importance in Arkansas, Missouri, and Nebraska, and was observed in Colorado for the first time this year. Rust (Puccinia pruni Pers.) was reported on prune from California. The trouble was not serious in any particular locality, but collectively was of some importance. Scab (Cladosporium carpophilum Thim.) was reported to occur to a slight extent in lowa and abundantly on susceptible varieties in Missouri and South Dakota. SMALL FRUITS. Blackberry.—Anthracnose (Gloeosporium venetum Speg.) was less prevalent in Ohio and Iowa. Crown-gall was reported from Arkansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Ohio, and Indiana. Leaf-spot (Septoria rubi Westd.) was abundant in Florida, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. The extent of the injury was generally small or uncertain, but was estimated at 20 per cent in Florida and Ohio. Rust (Gymnoconia interstitialis (Schl.) Lagh.) was mentioned as occurring in Ala- bama, Arkansas, Florida, lowa, Maryland, Missouri, Ohio, and West Virginia. Cranberry.—Anthracnose, rot, scald, and blast, diseases described by C. L. Shear in Farmers’ Bulletin No. 221, were the cause of losses ranging from 15 to 20 per cent in New Jersey, and much less in Massachusetts and Wisconsin. The relative preva- lence was about the same as last year. Spraying experiments made by this Depart- ment showed that these diseases can be fully controlled with Bordeaux mixture (see Bulletin 100, Part I, Bureau of Plant Industry). Currant.—Leaf-spot (Septoria ribis Desm., etc.) defoliated plants in lowa, Nebraska, Ohio, and West Virginia. Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (Schw.) B. & C.) was reported only from Ohio and Nebraska. Gooseberry.—Leaf-spot {Septoria ribis Desm., etc.) was reported of slight occurrence in Nebraska, Missouri, and West Virginia, but injuring 25 per cent of the crop in Ohio, where spraying is a necessity. Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (Schw.) B. & C.) was mentioned from Arkansas, Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, and West Virginia, but the disease was not serious as a rule, since the crop is unimportant. Grape.—Black-rot ( Guignardia bidwellii (Ell.) V. & R.) has been very destruc- tive this year in the Lake Erie grape region of New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio on account of rainy weather and failures in spraying, due to lack of thoroughness. The loss in Ohio is estimated at 30 per cent of the crop, worth $95,000. In the remainder of the Eastern and Middle States the loss appears to have been slight. The California vine disease is slowly destroying vineyards in the Sacramento Val- ley, Santa Clara Valley, and southern California. The total losses to date for several years is estimated at $40,000,000. Mr. N. B. Pierce, of this Department, has demon- strated the resistance of the variety Lenoir, which is replacing the others in these sections. 606 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Downy mildew ( Plasmopara viticola (B. & C.) Berl. & De Toni) was more destrue- tive in Arkansas and New York, but in other States (Connecticut, Maryland, Ohio, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin, and West Virginia) it seems to have been less serious. Powdery mildew ( Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr.) has occurred to only a slight extent in California, Michigan, Missouri, and West Virginia. Raspberry.—Anthracnose (Gloeosporium venetum Speg.) was widely reported, but was nowhere unusually serious. Spraying was generally successful. Crown-gall was reported common in Arkansas, Colorado, Ohio, and Nebraska. Leaf-spot (Septoria rubi Westd.) was reported as unimportant in Missouri, Ohio, and West Virginia. . Rust (Gymnoconia interstitialis (Schl. ) Lagh. ) aroused complaintin West Virginia, but was reported as unimportant in Ohio and Iowa. Strawberry.—A bud nematode was found to be injurious in one instance in South Carolina. Leal-spot ( Sphaerella fragariae (Tul.) Sace. ) was reported more abundant in Missouri, West Virginia, and Florida. This disease was common throughout the country, but unimportant, as short rotations or spraying with Bordeaux mixture readily con- trolled it. TROPICAL FRUITS. Banana.—Ripe-rot (Gloeosporium musarum Cke. & Mass.) injured 50 per cent of the banana crop in Hawaii, especially in fruit not properly packed; estimated loss $30,000. Scab, due to an undetermined fungus, affected about 10 per cent of the Hawaiian crop. Mango.—Blight (Colletotrichum sp.) was less prevalent in Hawaii, owing to dry weather. It yields to treatment with Bordeaux mixture. Orange.—Wither-tip (Colletotrichwm gloeosporioides Penz.). Thisandsimilartroubles of citrus fruits have been more prevalent in Florida the present winter on account of heavy rainfall. Pineapple.—Wilt is said to have been more abundant in Florida. VEGETABLES AND FIELD CROPS. Asparagus.—Rust (Puccinia asparagi DC.) appears to be again increasing in the Eastern States, having been more prevalent this year from Maryland to Massachu- setts. Reports from South Carolina, Ohio, Lowa, Nebraska, and North Dakota show that the rust is widely scattered, but less injurious than a few years ago. On the Pacific slope it seems to retain its virulence. Treatment with sulphur, combined with cultural and sanitary measures, has been shown by R. E. Smith, in bulletins 165 and 172 of the California Station, to afford a practicable means of control and has been generally adopted by the growers. Bean.—Anthracnose ( Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sace. & Magn.) Bri. & Cav.) prevailed to an unusual extent along the Atlantic coast, causing heavy losses to truckers, — particularly in Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. It is also reported as worse in Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, lowa, Nebraska, and Wiscon- — sin, but less serious on the whole in New York, where treatment with Bordeaux — mixture was successful. — Bacteriosis ( Bacillus phaseoli Erw. Sm.) was more prevalent in New York, and was — observed to be generally prevalent in the South; reported also from West Virginia — and Nebraska. . Damping-off (Rhizoctonia sp.) was locally injurious in South Carolina. Downy mildew (Phytophthora phaseoli Thax.) was much worse in Connecticut, where Dr. G. P. Clinton, of the Connecticut Station, discovered the oospore stage. The disease was also reported from Delaware and doubtfully from Maryland. “a ene mildew (Hrysiphe polygoni DC.) occurred on 33 per cent of the crop in | rio. . Rust ( Uromyces appendiculatus (P.) Lév.) was reported more prevalent in Connee- ticut, Ohio, West Virginia, lowa, and New Mexico. Its occurrence was reported in Maryland, North Carolina, and Nebraska. Beet.—Curly-top of sugar beets was destructive in limited areas in the Weste States, but less so on the whole than in previous years. . Leaf-blight ( Cercospora beticola Sace. ) occurred about as usual in New York, Ohio. Michigan, West Virginia, and other Eastern States. Mg Soft-rot (Bacterium teutlium Metcalf) was reported from Nebraska. e PLANT DISEASES IN 1905. 607 Cabbage.—Black-rot (Pseudomonas campestris (Pam.) Erw. Sm.) prevailed through- out the southern trucking belt, leading to unusual loss on account of the weather conditions, which favored the invasion of soft-rot bacteria and made the crop very perishable. Black-rot was also bad in Ohio and Indiana, but less so in Lowa. Club-root ( Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. ) was reported from Maryland, New Jersey, Ohio, West Virginia, and South Carolina. Wilt (Fusarium) occurred to some extent in Maryland and North Carolina. Cauliflower.—Black-rot (Pseudomonas campestris (Pam. ) Erw. Sm.) wasreported from Iowa, Maryland, and Ohio. Cantaloupe.—Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lagenariwm (Pass.) Ell. & Hals.) was common. The greatest injury reported was from Nebraska, amounting in some cases to from 50 per cent to 100 per cent of the crop. featbient ( Alternaria brassicae var. nigrescens Pegl.) was much more injurious this year. It prevailed along the Atlantic coast, often associated with downy mildew (see Cucumber). In Florida nearly the whole commercial crop was destroyed just before ripening. South Carolina, North Carolina, Maryland, New Jersey, and Con- necticut also suffered much loss. The loss in Ohio was estimated at 20 per cent. In the Central and Middle Western States it seems to have been less prevalent, but in Colorado did much damage. The Colorado Station is breeding a resistant strain. Wilt (Bacillus tracheiphilus Erw. 8m.) occurred from Ohio to Nebraska, in Indiana injuring 15 to 25 per cent of the crop. Celery.—Leaf-blight (Cercospora apii Fres.) appears to have been injurious in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Delaware, and Ohio. Leaf-spot (Septoria petroselini Desm. var. apii Br. & Cav.) was reported only from New York, and Phyllosticta apii Hals. only from Delaware. Root-rot and damping-off, due to Sclerotinia libertiana Fckl., Rhizoctonia, and I’usa- rium, caused heavy losses in Florida. Root-knot ( Heterodera radicicola (Greef.) Mill.) aroused complaint in Arkansas. Cucumber.—Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. & Hals.) was reported as causing loss in North Carolina, West Virginia, Ohio, and Massachusetts; also in Nebraska, where in connection with wilt it caused a loss of over $10,000 in one county. It appears to have been more prevalent than last year. Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis (B. & C.) Rost.) was again very preva- lent along the Atlantic coast from Florida to Massachusetts, and also in Ohio and West Virginia. Successful spraying experiments were reported and methods advised in South Carolina Experiment Station Bulletin 116 and in Farmers’ Bulletin 231. This disease was also destructive to cucurbits in Porto Rico. Wilt (Bacillus tracheiphilus Erw. Sm.) was reported more prevalent in western New York, where it caused an epidemic in greenhouses also. Eggplant.—Fruit-rot (Phyllosticta hortorum Speg.) occurred at Lincoln, Nebr. Wilt (Bacillus solanacearum Erw. Sm.) was reported for the first time from Colorado. : Bee ent bhent (Alternaria sp.) was more prevalent in New York than efore. Three new diseases, stem anthracnose ( Vermicularia dematium (Pers.) Fr.), leaf anthracnose (Pestalozzia funerea Desm.), and wilt (Neocosmospora vasinfecta var. nivea Erw. Sm.), are reported by H. S. Reed in Bulletin No. 69 of the Missouri Station as the cause of considerable injury to cultivated ginseng in Missouri. Lettwce.—Anthracnose (Marsonia perforans Ell. & Ev.) has been very destructive in greenhouses in Michigan. has mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel.) was reported in one severe case fronr New ork. Drop (Sclerotinia libertiana Fckl.) occurred in Florida to a very serious extent. Melon.—See Cantaloupe and Watermelon. Onion.—Downy mildew (Peronospora schleideniana De By.) occurred generally in New York, especially late in the season, and was reported from Vermont. Smut ( Urocystis cepulae Frost) was reported from one locality in Iowa. Pea.—Leat-spot (Ascochyta pisi Lib.) was more prevalent in Ohio, injuring 30 per cent of the crop. Spraying and rotation of crops gave good results. Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC.) occurred in Ohio and West Virginia. In Ohio 20 per cent of the crop was injured. Bordeaux mixture controlled the dis- ease effectually. Potato.—Brown-rot (Bacillus solanacearum Erw. Sm.) occurred locally from Vir- ginia to Florida and in Ohio and Jowa. Dry-rot (Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.) was reported from Florida, Lowa, Ohio, and West Virginia, the losses varying from 10 to 50 per cent of the crop. Early-blight (Alternaria solani (E. & M.) J. & G.) was on the whole less preva- lent, but did considerable harm nevertheless. It was reported from Florida, New 608 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New York, Ohio, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Nebraska. Late-blight ( Phytophthora infestans De By. ) was again extremely destructive through- out the Northern States from Maine to Minnesota, particularly in Vermont, New York, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The loss in New York was esti- mated at 50 bushels per acre, and the yield per acre was in many cases increased more than that by spraying. The loss in Ohio is placed at $2,000,000 and in Wis- consin at $5,000,000. The resultant rotting of the tubers was very serious this year. The disease occurred in Florida in May and did some slight injury there. Scab ( Oospora scabies Thax.) was reported as usual from all States, with mention of serious loss where soil had been limed. In Colorado, Wyoming, and Idaho the | injury appears to have been especially great, and perhaps complicated by stem-blight. | Prof. L. R. Jones, of the Vermont Station, has found formaldehyde gas generated by the permanganate method an efficient means of disiniecting large quantities of pota- toes in bulk without soaking them. (Report of Vermont Station for 1905.) Stem-blight ( Corticium vagum B. & C. var. solani Burt.) appeared most injurious in the Rocky Mountain section, but was reported from Florida, South Carolina, Virginia, Ohio, and Iowa. Sugar cane.—Dr. N. A. Cobb reported that the crop in Hawaii was injured up to 10 per cent by the ‘‘rind disease’’ and by the ‘‘root disease’’ (Marasmius?), and to a lesser extent by leaf-spot (Cercospora sp.?), ‘‘ pineapple disease,’’ and ‘‘top-rot.’”’ Sweet potato.—Black-rot (Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. & Hals.) was reported from North Carolina and Maryland. Tobacco.—Bed-rot ( Rhizoctonia) caused some loss in Ohio. Mosaic disease was more prevalent in Connecticut and Ohio, where the loss due to the depreciation in the quality is estimated at $50,000. Tomato.—Anthracnose (Colletotrichum phomoides (Sace.) Chest.) was reported from Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Ohio. The disease was of minor importance. Blight ( Bacillus solanacearum Erw. Sm.) is on the increase in Colorado and locally worse in Maryland. It was reported also from North Carolina and Ohio. Damping-off due to various fungi injured seedlings in California. Downy mildew ( Phytophthora infestans De By.) was quite common in Massachusetts this season, owing to unusual weather conditions, and was reported also from southern California, where it caused large losses to the winter crop. Fruit-rot (cause unreported ) was less injurious in Indiana, Iowa, and Maryland, but worse in Massachusetts, North Carolina, and West Virginia. Leaf-spot (Septoria lycopersici Speg.), the most injurious disease of tomato, caused losses ranging from 5 to 50 per cent in Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, and West Virginia. Point-rot aroused complaint in Connecticut, North Carolina, Ohio, and South Carolina. ‘4 Western blight caused heavy losses in the Rocky Mountain States, estimated at $40,000 in Utah. The cause remains unknown. Wilt or summer blight ( Fusarium sp.) was reported by R. E. Smith in Bulletin 175 of the California Station to have been unusually prevalent, especially in southern California, where many fields were completely ruined. The loss in other parts of — the State was from | to 50 per cent. Turnip.—Black-rot ( Pseudomonas campestris (Pam.) Erw. Sm.) was more prevalent in Ohio but less so in Iowa. : Club-root ( Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.) was locally prevalent in Illinois, New York, Ohio, West Virginia, and Vermont. . Watermelon.—Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. & Hals.). A — severe epidemic caused much loss in West Virginia. Wilt (Neocosmospora vasinfecta var. nivea Erw. Sm.) occurred as usual inthe Southern States. It was very bad on Muscatine Island, Iowa. y CEREALS. Barley.—Smut (Ustilago hordei (P.) Kell. & Sw.) increased in Nebraska, North — Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin, where it injured 7 per cent of the crop, causing — a loss of $500,000. Broom corn.—See Sorghum. Corn. —Leaf-blight (Helminthosporium inconspicuum C. & E.) caused considerable loss in certain localities in Delaware, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Rust ( Puccinia sorghi Schw.) was reported from Alabama, Iowa, Michigan, N braska, North Dakota, Ohio, and West Virginia. It appears to have been unusua prevalent, but not decidedly injurious. PLANT DISEASES IN 1905. 609 Smut ( Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) Unger) was reported from nearly all States as every- where prevalent, but not very destructive. Oats. —Rust ( Puccinia graminis P.) was common from Vermont to Indiana, lowa, and Wisconsin, but the loss was small, being estimated at from 1 to 3 per cent of the crop. In North Carolina and Ohio, however, the loss was set at from 10 to 20 per cent. Smut ( Ustilago avenae (P.) Jens.) was everywhere present, causing small losses, which amounted in the aggregate to immense sums. In Wisconsin the injury was 5 per cent of the crop, or $1,500,000, while it was 20 per cent before seed treatment was introduced. In many States this disinfection of the seed is still too much neglected. Rice.—Blast has continued to prevail in South Carolina, but most of the land liable to the disease was not planted and the actual loss was therefore not great. Dr. Haven Metcalf, of this Department, has worked out a remedy which promises to be successful. (See South Carolina Experiment Station Bulletin No. 121. ) Rust, a disease apparently physiological in nature, is common, but the large losses it caused in previous years are now avoided by small applications of kainit. Smut ( 7iletia horrida Tak.) has not been observed since a locally severe outbreak in 1899 led to the adoption of remedial measures advised by Anderson and Walker in South Carolina Experiment Station Bulletin No. 41. Sorghum.—Blight (Bacillus sorghi Burr.) has been the principal disease of sorghum and broom corn; reported from Iowa, Michigan, Nebraska, Ohio, and West Virginia. Smut (Sphacelotheca sorghi (Tul.) Clint. and WS. reiliana (Kuhn) Clint.) was reported to be quite common in Ohio and Nebraska. Wheat.—Leaf-blight (Leptosphaeria tritici Pass.) was reported by Dr. F. D. Heald from several counties in soufheastern Nebraska. The loss was not great. Leaf-rust (Puccinia rubigo-vera (DC.) Wint.) was widely distributed and abundant in the Northwest. In some localities, especially in North Dakota, the loss amounted to 30 per cent, but as a rule the injury was not more than usual. Stem-rust (Puccinia graminis P.) was generally distributed, but was epidemic only in limited districts. The great wheat-growing States of the Northwest suffered no loss as compared with 1904. In Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, and North Carolina, where the wheat crop is less important, losses of 15 to 30 per cent were reported. Rust was severe in Oklahoma, causing a loss estimated at $10,000,000. H. L. Bolley and F. J. Pritchard, of the North Dakota station, have found that the rust fungus may occur in the seed and possibly be spread in that manner. Powdery mildew (Frysiphe graminis DC.) was abundant at Lincoln, Nebr., early in the season. Scab (Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc.) was increasingly prevalent in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, especially on close-headed varieties, the loss being estimated at 1 per cent or more. In Jowa and Nebraska less trouble was experienced. Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Maryland also reported the disease. Smut. Loose smut ( Ustilago tritici (P.) Jens.) occurs to a minor degree as com- pared with stinking smut (Tilletia foetens (B. & C.) Trel.), which has been very abundant in some northwestern districts where seed treatment had been neglected. FORAGE CROPS. Alfalfa.—Dodder (Cuscuta epithymum Murr., ete.) was reported injurious in Ne- braska, Ohio, West Virginia, and especially in Utah, where it is widespread. Leaf-spot (Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) Sace.) has been injurious in Wyoming and South Dakota and toa lesser extent in Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio, and South Carolina. It is controlled by early cutting and is particularly harmful to seed crops, Which are often ruined. Clover.—Anthracnose ( Colletotrichum sp.) is a new fungous disease, which appears to be the principal cause of clover sickness in Tennessee and is causing the loss of 25 to 75 per cent of the crops sown. It is also prevalent in Ohio and West Virginia. It is being studied by 8. M. Bain and S. H. Essary. Dodder (Cuscuta sp.) has occurred in Ohio and West Virginia, though less fre- quently than on alfalfa. Leaf-spot (Macrosporium sarcinaeforme Cav.) was common in Tennessee, but sub- ordinate to anthracnose. Black-spot ( Phyllachora trifolii (Pers. ) Fckl.) was reported from Iowa and Tennes- see; a minor disease. Rust ( Uromyces trifolii (A. & S.) Wint.) was reported as of general occurrence in lowa, Maryland, and Tennessee, but not very injurious. 3 A1905——39 610 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Cowpea.—Root-knot ( Heterodera radicicola (Greef.) Mill.) and wilt ( Neocosmospora vasinfecta var. tracheiphila Erw. Sm.) are becoming more frequent in sandy soil in the Southern States, but are controlled by the use of resistant varieties. Grasses have been attacked by ergot (Claviceps purpurea Tul.) to a noticeable extent in Minnesota and Wyoming, and numerous lesser fungous diseases have been reported. FIBER PLANTS. ———— Cotton.—Angular leaf-spot (Pseudomonas malvacearum Erw. Sm.) was everywhere present as a minor trouble. In Sea Island cotton in southern Georgia and Florida the same parasite causes a destructive disease of the stem known as black-arm. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gossypti Southworth) occurred in numerous restricted epidemics scattered over the cotton belt. The losses were small in proportion to the total crop, but considerable in themselves. Areolate leaf-spot (Ramularia areola Atk.) occurred in Alabama, Tennessee, and other States, particularly in late fall, but did little harm. Texas root-rot (Ozonium sp.) has again caused heavy losses in Texas, being worst in the black waxy lands of central and northern Texas. Rust, a common physiological disorder, was common as usual on poor land lack- ing humus, drainage, or potash. It causes more loss to cotton growers than all other diseases. Wilt (Neocosmospora vasinfecta (Atk.) Erw. Sm.) is slowly increasing each year, but the use of resistant varieties promises to reduce the loss. Flax.—Rust (Melampsora lini (DC.) Tul.) did much injury in North Dakota. Wilt (Fusarium lint Bolley) was general in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, but the loss is now somewhat reduced by seed treatment and rotation of crops. NUT, FOREST, AND SHADE TREES. bor but few data are at hand, the following diseases have been reported as indicated: - Ash.—Rust (Puccinia fravinata (Lk.) Arthur), Lincoln, Nebr.; not abundant. Leaf-spot ( Phyllosticta viridis Ell. & Kell.), Lincoln, Nebr.; very abundant. Black walnut. —Leaf-spot (Marsonia juglandis (Lib.) Sace.), Nebraska. Catalpa.—Powdery mildew (Microsphaera elevata Burr.), Nebraska. Trunk-rot (Polystictus versicolor (L.) Fr.), Nebraska. Balsam fir.—W itches’-broom (Peridermium elatinum Schum. & Kunge), Michigan. Cedar.—Rust (Gymnosporangium macropus Lk.) , Nebraska and South Dakota. Cottonwood.—Trunk-rot (Elfingia megaloma (Lév.) Murr.), a new disease in Nebraska recently studied by Dr. F. D. Heald. Elm.—Black-spot ( Dothidella ulmi (Duv.) Wint.), Nebraska. Honey locust. —Black-leat (Leptostroma hypophyllum B. & Rav.), Nebraska. Maple.—Black-spot (Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr.), Long Island, New York; Iowa, and Nebraska. Leaf-scorch, probably due to unfavorable weather conditions, was serious in Michigan. Mulberry.—Leaf-spot ( Cercospora pulvinulata Sace. & Wint.), Nebraska. Oak.—lLeat-spot (Marsonia martini Sacc. & Ell.), Nebraska. ay Pecan.—Scab ( Fusicladium effusum Wint.) was somewhat serious in portions of the _ Gulf States, but not so prevalent as last year. Rosette, a disease not yet described, is increasing in South Carolina and Georgia. Pine.—Kneot (Peridermium sp.) was destructive in upper South Carolina. Seed- — ling blight (Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link.) was reported by Dr. F. D. Heald — as destroying seedlings in Nebraska. aa Serious injury to pine trees has occurred in New England, associated with the — attacks of the following parasitic fungi, probably due in part also to winter injury: — Septoria sp., on Pinus spp., Massachusetts, Maine; Hendersonia foliicola (Berk.) Fekl. on Pinus sp., Massachusetts; Cytospora pinastri Fr..on Pinus sp., Maine; Phoma hark- — nessii Sacc., on Pinus spp. and other genera, Massachusetts. Pestalozzia funerea Desm. has occurred on Pinus sp. in Virginia. — Black spruce.—Knot (Peridermium abietinum A. & 8.) was reported from Michigan. Walnut.—Blight (Pseudomonas juglandis Pierce) was less prevalent in California during the past season. ‘ GREENHOUSE AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. Aster.—Yellows occurred as usual in Maryland, but was considerably less prevale1 at in New England. Rar: GAME PROTECTION IN 1905. 611 Carnation. —Spot (Alternaria sp.), a new disease, has done considerable damage to tender varieties of the Lawson type. Stem-rot, due usually to Rhizoctonia but sometimes to Fusarium, has prevailed about as usual on poorly drained soils. Chrysanthemum.—Leat-spot (Septoria chrysanthemi Cay.) was reported in Delaware, Maryland, and Nebraska. Rust ( Puccinia chrysanthemi Roze) caused complaint in Delaware and New York. Pansy.—Downy mildew (Peronospora violae De By.), Nebraska. Peony.—Leat-spot (Cladosporium paeoniae Pass. ), Nebraska. Root-knot ( Heterodera radicicola (Greef.) Mull. ), Nebraska. Rose.—Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa ( Wallr.) Lévy.) occurred commonly everywhere, especially on Crimson Rambler. Root-knot (Z/eterodera radicicola (Greef. ) Mill.) was very injurious in some instances to greenhouse roses in Alabama, Nebraska, and other States. GAME PROTECTION IN 1905. By T. 8. Patmsmr, Assistant, Biological Survey. The record of game protection in 1905 is chiefly noteworthy for volume of legisla- tion, more effective enforcement of laws, and experimental and practical work in maintaining and increasing the stock of game. Several States made substantial progress in solving the problem of restricting hunting by unnaturalized foreign-born residents; at least two—Kansas and Missouri—were added to those which placed their warden service on a self-sustaining basis; and Missouri, in practically closing the game markets of Kansas City and St. Louis, exerted an important influence on the game trade of the West. Maintenance of the stock of game by winter feeding was conducted more extensively and systematically than ever before, importations of foreign game birds were marked by the introduction of several important and promising species, and a notable advance was made in establishing game preserves and refuges under Federal, State, and private auspices. LEGISLATION. Of the various bills before Congress only two affecting game became laws. Cne of these was an act creating the Wichita game preserve in Oklahoma, the other a pro- vision in the appropriation act of the Department of Agriculture requiring officials of the Forest Service to aid State officers in the enforcement of fish and game laws and authorizing arrests for violation of the laws and regulations relating to forest pre- serves and national parks. The Shiras bill (H. R. 15601) to place the protection of migratory game under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government aroused much interest and discussion amcng sportsmen, but did not pass either branch of Con- gress, not having been reported by the House committee to which it was referred. State laws were more numerous than usual, as 41 States and Territories held legislative sessions, and in all but two of these changes were made in the game laws. Exclusive of appropriation bills, about 180 laws relating to game were passed in the United States, but of these 16 in New York and 67 in North Carolina were chiefly local measures changing the seasons for certain kinds of game in one or more coun- ties. New general game laws were enacted in 6 States—Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, and Utah, and in the Territory of Arizona—and the statutes of North Carolina were codified for the first time since 1883. Comprehensive laws ae nongame birds were passed in California, Michigan, Missouri, and South arolina; laws prohibiting spring shooting of waterfowl in Montana, Utah, and Wisconsin; and laws protecting shore birds in California, Colorado, Indiana, Penn- sylvania, and Utah. Among the novel features of the year may be mentioned a clause in the Minnesota law prohibiting the placing of game in cold storage; a provision in the Montana law making a uniform open season forall game; an amend- ment to the penal code of New York prohibiting aliens from carrying arms at any time in public places; an authorization in the Wyoming law for the issue of a $1 permit for photographing big game in winter; and a requirement in the Wisconsin law that each deputy warden must carry an identification card bearing his photo- graph, his signature, the seal of the department, and a miniature of his commission. License legislation proved to be an important feature, as several States adopted hunting licenses for the first time. Arizona, Kansas, Missouri, and Oregon established nonresident licenses; Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, and Manitoba, resident licenses; and Massachusetts, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, and Manitoba alien licenses. Numerous changes were made in license fees, among which may be men- tioned the adoption by Tennessee of a uniform fee of $10 in place of the former vari- able fee; increases in the resident licenses of Michigan from 75 cents to $1.50, of 612 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. South Dakota from $1 to $2.50, of Wyoming from $1 to $2, and in the nonresident licenses of Utah from $10 to $25 and uf New Brunswick from $30 to $50; and redue- tions in the resident license of Illinois from $1 to 75 cents; in the small-game non- resident license in Montana from $15 to $10; and in the nonresident licenses of Indiana and Nova Scotia from $25 to $15 and from $40 to $30, respectively. The $5 hunting license in Hawaii, which has been in force in Oahu since 1896, was abolished. Several important changes were made in the laws restricting trade in game. Mis- souri and British Columbia extended their nonexport laws to cover all protected game, and Maine its laws prohibiting export of a few ducks to include practically all . kinds of ducks. Arizona added ducks, New Hampshire birds, and Utah shore birds to % the list of game which can not be shipped out of the State. In the case of sale, | Missouri and Manitoba extended their laws to prohibit sale of all protected game; California of doves and shore birds; Idaho of birds; Kansas of red squirrels, plover, ducks, geese, and brant; Maine of practically all ducks; Massachusetts of deer taken in the State; New Mexico of doves and pigeons; Pennsylvania of woodcock and wild turkeys; Utah‘of quail; Wyoming of big game heads; and Manitoba of female and young elk and caribou, big game heads of all kinds, blue grouse, swans, and ducks. Pennsylvania fixed a season for the sale of ruffed grouse imported from other States, and Illinois made the season for sale of imported game, which formerly applied to certain cities and towns, general throughout the State. The warden system was adopted for the first time in Kansas, South Carolina (county wardens only), and British Columbia, and important changes were made elsewhere. Manitoba authorized the appointment of an assistant warden and New Brunswick of a chief ranger, Illinois increased the number of her wardens, Michigan authorized the selection of four deputy wardens by the Audubon Society, California and Ontario made more liberal provision than heretofore for warden service, Min- nesota and Missouri conferred the power of search on their game officials, Wisconsin placed the warden service under civil-service rules, and Wyoming authorized arrest and seizure without warrant. 7 DECISIONS OF THE COURTS. In comparison with the record of 1904 the number of game decisions handed down by the higher courts was small, only six decisions of importance apparently haying been rendered during the year. Of these a decision rendered by the supreme court of Vermont construed the law relating to deer with horns (State v. St. John, 59 Atl., 826); one by the supreme court of Minnesota sustained the law prohibiting the sale of grouse irrespective of place where killed (State v. Shattuck, 104 N. W., 719); and a second decision by the same court sustained the right of a person to have deer and moose skins taken from animals lawiully killed, and to ship them out of the State to be tanned and returned (Allbright v. Northern Pacific Rwy. Co., 104 N. W., 827). The question whether the general public has the mght to hunt on overflowed lands was decided by the supreme court of Illinois (Schulte v. Warren, 75 N. E., 783). This decision, which upheld the right of land owners to prohibit trespassing on their property when overflowed, was a matter of great importance to the ducking elubs of the State, whose preserves were threatened with destruction if the right to invade and hunt on overflowed lands could be exercised at will by the general public. A decision of far-reaching importance was that rendered by the court of appeals of the first district of California, involving the constitutionality of county ordinances fixing seasons for game. Since 1897 the boards of county supervisors had enjoyed the privilege of shortening the open seasons by local ordinances when necessary, but the court held that in view of the constitutional amendment adopted in 1902, dividing the State into game districts, and the failure of the legislature to enact any laws under this amendment, an ordinance of Los Angeles County, fixing the season for doves, was unconstitutional.¢ The case of greatest general importance was that In — New York (People ex rel. Silz v. Hesterberg, Sheriff) to determine whether the State law prohibiting sale of game in close season apphed to game imported from Europe as well as to that taken within the State. The decision was rendered in favor of the State in the supreme court, but in favor of the dealer in the appellate branch of the same court. The decision of the court of appeals, sustaining that of the supreme court, was not rendered until February, 1906, and proved to be astrong vindication of the right of the State to legislate concerning imported as well as native game. Zs «Sometime alter this decision was rendered, application was made by the attorney- general for a hearing by the supreme court of the State, and the case was still pend- ing at the close of the year. si GAME PROTECTION IN 1905. 6138 ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS. Changes in the personnel of the warden service were numerous during the year and included the offices of State warden in Idaho, Missouri, Oklahoma, West Vir- ginia, and Wisconsin, those of forest, fish, and game commissioner and chief game protector in New York, district warden in North Dakota, the chairmanship of the commission of birds in Rhode Island, minister of marine and fisheries in Newfound- land, and minister of colonization, mines, and fisheries in Quebec. Minor changes also occurred in the boards of commissioners in Maine, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Ontario. Under the new laws a State warden was appointed in Kansas, a provin- cial warden in British Columbia, an assistant warden in Manitoba, and a chief ranger in New Brunswick. Ordinarily the terms of State wardens run from two to six years. It is question- able whether the highest degree of efficiency can be attained under the shorter term of office, and the action of Tennessee in extending the term of its warden to eight years has peculiar significance, not only because this is the longest term of any warden in the United States, but because it is a recognition of the principle that frequent change is incompatible with the most efficient service. An important step toward raising the standard of the warden service was taken in Wisconsin in placing deputy wardens as well as other State officers under civil-service rules. As the law did not take effect until December 16, and the date fixed for examinations was early in Jan- uary, 1906, the result of the experiment can not be determined for some time, but its importance lies in the recognition of the necessity of removing warden service as far as possible from partisan politics. In this connection mention may be made of the fact that applicants for the position of deputy warden in Massachusetts are required to pass a competitive written examination, a system inaugurated by the com- missioners of fisheries and game in 1903. Beside special deputies paid by part of the fines, or by the day during the time they actually serve, about a dozen States now have, in addition to their game com- missioners or other superior officers, chief wardens or supervising deputies employed throughout the year, at salaries ranging from $600 to $1,200 perannum. Salaried offi- cers of this kind employed in 1905 were as follows: Colorado, 5 chief game protectors; Illinois, 10 game wardens; Michigan, a chief deputy and 10 deputies; Missouri, 1 or more deputy wardens for each of the 16 Congressional districts; Montana, 8 spe- cial deputies; Nebraska, 1 chief deputy and 3 regular deputies; New Jersey, 1 pro- tector and 24 wardens; New York, 50 protectors, including 1 chief and 3 assistants; Pennsylvania, a chief protector, who is also secretary of the board of game commis- sioners, and 9 protectors; Wisconsin, 2 Congressional district wardens for each of the 11 Congressional districts; and Wyoming, 3 assistant wardens. It is worthy of note that 9 of the 36 States having State officers have now placed their warden service on a self-sustaining basis from the income derived from license fees, thus obviating the necessity of any appropriation from the State treasury. These States are: Idaho, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Washington, and Wisconsin. Florida, Tennessee, and Virginia also maintain their warden service without cost to the State. North Carolina -received from nonresident licenses nearly $10,000. Idaho collected from all sources nearly $16,000, and at the close of the year had a balance of over $6,000. Missouri’s account showed an excess of nearly $50,000 at the end of the year; Wisconsin, besides main- taining the warden service, devoted $10,000 of the license fund to the State fish hatcheries; and Illinois, after paying all the expenses of the warden service, had a balance of about $100,000 in the game-protection fund. On the other hand, appro- priations for salaries and expenses of the warden service in 10 States where license receipts were small or licenses are not required were as follows for the biennial term 1905 to 1907: California, $25,000; Connecticut, $16,000; Massachusetts, $47,665 (1905 only); Nebraska, $24,230; New Jersey, $27,450; New York, $75,400;¢ Ohio, $11,000; Oregon, $8,400; Pennsylvania, $20,000, and West Virginia, $2,600. The increased effectiveness of the license system is shown by the fact that nonresi- dent licenses were required in 36 States as compared with 31 in 1904, and resident licenses in 17 as compared with 13 in 1904. The number of nonresident licenses issued in Florida, Maine, Michigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, and Ontario showed substantial increases, the number in Michigan and Ontario being nearly twice as many, and in New Hampshire nearly four times as many asin 1904. Large’ increases in the number of resident licenses were also reported from Colorado, Indiana, Minne- sota, Idaho, and New Brunswick, the numbers in Indiana and Minnesota being nearly double those of the previous year. A falling off in nonresident licenses was «For 1905-6, exclusive of expenses for fish hatcheries, shell fisheries, and forestry. 614 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. noticeable in Delaware, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, Ohio, Utah, Vermont, and New Brunswick. This was probably due in Utah and New Brunswick to the increase in the license fees, in Minnesota to the restriction prohibiting hunters from carrying their trophies home, and in Vermont to the reduction of the hunting season from ten to six days. Similarly in Michigan an increase in the resident license fee from 75 cents to $1.50 resulted in a decrease of nearly 33 per cent in the number of persons who took out licenses. In 6 of the Northern States and 2 of the Canadian Provinces which attract most nonresident sportsmen, the returns show some inter- esting facts in regard to the number of persons hunting big game. These States and Provinces, with the number of nonresident licenses issued in each, are as follows: Maine, 2,109; New Hampshire, 469; Vermont, 28; Michigan, 105; Wisconsin, 449; Minnesota, 84; New Brunswick, 283; Ontario, 443—a total of 3,970 licenses, of which more than 50 per ceht were issued in Maine. In Michigan, New Brunswick, and Ontario, licenses for hunting big game were issued to residents as follows: Michigan, 14,878; New Brunswick, 3,821; Ontario, 5,825 licenses and 2,495 settlers’ permits—a total of 27,019. In other words, about 31,000 persons were licensed to hunt big game in the States and Provinces above mentioned, without taking into account the residents in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, concerning whom statistics are not available. This would average 1 licensed hunter for each 4 square miles in Michigan, 1 for each 7 square miles in New Brunswick, and a non- resident for each 14 square miles in Maine. Full statistics regarding the enforcement of the laws in the several States are not available, but from facts and figures which are published from time to time it is noticeable that the character of offenses for which convictions are secured varies widely in different States. Thus, in Massachusetts a large proportion of convictions are secured for hunting on Sunday; in New Jersey and Pennsylvania many are for violations of laws peculiarly applicable to foreigners; in Illinois the offenses consist, in large part, of hunting without license. In several cases extradition proceedings were resorted to successfully to enforce the game laws. Thus two hunters from Pennsylvania who violated the laws of West Virginia were brought back to the latter State for trial and were convicted, and ten residents of Kentucky who hunted in Indiana without license were likewise brought back under extradition. Detailed reports of convictions are published in annual reports or in sportsmen’s journals by the game commissioners of California, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Massachusetts, and New Jersey. From these and from other sources it is noticeable that heavier fines than formerly are now secured in game cases. This fact is shown by the following list of a few cases reported from 13 different States during the year: In Illinois, for shipping 20 quail, two defendants, $155 each; for shipping 240 quail, $200 and costs; in Indiana, for killing 6 meadow larks, four hunters, $140; in lowa, for shipping 200 prairie chickens and other birds, $400; in Massachusetts, for killing 1 deer on December 31, 2 defendants, $100 each; in Minnesota, for shipping 20 quail, $200 and costs; in New Hampshire, for killing a deer, $100; in New Jersey, for exporting game, $140 and costs, and for possession of 100 rail, $2,000 and costs; in New York, for possession and sale of quail and grouse in close season, several fines ranging from $300 to $600 each; in Oregon for killing deer, two defendants $100 each and three defendants $125 each; in Pennsylvania, for shooting 11 robins, one hun- dred and ten days’ imprisonment; for selling grouse, $200 and costs; in Vermont, for killing deer, three defendants, each $120.38; in West Virginia, for shipping quail, $120; and in Wyoming, for killing elk for tusks, six months’ imprisonment. CONDITION OF GAME. Accurate statistics of the abundance of game in the United States are not available, ~ and even in the case of big game figures showing approximately the number killed — can be given in only a few instances. Nevertheless, enough data are available to — throw some light on conditions in the more important regions. Deer.—Deer seem to have maintained their usual numbers in most parts of the © country, and in a few sections, especially in Maine, Michigan, the Adirondacks, and certain parts of Pennsylvania, were more abundant than usual. In Maine the num- — ber shipped through Bangor, 4,656, exceeded that of any previous year, and the total number brought out of the State by the railroads was 6,799.¢ In Vermont 495 _ were killed during the six days of the open season. In Massachusetts and Connecti- cut deer are increasing, and in New Jersey the experiment of restocking the southern — «Exclusive of shipments via Portland and Rumford Falls Railway, but includi ng some from points in New Hampshire on the Maine Central System. I GAME PROTEOTION IN 1905. 615 counties of the State has apparently been entirely successful. Reports from the Rocky Mountain region show a slight increase in the number of deer in New Mexico and no apparent decrease in Wyoming. In Ontario the number of deer carried by the express companies, 3,310, showed an increase of 270 over the number transported in 1904. Other big game.—Moose are increasing in Wyoming and apparently not decreasing in Maine, 253 having been shipped from the latter State during the year, as com- pared with 222 in 1904. Reports from Ontario show that the number shipped was 150 and the total number killed probably 200. The elk liberated in the Adirondacks wintered well and those in Wyoming maintained their normal abundance, notwith- standing the fact that the record of licenses shows that nearly 800 were killed. Antelope, however, are rapidly disappearing in Wyoming, and the State warden reports that about 200 were killed during the year. The band on Green River, sup- posed to be one of the largest in the United States, will soon dwindle to insignificant proportions unless afforded better protection. In the Yellowstone National Park antelope now number about 1,500, mountain sheep about 100, and deer and elk are abundant. The herd of wild buffalo near the head of Pelican Creek now contains about 30 animals, and the tame herd, established in 1902, 44. Quail.—Quail suffered severely during the winter of 1904-5, particularly in southern New England and in some parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. On the other hand, _in many sections of the South and West they still maintain their normal abundance. In Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, dnd Indiana they have become so scarce that restocking is necessary to maintain the supply. Massachusetts experienced much difficulty in obtaining birds for propagation, but New Jersey obtained and liberated 8,178. Many of the birds secured for propagation in the autumn of 1905 came from Alabama and the Southwest. Prairie chickens and woodcock.—Prairie chickens are increasing in Illinois and Nebraska, decreasing in South Dakota, and reported as almost exterminated in Iowa. An unusual autumn flight of woodcock occurred along thé Atlantic coast, where in some places in Maryland and neighboring States the birds were more numerous than for several years past. Wildfowl.—Ducks were remarkably abundant during the autumn throughout almost the entire country, and this flight following that of 1904 seems to indicate that restrictions on sale and on spring shooting are already showing some results. In Illinois it is gratifying to note that the wood duck was specially abundant. Ina few localities, particularly in western Michigan, southern Wisconsin, and in Virginia, ducks were reported as scarce, and on Long Island and in Currituck Sound, N. C., although birds were abundant, the shooting was poor, chiefly on account of the mild weather early in the season, which enabled the birds to remain out on the open water away from the batteries and shore blinds. FEEDING GAME. The severity of the two winters 1903-4 and 1904-5 caused such mortality among upland game birds that the feeding of quail, which had been previously done in a more or less desultory way, was taken up and carried on systematically in a num- ber of States. In New Jersey and West Virginia the deputy game wardens were assiduous in the work and in the District of Columbia the mounted police in the suburbs of Washington were impressed into the service. In Pennsylvania the game commission through the State zoologist sent 30,000 requests to farmers to feed the birds during inclement weather, and in Massachusetts the Fish and Game Protective Association distributed cards urging people to feed the quail, and furnished food without charge and instructions for placing it. The sportsmen of Spokane, Wash., issued a plea to farmers to feed the quail, and sportsmen in Maryland and farmers in Indiana organized associations for the purpose. In Massachusetts, Missouri, Ne- braska, Virginia, and other States, more or less regular feeding of birds was under- taken by schools and by private individuals. In Illinois the State game commis- sioner authorized an expenditure of $50 in each county and a total of $3,300 was actually expended for feeding game birds during severe weather. The result of this activity has been the preservation of thousands of birds that otherwise would have perished for lack of food, and the spread of interest in the subject and information collected concerning suitable food and methods of distributing it most effectively can not fail to be of value in future. As yet attention has scarcely been directed to the question of systematically feed- ing big game, but it is interesting to note that in the Yellowstone National Park, where the deer, antelope, and mountain sheep have been fed in winter for two 616 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. or three years, the animals have become exceedingly tame, Last season a field alon the road at the north entrance of the park near Gardiner was planted in alfalfa ay about 100 tons of hay for winter feeding was thus secured. The success of this experi- ment furnishes a useful suggestion for those States in which big game is apt to suffer for food during hard winters. IMPORTATIONS OF LIVE MAMMALS AND BIRDS. During the calendar year 1,287 mammals, 316,428 birds, and 2,330 eggs of game birds were imported into the United States under permit. Among the mammals were 800 guinea pigs and 10 beaver. Of the birds 271,416 were canaries, 1,099 pheasants, 4,881 other game birds, and 39,032 miscellaneous species. In comparison with the importations of 1904 these figures show an increase of about 45,000 birds, of which nearly 39,000 were canaries, and a decrease of about 500 eggs. Among the game birds were 2,592 quail from Mexico, and 654 gray partridges, 117 capercailzie, 74 black game, 12 hazel grouse, and 7 willow. grouse (dalryper) from Europe. The Mexican quail were imported as a direct result of the scarcity of native birds to meet the great demand for quail of any species for propagation. The — willow grouse, or dalryper, apparently representing the first importation of this spe- } cies, were consigned to the game preserve of the Cleveland Cliffs Tron Company on Grand Island, Michigan, and most of the capercailzieand black game were intended’ for the same preserve. A few capercailzie and black game, however, were imported for preserves in Massachusetts and New York. Of the partridges 450 were destined for North Carolina, about 75 for Massachusetts, and a few for Virginia and other States. Among the rarer pheasants were several each of the tragopans, 4 impeyan, 4 Siamese, 4 crossoptilon or Manchurian, a pair each of monaul and hoki, and 1 rufous-tailed pheasant. Several rare species of ducks and a Somali ostrich were also imported for the New York Zoological Park. No injurious species were introduced into the United States, but the English sparrow, which has not yet reached all of the States, was reported for the first time from Arizona. @ PRESERVES. Notable progress was made during the year in the establishment of game preserves, both Federal and State. By an act of Congress approved January 24, 1905, the President was authorized to set aside such portions of the Wichita Forest Reserve in Oklahoma as he deemed suitable fora game refuge, and on June 7, by Executive order, he established the entire Wichita Forest Reserve of 57,120 acres as a game preserve. This preserve is specially adapted for the propagation of deer, antelope, wild turkeys, and quail, and is available for many other kinds of game. Toward the close of the year the New York Zoological Society offered to place a herd of bison on the preserve if an inclosure was provided for its reception. A part of the herd of dwarf elk in the San Joaquin Valley, California, presented to the Government several years ago by Miller & Lux, was successfully transferred to the preserve which was established for it in 1904 on the Kaweah River in the Sequoia National Park. About 20 animals were placed in this park, where, with ample feed and complete protection, it is hoped they will increase and insure the preservation of the species. Three additional bird reservations were created by Executive proclamation on October 10. Two of these, the Huron and Siskiwit reservations in Lake Superior, Michigan, contain the largest breeding grounds of the herring gull thus far discovered in the interior; the other, Passage Key, at the mouth of Tampa Bay, Florida, is an _ important breeding ground and the resort of numbers of birds during migration, 50 — species having been noted on the island in less than three months after the establish- _ ment of the reservation. . | The attention given to preserves by several of the States shows the interest now taken in this feature of game protection, and marks the beginning of an important line of work in the future. The State game commissioner of Illinois has leased for — ten years 160 acres south of Springfield, in Sangamon County, as a preserve for the propagation of pheasants, quail, and grouse. The fish and game commission of New — Jersey, which had purchased 27 deer in 1904 and 83 in 1905, and liberated them on leased lands in the southern counties of the State, reports that its efforts have met with success, and that the deer are rapidly increasing. In Pennsylvania the board of game commissioners was authorized, with the consent of the commissioner of @ Auk, XXII, p. 417, Oct., 1905. SOIL AREAS SURVEYED AND MAPPED. 617 forestry, to establish public game preserves in the State forest ‘reservations ‘‘ for the protection and propagation of deer, wild turkey, partridge, quail, woodcock, and wild pigeons,’’ and was granted an appropriation of $6,000 for the purpose of estab- lishing, stocking, and maintaining these preserves (Laws 1905, No. 320). Washing- ton authorized the creation of game preserves by county commissioners on islands, and gave absolute protection to deer on all islands, and to waterfowl on the Colum- bia and Snake rivers in most of the counties east of the Cascades. The legislature of Wyoming set aside a tract of some 576,000 acres immediately south of the Yellow- stone National Park as a State game preserve, where the elk and other big game might be free from pursuit and find ample protection. As the first large preserve of the kind established under State auspices, the Wyoming experiment merits special attention and will doubtless be followed by similar action in other States. In Maine the National Association of Audubon Societies has secured from the State the lease of an island on the coast, called Old Man Island, the only known breeding place of the eider duck in the United States. In Louisianathe Audubon Society of that State has leased 22 islands, with an approximate area of 5,000 acres, and is purchasing Battledore Island, which contains about 1,000 acres. All of these islands are impor- tant breeding places for sea birds, and will be maintained as bird refuges. That interest in private preserves continues unabated is shown by the additions made to the long list of those already established. The fact is becoming generally recognized that the game preserve furnishes the most promising method of main- taining a stock of game for the future, and that refuges, whether controlled by indi- viduals, the State, or the Federal Government, can easily be made centers from which game of various kinds may be obtained or may overflow naturally to restock adjoining areas. : AREAS SURVEYED AND MAPPED BY THE BUREAU OF SOILS. By A. G. Ricr, Chief Clerk, Bureau of Soils. The following statement shows the location and extent of soil surveys made up to December 31, 1905. Lithograph maps drawn on a scale of | mile to the inch, coy- ering each area surveyed, indicate in colors the distribution of the various soil types. The accompanying sketch map (fig. 129) gives the location of these areas. Fic. 129.—Areas covered by the soil survey. The statement gives first the number of square miles in each individual area sur- veyed and then the total for the State or Territory. The total for the United States is 109,347 square miles or 69,982,080 acres. 618 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Areas of soil surveys in the United States to December 31, 1906, Square Alabama: miles. WIG E COUNTY a canncacecteceaness 625 Pies COUNTY accuse vanvecescee'ces 992 Bort PRYNG GFCRs 5. ick ecs .cesces 509 Pra taville AlOR .. «J sasennskaseces 506 Lauderdale County ............-- 708 Maron County .4. ..cnccexsdsaneues 621 BPObG SION. Soccccseades »duaceee ts 461 Montgomery County ........----- 780 EO CUNITIO en J en educa n ae eae 762 Sumter COURCY ooccsc ce cr uuea d= sa- 893 Arizona: BUGreUG BNGGG...snackasesacurenwe 43 MROSWES HNGOL. ta aks nan ceunasancs 243 Solomonsville area............--- 108 emia SbeCter. gavesds tees cane 163 a ARR ee 340 Arkansas: MITIOHEN TY S565 ca sanadeccoces 626 Seutioarh AkeOG.. 2565 cc. ... sco ee ce eee 552 Saline County -.c- .-os-oeenneene 748 Seotland County... 22-...52 S setcn eeeure 1, 006 epee STOR ie cckAcmavawe wa 515 CUGTIGSLOM GLCE ¢.cccunsupavesse 852 Cherokee County....:...-cccces 361 Darlington Aree... 282k es. eee 599 LATICABTOY OCOUIUY (cnn dewcwie acne 486 WEIR OOUIN ALCE tuctscewswoeess 709 MODE COMMUN b ovtser te tides totes 669 4, 697 South Dakota: SEO LUN ALOR a ane 5 o:bn eras mwah eye ae 484 Tennessee: Glarkayville-aren. o. bs dso. a be 547 Davidson County. ...s..cusi.s. 501 GrECHVINIG ATCO. 2 lek es cccmccc 664 Henderson County............. 499 Lawrence County: 2 v.s eee 618 PIESViIlG QTCAs cc ouésaeas ete ca 440 3, 269 Texas: ATICETBOM COULLUY: posn.x secieo tee 1, 069 ANISGIEE GPOW. Lec toS et Ses ae 705 BYAZOVIG ATCH ess) Loe bol eee 845 HIGUSLORMOOUINUU. eta c otek pee le 1,192 Jacksonville Sree 5325. .-c. eee 100 DAVACA COUN wees eee ebateras 995 hee Wountys -secrlo sees. ae 666 iL SLEU aD hg ct, ee pe ae PERS 99 Nacogdoches area .............. 97 Paristdred st se a ee ee 548 San Antonio area ...........-.- 484 WWiermOn een. Sic bso paiemen ens 277 WMC eters cer melre note beaten 495 Willistarea.. 52 stl eewit soee 215 Wooavilleiared josie ee 100 ——_ 7, 887 Utah: Bear River Valley. 2... 2 cc.ce 334 EO VONULCR Go te oa as ol oe eeerenee 373 Delma kewheet.< fc 5 A ee 249 MEVIeR VALCY: (asf unt ost aes 235 WieDer COUNTY: 222. nc asec e anes 310 1,501 Vermont: IMIETOCNNCS APCA a dtc Sormicce cus seer 227 Virginia: AToemarle’area.. 22-6. 22 222202 1, 410 Appomattox County ........... 340 IBegiOTasaredisc ice ses 6 ao ee 632 Hanover COUNCY.24). <2.0<-2ace6- 475 MICOS MUI ALOU eae ee cee cone 419 Mowisa;/Counby.-< 2 Ha2e2 eee 505 NOTIQUAnTAaH cas st ete mee 2s 303 Prince Edward County........- 430 WOERUOW IMAL COs cavers ver oton ve us 598 5; 112 Washington: Islang County.” 20. 2c suk. | nade 233 PVELCUL MECH omen cae ape aa cas ee 525 Sunnyside:sheet..22 2c snc Rt 224 Walla Walle areas: oo 225526 Poe 201 Wei inh BRGCY .5- -b boos eae 85 —— 1,268 West Virginia: Lipen We County:s. 336 eclawi sce sees 330 Wisconsin: Janesville area ....... eT Cane 451 Frontage UOuUnUy or .S..co aio: 797 SUDOTION ARCA Ss < scdcis sbi once se 482 VISE TIE ELPCG 8 an an mm omen Gee 504 ----— 2, 234 Wyoming: DGTATHIO GPCG 04. pots acts casks austen 309 OGM conn checcackstetaatcs tot dererne 109, 347 620 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, PROGRESS IN FRUIT GROWING IN 1905. By W. H. RaGan, Expert in Pomological Nomenclature. Thirty thousand carloads of oranges and lemons were shipped from California during the forwarding season of 1904-5. This is the grand climax of a progressive industry that had its beginning in 1876, when a single carload, consisting of only 300 boxes, was sent forward from the same field of production. The foregoing statement, together with the fact that, during the season of 1905, about 5,000 carloads of peaches were shipped out of Georgia, as against 700 carloads ten years before, will fairly illus- trate the rapidly growing magnitude of our fruit industry. The Lewisand Clark Exposition at Portland, Oreg., during the past season showed the marked progress which is being made in fruit growing. In some particulars the display of fruits at this great exposition excelled that at any of its predecessors. This was especially true in regard to cherries, and largely so in case of many others of our leading fruits. There has perhaps never been such a magnificent showing of sweet cherries. Many of the varieties displayed were native to that section of our country, notably the Bing, Republican, Lambert, and Lewelling, though the Napoleon (Royal Ann), Tartarian, and many others of the old and well-known sorts were to be seen at their best and in quantities rarely, if ever, met with at eastern exhibitions. Apparently good and satisfactory progress is being made in the development of hardier citrus fruits by hybridization. Many promising new varieties are now on trial and a few—the Rusk and Willits citranges—have already been distributed for further trial throughout the more northern sections of possible citrus fruit growing. Much of this work with citrus fruits is being conducted under the auspices of the United States Department of Agriculture, yet the cooperation of private individuals is by no means wanting. As another writer has recently said, ‘‘ We who are wishing to test or see good oranges far north of the present limit of successful citrus culture should be patient and hopeful.”’ In September last (1905), the American Pomological Society held its biennial ses- sion in Kansas City, Mo. For almost two-thirds of a century this society, founded by Wilder, Downings, Thomas, Mannings, and others equally deserving of note, has labored to establish a better knowledge of fruits and fruit growing among the Ameri- can people, as well as to encourage the production of better varieties and more of them. In this line of work no other organization has accomplished so much good. The recent meeting at Kansas City was the first one (except that of 1895, which was held in California) to be held so far west, and it very naturally brought together much that was new in its personnel and in the fruits shown and discussed. In these par- ticulars and in many others this meeting may properly be regarded as an important step in the progress of fruit growing during the period now being considered. The public interest innut culture seems to grow with the lapse of time. We now have several journals devoted to this interest, and also at least one leading society, the National Nut-Growers’ Association, which is composed of men devoted to the building up of a special industry of this character. There are also individuals and associations engaging in nut culture in a commercial way. Formerly our native nut- bearing trees, with the exception of a few foreign-grown species, furnished a satis- factory supply for the home demand, but now that the woodman’s ax has laid low much of our native forest which produced that abundant supply and the consump- _ tion of nuts has become so general through a better knowledge of their food value, this demand must be supplied from other sources. This has led to the culture and — improvement of varieties, for even among our wild species varietal differences were _ very apparent, some being much better than others. Already we havemany named varieties, as well as nursery-grown trees and plants for the supply of this growin demand. Throughout the larger portion of the Appalachian region the chestnut and _ its diminutive relative, the chinquapin, are best adapted for cultivation. Ina large portion of the South, especially in the Gulf region and the valley of the lower Mis- — sissippi, the pecan takes the lead; in a large section of the Ohio Valley the shellbark _ and other hickories, the butternut, and the black walnut are especially productive; and on the Pacific coast the introduced walnuts and the almonds are already grown ~ in immense quantities. a It is more and more apparent to the observing fruit grower that the future apple f the cold Northwest, if not already discovered, is to be found among the hardy seedlings produced or yet to be produced in that region. This subject, after patient trial of many introduced varieties, most of which have been found wanting, is now engagi the earnest attention of some of our most intelligent, practical men. The Wealthy still takes the lead among many others of this class that have been produced, but which have as yet had less extensive trial. At the meeting of the American Pome logical Society held in Boston in 1903, a large number of varieties of these ne" w BOUNTY LEGISLATION IN 1905. 621 seedlings (perhaps a hundred or more) were on exhibition from Minnesota, many of which were exceedingly promising. During that exhibition this collection was a center of attraction to many practical fruit growers. This collection of new and promising seedling apples was awarded the Wilder silver medal by the committee. At the recent meeting of the same society, held in Kansas City in September last, another very interesting collection (of a very different type, however) of new and promising seedlings was exhibited by a gentleman from northern Lowa. This collec- tion was also awarded the Wilder medal. Of course, the great and paramount object of all this experimental work is to secure varieties that will withstand the severe cli- matie conditions of that section. The work of production, as also the work of testing, requires patient, intelligent skill and years of time. Two important publications relating to the apple have issued from the press during the last year. The State of New York, through the Geneya Experiment Station, has compiled and published a very interesting and useful volume on the apples of that State. In this volume there has been a successful bringing together of the yarieties that have been found growing within the limits of the State of New York. The yolume is liberally illustrated, the descriptions are full and accurate, the synon- ymy almost complete, and references are generous. The work is the result of several years’ arduous and painstaking labor, by Prof. 8. A. Beach, assisted by Profs. N. O. Booth and 0. M. Taylor. The other publication, the ‘* Nomenclature of the Apple,”’ is a bulletin of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agri- culture, and is an approximately complete catalogue of the known varieties of this important fruit. It gives the leading name of each variety in its alphabetic order, with its synonyms and a brief description, and the origin of the variety and its season, where known, together with references to the place of first publication. The list as made up, embracing as far as known all synonyms, includes about 14,000 names, and covers almost 400 printed pages. These publications, if properly appreciated by the apple-growing public, will aid very materially in the untangling of the somewhat confused nomenclature of this, our leading fruit, an end much desired by all true pomologists. A thorough schooling in the correct nomenclature of fruits will be a long step in the direction of protecting the public against impositions so often prac- ticed by unscrupulous venders of trees and plants who frequently offer a variety under a wrong name, or under a synonym of its true name. BOUNTY LEGISLATION FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS : ANIMALS, 1905. By D. E. Lantz, Assistant, Biological Survey. Legislation designed to encourage the destruction of noxious mammals and birds, during 1905, was of considerable importance, 14 States and Territories having amended their bounty laws. In New England the trend of législation is toward the repeal of bounty laws. After two years’ trial, resulting in serious drains upon the State treasuries, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont repealed the laws providing for porcupine bounties. In the Western States there seems to be a tendency to abandon State bounties and to substitute county payments with a view of relieving the burden of State taxation. In most cases where county bounties are provided for, payment is optional with the governing boards. The unsatisfactory results of the bounty system are best shown by the frequency with which the laws are amended. The changes, although oiten experimental in character, usually improve the conditions. A prominent exception is the recent act of Rhode Island placing a.bounty on hawks and owls without dis- crimination as to beneficial and harmful species. Following is a synopsis of bounty legislation for 1905. Two laws for 1904 are included, they being the only ones of that year. Arizona.—Paragraphs 4209 and 4211 of the Civil Code of 1901 are amended. Par- agraph 4209 provides that boards of supervisors of counties shall pay the following bounties: Lobos or timber wolves, $20 each; mountain lions, pumas, or panthers, $20 each; bears, $10 each; raccoons, 25 cents each; and jack rabbits, 5 cents each. Par- agraph 4211 provides for methods of proof and manner of payment of the bounty. [Chapter 29, 1905. ] This act continues county payment, increases the bounty on timber wolves from $5 to $20, and provides, for the first time in the Territory, a bounty on raccoons and jack rabbits. Connecticur.— Under the act of 1901 the legislature of 1905 appropriated $6,000 for payment of the bounty on foxes for 1905 and 1906. “This is an increase of $1,000 over the sum provided for the two preceding years, and was required by the increas- ing number of claims. [Special Law 324.] 622 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Ipano.—The act of 1901 providing for bounties on coyotes, lynxes, and wild-cats is repealed, and all funds in the ‘‘special county bounty fund” of each county are transferred to the current expense fund of the county. [House Bill 71, 1905.] Later an act was sey providing for the payment of a bounty of $15 on each cougar, lion, or panther, to be paid out of current expense funds of the county in which the animal is killed. [House Bill No. 182, 1905.] Kansas.—A new law amends the coyote and wolf bounty act of 1899 by making the payment of the bounty by county commissioners optional instead of obligatory. [Chapter 73, 1908. ] Under the original act nearly a dozen of the boards of county commissioners refused to pay bounties, and in one or more cases legal proceedings were instituted to compel payment. Although the coyote bounty is but $1 for each animal killed, the burden was regarded as too heavy for some of the thinly settled counties. The total of county payments for the State has averaged over $20,000 per year, and the cost seems to be increasing. Another law was enacted which permits county commissioners at their discretion to pay a bounty of not over 5 cents each for crows. [Chapter 74, 1905.] Marne.—Section 15, chapter 32, of the Revised Statutes relating to a bounty on porcupines is repealed. [Chapter 8, 1905. ] The repealed law, passed in 1903, provided a State bounty of 25 cents each for por- cupines killed within the State. During 1903 claims amounting to nearly $20,000 were presented for payment, and the treasurer in his report to the legislature of 1905 estimated that $40,000 would be required to meet the claims. No appropriation, however, was made. The law relating to a bounty on seals was amended by a provision forbidding the killing of them in Casco Bay, during June, July, and August, with a rifle or long-range weapon. [Chapter 67, 1905. ] A law was passed providing for a State bounty of $5 for bears killed in Franklin County. [Chapter 160, 1905. ] An act of 1903 had the same provisions applying to Oxford County. The general law fixing a bounty on bears was repealed in 1901. Up to that time the State had spent upward of $100,000 in bounties for the destruction of bears alone. Micuican.—The bounty of 2 cents each for killing English sparrows was restored. The clerks of townships or cities issue certificates to the county clerk, who draws warrants on the county treasurer for payment. [Chapter 118, 1905.] The original act providing for sparrow bounties was passed in 1887 and repealed June 8, 1901. Montana.—Sections 3070, 3071, 3072, and 3076 of the political code of Montana, as amended by the act of 1903, are again amended. Section 3070, as amended, fixes the State bounty on each grown wolf at $10; on each coyote, coyote pup, or wolf pup, at $3, and on each mountain lion, at $10. Section 38071 changes the method of proof before bounty inspectors. Section 3072 provides for the appointment of bounty inspectors by the district court and prescribes their duties. Section 3076 increases the rate of assessment on live stock from 34 to 44 mills on the assessed valuation, to provide a State bounty fund. [Chapter 49, 1903. ] Each of the last four legislatures of Montana has amended the bounty law. Both the rate of bounty and the rate of taxation have been changed by the several acts. _ Governor Toole, in his message of 1903, called attention to the rapid increase of the _ cost of the bounty system. Claims against the State filed during the years 1901 and 1902 amounted to $450,000 of which $360,000 had been paid. He advised a reduc- — tion in the amount of bounties per head. The legislature of 1903 reduced the bounty on coyotes and young wolves, but the law just passed increases the reward for grown — wolves and mountain lions. a NEBRASKA.—The State passed a general bounty law providing a State bounty on — the following: Gray wolf, $5; coyote, $1.25; wild-cat, $1. Paymentis made by the — State treasurer on certificate of the county clerk. [Chapter 4, 1905.] e+ A provision in chapter 226 makes an appropriation of $15,000 for payment of bounties for 1906 and 1907. e New Hampsurre.—The law of 1903 providing a bounty of 25 cents on hedgehogs is repealed. [Chapter 44, 1905. ] nie During the year ended June 30, 1904, claims paid under the act of 1903 amounted to $9,678.25 for 38,713 hedgehogs (porcupines) killed. Up to March 8, 1905, wher the law was repealed, additional claims of $8,490.75 for 33,963 animals killed were paid. For the two years the law was in force $18,169 were paid in porcupine boun New Mexico.—A new law repeals section 1 of chapter 80 of the laws of 1903, a increases the rate of taxation on live stock to provide a county ‘‘wild animal bow - BOUNTY LEGISLATION IN 1905. 623 fund.’”’ For 1905 and 1906 the rate is not to exceed 10 mills on the assessed valua- tion, and thereafter not to exceed 4 mills annually. The bounty is fixed as follows: Coyote, wild-cat, or lynx, $1; gray wolf or lobo, or bear, $20; panther or mountain lion, $10. [Chapter 77, 1905. ] Chapter 112 carries items of deuciency appropriation amounting to $523.50 to pay outstanding county claims against the Territory. Like Montana, New Mexico has enacted new county laws in 1899, 1901, 1903, and 1905. Ruope Istanp.—A State bounty of 25 cents each on ‘‘ wild hawk, except fish hawk, wild crow, or wild owl”? is established, payable from the general treasury. An appro- priation of $500 is made to pay the bounties for 1904. [Chapter 1160, 1904. ] Sourn Daxota.—A general law changes the rate of bounty and continues State payment. The bounties are fixed as follows: Grown buffalo, black, or gray wolf, $5; coyote or wolf pup, $2; mountain lion, $3. The annual appropriation for payment is increased from $5,000 to $10,000, and, if the amount of the claims for any year exceeds the > aan, proportional payment must be accepted in full. [Chapter 177, 1905. The law of 1899 did not provide for proportional payment. The appropriation of $5,000 was entirely inadequate and the legislature of 1903 had to appropriate $30,000 to pay deficiences from February 8, 1899, to July 1, 1901, when the act of 1901 went into effect. Under the law of 1901 the claims always exceeded the appropriation, so that in 1903, for instance, the actual payment for a coyote was reduced to 61 cents. Trxas.—The legislature passed a law amending the general bounty act of 1903, by excepting 171 counties from its provisions. [Chapter 71, 1905.] Uran.—The legislature enacted a general law providing a State bounty of $1 each for coyotes, lynxes, or wild-cats, and $2.50 for mountain lions, and permitting counties to pay an additional bounty not to exceed half of the State bounty. An annual appropriation of $10,000 is made to pay State bounties. When the appropriation for any year is exhausted the State auditor notifies the county clerks, and no further certificates may be issued for that year. [Chapter 114, 1905. ] Another law was passed requiring the State auditor and State board of examiners to examine into the validity of outstanding certificates for payment of bounties under the laws of 1901 and 1908, and authorizing the payment of such as are found to be 1906.) An appropriation of $25,000 is made for their payment. [Chapter 109, 1905. Vermont.—The legislature repealed all existing laws for payment of bounties on noxious animals. [Chapter 131, 1904. ] The cost of bounties in Vermont had been steadily increasing. The act of 1898 had reduced the bounty on wolves, panthers, bears, and lynxes, but that of 1902 had increased the bounty on foxes from 60 cents to 75 cents and had added a bounty of 30 cents on porcupines. The total claims for 1903-4 were $12,714, over half of which was for porcupines. The bounty on foxes had more than doubled in four years and for 1903-4 was $4,652. Wasuineron.—In January, 1905, an act was passed over the governor’s veto, pro- viding for payment of bounties by the various counties, each county to receive a credit on its State taxes of the amount of bounty paid by it, the total of payment to be limited to $50,000. In March the legislature amended the act of January by providing for payment from the current expense fund of each county and omitting the provision of reim- bursement from the State taxes. The bounty is fixed as follows: Coyote or wolf, $1; lynx or wild-cat, $2.50; cougar, $5. [Chapter 63, 1905. ] This law received the approval of the governor. Wyomine.—A new law provides a State bounty of $1 for coyotes, $3 for gray wolves, and $5 for mountain lions. Counties may offer an additional bounty not exceeding the State bounty. An appropriation of $40,000 is made to pay the boun- ties for 1905 and 1906. Proof may be made before the county clerk or a notary public. Former acts are repealed. [Chapter 37, 1905. ] The great mass of testimony as to the efficacy of bounties in controlling the depre- dations of wild animals is either neutral or against the system. One of the few favorable expressions concerning the effect of bounty laws is found in the message of Governor Richards to the legislature of Wyoming in 1903. He says: ‘‘The wisdom of the legislatures of the past in appropriating money to exterminate wild animals is demonstrated by the well-authenticated fact, which is vouched for by stockmen generally throughout the entire State, that there has been a gradual decrease in the ei of wild animals such as wolves and coyotes that prey on and devour live stock. ve 624 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. § a PROGRESS OF ROAD LEGISLATION AND ROAD IMPROVEMENT IN THE DIFFERENT STATES. Prepared in the Office of Public Roads. In the following paragraphs a brief synopsis is given of the road laws in force at this time in the States designated, together with a short statement of work under such legislation. This review has been prepared in cooperation with State officials in each State. No reports are given from States in which no new legislation has been enacted nor substantial progress in road improvement made within the past, year. * Carrrornra.—The legislature of 1895 created the State bureau of highways, with three commissioners, appointed by the governor, to hold office two years, and appro- priated $83,500 for carrying on State road work; in 1897, by legislative enactment, the bureau of highways was superseded by the State department of highways, with three commissioners to hold office for two years, these to be succeeded by one com- missioner, appointed by the governor, for a term of four years and every four years thereafter. In 1897 the legislative appropriations for State road work aggregated $44,900; in 1899, $74,500; in 1901, $23,060; in 1908, $58,360; in 1905, $95,310. Most of the public roads are constructed under the direction of the boards of supervisors of the counties, by direct taxation for that purpose. During the twenty years, 1885 to 1904, inclusive, an aggregate of $49,567,201.31 was expended upon the county roads by the supervisors. There are 50,000 miles of county roads (of which 2,500 miles are ‘‘oiled roads’’) and 147 miles of State roads in use. The roads constructed and- maintained by the State are in mountainous regions where the population is sparse and where direct communication between more productive sections is desirable. While California has no ‘‘State aid’’ road law, the legislature of 1905 appropriated $32,000 for the construction of 75 miles of specified county roads upon condition that the counties in which the roads are located add 50 per cent of the amount, the roads to revert to and be maintained by the counties after construction. Connecticut.—The legislature of 1903 appropriated $225,000, to be expended under the direction of the State highway commissioner during the years 1903 and 1904. In this work the State pays two-thirds of the cost and in some cases three-fourths. About 450 miles of road have been built under the direction of the State highway commissioner since 1895, at an average cost of $3,000 per mile for gravel roads and $6,500 for 16-foot macadam roads. This cost includes grading and culverts. DeLaAwaAre.—Under a law passed in 1903 the State appropriation for road building in 1904 was $30,000. The State pays one-half the expense of building certain public roads. ILurNots.—An act was passed by the last general assembly and approved May 18, 1905, establishing a State highway commission consisting of three persons to be appointed by the governor, the duty of the commission being to investigate and carry on experimental work in road building, kinds of material, systems of drainage, ete. No compensation was provided for, but the actual expenses of the commissioners were to be paid. The act carried an appropriation of $25,000 per annum. Another act was passed at the same session and approved May 18, 1905, authorizing and empow- ering the employment of convicts and prisoners in the penal and reformatory insti- tutions of the State in the manufacture of tile and culvert pipe for road drainage, in the manufacture of machinery, tools, and appliances for the building, maintaining, — and repairing of the wagon roads of the State, and in preparing road building and ~ ballasting material upon the requisition of the State highway commission. : Iowa.—The act providing for the State highway commission became effective April 13, 1904, the Iowa State College being designated as the highway commission. — The duties of the commission are to devise plans of highway construction and main- — tenance, to conduct demonstrations in highway construction, and to act asa bureau — of information. Another act provided the commission with $7,000 for the biennial period July 1, 1904, to July 1, 1906. 4 Maine.—Legislation was enacted in 1901 providing that any city or town mayreceive — from the State treasury one-half the sum actually appropriated and expended on — some road within its corporate limits to be designated by the county commissioners — as State road; the work had to be done under supervision of the county commis- sioners and to be accepted by them; and the maximum amount to be drawn by any town was $100. In 1903 the legislature raised this maximum to $200, and in 1905 to $300. ia The legislature in 1905 created the office of commissioner of highways, whose duties are to act in an advisory capacity when consulted by county and municipal authorities, and ‘‘to compile statistics relating to the public ways and make such PROGRESS IN ROAD IMPROVEMENT. 625 investigation relating thereto as he shall deem expedient, in order to secure better and more improved highways in the State.’’ The law also provides that ‘‘said com- missioner shall hold each year under the auspices of the county commissioners a meeting in each county, for the open discussion of questions relating to the building and maintaining of publie ways, of which due notice shall be given to the towns and cities in each county by the said county commissioners.”’ : MaryLaNnp.—Since 1898 $10,000 has been appropriated each year for carrying on the work of the highway division of the State geological survey. A careful and searching inquiry into the road question of the State has been made and several exhaustive reports issued. The highway division reports, among other things, that there are 16,000 miles of roads in the State, of which 497 miles are toll roads. There are about 900 miles of stone, shell, and gravel roads maintained by the counties. It is estimated that the counties spend for road maintenance $600,000 annually, and that the people of the State pay about $140,000 annually in tolls. It is estimated that the average hauling distance is 6.7 miles; that the average amount hauled per horse is 0.58 of a ton; that the average cost of hauling 1 ton per mile in Maryland is 26 cents, and that the cost of properly built macadam roads in Maryland, graded to a width of 20 feet, with macadam 12 feet wide, varies from $4,000 to $6,000 per mile. The general assembly of 1904 passed an act which provides $200,000 annually for the construction of modern macadam roads. The court of appeals in February, 1905, decided that this law is constitutional. This law provides that plans and specifica- tions are to be prepared by the State geological survey, and that one-half of the cost of construction is to be paid by the State and one-half by the county. The amount received by each county from the State bears the same ratio to the total State appro- priation as the public-road mileage of the county bears to the total public-road mileage of the State. MassacHusetts.—Massachusetts appropriates annually $450,000 for construction and $60,000 in 1905 for maintenance. The State pays the entire cost of the road, but 25 per cent of the cost is assessed on the counties. The Commonwealth has appro- priated in the aggregate for the building of roads $6,000,000. The Massachusetts highway commission, which was established in 1893, has received contributions from towns and individuals to assist in building roads which amount to $330,000, making a sum total of $6,330,000. The recent legislature appropriated $2,250,000 to be expended for State highways during a period of five years. The average cost per mile of 12 to 15-foot stone roads in Massachusetts in 1904 was $5,750, the depth vary- ing from 3 to 12 inches. Gravel roads 15 feet wide and 6 to 8 inches deep cost from $3,000 to $4,000 per mile. Up to October 1, 1905, 615 miles were built or under con- tract. It is estimated by the Massachusetts highway commission that there are 20,000 miles of roads in the Commonwealth, and that 1,900 miles will ultimately be improved by State aid. Micuicgan.—The State reward road law enacted by the 1905 legislature provides State rewards to be paid to townships and counties that build gravel or macadam roads—$250, $500, $750, and $1,000 a mile, according to the kind of road built, when the same has been approved by the State highway commissioner. a ae aan of the State highway department are to instruct, to inspect, and to reward. Mrnnesota.—The legislature of 1905 passed an act, approved April 13, providing for the appointment by the governor of a State highway commission whose duties it shall be to study the best methods of road construction and improvement and to investigate the location of road-building materials in the State, and to give such advice, assistance, and supervision in the construction of roadsas their time and opportunity will permit. For the purpose of aiding in the construction of roads a tax of one- twentieth of 1 mill on all taxable property is made, which is to be apportioned by said commission among the several counties. New Hampsuire.—In 1905, the legislature enacted a law intended to secure a more uniform system for the improvement of the main highways of the State. The general supervision of the work so far as the State is concerned is committed to the governor and council who are authorized to appoint a State engineer; and so far as municipalities are concerned the work is placed under the control of the county, town, and city authorities. The general plan involves two important features, the first being a provision under which each town is required to set apart for use on the main highways a portion of the money raised by local taxation for road purposes. The portion required to be set apart is as follows: In towns having a total valuation of less than $2,000,000, $1 on each $1,000 valuation; in towns having from $2,000,000 to $3,000,000 valuation, 75 cents on each $1,000 valuation; in towns having from $3,000,000 to $5,000,000 valua- tion, 50 cents on each $1,000 valuation; in towns having from $5,000,000 to $15,000,000 3 al1905——40 626 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. valuation, 334 cents on each $1,000 valuation; and in towns having $15,000,000 and upward, 25 cents on each $1,000 valuation. The second important feature is that providing for State aid, and appropriating for this purpose $125,000 annually for six years. The local authorities of counties, cities, or towns may apply fora share of this fund. In order to secure this State aid, the local authorities must raise an additional sum equal to 50 per cent of the portion set apart as indicated above. Application must be filed with the governor and council on or before May 1 of any year in order to secure State aid during that year. The amount of State aid which may be granted depends on the valuation of the city, town, or unincorporated town or place for which the application is made. In cases where the valuation is less than $100,000, State aid may be given at the rate of $3 for every $1 locally raised and set apart under this act. This ratio decreases as the valuation increases until a city or town having a valuation of $3,000,000 or more gets only 20 cents for every $1 set apart from funds locally raised. Of the 235 cities and towns in the State, 194 have applied for State aid for the year 1905. All permanent improvements are to be made on such main roads as shall eventually result in continuous lines throughout the State. The law of 1905 also converted about 125 miles of road into State roads, to be main- tained by the State, such roads being entirely in the summer resort regions. The above act was passed as a result of a law of 1903, providing for the investigation of conditions in the State, and appropriating $15,000 therefor. New Jersey.—The total mileage of completed roads constructed under the provi- sions of the State aid act was, on July 1, 1905, 1,065. The total cost of these roads to that date was $5,430,000. From 1891 to December 1, 1904, the State expended $1,766,595.10, and the total cost of the work was $5,745,515.28. The counties’ expenditure is more than double that of the State. This is due to the fact that all bridges and culverts as well as engineering and supervision fees have been paid for by the counties without any assistance from the State. The State’s appropriation for road improvement increased from $25,000, in 1892, to $250,000 in 1902, at which point it has since remained until this year (1905), when it was increased $20,000 to pay the salary of the supervisors of the new work. The revised State aid law enacted by the last legislature provided: (1) That a road must be at least 33 feet in width to receive State aid; (2) that no survey shall be commenced until the consent of the State commissioner of public roads shall have been first obtained; (3) that within thirty days after the approval of the plans by the commissioner it shall be the duty of the freeholders to advertise for bids; (4) that the State shall pay the supervisors appointed by the commissioner, and not the counties, as they have here- tofore done; (5) that the power and control over the improved roads shall be vested in the board of chosen freeholders to the exclusion of all township, town, borough, village, or other municipal officers; (6) that the county supervisor, upon whom devolves the duty of keeping the roads in repair, may be summarily dismissed at any time by the State commissioner or the board of chosen freeholders whenever in his or their judgment such supervisor is incompetent or neglectful in performing his duties; (7) that the county board be given full power to construct and improve all the necessary approaches to dwellings along the line of any road which may have been destroyed or damaged by any alteration in the existing grade, whether within or without the line of such road; and (8) that any road or section of road lying within the corporate limits of a city may be transferred by the board of freeholders to the city authorities upon the latter entering into a written agreement to keep up and maintain the same in good repair. Since 1891, 796.14 miles of stone and 247.39 miles of gravel roads have been built. In addition to all this the local authorities have been encouraged to improve as many more miles without waiting for the State’s aid, so that at the present time New Jersey has over 2,200 miles of improved roads. New Yorx.—Under the Higbie-Armstrong Act the appropriations by the State and counties for the years 1898 to July 1, 1905, were $10,746,707. Under the Fuller-Plank Act the appropriations by the State and towns for the years 1899 to 1905, inclusive, were about $5,540,000, making a grand total of $16,284,000 appropriated by the State, the counties, and the towns for the improvement, repair, and maintenance of public highways within the State. Under the Higbie-Armstrong Act there are now on file in the office of the State engineer and surveyor petitions from the various counties of the State for nearly 5,466 miles of road. The legislature of the State twice passed a constitutional amendment which pro- vides that the State may bond itself for $50,000,000, $5,000,000 of which is to be available each year for ten years, for the improvement of the public roads. This amendment was submitted to the popular vote in 1905, and was ratified. PROGRESS IN ROAD IMPROVEMENT. 627 The average cost of macadam roads in 1901 was $7,950 re mile in 1902, $8,819 per mile; and in 1908, $8,063 per mile. . The usual width of such highways is from 12 to 16 feet and the usual thickness 6 inches after rolling. The average cost of 32 miles of gravel roads in Orange County was $2,146 per mile, the usual width 12 to 16 feet, and the average depth 6 inches after rolling. All grading, small bridges, cul- verts, etc., are included in the cost. There are 14,097 miles of public highways in the State. Ou1o.—Under the law establishing the highway department, enacted April, 1904, an ni tet of $10,000 was made for the expenses of the department. The law provides that all appropriations for State aid shall be divided equally among the 88 counties of the State. The act establishing the highway department provides for compiling statistics, investigating materials and methods, and gathering and dissem- inating information in regard to road building. In the construction and improve- ment of roads under the provisions of this act, one-fourth of the expense is to be paid by the State and three-fourths by the county; one-third of said three fourths, how- ever, is to be paid by the township. In apportioning the 25 per cent which is to be paid by the township, 10 per cent will be a charge upon the whole township and 15 per cent a charge upon the abutting property. PENNSYLVANIA.—The legislature of 1905 reenacted the State aid law of 1903, with a number of important changes designed to facilitate the actual work of the State highway department. The State’s proportion of the expense of road construction was changed from two-thirds, as fixed by the law of 1903, to three-fourths. Addi- tional engineers and clerks were provided for, as the work of the department was too heavy to be kept up by the force originally provided. The appropriation of $6,500,000 made in 1903 was left unchanged. The legislature also passed a new law making uniform the system of electing road supervisors, and also provided that town- ships which abolish the ‘‘ work tax’”’ shall receive in cash from the State a sum equal to 15 per cent of the amount of cash tax collected. Beginning with January 1, 1906, the licensing of all automobiles operated in the State will be in the hands of the State highway department. One of the important provisions of the new State aid law is that no street-railway tracks may be laid on any public road in the State without the approval and consent of the State highway commissioner. The depart- ment had under construction July 1 about 150 miles of road, with over 300 applica- tions on file. ; . RuovE Istanp.—The general assembly of the State of Rhode Island has, during the three years 1903, 1904, and 1905, appropriated $100,000 annually for the construc- tion, improvement, and maintenance of the State highways. This money was to be expended under the direction of the State board of public roads, and it has constructed in the three years, for the above sums, about 65 miles of macadam highway 14 feet wide. The different towns in the State have built out of their annual highway appropriations about 30 miles in the same three years. The legislature at its last session passed a bill submitting to the voters at the November election the proposi- tion of issuing highway bonds. Vermont.—No change was made in road legislation at the last session of the legis- lature, except that the proceeds of the automobile tax were added to the State highway fund. W asHINGTOoN.—In 1903 an act was passed providing for the collection of all road, poll, and property taxesincash. The legislature of 1905 created the office of highway commissioner, and vested the appointing power in the governor. It also created a State highway board, to be composed of the State auditor, the State treasurer, and the State highway commissioner. There was also created a public highway fund to be raised by the levy of one-fourth of 1 mill tax upon all the taxable property in the State. Washington has no State aid road law, and the duties of the State road offi- cials are at present confined to the construction of 12 State roads under specific appropriations. : Wisconsin.—Legislation was enacted in 1901 authorizing the levy of special high- way taxes in addition to the taxes previously provided for, which in the aggregate might reach 17} mills on the dollar. In certain cases where a town grades a high- way to a width of 24 feet, and wishes to cover not less than 8 feet in width to a depth of 4 inches with gravel, crushed rock, or clay and gravel, the county is required to bear one-half the expense of such covering. In 1905 the legislature took the first step toward an amendment to the constitution, which, if ratified by the electors, will enable the State to appropriate money for the construction and improvement of pub- lic highways. The sentiment in favor of road improvement has been gathering strength for many years and is manifest in nearly every county in the State. 628 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, IMPROVEMENTS IN FARM PRACTICE. By W. J. SprLiuMan, Agriculturist. The most important change going on in systems of farming at the present time is the very marked tendency toward diversified farming in the cotton belt. This is due to a number of factors. For many years the college and experiment station author- ities and the agricultural press of the South have urgently advocated such a change. The exceedingly low price of cotton a few years ago and the depleted condition of the soil, due to continued cultivation in cotton, rendered a change imperative. Most important of all, however, in its influence on the tendency toward diversification, has been the spread of the cotton boll weevil. Since it has become evident that the weevil will spread over all or nearly all of the cotton area, diversified farming in the South has become a very live topic and forms a prominent feature of the discussions at all farmers’ meetings. This diversification has taken three general directions: (1) The production of small fruits is developing at a rapid rate, and is adding much to the income of the South. So far markets for fruit have been very satisfactory. (2) The development of winter trucking has gone forward with very rapid strides. Generally speaking, truck crops have been sold to advantage, but in some instances there has been overproduction. (3) A very marked increase of interest in live-stock farming is noticeable through- out the South. Beef cattle, dairy cattle, hogs, and poultry are receiving more atten- tion at the present time than at any previous time since the war. The continued and growing scarcity of farm laborers in all sections of the country is becoming almost a matter of alarm to farmers. There is nosection of the country where the need of them is not urgent. In several of the Southern States systematic efforts are being made to secure immigration of a type that will furnish competent farm labor, and the results thus far have been encouraging. Accompanying the development of the work in farm management in the Depart- ment of Agriculture, there has beena marked increase in the interest in work of this character in the agricultural colleges and experiment stations of the country. A good many of the colleges were previously doing much work in this direction. At the present time most of the colleges offer courses of lectures in farm management, and nearly all of them conduct more or less demonstration work. Another phase of farm practice receiving considerable attention in all parts of the country is that of cover crops for orchards and winter cover crops for bare fields in ordinary farm-cropping systems. This interest is most noticeable in the fruit regions of southern California, where the use of cover crops is developing rapidly. In the cot- ton-growing States hairy vetch, common vetch, crimson clover, bur clover, and the various cereals are receiving attention as winter pasture, as a means of preventing washing of soils and for the purpose of adding humus to the soil. THE PRINCIPAL INJURIOUS INSECTS OF 1905. Prepared in Bureau of Entomology. In previous years it has been customary to present the records of the principal injurious insects of the year in alphabetical order, without relation to food plant or host. This year the records are so classified that at a glance the principal insect enemies of the year of any special crop or product may be readily noted. The reports for the subject covered by each division or section of the Bureau have in each case been prepared by the expert in charge, and cover not only the records made directly by the Department but all the records available for the year. The report on the insect enemies of truck crops and stored products is by F. H. Chittenden; that on the insect enemies of cotton and other southern field crops is by W. D. Hunter; that on the insect enemies of cereal and forage plants, by I. M. Webster; that on the insect enemies of deciduous fruits, by A. L. Quaintance; and that on the insect ene- mies of forests and forest products, by A. D. Hopkins. Other subjects covered are: Insects as animal parasites and in relation to disease; insects injurious to shade trees; insects injurious to ornamental plants; and insects which detrimentally affect the nut industry. The year 1905 was not marked by any noteworthy outbreak of insects destructive to deciduous fruits. A few species were locally more abundant than usual, and others which in certain sections had been especially abundant seemed to be decreasing to more normal numbers. Many of the more important enemies of fruit trees, such as the codling moth, apple and peach tree borers, scale insects, etc., ordinarily do not greatly vary in numbers from one year to another, the extent of their destructive- 7 PRINCIPAL INJURIOUS INSECTS OF 1905, 629 ness depending principally upon the greater or less thoroughness with which reme- dial work is carried out. This work, especially in the case of insects treated by spraying, is often interfered with by unfavorable weather conditions. In the case of citrus insects there is little variation from year to year. The white fly in Florida is there the notable pest, and seems to be increasing, at least in its northern range. The conditions in California and elsewhere remain substantially unchanged. Among insects injurious to cereal and forage crops there were noticeable outbreaks locally of such insects as the Hessian fly and army worm, while certain other pests of this class, such as the southern grain aphis ( Toxoptera graminum), were conspicu- ous by their absence. Grasshoppers also were unusually scarce, taking the country asa whole. The same is true to a certain extent of insects of other classes. The root-maggots and common stalk-borer were among the most conspicuous insects affecting vegetable crops, while tne harlequin cabbage bug is still rare in its northern range. The pea aphis was reported from only two localities. One of the most seri- ous outbreaks was that of the sugar-beet leaf-hopper in the West. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO VEGETABLE AND TRUCK CROPS, The common asparagus beetle ( Crioceris asparagi L.) continues its spread westward. It was unusually destructive in new localities in the States of Michigan and Illinois, as also in Virginia and Maryland. The reported occurrence of this species in C ali- fornia in 1904 can not be verified, by reason of its i gs extermination in the locality where it was supposedly established. The harlequin cabbage bug (Murgantia histrionica ahny! though quite injurious in the Gulf region and in California, is still rare in the North except in very limited localities. A leaf-beetle (Diabrotica balteata Lec.) injured vegetable crops, especially beans, okra, and cucumber, in several localities in Texas. Although troublesome in Mexico, this insect does not appear to have been recorded as injurious hitherto in the United States. Blister beetles vary somewhat in destructiveness from year to year. The common eastern species were normally troublesome from Ohio to the Gulf region, but the western species appeared, on the whole, much less numerous. The cabbage aphis ( Aphis brassice L.) has become a menace to the cabbage indus- try of Texas. It was notably abundant in British Columbia and in a few other por- tions of Canada. The imported cabbage webworm (Hellula undalis Fab.) was reported injurious in Texas for the first time. It was learned that it was generally distributed in the southern portion of that State, where cabbages are raised on a large scale, being par- ticularly destructive along the coast in the vicinity of Corpus Christi. It was observed also at Beeville, 50 miles from the coast. The variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia Hbn.), probably the most destructive of all cutworms, attracted attention in North Dakota and Oregon from its injuries to various vegetable and ornamental plants. The melon aphis (Aphis gossypii Gloy. ) did more or less injury to melons and okra over a considerable area in Texas and occurred abundantly elsewhere as far north as New Hampshire. Field experiments have been carried on during the year looking to its control by tobacco fumigation. The melon caterpillar (Diaphania hyalinata L.) and pickle worm (Diaphania nitidalis Cram.), always pests in the Gulf region, were both concerned in injury to tog ety in Florida and the former injured other cucurbits in Texas and South arolina The pea aphis (Nectaropho a destructor Johns.), which ravaged the pea fields of this country a few seasons ago, causing a total loss in two years of about $7,000,000, was injurious during 1905 near Baltimore, Md., and Haverford, Pa. The pepper weevil (Anthonomus eneotinctus Champ.), which was only recently introduced into this country and which was first recorded as a pest in 1904, apparently has not increased its range. At Boerne, where it was first noticed in Texas, it could no longer be found. Near San Antonio, however, it occasioned as much damage as formerly. Root maggots have continued as destructive as during the last three or four years. The onion maggot ( Pegomya cepetorum Meade) appeared to be more prevalent than ever before in its history. It was exceedingly troublesome from Massachusetts to Wisconsin and Michigan and in New Jersey. Injury to onions in Texas was attrib- uted to the same species. The cabbage maggot ( Pegomya brassice Bouché) has con- tinued its destructive work from New Seginnd to Maryland and westward. Remedial 630 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, measures advised do not appear to have been generally adopted. The seed-corn: maggot (Pegomya fusciceps Zett.) destroyed garlic and young cabbage in Texas and various garden plants in Pennsylvania. Maggot injury to cabbage and cauliflower in Louisiana and South Carolina is attributed to this species. Very serious and gen- eral injury to root crops by maggots was reported from Alaska. The common stalk borer (Papaipema nitela Guen.) has continued in injurious numbers from Canada and Maine as far south as Mississippi and westward to lowa and Minnesota, injuring a great variety of crops, notably potato, tomato, sweet corn, peppers, bush fruits, and ornamental plants. In the South it attacked cotton. The sweet-potato weevil (Cylas formicarius Fab.) was more injurious in Texas than in 1904 and appears to be extending its range. White grubs and wireworms were decidedly destructive, at least locally—white grubs unusually so. In one locality in Vermont the latter destroyed 90 per cent of the beet crops grown for market, besides other vegetables. Wireworms destroyed radish and strawberry in Pennsylvania, potatoes, corn, and oats in Ohio, and pota- toes in Washington State. Vegetable and other crops were injured also in South Carolina and Maine. The sugar-beet leaf-hopper (Hutettix stricta Ball), locally known as ‘‘ the white fly,’’ and by its work called “‘blight,’’ caused great damage in Utah, southern Idaho, and western Colorado during the season of 1905. The estimated damage amounted to $500,000. Late-planted beets were principally affected, the early planted being little injured. The sugar-beet leaf-beetle (Monovxia puncticollis Say) was injurious to young sugar beets in Colorado. The sugar-beet webworm (Lowostege sticticalis L.), an imported beet pest in Colo- rado, has extended its ravages to Alberta, Canada, and has done serious injury there also. The strawberry weevil (Anthonomus signatus Say) was quite injurious in New Jer- sey, destroying almost entire crops in many cases. Its ravages extended into Canada, where it did great damage in the vicinity of Toronto. The strawberry crown girdler (Otiorhynchus ovatus L.) was the cause of consider- able annoyance in the North, especially in Maine, by entering dwellings, as well as by its injury tostrawberry. It was notably destructive in strawberry fields in British Columbia and was reported in Washington State. Few other insects injurious to strawberry and bush fruits attracted attention by the severity of their attacks. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO STORED GRAIN AND OTHER PRODUCTS. The occurrence of the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella Zell.) in new localities in several States has been reported. More recent information shows that this species is spreading still more rapidly than was believed, causing the greatest trouble in the principal milling districts of Minnesota and Wisconsin. It was dis- covered also at Portland, Oreg. Every known remedy for this ‘‘ scourge of the flour mill’? has been tested and millers generally do what they are able toward eradicating the insect. The cigarette beetle (Zasioderma serricorne Fab.), which has been gradually increasing in destructiveness in spite of remedial measures which are becomin somewhat generally adopted, was the occasion of losses from its ravages in one tobacco, from New York to Florida, and westward to Kansas and Missouri. In the District of Columbia and in Missouri it was complained of as a pest in upholstered furniture coming from Baltimore, Md., Pennsylvania, and Michigan. The tobacco seed beetle (Catorama impressifrons Fall) was identified during the year with injury to tobacco seed in Cuba and Texas in earlier years. A foreign grain beetle (Ostoma pusilla Klug) was destructive to stored rice at Charleston, S. C., where it has apparently become established from oriental impor- tations. The European grain moth ( Tinea granella L.) was found in abundance in a mill in Ontario, Canada, but there is as yet no positive evidence of its establishment as a pest in America. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO COTTON AND OTHER SOUTHERN FIELD CROPS. Damage by the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boh.) was, on the whole, less noticeable than during the preceding season. Unusual conditions during the preceding winter, as well as unfavorable climatic conditions during the fall of 1904, caused a comparatively small number of weevils to hibernate successfully. In cer-_ —s 2... =" ; ' | ( : PRINCIPAL INJURIOUS INSECTS OF 1905. 631 tain areas in Louisiana into which the insect did not make its advent until late in the fall of 1904, it failed to make its appearance in 1905 until migrations from other regions had taken place. The comparative scarcity of weevils throughout Texasand Louisiana, together with favorable drought at the critical time, reduced the damage much below the usual amount. While it was estimated that damage during the year 1904 amounted to approximately $22,000,000, itis not likely that the loss during 1905 reached $18,000,000. The cotton bollworm (Heliothis obsoleta Fab.) was somewhat more numerous than during the preceding season, although the damage done did not amount to nearly as much in Texas, Indian Territory, and Louisiana as in certain years during the past decade. Local damage was greatest in the two northern tiers of counties in Texas, although considerable injury was occasioned in Indian Territory and Oklahoma. The cotton aphis (Aphis gossypii Gloy.) has been very abundant. Its injury is of far greater importance than formerly, since now it is desired to have the cotton plant produce an early fruit in order to escape the ravages of the boll weevil. The young plants have not only been seriously retarded in growth by the cotton aphis, but in several localities they have been entirely destroyed by it. The tobacco thrips (Huthrips nicotiane Hinds), hitherto referred to as the straw- berry thrips ( Thrips tritici Fitch), continued to cause very considerable injury to shade-grown tobacco in Florida and southern Georgia. The work of the insect causes ‘‘ white veins,’’ which greatly reduce the selling price of the leaf. In addition to this direct loss, some trouble is caused on account of the necessity of sorting out the damaged leaves. The insect was the subject of investigation by the Bureau of Entomology. Kerosene emulsion has been found a practically perfect remedy. The conchuela (Pentatoma ligata Say), besides being destructive to cotton, has established a reputation at Barstow, Tex., as a serious enemy of seed crops of alfalfa and to peaches, grapes, grains, and garden vegetables. Injury to cotton at that place amounted to about 5 or 6 per cent of the crop. In some fields damage was consider- ably higher, in one case reaching as high as 15 per cent. The rice weevil (Lissorhoptrus simplex Lec.) was reported from many localities in the southern portion of Texas, where rice is being cultivated on a large scale. In individual cases the damage was of such extent as to make replanting necessary. The cotton-boll cutworm (Prodenia ornithogalli Guen.) was unusually abundant in northern Texas and in Indian Territory during the season. In the spring of 1905 a sow bug (Armadillidium vulgare Latr.) was unusually abundant in Texas and caused considerable damage to young growing cotton, to garden vegetables, and to rose and other ornamental plants, including the palmetto. Large numbers entered houses and caused considerable annoyance. Another sow bug (Porcellio levis Latr.), although very numerous, did not cause serious injury. The cotton red spider (Tetranychus gloveri Bks.) was injurious in Georgia and roe Carolina. Continued economic study was given it by the Bureau of Ento- mology. Pee scation leaf-beetle (Luperodes varicornis Lec. [Luperus brunneus Cr.]) was reported from many localities in Georgia and Alabama as doing injury in the beetle state to cotton by eating the leaves, blossoms, and forms. This species does not appear to have been hitherto recorded as attacking cotton. Calocoris rapidus Say, the cotton leaf-bug, was accused of injuring cotton bolls in North Carolina and Alabama. The cotton leaf caterpillar (Alabama argillacea Hbn.) was exceptionally abundant in Louisiana and Texas, but its defoliation of cotton plants operated as a benefit in exposing the boll weevil to the destructive effects of light and heat. With the rotation of crops from cotton to corn and forage crops, the corn aphis (Aphis maidis Fitch) appeared. Not only does this insect injure Indian corn, but in many instances it prevents the fruiting of kafir corns and sorghums. Thus far the fodder has not been materially damaged as feed, but thousands of dollars’ worth of seed has been prevented from maturing. INSECTS AFFECTING FORESTS AND FOREST PRODUCTS. The Black Hills beetle (Dendroctonus ponderose Hopk.) continued to be the most important enemy of the western yellow pine (or bull pine) in the eastern section of the Rocky Mountain region. According to estimates it has killed over 1,000,000,000 feet of timber in the Black Hills Forest Reserve of South Dakota, and it is extend- ing its ravages through Colorado and northern New Mexico. Under recommenda- tions furnished by the Bureau of Entomology, the Forest Service is taking active measures in the Black Hills of South Dakota and in the Pikes Peak Forest Reserve of Colorado, and heroic measures have been adopted under private auspices in the 6382 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, vicinity of Colorado Springs and on a large estate in southern Colorado in efforts to control the pest. The western pine-destroying barkbeetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec.) is an important enemy of the western yellow pine and sugar pine in the northwestern section of the Rocky Mountain region and on the Pacific coast. A special study has been made of its occurrence in central Idaho, and the results will soon be made publie. The destructive pine bark beetle ( Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) continued to be the principal insect enemy of living pine forests in the States south of Virginia and Ken- tucky and westward to Texas, but especially in the longleaf pine belt in the Gulf States. It has received additional study, and a bulletin has been prepared giving the results of the investigation and recommendations for control. The hickory barkbeetle (Scolytus quadrispinosus Say ) is the most destructive enemy of living hickory trees in the States east of the Great Plains and has received continued attention. Many new points in its life history have been determined, and it has been found that with proper attention it is not a difficult pest to deal with. The work of ambrosia beetles (Genera Xyleborus, Trypodendron, Platypus, ete. ) in the sapwood and heartwood of dying and felled trees and sawlogs, girdled cypress, and crude forest products causes very great loss each year, much of which can be averted by improved methods of forest management and lumbering. Notable dam- age by this class of insects has been found in mahogany and other valuable exotic woods imported in the form of round logs with the bark on. The insects attack the logs before these leave the native woods, and continue the work after the logs reach this country and until they are converted into lumber. Then, after the lumber is cut and piled, some of our native ambrosia beetles attack and riddle it. A remedy will be found in proper methods of handling the timber before and after it is shipped from the tropical forest. . Timber worms (Hupsalis minuta Dru. and Lymexylon sericeum Harr.) are by far the most destructive enemies of the wood of living oak and chestnut, causing enormous losses each year. They enter wounds occurring from any cause in the bark of the liy- ing tree, and old trees which have been rendered worthless by their borings serve as breeding places for enormous numbers. Therefore, wherever possible, the old trees should be removed and great care should be taken to avoid ax and other wounds in living healthy trees. Bark weevils ( Pissodes spp.), a class of enemies of reproduction pine, spruce, and fir, caused serious losses both by killing trees and by causing a deformed growth. The locust borer (Cyllene robinize Forst.), the most serious enemy of forest growth and commercial plantations of black locust, is receiving special attention in coopera- tive studies by the Bureau of Entomology and Forest Service, and is the subject of a special paper now in press. The leaf-mining locust beetle (Odontota dorsalis Thunb.) continued to be a serious enemy of locust groves in the eastern United States, causing the leaves to have a seared, dead appearance during August and September, and apparently killing trees in certain localities. It attracted special notice in the locust groves of the Ohio River counties of Ohio and at Morganfield, Ky. Powder-post beetles continued to cause enormous losses of seasoned forest products, such as handles, spokes, ash and hickory lumber, tan bark, ete. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO DECIDUOUS FRUITS. Achrastenus griseus Horn, hitherto not recorded as injurious, was found doing con- siderable damage to fruit trees in the eastern portion of Texas. It was found upon apple, peach, and pear trees, as well as upon rose bushes. A plum aphis (Aphis setariw Thos.) did great injury to the plum crop in Texas. The apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh) increased in destructiveness in New York State. The eye-spotted bud-moth ( Tmetocera ocellana Schiff. ) was rather more destructive than usual in western New York. The apple leaf-hopper (mpoasca mali Le B.) continued to be abundant in Minne- sota, though less so than during the previous year. Numerous complaints of defoliation of apple and other trees by canker-worms were made during the spring and early summer of 1905. The fall canker-worm ( Alsophila pometaria Harr.) continued troublesome in northern California and was reported as very destructive in western Pennsylvania. The spring canker-worm (Paleacrita ver- naia Peck) was reported from numerous localities in western Pennsylvania, and sey- eral orchards were completely defoliated in the neighborhood of Winchester, Va. Canker-worms were abundant in several orchards in Ohio and continued to be inju- — rious in Kentucky. PRINCIPAL INJURIOUS INSECTS OF 1905. 633 The chain-spotted geometer (Cingilia catenaria Cram.) was unusually abundant in New Hampshire. Owing to general shortness of the apple crop, injury from the codling moth ( Car- pocapsa anette L.) was more pronounced than usual, though the aggregate loss was perhaps less than during years of full fruit crops. In some sections growers failed to spray and in others rains interfered and injury from the second generation of larvee was especially severe. The insect has just made its appearance in Arizona. The eight-spotted forester (Alypia oclomaculata Fab.) was unusually abundant on grape in the environs of Brooklyn, N. Y. The grape-berry moth ( Polychrosis viteana Clem.) was reported as seriously destruc- tive in several localities in Ohio and in western Pennsylvania. The grape curculio (Crapunius inequalis Say) was very abundant in West Virginia, and also reported from North Carolina. It was the subject of special investigation at the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. The grapevine root-worm (Fidia viticida Walsh) was notably less injurious in Ohio. It was said to have been generally distributed in the Chautauqua grape belt in western New York, and was locally injurious, especially in vineyards on lighter ee It has become decidedly more abundant in vineyards on hills back from the ake, The green June beetle (Allorhina nitida L.) was reported as very destructive at Hampton, Va., and also at Baldwin, Ga. The New York weevil (J/thycerus noveboracensis Forst) injured fruit trees in Min- nesota and continued to be destructive in the Gulf region. The rose-chafer ( Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab.) was unusually abundant in por- tions of New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, and Delaware. It was also abundant in portions of Maine and Massachusetts. The peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella Zell.) was more abundant than usual in Georgia, attacking the young shoots of peach in spring. The pear thrips (Luthrips pyri Daniels) became suddenly destructive in Santa Clara Valley and other portions of California in 1904, and was even more abundant in 1905, attacking buds, blossoms, and tender growth of most deciduous fruits. It has been the subject of special investigation by the Santa Clara County entomologist. _ The pear psylla (Psylla pyri Schmidt) was quite injurious in pear orchards in western New York. The plum curculio ( Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst) was very generally injurious in the southeastern United States, though perhaps not more so than usual. Through the Middle Atlantic States the curculio was very abundant, injuring stone fruits and apple. In Massachusetts and Connecticut it is increasing in numbers. In western New York the curculio was apparently less abundant than formerly. In Minnesota its injuries are on theincrease. Numerous reports from Texas indicate its increasing destructiveness in that section. The plum-leaf gall (Eriophyes padi Nal.) was reported as unusually abundant in Minnesota. Pomphopea tevana Lec., a blister beetle, was injurious to peach and plum in Clay County, Tex. The apple-tree tent-caterpillar (Malacosoma americana Harr.) was abundant in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and New Hampshire. The saddle-back caterpillar (Sibine stimulea Clem.) was unusually abundant in the environs of Washington, D. C., injuring apple and plum. The San Jose seale ( Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.), as shown by the records of the Bureau of Entomology, has now become generally distributed eastward of the Mis- sissippi River, except in Wisconsin, being, however, much more abundant in the Atlantic Coast States. In the Middle West it is gaining a foothold, though it has not yet been recorded from Iowa, Nebraska, and States to the north. The lime-sulphur- salt wash continues to be a very satisfactory treatment for stone fruits. On apple, results have varied widely. The trumpet leaf-miner ( Tisheria malifoliella Clem.) was unusually abundant in the vicinity of Washington, D. C., and was reported also from localities in Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Vermont. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CEREAL AND FORAGE CROPS. A most disastrous outbreak of the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor Say) occurred in western Kentucky and extreme northwestern Tennessee, where the wheat crop of 1905 was almost ruined by this insect. Young wheat in late autumn suffered in that section but little, except where sown very early. This decrease in destructiveness seems to have been due largely to late sowing and the effect of parasites. Among 684 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the latter was Platygaster herrickii Pack., which was repeatedly observed depositing its eggs in those of the Hessian fly. That this parasite affected the Hessian fly in this manner has long been suspected, but doubted by many entomologists. The Hessian fly seems on the increase in Virginia, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, and southern Michigan, and on the decline elsewhere, including the spring-wheat regions of the Northwest. The wheat midge ( Contarinia tritici Kby.) was reared indoors during January from bunches of young wheat sent December 21, 1904, from Guthrie, Okla., and seemed to be quite abundant there. Larvee, apparently of this species, were numerous about Lincoln, Nebr., in March. The midge was very abundant about Richmond, Ind., in June, and injuriously so in the northern part of that State, in Ohio, and in south- ern Michigan. It was common in North Dakota in July and also on the Pacific coast, becoming a serious pest in British Columbia. No injuries were reported south of the Ohio and Missouri rivers. Serious injuries by the wheat joint-worm (Jsosoma tritici Fitch) were observed in southern Virginia, western Pennsylvania, eastern and northern Ohio, northern Indiana, and southern Michigan. Injuries were reported also from Kansas. The creater wheat straw-worm (Jsosoma grande Riley) was abundant in young wheat during April in North Carolina and northern Texas. As stems of wheat attacked at this season are totally destroyed, it seems capable of doing serious injury, especially in the South, without itself attracting much attention. In Texas the work of this and the following species has very evidently been mistaken for that of the Hessian fly. The greater wheat stem-maggot (Meromyza americana Fitch) noticeably affected the wheat crop of the year, locally, in northern Texas, southern Iowa, southern Indiana, and northern Ohio, especially in early sown fields. Outbreaks of the army worm (Heliophila unipuncta Haw.) occurred in wheat fields of western Kentucky and western Tennessee in May and later in Virginia, New York, and Indiana; but no widespread ravages were reported. The fall army worm (Laphygma frugiperda 8S. & A.) was notably injurious at Columbia, S. C., in August. A serious outbreak of the southern corn leaf-beetle (Myochrous denticollis Say) occurred in Butler County, Kans., destroying and necessitating the replanting of hun- dreds of acres of corn. Even the second planting was seriously injured. Hadena semicana Walk., usually classed among the rarer cutworms, occurred in destructive abundance in Mercer County, Pa., during June. A similar outbreak occurred in 1893 in an adjoining county in Ohio. The glassy cutworm (fHadena devastatrix Brace) was reared from larve found attacking young wheat in southern Michigan in October. Lands devoted to timothy the previous year seemed most subject to attack. The smaller corn stalk-borer (Elasmopalpus lignosellus Zell.) occurred in serious abundance in the neighborhood of Columbia, 8. C. Sorghum planted as a fodder crop was a total loss in some places, and a second, and even a third, planting was destroyed. Cowpeas sown on the same land were destroyed, as also crab grass. All lands infested were previously in grass. It was reported generally and was severely injurious in Georgia to young cowpeas by eating the roots and killing the vines. Outbreaks of the corn root-aphis (Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes) were reported from Loretto, Va., and Sandwich, IIll., the outbreak at the latter place being very serious. The State entomologist of Illinois reports good success in combating the insect with cultural methods, the ground being frequently stirred from time of plowing until the plants are sufficiently advanced to cultivate. The corn ear-worm (Heliothis obsoleta Fab.) was observed as injurious in North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Kansas, Colorado, and Texas. The timothy joint-worm (/sosoma sp.) was reared from grass collected from locali- ties extending from New Hampshire to North Dakota and south to Tennessee and Maryland. It reduces the seed crop from 5 to 20 per cent and lessens the yield of hay. Two very important natural enemies seem to be restricting its abundance in some localities. The bluegrass joint-worm (Jsosoma sp.) was reared from stems of this grass in Maine and at Richmond, Ind. An outbreak of the cottony grass scale (Hriopeltis festuce Fonsc.) occurred in southern Maine, and was studied by the station entomologist. Where the two grasses Poa pratensis and Agrostis alba were severely attacked in meadows, there appeared irregular brown areas of dead grass as a result. Mordellistena ustulata Lec. was reared at Richmond, Ind., from stems of timothy. Laryze, apparently closely allied or identical, were observed in southern Ohio and — western Tennessee infesting the same grass. PRINCIPAL INJURIOUS INSEOTS OF 1905. 635 The clover root-borer (/Tylastinus obscurus Marshm.) was destructively abundant in West Virginia, Ohio, and Indiana, especially the latter State, and the seed crop was seriously curtailed there. It was not abundant in New England or south of Virginia and Kentucky. The cloyer-flower midge (Dasyneura leguminicola Lint.) was reared in more or les: injurious numbers from Tyngsboro, Mass., Lincoln, Nebr., and other points as far to the southward as red ef ausat is grown. It seems to have been very abundant throughout the Middle West. It blights the blossoms so that no seed is produced. The clover-seed chalcis ( witerhyac aretha teed How.) occurred generally where red clover is grown, working in the seed and destroying the same, but, judging from the numbers of parasites reared, excessive abundance was prevented. Larvee of the clover-leaf weevil (Phytonomus punctatus Fab.) were observed in North Carolina in April, feeding upon the foliage of red clover. The species occurs from North Carolina to Wisconsin and eastward, but on account of the attacks of a fungous disease, it seldom proves a serious menace to the clover crop. The white-lined morning sphinx ( Deilephila lineata Fab. ) attacked fields of alfalfa in New Mexico. Anabrus simplex seriously injured meadows of alfalfa in Idaho. Grasshoppers also were destructive to alfalfa in southeastern Kansas, and in New Mexico. The chinch bug (Blissus leucopterus Say) has nowhere appeared in dangerous numbers. It was encountered under stones in wheat fields in North Carolina in April, and a farmer in Virginia complained of its migrating from his wheat field, where it seemed to do no material injury, to his sweet corn, and though it did not damage the latter, the owner complained that the odor of the bugs rendered the ears unsalable for food. The southern grain aphis ( Toxoptera graminum Rond. ), so destructive several years ago, especially in Texas, seems to be kept below the danger point by its parasitic enemies, and no serious outbreaks were reported. We have found it, however, associated with Macrosiphum trifolii Perg. and Siphocoryne avene Fab., in fields of young wheat about Nashville, Tenn., early in April. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO SHADE TREES. The gypsy moth (Ocneria dispar L.) and the brown-tail moth (Huproctis chrys- orrhea L.) received extensive study by the Bureau of Entomology and its agents, a subject which is discussed in an article by Doctor Howard on pages 123-138. The latter insect also received considerable attention by State and other official entomol- ogists of New England, New York, and New Jersey. The imported elm leaf-beetle ( Galerucella luteola Mill.) defoliated English elms at Louisville and Paris, Ky.—new western localities for the species. Three scale insects attracted notice by their abundance on shade trees. The woolly maple-leaf scale ( Phenacoccus acericola King) was a serious pest on sugar-maple shade trees in Connecticut towns and cities. The cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria innumer- abilis Rathv.) continued its destructive work, asin 1904. The activity of its native ladybird enemy, Hyperaspis signata Ol., gives promise of reducing the numbers of this scale in coming years. The oyster-shell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi L.) was quite abundant and destructive in western Pennsylvania, northeastern Ohio, and northern Maryland on shade trees, especially poplar, horsechestnut, and maple. The cottonwood leaf-beetle (Melasoma scripta Fab.), locally injurious each year, was the cause of an outbreak in North Dakota, where it defoliated cottonwood. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. A number of insects were conspicuous during the year on ornamental plants grown in greenhouses and in gardens. A blister beetle, Cantharis sphexricollis Say, defoliated honeysuckle and lilac in Washington State. The canna leaf-roller ( Calpodes ethlius Cram.) appeared in numbers and did notice- able injury to cannas in public parks and gardens in the District of Columbia. Tke Southern corn root-worm ( Diabrotica 12-punctata Ol.) was destructive in its beetle state, despoiling many garden flowers, especially canna, in the District of Columbia, and completely ruining roses and dahlias in portions of Georgia. Roses were much injured during the year by the rose-chafer (Macrodactylus sub- spinosus Fab.) and by rose slugs. The bristly rose-worm (Cladius pectinicornis Fourcr. ) was much less complained of in the East, but the American rose slug (Monostegia rosz Harr.) completely defoliated rose bushes at Manhattan, Kans., and was abundant at Washington, D. é, 6386 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. A rose-beetle, Apocellus sphaericollis Say, which was recently injurious to violets and some other plants at Washington, D. C., became very abundant at St. Louis, Mo., in 1905, destroying pansies, lilies, dahlias, and other herbaceous plants. The strawberry thrips ( Luthrips tritici Fitch) was extremely injurious to climbing and other roses from the District of Columbia to Florida, and greatly damaged carna- tions. ‘The cestrum thrips (Heliothrips femoralis Reut.) caused injury in Wisconsin greenhouses, attacking chrysanthemum and smilax. The white ant, Termes flavipes Koll., although troublesome principally in dwellings, was the cause of considerable annoyance in gardens and in greenhouses near New York City by entering and tunneling the roots of begonia, geranium, and other plants with semi-woody stems. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE NUT INDUSTRY. During the year 1905 numerous complaints of pecan bud-worms were received from Florida, Georgia, and Texas. Proteopteryx deludana Clem. was the species responsible for most of the injury. The bulldog caterpillar ( Catocala mestosa Hulst) did great damage to pecan foliage in Florida. The pecan leatf-beetle ( Metachroma luridum Ol.) attacked young sprouts and stripped the leaves of pecan at Tuscaloosa, Ala. The pecan Phylloxera ( Piylloxera notabilis Perg.) has begun to ravage pecan orchards, attracting considerable attention and even becoming a serious pest in some sections. The pecan or hickory nut weevil (Balaninus caryx Horn) appeared to be compara- tively rare on pecan except in Texas, but in North Carolina it did considerable damage to hickory nuts. Chestnut weevils were less complained of than in previous years, but nuts from Maryland and Virginia for the Washington market showed no abatement of injury, and a grower in New J ersey reported the product of cultivated chestnuts grown on 150 acres as almost worthless, owing to weevil attack. Acorn weevils were abundant, but in some localities were largely controlled by a parasite. INSECTS AS ANIMAL PARASITES AND IN RELATION TO DISEASE, The various insect parasites of man and other animals do not vary greatly from year to year. Locally there may be an increase or decrease of mosquitoes or fleas, or other parasites of man, and this is true also of the biting flies and ticks parasitic on animals; but, in range of i injury and annoyance the country over, the annual vari- ation is in veneral slight. As conveyors of disease this holds true also with respect to the insects involved in the spread of malaria and typhoid fever, and, in the case of animals, with the cattle tick, annually responsible for thespread of Texas or splenetic fever in cattle throughout the whole southern section of the United States. It is not true, however, in the case of the yellow fever mosquito, and the serious outbreak of yellow fever in New Orleans last summer was a notable fact in this connection. PROGRESS OF FORESTRY IN 1905. By Quincy R. Crart, Editorial Clerk, Forest Service. A large advance has been made during the year 1905 in the introduction of proper methods of using the National forest reserves and of permanently improving them, in the wider adoption of conservative methods by lumber operators, in the gathering of new and important facts concerning the forests and their best use, and in the broader publication of results of forest work and their ready acceptance by the people. It is now plain that the surplus timber of the country has been marketed. To supply in suflicient quantities the wood products now being used, the present area of woodland must not only be maintained but must be brought to much greater pro- ductiveness. The day has passed when the quickest method of getting lumber from the tree to the market is the chief consideration. Care and system in cutting, log- ging, and sawing are now requisite for the greatest advantage of all concerned, includ- ing the lumberman. The advances in forest work have been so great in particular lines and so general throughout the country that forestry has obviously passed out of the stage of preparation and propaganda into that of actual work. The year marks an epoch in the history of American forestry. At the Lewis and Clark Exposition the forest exhibit—the largest and most varied ever made—was examined and studied in detail by great numbers of people eager to know about the forest and its use. The practical observance of Arbor Day is extend- ing, both here and in foreign lands. Twelve States issue Arbor Day annuals, some ij PROGRESS OF FORESTRY IN 1905. 637 of which in their descriptions and illustrations of native trees and information con- cerning their planting, protection, and use form instructive reports on forestry. The variety and magnitude of the industries represented at the American Forest Congress, held in Washington during the first week of January, 1905—a large gath- ering for the discussion of forest problems by men prominent and influential in busi- ness and public life—showed how widespread and vital the interest in forestry has become. THE NATIONAL FOREST RESERVES. Soon after the Forest Congress, occurred the most important event in the history of the Federal forest policy—the transfer, on February 1, 1905, of the administration of the National forest reserves to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It was thus placed under that branch of the Government service charged with the study, devel- opment, and application of practical forestry. Reserve problems at once commanded the services of foresters, trained technically and by experience to decide the details of management which would best conserve and develop the large and varied National forest interests. An eflicient system of forest administration is thus being inaugu- rated upon a hundred million acres of forest lands. The total area of the National forest reserves at the beginning of the year was 63,045,797 acres, and the changes made during the year brought a net addition of 34,727,820 acres. These changes, resulting both from new reserves and from readjust- ments of the boundaries of existing reserves, were based in every case upon careful examinations of the areas by members of the Forest Service. No addition or alter- ation was made without thorough knowledge of the actual conditions, secured by expert examination to determine the best use to which the land can be put. Changes in National forest-reserve areas during 1905, and areas as they cxist on December 31, 1908. Field administrative force. Area of re- ; . Petes eves Area boleh rel | Area of re- State or Territory. re- Tech- | created |added dur-|;) ated dur-| Serves Dec. serves.| Super-|} Ran- | nical during ing 1905. | ine 1905 31, 1905. visors. | gers. | assist- 1905. lee ants | No. No. No. No. Acres. Acres Acres. Acres PARIS 3 SOL soe ae 2 tiieetins sets | Sete ste ee nue te Oe TE Sete | 4,909, 880 Mirizones- 2. 5 1).22..2 10 8 49 1} 1,160, 960 456, COB sto cont 8, 357, 370 GeIcOrnIs . 5-25.65 - b17 12 133 3 | 7,144,127 | 1,685,712 63,420 | 18, 155, 043 EMOTHMEO..- —.,- 2-5. 14 11 68 2| 7,734,240 | 2,129, 844 75,040 | 12, 661, 643 Mawel 25... 5552.. 5 TR] lS yee oe Pee SORE etiee de Punt eat < aiais Rem oe eels 56, 757 eS ee cg 5 40 1| 4,858, 324 B9S;8O0"| osec cho ea es | 9, 488, 324 PASTAS ee Sate ee. aM (Bee eer ae Se are WeeO rie et cee secs sch waite ae 97, 280 i a0 8 49 1 | 2,297,780 404, 880 | 30,720 | -10, 517, 860 PICRIBSES < .- sts I (q) (q) 0 LY nm lec i 98T PIL (q) (q) he teas kd aa wae "| ZOL SI ras a) ee “19 0 9 Sir eae | 9% 9 sat reel y 0Z RS eS | 88 0g Z6S ‘T SOL 06 I I 88 SF CFL 882 ‘T og a ns 88 61z 691 z LOgp 728 a poly 0 68 oI Gg *spooy x 13110 AIT *pispueis MOlAq soldureg eee eee i.) ¢): (0m le r “tes ee i py pie aspluiqmiBgQ 29 eats tenes "==" 10] H90Ig ; tarot es se ee ee - eee OTSOEe Op proc wonpedsur omg, ‘S]JOSNTOVSSBIT 5 da Se RRR a10UATI [BG —PUvB[AIB AL 3 . 006 ‘T Papi Doatas Shs © puv[}yod © wri ca nie iad be OE “-* moToadsul 97%19 F- LOUIBIL ne BGR Rie e SUBOLIO MON—BUBISINOT < a, SR eee * OTTTASMOT by) Ry bab ead Soa eo “MOV SULXO'T : oot oe Cn eat * U0} BUTAOD, :Ayoni Ue y OG = See “*-"auneAolleL chs) as kali fe) Cymie Wiel sree sttodBvuvipuy 002 OM Te any “OT[TASUBA ‘BUBIPUL | Rn oat ab rerrerosres pragsutidg OOF Wet rereeeeeseseses== DIOTHDOY | COP PORE ry ee Bioag ESET OS, Ve TSS - OSBOITO C6h eee bat “* wopoedsuy 0481§ ‘STOUTI[T e91 “sees """"TOTOedsUT 9181S—OYBpl 096 “*moroodsur [BI101 19. 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By R. P. Treve. The year 1905 marked a notable extension of the laws governing the use of water for irrigation in the arid States. New codes were adopted in North Dakota and South Dakota, Oklahoma, and New Mexico; the office of State engineer was created in Oregon, while the laws of other arid States were amended to make their systems more complete. The following table summarizes the present provisions for control- ling the acquirement of water rights and the distribution of water in the arid States: Provisions of law relating to public control of the use of water in irrigation. Acquirement of rights. Deiniag Gaghe.< 3 Distribution. State or Terri- tory. Initiation. Proof of completion. BICONE, cocus No provision ........- Post and file notice.| No provision ...... No provision. MAPOrTIG,. 2. 2.2.05 ELD! seee cues shies ate Post and file claim .|..... Oe copia ws ease Do. Colorado ...... Courts—On applica- | Post and file notice.|..... Gy soe. tes beese Public officials. tion of interested party. LL Ut: Courts—Surveys by | Applicationforper- | Inspection by Do. - State engineer] mit. State engineer. when ordered by court. RRNASS Secu ss. > COURIB Tt ree ee see Post and file notice.| No provision ...... Court officers, Montana ...... Courts—Ail claimants | Post and file claim .}..... rc Fa ea A eee eae Do. parties. No sur- veys. Nebraska.....- Administrative—Sec- | Application for per- | Sworn statement | Public officials. retary, board ofirri- mit. and inspection. gation. Nevada........ Administrative— |..... oe Oe eee Rules not made ... Do. State engineer. New Mexico...| Administrative— | File notice ......... No provision ...... No provision. Board of control. North Dakota .| Courts —Surveys by | Applicationforper- | Inspection by | Public officials, it. ; State engineer. mi State engineer. Oklahoma..... Courts — Surveys by |..... Gran eters fetes Inspection by Ter- Do. Territorial engi- ritorial engi- neer. * neer, Oregon ........ Courts — Surveys by | Post and file claim .| No provision ...... No provision. State engineer when ordered by court. South Dakota .; Courts — Surveys by | Applicationforper- | Inspection by ; Public officials. State engineer. mit. State engineer. eS ee eee OG F5c2 Set Sace eecloene 1G) 5 oe aac s)a 0s 40 40 | ike coe 80 | 7,500 26 | 5,000.00 | 5,000.00 WiTstnnh, os so 8a 35 tf See ae 70 | 8,000 9 | 5,500.00 |} 5,500.00 Washington ........ 46 17 29 150 | 7,282 16.1 - 3,000 OF lo eee West Virginia...... 63 16 47 199 | 9,450 OOo 2 AB Oe 2B! os se eee Wisconsin.......... 92 news 82 270 | 43, 000 31 | 14,942.75 | 12,000. 00 We9OMIMNE So. a) essa. » Si Peerage 1 7 75 SE eee 1, 000. 00 SR ee 3, 271 | 1,842 | 1, 429° 10, 555 /995, 192 | 995 |225, 738. 89 |219, 157. 62 LEGAL WEIGHTS PER BUSHEL. LEGAL WEIGHTS PER BUSHEL. [From Bureau of Standards, Department of Commerce and Labor.]} Legal weights (in pounds) per bushel. 651 | Apples. Beans. 3 Coal. ) a a o a 5 BP ly n ol m | ; / 2 a a als a = isp |l@ls State or | , | & Sig 4 5 | 3 oe he | a |° . S 3\3 Territory.| © | a | ./|* |438 RM ich ~ gice Le dy 1 he het apt Z 5 Sila l/S|/Gissi ali Pig lelaele!eis!1*% sigs! g|s]e hae ee @inal 5 a vo fi) a a 3 oladlaq Is lala a a > 3 vo a o = | oe at = 5 a ae n ° ro a “ S at ey a | ea moi (44 A) oie boo} oO Vo] o-l a | 0 Aln Ye iisin's Pevatletai. Blues BO bet iit i Soret PS D9) ee a TS ee Pe On RNS pcre (ee, Sa as See (eS ee ee a ee ee) ee a a ee ee EE EEE ee eee a hee, Fe SP mie a PRE a SARIN OO i Pv ee ek Pa Pires, Ce deans an oS: 1X. 7a ee be 45 a56 | EN [aed IS cc) (fa) Sar EME en ta [eke (en aged eS nee ee gee ee Pepe ee. i) es b50 | 24] 48 |a60 |.....]..... 14 | 20 | 48-| 52 [nuclear es a Paid ie meek Ste Wear: et 8 PES BON aecaclewckk Vg eS, Se Sa! SRE: (esa cy Sees Cat ae, Stig oats bay LE eiees SES] eee See Nes al ee TS ee el a ere | Seles G04! BO 13 alecas 80 Conn ..... 48 | 25|48] 60|..... Py. pee 20 |....| 48 | 60 | 20 | 60|..... BO ce eee SENS Tt Sita RRS SE FU Ra a cise GOP Ek eS ae SOV al bice laces se clude eee pee a b48'| 124] 48 |d60| 48 |.....1:..,< het tola Res Lote nels seclewawelen os Bey PL kee | CTE aie rae Va 0 een 14 | f 20 BS les. goss Tg ea eae ne, Pete 80 2 ee ey EF pes oe hoes 1 a gal TS Piel a MS ee 1 a fn ee ee a (a PER Beye one a ee ematieh? 3) O45. |> 98° 1-48 lewd solic wsdleccanlotbanfet GOD erie. lee ee ets eee eee 1 Bl Pe leer oe | ce ae ee eee te WHOM HORS le ale ee 44.180 Lol 6S. 4a cab Seg eee 45 LCL Cbppapaed pea) BES 70s BE} BO ea rsa el eak ihe 40} 66 122ii4-c2ce) CO eae 11010) epee Seen a emer NO fel RE Cobia Mee ae eee b 2 ee ee 867}. .:.|.40: | @& 60 Loa ee oak oes (iy ee B64) -4821°44e fl a8 Bato: LL eS So: 4-2 bl pees 44. [-Se5 tise aim eer Belge b patina 70} °664) 60" ne rae hg) Ee ae a) 8 BG eke laecee 44 lve MOM ee eh toe 10s hee re BH SOD! eect: Soha lee set lo oe ote deel aes BO | eh sedae ABs Vea AO ees Bled RS WOete sor. BS) PaO ts aos eh he eee ee 56 he. tf Si eee ip yi. eee eae BG etc eee oe BO. PS. whe cot Saal moka ce oe Sa eee ee Na ele hase eee eral Oe ee ae ee ens 56 |<.22]- ait celooweee 1c Ep ee ie lgaee aguas beep Rel | BS ea DOM eacehosze tease 44} 80 1.3.1 65 4.22 a tacedalecee 45 3S ee en | (RR) FIRS Faas ser geal Meee) (ot 4671-48 7F OO. 22. ee eee 55 +1 ...2<'|s eee alenrs [aa eee i Fie OS Pa aged BO ape) 2 tay Od aaa OB -fssasaitectls ose ees cee sc hehe 66 ole ee ae eee Onion = 6.3 BO ees Csi Be be oo bes cleaea aie aes eeelowee B56 ls iwctees os 44 cae Oa een Baad tare TOrt nee 35am ened ny ee ene Roce e ec ee) Ba) Se: 56 +12. tleun ect w sehen len eee OVO ee ance cH ee Sn tanned deat aae ae hee Sole ena eeee aPose ara [n chet [lalate pe lbtate (lates ae Seer Seetibeeied ta ieee 40 >’ Sal Pas Pape rages MRR Fee) oper BPR ied Oe wo ee) A | eae] ee ey er | 38 eee AQs ite 2% (Oy eae B63" DOS ceclezes ees 4 | 30. at BOdleten eeane 44. oe (SRT ote het 4 ciated pk Tear Lees Reka Ws ae 448, 1°46 | -48r)°"80") €@).| Sn] .. eleecche Soe ee eee PORN’ Sepetes| Meee eer TOrietes = BB tsk ates Ye Ses en Nhe lt ee ae 56. | cai bon weidbeees bee ine een Tenn’ 2... 40 eee 70°) 274 1. * 66: | 2 BO aS SS (oe eh eat 56 | 48 i eo ml pee oan Mew soe et. ay. cee O°) Fea COOH eS aa eeecie esse SESS shat it Ol a ee eae => 5) a plc aeee) Sanpete baa ea lene ata| ee Cg ee Foret eel Da ees ee PE ieee 45 . “560 cr) ys ele ele eeciae 70)... 56-1) DO fetes ae BE he 56-622. )'> Sb ae re is Waive or speci ae Selb BS) eet IW Ae ers eo ke oe Sk et ei ee 56 hon cca oe eee eee 56 Wak 8 2h B60 4s ee Ee eee so ale eee Ab eae ape eee cl Ee ee ee 5 lcs eS, Re Page Rell bP Re) 1605 0 | Ta BO fiance pa oe 5 44 |. 801.0 66) Teen Bara eee — 6B6 a a en ee ee a ET Te IEEE pS ssS—S * Not defined. oe. aCorn in ear, 70 pounds until Dec. 1 next after grown; 68 pounds thereafter. : * bOn the cob. : 3 5 ¢eIndian corn in ear. ge aria plastering hair, 8 pounds; washed plastering hair, 4 pounds. : *¢e e Shelled, i= J Corn in ear from Noy. 1 to May 1 following, 70 pounds; 68 pounds from May 1 to Noy. 1. 7 g Indian corn meal. hs h Cracked corn. iStandard weight bushel corn meal, bolted or unbolted, 48 pounds. ; k Matured. a , }Green unshelled corn, 100 pounds, a LEGAL WEIGHTS PER BUSHEL. 6538 Legal weights (in pounds) per bushel—Continued. Lime. Onions. 3 eS Peaches, Pease. vo " os 3 a2 | 9 : R yn n ° o E é Bp A lad | rs State or ne 5 a Cn |Vod o |%a Territory. z e 1% ae er 35 Sai. A |r * | 4 . 3} 2! Eelola| g ladla 2|/ 8) « 1c aly $1eis/SiualS/+8)4) 8/8) 3 [Seis] a] 2 | 8 se) « aah oe eo ie ine Pepe tS |e te $/ 3 |2 |2| 3 E Sa wie Oo lS ho }o La, @ ta. (A ihe | echo EAs ohtoaens wads BAN wages 3 | NG | bd ard eo aoe | aiciata we atedta | A eiiao | Lapel atealita ess ae ee 60 | Gane | ee eee eee meen lons: tis vaclenkouteates YR SOK | BOE ES So ae ee BS Re BS ids | GS RSA FR BRON es ee RR IER Dee aa Bas abe, Cy Ona, ee Cane i Se EP ees eee Be Sa 0 be iw ctostsnelwntanlanwel kes oe 9 ee hap Mis ley be are 60 Re er et we sdk oil ware ol Bere pt Pea eats | eens as lea My ata awe dies williams were hoe awd lie caulcomee alts leche BIOLO shin cle sn SOicpuatlvencalenass Sea RIG sada ett airs erctetall ialioe [la aie & | atw ota ['s ake ml ao ar ee eetere letece vets weet ooo) 7h (A Ba ee | Saline | re a Baa eee! eters alinn patel cote 45}. 2<0~ ele TOO loose] Sewaaiede o ; 60 Ee ee ae Pees eee 55 Ol 1a 2 en a WRENS Dei dabre'|sacahes at wiiecawel ae ae tees ENS HS 1 Ee aa BB td td ch malt seubsatres lene clcdaiss SB ime licasleetes 25 60 ot 1b S| RDS J SE 5 Perea (CES S| Seiveel | eels sil ate ere la Mtatols [mhaaes | bie cal enlace pater & 2d ali: J pa ple A | RE aes ES a Pe SRP tonsa tas ofthe sa. io a ee afacee ath Gavan las wes 28:1. A OSE TS. claaeelee i aa gs See 80}, -$8. bss STG SRM ite, Todd Ri Sects Ei Te ERR PE oe St) |-- ie Sa ne hosOek] on nae e385 | 50 |. 82 | -48 |..... 14-2 Be a \oecw'slewces SOs la seal’ sae [orucat omen Lees Iowa ...... a Fea a RIES 2 he es aa #0 a) cota Lg I PIE Wee a fs: OS MEY BRAN) eee OR lac ohans ccf sesulaen -feags cle soe: od ie Baie RE re! - ae oT ee ieee BD; ae ese UO Wi 25] batt a fe) | Vigan 2 Ve Pad a (ee i eared eee! plore 241}....| 60 Meehasal.....|<30-41, -cialoote. LOS By ly San Ree 75S CE ae ees aa ROM PST Ce HTS 5 | 60 roe SS 7s) RS eee & Rae! olan AME int Ue Sd Ses cas een ie dues lasanintew de slo ow olde ce shascotcmabenee Mass... 7 AUIN [SRS 2 ae ee PS ae Sra ee Dee Salis a. clive tn leees [o acted SO honda fine 22) aw ae esa tee 60 Mich. ..... Ul PRC Fy Se 50,4), oa, | 04 [lS i Wal ape 35 12k a) ae QBN |S oon eho ceclaesoalacse eee 60 Min. oic¢ UP Rees ae 45°] .32)| b2 I. ou. - x ae Ae a 2O:ilecanclodwal emer eles aelptee 60 TE SS Re ee eR 7 a ey 2 ee ie AS Borate 3 loseetacmes 24’ lS eee TA cots. Selaein als eo en 388 | 50] 32] 57|f28| 14] 36/44] 48] 33 ]|.....].... 48 |....| 56 | 9 60 eee ae 80) 802.252 Sae Ose cee cles ccs toans + BO: tras nieccse| 5 acre Vece 45° la .23\aas 60 NGDE Ss. pele ha 80 | 30) 60] 32). 57] 25 Ic... SA ip (ne Sor liceaslCoatlasccsles Crea 60 "Baal & REPT et (OO (ee Re) RR a ea Sener tae wa Mawde Pathetic cf--+e~lacocclsecsfacccclacacieome 60 PAR ta niccet peli e | apes is | we werdteciees SNM lace aetec uote cacre lanes tooects SO> pate] caseiiee. slolse eee 60 2 eS (1g PaaS eee aa POMNTOMn Lc eens (nee ls on als coe o OO Nececc lect alecectec ce teome 60 ‘SATS Ss SD (a al SD A |e da ee eee ie See Seale wove las ea lelewe- Zo fasemstecacteee 60 DARE ccd POU: lecvcclesscs PeUn ae ee a roe ese on ccie dsc |ae=e-| «gus -foren|>-accieosal eee 60 i a (0 ee SSR2 SEHR OU Sea eOdet hagcteen, dees aa) ot ASS i Sot ian slotec | Secs'alee ee eee 60 AIRE enon Sacer. aera same SAM EO een eerebe cee le ewal ne tac leans =. GO los wc sso se cal.cecleoncleooareeatee as BG. |< Snel nennln wan faces lan gate hxcnis [eet ate ferent an 2 eee Ll es eee) Spree meee mere kee 2 66 |... sfe62 | SB.) nfece dene ee oa alee eee eee Morte be O21 60"). -2 oooh we eee BO / 06 ts. =|) SO JO) 20) tose Bx DAK oo eulssscx 463) G0). Sok ce ose Saas BG: [BO oes leetsdworttes cok eeoe POD ch cvs has nce 60} .GOUGIS |S. cho de leaceete os a) a) YE ee a eee 60 10> eee) ae 5B | GO lw. o.lden alee ceteeetls oe OG BO ile heelecatlocestamee ae GO! fede ess Sel Sees fees lature « BG} 20) Hewiaw ls cele omcitas eh elena Wis aati cehecaes SON OO.) EB satoen lecec tie « DG WOO inal bata le ceilemen abaines Woosh. 5... GOs ceclioceshoues| ons eee eet ieee BO |oc% a) ocbrel eia'es bocce ecg aclaawatakea cine Seen W.Va. GO aE Re alan Se eclieet 15.7 Eee, eae (RY eae ee ae a 8 WIS scan calente> 54.1 60) ee} 48. 1S Best 50") 06 f.2. OOP 70 205 fe acs chan * Not defined. c Ground salt, 70 pounds. - So hum saccharatum seed, dIindia wh at, 46 pounds. eed. — Page ; Tea, wer , sae Seale Ay ee ee A et Or ee SPS de PONT Si OT oh tee an Fe LEGAL WEIGHTS PER BUSHEL. 655 Commodities for which legal weights per bushel have been fixed in but one or two States. [From Bureau of Standards, Department of Commerce and Labor. | Article, ME WOGOS vibe ch cdhiads pwabcnh spas che stews e PTET ORL BOOU 2 60. ciwescucdinece~6d> 06 NTI EM et te alec «cae ides beens ame PE INORMION Bia ta a eens te Ca unit adie Gain ae wate bawnd ERC Mae dG is a vd dit Sa keen aciewe dbp sxe ¢ Canary MOUSER ocect onc an etme ke hea i Bae aR ees a 26,016,000 | 25,759,000 | 25,272,000} 18,759,000 21,300,000 __ oS Re anes ere ae 16,000,000 | 15,000,000 | 16,000,000 | 14, 000, 000 15,000,000 SE 8 chs cbs 87,969,000 | 100,455,000 | 71,028,000 | 88, 990, 000 87, 000, 000 . Jar Ta | YEE eR BRR. Ets ane See a 15, 446, 000 17, 535, 000 138, 462, 000 16, 056, 000 12, 529, 000 a PRR ee Suita amma eam 127, 656,000 | 127,389,000 | 104,546,000 | 185, 751, 000 59, 400, 000 _ Croatia-Slavonia '............--- 18, 691, 000 20, 469, 000 15, 255, 000 23, 776, 000 11, 366, 000 ; Total Austria-Hungary...| 161,793,000 | 165,393,000 | 188,263,000 | 175,583, 000 83, 295, 000 3 yn > 1 Ea a ee ee 85, 047,000 | 116, 945, 000 68, 447, 000 80, 272, 000 19, 598, 000 . Bulgaria and East Roumelia...| 18, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 18, 109, 000 22, 836, 000 18, 000, 000 SONI ot a Sate» Biel 18, 472, 000 18, 849, 000 18, 396, 000 19, 479, 000 9, 498, 000 a {TO ae Ra eat tes Be 34, 256, 000 68, 400, 000 48, 647, 000 50, 732, 000 26,032,000 Total HUTOpe .«ctinwens se 469,785,000 | 562,194,000 | 424,090,000 | 496,011, 000 302, 723, 000 ; Oe ORO ce ies ahaa wn wens 850, 000 529, 000 556, 000 435, 000 391, 000 3 Mirek... eh ots oe teusth see. 25,000,000 | 30,000,000 | 30,000,000 | — 80, 000, 000 30,000,000 Bane OOlOnY . oiicc.s-caweavuree 2, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 8, 502, 000 3, 000, 000 q Total ATVIOS ... sasecsic | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. | 1904, | 1905, pote 3) laren Bush. | Bush. | Bush. | Bush. | Bush. | Bush.| Bush. | Bus 37.0 36.0 | . h. | Bush. | Bush. PEMD ERRN coe nea cea cba dar 37.0 40.0 | 86.0| 86.0] 389.4] 21.7) 80.2] 89.7) 848 BOW RAO DOD 3.5 6 coe wiv eee 42.0 34.0 41.0 39.0 87.0 | 38.5 23.3 21.0 27.8.1 87.0 COM EC SOs: . ek y pe auws ome 41.0 35.0 43.0 36.0 40.0 40.0 | 21.8 23.4 35.9 34,7 Massachusetts ............... 43.0 82.5 40.0 36.0 35.0 | 40. 5 81.3 24.0 36.0 37.5 PEA LRIAI OL: ace ancv'eniwwnes 34.0 31.0 34.0 31.0 $2. 0 / 82.1 23.4] 80.1 34.1 | 82.5 SOOEIEOCUOUL c; coe kesucacnvers 88.0 $1.5 37.0 39.0 88. 0 89.0 | 8l.o 22.4 33.9 42.7 MNT GE Lt Mince de cuadas 34.0 | 31.0] 33.0] 31.0 ]- 32.0| 33.0] 25.0| 25.0| 27.3!/ 31.5 A ee ee ae 33.0 81.5 37.0 39.0 83.0 | 386.9 34.5 24.0 38.0 | 35.8 Pennsylvania. .......25..0s0. 40.0 | 36.0] 87.0] 382.0] 25.0 | 35.0) 36.1 31.2] 34.0) *38.9 DMEM ds ot tlw sida cakes 22.0 29.0 25.0 22.0 24.0 30.0 | 28.0 7.1 30.4) 30.4 Try RS SN Seep es oad 32.0 33.0 31.0 32.0 26.0 84:2 | 82.4 28.7 33.4 36.9 IIIS oie, ode gp vce cdewa res 21.5 18.0 22.0 20. 0 16.0 Ze. 22.0 21.8 23.3 23.4 POOR CATOMUNGE. oc... ca dew acs 12.0 13.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 13.9 14,7 15,2 13.9 MOULE CATOMUNG. .o2.-...necere 9.0 9.0 10.0 9.0 7.0 6.9 10.4 {| 10.5 12.4 10.9 RIM E955 Nin copie ods Ske 1. Onl a. 0 9.0} 10.0; 10.0] 10.0 90.0 114. |, bee 11.0 nS et aS ea 10.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 8.0 9.0 8.6 9.9 10.7 10.1 SUMMER ENCE cc whe na ls ok «bine 12.5 12.0 15.0 12.0 11.0 10.9 8.4 14.8 15.0 14.8 oie ee a en 13.5 14.5 18.0 16.0 11.0 10.9 ai Ra) 18.4 19: 14.3 ES Ry og a 13.0 17.0 18.0 18.0 17.0 13.7 125 20. 6 19.9 18;,7 Tp Re ee ee eee a 9.5 18.5 25.0 18.0 18.5 11.6 8.1 24.2 22.6 21.3 MRMECTINSMG 2 2O 5 abasic wc ene 13.5 16.0 20. 0 20.0 19.0 8.1 21.3 20.9 21.6 17.8 DE toon ew hou eae 23.0 21.0 26.0 20.0 20.0 14,2 21.9 23. 5 25.0 24.6 MRE WARSI DIG sc ce ede wteas 30.0 24.5 29.0 26.0 27.0 23 0 26.5 22.6 25.3 29.8 MOR Visco kG os ewe nas 28.0 23.0 31.0 21.0 26.0 15.6 27.0 26.6 26.9 29.7 MINES ee ts LC ce a bol neat 41.0 32.5 37.0 36.0 37.0! 26.1 38.0 29.6 82.5 37.8 1 Ue Ss ES Sa ie 38.0 + 9 3 34. 0 25.0 36.0 34.5 26.4 su. 5 28.6 34.0 Lit Dv Se re ee 35. 0 30.0 36.0 38.0 38.0 19.8 37.9 | 33.2 81.5 40.7 WEES DT a RT a SO 40.5} 32.5 30. 0 26.0 Biv Dnle ks 38.7 82.2 36.5 39.8 PUAPRMOIIHIIE Bate oc hoa a ses B10) > aovUi te a2.) qs0.0 | e400) ] 24.4) ) 628.2). 29.8 1 2a7 37.6 UL Sbabal ie) 0: hp i a Sante ae 30.5 26.0 32.0 33.0 33.0 26.3 22.8 28.3 26.9 32.5 7 Re Rs ee eR en honest 39.0 29.0 35. 0 31.0 38.0 25.0 32.0 28.0 32.6 34.8 OE Sey OE eee 27.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 28.0 10.1 39.0 32.4 26. 2 33.8 EIA e at. harten ee cacao nk 28. 0 18.0 16.0 27.0 19.0 7.8 29.9 25.6 20.9 yA bt | ee hel a WS an eee ee 37.5 30.0 21.0 28.0 | .26.0 14.1 32.3 26.0 32. 8 32.8 etal WLEGUNG 2ecct se. oe ates 26.0 24.0 28.0 26.0 7 M4 21.0 18.9 21.2 28.1 31.8 Mini DAKO so s.0occccl. seca 35. 0 17.0 19.0 23.0 16.0 22.6 19.4 Di 2, 21,2 27.5 EMR LTASL SMA cc ca te sane 26.0 18.0 28.0 23.0 15.0 25.0 Deed) | 24. 1 a Be 19.4 WILT eau es ohana 25.0 12.0 16.0 22.0 34.0 39.5 19.8 19.4 $2.5 26.9 PSMOLROO LA coi ot caw coves 16.0 19.0 18.0 1750 19.0 171 16.5 19.8 20.5 23.8 MOTOS ~ Sond. Sadan eben 16.0 216). 21/0 20.0 22.0 | 31.6 22.0 24.0 yp ey | 25.3 | SEE Se eae STREP SBN 9 Seas Seer) Saas 18.0| 20.2; 22.4] 23.8] 27.0 SR ee Secs Go's ives Sow cs 25.0 22.0 21.0 20.0 20. 0 19.4 20.1 21.4 3 ae 36.2 RS Aa 5 ARI RT eS RA Se gre Ses eee | ae I, A eee ny (iF cule 23.0 24.7 34.5 29.3 Zia DERE GOM ~~ oi a olan ti sete ce 14.0 18.0 12.0 23.0 20.0 1725 23.0 231 24.7 24.2 MPEDIR Ee asiS aloe coo ames 22.0 25.0 24.0 22.0 23.0 | > 20.8 23.4 25.8 28.8 23.0 SEMMEGTINI sk - cero nace ne tes o 37.0 31.5 20..0¢}7 ‘2720 25.0 31.0} .30.5 30. 7 28.6 32.0 Pmnamertateies sy 2 oe Sah oe asa eee te ae 19.0} 26.0 ae 25.8 23. 3°) 28.1 25.3 SERRE eTIILOTY _..... -- 2b fhe clos sds ae | Sess ee See eee 8 a ee 12.0 24.9 27.7 32.4 O2. 7 General average .....-. 28.2 | 23.8] 24.8| 25.3| 25.3| 16.7 | 26.8| 25.5| 26.8| 28.8 660 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Average value per acre of corn in the United States, based upon farm value December 1, 1896-1905, by States, State or Territory. 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1899, | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. | 1904. | 1905. 1 ONT CN ey ee eee $17.39 |$17. 389 |$19.20 ($18.00 |$19. 80 |$29.94 $16.06 |$19.93 |$32.16 | $23. 67 New Hampshire ............. 18.90 | 15.30 } 18.86 | 19.11 | 20.72 | 80.03 | 17.01 | 18.23 | 19.66 | 25.58 |, CONT) SRR ee eee ee ee 15. 58 | 15.05 | 18.92 | 16.92 | 20.00 | 29.20 | 14.82 | 14.51 | 26,21 23. 60 Massachusetts «<. ccc wccccees 19.78 | 15.28 | 19.60 | 18.36 | 20.52 | 80.78 | 23.16 | 15.84 | 25,92 26. 25 MNO e TSIANe - fo oc ccwkoancce 16. 66 | 16.74 | 21.76 | 16.43 | 21.44 | 24.40 | 22.15 | 24.38 | 28. 64 23. 08 DRMGMEIONS «=. 5. < ocacdcasnee 15. 96 | 1&.43 | 19.24 | 19.50 | 20.90 | 29.25 | 23.381 | 15.01 | 28.40 | 80,32 ERCP OMe te oe ee 12.92 | 12.40} 14.19 | 18.95 | 15.04 | 23.76 | 16.75 | 15.00 | 17. 47 19. 21 CS) a 11.88 | 11.97 | 14.80 | 15.60 | 14.85 | 24.35 | 19.82 | 18.68 | 22.04 19. 69 Ponmevivanis.. -i 6.75 |} 6.08-| 4.91 116.17 | 9:22 | Soa 9.14 renesn rs = foe hb Te ie 4.88 | 5.10 | 4.62] 6.44] 8.06] 7.61] 9.69} 7.28 | 10.82) 10.60 South Da wots 22. .clccacoc. 4.68 | 5,04 |» 6.44.1 | 6.76 | 7.88 | 9.45 | 7.75 | “9:62 PaO 9. 86 Morth Dako ...22.¢o.ccc-. 8.75 | 5.44] 6.84] 7.59] 6.72] 10.40 | 8.73 | 10.58} 8,48 9.90 LUGO ORR ee eee 15.60 | 11.70 | 18.48 | 11.96 | 8.85 | 22.50 | 15.84 | 14.94 | 15.10} 138.19 MOTI OF oes ans «nna sian ae 19.50 | 6.00 | 8.80) 9.46 | 20.40 } 28.44 | 11.68 | 11.25 | 18.52} 20.17 GrOracel oo. coche ese pee eeak 5.76 |. 7.22 [> 7.20 |. 7.81 1 9.12 1:32.65 |] 9.73] 10.69. | 00 G7 eee Maw MOSIGO 2050 see atece nce 8.80 | 15.66 | 11.76 | 11.60 | 14.08 | 24.33 | 17.16 | 18.00 | 17.71 | 17.46 piece a! Sor gre a al Re DER Ee Sw eet me caer 16.20 | 20.40 | 20.16 | 21.66 | 26.19 Tt oe See hee ee ee 12.75 | 12.10 | 12.60 | 11.80 | 12.60 | 17.46 | 13.47 | 14.98 | 23.90} 25.34 Were raey SCO 2 Se Se ee BO FC eee ee 13.80 | 15.31 | 19.67 | 20.51 | 17.95 Washington 222% occ o2 = cats ee 7.98 | 9.90] 5.04 | 12.65 | 11.80 | 10.15 | 14.95 | 12.70 | 16.80 | 14,52 OChiperon te. sey eee ie ee 12.32 | 138.25 | 14.40 | 14.08 | 13.11 | 11.86 | 15.44 | 17.29 | 17.57 | 13.57 erent So ee 19.61 | 17.64 | 16.12 | 16.20 | 15.25 | 21.08 | 23.49 )) 22.72 | 22.31 | 24.32 PORNO se oe sc So ck EIR eee ee 8.80 | 6.76] 6.55] 10.06 | 8.85 | 10.96 8.10 Pepebind PE OLTTCOLG ns aangee ants eae om alsaae onl euanmetalaworeen aaa 9.12 | 10.71 | 10.80 | 12.96 | 12.10 General average ...... 6.06 | 6.26] 7.10] 7.66] 9.02 | 10.09 | 10.81 | 10.82 | 11.79) 11.88 [2 °'? to rv a i — sa a): 7 es STATISTIOS OF CORN. 661 Average farm price of corn per bushel inthe United States, December 1, 1896-1905, by States. State or Territory. 1896. |-1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. | 1904. | 1905. Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. DROUIN TUS Fiscuaccuwupccccissua 47 47 48 50 55 76 74 66 81 69 New Hampshire ............. 45 45 46 49 56 78 73 63 72 69 WORMIGHW Geils cactscsdteccess 88 43 44 47 § 73 68 62 73 68 POAC HNOCUS fo 2850.2. eewss 46 47 49 51 4 76 74 66 72 70 MMOGG TRIBNG boris cua wcewnse 49 5A 64 53 67 76 78 81 84 71 ROOMNIGCULGUGy node danas se vewn 42 49 52 50 55 75 74 67 73 71 on MR CRMOMTIE Sia ere. cS ded ure We wibte a 38 40 43 45 47 72 67 60 64 61 SR GUND Yin e So oetnsdueticces 36 38 40 40 45 66 56 57 58 55 PORMBYLVANIO . 05.5%. sen cuwne 33 b4 40 41 45 62 58 57 59 54 SUMING onda sol cmarrale teeas 25 30 31 34 38 57 49 49 49 47 PRO URMEIED Whitacu vi abumaccecties 82 380 35 36 41 58 51 51 50 48 MIM BS ng oc 5b wwohdte tieetwe 82 88 85 38 49 59 52 53 59 53 Prt OGPOMNG.', oii «ecu cee ss 37 43 43 47 57 73 60 61 62 64 BEAU) CPTOUNE 5 «ss ohne ac te wee 46 49 46 50 64 84 69 69 70 74 DPMS Ft low Sides phe vous 43 48 48 50 57 82 73 69 71 7 PI eis cc Code wow wae ode 53 55 50 53 60 85 77 73 75 66 PIDALINE ei udu cc ccwhawstkeos 45 46 41 47 58 77 67 57 60 64 PRIS Pein a oh fcr ates ier fu 44 45 89 46 538 74 61 54 56 65 MPSTIRIRAI Mila d sotto nec Seue o 45 45 41 44 50 75 66 58 57 61 oo RRSP eee? Cet ae Sere ne 41 41 34 36 47 80 66 48 52 49 Je aN ER po ia ee ee 37 40 29 38 43 81 49 51 53 55 PEA TEGRSOO "a. . 3. bianca wch auc 28 36 29 39 49 65 47 49 50 50 GRC VALID. x acs so aes sawn y 40 37 45 50 65 54 64 64 53 OP DEG 9 ga Bie eee 25 35 27 37 40 61 42 56 49 43 2 SE eS eee a a a ae Se 7At 25 27 30 34 57 42 47 46 43 MURIIIMT he io OLS wits de 24 27 34 36 37 62 52 46 52 46 RIRINMEN EE eee ee ute we 19 21 25 27 32 55 36 36 41 38 Len 25S 1 gee a a 18 21 25 26 32 57 36 36 39 38 WVIBOCONMLO tte ees. Sa. S 22 25 28 30 33 52 50 43 46 42 WP PIETIONGUA Co cess Shweta soe 19 24 24 24 29 45 40 38 36 33 EE SPR BANE! © se rat RE Be 14 LT 23 23 27 52 33 38 33 34 PEPSIOIEEL bce ois coc ee 20 24 27 30 82 67 33 34 44 37 LETT ORS FE SE eG eee Ae 18 22 26 25 32 63 34 36 41 33 PSEA OG Sore = OS oe oe ae 13 17 22 23 81 54 30 28 33 32 SOTUOG EC. : GL 52 48 523} 474) 50%) 46 495) 491} 50 463) 493) 1.324) 1.40 aii ave ax | 62 583} 484) 562) 49 544| 48 644) 494) 654 48 53 | 1.324) 1.50 a we oa 573} 624) 503) 64 54 57 513} 563) 54 57} 503} 66 | 1.40 | 1.45 1 Se 593} 653) 58 65 57 593; 533) 59 573; 58 51 584) 1.40 | 1.424 August....... 60 623} 56 633} 64 573| 58 57 554| 57 514} 644] 1.40 | 1.424 September ... 59 61 56 63 544] 563) 513, 544) 543) 55%) 513 4] 1.323] 1.40 October ...... 583} 623) 51 63 534) 56%) 50 543} 554) 59 50 533) 1.30 | 1.324 November ...| 524 623) 42 61 453, 53 453) 614) 443) 563) 413]/ 614] 1.30] 1.372 December....| 503} 533) 42 614; 444) 47 42 503} 443) 453| 414) 462) 1.323] 1.374 WHEAT. Wheat crop of countries named, 1901-1905 Country. 1901. 1902. | 1903. | 1904. 1905. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. WRIA eee. ...4 Bh ecech elk ec 748,460,000 | 670,063,000 | 637,822,000 | 552,400,000 692, 979, 000 Un Dg Sa ES See Pere eee 22, 118, 000 26, 904, 000 22, 583, 000 13, 030, 000 22, 195, 000 1 TR UE) 0 a 4p, ee 52, 094, 000 54, 750, 000 41, 381, 000 40, 397, 000 57,518, 000 Northwest Territories .......... | 138,212,000 14, 397, 000 16, 619, 000 17, 407, 000 29, 309, 000 ReeoL Or CANAGR oo. 52s oc 55% LG 4, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 POs! CANAGa® ono oa das. 91,424,000 | 100,051,000 84, 583, 000 74, 834, 000 113, 022, 000 | 2 tS See eee 12, 021, 000 8, 477, 000 10, 493, 000 9, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 Total North America..... 851, 905,000 | 778,591,000 | 732,898,000 | 636, 234, 000 812, 001, 000 JUS 20. eee ee 9, 000, 000 10, 641, 000 10, 014, 000 17, 948, 000 14, 700, 000 Jose El EES ea 74, 753, 000 56, 380,000 | 103,759,000 | 129,672,000 150, 745, 000 iS LE SO eee eee 3, 664, 000 7, 604, 000 5, 240, 000 7, 565, 000 , 000, 000 Total South America..... 87, 417, 000 74,625,000 | 119,013,000 | 155,185, 000 171, 445, 000 Rereta riiaite soo) Le. 3. he 54, 111, 000 58, 463, 000 49, 144, 000 38, 043, 000 60, 759, 000 i711 Ege Ae EN a ee 1, 470, 000 1, 602, 000 1, 176, 000 1, 040, 000 1, 300, 000 Total United Kingdom... 55, 581, 000 60, 065, 000 5v, 320, 000 39, 083, 000 62, 059, 000 MEME So Jas. Cee Let 300, 000 265, 000 307, 000 212, 000 300, 000 pcg 2! ES a oo a ee oe 4,193, 000 4, 757, 000 5, 538, 000 5, 417, 000 5, 419, 000 a Ng Cee ee ee ee 942, 000 4, 528, 000 4, 461, 000 4, 302, 000 4, 500, 000 eierinita) ie och soc es 4, 231, 000 5, 105, 000 4, 258, 000 4, 423, 000 4, 400, 000 CEL o tO Ge SE 2 eps os eee a ee 14, 143, 000 14, 521, 000 2,350, 000 13, 817, 000 138, 000, 000 MACOS oceramlsee ete a Oe 310, 938,000 | 327,841,000 | 864,320,000 | 298,826,000 338, 785, 000 NE Ste a a Sh Be 136, 905,000 | 133,523,000 | 128,979, 000 95, 377, 000 83, 605, 000 | ii sa: * OCR ae a, See eee eS 10, 000, 000 10, 400, 000 8, 000, 000 6, 500, 000 5, 000, 000 Lo BE ei es, ©) 2 ee 164,587,000 | 136,210,000 | 184,451,000 | 150, 664,000 160, 000, 000 EWSURCTIODG Se ea oak So St 4, 400, 000 , 200, 000 , 000, 000 4, 000, 000 4, 000, 000 PCIMHOS. Cont Sees ck a = a 91, 817, 000 | 143,315,000 | 130,626,000 | 139,803,000 135, 947, 000 Ct, eh ye ee 44, 027, 000 49, 655, 000 46, 198, 000 53, 734, 000 | 54, 466, PINTER. Eda ea. aes oe 123, 936,000 | 170,884,000 161, 958, 000 | 137,078, 000 157, 512, 000 Croatia-Slavonia. 2 .......2..233 10, 693, 000 12, 017, 000 14, 664, 000 9, 841, 000 | 12, 668, 000 Bosnia-Herzegovina............ 2, 244, 000 2, 466, 000 4, 036, 000 3, 882, 000 / , 000, Total Austria-Hungary...| 180,900,000 | 235,022,000 | 226,856,000 | 204,535, 000 ! 227, 646, 000 ——— Ef oo —wa=@apqoO~SGoOos=>soq0Ss>so>o>o =i e+ _aawswaaw>ws>w>wao |}{—wa ae 0000 0 ———s—s>s>q>qo>s”snnsnsFF Uae 664 Wheat crop of countries named, 1901-1905—Continued. YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE: Country. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904, 1905, Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels Bushels. ee pemaevaen 72, 386, 000 76, 220, 000 73, 700, 000 53, 738, 000 100, 000, 000 NN eee a 24, 000, 000 35, 000, 36, 000, 000 42, 000, 000 39, 000, 000 (OT eng AS ee a 2 sy a ca 8, 102, 000 11, 409, 000 10, 885, 000 11, 700, 00U , 300. MRIGOING © Soo ocs cca sca cacewn’ 200, 000 200, 000 200, 000 200, 000 Wrewey Wh TNYONG -* co. = oo cas 22, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 26, 000, 000 23, 000, 000 20, SS See See on eS es 6, 400, 000 7, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 6, Were DIONOl. 3 oo. sine cassce cs 319,991,000 | 463,258,000 | 454,596,000 | 519, 964,000 451, ee eae 14, 409,000 20, 349, 000 19, 255, 000 21, 241, 000 20, Northern Caucasia ............- 67, 232, 000 77, 069, 000 77, 941, 000 81, 132, 000 96, 1.0 0, EL a PE Re eo ee 140, 000 79, 000 150, 000 150, 000 Total Russia in Europe...| 401,772,000 | 560,755,000 | 551,942,000 | 622, 487, 000 568, 532, 000 Wotal Furone.....-..,..<. 1, 513, 797, 000 |1, 795, 336, 000 |1, 831, 193, 000 |1, 726,084,000 | 1, 790, 693, 000 Ea oe ear 16,504,000 | 30,796,000 | 48,670,000} 31,590,000 | 42, 412, 000 RINT ON OIG od te =. Ns en 9, 645, 000 15, 897, 000 20, 995, 000 12, 822, 000 25, 491, 000 rey yt ee er ne een 85, , 000 38, 025, 000 40, 437, 000 42, 000, 000 40, Total Russia in Asia....-- 61, 149, 000 84, 718,000 | 110, 102, 000 86, 412, 000 107, 903, 000 Wy Ro Ce a oe 30, 000, 000 35, 000, 000 33, 000, 000 33, 000, 000 33, WE eae 1, 943, 000 1, 181, 000 812, 000 2, 241, 000 1, emia oo Oe a Ss 15, 200, 000 18, 600, 000 16, 000, 000 16, 000, 000 16, RPERIREC INGOTS. cet Se abilesacoes 264, 825,000 | 227,380,000 |} 297,601,000 | 359, 936, 000 281, UNNI fs 2 SE ee os, vee 22, 457,000 | 20, 243, 000 9,600,000 | 21, 000, 16, otal Agia. .=322s.2cn6.0065 395, 574,000 | 382,122,000 | 467,115,000 | 518, 589, 000 456, 11° 2 i ea aaa te oh 32,244,000 | 38,896,000 | 34,035,000 | 25,484,000} 20, SP tes not ee 4, 428, 000 4, 127, 000 7, 523, 000 10, 519, 000 1; 1 a ee ee ee 12, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 11, 000, 000 12, 000, 000 12, aie Canny 2 ee ne cee 2, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 , 700, 000 , 000, 2, Total Atricse 2. acs 799, 000 963, 000 1, 017, 000 1, 985, 000 2. Sonth- Australis. .o0.-.:... 25. -22- 11, 608, 000 8, 265, 000 6, 555, 000 13, 626, 000 12, i CES ii ee eee 1, 232, 000 1, 746, 000 6, 000 , 514, 000 2, New South Wales..........-..-. 16, 683, 000 15, 275, 000 1, 635, 000 28, 196, 000 16, oi Cg De aS Bye eee eA 18, 410, 000 12, 510, 000 2, 650, 000 29, 425, 000 pa Perse ee ee ee 1, 145, 000 994, 000 5, 000 92, Potel-Australia ..-.<-* 325: 49, 877, 000 39, 753, 000 12, 768, 000 76, 488, 000 56, 215, 000 OO, Se eee 6, 733, 000 4,174, 000 7, 693, 000 8, 140, 000 9, 411, 000 Total Australasia.....-... 56,610,000 | 43,927,000 | 20,461,000 | 84, 628, 000 | 65, 626, 000 RECAPITULATION BY CONTINENTS, North America ...............-- 851,905,000 | 778,591,000 | 732,898,000 | 636, 234, 000 812, 001, BOER AINCTIOR o.,25 seimciied. ini Sac oc 1900-1901. } : Bushels. | Bushels. / Bushels. | Bushels. Bushels. es a" Seas wee. x ee 61,354,000 | 27,090,000 _ 18,069,000 | 46,544,000 59, 063, 000 1 I be CAEE SRE 58,414,000 | 23,793,000 | 11,430,000 | 49, 155, 000 60, 398, 000 (oo ta SR OARS a Ed 57,588,000 | 20,362,000 | 10,499,000 | 48,087, 000 69, 003, 000 RNID 80 oe hyd, oC 63,955,000 | 31,508,000 | 22,857,000 | 60,040, 000 76,071, 000 OS s e S / 76,716,000 | 42,609,000 | 33,930,000 | 77,195, 000 82, 238,000 MRM. 3. boss <6). ar baat | 76,433,000 | 49,859,000 | 45,914,000 | 84,687,000.} 89,591,000 IEE oS ae Se 2 eee 73,270,000 | 54,173,000 | 51,057,000 | 89, 252, 000 88, 456, 090 MME @ omg Soo 33s 3. cc ESE 68,092,000 | 51,105,000 | 51,648,000 | 87, 473, 000 86,324,000 ~ +. RS ie Sr aE Be 61,664,000 | 45,021,000 | 51,085,000 | 83, 935, 000 79, 300, 000 + = aR nana aaa are 55,946,000 | 40,577,000 | 51,747,000 | 77, 113,000 73, 879, 000 IR SEAR Bee 49,684,000 | 31,039,000 | 47,258,000 | 70,764,000 60,298 000 2S AEE) ELIE ERE 5 37,975,000 27, 479, 000 | 42,092,000 | 57,617,000 47, 109, 000 eee Ne 8 ee ee ee eee ‘ Month. 1901-1902. eee 1902-1903. swore, | seezasm, | 9m, | aorta. | 19006 1903-1904. PRES a By | 'Bushels. | Bushels. ny RY Sa Beye | 37,819, 000 —— 786,000 | 24, 142, 000 | 21,131,000 20, 476, 000 RNR 55 oo Lost 5e awe | 40,924,000 | 31,436,000 | 21,480,000 19, 508, 000 21,314, 000 SIN oo oS on ca ok a 42,242,000 | 83,579,000 | 22,824,000 | 20, 905, 000 21, 705, 000 8 RL Leia il | 58,790,000 | 44,217,000 | 33,043,000 29, 230, 000 28, 894, 000 Eee Meee ae | 64, 616, 000 67, 490, 000 49, 269, 000 41, 252, 000 53, 745, 000 Se ae eae Be! 85,631,000 | 78,352,000 | 59,050,000 | 54,387, 000 62, 402, 000 — TSN ei ae ep ' 94,900,000 | 80,769,000 | 55,961,000 | 56,892, 000 71, 634,000 a ee ae | 88, 800, 000 81,348, 000 55, 818, 000 54, 597, 000 73,151,000 — - ee RARE 2 | $2,790,000 | 76,336,000} 55,459,000 | 52, 907, 000 70, 530, 000 _ 2 a ee a RE a (2 ee | 73,576,000 | 67,954,000 | 49, 639,000 | 46, 865, 000 66, 599, 000 Oy Se a ane S >” | 610,000 | 52,585,000 | 45,307,000 | 40, 158, 000 54, 856,000 29,685,000 | 28,532,000 |..........- = a The figures for stocks east of the Rocky Mountains represent 62 principal points of accumul including Manitoba elevators and stocks afloat on lakes and canals, as reported by Bradstreet’s. STATISTICS OF WHEAT. 667 Visible supply of wheat in the United States and Canada, first of each month, for ten years—Continued. PACIFIC COAST. Month. | 1896-1897. 1897-1898. 1898-1899. | 1899-1900. | 1900-1901. | Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels, | Bushels, es SR Ry ences pee | 1,927,000 1, 112, 000 2, 935, 000 3, 409, 000 5, 903, 000 oS Doe 1, 917, 000 2, 247, 000 2, 608, 000 4, 188, 000 5, 770, 000 MRAP 2) Do * 5 3 oes wi asada | 3, 512, 000 4, 651, 000 3, 065, 000 6, 282, 000 7, 483, 000 RO, te ee ee Te ae Oe 6, 251, 000 4, 671, 000 8, 858, 000 10, 208, 000 Co LS ea ee ore 6, 883, 000 , 391, 000 5, 621, 000 11, 085, 000 9, 983, 000 ST RE ar ee | 6, 548, 000 6, 944, 000 6, 269,000 | 10,678, 000 10, 057, 000 2 a a 4, 189, 000 6, 661, 000 5, 923, 000 9, 022, 000 8, 686, 000 BUI C0e | 25 cewea de od ness | 8, 005, 000 5, 318, 000 5, 030, 000 8, 923, 000 8, 717, 000 SR ROR | 1, 857, 000 4, 424, 000 5, 104, 000 7, 814, 000 6, 972, 000 Me athe. 95 cg dtict ne da duek | 1,730,000 3, 466, 000 4, 321, 000 7, 207, 000 6, 325, 000 st ase ca wen 1,614, 000 3, 051, 000 4, 455, 000 7, 050, 000 5, 084, 000 | Os eee | 1, 221, 000 3,236,000 | 3, 635, 000 6, 866, 000 4, 672, 000 ) ; ’ Month. | 1901-1902. | 1902-1903. | 1903-1904. | 1904-1905. | 1905-1906. | Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels A 2. cuwl ans ice eduae 3, 228, 000 2, 725, 000 1, 775, 000 1, 668, 000 839, 000 Rs oe nna. cals | 8,935, 000 2,345, 000 1, 400, 000 1, 351, 000 581, 000 | Sa REP pao eas 4, 266, 000 3, 024, 000 1, 798, 000 1, 582, 000 1, 130, 600 SS ee 6, 235, 000 4, 737, 000 3, 227, 000 4, 106, 000 3, 156, 000 Ss 28, ry 85 2852.32 7, 262, 000 4,719, 000 3, 447, 000 3, 874, 000 4, 486, 000 a 7, 378, 000 5, 361, 000 3,591, 000 3, 733, 000 5, 866, 000 Ae 7, 186, 000 4, 992, 000 3, 282, 000 3, 458, 000 5, 511, 000 OS 92. 6 771.9 76.2 67.3 65.6 | 470.9 91.4 91.7 88.6 \oteweee Beate awa a bs's 97.1 82.1 88.9 82.7 80.8 | 469.6 87.3 55.2 BB: 4 {. aeons 11 AoE Sa ee 97.1 91.7 94.1 87.8 88.3 | 782.8 92.0 95. 6 80; 6 eae ME ia wp nna bw 86.7 78.7 76.4 76.1 77.0 | 480.0 95. 4 92:4 80. 7 neuen Pe emias toes note 3 99, 7 97.2 92. 6 82. 2 78.8 | @74.7 95. 9 82.5 71.1) Sneeneee PE Sn deice= «bes 86.6 76.5 76.5 77.7 | hy Per ee 93.4 93.7 87.5 66.2 1 ES SGA 82:9 | ~ 91.6 92.5 85.5 | 82.7 |...-.-.- 93.7 91.0 89.2 87.3 ara nkid« « é March 1, 1906. where Acreage. Production. Value. grown. Acres. Bushels. Dollars. Bushels. Per cent. Bushels. DEO Seg uiais wa vin bencaee 7, 880 181, 240 192,114 57, 997 82 ROETIDGN achat cm Fee wane 1,461 27,467 24, 720 9,613 35 0 EOE: OL one ean ul ves 490, 521 10, 300, 941 8, 858, 809 2,472, 226 24 1, 442, 182 New Jersey ........... 110, 075 1, 805, 28u 1, 588, 602 397, 151 22 361, 046 Pennsylvania......... 1,629,279 | 27,860, 671 24, 238, 784 10, 029, 842 36| 2, 786, 067 PPOIGWALO soc cnn sauces 121, 001 1, 669, 814 1, 369, 247 417, 454 25 784, 813 Maryland ............. 809,619 | 138,196,790 | 10,821,368 2,903, 294 22 8, 050, 042 ER ati cn eas axes 738, 480 8, 418, 672 7,408, 431 2, 273, 041 27 8, 114, 909 North Carolina ....... 598, 3825 8, 975, 278 4,054, 754 1, 078, 325 27 198, 764 South Carolina ....... 818, 419 1, 942, 356 2,156, 015 369, 048 19 19, 424 PERE EM shes ans ar anye 805, 298 2, 106, 556 2, 254, 015 484, 508 23 63,197 J eS sae a 108, 446 1, 041, 082 1,051, 493 176, 984 17 10, 411 IRE TROL a < 0.< os dy aimee 2,619 28, 285 26, 871 0 0 0 RUINS ei cin Sak brn amare 1, 249, 207 it, 117, 942 9, 783, 789 1, 667, 691 15 3, 113, 024 a a 198, 077 L 564, 808 1, 408, 327 344, 258 22 62, 592 ONWESSCE «ss cnn nae cae 881, 750 6, 348, 600 5, 777, 226 1, 206, 234 19 1, 968, 066 West Virginia ........ 355, 5385 4, 373, 080 3, 892, 041 1, 268, 193 29 699, 693 Kentucky............. 779, 642 8, 809, 955 7, 664, 661 1, 585, 792 18 3, 083, 484 MOANA oe See Cmcls Cee dhe 1, 882, 907 32, 197, 710 26, 402, 122 9, 015, 359 28 16, 420, 882 Michigan hehe re ee 1, 027, 204 19, 003, 274 15, 012, 586 5, 130, 884 27 7,951, 375 PRGIAN Oc wc Sous wet sis 1, 931, 774 35, 351, 464 28, 988, 200 8, 130, 837 23 16, 615, 188 LUE Ca a a ae 1, 871, 974 29, 951, 584 24, 260, 783 5, 690, 801 19 13, 777, 729 WISOODHIN: =... ci ues 474, 233 7,893, 381 5, 998, 969 2, 841, 617 36 947, 206 1 bitebe, 0) 6: ie 5, 446, 183 72, 434, 234 51, 428, 306 20, 281, 586 2% 54, 325, 676 an TE ee 963, 954 13, 683, 008 9, 714, 932 4, 241, 731 31 3, 420, 751 072 38) 0 he Ge See 2, 259, 866 28, 022, 338 22,137, 647 5, 324, 244 19 12, 610, 052 MeMIBENO cece. nc. ssw cc 5, 536, 103 77, 001, 104 54, 670, 784 13, 860, 199 18 57, 750, 828 INGEDTASKE & Yo. s.Sk 2 s- 2,472, 692 48, 002, 603 31, 681, 718 12, 960, 703 27 31, 201, 692 South Dakota......... 3, 221, 422 44, 133, 481 29, 569,432 11, 033, 370 25 34, 865, 450 North Dakota......... 5, 401, 646 7d, 623, 044 52,179, 900 15, 124, 609 20 64, 279, 587 Montana. ... sb. Je.. 119, 469 2, 843, 362 2,018, 787 995, 177 35 767, 708 Me VOU Roce en oa xn 29, 468 748, 487 538, 911 217, 061 29 52, 394 MIOIOPROO Soc. e sn. 254,355 6, 358, 875 4, 451, 212 1, 526, 130 24 3, 815, 325 New Mexico .....:.... 42,691 947, 740 852, 966 227, 458 24 28, 432 TIC OTS oarcin be bie a afsicret. 14, 802 331, 565 387, 981 56, 366 17 9,947 * STS 0 a loner eae 178, 417 4,710, 209 3, 155, 840 1, 836, 982 39 1,177, 552 NOVAGS 2ce2 Scout 26, 800 723, 600 557, 172 115, 776 16 14, 472 BG ee ec eee 366, 966 10, 341, 5382 6, 784, 737 1, 861, 476 18 6, 721, 996 Weshineton §...5.2.. 1, 321, 807 32,516, 810 21, 325, 638 5, 202, 690 16 25, 037, 944 REP ONS. Octo cc tae 717, 565 18, 382, 585 9, 100, 157 2, 408, 865 18 7, 226, 596 CSU) Os 1, 886, 238 17, 542,013 14, 384, 451 1, 403, 361 8 10, 876, 048 SRtIaAnOMa s-...<.5.. 1, 434, 648 11, 764, 114 8, 117, 239 1, 882, 258 16 7, 058, 468 Indian Territory...... 270, 261 2, 702, 610 2,081, 010 297, 287 11 | 1, 351, 305 United States ....... 47,854,079 | 692,979,489 | 518,372,727 | 158, 403, 478 22.9 | 404,092, 217 Acreage, production, and farm value on December 1 of winter and spring wheat in the United States in 1905. Winter wheat. Spring wheat. AS gf 2 5 © rt o he State or Terri- BE ei aS 2 te ee ES ki ; ry. © roduc- |2 arm val- oe roduc- | ‘arm val- : Acreage| %® | “tion. || ue Dec.1. | Ace88e-| 2 | “tion. |82] ue Dec. 1. 3 By 3.2 32 5.2 = in > ol cot 1,461) 18.8 27,467) 90 24, 720 New York........ Bees eG AO UU et le SO) Bes HIE ann vinvec~n| sus mulencnungeuss [a plelc[omes + alee mae New Jersey ....-- Aang OFO eltte aie 2 CUR AO SOL: 1 HOG; GA) Sag iceeah cls o> aclenan eh ccet Jinsmeteasas pee’ Pen CAPE a. | 1 Genes oll b ds 1! 27, COO, O42 14) Sd} Bap tOSy CBAlcantuscshe|pecen|ojectacanepslasscfseacemecoue Delaware ........ ROLES) LsOOS DLs Gar Le BIOL Ads cass aka nl aoe nslowap ooctewael a oa fou nse pene Mary land SF S 809, 619) 16.3 13, SUC ATN PAOAl, LU ELEY OOD ein oat ane ica aie | ong 2 oats Law te teawe eee Wirginia so s3.i..: 738, 480) 11.4 8, 418, 2B OL ar: fA SECLIE ates ceaciew chien cae leu Caw a tone el oe Saleen eee Notth Carolina .. 693,325) 6: 7 PAOLA AEN 1 SAIS LOE are ae cmnthe af tance la in Pattee ha eal eete ice ee South Carolina .. eee eer Ae GOONS L) - Dik O, Ole aanctime (ne oe oleae ae cenarlscselees teehee Georgia .......... AOR: 6.9 ~: 9.406, BC 2071 29546, GIB) on ene cl nce wlaccnd, Scenslasasleweoss thes AisgbamMe kis c-240 108, et Ss SNe BOL: > LOL, SU Sway ae Uewalinsmnleaanmy arabe lanes [ede eet Mississippi .....-. 2,619) 10.8 , 285) 95 2B. SETS ati cert bode cambe aeiee ashes tava hi vee denmense DOSES east op see Reese sheet (, 042) 100). By 100) (00) sc ws os canal ea soindnne sano helees tiene assess s eAET RLTIBGS Deno aj oa 206, OF 75-72. 3; 604; G0B}- 00). 2, 406, S271. execs caweleeuesfeweswecwewslanasloncnannnaes 670 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Acreage, production, and farm value on December 1 of winter and spring wheat in the United States in 1905—Continued. | Winter wheat, Spring wheat, | | | / | , | 3. En | 3 |B State or Terri- | ae i 2 & g tory. | Acreage.| }g@| Produc- }@a| Farm val- Acreage.| 3% | Produc- \2Q) Farm val- | AOFEASS-) P| tion. jaar ue, Dec, 1. | “Se | Pe | tion. 2 g| Me Dec. 1. | |oX D.2| 1o 2 ‘3.2 } en >| - > EB < | < 24 < 24.5 PSU OT ond EE = Aa tne 17,0 t 19.2 ny 5005 i ae ae RR AC 9.3 | 12.0 North CarGhne i:..5. sos. es 7.8 8.0 Soil Carolina. s. -2 30. <3 254 6840807 OS gS Sages el eae RP aR 8.0 9.4 PACE SEDEIN Ses Se 3 2S? af Ly 8.0} 10.0 li SSIS) 01 alte Ree og age ee 8.5 | 10.0 2 WES et Rory eet Wi em A: 7 15.8 PRR PEPIN Soo ie km ere. De 8.0 | 10.5 MCL TD AT So. 21 2 ree a a 8.5 J ALES West Virginia....... eee SH 10:3°) 3834 LM STDS Gy SRS ae ed ee ae 8.7 + 1856 WO Sores co oooh etree 9.0} 16.9 1 LT eae ee A ee ae 12.8} 15.6 RUPEE ch cei ee eet Be 9.0} 138.0 PPOs cet ek ee 14.7 7.9 REPO EY os et att a ISS 2255 MMMNesOte s.r ee 14.9 T3850 J OE eee SP a eee ane 16.0} 18.0 IWS S02 0 QE eg ee eee a7 9.0 TTT G ae Sa ae ee Goer 10.6} 15.5 eerrosirn =: Meee te 14.0} 14.5 Penrni a kote 22 eo, Bh BR 8.0 Peeron Pe hte e. ot 11.8 | 10.8 MVIESPP EER Ste Sooo Ons OOS oe fe 26.5 I? 8205 , : 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. Bush. | Bush.| Bush.| Bush. | Bush. 195°) 22562) — 2955.) 28,9 2.8") 25.5 19.0 HA2 16.3 92.5. |s: 22°05) 928.0. | BET. 1828.) 209 20.0} 18.3] 20.8 UA RY (Sy a i ate 2 et lg GRE a by ae U7.4° } 34050) TOS 6 Sf 260s Tc0 17.5 1 IGE PS OP EE 1b 8 IRS 13.8 12.8 20.3 18.5 16.5 10.2 1638 Pa F988 8758") . TEC eee 14.14} 84}: 12.9) 10-9} “RT| bay 9.2 6.7 9.6 8.7 §.3.|° - dsl 10.6 6.5 9.0 8.8 526 |. 6:5 10.0 6.8 9.1 8.2 6.0 | 6.2 12.0 a6 9.5 8.7 6.0 9.1 13.9 7.7 9.6 8.8 8.0 8.0 14.8 ns ee 18.4 8.9 9.0 13.4 11.0 8.6 ic 30:2 8.8 9.1 7.0 13:2 8.7 9.9] 10.8 eo 7.2 13.8 9:8 9.8} 10.9 77s MOSS 15. 4 Oe TS Ou 24 9.3 8.4 16.9 14.2 6.0 15.3 Lot 18:7 20.8 8.4 7.60) “Beta re? ot bsb 15.6 9.8 5.3) - BBB of) 1620" 2000 19.01 90.050 33.0 )5 BEG 17-9 Fed 180 1210s b°)) Tasos SL | eee) Sg TH28 2824 he TO: 5 001959) 1889) ak 167 bs 1920 |) VIR Gl DEES | OUR oS 9.8 9.94) 492.5 of) 1678 eEgeG Ban 14.2 OS) BRIE | 18cba. Word alee gar: Se YRS ea Rs eS de yee 9 Ls Fh Se 12.4} 10.7 6.9.t BO tea sass 14.4} 12.8 4,90) 782 2b 1b 8 alee 29:5 oF 25. 7-1 26.6 1S 26. 5:1 262 0p he 2k 9 “1904, 1905. Bush. | Bush. 23.3) 23.0 25.1 | 18.8 11:3 | 21.0 13.3| 16.4 14.1] 17.1 14.9] 13.8 1 1 10. 1 3.4 6. 0.2 VF 8.6 6. 8.1 6. 8.8 *@. 10.3 9. 8.8 10. 10.7 8. 10.1 7. 11.5 7. 10.1 2. 11.4 e 11.5 ae 9.8 8. 9.2 , 13.8 15.5 12.8 11.6 17.7 12.4 13. 6 9.6 rue 8 23.9 - STATISTICS OF WHEAT. 671 Average yield per acre of wheat in the United States, 1896-1905, by Statese—Continued. State or Territory. Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevad Idaho Washington Oregon California Average Sdawevsesctucngcccce Bu Gp OS cnccccccnsennwe wensccucucvasenus eenigusuasaudedsanaeee JA eG ab Cnbciomancnpectacts Bec nwecareseccaseesness SSeeupemcseccnavnabennes AWenae ea wee house e Swuladwevsauucccustecese TPT RTE eee Bush. | Bush. 25.0 | 28.7 24.0 26.3 24.0 | 238.8 18.0 $1.7 21.0; 28.0 24.3 29.0 22.0} 81.0 23.5 24.2 LZ | 2635 10.0 9.1 19.0} 14.9 | 1896, | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. 1900, Bush. | Bush. 18,8 17.6 23. 7 22.6 18,8; |. *21¢0 15.3 14.6 20.7 20. 9 18.0 | 24.5 24.2 20.8 2E57.'|' “28.5 19.2) 18.8 14.1 10.3 18.3 | 19.0 i ee ee ee ee ee ee ee | 1901, 1902, Bush.| Bush. 24.5) 28.5 24,1 18.0 21.5 is 21.8 18,7 DOTA: Hela 25.1 27.1 ya 7 ana 29.1 Dein ys Leb 20.0 13.0 10.9 16.4 pH Hee 122 12.3 | / 1903. | 1904. | 1905 | 4 | Bush. | Bush, | Bush. 20.9} 22.1 25.4 26. 6 | 22.8 25.0 18.4| 12.8] 22.2 | 25.8 | 25.5 24.4 22.6 | 26.6 26.4 27.6 | 26.2 27.0 21.1] 22.9 28,2 20.3 | 22.2] 24.6 18.2 | 19.0 18.6 11.2) 10.8 9.3 14.9| 11.7 8.2 12.0 14.1 10.0 13.4 | 15.8 | 12.3} 12.3] 15.0] 14.5] 12.9 | 12.5 | 14.5 Avercge yield of wheat in certain countries, in bushels per acre, 1895-1904. Year. we ee eee ee ee ee pee | Russia. | (4) | () 13.7 9.8 12.4 9.0 13.4 7.3 15.3 9.8 | 12.3 9.1 12.3 8.1 15.0 7.9 14.5 M1 12.9 10.6 12.5 11.5 13.4 | 9.4 a Winchester bushels. b Bushels of 60 pounds. Ger | United many Austria. | Hungary.| France. ae | (0) (0) (0) (a) | (a) 24.4 15.3 20.7 19, 7 PA 3 26. 4 15. 9 19.4 20.0 34.7 25.3 13. 2 Ale ty 15.1 30. 0 27.2 18.0 ay a | 21.1 35. 8 28.4 18.9 17.8 21,2 33. 8 27.9 15.5 16.9 19.2 29.5 23.5 16.7 15.1 18.5 31.9 30.3 19.0 20. 7 20.2 | 33.9 29.3 ives 19.0 22. 8 | 5 Oy | 29.4 19.5 16.3 18.5 27.8 27.2 17.0 17.5 19.6 31.6 Average value per acre of wheat in the United States, based upon farm value December 1 : 1896-1905, by States. State or Territory. Maine New Hampshire Vermont Connecticut ~New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Tennessee West Virginia Kentucky Ohio Indiana Nebraska a) ee ee es ee res 1896. | 1897. | 1898. $18. 48 21.00 | $17. 49 |$ i7. 60 17. 68 20. 00 17.36 17.48 20. 25 17. 60 15. 26 12.70 11. 90 9.18 10.71 { | 1899. $20. 47 16. 34 OPA A MNIA AAA NI yo ¢ RESEAGSSNSESSSSSRLARES PAPA SAO ASH $17 1 8.57 _ DOM TO HW ORO NING Foe Go I ca | wNQOcec-INnNeo ousto oo S$SSSSSSSUERSASSASSLSS eee eee wl wee ee eee w o> wo . RPNOCOMORDOeE _ NLP AMRAAHAHONOIOE PON Qe NS Oe 02 we Bw oO IO — AS 1903. | 1904. | 1905. $24.99 |$24. 23 | $24.38 19.85 | 28.36 | 16.92 14. 42 | 12.32 | 18.06 11.48 | 14.63 | 14.43 12.32 | 15.23 | 14.88 7.96 | 16.09 | 11.32 9.88 | 14.20 | 13.37 7.31 | 11.12 | 10.03 4.95 | 10.23 | 6.83 6.56 | 10.21 | 6.77 5.95 | 11.09] 7.38 8.65 | 11.85 | 9.70 7.44| 8.89] 10.26 10.45 | 11.77! 7.83 5.46 | 10.20| 7.11 5.96 | 12.77| 6.55 8.67! 11.01 | 10.95 6.80 | 12.43 | 9.88 10.96 | 12.65 14.02 11.94 | 10.58 | 14.61 7.80 |. 9.75 | 15.01 6.30 | 13.94] 12.96 11.22 | 15.18 | 12.65 9.04 | 11.14} 9.44 7.69 | 10.48 | 10.08 6.18 | 11.23} 9.80 8.33 | 11.06] 9.88 8.47 | 11.83 | 12.81 8.56 | 7.581 9.18 a 672 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Average value per acre of wheat in the United States, based + sa Jarm value December 1, 1896-1905, by States—Continued. State or Terfitory. 1896. | 1897. | 1898, | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. | 1904. | 1905, Worth Dako ....cees eeskncen $7.55 | $7.62 | $7.34 | $6.53 | $2.84 | $7.07 | $9.22 | $8.00 | $9.56 | $9.66 1) ES ECT Re ee ee ee eet 17.49 | 22.10 | 17.11 | 15.68 | 16.23 | 17.76 | 16.12 | 18.61 | 21.28] 16.90 - PRIVESTED ee P< oe SE ne 15.19 | 17.50 | 16.35 | 12.60 | 18.38 | 16.91 | 19.04 | 15.47 | 19.89 | 18.29 OREO oo. oan a eigan wcow .----| 10.67 | 16.80 | 14.73 | 18.51 | 18.33 | 16.15 | 18.50 | 17.56 | 22.75 | 17,60 Near MORIO® oo. c ce ccde dense 13. 86 | 18.00 | 14.76 | 8.42 | 14,28 | 15.48 | 14.71 | 18.80 | 138.57 | 19.98 EN oe ee rec a taiccees 18.40 | 13.32 | 29.16 | 9.79 | 11.53 | 18.53 | 19,64 | 23.53 | 28.82 | 26.21 PMA eos, ween cit eaten ek: 18.02 | 14.28 | 15.12 | 10.97 | 11.49 | 14.35 | 16.11 | 18.08 | 22.88 | 17.69 IORI oe ten oe ecaaee 20.'70 | 21.87 | 27.55 | 18.68 | 17,15 | 22.09 | 25.56 | 27.32 | 24.10 | 20.79 RIO a ects ae jee ae 15.93 | 15.40 | 15.81 | 12.10 | 9.57 | 12.93 | 15.44 | 15.86 | 18.84) 18,49 Washington. 3.5. .<256cb scenes 13.32 | 15.98 | 13.07 | 11.58 | 11.99 |} 18.67 | 14.44 | 14.04 | 17.77] 16.13 Sen ae on eo aay Sos 12.24 | 12.24 | 12.71 | 10.18 | 7.59 | 11.87 | 18.37 | 18.98 | 15.87 | 12,68 CORN on as Seta kew ee 12.12] 8.380] 6.55] 8.74] 5.97] 7.80] 8.72] 9.74] 9.50 7. 63 SUT ie ree 8.84 | 14.44] 7.75} 7.05 | 10.07 | 10.338] 6.44] 9.39 | 10.88 5. 66 WVHA POFTICOlT waco cece voc ulileenceulscuce colodacs wel un aunvicieecatun 8.42} 7.50] 8.28 | 18.82 7.70 General average ....... 8.97 | 10.86 | 8.92 | 7.17} 7.61 | 9.87) 9.14) 8.96) 11.58] 10.838 Average farm price of wheat per bushel in the United States, December 1, 1896-1905, by States. State or Territory. 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. | 1904. | 1905. 1. TC a eR PE Pe $0.84 ($1.06 {$0.89 /$0.91 [$0.90 |$0.97 $0.92 ($0.98 ($1.04 | $1.06 New Hampshire ..........<-«- 1.00 | 1.10 . 92 . 95 aa ae Re Ree mate ' MRCP POONIN TD Sane's c+ o ons nosvatanaicls O38: [2004 . 90 . 85 . 78 .94 | 1,09 oo | date . 90 STE Gs Alea a a EP a 1. 00 .88 .95 A.) ee ye peepee ee | 120) RG eee .88 . 90 572 . 80 ott . 82 «:! .81 | 1.09 . £6 NIG WOrsOY = 2-5... - oc eee . 89 . 93 .73 Wo . 74 ayy . 76 oa: et BG 88..* 4 PenMec VRNIR~-.. 26250 xes en . 83 .91 . 68 . 66 ay 3 .72 73 Py oe ae . 87 PIG EPO. = 28. Swcamaletetek . 87 . 94 . 69 . 68 .70 AT 1. .75 ~ 78.) OS . $2 WEIRD So oon se cicaa cece e tee . 88 . 93 .70 . 68 ray! aya! aye. ao 06 . 82 WEPOUNIA mace ne Seat coo . 80 . 92 . 66 . 69 By P 73 79 .84 | 1.09 .88 Worth Caroling. .scceckcaccace . 83 . 94 .78 . 82 . 82 +82 . 92 .O2 | Rae 1.02 Bouth Carolina... :.....52.<4<6 .89 “}:1, 18 . 94 99 | 1.01 98; | 1.08. | 1.0) ees VAT RIGOR R et aan ke casa ckceee as 89 | 1.08 .98 98 95 . 94 98 96'.° E26 1.07 PION OF <5 oe ees oe ee es. re 85° | 2, OL . 90 89 89 . 88 93 95 11.15 1.01 MIPIEAL DDS. coon we coueeines co . 82 .99 . 83 .78 84 . 86 . 85 «Ol fede OS 95 | TO SOR eet Se ere tae eh. 71d .89 . 68 . 68 . 64 . 78 othe ~ 70. 1. a0 . 88 ROM ETINGSS oo SOE UO. Soe tee Seis 71 84 . 58 . 64 . 65 78 67 2 Tne . 90 PROMTIOREOG: | 22 2. Seen > Poy .95 . 67 . 78 .79 .74 . 76 St tae e mi West ViITeinia.. .~ ? . 62 .58 . 60 . 80 . 87 4 . - PE DUIOIIVGS 5, \- hd opto Seen cee . 68 .76 . 52 . 53 .53 . 63 .58 . 68 F ; ‘ PTE BL SP ORTILORY 24.6 3h vc anes cel szcnes olacbosn Siok canbe lesteee ole este . 69 .61 . 69 P i General average ....... .726 | .808 | .582] .584| .619 | .624| .680] .695 Asay Meet) te OL ee Pee ee ge ee ea TT aL y Pe TER Pe Ry Tampa ae cae ean ae Wholesale prices of wheat per bushel in leading cities of the United States, 1900-1905. Date. 1900. January......| February .... AUSUSL....~..; September... October...-... November ... December.... 1901. danuary...... February .... AVEUSU. 222-5: October * --:.- November ... December.... 1902. JOMURTY.. 32 2c February .... Cia October. -.... November ... December.... 1903. October ...... November ... December.... 1904. January...... February .... Mareh ~....-.. September... October ...... November... December.... 3 A1905——43 New York. | Baltimore. No, 2, red | Southern, winter, Low. ‘High. Low. High. $0. 783 794 . 203 . 25} . 263 . 25} 1 1 1 1 1 rt 1.16 1 1 1 1 1. 243 STATISTICS OF WHEAT. $0. 614/90. ot $0. 663 $0.72 $0.66} $0.72 ($0. 6 | .635) .67$) . 70%) .733) .69 | .719) .63 | . 65% sot al call aol coed ell cope lt all ca ed el oe Pee ee et ee et .15 | 1.15 | 1.22 Minneap- olis, No, 2, red |No,1, north- ern, Low. ‘High.| Low. |High. Low. |High. | 62 $0. 66} 633) . 66 641! 663 643| .66} 647| .88; 743| , 823 723| .76 731] .813 737| .80} 723| . 765 713) .75} 73| .773 73| .743 73 | . 745 703| .74} 703| .743 622] .749 60:1] .693 66 | .71} 663} .692 66 | .68; 683} . 71} WLS! 77 73§| . 793 7231. 75k 701| 755 70%| . 772 Be Rape 733| .77k 763| .803 741| .793 663| .712 68 | .732 71z| .742 723| 74% 75:| .78 743| .772 74:1 | 778 76 | .802 .793| 882 . 83] .,892 - 833] 1.00 82 | .913 78:| .86 773| .822 80}| . 83: 843] .91: 90 | 1.05 943] 1.013 903] . 983 931] . 98% 933! . 97} -943/ 1.02 1.03}| 1.243 1.12 | 1.244 1.11§| 1.22 063) 1.19% 063] 1.143 (eal-onl wal nl ant -gal ant nl al and a Pe ee et et et et et ee ane eld aay wee Set seelcaall send endlanll onl ell ell aed ell a t Fh et ek et et et tt et Cd be eet hee a 674 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Wholesale prices of wheat per bushel in leading cities of the United States, 1900-1905— Continued. New York.} Baltimore. Chicago. Detroit. St. Louis. MInHORP, hen ae Date. No. 2, red | Southern, | No. 1, north- No. 2, red. No, 2, red |No,1,north- Ho.) Soe winter. | No. 2, red. | ern spring. winter, ern. (per ewt.). Low. High. Low. |High.| Low. | High, Low. High. low. IHigh.|1 Low. |High.| Low, |High. Ziel) edi, tose clit Ye’ sion SS aU its (SO 1905. | | ie January..... fe. 183 '$1. 253 a. O1F/$1. 193/$1.18 | $1.21 |$1.19 |$1. 239/$1. 14 $1. 20 |$1. 089/$1. 133/$1. 45 |$1. 624 February . ..} 1. 204) 1, 254}-1.014] 1.174) 1.15 | 1.24 | 1.178] 1.24 | 1. 164} 1,193] 1.073] 1.124] 1.50 | 1.55 marenh <...<- 1, 143| 1.213 "98 1.144) 1.12 1. 183} 1.073] 1.21 | 1.114) 1.17 | 1.05 | 1.117) 1.50 | 1.65 AVPT a. wees - 914) 1.15 .83 | 1.093) .88%} 1.18 .96 | 1.073) .98 | 1.12 . 91§| 1.083) 1.45 | 1.55 tC" eee .913) 1.113} .834) 1.074] .893| 1.182) .97 | 1.08 .95 | 1.133] . 958) 1.246] 1.45 | 1. 55 MBG eak ews 1.033) 1.143} .73 | 1.034) 1.073) 1.20 1.00 | 1.09 .92 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.093) 1.50 | 1.55 5) 9 gee ae -90 | 1.093 7 S62 oa 1. 20 . 86 | 1.05 . 833} . 959) 1.013] 1.092) 1.50 | 1.55 BURUEC..:<~- 843; .91% 76 . 843) 1.038 1.15 . 81 84! .82}] .88 . 834] 1.11 | 1.45 | 1.55 September .. 85} .913) . 753 841) .88 . 95 . 823) .85}/ .82 . 90 . 732} .80) 1.40 | 1.55 October ..... 882' .99 . 7634} +. 863) .86 923; .80 903} .88 . 95 , 783 873} 1.40 | 1.45. November .. 90 983) .76 .853]} . 85 92 -873| .905) .89 . 95 .79 +| 1.40 | 1,45 December... 923 1.01 .78 . 87 rape . 90 . 86 89 | dec) 1.01 .773| +. 813) 1.85 | 1.45 : OATS. Oat crop of countries named, 1901-1905 Country. 1901 1902 | 1908. 1904, 1905, Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. RIVESLEO? DtALOS..'. =i. - seals wcucee 736, 809,000 | 987,848,000 | 784,094,000 | 894, 596, 000 953, 216, 000 eee 80, 803,000 | 109,786,000 | 113,337,000 | 105,393,000 | 108, 890, 000 MPa vIEROD: goa. t nok) een ee 28, 673, 000 35, 565, 000 34, 077, 000 37, 434, 000 46, 917, 000 Northwest Territories .......... 11, 468, 000 10, 997, 000 14, 627, 000 16, 850, 000 29, 633, 000 OME OF CANAGR' 5.62 oo) ke ee 50, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 : . 50, 000, 000 Tote) (Ganmathe:: = 2.200) = 170, 989,000 | 206,348,000 | 212,041,000 | 209, 677, 000 235, 440, 000 Total North America..... 907, 748, 000 |1,194, 191,000 | 996,135, 000 |1, 104, 273, 000 | 1, 188, 656, 000 reat Brithin.:... 3525) ak. se 223, 982 5, 487, 559 1, 920, 646 2, 085, 272 38 384, 129 RIOpe ee tat oS ass Soe 1, 061, 260 37, 998, 108 11, 777, 863 14, 817, 312 39 12, 917, 657 LOE tt er 1, 009, 802 35, 948, 951 10, 784, 685 14, 020, 091 39 8, 627, 748 ie CS Se 1, 348, 706 47, 432, 822 12, 806, 862 14, 229, 847 30 23, 716, 411 FWLC rir 1 1 GAINS ere aa 3, 740,275 | 182,779,762 37, 178, 333 45, 145,119 34 66, 389, 881 MIRCONAI Ne. ceo SU 2, 527, 692 98, 579, 988 26, 616, 597 44, 360, 995 45 17, 744, 398 Minnesota ........... 2,151, 192 80, 669, 700 19, 360, 728 37, 108, 062 46 27, 427, 698 «fo 7 Re aS Ee ae 3, 746,148 | 131,115,180 31, 467, 643 57, 690, 679 44 41, 956, 858 MMSROOWUIs Gccn uh wa’. c.o 5% 723, 709 19, 684, 885 5, 905, 466 6, 889, 710 35 2, 952, 733 La Eo er een 857, 868 23, 248, 223 6, 509, 502 8, 369, 360 36 3, 952, 198 INCDIRSKA, oo 25.-- 2.53 1, 886, 270 58, 474, 370 14, 033, 849 25, 728, 723 44 25, 728, 723 South Dakota........ 720, 603 28, 103, 517 6, 463, 809 14, 613, 829 52 6, 463, 809 North Dakota........ 1,197,799 46, 594, 381 10, 716, 708 25, 626, 910 55 8, 386, 989 i OS TiC B 6: pais re 178, 911 7, 389, 024 3, 177, 280 3, 103, 390 42 1, 921, 146 NOMAD 2 oe sot 45, 548 1, 817, 365 745, 120 636, 078 35 290, 778 Colorado... 2.2. 3... 137, 929 4, 827, 515 1, 979, 281 1, 786, 181 37 1, 351, 704 New Mexico......... 11, 912 351, 404 203, 814 98, 393 28 7, 028 a a ee 879 27, 425 17, 552 6, 582 24 823 NERS Sete o cicte ws mics hae 44, 067 1, 753, 867 771, 701 561, 237 32 175, 387 PREWOUR cock... 2. cc 6, 267 233, 132 121, 229 46, 626 20 4, 663 Rea ies ee 98, 058 3, 863, 485 - 1, 625 , 664 927, 236 24 1, 120, 411 wvashington.....-:.... 164, 540 8, 227, 000 3, 37: , 070 2,139, 020 26 3, 043, 990 i 5 ee eee 281, 842 6, 792, 392 2, 92), 729 | 2,105, 642 31 1, 562, 250 DHMLOTMIA. 2....-..-. 168, 755 4, 725, 140 2, 409, 821 519, 765 11 1, 275, 788 Mttdahoml:=...-...... 294, 442 9, 716, 586 2, 817, 810 3, 912, 142 31 2, 429, 146 Indian Territory..... 201, 607 7, 257, 852 2, 395, 091 2,749, 934 31 1, 451, 570 United States ...... 28, 046, 746 | 953, 216,197 | 277,04'',587 | 379, 85, 154 39.8 277, 132, 976 Average yield per acre of oats in the United States, 1896-1905, by States. State or Territory. 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. | 1904. | 1905. | | Bush.| Bush.| Bush. | Bush. | Bush. | Bush. | Bush.| Bush. | Bush. | Bush. BOs Cy ee ee 40: 0%). 31.0 4} 8650 |--.85..0:| -87.5.| ~35..0 | 39.0 | 39.5 | 386.6 38.5 INOW HEMPSHITE oo ow cca ns 38.0} 35.0) 33.0.) 35.07] 32.6} 29.5] 35.0) 31.1] 88,2 32.8 WGMIONNrete ret Sr asin oe ne 40.5 | 33.0] 38.0] 37.0] 34.9) 32.0| 40.0) 38.2] 37.9) 39.4 Mamachusetis -. 2c %..:. Bb. 0) |. teec Os 32.0 te 86.010 868°) 3h. 051982-2-) Ske 7 |. S40 32.0 Bhode IRIN 22 4.2 eae c cue B00) i. S220; | +" 27,07 26:01 80295). 29.47) 86.2") 28.1.) 2524 29.4 Ponneclieut 5. .2...452..5s: 29.0} 29.0] 28.2] 28.0] 81.0} 28.7] 384.5] 81.2] 33.5] 34.5 Dak Oy aw RS ei 33.0 31.0 27.5 31.0 27.9 21.6 | 40.0 84.0 34.1 | 34.2 TOW POISCT sae Gas cok ken ane 34,0) 25.0 1 1976.\- 240 |" 29,'6' | 16.05) - 82.2 | 26. 4 2:57] 32:0 rennsyl vanin... 52.40.02 2. SO)" 28,21)" 2303 .|.°$3.0:)) Si. 1'|°°18.9.)- 36.6] 28.6] -338.9 |) “34.0 ICI WHE Soc wok wine ne tee's. +s Zee Wee. } 22. Os) 2050 te 21 0) 18.83) 22.6.) 22.2) 1) 2852 31.2 Marvlantt 57. .b3-52:4.-55. 25.3 2420: 24, 04) 19.5) 2820); 24.04)" 18°8 |) 26.7 |) 20:6: 2027 ied PSI sedans cease aadadays BOON, Ae O04) Oe Lee, Or) Bf 14. Ot P76 |: 138: Sf QE 17.8 North Caroling. 6202 5.252. -< Pe O48, 05) 14.3.) 712,010 189 1 14.4) Ji 114s Ibs 15.3 Bouth Caroune: oak. ED, O4), 10525] aS Os) tS | 16.8) 1S. 2s 14501 Tel 16.3 Georpins si. beeen e es 12.0} 14.0| 16.6 0) 1504) 14 8.53) ISG) Te 15. 1 WIGTIOG: pc oitals a age «, et ite 678 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ’ Average yield per acre of outs in the United States, 1896-1905, by States—Continued. 1897. | 1898, | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. | 1904. 1905, Bush. | Bush.| Bush,| Bush. | Bush.| Bush.| Bush, | Bush.| Bush, | Bush, State or Territory. 1896, , OG Se ee a Oe 20.0 25. 0 29. 7 25. 0 38. 0 16.3 23. 2 35. 5 32.0 31.4 Pe eae 16.0} 27.0). 22.8) 19.0] 22.21 123) 20.0) 1.6) 27 20.3 EO oe. Ce cagauites 16.6 |} 10:01) 18.7] 14.0| 16672 237.6) I781. 8.5 Gee 20, 2 WHEE VISMINIB. - once vccuhacced 24.0 20.0 19,5 23. 0 21.0 18.7 28.6 21.7 26.4 24.1 OIA oe oe on dees awd de eeeks 21.0 18.0 | 22.4 18.0] 21.3 19.7 22,2 20.1 24.0 24.5 See SS Sal Sa Ee apres ey 31.0] 32.0} 30.9 36.0 | 38.0 31.5 41.1 30.6 | 40.9 35. 8 MIODIGET Eo. 6 ca as vas 30.0] 26.0} 32.8} 34.0] 36.7] 29.0] 39.9] 30.5 | 32.5 35. 6 Lg Re ieee eee ere ae A 29.0} 30.2} 29.2] 32.0] 382.7] 28.6] 35.4] 24.4] 33.1 35. 3 Doi? ee ee a epee eee 28.0 | ~82.0 | 29.0| 38.0] 38.0[ 28.2] 387.7] 26.6] 382.0 35.5 LO a ee acl poeee 34. 0 36.1 36.0 | 82.0] 29,1 39.9 | 32.8] 85.0 39.0 PIIOMODR: 5.0 oc win cee dee ada’ 83.0 | 26.0} 86.8] 32.0) 25.2] 82.1] 389.0] 82.38) 39.2 37.5 ne 8 a ee 27.5 | 30.0] 34.0] 33.0] 34.0] 29.8| 30.7] 24.0] 82.0 35.0. (2 OO ee Ss ee ee Ree 18.0} 22.0 17.0 | :25.0:) 27.4 12) 225) 222 22.7 27.2 LA ae ae ee eee re ne 13.0 | 24.0 18.0} 29.0] 31.6 18.6} 33.5] 26.2 17.8 wit a ee ea oe 19.0} 31.0] 32.1] 30.0] 21.8] 19.8] 34.6] 29.5] 30.7 31.0 Bout Dakote .< since dckauas 27.5 | 22.0] 26.8] 26.0] 21.5] 28.8] 34.8] 38.6] 39.0 39.0 North Dakots...<<... ccs 22.0} 23.0] 30.7] 30.0] 10.3] 32.6) 88.4] 27.4] 37.4 38.9 SS SRS Se, Se? See 47.0] 42.0} 40.6] 38.0) 89.0] 42.0] 41.9]|° 46.4] 387.7 41.3 MPVOUMEDIO’ 555 40 cnsere ad 82.0 | 35.0] 31.2] 30.0] 84.2] 41.0] 36.0] 29.4| 30.2 39.9 | SIMO... c oweatecccee arene 28.0 | 34.0] 35.8] 27.0| 32.8] 33.8! 26.8] 33.3] 35.4 35.0 f SPROUT OZICO: .. ods. ces Undeene | 27.0 | 86.5] 888] 24.0] 80.1] S16 | 19.1] 22.6) 196 29.5 MOMENI os hn gs ccnp w angi Bos sat dns ba oat e cote eakaca eet ee eats oe 35.0} 31.7] 35.5] 380.1 31.2 TC eee ee ee ee ae | 38.0] 385.0] 39.7] 34.0] 35.9]. 383.0] 35.5] 36.4] 37.6 39.8 LN ee ee eae eee ae, 5 eee Pee es | Eee eee 43.0] 34.8] 28.6] 37.0 $7.2 oo es oe ee 42.0} 86.38) 48.6] 840]. 86.6] 88.3) 42.1] 41.5] 89.3 39.4 , MUDRDINMTON |... ss secs va cesas 36.0 | 48.0] 41.9] 37.0] 34.4] 47.5] 46.2] 47.9] 44.9 50.0 OT eR RS apie 5 A Be 21.0| 82.0] 27.0] 30.0; 18.5] 31.56] 28.7] 33.8) 23.1 24.1 CT TP eS el ies 31.0 }° 18.0) 88.0] 81.0] 24.6] 380.4] 305) 84.8) 34.1 28.0 “SSCS aE ee Se Ire ea Penge RN gl IE TCE he at she | ag A 20.7; 47.8 | 26.4] 21.2 33.0 PsA TOTTIVOPE: » « «sccm caccales st sales venes Pe ee eee 25.0 | 32.6] 30.0] 32.2 36.0 General average .....-- 26.7 | 27:2) 28:4 1) 80,2) « 29/6.) (25.8 |) (34.6: “28 4 eae 34.0 « 7 1 Average yield of oats in certain countries, in bushels per acre, 1895-1904. q Year. oA Russia. Ph 4 8 Austria. | Hungary.| France. Kineton (@) (>) b) (>) () (2) (a roadway sacackhins asd ates 29.6 19.9 ( 43. 2 26. 2 29.6 27.5 eo, 5 PRNGe eh nae een te eee 25.7 19.2 41.8 23:1 31.4 27.0 NER sated g gs am nis in tml oeNe Stew 15.7 39.9 21.5 24.3 23.1 Ly TT SR eee eae ee eS 28.4 16.5 47.1 27.3 30. 2 29.0 JUD ne eee Spee ee 80. 2 23. 6 48.0 30. 2 33.3 27.8 MII odo ein wide wcalsian Cen s 29.6 19.5 48.0 25, 2 28.1 25.7 LOL SE ss ee ae Se ae ere ee 25.8 14.0 44.5 25.6 28.1 23.5 LAO coe SA AS RR Se 34.5 21.8 50. 2 27.6 34.0 29. 2 Nets ine nie coke th ee 28. 4 17.7 51.3 28. 4 34.5 31.6 LL a Ra RIE ay oe $2.1 25.7 46.3 24.3 25.5 27.2 rote = 2 a ot 29,2 | 19.4 | 46.0 25.9 29.9 27.2 a Winchester bushels. b Bushels of 82 pounds. Average value per acre of oats in the United States, based upon farm value 1896-1905, by States. State or Territory. 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. ENO Pe ra hea wan! Gute $12.40 | $9.92 |$12. 24 |$13.30 ($14. 25 ($17.50 |$17. 55 ($17.77 New Hampshire ....-......-. 18.30 | 18.30 | 12.54 | 138.65 | 12.89 | 15.34 | 15.40 | 14.98 MPCPERON G5 Be eye 12.56 | 10.56 | 13.30 | 18.69 | 12.56 | 16.50 | 17.20 | 16.81 MWasen CHUSEEUIS . wo .sn bac esinee 12.60 | 10.56 | 11.84 | 12.54 | 13.98 | 17.05 | 14.49 | 15.53 Feneee Telane ~~ onc hs ose 9.30 | 10.88 9.99 9.62 | 11.74 | 15.88 | 15.57 | 12.65 MONBOGHOUL . 2. ~sni-- soe sae e 8.99 9.86 | 10.15 | 10.36 | 10.85 | 15.50 | 14.14 | 14.04 UT) ALG ae ee eer 8.58 8. 37 8.53 | 10.23 | 8.93 | 10.37 | 14.40 | 18. 94 INGO PETSCY ~ i .<-- << cccviesecic 9.52 7.50 6. 08 7,92 9.18 7.52 | 12.56 | 10. 92 pemmavivania ... oi te 7.43 | -7.61.| 6.99 | 9.57 | °9.83.). 8.50 | 12,41 | 20.58 LUD AY AT =.) 2 .<.<: 4.20: | °4.8) } 5:29.) 1.4.92 |} 16.26.) 7341 6748")) sone POUCH CAPONE. on cn ocinu satan 5, 28:) 6598") 7.74 | ‘Bn64. |) 77.44 19-80 1 7782 8e26 ~ ~ STATISTICS OF OATS. 679 Average value per acre of oats in the United States, based wpon farm value December 1, 1896-1905, by States—Continued. State or Territory. 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. | 1904. | 1905. MROORIABi a ws o> pc accetucanesvces $4.92 | $5.88 | $7.97 | $4.82 | $7.85 | $9.92 | $5.88 | $7.48 | $8.14 | $8.00 WIONBOIN ewan onc csusneasenacwe 6.36 | 4.77] 8.382} 4.50) 5.65) 9.43 | 8.80] 7.92) 7.74 6. 24 MAMUIGIEMcace sce ccasshenseusas 5.74 | 5.59] 6.89] 4.80) 6.34) 9.28) 6.00] 8.53] 8.05 8. 42 oR ee ee 4,72 | 6.16] 7.77| 6.00} 6.44| 9.58} 7.85] 7.65 | 9.98 9. 25 BIOUIBIGOO no ctvaspcccccceencen 3.40 | 6.84] 6.88 | 7.20] 7.20| 8.04) 7.60] 7.81] 8.28 7.20 ORME Ja geadanstpetecss scaaupe 6.80 | 6.75 | 8.32] 7.50] 11.40 | 9.78 | 11.87 | 15.62 | 14.08 | 12.56 RESTON csi dswusesavececess 4.96 | 5.61] 6.61] 6.46] 7.77| 7.01 | 8.20| 8.18| 9.76 8.53 PODMOMNGO scent ncncssuaccidene 4.20 | 2.80] 6:24) 4.48) 6.81) 7.87] 7.27) 7:77) 7.8 7. 88 SVGGD VIRBCIUR caso cweuhadeiens 6.72 | 6.00 | 5.85) 8.05] 7.14] 8.04] 11.73] 9.98 | 11.62 9. 40 Te ee 5.04 | 4.86] 6.05] 5.76| 6.60] 8.08) 7.99| 8.24) 9.60 8. 58 SR a ivines ses eausde kes omy 5.27 | 6.40] 7.42] 9.00] 9.88 | 12.28 | 13.15 | 11.02 | 13.09] 11.10 RNEEL o woteitn yxydwhg awakes 5.70] 5.98 | 8.86] 9.52] 9.54 | 11.89 | 13.17 | 10.98 | 10.72 | 10.68 7 i SES a BS ee a 4.64] 5.74] 6.72] 7.86 | 7.52 | 10.87) 9.91] 7.81 | 9.93 9. 53 INGE tn dina Cap wa was eee dum 4.20) 5.76 | 6.67] 8.36] 8.74 | 11.28 | 10.56] 8.51 | 9.60 9. 94 EY Sia we inane pwinak bn 5.95 | 6.46] 8.66] 8.28 | 7.36 | 11.35 | 11.97] 11.15 | 9.80] 10.53 PEIMGMOUE ain scan a nervveseces 4.95! 4.94] 7.621 7.04} 6.051 10.91 | 10.53! 9.691! 10.19 9. 00 a eee oe Pope 3.30 | 4.80] 8.16 | 6.27] 6.80 | 10.73 | 7.67 |. 6.96 | 8.00 8. 40 8 Me Ace ee eee 8.06 | 4.18 | 3.91} 6.00] 6.30] 4.82] 9.10] 7.07] 7.72 8.16 SRMIOON ss Baca nies ria ap ne o.n'o 5 un 2.08 | 5.32] 3.96 | 6.38 | 7.27| 8.00 | 10.05 | 7.86 | 5.87 7.59 Oo Se a eer cere | 2.09) 4.65] 6.42) 6.60} 5.23) 7.33] 8.65 | 7.97] 7.67 7.44 pouth Dakota. ..........<.... 3.58 | 3.96} 95.63 | 5.98 | 5.16] 9.79 | 10.09 | 11.19 | 9.75 8.97 ROR SPR ROURS IL. Cece ns ewce as 3.96 | 5.98 | 7.98} 8.10| 3.30 | 10.76 | 10.37 | 8.49 | 8.98 8. 95 RENN pn and nap wy ers ain weap s 14.57 | 13.86 | 14.21 | 14.82 | 16.38 | 15.12 | 15.08 | 16.24 | 17.34 | 17.76 IEE ona dno uc wees te psa an | 16.96 | 12.25 | 12.48 | 12.00 | 16.07 | 19.68 | 18.00 | 14.70 | 11.78 | 16.36 IN a nna Wiidn vee: aie 5 a = | 8.40 | 10.88 | 14.68 | 11.34 | 14.10 | 16.90 | 18.67 | 13.65 | 16.28 | 14.35 SPE ER ICO: 6 iodo oWen'ean inna 10.80 | 14.56 | 15.91 | 10.56 | 14.45 | 18.96 | 12.99 | 14.01 | 11.17 | 17.11 on NO Re Re 25 Pre Se eee Sos Ree Sec 21.00 | 23.78 | 21.65 | 22.27 | 19.97 OS 2 Se 14, 82 | 11.55 | 15.09 | 13.60 | 15.80 | 16.83 | 16.68 | 17.84 | 17.67 | 17.51 a Lg 8 5S ye RET iia ge leh einen De ae Pee Se 30.10 | 24.36 | 19.45 | 23.31 | 19.34 a 2 OE Aa Se eee 12.60 | 11.62 | 15.70 | 12.92 | 14.64 | 16.85 | 20.21 | 18.68 | 19.65 | 16.55 pL LEN a) Ss Se -14.40 | 16.80 | 16.76 | 14.06 | 13.76 | 16.63 | 22.64 | 18.20 | 19.31 | 20.50 a Nt CBSE ee 6.93 | 11.20 | 10.80 | 12.30 | 7.59 | 10.71 | 11.77 | 14.87 | 10.86 | 10.36 1) ae ae ee 13.64 | 8.82 | 16.50 | 14.57 | 11.32 | 13.38 | 15.55 | 18.79 | 19.44 | 14.28 EET EP CES PS Fe a ee ot eed Pee 10.35 | 16.25 | 38.98] 7.63 9.57 oe a a Re oS eee) Se ees eae Pe enmes 11.50 | 12.06 | 10.50 | 12.24 | 11.88 General average .....-- 4.81 | 5.75] 7.23 | 7.52] 7.63 | 10.29 | 10.60 | 9.68/10.05| 9.88 Average farm price of oats per bushel in the United States December 1, 1896-1905, by States. State or Territory. 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. | 1904. | 1905. mew diaxipshire so. ..66o...-. 35 38 38 39 38 52 4+ 48 47 43 Beats OU wood e eee cee os 31 32 35 37 36 50 43 44 44 40 Massachusetts: .: 322. 5...52.- 35 33 37 38 38 55 45 49 45 43 MmeGdG Bienes. 5 oes. ce 31 34 37 37 38 54 43 45 47 42 MORGECHCUT= 2. =: 2c. 5.6.58 22 31 34 36 37 35 54 41 45 44 42 OW OLka tees oo eR 26 G7 31 33 32 48 36 41 38 37 ING W CISC Y: 825.2 4550.52 ee oe 28 30 31 33 31 47 39 43 40 37 PenDSYLVania 22.5054 20k 258 24 ZF 30 29 30 45 34 37 38 36 SPCnet ee. Ss Poe cc acc 21 23 30 25 30 45 42 40 41 40 MBIVINNG « o255 2 soe. She 38 26 29 30 sa 41 38 40 36 36 i 0 a es Se a 26 29 29 33 37 42 42 43 43 39 POPE CEPOUDA sooo ccss. one ee 39 37 37 41 45 51 51 52 52 47 BoM erolna. . oo. c62.c-s258 48 45 45 47 48 62 59 59 60 55 IROGIR IN ie ok a 25 stp oe Se 41 42 48 48 49 67 53 55 55 53 PAO erer es 5 ee cick. we 53 53 54 50 50 72 61 60 60 52 Pa oe ae Se sk 41 43 41 43 44 64 55 54 54 51 pe, eee eee 44 44 42 50 46 63 51 51 52 50 Dipuinians= ices s ele sikwecs. 34 38 38 40 40 60 50 46 45 45 pi 2 OV sa Speed SE i Sled Aa 34 27 28 30 30 60 49 44 44 40 Mreeneaey. 2 2s Cu Ss eS 31 33 29 34 35 57 41 44 43 42 ERIRORAES 95 Joss cccees oes ae 26 28 28 32 35 45 42 42 37 39 Weat Virginia, «ot. ois ce: 28 30 30 35 34 43 41 46 44 39 MESUIMCR Bt 2 20 byes an ee ves ce 24 27 27 32 31 41 36 41 40 35 Onin so. 5.0 es de be 17 20 24 25 26 39 32 36 32 31 jb se cp 19 23 27 28 26 41 33 36 33 30 Poet bat ee ee ee 16 19 23 23 23 38 28 32 30 27 MINIOIG Ss Ah ode Seb otwe.d paleo kG 15 18 23 22 23 40 | 28 32 30 28 WEANCOTMMIIR > Jace wa bse wo ee Gales 17 19 24 23 23 39 | 30 34 28 27 MInVGMBEE. 3 st. Sete Lees 15 19 21 22 24 34 27 30 26 24 EO Wiis Ss Foc oes sean knits oe 12, 16 24 19 20 36 25 29 25 24 Mintnunts 2: 5i5%. teween ste os vi 19 23 24 23 43 28 32 34 30 KADGARS. c2% bus steal eas Hk one 16 18 22 22 23 43 30 30 33 28 Nebraska errr ee ee ee ere eer eee 11 15 20 22 24 37 25 27 25 24 680 Average farm price of oats per bushel in the United States December 1, 1896-1905, by States—Continued. YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, State or Territory. 1896. | 1897. | 1898, | 1899. 3900. | 1901. 1902. | 1903. | 1904, | 1905, -————.$ | — | ————————_ ra tee a a - Cents. | Cents.| Cents. | Cents.| Cents. | Cents.| Cents. Cents. Cents, | Cents. PE EIA ROOR < cca dena cactss 13 18 21 23 24 34 29 25 23 OS A SO ee 18 26 26 27 32 33 27 1 24 23 pS SS eee ee 31 33 35 39 42 36 36 35 46 43 ee ae 53 35 40 40 47 48 50 50 39 41 ne oe oe 30 32 41 42 43 50 51 41 46 41 SEE PRORIO® 528, 000 $47, 000 602, 000 2, 046, 000 2, 557, 000 PRE Metrcakehhanendn ce ksewe 385, 000 217, 000 471, 000 1, 656, 000 1, 031, 000 EER iva Sere ay ira ween vee wt 956, 000 419, 000 1, 024, 000 1, 694, 000 1, 358, 000 CeO eS ES ed RE ey ae 8, 610, 000 2, 460, 000 5, 047, 000 6, 551, 000 5, 524, 000 DE TORIRGD ©. .ahak waamoweenesss a 4, 813, 000 5, 064, 000 7,318, 000 9, 3829, 000 8, 509, 000 SRSERESE GoM cect’ chee wn a ack 5, 416, 000 5, 680, 000 7,975, 000 9, 620, 000 10, 217, 000 RRR Jao cern Wakwinp wis dejapta 4, 580, 000 4, 389, 000 6, 907, 000 10, 403, 000 10, 657, 000 a a ae ae a ay. ae 5, 244, 000 8, 843, 000 6, 338, 000 8, 801, 000 8, 526, 0L0 DUNO ete eis on cud spank ma eus ee 5, 065, 000 8, 107, 000 5, 441, 000 6, 952, 000 7, 686, 000 Scans aon cas eos Wadapssh 4, 075, 000 2, 426, 000 4, 975, 000 4, 674, 000 6, 567, 000 tae Core oa ancea can ae 2, 146, 000 1, 498, 000 3, 969, 000 8, 854, 000 4, 251, 000 IM Ei Re cn ons kine a whee ene eae 1, 836, 000 1, 133, 000 3, 105, 000 ey CO) OU lo seco dete ees Condition of the barley crop of the United States, monthly, 1890-1905. _ | Sep- Sep- Year. June, | July. i tem- Year. June. | July. Bere tem- Bust. | ber. | SUS" | ber Pe Ce Var hn bette + 2s Cs Pict. | PtP. ct, Pee Uy GA BG, et | COG Orne Obes neo GLOOS acide artaisiow hw 26 78.8 | 85.7] 79.3 79.2 Bee e eos sae cas MOP Ge |) MOL ULits Gores ro4s Gull LOUD wa at oc ucdwm~ scacs 91.4 | 92.0] 93.6 86.7 BOER an See any eam a ae We wes Ostee ML deilac OT yah LMC nk okiwais nine caso 86.2 |" 76:3] 71.6 70.7 eT ae oe eee ee BRS el erOey Oath Oke McNeese LOOde dc otto «o.oo e,0 wn ails 98.8 | 91.3] 86.9 85.8 TOPS a intn ges oF Bie 2 eaLOce tn OUs alii CeO! (ed a mopt sand sisi ao s.4 6 93.6 | 93.7 | 90.2 89.7 BRO Sine tae acts nls le ees BU on ADI OeiY Over ROTO) LOUD o 5 cticed site e e.cee's 91.5] 86.8} 83.4 82.1 ES Se lars dais cutest BEL) te COL Bee Ns (Seek |i COE nc ad Role pc aa cise 90.5 | 88.5) 88.1 87.4 SS NN feat ye oe Ohl att acm Sie 4 DOLD Soe Dl) (OOre | LOO tb cae deca. mame: 93.7 | 91.5] 89.5 87.8 Acreage, production, value, prices, exports, etc., of barley of the United States, 1866-1905. Ayv- Chicago cash price per re] erage bushe:, No. 2.4 Domestic | Imports, erage) prog farm Farin ia ae go ee. fiscal : roduc- | price ay oO sca years Year. | Acreage. one tion. per Racha December. | following | years begin- ss re bush- oes year. beginning; ning ops el, $$ | ——_—_—__—__| July1. July 1. Dec.1. Low. |High.| Low. High. Acres. |Bush.| Bushels. | Cts. | Dollars. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Bushels. | Bushels. 1866..... 492,532} 22.9) 11,283,807) 70.2) 7,916,342) 59 70 Co igi Pee 8 21 | a eee 3, 247, 250 ry Ge 1,181,217) 22.7) 25,727,000) 70.1) 18,027,746) 150 | 180} 227) 250 9,810} 3, 783, 966 1868..... 937,498} 24.4) 22,896,100} 109.0) 24,948,127) 140| 170} 149| 175 59, 077| 5, 069, 880 Ld ee 1, 025, 795) 27.9) 28,652,200} 70.8) 20,298,164) 74 85 50 62 255, 490) 6, 727, 597 $8705 5 0x 1,108,924) 23.7), 26,295,400] 79.1) 20,792,213] 68 80 72 95 340, 093] 4, 866, 700 7 aa 1,113, 735) 24.0} 26,718,500) 75.8] 20,264,015) 553) 64 55 71 86, 891) 5, 565, 591 ABT22 os 1,397,082) 19.2) 26,846,400) 68.6 18,415,839) 60 70 71 | 8 482,410) 4, 244, 751 aie 2 a 1,387,106) 23.1] 32,044,491) 86.7) 27,794,229) 132 | 158 | 1380| 155 320, 399} 4, 891, 189 1874..... 1, 580, 626) 20.6) 32,552,500) 86.0! 27,997,824) 120} 1293) 115 | 137 91,118) 6, 255, 063 BBYB S23: 1,789,902} 20.6} 36,908,600) 74.1) 27,367,522) 81 88 623} 72% 317, 781|10, 285, 957 asG2 2... 1,766,511) 21.9} 38,710,500) 63.0) 24,402,691) 633) 683) 80 85 | 1,186,129] 6,702, 965 Cy ee , 614, 21.3) 34,441,400} 62.8! 21,629,130) 563) 64 463; 523) 3,921,501] 6,764, 228 DEO oop 1,790,400} 23.6] 42,245,630} 57.9! 24,454,301) 91) 100 64 73 715, 586} 5,720, 979 0.) ee 1,680,700} 24.0; 40,283,100) 68.9) 23,714,444) 86 92 75 80 | 1,128, 923) 7,135, 258 1880..... 1, 843,329) 24.5) 45,165,346] 66.6) 30,090,742) 100; 120 95 | 105 885, 246) 9, 528, 616 pS 1,967,510) 20.9) 41,161,330) 82.3) 38,862,513) 101! 107} 100! 100 205, 930,12, 182, 722 ROBE Sas L 2,272,103) 21.5) 48,953,926] 62.9) 30,768,015) 79 82 80 80 433, 005/10, 050, 687 IBBB... we a 2,379,009} 21.1) 50,136,097) 58.7) 29,420,423) 62 67 68 74 724, 955) 8, 596, 122 ISa4s swe 2,608,818) 23.5) 61,203,000) 48.7) 29,779,170) 53 58 65 65 629, 130) 9, 986, 507 1885..... 2,729,359) 21.4) 58,360,000) 56.3] 32,867,696) 62 65 58 60 252, 183)10, 197, 115 1886..... 2,652,957) 22.4) 59,428,000) 53.6) 31,840,510) 51 54 57 57 | 1,305, 300)10, 355, 594 PT wis 5's 2,901,953) 19. 6) 56,812,000} 51.9) 29, 464, 390) 80 80 69 77 550, 884/10, 831, 461 BBS cc Sos. 2, 996,382; 21.3) 65,884,000) 69.0; 37,672, 032)......].....-|....--|...... 1, 440, 321/11, 368, 414 eee 3, 220. 834| 24.3) 78,332,976) 41.6) 32,614,271) 658 og he esden [ey ee 1, 408, 311/11, 382, 545 i. a Poe, Ula ede Or 1b8, O44! 62.7) 142,140, 502)... | 5 clea swcs lone nn 973, 062) 5,078, 723 ae 3, 352,579} 25.9) 86,839,158) 52.4) 45,470, 342)......|......]...-..|.----- 2, 800, 075) 3, 146, 328 i ee 3,400,361) 23.6) 80,096,762} 47.5) 38,026,062; 65). 67 65 65 | 3,035, 267, 1,970,129 it. ae 3, 220, 371} 21.7) 69,869,495} 41.1) 28,729,386) 52 54 55 60 | 5,219, 405 791, 061 1894..... 3,170 602) 19.4 61,400,465) 44.2) 27,134,127) 533! 55$) 51 52 | 1,563, 754! 2, 116, 816 684 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Acreage, production, value, prices, exports, etc., of barley of the United States, 1866-—1905— Continued. Ay- Chicago cash price per i erage bushel, No, 2.4 Domestic | Imports, erage Prod farm Farm M f ar ood fiscal , cate Paria, «> *roduc- | price ay oO isca ears Year, | Acreage. | y in tion, per lg December. | following | years re n- Be bush- vee year. | beginning ng - el Ne ee July 1, Dec.1. Low. |High.| Low. High. dcres. |Bush.| Bushels. | Cts. | Dollars. Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Bushels. | Bushels. 1895..... 8,299,973} 26.4| 87,072,744] ~83.7| 29,312,413] 33| 40| 25] 861 7,680,331] 887,884 1896. .... 2,950,539) 238.6) 69, 695,223) 32.3] 22,491,241) 22 37 24} 35 | 20,030,301) 1,271, 787 oe 2.719, 116| 24.5! 66,685,127] 37.7| 25,142,139| 253! 42] 386| 658 | 11,237,077| 124,804 1898..... 2,583,126) 21.6) 55,792,257) 41.3) 238,064,359) 40 503) 36 42 | 2,267,403} 110,475 1899... .. 2’ 878, 229| 25.5] 73,381,563] 40.3 29,594,254 35| 45| 36] 44 | 23,661,662] 189, 757 1000. .... 2,894,282) 20.4) 58,925,833) 40.8} 24,075,271 37 61 37 57 | 6,293,207} 171,004 BOO... 4, 295, 744} 25.6] 109, 982,924} 45.2) 49,705,163) 56 63 64 72 | 8,714, 268 57, 406 1: | 4, 661,063) 29.0) 134, 954,023) 45.9] 61,898,634) 36 70 48 56 | 8,429,141 56, 462 1) 4,993,137) 26.4) 131,861,391} 45.6} 60,166,313} 42 614 35 59 | 10, 881, 627 90, 708 1904...... 5, 145, 878) 27.2) 189, 748,958} 42.0) 58,651,807; 38 52 40 50 | 10, 661, 655 81, 020 1905..... 5, 095, 528} 26.8] 136,651,020] 40.3] 55,047,166] 87 | 58 |..2...|......|..ceceeecnc/-eoeneeeee a Prices from 1895 are for No. 3 grade. Acreage, production, and value of barley in the United States in 1905, by States. Average Average State or Territory. Acreage. | yield per} Production. farm |F ae value, eare price, ec. 1. ‘ Dec. 1 Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Cents. Dollars. EEG ee hee Sere wre cee oon else ook wakes v3 29. 0 226, 693 68 154, 151 BOW Fa MSNING ss. occ nae Soon os amas 1, 522 20.8 31, 658 73 23,110 EETTST Bl A Se Ee Bec PP ee 12, 939 31.5 507, 578 54 274, 092 LLC @ etd 8 ea An ne eter ap eaie peas SA 90, 729 25.7 2, 331, 735 54 1, 259, 137 Pennsylvania 8, 692 25.0 217, 300 55 119,515 . TITUS Ripeinepes SP pe a8 apes nee fe wert aa eR eee 1, 436 81.0 44, 516 48 21, 368 * Nig kyl 105 EIR ee ee eS eR BAR gto 2,472 28.0 69, 216 55 38, 069 Temas = fags h st es Re ee ewe 4,843 24.0 116, 232 66 76, 713 PPemMMANRGG oo ee lois eae neces 1,161 21.6 25, 078 57 14, 294 TROMVMINGIE Vane ies eeics Cae e es Soot een 748 24.0 17, 952 44 7, 899 1 0 Sees aR rie rare eer eta a 23, 165 26. 2 606, 923 45 273,115 Lo LTT TT SA are Be Rr Seat Cia 33, 499 27.0 904, 473 47 425, 102 LIN TT ee SBR See © eA Re Ee ge 9, 429 28.0 264, 012 45 118, 805 LEVIS TYE aa ii oe ne See PR oe eee eee 24, 093 30. 0 722,790 42 303, 572 RIBESOR NRT ot wre se Nh ET oe 493, 063 29.9 14, 742, 584 41 6, 044, 459 REE IVDRNE SD Se 86 nd eae Sree ee 1, 074, 588 27.0 29, 012, 526 82 9, 284, 008 pita eno So Sl are eh en eee 448, 515 26.0 11, 661, 390 30 8, 498, 417 PISSNIEPE Sno Sa daa sacet cb eden tee Sadee watts 1, 852 23.0 2, 596 44 18, 742 ERIN ST ae eee ons Ch kw aoe ot eS 152, 929 22.0 3, 364, 438 82 1, 076, 620 Nebraska ..........- ois ee See ee 66, 498 27.6 1, 828, 695 81 566, 895 RIOR ROR =. oe cee yan oe cd eee oe eee 332, 080 30.0 9, 962, 400 29 2, 889, 096 Onin Dakotack 222225. Ae eee 690, 223 28.0 19, 326, 244 380 5, 797, 873 Wrontgcrve oe he a ea ee ee eee 15, 227 33.0 502, 491 56 | - 281, 395 VJ CTT ie ee ee ey Some 1, 188 31.7 37, 660 59 22209) GIO WAIO Soke Sor. on oes cae Deceee tees 18, 909 33. 0 623, 997 53 - 330,718 aw str O£IGO0 0. 24.0 cee eo ean Oerceen 604 21.0 12, 684 69 8,752.09 NG EE ea ae ge ee 8 get 14, 898 44.0 655, 292 81 530,787 [Deh Ee ae ee PLE eee ad ape Soto, 2h 7,799 37.0 288, 563 53 152, 9388 INGUAC CO oes eto ean 5 ee eee 6, 888 34.0 234, 022 70 1638, 815 CERIO re AO cairo ei cae thn Woe oe 66, 153 40.0 2, 646, 120 48 1, 270, 1388 POST -g 0e Bae eeeeins R neee A oe hk 169, 314 40.0 6, 772, 560 47 3, 183, 103 ReFGDOIe Jace 2S eee oe eee 59, 862 31.0 1, 855, 722 52 964, 975 — WOOP MNIO. oo foc. obs eal en eee eee 1, 237, 583 21.5 26, 606, 960 59 15, 698,106 ilshoman. 202.5 Jost eee 14, 920 26.0 387, 920 40 155, 168 Pinte: States: : site. cso 5, 095, 528 _ 26.8 | 186, 651, 020 40.3 55, 047, 166. tee « (a4 wy 2BoD 28. pees. O01 27.0) 249°) 82.8). (28.8: 275 26.2 DESIR ley oben Koue tenes AD ii CR RI? Pa | 27.0 MRE enh 6 oh wcdeckug aeewes OB) TON 2854 250 Babe 2b. 4 |6 280+), 22, S| 2952 28.0 (i Se SR a ee aur |, Zee | ae. 20, 0), pee oka | 238.6 | 6 28. 2 2751 30.0 Ci 2 ann Gis bene Maen Dike | 26,01 :ceOa 80, 'O2"2b.0: |> 27.2) |" 88.8 | > 27.7 | 86:0 29.9 INIT GRC: ai ous Seid swe eames ie a le eco) eee au Ole eoras i O52 84> 286°) 26.8). 2a 27.0 Uy Sep 2a) Sete ene 2658 | 2450) ) 260) 26.'0''* 26547) © 2806')- 26.3' 1 28.4) -2758 26.0 ' ul Soir hy belegeeniy Sell Cine Ace Pap wecy eee LO |) 29.00) 2 0 ty 1850) |" .20.'8-|" 16.6) 25.0) 18.8') 20:8 23.0 IH onto ceecicld biid) (2) (0) (0) | (2) | (@) UlLS 2: ee Se ee ae 26. 4 aly 31.2 20.9 21.4 21.9 33.1 Co Os =a eee Sane 23.6 12.8 30. 7 19.3 24.0 21.8 35. 2 Co SRS ee bene i 24.5 11.8 29.0 17.6 17.6 19.4 33.9 Lil aah 2k Se ae 21.6 14.9 3252 22.0 23.6 23.3 37.4 PO ee = Gene oa da wee ed 25.5 uh | 33.8 24.9 24.0 Bete ¥ 35. 7 “LS eS Se Geo ae oie 20. 4 11.4 33.4 20.2 20.9 21.8 32.7 Se a Te ee 2 Se Ss 25.6 11.2 She 22.5 20.0 2121 53 ae f NEMS Ra ity hrs Siam Lae we 29.0 15.6 35.1 24.5 24.7 24.5 36.9 ee ae ce» ae 26.4 15.5 36. 2 24.7 25.1 25, 2 33.4 yo Nias one ahem n ps 14.4 33.6 22.9 19.8 22.0 82:2 eS es eee | 25.0) 18.2 32. 8 | 22.0 | m1 2d | 34.3 - | a Winchester bushels. b Bushels of 48 pounds. Average value per acre of barley in the United States, based upon farm value December 1, 1896-1905, by States. State or Territory. 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. 1904. | 1905, WOGRUG ce abet wed et ee $13.16 |$13. 75 ($15.12 '$17.11 |$16.99 |$18.43 |$19. 99 |$21. 23 $23. 22 | $19. 72 New Hampshire ............. 15.53 | 13.50 | 18.68 | 16.25 | 15.21 | 17.20 | 15.90 | 16.63 | 15.53 15.18 Vermont 6.32 oes ccd eee 18.53 | 18.11 | 14.10 | 16.12 | 15.18 | 19.54 | 18.12 |} 17.52 | 21.85 21.18 massachnaectts . 2053.7. 52 3.62 epee ere Cao LOLA TS i ee AO 27 OO oe Pode eidin ofan oniee PASTA a fas ose AENOUG IAG ~ oo osu ea Seaton ath,0e 1 ds OS. 1-20, GD) 21. OG: Ince. culasaccantncacee vite Phe C Peaer Eat New Yoritaws ooescc ek ee 9.05 | 10.50 | 12.10 | 12.00 | 11.22 7.84 | 15.68 | 14.63 | 15.28 18.88 Penney Vase es owt eaaeeees 6.88 | 9.55 | 8.54] 10.29| 9.50 | 10.15 | 11.34 | 11.93 | 12.66 | 138.75 Maryland. = 2. gocuserenawctetiecks |. = VS 3 CES PS ey ers oy 9.36 | 18.23 | 12.95 | 18.95 14.88 Virginia \ ne ee eee eee ee eee rr eee 11 70 9.88 13 91 15. 07 15. 40 686 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Average value per acre of barley in the United States, based upon farm value December 1, 1896-1905, by States—Continued., | | State or Territory. 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. | 1904, | 1905, OPO ok Fo os ie cele kt nlec's me $6.00 |$10.75 |$10. 00 “aE $17.71 ($11.88 |$15. 34 |$17. 08 |$22. 68 | $15, 84 yg Ee eens AP aoe ee 6.30 | 10.62 | 10.08 7.04 9,11 | 11.76 9.76 | 13.39 | 14.08 | 12.81 Le ee 5.92 | 8.00} 6.40] 9.03 | 15.73 | 18,77 | 14.50 | 13.48 | 13.39 | 10, 56 Pe SE Eg i a i aes AES 7.68 | 11.69 | 12.63 | 12.60 | 11.61 | 12.70 | 15.83 | 11.65 | 14.30 | 11.79 1S ES ee ee ae ae 9, 37 8.60 | 11.09 | 11.52 | 11.23 | 12.31 | 14.87 | 18.10 | 18.25 | 12. 69 LE TERE ER ee ee eee 6.70 | 8.86 | 10.30 | 11.25 | 11.56 | 12.95 | 12.88 | 11.40 | 14.02 | 12,60 DES ae ee ee eee 7.85 | 9.50 | 10.65 | 13.63 | 12.03 | 12,99 | 12.58 | 12.41 | 11.65} 12.60 VT eee ere 7.40 | 8.96 | 11.64 | 12.00 | 11,22 | 13.87 | 15.55 | 13.30 | 12.90 12, 26 ETON OED en es. ak ah nas 5.44 | 6.12] 9.37] 7.75 | 8.51 | 11.61 | 10.58 | 9.86} 9.09 64 LS SD A ee ort ee arenes See 5.52 | 5.76] 8.84] 8.06] 9.77] 11.09] 9.47] 8.42] 10.01 7.80 STS ra BR Se ee ee er eS Se 4.38 | 7.60 | 7.20] 7.56] 9.86] 9.08 | 18.75] 9.88 | 12.59] 10,12 LT CR Se ye a 1.01 4.38 7.56 | 4.59 7.10 7.15 6.08 | 10.85 | 7.99 7.04 (A ee eae 3.78 | 5.28] 6.78 | 7.80] 5.81} 6.56] 10.26] 8.78] 8.49 8.52 BOE ORO... . <5. oc cuscasas 5.42 | 4.40] 6.21] 6.67] 4.43] 9.41] 11.10] 10.386] 8.96 8.70 MOFCD DOROUG oo. 00 . cadens 10 RIED Rep eee o 28,370,000 | 26,187,000 | 227511/000 | 14,200,000 | 13,500; 000 SR ho a. ein iar 4,000,000 | 3,200,000 | 4,000; 000 "000, 000 4,000, 000 ERR EEN 321) 350,000 | 373,768,000 | 389; 923,000 | 396,075,000 | 378; 204, 000 Mine Ro Slo nce (ROL fa ody 75,514,000 | 82,482,000 | 81,130,000 | 91,685,000 | 98, 192, 000 COGN Sic hess, t cea 40,883,000 | 49,458,000 | 47,355,000 | 43, 880,000 | 54, 089, 000 Croatia-Slavonia ............... 2'774,000 | 3,049,000 | 3,386,000 | 2 038, 000 2) 838, 000 Total Austria-Hungary...! 119,171,000 | 184,989,000 | 131,871,000 | 137,603,000! 155,119, 000 meeting... G5... 80: eee 9,573,000 | . 6,958,000} 7,145,000} 2, 201, 000 7, 300, 000 17S ER SRST FS 7,000,000 | 8,000,000 | —- 8,000,000 | 11,000,000 | 10, 000, 000 Russia proper................-+- 680, 205,000 | 810,537,000 | 803,296,000 | 893,205,000 | 629, 670, 600 RS RE 50,781,000 | 75,257,000 | 69,100,000 | 76,606,000 | — 69,087,000 Northern Caucasia...... 0.0.2... 7, 937, 000 8, 654, 000 7,498, 000 8, 179, 000 9, 950, 000 Total Russia in Europe...| 738,923,000 | 894,448,000 | 879,894,000 | 977,990,000 | 708, 707, 000 Total Europe ..........--- 1, 366, 186, 000 |1, 574, 018, 000 |1, 581, 689, 000 |1, 669, 221, 000 | 1, 415, 800, 000 8 RE 15, 620,000 | 28,080,000 | 30,982,000 | 29,360,000 | 28, 044, 000 Merten) Wee ee 382/000 | 1,489,000 | 1,066,000 | 1, 088, 000 689, 000 Total Russia in Asia...... 16, 002, 000 24, 569, 000 32, 048, 000 30, 448, 000 28, 733, 000 Grand total............... 1, 416, 022, 000 |1, 636, 689, 000 |1, 647, 015, 000 |1, 729, 906, 000 | 1, 475, 652, 000 Visible supply of rye in the United States and Canada, first of each month, for ten years. Month. 1896-1897. 1897-1898. 1898-1899. 1899-1900. 1900-1901. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. SPREE res ee Arte are in en. as os 1, 575, 000 2, 464, 000 988, 000 904, 000 806, 000 UIST ota ce th a oo ee owas 1, 630, 000 1, 946, 000 365, 000 638, 000 725,000 | SEpsarnuer.. .- isssdeaexcceeueeun 2, 328, 000 2,499, 000 721, 000 647, 000 1, 056, 000° Meninerte ta ske te eee 2, 040, 000 3, 064, 000 894, 000 962, 000 1,216,000 — Va G1 14 0: 2) ae ae em Oe 2, 696, 000 3, 832, 000 1, 260, 000 1, 906, 000 1,513,000 DIGSEOT DOE wo Ge Seoe es coe 2, 695, 000 3, 932, 000 1, 212, 000 1, 892, 000 1,754,000 SePTICE oes ee tS ee ee 3, 276, 000 4, 486, 000 1, 573, 000 1, 806, 000 1, 651, 000 DRE UESLE. ci wine Ge 2 cc cote om cou eae 4, 266, 000 4, 291, 000 1, 576, 000 1, 734, 000 1, 530,000 BERET acer a es eee 4, 104, 000 4, 099, 000 1, 724, 000 1, 951, 000 1, 532,000 — PEARED eens oh on ea Sc Pate eens 4, 128, 000 8, 682, 000 1, 658, 000 1, 566, 000 1, 333, 000 — aE Sere ten ak ae aca dean eee 3, 607, 000 3, 039, 000 1, 335, 000 1, 441, 000 1,112,000 — “CUS a a SEE SoA, ee 2, 798, 000 1, 526, 000 975, 000 1, 206, 000 938,000 a These figures represent stocks available at 62 of the principal. points of accumulation east of the es Mountains, stocks in Manitoba elevators, and stocks afloat on lakes and canals, as reported by radstreet’s. i. Sg > * y ave rar STATISTIOS OF RYE. 689 Visible supply of rye in the United States and Canada, first of each month, for ten years— Continued. Month. 1901-1902. 1902-1903. 1903-1904. | 1904-1905, 1905-1906. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels. ie Coed eee hh sess duce mm tsp ode 747, 000 442, 000 926, 000 938, 000 920, 000 ME a os dicate feat 758, 000 828, 000 | - 867, 000 968, 000 823, 000 DORI cay. deta and eels 1, 864, 000 903, 000 866, 000 1, 283, 000 1, 081, 000 = Sas Se re cee eee 2, 440, 000 1, 862, 000 1, 259, 000 1, 686, 000 1, 627, 000 DAPORITOGE. -6> an )in eaten ckw Sa 2, 863, 000 1, 828, 000 1, 509, 000 2, 055, 000 2, 251, 000 ap ey Cpe eo Me 8, 463, 000 2,159, 000 1, 744, 000 2, 525, 000 2,703, 000 TE ee eine eee 8, 257, 000 2, 454, 000 1, 833, 000 2, 504, 000 2, 990, 000 OF ene SS aaa es ee 8, 270, 000 2, 354, 000 1, 746, 000 2, 259, 000 2, 857, 000 | Sh eae 2, 972, 000 2, 273, 000 1, 717, 000 1, 961, 000 2,723, 000 itr ule cena wt ecn 2, 639, 000 1, 688, 000 1, 483, 000 1, 554, 000 2, 452, 000 Er inc. scnw din dies ss 1, 910, 000 1, 879, 000 1, 554, 000 1, 336, 000 1, 954, 000 ae ae ee 950, 000 2, 027, 000 1, 186, 000 4,064, 000/12: 2335. fee Acreage, production, value, prices, and exports of rye of the United States, 1866-1905. eh OSES SE SS Oe eee ee Se a a ee a en | Chica h price pe rer- go cash price per : “ak bushel, No. 2. Domestic Aver- farm ‘ rep etre in- age F : ciuding : : price | Farm value, May of 5 Year. Acreage. | yield} Production. per Dec, 1. December. | following rye fi our, per bush- year fiscal years acre el, 5 ae Dec.1 Low. |High.| Low. |High. alien | Acres. Bush. Bushels. Cents. Dollars. Cents.) Cents.| Cents. | Cents.| Bushels. 1866 ......| 1, 548, 023 13.5 20, 864,944 | 82.2 Ei, 149: 7396) | 2 eso 05 ace 142 150 234, 971 MSDS acc < | 1,689,175 | 13.7 23,184,000 | 100. 4 23, 280, 584 132 157 173 | 185 564, 901 1)3' 5 | 1,651,321 | 13.6 22,504,800 |} 94.9 21, 349, 190 1064) 118 100 | 115i 92, 869 if! ae | 1,657,584 | 13.6 22,527,900 | 77.0 17, 341, 861 66 77 78'| 833 199, 450 cs aes a, 070, 157.) dove 15, 473,600 | 73.2 11, 326, 967 67 74 14 91 87,174 ts oe | 1,069,581 | 14.4 15,365,500 | 71.1 10, 927, 623 62 633, 75) 93 832, 689 it: /¢ | 1,048,654 | 14.2 14, 888,600 | 67.6 10, 071, 061 573} 70 683/ 70 611, 749 Biot eas < 1,150,355 | 13.2 15,142,000 | 70.3 10, 638, 258 70 81 91 102 1, 923, 404 ict ee 1,116,716 | 13.4 14,990,900 | 77.4 11, 610, 3389 93 993} 103 107 267, 058 oy (ea 1,359, 788 | 13.0 175722100 F671 11, 894, 223 67 682} 61 | 703 589, 159 Ly ae 1, 468,374 | 13.9 20,374,800 | 61.4 12, 504, 970 653} 73 70 921} 2,234, 856 ct. i 1,412,902 | 15.6 21,170,100 | 57.6 12, 201, 759 553} 56 54 60 4, 249, 684 iy 1,622,700} 15.9 25,842,790 | 52.5 13, 566, 002 44 44 47 2 4, 877, 821 18f0<: 2:2 1,625,450 | 14.5 23,639,460 | 65.6 15, 507, 431 73% 81 733| 85 2, 943, 894 S880) 5-. - 1,767,619 | 13.9 24,540,829 | 75.6 18, 564, 560 82 913} 115} 118 1, 955, 155 J 1,789,100 | 11.6 20, 704,950 | 93.3 19, 327, 415 963} 98 77 |. 88 1, 003, 609 RoR! 2... 2, 227, 894 13.4 29,960,087 | 61.5 18, 439, 194 57 58 62 67 2, 206, 212 ASRS: 3. - 2,314, 754 | 12.1 28, 058,582 | 58.1 16, 300, 503 563} 60 604, 623] 6,247,590 1884 ..... 2,343,963 | 12.2 28,640,000 | 51.9 14, 857, 040 51 52 68 73 2, 974, 390. 1885.25... my 129, SOL. | 20, 2 21,756,000 | 57.9 12, 594, 820 582! 61 58 | 61 216, 699 ct: eee 2,129,918 | 11.5 24,489,000 | 53.8 13, 181, 330 53 54 542} 562 377, 302 ABBY ee 2,058,447 | 10.1 20,693,000 | 54.5 11, 283, 140 553] 612' 63 | 68 94, 827 BOOS s csa 2,364,805 | 12.0 28,415,000 |} 58.8 16, 721, 869 50 52 39 412 309, 266 i hee tea 2,171, 493 13.1 28, 420,299 | 42.3 12, 009, 752 44 453 493 54 2, 280, 975 1890); os. 2,141,853 | 12.0 25,807,472 | 62.9 16, 229, 992 642 683 83 | 92 358, 263 See te 2,176,466 | 14.6 31, 751,868 | 77.4 24, 589, 217 86 92 703; 79 12, 068, 628 1802 2,163,657 | 12.9 27,978,824 | 54.2 15, 160, 056 46 51 503} 62 1, 493, 924 Th eae 2,038,485 | 13.0 26,555,446 | 51.3 13, 612, 222 45 473 442 48 249, 152 1894...... 1, 944, 780 13.7 26,727,615 | 50.1 138, 895, 476 473 49 623 67 82, 045 che! eee 1, 890,345 | 14.4 27,210,070 | 44.0 11, 964, 826 32 35} 33 363 1, 011, 128 1866-56 =: 1, 831, 201 13.3 24,369,047 | 40.9 9, 960, 769 37 423 323 354 8,575, 667 cf | ee 1, 703, 561 16.1 27,363,324 | 44.7 12, 239, 647 45} 47 48 75 | 15,562, 035 4GOS, oes 1,643,207 | 15.6 25,667,522 | 46.3 11, 875, 350 523; 6553) 663! 621] 10,169,822 1899 ..... 1,659,308 | 14.4 23, 961, 741 51.0 12, 214, 118 49 52 53 562 2, 382, 012 1900 ..... 1,591, 362 15.1 23,995,927 | 51.2 12, 295, 417 453 493 513; 54 2, 345, 512 OGL 23 1,987,505 | 15.3 30, 344,830 | 55.7 16, 909, 742 59 653 541 58 2, 712,077 ME: wnaas, « 1,978,548 | 17.0 83, 680,592 | 50.8 17, 080, 793 48 493 48 503 5, 445, 27 1903 .....| 1,906,894 | 15.4 29,363,416 | 54.5 15, 993, 871 503} 524) 693) 78 784, 068 if!” pee 1, 792, 673 15. 2 27, 241,515 | 68.8 18, 748, 323 73 75 70 $4 29, 749 ch. |. ee 1, 730, 159 16.5 28,485,952 | 61.1 17, 414, 138 64 oi Cee Peers metres a 3 al905——44 690 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Acreage, production, and value of rye in the United States in 1905, by States. Average | Average State or Territory. | Acreage. | yield per! Production. — Fare vores | acre, | Bec 1 et ‘eae Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Cents. Dollars. by | a eee das PTS MSC oye, tol 1,772 15.0 26, 580 65 17,277 WEGRERRINOOUEE oo. Sel ics he ch dado hae 3, 938 15.5 61, 039 79 48, WO NGOIONSG «oan oo oSe esc oct cen oak oeeee 10, 464 18.0 188, 352 74 139, IGT ONE Oo oticn cb tings cxbdea a eae aeeree 185, 374 16.0 2, 165, 984 67 1, 451, 209 Mam Saneee’ <2 .¢.8 2.0. vk? 26 dace een 73, 368 18.0 1, 410, 534 66 930, 952 BOANGUIVRDIO |. acc cce Rae coe Se cesd ewes 346, 265 17.0 5, 886, 505 65 3, 826, 228 TRRRCWOTO oe ie ee oe 1, 069 10.0 10, 690 66 7,055 — VIAN coe a cane Sone to eee sunk aes 20, 741 14.5 800, 744 65 195,484 ~ RR Se. bean Sac eden oo dp abememeesne 17, 642 11.8 208, 176 71 147,805 Martel, Cerone 4.5. oo oer ek cues oe ee 17, 334 9.5 164, 673 86 141, 619 Gnrth Cevyonne eso tok ch aeeeoa do waninn 4, 226 8.1 34, 231 119 40, 735 Pu Pe ee eee eee Lae sheer eee: ae oe 14, 206 Mie 109, 386 109 119, 231 bee rama 2 280s (aS aes: et eee Be ae ir 1, 743 21.7 20, 393 114 23, 248 ge 1 ea aS ee aia ae pepe te Smee tek i, | 4, 685 14.0 64, 890 85 55, 156 Pe ae ee ee PSG Pe ey eee 2,075 12.0 24, 900 93 23, 157 dy VO Se ES ee Fah 10, 346 12.1 125, 187 77 96, 394 LSU ay 7 Cg ne oe PR GS Ed 11, 808 11.8 139, 334 70 97, 5384 LT A ESS gE ECE ot apa Peete AEE 11, 861 15.0 177, 915 71 126, 320 WI ooo en od oes Coe ee ees cae 11, 686 18. 0 210, 348 62 180, 416 [A Poe ee A Bia SR Ke ee ak 134, 100 16.0 2, 145, 600 59 1, 265, 904 Weltnwiai= goo 223 coi ace agass Beomes 27,585 15.4 424, 039 60 254, 423 PURE IONS ears ois Sos hoe oe ohn aaa 71, 471 18.0 1, 286, 478 60 771, 887 MENDON ee es es Bao eee Ge: 290, 682 16.5 4, 796, 253 59 2, 829, 789 MIPS IR ee od are isk en 6 Eee 87, 572 18.2 1, 598, 810 53 844,719 eporeme as ) ee S SE ee A a ae ee 56, 678 17.5 991, 865 53 525, 688 PISO UPR ohcot oc oc ek oe oe ee ee eee 17,481 15.5 270, 956 62 167, 993 LNT RE eee Maen aptamer See. Ses 66, 815 15.7 1, 048, 996 54 566,458 INO DPES WG on; che nwelsce ot Sew ce doce eee ees 125, 611 18.0 2, 260, 998 48 1,085,279 Bigren Dae ROT ie ore PS ee eS ae 31, 812 19.0 604, 428 49 296, 170 Nerina ote: . sce rccs skit te esc eeee 21, 284 19.5 415, 038 50 207,519 | SOS ELS TE ls ee 0 po Pet ae oe 1, 871 20.0 37, 420 65 24,3823 Weroming 5.5.2. 52 PERN RR CE) Ra Be 428 23.0 9, 844 62 6,103 CHIR Oe ote oo a ke oe ae eee 2, 368 19.0 44, 992 56 25, 196 12) OLAS Ye ara ie ieee ne Ree ere ti SPER Po 3, 701 18.0 66, 618 65 43,302 — LO 0 pee Rie (8 See aed) a eee Be 2 1, 500 25.0 37, 500 56 21, 000 Washtnortior. 205.25. fads J kan dv aatetacetes 2,625 18.5 48, 562 70 33, 993 C0 ee eee ae Ce. 10, 690 15.0 160, 350 §1 129, 884 CPETIORN TR er rae See Ae hi ee ee ee 67, 402 13.0 876, 226 77 674, 694 Jd CHG 11 Cee ae a Sener teers Opes Sieg Se ne a 2, 985 a P| 35, 118 62 - 22,893 Rnited ‘States= =o. 2) cee se we woos 1, 730, 159 | , 16.5 28, 485, 952 61.1 17, 414, 1388 Condition of the rye crop of the United States, monthly, 1888-1906. Decem- Year ber of Aprif Ma June Jul August va previous} “PT. may. . y- sae. amel year. . Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. LES ae Pe Bi IR Pa 2 ee 96.0 93. 5 92.9 93.9 95.1 91.4 92 7 LEE SP! Bey gan se ets seek ge 97.2 93.9 96.5 95. 2 96.7 95. 4 91.6.5 LT See ae Ee Sone \- 20.251 15.7" | aes. 19.5 Pee te eee AROS oto oe selene. So)< lia oan Sieie woot] cc wee cto 26.7 | 26.0] 24.6| 19.9 20.0 RMIT et aot? Ba tea, lo ce cc yes (eae ee 24.0] 18.0| 18.0] 19.5] 23.0 MGOIOYAGOe2 Shee. eso 2i ck: Davo (ao 0) ln tke: Onmed 4: Oe 16: 8.) 16407) Wb.8 [18.38 | 19.2 19.0 MRM ore. dete t ewes k eat ce ZO Os eee OM) AS: Da tlae Oubeulise |) aan | 12.45" 1651 | i670 18.0 Se Ce eee te ae ocak ate ke SS os relic coke an cau de 15.0 Daz 18.5 19.7 25.0 BRIS COM ae ats cos owes eee 15.0 19.5 18.0 16.0 16.3 17:5 17.8 21.0 19.0 18.5 MOOI cL Leck cetiune cewek de oo a RY 4 15.0 14.4 11.0 16.1 15. 7 13.4} 14.2 14.4 15.0 IGINONRIR ou 5 eos Soe Sse ge: ks rd Fa Ee 9.0 | 25. Oi 2084 42;8:| 12,0 |° 12:8 7.6 13.0 Deen es ots ole ccd wes Getsses lessees eee eee 14.8] 16.0] 17.9 9.4] 12.1 General average .....-- | 13.3 | 16.1 15.6 | 145 45|'.15,1 | 15.3 L720 15. 4 16. 2 16.5 | Average yield of rye in certain countries, in bushels per acre, 1895-1904. United Year. States. a i ane |} (4) a TSS ot 4 Ss ee 14.4 iL ost Eis Se 7 ae Sey. Paes gi 13.3 ee a coe tn coe dae ese 16.1 ce ce 2 ae aie Se een, 2 ie 3 pee 15.6 oe MG Be BY ht Se ame ce) a 14.4 Pn Te eee ee eee 15.1 RO OR chy on oe arene Se 15.3 Re a ce eek ace Sc ecks wed 17.0 TR con Fee Sr wi cis o atin © in 15. 4 10042 ane os Aap Soop pene Se ee 15.2 ANGIALS Vo on ooo ec ty ste ns 15, 2 a Winchester bushels, Ger- | Russia. many. Austria. | Hungary.| France. | Ireland. (>) (0) (%) () (4) (>) 11.6 20.9 14.5 16.7 18.8 26.8 10.9 22.0 16.3 18, 2 18. 7 25.4 9.3 21.8 13.9 13.5 13.4 21.6 10.5 24.2 17.7 16.9 18.3 25.8 12.8 23.6 18. 7 | 17.7 18. 2 25.8 12.5 22.9 13.0 ' 15.1 16.9 25.6 14.0 22.4 16.9 15.8 16.7 27.4 12.5 24.5 18.2 | 19.1 14.3 28.0 12.2 26.3 18.2 18.2 18.1 26.9 13.7 26.3 19.3 17.1 16. 6 26.0 12.0 23.6 16.7 | 16.8} 17.0 25.9 b Bushels of 56 pounds. 692 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Average value per acre of rye in the United States, based upon farm value December 1, 1896-1905, by States. State or Territory. 1896. | 1897. | 1898, | 1899, | 1900, | 1901, | 1902. | 1903, | 1904. | 1905. AIA he cc ecsencattser: $12. 06 $11. 07 $15.12 |$12. 60 gis. Oe Re RP Pee Re . New Hampshire ...........-- 14, 3) | 36013 | 38.12 | 32.15 | 14.02 |... 2. nlavnciccclscparsclodesen sine MOPTNON = oo a cavcscscdeeacs 12. 09 9.60 | 11.08 | 10,54 | 10.18 |$14. 64 |$13.01 |$12. 61 |$12.51 | $9.75 Maseachusetis ........6c.<-s- 15.40 | 11.90 | 10.52 | 12.64 | 12.68 | 12.56 | 12.16 | 10.00 | 18.94 | 12.25 RNNGOCIBUD cccck cau cecudnese 8.78 | 11.21 | 10.80 | 11.52 | 11.05 | 12.96 | 13.05 | 12.07 | 18.35 | 18.82 1S ON) a Se ee ees 6.29 | 8.88 | 8.75] 8.96 | 8.46 9.24] 10.15 | 9.27] 10.80} 10,72 Weer IOIEOY « < fso ons onceveses 6.49 | 8.50] 7.75} 8.25] 8.74] 8.85] 10.00| 8.83 | 12.25) 11,887 Pennsylvania... fo..ccccdeaden 7.52). 8.17 | 7.67 | 7.65) 8.11} 9.64] 8.48) 9.67] 3.0L) Tie PPI WARS: so in a scaxswskioedslucna vos loads atte peealonaes ote ae 8.87 | 8.37 | 9.03] 8.61 6. 60 1 gO eR ee oar 4.42 | 7.82) 7.838 7.98 | 8.58 | 8.06] 8.12] 8.08} 11.25 9.43 PUREE ITs Soh oe ee oad 4.80} 5.50) 5.15| 4.77| 6.09] 6.77] 6,384] 8.05 | 11.62 8.38 North Caroling os... 2 eases 5.32 | 5.28 5. 82 5.25 | 6.76] 6.63 6.97 | 7.39} 8.61 8.17 South Carolina. .. So nc.ncesss 4.18 | 5.68] 8.67) 5.45] 7.87| 8.55] 8.59] 8.18] 9.45 9. 64 CRITE SS eos ce capetoaiad 7.17 | 6.81] 7.84 | 6.72 |. 7.211 8.06 | 6:08 |. 970) te Ssa7 8.39 JV ee ee 7,04 | 11.33 | 11.65) 8.82] 8.03] 8.32] 10.50 | 11.45 | 12.48 | 18.384 ~ J Cr ASIC pie ace 4.69} 8.64] 8.52] 8.20 | 11.05] 10.82] 7.52 | 10,51 | 11.27| 11.90 pening. <2 5 Voters oe ee 7.00| 9.46] 7.41 | 8.14] 8.28 | 7.74) 8.98) 8.15] 9.77] 11.16 TPOMVIOUROG: os on Peace bs saas 5.40} 5.80] 5.56] 6.03 | 7.48| 8.36] 8.08 |°9.92| 9.24 9.32 MGR VITCIDID... . «sac ano nceees 5. 94 5. 87 5.82 |} 6.20} 6.72 | 7.80) 5.61] 8.17 9. 63 8. 26 MINION 2 oe. nee, os Soe wns Ss 5.94] 6.89] 7.15| 7.00} 8.25] 9.38] 8.31] 8.00] 10.96 | 10.65 fo ah OES ee Re see an eee 8.74) 7.92] 7.88 | 8.80 | 9.13 | 9.80) 9.27 | 8.87 | 11.91) 2Da6 Miah igare 2 co tis capeace 2.94] 6.80] 6.58 | 7.28 | 7.0L | 7.28] 8.77} 7.90} 9.50 9.44 TROIANS oad eee wows ce cerres 8.82 | 5.46] 6.67 | 6.24] °7.55 | 7.68] 6.67 | -6.68-| 10.07 9. 24 LT ee Cor open 5.20} 6.82! 6.51] 7.05! 8.08] 9.69! 9.55] 8.58 112.82) 10.80 WURROONISID oe so oes coe cea 4.82} 6.56] 6.58, 7.20| 7.74| 8.27) 9.45] 8.80) 11.18 9.73 WEERNOROTS Wo. 0 stan ape nace 4.68 | 6.86:| 7.79 | 7.56 |.8.19| 9.46) 9.59] 8.28) 91.88 9. 65 Rapneies sete cat Sa eee 5.08 | 5.76 |. 7.60 |. 7.20 | 7.88 | 9.20] 7.81] 7.44) 10.32 9. 27 PRNEINE ee rh san. ae see 5.738 | 5.28 | 6,16 | 6.50) -7.14 |) 9.61] 8.74) 7.04) 9.22 9. 61° Parent SS 4 SP ee 2.45 | 5.60} 5.77| 4.62) 6.54) 7.87] 5.40] 7.13 | 8.58 8.48 iNehraghar. 302. 5... ceases 8.72 | 5.44) 6.89] 6.08] 5.68| 6.90| 7.381] 5.25] 8.69 8. 64 Seoth Dakota <...-.-2..-.->. 8.18 T 6.78 | “6.64 | 6.65 | “4.38 | 6:19] 7. 72 I - 8.087 eae 9.31 North: Dakota 5 . omens 47 48 47 | 51 53 60 53 62 71 65 PION WEE os + 35 aK gk ORR BE ot ae 57 58 49 533 50 52 110 116} NG se ee nk es 56 57} 49} 513 48} 504 115 120 Wiartiie ost 8. es 55 60 50} - 633] 503] 52 | 1173) 125 September 594 63 53 60 } 553 120 130 October 61 63 53 is 52 125 130 Wyveniber 2000 2 See 2s 3 ee 634 68 58 62 514 582 52 54 125 130 DSCGmMver a. ce. neeewe evant 67} 68) 59 624 50} 524 51 523} 125 130 1904. BONUBLY: © dice Coe reson cheba. 69 fp 61 64 61 57 544 57 125 130 POULUARG « «ad Seen ecnn ea 72 74 63 81 56 77 58 73 127 135 MRIOR <2. oo dh cean eee ea daha keels nina base 76 80 664 76 63 71 130 135 eprili y ra. oink eneee gt eae aes hs alte nel « 74 78 66 72 64 683) 1380 135 BY a vind pois wale day Le eal sate el ot pede 75 80 693 78 65 69 130 135 DUNC so su oWenwanee sees eee 78 80 76 80 63} 75 55 67 130 135 POLY: snSc'c hank ue te on ei 65 72 73 78 63 75 55 80 125 130 694 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Wholesale prices of rye per bushel in leading cities of the United States, 1901-1905— Continued. Philadelphia.) Cincinnati, Chicago, Duluth, pan eee Date. | No. 2, No, 2. Low. | High. |---|, Lew. | High. | Low. ! High. Low. | High.| Low. | High, 1904, Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. 1 ON aa Glee argent ry ELI Laie 70 763} 62 6 62 75| 125) 1824 SSE EL RR ORS Sp 85 873} 75 83 694} 75 72 77| 1273} 140 A IRD SED ARN ENA BR 883] 96 81 87 75 793, 77 79:| 1874! 140 MEEMILIOR'. ... hancascosetewoe 89 91 83 87 76 81 74 80 | 1874] 145 WAIN DORE Soe rn eck 803} 873 81 86 73 75 71 741 140|. 147% 1905. AMEE brat ant sores 81 874} 80 86 7431 75k} 72k! 75| 142%) 150 RMA) 8 Sg 80 1} = 81H 86 74 78 73 75| 145/ 160 lll RE SE 80 834] 84 87 75 78:1} 733] ©78| 150) 160 ENS ARPS aera 793} 83 80 86 73 73)| 74 77| 150| 165 | 7 eS I Ra RS A IE Sane Mae oe 80 83 70 84 70 738| 155) 165 es ne aa ae oe 72 75 | 80 83 75 79 70 78} 160| 175 |S aaah ll SaaS GS: 2 63 66 60 83 58 75 574, 72] 140] 150 2 ETE RIOR 3 af Se 653} 693} 56 60 5731 60 55k} «658 | = 147k} 1525 TE ES ei SER EAE yee 70 764 56 66 60 72 59 64| 150| 1524 1) OA aa SAIS 7311 76 67 74 67 733] 63 65| 145 | 1523 MRGEYADOR? «..2u 4 ~ 952 | 32. 15 1-18.96.) 2 Wee 1s. Ze 12. 54 SL a a Sac gee 8.08 9.09 | 70.20 9. 28 9. 28 9. 66 8.48 | 10.79 | 12.17 10. 54 INPIOIIORD «corn laure cea aatelee 5. 81 6.46 | 5.961 .6.06:] 7.14°| 7.19 } 6.89.1 S82 9.39 8. 48 IRI G . Se ee ae eres 12.24 | 6.36) 9.88] 9.44] 8.54 7.99 | 10.21) | 30.76.) 1.90 11. 05 PRON MoE Ae coc onk no Sees 6. 21 7.41 7.28:|.-8.70-| 9.76 | “7.70 ) 11.00} TET? Ptecee 10. 88 NHISCONEIIY. cca cackunee nc 5.38 |- 6.84 1 6.20.1, 9.45/10. 8.96"). 7.82:! 9.44 1. 9820 alae 8. 40 I TTITIGRDIUA. «wade ecinc cae anees 4.85 | 7.65] 7.85] 8.84] 8.55] 8.99] 7.92] 8.06] 9.06 7.98 Papert, Sones ee ee 7.45 | 8.88] 7.69] 9.28] 9.60] 9.45] 11.20] 10.72] 9.92 9.10 IMEISSONIT ns ok 2S, Coe ue Nae 15.26 | 9.00] 9.48 |. 8.54] 8.97 | 4.56] 9.84 | 11,10] 11.48 | TBs TE OIVG DE tose ain Se rdw a aitdd wil Lo nis wesastell ee a cia Tent ees eee eS eee 6.32 | 9.00 | 14.35 | 11.20 7.59 INERIS RS on eee ke 10.65 | 7.14].%7.81 | 9.92.110.24) 6567] 7.79 1 18,11 | 13.38 8. 82 NOrGRo De ROA. 26 Soen ales ald tins dee Col eine epee be ee ee foes eee 6.30 | 5.40} 6.78 | 9.45 lovee PLT a A aa RSE a 14.28.|, 9:90-) -B 32-4) 22:68 40.01 loca | eae los eainialestenns «shore atene i + | General average. ..... 7.32 | 8.80] 7.77| 9.23] 8.37 | 10.51 | 10.75 |} 10.75 | 11.76] 11.27 — STATISTICS OF POTATOES. 697 Average farm price of buckwheat per shy a in the United States, December 1, 1896-1905, y States. State. 1896, | 1897, 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. | 1904, | 1905. Cents. | Cents. Cents.| Cents.| Cents. | Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents. PRON ER ws con ateawacedecwnae 38 44 44 49 48 52 51 52 65 New Hampshire ............. 63 55 50 62 55 65 59 68 71 PEM tt. Oe ew tae an ws 40 46 52 50 59 56 55 56 51 i SLT) RS ae 53 66 70 72 61 74 68 72 71 STIEMOLEOU Ts. cee acncuhaceemes 51 57 63 65 65 71 71 73 73 Ue UE Uh, lin i A aa 87 40 59 57 57 59 59 61 59 PG COLO ta cces tees Carew y 39 49 56 59 52 64 64 66 63 Pennsylvania 88 42 bt 55 56 61 64 63 56 MADEN ELO! Ce). cn aaceeescate 80 86 49 52 55 60 55 62 57 SME was cénbsn es kaaw dein 49 51 56 57 60 61 63 63 63 MURMIUMo. wate ccpececsancsn 47 50 54 55 56 60 61 64 62 PeETEE ETONINS oon. ces ccecn 60 49 49 56 62 62 65 71 66 ETERS oa Sa se ene oes x 62 57 57 59 59 76 66 71 68 Bone EEN ans cin Selena wine a 3 50 49 56 56 59 62 68 72 66 Pee oe cn ur ened «cade 43 50 58 58 60 61 65 72 62 Michigan SRB A 5 eer See 38 88 55 51 51 53 54 61 53 DS EE oe! AR es ee 61 49 59 61 61 58 70 70 65 ae ES gi SE ie ee 45 57 58 65 vi) 71 73 78 68 a eee 38 38 63 59 59 59 61 63 | 56 PMMATMOR RE Coto ges be ne tree os 41 45 52 57 62 57 53 60 57 1s a Renate tae Semy' ids plc ae 46 49 58 64 70 70 71 67 70 [Oe ot Me a a SRP Se, 70 60 61 69 76 58 75 85 82 REE Cee ets St ie. Chis Slee kone lleb oes cele ylc as tiacode ealeiocws ss 75 75 78 80 69 Sa a ag oe ear per 50 51 61 62 64 58 53 69 91 63 DMBERUCR CHES © SSE ces eae a Oe sneer Olea beta Caaeeee le aise eel 60 54 53 (Um PaAe SS pl RRR ote nba. tans aoe oe woe 68 55 58 74 RANT least oaaiadioeS | ashes ates are gw penis ieee a ee General average ....... 89.2| 42.1] 45.0] 55.7] 655.8] 56.3] 59.6| 60.7 | 62.2| 68.7 POTATOES. Potato crop of countries named, 1900-1904. Country. 1900. 1901. | 1902. 1903. 1904. . J J) J | Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. United States. ......cccccccccce-| 210,927,000 | 187,598, 000 | 284,633,000 | 247, 128, 000 332, 830, 000 Canada: See MOMABIIOS So cdocccscceuccocnce| @ 20, 67%, O00 18, 688, 000 18, 350, 000 17, 202, 000 15, 967, 000 UT) a ee ee 1, 981, 000 4, 949, 000 3, 568, 000 4, 907, 000 3, 919, 000 New Brunswick...........- 4,796, 000 4, 206, 000 4, 288, 000 4, 835, 000 5, 550, 000 LUE Spies RE Se eS 29,657,000 | @ 80,000, 000 a30, 0co. 000 | a30, 000, 000 230, 000, 000 Nome Canada. :'s/. tah i a in ae Dae 57,216,000 | 48,793,000 | 51,377,000 | 59,317, 000 51, 314, 000 United Kingdom: re, lay | . Great Britain, «..< se. «p . price ; May of fol- sca sca Year. | Acreage. am Production. | "her ti December.| lowing | years be-| years be- rat bush- 1 year. sinning ginning ee el, [Sada D to July 1. mee July 1. Dec. 1 sen. Low. |High, h.| Low. ‘High, a Acres, |Bush.| Bushels. Cts. Dollars. Cis. | Cte. | Cte Cts. | Bushels. | Bushels. 1866....| 1,069,881 |100.2 | 107,200,976 | 47.3 | 50,722,553 |......]...... Hy aeuty not Ue ocelot 512, 380 198, 265 1867. 1,192,195 | 82.0 | 97,783,000 | 65.9 64, 462, 486 sei (ABA eee haaterae 378, 605 909, 555 1868....} 1,181,552 | 93.8 | 106,090,000 | 59.3 62) OLS, GOUL |. cass» lexheu s]icesantes sews 508, 249 138, 470 1869....| 1,222, 250 |109.5 | 133,886,000 | 42.9 | 57,481,362 |......)....../...... (ee ee 596, 968 75, 336 1870.. 1, 325,119 | 86.6 | 114, 775,000 | 65.0 74, OAL LE | dalete as | ates » ee ara eee 553, 070 458, 758 1871... 1, 220, 912 | 98.7 | 120,461,700 | 53.9 64, 905, 1 ea a a ga ag (ie 621, 537 96, 259 1872....| 1,831,381 | 85.3 | 118,516,000 | 53.5 60, 2, Sg AA aes ga aie eer 515, 306 346, 840 1873... 1, 295,139 | 81.9 | 106,089,000 | 65.2 69, 1s 50 00 Res oem ny ey ee 497, 413 549, 073 1874. 1,310, 041 | 80.9 | 105,951,000 | 61.5 65, 223, aa ey | es aaa (ee ae 609, 642 188, 757 1875....| 1,510,041 |110.5 | 166,877,000 | 34.4 57, 357, DLO. | Leese op Bees, Pe oe ah 704, 379 92,148 1876. Ne 4d, GOO bails. | Ledyead, CUO L! Ole OTe iy Chop Oe Lela 6 cwelel'a nus a)se- es @ rere 529, 650 | 3, 205, 555 1877. 1, 792, 287 | 94.9 | 170,092,000 | 43.7 74, 272, hy Se eae oe ewes 744, 409 528, 584 1878....| 1,776,800 | 69.9 | 124,126, 650 | 58.7 72; 923) dds |lvetetn well le wih te loaves aes sh 625, 342 | 2,624,149 1879....| 1,836,800 | 98.9 | 181,626,400 | 43.6 79, 153, Oi ane Seleweates| saute | Stet eg 696, 080 721, 868 1880....| 1,842,510 | 91.0 | 167,659,570 | 48.3 81, 062; pF) EE ea Bed ee 638, 840 | 2, 170, 372 1881....] 2,041,670 | 53.5 | 109, 145, 494 | 91.0 99 291; 12) Pease a lay ge a levevee eee 408, 286 | 8, 739, 860 1882....} 2,171,636 | 78.7 | 170,972, 508 | 55.7 95, TE NIECE EN ares ees (ena Ngee te = Beep 439, 443 | 2,362, 362 1883....] 2,289,275 | 90.9 | 208, 164,425 | 42.2 87, 849, SEED ieee re | ae Sere acer ere 554, 613 425, 408 1884....| 2,220,980 | 85.8 | 190, 642,000 | 39.6 75, 524, eOE Gocowaleo , 883 (Ce 1, 992,991 68 | 1, 355, 234 BOUT ORTONte oe cb hoes was tse ae 9, 250 83 | 767, 750 103 790, 782 Oe gt ee Eye, CORRS SOS Oe ies Pa cee 8, 627 65 560, 755 112 628, 046 ROR ie ees Sa ia hos oe eb - 4,110 75 | 308, 250 120 | 369, 900 MIA DAW ick eencneteet ccc atnierns ack abs 9, 544 80 | 763, 520 88 | 671, 898 i ery oe | ert oP eee 5, 863 110 | 644, 930 85 | , 190 Louisiana 2. Gasconade cna chon searenee * ws 9, 146 64 585, 344 91 | 532, 663 TOKO 2 Ricws ace iancanmereibaeee deca xs 34, 940 64 2, 236, 160 93 | 2, 079, 629 Avkanias occ Siete ain iene cease 21, 934 65 1, 425, 710 73 1, 040,7 TEnteCGOO cen. cad nn baeeedeutd ba dnkire os 23, 600 80 1, 888, 58 1, 095, 700 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Acreage, production, and value of potatoes in the United States in 1905, by States — Continued. . Average Average State or Territory. Acreage. yield Production, farm Farm value begpegia cB price Dec, 1. per acre, Dee. 1. _ ee ene ee Wes en he Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Cents. Dollars. West Viveiniie onc cnc vdscaesscteceswaunvenn 34, 376 83 3, 025, 088 58 1, 754, 551 OTS) oR 2 ee eee ere APE 35, 445 85 8, 012, 825 53 1, 596, 797 TS NSE eat ey oe ey, 161, 930 78 12, 630, 540 63 7,997, 240 SES ee AE aE ORS t 241, 836 67 16, 208, 012 56 9, 073, 687 CTR OR oo 8 2 t cae cma aeie gree 77, 818 80 6, 225, 440 58 3, 610, 755 RT oe oo Se ee ke ee eer 149, 147 75 11, 186, 025 67 7,494, 637 OAT ea Pere eee 237, 497 68 16, 149, 796 62 10, 012, 874 TAF te eS oe ee eee 134, 471 §2 11, 026, 622 50 6, 513, 311 [On aS ae ee en eee es 166, 012 80 18, 280, 960 49 6, 507, 670 EYE ee hea. dese anne eee bah 86, 089 82 7,059, 298 55 8, 882, 614 DTT A eee SE peer ~ ores 68, 564 81 5, 558, 684 69 8, 832, 042 LO ea ge patter aire st: 87,144 98 8, 104, 892 37 2, 998, 625 STITT OURCS. anc u ace a can ons saneiena sie 35, 071 96 8, 366, 816 88 1, 279, 390 as Tl ORS 25 cision a 5 salu n'ta hs Waa eee a 25, 425 95 2, 415, 375 . 88 917, 842 LTS OFT SS eae eS en Be ee ae ee ere 13, 688 120 1, 642, 560 59 969, 110 Wyoming 4, 002 170 680, 340 56 380, 990 OTT NEE ES ee a ene 61, 052 160 8, 168, 320 57 4, 655, 942 New Mexico 1,470 75 110 89 98, 122 ieee ree wees. rie. cap iene bind 12, 358 132 1, 631, 256 43 701, 440 TYAS a eR ee AR EP EE SNe 2, 806 120 336, 720 82 276, 110 Bee ee ana aries Seen ood aaa 11, 782 140 1, 649, 480 48 791, 750 PT oa ans shan bo che neaee ape vdaee we 34, 199 142 4, 856, 258 46 2, 233, 879 pO ee eel a ee eS ee 40, 488 110 4, 453, 680 60 2, 672, 208 THOR VIS on bccn ainn scene sas une vn ante claluctey 50, 291 165 8, 298, 015 67 5, 559, 670 BP a OMG noo a asda matamee a panne oe 10, 935 77 841, 995 88 740, 956 PRED EOPEILOUY: cinwincs snes cues sate eens sinh 12, 497 76 949, 772 82 778, 813 TINA BURLCS, «o.oo. canes chan sasceam 2, 996, 757 87.0 | 260, 741, 294 | 61.7 160, 821, 080 Average yield per acre of potatoes in the United States, 1896-1905, by States. State or Territory. 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. | 1904. | 1905. ——— | ————V]{—| | ———_| |_| | —————_— |_| —_ Bush. | Bush. | Bush.| Bush. | Bush. | Bush. | Bush. | Bush. | Bush. | Bush. ‘ j 150 130 196 215 175 PRMD denna cgans acc eaane sae 165 59 130 139 126 New Hampshire ............. 108 51 90 127 101 108 120 98 135 120 MEBPIVION) ts oc. cewek cous fem acealm whee 70 105 132 134 90 94 138 128 98 Massa obusetis ....<<-cccocnae 108 62 97 134 79 77 109 96 119 97 iliogde TANG oi accuse aceneen 105 110 123 142 94 98 164 125 137 125 Connecticut...... ea er 106 54 100 130 96 81 92 96 96 92 TGs RE ee Sear 89 62 73 88 81 78 66 89 93 70 New Jersey......- 94 68 75 83 69 59 132 99 115 93 Pennsylvania 109 63 54 85 58 62 83 91 106 90 MBINWATO <5. <'socc-Gaseuneas 78 60 49 52 48 55 79 84 84 93 RAPUHNTIOL «05 cccessoas pace ses 90 74 58 64 55 60 80 70 99 95 AT a) ee eee Te ee 93 61 68 66 58 71 75 84 83 84 TORE CBrOliTa te iace ca «ome ect 79 66 67 57 61 64 64 67 78 77 South Carolina. 2c. Oduplews 70 5 74 61 66 62 69 82 82 110 PE OMISIRTIG nis asin clun's baewalye 55 64 73 60 70 60 65 So ee Ce ea Nt Si 62 60 73 64 62 54 66 fA SCN AT le ee oe 59 65 Th 63 72 46 72 eric ae ere ae Oe 62 40 52 44 54 43 62 MV GRD Vinginie.. . s<6 005 basen 93 56 62 72 80 52 96 PC OMLUDEY «i.6 oa nan vo 05 eon clube main Bi Ph EO 78.12 | 54.40 60. 20 51.75 62. 82 General average ....| 26.08 85.87 | 81.11 | 84.60 84.78 | 60.27 | 45.22 | 51.99 T02 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, | Average farm price of potatoes per bushel in the United States December 1, 1896-1905, by States. ; a j a State or Territory. | 1896, | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. 1901. | 1902. | 1903. 1904. | 1905, ; ; Cents. | Cents.| Cents.| Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents, TTS gE eS es ee | 38 89 46 42 4 67 65 56 45 | ol New Hampshire ............. | 47 90 49 46 79 69 65 56 72 OT eS Sa ee oe 29 70 42 36 64 58 50 47 71 Praneerrnvinetie s. 8 e 57 90 63 57 90 81 71 71 54 Rhode Island ................ | 54 97 64 50 93 75 82 76 89 ‘ OT Oe ae ee STE / 46 96 55 46 94 73 78 72 91 ‘ New Yak.............. et SL ep eae | 50| 56| 54 70 : PU ORES ds cb epee 36 78 61 51 85 61 69 61 75 WORT IWRTIM ©. 5. ass Average c State or Territcry. Acreage. | yield per| Production. farm | Farm value, ~ price, Dec. 1 : acre. ec. 1 ms mm , ee le eee 4 Acres Tons. Tons. Dollars. Dollars. 2 PREG c cite o cian Waters wan ae elas gaan a wee aeiaae 1, 303, 760 1.08 1, 408, 061 9. 90 18, 989, 804 4 New: Prarmmmahire: =. o2.2 .acgeed.te ee neoass 619, 5380 1.16 718, 655 13. 00 9, 342, 515 : NPRRMNONTE DSc Stoic oh wiciand at kip Mamie oem wanitere 861, 911 1036 1, 163, 580 9. 43 10, 972, 559 EER ONMSOLtS «6 Oe os ee coe eee 577, 061 1.38 767, 491 15, 22 11, 681, 213 PENOUGHRIANE soo on sects cnclem sheen 61, 980 1.09 67, 558 16. 27 1, 099, 169 GConnesuente..os.s.2 222 he eee 484, 751 Li 542, 921 14. 60 7, 926, 647 INGUT SHORE os ccd ans otutedok chine aa cee Seas 4,717, 641 1.30 6, 132, 933 10. 38 63, 659, 845 PY SERS <5 32 ult Sendak pee eaten eens 420, 322 1.18 474, 964 14, 81 7,034, 217. PEMNSTLVANIA <2 oo Sess RO eee 8, 072, 021 1.50 4, 608, 082 11. 93 54, 973, 822 Delaware 75, 549 1.55 117,101 13. 67 1, 600, 771 Maryland 286, O11 1.30 371, 814 11. 92 4, 432, 023 - Rt renin) be. Sa ee ee 440, 467 1.30 572, 607 12.62 7, 226, 300 OREM POI OS! 2, Sen So Seal ne 125, 633 1. 60 201, 013 12. 80 2, 572, 966 PPINUIE COIR. 3 oe neat oe aaa ane a 59, 492 1. 42 84, 479 18. 36 1,128, 639 SSE MRR Rp a ee se es 88, 054 1.50 132, 081 15. 75 2,080,276 PELL TG ORES a ge eS Reyer ae 12, 999 1.48 19, 239 16. 25 812, 634 4 OLE UE ee eters ea 5d, 245 1.90 104, 966 12. 52 1,314,174 — Re Ts. so nS a casinos do amae atom sins 43,018 1:75 “75, 273 5 ay | a [DUS STE Tae Tee eee, ope eee aes at 21, 488 2.30 49, 422 11. 50 ES SEE a ae cae oe ee Peeaege eee 395, 663 1.90 751, 760 8 12 PRMGTINGIS sae) > coc SAR ee oa a ae a 74, 665 1.75 130, 664 9 60 See eS eee ee 339, 446 1. 60 543, 114 11. 52 ORY TEAID, £5 x nasccavaee Be ee Ae 522, 610 1.48 773 463 11.65 STATISTICS OF HAY. 705 Acreage, production, and value of hay in the United States in 1905, by States—Continued. Average Average State or Territory. Acreage. | yield per| Production,| f@rm | Farm value, anre yrice, Dec. 1. _ ec. Il, Acres. Tons. Tons, Dollars. Dollars. EO ANS & igh in ou ente benoueaansta'ai nice 461, 088 1, 80 599, 343 10, 63 6, 871, 016 RRRNO CG atid ha Wa Pnwg cant adic tesa ane base 2, 682, 049 1.49 8, 921, 753 §. 00 31, 374, 024 LS Eg Ela ee RB aS ERE LES Te 2, O84, 845 1.46 8, 043, 144 7.70 28, 432, 209 SREUIOUADS chin Okada cide its od pb Hiecaw tadae ue 1, 716, 182 1, 48 2, 589, 875 7,64 19, 150, 658 ERM Actas ba aera cate bee ra ve tee kek ak Tees 2" 664, 682 1, 85 8, 597, 321 8. 27 29, 749, 845 MOM EE tne weitersie iw aad dim Wewne aanae 1, 789, 994 1. 80 3, 221, 989 7, 25 23, 359, 420 A ea Lali p warnkcaaip Sead cabt Seite werk ie 858, 465 1.76 1, 502, 314 5. 80 8, 713, 421 SRO irs Oe Be neds nocicdcnodule Son epanemad oe 8, 088, 352 1.70 5, 165, 198 5.10 26, 342, 510 TSAO Ce Air ncunaccs cub denees seu ee 2, 812, 731 1,10 8, 094, 004 7. 84 24, 256, 991 a, Sew sanniecmam er re 1, 759, 341 1. 55 2,726, 979 5. 08 13, 853, 053 SE MEEOD oc nuke a cea od Lette pa eine 601, 974 1. 75 1, 058, 454 4.14 4, 361, 300 URIEEIR OLE ac cca a cd cane beara wom a tan eek 212, 906 1. 60 840, 650 4, 02 1, 369, 413 SRE E MLO, on ous dala dun ome awn tee Games ee 164, 230 1.55 254, 556 4.33 1, 102, 227 Re ss nw ca vate chavin sewacan oe 362, 939 1. 60 580, 702 7.70 4, 471,405 REE eke she ee tec atnn cavern debe ceen 171, 206 2. 50 428, 015 6, 21 2) 657, 973 EMRRNACD Ee ts cor di tere Ce wun ene Ruiathee Rie woe 665, 226 2.65 1, 762, 849 8. 20 14 "455, 362 DUE SIERO ols wks eb a Woureclent vanes ae 79, 087 2.70 213, 535 10.75 2? 295, 501 PaO oti Os a lciate debt oma oats cake of 68, 685 8,75 238, 819 12. 37 2 954. 191 DORON Oyo oOo wkd Maciule au wd eae a een 351, 272 3. 25 1, 141, 634 6. 67 7. 614, 699 MER eite a Wh fade ca Oke he + eee ok tak 159, 042 2. 50 397, 605 8. 50 3, 379, 642 1 AS eS i aS peed: Sige Malco S eae 382, 467 8.10 1,185, 648 5.90 6, 995, 323 AE eo ERS gt 8 SE Piel prey) jy Aerts 341, 990 2. 65 906, 274 9. 67 8. 763, 670 SPRAY Woes. ccc cok tu see te mene cd wh bedk 390, 076 2. 30 897,175 7.74 6, 944, 184 RORIMOLTES .. ros Vee oahactast Un deee se teas 589, 119 2.40 1, 413, 886 10. 05 14, 209. 554 PMR sa dae nn hon Soe Meu saws woe 305, 070 1.43 436, 250 4,91 2; 141, 988 DURE REIRUORY.. Cuentices dat cay nhadwarads 45, 235 Lz 57, 448 5. 35 ’ 307, 347 RITE tA UORe. 0 8G. tobe sec eta 39,361, 960 1.54 | 60, 531, 611 | 8.52 8. 52 | 515, 950, 784 515, 959, 784 Average yield per acre of hay in the United States, 1896-1905, by States. } State or Territory. 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. | 1904 1905 Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. MONG eek oo. se eee as |} 1.00] 1.10) 1.20] 0.90; 0.90] 1.05] 1.07; 0.98} 1.10 1.08 New Hampshire ............. Ml ie Oa has Aan bee . 89 -of | 4.28: |, 1.06 .92 | 1.02 1.16 REMC oS at Sees 1.25 1.30 1.45 1,14 1, 24 1. 36 5 ge ot 1.18 1.25 1.35 Massachusetts ............... 1, 28 1.40 1. 42 118 .97 1,21 1. 60 1. 36 L 23) 1" ee me BBIANG <. ...5.. 22.2 U8. MAG Ce fies . 89 . 92 . 92 20611207.) 4, 1Gete ae MOMDECUCUL 2/055. sdecwene FOF 1 P20"? Lot .94 .89 | .1.01 53 a (ea eB | 1. 06 1,12 MEL GIIC....... So 6eSaadeok Je BE EBS PO. Pt 1204 FOL dere 6 ISA dot 26 | 186 1.30 PWIA GIRCY fos cU lo nccstvnacees | 1.16 y 1. 42 . 83 1, 26 1532 Bb po 1. 28 1.39 1.13 Pennsylvania ................ | 1.06} 1.40] 1.45] 1.20] 1.10] 1.19] 1.19] 1.97! 1.45] 1.50 MEIAWETO. S20 we oa cb esd. 10 oe Barc 1688. (2 15 Oe -98 | 1.12) 1.09] 1.64] 1.59] 1.55 (ED Ts Le Sea ee pe . 87 1.35 1, 20 1.13 1.09 1. 22 1.01 1, 24 1.36}, »2280 ammemntee 8 ek obs Vo | 1.08 1.08.) 1.32 1.10 1.16 1.20 1. 06 1.30 1.39 1.30 DIO. CANON A Ee Soo 1. 26 1.25 1.70 1.50 1.41 1. 66 1.44 1. 60 My y- 1. 60 BouLa Ce arOumes. sls e lool. LSB 500 } 2.60 hE. 2a SZ 1246 | 1.22") 1046-1 - eS 1,42 OOIMIA a ie, Suh sek aes 1,883), 2.854 76 2.45 [69 1546+}: -1.386-| 1.58) 162 1. 50 MOIGRT. omite eet nen ee es 1.40} 1:00} 1.60; 1.46] 1.20} 1.48] 1.24] 1.47] 1.86) 1.48 MR EET 2. waked tas 1.40 1.45 1.90 1. 66 1,85 1.75 1. 50 1.77 1) to Ube OT) Se Ee 1.35 | 8-45 |e B90) 441-175 pea69 |--1.40:)| 474 27 ee CS CE aS 1.90} 1.90} 2.10} 1.95} 2.00! 1.85] 1.80] 2.04! 206) 2.30 ees 6 yas asso bs 1.00] 1.40] 1.50] 1.43} 1.80] 1.25] 1.40] 1.84] 1.77]. 1.90 Vo ep: Rei ge ge pea Sarpy rs 1.18 1.30 1, 54 1. 48 1.63 1.10 1.60 1.60} 1.72) 1.7% Wenneewse $e eck. a oo es 1.40} 1.45 | 1.50} 1.81 | 1.40} 1.62] 1.44] 1.58} 1.66 | 1.60 WORD Warnanie bon. slicwodewcs Deze he boon. | bk [oe | 1s |) 187.) 112). 1.88 | 1, 47 1.48 MEMORY hie cae cla saw ewe 1.20 g Fea ty ( 1.45 1. 29 1.40 1.34 1. 44 1.46; 1,44 1.30 2D 6 aS 2h pep a ee 1. 26 1.44 1,39 1. 30 1, 06 1.36 | 1.43 1. 42 1, 43 1.49 MICRO ae © sc Fe L sas wae doe ae 1.16 1.49 1. 36 1. 22 1,29 1. 26 1. 45 1.37 1,25 1.46 DACA EMN ow oo Sore wth oS ee o's, 1.30 1.43 1.45 1.34 1,21 Lz 1. 46 1.47 1. 37 1.48 PUNO seks ep wou meeeus ok E38 tf 20401366 11429) 27): 108:| 1.50) Ot]; 1:86 7.35 WIHOOMIND +... a t2 Oa wie eal ae 1.25 1.85 1.50 1.47 1.15] 1.29 1.90 1.89 1. 67 1.80 MINEO fs cee Fa sewet ose. Mie ea pe ake eed ty 2a Py Webel! 2, 76 1.88 Pee 1.75 i). ae Se ee eS ey 6 174.) 231560) .4.76 4), ALS 142) 1.957) 168 |. 178 | 1e 1.70 MIGROMED G.08 os ott 27k es 1.48 | 1.15] 1.60] 1.87 | 129 20h 2.89 1. “RSA aay 1.10 RABBGR Raab apes de dadan man 1. 42 1.30 1. 46 1.57 1.32 .91 1.70 1.58 1. 67 1.55 Noprasks 22. 2.02 ss eka 1.66 |_ 1.60 | 1.60] 1.66/ 1.38; 1.25] 1.74] 1.68] 1.76 1.75 Routh DakGtin o6 0c e eae A238 3.26} BS Ee IB) Lb | 2.28) B44 ES 1.60 North Dakota .~ 20 wets: 1.65 | 1.60] 1.50]. 1.58 -92} 1.60] 1.66] 1.18] 1.57 1.55 Montant 2:7 ..u-sededeoscneee 1.38} 1.50] 1.45] 1.42] 1.60] 1.79] 1.68] 2.08] 1.92 1. 60 Wyoming 5 s2..0.sceeseuoues ee 1.55!) 1.65] 1.96] 1647] 1.68! 1.761 1.651 2.141 2.27 2.50 706 Average yield per acre of hay in the United States, 1896-1905, by States—Continued, YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, State or Territory. 1896. | 1897, Tons. | Tons. OG Ce es Re ee 2, 20 2, 25 Winer MOTICO .. cacndasuevsvecc 3. 00 3. 50 JOD OS, OT lee et aE RS ae | 3. 20 3. 00 1) ee eae ree 2.70 2.95 OT, Se Reseed SS pe ae eS 2.55 2. 50 LM a a ae a Se, Ss 2.60 2.30 | CAE Or a are 1.95} 2.25 TS Oa RR ere ee 1.98 | 1.90 CEN Og a a eee IE a 1.65 | 1.60 CIR NOM RT cc wets weumavan brah Wala ce aia Pndian Territory .. OT 2.04 2.07 2. 04 2.30 1. 63 1,51 1.82 1. 81 2.08 2.03 2.40 oot. wit ee £96:) "1.26 Lae 1. 43 a A he eae ATA) Phe 1 146 1.32 1,50 1.49 ¥. 27 1.35 | 1.28] 1.28 | 1.50| 1.54] 1.52] 1.54 o 1896-1905, by States. ERNIE os. 30 < Soa anes See | $10. 25 $10.73 | $9.12 | $9.09 |$11.66 |$10.96 |$10. 74 |$10.00 |$10. 69 | $10. 69 New Hampshire ..........-.- 12.38 | 13.23 | 11.56 | 10.46 | 18.48 | 15.87 | 14.36 | 12.20 | 13.76 | 15,08 MPVINOTLE Soa cos oe deen ee 12.85 | 12.03 | 9.21 | 10.55 | 18.70 | 18.86 | 12.26 | 12.84 | 11.85] 12.73 Mapsgohusetis 2..<----<.ssa>= 20.99 | 19,46 | 17.18 | 17.52 | 16.88 | 21.16 | 26°64 | 22.74 | 19.38 | 20,24 TERA TNANE ~ oaeecon enue 18.26 | 16°67 | 14.93 | 15.35 | 17.20 | 17.54 | 19.46 | 20.28 | 20.16 | 17.73 aNnNecnoOut <.2<.222-2-. 2... 15.74 | 15.60 | 14.61 | 13.63 } 14.89 | 14.77 | 21.19 | 16.86 | 15.78 | 16.35 Regn TORE. - ose 5 adensatnuee oste~s se 10.31 | 14.17 | 11.16 | 13.73 | 15.31 | 16.07 | 14.19 | 17.38 | 16.97 | 15.50 TIER < Oo cincaewaa< > cacanes 11.03 | 11.07 | 11.22 | 11.27 | 15.43 | 14.41-| 14.89 | 17.85 | 17.44] 16,41 INGFED COnolune «sc... 0s. .ne c= 13.55 | 12.19 | 15.81 | 15.15 | 15.79 | 17.93 | 17. 64 | 21.47 | 25.04] 20.48 Senth Carolinas. 232-2 5--s aoe see 8.82 | 7.93 | 9.20] 10.00 | 10.67 | 12.10 | 13.31 | 12.83 | 11.78 | 11.16. WV BEC OS Re a epee 8.25 | 8.44] 8.62] 10.07 | 11.10 | 13.58 | 15.03 | 14.17 | 18.18 | 13.05 IMFTMMESOLA o~ nns + =~ 200-0 =e |ns-s-> ofan -le~s)-e.nsscloererse|er seas 6.59 | 6.68 | 7.52] 7.40 7.03 Pa: LATTILOTY onion <= -scimasfacse ses eee ee eee 11.01 | 6.57] 8.86] 6.88 6.79 he arnee (SPINE ee (RRS [ee WEE Y(t eda) Eek Nee mA General average ....... 8.97 | 9.46] 9.30] 9.97] 11.39 | 12.85 } 18.61 | 18.93 | 13,28 | 18. ll a * STATISTICS OF HAY. 707 Average farm price of hay per ton in the United States December 1, 1896-1905, by States. State or Territory, 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902, | 1903. | 1904. | 1905. DE CRs an as nic hae de neha’ gto. 25 | $9.75 | $7.60 |$10.10 |$12.95 |$10. 44 |$10. 04 sto. 20 | $9.72 | $9.90 New Hampshire ............. 12.90 | 11.50] 9.25 | 11.75 | 15.50 | 12.40 | 13.65 | 13.26 | 13.49 | 13.00 SERIE Chin ac ohh ag caenee on 10.28 | 9.26] 6.36 9,25 | 11.05 | 9.82] 9.65 | 10. 88 9. 48 9. 43 Ma@asachusetts ... 0. sc ccccedee 16.40 | 18.90 | 12.10 | 15.50 | 17.40 | 17.49 | 16.65 | 16.72 | 15.76 15, 22 MOOG REIN ts oi anan ve sewcus 16.60 | 14.50 | 12.65 | 17.25 | 18.70 | 19.06 | 18.89 | 18.95 | 17.388 16.27 RUOIIIGOCURUUG pas dhnaccebveeuse 14.71 | 13.00 | 11.15 | 14.50 | 16.78 | 14.62 | 15.70 | 15.19 | 14.89 | , 14.60 RE SOM an kunin$ Ke0na ki wae ae 12. 04 8, 25 5.75 | 10.45 | 14.05 | 10.58 | 10.53 | 10.96 | 10.44 10. 38 Oe ORGY: Denn codunGacecscas 14.35 | 10.75 | 9.60 | 15.35 | 16.05 14,29 | 15.64 | 15.39 | 14.67 14. 81 eh 12.15} 9.15 | 7.90 | 11.50 | 18.90 | 18.64 | 14.00 | 18.50 | 11.82 11. 93 SPL slants g's vues hscrce dae 18.00 | 10.00 | 8.45 | 11.65 | 13.95 | 12.36 | 14.43 | 14.83 | 13.89 13. 67 MAMIE daar set's n'nyn.k lenin 11.85 | 10.50 | 9.30 | 12.15 | 14.05 | 13.17 | 14.05 | 14.02 | 12.48 | 11.92 SPIRAEA cs cree Sawn'n san 5 gawd’ 10.21 | 10.25 | 8.5 10. 25 | 13.30 | 12.01 | 13.58 | 13.73 | 12.55 | 12.62 DUPER CRIROUMID oo pases he ddenen 10.75 | 9.75} 9.80 |] 10.10 | 11.20 | 10.80 | 12.25 | 13.42 | 14.56 12. 80 Se OMPOLNG . < . oa cecnacccce 11.32 | 11.50 | 9.50) 10.80 | 11.50 | 10.98 | 11.25 | 11.72 | 12.18 13. 36 UN Se le tvs od oan cWincaean 11.05 | 18.00 | 11.75 | 18.15 | 12.75 | 14.33 | 18.40 | 15.15 | 15.14 15. 75 SMM tke hicce uxse Sete pate 13.00 | 14.25 | 14.10 | 15.35 | 13.70 | 15.35 | 15.34 | 18.82 | 16.67 | 16.25 RII idea ay wn wea vies Sawai 9.80 | 10.25 | 9.25 | 11.40 | 10.55-|-22.07 | 11.61 | 12.39 | 12.13 12. 52 Se = ae 9.46 | 9.50] 8.40] 9.25) 9.95] 10.51 | 10.25 | 11.60 | 10.85 / 11.17 SPIRAL ee. nals kaw cewnean ns 8.75 | 8.75] 9.40 | 9.70] 9.40 | 11.08 | 11.72 | 11.35 | 12.20] 11.50 SMES a wie die atGir sw sh dole ndunenns 7.20| 7.75 | 6.85 | 7.10 | 6:80 | 10.62°| 8.60; 8.20] 8.12 8.12 RT INIRIS Okt GR £ So gut ie sa atiche 7.54 8.65 | 6.75 | 8.65] 8.85] 11.72] 9.40] 9.48] 9.82 9. 60 BINA BENOO. Sain 5 waamle Susie Udine 9.67 | 10.75 9.50 | 11.25 | 11.80 | 12.31 | 11.80 | 12.29 | 12.01 11. 52 RM VATE. tics wa seu dtoknwen 9.79 | 8.85] 8.40] 9.45 | 13.40 | 13.80 | 14.33 | 13.80 | 12.41 | 11.65 DICTA Vile 2 dw i wes ne piawae be 9.46 | 10.00 | 9.10 | 10.40 | 11.35 | 12.13 | 11.30 | 12.07 | 11.51 10. 63 Nd SS ae ease 7.98} 6.25] 6.75 | 8.95] 11.05] 8.72] 10.20] 10.00} 9.25 8.00 PEIN fee DT ecco owed niece ump 8.48} 7.75 | 7.15] 8.50] 9.45] 8.61 8.30 | 8.93] 9.09 7.70 eae. « cn dance warns 7.18 {| 5.90} 5.60| 7.80] 9.75 | 9.28] 8.67] 8.56] 8.58 7. 54 Lic) 0 TA Sen Sea a, Se ai 6.89 | 6.15 | 5.90 | 7.75| 8.40] 11.20] 8.87] 8.33] 8.66 8. 27 a ah sinh ace Acewiiin.ss 6.60 | 6.25] 5.75| 6.85 | 9.65] 10.53] 7.91 | 7.50] 7.89 7.25 RII LORS OUAE Gal sts eae we <9 tty Sear 3.79 | 4.50] 3.70] 4.85] 6.95] 5.58) 5.36] 6.61] 5.51 5. 80 BOWee sw sea oh Bate ea See 8.99 | 4.25! 4.05] 5.30! 6.80] 7.67! 6.50] 5.46! 5.36 5.10 WIT atch a, ok Sota 4.85 | 6.15] 5.80] 6.25] 6.95 |11.99| 6.89] 6.68] 6.62 7. 84 ONC a SE etn oy Ree 2970 | 3.40} 8$.25| 3.50| 4.55 | 7.67] 4.31 | 4.81] 4.38 5. 08 Si oie 2h RD ERTS EEE oe 2.44} 3.00} 3.30] 3.70] 5.15] 6.17| 4.86] 4.48] 3.82 4.14 UU a a ey 8.12 | 2.95] 3.00] 3.10] 8.95] 4.49] 4.15 | 4.63] 4.24 4. 02 DURE AT ABORT ic «he ain Fess ee 8.89 | 3.25] 3.25! 3.30| 5.65] 3.65] 3.67] 4.64]. 4.21 4. 33 MMU fac his Son acca ate. 6.86 | 7.75 | 6.80| 7.76] 8.70| 8.18] 7.64] 8.81] 8.70 7.70 WE ANETTA ee Gre We may aoc 2 aide Calds|| » GaGa), By SOT. :GrOO.| 7200.) vale) Io28'l. 6.67 Feb. 7o 6. 21 CULLNTS WAG Le Rs a RES OS 6.22] 5.50] 5.40] 7.35] 7.60] 9.04] 9.89 | 7.48] 6.71 8. 20 NeW, SECSICOn ccxaskwes¢ ads em 6.70 | 7.00} 7.385 | 10.60] 9.90 | 10.34 | 11.18 | 11.12] 11.42| 10.75 Wyo LET SE aa at parse a, ie ee ae 8.75 | 5.00 | 12.00 | 10.35 | 11.30 | 9.18 | 12.23 | 10.34 | 14.84 12.37 EES 1s RRS Sa ae a ae Ser a 5.00} 4.75] 4.50] 7.10] 7.95| 8.45] 7.32] 6.84] 6.31 6. 67 Loi TSS iS aT es cpl See 4.82} 5.00| 7.00| 7.65 7.70 | 7.92) 9.05] 9.97 7.60 8.50 a ha an, was wm soe ee | 4.71] 5.25] 4.90] 6.30] 6.50] 5.91] 5.50] 6.86| 6.08 5. 90 oo SS 7 eS ae 7.09 | 9.00] 7.60] 8.90) 9.50] 8.52] 8.93 | 12.77 | 11.34 9. 67 Soe DES eae ae gai 6.60 | 7.75 | 7.25 | 6.85} 6.80|.7.16 | 7.48 | 10.18 | 10.18 7.74 EMT 2 ee te 6.35 | 9.00} 14.25] 8.00} 8.15] 7.92] 9.41 | 11.66 | 10.41} 10.05 SUMEETAIAE oS = ot cnn wécind eee Reine ete fee eae iretecus De 6.86 | 5.30] 5.61] 4.90 4.91 SREREE MP APTILOLY oped bu ble mute | fo ete a ee ines ieee Lo ue ae 7.54] 4.98] 5.91] 4.62 5. 35 Genera] average ....... 6.55 | 6.62 | 6.00] 7.27] 8.89 | 10.01 | 9.06 | 9.08] 8.72 8. 52 Wholesale prices of hay (baled) per ton in leading cities of the United States, 1901-1905. Chicago. Cincinnati. St. Louis. No. 1 timothy,} No. 1 timothy,| No. 1 timothy, per ton. per ton. per ton. PEETIOT YN HG. Jee tetic na all pale ane aadede owae ands $12.00 | $13.00 | $14.00 | $14.50 | $11.50 | $13.50 WORE Uae Lote Sh co CUaal beh ct ce ae ie Oks 12.00 | 12.50} 14.00| 14.25] 11.50 12.75 UPR Nees ee one einieioe BOHTGID GE... 5. cfs ok scedanc nde one nao ee noes CPSTODEE J. aco o's « 335 2a cka'atc Dee ek cam oes meee eee aoe ICME TEIDGE. acacia wn Sowe o anos oad bee eee ones DOROINNOR so case a Paks thee = eninn Oe a eae ones STATISTICS: OF COTTON. 709 COTTON, Cotton crop of countries named, 1900-1904. [Bales of 500 pounds, gross weight, or 478 pounds of lint, net.] Country. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. | 1904. = 5 PARR era ee | Bales. Bales. Bales. Bales. | Bales, Total United States (including the Phil- ! RPE SEEONEI)°.. ss sin u wth asta) neta weiamekel 10,129,125 | 9,515,846 | 10,637,043 | 9,857,492 | 13,444,946 United States: fii Uae eae Moers COREANIEET @)...% ve. aw cesbeebe rae ....| 10,128,027 | 9,509,745 | 10,630,945 | 9,851,129 | 18,438,012 POS UOCREOO’O. Succ nuke Sah u pdonie ae Dean etna bath Sieh i ee ! 265 836 Total United States (in North | AEPOPICR) 0. ¢ ganeswens yaa Wapeeeues 10,128,027 | 9,509,748 | 10,630,945 | 9,851,394 | 13, 438, 848 MMOATR 5: . c. in.. Go bcbin'vanunlc ak pdnceecunan Oe © 147 © 147 | 147 © 147 No awa ra Se Suen en Ub became 108, 147 108, 910 168,998 | 119,000 West Indies: British— RO RAEISO Oa aes. n ne @ nak atd eral gee Wks Le eta erate ee 2 3 13 18 TT ORG ORI Soe ie aes pie care eae lee ead thee Vlateewaleu, peel sn sls eutee a 11 401 RROONIAE Ces coach Wile itn cia hee aS wasted 616 527 518 630 658 OIANOR Od 34 oe eee wear Wie bak aptantaw el Opens anata thle scapes o> 6 30 Deere ARIA ON tk beds ake ocd wee als cobb ndeewelsa esp ealaes | 133 262 rbROh 0 atic i cael wee dae Naeem ete yates al ekl Mowe Rani Mae oS p isbn gel an acing Sas 5 Bee VIICORY Of. Sikuaa se gteea seas 51 53 113 91 264 armada ened TODARO 0 Fis. ef ucatemwwne dices! oe pate t eel Maki ans clad eGo dade ee 3 Turks and Caicos Islands 6 .......|........-... a DARE Ts eee | LAs in paneneuii TSO sic ok Boho noe < tee RR AG Jawa e TRA et pas tbe |D ognd cto'ghcnclasedterrnabe 77 | 42 EO MEIQMNG Os cia taars ciety an eee e'an cos 4) 5 (e) 1 2 POM eee. Lt Be oat spiky ayia ntti = 6 5, 800 d 5, 800 4,184 6, 821 6,312 Total North: America, <~ oe w 6 ose veo 10, 280,168 | 9,619,434 | 10,739,820 | 10,028,323 | 13,565,992 RTE, NO Ens aS Lee eee ae 209, 000 157,000 | 251,000 | 234, 000 165, 000 era TIO Aer, A eee Sead ub elitde a tata Sib aniline cemseslparcesnske an (e€) 4 Colombia and Venezuelag ..............-. 5, 200 5, 200 5, 200 5, 200 5, 200 BOOT Ue coe hel ean So. habe 2 ake ue eens a 44, 000 48, 000 42,000 46,000 | 45, 000 Total South America... 5.2... 6.6.2. 258, 200 210, 200 298, 200 285, 200 216, 204 AED Se eee ae Rae, Og ME at 590| 590 590° 590 | 590 BOS aS SOO ans ok wakes ce aero eek Ota ee eae 690 690 690 690 | 690 EROS e as a. sonia ok cuales easy arabs oe ee 8, 200 8, 200 8, 200 8, 200 8, 200 MS gs rus Dal sik ee Me ER 2,700 2,700 2,700 2, 700 | 2,700 See Foe |. suc s cl ite cscs baecubiaes x 421 236 231 285 345 J Ty OO EOe Oe ars oa SRE ee 4, 600 4, 600 4, 600 4,600 4, 600 ote MuTOpeLs .... 0. a nae eee 17, 201 17,016 17,011 17, 065 | 17,125 tba teilin 2 osc scccsthicc cue eeoe: 2,262,467 | 2,770,488 | 3,138,535 | 2,995,517 | 2, 837,166 UMMM. oc: ass ooutscs sc caneeeeee 559 485 28 317 | 371 ae Se 5 katara oh acne catienel antes 1,192,000 |} 1,192,000 | 1,192,000 | 1,192,000 | 1, 192, 000 US er Sid asic, tet os cn Shee eee 2, 269 1,628 817 692 1,118 Disseh: ease indies O85, ok cb o5 Fe hoa cen ok 14, 274 9,160 8, 267 12, 661 a2 11,000 Lip ste a PiYs Pee 0) 3 rt ea Ree De BR 5,015 7,815 11,139 13, 693 k 14, 000 TNE ae a ae eg eee ei er eom 28, 217 25, 762 19, 152 17, 012 16, 262 I three aie shee Sods mas s aed o a oe a 32, 000 82, 000 32, 32, 000 32, 000 EMI THIANOS 4 5 ois abce te vce aap eS 16,098 16, 098 6, OVS 16,098 1 6, 098 Russia, Asiatic: ) PPeRRIBGNUCAMIEO onc. nt use eeenascee 56, 000 56, 000 56, 000 56, 000 56, 000 RoI EPIRA oie ids adearniet hn ake ye hnk 577, 065 426, 056 369, 983 k523, 000 ke 523, 000 Total Asiatic Russia................ 633, 065 482, 056 425,983 | 579,000 / 579, 000 a‘‘Linters,” a by-product, not included; quantity of ‘‘linters’’ produced as follows: 150,105 bales in a 173,657 bales in 1901, 205,254 bales in 1902, 208,437 bales in 1903, and 253,077 bales in 1904, Exports. ¢ Official estimate for 1903. ad Average production. e Less than one-half bale. A ee from exports and an assumed annual home consumption of approximately 50,000,000 unds. sit” pvenee as unofficially estimated. h Estimated from exports and an assumed annual home consumption of approximately 5,000,000 pounds, i and mill consumption. j a of Ellison, upon net imports and an assumed anual per capita consumption of 2} unds. k Unofficial estimate. ‘ Census for 1902. ’ fr -_seC a ok 710 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Cotton crop of countries named, 1900-1904—Continued, Country. 1900, 1901, 1902, 1908. 1904, Bales. Bales. Bales. Bales. Bales. epeae. Agietie @ .. oa... «cause eves sewewe 63, 000 63, 000 63, 000 | 63, 000 63, 000 Total Asia .........-.. scguebuies BeOTE | 4,238,964 | 4,590,492 | 4,897,419 | 4,911,990| 4, 752,015 British Africa: ized CEPR! ATOR Oo Ce ac Soa cine als teGe enc urcdlbaeete eaeuee 1 119 597 Waar AIPIOM oo. cook cds Goes bade dace cede welnaedtawd mubal acne a wens deers aes cae eee 609 SPIOIR Oo ohn cone nawhe cladanwes piinees 1 (¢) (¢) | 3 125 Ont CORRE Occ. ive teddies ¥ heaetedees 44 US ees hee 22 121 Rete et oe ot ee re See 50 16 26 606 1, 805 Ween se ok Se os DF eee ta cs lawn ale dae lle woe we ctlcde ne onde oe. eee Wiceria, northern’)... 2. ....0ceces- oipefe womuv ace nae|aleaiste c's cases tide walcth eles eakee aan 60L WNireria. southern? . oe io. ae Seen xetuboteaeeanweews' hain news w ae wie Pie intial 598 Biarre- Leone 0.6.22. oss sro we eh vs boule tne aca ee cee torneo oe Lae a eee 2 59 SION TIOG Oo oe on waa cane tin cole ewe wee ebalederaceeee le wanis'nes waren cap deena Wenn batws gemiieltiam 45 Tota] British Africa .......5..,- RRR i i ad oe See a ae dg eee 240 110 79 (a! 63 Regal OOGaDIS, ow Joos ters Os wee hele 247 110 93 312 137 Pavia See 8 Nate c ee 15, 893, 591 | 15,781,561 | 17,186,311 | 16,616,589 | 19, 897,699 a Average production as unofficially estimated. e Imports from Eritrea into Italy. b Exports. f Official estimate for 1904. e Less than one-half bale. — ad According to Davies, Benachi & Co., as quoted by Ellison. World’ s international trade in cotton, 1900-1905. — [Bales of 500 pounds, gross weight, or 478 pounds of lint, net.] EXPORTS. Ne a eee Year - Country. begin- 1900 1901. 1902 1903 1904 of: ning— 7 | | | | LC | | . J Bales Bales Bales. Bales Bales. 4 PRE Ay Jar. a 105, 000 54, 262 148, 225 130, 229 61,170 LN aT ok 1, 124, 660 1, 268, 856 1, 378, 413 1, 158, 029 1, 225, 259 Lao er a Jan; ok 159, 165 127,715 117, 738 152, 127 50, 462 Garman yore... coe Jan. 1 235, 265 216, 810 257, 289 286, 743 319, 732 India. (British) ....... April 1| - 847,441 1, 347, 878 1, 429, 058 1, 865, 791 1, 334, 111 Netherlands ......... JAN, 21k 110, 591 100, 719 , 580 » 110, 568 104, 182 ee Janae 33, 420 36, 948 30, 826 35, 287 34, 739 United States ...:.... July .1 7,027, 327 7, 382, 792 7, 466, 824 6, 464, 134 9, 078, 080 Other countries. .....|....---..- 305, 900 169, 700 299, 100 383, 500 413, 200 1S Ey eee 9, 948, 769 10, 705, 680 11, 210, 003 10, 586, 408 12,720, a Estimated. b Not including the free ports. a See Pe " nab _ 4 i " we wy * a4 } + STATISTIOS OF COTTON. 711 World’ s international trade in cotton, 1900-1905—Continued. : IMPORTS. Year Country, begin- 1900. 1901, 1902, 1903. 1904, ning— | Bales. Bales. Bales, Bales. | Bales. Austria-Hungary ....) Jan, 1 557, 548 617, 908 664, 313 688, O41 700, 062 BLEUE, wus Sede oo cl Jan, 1 160, 699 152, 334 206, 087 246, 879 186, 228 2 ORS See July 1 102, 646 134, 364 142, 188 101, 800 115, 583 ICG taut eke hen en en Jan. .1 891, 960 980, 936 985, 068 1, 167,740 967.710 GSOMmMany Gos. ccc ens Jan. 1 1, 653, 606 1, 728, 038 1, 805, 305 1, 992, 090 2, 082, 693 ae CR a ee Jan. 1 565, 866 623, 206 679, 641 711, 035 713, 733 UMMIRNS. 5 wa eeee sa oss 60, 1 701, 760 697, 024 946, 919 816, 657 733, 849 EE watn ies oan vas: July 1 43, 461 29, 028 77, 590 64, 680 84, 025 Netherlands ......... Jan. ‘& 193, 724 193, 982 182, 427 199, 729 203, 091 SE Jan. I 777, 353 783, 865 820, 955 1, 061, 822 b 907, 051 ES Jau,. 1 805, 825 360, 966 392, 993 368, 653 825, 157 : RPOUGL Sei kicwes cc ccns gan, 1 78, 727 76, 496 83, 166 83,194 80, 325 United Kingdom..... Jan, 1 8, 231, 087 3, 395, 697 8, 225, 052 8,113, 890 3, 559, 028 United States ........ July’ 1 97, 555 206, 518 156, 641 102,177 126, 587 MPGMGE COUMEKIOR. « 6.05] ctsecewen 305, 600 295, 400 288, 200 243, 200 247, 600 ithe 8 ROE Sn aed (: a oe A 9, 666, 917 10, 270, 762 10, 656, 495 10, 961, 587 11, 035, 722 a Not including the free ae » Preliminary figures excluding the trade over the Asiatic frontier (excepting the Black Sea ports of the vareeabay (See ‘‘General note”’ to ‘‘ World’s international trade in wheat,”’ p. 665.) Condition of the cotton crop of the United States, monthly, 1889-1905. . | Sep- u- | Sep- Year. June. | July. at og sae Year June. | July. | ous: temt- a SP Chali CholP dem, Coo] bee. | dace Cle P, 0h. \ \P. ct.4 PP; et) Pot) eae See te ee 86.4 87.6 89.3 86.6 SLiDo OIC so on vices as 89.0 91,2 91.2 79.8 75.4 PROD. he wate 88.8 91.4 89.5 85.5 OO. Oo 1899. cccen aa gee 87.8 84.0 | 68.5 62.4 ph eR eee 85.7 88.6 88.9 82.7 Mead dl) SAO s aa da males 82.5 75.8 76.0 68. 2 67.0 Re: © eae oe 85.9 86.9 82.3 76.8 exe i AeOLs. sec abe $1.5} 81.1 cf fee 71.4 61.4 Sey Ge oes ae 85.6 82.7 80. 4 73.4 TOCLEH Me cao oa w a 95.1 84. 7 81.9 64.0 58.3 NS) 88.3 89.6 91.8 85.9 Bes PC LOUO satis waco es 74.1 dae k 79.7 81.2 65.1 ReOe Soze. . 1901. Aver- Produc- tion. acre. Farm value, Dee. 1, 1900, | Aver- vi - State. age arm Acreage. | yield weeaee- farm| value, per om price, Dec. 1. anne Dee, | "oe Acres. Tbs. Pounds. |\C ents. | Dollars. "a 111] 1,666) 184,926] 15 27,739 c arm age ) u arm Acreage. | yiela| 4 Py og oe value, |Aereage, yield I tag Lap value, per Dee Dec. 1. per Dec Dec. 1. acre, sg acre, r 1. | ne Acres. Lbs. Pounds. |Cents.| Dollars. Acres. Lbs Pounds, |Cents.| Dollars. iF - eee 119} 1,610 191,590} 15.0 28, 738 125) 1,700 212, 500 17. 0) 86, 125 EUs oie act 174) 1,685 293,190) 15.0 43, 978 191; 1,650 $15, 150); 17.0) 53, 576 Mass ..... 4,444) 1,690 7,510, 860) 18.6] 1,396, 927 4,488} 1,850 8, 302,800) 16.9 1 , 403,173 oe je 12,705) 1,685) 21,407,925) 22.6) 4,838,191 18, 340] 1,725) 28,011,500) 17.0 g, 911, 955 EVE Wu ce es 5,492) 1,145 6, 288, 340} 10.0 628, 834 6,151} 1,148 7,061,348) 10.5 741, 442 RR 14,457} 1,289) 18,635,073; 8.9] 1,658,521/ 15,324] 1,370} 20,993,880) 10.8) 2,267, 33 GL cre 32, 067 621} 19, 918, 607 6.5; 1 » 294, 384, 80, 143 650 19, 592, 950 6.0} 1,175, 577 Res ois 5 1338, 086 725) 96, 487, 850 7.4 7, 140,064 118, 447 675 * 79, 951, 725 7.6) 6,076, 331 PE ac a wha 143, 968 685, 98, 618, 080 8.6 8, 481,15 55) 136, 770 608 83, 156, 160 8.8) 7,317, 742 OE 11, 643 703} 8,185, 029 8.2 671, 172| 12, 574 736 9, 254) 464 Mf 805, 138 CO 1, 868 650 1,214, 200} 20.6 250, 125 2, 036 525 1,068,900) 17.0 181, 713 | See 4,434 815; 38,618,710) 31.5) 1, 138, 319 5, 321 600} 3,192,600) 18.0) 574,668 1 585 879 221, 715). 15.5 34, 366 521 450 234,450) 16.0 37, 512 ES eee a 408 69,350) 15.6 10, 820 155 430 66,650) 15.0 9, 998 Seca o sic 89 438 38, 982) 21.5 8, 381 63 500 31,500! 25.0 7,875 i> oe 469 600 281,400) 19.5 54, 873 469 500 234,500) 19.0 44, 555 . aS 1,234 565 697,210) 12.0 83, 665 1, 049 700 734,300} 14.0) 102,802 Pen. <<: 47,703 750} 34,823,190} 5.8) 2,019,745) 41,502 768] 31,878,536) 7.5) 2,390,515 a eee 4, 087 710 2,901, 770 8.5 246, 650 4, 005 790 3, 163, 950 8.5 268, 936 US EA 277, 409 827| 229,417,243) 6.4] 14,682,704) 275,874 830} 228,975,420) 7.0/16, 028, 279 OHIO. ove. 59, 827 849) 50,793,123) 8.0) 4, 063, 450! 59, 229 850} 50,344,650) 8.4) 4,228, 951 Mich. ..<. 278 675 187,650} 6.5 MD AUD aim chaler ateree aeons | a = Piao Seasien> [a ce ae cis aS 6, 244 691 4,314, 604 8.5 366, 741 6, 244 819 5, 118, 836 6.0 306, 830 See sh ASS 670 778,850! 5.4 41, 788) 1, 132 900; 1,018,800; 6.0 61, 128 Wes ce 40,931}. 1,282) 52, 473, 542) 7.8) 4,092,936, 39,294) 1,370 53, 832, 780} 10.0} 5,383,278 Moexnz:.. 1,71 626) 1,108,646) 8.5 94, 235 1, 665 Tia ly 295, 370} 8.0} 103,630 RIGS stat: SOG; 409 819. 0] 660, 460,739; 8.1) 53,382 1959) 776,112 sa 633, 033, mg 8. Te 519, 068 HOPS. Hop crop of countries named, 1901-1908. Country. 1901. | 1902. | 1903. | 1904. | 1905, : | era let United States: a Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. PREWEDOOLK. 2 Sot fia cok lw oS 9,000,000 | —_5, 800, 000 9, 000, 000 11,-900, 000 8, 200, 000 CURD a. ns heh on ww 9, 400, 000 10, 300, 000 10, 900, 000 12, 300, 000 12, 700, 000 CT Ee ee, Rata ota 13, 800, 000 17, 000, 000 17, 600, 000 17, 600, 000 20, 500, 000 PRR TON 22 c2 cee sete ow 6, 600, 000 5, 800, 000 6, 800, 000 | 7,400, 000 9, 800, 000 Total United States ...... 38, 800, 000 | 38, 900, 000 44, 300, 000 49, 200, 000! | 51, 200, 000 Austria-Hungary 2G) a oe a re 32, 866, 000 19, 829, 000 9, 010, 000 19, 598, 000 39, 305, 000 PRUE Sis ca foe ee 560, 000 631, 000 808, 000 631, 000 6 700, 000 Total Austria-Hungary... 33, 426, 000 20, 460, 000 9, 818, 000 20, 229, 000 40, 005, 000 BS See tee eae ee! 9,149,000| 7,360,000 | 4,786,000 | 9,830,000 | 11,000, 000 Lo eS ae Oe ee 7, 056, 000 5, 251, 000 7,311, 000 7, 753, 000 a6, 800, 000 RRIUR OIE Or ois 925s ower nee 27, 599, 000 50, 185, 000 46, 562, 000 49, 136, 000 64, 500, 000 MGieTINAIGS .. 556.5) ot ae neh 137, 000 137, 000 100, 000 * 6125, 000 b 125, 000 SLURSIOND A ed Spies cect ohne ws 11, 000, 000 11, 000, 000 12, 500, 000 8, 700, 000 14, 500, 000 United Kingdom: Eavinud Seas 72, 731, 600 34, 837, 000 47, 160, 000 31, 621, 000 77, 946, 000 TU AGEAA OUNODE on 8 oo Saale 161,098,000 ! 129, 230, 000 128, 23 237, 000 127, 394, 000 214, 876, 000 Australasia: Ter eS aa UACOORER «<4 cp ncbeeides tak 307, 000 252, 000 176, 000 274, 000 162, 000 ES pee, aorta Tee 697, 000 651, 000 809, 000 865, 000 912, 000 New Zealanda ............. , 000, 930, 000 940, 000 1, 150, 000 1, 120, 000 Total Australasia......... 2, 004, 000 1, 833, 000 1, 925, 000 2, 289, 000 2,194, 000 Totals o. 2-5 56 a eaee ts 201, 902,000 | 169,963,000 | 174,462,000 | 178,883,000 | 268, 270, 000 a Unofficial estimate. » Average production. _» ¢ Excluding Canada, for which the census of 1901 shows a production during the preceding year of 1,001,203 pounds. 718 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Wholesale prices of hops per pound in leading cities of the United States, 1901-1905. New York, Cincinnati. Chicago, Pacific coast, Sai Date. Choice State. Choice. common to : choice, A Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. 1901 Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. UTUTING fe win oh von a Slee d ccwa sy an a Ohepaenenunede ovale , 17} MUON: 5 coe ot bog aeeceehMiersnpeeheahannaweniadl sa als baenene 17} 173 17 MEMORIES oo. os sited Sa aul te wulnw oo yng dein omeica e's Sean ae 18 20 173 17} 18 19 DOS, | SE SR i eel ly See eae nr mee 18 20 17} 17} 18 19 ae nF tn an ea cane owe mee man an 17} 20 173 17} 18 19 ee oe eS eae een oe dee new a Ue ae ae ema erane 174 18 173 - 17} 17 18 OO. Shoe’. sak deae thee ees feos Eee een aattens hades 30 36 31h 31} 26 30 Ee ied eagle’ on casi t cern Wee erties dom Gated an aetals ; 27 31 30 30 26 80! ss Se on aS s Leia bors ) Z je) = e = < = = = a = = =) s o >) = aw) < al 720 Wholesale prices of flaxseed per bushel in leading cities uf the United States, 1901-1905. — 1 ——s ee 1 3 ro el aa eS ao -— A paps ; P ~ = sR . . efckeeseszo3 Ratereseshal gs8nentseheo pn Stats setee a = 2° * 3 err 3 sees Bho Sarees So teoantss Beton es SH aw aot oie 4 = SSSSSSLISRSS 83R BAA =BSSSSS8S8aR Same SoSsaeaam BABS eheess or tere eee ae eae ST Re ek rhs ot oP ok OT ee oe Pe rf ie ae REM LE’ id eile Maui art gi De Vie ae | a 8 Botts Hanns ee ‘ nentinidndnndnnin anininisninim ° ** 2.239 of HOODOO MOND warnaestaios | OHSS ODSmSoSESo RABOnRKR ON Je) a 3 a ReSRRBZRR S28 RRESRRKLBSRRA ARSE SSSssss Se RRR ONAN SRASSSSSR8SS8S2 eet o —' einied deieiciededeiets Renee nintintintnine tina aeindentinidnni nandtdtntninindine i. s| & rs : { -_- $ NOM MM HMHHDOHOD HDD HOMMONAWO HOSOetHmORhoOter Bomossrnttta = NOROM4+NDDe ee ; . 1‘ q @ _ bene = = TOPS SHR BSTHHH CSS RKHAANAHA ASSSASSS8SS5 SAA SSSOOCONNAAS RARBSSSARSSES : S 8 Qodtdtddddididine Retna eeineisisies SOC Seen end aAn eee et eee | + ; aa ~onmom 1D 20 NI CHMOD OND ODM HANRNEHAoaHon ABSORB DS nas motonn+onvron | a ReSRESZSRSSZSBS5 Ree DReeatannn ANSSEATSSsSssess aaa OoSN man RASSoSssassa * é = Qrtttddiddidine Rnd nnnninA NA naeninntnininninine Cee Ms ee petra rot ped ad ad ead ad rod ved voted yet ed Ss jee} | Foe) ae ~ 4 =| 2D Soaonurony Ot iO10 +N 20S ORL SONOSRwO “is de ot nq cox 8 y . Nos ) 29 6912 oll on tH Nok laRo oko) = ~D2i>o -- = a4 = HOSHHdseetHaesaen 2ES38SSR 58425 ZASSSAESSSEZES SSOSanSonooeo - SSRRSRNSSSSS a en ee ee ee ee ot re ee ee a er eee ee es a TO Oe ee ae ar eee EE a ee a ae Oe a ee a Se ear i Oe reece SS ee ee * = | 9 Botts Rete Penn naan rc npeaninning naendtdasini B - ; | 1 : ta i S19191019 oecoeso =) 2 re A ar rere meer —T—1—\— 3 aw. | = S32 AMMAN SSSSSRBSRR R84 BRHRDaSSSSSSS S8S833838 pape Sie RS ger hc aae ®rst ret ues fo} L > i :)6=— Cae me te oe” onl ee Oe oe a ee ee Ber re a od et ere es eee ea ae es ee ee a ae eee ae ee 2 ‘ . . a : 3 | 38 Soelenionienieiehokek hah Sonn ih eiie anaes hoe hae ete heel Son heen aoe nen oe heel eee teen eee Se ioe ie ae ihe ee oe ‘ Pie tk Cee eure s er oe rsetietet A ‘ ’ | ey eee ee ee es ed ’ ° |g 29) & . i on lean wie te ri ’ Poe awn’ Oy Ar fae f ’ ' ’ . 2 me ERE CNY Sam PETS AEE a 3 . esonecoescoonwnwns oo 1D 919191910 1 esosoo S CaN CW Bi A Oe die gees ‘ qi = ARANANDBAANH RRRARSZABARABAA RSRBSSSSSSS3E SSSSSS Laces Set bo a oO ° Boddddididddinn pea tndninnnne Seen Anne Piririririried sores er Fe a ee at = i Alia ro — aes io a ae niet mit "a a) ‘ NNOARDADMNHOO : a ght Io amwNSOraosooonrne ~DOODDONDHORNSO lNMSOAROS 1 Oo di | RRSASSS8SRS :: ; fs $SaseRess RAASASSSSRAE SOCCOanAAAAA oneennesense ll ee 0UlUC ss ee or wee Oe a me Bl DD . . Ln ee me el ee ) ey en 1 ek ky ey ee, he eee pe? Wr oe ek 2 ee Ce ee ee ee A ee on ee ey ee me NE re Oe mere so Nee & . = | ee Se ere ‘ . SSeS Aes are eee Se oe oe oe | Se Oe oe Be oe oe | re Siai ae Ss = i“ F i . °F © =o - aio re ‘ oy ieaakees a pee wh . DOt~ Qik D-D = + eh 826 NAA et ret Oo i on ee | lo8 oot o Ye SHHNN ~~ os | Be > | SSSSS3SS5E58 :: : 2 * se ed adel eee SSSSSESSRRR5R ASSCRAABHOOOH SANSA ARSSSSS ® ~~ 02,20 92 + eee a es OA ’ , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . La na Qoddtddiddide 'emdringenninn eens os te oe talon fe fue fee oe ae ‘ . ' ' ; Le ek eee | om GS 7) SN Oe Pe oe ee! net! Ge TO, Bl Be ee le See ele ON Be a es eee, ee ee Cot pee Oe! ee ee i Oe ee, eel ee! es ee eee he er a . ’ ‘ ' . . ’ ’ ’ ’ J ' ~~“ as. ve Fe “Meese Se ee ta oy ee ee ‘ Oc Stee 3. 2 We: £470 (2 2 Oe So Ape 48. 8 Le eee, Se eA 6, I/O a 6). 9 * Sn Fee Pe P40 LAGS Oey Fie 4 a oo ae BR 60 eh. BO, Wk eee ae OS ge? ee ee Oe es OB ee es oN Oe Te, ee eae gr 0S ee By BP 58 m4 oe BS ae 2 Sy OEY, PR Oe s- °o) Ba. EAP Be eee ee es OP) ee MD 8 Peel ole fd gee at . ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ’ ’ ‘ ' ’ ’ ’ ‘ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ‘ ’ ’ , ‘ * , ' . . ’ ’ ' ’ ' ’ ,. ' ' ' J ‘ ‘ . . Le et I ee Bal fe ody je Ae oe! Bk ee es eg Be OF . ‘ ‘ ’ ’ ‘ , . ’ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ . ® . e Ld Ld & ‘ ’ . . . . ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ' ’ ’ ’ ' . ’ . i Ge) Poe ee ee oe ee ae ae oa 7 ee a. S28 6.458) 2 Re. iar 8 eee) ee es Se OR a ee ee Oe ee ee ae © 5S" Fee eee oF 8. Ot) De ee eee a a > Fe RS Ol (Pee Ow, Os CP i ER Re Or AERA Otero Te ESO A, Ae Sr eee ee pee 6 cae Mae BNR Aw ie ek ee aed — a” ce Wel pet eRe eel ere eae oe ata er We WT A Bek ea A A” GP ey — CD ; Sac es foe Ba abr ene eer ie = = 6 iy 6 #56 8 “9 PD v 7VO 5 te ee ee ae OR Se ret coe :o8 a a i tee PT oO a ae ees ot :o% am) TP Gabe he Begs 2.25 Pl She (Ce ae Ae 12,25 aa er + 22,05 od ee ‘22,25 pk eens 38 OS = , ’ , _— ’ ’ . ‘ ‘. ’ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ’ Gaga ::+ Bao s sg gaa: :::@BSSq B8ai:: :fhPhg 85a: ::ZAShg Bsa i) Bageg | af — '« ‘So@2O5 i — +, 3025 —m +. ‘s0L25 Ont .°¢ ‘53025 - Om: ‘S026 i Seem et Op eK S56 Vo SthPar ov rso6ote San! oOo, 2ovo SaeSaevrovrrsse?o Sut. oO, 2are BQ ektrecwtaoss: S2SESEC MESES BQSR eet HPaASeS SQSR set wases SEQSRPECHESES . aPQamass-ol FQ 3 DP tay = = Be a af Ss-o2 SO Sa DOK oo 3 SS-o ‘ } Ssmadtasoo ‘ , Honduras, | (Head rice. a (good). Prime. Rough.a cleaned. Cleaned, Low. | High. | Low. | High.| Low. | High.| Low. | High. | Low. | High. 1901. Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. PRDIURSY goad ski caatuwewscdewn 5 5 5} 6} 1.70) 8.26 21 6 3 5 SPL UMLY Sv de vdin dene beceds 4} 5 5} 64) 1.70] 8.265 2} 6 3 5 OO SER Sane ae eee dj 4j 54 A ge oF Sieg ee 2% 6} 3 5 ENYaO Cis ic kGt state €axs outue 5 4} 5} Galdabewelwcsan kes 24 6 3 5 Si davis nedns anecac sees Runs H 4} 54 alpacas cic litaraouts 3 6 3 5 UG CeO a acta eens ectcwe 5 4? 5} 3B eee pear 24 6} 3 5 a a ee 4} 5 Bh TAA Danaea 3 6; 3 5 PONE reed ack ak Wed nacdaanads 5 5} Gal J5 ce bak| tee, 47m 2} 64 3 5 PIER DEL oas ah ages cee vanes 5 5 5} 64; 2.00] 38.50 i 5} 3 5 POT Me cat Naih Sia bn Wig iae nine ) 5 5 5} 64; 2.00] 3.50 24 5} 3 5 November 47 47 5} 4) 2.00 | 3.50 1} 6 3 5 December 4} 4} k 64 -1.'75-|~°3. 25 2 5} 3 5 1902. | TRG S ses phcer tne n the.e & ain’s Pontes 4} 4} 5} 63; 1.75 | 3.00 23 5} 3} 5} BSE V. cekwcs add ee sevice ctw 4} 4} 54 64] 1.75 | 3.00 2 6 34 5 RCE: soratie d Dee eww sc hh veers 43 4} 5} Bae wire metre 2 6 4 5} he das sedausiaadceand 4} 4} 5} ee Pe ee 2 5} 4 54 Pe te ena oh iia ae emt cmb ord 4} 5 4 TSE Oe A eee Z 52 4 5k RI EAC EON Gea ula set Sin witea z 2 52 Pe Raa (epee ae 1i 6 4 5 DOME ee sien su Eek e 43 1 4 | errs Beem ape pete 1j 64 4 54 NUE aids. detniw atu does g 3 43 53 ape ep ee te 1% 57 4 54 EE ain ss Chk awn dl vos ot ; 43 + 63| 2.00 | 38.40 1} 5} 4} 5} WeetGTioninc. foeese akc wace ects q 3 i 53 1.90} 3.25 1i 5; 4} 5} PRRRUTILIIOE cx. one uoen ea oC eae. 4; t + 53} 2.00; 3.20 12 645 4} 53 even Her. A ela ce che eure. 5 5 5} 53] 1.75 | . 8.30 13 61 4} 5} 1903. UN CUAT Re en 9 ne) IRIS ee pe 47 5 43 1) 1.75,| 3.40 ii 6} 4} 54 MCUEMALGM ew owkwowabineet caeee 5 5 42 1) 1.75 | 3.40 13 64 i 6 MTOM oe taakd ot seca aces 4 + 42 4] 1.75 | 3.40 13 63 i 6 J.) Ye A ee Re Se eee ee 5t + 43 Deedee Soe es a 64 4) 5} BY - =~ ene w nnn e seen esses seen rs rs 43 HOC Soe z 65 45 5} SMI GO state eee awa s eats Ss 5} t 43 Fewasiats oe 24 64 $ 6 gk ae ee ae ar 2 ae eae + + 43 Piet Bewee ieee + 65 43 62 BG bcs. gated teats tee ck 53 + 43 1 Ne eae | ae t 6 43 62 od ee ee ae 4; 5} 43 2) 2.00} 3.60 23 53 43 62 ae ae ; 7 43 3| 1.75 | 3.60 1} 5§ 4} 6t NOWEINDODS ons ss ccte edeee wes 4} 4 45 4} 1.60 | 3.25 t 5i A 5} MCeSMPCl A= 5. Gees -—~-~ © 25888 S855 S85 Be ot a Soo wong oe 275, 000 98, 000 147, 828 33, 098 278, 926 28, 000 6, 087, 218 87, 500 150, 349 39, 624 277, 473 28, 000 8,000 | 6, 055, 725 60, 000 220, 589 41,117 321, 706 28, 000 6, 086, 149 a 1, 762, 461 1, 057, 692 210 1, 256, 311 224, 102) 411 325, 082 5, 561, 257 1, 927, 681 1, 167, 959 804, 308 1, 206, 907 209, 811 123, 551 441, 116 5, 881, 338 ¢ Official estimates for such parts of India as return agricultural statistics. STATISTICS OF SUGAR. 725 Sugar fal tomers of countries named, 1901-2 to 1905-6—Continued. Country. 1901-1902. | 1902-1903. | 1903-1904. | 1904-1905, | 1905-1906. os . ——— - = — —— BEET SUGAR—continued, United States: Tons. Tons. Tons. : Tons. | Tons. CRUSE TIT ana coc ae Cadlaietd a aheis at's ome nes 62, 723 71, 120 60, 608 41, 540 64, 251 SING) <0. Src c ka ch as Wailes canon vaueke 19, 977 34, 623 39, 566 49, 606 93, 253 NE eee ee en er nol deasadacens 8, 571 7, 841 13, 435 Re See ee a OE Le eee Pema Mewkroll shot de sienelensecess wuseloedssuevitsie 550 ORE a aL Sie, pin ae 46, 692 48, 848 57, 064 46, 659 54, 635 FOIE ii wire Pa cbr setae aunt neat 2,455 8, 054 8,125 3, 304 a2, 750 ffs Oe ae = Oe ene 6, 660 9, 430 8, 669 13, 355 9, 379 TW Ey ie dle) RN a TE CRS ESE ee ees 4, 049 2,799 4,479 3, 214 4, 235 Ria Sal 20s 1 sahara etal < sole cue 8, 126 1,473 2, 009 4, 304 4, 026 MPCGMOOUR CC's. dbus aieetaw agua Wa title ewe 1, 26 2, 025 1, 250 2, 348 1, 595 RRM SE oto nina wera ema tare ts + unin Rae diye eee. ee 4,911 9,598 | 11, 950 Total United States ................ 163, 126 195, 463 208,135 |. 209, 722 | 283, 717 ROMIMRRGS icisck, cath tteb ance Seweseclev iad citk 6,696| 6,710| 8,034| ‘11,419 Total beet-sugar production ....... 6,913, 604 604 | 6, 763, 416 | 6,096,178 | 4,926, 456 | 7,265, 136 Total cane and beet sugar ......... 13, 000, 822 822 | 11, 819, 141 12, 182, 327 11, 680, 784 13, 957, 269 a Manufactured in Michigan from beets grown in Minnesota, owing to the destruction of the factory in the latter State. World’ s international trade in sugar, 1900-1905. EXPORTS. “ Year be- Country. ginning— 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. | 1904. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Austria-Hungary} Jan. 1 | 1,449,521,108 | 1, 544, 326, 467 | 1,500, 882,186 | 1,564, 437, 691 | 1, 125, 102, 823 Belgium —.e0.5-° Jan. 1 663, 056, 568 514, 235, 840 296, 287, 771 257,180,695 | 406, 944, 665 1a ice ie 8 Lp ee ag oie Jan. 1) @135,460, 000 412, 630, 577 301, 498, 062 48, 256, 967 | 17, 331, 526 Gr ee eee ee Jabi~ 642, 728,977 | 1,319, 796,470 | 1,781,561, 643 | 2,118,279,646 2, 459, 166, 945 Dutch East Indies} Jan. 1 | 1,628, 937,793 | 1,595, 413, 931 | 1, 904,371,591 | 1, 907,867,945 | 2, 318, 212, 944 MSV OD i ee cose 1G CaM | 118, 452, 817 108, 769, 976 98, 521, 149 86, 469, 803 50, 620, 531 PranCe.. Ves Jan. 1 | 1,294, 253, 828 | 1, 460, 958, 265 804, 993, 320 469,129,814 | 636,360, 461 Germany 0....... Jan. 1 | 2,218,876, 204 | 2,399,611, 997 | 2,367,596, 256 | 2,249, 141,034 | 1,720,574, 091 Mauritius ........ Jen. 385, 145, 539, 345, 999, 192 331, 172, 713 375, 505, 049 436, 130, 815 Netherlands ..... Jan 1 305, 149, 696 342, 808, 840 310, 694, 069 287,238,939 | 403, 476, 558 erireeres . > wre 2 Jatt 244, 041, 452 251, 230, 174 258, 738, 790 281, 482, 880 | 290, 928, 960 Philippine Is- miinee, 228 eS Jan 1 148, 719, 971 125, 799, 930 217, 486, 869 188, 114, 307 191, 917, 567 “ESL oo] bs gah rr sam or 452, 496, 309 282, 752,715 288, 610, 934 540, 418, 988 | ¢ 398, 468, 635 United Kingdom.| Jan. 1 67, 911, 5386 62, 306, 608 80, 193, 232 115, 269, 728 65, 906, 736 | Other countries..}.......... 1, 042, 973, 000 | 1, 247, 642,000 | 1, 322, 229,000 | 1,279, 386, 000 723, 236, 000 PREC Se) | eA \10, 787, 724, 798 |12, 014, 282, 982 |11, 864, 837, 585 |11, 768, 179, 486 |11, 244, 379, 257 IMPORTS. Gaveda.: 2.62252. Uz uly 1 336, 694, 833 370, 075, 447 388, 370, 832 390, 544, 660 346, 752, 590 CapeoiGood Hope Jans, ob 79, 235, 937 95; 304, 081 120, 365, 406 104, 629, 048 107, 474, 911 i! CM ee Ss ere Want 111, 747, 375 82, 274, 551 97, 002, 936 115, 467, 959 124, 139, 619 Denmark ........ / ODce < L 65, 716, 916 66, 770, 702 42, 051, 621 77, 374, 516 82, 865, 127 MSG UG. ese sed : adc CL 18, 317, 839 16, 367, 852 22, 844, 441 16, 920, 099 45, 843, 510 eee elute Skee vs a aa Z 69, 990, 717 65, 933, 044 61, 752, 745 72, 691, 465 71, 263, 531 MIUROR see. sos. 1 209, 017, 668 222, 415, 841 220, 187, 363 288, 073, 883 179, 849, 557 India (British) Baa April 1| 546,579,488} 617,565,424 | 549,868,704 | 672,147,168 | 724,262,224 Japar. osesse 2s: gan.5-T 539, 438, 000 657, 076, 667 351, 750, 533 523, 131, 067 547, 300, 400 Netherlands ..... J an. 1 117, 196, 910 197, 218, 665 248, 799, 655 208, 061, 092 210, 706, 915 New Zealand ....| Jan. 1 77,919, 052 79, 369, 066 84, 878, 074 88, 197, 686 91, 841, 944 NOIrway: A 2. decd an. 1 75, 191, 455 81, 335, 913 82, 791, 956 83, 524, 155 76, 703, 054 Portugal . >. -..2.4 Jan, 4 63, 351, 791 63, 251, 615 63, 630, 016 68, 765, 610 72, 490, 231 United Kingdom.) Jan. «1 | 3,587, 753,008 | 8, 858,476,048 | 3,522,549, 520 | 3, 487,111,376 | 3, 602, 455, 248 United States ....; July 1 | 3,975,005, 840 | 8,031, 915,875 | 4,216, 108,106 | 3, 700,623, 613 3, 680, 932. 880 RE ARERIN Cacalis ooedin JaD~ J 39, 064, 698 41, 221, 991 43, 235, 210 39, , 265 a 40, 864, 041 Other countries..)...-.. sks 994, 601,000 | 1,161,133, 000 | 1, 444,681,000 | 1,471, 672, 000 959, 589, 000 ug 0 8 Reiter yao pp sal 10, 901, 822, 527 |10, 707, 705, 782 |11, 560, 868,118 |11, 403, 869, 662 |10, 965, 334, 782 a Estimated. b Not including free ports. 6 ec mon aps gs gures excluding trade over the Asiatic frontier (excepting the Black Sea ports of the aucasus ad Average of 1900-1903. (See ‘General note”’ to ‘* World’s international trade in wheat,’’ p. 665.) 726 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Production of beet and cane sugar in the United States,¢ a ———— Cane / «Data as to beet sugar are obtained from the following sources: For 1899-1900, from the Twelfth Census; for 1897-98, from a special report of the Department of Agriculture; and for other years from Willett and Gray. Data as to cane sugar are from the following sources: For 1889-90, 1898-99, and 1899-1900, from the Eleventh and Twelfth censuses; from 1903-4 to 1905-6, inclusive, from Willett and Gray; for other years, from Bouchereau’s Annual Louisiana Sugar Reports (the figures for 1892-93 being taken from his revised statement). 6 These figures do not include cane sugar produced outside of Louisiana. In 1889-90 such sugar amounted to 4,089 tons, and in 1899-1900 to 1,510 tons, and in 1905-6 (according to Willett and Gray’s estimate for Texas) to 12,000 tons. e Tons of 2,240 pounds. Quantity and value of sugar imported into the United States from the principal sources of supply during each fiscal year, from 1901 to 1905, inclusive. a" = » Cane Beet, (Louisi- | Total.> || Year, Beet, (Louisi- | Total,> ana). ana). Tons.¢ Tons.¢ Tons.¢ Tons.¢ Tons.¢ Tons.e 953 94,376 05, 829 || 1805-06. ..... sce 29, 220 237,721 266, 941 600 127,958 | 128,558 || 1896-97........... 37, 536 282, 009 319, 545 800 80, 859 81,659 || 1897-98........... 40, 398 310, 313 350, 711 255 157,971 | 158, 226 || 1898-99..........- 32, 471 248, 658 281,129 1, 861 144, 878 146, 739 || 1899-1900......... 72,972 142, 485 215, 457 2, 203 130,413 | 182,616 || 1900-1901......... 76, 859 270, 338 347, 197 38, 459 215, 844 | 219,308 || 1901-2............ 163, 126 321, 676 484, 802 5, 856 160, 937 166, 208 || 1902-3. 2. cccwenve 195, 463 329, 226 524, 689 12,018 217,525 | 229,548 || 1908-4............ 208, 135 215,000 | 423, 135 ; 19, 950 265,836 | 285,786 || 1904-5............ 209, 722 335, 000 544, 722 20, 092 317, 334 $37,426 || 1905-6... 0.05.2... 283, 717 330, 000 618, 717 QUANTITY. Year ended June 30— Per Country from which ore 249 WB aE i —|| cent imported. 1901-1905. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1908 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. CTA Se voile eee e 1,871,472,328)|1,099,404,363) 984,216,925/2,396, 497,779) 2,819,558,402|2,057, 681, 169]| 55.90 Dutch East Indies...| 729,244,022|| 777,986,990 636, 710,315} 891, 758, 090 "440, 370,139 "899. 394, 575 24.43 Santo Domingo...... 107,332,780|} 107,193,244 111,580,425 112/988'775 95,790,189 109,111/269 2.96 British Guiana ...... 133,248,296)| 183,381,202} 181,237,759) -172,361,345| 73,295,689} 56,015,487 1.52 British West Indies..| 153,257,225)| 232,959,234) 194,969,474) 191,924,220) 65,850,114) 80,553,082 2.19 Philippine Islands .. 34,891,741 4,693,333} 11,424,000) 18,773,333} 61,570,614) 77,997,424 3.12 i) re ee eres 83,498,287|| 129,534,403] 102,647,624 88,848,044) 48,671,777| 47,789,588 1.30 BT fons we herent 42,022,947|| 68,389,981] 59,557,884] 62,348,580) 22,222,552 2,596,236 .07 Danish West Indies . 22,029,957 19,217,052} 16,037,682) 41,205,950) 20,837,461; 12,851,640 13) 13 8 OE Da Se rea ex 156,287,187)| 293,327,013] 349,794,460} 74,159,889) 14,186,540) 49,968,032 1.36 Dutch Guiana....... 13,009,855 14,063,215} 16,861,587} 15,722,225 6,994,546} 11,407,700 .31 Germany .. 2. (oes. 247,401,547)|| 716,824,596] 217,872,627) 91,745,860 5,480,349} 205,084,302 5.57 Chinese Empire ..... 4,803,529) 7,914,450 2,397,107 752,285 4,602,045 8,351,757 28 Caonntnws—. . =.=. 3,261,706 1,399,269 2,436,647 6,285,045 4,034,551 2,153,019 .06 Austria-Hungary... 64,028,216] 161,174,865} 111,818,771; 40,857,724 3,525,512 2,764,206 . 08 Moxiga ss os. aus 5,882,197 5858, 503 338,368 2,414,373 1,250,252} 24,049,489 65 United Kingdom .... 6,011,855 17,272,407} 11,125,336 119,739 70 1,541,724 .04 Netherlands......... 6,899,034|| 25,327,230 8,967,942 200,000)... owem es cust] cmcuek Se oes Russia, European. ... 6,773,840}| 32,770,130 D099 O72) 2 adicia Sra: arelc olfleias's ae'e atlas Paleo eee RGN WS oerce sith 18,279,998 70,099,670 PRODD | ace = patos [oes Sabie Sela 20,820,667 .57 British East Indies .. GDS be. CSc catia s 44 166) a essa won|vaeee pi ons Sa hae tee ee British East Africa .. 1,337,515 6,687 B78). 5 nwscsinsin on }damite wane San | aes aicigs 7.10 8.35 7.00 9.50 4,25 5. 65 5. 15- 5. 90 PMU inns oon wa eae yeh 7.50] 8.75| 7.00 | 11.35] 4.70| 7.00] 6.15 5. 60 BOVGNi Otis ies eae ca eee cease 7.50 9. 20 8. 00 11.15 4.75 7.10 5. 35 5. 65 DOCENGIIEE bu. e's an rk gael deen eh cease 8.35 9. 20 8.00 10. 90 5. 50 6.85 5.60 5. 90 1903. Per bushel. PRTUBTY ge eas op eae can ee ketones RES 5. 25 6.50 8.50 |} 11.90 4.40 7.423 7.25 7.30 BODTULY Sh ccc os centen eee cheeks: 6. 00 6. 50 9.25 | 11.90 5. 25 7.25 7.00 7.10 MBPO Ros ctos iw dns ont aaleaie cane eet 6. 25 TwaOutewcqe oe 12. 50 4.00 7.423 6. 95 7.40 ADT on Bena’: oo ov nates Meee ee ah 6. 00 6. 90 5.00 | 12.25 3. 60 7.623) 6.60 7, 25 BY <5 sakes veces ey ER RE ee oe 5. 40 7.00 8.00 | 12.50 4.00 7.70 7.50 7.50 730 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Wholesale prices of clover seed (60 pounds to the bushel), 1901-1905—Continued. Cincinnati. | Chicago, Toledo, Detroit. Date Prime (per wha ooh 7 ps Prime (per Per bushel . bushel). pounds), bushel). : Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. High. | 1908. ge SE, eR ry APSR 2G $5.40 | $6.00 | $8.00 | $11.75] $6.00 $6.75 | Not quoted. NU ae oe a aatnts dve'p ans wares au names Gate ee oats 8.00 | 12,50 6. 40 7.10 | Not quoted. RII Sc don ndauncdecaparesnaw clgucle dante ed os. 8.50 | 12.50 4, 85 7.10 | Not quoted. SUIT DOM nn a os Gnccw wae do's aes wore 5. 00 5. 70 5.00 | 11.00 4, 6.65 | Not quoted, CIRTROP. Sn bicatinw buen c ce nckewaneas §; 25 5. 70 6, 00 11. 50 8.75 6.80 | $6.45 $6. 90 ETON DOG 2? Soe Poe ae ao 5. 25 5. 60 4.00 | 11.00 3. 40 6.823} 6.50 6, 60 TIGOOIMN DOP: am x Gao doce sae ann nk canes 5. 25 6. 00 6.00 | 11.25 3. 05 7.05 6. 80 6, 95 1904. ORS oe een Sc tan ob eats alc ute 5. 75 6, 25 6.00 | 11.50 3.10 7.073] 6.75 7.00 Be DPORP Cun aulne Ga vas Sue vise Soars 5. 75 6. 25 6. 00 11, 25 4. 00 7.023 6.75 6. 90 NE es cam diceuly mata ase earls 5. 75 6. 90 6.00 | 11,65 2.50 7.15 6. 20 7.10 TSC) Be Se eae le eee SRBC Ie Pd, 5. 50 6. 50 7.50 | 11.00 3. 00 6, 623 6. 20 6. 55 es See Sn Se ae ee ee 4. 80 5. 00 6. 00 10. 75 3. 00 6. 35 6. 30 6.35 a TTS ML Si ge a See Se a eae Ae 4, 80 5. 00 6. 00 10. 75 2. 50 6. 25 || ss «0000 ena ee cara cae why a wae: 4. 80 5. 00 7.00 11, 25 3. 00 6. 60 6. 25 6.50 YE 0 Bale Ee pane Mints sak Menge get 4.80 6. 50 8.00 | 12.75 5. 70 7.60 6. 50 7.50 SADLOM DON .. 00x ndnceenneneceeceeene 6. 00 6. 50 9.00 | 12.50 3. 60 7.45 7.05 7.45 TIRCB DE rs. ute cx fa ation © acces 5. 50 6. 75 7.00 | 12,25 3.00 7.523] 7.30 7.56 INGVOIN DAP sc 6 ok 52 don oe arcs a a SER 5, 50 6. 50 7.00 } 12.25 3. 30 7.70 7.35 7. 65 PSCOMPOLS <5. os va aseans Goooe advan 5.5 7.50 7.00 | 138.00 3.623} 7.95 7.70 7.95 1905. (a) PRONPG cee en to ae ok oto eee aa as sc 6. 40 7.00 8.00 | 138.00 3; 25 8. 00 7.45 7.90 UG oon 52 as cue cb eh acneannes 6. 40 7.00 9.00 | 12.50 4.00 7.60 7.40 7.55 6.40 7.00 9.00 | 13.75 3. 00 8. 20 7.55 8.15 6. 40 7.75 8.00} 14.40 3. 00 8. 85 8.00 8.75 6. 25 7.75 8.00 | 13.50 3.50 8. 00 7.00 8.00 6. 25 6.75 8.00 | 138.00 5. 59 7.40 | o.0-s ces he nee 6, 25 6.75 9.00 | 13.00 5. 75 7.60 |... 5cee stan ereeeene a ieee cat t ccad waka pieiie pandion Sha cniae Cana ae ameter 8.50 | 18.00 4. 00 7. 50 ||. - ons eel eee 5. 70 6. 00 9.00 | 12.25 3. 00 7.45 6.30 7.40 5. 70 7.00 9:50: |, IS, 25 3. 00 8.223] 7.50 8.25 MONON DE kos onc Sais cc akc sok cmeas 6. 50 7.00] 10.00} 18.25 4.00 8.123! 7.95 8.10 MODAN ROR. Cons oe ac So abe onc A chon 6.50 7.50 | 10.00} 18.25 4.00 8. 30 8.00 8.15 a Poor to prime. TIMOTHY SEED. Wholesale prices of timothy seed (45 pounds to the bushel), 1901-19085. Cincinnati. Chicago. Milwaukee. Per bushel. Per 100 pounds. Per 100 pounds. Low. High. Low. High. Low. High. Se ee ee eee PANUAT Vek cs ance cas cands ecekenementacoans $1.70 $2. 00 $4. 60 $4. 773 $3. 65 $4. GNIS Boos foc oud actemcr acer cedee ees 1. 8d 2.05 4.35 4. 60 4.00 4. Maren: 3... ose n~s5 Pie le Bee pies Oe. 1, 85 2. 00 4.00 4. 40 3.75 4. PUNE Sc 2 are ciaian’e cuisines Teemin nae cmt nee 1.80 1.95 3.75 4.15 38. 50 4. Ways ere Sth oe es ee ote tom 1.80 1.85 38.35 3.90 3.00 A. al 05 2 Oe, Sa Aa Cele rie Se A | a ly ee ol aes 3. 60 4.30 3. 00 4. RUA Sao cic malic d sidinie the bee eek eS Rete Oe | iene ors ieee eee St 4.30 5. 25 3. 65 5. SA UIBEEIST torn So 6G clean, are 1.25 1.35 2.25 3. 25 2. 50 8.15 RECOUNT ECT eos cect enh wn ctw hcceokaecakes ¥, 25 1.35 2. 00 8. 25 2.00 8.15 PUAREER Mae ates Pets he tie tate aceite seks Val te wastes 1, 20 1.36 2.00 3. 00 2. 00 2. 90 TR ee win, hid cicrae Sec Selma ck ddae nt cen 1, 20 4°30 2.00 8.05 2.25 2. 90 RP eto: cwknccakunvce back ewnose acee 1.20 1.30 2. 00 8. 05 2.25 2. 90 oe io LACE RE A a8 aie aie, Sie 5 1. 20 1.30 2.00 8. 25 2.00 3. 00 PIU ERI or cbc Sw wees bane ae wares male mrs 1, 20 1.35 2. 00 8.05 2. 50 3. 00 September 1.15 1.35 2. 00 3.00 2, 25 3. 00 SUI Fi he re hc A ak ata 1.15 | ™ 1.25 1.75| 2.75 2.10 2. 80 ENGR eat S cae fovea sali: ai Seine sine as we 1,15 1.30 1.75 2.70 2.10 2. 65 PPSCOINDCT LA cov eesvcw ces Sieuwie winiw oli winiete hf 1.15 1.30 1.75 2. 724 2.25 2. $5 1905. (2) | JAIURIY de nah seneacicns vs Siaieanh wise aye 1.15 1.30 1.75 | 2. 80 2. 25 2. 65 SIRE Cee oes coickiac scene sks Swe aa 1.15 1.30 2.00 2.923 2.25 | 2. 65 NREATN $s eee ee Le eee 1.15 1.30 2.25 8.10 2.25 | 2. 90 PER tenet ew sth owes ces ascend donlew dene 115 1. 30 2.00 3.10 2.50 | 2.90 TUNE PaO gore hee en ae ees 1, 20 1.30 2.00 3.10 2.50 | 2. 90 EEG eee eae ee ee oa aeons oe ne 1, 20 1.30 2.00 3. 00 2. 25 2.90 2 Cle nS rie OE SCE ICr nn eee 1. 20 1.30 2.50 3. 30 2.25 | 2.95 CASTE ES] allel BER IO eRe eae pce “ie ae 1.20 1.45 2.00 3. 60 2. 35 | 3. 50 eetHOMNIed ceo. tees Palen ean ones nbamen 1. 40 1. 60 |. 2. 00 8.75 2.70 | 3. 40 Octwover .. .. << PPE ri ae pe See egy ee 1.35 ‘1.55 2.00 3. 40 2.40 | 3. 50 MOVEUIEl cet raat oo os eee te senaee 1.35 1. 40 1.50 3.50 2. 50 | 3.10 mT os oe hs FE ee 1.30 1.35 1.50 3.50 2. 50 | 3.10 a Poor to prime. SILK. Raw silk production of countries named, 1900-1904. [Estimate of the Silk Manufacturers’ Association of Lyons.] | | | 1901. 1902, 1903. 1904. Western Europe: , Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. eS latin co Ut aks pana siate Ciuc ws 1,442,000 | 1,257,000 | 1,045,000 1, 378, 000 Se Fe | RE Ree ieee 9,458,000 } 9,870,000 | 7,774,000 | 10,803, 000 OMEN AE OCK ou cncnaceeseeer eee eee ee ae 176, 000 172, 000 190, 000 170, 000 PUN Ie-UDPRIV:: retastentaeeces cces 717, 000 688, 000 606, 000 694, 000 2 thet RY EES yO Toe eae 12, 498, 000 | 11,793,000 | 11,987,000 | 9,615,000 | 13,045, 000 Levant and Central Asia: ANU As oi02%> ances is 922,000 | 1,109,000 | 1,160,000} 1,096,000 Syria and Cyprus... vo .. cc ecdecccn-+. 937,000 | 1,190,000 | 1,124, 000 1, 036, 000 Salonika and Adrianople 441, 000 419, 000 547, 000 564, 000 AIRY Museen |. ccc e oe cee cece wce as 212, 000 287, 000 300, 000 337, 000 Gresce Gnd Creteciseet tac eee ete 132, 000 143, 000 132, 000 143, 000 CONCARIE 2. cn ccesdrcenetnsatecse sees 970,000 | 1,025, 000 882, 000 794, 000 Persia and Turkestan (exports) 683, 000 562,000 | 1,213,000 | 1,433,000 939, 000 a — — TOMA aes ie napactae attieneshae deo tals >= 4,176,000 | 5,386,000 | 5,578,000 4, 909, 000 732 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Raw silk production of countries named, 1900-1904—Continued, Country. 1900. 1901, 1902. 1903. 1904, — Far East: China— Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds, Pounds. Exports from Shanghai ............ 10, 199, 000 | 11,164,000 | 7,937,000 | 9,356, 000 9, 293, 000 $ Exports from Canton..........-.--- 4,422,000 | 4,722,000 | 4,892,000} 4,733,000 4, 705, 000 apan— ’ Exports from Yokohama........... 9,094,000 | 9,921,000 | 10,516,000 | 10,159,000 | 12,846,000 British India— Exports from Caleutta.............: 617, 000 617, 000 650, 000 540, 000 397, 000 WI ons cian makers PE ar 24, 332, 000 | 26,424, 000 | 23,995,000 | 24,788,000 | 27,241,000 Grind tek. os 40, 724, 000 | 42, 393, 000 | 41, 368,000 | 39,981,000 | 45, 195, 000 FARM ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. Live stock of countries named. Cattle. Country. Year. ae 1 Meneh Horses. | Mules. Sheep. Swine. E cows. Total United States (including * Hawaii and Philippine Is- RSM) tee Ona cab don aepawers mieten a 68, 968, 654). .......... 21, 871, 281 3,591, 750) 51, 001, 809) 55, 174, 579 United States: | Continental— I CORRES 35 cee ok ce at 1906 | 66, 861, 522) 19, 793, 866/18, 718, 578) 3, 404, 061| 50, 631, 619) 52,102,847 Notomfarms:...2:.<..- 1900 | 1,616, 422 9738, 083} 2, 936, 881 173, 908 231, 301; 1, 818, = : PALO {eee aes Pee ete 1900 18 18 8)... cea ndes ee Gabertontes ig ig Se eee 1899 260, 225 78, 372 58, 664 6, 985 6, 363 66, 180 Total United States (in | : North America) .......].....- 68, 738, 187) 20, 840, 284 21, 714,128) 3, 584, 954 50, 869, 283) 53, 987, 151 Baten ces on a ee 1904 |...... HSA PS. HAE [rad Qe os wee as se yaa Canada: Fa | PNIEO Co cas cancemenswss 1905 | 2,889,503) 1,106,984) 672,781).......... 1, 324, 153) 1, 896, 460 ON eee 1905 EN a! ae | saplgnepeee aay Sener diy ph Y-- | eg eee 18, 508 104, 113 CSNY ie aS A Naar Sie 1901 | 2,788,719 ies! G02d88). Sve iz 435, 319 664, 683 Pete) Canads = 5. ot leatac ae. Alt 0 pee a mee 7h, SOE SOR sees cs 2,777,980! 2, 665, 256 Central America: 3 Costa Rica..... Nig iedoareutee 1905 266, 381 b 93, 155 42, 200 2, 894 52 64,845 GUBtCINOIS ..6 2002s ween en 1898 106. 208|s.- ceo nans BO S43 hse) 8 ee 77, 598 29,784 PIOMIONGE. oc ooo xan eo se 1904 569, 812|.......-.-: 43,107} 14, 064 11,806} 111,581 NIGATOBUR 2s i. ce Sec ore 1;200; O00). ites eo coe odes os oa Sl Fee Ce ee ee: ey tee 1900.0: 142 Aba. cee ie 859,217; 334,435} 3, 424, 430 Ne WIOUN GIANG «ots seve daccens 1901 ad CA cid ten at oe 8, Sblic sates aust 78,0 West Indies: British— r MOP PREANE one ag accpa seks GO ad Beery eee eye npr 2204 |:..c ces cosnc |w'e ae een «ste eee POMNOICE.. ocesben's ens 1904 CW Erb) | eee Se 1) ene ae GONG sen sdo vas cus 1901 PON cle atretelaas OCA Seca TSR | cca ewig cea. c/a 1904 107, fi AR Ne BE Rees NS, feels Se cee Montserrat. ....-0.<--: EY SAR aye | oe Se pV PEPE Rye Turks and é Caicos AUNT eee 1904 Ce | eae Se a 105)... 2 55.222) ~ ee of Virgin Islands......... 1904 2 O00 | a Scan ea 255] .2..csc=00| . . SOO eee ; RRR Sa 21905; 1,708,069} 6821,602} 265,399 38, 034 OE Gg Rl Ge DE MTA: 1903 en. oo. 5 921 194 GHadelonne 5s w.ssx oescwsan (tf) SD BG So esis wc 8, 819 6, 311 Total North America .|...... SAE, O46) aos ee we 24, 596,012 3, 980, 886 886} 57, 312, 650) 57, 931, a) SS ___ ______ —<$<— SS aIncluding mules and asses. ’ Cows. e Data for 1903. aOn December 31 of preceding year. e Census of 1899. _ a gy official estimate, furnished by he French Embassy to the United States under dat ay 4 STATISTICS OF LIVE STOOK, 7338 Live stock of countries named—Continued. Country. Year BPMOMCIUN bang cc ae thhewaed dete 1895 EMER ade dice usa wat aa & cup lwatnacls PACINRETATUIOG: «2s wisdde sect eaid 1904 Se ete naa bats nla omer nie 1902 SAIGON «oe ah ere he acids ti easualasaoee BpeCO TL CUBED, a bmn mg oie wu vee nk 1903 Falkland Islands.............. 1904 STM Gh ind h eS bh ondnivig ds cans 1900 ROM UR Va bhs tay cuawens docedcstdd 1900 PTI Mare. Shem cavcle wat dteet 1899 Total South America..../...... Austria-Hungary Ee are ewe pee 1900 BPMN fo cc's Zot Sek cin cars 1895 Bosnia-Herzegovina....... 1895 Total Austria-Hungary. .|...... REP RMMED 6 Geos N/a as Shales wi omewiaja zie a1905 MMAR 45a 55 keel, ace C ence. a1901 Ree. Cow wee soba s oese 1903 MRR IIMNOS 50.0. huss oe sess 1903 BAL Leek. Loe. eee onc n. 1903 PRUETT ES Mids. oon cere ean ot a1905 Cucilit hh aoe EE ee 2 re 1904 SPUIRIUAAT Bos cdc. eo teus nc ce: 1904 IRORUG So cee ix ek Sibitte bows 1902 APPIN Ses ee ee 1903 DURDT. | coe eek EN oe 1900 TAUREN Dla Sk awe eas 1900 PE ee ain cinco es Loe 1905 PCO onan Senn oo anon leeu~s = INGIICHIRIIGN 262i hsb cele 1904 IIORWANH Ocoee eue eo ae aoc 1900 RN oats mn Sak beds ind aceite Moumaniaw.< 625 20 ohare 1900 Russia, European: RPUSAIG: DTOPOM 25 50s ees si oe 1905 Wot os sk eo. coe Satu 1905 Northern Caucasus........ 1905 Total Russia (European) .| 1905 CT TiC! et Sa ee eae aes ¥900 0D a eee eee 1905 SEMRIENm es a, Soi fcas esc ck 1904 EO a 1901 PUCK OV OM CYCtC.. .',occcesece| bo a United Kingdom: STCOL GttOI . ict ile cls 1905 Che oC 5 Lb Seat an 2 er 1905 Isle of Man and Channel | [AN er aie A Se eee Cyprus TRON ising Bate eatin dae os J woe Empire: Total Japanese Empire.. aCows. b Including buffaloes. eIncluding mules and asses. aOn December 31 of preceding year. eIncluding asses. J Exclusive of lambs. 9g Data for 1890. 41905 i Data for 1904. Cattle. ) Horses. | Mules, Sheep. | Swine. Milch Total cows 21,701,526} 1,800,799) 4,446,859) 285,497) 74,379,562 652, 766 ORT urea Sein aaa emia Mendrte cree siya poe Tt RE a a a ae 14, 600 12, 000 969,368} 104,872) 177,687; 27,936, 1,009,159, 178, 383 2,800, 000]........... 841, 000 257,000 746,000) 2,300, 000 oS en 255 13% 111) 2, 442 1 ee 3, 200 eigen: a 702, 444) 100 Ce a aa 182) 789 3,490} 214, 058) 23, 887 GAOT AEP cs pions 561,408 22,992) 18, 608, 717 93, 923 Ges eer eaten 191,079| 89, 186 176,668, 1,618,214 06) 676,876) bo .5. 5... 5,905,597/ 686, 234) 95,851,319 4, 881,715 9,511,170 44,749, 152] 1,716,488 20,323) 2,621,026 4, 682, 654 6606, 805): 427. <5 2, 308, 457 1,911] 8,122) 682 7) 330, 343 BE 419 Slo oy ete ¢289,626|.......... 3, 230,720! ” 662) 242 TT SRE ING 2 cknac ook 4,264,571) 22,234) 13, ‘18, 974, 428 12, 675, 239 1, 782,290, 873,794| 245,781 ¢6,915| 235, 722 1, 154, 721 4, 906, 287) .2003 25. -.: 494, 557 8, 889] 7,015,385 367,501 1, 840, 466) @1, 089,073} 486, 935|.......... 876, 830, 1, 456, 699 | oe TAR a 1 A Pee cre 91, 034 15 1, 417, 503] 41,052,564] 316, 600|.......... 919,333! 213, 867 14, 136, 869] 4 7, 438, 464] 3,138,507; 200,727) 17,800,965) 7, 522, 383 19, 331, 568/410, 456, 137| 4,267, 403!........-. | 7,907,173) 18, 920, 666 ESS CARE BBO ox « n0.~-~'3 |e se efe phd he | seen eee 406, 744|........... 159,068} 88,869} 4,568, 158)..........- ie Gaels ists. 23) i ee 486, 347|......--... 95,000, 000|........... 741,739, 327, 276) 9 6, 900, 000! g 1, 800, 000 a ee 19, 557 ell 19,689 109, 355 oT RE EE 3,475 3, 100 18, 529 5, 078 60,000} «20, 000 a eee 400, 000 8, 000 1, 690, 463| 973,098] 295,277|.......... 606,785} 861,840 950, 201| 689,563] 172,999|.......... 998,819] 165,348 OS a 90,000; 59, 100) 3,064,100) 1, 200; 000 2,545,051] 380,720] 864, 324 515| 5,655,444) 1, 709, 205 $3. 77a; SB es os 21,740, 474)-...-...-- 749, 192, 800| 10, 687, 918 F aa Wal 62 ., tS 2,835,000} 848,428 S088 PEM. ces. 1, 266, 262) 5 ee 37,638,001) 739,385 39, 453,.556|..........- ee 59, 665, 801} 12, 275, 731 956,661; 170,329 184, 849, 178| 3,061,759, 959, 580 ro La > | ea 498,157| 767,570) 13,025,512] 1, 743, 863 2, 545, 583/41, 763,176] 546, 943/.......... 1,105,903] 796,572 1,340,375} 739,922} 124,896 3,077| ° 219,438} 555, 261 ,000, 000} 300,000} 600, 000).......... 0,000, 000]........... 6, 987, 020] # 2, 707, 392] 11, 572, 433/.........- 25,257,196) 2, 424,919 4, 645, 222| #1, 487,065} 1534, 878).......... 3, 749,313] 1, 164, 322 41,784 17,460} 19,492).......... 70, 229 12, 424 11, 674, 026| 4, 211, 917/12, 116, 798).......... 29, 076,738) 3, 601, 665 miaiegt oe 1... /44, 006, 2B 1, 488, 461/187, 693, 892) 68, 1 68, 102, 589 m86,517,184 425, 412, 822| 1, 423 428, 072 56, 641|n21, 577, 896|..........- IES CC ee ee 91,767, 108, 212 eS ©56, 290) 2222222, 0 235, 840 37, 377 oie OT a ae Peasy (So Sree eee _ LS |e 1, 200, 135, maa ot ee 2,769, 191,952 98,528 39, a 6 ee ee eee | 976, 327 SS | 1,890, 064).......... 2,769 1,168,279 jIincluding goats. kCows and hei fers in milk and with calf. ! Used for agriculture and also unbroken. m Including buffalo calves. n Of which 252,763 in Alwar include goats. o Exclusive of animals less than 1 year old. h Including cows kept for breeding purposes. 734 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Live stock of countries named—Continued. Country. Year. Horses, | Mules, Sheep. Swine, Total ey PE ee ling. AR Tee 1900 | 2, 654, 809 418; 400). ipo ccncnclaccussecscaleanenee Philippine Islands ............ 1903 144,171 290 Russia, Asiatic: TraNsCaAUCcasis ......2-2-- 1902 | 2,304,977 | Four provinces of Central SON a ea ret a 1905 | 1, 696, 783 2. FOG Gels ssecacae a9, 113, 000 Four provinces of Siberia..} 1905 2 55 B O14 Iai en pacusee oe Pe ae 1903 | 2,343, 000 1 Wah Oe ne Piet eo ae Regen Pied Sees 8k Total Russia (Asiatic)...)...... 10, 212, 915 706, isavcus wane Rs aire telatenacnckat aegte kant deoeues 1, 104, 751 85, 812)... ...clocncedusn sehen Straits Settlements ............ 1904 ‘ 1, 007)}....253 262 Turkey, Asiatic...............-|.....- 3, 000 , O00).......--+2) 40,800, 000i wendnanee tT Bae scan tiie wore oclntanse 206, COD, UAE os ches ce 11, 067, 766) 55,931) 91,613,884, 3,842,740 NE ae oy 3 ae ee 1904 | 1,080, 554)........... 229,119, 172,695 8,611,747 LL en a ee a ea 1904 4) eee 64, 621 b 26 British Central Africa......... 1904 Sos Oa a 5's canes val | eros Cape of Good Hope............ 1904 , 1,954, 390 540,310) 255, 060) 64, 433 RSE STs Si a nS ae 1900 eee 80, 000 10, 000). . .. aces Fa ee eo ROS Aa ap gi eee ee 71905 188768 So... aces 35, 596 15,995) 1,094, 761 Total Africa ............-|2-.--: 8, 630, 006 Gee 863, 876] 280, 612| 27, 698, 836, 1,170, 448 Australasia: New South Wales.......... 71905 | 2,149,129 ASI IBEBI:. sc nccoun TRIGUOTIM soe nee ook neh 1904 | 1,694, 976 iy vip. 7 | CR sea Queensland: . 5c. fcc... ce-s #1905 | 2,722,340 eA es Oi) ee eee Bont Australis <2 2. 2...2 -. 1905 520, 379 re | PO Western Australia......... 71905 561, 490 90, 225 3600} 2, 853, 424 TPTOUEFI, «oon. oes ce 1905 202, 206 SOON ce iat atee Total ries seat fe 7,850,520 1,551, 206) 1,595, 256 600) 65, 822,918) 1,062,703 New Zealand............-. 1904 | 1,736,850} 498,241) 314,322 c 448| 18,280,806} 255,320 Total Australasia ........|...... 9,587,370) 2,049, 447) 1, 909, 578 1, 048) 84,103,724) 1,318,023 (iS A Relea pe SCP se | 1904 |, Eee eer f UNIO acf-5 2. > dune Kaa eh oo 1900 102, 908 12, 982 6, 506 New Caledonia. .....22..050.2.5. (9) 73, aut So ena , 938 2 Total Oceania ...........|.....- Po i a eee 1,928,830! 7,566) 84,216,468) 1,330,659 el a ey es i y ——— _—————S ans Restle osha cca ae 498, 958, a8 PR hie 88, 368, 368 6, 499, 690/544, 382, 049,137, 259, 907 a Data for 1903. 6 Exclusive of animals owned by natives. ¢ Including asses. al a meahaatee of the Windhuk district, in which the cattle were estimated at 1,774 and the sheep anc goats at 2,630. e Cows. J Not including animals in the public service. as me moh is pg estimate, furnished by the French Embassy to the United States under date. 0! ay . h Including asses; data for 1903. ~On December 31 of preceding year. Jj Including asses; data for 1904. * On farms. STATISTICS OF LIVE STOOK. 735 Live stock of countries named—Continued. Country. Year. Buffaloes. | Camels. Goats. | Reindeer. Total United States (including Hawaii and Philippine SOURIS chta deen dscewacgticledeen. 2,089, 930 |..--2eeeeeee United States: Continental— Oni TOPtAe een dawn owe See Weert, LOU. we.chreslas voll ehgaudabenn 1° 870, iy. ineexkaaked on Not:on farms .....3-..: REGIE MCADOO eae veis ce dhecledodavedec ne 10, OO lease ae exes es Puitto Biee.. dks ntesvuasees Se Peres 15, 99% [oc nsesee eens Total United States (in INGE or) ATOEICE) now auveoacn dos 654 Gea Lae LL , aOn December 81 of preceding year. 6 Census of 1899. ae eg cas estimate, furnished by the French Embassy to the United States under date of ay 4, : 736 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Live stock of countries named—Continued. Country. | Year. Asses. Buffaloes. | Camels. Ms nadhp ouster eaenounls 21,319,297 | 14,317,906 TR Re eee mee eee ewe ee Ree eee eee RR RRR RR Ree eee eee eee wee eee ee 8 es) ee RR Re ee eee eee Russia, Asiatic: | Transcatcasia ............- | 1902 Four provinces of Central (1 RR EU FS eee 1903 Four provinces of Siberia --) | 1903 SEE i cesGn emcee dabhntastes ) 1903 | Total Russia, Asiatic. .... | rah LY @atiel aa ce See ees ESS Se eer wg ee eee ee | Seceasd AA ones nee coe Shee ; V4 Po ee aes St | 1904 | [Oe ees ae os See | 19 | British Central Africa ........- 1904 | Cape ‘- Se BIE aco ane 19s 2k. sei oo ae nt 1900 ale East Africa .........-- 1905 German Southwest Africa ..... 1903 ED 6 rn ee Ss Sones (J) ee aS ea | 1908 tail ap ie a capa el ESET (J) | Rae aa hae 2 ld a ee spe 19 Orange River Colony -.....-.... 1903 ee Se ene (3) LS ae ee ie See ee 1901 | pence Ser eek eae See 905 an) Atriem. & 22 ee Australasia: he South Wales.......... Sh eee ees eT EE 2 eee ww wee SO we ee Re ee Total..........2..........]..-2.-] ~ 8,050,830 | 20,018,839 | 1,721,175 | 87, 585,057 | . i @Of which 58,423 in Gwalior, Marwar, Alwar, and Bengal include mules. ¢ & Data for INH. e Exclusive of animals less than 1 year old. @ On December 31 of preceding year. - e e Cara — J Number of domesticated elephants returned as 2,036. . g Exclusive of animals owned by natives. & Exclusive of the Windhuk district, in which the sheep and goats were estimated at 2.630. © wg ea, Meee egg cml erg ea ge J Latest etmein,, Secnisbed by the French Resheeny. 95 ses Untied oa > 1906. % ; STATISTICS OF HORSES AND MULES. 737 FARM ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS IN CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES. HORSES AND MULES. Number and farm value of horses and mules, 1880-1906. ) Horses. Mules. January 1— ) Number Value. Number. | Value. Me Hiccdocane See het Ge csnacaaae thausageasts « | 11,201,800 | $613, 296, 611 1, 729, 500 | $105, $48, 319 Le RRS a RET pa A Se 11, 429, 626 | 667, 954, 325 1,720,731 | 120,096,164 et eae sy atole ead vomiuddaen aeisn dine | 10,521,554 | 615, $24,914 1, 835, 169 | 130, 945, 378 eth, oho. cub Scdustbcidnceqceeaitnatas | 10,838,111 | 765,041,308 1,871,079 | 148, 732,390 TNS oon a cugadechle ou scdeans ahbeabee | 11,169,683 | 833, 734, 400 1,914,126 | 161,214,976 osc nak badnaunt tocoWedeaiinns tome | 11,564,572 | 852, 282, 947 1,972,569 | 162, 497,097 SD RE LEC oy abies BSE a | 12,077,657 | 860,823, 208 2,052,593 | 163,381,096 DSI s cic wenet nwcw'cchuinn swhanmniad oily | 12,496,744 | 901,685, 755 2,117,141 | 167,057,538 ee RRR RRR a eee a | 13,172,936 | 946,096, 154 2,191, 727 174, 853, 563 Merges tS cae ina dy waka Tnent | 18,663,294 | 982, 191,827 2,257,574 | 179,444, 481 et. 28 cnn bhainn ena enctinwa akan nice ae 14, 213,837 | 978,516, 562 2, 331, 027 182, 394, 099 Ree, Sn Fa, cru dacttecanntonatadneian | 14,056,750 | 941,823, 222 2,296,532 | 178,847,370 | RES oes Sr aad Ee A ERR | 15, 498, 140 |1, 007, 593, 636 2,314,699 | 174, 882,070 5 2,331,128 | 164, 763, 751 2,352,231 | 146,232,811 2,333,108 | 110,927,834 2,278,946 | 108, 204,457 2,215,654 | 92,302,090 2,190,282 | 96,109,516 2, 134, 213 | , 963, 603 2,086,027 | 111,717,092 885 2,864,458 | 183,232, 968, 2,757,017 | 186,411, 704 1,080, 959 2,728,088 | 197,753,327 ) 1, 136, 940, 298 2,757,916 | 217,532,832 CE SRS ee re eee | 17, 057, 702 |1, 200, 310, 020 2,888,710 | 251,840,378 ee oy See nome dans ane caw ine cake ) 18, 718, 578 |1, 510, 889, 906 3, 404, 361 , 680, 5 Imports and exports of horses and mules, with average prices, 1892-1905. Imports of horses. Exports of mules. ‘yon aa N A N ) lA une um- verage Num- 7 | Average ber. | Value. price. ; Value. | price. : ’ ; (kas ae 14, 074 ‘$2,455,868 | $174.50] 3,226 $611,188 | $189.46 | 1,965 | $238,591 $121. 42 ae 15,451 | 2,388,267 | 154.57] 2,967} 718,607} 242.90) 1,634/ 210,278 128. 69 . Sa 6,166 | 1,319,572 | 214.01} 5,246 | 1,108,995 211.40) 2,063| 240,961 116. 80 . | aes 098 | 1,055,191 80.56 | 13,984 | 2,209,298 | 157.99 | 2,515 | 186,452 74.14 aa 9,991 | 662,591 66. 32 | 25,126 | 3,530,703 | 140.52 | 5,918} 406,161 68.63 . ei ,998 | 464, 808 66.42 | 39,532 | 4,769,265 | 120.64| 7,473 | 545,331 72.97 es 3,085 | 414,899 134.49 | 51,150 | 6,176,569 | 120.75 | 8,088 | 664,789 82.09 ee TEM 3,042} 551,050 | 181.15 | 45,778 | 5,444,342} 118.93 | 6,755 | 516,908 76. 52 ees os 3,102 | 596,592 | 192.32 | 64,722 | 7,612,616 | 117.62 | 43,369 | 3,919,478 90.38 i. ae 3, 785 985, 738 260.43 | 82,250 | 8,873,845 107.89 | 34,405 | 3,210, 267 $3.31 hee , 832 | 1,577, 234 326. 41 |103,020 |10, 048, 46 97.53 | 27,586 2. 97. 60 | a 4,999 | 1,536,296 | 307.32 | 34,007 | 3,152,159 92.69} 4,294 | 521,725 121. 47 eae 4,726 | 1,460,287 | 308.99 | 42.001 | 3,189,100 73.93 | 3,658 | 412,971 112. 90 ae 5,180 | 1,591,083 | 307.16 | 34,822 | 3,175,259 91.19 | 5,826 | 645,464 110.79 5 al905——47 * 738 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, » fo Number, average price, and farm value of horses and mules in the United States January 1, 1906, by States. State or Territory. DEMIR Soe don cece vdcech he New Hampshire ........... | i: er ee Maseachnsctts ~~ ...<.cocecs TenGOG IRIAN o>. cu che scnewe PM NEOUOUR «ccnsc vue cucu ws } US) bt ) Bae ree / TROW SGICY ws caine nccadeevesl WEnDEVIVADIG . << ccc. ces ans | DAN ee: aie POEM 5k Saw sae atc nse Ve a ee Werth Carolina... .\.<<..>.. LOVES a ae ee VE eee a ES NUR TTOAND, A. oo ke vc erercaram ce wo CS PA ee ee | APMED oo 5 cn we hicntceees POMMOMIRD © 5 2... comets WEOCRE-VITSINIAA o-oo en eh a MONTOOR Y. 4: Sse case cece WERE e oon texas, See ees MRIQUICON So cgiacwcu nce cees~< LTT ST a See Sher ee Ae ee eT a ee ce es oa eit EOI. ca coe cy aha ce te ame MT YOMING . Josssie Sec cca cks PIOTGEIO oreo iwc oc ee Rae Ney MexICO: .<..<...c.cesn- Aye SU 0) a ee PIPOOON a cee ea wae ens RP RIORTI GS ooo vice bos ee Sones ORR NOMA a os cs sa nee fndian ‘Territory. .< 22. ~26.. United States ........ Horses, Number. 187, 512 18, 718, 578 > Average farm price, Jan. 1. $93. 73 97. 80 94, 56 112. 98 104, 04 80. 72 ono Mules, Average Farm value. nf Farm value, an. 1 Sid. BUS: SIS kc. wow caetue | ole t'c'e a oe orn ham eta on 6, 720, 652 |.;......-ccliecccassecleeeeeaaa sae BO O98 4... seuats ck |. owe ce ep'tinlaal dame 40 308 GU. dase cies | o cles cec'upulesnsiene ieee 1, 804, OBL | 5. cnn nucunes|eeceaeu dale numer . S515. 008 |. ce | wees accelase ahem 70, 160,719 4,166 | $108. 55 $452, 230 11, 830, 486 5, 223 120. 96 631, 773 67, 296, 787 40, 459 106. 33 4, 302, 002 8, 493, 851 5,710 108. 14 617, 476 138, 210, 382 19, 346 104. 46 2, 020, 869 25, 442, 602 tj 102. 41 4, 948, 125 17,793, 863 166,394 | 116.80 | 19,434,800 9, 504, 033 124, 713 183. 35 16, 630, 500 15, 910; 168 225,187 | 185.04 30, 409, 227 4) 442° 000 16,986 | 137.15 2) 329, 590 14, 535, 227 185, 839 111. 66 20, 750, 794 18, 331, 654 263,882 | 104.87 27, 673, 334 12, 178, 665 160, 962 108. 90 17, 528, 750 59, 616, 773 508, 349 69. 90 35, 533, 590 18, 236, 558 202; 886 94.15 | 19,101,743 27, 984, 464 200, 069 104. 30 20, 867, 174 14, 810, 375 10, 877 90. 94 989, 138 38, 453, 835 194) 733 95.21 18, 540, 552 90,550, 455 18, 099 99.13 1,794, 145 66, 219, 486 3,501 | 98.90 346, 260 73, 452,750 74, 666 97.55 7, 283, 698 188, 601, 686 137, 776 101. 00 18, 915, 374 54, 617, 148 4, 985 76. 84 , 047 61,517, 592 8) 405 79.93 71, 819 107, 674, 248 48, 655 90. 48 38, 949, 925 70, 398, 716 292, 159 91. 69 26, 788, 074 79, 266, 955 113, 5389 85. 63 9, 722, 353 638, 164, 276 55, 486 87.18 4, 837, 250 81, 751, 317 7,380 76. 67 565, 839 35, 198, 950 8, 054 96. 75 779, 230 10, 852, 765 3, 561 66. 70 237, 526 5, 126, 622 1, 196 66.70 99, 780 18, 984, 282 9, 744 73. 82 719, 278 3, 440, 300 4) 847 60. 41 292, 3, 021, 883 4, 001 68. 16 272, 720 4, 816, 185 3,096 44. 38 137, 415 4, 958, 073 2,911 60. 58 176, 362 7, 684, 573 2,373 68. 54 162, 685 16, 713, 880 2, '752 75. 37 207, 420 13, 318, 845 7,077 71. 32 504, 7 30, 505, 037 69, 679 91. 30 6, 361, 689 27) 354, 020 87,373 85.21 "445, 11; 139, 348 58, 648 79, 49 4, 264, 460 1,510, 889,906 | 3,404, 061 98.31 | 334, 680,520 Date, 1901. ULL 2a ce ch alesis AUgURL. osc... September .... October ....... November .... Décember..... JANUATY . cts. Mf J) September .... October ....... November .... December..... JANUATY.. .2.%<- Merah". oo. c November .... December..... Co, od August o2....-. October’. ...... November .... December..... STATISTIOS OF HORSES AND MULES. Range of prices for horses in Omaha, monthly, 1901-1905, Drafts, Low. | High. | General pur- poses, Low. |High. Southern, Western, Low. ) High.| Low. Drivers, | High.| Low. | High, $95 95 95 95 $225 225 225 225 325 825 200 220 175 215 325 300 739 Carriage teams, $200 200 200 200 300 300 Low. | High. 740 INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN MEAT, Value of imports of meat animals and packing-house products into thirteen European coun tries and Cuba in 1904, and percentages derived from the United States. YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. fe“ r Total of Poultry Packing- ‘ three fol- Live meat game,rab- — Importing country. lowing col- | animals, hea 2a bits, pig- umns, P * | eons, ete, — Imported from all countries by— Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. re RIMM OM.. ac ws aoe cule Gelewes sieaiie 283, 158, 215 50, 268,256 | 223,171,623 Germany @ (for consumption) .............. 83, 600, 900 28, 558, 800 43, 472, 200 Netherlands (for consumption) ............ 28, 609, 594 253, 266 28, 280, 364 France (for consumption)..........-....... 19, 675, 069 7,008, 413 9, 842, 385 Belgium (for consumption) ............---. 15, 938, 990 5, 739, 069 9, 698, 218 Switzerland (for consumption) ............. 15, 881, 517 10, 352, 595 3, 864, 807 Austria-Hungary (for consumption)........ 18, 685, 042 7,819, 808 4, 712, 988 Ss oe RES eee Sic cceu.s ca eee 18, 011, 989 6, 639, 536 6, 368, 058 Denmark (for consumption) ..........-.... 5, 507, 000 304, 100 5, 135, 300 PORE 0 acwis ngvaoabacemscvessste uae vee 7, 944, 076 3, 264, 763 4, 028, 803 Ttaly.(for consumption ) oi... ¢cccsccskeu wane 6, 959, 073 1, 244, 792 5, 646, 5382 Russia (for consumption) (1908)............ 4, 784, 578 2, 266, 604 2, 461, 257 RORWEY «occa wwatbntewans pine Sate ds caneieee 4, 099, 100 68, 100 3, 577, 500 POCO (1O0BY a. wien oo nhannnstncans «os Sus 3, 860, 369 130, 646 3, 637, 540 OOOAL oon aids cca t voces acs Ugh Ckaohoteeseceees 506,715,512 | 124,313,748 | 353, 896,975 Imported from the United States by— see RINSGONS ois on on duncan veilee sa ceaue’ 135, 386, 887 37, 066, 568 97, 247, 674 Germany @ (for consumption) .............- DD 2 1 BOO: Vaccine mince als , 206, 000 ) Netherlands (for consumption) ............ 16.936, 4415} oo eecees 16, 236, 433 —§ France (for consumption)... ¢ 25... sc cncue b (0) b Not stated. ¢ Omitting France and Denmark. a Omitting France, Beigium, Denmark, and Norway. - at all STATISTIOS OF CATTLE. 741 CATTLE AND DAIRY PRODUCTS. Number and farm value of milch cows and other cattle, 1880-1906. Milch cows. Other cattle, January 1— a —— ~ hia makes ears Ws Stak lean pee nbs une 15, 990, 115 474, 233, 925 27, 994, 225 637, 931, 135 MEER ewe sc wis 2 Uh Rn oink see ie adn os Wok 16, 292, 360 514, 812, 106 27, 610, 054 689, 486, 260 RE a ai Sais ables occa onwcee oSe.ckde dey 16, 833, 657 505, 093, 077 45, 500, 213 906, 644, 003 eee ha a Tea eke es hea wccsencencds ekdt 16, 696, 802 488, 130, 324 44,727,797 839, 126, 073 OSS hes Ee Ee ee ee a 17, 105, 227 516, 711, 914 44, 659, 206 824, 054, 902 2 ee St) SSRN See Se Se Fe es tee 17, 419, 817 508, 841, 489 43, 629, 498 712, 178, 134 MOM ete te RIE RAL Newel an Sdie «ge a ewn's cise 17, 572, 464 482, 272, 203 43, 669, 443 661, 571, 308 Pea tats ce Shae wee iin wo Sea's Sore Ss wb awe nla e's 19, 793, 866 582, 788, 592 47, 067, 656 746, 171, 709 Imports and exports of live cattle, with average prices, 1892--19085. Imports. Exports. Year ended June 30— Number.| Value. spines €!Number.| Value oie ? Se ea ae 2,168 $47, 466 $21.89 | 394,607 | $35,099, 095 $88. 95 SRE ee ph Je ao Ss oe od 3, 293 45, 682 13.87 | 287,094 26, 032, 428 90. 68 Cau bye eS ee eS ee 1, 592 18, 704 11.75 | 359, 278 33, 461, 922 93.14 SeEMTee e h Ne oe hee et 149, 781 765, 853 5.11 | 331,722 30, 603, 796 92. 26 ee eee ol eee 217,826 | 1,509, 856 6.93 | 372,461 34, 560, 672 92.79 SO a ee oe en ee 328,977 | 2,589, 857 7.87 | 392,190 36, 357, 451 92.70 MEER tS ie Says aida wale Ss = 291,589 | 2,913, 223 9.99 | 439, 255 37, 827, 500 86.12 Oe OS Se ee ee eee ae 199,752 | 2,320, 362 11.62 |. 389, 490 30, 516, 833 78.35 Re eee yn So me cee ae doo 181,006 | 2,257,694 12.47 | 397, 286 30, 635, 153 77.11 UES Be BS ee See ,022 | 1,931, 433 13.23 | 459, 218 37, 566, 980 81.81 so Lg BE ip 2 aS SR SS ae ee ee 96,027 | 1,608, 722 16.75 | 392, 884. . 29, 902, 212 76.11 Seek tia pe mpea hom 2 Ses Siw o's ee 66,175 | 1,161,548 17.55 | 402,178 29, 848, 936 74, 22 Of oe al ae ea Oa e 16, 056 310, 737 19.35 | 693, 409 42, 256, 291 sh 21 EE REE ate Serbo gat outs oo aie 27, 855 464, 572 16.68 | 567,806 40, 598, 048 71.50 u a 742 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Number, average price, and farm value of cattle in the United States on January 1, 1906, — Milch cows. Other cattle. ; Average Average State or Territory. ' Number. wen bo Farm value,| Number. am br Farm value, — an, 1, an. 1. _ MRF oo BiH, a Sain stuens 191, 016 $29. 50 $5, 634, 972 157, 581 $16. 73 , 636, be New Hampshire ..... Re 132, 498 35. 20 4, 668, 930 105, 297 16. 26 1, 712, ape OT YS Tae Sg ee a ae 291, 021 27. 50 8, 003, 078 225, 870 13. 95 , 150, 382 Massachusetts ............... 196, 346 39. 00 7,657, 494 93, 371 16. 56 1,546,218 — Rhode Island ..........-...-- | 25, 721 42. 10 1, 082, 854 10, 340 18. 09 187,052 — Caoonearions <5. .0.< 5. wonese 134, 789 $6. 20 4, 879, 362 84, 028 18.18 1, 527, 62 e UAW ORE... cas ccang as eon ees 1, 755, 972 34, 50 60, 581, 034 954, 277 16. 52 15, 764, 647 OW DOIGDY «i cote cuacasd. tse 186, 464 40. 65 7, 579, 762 81,191 20.18 1,638,431 Pennsylvania ............-... 1, 097, 590 34. 30 37, 647, 337 867, 436 17. 40 15, 093, 386 POLAWEIO cies oes we oc se cw wes 36, 181 82. 00 1, 157, 792 21, 591 18. 42 397, 711 CAS ee ee 148, 897 29.90 4, 452, 020 135, 319 18. 16 2, 458, 068 rears ie ts ab pees 262, 836 25. 35 6, 662, 893 518, 192 17.75 9,197,925 — North’ Caroling .2....06s<0.8 259, 266 27.10 7, 026, 109 437, 210 10, 98 4, 802,748 South Carolina. . oss .scesses 131, 645 28. 90 8, 804, 540 216, 339 11.30 2,445, 708 — WEMIIE Meese ws pews Gat oe xtrexe 299, 479 26. 75 8, 011, 063 673, 179 10. 27 6, 913, 546 © PGi BES ae 88, 750 25. 90 2, 298, 625 588, 886 10. 43 6, 139, 138 DRG. © asco 534 tes ch wikis 253, 132 20. 40 5, 163, 893 496, 762 8.32 4,131,822 — MOU. 5 idle ck cong Swe s 326, 405 25. 65 8, 372, 288 544, 993 8.11 4, 418, By ‘ PIN a5. 2 ods tne weg ewes 186, 278 26. 70 4, 978, 623 481, 075 10. 05 4, 834, 8 04 RES CE a oe eee pe ae 964, 196 23. 50 22,658,606 | 8,579,739 11.78 101, 026, 428 Pe Were oe te glee e ees 300, 523 17.85 5, 364, 336 , 433 7.52 4, 811, 731 PRORIGREOOS . 255 st san nc eadele® = 316, 482 22. 65 7, 167, 185 48s, 619 10. 98 6, West Virginia: 2.22. 2.o265-0. 198, 417 30. 00 5, 952, 510 372, 136 19. 53 7 RGOtUGRYs | .os-asect ccoeset se 387, 067 25. 20 9, 754, 088 692, 585 16. 37 10, OEE ee Pieter 869, 764 32.70 28, 441,283 | 1,151, 437 20. 32 28, Mehran ce. clue cadecede ns 778, 609 31. 50 24,526,184 | 1,014,875 16. 67 15, Wein Ree Sooo. hea 646, 149 31. 45 20, 321,386 | 1,201,872 20. 55 24, C1] 710) ASE Ae & aha gee rare ay A 1, 045, 200 33. 80 35, 327,760 | 1,916, 903 21. 08 WinGeeity Fa ooo. sos aos wn on es 1, 183, 581 29. 20 34,559,105 | 1,171,555 13. 65 OMS Satis v2 Sax pa 903, 796 28. 30 25,577,427 | 1,035, 987 11. 48 ONT tao? CRSA Bah 9 EP Nm ci at 1, 429, 340 29. 85 42,665, 799 | 3, 432, 882 20.77 EISGENETD Sc 5 oss oO wets w laalias 968, 638 25. 15 24,361,246 | 2,235,134 18. 02 LTC Re Se ace eee See 751, 829 26.05 19,585,145 | 2, 628, 653 18. 88 INGDIRRED ae so Jakwon sacs ase S7 836, 668 26. 90 22,506,369 | 2,450, 862 18, 42 SOUR ROT 2 a wsa- oa ces 582, 469 26. 25 15, 289,811 | 1,323, 507 17. 25 WNorch Dakotatc ce... sass 213, 765 27.30 5, 835, 784 604, 692 16. 95 10 ) MOntaNG eee 5 asec ks tad 2 Se 61, 634 34. 05 2, 098, 688 964, 579 17.99 yA ea. SERS oe otk aera 20, 974 35. 75 749, 820 795, 217 20.12 15, 194, 965 OOOO Oe 0.2. 6 neces tte as 130, 202 30. 85 4,016,732 | 1,362,303 18. 00 24/528, 259 MW WOXICO. « .cscwscnenadauce 20, 781 31.50 654, 602 903, 086 14. 84 18, 401, 8¢ TW E01 a) A ee eg eee 21, 156 35. 10 742, 576 568, 646 15. 96 9, 075, 58 Wee ee Socke ates ocr 74, 430 33. 00 2, 456, 190 256, 844 16. 00 4, 110, 78 ROG ote Sec are cece 16, 988 35. 85 609, 020 351, 018 17.15 6, 019, ¢ TARO 2c a. Hosen os canes 63, 793 31. 20 1, 990, 342 351, 086 16. 14 5, 666, 52 MiAshINgtyNes ose oc. ge bs a5 167, 042 32. 50 5, 428, 865 309, 502 15. 03 4, 650, 2 CPO oo ee cc we we 144, 480 28. 60 4, 132, 128 587, 316 14.77 8, 674, 6 (OST ST CRS See ef eer 390, 015 34, 65 13, 514,020 | 1,167,107 17.52 20, 458, 6 COS OG Cg ee a ee ee 192, 332 21. 85 4,202,454 | 1,387,151 14, 96 20, 751, 774 Indian Territory ............. 109, 360 24, 20 2, 646, 512. 470, 093 14. 04 6, 602, 452 United States .......... 19, 793, 866 29.44 | 582,788,592 | 47, 067, 656 743 STATISTICS OF CATTLE. Wholesale prices of cattle per 100 pounds, 1901-1905. ! =) le) ie] te) 121 1 > i=) f—} i) oow 1D © 191016 a SSSSESRSRS BARSSKASRASA ABABA DHS ABRABASHSeae BYBSREGRSESS | | "te ee occcsecoee SSorrrdsorrss ptelah tle beret MiGGGHSSHSSS6S65 WHSSSS sd siscs 3 2 | a/| 2 |F . e i _ ; — KK nes ae a g > ve) =) 19 1 wD So ID S 10 191010 © ven) oo. Sie noe 101 © A} 33 Nd ° ais > a ea SEexSSSSSSR8 SBSBRRASSSSRS BASRSLSSSSSB RSESSSARSRSS BYRKSESKY ee ° eee eaeteiteteiebe 09 09 SH it iid id i i od od DOD OD OD OD Od OD OD ES OD OA sels esate s ad od ds of cd ob oh 65 ab od 08 of ~ | Z. om . +. | ow S fi ) le) uw eile) o 1019 SO 10 1910 ©1909 © wD owztaw oo ie) | oe a | SSSRSSSRSLSR SSRSRS8RSSR8S CASSRARHROS BRBSRIAASSSSES SS8RSSBR8E4R . = Be he ORS ee ee RE in A ee eae PSR LI 6 a CRS ok a WR yee tek Set ke eae Os oe) >) ne” Sh pean aa on i a Wad i Yea” 6 ed ee an cae 4/33 i Breese ooocoorn ~OOrE-DHDHOrES 1D 1D) 19 19) 0191919191915 ID 1D 1D 1D1D OO OOOO ID OID OLO Oi iD OOOr a =s3 a p= se _ Be - +2 . 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' ' ' ’ ‘ ' , ‘ ' ‘ ' ‘ ' ' ‘ . ‘ ’ ' ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ' . ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ' 2s ow Ths eo 6 ae oe ‘ . ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ae ‘ . ‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ vw a ' ‘ . Wy ox . ee 8 ‘ ‘ . . ' . ‘ ‘ . ‘ ‘ a og we . . ‘ ae | pl Paw bt dow oo! Co Pe | ‘ ' ' ‘ ’ ' ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ' ’ ‘ ' ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ' ' ' ' ' ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ . ' ‘ ' ’. ’ ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘. ‘ ’ ' ’ ‘ ‘ ’ . ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ' ‘ ' ' ‘ ‘ ’ ' . ' ’ ' ' ' ’ ' ‘ ’ ' ‘ ’ . ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' . ed ee ee oe ee es ee See ben ‘ ‘ J ‘ ‘ ' ' . ’ ' . ' ' ' ' ‘ ‘ ' ‘ 7 when a. e tes let 8 a aa Pe rete Neer eh clothes ttt hts thet eee ema ae Bry ty epee hk baie pare MET org SPN co : . pt Pevne fa 6” ae bales tee Bal. Sete ee Us . Ce hic ten OE eee Wi aie Sea Pt Oak ROM > hw Vite Wee See Bee ees Ee Ca aCe ere i ee ee o 56 Be .+ 4G, 6) Cerre . 6 ’ ’ J ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘. ‘ ’ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ' . . ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ . ’. ‘ 7 ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ' J ' ’ ' ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ @ «455.57 oi 8 ’ , . . . ‘ ’ ‘ ’ . ’ ‘ ’. ‘ ‘ ‘ t | ' ‘ . ‘ ’ . ' . ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ' . ‘ ' ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ , ’ ' ‘ . ee 24 +e ‘ . : . ‘ ‘ ‘ . . . . ‘ ‘ . . ’ ‘ . . . ‘ ‘ ‘ . . ‘ . ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ . . ‘ ‘ ‘ . . ‘ . ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ . ’ . ' ie Me ee Pom ig 2 a ee oe ee ee eee ee ee Ae fd Eon Ee! ee | ‘ . ‘ ‘. . ‘ . ‘ . ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ' ’ . ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ' . ‘ ‘ . ‘ ' ‘ . ’ ' ’ ’ ‘ ‘ . . . . : ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ . ' ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ' ' ' ' ‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ' ’ ‘ ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ ' ’ . , o-. 8.40 9 8 0 ‘ ' eee Oe Oo ocR 8 ' . . ’ ‘ ’ ’ ' . ‘ ’ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ' ' ‘ ‘ ‘ . ' ‘ . ' ‘ ’ ‘ . ‘ . ‘ ‘ ‘ a oe oe oe. on ee! ee eee a eee ee. he ee ’ ’ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ' . ' ' ‘ . ' ’ ‘ . 8 ae Bek ‘ ' ‘ . . ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ . . . . = O.-6" Bt; 'O--@ ‘ , , . . . . ‘ . . ’ ’ ; . . ‘ ‘ . . ‘ . . ‘ ' . . ‘ ‘ . ’ . ‘ . ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ . ’ ‘ . ‘ ’ . . * ee ee ee Oe Pee ee! ee oe ow | ’ . . ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ' ' ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ iJ , ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ’ ' . ’ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ‘ ' ' o a) a es ee O--m, A 98, ol te Pierre toe eter bet Maa peer arte et ey ae ee MR ee re Ce aR SE MTR te BL Re oR Soe —_ + ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ eS . a) . ' ‘ . . ‘ . . . . = iS FR a ee EEE. ete othe Meee otter rk eb ele ee ae en at ee oT AC a PE Oh ty een eee Q _ Seer ate Neen ie — on Sc 0) 6 Wie Ge Ay PEO ee See eer eee Te 364 Pe Oe er er Be ae eee a Oe ed ie a eS 6 ek ee eee eee eee Oo BP eas ’ , ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ’ ’ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ' ’ . ’ ‘ ’ ‘ '’ . ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ’ . ’ ‘ ’ ‘ , ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ eo Ce on ook ee Ae on ow | ‘ ‘ ’ . . . ‘ . . . ’ ‘ ’ . ‘ . ‘ ’ . ‘ . . . J ‘ ‘ . ‘ . ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ . . ’ ' ‘ . ‘ . . . . . Ma eC ay Tal Yer ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ . ’ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ‘ ’ . ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ . . ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ’ J ‘ . . ‘ . . . . . . . ’ “i VY es Je he , ‘ . ’ ‘ . . . . ’ ‘ ’ ‘ . ’ . . . . ‘ . . . . ‘ . . ‘ . ‘ ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ J ‘ . J ‘ J) ’ . ’ ‘ ae eee Fe. Oy’ 9.. aes 22°99 . ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ © ‘ . . ’ ’ ' ‘ . ) . ‘ . ‘’ ‘ ‘ ‘ . . . ‘ ’ J . ‘ ’ ’ ’ . . . ’ : , , ee fa gs ’ ‘ F ‘ . . . ‘by ea igs : . ’ ‘ ‘ : : " 4 TEU ies P ‘ : ‘ . - ‘ ‘he * ea ‘ . . < ‘ ‘ - ’ . He Pare | dig ee dt eee sehr ef ieee ss eae ee eA Ae CL RES SAN eg sey : Ps * “~~ 5 = Lea fea <= Lia ‘ ey 3 2 a ort tag & = Pa cf gg | g8ei if BESEe- gbaii st Basae gaat Sigg sda gba: igeShe. Baa i: gases SESz SOL ESSIO BROT SOLES 6 Vo BESSA PoyesS>6v0o SEO LOL ES ooo SESE Ron ES O29 RSSGZESSRSSS FSSaSsaeeess Sek eeswasss gssksqswasss gears hase s 4 ~wH--=@ Se es =) o 3 = =| o 3 vo s -~5 i) | BRAS A55 ak 38, 298, 783 OR So ee 50, 626, 626 119 OO 706 ll ESOT pnw cnewenbescceece 36, $18, 643 OD Ee ie near eee 50, 360, 243 107,960, 6504} 3808 «oon cine kece aes 37, 656, 960 Li. aha Sie ee Ser 48, 322, 331 02445. 867 ll 1800. .-t... dene butewes 39, 114, 453 LL 8 xp Ree ES SS cetlaae See 44, 759, 314 S0°872, 85070 32000. oon. waandewbaneees 41, 883, 065 eI re Ae hie ad 8 43, 544, 755 80270; S06" 00] < Ss Soa ancmaewes 59, 756, 718 1) A ee ee Pe ee 42, 599, 079 0D; 840. S65 (3002 Oto ot sees oe 62, 039, 091 2.) ER 1 SS eae ree 44, 336, 072 400; 650. 7GE i) 1908:. Sno auwe 6 ccinniowaemes 63, 964, 876 1 i. | Lape ee Pe eS ee 43481 186 |. 306-807. dae tt 2008) iw. ee eee 51, 630, 144 1. ieee eng ee 44.988, 885-| . 116-397. 900° 1906: Sonne. oe ee wees 45, 170, 423 127, 331, 850 1h a ee ee 47: 278, 653 -}~ 1259008, 264 "1908 S22 2.o. o. a e eees 179, 056, 144 50, 631, 619 Number, average price, and farm value of sheep in the United States on January 1, 1906. Aver- Aver- . age Farm : age State or Territory.| Number. | farm wale State or Territory.| Number. | farm price, ; rice, Jan. 1. an.1. MESITIO.- [S.ns.nnces 270, 025 | $4.02 | $1, 084,826 || Indiana .......... 1,123, 428 | $4.87 | $5, New Hampshire .. 76,797 | 3.74 286, 880 || Illinois ........... 719, 465 | 4. 86 3, Wermont-i.:o..-.. * 220,878 | 4.08 900,078 || Wisconsin ........ 930,848 | 3.96 3, Massachusetts .... 42,859 | 4.26 182,792 || Minnesota........ 404, 253 | 3.62 k Rhode Island ..... 7,970 | 4.17 S3) 284i LOW A tens ape cca 670,383 | 4.59 8, Connecticut....... 33,905 |} 4.88 165, 456: ||, Missouri... ..<..... 816,560 | 3.88 3, New-York :..:..2.% 995,335 | 5.07.) 5,051,325 || Kansas ........... 238,581 | $8.75 New Jersey.....-... 44,644] 4.61 205, 587 || Nebraska ......... 444,499 | 3.72 a He Pennsylvania ..... 1,102,058 | 4.63] 5,102,529 || South Dakota..... 822,838 | 3.59 2; Melaware..s. <<...» 11,984} 4.06 48, 626 || North Dakota..... 695, 267 | 3.45 = Marviand!.0) 5 2.. 164,873 | 4.30 708,130 || Montana ......... 5,751, 746 | 3.48} 20, WITRIDIB. os55 kes 497,341 | 3.33 | 1,656,145 || Wyoming......... 4,575,042 | 3.43 | 15, North Carolina.... 219,574 | 2.69 590, 654 || Colorado.......... 1,677,561 | 3.59 6, South Carolina.... 60,034 | 2.59 155, 488 || New Mexico...... 8,999,443 } 3.15] 12, COCO a OM aie eee 278, 898 | 2.15 588, 869 |} Arizona .........- 734,527 | 3.33 2; "gL ol Oo ee 105,474 | 2.22 233. Sh. Dtabtee. ooo ease 2,625,401 | 3.17 8, MS DEMIS 6 oc SIRS Pee Ss cok Se FG 459, 484 SE eS 8 SE ay Cm ae ee 2 242, 568 JUS 8 5 Se OP Sh A A BP ie ie Sok Se 291, 461 12S SRS ta RI BD Oe 322, 692 LEY BEES ee f GSED ee deg 405, 633 Pe een nee 5. 1 eee eo 392, 314 SLSR 2) Se 2 Ge ERS Ree peeade 2. et te nara 345, 911 TRE RE i ee eee OEY 2S Se TR tad 381, 792 TaD 1) ASS Se a Se ee ene a Pee es 8 331, 488 La ae a RS ee Sta SR te 266, 953 DUS Se se ees SP a eee 301, 623 Rae ee ee Ts ne ee ee 238, vit, Set 3-5 Sa er ge Cetin gees ee 186, 942 Bes neo. BES aE: =¥=1-— ae. a8 So akae Imports. Exports Average Value. price. Number, $1, 440, 530 $3. 78 46, 960 1, 682, 977 3. 66 37, 260 788, 181 8.25 | 132,370 682, 618 2.34 | 405,748 853, 530 2.65 | 491, 565 1, 019, 668 2.51 | 244,120 1, 106, 322 2.82 | 199,690 1, 200, 081 3.47 | 148, 286 1, 365, 026 8.58 | 125, '772 1, 236, 277 3.73 | 297,925 956, 711 3.58 | 358, 720 1, 036, 934 3.44 | 176,961 815, 289 3.42 | §301, 313 704, 721 3.77 | 268,365 Fam seBane oO 747 Omaha, Native Good to choice natives, / St. Louis. Cincinnati, Good to extra. OF SHEEP. PSSSRSSSRRS LBRNSSS SARK. SSRRRRSSRKSS SARSRNSA: :2R Aeeeseseassys Ted Chicago, Inferior to choice, STATISTICS Prices of sheep per 100 pounds in leading cities of the United States, 1901-1905, Date, , ar ee ae ae ee oo ee |e ee Ce ee? OL ee es ee ee ee ee ee Ney eh Be we et oR i ee ie a ee ce We a ee ee ee. PE ee ‘ . * * * . . . * . * * * * Ht ss Sods wed wi wid ges ss Sass ISNid cS Sidid si sied od si si IGraGraGidisidas dH + eg SSssssssssss ‘ 2 : = see bd = = oe SS Se Se ie es Sk i anoenns conscoceo = oomnn InOo19 INS + 0 Ss sssene AAG SRSERESRBE 'SSSB SSSSSRZSSRBSE Nowa a ae ASSKRSSeKSOSHE ees abeletcilcl tciel. Soississiad ina OS Hi i i od od od od 0d cd od sain i ie Aaasaindiatta stad ’ aowmnmwnow M1912 OO ID 1D 1D 111g 19 O10 19 M1N2OSMOM Qe ID IMNMOSOCOSO 2 SSSRrseesses eeadeeneses ARAN OSSSH aesesenses I ma SSRZaSeie Hts Hs cd od od od od wi Sid scdisdwdtds a IDS S Sid s+ sind od od wlohe Bid ettctdelae SOO iG iS iS iS iS iSisid sd neon Own »woSoO 1ID19 O19 19 O19 19 O10 IMIDMOSSOMMOMW) IMDOeMmInNoOCOOOMN RSSSS8SSSSESE45 SESBSRSERSSLE BASSSSLS88S8 LEE SSSSELSRE SSB88SRZS2SS4RR goad ei cde ob ob cd said iscscastai aaa Hid 15 6S Hs od 05 05 05 08 0d tH idigsrtoa sia WS 163 0S 1S 1S WHS seh AS 5 1S 05 MINMOSMO1N0O10 12 12 oonmnmoowmoonn ecoooncesooo NY, BIPSiOiG oe SSSSRS2S3S22E8 R2SSRSSSSS3 SSSSkSSR8SB8R SSSR28SSS383S8 NB SASSe eens Hvis Si wi od oS od 05 05 05 Pid Sid id a sisicd od od i Hid SO ai ied od od od od sii si di si i si wind od 5 ic cel cd hh wd heh 1919191019 ed 12 O10 1ID1D 1B OO 1NS12e0O WOMOMOMMMMMO arensegesscoo rs Reseseqens SSRRSSSRSSESE AeASSSSRSLSS APFOSSFOFEREEYS BSS i gieicdodedadedciicl cial Ges wiodtaaaadaada Goria aanadaaad Hoses ti os Ain diaiaies Sethe hee tee a rad 12 19 © 191919101019 DOSSSSSWO0S 19 lIDINNOSwMSnSoon eeSssResSssss RSk&SSS8ShSRRR SSSSHSRSRERS Se DOoOnDADE DANDDASSHEMA BTSs Hin isscoowirtddas Goer scsisottstss idigh ao icieetaitiais ISSO Sidisissssiss Mmnomwn.ow oooo 10 oon 19 RRESERESSLESS SSSSASESSESSR BSSSASSRBSREBE SSS8SR8SE8RR BS8RSSSSSSLA Qidincdaiaiaiaiaiaiaial NAGA AS ARR HANA AR AANA ARRAN tosis dais si sisia ey ee a? ee ee ee ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ a7 ‘ ‘ ’ ' . ' , . ’ ‘ ' ’ ' ' ’ ‘ ’ ’ ’ ' ' ' ‘ . . ’ ’ ‘ ‘ ’ ' ‘ . ’ ' ‘ ‘ . . ’ ’ ‘ ' ’ ’ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ' ' ' ‘ . ‘ ‘ . ' ‘ ’ ‘ ' ‘ ' ' ’ ’ ’ ‘ ' ' ' ’ ‘ ' ‘ ' ' ' ' ' ‘ ’ ’ ' ’ AS Ces me Pet. ’ . ' ’ ' ’ ' ‘ ’ ' ' ’ ’ ' ’ ’ . ‘ ’ ‘ ' ' ‘ ' ’ ‘ ' ' ‘ ‘ ' ' ‘ ‘ J ' ' ' ‘ ' ‘ ' ' ' . J ’ * eo ae oe ee Po ey ee . . ’ ,’ f. Oe oo wes le as Gow RD ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ’ ’ ' ’ ' ‘ ‘ ’ ' ’ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ Te 25) Ba le FO pe ’ ’ ’ * . . , ’ . . ’ ’ . . ’ ' ' ’ ‘ ’ ' ’ ‘ ' ’ a Dn he Be a OL ’ ' ' ' ’ ' ' ‘ 7 ’ ' . ’ ’ ’ ' ‘ ' ‘ ’ ‘ ' ‘ . ’ ' *’ , to la Fe ee es. oe ’ . ‘ . ’ ‘ . ‘ ‘ ’ ' ’ ' ' . ' ' ’ ’ ‘ ’ ' ’ ' ' ’ ’ ' ' ' ‘ ' . ’ . . ‘ . ‘ . ’ . . ’ J oJ . . . ae om oe, ee ee ’ ’ ’ ‘ . ’. . ’ . . ’ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ' . ’ ’ ' ‘ ' ’ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ' . | ' ‘ ' ' ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ . . ‘ . . 7 , oO Be Qe Ge-ey €; 2. @ . . ' ’ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ . . ’ , ' ‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ‘ ' ' ' ‘ ’ ’ . ‘ ’ ‘ ' ’ ’ ‘ } ' ‘ ' ‘ ' ' ' ' ’ ' . Te? ja Se oe ‘ , . . J . . ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ’ ’ ‘. . . ' . ' 7 ‘ ' ’ ' ’ ' ' ‘ ' ' ‘ ‘ ' ' ‘ . ’ . ’ ‘ ’ ' ' ' ‘ ' ‘ . ' . oe ee ey ey ’ *’ . ' J ’ ’ ’ ' ’ ‘ ‘ . ’ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ ' ' ' ‘ ’ ' ‘ ' ' ‘ ' ‘ ' ‘ ' ’ . . ’ ‘ . ‘ ’ ‘ . ‘ . J . . . ’ a ee ees eu Ae . . * ‘. ys" af, 8. 2. were. ris ’ ’ . ' ‘ ' ' ’ ' ' ' ' ‘ ’ ' ‘ 7 ‘ ' J ' ' ' ' ‘ ' ’ ' ' . J ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ’. . vw’ 2 wey @a0 6c 6 a9 . . . ' ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ . ’ . ’ . ’ ' ’ . Pare oS By — 9g ' ' . ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ . ' ' ’ ‘ . ‘ ' ’ . . . ‘ ‘ ‘ . J ‘ . ‘ ’ ‘ ' . ' ‘ ‘ ’ ’ ' ’ ' ' ' ' ' ' ’ ' ‘ ‘ ' ' ‘ ' . ' ee. re Te, wee few ee ' ' ’ ' . ‘ ' ’ , ’ . ’ ‘ i? ee ee . ’ ‘ . ’ . . ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ’ ’ . ‘ ’ ’‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ’ ‘ ' ‘ ' ‘ ' ‘ . ’ ‘ ' ’ ‘ ' ’ ' ’ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ ’ ’ st a i. , , . ’ ‘. . ’ ’ ’ ’ . 7 ’ ' ' . ' ' . ' . ‘ ’ ‘ ' ' ‘ ’ ' ’ ‘ . ' . ' ‘ ‘ ‘ . ' ‘ . ‘ ’ . ’ ‘ . ’ * et er 2 ee, ee ' . ’. ’ iJ ’ ‘ ' . ' ' ' ‘ ' ' ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ . ’ ’ ' ' ' ' ' ‘ ‘ ’ . . . ’ . . ’ . ’ . . oe” eae “go b+ . wet. Be Gg th Fe ea Awe he aS Pee SEA ee we eo a gt “as ot ea ae is ro i t , : ~ ce AW be Oo ae ae ee See ‘ Re bo ee C4. Mo es Eats ee. 8 os ee Nixa BAD 2 oR ad vee ee | ae . eT a as ie eerie car Ape te eat bis domes ARs ee ae ee ee a ie eer oe eae are ee. pe erat Meeps UE 2 O° AT 7a A ST ee ee ee . weit . r. We Ti 2 a) StL th, eo ee eee, ee ew Te ee Loe ee es | Sige Gey See ened, 2 Oe 8 a8 ee oRlene ur oe , . * . J ’ ’ , . ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ' ' ' 2 ‘ ’ J ’ ‘ ’ ' . ‘ ' ‘ ' ' ' ' ' ’ ' ‘ ’ ‘. ’ ’ . ‘ ' , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ’ , . ’ , . . Dae Ok Eh oe . . ’ . ‘ ‘ ‘ ' . . . ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ . ‘ ‘ . . ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ . . . ‘ . , ‘ . ‘ . ‘ ‘ . . . ’ ’ ’ _ pt a Gay a ae , . . . . . ‘ ’ ’ . ‘ . ‘ . . ’ ’ . . ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ . oe we, ae. ee a ' . . . . ‘ ’ ’ . ' . ’ . . e . . * ’ . . — £48 Frere ' ' . ‘ . ‘ ' ’ ’' ' ‘ . ' ' . ' ' ’ ' ‘ ' ' ' ‘ ' ' ’ ‘ ' ‘ ' ’ ' . ' ‘ ' . . ’ ’ 7 ‘ ’ ‘ ’ . ‘ - * ,’ . . ’ . . ’ J . ' ’ ’ ’ . ’ ' ' ’ ’. . . ‘ ‘ ’ . ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ere ‘ ' ‘ ’ ’ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ' . i ; 4 , . . ’ . . , . ~ “eg4 . ‘’ . ’ ‘ . ’ te ~ eo . 4 ‘ ' ' ‘ ' ' a] 5h ‘ ‘ ‘ . ' ‘ ‘ . “as ‘. : ’ a ' mM th sfc in iat pheno Oc ee sey. o, aw eee a toe ater ear ae OMAR TI Ae er Me ore Ur Bags Sd acu ae Ae SS ar ee 25h SS Per ert ety 2,25 ek FRA ee ee es 226 at ee ee > ee = be tt tt OL OS >? ;'ipdo =o . -igdaeg Mm Sin ciate mM en at = AS BO mo ‘ase ee 2si::':ZESEsE aot: :' :ZRsae aaa :::':aR Ses Cs ane S8q apa: : ZR SER SESHR SO, eSolo BROOM SoyseSoeo BROMO, eS600 BROOM SOY ELS VO BShOm Soe YVovo cSSERZETMESES EseETEawSSss aSaezethests seek seghasss seebssteasss aia Sa oO 5 2 a2 Sse=o99°2 BOS BS o9S2 io S5=o02 3 55-02 SRA <255<40n0Z0 Sma dasednOZzA mates eatnOZA SmadtameanOGA Sma dtaa eR ANOAZA / 748 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Wool product of the United States for 1905, by States. [Estimate of National Association of Wool Manufacturers, } Average ) Number of Per cent |Wool, washed State or Territory, sheep Apr. 1, Boye ofshrink-| and un- Mieka 1905. °'1905 ‘lage, 1905.| washed, | S°oured. — Pounds. | Pounds EEUU sc did viaw Utena tuecceaeveneexbebnanuee 190, 000 6 40 1, 140, 000 IGN PIGMIDED ITO: «osc sad evn Sacdc a delta caees 63, 000 6.2 50 390, 600 MIOUONOIES, obo coasts atadadeen teebarsaesehwan 160, 000 6 HD 960, 000 PRRORROIINGOUIS 32. gkas va bcane ads tan omnes 26, 000 5.8 42 150, 800 Tne TBIANG |S eoaes oicn os Uneaten cst coe 6, 500 5.5 42. 35, 750 EHIDMPATIONL 5 ccksaukacoh napa deo astere aes as 26, 000 5.5 42 143, 000 RS a ee SO aE 675, 000 6 50 * 4, 050, 000 BOW JOISGY «ooo ci wowca cs canpesasavenctses 382, 000 5.5 50 176, 000 Pennsylvania 850, 000 6 52 5, 100, 000 PSIG a so ances a edb cSiven'ewah 6, 500 6 50 89, 000 UT TON hae veers ta cain save hone nee 100, 000 5 45 500, 000 | . EG bs cacsuecded cans suvdwapuneatius 335, 000 4.5 38 1, 507, 500 PORE EECCRIOUMR oiscncacovseandeckcssnesans 205, 000 4,25 42 871, 250 SARE MORPOR DS 5 W's in.\'v'e'e sn'ninsla ch daeuben dee 50, 000 4 42 200, 000 es, on 5 awa icie wemlamnd Ginis' Siam tai a tke 250, 000 3.8 40 950, 000 IA SE Doe ara Hae an Unan wanl anaes Poets 75, 000 3 40 225, 000. 135, 000 PUNT eae ey ea a aE) ap Nc <2 200, 000 3.5 40 700, 000 420, 000° PRISE. owas sncce snes nese sk os eres oo 230, 000 4 42 920, 000 533, 600° PRI IUA TIGR, ns aig tate ans wig eae als’ Seg ede eee 155, 000 8.7 42 573, 500 382, 631 0 Eee ERE ae Ses SEE (Re IR 9 a eee 1, 440, 000 6.5 67 9, 360, 000 3, 088, 800 APKANGEAS 2.2... crnencceccncseccnvenesvscns 200, 000 4 42 800, 000 64, 000 PRONE oe oon toca sempaean cee otttals 22 23 29 29 29 30 814. 82 23 23 GG ee ae ee 213 213 23 23 30 30 30 30 313 32 23 24 INOVONMADIOL faves ss cuca. ss 213} 22 23 23 29 81 80 31 313} 33 24 25 POcCHMBer ss es en 23 23 24 24 32 32 31 31 33 35 26 27 1903. BRMORT WEL. fur Coc Seecusc 22 23 233} 24 32 82}; 381 32 34 35 27. 274 SORIMOSTS cee ea wre cee 22- 23 24 25 31 33 31 33 34 35 27 274 LO tn sal Se eo ee 22 23 22 24 31 32 31 32 1) 6-834 26 pi og) 2, ES, eee 20 22 22 233| 31 32 30 31 333} 34 26 26% PRG Ahan cel coo bes 20 22 22 233| 30 32 29 31 333} 35 25 26 LE wh) on hie cic wo ies ote 21 24 22 25 31 34 30 33 34 37 25 26 ete e ee Canes. 2208 CoE ae 23 24 23 25 33 34 32 33 36 37 | 521 22 “To aS ee 23 25 24 25 33 35 32 33 36 37 213 22 BeoveMmper .. sc eck een ce 24 25 24 25 34 35 32 33 36 37 21 22 CS aS eae a 24 25 24 25 34 35 32 34 36 37 21 22 SLES) 0) 2) ae ea a 24 25 24 25 34 35 33 34 35 37 21 22 CE) a a 24) 25 24 25 34 35 33 34 35 36 21 22 1904. PONUATE cos sc. oh oeiae Oa 23 24 24 25 35 34 82 33 35 36 21 22 LS 2) Sa ee 22 24 243 3} 33 34 32 33 35 36 20 22 DTS) a ae 22 24 241} 251) 33 34 32 33 35 36 20 21 (ig dle = el) Ey Se pee ee 22 23 25 254i" * (32. 34 30 32 34 oD 19 21 EE 9 a ee 22 23 24 25 32 33 30 32 34 35 19 20 Sh ee, So ee a ee eee 22 23 24 27 32 34 30 33 34 36 19 22 PR eb Se hae ee onc ws eo 21 24 27 30 34 35 33 34 35 36 21 22 IIR Se. kate Sac. cae s bare 24 25 28 30 34 35 33 34 353) 36 21 22 September ................ ta 25 28 29 34 35 33 34 354} 36 21 22 RSM ek of eit eo ore aids ann 23 25 28 30 34 35 33 35 363) 36 21 22 POMEROY alee. ck ecw boas 23 25 30 32 35 36 35 38 353] _ 38 21 22 REIT ob. . ca woe wae xe 24 25 31 33 34 36 37 40 37 38 21 22 1905. ath Aas SS ee ee: 24 25 31 33 34 35 38 39 37 38 21 22 BRULEE oooh ca eke oe 24 25 31 32 34} 135 38 39 36 38 21 22 AE 4s RE TRL 23 25 30 82 34 35 36 37 36 37 20 22 LS Sno eeepteun teas 2 on 23 24 30 St 34 35 36 37 36 37 20 21 RENT ra was ideas Sos Pan hee 23 27 30 35 34 36 36 38 36 39 20 25 PURO Pee oe oad oe wosas 26 30 34 36 36 37 37 42 39 40 25 27 CUE Bae BU: eS Se 6 Te 27 28 33 37 35 37 39 43 38 40 25 26 WUBNOGi los sects ua see cee 27 28 34 36 36 37 40 42 39 40 25 27 BBDLGINET sco vate ee ke care 27 28 34 35 36 37 40 42 39 40 25 26 RO IE ate e os awe seek ct 27 28 34 35 36 37 41 42 37 39 25 26 MOO VOMIISEE sacl cine oc cul 27 28 34 35 35 36 41 42 i} «637 = = 6 DQCOM DOR Soi is ok sven an dns 27 28 33 34 35 36 39 42 363) 37 aFurnished by Commercial Bulletin, Boston. Since June 12, 1903, the standard quotation has been Michigan fine unwashed. 752 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Range of prices of wool in Boston, monthly, 1901-1905 4—Continued, [Cents per pound,]} Fine select-| Fine medi- Fine free oA Terri: tits Sarre Texas, 12 Pulled, A | Pulled, B fall, Texas hs ; super super tory, staple | tory, cloth-| ™OP"DS, | or Galifor- per, per, Date. scoured, jing scoured, scoured. |nia scoured, S°oUred. scoured. | Low. |High. Low. |High.| Low. High.| Low. |High.| Low. |High.| Low. |High. (4 _| Es) GEOL i? es. na) (Pitiead Ds bs SlPtr we | 1901. | | : ANE on ced cuceeus sat 50 50 39 43 48 48 38 40 42 45 37 38 WGNSHATY cn acccenwecccsns 48 50 38 39 47 50 37 40 40 45 35 85 Were so, Ode web eokent 43 45 35 38 43 45 36 38 38 42 34 35 ATI Se scwctuweces sacks 45 47 38 40 43 47 36 37 38 40 33 34 UG chee es pw cancenbewecees 45 47 40 40 45 47 36 37 35 3 31 32 Pe SARS Soke See 45 47 40 42 45 47 36 37 85 39 30 30 RN ieee aca cc ae stad 46 48 42 43 47 50 36 40 37 40 81 33 Ne oe 47 50 43 44 48 50 40 40 38 40 83 83 BEGINDG? wt. ca- 3, 676, 389 || California ........ 4, 851, 229 |} Oklahoma........ 2,046,536 || Indian Territory . 6, 631, 263 7,424, 410 0, 148, 325 4.95 ENN NAIA HH NM GH IID oe ese lor Elole 2) SOUeND SSRSSASSRRDSRSSSE $19, 858, 389 32, 553, 105 12, 260, 988 9,575, 097 57, 216, 823 17, 399, 042 15, 847, 828 19, 829, 027 6, 085, 382 1, 641, 019 512,111 140, 606 731, 025 125, 328 109, 570 418, 307 99, 790 825, 596 1, 327, 205 1, 502, 258 3, 125, 695 3, 216, 305 3,719, 192 6.18 | 321, 802,571 3 A1905——48 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 754 sissssSeaesg eseenesseese BReseRssesae sss Sfkfsence esaeisesesse’ | SB & #bgF «+ § Fe I Ag ee ae een we Oe Fle i ie Ae 6 wo ee Cee eee tke. eo ee at ee Ce oes ek ee © © oe +l ed oles See ee aa Ue ee ee § d BsSSESSSSsss SS6OKKKRKOKEKSS Senecedadaide 13 169 15.165 HG 15.15 51515 +H HG :19:16 151615 SiG isisid p=} HR FI o~ eno —) ocoon oun 10 Sooo S o~ow ocooo 12 ‘ 5 = SLSESSSRSR3SS SRBRBRRSSLS S8ESSZRES8ESR RSSS aheses Biers RFBSSSESRZRESS S 8 Fst o Sooo sss ws 1IG1G 15 OSS 6661516 SSSSH GA TG a sai St ti ot i oi ot tid S2SSSS8833848 SSRSSSRRE3B3S3 SRSRASRSSRBSRE BSSLRSESRSSES SAG BOSRNAAAA 2 3 caaedddsadas aici doin is asia 1919S S1516 Hi si sid 0d C060 Hed 0 HH i i ti cd od Osi sts si ciid dsisig ~ ° olen ice mice citer : Snon ooo enoownnoososo moscowmonoconson inowroowain 2 Nnoror = = a SSASSRRS2SSS DADDOHHARaRAaE AMOASABAANHDSD eee esoiaens SABRE SARSBAS 3 @ a Sy QBISSGssccrnss SSOSKKEKHHONSS Ornrrssnosox 1D 169 9 165 1S 1515 15 =H 19191915151 SS S15 1616 s 3 Q| & ~ mle oc . mooSONnSooON onmnooownosooown meonmnoSoooonocso moo MOroOoS 1D lO MOSONMOSO > a > > SSSS3BR2ZR3E3 HODDER ADRMAOD 2E8SRZSBRRBRSH SRALIOIOAAROBA CaNSSSRRSuUSS a mn) 8 Fesosssss sss CiGiGsosoers~ sow B65 6619191616 1516 + + wh HS SRSSSLRZLERZ SAR BRRSFSZRS ARSReesssZaesa RRARBENAISS SS SZSARZSRSSSEEZS 5 3) £ 8 Hee oo ge gooes SGOOGOSOSMODSHS SO 519151616 1516 = +H ti Ht Hid id did si x MH 118 161615 1516 + Hi sti *~ A 6 Sa ee EE Es coe algae S . oe) O° £4s.- eae F . 3 Se 1 i. See ek ’ <= G) asloe alr ¢etteh te, Can ea Deas Sy ; = as hie oe? aie ealtaee ~ . ‘ . hl et Bel ee ee es ee ae . me . ‘ . o) 0a E Milel ae se . > ion oN : ot, ed itvne Sune Pant ae ater eMail yi ‘ hie : ; Sista dan Oy ke not cea vara ~» Cn, ee Se ee ’ Pi. 22 Ge @ ’ G, «bin? 478. © "BAA Oa . oO &. Ke £-O Caries Sy @ RR. Pol — f Oe ee eee eee eee PM eo eee ye ee oo ee aes es uO J, 8.8 | oe S'” Be € is J a. © ate “6 > Pees et. a4 tee eee . e> o i eet | a ae Say aay a ’ Fei (6) 2 YS ey ee OT | ea ul | i | er "2 Fert. * be ‘ a "sa? 2 ook a | Brrises em ten Ce gl = er ee ' Lie es Pea ear a et ae ere eee er ee 5, (=) Ls sieht lt ele SL as mie UI AR IS Te Ta a Re od Shit td Rete Bice a ate lala JE Nay Ene, aa ele) ecm eee Migait een 2h 8 oC. O84 @€4 Ba 8. Pp Os > eto?’ tease | oer 4, a #e nL | soot i gl ee eee Nees SW Bw eee [ee ey ee Py ee a eg OR, eg bagi ets) Bs ren gee tS . =" pe 2S Fi sy Se fm S| Sie SS eee ieee ls Me Ts Te eg is A ey PP >: / Paes Ve i se.7) 28) Oe "sn ’ a | ee i) ee ee ee oa) ee fae ee ee Meet oo) eS . ~ | de ee) od oe eo Ss PO ‘ Co A) a ee a ee ee eT ao Gey | sen | ly OO Dee GT fem) beet Oe eee Shatin gS ecide Corea a O02 Cor OTE. OA 4S" . Ow By wm Coe ie oe oe om G+ (> 8s Ss tet &, ea Cre wer PF 4 tae) ed lee home) Peet GORY ee Dy oe aT Se De ee ee ee ey PN OS. £8: Coty Fer > C8 tee Rel oe Sean e oy 5 ks bs RIC ar Puts cae teri a heel ert, FL ee ae 5 oh. ae els eg rb mea bated tl eee & pres Set 2 io5 7 fete e eae ee ey eee. Sar 8 ae erates arc a be ee ee ee 3S Bom 8 © 8 Fe 2iQ5 at Le ag Pee ae 2iQ5 ey he a ee ae 22s Pulte. 6. ch 6 awe 2ioQs Ph ce ts AOS Mu BS . Z8e¢g wos +: (eeeg Oe ee RAs uo cine mw eo oe ~ dS$a::°:e8SAa 88a: igesaq sei: weseg gsi: wesag gsai:: eases = SHOD SoS Soto SkOS Soy seo BSHOmS oO, S26 °0 SHOM So, Soe Vo SHODDY OL, eS S6°9 BQsgacdswase?s AQSR SEC MASSES sagkescaoMasto seagkeser bask cate ranweasko x eS SoS e®o@wasas-oosy 6 Due te OS OS SD ey te SS = oD 82S S502 Seats 5ndnOZa SHAS ANOZA BRAS AR BR ANOGZO SHAS ANOGZA SHAtARRANOGA as Se * STATISTIOS OF EGGS. 755 EGGS. Wholesale prices of eggs per dozen in leading cities of the United States, 1901-1905. New York. Chicago. St. Louis. ; Cincinnati. Sa ay Average best Average best Date. fresh. Fresh. fresh. Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | 1901, Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. WORT ec knicdue en gate adaud des wa 19} 27 16 20 17 23 15} 18} ISTRY Sais Wc ahiddice an nh. ne waweewies s 2 Ss ver} Es oS o re) S ® } o ® ‘a Z ® a a A ise) ZA ise) = Z om a Z it 53 48 51 51 | 61 66+} 1894) Sse 51 50 50 50 | 50.5 ROS ns b aldays 60 55 53 52 | 72 TIT |t LOO as choc 53 48 48 48 | 50.5 (Ce 60 53 52 | 54 59 || 1896 ........ 5) 50 50 50 | 50.5 Ue Bee es 60 55 53 52 | 56 BS ie ABOd ce oa 55 50 50 50 | 50 fo es 52 47 45 44 | 53 BO OOS pcs Sean 55 50 50 50 | 47 che Sane 50 45 43 42 | 53 So BU wets = 52 47 47 47 | 48 Loos eR 50 45 43 42 | 47 32: COU. 20 oe oe 55 50 50 50 | 50.5 if...) eee 52 47 45 44 | 50.5 DO> |v AAO Lice arc oes 55 50 50 50 | 50.5 PBOU Seite Se 55 50 50 50 | 50.5 HIT GOR eck soa 55 50 50 50 | 60.5 TOU be ge eS 55 60 50 50 | 50.5 Dol) LGU a sackler 55 50 50 50 | 50.5 as ant te ek 55 50 50 50 | 50.5 Tal EE eee 55 50 50 50 | 50.5 ci. SP eee 55 50 50 50 | 47 SN E90 wiac Suess 55 50 50 50 | 40.5 a These rates are mainly used for basing purposes. Corn and wheat, proportional export freight rates per 100 pounds from Kansas City and Omaha to New Orleans and Galveston, during 1905. Corn. Wheat. Date on which effective. From Kan- From From Kan- From sas City. Omaha. sas City. Omaha. 1905 Cents SSE OP ORs wed ae SOE dod ot dais ain mine = Seca oe aie ee 10 ACER ee SRA GS Som aad sv aghwodwi< akyus den sn case 17 ee Oe a tein Seketeady dies vehekicens sie se okncedadige 17 ARIES SAGE ees ae re edad Pe apa Shed tg Suis wae ona cee'd 15.5 Octoberl1.. erreee errr ew eee ere eee eerwr er ere eee ee 14. 25 758 Year.a YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Corn and wheat; mean rates, in cents, per bushel, Chicago to New York. ~ By lake 8,75 9, 59 6.3 1 se TOU CS > GO.00 CO ee OO OO ATC SWOT ONE 5.75 Corn. | By lake ~ and canal,.@ and rail, 11, 34 7.32 ARAN ARH HIN eOosIores] Son or aIncluding Buffalo charges and tolls. Average freight rates, in cents, per ton per mile. ba sh q |S e 2 ion] a <. Sg onl oO Me ao A. ns SI aa |os Bia PRs a ee = 3 ® 34 fy —Q A 8. 624!) 1.346} 1.119 2. 218) 1.189 929 1. 955) 1.136 954 1, 582} 1.118) .919 1,299) 1.100) .793 -| 1.86 | 1.207) .879 .| 1.26 | 1.088) .788 1.17 | 1.064) .7388 ETD) PLOT. O85 1.09 | 1.098} .834 1. 06 . 944; .688 1 O04)) 2. FOU) :. 765 LSS RATT See -| 1.116} 1,099) .753 -| 1.015} 1.030] .712 - 995] 1.105) .780 991} 1.089} .740 925! 1.057; .699 923] 1.006] .701 895} .944) .7383 878} .969) .726 864; .942) .668 .870} .918} .679 . 844) 1.839) .606 .771| .778| .586 . 798| . 824!" .558 (b) | .831) .575 b) 2 . 632 b) | (c) | ..634 b) | (ce) | 1664 O ere ag | & |oo o” = ZS H A Ae San} 8 lao oa = SE iS 5 oe A “ahs a of = oo a mS o Moe] € lesa c faao| 8 SES A |4 Ay = |Ay 1.061) 0.887) 0.989} 0. 97 .972| .722) .841) .827 . 898} .813} . 954) 1.024 960) .724) .914| .867 .779| 641) .823) . 754 . ""° AIA 009 64's | GOL‘c60°ES =|: TIS ‘F8z‘S | SOT *20L ‘C2 PEG ‘S8T'E | $86 °1L9'0S 996 ‘Tag "S| FIL 'L90°LT BOG OCT S | 600 G28 IE fh Op or ees eso0y 9ST “FSIS POT ‘866 OL ‘bE Lop “$4 9g ‘TS$ L00 ‘L0Z GZL ‘088 816 ‘ESF | Thr ‘61S 699 ‘86 i Sebel sails, er" Jong ‘ :syonpoid Arreq *ponuljuoo—adaLLVA IVWINY re “On[BA | ‘ Ire sidi&dodeddensalgcaduedOwes wave eluates hanes jn5 Anau ne Ons bam hie be wd wehhae awe eae a OWE t-="** asamp G19 ‘$89 ‘T ‘Spano Ss TROL 980 ‘eeg T Ree ee eee spunod ‘poredaid 10 ‘payoung ‘pey10g 6k¢ ‘TS *-spunod-****pojiosun ‘apnig —sopsig shih Jalaldeen a ak See a sulog puv ‘sjooy ‘souog igo alte! EM) Vet nn Scag! Iie} | aaa Actin al, Ke ah tn Soa aa Bote oS CCHS ae atedad AE OCR Ya tet ee ik ke ot NB Bis how pelip ‘poor Ysy UBY} 194}0 ‘sIOppBI_ ‘syonpoid ssnoy-suryoVg S00, OULM JO ‘s[osry *. 2 me YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 764 PST ‘CORT | 209 ‘CT FIO ‘661 ‘I | 229 ‘ST 289 ‘980‘T | OL9 ‘FT FOG ‘C6h | GTS SL 99¢ ‘E9T P88 ‘% “***op******rIaqy Ootdurey, 10 ‘oT}sT GZS ‘8S9 136 ‘8 092 ‘698 148 ‘¢ 192 ‘128, |: 616 'F TI6‘810'T | F¢0‘9 PIs ‘229, |- £20 'F Nie Gi eel aes “sooo** due Ter ‘09% ‘%~—s|:«680'S P48 ‘THO 'Z | SSL ‘OL G10 ‘820% | Sots S16 ‘P60'% | CLLiL LIL ‘088 'T | 828'9 MO Se nn he eee “" XBla OcL‘FIF‘6 | S#G‘s0¢ ‘09 OS ‘TPS ‘8 | 069 ‘OFS ‘Sh T6¢ ‘263 ‘OL | 9Zb “PLS “FL OLT‘ZIL ‘IT | 089 ‘STL ‘86 828 ‘Z8L‘9 | e8z‘Te9‘9h |“ spumod---****-"*-*""-"""-109309 tm nial 10[QBJOSOA ‘SIOQI Po: (+ <> [Sea sar RarseNe ) ecg ‘6 SPS SERESE RES ZIL ‘6 oceccceeenannns O10 ‘6 sedi Os Sta L6P SL Tete ee ROM ee ee, Jopmod Armd pus A1inp 16S ‘26 ess ‘IST “F 046 ‘FIL £68 PEI“ £20 ‘69 Tf L89 ‘es OL ‘186 G8 “6¢ OTL ‘e642 ‘T Saat ib Sealy decibel i | so9jniIisqns soayoo [BIOL —_————- ---—-. el Sik cae ee | TT | Ts | LOP ‘ST LES ‘FFG | $8 ‘92 828 ‘Z9F S19 ‘8% 8F9 ‘OCF 66P ‘02 LZ ‘00F PGE ‘8S OGP ‘E18 hed © ea ay besarte 33 “""**"19q10 P86 “18 800 ‘286 “8 | LSB ‘88 | CIS ‘ZL9 “F | O9F ‘Ch eIc‘ecs ‘I » | 88I ‘cr er6‘9eo —s—|-: TS6 “0% 062 ‘098 “**"Op""yood ALOOIYO [BIOL Gee ‘7% 660 ‘96¢ ¢2t‘os | -L9% ‘PEG | 86h ‘LT Ig ‘ZPP TSF ‘OL TL9 ‘86z 860 ‘TT 169 ‘SS "“spunod---- -paredosd asta -I0yjO 10 ‘punois ‘paqsBory 68¢ “6g S16 ‘OFS ‘8 | 318 ‘89 8tZ ‘SEI ‘b | 196 ‘LZ ZOG‘TIh‘T | £89'F LZ ‘BES £88 ‘6 869 ‘TI¢ at Oy re, “* punoisan ‘Mey ‘ —j001 ALODIO | :S9JN}Squs sdyoo 290 ‘F69 ‘FS | F986 ‘Z6L‘LEOT | 664 ‘TS9 “69 | P87 “SFO ‘G66 | 6bL ‘00z ‘6¢ | O88 ‘980‘GT6 | Ger ‘zg6‘oL | 292 ‘F00‘T60‘T | B68 ‘T98‘Z9 | OLS ‘TZ8‘FGg |" “SpUMod=-="""=-=" =" 2-7" 2ee0%" * 90H09 $90 ‘FSF ‘6 | FeO"S8E "LL 4090096 | 9FL°OLO'GL | Thh‘LEG'S | 188 ‘9F0 ‘G9 196 ‘gc0‘L | 48¢‘8z8 ‘ce T9¢‘806'9 | FOG‘OCO‘LE = [eee aeietr- *-spunod ayB[0OD049 puB BoOd00 [BIO] LL ‘L¥9 192 ‘269 ‘% ISP ‘OZ £90 ‘P84 ‘T 288 ‘FET $28 ‘069 98¢ ‘TOT 12z “GZ¢ 268 ‘TPL 88 ‘SIL eT a net eae 97800049 a | | 989 ‘9¢8'8 | SLL ‘069 ‘FL SIL ‘FLT ‘6 | G89 ‘98% ‘SL 609 ‘ZIT ‘8 | 090 ‘9G¢ ‘F9 Gat ‘zc6 ‘9 | 998 ‘Ege ‘ZG 699 ‘T9L‘9 | 968 ‘T06 “oF “*spunod:----- B0009 [B10.L L80 “693 | $28 ‘BLS 60F ‘008 280 “600 ‘T 229 ‘G6 994 ‘500 ‘T 126 “G62 O26 ‘S16 OFS ‘882 800 “226 PAE ei Se a, spunod peinjovnusur 10 ‘poredoig 6F9 ‘LLG ‘S$ | 968 ‘STS “EZ 604 ‘S28 ‘8$ | 009 ‘222 ‘ZL 180 ‘0z8 ‘L$ | #62 ‘TSS ‘E9 POS ‘9¢9 ‘9$ | 968 “6LE ‘TS 628 ‘GLP ‘9S | Sos ‘bZ6 “Ch SP IMOG a ra anes ‘JO , S[[PYS PUB SXABI[ PUB ‘apNID —B0009 :0]Bl[ODOYD PUB BODOD © *ponutjuoo—uaLLVW AIAVLASGA “OnTBA | * 969"8cL | 89L ‘OFT ‘é Op vee Reve enenens apr A, FF ‘ss9 700 ‘B06 ‘T | C99 ‘FLS £29 ‘6I8 ‘2 SOF ‘FOL OPP ‘GLP ‘Z COP ‘9L¢ 80 ‘TEs ‘T G18 ‘88. HBL ‘GLI Z pete : hii Sis apnio ‘royduep TST ‘O6T FS ‘TCO ‘sg | $29 “98T 1¢0 ‘068 ‘% 988 ‘e9z $0 ‘C06 ‘E FIL ‘TPS 1&3 ‘692 ‘F 099 ‘1b% 619 ‘GTS % “SPT 5: TAgt tt Sees o1qBry | | —poyloods oroy oso you ‘suIny < —————_—_—_—— — te ——————==|—&oOoOwa>aR==—SS | aamaaL==—_——S=_—_—_—_=___W_bouerwX=“"a"————_ | e———S——|EeeaQ_Q_aEaE—=_S=.-— O—_—_—______— a ie. 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Page Accounts and Disbursements, Division, organization and duties.........--... 566 work, review by Secretary........... 89 MO, COMMCCROTL ORME CULO Co cn wack bode aca ot Bes bem bs du a0 SS «'n nny 185, 186 Aegeria pictipes, lesser peach borer, injuries and control ..........-..-------- 33% Agricultural colleges, list of institutions with courses in agriculture ....-.-.- 568-569 experiment stations. (See Experiment stations. ) experimentation, cooperation {. . 5 oc So os cet oe woe oop 175-176 MIMINTE igre ek GE's oe Pon anand ee Mee Cae cee cece d abe © 36 upesugenon, State a0 4. ests Fe) co oo ee cee 176-17 Drees, Sxnorin, LOM 190 5}. 5 tise Sl ee ae ee at 773 REMOE is S at Le baie bids bain eo ate pula ew oeee eh 761-772 progress, practical- demonstration: . .. $2... 2. Soo. eee seen 179 Is Sat tet So Leg ® On. ere a ulee os ce Sine ome abet 13 Agriculture and horticulture, relation of meadow mice, article by D. E. Lantz. 363-376 is ere taty , CN, so bs dc hw oh ole a's Seay oe de om ee 563 Department, appropriations, 1904, 1905, and 1906 ............--- 567 PE CPDMOIE A MPORRT BOs tens ot wo Sok a on ee 171 fruit productions, new, article by Herbert J. Web- Bet ey oie S dicks Se oh, ee oe ed oe es 275-290 growth and development, 1897-1905 ............-.- 121 organization, chief officials of several branches. 563-567 GUVRUONS, TOINMTED Lo} S50 ser tee. ls. SS ea. aos 178 relations to experiment stations, article by E. W. PEPER Se alana ce oe Soak see aos hee Cecloget 167-182 transfer of national forest reserves .......-.-----.--. 637 dissemination of information, discussion ...........-.-.---.--- 177-182 Secretary, appropriation for moth parasite importation.......--- 13 RRO. |. as Poe ea cuts en dn 2 cls wm ell Pe 563 WOME by a NER Sed ad Soe aati a et oe Sie a 9-122 Southern, diversified farming in cotton belt .............----- 193-218 State board: seeretaries Gis v5ct oie wan ee ooh ee es He Be Se ih ae GpMETestON eS TS Se heb 2 ao ees sane oe a ok cere ee ee eee 574 study, aia.t0 other.echook work < .e. 29 2. otk ee 272, 274 e00rso in Kase ign petroor ct: 36. -s. . 2 sc = tome oo oe 265 Willnoe itl PRO foe on wan w dante ole eee 262 teaching in rural schools, use of illustrative material, article by Ce PCM cio cw ecw ccliuasctaum cle acd & <> epee 257-274 - LrOGCEn, TR WEOLIPRTIOTIS. 02 5/8 Ss ae cod eck oa aoe bec ete 46 VLLTGE Ae. CUNLIReeT OY ETE On one 245 Alabama and Mississippi, diversified farming, article by M. A. Crosby-..--- 201-207 Ce, ee A et wa wai ak wp atta oe oe bas eee 527 RE, ME TERUG ots bo hse he cin ine ade ware Sele Ge me Bee gs eek 618 Asc Pictomicel Men Work, Temarke. - 2) 5.5". 23>. 55-4-- lee ace cea 85 experiment stations, establishment and progress .........-.--.----- 114-115 Ne MM PONUO Mian als apm on bc kee = = dp ps a ged He f= ta pens eek Se 553 NONE, ha Sa ao crak Peden ab atone ake + ods ase mae eee 204-207 Axbimals, domestic, on farms, value ... 3). 6. stele dein op ae en eh oinnie Seen 12-13 exports, 1901-1905 ./)..2...- y de ss de b- Siek belie ate be ons eae eee 773 farm, increase in-Vvalpe 2.32: 4l S.A. cs oe ole pes ae ee = eee oe foreign, entry under Lacey Act::..2...-..-.-.. P eee op eek ee Ee 87 inbreeding, practice and effects... iri. dn. apes sssens +e teats Rae 379-38L native, preservation in Yellowstone Park ........-.------- a ae 562 noxious,' bounty legislation, 1905... 20... Fee ae beonneaw |. ag .- 621-628 Antelope, conditions, United States, 1905 20.0 0c oS cohes ces seealameennenn 615 Anthonomus grandis. (See Boll weevil.) ; Afith¥acnose, prevalence, 1905i, . J... ad. a nainbvins sea eee Chane 605, 606, 607, 608 Ants, protection of aphides........-..-.s.-+-...-: re eee ee 342, 472 Aphides, damage to forest reproduction, notes.............-----.--------- 250, 251 gall, injury to spruce reproduction... .....i-5-..----5-5.-sp--4e 255 protection by ants... .\..- 6.0 ok Gh dlc Ne ds S's False dieito vei oe 472 Aphis, peach, black, care by: ants -a. + ....05 24 spss ees kt aswoyseestteens veNeenS 342, description, life history, remedies, etc .-.....--.--.--- 342-344 Apiculture, Entomology Bureau work, remarks...... ag AR be oe: im apie te 82 ADPODOIR 9.52 San Jog vaste oale <= dle wee sinis bcdtv eine plese ie al ee ) is ener 563-782 Apple, Carson, origin, name, and description ......2..2....--22.e-sen- ese 496-497 diseases in 4908)... <2, bat shots bee tes eerie ee eer 603 injuries by codling moth, 1905....-...-..--~-.----+-+-----2-2----2--2- 633 injury by plum curculio begtle. oF et sg ie win vin ik» ols baptala EREerean 327 publications, important new, remarks..-..........--+---------e+s---- 621 TOL TEStMOENG. |. Sse Ue 3 xis cc ecte's weg ew aieln eens Giga Sica ai 35 sauce, digestibility, remarks... 3253.45. 055 oe us oa edinn ate > ane Biss: sols, StOC Y, FOURAPKE. oo Lo od one odie a’ mn cma oppor Heanele’s = poate 66 trees, damage by meadow mite... 26s 24-5 bebe adie cnet s (-ku eaten 373 Virginia Beauty, origin, name, description, ete.......2.....-+------- 495-496 weather conditions, season of 1905, NOE. fo os en a Uns cme ele chee 599 Apples, losses by injuries in handling . 5.5.22; 5 <.0255-5sse55== n= a sien 393 Apnointment Clerk, duties |... j. s0s05.00 .- cae 421 regions, soils SUC 9.cc «25.05 oe ~ dip = Bess ests ee Soe cee BE ean ee 69 Arizona, soils, areas gurvey@d . . is .~ - Ss -- 55 - +o. yes a oes en ee winter irrigation, remarks - -- ~~ ----+.-2--wes.----5----25---0--- 434 Atkaneas, farm landp, Prices . . - Kis « o-c wa toe sO). os v ate Be Hehe we ee O28 Louisiana and northeastern ‘Pexas. diversified farming, article’ by . Do A. Brodie. | 3. ...3 oe wh oe ae ee, Se 2 07-212 soils, areas surveyed 9 cook 550s soo ce ee aBemec al oe Cee Arsenate, lead, use against moths, brown-tail and gypsy ..-..-. 1 See eeae =. May Arsenical poisons, use on peach against CUICHIIO. 3... ve cbitedin as n- eee Artesian wells, cause of increase of farm land prices in South Dakota.......-- Arthropoda, kinds, parasitic on domestic animals...--..-.-.-- eee ei seas tie ¥, eee. ke ots INDEX. 785 Page. Ascaris lumbricoides, transmission. .......+.+-++++-+0++02ee eee erence eee eee 150 Ascochyta pisi, prevalence, OUR IE Matuin aoe wn cote bate chet ood hove est Gs (07 Ashes, wood, use against peach aphides. -. 2.2.2.0 eee eee cede ce eee 343 Asparagus, diseases, PRE ceaWadeawde ccncllveuscceddse lugs crwewcnd deen 606 Aspidiotus perniciosus. (See San Jose scale.) Se MTICLS 20 MOVOER) COUMUIORs ca onc cee weccee bb cee detwerecct cepted 736 Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, duties ..............-2.252..-5-05- 22 -eee Atropa belladonna, use, cultivation, ete........-.----+-+-+---+----2------- 538-538 Auction, tobacco, relation to Prices, NOC, ... 2... 6.6 seen e eel nee ese een e 2° 30 Audubon societies, cooperation in game law enforcement......-.---.------ ! 556-558 Austrian cigar-w rapper Reo, POMANMINONGE Sn be cece sk ee U as eee wth 222 Avocado, commercial importance, names, etc. ....-...-..--.-----.--20--6- 508-509 eNICE SUR NE MOG. Sn. a cabawer eden cide tet bee ct Rasen s 441 name, food value, uses, propagation, marketing, ete .......-.--.-. 440-444 Trapp, origin, name at GOBCIIIIION SUN ES bina Mote eee aa SOE Os 509-510 Bacillus spp., plant parasites, prevalence, 1905 .......--.-. 603, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608 Bacon, exports, SORES et Soca clot lack ss degen sana sics seen cena genes 5 774 Bacteria, danger of infection by use of unclean fruit -........-..------------ 322 Balsam-fir bark weevil, injuries in forest reproduction.:.............-.....- 254 Banana, diseases; 1005. .-. 2. 65.6 6250 Fn nn en eee ne ne nnn nee eee enneee 606 RORCGE ROTI DRUM Soe as Salle en dang eawade owen as ane 313, 314 Bark beetle, fruit-tree, life history, habits, remedies, etc.........-....---- 346-34 Te SUIS Jodi Se ee gilay ay GX nah Se ef ag Oe 632 weevil, injuries in forest reproduction ............-.......-..--- 452, 453, 454 Barley, Chevalier, introduction into United States and value......-.-----.-- 294 eee eet. Sh ori a nce babel edeap wesc 608 Mae RAR owen Soa So Dn cad an ane ean obiba sass ad see 778 SEN FRE: Breyer RE ER) Oy ore ae ae ER le ie: prices, wholesale, leading markets, United States, 1901-1905........- 687: Sn aE MAGA 1A Ne RPSL SoD S Se baw o'coe cme WwK's 11 statistics, acreage, production, prices, exports, etc...---.-.-------. 681-687 visible supply, United States and Canada, 1896-1905 ....-......--. 682-683 eat SUS 2s) Feo Rie Soe SF oc Seaee week ancaceunsenae 606 Beate rips COmpOnIMOn.. 2052 oS sc2s2 fei co EE EES Ae ee 319 Nn eS ROE ros aie reece ts eee oe a) own om et wie eo 781 RO: Aa tte eee Bh ere isn Or fae hin naa a each ae eens 772 prices, wholesale, on leading United States markets, 1901-1905. -..-- 728-729 ER OIETH, LMI MUNS 55 ots, ond o ebb eeriot awk tacos als kc Seedy We 774 production for southern markets, peculiar conditions.....--.----.------ 197 Beef-cattle production, relation to diversified farming for South .......--..-- 205 Beekeepers’ Association, National, officers -.............2.2-02-2.--.-2----- 579 eee eeeenan tO fereaaison Of clover cote ae ee Se eee 385 eI TUR Sh tk cere ee ales SS a wa oc See 606 Beetle, Black Hills, damage to timber, 1906. 02.0. 2.2. i.20222-.2 202220520222 631 ground, Calosoma sycophanta, gypsy-moth enemy, attempted importa- SORES nee aes Cohan dupe be eeloe PNET REE ie kick ee aoe ue 13 plum curculio, injury to apples and plums ..--..-.-..--.------------ 327 Beetles, damage to forest reproduction, etc., notes.........-----.----- 250-251, 632 Se en te WY NUNS Tae ik AOOD SONS ou ns Si ne niet Chute eee eee 630 fuser, Ctitere mmprovemonia, ete uc. ee 2 Soe. TE eS 417 seed erowing, work o1. Department). .': 6220200 S220 2. Peo. 303 RE RIAN A Se TRS Lh, ie mera bode be en See eee 66 study by Department and experiment stations in cooperation... 173 Se EE SE YP DUURTOUB hee owe ade et tu. 222.42. eee tere ee 45 De, MHP BIR OTUEIVELION fine ccs. dan wcwacdccha-} ot. tsosaby-oseee 538-539 Berlese, Prof. Antonio, aid in moth-parasite importation ..........---.-.--. 133, 134 Berry, ‘JAMES, review of weather and crop conditions, 1905 -....-....---- ~ 580-602 BIGELow, W. D., review of food legislation and inspection, OSS ee ee 645-648 Bill bugs, suggestions for suppression ~~... 2... aie heen Le Lien . 469 Biological Surv ey, Bureau, organization and duties .......-.-.-------------- 565 work, review by Secretary..........-..---.--:.:- 85-89 Bird reservations, aiid Malet 3 so 8 52a 2 Sale es hd ee gee 88 Birds, danger from poisoned bait for mice, remarks....- Rae ON Tape CY a 37 foréign, entry under Lacey Act;'temarks. 22.2... 2/5 2.0.2 ee le. 87 MP TORUALION 2 os coc ae ck cs oes es LER Sel 543-546 3 A1905——AND 786 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Page Birds, importations, 1006... ..cnspanussccuceccscacncswseeuleve saaeeeas 616 live, extent of importationwc sfondi. cic dc Cee a ae eee 544 native, discontinuance of use of plumage in millinery ........--...-.. 557 protected species, breeding grounds .... 652. 2 A sc Sees ocetaeee ees 561 protection, 1006. ia. fear cOs eth bk ese BAR Ses a ee 611-617 organizations,-officoere .... 62. Jos etnullse soe ees 580 Black peach aphis, description, ‘life history, remedies, etc.........sescoces 342-344 scale, parasite, INTFOGUCHION q....c009 -s0.san+sn0s axeecbeuublaunnieebe: 77 waxy belt, Texas, crops and conditions for diversified farming......-... 215 Blackhberry,. diseases, 1905... cnn css inne ncnchisnennsscunws sa Sen iaaeeeee 605 Black-knot, prevalence, 1905... .......sxtts dambsws dope cau panel eee 604, 605 Blackleg vaccine distribution, results, ete .. 5... 2 cn nce sc edule oviectucu bee ebis 25 Bladder-worms, dangefF to live stock... ........- dm -da ba eee eee 516 prices, wholesale, on leading United States markets .-.....-.-.------ 744, production in South, notes; 22.) 1220's coated ances poe ae ene - 195, 205 — 7 rah : * poe INDEX. 787 Page. en OUR SIEE COE ee i aca cnccnassusun coddundesibldle balldeapens 395 early experiments and development of processes. ...-.-- 393-395 improvement of product and ren of industry........ 398 legislation on manufacture and gale........-..-...--.--. 396-397 origin and history, article by Levi Wells..............-- 393-398 SG 3.) GR OTa OOS GENE TOON o) . waitigihisices tb bi th wld Sads belew bad «ae 32-33 Ua COMDOMIR Ss du he Sue bins opemmatdbwen nese. bese sUL Tolussey. eas. 310 CGR RICO Maes SL Aas ie eee LE Fes eet 607 ORO CUUEUIDG FI EC aw HA Ou BUCS U0 Ui i We ete Debs e Oboe es Cut 46 statistics, production and consumption...............----.--.+----- 727-728 Calcium chlorid, use in disinfection with formaldehyde............-...--.-- 481 California, biological survey, work. .......0.-22.0020-00 sens eee wet e die nee eee 84 fovrn, ME, DEORE: dn Le ei wba btaktebebscesran.\ocresdetseLesve 529 forest type map and reports, Wehbe whietas Coens 641 fruit industry, rapid. prowEh.. ia. sise ieten ae obs 2 Cea 349-350 increase. of forest Fonerves;-1006 i... ss.c rede teesU ieee eee eee 638 FORMS ISPINIRMOD) Sie hie obs vane Use pews tein lee seooll beams ts cs 624 SOUS, GIGOR BATVO POEs 3. sass Sake Se oe cad 4 vd swd ici ey teens. 618 Wether AETIGMOR oso. eK a Fue ee og ebesd 434 Calosoma sycophanta, enemy of gypsy moth, attempt at importation........-- 132 Camels, numbers in sataral apni SOMME USEC EU RRM ES 3 oa een S ae’ 736 Camphor, supply, use and cultivation .....-.............2.......--...--. 537-538 Canada, Biological Survey work ...... 020-2. SUD tle. eee eben cane ett enee 85 Canaries, IGRI, DORE soda oS ie BN se PUT SEES OTR. SRR Le 544 Canned meats, study by Chemistry Bureau, remarks.......-....-.-.-------- 58 UMC R OMS To. soe te hk behe a Ue ea debe eee wes 453 Uaritaloupe,, cooling before. shipment .....~..6606cosloels Use aoe be oe 358 GONG, DIOR eae P SC EVE EN 6 sg ch Dees Vela es sees SIRES 607 Carbon bisulphid, use against peach borer..-...............-...---.---+---- 334 a KEIO “RUNS AEG a ornihy owtcncena Mptieesd ww cipcelewwems con ees dabei 611 Carpocapsa pomonella, injuries to apples, 1905...............----.--2-------- §33 Cascare sacrada, use, demand,.and prowing 4. .j. 22... ce ek le ee 534-535 Catalpa, seed, need of special care in identification............2....-.-.-.--.- 185 tele PINONNG HONG URRY. cise Sede c Se atte Otee CLUS ees pet 455 Caterpillar, brown-tail moth, habits, description, etc ................-..--- 126, 127 cotton-leaf, aid against. boll weevil... ........0.. 2.020000 S Soe. ee 75 CYST Mth, AeRctIphiOn ores ee eils caw ian 6 HL SEO OA Lk 125 Caterpillars, damage to forest reproduction; notes... .....225.------02.-1--- 250-251 Seeiet Hegtriction GL INEBUOW MICk casas Whee ck A eee bases ee MSOE SS 372 Cattle breeders’ associations, secretaries, breeds, etc...............--.---- 575-578 ex porty; 1001-2000 .c.s = ee ote Vide beak fe eee 773 maports; S901 2008": “TRRPeG SIs Sree Sele Sede doe 761 Sad Baports. ... Cae eee eek aU ess OS LE 741 mpreediog ang tid resulig ore eRs ae Re ae wel oe les wee bik 379, 380 Baauge, imspection;-treatméentsy sevice cel eeiede se lb I US 27 numbers and. values in United-States. cles cc a oes 741, 742 ii Se Vera! GoumtriG8 ie 5 due SO ete OI 732-735 on farms, other than milch cows, number and value ........--...---- 13 RAMEE SOMERS Uo aewiwibnocs 40 bac ade hew abe we hc cee eae 144 prices, wholesale, on leading United States markets...............--- 743 Texas-fever, transmission by protozoans ..............-.--.:...-.- 164, 165 Cedar, diseases, PNB hte Neel Lame nc ON RS Steal Ld Ea OS 610 telephone PaBeousirmtaeth. foe a ee Ce Pl ee 455 ONT UMN 1900S a sie Gone ACU USS ECE se DUR t TE LO eee Ee 607 Cement work, study in Public Roads Office ................ 2. .2222.5-022--- 110 Geren) ciond, aueecis ininrioua, 1905.50) sat, fb ee STR EE 633-635 foods, nutritive value; investigations... ...¢...0.5.0.. 025002008. ae oF | investigations, Chemistry Bureau, remarks ................-.-------- 58 OOM MNRSOTL ON. Cah ew iva uutoswendeeebe coutsch: vente ere en ias be ee 310 INI I Nino a he es Ge bin bw me eeet hades wickst ANB a, 608 Pe OUGMNUION nubs bucleoghee le coss Waid de ye ce Jose R LLU SeEe REL 451 subtropical fruit, description, propagation, and cultivation.....-- 450-451 Cestoda. (See Tapeworms. ) ~ Chalcis fly, destruction of seed of Douglas spruce ..-...........--..--------- 250 Chedae; Ox ports, 1901-1905. noi an nace sentences cciel aces cee bese ele. 773 prices, wholesale, on leading United States markets. ....-.--.-.----- 743 NT i ons an snc oeeats Weccnundesutesesdcenms o3-34 7838 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Page. Chemicals, study, Chemistry. Bureand ov.v vesawee cuniciscdccctdevctoascbes ii we 61 Chemistry Bureau, collaboration with other Departments ............------- 62 contracts laboratory, remarks...........-.-.----------+- 61 organization atid @utles. swale. is Meese 31, 296 Bails, Stud yes 5 5-2 ok nici cdc mudieonhin oD Sunless i eS where 66. Climate, Southern, advantage in crop diversification, notes................ 201, 203 Clover, bur, use in improvement of cotton land .............2.2.--4.5.--.-2 202 diseases, JO05 0 on. nc sods me nininamaninwciknp n't tk «Seeder 609 red, fertilization, note... no. x nnensbomdncnr dinnick csc e ec nS eee 385 roat-borer, destruction by plowing. ...-. ++... -isi.00stcusneoueeeee 470 seen; Oxporis. 2... 5 dan05o seb kp bban hoe ee ee 780 prices, wholesale, on leading United States markets, 1901-1905. . 729-730 Coeoa, exporte; 190)-1000.54.; 22 eee eh eee » wwhclieee 775 imports, 1901-1905 .)2 .accesn. oe eeubed bal Joel Cases ceed ae ee 764 Cocoons, ‘silk, Department work. ouc 5 2c. coc eusaebweea ei 81 Codling moth, Injuries, 1905 . 2 fo... ecee's st ened cnnnmns lle baee Oona 633 Coffee, importa, 1901-1905 2 ou... cos sees rin be eiatioowearusiin be ae ee 764 Porto Rico, study . ..c..s0es ccs bss velba neeket soeee ee ee 46 Cold storage, usefulness in preparing fruit for shipment.............-.------ 308 Colleges and Experiment Stations, Agricultural, Association, officers. ......-- 573 United States Agricultural, institutions with courses in agriculture, Listy. cine ndSch ba we depot Gumdclipg Uw oe eee ake eee u--- 568-569 Colletotrichum spp., prevalence, 1905 .. ......5..-0.2 et .5e-esee 606, 607, 608, 609, 610 Color; fruit, remarks... ceoicee ta deed Geeta. Lie ee ae Fee 78 Colorado, dry farming, studies. 2.ce5u05sicens SDC eda ee cea a 429 SOLIS, ATEAS SUTVOVOC 23a sn Sinks wenn dnanmn Salsas wale olledieblenm eee 618 Coneflower, purple, demand and growing.......--.--------s-seee-ceedeneas 5385 Cones, seed, handling... ... 0 nn nese tee -ecds een aoe ck ie 185 Congress, appropriation for moth-parasite importation............-.-------- 131 Congressional seed distribution, discussion......-.......----.-----2------ 305-306 Coniferous trees, growing for forest planting, etc........-- abst e chee ee 186, 189, 19 Connecticut, roads, legislation and improvement..........--.--------------- 624 soils, ares Surveyed... oan one ndelcn nas cneg names eee 618 tobacco, shade-grown, remarkea. os. Si caece eb webs ee eee 74 Conotrachelus nenuphar. (See Plum curculio. ) Contagion, foreign, cattle, protection. ... . 02 Ses ee 91 economic IndepenGgence.. 6. sls seeded wees cease leeee Seen 15, 515 establishment of banks 2.2 moses eos lo os ae. Se eee 15-16 | institute, ald... .ofeste sil sole. Sesto eee eee 114 dissemination of agricultural information -.........-.--.-- 180 officials in charge and association officials. ..........----- 573 statistics; 1905 << csc htc ete oboe cea arene 650 lack of adaptahility > 2 coos oeec sce ee eee 517 National Congress,-officers : 22.5 055..- 55 223422252 Se ~ 580 wealth and well-being, remarks of Secretary ..-.......--.--------- 9-14 Farming, arid, study:and.imprevement -: .. 2242-0 52 -.5he 22. Soo eee 421 better, effect:on prices of farm lande_..2. 3250.5-:.<.2...-seeeneee 515 diversified, advantage of southern climate .-:.....- atiies oem 201, 203 animal production: a8 @ isctor.., S05. 5 A Soe 204-207 in cotton: belt “articles. 3 t's ce acer eee types for Alabama and Mississippi -.......-..-...----- ostrich, in Arizona, article by Watson Pickrell-...-.-....-.----- relation to other vocations. sco e ea ee ck ene cobs eee Farm-management work 0 oe ee ee ee eo eee oe ss eee oe ee Farms, classitreation = >.5525 502. S225 See ee cee eee et eo ee diversification; aims... 25. 5222. i Se ee eee be ee experimental, boll-weevil studies. 2522 7.0. Seb oe a sees ce ee general purpose, Increase in Value 222 2ic sisi <2 Sot ee eee price and net profit: -<. 3: 55.2 Joos ee se ae eee eee wealth prodaction?y? £20552 25 1 Soe aE a Se occ ate oe Hat. predence in froits, note: i ocs bade poate gon coe hoe mak eee eee eee Feathers, ostrich, classes, price, and meaning of trade names Feeds, green, keeping and feeding, remarks......--..-..-..--.---.-.------- Panes. ‘datrich farm: remarks: <<; o3<20mn eed MAC a 608, 610 796 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Page. Game, change in methods of shipment..............2.0.- 2c cece ec cccececees 548 conditions, United States, 300B.2;..<5....6i. Aen A eee 614-615 feeding by wardens, farmers, and others in winter...............-..-- 615 imports of leading Muropean countries .....-....--.----------------- 740 informatior: yomarke - 2. fos es eee eet UL eee 548-552 interstate commerce, Biological Survey work ..........-.--.---------- 87 GisoussH0n- os 505. tse Cee T a ae 546-548 - introduction, Biological Survey work ....:....6..-ecsee-ceececcectee 87 largest markets, notes... ..c... osm one 18 damage by meadow mice woud suse dss dlc Sel eds edie. ee eee 369 exports, 1901-1905. 0 20 cn occ boo coe ek eee eae oh ee ne ee 778 freight rates, Chicago to Europe . . $s.. Js... 55 ans cee nmniss twee 759 | St. Louis to Liverpool... .. 2... esesee bani ce = See 756 imports, 1901=1905 ....o so. sh cates add oi 3 Rade owe oa Ree 768 investigations, important results. ..2 1.25.4 62 soe. dnc lhe ces eee 43-44 Grains, new kinds, introduction... ..s.csicsna-aas casos canneneee te een 296 Grange, National, officers... 2. On ce eccb eens 5 valentin eee ee 580 Grape, diseases: 1905202 aoe ch eee ying pt sacs okepeee 605 soils: studies, rormar leo cee ese pclae trae cles Ea hc he Seg a ane ee 65 Grapes, vinifera, growing . 5 2c. - = ena oOo Sica. eae Reto ae 47 Grass.and forage plant investigations. 23)... ice»... san'emkn nas se >= 2sseen oe 42 sotls, stady, .remarlte: 522. as Sooo 54 20s GE pet ea ee ja os Le 69 Gazing, forest reserve; 1905... 3.2 oso 0 0 oo ee OEE Sad cea ee 638 restrictions, attitude of ateckmen: a5 2224, pees 640 Greenhouse: plant diseases, contfo) \. 2.0 5 eons cise ees omen we ae eee S620 _ plants, diseases, TOE 2a acn ts 2 Bie 3 halal aap are oes eae eee ea 610° GRINNELL, Henry, article on ‘‘ Prolonging the hfe of telephone poles’’..... 455-464 — Ground water, variations, relation to river-stage forecasting. .-...-. i Scioto es 238 INDEX. 797. Page. Grubs, injuries to forest reproduction, notes ........--+-----+-----+-+-++- 251, 256 erernae” COMLIECtON DY DIOWING. 5.0. 0-225 2 cies cee s d's bed pecs cana pd ese 470 Pe, SIE. TOTMMELION, OUO agave oad sent iets te hcseidedocdeupiovadcens 451-454 Guigqnardia bidwellii, prevalence, 1905 ...........4-.6.022+-2-----+---------- 605 Gulf coast region, agricultural division, South Atlantic States, remarks ~~... -- 200 NII! SUCRE. TIQT in sid boars hoe eRe dpe oy cle blen oviela pen ebe Helpta'ss 88, 561 Gymnosporangium macropus, prevalence, 1905 .........-------+---+--+-+------ 610 BOE oc nnwck nce een ene secdcy hceensiqebenewsded bn eanewabiens> 603 Gypsy moth. (See Moths, gypsy. ) Hemonchus contortus, transmission in. pastures ........-.----.---+--+--------- 150 Hams, exports, 1901-1905. . 2.2. eee ewe cc cect cc cence ese ssacessesspecee 774 Hardwood trees, growing seedlings for forest planting.........-.------------ 191 feevest, mneat and.oats, 1905, notes). 26.555 0ce. se cect bieee st ees eke 590-597 SL OUUYICHMOIEE oo vc noe kcdlagsinamcdus Heeb Eds Pehw ieee VILE. eit S 401, 402 Hawaii Experiment Station, establishment and progress.......-------------- 115 iie@y and grain. farms, increase in value... .5 sda os esse eee se et oe ee 20 crop, usefulness in diversified farming in South ..........-.-.---------- 202 RI an ecu saws ovis ck witeus petal Gates t ee Ob OULU S55. wen 10 RA, ALOUD . Sc idan euee ne CUUROCs Ol CIA EES in eee ee 778 prices, wholesale, on leading United States markets..:....-..-.------- 707-708 statistics, acreage, production, prices, exports, ete .....-.-.-------.---- 703-708 weather conditions, crop season, 1905, notes .........-....-----0------ 588-594 Hie. farmer's, value... .8ss0.. aes is ss SeevGids an See becisG Owatts ive. 12 Herbivorous animal tapeworms, life-history problem, note .....-.----------- 161 Hessian fly, damages and parasite, 1905..............22.--2se00--25-0- 25. 633-634 MEAs ooo Gee hace sh aes udwehe se SE Boe) ee 467, 468, 472 SORSEEVO THORMITER. 2 u s'Sa. 2 2 FIC U As Jd eel ead 474-475 Heterodera radicicola, injuries to peach and remedies .........--.------------ 348 prevalence Wess... 3.2 obese Lois i te 28 610, 611 Per ete DeebIC, MOURN, NOG. oo s55. se ca i awa eee Sh Lem bes 632 Pe OTA. Cte SOUR. wc iit oce ee aos Boece Cu a LE A 763 Hing cmepra, in Veseatons 306. SSS Sa. 5 a eh Sn epee 25 farming, relation to crop diversification in South............----------- 204 (See also Swine. ) Hogs, breeders’ associations, secretaries, breeds, etc.....-.------------------ 577 eeores,. IUGR StU Lesa. ak ee Wake k Soa ee ew nn Se et. Sas 773 freed ing aie tte offecie. ia; ewe Ur. iw biases sce es 379 live, prices, wholesale, on leading United States markets.-....-...--.-- 754 trasemission OF Mound WOIrMs ocee.. SL Soe IS ores eet oe 151, 153, 154 Homes, GEorGE K., article on ‘‘ Causes affecting farm values”’.....------- 511-532 Pins, tianieienlOn Oo. 3. . hyecvakoseen sap See Leee hh ob ectl. ces 150 Hop growing, relation to farm land prices on Pacific coast ...--...-..-.------ 529 Hopkins, A. D., article on ‘‘ Insect enemies of forest reproduction’”’...-..-- 249-256 peeereeeeer ts, I901s1GU0. |, - os. dsc cbs te uec see cence Se SER ea 778 ert, POOIEAOUG ... so sonic re nePe cee aad asta Rae tbl Seer el 768 prices, wholesale, on leading United States markets, 1901-1905 -..-...-. 718 Pics pean Rnd pricks: DSi Son fk SN Sa 717-718 Hornfly, parasite, remarks..........-...-...- na Sade wee Cision Ua cat eee ea 144 PC IMnin’.. DOXMMIEN Uli DINUOLE 200. 2.5 sb os Sto cs cele eee es 144 raising, use in diversified farming in South ...........-..------------ 211 Horses, breeders’ associations, secretaries, breeds, etc..........---.--------- 576 ROTH GODS vie vaca UKs a = beets we ee eee Ui a Ee ih 773 PERORM EARS EM Coat ee eas weweweccns bce cu cs fie eee 761 Seen Aik WO VOTRS. OOUMITIOCS 0. cee cle tee ee 732-735 AE MAUI GE MTD WOIGOE bise nd paenic Coes. ucsk SOU eee te 12 statistics, numbers, values, prices, exports, and imports, United EE eR. Cue ke eee pa nn Onining arbre USL y's BULLE EEG 737-739 venereal disease, maladie du coit, outbreak in Nebraska.........-.-- 26 Horticultural societies, national, officers. ..............-.4252-02.0522-22---- 579 Horticulture and agriculture, relation of meadow mice, article by D. E. AT ee Se Saw ca en lds ebay toa pele suieee’ 363-376 Household deodorant, use of formaldehyde .............-....2.-.-.-+-.---- 481 Howarp, L. O., article on ‘‘ The gypsy and brown-tail moths and their Euro- Donte Daremips ey i ed et ae oo Fr ewe 125-138 European studies of moth-parasite problem .......-------- 131-136 ed UE MRE TIONG sc cw ca civ cies ewe we so cneece cbenssmceneesa 552 798 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page, Husbandry, Patrons, officers .........---e2----008 sicie baseecs paalbackaeeae 580 Hybrids, pineapple, superior quality, remarks. ........-.-------er--+-22e20s 285 Hydrastis canadensis, value, demand and cultivation ..........-...----.----- 534 Etupoderma tincala, TOUTES « 6.cicciss'duclec'evccasctusccevbuseesnehsauannhned 144 Iceland, deaths from echinococcus tapeworms .........-------2-+-eeeeeeeeee 160 Idaho, soils, AFeAs SUTVOVO i oovieinse dndsundsts cuted desmee venwesenieneeene 618 Tiinois, farm jand, PFIOON «osc nciucab cok edena ccsckaawe’ Pr en ee 524 roads, legisiation.....0..<..cscsqeucecnsscancsne ee ents eehnneaeneeen 624 soils, AT@AS BUTVOYOd. 2. cee 55 cn cns¥sde vienna ds aneeiean es oe ene ee See 618 Immigration, effect’on farm prices... . iain desta bee ahaa Amp 14 food, inspection, remarks. .... .. J asducdooewd ses oid bed Seta apa ee northern, for southern vegetables and fruit sapodilla, TOMAPNG +6 eGo cca Heid ola aL rd ee tobacco, remarks: 206 65 we cA ec cade ee A RS ee Marketing fruit, need of care in handling... 2.5 2... Geka lo een eee Markeis, game, largest, note... 24.50 soos su ol as Spar res pene ht lack in.Sonth, remarks. oui i. ok hes ce eee ee eee perishable produce, need of improvement relation to diversified farming in South ...:..+..-.--2-.---22--2--: : Marconia martini, prevalence, 1906... . 2. \.- 5 ose. .aweoh dite eet ei eee ates ee INDEX. SOL Page. CIO ag cates bd ose wo se wsn areSdeeneseabscasenssedeue 522 Se Pee nok Souccsnncasebuhesvabscseceresaucewee 625 EN ie sso Wace. cccedvcweddcsedinecviovacevea 618 Massachusetts, moth suppression, appropriation. .....-....----.------------ 131 roads, legislation and improvement ................--------- 625 A EON Sion SoS o's ab Riba heck cudic ctw snwaes dhe 618 Marurwson, BE. H., and Grorcr T. McNess, article on ‘‘Dark fire-cured tobacco of Virginia and the possibilities for its improvement’’..........- 219-230 May beetle, relation to spread of thorn-headed worm ....-..--.--.---------- 155 Mayetolia destructor, damages, and parasite, 1905.........-..-------------- 634-635 McNess, Grorae T., and E. H. Marnewson, article on ‘‘Dark fire-cured tobacco of Virginia and the possibilities for its improvement’’......-.-.- 219-230 Merap, Etwoop, article on “The relation of irrigation to dry farming’’..... 423-438 Meadow mice. (See Mice.) re CAIMmrom ary NEMO W TCO ss dad deen secede dee noce esc sp mncteeeras 368 Meat animals, imports into leading European countries .....-----.---------- 740 SE COLAC. lo oot Madde a cars at win ate ine © ak ipl as Gm we = 516 SOTHG Ata ie Oo esck 2 ocak bnis's degen Suk we woedasones 774 inspection, extent, cost, and mecessity ...24-2.2- 2-25. lsc cise ee eeee- 29-30 SNTAN CN Wenn COWEN MRIONM A 2s tind. ci toe Saw aoot rs cass sce ans. 117 progucers’ Saeociation, corn belt, officers . 2.2. 6c. see ee eee cece 575 Meats, dressed, freight rates, Chicago to New York......-....---.---------- 756 packed, freight rates, Cincinnati to New York .............-.-.----.. 757 prepared, study by Chemistry Bureau, remarks............---------- 58 - Melon. (See Cantaloupe and Watermelon. ) Melophagus ovinus, sheep parasite, remarks .....-...-.....---2---2----02---- 144 MMR Senter RG ints oto Bn So eae wap os wove aid Sek Osc we aeke 24 PEekicGaslOlo@ica) Survey WOtm, remarks: -... 2.2.22 62-25 ees ee eee one 85 Mice, field, historical notes on destructiveness. ..........-..---------------- 364 I Ate alee i Jo n'a em 6 Seah ac mee nik one ooo a Silene 364 meadow, agriculture and horticulture, article by D. E. Lantz........ 363-376 description, distribution, and habits....-.....-...--..---- 365-368 RNR SIRF SE hal abe 3. fo D5 hi vai cides oie ne tah ew oy obo as hae 367 cen eee enn me remedy 1555.05 ein. be a Sak ween 375 Beaded AOR eM eUOUION) 2 2 SSO oo. SS awe see cee ss 373-376 EE CRIMI Te ra 5.0 rn ie nin He inioa oa we RAE 370-373 preventive measures, summary-.....-....--.-.------------- 376 Snie Cee, Ace ORENEY G. e 2 i ed iw os ce bn eapeei-- wove ewes 371 NINE) SURE TKN MRO SERINE Sh re ioc ion NS ~ oJ Goce wo en Sew eae 525 POMP ONE = Serie ees co eer. eee bas eee ene oe 625 RE ay CMP). go aed pect Sa ee a 618 Microgaster parasites, gypsy moth, remarks......-.-.---.--------.--.---- 134, 135 Otiatismenite, OGG: | Jette So. ede aS of e 364 spp., notes. on habitats of several species...-.......-.-..--.-.----- 366 Milch cows. (See Cows.) DC VOLGUMS Ea! 0. Se ole. os Sel Sha ee se wese 605, 606, 607, 608 Milk, keeping quality, effect of cleanliness, school exercises.........--.----- 272 rier seemcwen ih CaIPyIne 2. iss. Soe tect Oh ew ev aw nce oe 32 el ee RCN oes otek aie rks so Sg oo a oo en Ee 271-272 (Sete ONTO. Oo aoe ok ob Seo cu eels we. saomdnk oo ok 525 SII hae, 2s La SU cokes oeiineee ten bua Ree 625 a NORROVEISS 205.022 S ook sae oad nos be pe eee aL 618 Mississippi and Alabama, diversified farming, article by M. A. Crosby..--- 201-207 ae Sd eA dba sis kaw dn ne Sie ee ee 527 INE BRIE OND cig oa dan «oon Se nina os ok ORS Sm 618 a ER eo ws ocd vow ein cee ddmee cen USES 526 IOI tei eS we ncn Sune keek wees 618 ee, sk ak bag iw wn Wea dow wa wen enanere 146-147 Molasses. (See Sirups. ) eT See Tata CEGNGIL . 2b. oak cond ae cance occ c tia nensusicedemes 361 Wr BOMGr IGN OEEVOVCE 2 ooo So. og os on de Skin pics w a nso seecee we seedeee 619 Moose, conditions, 1905, Wyoming, Maine, and Ontario............--..---.- 615 Morning glory, effects of variation in fertilization..........--.....----.------ 384 Morphine, extraction from poppy, experiments .....-....-..-...----.------ 537 Morton citrange, description, uses, origin, etc ..........-.--.------.------ 276-278 3 al905——51 802 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page. BMowaic disease, prevalence, 1905. . ccccacwoce vccccccccusestecsbenessaueeumes 608 — MiGequito, Spread OF CIMCREOS «oc cecnnestecccccecccsccvbesesnese aes ss 80 Mosquitoes, parasites, TOMATES .,.ccuccecn coves cuce cvckvi dbeteedeEbeties a 140 relation to infestation of dogs with thread worms............- 155, 156 transmidsion of malarid oscuwdieid wc cedtiercdaccalabibs cee ue 166 Moth, parasites, imported, care after reception .....-.-..--eee- ce eee--oeee-- 137 peach bores, habite donk dy te owes ee 133 enemies, insect, in AMOrIGS ..isw susie bu ceetgeeeeesen Ne ae Ginette 128 proposed Introd UeioMncs ca ds0~ hens ok ciwey seen ee 78 life history and: deseripwon. «./s.<4ahacex<<.-5 we 01 in cons ws es 128 United States, introduction and spread ..-........---------- 123-124 BUPPTESSION, APPTOPTISH OW nie occ: oe os wn hinwins wai creek glee ee 131 Moennding, use against peach borer... <2 5. .......c5+5 <- sateen = ae 333 Mount Weather Research Observatory. <..~.-5sseeuuemlallenh ene 189 Mule raising, use in diversified farming in South ........-.......2.-----.-2- 211 Mamien, Gxports, 1901-1906. 3... o.oo c eees Richaiic auld nl nce 773 numbers in several countries ........5..+. + dends dkins cane ee 732-735 ON FAPMOR, VEING . oon Se da eine dono US eles 413-414 NNT 1 UR G8 5 "G bta hb oe Bae ee) artes era SPE weld deol eed erie iecianee 609 SOY TN, ORR E OO US aoe 5 SE GO ep ler of acca eprint atin pearetnipanonn mma a 778 foreign varieties, introduction into United States and value ......-.---- 294 growing, weather conditions, crop season 1905, notes ...--..-----.--- 584-595 prices, wholesale, leading markets, United States, 1900-1905 --......-. 680-681 CREE WERE ec ar teh este dae . sence naadon tumibs oowss 10 statistics, acreage, production, prices, exports, etc...........-.------ 674-681 Swedish, Sixty-day, and Schonen, introduction and production. .....-. 44, 294 visible supply, United States and Canada, 1896-1905.......---..--.-.-- 675 AT TSAI Air OT CRGRMEE Oo oe Oo lk Sion at mn ame ohh 245 Ocneria dispar. (See Moths, gypsy.) a, SEU MINED SRO Sree enol. 8 on ay te oe o Sn cg oeereee'n- ook 141-144 Pr I SOS 2 oUt ote oss ooo oe} es oe on ARs eyes Se 524 nt eaters CREE eeee ti ek. tk pon oa bowtie machete 627 i NT SIN A oD ae ap shane Sais did omnes yn oe nla 619 tobacco fermentation, savings by change of methods............-..-.- 73 i ee: Mike Sen, WOOT, CNP ONRS oo oe SE Soak ook eee = ceiecine 13 er re a a ek a a ak Cer blseer ehee psieeoe end ors nonce 779 TB ges Spek SSE EE gl ie cae a ee ee lanes oe ae ay aL bee 775 IDOOCARUSING 5 SN EMRNRIE (NEN Se SG ns a ek nai hies wine Sain wwe 13 to dompeh ge ae SAE SESE ea nee ete 780 Oleomargarin, exports, 1901-1905. -.....-.-- 2 eG IS erase eer ees 775 ha IM oS ES 5 ARRAS 2 Nr eT eae ears 2 ey MO Eee aE 781 TOR fae a ROR to 1. re See a oe ey weet as 772 anpeeereravres, prevaionce, 1000 ae cre ska a ope ao etna ariel S Ne ae 608 IE EERA OREN ONE (FS 1d Meme oe og eee hus SBS ot Ch rk ie 2 revi 606 Washington navel, introduction into United States, and value....... 294 eee losses Dy anjories In handing) iu. 324k 32 4 i 3 ee ets 353 PP aVOCECO: BS blnG. oR ovat bak ies m ek te ma eee el i ae eneieed 444 damage by meadow mice and rabbits ....-..-..-...--.------. 373, 374 LICITD, LEICA ANI is schist abe ecid xspcrmcntins Cacainn tention whe SE oe 499 RRICURY 18 COIMIR. SRIOON uh. oe ide oo app eect bet el whe ee ee 529 OLR: GPU IEE VOC cin Cia kw nie de BL GA emg ed « OCs 3S ea eee 619 STAIR E aR MED So ts res eile infer hr bic oreth K D ea wb a 6 = cto I 436 Reena UHL ANTI; CLIGORAPEL TOU ae nos Soc ehalew males om lnlbarniee epee 610 IPSC INR AmIONS, LOOR S235 Pose stow en aecsecuuees 635-636 Ornithology, economic, Biological Survey work ...........-------.---------- 85-86 Orton, W. A., review of plant diseases in 1905 ...-.......---------+.------ 602-611 re tn, RE RS TOOTIB oS ic bas Lk terwrncin cp cw seeciees db Maree ee S 402 ie Teer Rt SCMIDORNOR. yk. Gio Fe lh ce eee septa sage apeen 400-402 farming in Arizona, article by Watson Pickrell..........-..--.---- 399-406 UE MOG Sha? a enced oe SOLE ES 399 RGOTE, TiCnty BNO BOFROE. . 2a. o2ox incest Cat te SO 402 NN SIMRO Cae id Se Gow nla soa bo Latin teds Sed bed geld 404 Seer ROE OE DOO e.g oo va eee « metalic eso sie e bade ele 405 markings at‘dinerent periods of life .. so. 2 sesh Sele oc est 404 Sd Shei asap Sis BM nei Ghictcls & knglas SASS when elena Snilleriets pcan 406 804 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Page. Owls, destruction of meadow mice ..<.22c.c ce wees sc cee ete ae 371 Oxyuris vermicularis, transmission. .< 25.55 sess. cece ce cde cccecennenenees 150 Osonium epp., prevalence, 1005. .<.3<.ccces cist. ll Lee 603, 604, 610 Packing, fruit, looseneks ag canse of lose. ot. ccc wcrc ocekancesccccunens. 352 Packing-houde exports, fordign trade... u. 5 ~.-nococuceuceendnansl.... oo 102 products, exporta, 1901—1000. 5... 2 oe 773-774 CletrORGS «oo noon ce banc cmeh na cee 13 imports into leading European countries............ 740 Paumer, T. 8., article on ‘‘ Federal game protection—a five years’ retro- OOOO LL n= ou = dace nul blcd aie Wal sin dicts a: le ec ee 541-562 review of gamie protection, 1905... 21402222 cle cn cau 611-617 Papaw, tropical, use in aid of digestion, ;.. 2.2... ote cee cnt cae nee 324 Parasites, animal, insenté; Pomarke «oon en anc cemcdcenclsteees Lee 636 GTONDG . ~ 2 sono enn wdc op enenes one bea pee 139-140 transmission, article by B. H. Ransom................-. 139-166 Parasites, moth. (See Moths, gypsy.) plum corculio .. i: ics cadewa cep e ne duces send pene eee ae 327 Paris green, use against gypsy and brown-tail moths...........--....-.---.-. 128 Parrots, importation without permit, note... ... ec ec pac nnnnccucceacanue 544 Poetry, digestibility, note... iS oo ceenae boon cdanes scieeken Gls oe 320 Pasture, southern, plants for summer and for winter............-.---------. 206 Pea aphis; notes on deetrndiveneee so co bas ee eon cee coe yaa diseased, 1905 ow. <5 nx an che sn dseee n> celine ae shoal cenkee eee 607 garden, fertilization, Darwin’s experiments .........-....-------..----. 385 Peach aphis, black, description, life history, remedies, ete ..........-.-.... 342-344 borer, control) sugwestiony. "oe a So ee oa eee ee 338 lesser, injuries ahi control. 254 5.) sass euseeo cases nee 335 life history, habits, distribution, food plants, enemies and reme- GIG, bo. on. 3. Sok semanas mena pene means ac kee nae oe eee 330-335 diseases, TO0G se ue ne 604 CODELOL 4... 5a s,0mo's oa sta o eS ws nw's lepine Sede eas cae ne 34 distribution in pioneer days by Indians, hunters, and trappers --..-.--- 499 Everbearing, origin, distribution, names, and description..........- 498-500 INGUSUTY, HOES. oo 5 nt 5 onan cdien omnes Bac asttiy = one be ee 196 insect enemies, principal, article by A. L. Quaintance -.....-..--.-. 325-348 lecanium, description, natural history, and treatment ...........--- 340-341 scale, West Indian, description, life history, remedies, etc ........-- 339-340 spraying with arsenicals for curculio, caution .......-..-.------.------ 329 twig-borer, description, life history, remedies, etc .........-- ae 344-346 weather conditions, season of 1905, notes ..............--..--.- 584, 585, 586 Peaches, losses by injuries in handling... ss nnn cccsaemevecsteenueeen 353 Pear, alligator. (See Avocado. ) : blight,‘ control... SS ee a ree Cees sie es ae 35 Crocker, origin, namie, and description... °..<..0-.-- ses o- -asas o Une 497-498 diseases in 1906 30. 05 oo pene uae cao oe ons n a sa eas ee pea ee 603 fertilization, remarks ~~... 3.0.4 yo oe cs ee ee ee 383 Peara, cooling before shipment... ceo sso wes Oh ees bce bee ee eee eo ee 358 Pébrine, silkworm disease, use possible in destruction of moths.........-..-- 133 Pecan, Hollis, origin, name, and description .......2......-.-2-2.-. seen 505-506 Moneymaker, origin, name, and description ..............---....--- 506 Schley, origin, name, and deseription...;...-2-'..--5.- 582 sees 507 Success, origin and.deseriptiony.. 0 scan =~ os ae ge eeene cae ee eee 507-508 Young, origin and description ooo wo ct nae ceeded aes 508 Pocand, varietite, remarks oe Sh i re ce ee 504 Polican, breeding proubds oes oa ent weno eee ee eeeke tee 88 Island, reservation, remark oo 226. SS. a ee oe eee 559 Pennsylvania; farm lands, prices 2... Sook. Cte eee 522 high school, teaching of ‘agriculture 5. . 22. 3.222 eb ee eee 262-264 roads, legislation and improvement .............-.----------- 627 soils, areas surveyed 0). cd ae eee ee one eee 619 Penper, cultivation and demand. . <.... i. ca.52 end, ow oe ane Ce eee 539 Peronospora schleideniana, prevalence, 1905............---22 0-22 ee een ee eee 607 violae, nrevalence, T905 - 65.5 ee a es ea ees 611 Persea gratissima, common names, commercial importance, ete.........---- 508-510 Perers, J. GIRVIN, article on ‘*‘ Waste in logging southern yellow pine’’.... 483-494 — INDEX. 805 Page. Petroleum, crude, use against San José scale. ....... 2... cee eee ene ceccce neces 338 Phosphoric acid, use in tobacco fertilizers, note ............2..-..2ececeeeee 223 NRT OVIONOCOU LUO. 6 ovine oc a cuinc doce cdladéudheodacecadtebele 603, 604 ECE SOU ENEIE, CUMEVOLION 955 oo ccc c cc cncnccaccrcrcceccusscwcccecesecas 536 Phytophthora infestans, prevalence, 1905 .........c.ccneececcscensecccncceces 608 PicKRELL, WATSON, article on ‘‘ Ostrich farming in Arizona’’.............- 399-406 Piedmont section, agricultural division of South Atlantic, remarks..........- 198 CAEN Sr het ola ne dita abt ated bia atladt'¢ebe bd wbessida ses 320 Pinrers, A. J., article on ‘‘The business of seed and plant introduction and er Tt ne niveau op niadicn ne Wene sotto ou o 291-306 ae PORMORSLOTE HE RORY ET POTINEE wi Sata Wk sVGanwy cue ntaccwedeqaeacabedacectvcne 151 ere NIN a ee ona ee duane a hoapee anes e's 610 forest reproduction, injuries by weevil ................----.-.-- 252, 253, 254 mice, dame to trees, shrubs, atid Dalbd. 22s... cee cs ce ew cedesecnn 370 southern yellow, logging, waste, article by J. Girvin Peters.......... 483-494 Selephone- line construction, ‘MOlS o.oo cc cc nercepesdccadecccccscss eee 455 weevils, injuries in forest reproduction...............---------- 252, 253, 254 woods belt, agricultural division South Atlantic States, remarks.......-- 199 yellow, rules for prevention of waste in logging..........-.......-..-- 493-494 sizes and lengths for merchantable timber ............-..--- 486-487 Pineapple, breeding, qualities sought as desirable, and methods of work....-. 282 SRN RNR a ie Grint ote Reg en Ce ek ne eg ee 606 PS I eer Ta ae fn Gian ck wag cali © bom aces + te ote 282 hybrids developed for Department of Agriculture .............- 281-285 new varieties, Miami, Seminole, Eden, Matthams, and Gale, descrip- Ry TMNT ONT Ed. bc cine ae nde pe enn ae cdane 40, 285-290 Ser Sr SOMONE ona eae ara cen pte oe a Sk pees eek ete 324 WEEIOR CASE OMIMNOM Tce St oes. eb besens so abbouy 281-282 Tinpepnied, Grossing. process Bnd Tesults . ob cen elt e beeen yecuser 283-284 Dee BIUMEENIMIOIE, Ach tase gli. li Geeta ol wauteeaUle aweceecocnbews 150 Pissodes spp., injuries to pine reprodution....................-.-+---- 252, 253, 254 Pisum sativum, fertilization, Darwins’ observations...............---------- 385 Plains and West Texas, crops and conditions for diversified farming........-- 216 Plant and seed introduction and distribution, article by A. J. Pieters ...--- 291-306 breeding, cooperation of Department and experiment stations ......-.-. 172 some work of Department with citrus fruits............... 275-290 CIsCaRGR. LOU0 TEViIOW Wy Wi. 2s TORU ores Cane eek cee awe cca- 602-611 eR RMON re ced raglan Dee A ecetia Obs Ate Se an On wine oe Go Gerd x 6 we 34-36 drug. (See Drug plant. ) Industry Bureau, organization and duties -...........-.....--..------ 564 PU Ca yee ee oe. wg Chace s meh ene 34-51 StTOGUCIIOn INCE ANCOUMNNEMN Se 20 Ses Soe wu nese bee ancicc sin 296 Planting, depth, illustrative exercise for rural school............-.-..------- 271 Tiiee CO In insect FammemmOR ace vie Kena... od a Ce ca cle'w ences 473 tree. Sertae S08 TOPCRE NANI ieee eau ELAS | ek oa ey oon t on - 91 Rian rug and poisolous, investivations i200. 2222.2. te eee lee 49 effect of inbreeding, article by A. D. Shamel ..................--.. 377-392 en NGI MAPIPEOER toa. yh han ode te ee eRe St ak ae aee aire 381-384 moisture relations, illustrations for rural schools...........-....--.- 270-271 relation to soil, study in rural: schools... . 22. - o.oo 269-271 Platygaster herrickii, parasite of Hessian fly, note................---..--.-.-- 634 Pees, Tl) ON, OF SOUR. ORC s 5 op a1 wiv a bis Lina Oude = odbc ane wacee 595-599 value and methods in insect suppression ...............-..------ 469-471 mapurennid smorvona, prevalence, 1905 <2. cane oe ncawnie ns sn -Ubacwseweess 604, 605 RanmErCal. DECLIC, ITIUPIOR GO RtUlt leo) Dos. Sc ca ce tedegwreeetue 327 CURIER Dee DREW ONMN VO. SNERBUION so os ene abe wapetesaeys 328-330 ta SNe ingen et ad sed Og Pa ae Ree ee pet 5 13, = bs bgepenen a 633 origin, life history, habits, injuries, enemies, and remedies.. 325-330 Re Re aE Settee pg Eo Rear Saat atte 5 ead aR p aren are 605 iFOlGGn, Origin, NAMd, and. Gescriplion. wi. ob ee dep emcees 500-501 Plums, damson, demand, varieties, with origin, description, ete. .......... 501-503 EISEN Et SYMROREEE fo Siac wan ap pele oan wie openness 304 Poisoned grain, use against meadow mice and rabbits..................----- 373 Poisoning, use as remedy for plum curculio -...-..-............---.------- 329 Poisonous plants investigations... .......-.------eeecee ence ee ee ee ne en eeee 49 806 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ; Page. 4 Poles, telephone. (See Telephone poles. ) Polygala POREGG, UID, coc cn wastiuvesa teas ben vies 6b6Uee Geena saenes 535 Polymerization, formaldehyde, relation to disinfection. ......--++--------+ 480-481 | Meme fruits. diseneas 10.100)... ccccccssatnsbuncsvctvevewes (a dulce Soeeunall 603-604 Pomological investigations, AC VANCES wo. ocecncers pouwsecsyten'seueben Gunn 46-49 : Society, American, TOMaAre. i. ose oui vuwscese ders hope beeen 620 ‘ Poppy, cultivation, collection of juice, etc... ..--.---..-- 140 pardaites,- tyansiMeulon. csssceded Succ coc ec cebcssctwucvetecta 149-154 Rubber industry Central America, investigations .............--.----------- 46 Ram, exports, 1001-1005... . sos. seesdlnbbe ccc tec sdk ede eeeanee eee 779 Rural schools, teaching agriculture, use of illustrative material, article by Dick SiGrOGDY occ svces sce darvedsdettcdusuphedscseuvs tesésenventerens waren 257-274 Rust, grain, cotton, and other, crop season, 1905, notes................---- 589-597 prevalence, 1905... ~~~... .-----seeseeewee ones eeee 603, 604, 605, 606, 608, 609 Rye, statistics, acreage, production, prices, exports, etc...-......----..---- 688-694 visible supply United States and Canada, 1896-1905................-- 688-689 wholesale prices, leading United States markets ivi i265 dice ae 693-694 Salad frait, avocado; uses; ate ww. . Seo cee wueue ceo senna ae 439-509 San Jose scale, control, methotls 0.5. .s oo cen vant oeauretp nesses oe 337-339 Entomology Bureau study... 2. 6s i se i cocoon ae eee 78, 79 food plants, destructiveness, appearance, control, etc -...-.- 335-339 losses, saving by Department work ........ 2... ~~ aanknecee 82 parasite, introduction | pcvescesesseueasusel an an eae nee Wis spread, 1900... 2227 See ar ae cage e se eee 633 Sanitary officers, live stocky. 2... sso ses cence een sas nee dee ae Gane eee 577-578 Sanninoidea exitiosa and S. opalescens. (See Peach borer. ) joa Sapodilla, deseription, varieties, propagation, and marketing. .-....-.-.-..- 448-449 Sarcocysts, transmission, lack of information. 250 $5... cc ce snes cane 164 Sardinia, gypsy-moth parasites, collection for importation. ........--.-.-.- 131-132 Baume, exports, 1008-1906 2... one: <0 Sees ean eo aneeeee eee > he 775 Seah, Iveik peevaiende: 1006. 25. ~ 322s sSc5 3+ scenes aa potato, use of formaldebyde as remedy .-...-....-.-.-..-----------0--- sheep, treatment, resalis .— 2.633% 505-225. 2 0 a te ee 26 Scale, black, parasite, introduction <2. ~..~-- ++. 2-5. -< 5 esas seaeees + eneeeneee 4a insects, Entomology Bureau ‘work .2..- << -----s a. Crosby oe a ee ry ee rh 257-274 Scuutte, J. I., article on ‘Illustrations of the influence of experiment, station work on culture of field CHONG Sess ts ees. eee pti Sclerotinia fructigena, prevalence, 1905- ~~. 322-25 252. 5 inal wn eeenee : Scolytus rugulosus, life history, habits, remedies, etc... ..-.....--.--.-..-.- 346-347 , Screwily; parasite, remark .< -<.555 ..svs 22 stone oud tees ener ene nee ee ae ‘ Scutellista cyanea, use. as enemy of black scale ..<..25-22.- os<--<+--+ensaeeee MT Seasoning, wood, experiments. 2.3.53 -2.52 cca cee age nce psaev ane ee 461. Secretary of Agriculture. (See Agriculture, Secretary. ) Seed and plant introduction and distribution, article by A. J. Pieters ....-. 291-306 historic TOViGW 2207-0 2 - - a0 0c ae en aaa eee 291-292 objecte ef weit ~ Ac. 4. 2 -< onnp ee eee 292-293 testing new varieties for distribution, methods. 299-301 beds, forest tree planting, size, preparation and care......----.-.---.--- 187 tobacco, making $~255 5 2. sds < eage esos ste aan oe ee , clover, prices on leading United States markets, 1901-1905 -........-. 729-730 production, dependence on bees -....-..--------------- mk is 385 corn, breeding, testing, telection, ete - = 25> Lo. ooo ons ene nner ene 409 distribution, Department, objects and considerations kept in view ------ 306 Ss improvements 2.55 3.2 36o5 52+ +5. te Soeee dese. bo eee 50 growing, Department work for sugar beets --....--.------.------------- 303 — wetiod. tree, ‘insects injurious; => ~~~ .600- 5-62 oso eon as eeee eee 250 timothy, prices on leading United States markets--..-......-.---------- 30 tobacco, improvement by seed-plant selection ..-..-..------------- sas ay dei wowing: =: <=. 2.52 625502-2202552 ee eee — «187 . = ia . INDEX. 809 Page. Beennen RI £0 DATO... 5. cei atiewe hi pebetis dcadécocedsevs 441 COMMGFOUS, PFOLECTION iN NUTEECTY « . .... .ctiwewce ac ctncewwoccsescbe 189 SRI a Go win a a dninvin'’ SW Nels Qaheles s see OUane Cavs 190 lr iD RING. on i onda be aint n obscene dw dclniledue destuatas 502 mango, ‘trueness i TOO. OM VAING soo. dl < act's wide bitte ecdee ats 445-446 rT seals Seles a pd duis cueebeea we 449 Seeds, beoadiont treatment for planting, and planting ..........-..--.-.---- 191 coniferous, preparation and protection in planting..........----.----- 188 exports, TN noc os tw css nc daca abhi de zea 780 EE SEER SL awh b bias he ose is AD MME SE See eOe es lie 770 germination test for school illustration ..........-...--..----..------ 266 tree, ie DISUATAGION, AUG CATS 65 isn kid bau go wale = ewe ws eh be 184-186 PS ea aN abet eM e ad Web's ac ack pee bbe oNencmweeas 185 eels and flower, Congressional distribution ...............---- 305-306 Self-fertilization, pineapple, experimients...... ..- 2.2. eee op - ees eee =r ees 284 Self-pollination. (See Self-fertilization. ) IT a a ec) ts a i a a a oe ae ee 531 region, early and present attempts at settlement...........-.---. 423-425 ne ee ee ee NI nian ET als Sng herds <2 24. t 5 bay eee 246 nS ATP OOM ro be cae hae Remedies 241 natural (untreated), superiority. ...-..--.-..--------++++--- 247-248 Skid poles, use in logging and suggestions for cutting --..--......----.------ 490 Slanghterhouses, relation to spread of trichinz ...............---------.-- 153, 154 See ee A RSID in ys i ie Ske A Db gt ese ene ae ta ee 605 SMITH, Bernarp H. article on ‘‘ Formaldehyde: Its composition and uses’’.. 477-482 Smut, "grain use of formaldehyde eg cr ana ene Ea aes ee 482 nN a dn nb Win Reike whip ane winta ad Gucalaans epic Wass Hae 607, 609 Se ee ee eae ag Bre 5 ok ee ees ee ee See 594, 597 Sua Senta C0 SORTISININCLON OF TUKES 5-5. boo 5 os cen ein o es biwem epee sce s bs 162 Dem Res. SOSttucuOn Of MCAMOW MICE... 2.8. . pon darcn tt ane ceebcspenweees sods 372 eerrere ee Ro ne Wr LOO eo ce ow cam k tren natidpeaed seas 584 Sie Bo obs ah ciel tu os Ceoha waa keane 237-238 810 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 7 Page Snowfall, relation to river-stage forecasting .-..-..--.-.---++-+------+-+-++-+--- 237 Soap, w hale- oil, use against San Joué scaly ..:..~ -. wn ewe sie eteneewas oes 338 Soil fertility, maintenance and restoration........-.------------+--+0+0rece- 71 moisture, requirement.in dry climate... ..<-< oescdausccuaueeenbes we eee 604-605 Storage, fruit, effact.of han Qing <4 on n~acindasnandadnu meee eee a, relation of cooling ib ss esp aati fps es rN Te tg savings from insects injurious to stored products .......- enh san See ae Stored foods. (See Foods. ) prain, eic., injurions insects, 1905 ... 20... ck abe ee Strawberries, cooling before shipment... ......~<<.+<<~+~~ candi. ae damage by TBSRMOW WAG. nic. cece aac ewe oe ke eee Strawberry, diseases, 1b! a a ee eeneMNMeee ere SS Stream measurements, volume of water, relation to forecasting of river stages.. 28 Stream-flow changes, factors of inflngmes..<.-Pciseinsicbiss dala ee 237-240 INDEX. gy 1 Page eS Ar a es ot ws cinemas wicinicieninin sw ble dhim time ciktcslatueiniedesh 489 Subtropical fruit growing, new opportunities, article by P. H. Rolfs.......-. 439-454 Sugar apple, subtropical fruit, description and use ...........----..-..------ 450 a CC NN SS Dien ic nln an Miele i anche oad ahli er aya lari tte 45 beets. pa 3eets, sugar.) ie SG: SAGer DEC, CTO, WALIC oc << wen wwcitiak inl dies ubecs te ntudiaeiie 11 culture improvements, new varieties, etc ...........--s.e0..s-e-- 418 ROO IEROE GFR) TRO RIOT. oc cicctve chs Ca Cw enteen ere sae en aim 243-244 sirup, apparatus.for ManulactUre.. ....ccceect aapictwsicewsecsecs.s 243 Ss A Rid, he Re Solan Mi dniidiiabioniwwess 67 UUrEL EL: UOTNGNUI ETL UMNO or 0 ela e disc cei nicinndlowiibemrrahtvaiadimticer we 20 i ASE RRS gt oa Ee Cooley Se apes gee ore Lee eee ae 771 GING SUA AISA, POUR TR a ws are nh ncn tn Sia wisely CahicmaAincdibwe oightn = 0 312 statistics, production, exports and imports ...........-.......--+-.- 724-727 PR MEONS OCG, Use ID tADLS SITUS occas bcc miws da ees teow edition evess- 246-247 PY MUL VIRM ROL, ORIIOG 555, tiewininim an Shaan th ANeG tok wcickictwees s 563 Supreme Court, United States, decision in Geer v. Connecticut, relation to NSS SND i ce wl ere nna, ij ms veg Ge 4 aiek dA SGgCTNTET ANG a Ss ren ed aN 541, 546 Surra, horse disease, Philippines, repression...........-+...-0----------e--- 29 Swamp land, plowing for corn, suggestion... 22. ... ec cee ee ones ewe uwenee 469 EDM: DROW, OF, SIME IO TRO a oo nl cic Seba nin lel bw benleienionas 522 Swedish select oats, introduction into United States, and value ...-......-.-.- 294 Weamemiscaces, control, investigations <.sciew os0 di end ctiean Genbesicceee.-. 25 number and value in United States... 2. cnc 0s. ice tec cin owen ewucnes see 13 SITTIN OO WETAS DORIRIENOR a4 i Bitaie edhe b aikwc deen cade < Spawn 732-735 prices, and exports, 1880 to 1906 .... 1... ccc cee cee een cee 753-754 (See also Hogs. ) Sen SY CUCU AAINEER, ET URIQITISE EERO Dw schenasndems 0:ns sash iain pA ASS fife nator in ar ad 150 Tachina larvarum, enemy of gypsy moth, remarks ...............--.--2---.-. 132 RS ee, SE ORI Ni anranratew oe theron ew et bewswoe sewn iles 775 SEPOWPOTING. BE POTASH, TOMATEB SIGs os os ewe CS Seen ee ee eevee s cas 140 LEED PEIREA, TUNER eee ene ee ede rw adwews oldest Ouse 161 herbivorous animal, problem of life history.................---- 161 SPRRGRAOD: 50. ORT) DR AOR ke cet rte Cree od Heese 157-160 Se a SR EET RENIN 5 iccrnrenimer one ge sw uandewaueeauce ebeutee dine 102 Taytor, WILLIAM A., article on ‘‘ Promising new fruits’’...............-- 495-510 SNR RED ESSAS 20 Unica gon erecish one Airal toterar eben mre adie scm kis 771 SCMRNEALTC: 231 MRA oS a hati wg Sotia a os OL oss bebe oa se nee eve eee 49 TEELE, R. P., statement of advance of water control in irrigation in 1905 _._-- 649 ECEND, GCERRR SOT DOMES ea ns etiedninean ey Vdaticet news PEL age 455 poles, cost at setting hole, treated with preservative and untreated. 459 durability, increase, article by Henry Grinnell.........- 455-464 Se I MER Ea it ee RR Racer oerans hea atewies = +o 456 LOGE: Ot DROME RLN Oe naka aon in usoee cL Uehwnee 462-464 treatment with preservatives, three methods ..........-- 461-462 Temperature, relation to keeping of fruit .. 2.2... 22. coc ecw wee wee eee eee 355-356 Tennessee, East, consolidated school, teaching of agriculture...........--- 258-262 EDCTRE RUN), DICED sue 416-417 curing, relation of weather oc. 00-02. - -.-n-n- dcpae apenaenee Virginia, Giscnssi0n. 2.665. .6.0< 5.3056 95cse a 228 dark fire-cured of Virginia, possibilities for improvements; article by. George T. McNess and E. H. Mathewson ........s...».ss bev cases see eee SUFVGYS, TOMArks . . 2 coe eis kiwin wae oe ke eel ae Texas, Soils Burean studies. ..s../..23-.0 32-56 -2dps a pee statistics, acreage, production, prices, exports and imports....-.-..- 714-717 | stored, damages by insects, 19062_ >... —. 1. -as42-e cat = eee * thrips, damage, study. and remedy-..-..--.----------+-------------- types for plug wrapper and Austrian export uses ..............---- unmanufactured, trade, international, 1900-1905. ...........-..--.- Virginia types. 2525-222. deane ead pasar a secon s saesaeeee ‘{ransportation, Oxportes ict 25.22 oie e see 2s eae ee we ee facilities for fruit, need of improvement .........-.--------- fruit, causes of losses ...... wae we actap he iid idk tak iin wee Taba id aca's Gaps aie in pl oe ee aoe INDEX. 813 Page Trees, broadleaf, growing seedlings for planting ...............-.--+----4- 190-192 i’ Ce MMIC... Saw cee ew's cues eutweWbes Sostacsbscessatews 369 GOULTUCEROM EE CRPOLONO TORING id oo oes was cadet ec esecteceledece sees 486 girdled, and windfalls, use in logging...................------------- 491 growing for forest planting, article by lb. A. Sterling.......----.---- 183-192 insect injuries during several stages of growth .............---.---- 250-253 MNES CED Ss ae diva thes nlides CXS RSUIEs dws ee nce 125, 126, 130 Trematodes. (See Flukes. ) Trial grounds, Department, seed testing, etc..........4..202 202 ene seen seeee- 304 Trichinella spiralis, transmission and danger to man.......---------------- 152-155 Trichinosis in Germany, American investigation.........-..-.-------------- 29 Trifolium spp., Ser OU a oe cocaine we See Si sels ccbiwee. 385, 386 Tropical -fruite, discases, 1906... 1.5. 2 oe esc ee esc cee see odes etse dace 606 Trouvelot, Prof. L., gypsy moth introduction into United States............. 123 Track crops, insectsinjurious, 1906. so. sos. sec ste cee cesses ee sees 629-630 ROR oS ea ce ae eb eet Panel he, sa Sk a alee 196 growing, relation to diversified farming in South..........-...--.---- 203 iG, SULVSYS, FEMALES. oo. oo nes = aa Se ae Ure Su adives—as - 65 True, Ropney H., article on ‘‘ Progress in drug-plant cultivation’’ .....-.-- 533-540 Trypanasomes, transmission by flies... 2... 2.45.52 se esi ee cede sass ee neeeeee 166 eee 119. bite. cause of fais efficent... ot. 4s te Nisei tl 285d. ee 166 Tuberculosis, animal, investigations, conclusions -........--.---.----------- 28-29 Sees, Os porte, 3901-1006 2 a Sao nb ae elas 6 ces Besse = 776 Tussock moth, occurrence, and control by parasites.........---------------- 130 Twig-borer, peach, description, life history, remedies, etc...............-.-.-- 345 Two-spotted pine weevil, injuries in forest reproduction.............---.---- 254 Meus spn. ; proyalence, “1000. occu... SO. SOc ca diet ee coset 608, 609 TED, GLO MRENEUOG fancies w oo os dee oe ee ute ea. a ene uel 619 MIIIER, 341 CURE Te ROU UCUOR 8 vice. a oe so es nn tie nnn = nope necenae 10-11 Vegetable diseases, control............----- Ee ia ER Nipin oe - Seale Cine, OR Ate) uk 35 I OR kc ante as ce nenen naneen nanny 20 Seba Comrernrenies CUMTIONGIOI 2... - 522 c kee sess oo nc eenn nese 305-306 SRUNEEIII PRURTUINOILD, ooh Soo ee an ewe eens ae wees es 304 EE, APNE oa oan nokip oa een ae aed «amen eke sneak area 606 Se a oc a re loa eek on Reena no sate <> <= 781 ne ei ati aR ol Sa ea RC 629-63 rT )..” TRUE CNR ee ine ae Sa a ences a= oe 603, 604 ih OP nN te Pare een ke eee renew nich ae nnn a came = =~ 5>= 627 ee eat 2, SU Bee Say eat gi a ee age ee aap 619 Vetch, weed for Connecticut tobacco lands -->__......-.-.-.---.--..-------- 295 mae in improvement of cotton Mand —- 22.2 2... a 5-3 202, 203 REDD CORIO NR lta one it ee ene Ae mem on ale wpe = = 577 Vienna, moth parasite collection and shipment......-.....--------------- 134-135 ERS OTHE 1O0t-100D |. Saas fs a oat amn ce danenin new ns wadaealee 782 mmality ermine tO. GURY CONGR on ae oa wae nxecr sess 313 AT TCL TREE, MOTOS ek een a Vom Sen ne ta tense a +1 Se 431 Wine investigations, Chemistry Bureau, Temata os 61 Wines, exports, WU FU ee ao a ee ee 779 norte, TOPs oes Se a oe oc ieee eee 769, 772 Seater TiTickion amon ooo SS ers a nic coe see pot pdieia eae 434-436 Rr MUNIN SPOR PEONEION . 0 ~ oa sx «oo cond =< ss a pacmenad Da seria an ere ' - +e Wireworm, twisted, transmission in pastures ........-...-------+-++----+--- - 1584 Wireworms, destruction Dy PlOWING ~ ~~ 535-5
*. aff ‘ . « * - + < a" a : * j j i i 4 ‘* . an | ; bidet oa PA - ys a! . ’ * sy 4 a - * ° ‘ < ee a a i 7 * é a ~" —. = : s / 13g es . - » o a) r +f Vy 4 P - ly 2 ao . > ? bs Ue pi “nc? ASA Ge i eae dl - 1 . « 7 =~ * . « t J » a in. : ‘ a | ~ ' dele a4 : a" gyi » 4 : ' e v= —e sR TAS ; eral é i 7 = 4 ’ 2 =» ean t &)) woe T 6 . 4 Fi aD vars Vind ‘ 4.) Gayl Br: ¢ iete i : 2 ‘4 va _ oi Sar rei TP ene ote Em ad ' . - . +o q Bwket Foe “ht ae J cu™ ; uss ad ae, art BA P ai oe a PATS oc ees ta eee ary We hs 4 . , he mi Sy DA ee ok » epaerty ar . : Se iu . ore ; ThelS be fe gth Bharagy eihaor Neth " nissd yin Par wy oi 4 ys . ie ; eipsciire PRS otal ees », aa —— 7% a aft? Pak > S U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 21 Yearbook of agriculture A35 1905 cop.3 Biological & Medical Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY Biological & Medical} Serials r TOO A TAN NLU NCA UA OR Map pp toe ES Pee Nay ADE TNNY hare nied BER AY pena) oy NOT HAAR itve ARR wy, EY ‘ ony nt Co S07 . 2 ah rene ate ae * see cme + +. Ves, by) Ni Na XY A a ae 4 \) eee “4 Ae SANS art) RU naa &, << oD at ; ACME a Na % Rab \ ‘ty ; " Ah RY Leathe Cy i i NAN ot \y Py tee PAR te “ ae eT ee SEZ CES — ee eae = i‘ y Ny <* s Se areas Waly AS act YY A rs A s KX Sr Da ita Se PI, * — ee ee S See oo “y See nee 5 Seer rss = cm ROE D ‘ wae ‘ RANG “J * 0