THis Book BELONGS TO PALEMON H. DORSETT hi thou art borrowed by a friend Right welcome he shall be, _—-—- = To read, to study, not to lend;-——_ ~ But to return to me, Not that imparting knowledge doth Diminish learning’s store, But oft | find that books I’ve loaned Return to me no more.” Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/yearbookofagricu1916unit YEARBOOK PNT ED STAT Ra DEPARTMENT GF PeRICULTURE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 [CHAPTER 23, Stat. L., 1895.] * * * * * [AN ACT Providing for the public printing and binding and the distri- bution of public documents. ] * * * * * Section 73, paragraph 2: The Annual Report of the Secretary of Agriculture shall here- after be submitted and printed in two parts, as follows: Part One, which shall contain purely business and executive matter which it is necessary for the Secretary to submit to the Presi- dent and Congress; Part Two, which shall contain such reports from the different Bureaus and Divisions, and such papers pre- pared by their special agents, accompanied by suitable illustra- tions, as shall, in the opinion of the Secretary, be specially suited to interest and instruct the farmers of the country, and to include a general report of the operations of the Department for their information. There shall be printed of Part One, one thousand copies for the Senate, two thousand copies for the House, and three thousand copies for the Department of Agriculture; and of Part Two, one hundred and ten thousand copies for the use of the Senate, three hundred and sixty thousand copies for the use of the House of Representatives, and thirty thousand copies for the use of the Department of Agriculture, the illustrations for the same to be executed under the supervision of the Public Printer, in accordance with. directions of the Joint Committee on Printing, said illustrations to be subject to the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture; and the title of each of the said parts shall be such as to show that such part is complete in itself. ORGANIZATION OF U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Secretary of Agriculture, DAvip FRANKLIN HOUSTON. Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, CARL VROOMAN. Solicitor, Francis G. CAFrFry. Attorney in Charge of Forest Appeals, THomMaAs G. SHEARMAN. Chief Clerk, R. M. REESE. Appointment Clerk, R. W. RosBerts. Expert on Exhibits, F. LAmson-Scripner. Office of Information, G. W. WuHaArtToN, Chief. Weather Bureau, CHarites F. Marvin, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industry, Atonzo D. MEtvin, Chief. Bureau of Plant Industry, Wm. A. Taytor, Plant Physiologist and Pathologist and Chief. Forest Service, HENRy S. Graves, Forester and Chief. Bureau of Entomology, L. O. Howarp, Hntomologist and Chief. Bureau of Chemistry, Cart L. Atsspere, Chemist and Chief. Bureau of Soils, Mitton Wuitney, Soil Physicist and Chief. Bureau of Biological Survey, Epwarp W. NeEtson, Biologist and Chief. Division of Accounts, A. ZAPPONE, Chief and Disbursing Clerk. Division of Publications, Jos. A.:ArNoxp, Hditor and Chief. Bureau of Crop Estimates, Leon M. Estasroor, Chief. States Relations Service, A. C. TruE, Director. Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering, LoGAN WALLER PAGE, Director. Office of Markets and Rural Organization, CHAartes J. Brann, Chief. Librarian, CLARIBEL R. BARNETT. Insecticide and Fungicide Board, J. K. Haywoop, Chairman. Federal Horticultural Board, C. L. Marriatt, Chairman. CONTENTS: Report of the Secretary.......-------------+-----++++rtrtee rere cee Meeting the Farmer Halfway. By Carl Vrooman......--..-------- The Meat-Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. By George Ditewig.......-..--.------------------- Color as an Indication of the Picking Maturity of Fruits and Vege- tables. By 1. C.,Corbett....2... 2262-22-02 -0- 5-2 2--- +2 eee eee: Farms, Forests, and Erosion. By Samuel T. Dana..........-.----- The Plant-introduction Gardens of the Department of Agriculture. Beye > OSC th a enn fee nn em nin ae icing wip oe einen A Federated Cooperative Cheese Manufacturing and Marketing Association. By Hector Macpherson and W. H. Kerr.........--- Some American Vegetable Food Oils, Their Sources and Methods of iprnguction: by WS. Dalley. oo eo oni nn ws iaaste em Agriculture on Government Reclamation Projects. By C. S. Scofield SEL PED) w Der cate || “3 eae Aig IR rp oe CSI tiers aes Se eee The Dasheen: Its Uses and Culture. By Robert A. Young......--. An Experiment in Community Dairying. By R. bh. Welebo. .- 2 2.- Suppression of the Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths and Its Value to States Not Infested. By A. F. Burgess.............------------- Progress in Handling the Wool Clip: Development in the West. By TEE) TTS Eel Des eres ate ne ne eee Business Essentials for Cooperative Fruit and Vecctble Canneries. ays Wi ERG CRD NE = Scher Sie oe Sas IPT oe oe alesis nee The Effect of Home Demonstration Work on the Community and the County in the South. By Bradford Knapp and Mary E. Creswell. Cooperative Work for Eradicating Citrus Canker. By Karl F. Keller- The Practical Use of the Insect Enemies of Injurious Insects. By Tie DPT ES te I pS eee ere Stallion Legislation and the Horse-breeding Industry. By Charles DG RATAN ES cee hs fear SO Ae a ace im in iat opto npmiey meme = fo Importance of Developing Our Natural Resources of Potash. By Mradeerci Wy. Esto wifey vias JOS SS UA A es eRe! NO IPT Ss Cooperative Bull Associations. By Joel G. Winkjer ...-..-.--.---- Farm Tenantry in the United States. By W. J. Spillman and E. IRE U Gr OMLEIIWEIEEE Bets Seee te Sones se wo ke pe tatewie te eialdas's = SE Sewage Disposal on the Farm. By George M. Warren.....-.-.----- The Stable-manure Business of Big Cities. By C. C. Fletcher. .... Destroying Rodent Pests on the Farm. By David E. Lantz......-.- The Present Status of the Sugar-beet Industry in the United States. By Ay, OO; Lowneend 1) 2 JoJo: os ches: . ee ea eee. oe The Thanksgiving Turkey. By Andrew 8S. Weiant.........---.--- Farmers’ Mutual Fire Insurance. By V.N. Valgren.....--------- Development and Localization of Truck Crops in the United States. By, Mioa 0, Digiry MW sRsRO Us Soo, AUER ER ke 6 Contents. Page. The Function of Live Stock in Agriculture. By GeorgeM. Rommel. 467 Possibilities of a Market-train Service. By G. C. White and T. F. Powells. 222s. Vea 2o.2e Peer Bee eee 477 Fur Farming asa Side Line. By Ned Dearborn. ..-...........-..- 489 Pumping for Irrigation on the Farm. By P. E. Fuller...........- 507 Opening Up the National Forests by Road Building. By O. C. Mer- FU Be ok eo 2 ee Se ee ee 521 A Graphic Summary of World Agriculture. By V. C. Finch, O. E. Baker,-and. BR: G. Hainsworth: <2 -- 2:22: -- 252 eee 531 Appendix: Agricultural Colleges in the United States .................--- 555 Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States, Their Locations and: Directors: 2 5 a: 2 ces ce en ee 557 State Officials in.Charpe.of Aemculiure. <2 0. ee ge ees * 558 State Officers in Charge of Cooperative Agricultural Extension Work. sc. . 28 6250 eos eee a ee ee eee 558 Statistics of Grain-Crops: SUG) 28 os 2 Se ee 561 Statistics of Crops Other than Grain Crops, 1916.........----.-- 611 Live Stock, 1916, and Miscellaneous Data..............----..-- 659 Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products...-........--.--- 707 Tid OX ackp cee cos 5 ee es ee ee Se ee 745 PPE WS Pa A Orns: COLORED PLATES. Page. PLATES A TO F. Rome Beauty apples, showing relation of color to picking maturity . 100 G: Fruiting branch of Chinese jujlbes-.---- -2---- seca --- eee eee 144 e PLATE I. sue II-VI. Vil. VIII. TX: x. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. SV LL: XVIII. Dad Lb p46, XXI. HALFTONE PLATES. Ante-mortem inspection of cattle and sheep ...................----------- 80 Cattle-slaughter room. Post-mortem inspection of swine...............-. 80 Post-mortem inspection of cattle, sheep, and swine ...-...-......-.---.-- 89 Branding carcasses.; .Sheep:chill rooms... <5... beete-a- Bees een eee 80 Meat-curing. cellars... 2.0. cases so esa 3 seta to oe Weis a= so oe 80 Manufacture of sausage. Products inspection...................--------- 88 Products inspection « 05.2. = 2202 2052223 SE sect oe 2 eee eee 88 Products inspection. Sealed rendering tank................-------------- 88 Results, ofclear\cutting ‘and fires:)2). 2-25 Jos, cn ene ee ae ate mee eee 112 How farm land and roads are destroyed)... - - = - 2s. oe. ene cee aoe ee ee 112 Farming no longer possible. A result of careless farming ...-...-..-..-.-- 112 Land ruined by erosion. Erosion gaining headway ............-...-.-.-- 112 A reservoir endangered. Overgrazing a cause of soil washing -..........-- 112 Kind of land for a woodlot. Protected river ba”k.......................- 112 Unprotected river bank. Farm land suffers.....................--------- 128 Soilgone. Bottom land buried under sand ................-------------- 128 Caving gully.’ Brosh dams. 258 2h ose oe eek as oe ote ne 128 Carrying power of water. Bottom land stripped of soil ..............-.- 128 Illustrations. a Page. PLATE XXII. Propagating houseat Yarrow Field Station. Lath house at Miami Field Sta tiO Tr ee Bete ae eS as IIOP E MULES ER Ak TR 144 ReMhseNurseryaplanvings and testiorchands:_ oc: ee2 siya es Je 144 XOXDV ujubeand young. tung-oil treesifeenst eee sae eee Pee so ke 144 xix. -Eistache, tree and udosplantsi: tess ate: satsees WSL ee 144 XXVI. Young hybrid chestnut trees. Davidiana peach seedlings.........___. 144 X XVII. Views in plant introduction station, Brooksville, Fla .................. 144 XXVIII. Japanese timber bamboo in California -..............2.22.2....-..-.--.- 144 XXX. Buddediavocado and’ mangotrees - 1.55.00. 90922. 22822. kk. 144 XXX. Narcissus plants. Approach to Miami Field Station.............__.__. 144 PONSA SY SOTPING FOMIVES oe Saw e. setae a A ee as 168 XXXII. Old olive mill and press. Grinding olives............................. 168 XX XIII. Pressing olives and stripping cake. Delinter for cleaning cotton seed... 168 XOX XLV. Press. room: Oil-expeller; peanut-oil:mill.2. 2.09221 28.2... 168 MXXV. Successful irrigation development ......-.........-.-.......-:-:- i) soe 184 XXXVI. Irrigating sugar beets. Fruit farming under irrigation ............._... 184 XXXVI. Excess production of alfalfa hay. Small flock of sheep on an irrigated farmsegHeeding Steers as fb o8cse ot asses ete td oe 184 XXXVIII. Taro fields near Honolulu. Dasheen plants at Brooksville, Fla. A Held ore hrimigad) Gash Oen jate. ce ise teen an cae ee eee ea 200 XXXIX. Typical corm of Trinidad dasheen. Twenty-three pounds of dasheens IRORMATSTAe1O LU ee poche are ee eee nts yee me Shee, en ee ns ae ae 200 XL. Pounding poi. Forced and blanched dasheen shoots .....-.......__.- 200 XLI. Sliced dasheen ready for scalloping. Stuffed dasheen...........__... 200 XLII. Dasheen crisps. Rolls made from flour and boiled dasheen ......._... 200 XIII. Specimens of dasheen corms and tubers. ...---..-.-..............---- 200 XLIV. Old and new creameries at Algona, Iowa....................-.-.--.-- 212 SRST oe Or SUSY MOL ao ta, o nascent nee eee Ona one alae isan pre 224 XUV L. The,brown-tailimoth 22-22-24 ...2 5-225. FEE EE DOSE ME ERIE eee YF 224 XLVII. Woodland and apple orchard completely defoliated .................. 224 XLVIII. Brown-tail moths on electricarc-light poles..........................- 224 XLIX. Woodland before and after removal of food plants. ..............-.... 224 L. Gipsy-moth caterpillars on tree trunk... .......................------ 224 LI. Motor-truck sprayer in operation. Gipsy-moth egg clusters on paving OLOCES heen OCR eO A. Bee acco ate siebe ge enes sit aid rasta eg eee aan 224 LII. Shelter for shearing sheep. ‘‘ Pioneer’’ Australianstyleshearingshed. 232 LIT. Sheep entering sweating shed. Loading baled wool................_.. 232 LIV. Inspecting wool clip. Baled wool ready forloading on cars......._... 232 LV. Interior views of educational wool car’.......................---.---- 232 LVI. Canning club day at University of Chattanooga....................... 256 LVII. Cannas and other plants used to beautify unsightly fence............ 256 LVIII. Ruth’s home before and after improvement .......................... 256 HEX Teas Crpnus-cankerinfectionsys 1) See So sancaste ee ease co see eee 268 LXII. Unsound mongrel stallion. Stallion unfit for breeding purposes.....- 296 LXIV. Unsound grade stallion. Grade Percheron stallion................. 296 Lise G.oodubypes Of stallions’ 4. <-.55.s oe pines sage sel «doe accGes stinedesae 296 LXVI. Breed mares to pure-bred stallions of the same breed ................. 296 seve ELAN VOstin ete pre An ORE ao oh aan sc entries acs ole oem ae oer nob on 304 TEVA ee OOS OSCOUUM NOUS Ree a oN oem ete = aes on Sew mince cman ones oonoecae ce 316 LXIX. Common cattle. An association bull...-.........-.----..-ececeeree- 316 LXX. A well-bred bull, his dam, and his daughter......................... 316 PX Steam Cranesitinloading Manure ces see ass cc ciein san ~ occas scnecckee 376 LXXII. Mountain beaver. Badger. Kangaroorat.................-.-.-... 392 LOT Rey OS OUUUADS eee se cca eect cacinscGeeene stk Cae ns cach ene ee te 392 LXXIV. Break in irrigation ditch caused by burrows of California ground Squirrel. Corn field ruined by Columbian ground squirrels ...... 392 LXXV. Erosion following destruction of grass by prairie-dogs. Mound of California ground squirrel in oats field. ....................-.-..--- 392 LPENROD ACK TAD LU OLLVO van chart nis s caa@anaeuant net ova cacse des slate woe waccce 392 8 Illustrations. Page. PLATE LX XVIII. Types of seed stalks found in commercial beet-seed fields.........- 408 I XOCEX: Harvesting supar-beet seed... S-sea 5... - ae eee eee See eee 408 LXXX. Sugar-beet seed cut and shocked. Stock feed left in sugar-beet seed field after cutting and thrashing. ........ beams sagt. Ee 408 LXXXI. Thrashing commercial sugar-beet seed .........-.-.-.2:.----------- 408 LXXXII. Bronze turkey. Common wild turkey::_......2..2.......-...2.2- 416 LXXXIII. Breeding turkeys. Turkey hens nesting. Brood coop............ 416 LXX XIV: A turkey drive. Turkey-dressing;plant).2)222: Sjeueeess nee eee 416 LXXXYV. Fisher. Raccoonskin. Feedingamink. A friendly fox......... 488 LXXXVI. Mink pens. Pet beavers. asiaeste eee 425 16. States having laws regulating 39. Value of insurable farm prop- public stallion service........ 292 erty and of farm property in- 17. Location of members of Roland sured in farmers’ mutual fire Cooperative Bull Association. 313 insurance companies........- 426 18. Average mortgage per farm and 40. Percentage of insurable farm percentage of farms mort- property insured in farmers’ gaged, by States............. 324 mutual fire insurance com- 19. Percentage of tenants among DAU CS eee eee ee 426 farmers, by age groups....... 325 41. Average cost per $100 of insur- 20. Percentage of tenants among ance in farmers’ mutual fire farmers, by age groups, for insurance companies, VOUS Paay last three census periods... 326 ce oudikics alle ape deletes ese 21. Percentage of tenant farmers for 43. pevaceicigee SGlesE oun ESee : aneous vegetables, other last four census periods....-- 327 than potatoes, sweet pota- 22. Percentage of tenants among toes, and strawberries....... 448 farmers for last four census 44-54. Maps showing acreage of truck POTIOGS Ee Ae ete ve ieee 329 CLODS cance cake ae 455-465 23,24. Percentage increase or decrease 55. Small internal-combustion en- in farms operated by owners BING ke center 516 and tenants: oi... oe soe 330,331 56. World identification map....-- 535 25. Percentage increase in value of 57. World population map........ 536 farm landsectet = cae sees 332! 58-74. World agriculture maps..... 537-553 YEARBOOK OF “THE US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. Wasuineton, D. C., November 15, 1916. IR: The half of agriculture embracing the marketing of farm products, rural finance, and rural organization has strikingly occupied attention during the last three and one-half years. Before 1913 little systematic thought had been devoted to it and there did not exist, either in the States or in the Nation, effective instrumentalities to furnish assist- ance and guidance to farmers in this field, nor had the laws necessary to remedy abuses and control unfavorable condi- tions been formulated or enacted. In view of the complexity and novelty of the problems, the accomplishments—legisla- have been notable and significant. tive and administrative This seems an opportune time to summarize them. Karly in 1913 a program for the ensuing four years was developed. This program in large measure has_ been executed. In the first place provision was made promptly for the creation of the Office of Markets and Rural Organi- zation. Beginning with a modest sum, the appropriations for this office, including those for enforcing new laws to promote better marketing, have increased to $1,242,000. Quickly an effective organization was developed and to-day the Nation possesses in this department the largest and best trained and supported staff of experts dealing with the dis- tribution of agricultural commodities and rural organization to be found anywhere in the world. It is engaged in investi- gating all the larger and more difficult problems confronting farmers in this new field. 9 10 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. The matter of establishing standards for staple agricul- tural products, of supervising the inspection of grains shipped in interstate and foreign commerce and the oper- ations of cotton futures exchanges, of devising financial ma- chinery suited to the needs of the rural population, of de- veloping a better system of warehouses for agricultural products, and ‘of Federal aid in highway construction, re- ceived careful attention. The result was the enactment of a number of highly important laws—the Cotton Futures Act, the United States Grain Standards Act, the United States Warehouse Act, the Federal Farm Loan Act, and the Federal Aid Road Act. Under the Cotton Futures Act, which was enacted on August 18, 1914, and reenacted with amendments in the Agricultural Appropriation Act for the fiscal year 1917, standards for cotton have been established, the operations of the futures exchanges have been supervised, and cotton trading has been placed on a sounder basis. The United States Grain Standards Act, which is included in the Agricultural Appropriation Act for the fiscal year 1917, will bring about uniformity in grading, enable the farmer to obtain a fairer price for his product and to im- prove its quality, and prevent or diminish materially the shipment of adulterated grain. The United States Warehouse Act, also included in the Agricultural Appropriation Act for 1917, authorizes the De- partment of Agriculture to license bonded warehouses which handle certain agricultural products. It will make possible the issuance of reliable and easily negotiable warehouse re- ceipts, promote the better storing of farm products, and en- courage the standardizing of storages and of marketing processes. The Federal Farm Loan Act was approved on July 17, 1916. It creates a banking system which will reach inti- mately into the rural districts, operate on terms suited to Report of the Secretary. 11 the farmer’s needs under sympathetic management, intro- duce business methods into farm finance, bring order out of chaos, reduce the cost of handling farm loans, place upon the market mortgages which will be a safe investment for private funds, attract into agricultural operations a fair share of the capital of the Nation, and lead to a reduction of interest. A provision in the Federal Reserve Act, which was ap- proved on December 23, 1913, authorized national banks to lend money on farm mortgages and recognized the peculiar needs of the farmer by giving his paper a maturity period of six months. The Federal Aid Road Act, approved July 11, 1916, pro- vides for cooperation between the Federal Government and - the States in the construction of rural post roads and of roads and trails within or partly within the Naticnal For- ests. This measure will conduce to the establishment of a more effective highway machinery in each State, strongly influence the development of good road building along right lines, stimulate larger production and better market- ing, promote a fuller and more attractive rural life, add greatly to the convenience and economic welfare of all the people, and strengthen the National foundations. . BUREAU OF MARKETS. I have recommended in the estimates for the fiscal year 1918 that the name of the Office of Markets and Rural Or- ganization be changed to “ Bureau of Markets.” The im- portance of the work and the size of the organization fully justify this change, and there is widespread sentiment throughout the country in favor of it. It is in the interest of simplicity and convenience and will give the organization a title by which it is already generally known. The work of the Office of Markets and Rural Organization has developed very rapidly, and some notable results have 12 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. been secured. Definite assistance has been rendered to the fruit interests of the States of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana. An organization composed of cooperative associations, corporations operating for the producers, and individual growers was formed during the past year. The purpose of the organization is to secure broader distribution through the establishment of uniform grades and marketing methods. Through it the fruit industry of the Northwestern States should be placed upon a more efficient business basis. It comprises 65 per cent of the northwestern fruit industry, representing an investment of $150,000,000, and supporting approximately 20,000 growers. This is probably the most important single activity in forming cooperative organiza- tions that has yet been undertaken by the department. Well-tested systems of accounts and records for primary grain elevators, for live-stock shipping associations, and for cooperative stores have been issued. Systems for country creameries and cotton warehouses have been devised and are being tested “under commercial conditions. Systems per- fected by the department for farmers’ cooperative elevators and for fruit and produce associations already are in exten- sive use. A plan for adapting farmers’ grain-elevator com- panies to the patronage dividend basis has been worked out and published. The issuance of monthly cold-storage reports on apples has been continued, and the work has been extended to in- clude butter, eggs, and cheese. These reports show the cold- storage holdings throughout the country, and include a com- parison of the holdings of the current year with those of the previous year. In cooperation with carriers, extensive in- vestigations of the economic waste of foodstuffs in transit have been conducted. The object of these investigations is to secure better cooperation between shippers and carriers and greater efficiency in methods of handling, with a view to eliminate, or at least greatly to reduce, the present waste. Report of the Secretary. 13 MARKETING LIVE STOCK AND MEATS. A systematic survey of centralized live-stock markets, be- gun during 1915, has been extended to cover practically all the large stockyard centers. Arrangements have been made with 58 stockyard companies to secure monthly reports of live-stock receipts and shipments. A uniform system of market records has been adopted, at the instance of the de- partment, by a number of the yards. Twenty-six companies are reporting stocker and feeder shipments separately, in accordance with a form prepared by the Office of Markets and Rural Organization. An investigation of the organization and conduct of co- operative live-stock shipping associations, begun during 1915, has been completed and the results published. The directory of these associations now includes 485 organiza- tions, aside from 440 other agricultural associations which ship live stock as a branch of their business. The farmers’ cooperative packing-house movement was studied and a press bulletin on the subject was issued. A conference relative to the marketing of live stock and meats was held at Chicago November 15 and 16, 1915, for the purpose of “ascertaining the essential facts pertaining to the industry with a view to bring about more stable marketing conditions, more efficient methods, closer coopera- tion, and a better understanding among all the interests connected with the industry.” Representatives of all the National organizations and of other interests concerned with the live-stock and meat industry participated in the meeting. The proceedings were published as House Docu- ment No. 855, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session. Methods and costs of marketing live stock and meats in the United States were investigated. Extensive schedules were sent to 10,500 correspondents of the Bureau of Crop Estimates. A summary and discussion of the returns, to- gether with data on economic factors affecting the cost of 14 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. marketing and distribution, has been published. A prelimi- nary investigation of the sources, accuracy, and use of market reports on live stock and meats has been made. The results of this study also have been published and have been utilized in the development of plans for the organiza- tion of a demonstration market news service for live stock similar to that now conducted for perishable crops. An appropriation of $65,000 has been made available for the purpose. Other subjects which received attention are pub- lic abattoirs, transportation of live stock, organization and methods of the wholesale meat-packing industry, and local marketing of live stock and meats. Surveys have been made of the marketing facilities for agricultural products in nine cities and advice has been given regarding the location, establishment, and management of municipal retail and wholesale public markets. Detailed studies also have been made of local conditions in other cities. The department now is prepared to furnish a model design for a public retail market, with the cost, fully equipped, estimated on the basis of square feet. Designs of model steel sheds for use on open farmers’ markets also are available. Investigations concerning methods of handling and grad- ing perishable products and the practicability of the stand- ardization of the products and their containers have progressed rapidly. Tentative grades for sweet potatoes of Arkansas and Bermuda onions of Texas have been worked out and adopted by the local growers’ associations. Several standardization laws, Federal and State, have been enacted during the year. The most significant Federal legislation in this field is the United States Grain Standards Act. Con- gress also has established the 2, 4, and 12 quart sizes, with certain dimensions, as standards for Climax baskets for grapes and other fruits and vegetables, as well as the dry- measure one-half pint, pint, quart, or multiples of the quart Report of the Secretary. 15 as standards of capacity for baskets or other containers for small fruits, berries, and vegetables. Preliminary plans have been formulated for the investi- gation of foreign markets for American farm products and for assistance in the development of the export trade under normal conditions. A representative of the department re- cently conducted investigations in Europe along this line. The work, in so far as possible, will be done in close coopera- tion with the Departments of State and Commerce. A survey of State marketing activities has been made and the results published. Provision was made in the Appropria- tion Act for the fiscal year 1917 for cooperation with the several States in the employment of marketing agents. This provision should enable the department to bring about a close coordination of the marketing activities and policies of the various States with those of the department. DEMONSTRATION MARKET NEWS SERVICE. The value to producers of fruits and vegetables of the experimental market news service inaugurated in 1915 re- sulted in insistent demands for the extension of the work. During the past year telegraphic reports have been received from 33 important metropolitan markets and from officials of all railroads serving producing territory. The informa- tion thus secured has been furnished to growers, shippers, and distributors through 35 temporary offices in producing territories and 11 permanent offices in large cities. State- ments from growers and shippers of tomatoes, strawberries, peaches, cantaloupes, watermelons, onions, grapes, apples, and potatoes indicate that the actual monetary saving due to a wider knowledge of market conditions has exceeded the cost of the service many fold. The education of producers in the proper marketing of farm products, the avoidance of unnecessary losses due to diversions in transit, and the encouragement given to grow- ers who desire to reach new consuming centers are some of 16 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. the benefits resulting from this attempt to develop for the farmer a reliable business basis. THE COTTON FUTURES ACT. The work under the Cotton Futures Act, which was re- enacted with amendments at the last session of Congress, pro- gressed satisfactorily. In addition to the Official Cotton Standards of the United States, which were promulgated on December 15, 1914, official cotton standards for tinges and stains were promulgated on January 28, 1916. Repro- ductions of these standards were furnished the future ex- changes and spot markets which have adopted the official standards for white cotton. | While the compulsory use of the official standards extends only to contracts on future exchanges made subject to sec- tion 5 of the act, they were accepted and used voluntarily in all the more important spot markets and form the basis of their dealings. Demonstrations of the use of the standards have been conducted among farmers in many of the cotton- producing districts of the South, and arrangements have been made to provide 125 county agents in that region with reproductions of the standards. The interest in, and ap- proval of, the Official Cotton Standards is not confined to this country. This is shown by the fact that the Rotterdam Cotton Exchange has adopted them. As a result of the operation of the Cotton Futures Act, quotations for spots and futures have maintained a steady relation to each other. Future quotations now are better indications to the farmer of the value of his commodity than formerly. This uniformity has demonstrated the value of the future markets for legitimate hedging purposes. It is clear, therefore, that the general purposes of the act have been, and are being, accomplished. GRAIN STANDARDS AND WAREHOUSE ACTS. The Office of Markets and Rural Organization, in coopera- tion with the Bureau of Plant Industry, has been charged Report of the Secretary. 17 with the duty of administering the United States Grain Standards Act. Plans for its enforcement have been de- veloped as rapidly as possible. Official standards for shelled corn, effective December 1, 1916, were issued on September 1. These standards consist of 6 grades each for white corn, yellow corn, and mixed corn, and also a sample grade, making 19 grades in all. As the inspection requirements of the act are not operative as to any grain until standards for it have been established there- under, the supervision of inspection and grading for the present will be confined to corn. Standards for wheat and oats are in process of determination. Studies for the pur- pose of securing the information necessary to establish standards for other grains, including the grain sorghums, are under way. Tentative rules and regulations for the enforcement of the act were published and distributed on October 14, 1916, and all interested parties were given an opportunity to make suggestions concerning them. Public hearings were held in four of the large grain marketing and exporting centers and in Washington. The suggestions received by letter and at the hearings were fully considered in drafting the final form of the rules and regulations, which were promulgated on November 6, 1916, effective December 1, 1916. Examinations have been held at various points to de- termine the competency of persons who have applied for licenses to inspect and grade shelled corn and to certificate the grade thereof. Licenses relating to other grains will not be issued until standards for them have been established. In order that the work of licensed inspectors may be supervised properly, and appeals and disputes under the act dealt with promptly, it has seemed advisable for the present to divide the country into 32 districts. This number may be increased when standards for other grains have been estab- lished. The districting has been made with a view to place 54159°—yBK 1916——2 18 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. all sections of the country in convenient reach of a grain supervisor. In each district there will be an office of Federal grain supervision, usually in charge of a grain supervisor or a board of grain supervisors. The city in which the office is located has been designated in each case as the district head- quarters. .The right to appeal or to refer a dispute in all cases must be exercised by sending the question for deter- mination to the grain supervisor in charge of the particular district under whose jurisdiction it falls. Grain producers and all branches of the grain trade have shown a commendable desire to cooperate with the depart- ment in bringing about the most beneficial operation of the law. The administration of the United States Warehouse Act has been intrusted to the Office of Markets and Rural Or- ganization. The rules and regulations for its enforcement are in course of preparation. .-===s22=" 75, 994, 575 June, OTE SS ee 92, 174, 515 June: Lye1O1 6 see. ee 101, 882, 479 Production. Item z Per Toval: capita, Meats: Beef, veal, mutton, and pork (pounds): TRO E ee sores erat i ae epee SPP Se, BR etmabote ...-.| 18, 865, 000, 000 248. 2 1900 sec. els nates ep deeds: Sy pereeas ee reeeee > Ere 19, 712, 000, 000 213.9 LOIS PAF Ca ee reas sere eee oh eee neies sel 22, 378, 000, 000 219.6 Dairy products: Milk (gallons)— TOO inc age ot een esta ee AOR Sn 7, 265, 804, 304 95.6 1 ae i eee a SS REESE DoT Saco oenia ae 7, 466, 406, 384 81.0 1915 (estimated?) -c-.2cens soe eee anaes eae eee 7, 696, 844, 000 75.5 1 Based-upon average annual increase, 1899 to 1909, as shown in census, Report of the Secretary. 19 Food supply of the United States—Continued. Production. sae Total capite Dairy products—Continued. Butter and cheese (pounds)— TD USS Se eee: fae be aie SE Sn ne tae ee see. ore 1, 790, 097, 244 23.6 ETD ea soe SE eee Sone eee 1, 942, 378, 069 Plas 1915 (no data available). ---.--.---.----2------2-22-2220c- | -e reese etre fee reser nse Poultry products: Poultry raised (number ) — sage elie yeets ia) 2: FOS EGET ies de Sane eee Se tome eee eine oe Pama ee NOTIN Sou Oe Nee, Besreos Bene ore ORC SEES Soe crate 488, 500, 000 Tad 1915 (estimated)......-- ee ee eee eee 555, 500, 000 5.5 Eggs (dozens )— “22g a eer er eer ere ena 1, 294, 000, 000 17.0 Seige: oe 0 2. pie sab S apeaien cs apes eet tees rae 1, 591, 000, 000 17.3 Ae een limated cae 26 124 -ber.) - soap Jed. Peece 1, 811, 000, 000 17.8 Fish (pounds): ATP TUG i aL, is 1 ec Sl ee eee ee 989,275,000} 212.5 1908 see S3. - 2 2 ee ee eee es eee eres 1, 046,541,000 | 211.6 1915 (no data available). ...-.-------------- see Scar ee bag es ere a es a2 Cereals: Corn, wheat, and rice (bushels): ind). OE eee feo eee Seer SERRE tener ae ner re 3, 333, 868, 710 43.9 © FATT ee lal ile 2 i SI Se eee 3, 257, 407, 468 35.3 ioteee: BELO Fem) oO) Ue: TT 1. Sede 4, 094, 986, 999 40.2 Potatoes (bushels): WSR ic keh pr led a eh ie al ge 2 273, 318, 167 3.6 Hongme Ma ieee et, Cla) torte le baer. xt be 389, 194, 965 4.2 itis: See 1 Fin Ae, WS RATES acs kt tei 359, 103, 000 3.5 Sweet potatoes (bushels): ogo Meher nh A UE PO ED eee eed. yee: 42, 517, 412 .56 fone Teen, one tooo ee eee ee 59, 232, 070 .64 Hee ee iiaaren 2 Sapte, LORE Be pare eae Sede FO 74, 295, 000 3 Citrus fruits: Oranges, lemons, and grapetruit (boxes): ITE seca least apes ele ee moo a eae ee A Bi eS Ge ea 7, 075, 557 . 093 AGGGM SLE. WPAN Sl PATI CTR: Pe oR et 23, 447, 044 254 HUA Continiated) =e gee ae F Sn a Ee bee Sn 24, 670, 282 .272 Orchard fruits: Apples, peaches, and pears (bushels): feodeeer erreur DAMN aL 2h oe oe fata tett Sree se: 197, 455, 620 2.6 TaN, aa ee ee a Se er eee een a ts aoe 190, 433, 327 2.1 iF fe epee end ahha pee 3 alr Sees teres be eee 304, 686, 000 3.0 Small fruits (quarts): AE ER Eat ERT OEE A LN Sey 463, 218, 612 6.1 GPO LS Naa WB he | SS leat icat Beas IIE ER: FE. 426, 565, 863 4.6 1915 (no data available) .......-.----.------+-------+e++2+5++- Scete.ogt geese <3|hooe tetas Sugar (pounds): Te ARNE Is) OR ah kt Aa eee. 486, 006, 871 6.4 co Oe SI: Fined SOY Seen eer ees ar 1, 688, 300, 143 18.3 IpSTUE > ayo. 2ia ctbetera Se Rk elei eaee ae ea ah Bae Sara 2, 025, 680, 000 19.9 1 Based upon average annual increase, 1899 to 1909, as shown in census. 2 Based upon population June 1, 1902, 79,230,563. 3 Based upon population June 1, 1909, 90,556,521. 20 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. These statistics cover the past 16 years. Within this period the population of the Nation has increased, in round num- bers, 26,000,000, or 33 per cent. The articles dealt with cover the more important parts of the diet of the people. Meats and dairy products constitute 37 per cent of the aver- age diet, fish 2 per cent, cereals 31 per cent, Irish and sweet potatoes 13 per cent, and other vegetables 8 per cent. It is notable that, notwithstanding the very rapid increase in population, the production per capita of the commodities indicated, with the exception of meats and dairy products, has remained approximately the same or has increased. Similar statistics are not available for vegetables, other than Irish and sweet potatoes, but it is reasonable to assume that there has been at least a proportionate increase in pro- duction. The figures for Irish potatoes may be taken as a fair index of the normal increase of vegetable products. The potato acreage increased from 2,938,778 in 1899 to. 3,668,855 in 1909, or 24.8 per cent, while the value of the product increased during the same period from approxi- mately $98,400,000 to approximately $166,406,000, or 69.2 per cent. The value of all other vegetables increased dur- ing the 10-year period from $120,000,000 to $216,000,000 and the acreage by over 600,000. The statistics regarding canned vegetables are significant. In 1899, 19,300,000 cases of canned vegetables, valued at approximately $28,700,000, were packed in the United States. In 1909, 32,800,000 cases, having a value of approximately $51,600,000, were packed. The area from which vegetables are drawn constantly is increasing, and improved canning, marketing, and transpor- tation facilities have made it possible to supply our large markets with vegetables in greater variety throughout the year. It isa well-known fact that the consumption of fruits and vegetables has increased considerably in recent years and that they constitute a larger and more important part of the permanent diet of the people. ~ Report of the Secretary. ‘21 With all the agencies now available for improving agri- culture there is ground for optimism as to the ability of the Nation not only to supply itself with food, but increasingly to meet the needs. of the world. INCREASING THE MEAT OUTPUT. To increase the meat production of the United States has been one of the principal aims of the department in recent years. This can not be accomplished in a day, but requires steady constructive effort over a period of years. What- ever may have been the influence of the department’s work, it is gratifying to note that the decline in beef production reached its lowest point in 1913, and that since that date there has been a material increase, while there has been a marked advance in the number of swine since the census year 1899. The number of sheep has continued to decline, but only to a slight extent. The number of animals slaugh- tered and the quantity of meat products prepared under Government inspection during the past fiscal year are the largest in the history of the service; yet this heavier slaugh- tering has been accompanied by an increase in the remain- ing stock of animals. In December, 1913, a committee of experts was appointed to make a thorough survey of the meat situation. As a re- sult of this study, the department recently issued a series of illuminating reports. They furnish information of value not only to the public but also to the department and sug- gest more definitely the lines of attack which the department should follow in its efforts to increase the meat supply. The activities of the department have taken two principal directions—(1) checking and eliminating diseases and parasites and (2) increasing and improving stock raising by extending the industry where conditions are favorable and by pointing the way to better breeding and feeding. 22 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. COMBATING STOCK DISEASES. The eradication of the southern cattle tick is proceeding more rapidly than ever before and is opening up for beef and dairy production a large territory. During the past fiscal year 31,358 square miles were released from quaran- tine and, in addition, 9,493 square miles were released on September 15, 1916. Within the past three years the quar- antine has been removed from 106,810 square miles, making a total of 294,014 since the work was begun in 1906. This represents a territory greater than the combined areas of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi. More than 40 per cent of the original tick- infested territory has been cleared, and therefore the direct losses, originally: estimated at $40,000,000 annually, are being greatly reduced. The diseases known as sheep scabies and cattle scabies like- wise are being eliminated rapidly from the Western States. During the fiscal year 1916, 43,243 square miles were re- leased from quarantine for sheep scabies and 12,691 for cattle scabies. At present only 286,398 square miles remain under quarantine for sheep scabies and 3,817 for cattle scabies. Hog cholera—Hog cholera, always the cause of heavy losses throughout the country, is less prevalent this year than for many years. This is due, in marked degree, to the wise application of the protective serum devised by the de- partment and to the demonstration work in certain selected counties. The beneficial results of the field demonstrations are shown by a comparison of statistics for the 14 experi- mental counties before the work was undertaken and after it had been in progress for a time. There was an increase in the number of hogs raised in these counties from 859,910 in 1912 to 1,334,644 in 1915, while during the same period there was a decrease in the number that died from 152,296 to 30,668. This is an increase of 474,734 in the number raised and a decrease of 121,628 in the number lost, or a total gain Report of the Secretary. 23 of 596,362 hogs. This demonstration shows what can be accomplished by the use of serum with sanitary measures, and undoubtedly has led to the extended use of such methods by farmers. The experimental plan would be impracticable and too expensive for the department to operate on a large scale, but the work will be continued in a modified form. Contagious abortion.—Contagious abortion in recent years has reached such proportions as seriously to threaten the cattle-raising industry. It strikes at the source by curtailing the production of calves. It has been studied by the depart- ment, and vigorous efforts are being made to advise stock breeders as to its nature and means of prevention and eradi- cation. The last Congress, upon the recommendation of the department, made a special appropriation of $50,000 for attacking the problem. Foot-and-mouth disease-——I am glad to be able to report the complete suppression of foot-and-mouth disease during the year. The disease appeared near Niles, Mich., late in the summer of 1914 and reached 22 States and the District of Columbia. It extended entirely across the country, from Massachusetts on the east to Washington on the west, the region of greatest prevalence being from New York to Illinois. After July 1, 1915, the disease occurred only in Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, Indiana, and Minnesota. Before the end of August it had been eradicated from the last three mentioned States. It recurred in Massachusetts in October, 1915, and was promptly suppressed. In Illinois the last herd of cattle affected by the natural spread of the disease was disposed of in February, 1916. The infection reappeared, however, early in May among some test animals on a pre- viously infected farm. These animals had been placed there _to determine, before the owner was allowed to restock his farm, whether the disinfection was effective. As the clean- ing and disinfection of these premises had been done under 24 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. very unfavorable weather conditions, the outbreak was not entirely unexpected. The diseased animals were slaughtered promptly and the premises again disinfected. There has been no recurrence of the disease anywhere in the United States. The last quarantine restrictions were removed June 5, 1916. Supervision by veterinary inspectors has been con- tinued in the lately infected areas after removal of quaran- tine, as a precaution against any infection that may have remained. This outbreak was the most serious invasion of this dis- ease that has ever menaced the live-stock industry of the country. It was overcome only after a hard struggle in which the authorities of the various States affected co- operated cordially with the Federal Government. We are fortunate to have escaped with no greater losses. Other countries have been unable to eradicate the disease after it has gained a foothold and have to endure constant heavy losses. As a protection against future outbreaks of this or other diseases of a character to threaten seriously the live- stock industry, Congress has made a special appropriation of $1,250,000. It also has provided, upon the recommendation of the department, that breeding value, as well as meat or dairy value, may be taken into account in compensating owners for animals destroyed hereafter in the eradication work. TUBERCULOSIS OF FARM ANIMALS. Tuberculosis probably is the most common, destructive, and widely disseminated of the infectious diseases of domes- tic animals, especially of cattle and swine. Its seriousness ~ is emphasized by the fact that it is transmitted to human beings. This may be prevented in reasonable measure by the pasteurization of milk and the inspection of meat. There remains, however, the problem of eliminating the disease from farm animals in order to prevent losses esti- mated at $25,000,000 a year in the United States. This is Report of the Secretary. 25 the greatest problem confronting the live-stock industry of the country. Its very magnitude discourages the undertak- ing of any general plan of eradication. Despite all that has been done in the past 10 or 15 years, there is no indication that tuberculosis of cattle and hogs is on the decline in the United States. It has been reduced or partially checked here and there, and even eradicated from some herds; but generally it is as prevalent as ever. The disease can be prevented and some definite system of eradication should be inaugurated. Three undertakings seem practicable at this time. Eradication from pure-bred herds.—The first is the eradi- eation from pure-bred herds of cattle. It is not necessary to resort to compulsion. The department should be placed in position more fully to assist individuals who wish to undertake the complete eradication of the disease from their herds. It could apply the tuberculin test and, in case in- fected animals are discovered, advise and supervise their proper disposal or management. The ruthless slaughter of all tuberculin reactors is not necessary. Many of them may be safely retained under proper quarantine conditions and their offspring raised free from tuberculosis. This plan has the approval of the breed-record associations in general and of many individual breeders. Numbers of breeders have re- quested that their herds be tested. Compliance with these requests to the extent of the limited funds available has yielded very satisfactory results. Eradication from hogs.—The second undertaking is the eradication of tuberculosis from hogs. The experts of the Bureau of Animal Industry believe that this would be rela- tively easy of accomplishment. Hogs do not convey the disease to one another to any appreciable extent. They con- tract it from cattle, chiefly in two ways—by being fed on nonpasteurized products from creameries and by following cattle of somewhat mature age in the feed lot and feeding 26 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. upon the undigested grain. An educational campaign should be effective in removing these two sources of infection. It also may be desirable to have State laws requiring the pasteurization of skimmed milk and other products before they leave the creameries. Eradication from restricted areas.—The third undertaking is complete eradication in restricted areas. The plan would be to select certain communities in which, after a thorough educational campaign had been made, the stock owners are willing to cooperate in eradicating the disease entirely from that territory. This would require the slaughter of infected animals and would necessitate reasonable indemnity for the animals slaughtered. The latter feature undoubtedly would require large expenditures. The results accomplished in the District of Columbia afford an example of what can be done where systematic local eradication is undertaken. By means of repeated tuberculin testing, accompanied by the slaughter of the reacting ani- mals, tuberculosis among cattle in the District has been re- duced in a few years from nearly 19 per cent to slightly over 1 per cent. The joining of areas freed of tuberculosis in the manner proposed gradually should result in the elimination of the disease from groups of counties and from entire States.’ Such an undertaking would be very similar to the plan of exterminating cattle ticks in the South. This work was be- gun systematically in 1906 in certain restricted areas on the border of the infested region. At first the opposition of the local people was almost unanimous. Even the fact that the tick is the carrier of splenetic fever was quite generally dis- believed. Persistent work in these few regions, however, eventually produced good results. Gradually the people were convinced that the tick is an evil; that its eradication would be advantageous; and that the cost would be small in comparison with the benefits. The tick-eradication move- ment is now going forward very rapidly. Furthermore, this Report of the Secretary. 27 activity was begun almost exclusively at department ex- pense. Last year the department spent approximately $400,000 in tick eradication, while local agencies, including State and county governments, expended double that amount, or $800,000. This indicates what can be done when the peo- ple concerned appreciate the real significance and value of an undertaking. Such a plan should succeed against tuberculosis. It is a large task. Its feasibility will have to be thoroughly estab- lished first, as was the case with tick eradication. In the beginning the methods for tick eradication were crude and cumbersome. Improvements were made, however, until the present efficient system was developed. These suggestions, if carried into effect, should assist in developing a compre- hensive plan for dealing with the tuberculosis situation which will meet with approval and lead to ultimate success. The department has recommended in the estimates for the next fiscal year that an appropriation of $75,000 be made for the inauguration of the work. DEVELOPMENT OF STOCK RAISING. Experiments by the department, in cooperation with the State experiment stations, have shown conclusively that the South is well adapted to economical beef and pork produc- tion. It is beginning to take its place with other sections as a stock-raising territory. Numerous breeding herds are being established. The leading beef-cattle breeders’ asso- ciations are featuring the southern trade, and two of them are holding sales in cooperation with the department. Cat- tle from southern herds have won the highest honors in northern show rings, and steers from southern feed lots, after being properly fattened, now command good prices in northern markets. This work is not for the benefit of one section alone; the entire country will profit from the exten- sion of meat production into new territory. 28 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. A study of growing beef animals in the corn belt also was made, and records were obtained of the cost of raising calves from nearly 15,000 cows. The results show that calves, as a rule, can be raised at a profit, although the cost of produc- tion is higher than is usually thought. The boys’ and girls’ pig and poultry clubs are valuable agencies for enlarging the meat output, as well as for train- ing and developing the coming generation of farmers. The membership of both classes of clubs more than doubled during the year. The pig clubs now have more than 21,000 members and the poultry clubs §,500. National Forest ranges.—The investigations conducted at the instance of the committee appointed to study the meat situation indicate that there has been an increase of from 15 to 30 per cent in the carrying capacity of the National Forest ranges. This has been brought about by systematic regulation, better methods of handling stock, improving and increasing the number of watering places, opening up unused or inaccessible ranges, the building of drift fences, and the lessening of losses from poisonous plants. These ranges now are supporting over 1,750,000 cattle and 7,850,000 sheep, exclusive of calves and lambs. It is estimated that within the next 10 years their carrying capacity will be increased by an additional 15 per cent and that they will be capable ef supporting fully 2,000,000 cattle and 9,000,000 sheep. As previously pointed out, regulated grazing on the public lands outside the National Forests would permit a con- siderable addition to the country’s meat supply. At present these lands, which include an area of over 250,000,000 acres, are not supporting the number of animals that formerly grazed upon them. By the application of a system of control and development similar to that used on the National Forests, it would be possible greatly to increase the number of meat-producing animals upon the public ranges. Destruction of forage by rodents—The grazing value of the western stock ranges is much reduced by the depreda- Report of the Secretary. 29 tions of prairie dogs and ground squirrels. More than 22,000,000 acres in 12 States are infested with prairie dogs. These rodents often completely destroy the forage plants over considerable areas and cause enormous damage to grain and other crops. Ground squirrels occur in large numbers in 18 States. While they are less destructive to forage plants than prairie dogs, they consume large quantities of forage and grain. In North Dakota alone the annual loss to farm- ers from the destruction of grain by ground squirrels is esti- mated at over $3,000,000. The Bureau of Biological Survey has developed new methods of poisoning these pests at a cost of approximately 5 cents per acre. This is less than the grazing value of the land for a single year. The bureau practically has eradicated prairie dogs from more than 2,000,000 acres of public lands and ground squirrels from 900,000 acres. ‘The complete elimination of them should enable the ranges and farms of the West to carry a million cattle and a million sheep more than at present. Predatory animals—The annual losses of live stock in the United States, mainly upon the public domain, from the depredations of such animals as wolves, coyotes, mountain lions, and bears, exceeds $12,000,000. Wolves and coyotes are subject to epidemics of rabies and, therefore, are peculiarly a menace to domestic animals and human beings. There was a serious outbreak of this disease among coyotes during the past year. It was prevalent in several States in the North- west and was especially disturbing in Nevada. Congress appropriated $200,000 for the destruction of predatory wild animals during the past year. The sum of $250,000 is available for this purpose during the fiscal year 1917. A force of hunters and trappers has been organized in the infested States, and 543 wolves, 19,170 coyotes, and many other predatory animals have been destroyed. As a single wolf has been known to kill more than $3.000 worth of stock in one year, the effect on the stock-raising industry 30 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. of the elimination of this number of destroyers is apparent. A continuance of the campaign should eliminate a large part of the losses from this source and also should check the spread of rabies among wild animals. THE SHEEP INDUSTRY. Normally the United States imports from about two- fifths to more than one-half of the wool required for do- mestic consumption. During the past three years importa- tions have ranged from nearly 250 million to more than 500 million pounds each year, the average being over 300 million pounds. The total consumption of lamb and mutton dur- ing the past 10 years has increased appreciably. In the fiscal year 1907 more than 94 million sheep and lambs were slaughtered at plants subject to Federal inspection. The number now averages about 13 million per annum. In some sections of the United States there has been a steady decline in sheep production since the earliest statisti- cal reports. This has been true also in every other settled country except Great Britain. The explanation undoubt- edly is an economic one. In general, the primary purpose of sheep growers has been to produce wool. This can not be attained profitably on high-priced land. Naturally, there- fore, with the increase in land values there is a rapid decline in the number of sheep. In Great Britain meat has been the principal product and wool the by-product, and the sheep industry has flourished. Waste land made productive—If American farmers will follow the British custom the industry can be put on a profit- able and permanent basis. The greater number of sheep in Great Britain are raised in the hills and on land comparable to much of the “ waste land” of American farms. The areas in this country, especially in the East and in parts of the South, now relatively little used, can profitably be devoted to sheep production if the farmers will secure the proper breed of sheep. Report of the Secretary. 31 Sheep also can be made profitable on higher-priced land, as British experience shows. They compare favorably with other animals in economy of production. They require a minimum of expensive concentrated feeds. They exceed the other larger animals in the rate of maturity; lambs can be made ready for market at from four to six months. They make possible the economical and fuller use of labor. They are of assistance in keeping the farm free from weeds. The sheep farm is usually a weedless farm. Extension of industry.—In the United States only one in seven farms of over 20 acres now supports sheep, with an average of one sheep of shearing age to 3 acres of land. The 300 million pounds of wool now imported annually could be secured from 50 million sheep, and this number could be added to our stock if a fourth of the remaining farms sustained one sheep for each 3 acres. In 1914 the Animal Husbandry Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry and the Bureau of Crop Estimates can- vassed crop reporters in 36 States in reference to sheep on farms. The replies indicated that the number could be in- creased 150 per cent without displacing other animals. It is to our settled areas, particularly in the Central, Southern, and Eastern States, that we must look for an increase in the number of sheep. THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. The profits of agriculture ultimately depend on the in- ielligent cultivation of the soil and the preservation of its fertility. Dairy farming is increasing in almost every sec- tion of the country, largely because it is the most economical form of agriculture so far as soil fertility is concerned. A ton of butter removes from the soil less than a dollar’s worth of fertilizing elements. Dairying also is growing because dairy products are an important part of our food supply. Opportunities for dairying are found in every agricultural district. The different sections of the country have charac- teristic peculiarities, but all need milk and its products. 32 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Cheese production.—In 1909 this country produced 1,622 million pounds of butter and 321 million pounds of cheese. In 1870 our cheese exports amounted to 57 million pounds. They steadily increased until 1881, when the total was 148 million pounds. After that date they decreased rapidly until in 1914 they had dropped to less than 24 million pounds. On the other hand, our imports of cheese amounted to 24 million pounds in 1870 and advanced slowly until 1900, when 134 million pounds were imported. From 1900 to 1914 the imports increased to 64 million pounds. Much of this cheese could and should be produced in the United States. Most of the cheese in this country has been made in the territory around the Great Lakes, where climatic conditions are favorable to the handling of whole milk. All the valleys in the Rocky Mountain section and a large area on the Pacific coast offer splendid conditions for cheese production. So, also, does the mountain section of the South, including parts of West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Three factories have been established in one of these States and have been very suc- cessful. Cooperative associations.— Rigid selection, intelligent breeding, and skillful feeding are important factors in economical production. Cow-testing associations teach rigid selection and skillfal feeding. Cooperative bul! associations promote intelligent breeding. In cooperation with the vari- ous State agricultural colleges the department has greatly extended the work of these associations. For several years cooperative bull associations have been common in some parts of Europe. The first association of the kind in the United States was organized in Michigan in 1908. In this country their growth has not been rapid, but as a rule they have been successful. They provide for the joint ownership, use, and exchange of high-class, pure-bred bulls. If skillfully man- Report of the Secretary. 33 aged, these associations should become potent factors in the upbuilding of a more profitable dairy industry. A large part of the work of the cow-testing associations and cooperative bull associations has been done in the North and West. In Wisconsin alone there are more than 50 cow- testing associations, while the cooperative bull associations have been especially successful in Massachusetts, northern Michigan, and North Dakota. The dairy industry in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast States recently has made great progress, owing in part to the importation of carefully selected dairy cows and registered bulls from the East and Middle West. Its development in the South has been very marked during the past year. A beginning was made in the work of cow-testing associations and cooperative bull asso- ciations. Five of the agricultural colleges have organized creameries to encourage dairying and to provide a market for the increased production of milk and cream. These creameries furnish excellent facilities for teaching students improved methods of manufacturing and handling dairy products. Community development in dairying —Community devel- opment in dairying was undertaken by the department in a typical small creamery community in northern Iowa in 1910. The object of the experiment was to determine the practi- eability of employing skilled instructors to assist such com- munities in bringing the dairy business to a higher level. The work, which proved to be financially successful, was con- tinued for five years, and similar work now is being carried on, with even greater success, in the vicinity of Grove City, Pa. If the 5,000 creameries in this country should adopt the community development plan, it doubtless would result in greatly enlarged profits for the patrons. The creamery extension work has increased the efficiency of a large number of creameries. The department also has given assistance in building and equipping creameries, rear- 54159°—ypx 1916——3 34 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. ranging the machinery, systematizing the methods of opera- tion, eliminating losses, and improving the quality of the products. Research work.—The activities indicated are almost en- tirely of an educational nature. The department also is conducting investigations relating to dairy problems on a scale which is unequaled anywhere else in the world. Much of this work, in its beginning, is of a highly technical nature, but results are being accumulated which are of great practi- cal value in the field demonstration work. Extensive study of the types of bacteria in milk, their origin, and the chan- nels through which they contaminate milk, has established a reasonable basis for dairy sanitation. Perhaps the most striking example of the application of the results of labora- tory research to practice is the development of methods of manufacture of some of the foreign cheeses which make up the bulk of our cheese imports. PRODUCTION OF FOOD CROPS. The production of food crops adequate to meet the con- suming needs of the country and the export demand is a matter of large importance to the American people. Our potential agricultural resources in this respect are so varied and ample that there can be no doubt of our ability abund- antly to supply our domestic wants, when climatic conditions are normal and the foreign demand is not excessive. One of the greatest agricultural needs, therefore, is the stabilizing of production. Sharp fluctuation of yield and price from season to season tends to stimulate speculative and superficial farming and to discourage the systematic crop rotation and thorough cul- tural practice which are essential to an enduring and econom- ically sound agriculture. It is obvious that, in large measure, stabilization of production must be brought about through the use of better adapted or improved crop varieties, more systematic and rational crop rotations, and improved agri- Report of the Secretary. 35 cultural practice generally, including, in many sections, larger attention to live-stock production. - The extent to which the productiveness of such a crop as corn can be improved through continued selection is illus- trated strikingly by the results of work done by department specialists. For 14 seasons the yields of 10-acre fields of corn, planted on a 3,000-acre farm in Ohio with seed selected from the department cooperative improvement plots on the farm, have been contrasted with the farm yields of the same variety of corn less rigidly selected and grown under identi- eal cultural conditions. During the first seven-year period the fields planted with department seed yielded 13.3 bushels per acre more than the farm fields, while for the second seven years the increase averaged 21.8 bushels per acre. It should not be inferred that such increases in yield can be secured except through very efficient crop-improvement work; yet it is obvious that, as the principles of crop im- provement are better understood and more generally applied, larger yields per acre should result. In addition, a great deal can be accomplished through increase of soil fertility and better cultural methods. Enough has been done in this direc- tion by the State experiment stations and the department, and also by good farmers, to justify the expectation that considerably increased acre yields gradually will be brought about in a large part of the area adapted to the staple food crops. EXTENSION OF AREAS OF PRODUCTION. Very destructive climatic conditions never occur in this country with equal severity throughout all the staple-crop regions. It is highly desirable, therefore, further to broaden the areas for these staples as far as experience and sound economics may warrant. While progress in this direction necessarily is slow, it is gratifying to note that in recent years the production of corn in the Southern States has increased 36 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. greatly. At the same time the frontier of commercial corn production has advanced steadily northward in the upper Mississippi Valley and Plains States. Farther south and west. especially in western Kansas, Oklahoma, and the Panhandle of. Texas, corn is being dis- placed to a considerable extent by the grain sorghums be- cause they more regularly produce profitable crops. Ap- proximately 4 million acres now are devoted to these crops. One of these sorghums has been changed by systematic breeding into a standard variety which produces a much larger yield of grain. Dwarf milo, a recent result of sys- tematic breeding for low stature, has a higher grain-yielding | power under adverse conditions than the tall variety. Dur- ing the past four years it has become the leading variety grown in Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico. As _ the sorghum grains in large measure serve the same purposes as corn, the economic soundness to the Nation of their en- larged production is apparent. In the Sacramento Valley of California, where this de- partment has been investigating the possibility of rice cul- ture, the acreage devoted to that crop has increased during the past five years from 1,400 to 67,000. The farm value of the current crop approximates $3,500,000. The increased production of wheat, oats, and other small grains in the Southeastern and South Central States, which was specially stimulated by the cotton-market crisis of 1914, tends to stabilize the food supply. In several States the acreage planted to these grains was enlarged by from 50 to 100 per cent. Adaptation studies of the hard red winter wheats, which formerly were restricted to a limited part of the Central Plains region, have shown that they can be grown through- out a much larger area. During the past four years they have become established extensively in Montana and in the States of the Great Basin and the Pacific Northwest. In Report of the Secretary. - ei the States west of the Rocky Mountains they have largely replaced the soft wheats. The area devoted to durum wheat has strikingly increased. This crop now is well established in western North Dakota, South Dakota, eastern Montana and Wyoming, and north- eastern Colorado. As the durum varieties are more resis- tant to rust than other types and require less rainfall, their introduction by the department has proved to be of very great importance to the country. The durum production already has attained a magnitude of 40 million bushels in a ‘single year. Two new pure lines of Kherscn oats have been developed in cooperation with the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion and have been widely distributed in Iowa and adjoin- ing corn-belt States. A large number of tests by farmers have shown a 10 per cent increase in yield over the varieties previously grown. Their adoption for the entire oat acre- age of Iowa probably would result in an increase in produc- tion in that State alone of from 12 to 15 million bushels. A systematic study of the soy bean, with a view to deter- mine the relative adaptability of varieties to regions, the best methods of culture, harvesting, and threshing, and the uses to which it can be put, has been under way for several years. This study has thrown much light on its economic possibilities. It not only produces forage for live stock, but oil for various uses can be obtained from the seed, and meal, flour, and other food products can be made from the resulting cake. Through the efforts of the department, cot- ton-oil mills crushed during the past season over 100,000 bushels of southern-grown soy beans with satisfactory re- sults from the oil standpoint, while soy-bean flour, or meal, and other food products made from the resulting cake, are being marketed by several manufacturers. As the soy bean can be produced under widely varying climatic and soil conditions, it seems certain in the future 38 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. to occupy a larger and more important place in our agri- culture and in our food supply. CALIFORNIA CITRUS INDUSTRY. The citrus industry of California, although tracing its beginnings back to individual plantings by early settlers, owes its present magnitude and commercial importance in | large measure to the introduction by this department many years ago of the Washington navel orange from Brazil. The present production of this variety in that State is estimated at approximately 27,000 carloads in a normal year, or about two-thirds of the total orange shipments of the State. It has, in fact, become the most important citrus-fruit variety in the world. The results of several years of systematic study of citrus fruits in California show that important bud variations exist, even in standard varieties. This factor must be taken into account in their propagation in order to secure maximum productiveness and quality. In many of the best groves at least 10 per cent of the trees of the standard varieties are of inferior strains, which should be eliminated by top- working. The growers who have observed the experimental plots realize the importance of this work and already have undertaken the conversion of the undesirable trees by top- working on a rather large scale. This study will be ex- tended to some of the deciduous-tree fruits. As the economic soundness of commercial fruit orcharding to a considerable extent rests upon the maintenance of high average annual production, it is obvious that the results of this investigation are of fundamental importance to the fruit industry. SUGAR-BEET INDUSTRY. The production of beet sugar in the United States has in- creased during the past four years from less than 700,000 tons to approximately 900,000 tons. During the past year seven Report of the Secretary. 39 new localities for sugar-beet production have been developed. But for the existing shortage of sugar-beet seed a consid- erably larger increase of production would have been secured. Stimulated by the inadequate supply of seed from Euro- pean countries, American growers now are undertaking seri- ously the production of seed. Approximately 4,000 acres, which should produce about one-fourth of the present re- quirements, have been devoted to this purpose during the current year. A special appropriation made at the last ses- sion of Congress will enable the department to cooperate with the industry in solving some of the more technical prob- lems involved. It is hoped that, as a result of this work, the industry may be freed from the menace of seed short- age which during the past two years seriously threatened its existence. CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES. It is very clear that fuller knowledge of the distribution and the nature and methods of control of crop diseases is essential. In some seasons, when unusual climatic conditions prevail at critical periods, diseases greatly lessen or prac- tically destroy particular crops throughout important pro- ducing districts. Progress has been made in determining their exact character and in developing methods of control, but the destructiveness of certain diseases under climatic conditions favorable to their spread necessitates still more energetic inquiry. It has been estimated that in years when cereal rusts are epidemic the losses from them alone amount at least to $180,000,000. No effective remedies have yet been found for these diseases. It seems probable, however, that through the development of suitable resistant varieties their eventual control in large part can be effected. Distinct headway has been made in the study of diseases of fruits and vegetables. Many of them have proved amen- able to spray control, especially when combined with rational field practice to prevent infection. 40 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. CITRUS CANKER. Cooperative arrangements have been made with State officials of Florida, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina to insure the thorough inspec- tion of nurseries and citrus groves for the purpose of promptly and completely eradicating citrus canker. This is an undertaking of great magnitude because of the extreme infectiousness of the disease and the wide area throughout which it has been disseminated. No final statement as to the outcome can be expected within a period of at least two years. The campaign, however, is progressing very satis- factorily in the commercially important orange and grape- fruit regions of Florida. Supplemental protective meas- ures, such as formalin treatments of infected soil and pro- tective spraying of groves exposed to infection, are hastening ~ the work of eradication materially. Even in the few places where citrus-canker outbreaks have occurred in commercial districts and in old trees, the disease can be eradicated promptly and effectively. Although thorough inspection of citrus plantings will be necessary, at least throughout the coming fiscal year, it is believed that Florida now is so nearly free of the disease as to render its eradication from that State practically certain. In Texas, Louisiana, Ala- bama, and Mississippi the work has been more difficult from the beginning because of the more scattered plantings and the relatively smaller interests involved. Furthermore, in all these States the unusually severe tropical storms of the present year have caused unexpectedly wide distribution of the disease in some areas. Even in these States, however, the progress of the work is encouraging, and if no further unusual drawbacks are encountered the disease will be effectively checked. CONTROL OF INSECTS. While all the State Experiment Stations support work in economic entomology, and while many other countries are Report of the Secretary. 4] developing services in this direction, the Department of Agriculture has by far the largest organization for the pur- pose of research on insect pests. It is virtually the leader of the world in the warfare against injurious insects. It has in its files biological notes on thousands of species and is studying them from all points of view in its field labora- tories. No less than 1438 distinct projects are being investi- gated at the present time, involving possibly 500 of the species of insects most injurious to crops, domestic animals, stored foods, forest products, shade trees, and ornamental plants. It is safe to say that some form of remedial treat- ment has been found for every markedly injurious insect in the United States, but continued efforts are being made to find something more effective or cheaper or simpler. Many striking things have been accomplished. The pear thrips, which at one time threatened the extinction of the Pacific coast deciduous-fruit industry, is no longer feared. Two serious pests of the clover-seed crop now can be handled by slight variation of cropping methods. The bark-beetles of our coniferous forests, which have imposed a loss com- parable to that resulting from forest fires, can be controlled at very little expense. Sprays and spraying machinery have been developed which can be used successfully against practically all leaf-feeding species. The fumigation of nursery stock and of warehouses has been perfected. Such injurious species as the onion thrips, the grape-berry moth, the alfalfa weevil, the tobacco hornworm, and many others of recent prominence, can be controlled. The spread of the gipsy and brown-tail moths through our northern forests and orchards has been prevented. These injurious insects not only have been kept in a comparatively small territory, but are being reduced in number year after year by active scouting, spraying, banding, and egg destruction, and through the aid of parasites brought from Europe and Japan. Although the spread of the cotton boll weevil— 42 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. which represents probably the most difficult problem in in- sect control—has not been stopped, the investigations of the department’s entomologists have shown the southern planter how to reduce greatly the potential damage and how to grow cotton in spite of the weevil. An important development in this practical entomological work of recent years has been the establishment of a number of more or less temporary field laboratories, scattered over the country. Thus the expert workers are taken into the centers of activity of the injurious species. Great stress is being laid on what may be termed the cultural method of insect control. The intimate life round of the insect pest is studied in close connection with farming methods in order to ascertain whether by variation of cultural practice the in- sect damage can not be considerably reduced. Remedial work of this sort is extremely practical. Investigations have shown that in many instances partial or nearly complete control can be gained by some change in farm management. This naturally is the best remedy, except possibly in the case of introduced pests, where control can be secured by the em- ployment of parasites or other natural enemies. Technical methods of control, mechanical and chemical, including sprays and spraying machinery, fumigation for citrus orchards, nursery stock, mills and warehouses, or trapping methods and other means of mechanical destruc- tion also have been studied and developed. In the large problems it frequently has happened that cultural, biological, and technical measures are used at the same time. When the enormous annual losses from injurious insects are considered it is clear that the value of the department’s work in applied entomology is very great. PLANT QUARANTINES. Important service is rendered to the farm and fruit in- terests of the country, under the Plant Quarantine Act, by Report of the Secretary. 43 preventing the introduction of new and dangerous insect pests and plant diseases. There are now in force nine foreign quarantines forbidding the entry, or permitting the entry ‘only under restrictions, of various farm, orchard, and forest products which may harbor injurious insects or diseases. The more important quarantines relate to the Mediterranean fruit fly, perhaps the worst fruit pest of the tropical and subtropical countries; the pink bollworm, an insect which threatens to become the most serious enemy known to cotton; the potato wart, a disease which not only destroys the tuber but infects the soil; and the white-pine blister rust and the citrus canker, two diseases which became established in the United States prior to the passage of the act. A number of domestic quarantines also have been promul- gated. Under these quarantines many locally established plant diseases and insect pests, most of them of recent origin, are being so controlled, in cooperation with the States concerned, that their extermination ultimately can be effected or, at least, their spread can be checked. These quarantines relate principally to the gipsy and brown-tail moths in New England; the Mediterranean fruit fly and the pink bollworm in Hawaii; and diseases of sugar cane in Hawaii and Porto Rico. In some instances plants and plant products are admitted only after certification by the proper official in the originat- ing country and the issuance of permits by the department. They also are inspected by State or Federal experts before being released in this country. Such restrictions now ap- ply to nursery stock of all kinds, fruits, certain plant seeds, and potatoes, and foreign lint cotton. The restrictions on cotton are designed to prevent the entry of the pink boll- worm through cotton seeds which are found in all imported cotton. The cotton is subjected to fumigation in a vacuum, under supervision, by a new process devised by experts of the department. 44 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. The value of this service to the Nation is apparent. Un- doubtedly many, if not all, of the plant diseases and pests mentioned now would have full lodgment or wider distribu- tion in this country if the necessary action under the Plant Quarantine Act had not been taken to prevent their entry or to check their spread. It would be difficult to compute the resulting loss: COOPERATIVE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION WORK. The second year’s operation of the cooperative Agricul- tural Extension Act of May 8, 1914, has been attended with a steady development of the Nation-wide system of practical instruction in agriculture and home economics discussed in my last two reports. There has been a fuller coordination of the activities of the department with those of the agricul- tural colleges and more complete development of the relations between the extension forces in the States Relations Service and the scientific staffs in the various bureaus of the depart- ment, resulting in the better dissemination of approved scien- tific information. POTASH FROM KELP. Tn 1911 the Bureau of Soils was authorized by the Con- gress to make a survey of the Nation’s resources in fertilizer materials, particularly in potash, for which this country was entirely dependent upon the German mines. As a re- sult of this reconnoissance, it became evident that the largest and most immediately available source of potash in this country was the giant kelps of the Pacific coast. This con- clusion was reached after detailed surveys had been made of the kelp groves of southern California, the Puget Sound region, and Alaska. The attention of the public was called to this source in the hope that private capital would under- take its development. } Germany in 1915 prohibited the exportation of all potash salts. This action greatly stimulated the attempts of Ameri- Report of the Secretary. 45 can manufacturers to produce potash and resulted in the erection of eight large plants in southern California for the extraction of this material from kelp. These establishments were constructed at a cost ranging from $50,000 to $2,000,000 and are centered around two cities, Long Beach and San Diego, five at the former and three at the latter place. They are operating harvesting equipment having an aggregate daily capacity of 2,500 tons of raw kelp. On September 1, 1916, about 125,000 tons of raw kelp had been harvested and treated, yielding approximately 10 per cent of dry kelp. Notwithstanding this comparatively rapid development in the kelp industry, the problem of extracting potash from kelp commercially has not been completely solved. It is essential that methods be devised for producing the numer- ous by-products which can be obtained from kelp. The plants now in operation, for the most part, are engaged only in the extraction of potash. Owing to the present abnormal prices for this material, they are devoting relatively little attention to the elaboration of processes for the recovery of by-products. If this situation continues, they probably will not be able to produce potash at a profit when conditions be- come normal. In the circumstances, it seems desirable for the department to demonstrate the commercial feasibility of producing potash and by-products from kelp with a view to put the industry on a sound economic basis. The Congress, upon the recommendation of the department, has made avail- able $175,000 for the purpose. Plans have been formulated for erecting and operating, at some advantageous point on the coast of southern California, a plant with a daily capacity of not less than 200 tons of raw kelp, in order that the necessary experiments may be conducted. It is hoped that these experiments will result in the estab- lishment of a potash industry which will prove profitable and permanent and render this country independent of foreign sources in normal times. In any event, information 46 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. will be obtained which should be very valuable if the present abnormal conditions persist or recur. THE FOOD AND DRUGS ACT. Early in 1913 it became apparent that the efficiency of the Bureau of Chemistry in administering the Food and Drugs Act was impaired seriously by lack of system. The labora- tories, both in and out of Washington, were congested with samples collected by inspectors. The inspectors, who were responsible only to the chief inspector in Washington, worked independently of the chemists in the branch labora- tories, with resulting loss of efficiency. There was great de- lay in analyzing samples and in detecting adulterations. It was apparent that the work of the inspectors and of the chemists should be coordinated and more closely supervised. To make the bureau an effective agency in preventing the shipment of adulterated and misbranded foods and drugs, complete reorganization was necessary. ESTABLISHMENT OF DISTRICTS. Accordingly, the field service of the bureau was set off from the central organization and divided into three dis- tricts, with headquarters at Washington, Chicago, and San Francisco. meat of this class of tuberculous animals must be regarded as sound and wholesome when the affected parts have been carefully removed. The foregoing comparisons are used merely to illustrate the point that soundness and unsoundness may exist in the body at the same time in varying proportion, and that as a rule it is possible to separate and treat each portion accord- ing to its condition. In short, the point can be made clear by discarding the word “disease” for the moment and say- ing that the function of a scientific and rational meat inspec- tion is to recognize and reject the meat or meat food prod- uct which is unsafe or unfit for human food, to pass that which is wholesome and fit, and, when doubt exists as to which of these conditions obtains, to resolve that doubt in favor of the consumer. PROCEDURES. The post-mortem inspection is made at the time of slaugh- ter and includes a careful examination of the carcass and all its parts. Where the number of animals dressed per hour does not exceed a certain general limit, one inspector, con- stantly present, performs all the inspections. Where the number of inspections per hour exceeds certain general limits, the inspectors are increased accordingly and the work so arranged and coordinated that each inspector gives his entire attention to some particular part of it. Thus the work is in a sense specialized and the inspectors become specialists, with the result that a high individual and collective pro- ficiency is attained and efficient inspection assured regardless of the rate of slaughter. 84 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. An important requirement in the conduct of this inspec- tion is that the identity of the carcass and of each of its sev- ered parts be carefully maintained until the inspection is completed, so that if there is disease in any one organ or part-_all the other parts and the carcass may be brought to- gether for additional and final examination. Facilities for maintaining .such identity are provided in the slaughter departments, and every inspector is supplied with serially numbered “U. S. Retained” tags, which he affixes to the carcass and severed parts, and by means of which he retains them for the addi- tional inspection. The dif- ferent steps of the post- mortem inspection are: Head inspection, viscera inspection, s US* carcass inspection, final in- Be a Paa as spection, disposition, and | HEAD INSPECTION. U. S. RETAINED No. 1881993 ~¢) = fez) fr) — ea ad a} =z Fic. 3.— U. 8. Retained” tag. This : : tag is affixed by the inspector to In cattle heads the different every carcass or product which pairs of lymphatic glands he deems necessary to hold for 4 Z further inspection. are cut into and examined, particularly for tuberculosis. The tongue is examined and, if necessary, is cut into. The presence in the flesh of cattle of a certain cyst capable of producing tapeworm in man can usually be determined by examining the inner and outer cheek muscles. Therefore, these muscles of cattle are laid open by deep slicing cuts for the detection of this cyst. A careful survey is made of the head as a whole for actinomycosis, deformities, etc. In the heads of swine certain lymphatic glands, which are favorite seats of tuberculosis, are incised in every instance and ex- amined for evidence of that disease. INSPECTION OF VISCERA. As the several organs are removed from the carcass they are placed before the inspector, on a table, in pans or other suitable metal receptacles for examination. Facilities for promptly cleansing such equipment in the event of con- The Meat-Inspection Service. 85 tamination through the contact of diseased viscera are at hand. The various organs and parts are carefully viewed and certain of them cut into while others are subjected to manual as well as visual examination. The entire procedure is methodical and designed to disclose disease or harmful con- dition if any exists in the parts under examination. CARCASS INSPECTION. This examination embraces a careful viewing of all sur- faces and parts of the carcass, with particular attention given to the condition of the serous membranes of thoracic and abdominal cavities. Further, certain parts which more frequently than others are seats of disease are subjected to a manual as well as a visual examination. The head, viscera, and carcass examinations together con- stitute the regular post-mortem inspection. The animals found to be free from disease or any doubtful condition are marked “ Inspected and Passed,” while those in which any disease or doubtful condition is found are retained for the final inspection. THE FINAL POST-MORTEM INSPECTION. The carcasses and parts retained on the regular inspection are sent to the final inspection room or place, where another inspector with special facilities at his command subjects them to a searching examination. This enables the in- spectors engaged in the preliminary and regular inspections to continue their examinations of the animals which are be- fore them without delay and without omission of any kind. The establishments in which slaughtering is done are re- quired to provide these rooms or places for the final in- spection and to equip them with all the facilities necessary for a ready, cleanly, sanitary, and efficient performance of the work. Since the animals held for the final inspection are tagged or retained for cause, only veterinary inspectors who have become skilled through training and experience in the work are detailed to make such examinations and to determine the final dispositions. As indicating the detail observed in the conduct of this inspection, it need only be mentioned that a 86 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. record is made, on appropriate forms, of the results of the examination of every animal showing disease in any degree. In this record the animal is identified by a tag or stamp num- ber; the diagnosis and the nature, location, and extent of the lesions are indicated; and the disposition of the carcasses and the name of the inspector are shown. The final inspec- tion reports for the last fiscal year preceding this writing alone contain a record covering approximately 3,500,000 retained animals. As soon as the several examinations have been made and the dispositions determined, there remain two important acts, the performance of which completes the post-mortem inspection. They are the marking of each carcass to show plainly to every beholder the disposition made of it and to see that those carcasses and parts which are condemned are dis- posed of as required by the meat-inspection regulations to prevent the sale or use of the same as human food. Each of these procedures will be briefly described. . DISPOSITION OF CONDEMNED CARCASSES, MEATS, AND PRODUCTS. The Federal meat-inspection regulations governing the disposal of condemned articles emphasizes three important requirements, strict observance of which is imposed upon every bureau employee whose duties relate in any way to their enforcement: First, that every condemned carcass, part of carcass, meat, or product be plainly marked to show that it is condemned, and that parts or products too small or which are of such nature that they can not be so marked be placed in appropriately marked containers; second, that all condemned articles shall remain in the custody of an inspec- tor from the time they are condemned until properly dis- posed of, and that if the articles are not disposed of on the day they are condemned they shall be locked in the “1. S. Condemned ” rooms or compartments, the locks of which are selected and supplied by the department and the keys of which remain in the custody of the mspector; and third, that the required destruction or denaturing of the con- demned articles shall be done by the establishment in the presence of an inspector, who must render a report covering the transaction. The meat-inspection act specifically pro- The Meat-Inspection Service. 87 vides that the Secretary of Agriculture may withhold inspec- tion from any establishment which fails to destroy for food purposes any condemned carcass or part thereof. The customary method of treating condemned carcasses and parts is to convert them into grease and fertilizer by rendering them in a steam-pressure tank. The procedure as outlined and practiced under the Federal meat-inspection regulations is substantially as follows: The lower opening of the tank is securely sealed by an inspector with seals sup- plied by the department for the purpose; then the con- demned articles and a sufficient quantity of denaturing ma- terial of a kind approved by the department is placed in the tank in the inspector’s presence, after which the upper open- .ing is also sealed, and it remains the duty of the inspector to see that a sufficient force of steam is turned into the tank and maintained a sufficient time effectually to destroy the contents for food purposes. The department seals on the tank may be broken only by an inspector. A small number of the establishments at which Federal meat inspection is main- tained do not have steam-pressure tanks in which condemned meats may be denatured in the manner described. At these such meats and products are denatured by the addition of crude carbolic acid or other prescribed denaturing agent, or are destroyed by incineration. THE PRODUCTS INSPECTION. Because meat or other edible portion of an animal which was entirely sound and wholesome at the time of slaughter may become unsound or contaminated through improper care or handling, and because healthful products may be made unwholesome through adulteration or the addition of deleterious ingredients, and for the purpose of protecting the purchaser against false or misleading labels, a proper meas- ure of control of the various operations of processing, pre- paring, and labeling meats and products becomes necessary. Such control is one of the functions of the Federal inspec- tion. In other words, under the Federal system of the inspec- tion extends from the live animal in the pen to the product in the labeled package. The bureau employees who conduct the products inspection are designated “lay inspec- tors” and are selected for their practical knowledge and ex- 88 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. perience in the handling and preparation of meats and meat food products; also for their skill in testing and pass- ing on these articles as to soundness and fitness for food. All the meats and products in official establishments, not- withstanding that they were previously inspected and passed, are reinspected as often as may be necessary to ascertain whether they remain sound and wholesome. The lay inspectors exercise a supervision over all such operations as the processing, curing, packing, marking, label- ing, and shipping of meats and products. The materials added to products are examined to see that the regulations relating to prohibited ingredients are observed Fic. 4.—Facsimile of inspec and that the requirements as to LE rete ca We ne correctness of labeling are com- products to show that the plied with. ‘Samples of the dif- Seti MAN pT Ra a and ferent kinds of products are taken above imprint occupy the and referred to the meat-inspec- place reserved for the official tion laboratories for chemical or number of the establishment. i y other technical examination. It is also the duty of the lay inspectors to see that the require- ments of the regulations in regard to the cleanly and sani- tary handling of products and as to the sanitary condition of the rooms and equipment are observed. If upon reinspection of an article it is found to have become unfit for food from any cause, the original inspec- tion mark or label thereon is removed or defaced and the article condemned. THE INSPECTION MARKS, INSCRIPTIONS, ETC. The mark of inspection is to identify the article and to show the condition of any particular carcass, meat, or product at the time the mark was apphed. Under the Federal system, similar to that of the best European systems of meat in- spection, three dispositions of a carcass are possible on the post-mortem inspection, depending on the conditions found. First, a carcass may be passed without restriction, meaning that when passed it was healthful, wholesome, and fit for Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE IX. FIG. |.-MANUFACTURE OF SAUSAGE. All meats, spices, and casings used are inspected and the different steps of preparation supervised. FiG, 2.—PRODUCTS INSPECTION. Canning room seene, Tilling and weighing cans, Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PEATEDS FIG. |.—PRODUCTS INSPECTION. Inspection of smoked meats before they are wrapped and packed for shipment. Fia. 2. INSPECTING SMOKED HAMs. Theinstrument in the inspector’s hand is a steel ‘trier’? used to test meats for soundness, Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XI. Fic. |.—PRODUCTS INSPECTION. Inspection of fresh meats at car door. At official establishments inspection extends from the live animal to the meats and products as they are shipped from the plant. Fic. 2.—_SEALED RENDERING TANK. The animals, meats, and products condemned under Federal inspection are rendered into grease and fertilizer. The Government seals on rendering tanks may be broken only in the presence of an inspector, The Meat-Inspection Service. 89 human food. Such a carcass is marked “U.S. Inspected and Passed,” or an authorized abbreviation thereof. The official number of the establishment always appears as a part of such mark and serves to identify the carcass or part as having been inspected and passed at the establishment of that number. Second, a carcass or a part thereof may be condemned, meaning that it is unsafe or unfit for human food ; therefore it must be destroyed or denatured to prevent its sale or use as human food. Such a carcass or part is marked “U. S. Condemned” and remains in the custody of an inspector until properly disposed of. Third, a car- cass or a part thereof may be marked “ Passed for Steriliza- tion,” meaning that it was passed on condition that it be rendered into lard or tal- low, according to the spe- U.S. INSP’D AND cies, or otherwise sterilized by methods approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The ex- planation of this procedure Fic. 5.—“ Condemned Brand.” Used for is that the animal was af- saalaeedannes ot carcasses, parts, fected with some condition or disease in such a degree that it could not be passed un, conditionally; nevertheless, all objectionable conditions and all doubt as to its safety and fitness for human food can be removed by subjecting it to a sterilizing process. This process is to meat somewhat as pasteurization is to milk. There is, however, on the side of sterilization the advantage of greater certainty in the attainment of its object because of the higher temperatures employed under this process. The flesh of a carcass passed for sterilization, whether it be in the form of a cut, such as a ham, or a prepared prod- uct like canned meats, is marked “ Prepared from Meat Passed for Sterilization.” The container of such cut or product also bears this inscription. Whenever it is possible to so apply it, the mark of inspec- tion is stamped upon the carcass, cuts, and products them- selves by means of a rubber or metal ink brand. In all cases the ink used is composed of approved ingredients. Occasion- ally burning brands are used for imprinting the mark on cured meats, such as hams, bacon, and similar articles. When 90 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. it is not possible to affix the mark to the article itself, the required inscription is placed on the container of the article; in fact, all containers of inspected and passed meats and meat food products bear the inspection legend in the form of a printed label. The legend for all labels is “U.S. In- spected and Passed under act of Congress, June 30, 1906,” or “U.S. Inspected and Passed by Department of Agriculture,” or authorized abbreviation. The last quoted is the preferred form, and after July 15, 1917, will be the only one approved for labels printed after that date. Other marks of inspec- tion, chiefly marks of convenience in the conduct of the in- spection, are used, but those which have been described are the only ones in which the consumer is likely to feel con- cerned. Consumers owe it to themselves to look for the mark of an efficient inspection, whether Federal, State, or municipal, on the meats and meat food products they buy, or on the con- tainers of the same, but in doing so they should consider that the mark can not insure perishable foods against de- terioration or other unfavorable change after they have been shipped from an establishment and beyond the jurisdiction of the inspection. HONEST LABELS REQUIRED. ' The legend “ Inspected and Passed” means that the meat or product was sound, wholesome, and fit for human food when it was so marked; also that the packed article was correctly labeled. The meat-inspection act provides that when the inspected and passed meat or product is packed in any can, pot, tin, canvas, or other receptacle or covering, the establishment shall cause a label to be affixed to such container under the supervision of an inspector, stating that the contents thereof have been inspected and passed; the act also provides that no such meat or product shall be sold or offered for sale under any false or deceptive name. The regulations based on this provision of the law define at length what may or may not appear upon any label which is to be used in connection with meats and products. How- ever, they all center to one purpose, namely, that the state- ments on the labels shall conform to the facts and correctly indicate the contents of the package. Copies of all labels intended for use in official establishments must first be sub- The Meat-Inspection Service. 91 mitted to the Washington office of the bureau for examina- tion and approval. INSPECTION OF IMPORTED MEATS AND MEAT FOOD PRODUCTS. The regulations governing the admission of meat and meat food products from foreign countries require that every importation shall be accompanied by a certificate signed by an official of the national government of the country of origin, stating that the animals from which the meat or meat food product was derived received an ante-mortem and a post-mortem veterinary inspection, and that at the time of slaughter the meat and products were sound, healthful, wholesome, and otherwise fit for human food. Further, that they had not been treated with and contain no ingredient prohibited by the regulations of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. Meat or meat food product not accom- panied by the required certificate is refused entry, and that from a country which does not maintain a system of meat inspection satisfactory to the Secretary of Agriculture is also refused. Every consignment of imported meat or product is checked with the foreign inspection certificate upon arrival and is subjected to a thorough physical examination, and in most cases samples thereof undergo a laboratory examination. The meat or product is then admitted, refused entry, or con- demned, according to the findings and the requirements of the regulations governing the inspection and handling of such imported articles. The imported meat or product which is found to comply with the regulations and has been admitted into the United States is marked “U. S. Inspected and Passed,” or an authorized abbreviation of the same, and with a letter or letters to denote the port at which inspection was made. When imported meats and products have been inspected and admitted the law directs that they shall be deemed and treated as domestic meats and products within the meaning of and subject to the provisions of the meat-inspection act. PORK NOT MICROSCOPICALLY INSPECTED FOR TRICHINA. Under the Federal meat inspection pork is not micro- scopically inspected for trichina. There is no practicable 92 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. method of microscopic inspection which is even approxi- mately effective for the prevention of trichinosis in persons - who eat uncooked pork. Careful investigations in one of the European countries in which a highly developed system is in force have shown that nearly a third of all the cases of trichinosis, several thousand in number, which occurred during a period of 18 years were caused by pork which had been microscopically inspected and passed by the inspectors of that country as free from trichine. Evidence of this kind and various other considerations have led authorities to the conclusion that pork, even though it has been microscop- ically inspected, is not a safe article of. food unless it has been properly cooked or otherwise treated to destroy any trichine which may be present. In countries in which there is an established and widely prevalent custom of eating uncooked pork, microscopic in- spection is perhaps justified as a means of reducing some- what the danger of trichinosis, though, on the other hand, it tends to encourage the unhygienic custom of eating un- cooked pork by creating a false sense of security in the minds of the public. Under the conditions which exist in the United States, microscopic inspection, in view of its great expense and the imperfect results, does not appear warranted. On the contrary, it is reasonably certain that if a comparatively small part of the huge sum that would be required annually for microscopic inspection were judi- ciously employed in extending the education of the public on the subject of trichinosis it would do more toward the prevention of the disease in this country than any system of microscopic inspection which could possibly be established. In the United States most persons are careful to cook pork before eating it, and there is only a small fraction of the population, of foreign origin or under the influence of for- eign food customs, who follow the dangerous practice of eating uncooked pork in one or more of its various forms of preparation, such as special kinds of sausage, hams, loin rolls, etc. Considerable quantities of products of the kind just mentioned are prepared in official establishments, and ~ for the protection of the consumers, who may be either ignorant or careless of the dangers of raw pork, the Federal Government, as an alternative to the uncertain method of The Meat-Inspection Service. 93 microscopic examination, requires that official establishments subject all articles consisting wholly or in part of pork, if of a kind customarily eaten without cooking, to certain pre- scribed processes which have been found to destroy trichine. It is important to note that these measures employed with reference to safeguarding pork products apply only to those which are of kinds customarily eaten without cooking, and do not apply to pork products, such as ordinary cured hams, bacon, and other products, which are customarily cooked before they are eaten, nor to fresh uncooked pork. In view of the foregoing, it may be stated that the prac- tice of thoroughly cooking pork offers the best safeguard against trichinosis, and in general it is the only preventive method which can be absolutely depended upon by the con- sumer. Therefore, the certain way of avoiding trichinosis is to eat no pork unless it has been properly cooked. Who- ever fails to observe this precaution runs the risk of acquir- ing sooner or later a most painful and distressing disease which frequently terminates in death. Everyone should re- member this simple rule of food hygiene: Cook pork well. MEAT-INSPECTION LABORATORIES. The regulations specify what may be added to meats for curing or other purposes. The use of substances which im- pair wholesomeness is prohibited and only harmless arti- ficial coloring matters may be used, and when used their - presence must be declared on the product or the label. As a rule ordinary examination will not discover the presence of prohibited materials; therefore, to insure adequate ex- amination for ingredients not permitted, also to determine soundness by chemical or other test, district laboratories fully equipped to make chemical and other technical exam- inations are maintained. Samples of meats and meat food products and of the materials used in their preparation are sent to these laboratories for examination. The samples are collected by the inspectors unannounced and at sufficiently frequent intervals to detect improper practices should any such be attempted. In addition to the central and district chemical labora- tories, the meat-inspection service has the cooperation and 94 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. service of the several other scientific laboratories of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Frequently inspectors submit samples of diseased or abnormal tissues for diagnosis. Such samples are referred to the Pathological Division, in the laboratories of which they are tested and examined. The chief laboratory of this division is in the city of Washing- ton, with branch laboratories in two other cities for the con- venience of the more distant field stations. The numerous parasites and parasitic conditions with which meat inspec- tion is concerned are studied by the Zoological Division, while questions relating to the biochemic changes that occur in animal tissues are referred to the laboratories of the Biochemie Division for attention. THE NEED OF STATE AND MUNICIPAL INSPECTION TO SUPPLEMENT FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION. The Federal system of meat inspection has been extended to all parts of the field authorized for it by law. It is esti- mated that about 60 per cent of the cattle, sheep, swine, and goats slaughtered in the United States and all imported meats are inspected under this system. This leaves ap- proximately 40 per cent of the domestic meat supply out- side of Federal control. Much of the latter, it is known, receives no adequate inspection. Federal meat-inspection statistics show that certain per- centages of the different species of animals slaughtered are affected with some disease or condition in such degree as to require their condemnation in whole or in part. Some of the establishments at which Federal inspection is main- tained have endeavored to avoid the loss incident to con- demnation by exercising great care in the purchase of ani- mals, accepting only such as appear to be sound and healthy. This has the effect of reducing the losses at such establish- ments, but it also tends to divert the sale of the animals of doubtful soundness to establishments that operate without inspection. With our knowledge of the frequency of disease in food animals, the question of what becomes of the meats and products derived from the diseased and unfit animals slaughtered in the uninspected houses assumes greater hy- gienic importance than is usually accorded it. Dr. Charles Wardell Stiles, after having studied a large number of town The Meat-Inspection Service. 95 and country slaughterhouses, said: “A well-regulated sys- tem of slaughterhouses is as necessary to public health as is a well-regulated system of schools to public education.” Many of the slaughterhouses which operate under no sys- tem of inspection have features that are not only objection- able but dangerous to health. Their construction is such as to make them incapable of being kept sanitary. Their water supply and drainage systems are inadequate and but little systematic attempt is made to keep them clean, and some are inexpressibly foul and filthy. Usually there is no protection of the meat against rats, flies, and other insects and vermin, and this condition is a dangerous source of con- tamination and infection. To remedy these conditions it has been proposed that municipalities provide central abat- toirs at which all the slaughterers of a community may con- duct their operations under sanitary conditions and an efficient system of inspection maintained. This proposal has very much to commend it; in fact, central municipal abat- toirs have been established and operated with complete suc- cess in many of the cities of continental Europe, and several have been established in the United States. PERSONNEL OF THE INSPECTION FORCE. The personnel of the meat-inspection service is divided into two general classes—professional and nonprofessional. The professional is composed of veterinary inspectors, lab- oratory inspectors, an architect, and a sanitary engineer. The nonprofessional consists of employees designated lay inspectors. The veterinarians must be graduates of accredited veteri- nary colleges and pass the civil-service examination for the position of veterinary inspector in the service. At each meat-inspection station an inspector is selected to take charge of the work and who reports directly to the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. At stations where slaughtering is conducted only veterinary inspectors are placed in charge. The veterinary inspectors perform or supervise the regular ante-mortem and post-mortem inspec- tions and perform all of the final post-mortem examinations. The laboratory inspectors are chemists and also must pass 96 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. an examination in accordance with the civil-service require- ments. They make the laboratory tests and inspections. The lay inspectors are designated lay inspector, grade 2, and lay inspector, grade 1; they also are required to pass the civil-service examination. The lay inspectors, grade 2, are . experienced and well informed in regard to packing-house operations; ‘they supervise the curing, preparation, and marking of meats and products. They are trained in pass- ing on meats and products as to soundness, and conduct the inspection and reinspection of meats and products. The lay inspectors, grade i, are required to have at least 3 years’ experience in handling food-producing animals before tak- ing the civil-service examination. Their duties are to assist the veterinary inspectors in the ante-mortem and post-mortem inspections, and to perform other duties similar to those de- scribed for the lay inspectors, grade 2. After a certain period of service they are eligible for examination for pro- motion to the position of lay inspector, grade 2. It is the duty of every employee, whether veterinary inspector or lay inspector of either grade, to see that the sanitary regulations are observed in their respective departments. Certain veterinary inspectors, selected for their experience and general qualifications, are known as traveling veterinary inspectors. They inspect the official stations and establish- ments in their respective territories and report to the chief of the bureau whether the regulations and instructions gov- erning meat inspection are properly observed. Their visits are unannounced and their reports are valuable in the effort to secure a uniform inspection and the enforcement of the sanitary regulations. The personnel at present consists in round numbers of 800 veterinary inspectors; 1,000 lay inspectors, grade 2; 700 lay inspectors, grade 1; and laboratory inspectors, administra- tive officers, and clerical forces to bring the total to about 2,650 persons. STATISTICAL. The following very brief statistical summary is by no means an adequate statement of all the work performed under the Federal meat-inspection system. It will suffice, however, to convey to the reader an idea of the magnitude of the service. The Meat-Inspection Service. 97 The number of establishments at which inspection is regularly maintained varies somewhat; however, for several years it has approximated 850, and includes practically every establishment of importance or large volume of operations in the United States. In the last five fiscal years preceding this writing the total of cattle, sheep, swine, and goats given both the ante-mortem and post-mortem inspections was in excess of an average of 58,500,000 per year. The average number of whole carcasses of such ani- mals condemned during that period was more than 262,000 per year, while the number of parts of carcasses condemned per year was very much greater. The records of the in- spection and reinspections of meats and preducts subsequent to the slaughter inspection show totals running into billions of pounds annually, while the amount condemned on rein- spection on account of having become tainted, rancid, or otherwise unfit for human food has approximated 18,000,000 pounds per year. For the fiscal year Ree this writing, the sum appro- priated by Congress for meat inspection was $3,375,000, within which sum the service was maintained. In ee words, the cost was less than 6 cents for each of the 58,500,- 000 animals slaughtered. This charge covered the entire service from the first inspection of the live animal to the final examination of the meats in the finished products, when ready for delivery to dealers or consumers. In this connection it seems but right to add that there has been no sacrifice of efficiency and completeness to attain this low cost; on the contrary, it is the constant aim of the depart- ment to strengthen the service in these respects. 54159°—xBK 1916——7 COLOR AS AN INDICATION OF THE PICKING MATURITY OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. By L. C. CorBert, Horticulturist in Charge of Horticultural and Pomological Investiga- tions, Bureau of Plant Industry. RUIT color is a factor intimately associated with fruit maturity. The small boy uninstructed in the arts is not attracted to the cherry tree until the fruits are colored, and he soon learns from experience to choose the fruits that are sweetest by his sense of color values associated with the perception of taste. While this is a simple illustration of the value of the color test for fruit maturity, it nevertheless illustrates the fact that unconsciously a value is placed on the color in fruits in order to arrive at an estimate of their palatability. This being the case, may there not be physio- logical activities or results directly associated with the life of the fruit which can in a measure be estimated by the color values in the fruit? That such is the fact is quite evident from the results observed in the behavior of various fruits which have been subjected to careful control condi- tions in repeated experimental tests conducted by the investi- gators of the United States Department of Agriculture. A concrete and striking example of the value of fruit color as an index to fruit picking maturity is afforded in the results of the picking and storage investigations con- ducted to determine the factors contributing to the success- ful storage of the apple. Early in the work upon this sub- ject, undertaken by Taylor and Powell, it became evident that some physiological activity of the fruit itself was intimately concerned with the phenomenon termed “ scald” in the stored fruit. As the work progressed it became more and more evident that scalding could not be wholly attrib- uted to storage-house conditions or management. It was pos- 99 100 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. sible with the perfection attained in refrigerating apparatus and in storage-house construction and insulation to maintain practically constant, uniform conditions in the houses. It was also possible to reproduce such conditions from year to year. Notwithstanding these facts, varying results as regards scald were obtained, not only from year to year, but in differ- ent lots of fruit in the same house. These results focused attention more clearly upon the fruit itself. COMPARISON OF STAGES OF MATURITY. Accordingly, a series of observations was conducted to ascertain the relation of early (immature), medium (ma- ture), and late (overripe) picking to the behavior of the fruit in what had been determined to be the most nearly ideal storage temperature. As one of the important teachings of this investigation there appeared resuits such as are recorded in the color reproductions presented herewith. The imma- ture fruit illustrated in Plate A, which is characteristic of early-picked fruits of the Rome Beauty apple in the Yakima Valley of Washington, is distinguished by more or less de- velopment of the red or overlay color, but the important point for consideration in connection with fruit at this stage of maturity is the composition of the ground color. . + © - ¥ ae A tile ————— ll ee ee hmm le Oe ——E I ————- _— ee en ee ee oe ee a ee oc * Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE B R.C STEADMAN, DEL A HOEN&CO RESULTS OF HOLDING ROME BEAUTY APPLES, AT THE STAGE OF MATURITY INDICATED IN PLATE A, AT 32° F, FoR SIX MONTHS. External browning characteristic of fruits picked before the leaf green in the skin had disappeared and held in storage six months is illustrated by the upper figure, The cross section of the same fruit shows that several layers of cells immediately below the’ skin, as well as the cells of the skin itself, have ceased to function and have become discolored. Yearbook U, S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLaTeE C R.C STEADMAN, DEL, A HOEN&CO ROME BEAUTY APPLES OF NORTHWESTERN PRODUCTION PICKED IN MorE MATURE CONDITION THAN THOSE SHOWN IN PLATE A, BUT YET TOO GREEN FOR SATISFACTORY BEHAVIOR IN STORAGE, The coloring and the amount of leaf green in the skin of the fruit at the time of placing it in storage is illustrated in the upper figure. Cross ena of the same fruit, showing that while the flesh carries less green a trace still remains, P i Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. ; PLATE D . an Ss! er ——. _- - = Dee fee Sis ee Se RC STEADMAN, DEL <= A HOEN&CO CONDITION PRESENTED BY FRUITS OF THE SAME STAGE OF MATURITY -AS THOSE SHOWN IN PLATE C, AFTER BEING HELD SIX MONTHS IN _—- STORAGE AT A TEMPERATURE OF 32° F. The surface of the apple carrying the leaf green, as shown in the upper figure, Plate C, has assumed the characteristic baked-apple appearance of scalded fruit. The cells of the discolored skin have ceased to function. The cross section of the same fruit shows that the fruit was sufficiently mature at the time of storage so that the discoloration has not penetrated deeper than the pigment cells. = Yearbook U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE E R.C. STEADMAN, DEL. A HOEN KB CO ROME BEAUTY APPLES OF NORTHWESTERN PRODUCTION HARVESTED AFTER THE LEAF GREEN HAD DISAPPEARED AND THE TRUE YELLOW OF THE NORMAL GROUND COLOR FOR THE VARIETY WAS DISCERNIBLE. Absence of leaf green, the presence of white, and light yellow in its place—true signs of picking maturity in this variety—are shown in the upper figure. Cross section of the same fruit from which the green tint in the skin as well as in the flesh has disappeared. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1910. ; PLATE F R.C STEADOMAN, DEL. A. HOEN&CO ROME BEAUTY APPLES OF THE SAME STAGE OF MATURITY AS THOSE SHOWN IN PLATE E, AFTER HAVING BEEN HELD SIX MONTHS IN COLD STORAGE AT A TEMPERATURE OF 32° F, No loss of color or discoloration, but the deepening of the yellow in the ground color due to progress of the ripening process, is shown in the upper figure. The cross section of the fruit, shows no discoloration, but rather an increase in the yellow tint in the flesh, characteristic of the maturing of the variety. Color of Fruits and Vegetables. 201° in the ground color. There is less intensity in the green pigment, and the leaf green, while still observable, is less in- tense, having in a measure been replaced by white, a phe- nomenon familiar to every close observer of changes in the color values of fruits as they ripen. The chlorophyll, or leaf green, has grown less vivid and has certainly decreased in amount. This fruit, while still too immature for best storage behavior, responds to a six months’ period in storage in the manner shown in Plate D. This apple, while showing a con- siderable amount of scald, is by no means as badly affected as the fruit shown in Plate B. While the amount of skin dis- coloration shown in Plate D is considerably less than that shown in Plate B, and while this discoloration has not been communicated to the underlying flesh of the apple, so that for practical purposes the apple is sound and fit for eating or for culinary uses, yet its merchandising value has been greatly impaired because of the discoloration. The brown baked-apple appearance characteristic of scalded fruit is taken as an indication that the fruit has passed the limit of its commercial storage life. Any considerable amount of scald, therefore, rapidly depreciates the market value of the fruit affected and is a phenomenon to be overcome or avoided as far as practicable. The extent to which scald can be overcome or avoided through picking by color, even in some of the varieties known to be unusually susceptible, is brought out in Plates E and F.. The apple illustrated in Plate E brings out clearly the color values which the grower and picker must learn to recognize in order to be able to determine the stage of maturity to which the fruit must attain before it may be placed in cold storage at the temperatures recognized as sat- isfactory for the storage of apples and come out in a sound, attractive condition and possessing a high merchandising value. A critical study of the color values of the apple shown in Plate E reveals the fact that there is only a trace of true leaf or chlorophyll green remaining in that part of the skin of the fruit least highly colored. This will invariably be found to be the side most shaded by the foliage of the tree and is therefore the least mature portion of the fruit. It is here that the skin pigments are least stable and most likely to 102 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. be affected by the temperature. The leaf green, as has been noted, is small in amount, and its intensity is much less than in the fruits illustrated in Plates A and C. The ground color has been modified also, being, instead of greenish white, either white or yellowish white. Here we find the suggestion of the development of the true ground color of the fruit. The ground color or underlay in this variety is a shade of yellow, and as soon as there is a suggestion of the develop- ment of this characteristic color the fruit has reached a stage in its life when it can with safety be removed from the tree and placed under temperature conditions which slow down or inhibit the normal ripening processes to such an extent that instead of ripening to edible maturity in a period of a few weeks the ripening process is extended over a much greater period, which we term the normal storage period for the variety. CONDITIONS DETERMINING THE STORAGE PERIOD. The storage period of any variety of apple is long or short for that variety according to the degree of care exercised in picking it at the proper stage of maturity indicated by its growth and coloring and upon the treatment to which it is subsequently subjected. If it is harvested too green, even though the other factors contributing to successful handling and storage are carried out, the results shown in Plates B and D may be expected; but if, in addition to picking it too green, the fruit is allowed to stand in a warm packing room for several days previous to placing it in storage, the storage period will be shortened and the amount and seriousness of the scald augmented, provided the varieties to be stored be- have normally in other respects in storage. The closer the condition of the fruit approaches that shown in Plate E the better it will carry in cold storage, assuming that it is care- fully handled from the tree to the storage house, that it is not allowed to remain for more than a few hours at a high temperature after it is removed from the tree, and that whether placed in common or cold storage it is reduced to a temperature of 32° F. as soon as possible, the fewer hours the better, and then maintained without undue fluctuation at as nearly this temperature as is possible throughout the storage period. Color of Fruits and Vegetables. 103 Although the grower may observe and guard against all of the physical conditions which are known to affect the life of fruit in storage, such as careful handling, quick transfer from tree to storage room, and the maintenance of a suitable storage temperature, if the fruit itself has not reached a proper stage of maturity (Pl. E) the observance of these precautions will avail little. The physiological behavior of the fruit, even if stored under an ideal environment, will be that shown in Plate B if it is exceedingly immature, that shown in Plate D if it is approaching a satisfactory stage of maturity, and that shown in Plate F if it has reached a con- dition of maturity suitable for storage. Color, then, is the important factor by which the grower can determine the condition of ripeness of fruit for the best behavior in cold storage. The illustrations here presented represent only one variety, and the color values shown are characteristic only of this variety. The general principle, however, holds for all varieties of apples and pears thus far subjected to cold- storage tests. In order to apply the lesson taught by the dif- ferent stages of ripeness in the Rome Beauty apple here illustrated, it will be necessary merely to observe closely the true color values shown by each sort in the process of ripen- ing and then to attempt to harvest the fruits at the time when these signs are most developed. In order to do this, the grower and picker must carefully train his sense of color values and observe closely the changes which take place in the make-up of the general color scheme of each variety. The points to be borne in mind are the decrease of the amount and intensity of leaf green in the skin of the fruit and the replacing of the green by white and gradually by yellow, if yellow is the normal ground color of the fruit, as is the case with the Rome Beauty apple. The development to a slight extent of the normal ground color is desirable, but this process should not be allowed to go too far before it is checked by picking and placing the fruit in storage. This caution should be heeded, for it is found that overripe fruits are quite as unsatisfactory for long keeping in storage as are those picked too green. The ability to judge the stage of ripeness so as not to pick the fruit underripe or to allow it to remain on the tree until 104 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. overripe is the end desired. Careful attention to the color scheme of varieties,is one essential, and another is to evaluate color changes in ‘the developing fruit so as to pick each individual fruit at a time'’when it will keep longest and hold its color best. A careful study of the plates here presented will serve as a foundation, but the picker must carry with him to the orchard an accurate mental picture based on close observation for each of the varieties in his collection. The more perfect the mastery of the color problem for each variety the greater will be the success with the variety in storage, other things being equal. THE COLOR FACTOR IN TOMATOES. As a further contribution to information concerning the relation of color to picking maturity in plant products other than apples, it is desirable to mention the relation which the color at picking time bears to the color and general char- acter of the canned product, as well as catsup made from tomatoes. Tomatoes, like apples, present a wide diversity of colors, but since red: is the desired color in canned tomatoes, catsups, and pulp, only those varieties possessing red or scarlet pigments will be considered. The tomato during the process of ripening passes from the leaf-green color which characterizes it during the early period of its development to a whitish green before the normal fruit color begins to develop. The green tints give way to the white, and this in turn is replaced in the desirable canning sorts by red, which gains in intensity as the process of ripening progresses, until at full maturity the pigmenta- tion is complete and permanent. When this stage has been reached there is no further increase in the intensity of the color, and when tomatoes which have reached this stage of ripeness are subjected to the temperatures required for proper sterilization in the operation of processing the canned product there is no loss in color and the product possesses the deep red so desirable in high-grade goods. At this stage of maturity the pulp can be concentrated by boiling to the con- sistency required for catsup without loss of color. If, on the other hand, the tomatoes are gathered before pigmenta- tion is complete and are subjected to the processing required Color of Fruits and Vegetables. 105 for canning or catsup making, the resulting product will not be of a deep red color, but will vary from a reddish straw color to light red, according to the degree of pigmentation attained by the fruits when harvested. Before the passage of the food and drugs act, which re- quires that no food may be colored in a manner whereby in- feriority is concealed, the question of the stage of maturity at which fruits or vegetables were picked or processed gave manufacturers little concern, for lack of coloring could be made up by sweating or by the use of dyes. Now that such practices are discouraged by the regulations of the act, and the trade still requires high-colored and, fortunately, high-flavored products as well, the stage of ma- turity and the degree of pigmentation play an important part. Fortunately for the industry, nature has provided a method by which the demands of the trade can be met in a legitimate way; that way is via the ripe-fruit route. Ripened tomatoes of desirable color will, when properly handled, produce a high-colored canned product or a high- colored catsup. Half-ripened red tomatoes will not pro- duce a canned product or a catsup -of a bright red color. The pigment in such fruits is not stable and fades slightly when the pulp is subjected to the temperatures required for sterilization or concentration. In the case of the tomato the heat of processing reduces the pigment and leaves a product varying from straw color through the shades of red, depending upon the stage of color development attained by the fruit when picked. DISADVANTAGES OF HARVESTING IMMATURE PRODUCTS. Immature apples when placed in storage develop various degrees of scald, depending upon the pigmentation or color development attained by the fruit up to the time of storage. As the apple matures it loses the leaf green which charac- terizes the young, immature fruit; this is replaced by white, and this in turn by the ground color and the normal pig- mentation of the variety. Under common-storage or cold- storage conditions, immature fruits in which the chlorophyll, or leaf green, has not disappeared do not retain this color in storage, but assume the baked-apple appearance charac- 106 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. teristic of scalded fruit, the intensity or severity of the scald- ing depending upon the stage of maturity attained by the fruit, as illustrated in Plates A, C, and E. The practical result from placing immature apples in storage is loss of color and that from processing immature tomatoes is loss in color. In both cases deterioration is due to unstable pigments in the product. The apples lose color when fruits with imperfect pigmentation are subjected to storage temperatures, whether or not the conditions to which they are subjected are low enough to check normal ripening processes. It would appear, on the other hand, that ripe fruits have developed stable pigments which are not af- fected in the apple by cold-storage temperatures nor in the tomato by the heat required for sterilization or concentration. The practical lessons are: (1) Loss from scald will be lessened by harvesting apples after the leaf green has dis- appeared and the normal ground color for the variety has begun to develop; (2) high-colored and high-quality canned tomatoes and high-colored and high-quality catsup can be made only from ripe tomatoes of varieties possessing a red pigment. The time for picking fruit for special purposes must be determined by the behavior of the fruit. Put the fruit to the test; it will give the answer. FARMS, FORESTS, AND EROSION. By SAMUEL T. DANA, Assistant Chief of Forest Investigations, Forest Service. INTRODUCTION. ¢¢T\ARMS, forests, and erosion” may sound like a queer combination, but as a matter of fact the three are closely connected. Erosion is one of the most serious dan- gers that threaten our farms, and forests are one of the most effective means of preventing erosion. How true this is would be most startlingly demonstrated if all the forests of the country were to be wiped out overnight. Imagine how the water would pour off the mountains, cutting to pieces and washing away the land and destroying other property in its path. The forest is, in fact, one of the best friends of the farmer in protecting his land from erosion and consequent damage. Just what this means, not only to the farmer, but to the Nation as a whole, becomes ciearer when we remember that over half of the population of the country is rural; that there are more than 6,300,000 farms; that there are nearly 897,000,000 acres of farm land with a value of approximately $28,500,000,000; and that the annual production of farm crops is valued at some $5,500,000,000. Anything that exer- cises an important influence on interests of this magnitude is unquestionably deserving of the most careful consideration. WHAT BECOMES OF THE RAINFALL. IN THE FOREST. When the Pilgrim fathers landed at Plymouth Rock in 1620 they found the new continent clothed with an almost unbroken expanse of virgin forest. Cool springs were abundant, streams ran clear, and excessive erosion had not left its mark upon the land. The geologic processes of land sculpture which have been going on since time immemorial were of course at work carving out the hills and valleys. Every year the soil on the steeper slopes was creeping a little farther on its way to the sea; every year there was some 107 108 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. change, however imperceptible, in the appearance of mother earth. At the same time another process was going on. Rocks were being decomposed and transformed into soil. This second process, though it, too, was slow, was in most places proceeding faster than the other. Soils were being formed more rapidly than they were removed, and the basis for the future farms of the country was gradually being built up. Such soil as was washed away consisted of the lighter particles, much of which, being deposited farther down in the more level portions of the streams, helped to build up the fertile alluvial plains. The entire action of nature was beneficial, rather than destructive. Everyone who has been in a dense forest during a heavy storm knows how thoroughly it protects the soil and stores the water. The force of the rain is broken by the trees, the underbrush, and the litter on the ground, so that it does not beat upon the soil. Much of the precipitation reaches the earth by running down the twigs and branches. In a light shower nearly all of the rain may be intercepted by the leaves of the trees, so that one can stand in the forest without getting wet. Even in a heavy rain the water drips down so quietly as to have practically no beating effect upon the soil. There is no perceptible surface run-off until great quantities of rain have fallen. Instead, the water is soaked up-by the organic matter, or humus, in the upper layers of the soil. This is really an enormous vegetable sponge capable of hold- ing several times its own weight of water. As the rain falls it is absorbed by this sponge, then passed on to the reservoir of mineral soil beneath, and finally fed out gradually to the springs and streams. Then, too, surface run-off is checked by the mechanical obstruction offered by stumps, fallen twigs, branches, and even whole trees; and percolation of the water into the soil is made easier by the network of small roots and the channels left by the decay of large roots. Even when the rain is so heavy that the soil is unable to absorb all of the water at once, the excess flows off with no erosion. Streams coming from virgin forests are seldom muddy and are subject to comparatively small variations in flow. IN THE OPEN. The effect of heavy rains on the exposed soil of cleared fields is very different. Theré the rain beats upon the bare Farms, Forests, and Erosion. 109 ground like millions of little hammers. The soil is com- pacted, its absorbing capacity is reduced, and first the finer and then the coarser, infertile particles are washed away. The water quickly gathers into little rivulets, then into streams, and finally into roaring torrents, all carrying with them ever-increasing quantities of soil and often stones and bowlders. Myriads of tiny channels appear as if by magic. - These run together into small guilies, and the small gullies grow into large ones. The whole area is cut up by erosion and the eroded materials carried away to cause trouble at lower elevations. It has sometimes been argued that because the erosion which takes place under natural conditions is beneficial, that which takes place after clearing is equally or even more so. This by no means follows, however. When erosion becomes excessive, not only is the soil at the upper elevations washed away more rapidly than it is formed, but the amount of sedi- ment is so enormous that the streams can not handle it. The coarser, infertile materials, the proportion of which is greatly increased, are deposited on valuable farm lands along the middle courses of the streams, while the finer materials are carried farther down, where they help to fill up the navigable portions of the rivers. When the early colonists cleared the first land for agricul- ture they paved the way for the excessive erosion which has since taken place. It was of course inevitable that over a large portion of the country forests should give way to farms. It was not inevitable, however, that this change should be accompanied by such disastrous consequences to the soil. Many causes have been responsible for the damage that has been wrought, but underlying them all is the prod- igality and indifference to the future which is characteristic of people richly endowed with natural resources. CAUSES OF EROSION. CLEARING OF NONAGRICULTURAL LAND. Injudicious clearing for cultivation of land on which a forest cover should always have been maintained has been one of the main causes of unnecessary erosion. Thousands of acres on slopes too steep for successful farming have been ruined in this way. Such land has been cheap and the settler 110 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. frequently has been only too ready to cultivate it for a few years until it was worn out and then complacently move on to repeat the process elsewhere. Improper methods of agri- culture have often hastened the devastation. Unfortunately, this has not been confined to the area itself. Once started, erosion has progressed in both directions, washing out and burying fertile lands below and eating back into forested lands above. Complete clearing of lands that should have been only partially cleared has had the same result. Not infrequently it happens that part of an area can safely be cleared for farming if the rest of the area is left in forest. Failure to recognize this fact and to retain the forest where its pro- tective influence is needed has been the direct cause of much unnecessary wasting of the soil. FIRE. Among the many evils chargeable to forest fires, their effect on the character of the run-off is by no means the least. Their tendency is in the same direction as clearing—to de- crease the amount of water absorbed and consequently to increase surface run-off and soil washing. From the standpoint of erosion every fire on hilly land is a menace—the steeper the slope the more serious the menace. Conflagrations which completely destroy the cover are, of course, most dangerous. Even light surface fires, however, are not to be disregarded. By destroying the humus and the carpet of weeds and other plants, these tend to harden the soil and to reduce materially its absorptive capacity. Re- peated fires on the same area are particularly dangerous, since they gradually open up the stand, remove all trace of vegetable matter, and may cause the soil to harden and pack so as to be almost impervious. One or two specific examples may help to make clear the damage that may be done by even a single fire. On the north side of the Soleduck Valley, in western Washington, some 12,000 acres were severely burned in 1907. All vegetable growth was destroyed and all soil cover re- ‘moved. Very little vegetation started in the first four years following the fire, and during these years the slopes were subjected to considerable erosion. Soil and fragments of Farms, Forests, and Erosion. 111 stone were carried in great quantities to the many gulches and water courses.- In November, 1910, a combination of heavy snow, followed by a chinook wind and a warm rain, caused an enormous run-off of water, carrying with it great quantities of soil and rock. This shifting mass was so great that most of the creek channels, where they struck the flat, became choked with it and built up fan-shaped deltas, in some cases several acres being covered with débris from 1 to 6 feet deep. Even now erosion on these areas is consider- able, although not nearly so great as during the first few years after the fire. In the brush-covered foothills of southern California, near the town of Piru, is a small watershed of perhaps 1 square mile known as “ Nigger Canyon.” In October, 1912, ap- proximately 100 acres of this were burned over and the cover completely destroyed. The following January a series of heavy rains caused unprecedented erosion on the area. Rocks from 2 to 25 feet in diameter, so large that they could hardly be moved by a team, were brought down by the flood. A section of 1-inch iron pipe between 400 and 500 feet long was entirely washed out. Ten acres of orange orchard near the mouth of the canyon were covered with a deposit of gravel from 6 inches to 5 feet in depth, so that in many places the lower branches of the trees rested directly on the ground. Though the orchard was not destroyed it was so injured that it will be necessary to reset the buried area. Farther downstream, where the deposit was not so deep, the individual trees have been raised at considerable expense by means of a derrick. Near the first orchard the bed of the creek was so filled with débris that the orchard was in con- stant danger of being overflowed at high water, and it was necessary to construct a dike in order to confine the water to the main channel. Four acres of bottom land which had been cleared the year previous to the fire for planting to lemons were so covered with gravel and bowlders as to be completely ruined. Local residents state that while the pre- cipitation that winter was heavy, they do not believe it was worse than in many other years. One owner expresses the opinion that there has been more damage from erosion in the 3 years since the fire than in the 22 years before. 112 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. DESTRUCTIVE LUMBERING. All cutting, of course, changes to some extent the char- acter and amount of the soil cover and therefore disturbs more or less the natural balance between rainfall and run- off. If the cutting is properly regulated, however, this effect may be so slight as to be practically negligible. It is nearly always possible to leave sufficient cover on the ground to pre- vent any ill effects from the opening up of the stand, and if fire is kept out this is soon supplemented by other vegeta- tion which effectively protects the soil from erosion. Unfortunately, past cuttings have not in all cases been properly regulated.. Considerable unnecessary erosion may be laid to destructive lumbering carried on without regard to the future welfare of the forest itself or of the interests dependent on its protective cover. Clear cutting has been practiced on steep slopes where at least a part of the stand should have been left. Roads have been so located as to be subject to serious erosion. Deeply gouged skid trails, formed by dragging many logs down the same rut, have been left unprotected to wash out after every heavy rain. Worst of all, fires have been allowed to burn uncontrolled on the cut- over areas. The dry mass of twigs, branches, and other in- flammable material left after all lumbering operations adds to the fury of the flames and enables them to expose the bare soil to the mercy of the other elements. One of the papers in the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1913 (“Economic Waste from Soil Ero- sion,” by R. O. E. Davis) cites a specific example of the re- sults of destructive lumbering. The owner was proceeding to remove all the timber possible from his tract with entire indifference as to the effect upon the soil of such a procedure. In one field where the entire forest cover had already been removed, great gullies had appeared and ruined the field for farming. One of the gullies extended for over half a mile to a creek bottom which had once been a fertile field, but was now covered in most places from 1 to 3 feet deep with sand which had been washed down from the cut-over area. When the lumberman was asked regarding his treatment of the land he replied that all he expected to get from it was the lumber; that he did not suppose he could sell it, because he “didn’t think it worth anything as farm land, it washed Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XII. Fig. |.—THE RESULT OF CLEAR CUTTING AND FIRES. This land is in the mountains, at too high an elevation for agriculture (over 10,000 feet), and should have been retained in forest. Fic. 2.—ONCE A TROUT STREAM, This stream formerly had a small but steady flow throughout the year and was named Trout Creek from the fish which madeit theirhome, Cutt ing, overgrazing, and fires in the moun- tains at its headwaters have brought about steadily increasing washouts. Soserioushas been the damage to the railroad which originally ran along the bank that more than a million dollars would now be required to replace the track. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XIII. Fic. |.—How FARM LAND IS DESTROYED. By being buried under a heavy deposit ofsand and gravel brought down by a single flood from the cut-over and burned-over mountain watershed above, 11 acres out of the 45 acres of irri- gated land on this farm were practically ruined. The irrigation works were also so damaged that no irrigation was possible the year following the flood. Fic. 2.-A WASHED-OUT ROAD. The washout occurred the next year after a severe fire in the mountains shown in the back- ground. The gate, no longer used, shows where the road formerly ran—5 feet higher than its present location. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XIV Fic. 1.—FARMING NO LONGER POSSIBLE. Land which formerly sold for $600 an acre has been rendered worthless by the deposit of sand, gravel, and bowlders brought down the year after a severe fire in the mountains shown in the background. Previous to the fire the stream bed had been an inconspicuous wash carrying only a small amount of water even in the rainy season. Fic. 2._A RESULT OF CARELESS FARMING. The damage might have been prevented by proper terracing and cultivation. Even now reclamation of such land is both possible and profitable. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XV. Fic. |1.—FERTILE LAND RUINED BY EROSION. Tf the soil-washing is not checked there is danger that the buildings in the background will eventually be “undermined. Fic. 2.—EROSION GAINING HEADWAY ON A STEEP SLOPE. An effort is being made to check it by filling the gullies with brush, Tree planting would also help. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XVI. Fic. |.—A RESERVOIR ENDANGERED. Where vegetation is sparse erosion once started is very difficult to check. It.is particularly serious in this case because the eroded area drains directly into a proposed reservoir site. Fic. 2.-OVERGRAZING ANOTHER CAUSE OF SOIL WASHING. The protective vegetation has been partly removed as a result of too heavy grazing by sheep. If grazing is not checked, the entire hillside may be destroyed. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XVII. Fic. |.—THE KIND OF LAND FOR A WOODLOT. Timber growing pays better than farming on lands of this character. Fia. 2.—_A PROTECTED RIVER BANK, During the Kansas River flood of 1903 the fringe of willows and cottonwoods protected this river bank from erosion, and the land back of it from burial under a mass of sand, gravel, and other infertile material. Farms, Forests, and Erosion. 113 so bad.” His method of handling it was indeed ruining it for either farm or forest, and in addition was contributing to the ruin of fertile land below. OVERGRAZING. Although less spectacular than fire, overgrazing may be. equally serious in its effect on erosion. It is particularly dangerous in those areas where precipitation is light and where the vegetation even when ungrazed has a hard time holding its own. The woodland areas in the Southwest are typical examples. Here the natural balance between pre- cipitation and run-off is so finely adjusted that very little disturbance of the soil cover is required to upset it. More- over, adverse climatic conditions make it very difficult for vegetation to reestablish itself in such regions. Erosion once started, therefore, is likely to be permanent. The evil results of overgrazing are well illustrated in central and southern Utah. Forest Service Bulletin 917 estimates that in the country surrounding the Manti Na- tional Forest, overgrazing, which occurred before this area was included in the National Forests, has been responsible through erosion and floods for a loss of $225,000. Among the items of damage included are destruction of roads, bridges, streets, and buildings; heavy depreciation of real- estate values; ruin of crops; permanent injury to agricul- tural lands; filling up and destruction of reservoirs, canals, and ditches; and even death. Farther south, overgrazing on a single watershed has been responsible for an annual loss of about $3,000 to the town and farming community of Salina. Furthermore, the sand and sediment carried by Salina Creek has filled up the main channel of the Sevier River between Salina and Redmond to such an extent that the river has submerged some 1,000 acres of valuable farming land worth about $100,000, and has damaged other lands to the extent of about $50,000. OTHER FACTORS. In addition to the forest and other soil covers, the chief factors having an influence on erosion are the amount and character of the precipitation, the degree of slope, the geo- 1“ Grazing and Floods: A Study of Conditions in the Manti National Forest, Utah,” by R. V. R. Reynolds. 54159°—yxsxK 1916———8 114 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. logical formation, and the depth and composition of the soil. In general, anything that increases surface run-off increases erosion. Severe storms, steep slopes, and soils with relatively low water-absorbing capacity are, therefore, all dangerous because they tend to make it impossible for the soil to absorb the water as fast as it is supplied. This is the case with the torrential downpours of rain that occasion- ally occur in various parts of the country, and especially in the West. These are often known locally as “ cloud-bursts,” or, more expressively, as “ gully-washers,” particularly if damage results from them. In July, 1915, for example, a cloud-burst in northern Wash- ington did considerable damage in the rolling farming and grazing district known as “Happy Hill.” Deep gullies were cut in the side hill at intervals of from 20 to 30 feet, crops were destroyed, live stock drowned, and several acres of fertile bottom land ruined by being buried under rocks and other débris. Altogether, the storm, which covered an area of only 2 or 3 square miles, was responsible for a dam- age of some $2,000. It should be noted, however, that one of the reasons why the unusually heavy precipitation was able to do so much damage in this case, as in many others, was ° the fact that the soil cover had already been broken by cul- tivation and overgrazing. It is a significant fact that “cloud-bursts” occur most frequently where the ground cover has been disturbed by fire or grazing, or in some other way. Equally severe downpours elsewhere are apt to excite little attention and to pass merely as heavy storms. Under natural conditions the various forces are so adjusted that the damage from excessive erosion in most parts of the country is comparatively small. Some damage is, of course, inevitable, but such scars as are made are usually soon healed over by the growth of vegetation. As a rule it is only when the natural protective cover of forests, brush, grass, and other plants is disturbed that serious and long- continued erosion results. KINDS OF EROSION. SHEET EROSION. Sheet erosion is marked by a more or less uniform washing away of the soil over the entire surface. It usually occurs on hillsides of only moderate slope and on the more cohesive Farms, Forests, and Erosion. 115 soils. Every rain washes away some of the finer particles, but the progress of erosion is usually slow and the results not particularly conspicuous. GULLY EROSION. Gully erosion is much more noticeable than sheet erosion and usually progresses much more rapidly. In its early stages it is often characterized by the formation of numerous small, more or less parallel gullies, sometimes known as shoe-string gullies. Not infrequently gullies of this type are found on areas that have already suffered from sheet erosion. As they increase in size they vary in shape accord- ing to the character of the soil, from sharp-bottomed, V-shaped cuts with steep sides to broader depressions with more gently sloping, rounded sides. Ancther type of gully has vertical, cliff-like sides which keep caving in as the water undermines them. Once started, it usually grows rapidly in length, breadth, and depth with every storm, until it has developed from a mere gash into a yawning chasm. It is the most striking form of gully erosion, the most rapidly progressive in its development, and the most difficult to check. LANDSLIDES. A landslide consists in the slipping down in a solid body of a considerable mass of the surface soil. Landslides usu- ally occur where the soil rests on a smooth-faced, slippery substratum, or where the soil is of a “slick,” micaceous char- acter. They are caused by the soil becoming thoroughly saturated with water and then slipping off in a body from the underlying subsoil or rock. Railroad and highway cuts and the undermining of river banks often help to start them. Forest fires, by destroying the roots which pin the surface soil to the subsoil, are also a contributing cause. In Novem- ber, 1910, for example, seven distinct slides took place on burned-over areas on the Rainier National Forest in western Washington. Some of these areas had been burned over only once, others repeatedly. The slides followed a series of warm, heavy rains which so saturated the soil that the de- cayed roots of the fire-killed trees and the short roots of the young, new growth were unable to hold it in place. 116 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. RIVER-BOTTOM EROSION. Along river bottoms erosion is of still a different type. Here good valley land may be destroyed either by the wear- ing away of the river banks along the main channel or by the gouging out of new channels. Sometimes hundreds of acres of excellent agricultural land are so scoured out and stripped of their soil by a single flood as to be rendered valueless. The famous Kansas River flood of 1908, for ex- ample, completely destroyed 10,000 acres of excellent farm- ing land and caused a total loss of at least $22,000,000. Such damage is indirectly due in large part to erosion farther up the stream and its tributaries. The eroded material brought down by the rivers is deposited in their lower portions, fills up the channels, and creates obstructions which cause the water to overflow in time of flood. Furthermore, the ma- terial brought down by the flood serves as a scouring agent which most effectively reinforces the work of the water. Prevention of erosion at the higher elevations is, therefore, an important step in. checking erosion along river bottoms. CUMULATIVE CHARACTER OF EROSION. One of the worst features of erosion is its tendency to progress with ever-increasing rapidity. Once given a good start it will grow of itself. Where sheet erosion is taking place every bit of the surface soil washed away decreases by so much the water-absorbing capacity of that which re- mains, and hastens its removal down to the subsoil and often to the bare rock. Where gullies have been formed the run- off is concentrated in these and frequently scours them out with almost inconceivable force. Often, indeed, the under- mining and caving in of the banks proceeds so rapidly dur- ing a heavy storm that it is dangerous to be too close an observer. . Moreover, the eroded material greatly increases the scour- ing power of the running water. The sediment of sand, gravel, and bowlders carried down the gullies and stream courses exercises a powerful influence in carving out their banks and tearing away formations which would not be affected by the water alone. This is especially true on steep slopes, since the transporting power of water varies as the sixth power of its velocity. In other words, when a current of 2 miles an hour can move only fragments of stone the size Farms, ‘iF orests, and Erosion. 117 of a hen’s egg, a torrent of 20 miles an hour can carry bowlders weighing nearly 100 tons. The tremendous scour- ing power which such a burden as this adds to the water and its effect in hastening the progress of erosion are obvious. EFFECTS OF EROSION. RUIN OF LAND. Undoubtedly the most serious and far-reaching effect of erosion is the ruin of the land itself. Soil is, indeed, the most valuable natural resource possessed by any nation. It is the primary source from which we derive our food, our clothing, and our shelter—the basis, in fact, of civilization. Looked at from this standpoint it is as indispensable to ex- istence as are air and water. Certainly its conservation is one of the most important steps for the welfare of the country. Already some 4,000,000 acres of farm land have been ruined by erosion, and nearly twice as much more has been seriously damaged. In other words, erosion has rendered completely nonproductive an area capable of forming nearly 100,000 farms and of sustaining a population approximately equal to that of Arizona and New Mexico combined. Every year there is an unnecessary waste from erosion of more than 400,000,000 tons of soil material, an amount greater than that removed in digging the Panama Canal. Much of this comes from good farming land and all of it reduces by just so much the productive capacity of the country. In addition, thousands of acres of bottom land are ruined each year by being buried under infertile eroded materials brought down from the higher elevations. Even a nation as rich in soil resources as the United States can not afford a loss of this magnitude. The day of reckoning will surely come when we shall pay the price for such prodigality. Continued waste of the soil can result only in failure to attain that development in production and population which our original endowment promised. So serious indeed is the situation that Dr. N. S. Shaler, for- merly dean of the Lawrence Scientific School, was once moved to remark that if mankind can not devise and en- force ways of dealing with the earth which will preserve this source of life, “we must look forward to the time—re- mote it may be, yet clearly discernible—when our kind, hav- 118 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. ing wasted its greatest inheritance, will fade from the earth because of the ruin it has accomplished.” LOSS OF FERTILITY. Actual waste of the land is, however, by no means the only evil wrought by soil erosion. Loss of fertility must also be charged to its account. The finest particles. of soil are naturally the first to be washed away, and the removal of these seriously impairs the physical and chemical quality of the soil. In the Piedmont section of North Carolina, for example, the plant food and humus contained in the 4,000,000 tons of soil washed away every year are valued at $2,000,000. A single week of heavy rain in August, 1908, is estimated to have impoverished the soils to the extent of more than $500,000. Figures are not available for the country as a whole; the loss certainly mounts high ito the millions. One of the most serious features of this loss is the fact that it is seldom fully appreciated, particularly when it is not accompanied by pronounced gullying. It is not at all an uncommon occurrence on certain soils for the top layers to be washed away so gradually and uniformly that the change is hardly perceptible. In such cases the farmer fre- quently does not realize that erosion is taking place. He attributes the decreasing fertility of the soil to the fact that it is getting “ worn out,” and eventually abandons the land without once suspecting that he himself is in any way responsible. LOWERING OF THE WATER LEVEL. Another important effect of erosion, too often overlooked, is its effect in lowering the level of the ground water. As gullies are deepened and stream channels lowered there is a constant tendency for the water in the upper layers of the soil to sink to the same level. Not infrequently this low- ering of the ground water is sufficient to have an unfavor- able influence on crop production, to make the use of the water for irrigation impracticable, and even to change the natural type of vegetation. A specific illustration of this which occurred in eastern Oregon may be cited. A mountain meadow of some 200 acres was formerly well covered with an excellent growth of grass. The small stream which ran into it had no pronounced channel, but spread out Farms, Forests, and Erosion. 119 so as to irrigate the entire area. Then came grazing, and then more grazing, until finally the sod began to be cut up and well-worn trails to be formed. Every spring, water would run down these trails until there was one deeper than ~ the rest. This took the bulk of the flow and became the main drainage channel for the meadow. The channel was too small to accommodate all of the water, however, and the exposed soil soon began to erode. The banks at the lower end of the channel are now constantly caving in and being washed away, while at the same time the gully is growing deeper and deeper and working its way back toward the head of the meadow. “As this development has taken place a striking change has occurred in the character of the vege- tation. In the lower part of the area, where the lowering of the water level is most pronounced, the grass has entirely disappeared, and the land is now covered only with sage- brush and is worthless for grazing. Near the head of the meadow the grass still maintains its hold; but here also, unless the erosion is checked, the existing vegetation will be replaced in time by sagebrush and the value of the meadow entirely destroyed. In addition to the loss of water through the deepening of drainage channels, the increased surface run-off which has accompanied erosion is a further cause of the lowering of the water level. This depletion of the water supply is of much more than local importance. In Bulletin 71 of the Bureau of Soils, for example, it is estimated that through- out an area of some 500,000 square miles in the eastern United States the natural level of the water in the ground has been lowered from 5 to 30 feet since the country was settled—the equivalent of 15 years’ rainfall over the area depleted. Obviously such a drain on the water resources of the country, for the most part needless, can not be con- tinued indefinitely. DAMAGE TO TRRIGATION. Erosion is also one of the most serious dangers that threaten irrigation. This is true for several reasons. The farmer on irrigated land is above all else dependent on a sufficient supply of stored water, which may come from either natural or artificial reservoirs or from both. Under normal conditions this storage is brought about primarily 120 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. by the mantle of soil which clothes the mountains, protects the headwaters of the streams, and acts as a great natural reservoir. The effectiveness of this natural reservoir is de- creased just in proportion as the soil is removed or its ab- sorptive capacity diminished. Both of these effects are pro- duced by erosion. The result is a greatly increased surface run-off after heavy rains, corresponding low-water stages during dry periods, and a marked decrease in the amount of water available for irrigation. Everyone who has seen how the water pours off a bare mountain side or a thoroughly compacted soil after a storm realizes how little of it nature is able to store for future use. : Furthermore, erosion has a secondary harmful effect in the filling up of artificial reservoirs with the soil brought — down by the stream. Any increase in the amount of this sediment, therefore, means a corresponding decrease in the capacity of the reservoirs. In many cases dam sites at which storage reservoirs can be constructed at a reasonable cost are limited, and when this is true the silting up of the reservoirs means the eventual abandonment of the irrigated lands de- pendent upon them for water. Water heavily laden with eroded material also decreases the efficiency and increases the cost of maintenance of other irrigation works, such as diversion dams, pipe lines, flumes, and canals. Sometimes it injures the crops to which it is applied, and not infrequently it seriously impairs or even completely ruins the land by burying it under a mass of sand, gravel, bowlders, and other coarse material. An example of the damage that may be done to irrigated lands by erosion following even a small fire is afforded by a ranch in Cajon Canyon in southern California. Approxi- mately 100 acres of comparatively low, brush-covered hills just above this ranch were burned over in the fall of 1914. The next spring all of the irrigating ditches lying immedi- ately below the burned area were filled with sand and gravel, although no such trouble had been experienced previcusly. In some places the deposit of gravel was from 7 to 8 feet deep. In others, repeated filling up made it necessary to dig out the ditch three different times. Altogether some $800 was spent just for labor to repair the flumes which were burned out and to dig out the ditches. More serious than Farms, Forests, and Erosion. 121 this, however, was the damage to the alfalfa crop. In the fall of 1914 one cutting of alfalfa on about 35 acres was lost, as a result of which it proved necessary to buy approxi- mately $600 worth of stock feed during the winter. Worse ~ still, the 1915 crop of alfalfa on 50 acres which had been seeded early in the spring was completely lost because the ditches could not be repaired soon enough to get water on the area in time to save the crop—a direct loss of perhaps $2,500. In the spring of 1914 a little settlement on irrigated land in the foothills near Los Angeles suffered similar and heavier damage. The fall before, some 700 acres of the brush-cov- ered watershed from which the settlement derives its water supply was completely burned over. Previous to the fire the stream draining this canyon had been hardly more than a serious wash, carrying so little water, even in the rainy sea- son, that no one had thought of the possibility of its doing any damage. The next spring, however, a tremendous flood brought down hundreds of tons of eroded material. The inconspicuous wash widened until it carved out a stream-bed in ‘places half a mile wide, in some spots gullied several feet deep, in others buried under from 8 to 10 feet of sand, gravel, and bowlders. Roads were washed out, irrigated orchards cut to pieces, and some land totally ruined. So serious was the damage that the county has spent several thousand dol- lars in correcting the stream channel and in constructing check dams in the canyon for the prevention of future floods. The total loss may be conservatively estimated at over $60,000—rather a heavy price to pay for a small fire. LOSS OF WATER POWER. In its relation to water power, erosion is of the utmost importance, because it interferes with the steady flow which is so essential to successful development. As in the case of irrigation, the capacity of the natural reservoir is depleted and artificial reservoirs are filled up. Many striking exam- ples of this are afforded in the Southern Appalachians. In one reservoir which had a depth of 28 feet when the dam was first closed, an island had appeared in 2 years. Another pond about 4 miles long and 40 feet deep at the lower end had its upper part entirely filled in 4 years and near the dam was about three-fourths full. So serious is this effect that 122 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. in this region the attempt to use more than the unregulated flow of the streams for water-power development has been practically abandoned.+ Still another result of erosion in this connection is the increase in the-number and severity of floods. In a single year the damage from floods to storage reservoirs, power plants, and other property in the Southern Appalachians amounted to $18,000,000.1 INTERFERENCE WITH NAVIGATION. Erosion, because of its interference with navigation, has been one of the factors responsible for our failure to develop properly the inland waterways of the country. Increased rapidity of run-off results in decreased low-water flow. At the same time the sediment brought down by streams is de-. posited in their lower reaches. The action of both factors tends in the same direction—to decrease the depth and hence to impair the navigability of the stream. Many rivers for- merly navigable have become so filled as to render them prac- tically impassable by boats of even moderate size. Others have to be constantly dredged in order to keep them open. To take a single example: The Tennessee River has been changed in comparatively recent years from a practically clear to a sediment-bearing stream. A survey in 1896 of the lower portion of the river, between Riverton, Ala., and Pa- ducah, Ky., showed 49 bars through which it was calculated that a channel could be opened by the removal of 650,000 cubic yards of sand and gravel. As the work developed it proved necessary in some of the bars to remove several times as much material as had been calculated, and others had to be dredged several times. One, indeed, was opened five times in 8 years. By 1908 several new bars had developed, 1,127,660 cubic yards had been dredged in 31 places, and the results were stated to be fairly permanent in two-thirds of these. GENERAL. Altogether it has been estimated that erosion is responsi- ble for an annual loss in this country of approximately $100,000,000. To the farmer it means money out of his 1U. S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 72, ‘‘ Denudation and Erosion,” by L. C. Glenn. Farms, Forests, and Hrosion. 123 pocket from start to finish. It impairs the fertility and de- creases the productivity of his land, and may even ruin it altogether; it renders irrigation more difficult and more costly; by reducing the possibilities of cheap water-power ‘development it tends to keep up the price and check the more extended use of electricity; and by interfering with navigation it helps to prevent the development of a com- prehensive system of cheap inland water transportation. But the farmer is not the only sufferer. The entire com- munity is directly affected by the loss and is justified in taking heroic measures to remedy the evil. PREVENTION OF EROSION. CONTROL OF SURFACE RUN-OFF. Since surface run-off is the primary cause of erosion, it is obvious that complete control of this would constitute a solution of the entire problem. In other words, if we cure the cause we shall also do away with the effects. Some of the factors that influence surface run-off, and therefore erosion, are, of course, beyond our control. We can not alter the total amount or the distribution of the pre- cipitation. Neither can we remake at will the geological formation, the general slope, or the depth and character of the soil. Some of these things, however, we can modify to a certain extent. By means of terraces we can break up the uniformity of the slope; by the addition of fertilizers and by proper methods of cultivation we can increase the absorptive capacity of the soil. Most important of all, we can, within the limits imposed by climate and soil, do almost what we will with the ground cover. Prevention of erosion is, then, dependent primarily on the way in which we treat the protective cover of trees and other vegetation, and secondarily on the way in which we handle cleared lands. If the.problem is to be solved we must cease to accelerate surface run-off by burning the for- ests and brush fields, overgrazing the range, clearing steep slopes for agriculture, and practicing antiquated methods of cultivation. On the contrary, the farmer, the forester, and the stockman must cooperate in seeing that the land is so used that surface run-off, particularly at the higher eleva- tions, is reduced to a minimum. If this is done, erosion 124 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. can be effectively controlled without interfering with the fullest use of our natural resources. CLASSIFICATION OF LAND. The first step toward controlling the run-off is to classify all land according to its lability to erosion and need of a protective cover. This might well be part of a broader classification aimed to devote all land to its highest use. Such a classification by competent authorities would per- haps accomplish more than any other one step not only in preventing erosion but in bringing about the fullest use of all our natural resources. Until Federal and State au- thorities take comprehensive action in this direction the individual will have to settle the question for himself as best he can with the knowledge at his disposal. So far as erosion alone is concerned, this should not be a very difficult matter. FARM LAND. How steep a slope can safely be cleared for farming de- pends largely on the character of the soil. It has often been said that no slope steeper than 15° should be cleared, and as a general guide this is probably as good as could be given. Yet slopes of less than 15° not infrequently show serious erosion under cultivation, while occasionally slopes of 20° and even more show none. The question, there- fore, is one that must be settled separately for every locality, and even for every tract. As a rule, however, there is some cleared land in every vicinity which can be used as a guide. In case of doubt the safest course is to leave the land un- cleared. Some erosion must be expected on all slope land cleared for cultivation. On land really suitable for farming, how- ever, this can be reduced sufficiently to prevent any marked deterioration. The general principle to be kept in mind is to prevent surface run-off just as far as possible. Water that is absorbed by the soil not only causes no erosion but in- creases the supply of ground water, diminishes drought, feeds the springs, and maintains a steady flow in the creeks and rivers. One of the most effective methods for preventing erosion on cultivated land is terracing. Properly constructed ter- Farms, Forests, and Erosion. 125 races check the velocity of surface run-off and give the soil a chance to absorb far more water than would otherwise be possible. Their construction has been so frequently described in various agricultural publications that it need not be dis- cussed here.'’ Their importance in any well-regulated scheme of farming should, however, be emphasized. There is scarcely a region in which they can not be used to advantage. Numerous other measures can also be taken to convert surface into underground run-off. Deep plowing and fertil- izing increase the absorptive capacity of the soil. On soils that become saturated quickly artificial drains help to carry off the surplus water. Contour plowing acts in the same general way as terracing. Winter cover crops and such crops as grapes and berries offer mechanical resistance to surface run-off and also bind the soil. Rotation of crops helps to retain the fertility and therefore the absorptive capacity of the soil. Occasional turning of the land into pasture for a few years is often beneficial. Properly located and con- structed ditches help to carry away safely the excess run-off, and brush and stone dams serve to break its force. There is hardly a farm in the country where at least one, and usually several, of these measures should not be practiced. FOREST LAND. Forests, which are the highest type of vegetation, form the most effective cover for converting surface into subterranean run-off. They should therefore be retained on all areas which, if cleared, would either be in danger of erosion them- selves or a menace to other areas. Paradoxical as it may sound, the crop production of the country would be greater if the forest cover were maintained where its protective in- fluence is needed than would be the case if the entire area were cleared for farming. Mountain Forestrs.—Water, like fire, is an unruly element which must be controlled at the outset if it is to be controlled at all. It is this fact that gives the mountain forests their peculiar importance. They catch the water at the begin- Agriculture Bulletin 180; North Carolina Geological and Economie Soil Survey Bulletins 17 and 2536; and South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Cir- cular 20. 126 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. ning of its journey to the sea. They tackle the problem at its very source. Furtherfore, they afford protection where the precipitation is heaviest and the slopes steepest. For these reasons the great bulk of the land on the steeper slopes and at the higher elevations should be retained in forest, and the forest cover supplemented where necessary by small check dams and larger storage reservoirs. In no other way can the soil be kept on the mountain sides, surface run-off controlled, and the prosperity of the community safeguarded. In many regions farming, irrigation, municipal water sup- plies, water-power development, and navigation are all, in the last analysis, dependent upon the mountain forests. Europe has already had its lesson. In the Apennines, near Florence, it is now possible to walk for miles on mountain slopes of bare rock where a century or so ago dense forests grew. France has spent millions of dollars in reforestation and engineering works in the Pyrenees and French Alps to control the torrents and the erosion which have resulted from forest destruction in the mountains. In the United States marked progress is being made. Since 1891 the reservation under Federal ownership of for- ested public lands has been an established policy of the Gov- ernment. One hundred and sixty-three million acres of National Forests, mainly in the mountains of the West, now protect both the forests and the various interests dependent on them. Another step in advance was taken in 1911, when Congress enacted legislation providing for the purchase of forest lands on the watersheds of navigable streams. Already some 400,000 acres of forest land have been ac- quired and some 900,000 acres more approved for purchase under this act. In addition, some 2,800,000 acres of moun- tain land are held as State forest reserves. Much still remains to be done, however, before the moun- tain forests will exercise the influence of which they are capable in controlling surface run-off. Throughout the world, history has demonstrated unmistakably that unre- strained private ownership can not be relied upon to give such forests the protection that is necessary. They are a community asset, and community ownership or control is essential for their proper management. Until the Nation Farms, Forests, and Frosion. 127 and the States realize this fact and act upon it, the problem of erosion, with all its attendant ills, will not have been solved. Wooptots.—But the mountains are not the only place where a forest cover is necessary. Every farm has its patches which should be devoted to a woodlot—areas which are too rocky, poor-soiled, or steep to make cultivation practicable. Such areas if left barren are worse than useless because they form an actual menace to the rest of the farm. Woodlots on areas of this sort more than pay for themselves in the protection which they offer against rapid run-off and erosion. Not infrequently the very existence of a farm is dependent on the protection afforded by them. What timber they yield is clear gain. Belts of timber may also be used advantageously to pre- vent erosion on long, moderately steep slopes. Unbroken slopes of this character which are otherwise suitable for farming often permit the run-off to gain such headway as to cause serious washing on their lower portions. Narrow belts of timber, which should, of course, be wider the steeper the slope, effectively check this tendency. The mechanical obstruction that they offer reduces the velocity of the water, which is then absorbed by the humus. A forest barrier is both more efficient and more profitable than any other. River BeLrs.—Even along river bottoms the forest has its use. A fringe of trees along the main channel is of wonder- ful assistance in binding the banks and preventing the scour- ing out of adjacent lands. Although they have no effect on the height of flood waters, they offer a mechanical obstruc- tion which checks the velocity of the water and causes the stream to deposit its load of sand, gravel, and other infertile débris. Instead of a raging torrent the flood is turned into a quiet overflow, carrying a burden of silt the deposit of which enriches the neighboring farm lands. Many exam- ples of this were offered by the Kansas River flood of 1903. Farms where the river banks were protected by trees were in many cases actually benefited by the flood, while others without such protection were often completely destroyed. One farm protected in this way had some 200 acres enriched by a deposit of fine silt; another adjacent but unprotected 128 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. farm had 16 acres gouged out to a depth of from 6 to 8 feet and 100 acres more ruined by being buried under from 1 to 3 feet of coarse sand. Every river which is in danger of floods, and therefore erosion, should have its banks protected by a belt of trees from a few to several hundred feet in width. For such a belt to be of the most benefit, however, the channel should be made as straight as possible and kept free from all obstructions, such as accumulations of logs and other débris. Nothing can prevent erosion on a stream so choked up that its channel is barely able to care for the normal flow. FIRE PREVENTION. From the standpoint of erosion it is fully as important to keep the forest floor in an absorptive condition as to main- tain merely a stand of trees. Fires destroy both. They have no place in a well-managed forest, except occasionally as a help in securing natural reproduction, and then only under the direction of an expert. The prevention of uncontrolled fire is, indeed, an absolute necessity if the forest is to per- form effectively one of its main functions. Everyone recognizes a crown fire which destroys an en- tire forest as a disaster. But everyone is not yet educated to the realization that every surface fire, no matter how light, is a real menace. The mere fact that a fire is able to burn is sure proof that it is destroying organic material, and it is this organic material which makes the forest floor the great sponge that it is. Repeated fires will in time completely destroy this sponge. The change may be barely perceptible from year to year, but it is none the less sure. Every fire does its share toward removing the humus and making the forest less valuable for the storage of water and the preven- tion of erosion. Adequate protection will not be secured, however, until the fire problem is attacked as systematically in the forest as it now is in the city. Laws to prevent the starting of forest fires, and a well-organized and well-equipped force to detect them as soon as possible and to extinguish them before they gain any considerable headway are essential in any pro- tection system. To achieve such a result the efforts of forest owners, both public and private, must be supplemented by Yearbook U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XVIII. Fic. |.—AN UNPROTECTED RIVER BANK. During the Kansas River flood of 1903 this adjacent bank, which was unprotected by trees, was badly washed out and the farm land back of it seriously injured. FIG. 2.—_FARM LAND ALSO SUFFERS. This steam thresher stood on land unprotected by a fringe of trees along the river. During the same flood it was buried in sand, a telephone line in the background was washed down, and the value of the entire farm greatly impaired. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XIX. Fic. |1.—Sott GONE; ONLY BARE ROCK LEFT. The soil on this mountain slope has been washed out down to the bare rock as a result of the zemoval of the timber, followed by fires. F1iq. 2.—BoTTOM LAND BURIED UNDER SAND. This fertile alluvial river bottom has been buried under a deposit of sand and other infertile material brought down as a result of erosion in the higher elevations at 1ts headwaters. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XX. Fic. |.—AN EXAMPLE OF THE CAVING GULLY. This type of erosion often progresses very rapidly and is particularly difficult to stop. Fic. 2.—_BRUSH DAMS HELP TO CHECK EROSION. An attempt was made to grow peaches on this area. Brush dams are now being used to hold the soil preparatory to planting forest trees. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XXlI. Fic. |1.-THE CARRYING POWER OF WATER. This huge bowlder, weighing some three tons, was washed down by a flood caused by rapid run-off from overgrazed lands on the upper part of the watershed. The carrying power of water varies as the sixth power of its velocity. Fig. 2.—BOTTOM LAND STRIPPED OF ITS SOIL. This alluvial bottom has been rendered worthless by the washing away of the soil. The small area in the center shows the soil level in the bottom, the best part of the whole farm, before the soil was removed. Farms, Forests, and Erosion. 129 the cooperation of the entire community. The public as a whole suffers from the evil and should cooperate in putting a stop to it. ; GRAZING REGULATION. The regulation of grazing, whether conducted on farm lands, on forest lands, or on intermediate lands devoted en- tirely to grazing, is important in preventing erosion. The most important precaution is to make sure that the grazing is not overdone. When carried to extremes it is a fruitful source of erosion because it reduces greatly the amount of surface vegetation, packs the soil, and forms well-worn trails in which the water readily collects. Such damage may be prevented by limitation of the number of stock grazed and by proper methods of handling. One point to be borne in mind in determining whether an area should be used for grazing or forest production is the fact that a sod cover is not so efficient in decreasing the rapidity of surface run-off as a humus cover. A well-knit sod nearly always binds the underlying soil sufficiently to prevent erosion, but does not absorb water so readily. Con- sequently, certain areas that are not themselves in danger of erosion may be a more serious menace to farm lands below if devoted to grazing than if retained in forest. On steep slopes where landslides are apt to occur, it may often be advisable to stop grazing during periods of very wet weather. CONSERVATIVE LUMBERING. The forest can be cut for its timber without serious dan- ger of starting erosion, except on the highest, most exposed, and thinnest-soiled slopes. In such places the natural bal- ance is very closely adjusted, and cutting should be prohib- ited entirely or limited to the removal of individual trees here and there. Areas of this sort should be set aside as “protection forests.” These should be managed primarily with a view to retaining their protective value, and timber production should be treated as a purely secondary object. Elsewhere ordinary lumbering operations may be carried on safely. Usually a sufficient cover of small trees, under- brush, and humus is left to protect the soil, and this is soon 54159°—yBK 1916——9 130 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. reintorced by new growth. Certain precautions must be observed, however. Such methods of logging should be adopted as will cause as few deeply gouged skid trails as possible. When soil and climatic conditions are such that these are liable to erode badly they should be filled up with brush and other slash left after logging. This will check the rapidity of the run-off and enable nature to repair the scar before serious damage results. Above all, the cut-over area should be protected from fire. Burning is permissible only as a Silvicultural measure to assist natural reproduction, and then only under the direction of an expert. Uncontrolled fires following lumbering have caused far more damage than the cutting itself. They are a serious menace from every point of view and the greatest danger to be guarded against in connection with lumbering. EDUCATION. The most fundamental step that can be taken toward the prevention of erosion is education of the general public. The importance and extent of erosion, its causes, and meth- ods of control should be made matters of common knowledge. In the last analysis an enlightened public sentiment is the only cure for a public evil. Much can be done along this line in our educational insti- tutions, especially in the common schools. Children in par- ticular should have their interest actively aroused and their support enlisted. In one State “ gully clubs” have been or- ganized by the State forester. These are composed largely of school children who take an active part in the work of gully reclamation and particularly in finding and checking incipient gullies before it is too late. Why could not such organizations as boy scouts, girl scouts, and campfire girls be used in the same way? The normal child is never so happy as when doing something. Here is an outlet for his or her energies. Much may be done also in the various agricultural organi- zations, such as the granges and farmers’ institutes. County agents have an unequaled opportunity for effective educa- tional work where it will do the most good. Legislatures can do their share by enacting adequate laws for the pre- Farms, Forests, and Erosion. 131 vention of fire, the protection of mountain forests, and even of grazing and farm lands. It has been suggested that soil wash in cultivated or abandoned fields should be considered a public nuisance, and the holder of land on which it is per- mitted to occur held liable for resultant damages to neigh- boring lands and streams. This suggestion is based on the idea that the community has a right to take any action nec- essary to preserve its most valuable natural resource. RECLAMATION OF ERODED LANDS. NEED FOR PROMPT ACTION. It should never be forgotten that to prevent an evil is in- finitely better than to remedy it after it has once occurred. Nowhere is it more strictly true than in the case of erosion that “a stitch in time saves nine,” and that “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” At the same time it is reassuring to know that erosion can be controlled if action is taken in time. If delayed too long, however, the process may have proceeded so far as to make control meas- ures impossible except at a prohibitive cost. The golden rule in all reclamation work is to start early and stick to it; vigilance and persistence offer the only assurance of success. The same measures which are effective in preventing ero- sion may also be used to control it after it has once started. Terracing, ditching, damming, deep plowing, contour plow- ing, fertilizing, straightening of stream channels, and for- estation all have their place. Each case is a problem in itself, and the measures to be adopted depend on local conditions and the character of the erosion. DAMS. Small gullies may often be stopped by blocking them with cornstalks, straw, brush, logs, and similar material. These check the force of the water, and the gullies are gradually filled up with the sediment deposited. More pretentious dams may be made of earth, stones, or concrete. One device of this sort, known as a “christopher” or as the “ Dickey system,” consists of a dam beneath which is laid a sewer pipe with an upright arm. After every storm the basin 132 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. behind the dam is filled with water to the height of this arm, which then carries the additional water off through the sewer. The sediment carried by the water is deposited in the basin until finally the gully is entirely filled. More effective drainage of the basin can be secured if it is also underlain by a tile drain connected with the sewer. The chief objection to dams in general is the danger of their being undermined by the water and washed out. This, of course, merely increases the evil, and is a danger that must be guarded against. REVEGETATION. Another method of reclaiming gullies is to cover their sides with vegetation. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, or sometimes a combination of all three, may be used for this purpose. Often it is wise to start the work with such plants as honey- suckle, Bermuda or other grass, Japan or native clover, or even sorghum or rye, and to follow these up later with trees. Black locust is a rapid-growing tree which is excellent for this purpose in places where the locust borer is not abundant. Willows, poplars, sycamore, yellow poplar, black walnut, shortleaf pine, white pine, and Norway pine may also be used to advantage in different parts of the country. The trees should usually be set fairly close together, say from 4 by 4 to 6 by 6 feet. The steeper the slope and the greater the danger of erosion, the closer should be the planting. A combination of dams and revegetation may often prove advisable. This is especially true in particularly bad cases. Deep gullies with vertical sides are the most difficult to re- claim. Here the sides should first be flattened out by plow- ing back at their heads until uniform slopes of perhaps 15° have been established. Revegetation of these slopes should then be undertaken immediately. These measures should also be reinforced by dams if conditions are such that they will not be washed out. On slopes where the soil is being washed away uniformly by sheet erosion it is usually possible to plant some cover crop. Best results are obtained by using a rotation of crops and by turning the land occasionally into pasture. Liberal fertiliz- ing adds materially to the effectiveness of such measures. Farms, Forests, and Erosion. 133 Reforestation of denuded lands at the higher elevations will often serve to check erosion below. Along the main river bottoms the principal remedial measures to be used are straightening of the channels, removal of all obstruc- tions, forestation of the banks, and in extreme cases the building of levees and revetment works. FINANCIAL RESULTS. That reclamation of eroded lands is not only practicable but often financially successful has been proved time and again. A badly eroded farm in Tennessee, for example, having a gully from § to 10 feet deep, was purchased for $53 an acre. The owner proceeded to reclaim the land at a cost of $10 an acre by filling the gully with débris and soil, adding manure, and planting rye. A few years later he re- fused an offer of $100 an acre for the farm. Another owner reclaimed eroded land on his farm by plowing back the side walls of the gullies to a moderately gentle slope, planting them to peas, then to grass, pasturing the area for two years, and then repeating the rotation. Ten years later the reclaimed areas, which for 30 years previous had been practically worthless, were valued at $35 an acre. The owner estimates that even during the first year the re- turns were more than sufficient to pay for the labor expended in reclaiming them. Still another owner reclaimed the gullies on his farm by planting them with black locust trees and sowing them to grass. Fifteen years later.formerly worthless areas yielded good fence posts and excellent pasturage, and were then pro- ducing such crops as oats. During the same period the value of the entire farm had increased from $7.80 to $35 per acre. CONCLUSION. The problem of erosion and its control forms an integral part of any comprehensive plan for the development of our natural resources. If all land were put to its best use and so handled as to maintain its productivity the problem would be solved. This result can be attained, however, only by marked change in our present practice. A stop must be put 134 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. to reckless destruction of the forest, to uncontrolled fires, to overgrazing, and to careless farming. Tor the sake of the farmer in particular and the public in general, steps should be taken to retain and restore the forest cover in the moun- tains, under public ownership or supervision. There should be brought home to the people as a whole the extent and seriousness of erosion and the necessity for its control by the community. When all these steps are taken, and not until then, will “ farms, forests, and erosion” be a queer combina- tion. When that day finally arrives we shall indeed have farms and forests, but no erosion. THE PLANT-INTRODUCTION GARDENS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. By P. H. Dorsett, Plant Introducer, Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry. EW Americans, possibly not more than one in ten thou- sand, realize that plant introduction has given to the United States practically all of its commercial crops. Thou- sands of the new plant immigrants that enter the United States each year find their first home in the plant-introduc- tion field stations, or gardens, of the Department of Agricul- ture. These are the “ Ellis Island” of the plant immigrants, but they also are the workshops, field laboratories, and plant- propagation factories of the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction. They are situated at Miami and Brooks- ville, Fla., Chico, Cal., “ Yarrow,” near Rockville, Md., and Bellingham, Wash. Here the new plant arrivals are cared for and studied for the purpose of determining whether they are of economic importance, and those which promise to be of value are extensively propagated. From these stations the plants are distributed, upon orders from the Washington office, to specialists of the department and of the State ex- periment stations and to the thousands of private experi- menters, special cooperators, and plant breeders throughout the country. LOCATION OF THE GARDENS. The almost complete freedom from frost and the general tropical character of the region in which the Miami station is located make it most advantageous for the propagation and preliminary testing of a wide range of new plant intro- ductions from the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. “The Brooksville station, containing 35 acres in the ham- mock region of western Florida, was established after a care- ful search had been made for ideal conditions for the propa- 135 136 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. gation of plants coming from the moister but not tropical portions of China and Japan. The first Federal plantation of any considerable size of the Japanese timber bamboo is located at this garden. It is here that the propagation of the dasheen has been most successful and the chayote, a mois- ture-loving tropical vegetable, has grown luxuriantly. The Chico Plant Introduction Field Station is located in one of the leading deciduous-fruit, nut, and citrus sections in northern California. The high summer temperature, abundance of water for irrigation, long growing season, and mild winters of this region make possible the propagation and testing of such widely different species of plants as alfalfa from the steppes of Siberia, hardy apples, pears, and cherries from Russia, chestnuts, jujubes, and persimmons from northern China, and citrus fruits from the Tropics. The Yarrow garden was established primarily to meet the pressing demand for a place near Washington where newly introduced plants which the inspectors of the Federal Hor- ticultural Board pass as apparently free from disease, but in regard to which there is a suspicion, may be cared for. Here they can be held or propagated and grown under ob- servation for a season or until all possible danger of the development of disease is past and it is perfectly safe for the material to be distributed. Extensive greenhouses, coldframes, and lath sheds have been provided at this garden, which admit of the propaga- tion, care, and proper handling of the tropical and sub- tropical species in the rapidly growing stream of new plant immigrants. The hardy plant introductions are propagated, grown, and preliminarily tested in the nurseries and test orchards in the open. The establishment of the Bellingham field station is the natural outcome of several years of experimentation carried on in various parts of the country to discover where flowering bulbs could be most successfully grown. It has been main- tained for several years as a bulb garden, but is now being developed to include the propagation of a wide range of plants from western Europe, northern Japan, and the high mountain regions of western China. The Plant-Introduction Gardens. Lav. PRECAUTIONS USED TO PREVENT THE INTRODUCTION OF INJURIOUS INSECTS AND DISEASES. The thousands of new plant immigrants annually received in Washington in the form of seeds, plants, cuttings, etc., sent in by the agricultural explorers and correspondents of the office are unpacked and given an identification number in the specially equipped plant-inspection laboratory of the office in the presence of the inspectors of the Federal Hor- ticultural Board, whose specific duties are to determine whether or not the material is in a condition to be distrib- uted. If it is found tc be affected with insect or other pests © or with diseases, it is ordered into quarantine and the neces- sary treatment prescribed and administered. If found to be apparently free from insects and diseases, it is given a clean bill of health which permits it to be forwarded to the experimenters of the department for whom it was especially secured or to the plant-introduction gardens for propaga- tion, cultivation, preliminary tests, and, later, if deemed advisable to be grown for distribution, to the special ex- perimenters of the office. The plant propagators at these gardens, who are personally responsible for the care and propagation of these new plant immigrants, have frequently to resort to every known prac- tice of the craft to save an introduction arriving out of season or in a critical condition; and in some instances, when the plant introduced is unknown and no information regard- ing its identity can be secured, they must rely upon their own ingenuity in developing methods of handling such material in order to save what may eventually develop into an impor- tant new plant industry. The necessary records of each new plant immigrant re- ceived at Washington include a Federal Horticultural Board inspection card, upon which is recorded the inspection and introduction number, the source and amount of material received, the dates of inspection, names of inspectors, and treatment prescribed; a plant-introduction card giving the plant-introduction and inspection numbers, by whom and from whence introduced, when received, its probable eco- nomic value, and such other available information as is con- sidered important or of special interest; a plant-order card showing to whom the material was forwarded and the 138 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. amount sent; and a shipping tag upon which is a certificate of inspection signed by the inspectors of the Federal Horti- cultural Board. PRELIMINARY AND EXTENSIVE TESTS MADE. The propagation houses, coldframes, lath sheds, green- houses, and other equipment at the plant-introduction gar- dens of the department, together with trained superinten- dents, experienced plant propagators, and a corps of capable gardeners and laborers, afford excellent facilities for the propagation and preliminary testing of the thousands of new plants annually introduced by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction. They also make possible the efficient dis- tribution of new plant material to specialists of this and other bureaus of the department, the State experiment stations, and to the thousands of private experimenters who, in oc- cupying and developing the vast areas of agricultural lands of our country, are calling for something new to grow, either as an entirely new crop or to take the place of one that locally can no longer be grown commercially with profit. Orna- mental trees and flowering plants for yard and park planting are also very much in demand. The new plants annually propagated at the department gardens, together with the test nurseries, test orchards, and permanent plantings, afford exceptional facilities for study to all who are interested in the development of a broader agri- culture, and can avail themselves of the opportunity to visit these gardens and become personally familiar with the in- teresting new plant introductions. It is at these plant-introduction field stations of the depart- ment that the agricultural experts determine which of the new plants show promise of being of economic value as direct producers and which are likely to prove valuable in plant breeding and selection experiments. RECENT INTRODUCTIONS NOW BEING TESTED AT THE GARDENS. Among the host of interesting new plant introductions which have been propagated at the various gardens, a few selected examples will give some idea of the range of species handled and the variety of the problems presented. The Plant-Introduction Gardens. 139 The jujube, Zcziphus jujuba, from China, is possibly as promising a plant commercially for California and the semi- arid South and Southwest as any of the other valuable crop and ornamental plants that have been introduced from the Far East. | The experimental tests made with this new alkali and drought resistant fruit at the Chico Plant Introduction Field Station, to determine the possible value of the strains and varieties that have been introduced from among the several hundred known to exist in China, have been very satisfac- tory. The fruit of the better varieties is fully as large asa large prune, and reddish or mahogany brown in color when ripe. While the jujube is a very good fresh fruit, it is un- doubtedly of greatest value when processed with cane sugar or honey. Prepared jujubes are as delicate in flavor as many dates. From the seed of the tung-oil tree (Aleurites fordi) an oil is made which the paint manufacturers of this country consider one of the best drying oils known to the trade. The importations of this oil are valued at from $2,000,000 to $3,000,000 per annum. Trees of this new plant immigrant distributed from the Chico garden in 1906-7 are doing well and bearing fruit in many places in the region extending from northern California to and throughout the Gulf States, but appear to be doing best in northwestern Florida and the southern parts of Georgia and Alabama. The oil manufacturers are watching the experimental plantings of this tree with a great deal of interest. The pistache tree (Péstacia vera), a promising introduc- tion from central western Asia, presages another new in- dustry for the United States. The small, green-fleshed nuts are most excellent to eat when roasted and salted, and are extensively used in the coloring and flavoring of ice cream and confections. The entire supply of these nuts at present comes from abroad. This country can, and surely should, grow what it needs. The trees do exceedingly well in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys in California. A few of the grafted trees of some of the commercial varieties in the Chico test orchard are bearing a few nuts this season. Seed- ling trees near Fresno, Cal., have borne large crops of nuts for some years. Mr. Walter T. Swingle and several others 140 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. who have studied the subject and are familiar with the conditions believe that in the not distant future pistache culture will be an established commercial industry of con- siderable importance in this country. Budded and grafted plants of some of the best commercial varieties have, been distributed to experimenters interested in testing out this introduction to determine the possibili- ties of its cultivation as a new plant industry. The peculiar beauty of the Chinese pistache (Péistacia chinensis) and the great age to which it lives have suggested its trial as an avenue tree, and thousands of young trees have been distributed to parks throughout the country. A trial avenue a quarter of a mile long, planted at the Chico garden in 1910, already makes an excellent appearance. The udo (Aralia cordata)* is a new salad plant from Japan that will probably succeed in practically every State in the Union. The crisp young shoots produced by this plant, when properly blanched, make a delicious salad or are excellent when cooked like asparagus. The culture and han- dling of udo is similar to that of asparagus. A few plants of udo should be in every home garden. It is believed that when the merits of this new introduction, both as a salad and vegetable, are better known, its cultivation will develop into an industry of considerable economic importance. The Chinese varieties of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) vie with those of Japan in size, quality, beauty, and hardiness. Many varieties have been propagated at Chico and Yarrow, and the special Chinese stocks upon which they are grown in China have been used. The region in which the oriental persimmon can be successfully grown commercially includes California and the South, where the temperature does not fall much below zero. The culture of this excellent fruit is destined, sooner or later, to develop into an important in- dustry. Dried persimmons form a staple food product of China and Japan. The Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) is an ex- tremely interesting and possibly very valuable new plant introduction. This species, according to Mr. Frank N. 1Fairchild, David. Experiments with Udo, the New Japanese Vegetable. U. 8. Department of Agriculture Bul. 84, 1914. The Plant-Introduction Gardens. 141 Meyer, to whom belongs the credit of discovering that the chestnut bark disease (Z’ndothia parasitica) is indigenous to China and Japan, is more or less resistant to this disease, which is threatening to destroy the American chestnut. A considerable quantity of nuts of this species sent by Mr. Meyer have been propagated and the trees distributed from our plant-introduction gardens to interested experimenters for growing and testing in disease-infested areas. We have in Dr. W. Van Fleet’s hybrid chinkapin-chestnut the result of a cross between Castanea pumila and Castanea crenata, an extremely promising new chestnut. A consider- able number of the trees that are being grown experimentally appear to show rather marked resistance to the disease. Many of the plants have borne good crops of nuts within 18 months to 2 years from the planting of the seed. The trees will no doubt be smail; the nuts, however, are of good size and of very good quality. The Chinese dry-land elm (Ulmus pumila) is a promising new plant immigrant. This elm is found throughout north- ern China and Manchuria and is known to be very resistant to drought, neglect, and extremes of heat and cold. Seedling plants of this elm secured at Fengtai, near Peking, Chihli, China, in 1908, were grown and distributed from our Chico Plant Introduction Field Station. These early distributions proved sufficiently promising to justify its propagation in quantity for distribution throughout the United States. Our stock at the Chico garden being limited to a few small trees retained for permanent planting, it was necessary to resort to propagation by dormant hardwood cuttings. The tests with this elm at the Government Great Plains Field Station at Mandan, N. Dak., indicate that it is likely to be of very great value for windbreaks, shelter belts, and other plantings in the Great Plains region. A promising small, early sweet cherry (Prunus pseudo- cerasus Lindley), introduced from Tanghsi, China, in 1906, was saved to the country by a chance graft. When this in- troduction was received at the Chico station, the gardener, after working practically all of the scions received upon nursery stock in the usual way, conceived the idea of run- ning the few he had left into the small limbs of an old seed- ling cherry tree. The scions worked upon commercial stocks 142 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. in the usual way all perished; two of those worked upon the old seedling tree survived, and in the following spring these grafts were in full flower before the buds of the seedling tree began to swell, and they ripened their fruit by the time the old tree was in flower, which was 10 days earlier than the earliest commercial cherries of that region. From the scions thus saved a large number of plants have been propagated and distributed throughout the country for experimental tests. At Yuba City and Vacaville, Cal., this introduction gives promise of being of considerable commer- cial importance as an early cherry for the eastern markets. It is a curious fact that this Tanghsi cherry and not the Japanese flowering cherry is the true Prunus pseudocerasus, and its introduction puts in the hands of the American plant breeder a new oriental species of fruiting cherry which may prove valuable in the production of early strains of cherries. The Davidiana peach (Amygdalus davidiana), a promis- ing new stock for stone fruits other than the cherry, appears to be quite resistant to alkali and drought and well adapted to the deep alluvial soils of California. It is also succeeding at San Antonio and other places in Texas and has stood a temperature of —40° at the State Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, with little or no injury when 50 other varieties tested in comparison were either killed outright or seriously injured. The fruit of this wild peach is small and inedible; how- ever, the introduction may, on account of its extreme hardi- ness, prove valuable in hybridization experiments for the production of hardier types of commercial peaches. Upward of 200 trees of this promising new plant immi- grant have been planted in orchard form at the Chico station for the purpose of insuring a domestic seed supply. The chayote (Chayota edulis), a little-known vegetable from tropical America, has been successfully grown in a limited way in California, Louisiana, and Florida, and can possibly be grown successfully in other parts of the country where the temperature does not fall much below freezing. Many of those who have eaten the chayote consider it superior to our summer squash or vegetable marrow. The plant is a perennial vine that is comparatively easy to The Plant-Introduction Gardens. 143 grow. The single-seeded, pear-shaped fruits, light green or creamy white in color, are produced in quantity in the fall and can be used then or stored and used as a fresh vegetable throughout the winter. Bamboos are among the most useful and ornamental eco- nomic plants in the world. The first systematic planting of the timber and edible bamboos for experimental purposes in the United States on any considerable scale was made by the Government at the Plant Introduction Field Station at Brooksville, Fla., and at Avery Island, La.,.in cooperation with Mr. E. A. McIlhenny. Canned and dried bamboo shoots are imported into the United States in considerable quantities for consumption by Chinese residents. The importation of bamboo canes for fishing rods and other purposes amounts to several millions of dollars annually. AIl of this material can and no doubt some day will be grown at home, for already most excellent shoots have been harvested from plantings in this country and poles of marketable size have been produced. Flowering bulbs, which are imported into this country for forcing and ornamental planting at an expense to the people of the United States of at least $2,000,000 annually, have been grown at the Bellingham station with excellent success. Judging from the results of these experiments, there are many reasons to believe that the so-called “Dutch bulbs” can be successfully grown in commercial quantities in the Puget Sound region and probably in other sections of the United States. Tests so far made show that the home- grown bulbs are fully equal and in some respects superior to the imported stock. In the spring of 1916 the flowers at Bellingham were un- usually fine. The extensive masses of gorgeous colors made a scene of exceptional beauty. Fully 2,000,000 bulbs were in bloom, and in a single day upward of 2,000 people visited the garden and inspected and admired the flowers. The avocado (Persea americana) as a salad fruit stands without a rival. It is also excellent served in the “half shell,” with salt or with lemon and sugar. The tree is adapted for culture in southern Florida and southern Cali- fornia. 144 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. To assist in building up the avocado industry, which has recently awakened widespread interest in southern California and southern Florida, considerable areas of the Miami garden have been devoted to the preliminary testing of a large number of varieties, and some of the more important problems of the new industry are being worked out there. The introduction of hardier types from Mexico and the hardier, hard-shelled varieties from the highlands of Gua- temala, which ripen their fruit at a different season from the West Indian and South American varieties, it is believed, will result in an extension of the commercial culture of the avocado and secure a practically continuous crop of this most excellent fruit throughout the season. The introduction of the East Indian mango (Mangifera indica) has been stimulated in Florida by the growing and fruiting of nearly 100 imported varieties at the Miami gar- den. The investigational work incident to the building up of the mango industry in this country has occupied a prominent place in the activities of this station, where most of the varieties now growing in Florida were propagated and where many of them have fruited. While the foregoing brief descriptions indicate a few of the interesting new plant industries which are finding their be- ginnings in the Government plant-introduction field stations, even a bare list of the hundreds of species and varieties of plants which are now in process of propagation there would much exceed the limits of this article. The work of the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Intro-. duction is to find, introduce, propagate, and distribute val- uable new plants and also to assist in making possible the cultivation of some economic new plant immigrant upon every available acre of our agricultural lands. The field sta- tions of the office are filled with the new beginnings of plant industries which later will add to the wealth and beauty of the country. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE G as L.C.C. Krieger pinx. A. HOEN&CO FRUITING BRANCH OF ONE OF THE LARGE-FRUITED VARIETIES OF THE CHINESE JUJUBE GROWING AT THE CHICO PLANT INTRODUCTION FIELD STATION (Natural Size.) Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XXII. Fic. |.-ONE OF THE PROPAGATING HOUSES AT THE YARROW FIELD STATION. Thisillustration shows a block of young broad-leaved evergreens, Pittosporwm floribundum, from the Himalayas, large enough to be distributed to experimenters. The utmost care has to be exercised to keep these plants free from disease and insect pests. ¥ S — > Ra 7 z " Pet Fic. 2.-LATH HOUSE AT THE MIAMI FIELD STATION FILLED WITH TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL PLANTS. The Miami garden has contributed largely to the agriculture of Florida through the study made there of new methods of propagating tropical plants, which heretofore were only grown from seeds, Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XXIII. Fic. |.—A PORTION OF THE NURSERY PLANTINGS AT THE CHICO PLANT INTRODUCTION FIELD STATION. Beyond the test nursery of citrus hybrids in the foreground are thousands of new plant introductions that are being grown for distribution during the season of 1916-17. Fia. 2.—TEsST ORCHARD AT THE PLANT INTRODUCTION FIELD STATION, CHico, CAL. Hundreds of varieties of new plants are here given a preliminary test, and it is here that many new plant immigrants fruit for the first time in the United States. *poule1qO SI sd1JeuIMI0 JO S[IO SuTAIp 4Saq BY} JO eUO 991) SI} JO Synu oY} MOI “‘Wepiey worjonpoNuUy yueLG OotyH ‘seed, [10-3un} Sutppees Sunod jo yoorq Aresmu vB JO uolIod W—z% “DIG *S}IMIJ WiayyIOU IJay10 ysour jo osou} oyt, SInds ymay Apoom uodn Aj],oeITp jou pue ‘sved} SnOUTUINSea[ JO SaAveT PUNOdUIOD vy} eTqUIeSer YIM ‘ssraq AyeayT Snonproap ey} uodn AytUeNb UT oLIOY ST 4M oy ‘TJoM A[QVYIVUIeI SVATIY} 91} SIU} UspIey UOTJoNpoIyUy JULTY OOIYO 9} 3% PIvYOIO 4Seq oy} U[—T “DIZ “SSeS “1 “d'‘S Sgn/rne ASANIHO SHL SO SAILaIYVA G3LIn¥Sy "SSSUL TIO-ONN_L DNNOA GNVYSNOH_L IvusAaS—Z ‘DIS -dDYV7] AHL JO ANO JO SAHONVYG ONILINN4—'] “DI4 PLATE XXIV. Yearbook U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XXV. Fic. I.—CHINESE PISTACHE IN THE CHICO PLANT INTRODUCTION GARDEN TEST ORCHARD. This species is an excellent pollen bearer and is being experimented with as a stock for the commercial pistache (Pistacia vera), a tree of which is to be seen at the right. It is also a fine ornamental, shade, and avenue tree for California, parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and the South. Fia. 2.—LATH SHED AT THE CHICO FIELD STATION FILLED WITH UDO SALAD PLANTS. These were distributed during the season of 1911-12. The partial shade afforded by a lath shed of this character makes it possible to grow many species of plants which other- wise could not be propagated where the sunlight is most intense, Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XXVI. Fic. |1.-A BLocK OF DR. VAN FLEET’S YOUNG HYBRID CHESTNUT TREES AT THE CHICO PLANT INTRODUCTION FIELD STATION. These were distributed during the season of 1915-16. They are hybrids between the Japanese chestnut and the American chinquapin, and although smaller-growing trees than the American chestnut, they produce good nuts and are more or less free from the chestnut-bark disease. VaR 47-4 + ach a” wat Fic. 2.—DAVIDIANA PEACH SEEDLINGS IN MARYLAND. This shows a portion of a nursery block of seedling stocks of a Chinese wild peach (A myg- dalus davidiana) at the Yarrow Plant Introduction Field Station that were distributed throughout the country to experimenters desiring to test a stock for various stone fruits or to utilize it in plant-breeding experiments. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. Fic. |.—CHAYOTE ARBOR AT BROOKSVILLE, FLA. One of a number of experimental pangs at the Brooksville garden for the purpose of determining the desirability of this method of training the plants. The chayotes roduced will be utilized in cooking and demonstration experiments and to direct pub- ic attention to the delicate character of this valuable vegetable for the South. FIG. 2.—VIEW IN THE BROOKSVILLE PLANT INTRODUCTION FIELD STATION. The road runs between a 3-acre planting of Japanese timber bamboo on the left, now 6 years old, and a nursery of young bamboo plants on the right, set out for the purpose of propagation. The small 3-room field laboratory on the right is equipped for pre- liminary field studies and has been used for microscopic investigations and cooking experiments in connection with the dasheen and chayote investigations. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XXVIII. JAPANESE TIMBER BAMBOO IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. Portion of a 9-year-old planting of one of the large timber bamboos, Phyllostachys bam- busoides (S. P. 1. No. 12180), at the Chico Plant Introduction Field Station. Large, young, growing shoots in this planting have made a growth of 16 inches in 24 hours. This is about the usual rate of growth under normal conditions. Growths of 26 inches in 24 hours have been reported; such rapidity of growth, however, is under exception- ally favorable conditions. “SUTAIOSOId puw SuTUUTO Joy OTQeNTBVA ATTeIN0dSo st puv osoyy Jo Auvur ueyy AjaepNZoI o1OUL YITM Sym “eprlioy.y Ur seovyd Joyjo 4e pUv TOT}v1S OY} 1B porns oavy Fey) SIO}O SB OATIOI}IG Sv Jo Ayryenb ysry sv jo jou opty ‘AjorVA sty, “Ayyenb poos AroA Jo st ‘poudodrs [paar TOTAL STOLE “YIM. podvys-Aoupry os.1v] JO Sdord repnsor ‘poo3 sivoq “eripuy ‘orOpesuvg, UloI OFuvU VYSIOPULY OY ,—Z “DIg_ “UOSves JuTUSdTI oy SuoOld [ILM Very} OSOY OS[V pu ‘SorjorIvVA PuB SodAq JorpIvY Poou SAOMOIZ INQ “SUOTIVAOTO JOYA OY} WOI, SUT osoyy AT[VIoVdse ‘sopwooAR Jo SONOMA We[VUIoJeNy) OY) UE pojsodoyUE YONUL AIOA OIG VPMOP WT UWIOYJNOS pus LIMIOsT[VO WoyINOS UL S}Stanjpnor440 H_ “9ovjins oy} Ivou AMOT[OA ST -W9013 OF Suisuvryo ‘poos oy} rvou MOTIOA oped ‘Aq1Tenb YuoT[ooxXe Jo Ysoy Wy “POTTY YITM “poyT[oys prey pus ‘punod ‘odie sea ymsyouy, 490} 000'S jo opnqryye ue 48 ‘epeuoyeny “ensyWVy UL porNodos O1OM UOC} SVM PNG SITY YOM JO ou WIOIy SYOIS pnq oyg, “Ajsnorsead SyJUOUL ST 3903S oyy OJUT poyIOM AJOTIVA ApIVY, Pu’ o[{en[Vva vB JO pnd B WOT; OULD YT ‘oSeq oY} IVoU WOT] FUTMOLI JOOYS OSIL[ YL 091} OPVIOAG SUI[Poag—T “OL "V14 ‘SINVIIA) LV "NOILVLS LIN NI OONVI GALAVYD NVIGN]| 1Sva NYW—"s ‘DIS Qig14 IWVIW 3HL LV 33yu. OavoOAY aasaang—| ‘*dI4 PLATE XXIX. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XXX. Fic. |.—VIEW OF A PORTION OF NARCISSUS PLANTINGS AT THE BELLINGHAM GARDEN. Madame Plemp in the foreground and Sir Watkin in the distance. This broad expanse of yellow and green was wonderfully beautiful and inspiring. Fic. 2.—AN APPROACH TO THE MIAMI PLANT INTRODUCTION FIELD STATION. On each side of the driveis a beautiful carissa hedge, Carissa grandiflora, an extremely handsome shrub bearing sweet-scented, white flowers and edible fruits. This plant is worthy of a place in the grounds of every home in southern Florida and southern California. The large trees beyond the hedge on either side are different varieties of as East Indian mango, a fruit which for quality, fragrance, and beauty has few rivals. A FEDERATED COOPERATIVE CHEESE MANUFAC- TURING AND MARKETING ASSOCIATION. By Hecror Macpuerson, Director Bureau of Organization and Markets, Oregon Agricultural College, and Field Agent, Office of Markets and Rural Organization, and W. H. Kerr, Investigator in Market Business Practice, Office of Markets and Rural Organization. NITY of purpose among its members, correct methods of conducting its business, and loyal support accorded its management are universally essential to the success of any cooperative enterprise. These fundamentals are exem- plified in every well-known cooperative association. Each organization, however, has its own peculiar problems to face and has developed specific methods of meeting them, a study of which can not fail to be valuable to similar asso- ciations. A survey of the cheese industry in Tillamook County, Oreg., discloses the importance of proper marketing methods in the stimulation of production and the beneficial effects of concentrated agricultural effort for a common purpose. The Tillamook County Creamery Association, among other things, has standardized the product of its member factories and eliminated unequal competition in matters of production and prices. Much of the success of the association, it seems safe to conclude, has been brought about through correct methods of business administration. A study of these methods should be valuable to other rural communities where less success has been attamed in manufacturing and marketing cheese. GENERAL AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS. Tullamook County lies near the northwest corner of the State of Oregon, between the Coast Range and the Pacific Ocean. The climate is mild, and abundant rains in winter, with cool, clear weather in summer, tend to produce abundant green feed and pasturage for stock almost the year around. This condition of climate is conducive to large yields of milk at low cost, with regard to both labor and purchased feeds. A small expenditure in buildings is sufficient to provide 54159°—yxsk 1916——_10 145 146 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. stables for the herds, so that the investment of the farmer is almost entirely of a type which will furnish earnings on the money invested. Land values, however, are sufficiently high to offset the saving in building prices as compared with the average dairying district. A TYPICAL SMALL DAIRY FARM. The following survey of a small dairy farm in the county is pertinent in so far as it is typical of the best farms of this character in Tillamook County.! The 53 acres of cleared river-bottom land in this farm were valued at $400 per acre in 1914, and $7,000 had been invested in improvements, including the house, barns, and all outbuildings. The total investment of $32,790 included, in addition, $2,390 worth of live stock, an automobile valued at $1,700, and $500 worth _of machinery. . The farm supported, in 1914, 35 dairy cows valued at $60 each, 6 yearling heifers valued at $25 each, and a Jersey bull valued at $75. These cows were grade Holsteins, Jerseys, and Guernseys. No attempt had been made to grade the herd up to one breed. The proprietor owned a Holstein bull a few years ago, and had previously a Guernsey. . Only the heifer calves from the best cows were kept, while all others were sold to local exporters when they were 2 or 3 weeks old. One horse was kept and used to haul the milk to the factory. There were 50 chickens on the place, the product of which was used mainly for home consumption, not more than $25 being realized from the trading of eggs at the store for groceries. Since this is a dairy farm of the most highly specialized type, the income is derived almost entirely from milk dis- posed of through the cooperative cheese factory. In 1914, the milk sold produced 9,411.36 pounds of fat. The average price yielded was 38 cents a pound for butterfat, making a gross income from the dairy of $3,576.32. The expenses for the year were $480 for wages; $100 for whole grain, bran, and ground barley, and $343.90 for taxes, making a total of $923.90. Subtracting this from the gross income, there remains $2,676.10 as interest on the invest- ment and labor income for the owner. Charging 7 per cent on the total investment, or $2,295. 30, there is Toft $380.80 1 This survey was made in july, 1915, covering the year 1914. A Cooperative Cheese Manufacturing Association. 147 as labor income. This comparison is hardly a fair one, how- ever, since this farm represents a home value which it would cost the city dweller from $7,000 to $15,000 to duplicate. It is not to be assumed, of course, that all farms, or even all river-bottom farms in Tillamook, are as productive as these 53 acres. In a few particulars, however, this farm is typical of the best lands of Tillamook County. In the first place, the cattle were pastured on the permanent pasture land of 33 acres, supplemented by the other 20 acres on the farm, which was pastured in early spring and in the fall after the hay had been cut. Another typical feature was the small quantity of grain and milled feed purchased. This particular farmer fed little or no grain to his cows, and yet an average of over $102 worth of butterfat was marketed from each cow during the year 1914. This return may be compared with that on another small farm where the average income from each of the 27 cows was $119.20 for the year 1914. This greater production was attained at an outlay of $296 for the purchase of 8 tons of clover hay and 8 tons of bran, making a cost for bran and clover of $10.96 a cow. Without taking into account the additional labor required, this would in- dicate a difference in net profit of $6.24 per cow, owing probably to the feed purchased. The farm in this survey, however, with its small outlay for milled feed, represents the common practice of Tillamook dairymen more truly than does the farm upon which grain feeds and clover are used for 4 or 5 months of the year. DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY. The first white settler reached Tillamook County on the first day of April, 1851. Three men made the trip from the Columbia in order to investigate the Indian tales of rich meadow land, splendidly watered, which was reported to lie back of the bay. From that date the county passed rapidly through the usual stages of the frontier settlement. Hunt- ing, trapping, and fishing were good along the bays and numerous streams. But the rich prairie and bottom lands soon attracted the stockmen, whose herds usurped the dominion of the deer, the bear, and the mountain lion. As the settlement grew, the fertile soil and rich pastures bid for more complete utilization. Farms crowded out the range, making dairying a specialty. 148 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Previous to 1898 dairying in Tillamook County was carried on in a primitive way common to communities in which dairying is conducted only as a side line. Cows were bred fresh in the spring and milked while the pasture was good, after which they were allowed to dry up until the following spring. Most of the butter was made in the homes of the farmers, packed in kegs, and shipped to commission men in neighboring coast cities. Because of the varying quality of the butter produced under such conditions and the instability of the supply, returns usually were small in amount, while a period of from 6 months to a year sometimes elapsed between the date of shipping and the receipt of returns. In 1890 the first serious attempt at scientific dairying was made in this locality, when certain of the methods employed in the production of butter in the Elgin district were followed. Three years later the first farmers’ creamery in the county, the Tillamook Dairy Association, was established. The factory was completed in the spring of 1893 and was oper- ated as a butter factory during its first season. Earlier in the same year a creamery was established in Tillamook County under private ownership, and the following spring it became the first cheese factory of Tillamook County. From this beginning the movement spread until by 1899 there were 8 privately owned cheese factories in the county, producing a total of about 1,000,000 pounds of cheese a year, and four large creameries having an output of about 350,000 pounds of butter annually. As cheese proved better adapted than butter to the uncer- tain transportation conditions of the locality, the number of cheese factories increased rapidly until in 1902 approxi- mately 40 privately owned cheese factories were operating in the county, and half of these were very small geass han- dling the milk of from 1 to 3 farms. COOPERATION IN MANUFACTURING CHEESE. A new business type which was to bring far-reaching changes in the dairy industry of the county already had made its appearance by 1899, when the Tillamook Dairy Association was formed at Fairview. This factory was cooperative from the beginning, $1,000 being raised as capital, but this amount fell far short of meeting the needs of the A Cooperative Cheese Manufacturing Association. 149 association. Because of the limited number of farmers who could be induced to purchase stock in the new venture, the members then owning stock combined on a joint note and raised an additional $1,200, which represented the balance of the necessary capital. The factory first was employed in _ the manufacture of butter, but as prices were poor in this commodity, equipment was installed for the manufacture of cheese. This experiment proved quite as unsatisfactory and gave very little relief, and the factory reverted to the manufacture of butter. Such conditions discouraged some of the members, who offered to pay their proportionate share of the losses and withdraw. Other members, however, were determined to make the creamery succeed and refused to relieve any mem- ber from his position in the society and his liability on the note, unless he should pay the whole $1,200. By this means the membership was held together. By the end of the second year the association had begun to succeed, and paid off its obligation without a levy on its members. The success of this association led to the establishment of other local farmers’ creameries. The cooperative movement has grown until now, out of a total of 23 factories in the county, but two are privately owned. A few farmers still are making their own cheese, but most of the small factories have ceased to operate and their place has been taken by larger and more economically managed plants, owned and controlled by the farmers in cooperation. All of the factories, though for the most part cooperative, are corporations organized under the Oregon corporation law. The plan of organization is simple. A few of the most ' interested farmers make an inventory of the dairying assets of the neighborhood, taking into account the number of cows, the pasturage, and the crop conditions, from which a decision is reached whether the locality can support a cheese factory. If conditions are found favorable, a com- pany is incorporated with sufficient capital to provide an adequate factory for taking care of the milk supply. Cooperation between banks and farmers’ companies in Tillamook County has been responsible, in a great measure, for the success of many of these creameries during the early stages of their existence, since funds have been provided at low rates of interest and for a long time. 150 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. PLAN OF OPERATION The security offered in most cases took the form of a joint note of the members, but in some cases the note of the associa- tion, signed by the board of directors, was sufficient. The management of these factories is vested in a board of from 3 to 5 directors. This board elects from its number a president, who is the legal head of the association. A sec- retary and a treasurer also are appointed by the board of directors. In the majority of Tillamook creameries these important officers may not be members of the board. To meet the expenses of operation, a flat rate per pound is charged for manufacturing cheese. The standard price is 12 cents per pound. For the large factories this price is sufficient to meet all charges, including making, hauling, and inspection of cheese, entrance charges, surance, the cost of marketing, and the annual addition to the smking fund. In addition to meeting all these expenses the charge of 1? cents per pound provides for the accumulation of a considerable surplus in the case of large factories. Because in most cases these factories are not conducted as true cooperative associa- tions, but are rather farmers’ stock corporations, this surplus sometimes is distributed only to a small number of patrons who are stockholders. Associations which tend toward the stock-dividend policy have been known to pay as high as 100 per cent dividends upon their capital stock. This con- dition of affairs sometimes leads to discontent among the patrons who have not been able to share in the distribution of the surplus. Where factories are conducted upon a strictly cooperative basis the policy is to pay a liberal rate of interest on capital . invested, the remaining surplus being distributed to patrons in proportion to the milk they have supplied during the year. One such factory distributed a surplus by paying 10 per cent on capital stock and 2 cents on the hundred pounds of milk delivered at the factory. The economic waste of conducting small factories for the manufacture of cheese is exemplified by comparing some of them with those of larger capacity. It has been found that whereas 1? cents per pound for making cheese is sufficient to produce a large surplus in factories with a heavy output, the same rate is not sufficient even to sustain the smaller A Cooperative Cheese Manufacturing Association. 151 factories, and for that reason these small factories are an expense rather than an advantage to the farmers patronizing them, providing there is a market for their product elsewhere at a lower cost. CENTRALIZED MARKETING CONTROL. The great influence of proper marketing methods on the success of cooperative manufacturing or marketing asso- ciations has been demonstrated fully in the experience of the Tillamook County cheese factories. Previous to the year 1904 the factories, on account of the lack of storage facilities, were compelled to ship their cheese, as fast as it was made, on consignment to jobbers and commission houses in the large centers of population on the Pacific coast. This necessity created a temporary congestion on the market in the cities receiving the bulk of the output during the period of high production, and especially was this true in Portland, Oreg. The depression in price which followed was maintained until the season of low production in the fall of the year, which also is the season of greatest consumption of cheese. The diminished supply and in- creasing demand generally. brought about an immediate upward trend in prices which resulted in great profit to those dealers who had stored the cheese during the summer. Such a condition, resulting as it did in unsatisfactory prices to the producers, brought about a consolidation of the various factories of the county in an effort to market their output as a unit and to provide storage capacity so that the excess production of cheese during the summer could be held over at the point of production under the ownership of the association. The efficiency of the cooperative plan of consolidated purchasing and marketing immediately began to have its effect upon privately owned factories, several of which went into bankruptcy or sold out to farmers’ companies during the next two years. The added efficiency which secured higher prices under this plan of operation also brought greater returns to the farmers and stimulated the produc- tion of milk on all the farms previously supplying these factories. This gave a great impetus to the cooperative movement, so that by the spring of 1909 the cooperative 152 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. selling agency was handling the output of 16 large factories and 3 private farm factories. This cooperative plan of selling brought about the estab- lishment of a central office supervised by a secretary-sales- man who kept in touch with all the markets and arranged the sale of the entire output of the member factories. The increase in business transacted through this office also brought about the establishment of highly efficient accounting methods, which not only facilitated sales but also improved the quality of the output. — By having only one salesman to handle 90 per cent of the output of the county, the Tillamook factories have been able to get better prices for their cheese. The secretary-sales- man knows that his prices must conform closely to the prices for eastern cheese. Hence, the price asked for Tilla- mook cheese is determined by eastern markets. To the price of New York or Wisconsin cheese is added the freight to the coast point, and from this rate the freight from Tillamook is usually deducted. Although this is the rule, the secretary-salesman explains that it is often broken. The whole cheese situation of the coast, with the supply on hand in the factories and their daily output, is taken into consid- eration. The secretary-salesman knows that eastern cheese is coming into his territory constantly, and that any attempt to raise the price unduly would stimulate such shipments and result in a hardship to his factories at a later date. By keeping in constant touch with the conditions in eastern markets, he is able to secure the highest possible average prices for cheese the year around. Close acquaintance with jobbers and wholesalers through- out the Pacific coast has had its advantages. Bad debts have been reduced to the minimum. During the last 10 years the entire loss from this source will not amount to $500. As the sales have amounted to over $3,000,000 dur- ing that time, the losses from bad debts have amounted to only one-sixtieth of 1 per cent. The terms of sale stipulate cash within 30 days. The secretary-salesman has occasionally suspended business relations with a house which failed to make its payments promptly until it had complied with the terms of the contract. The regularity with which the returns for cheese come in enables the factories to pay their patrons regularly. Punc- A Cooperative Cheese Manufacturing Association. 153 tual payment is no small factor in the success of the coop- erative cheese factory, or, for that matter, in the success of any other farmers’ marketing organization. QUALITY STANDARDIZATION. The gravest problem encountered in pooling the output of several factories was that of securing a uniform quality. Under the early operation of this plan, numerous complaints were received about the quality of the cheese. The cheese was shipped as it came from the different factories, and the cheese makers mixed their off-flavored and gassy cheese with their best product, bringing the whole output into disrepute. A meeting of the factories selling through one salesman was called, resulting in the organization of the Tillamook County Creamery Association, which began opera- tions in 1909 with a membership of 9 of the largest factories. The object of this organization, according to its by-laws, was in part as follows: To bring the producers of the differ- ent creameries in Tillamook County together and maintain just and cordial relations among them, and by cooperation to advance their common interests; to foster and encourage domestic and foreign trade pertaining to the farming interests of Tillamook County and to acquire and disseminate valu- able business information; and to adjust controversies be- tween its members and generally to secure to its members the benefits of cooperation in the furtherance of their legiti- mate pursuits. The most important action taken by the association was the placing of an inspector in the field to visit regularly each of the factories belonging to it. The duties of the inspector are to help improve the quality and increase the quantity of cheese obtained from the milk of the associated factories. Under his administration the factors responsible for poor cheese practically have been eliminated. Inefficient work- men have been removed, and the methods of making cheese in all of the factories have been standardized. Through the interchange of ideas among cheese makers, the good points responsible for high quality of output in one factory have been introduced in another, and improved methods, such as the use of a commercial starter and of acidity tests for whey, have brought about a much greater certainty as to the qual- ity of the cheese. 154 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. While undoubtedly there is not nearly so much gassy cheese or high-acid cheese as there was formerly, there is still room for improvement in the quality, as the association has been working more for increased yield than for the highest quality. The increase in the average yield of cheese obtained per hun- dred pounds of milk is shown by an increase from 10.7 pounds in 1909 to 11.12 pounds in 1914. The association now includes 18 factories, and the inspec- tor visits each of these factories once a week. He tests one cheese out of each vat produced, and if the cheese is found to conform to a standard set by the Tillamook County Creamery Association the boxes required for the cheese inspected are stamped “Inspected by Tillamook County Creamery Association.’’ If a vat of cheese for any reason falls below the required standard, the boxes are not stamped in this way and this cheese must be shipped in what are known as plain boxes. Indicative of the standard uniformly attained by the various cheese makers, it may be noted that the amount of cheese shipped in plain boxes is now less than 1 per cent of the total output. Plain-boxed cheese is usually consigned to be sold on commission for whatever it will bring, and under this plan of distribution its sale does not have any appreciable effect on the position of the better cheese on the market BUSINESS PRACTICE. The business practice followed in the Tillamook County Creamery Association concentrates the marketing and oper- ating control in the hands of a secretary-salesman. The books of record necessary for tabulating and accounting for the operations in the several factories are kept under his direction in the central office. As the milk is received at the factories each morning, the cheese makers enter the milk receipts from each person on a tally sheet. At the beginning and the middle of the month composite tests are made of the milk supplied by each patron. At the end of the month the tally sheets are summarized in a monthly report showing the total amount of milk and the tests for each patron for the month. This monthly summary is sent to the secretary-salesman’s office, where it is used as the A Oooperative Cheese Manufacturing Association. 155 Comparative table of products handled by Tillamook County Creamery Association. Milk received. Cheese produced. Factory No.— 1912 1913 1914 1912 1913 1914 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. it! 4, 809,293 | 4,539,999 } 4, 861, 981 527, 233 514, 791 550, 592 7 st salle nit 4,148,442 | 4,149,791 | 4,153, 089 464, 136 463, 233 463, 846 See 2c 3,923,074 | 4,008,258| 4,078, 036 441, 007 451, 700 455, 683 Be ea: sk 2,391,159 | 2,287,492 | 2,527, 709 259, 766 253, 945 284, 120 Goss 2,276,749 | 2,138,362 | 2, 106, 504 252, 314 233, 804 232, 456 (Tate) baad 2,120, 895 | 2,012,366 | 1,931, 413 230, 766 220, 381 210, 871 of ae 3 ea 1, 866,008 | 1,892,720} 1,901, 107 203, 162 210, 931 207, 029 Go) Bae 1,574,255 | 1,672,663] 1,844, 850 175, 272 189, 765 204, 691 De es aN: 1,351,081 | 1,669,356} 1, 720, 606 147, 953 183, 089 192, 845 LN re) eel ete 1,160,768 | 1,569, 640 1, 595, 005 125, 824 174, 572 174, 620 Tees se: 4. 1,104,691 | 1,015,855 | 1, 262, 108 122, 256 110, 293 139, 961 Do a 896, 694 932,640 | 1, 006, 872 95, 958 101, 463 111, 634 ree 453, 768 904, 013 947, 374 51, 876 100, 356 104, 691 ie SOR eae 470, 214 794, 039 889, 548 50, 503 86, 074 97,034 Lopes LSE 120! 394, 901 614, 719 642, 888 40, 647 67, 483 71, 898 Ge eee oes 224, 522 595, 393 611, 158 22, 231 65, 434 69,364 iP. LES eee 575, 726 5305580) ls osha eee 60, 451 58, 477 IIS jes gels pak Be LA de A edd 183, 747 Gc 60) | hel yey else 17,951 51, 335 Th S2- bts kee 6]. 0 Sie eee | enc eae 1260105} dey. ROSS IE 13, 311 Total. ...| 29,166,514 | 31, 556, 779 33, 202,516)| 3, 210, 904 3, 505, 716 3, 694,458 Value of cheese. Value of cheese. ~ Factory Factory No.— - No.— 1912 1913 1914 1912 1913 1914 Meee Roe $86, 480. 88 |$79, 769.31 | $84, 799. 84 || 12.........|$15, 774.93 |$15, 457. 76 $17, 127. 57 7s SDS 75, 705. 68 | 71,582.48 | 70,943.19 || 13......... 8, 324. 53 | 15,470.11 | 16, 066. 00 che re 72, 164.53 | 69,990.08 | 70,743.95 || 14......... 8, 274. 43 | 13, 213.03 | 14, 667. 40 MES ec Ste 42,534. 51 | 38, 214.69 | 43,777.94 || 15......... 6, 721. 44 | 10, 416.75 | 10, 944. 87 Deere seer 41,115. 58 | 36,036.32 | 35, 711.07 |) 16........-. 3, 505. 12 | 10,075. 86 | 10, 674. 78 Ge ere Mec: 37, 260; 67: |) 34; 310,60 |) 32, 428.43 |) 17... 5.2.2] oes cenee ess 9,321.55 | 8, 875.14 ine wre 3, 99120. aot arly Sh]: 38, 850!761 P18. 2.4 esa cles 3, 768.22 | 7, 781.73 Sri ecoe ae Za MOGNOO|L2bn2008TO- || 31, 9/Ora2 (P19). 2.25 cowellc se ees eSel|at wna gee 2, 028. 84 OO Rais 23, 942.20 | 28,179.31 | 29,932. 61 SE a tee 20, 801.26 | 26,974.72 | 26, 595. 03 Total... .|524, 618.61 |541, 748.46 |568, 395. 53 Bg ee 20,177.05 | 17,099.04 | 21, 481.96 IT, 156 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. basis in making out the patron’s monthly statement. In addition, each cheese maker is required to make out a weekly report to the secretary-salesman showing the total amount of milk received and the number of cheeses of the different kinds made for each day of the week. Supple- menting these reports, the inspector is required to make out a report of the number of cheeses of each variety in- spected and of the number of cases of each kind branded as ‘‘Inspected by Tillamook County Creamery Association.” The inspector’s reports are made out daily and cover the factories as inspected by him. By referring to the inspec- tor’s reports the secretary-salesman is enabled to keep an accurate account of the number of cheeses of each kind ready for market at all times. This process of accounting makes it possible to manufacture the different styles of cheese according to the market demand. In the relations of the central office with the different commission men. who handle the output, the association is enabled to safe- cuard itself against bad accounts and to distribute its output in those markets where the highest level of prices obtains. When the shipping season is at its height orders come in rapidly by telephone, telegraph, and mail, and it is not uncommon for sales to average over $3,000 a day during the months of May, June, and July. Total products handled for the last seven years by the Tillamook County Creamery Association. Yield of Year Milk Cheese. Value cheese Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. TOC ey Sie ee = ee 2, 073, 390 $259),355220)| 0 eee 1909....} 23, 416, 524 2, 506, 612 386,135.81 | 10. 70 1910....| 23, 639, 664 2, 541, 057 400, 044. 84 10. 75 1911....] 24,131, 802 2, 619, 229 358, 206.29 | 10.85 1912....] 29,139, 514 3, 211, 004 524, 718. 61 11. 02 1913....] 31, 566, 888 3, 505, 516 541, 748.46 | 11.10 1914....] 33, 202, 516 3, 694, 458 568, 395.53 | 11.12 Moatale|s4 es aces 20, 151,266 | 3, 038, 604. 83 |.........- 1 Per 100 pounds of milk. The accounting records kept in the central office are arranged so as to account for the pounds of milk delivered by each patron. The value of this milk, figured either as A Oooperative Cheese Manufacturing Association. 157 to pounds or as to butterfat content, is credited to the patron’s account, and at the end of the month a check for this amount, minus any deductions, is paid to the patron. All funds are disbursed by check, either over the signatures of the officers of the association or, in special cases, over the signature of the secretary-salesman. Supplementing this accounting system, the office operates a simple cost system, covering the manufacturing costs in the making of cheese. Cost of manufacture and returns to farmers. Miele of | Cost ae Gross cheese poun A Factory No.— Milk. per for © Era From icone hundred-} making |} ndreq-| Milk Batiar weight. | cheese. |’ Weight. Baad: fat, per Net returns to farmers. weight. pound. Pounds. Pounds. Cents. Cents. fiers rss hse 4, 861, 981 11.32 1.75 | $1.744 | $1.546 38.7 Be Sine Reais 4,153, 089 11.17 1.75 1. 708 1.513 37.8 SS aera ites hae 4, 078, 036 inate 1.75 1. 735 1.540 38.5 Alam Caner as or 2, 527, 709 11.24 1.75 1. 732 1.535 38.4 ie cre 2, 106, 504 11. 03 2 1. 695 1.474 36.9 pUlEsG! ts 2 02303 1, 931, 413 10. 92 2 1.679 1.461 36.5 ae eee 1, 901, 107 10. 88 2 1.675 1.457 36.4 Ceti eine 1, 844, 850 11.09 2 1. 733 1.511 37.8 Ca aleseeee ae 1, 720, 606 11.21 1.75 1. 740 1.544 38.1 1) ae Se eae 1, 595, 005 10. 95 1.75 1. 667 1.475 36.9 Mijares e-6 38 3 1, 262, 108 11.09 2 1.624 1.402 35.1 MO seats Se 1, 006, 872 11. 08 2 1. 701 1.479 37.0 TB Se etete caee et 947, 273 11.05 2.25 1. 696 1. 447 36.2 UA Seay 1 = Sey ee 889, 548 10. 91 2.25 1. 649 1. 403 35.1 Tie, Neate ae al 642, 888 11.18 2.50 1.702 | 1.412 35.3 A Gere eee 611, 158 11.35 2.25 1. 747 1.492 37.3 1 Ea le a 530, 580 11. 02 2.50 1.673 1.397 34.9 ee eee 465, 493 11. 03 2.50 1. 672 1.396 34.9 i 5 ee ae e 126, 195 10. 55 3 1. 608 1. 291 32.3 Motalees- 33, 202, 516 PURI T e ee ae TG ese ee el | Seago ern The importance of an adequate cost system in both creameries and cheese factories can not be overestimated. Since these types of business, to a great extent, are factories wherein manufacturing costs are largely the basis of success or failure, great care should be taken that all the items which enter into the cost of making the finished article are taken into account. re - tpl . + re aky ttf) 2. a SOME AMERICAN VEGETABLE FOOD OILS, THEIR SOURCES AND METHODS OF PRODUCTION. By H. S. Barrry, Chemist in Charge, Oil, Fat, and Wax Laboratory, Bureau of Chemistry. S far back as we have any authentic records we find that the peoples of Asia Minor used the oil of the olive, and undoubtedly the original salad oil was that obtained from the fruit of the olive tree, which grows luxuriantly in all the Mediterranean countries. With the spread of civili- zation from its ancient home, the cultivation of olive trees and the utilization of their fruit extended as far as the west coast of Spain. The Pheenicians and early Romans carried this precious oil, which was not only concentrated food but fuel for their lamps as well, to distant countries, whose peoples doubtless quickly learned to prize it highly. In comparatively recent years the demand for oils suit- able for salad dressings and general food purposes has in- creased so rapidly that now, even in the Mediterranean coun- tries, the total annual production of olive oil is only about one-half the consumption of all the vegetable food oils. Cot- tonseed, coconut, and peanut oils already are used extensively in the United States, corn oil is beginning to appear in the retail stores, and the sunflower oil of Russia, soy bean, poppyseed, sesame, and numerous other oils of Europe are now making, or sooner or later probably will make, their appearance among American edible oils. We are welcoming to our shores not only the peoples of the Old World, but with them their foods. Edible oils are food in a form highly concentrated and usually readily assimilated. Pure oils and fats are prac- _ tically free from water, an ingredient present to some extent in nearly every other food except sugars and thoroughly dried grains. Edible oils contain no indigestible substances, such as the crude fiber of vegetables and the cartilage and tendons of meats. Partly because they are obtained readily in this natural, concentrated condition and partly because of the wide distribution of oil-bearing materials, many of 159 160 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. these oils are among the cheapest of our food products. As compared with beef, for instance, at 25 cents a pound, cot- tonseed oil at 20 cents a quart will yield dollar for dollar more than five times the amount of body energy, although, of course, it has not the same tissue-building power. Since the various vegetable food oils are similar in chem- ical composition and in digestibility, the question of their relative values for domestic use is one of preference rather than of absolute food value. Just which oil will be best suited to a particular individual often depends more upon the person to be nourished than upon the characteristics of the oil itself. It is a well-known fact that we are often more apt to digest without digestive disturbance a food which is palatable than one which is not; so in a final analysis the question of which oil is the best to use in the kitchen and upon the table resolves itself into the everyday question of what we like best and whether we can afford it. The Rus- sian, accustomed to his sunflower oil, doubtless would think the bland, highly refined American cottonseed oil tasteless, while the Italian peasant, brought up on a low grade of olive oil, firmly believes that the better, sweeter grades he buys in America are adulterated or “ diluted.” OLIVE OIL. Olive oil is produced in Syria, Greece, Italy, southern France, and Spain, and in all the countries along the south- ern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, with the possible excep- tion of Egypt. In the United States the olive now grows in California (where it was introduced by the early Mission fathers, who planted it wherever they established a mission) and to a less extent in Arizona. While American olive oil is of high quality and commands a good price, especially in the West, the demand for pickled olives apparently is so great that it pays better to use most of the fruit in this way rather than to crush it for oil. The American olives are not nearly so rich in oil as those grown in Italy. In the “Mission” variety there is only about 20 per cent of oil and in the best “rubra” usually less than 30 per cent, while most of the varieties grown in southern Europe contain between 40 and 60 per cent of oil. By proper Some American Vegetable Food Oils. 161 selection it will doubtless be possible to produce in the United States olives as rich as these if there is a sufficient demand for them, but at present the tendency seems to be toward the production of a large, firm fruit for pickling rather than of one with a high oil content. For making the best grades of oil it is customary to gather the olives by hand just before they become fully ripe. The amount of oil present is said to increase gradually up to full maturity, but oil of a superior quality is obtained if the fruit is gathered before it begins to soften. In the manufacture of first-grade oil it is necessary in handling the fruit to guard against bruising, especially if the olives are to be held for even a short time before pressing. Many producers of olive oil believe that in order tu obtain the highest grades of oil the olives should be crushed with- out breaking the pits, which should be separated from the rest of the fruit before it is pressed. This is by no means always done, and there is reason to believe that it makes little difference whether or not the pits are removed. The machinery employed for obtaining the oil from the fruit in different regions varies from the crude stone mor- tars and hand presses employed in Africa to the modern disintegrators and big hydraulic presses of the United States and parts of southern Europe. The process itself, however, is essentially the same to-day as it was a thousand years ago. In California the olives are crushed in immense flat pans by heavy wheels which roll around and around in these shallow bowls just as in the early days the old stones, turned by oxen yoked to the end of a pole, ground in their stone saucers the fruit for the Mission fathers. The pulp as soon as crushed is put in heavy cloths or sacks and subjected to a gradually increasing pressure. The heavier the first pressing the lower will be the quality of the oil, but the greater the quantity. After this first oil, often called “ Virgin” or “ Sublime,” has practically ceased to run from the press, the mare is wet down with cold water, or, in some instances, removed from the press and reground in a little water, then pressed again. The oil obtained in this second pressing is edible and appears on the market as second quality, or very often is found in the retail trade 54159°—yBx 1916——11 162 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. mixed with and sold as first-pressing oil. A third and sometimes a fourth grinding and pressing are given the pulp. These pressings are usually run hot, or at least hot water instead of cold is mixed each time with the mare. The quality of the oil from these hot pressings is compara- tively low and the oil, unless chemically refined, is suitable only for making soap or for other technical uses. Abroad the final press cake, which usually contains from 10 to 20 per cent of oil, is extracted with carbon bisulphid or tetra- chlorid, but apparently this method has not been found profitable in this country. The oil produced by the extrac- tion process, freed as far as possible from the solvent, is a heavy, dark-green product known as sulphured oil or olive- oil foots and is used only for technical purposes. The edible grades of oil as they come from the presses are run into tanks or cisterns and allowed to stand for a day or two. The oil gradually rises to the top, while the particles of pulp, water, and gelatinous material settle to the bottom. The clear oil is then dipped or siphoned off and sometimes washed with water to remove small quan- tities of foreign substances, which, if allowed to remain in the oil, would give it a cloudy appearance and cause it to become rancid in a short time. After standing at least a week in the finishing tank the oil is drawn off, usually through a filter, and is then ready for the table. In order to procure for the market brands of oil which from year to year will be as nearly uniform in flavor as pos- sible, it has been the custom of the brokers and exporters of Italy to buy oils from various sources and then blend them. In this way certain cities which are centers for olive-oil ex- portation have become famous for their products. Origi- nally the oils shipped from Lucca were blends of Italian oils of that immediate vicinity, but the demand for these oils has become so great that now many of the oils labeled Lucca are mixtures of Italian and non-Italian oils. While this type of misbranding of foreign oils is not easily pre- vented, the importation into the United States of olive oil adulterated with peanut, sesame, poppyseed, or cottonseed oil has practically ceased, now that all shipments are examined by the Department of Agriculture before their entry is per- mitted. During the last few years, however, a more insidious Some American Vegetable Food Oils. 163 form of adulteration has been practiced to some extent by the foreign brokers, some of whom are mixing with highly flavored, dark-colored oils the bland, almost tasteless re- fined, or so-called rectified, olive oil. This oil is made from low-grade or rancid oil by treating it with a mineral acid, and possibly with other chemicals. The exact details of the process are a trade secret. So far as is known, the re- fining and blending of olive oils is not practiced in the United States, and the production of olive oil in this coun- try meets only a small part of the demand for this, the oldest and most widely used of all the vegetable food oils. COTTONSEED OIL. - Since so little of America is climatically suited to the cul- tivation of the olive, it is fortunate that we have another food oil which in nearly every respect satisfactorily takes its place—cottonseed oil. Cottonseed oil is produced in Great Britain, Germany, France, Smyrna, India, China, and South America, but by far the larger portion is made in the United States. Sev- eral varieties of cotton seed are pressed in this country. These are generally grouped into two classes—the bald or black, the smooth, lint-free seeds of the Sea Island varieties, and the white or woolly, the seeds from the Upland and similar cottons which come from the gins with a fluffy white coat of lint on them. While there is a climatic and varietal difference in the chemical composition of the cotton seeds, all of them contain on an average about 20 per cent of oil. The present annual production of cottonseed oil in this country is more than 3,000,000 barrels or 150,000,000 gallons. Of this we export in normal times about 700,000 barrels, chiefly to Mediterranean ports. Although we are by far the largest producers of this oil and export nearly a fourth of our crop, we also import from China and other countries some 10,000 barrels annually. The machinery and processes used in the production of cot- tonseed oil in the United States are superior to those of any other country, and plants of American design and construc- tion are in operation in Europe, Asia Minor, India, and China. 164 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. In the treatment required for the production of an edible oil there is one fundamental difference between cotton seed and the olive. The finest grades of olive oil are those ex- pressed from the fruit with the least possible subsequent treatment, whereas before cottonseed oil is suitable for human food it must be refined, and in addition it is often bleached and deodorized. In tracing the production of cottonseed oil from the raw seed to the finished edible product it will be followed through the crude-6il mill and then through the refinery. As is the case in any highly developed manufacturing process, there are many variations of the general methods used, and nu- merous so-called trade secrets are involved; yet the funda- mental principles in all these processes are similar. The cotton seed, as received at the crude-oil mill from the gins, is covered with short cotton fiber and is mixed with broken bolls, stones, nails, and similar trash, all of which must be removed before the seeds are ground. After being run through revolving screens which separate the larger pieces of trash, over shaking sieves and magnets, and through cyclone cleaners, to take out the sand, nails, and dust, the seeds are fed into the machines which remove the lint. These machines, known as delinters, consist of a series of fine-toothed buzz saws set close together on a rapidly re- volving horizontal shaft. At the back of each machine is a long, cylindrical brush running so close to the saws that it catches the fiber that they have cut from the seeds and passes it on to the lint reel, which is set just behind it. Here the little, short cotton hairs which the gins failed to remove from the seed are compacted into a felt and rolled out like cotton batting, ready to go to the mattress maker or guncotton manufacturer. As the seed comes from the last of a set of these linters it is nearly free from lint and ready for the hullers—mills which break the hard outer coat or hull and liberate the soft oil-containing meats. In order to separate the hulls and meats as thoroughly as possible, the material as it comes from the hullers is run over shaking screens. The hulls are passed through a second and sometimes a third huller, and then through additional separators until finally they come out practically free from any of the valuable oil-bearing Some American Vegetable Food Oils. 165 interior portion. The meats when freed from the hulls are ground through a series of three or more heavy steel rolls and finally carried into the storage bins over the press room. Tn the expressing of most of the edible oils frequently sev- eral grades are made by a re-pressing of the same batch of raw material. Cottonseed, however, at least in the United States, is pressed only once, and when hydraulic presses are used it is always heated or cooked before pressing. The cook- ing of the seed is the most important step in the making of the crude oil by the hydraulic or hot process. It requires ex- perience and judgment on the part of the cooker to get the crushed meats in the proper condition to yield the maximum amount of the best possible grade of oil. The cooking is done in a shallow, steam-jacketed pan equipped with a me- chanical stirrer, which. as it revolves, mixes the meats thor- oughly and prevents uneven cooking. Inside, near the top of the pan, is a perforated steam pipe through which steam may be admitted to moisten the meats should they become too dry. In many mills a second pan, called a subheater, similar to the cooker, is installed just below it and used to hold the cooked batch until the presses are ready for it. The type of press most commonly used in this country in the production of cottonseed oil is the steel box-frame hydraulic, which operates under a pressure of about 5,000 pounds per square inch. Such a press consists of a series of horizontal steel plates, about 14 inches wide by 34 inches ‘Jong, set one above the other, about 5 inches apart, when the press is fully open. The plates are perforated or chan- neled and provided with closely fitting steel sides, so that the whole machine is really a series of steel boxes, without ends, piled one upon the other, the lowest box resting upon a hydraulic piston. Above the top frame is a heavy iron plate fastened to the piston cylinder by four vertical rods, “which serve as guides for the sliding frames.’ With the press fully open, that is, with the piston at its lowest point, a measured charge of cooked meal is dropped from the subheater, or holder, upon the strip of camel’s hair or other press cloth in the cake-former. This cake-former is a steel block with a shallow groove, the size of a single press box in its upper surface. It is so constructed that after the meal has been run upon the press cloth and the two ends 166 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. turned up over the charge, pressure can be applied from above or below, and the cake, now entirely covered with cloth except on its two long sides, can be subjected to a preliminary squeeze to compact it into shape. When the charge is in the cake-former pressure is applied for an instant and then re- leased. A sheet of steel the width of the groove is slid underneath the cake, which is removed, cloth and all, from the former and pushed into the lowest frame of the press. One after another all the boxes are thus charged until the press is filled; the compressed air is then turned on the hydraulic ram, forcing the frames upward, each against the one above it. The oil as it is squeezed through the cloths flows down over the sides of the press into a gallery around the bottom frame and out through troughs to the settling cistern. So perfectly has every detail of the construction and operation of these huge presses been worked out that they are often charged, pressed, and discharged ready for refill- ing in less than 20 minutes. The dark-red crude oil, as it flows from the press, always contains some fine meal, which has been squeezed through the cloths. The larger particles of this meal collect in the oil troughs in the floor below the press, through which the oil flows to the settling tanks, and are shoveled out and repressed with the next batch of meats. To clarify the oil still fur- ther, before it is pumped or shipped to the refinery, it is held in settling tanks or cisterns until most of the finer particles have settled out. In addition to the production of crude oil by the hydraulic process just described, an increasing amount is being made in mills equipped with a type of continuous-working press known as the expeller. Some of this oil is cold pressed, that is, the meats are not cooked before pressing, but in other plants the material fed into the expellers is treated in much the same manner as though it were intended for the hydrau- lic press. In the cold-press mills, after cleaning and delint- ing, the seed is merely ground, run through a tempering ap- paratus, where it is dried if too wet or blown with moist steam if too dry, and then fed into the expeller, hulls and all. The expeller is built somewhat on the principle of the or- dinary meat grinder, and is simply an interrupted screw re- volving inside a slotted steel barrel. The ground seed enters Some American Vegetable Food Oils. 167 through a hopper at one end of the barrel, is pressed along toward the other end, and finally discharged around a cone, which can be set in or out of the outlet orifice so as to give any desired pressure. The oil is squeezed from the seeds by the pressure of the screw, runs out through the small slits in the barrel, and after-settling or, better, filtering through a filter press, is ready for shipment to the refinery. The tempering of the seed, which is often necessary to make it press properly, is really a preheating process, and as the heat due to pressure and friction in the expellers is suffi- cient to make the oil and cake as they come from the press actually hot, the term “cold pressed” is not strictly appli- cable to oil obtained by the expeller process. Although this crude oil is very different from that obtained by the regular hot pressing, there is very little, if any, difference between the two oils after they have been refined. As the yield of oil by either process is only about 45 gal- lons per ton, or less than 17 per cent of the weight of seed handled, and as a large part of the ground cake and hulls can be used as feed or fertilizer by the local farmers, the crude-oil mills often are located in the smaller towns throughout the cotton-growing sections. From these the oil is shipped in steel tank cars to more centrally situated re- fineries or to the packing houses and cooking-compound manufacturers of the North. As previously stated, crude cottonseed oil is not suitable for human food, even when made from sound, sweet seed, for, although it has a pleasing nutty flavor, it contains coloring matter and other foreign substances such as the albuminous bodies and free fatty acids. The first step toward rancidity in an oil is, apparently, the formation of free fatty acids. The glycerids—chemical compounds of glycerin and fatty acids—begin to break up, and instead of the sweet neutral glycerids we have the acrid, free fatty acids and ordinary glycerin. Before the oil is marketable as a table oil, the acids must be neutralized and removed and the major portion of the coloring matter taken out. It is this process which is known as refining. As the crude oil is received at the refinery it is run into storage tanks or pumped directly from the cars into the weighing tanks and then to the refining kettles—tall cylin- 168 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. drical sheet-iron tanks with conical bottoms and provided with a series of steam-heating coils extending part way up the sides. During the refining the oil is stirred either by some form of mechanical stirrer or by compressed air blown in through perforated pipes. When a tank has been filled with crude oil to the extent, perhaps, of 100,000 pounds, the agitator is started and steam turned on to the heating coils until the desired temperature has been reached. This varies with different oils and in dif- ferent plants, but is usually around 85° F. While the tank is being heated a sample of the oil is tested in the laboratory. By the time the oil in the refining tank has been raised to the proper temperature the refiner knows from the labora- tory report just how much caustic-soda solution to add to make a good refining. The lye solution is run rapidly into the oil and the agitation and heating continued until the dark-brown, almost black, particles of soap formed by the action of the lye on the free acids clot together into little spongy masses and begin to settle. The steam-is turned off from the heating coils when the oil reaches about 120° F., the agitation is decreased, and finally stopped, and the tank allowed to stand several hours until the soap settles to the bottom, leaving the clear, golden-yellow oil above. This is siphoned off into a series of settling tanks, and after stand- ing a while is transferred into a second and sometimes a third set of tanks. The oil at this stage is known as “ summer yellow” and is used largely in niaking margarin and as a cooking oil. Before being placed on the market for table use the summer yellow oil as a rule is bleached and de- odorized. In addition to caustic soda or in place of it many other chemicals have been used in refining. A strong salt brine sometimes is added to produce a cleaner separation of the soap stock, and water glass, silicate of soda, and borax have been recommended, and, in the early days, bichromate of potash was tried. Cottonseed oil, in common with most of the other edible vegetable oils, contains a large enough proportion of the so- called stearins, that is, glycerids of palmatic and similar fatty solids, so that in cold weather these separate out, giving to the oil a milky appearance which makes it undesirable for PLATE XXXII. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. “[10 Sure UI IOJ pasn oq 07 YNO poT[Nd Sureq yay O[Oo yo pue 40 ejtoduut oy} ‘s[ar3 oY} JO YUOIy UT SY] "SSAITO ONILYOS aq surAour uo ssed £ Shep) se puey Ac { Ppe}J0S e118 s DATIO OF f L Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XXXII. Fic. 1.—OLD OLIVE MILL AND PRESs. Goaded by a mission father, the oxen walked round and round, rolling the heavy stone wheel over the olives in the flat stone dish. From time to time the pulp was scooped out into cloths and pressed in a stone saucer by means of the screw and lever. Fia. 2.—GRINDING OLIVES. Heavy rolls like great bull wheels running in a huge iron saucer grind the olives to a pulp, which is then elevated to the ch: urging bins. Yearbook U. §. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XXXIII. Wide Middaas, * ae a = = = ee 2 Es —_ 4 FIG. |.—PRESSING OLIVES (BACK); STRIPPING THE CAKE (FRONT). After pressing in the big hydraulic presses the cakes of olive pomace are wheeled to one side, the cloths stripped off and refilled with fresh pulp, and these new “cheeses” are then run back into the press. FiG. 2.—DELINTER FOR CLEANING COTTON SEED. In the delinters a gang of fine-toothed buzz saws cuts the lint from the cotton seeds and leaves the seed nearly bald ready for hulling. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XXXIV. FIG. |1.—PRESS ROOM. From the steam-heated ‘‘cooker’’ the ground cotton seed is run into the “‘cake former’ and ile cakes, as fast as shaped, are transferred to the hydraulic presses, one cake to a shelf, 6 to a press. Fia. 2.—O1L EXPELLER, PEANUT OIL MILL. The peanuts flow continuously into this huge sausage-grinder sort of a machine and the oil in a bright yellow stream runs out below into the settling cisterns. The cake, in hot, fragrant ribbons, unwinds at the discharge end of the press into a conveyor. a ~ . Some American Vegetable Food Oils. 169 use in cold climates. To produce an oil that will not “ cloud up” and sometimes even solidify in winter, the summer yellow grade is “ wintered,” that is, held for a time in chill rooms or in tanks surrounded by cold brine until it becomes semisolid.- This mushlike mass is then pressed, or run through centrifugals, to separate the solid stearin from the lower-melting oleins. The oil thus obtained is known as “winter yellow” and, if properly made, remains perfectly clear even in cold weather. Housewives frequently show preference for particular colors in foods; thus, they demand greenish olive oil, golden- yellow butter, and light-yellow cottonseed oil. To meet the demand for a lght-yellow oil and also to supply the lard- . substitute maker with one from which he can produce a white cooking compound, the refined yellow oil must be de- colorized. In this bleaching process the yeilow oil is heated in tall steel tanks similar to those used in the refinery, and is thoroughly mixed with a small amount of fuller’s earth, sometimes called clay by the refiner. This fuller’s earth is mined in Florida and other sections of the United States, although until recently the best qualities were imported from England. Various kinds of charcoal and animal blacks are occasionally added to the fuller’s earth in small quantities to assist in the decolorization. After the batch of oil and earth in the clay tanks has been thoroughly mixed and heated, it is pumped into filter presses. From these presses the oil runs bleached and clear, leaving behind in the cells of the _ press the decolorizing materials. Deodorization is necessary in order to remove the undesir- able flavors natural to the oil, or remaining as a result of the claying process, and to make it bland and nearly tasteless. At this point, anyone going through a refinery probably would find that the door to the next department bore the sign “ Positively no admittance.” Numerous processes for deodorizing oils have been patented and many unpatented processes also are in operation, the secrets of which are guarded as among the most valuable assets of the com- panies using them. Since there is scarcely any color, taste, or odor to the pure chemical glycerids which make up nearly 99 per cent of all the common food oils, practically all the color, odor, and characteristic flavors must be in 170 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. the remaining 1 or 2 per cent. The flavor substances, as a rule, are much more volatile than the bulk of the oil, and can be removed by simply heating the oil in a very high vacuum. This process, unfortunately, is only applicable as yet to small-scale laboratory experiments, and in practice the deodorizing is effected by washing with steam or heated air. It is common knowledge that fats readily absorb strong odors from the atmosphere. The good housekeeper takes care that the onions and cooked cabbage are not shut up in her refrigerator with the butter and lard. The refiner also has learned that unless the odor-causing bodies are removed from contact with his oil as rapidly as they are liberated it is difficult to deodorize the oil properly. For this reason the deodorizing process is usually conducted under vacuum in large cylindrical tanks covered air-tight and having a big gooseneck outlet pipe at the top, which is connected to a vacuum exhaust system. The oil is heated by means of closed steam coils, and the odors are swept out with superheated steam or hot air, which is injected through perforated pipes or nozzles at the bottom of the tank and carried off by the vacuum pipe at the top. From a cloudy, dark-red, sometimes strong, rancid-tasting, crude cottonseed oil there is thus produced by refining, bleaching, and deodorizing a clear, light-yellow, bland, almost tasteless, and odorless product, which for those who do not care for a marked characteristic flavor in their salad dressings or for the lard taste in their pastry is a very desirable food oil. PEANUT OIL. The peanut is now rapidly coming into prominence as one of the most satisfactory crops for those districts of the South in which the boll weevil is making the raising of cotton un- certain. The ravages of this pest, which has been gradually working northward and eastward through the Southern States, have decreased the production of cotton in some sec- tions to such an extent that the local oil mills have been forced to ship their seed long distances or find some other material upon which to operate. The peanut not only sup- plies the crusher with a splendid raw material, but the hay and press cake make highly desirable cattle feeds. Some American Vegetable Food Oils. 171 It is not known whether the peanut, which is probably a native of Brazil, was used by the aborigines as a source of oil, but certainly in a comparatively short time after the early explorers carried this product of the Western World back to Europe its value as an oil material was realized. Peanut oil, or arachis oil as it is usually known abroad, may _ be expressed from any one of the many varieties of peanuts. That this oil is one of the most important of the world’s food oils is shown by the fact that annually over 120,000 metric tons of peanuts in the shell, together with about 240,000 metric tons of shelled nuts, are crushed in Marseille alone, yielding 15,500,000 gallons of edible oil. Abroad, peanut oil is made almost invariably from shelled nuts. Mills that buy the nuts in the shell first hull them by machinery designed particularly for that purpose. The for- eign matter, such as sticks and stones, and a small quantity of unshelled peanuts are next removed by running the shelled stock over screens similar to the shakers used in the cotton- oil mills. The inner or red skins are then removed as com- pletely as possible by an air blast or fan mill. When thor- oughly cleaned the kernels are ground, usually by’a system of corrugated rolls ‘which do not crush them as fine as cotton seed is ground for the hydraulic presses. The ma- terial when ground is put into press cloths and pressed in a machine somewhat similar to the ordinary fruit or cider press used in this country. These presses have no protecting sides or boxes such as are commonly found in the American hydraulic press, and the pressure which is applied to the peanuts is much less than that used with cotton seed. When the press is full the pressure is applied and the material al- lowed to stand under pressure until a little over half the oil has been squeezed out. This gives what is known as cold- drawn oil, which is nearly colorless, has a pleasant, nutty taste, and needs no refining to make it suitable for salad or cooking purposes, provided, of course, the original peanut material was clean and free from rancid nuts. After the first pressing the cakes are taken out of the cloths, reground, a small quantity of moisture added, and after being heated for a few minutes new cakes are formed and again pressed. The second oil thus obtained is inferior in quality to the oil of the first pressing and goes into a lower 172 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. grade of edible oil. A third pressing and possibly in some mills a fourth, both of course after regrinding and heating, are sometimes made before the cake is exhausted. In Europe the finest grades of peanut oil are used exclu- sively for edible purposes, and practically all that is pro- duced in France is consumed there, only second-grade pea- nut oils being exported to the United States. . Of the five different varieties of peanuts grown in this country the Spanish is undoubtedly the best suited to oil production. It is adapted to a wide range of soil and cli- matic conditions, and contains an appreciably greater quan- tity of oil than do the Virginia Bunch, Virginia Runner, or African varieties. The production of peanut oil on a large scale in this coun- try is yet in its infancy, but the cottonseed-oil mills located in the peanut-growing territory and in charge of men thor- oughly acquainted with oil machinery are rapidly taking up the pressing of peanuts. While there are now perhaps 20 or 30 mills pressing pea- nuts, only a very few of these were built especially to handle this material. The others are cottonseed-oil mills, which have been remodeled to fit them for peanut-oil production. In some of these cottonseed-oil mills the unshelled peanuts, after being well cleaned to remove all the sticks, stems, stones, and adhering dirt, are run through disintegrators and then directly into expellers. In some only a part of the oil is ex- pressed the first time and the cake returned for a second pressing, but more often only one pressing is made, which gives a lower grade of oil than would be obtained by a lighter partial crushing. In other mills cleaned shelled nuts are used, and when the stock is fresh and sound and not pressed too hard the first time the oil is of the highest quality obtainable. The regular hydraulic presses also are being utilized for the production of peanut oil by those cottonseed-oil mills so equipped, and both shelled and unshelled nuts have been pressed, sometimes hot and sometimes without any cooking. This lack of uniformity in the American practice and the use of all sorts of stock from old, rancid, cull peanuts to prime fresh material have resulted in the production of oils of every quality, some of which require refining and bleach- ing the same as do cottonseed oils, while others are sweet Some American Vegetable Food Oils. 173 and bright, ready for the table as soon as they have been filtered. In even the best oil as it comes from the presses there is, of course, some insoluble matter, fine parts of the peanut, which must be filtered out to prevent a rapid spoiling of the oil. When good, sound stock is cold pressed and the oil well filtered, the peanut oil obtained, like that of the olive, is sweet and brilliant, ready for the housewife just as it comes from the mill, in fact, just as it existed in the peanuts them-— selves. Off-grade peanut oils, made either from spoiled nuts or from sound nuts improperly treated, can be refined and the disagreeable odor and flavor removed, but such oils are lacking in the characteristic sweet peanut taste of a virgin oil and are inferior for salad and general table purposes. There is very little demand in the United States at the present time for a high-grade table peanut oil, but many who have tried the cold-pressed oil for salads consider it very satisfactory and think that practically the only difference be- tween peanut oil and olive oil is one of flavor. Just as some people like grapefruit better than oranges, there are those who prefer an oil with a marked characteristic taste, such as olive oil, to a bland oil, such as refined cottonseed oil, and many who have become accustomed to peanut oil with its mild nutty flavor think it more palatable than anv of the other vegetable food oils. CORN OIL. Within the last decade there has come into prominence in the United States another food oil which, like cottonseed oil, was originally a by-product. Corn oil, or, as it is sometimes called, maize oil, exists in the small germ portion of our common Indian corn. Although this germ itself is more than half oil, there is only from 3 to 6.5 per cent of oil present in the entire kernel. Were it not for the fact that in the preparation of cornstarch and brewer’s grits, and sometimes in the making of corn meal and other corn products, the germ is more or less completely separated from the rest of the grain, corn oil doubtless would be a mere curiosity, as it would not pay to extract it. Oils exposed to air and light, especially oils finely divided and mixed with the enzyms which occur to a greater or ‘174 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. ' less extent in all oleaginous seeds, quickly become rancid and unfit for food. Because of this rapid deterioration in the oil portion of corn it has been found advisable to remove the germ from hominy and corn meal when these are to be kept for any length of time before being used. In the prepa- ration of cornstarch, which is practically a pure carbohy- drate, it is of special importance that all the corn germs be separated from the starchy portion of the grain. In the degerminating of corn two distinctly different proc- esses are now in use in the United States. In the older one, known as the wet process, the corn is soaked in dilute sul- phurous acid for some time, and yields a germ in which the oil is already rancid when extracted. Thecorn oil made from these germs either has to be used for technical purposes or else refined to make it suitable for food. In the newer proc- ess, usually known as the dry process, ho water is added to the grain, but the germs are removed by mechanical means. If the corn is sound the oil can be used for food purposes with little or no refining. Unfortunately the dry process yields only about one-fifth as much germ as the wet process, so that it has not entirely replaced the latter method, which is still generally used in the manufacture of starch and glucose. In making brewer’s grits and corn meal a certain amount of germ may be left in the finished product, but it is essential that the corn itself should not be soaked, as this would spoil the finished product. The wet process first came into use about 20 years ago, when it was discovered that the difference between the spe- cific gravity of the corn germs and the rest of the kernel was such that the germs in certain strengths of starch water floated on top, while the major portion of the kernel settled to the bottom. In operating the wet process the shelled corn is first soaked for several days in large steep tanks in water containing a small amount of sulphur dioxid. The dilute acid added coagulates the glutinous material which otherwise would be difficult to remove later from the starch. During the steeping the corn swells and the germs become toughened, so that they are not readily broken up in the grinding process. The water and corn from the steep tanks are run together through attrition mills, which @rack the grains and loosen the germs. The mixture, which, as it Some American Vegetable Food Oils. 175 flows out of these grinders, is a sort of thin gruel, is fed into the germ separators—long rectangular steel tanks about 4 feet wide, with a semicircular bottom. These separators are filled with starch water of a specific gravity that will permit the germs to float and the grits to sink. As the gruel is fed in at one end of the separator it drops to the bottom and is gradually worked toward the other end of the tanks by a rap- idly revolving beater. This beater removes the germs from the starchy portion of the grain, and as they rise to the top they are skimmed off by an endless belt which runs along just below the surface of the water. The starchy portion of the corn works along the bottom of the separator and is finally discharged through an automatic gate at the far end of the tank. The germs from the separator go next to a shaker screen of bolting cloth and are washed free from adhering starch particles by a spray of water. From this screen they are transferred to some form of moisture expeller which squeezes out the excess of water. They are then ready for the driers—long, nearly horizontal cylinders heated by steam or other means—which reduce the moisture content of the germs from 55 to not over 5 per cent. The dry germs are then put into bins and allowed to cool and cure for two or three hours, because if pressed immediately as they come from the kilns they are too brittle to give a satisfactory yield of oil. The germs, after curing, are tough and leathery. They are then run through a series of flaking rolls which flatten them and break the oil cells, but do not grind the material into a flour which would be hard to hold in the oil presses. While hydraulic presses could be used, as in the cottonseed-oil mills, the general practice in the United States is to run the germs directly from the flaking rolls into expellers similar to those already described in connection with the production of cot- tonseed and peanut oils. . In the dry process the corn, instead of being soaked, is heated with live steam until it contains about 18 per cent of moisture. It is then put through a machine known as the automatic degerminator, which removes the bran from the whole corn, breaks the kernels, and partially separates the germs. From the degerminator the mixture of cracked corn 176 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. and broken germs is passed through a series of screens and aspirators, where, by means of suction and sifting on wire screening, a further separation is made of the germ from the starchy portion of the corn kernel. The germ taken out by the aspirators is still partially mixed with grits and is again run through flaking rolls and aspirators, which suck out the lighter germ particles and leave the grits behind. The pressing of the dry-process germs is similar in every way to that used in getting the oil out of the material ob- tained by the wet process. When the germ comes from the last aspirators it is tempered if necessary to insure the proper moisture content, being dried, if too wet, or moistened with live steam, if too dry, and is pressed in any suitable form of press. Corn oil is not as yet a common household product, but it is now being placed upon the market in small retail packages for use as a table and cooking oil. For some time large quantities of the oil have been used for technical purposes, and since the methods for producing a sweet, attractive oil have been perfected, the manufacturers of edible fats are using increasing amounts of this product in making lard substitutes, AGRICULTURE ON GOVERNMENT RECLAMATION PROJECTS. By ©. 8. Scorrerp, Agriculturist in Charge, Western Irrigation Agri- culture, and F. D. Farrety, Agriculturist in Charge, Demonstrations on Reclamation Projects, Bureau of Plant Industry. FARMING UNDER IRRIGATION. HE development of agriculture under irrigation involves conditions that are essentially different from those of ordinary farming. In general, the labor cost of crop pro- duction is somewhat greater, the necessary investment of capital is larger, and the requirements of social organization are more complex. These conditions require that irrigation farming shall yield larger returns than ordinary farming if it is to be successful. Of the three conditions mentioned the essential complexity of the social organization is the least understood by those who have to take part in it. The development of an irrigation enterprise necessitates a period of pioneer existence. This period, unlike most of the pioneering with which many people are familiar, involves community problems which must be dealt with from the very beginning. On Government reclamation projects these problems are more conspicuous than elsewhere, chiefly because the colonists who occupy them have come together suddenly from widely different conditions of life and usually without previous experience to guide them. The underlying purpose that has influenced legislative and administrative policies regarding Government reclama- tion has been to establish homes on the land rather than to provide the most efficient means for increased agricultural production. But successful home making is dependent upon a reasonable degree of material prosperity. Thus, the economic problems and possibilities of irrigation farming must be understood and realized if this great experiment in the reclamation of arid lands is to be made a success. 54159°—gx 1916——12 . a Le ire 178 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT. Prior to the recent rapid expansion of irrigation develop- ment it was generally believed that the reclaimed lands could be utilized profitably for the production of such special crops as orchard fruits, truck crops, sugar beets, and alfalfa. Recent experience, however, has demonstrated that these crops can not be depended upon to meet the requirements of the situation. New projects do not show immediately the assortment or balance of industries that ultimately are to become established. There is instead a rather regular se- quence of development, beginning with the production of alfalfa and small grains and gradually reaching a great diversity of crops and industries. Finally, out of this diver- sity a few major industries become permanent. Almost invariably it is desirable to get the land seeded to alfalfa as soon as possible, not only because of the useful- ness of the crop itself but also because its growth greatly increases the productivity of the soil. It is a common prac- tice to seed wheat, oats, or barley as a nurse crop for the alfalfa. Moreover, many farmers plant small grains as a first-year crop because of the quick returns and as a method of preparing the new soils for the production of perennial crops. Hence, on the newly irrigated lands, alfalfa and small grains occupy a large proportion of the cultivated acreage. As the soils begin to respond to cultivation, sugar beets, potatoes, truck crops, orchard fruits, and, on the southwestern projects, cotton are added to the cropping system. Thus the agriculture of these projects is gradually chang- ing and developing toward a diversity which ultimately will include a number of different crops, with the chief emphasis placed on those which under local climatic and economic conditions prove to be most profitable. The rate and direc- tion of this development vary, of course, on the different projects. If account is taken of the 24 Government reclama- tion projects now in operation, including at present about 19,000 farms with about 800,000 acres in production, the areas devoted to the more important crops are approximately as follows, in terms of the total irrigated acreage: Forage (chiefly alfalfa), 50 per cent; cereals (chiefly wheat, oats, Agriculture on Government Reclamation Projects. 179 barley, and corn), 25 per cent; fruit crops, 7 per cent; pote- toes, 3 per cent; seeds (chiefly clover and alfalfa), sugar beets, and cotton, each 2 per cent; and truck crops, 1 per cent. PROBLEMS OF CROP DISPOSAL. The problems encountered in the production of crops are much less difficult than the problems of profitable disposal and utilization. The reclamation projects are all located in the sparsely settled Western States, far removed from the great consuming centers. Because of this fact the supply of crop products in these areas exceeds the local demand, and the problems of distant marketing must be worked out. Transportation costs from the reclamaticn projects to the great marketing centers are high. Furthermore, as the un- derlying purpose of Government reclamation is to provide homes for as many families as possible, the farm units on the reclamation projects are small. This results in a rela- tively small output per farm, and this in turn necessitates cooperation in marketing and in some of the enterprises of production. Groups of farmers must work together to at- tain those objects which the individual farmer is powerless to accomplish. This does not mean that cooperation should be regarded as a panacea, but rather that the solution of certain specific problems of production and of marketing requires coopera- tion. In view of the fact that our farmers are still rela- tively inexperienced in matters of cooperation, there is need for a clear understanding of the purposes to be accomplished and for special attention to the methods of procedure. To secure the necessary efficiency in meeting these prob- lems of crop disposal requires that settlers on the reclama- tion projects endeavor as early as possible to develop definite agricultural industries for which the local conditions are favorable. Jt is the purpose of this paper to discuss briefly a number of the agricultural industries that have been or may become important on reclamation projects. This discus- sion may serve to show something of the present status of agriculture on these projects and to indicate what now ap- pears to be the direction of progress. 180 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. THE SUGAR-BEET INDUSTRY. The production of sugar beets has been one of the impor- tant industries on these irrigated lands. Where the climatic and soil conditions are favorable the crop has been fairly profitable, and while the returns are seldom very large they are reasonably certain. There is no serious marketing prob- Jem in this industry, because the beets are grown under con- tract at a price stipulated in advance of planting. The seed, and, if the farmer so desires, the necessary hand labor, are provided by the manufacturing company which purchases the beets. This company also provides field men to visit the farmer from time to time and advise with him as to the best cultural methods to use in producing the crop. ‘These factors have been influential in maintaining and extending the irrigated area devoted to beets, in spite of the fact that the possibie profit from beets appears to be less than from many other crops. There are some undesirable features in the sugar-beet in- dustry. The production of the crop requires much hand labor during two brief periods of the season—one in early summer, when the beets must be thinned and weeded, and one in the autumn, when the crop is harvested. In some places where the population is dense this labor may be locally available, but ordinarily it is necessary to import labor, and the people usually brought in and the circum- stances under which they live are such that they constitute an undesirable social element. There is also a tendency in the sugar-beet industry toward the rental of land for beet production and toward continued cropping on the same land without a suitable crop rotation. Such intensive spe- cialization does not make for the best development of an agricultural community. The production of sugar beets is possible only within reasonable distance of a sugar factory. These factories are large and expensive, so that unless a large acreage is available for beet production it is not feasi- ble to construct a plant. In respect to certain social and economic factors, the sugar- beet industry illustrates the essential points which need to be considered in the effective utilization of irrigated land. It is first of all a continuing or permanent industry. It is Agriculture on Government Reclamation Projects. 181 reasonably certain to yield a fair return on the labor and capital invested in production. The crop fits well into a rotation with alfalfa and the other common field crops. The advisory assistance of the field men employed by the sugar company is helpful, particularly to the inexperienced farmer. With an assured market for the crop, the farmer has every incentive to devote his bests efforts to increasing the efficiency of production, and the profits increase rapidly as the yields exceed the minimum which covers the cost of production. In some of the points already enumerated the sugar-beet industry is essentially different from any other industry followed on irrigated land. While some of these practices are possible only with beet growing, others might be adapted, at least in part, to other industries with resulting advantage. While none of the sugar factories in this country is coopera- tive in the ordinary sense of that term, yet in another sense the cooperation between the manufacturer and the producer is very close and helpful. The widely prevalent custom of paying for the beets on a definitely adjusted scale of prices, so that the beets which are richer in sugar bring higher prices, is a stimulus to good farming, and the certainty of market and price, by eliminating one element of risk, also en- courages the farmer to put forth his best efforts to secure high production. POTATO PRODUCTION. On several of the reclamation projects the soil and cli- matic conditions are favorable for the production of large crops of potatoes. A rotation in which this crop follows alfalfa not only makes for large yields of potatoes, but also leaves the land in good tilth for other crops. Yet potato production as an industry has not been important on many of the newer irrigated projects. This is due chiefly to the uncertainty of marketing. Were it possible to have for potatoes a market that is as definite and secure as that for sugar beets, the extent of the industry might now be much larger, even though the prices were to range below what is often received or ordinarily expected. Where potato production is not well organized it has been the common experience that in only one year in three, or at 182 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. best one year in two, is the price such as to return a profit to the grower. Sometimes there is no market or the prices offered are so low that the crop is used for feed or allowed to rot on the farm. There are several obvious possibilities in the direction of improving the marketing situation, particularly on the northern projects. These possibilities may be achieved more easily through community cooperation than by individual action. There are two important demands for potatoes. The larger, of course, is for food, but there is also an ex- tensive market for seed for planting. Im order to reach either of these markets effectively it is of first importance that a community go into the industry seriously, with the purpose of continuing in it through years of poor prices:as well as through years of good prices. When a certain region becomes known to the trade as a reliable source for potatoes it soon comes to enjoy an advantage that is a great asset. Buyers become accustomed to handling the crop and will take it all up before going into newer regions to supply their needs. The importance of community action in establishing the potato industry can not be too strongly. emphasized. Without it the individual farmer on a reclamation project can scarcely hope to find a profitable market. The first step to be taken by a community is to limit the number of varieties of potatoes that are to be grown and to continue the production of the same varieties from year to year. It is better to have only one variety, or at most two varieties, in a community, because it is then possible to de- velop a discriminatory market, to establish a reputation, and to ship in large lots of uniform character. Community action in potato production also affords an opportunity for the farmers to protect themselves against the introduction of certain dangerous diseases that are carried with the seed. It also makes possible the development of a system of cer- tification of the product as being true to variety and free from disease and thereby secures important market advan- tages. SEED PRODUCTION. The production of seed, particularly of forage crops, has been developed on several reclamation projects and may come to have a place among the important industries on Agriculture on Government Reclamation Projects. 183 these projects. As the present time alfalfa seed is prob- ably the most important of these crops. This country has not in recent years produced all the alfalfa seed needed, and large importations have been necessary. Speaking generally, the imported seed is less satisfactory than domestic seed, and since the outbreak of the European war these importations have been seriously interrupted. Notwithstanding these facts, which contribute to the ruling high prices of alfalfa seed, and the relative stability of the market for that com- modity, serious difficulties are likely to be encountered in selling the crop. Similar difficulties are encountered in mar- keting the seeds of other plants. Seed crops are more sus- ceptible to environmental conditions than most other crops. As a result, there are large variations from year to year in the available supplies and, consequently, in market prices. While these seeds are not so quickly perishable as are pota- toes, the market demand and the prices fluctuate as widely. In view of these conditions the production of forage-crop seed should not be undertaken in a haphazard manner. A satisfactory industry can be developed only by intelligent and persistent attention to the business. While community action may not be quite as essential in the seed industry as in potato production, it is, nevertheless, highly advantageous. By such action it is easier to develop re- liable outlets for the seed and to establish a reputation which soon becomes an asset of ‘material value. Seed-producing associations of farmers are useful not only as effective selling agencies, but they may provide for field inspection so as to insure the purity of the variety, and they may in- spect, class, and certify the quality of the seed. These func- tions are of the utmost importance in meeting trade require- ments and result in larger profits to the grower than can be expected where individuals act separately. Because of the periodical fluctuation of yield and of market prices, the seed industry is uncertain and likely to be disappointing unless it is firmly established and continued from year to year. For the same reason it is inadvisable to devote a large proportion of the farm to the production of seed crops. The methods of production are often compli- cated and can be mastered only by constant attention to the business. The farmer who can irrigate his crops has a 184 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. marked advantage in seed production over the farmer who can not, because of the critical water requirements of the seed crop. This feature, together with the relatively favor- able climatic conditions that obtain in irrigated districts, gives advantages which should be made use of by irrigation farmers; but, on the other hand, these advantages do not justify exclusive specialization in the seed industry. COTTON PRODUCTION. The production of cotton is possible on only a few of the southwestern reclamation projects, and on these it has be- come important only recently. Interest in the possibility of utilizing these irrigated lands for cotton production has been stimulated by the decreased production in parts of the cotton belt, following the invasion of the boll weevil. While much of the cotton so far produced on the irrigated lands has been of the ordinary short-staple varieties, it has become increasingly apparent that these must in time give place to varieties that yield the more valuable long staple, either of the American Upland or of the Egyptian type. It is economically unsound to devote high-priced irrigated land, having a long growing season, to the production of the cheaper types of cotton instead of the high-priced long- staple types, which have been found to yield equally well and for which there is a strong demand. The production of cotton by irrigation enjoys certain im- portant advantages which should be understood clearly and utilized more fully. Irrigation projects on which cotton production is possible are nearly all isolated from other cotton-producing regions. This isolation affords an oppor- tunity to prevent the encroachment or invasion of certain insect pests, such as the boll weevil, and also, because of the definite limits of the community, it is easier to establish and maintain an industry based upon a single variety or type of cotton. The advantage to a community of isolation as an aid in preventing the invasion of noxious insects or plant diseases is so obvious as not to require discussion ; but it may not be so generally appreciated that such isolation also favors the restriction of cotton production in a community to a single variety, or at least to a single type, and that such restriction is greatly to be desired. PLATE XXXV. 1916. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture (OOTAIOG WON}VUILIOYT SoYwIG Poptt;) oy} Wo’ Ydeiso10Yq) “puv] oy} Uo somoYy eprAoid 04 udsoq sey WOTVUIe]IOI JUNUIMIBAO Jo osodind SuLf[Jepun oy “SNOILVIAY IWINO0S XAIdNOD GNV ‘SGOOHYOSHDISN GAILLAS ATHOIHL “ONINYV4 SAISNALN] SSATOAN] LNSWdO1SAR3qQ NOILVDINY] INASSsa9ONS Yee nome meme peat oy Hy, IMLS Fa L Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XXXVI. Fic. |1.—IRRIGATING SUGAR BEETS. Beet production is one of the most dependable industries for irrigated lands and is unique in that it has no marketing problems. (Photograph from the United States Reclama- tion Service.) FiG. 2.—AN EXAMPLE OF INTENSIVE SPECIALIZATION IN FRUIT FARMING UNDER IRRIGATION, A greater diversification of industries would be safer, though perhaps Jess spectacular. (Photograph from the United States Reclamation Service.) Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. XXXVII. Fic. |.—IN THE FIRST YEARS OF IRRIGATION FARMING AN EXCESS OF ALFALFA HAY IS OFTEN PRODUCED. This crop may be made more profitable if fed to live stock than if sold off the farm. Fic. 2.—A SMALL FLOCK OF SHEEP CAN BE KEPT CHEAPLY AND BE EXTREMELY USEFUL ON AN IRRIGATED FARM. The sheep can utilize the aftermath on grain and hay fields and keep down the weeds along fence rows and ditch banks. (Photograph from the United States Reclamation Service.) OF THE WAYS OF UTILIZING THE ALFALFA CROP TO ADVANTAGE. The West must continue to produce increased quantities of meat, and irrigation farming should stimulate rather than hinder progress in this direction. (Photograph from the United States Reclamation Service.) Agriculture on Government Reclamation Projects. 185 Where only one kind of cotton is grown in a community it becomes possible to achieve results in production and in marketing that are quite out of the question where several different varieties or types are grown. This is more par- ticularly true with long-staple cotton, where full market values can be secured only by maintaining the uniformity of the product from year to year. In order to maintain the uniformity of the product, it is necessary to make provision for a continuing supply of seed for planting which will re- produce the desired type of fiber and be free from the con- tamination which results from the accidental mixture of seed at the gin or cross-pollination between adjacent fields. Where several different kinds of cotton are grown in a com- munity such contamination is very difficult to avoid. Fur- thermore, the conditions of cotton marketing are such that buyers and manufacturers are influenced in favor of localities from which they have learned to expect certain kinds of cotton to be produced regularly. On the other hand, they are likely to be apprehensive if they are offered several different kinds of cotton from the same region, for experience has shown that under such conditions intermixture and de- terioration of the better sorts are inevitable, and that, too, without any compensatory improvement in the quality or uniformity of the poorer sorts. In view of these facts it should be the aim of isolated cotton-growing communities to adopt some one variety of cotton to the exclusion of all others and then to take such steps as may be necessary to maintain the purity of all the seed used for planting. With a constant supply of pure planting seed it becomes a very simple matter to establish market grades or types of cotton that can be reproduced from year to year and find prompt sale at a premium over the mixed lots of the bulk of the cotton crop. The cotton crop is one that responds to favorable condi- tions of growth with increased production, and it is possible on rich irrigated lands to produce crops large enough and valuable enough to find a place with other industries. Fur- thermore, cotton fits in well with a number of other irrigated crops. Cotton, following alfalfa, responds to the stimulus afforded by the preceding crop, and the early intertillage followed by the shading of the mature growth aids in the 186 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. eradication of weeds. The soil is thus left clean and in good condition for other crops. The cotton seed is also a com- modity of value and the by-products of its manufacture are important as a feed for live stock. FRUIT PRODUCTION. The production of orchard fruits has been one of the most conspicuous features of irrigation farming in this country. Some of the oldest and many of the best known irrigated sections owe their fame and prosperity to one or another of the fruit industries. In many of these sections the natural conditions are so favorable to the growth of the fruit that these industries may be expected to continue and even to be materially extended. But not all of the irrigated lands of the West are suited to fruit production, and there have been serious disappoint- ments in some new regions which have been exploited on the basis of orchard fruits. The causes for these disappoint- ments have been too many and too complicated to be dis- cussed here in detail. In general, they have been the high capitalization of the land and the difficulties of marketing. There have also been some production problems, but these have been less important. All these difficulties, combined with the widespread tendency of the farmers to rely on fruit production exclusively, have caused serious economic depres- sions in several of the more important fruit-growing sections. Almost from the first the problems of fruit transportation and marketing have been acute. These problems have been dealt with largely through cooperation on the part of the growers, and sometimes with marked efficiency. Some of the most conspicuous instances of agricultural cooperation are to be found in this field. In fact, it is possible that much of the spirit of cooperation among irrigation farmers is due to the example of success in this direction achieved by fruit growers. This cooperation has brought into use high standards of fruit packing and has stimulated improved methods of production. There is to be observed at present on irrigated lands a reaction from fruit production toward other industries. This readjustment is probably to be regarded merely as a phase of normal development. It is to be expected that fruit Agriculture on Government Reclamation Projects. 187 production will continue to be one of the important features of irrigation farming, though in many sections it will proba- bly remain subsidiary to other industries. PORK PRODUCTION. One of the first crops of which there is a local oversupply on the reclamation projects is alfalfa. The acreage devoted to this crop, particularly during the early stages of the de- velopment of a project, is frequently greater than that devoted to all other crops combined and the yield is abun- dant. The cereal crops are also very important in the first years of irrigation farming. Under ordinary conditions neither alfalfa hay nor grain will bear the cost of transporta- tion to the market centers. It therefore becomes necessary to convert these crops into some form of live-stock products which because of relatively high value per unit of weight will stand the transportation charges from the projects to places of manufacture or consumption. The hog is one of the most efficient of farm animals in converting alfalfa and grain into a readily marketable prod- uct. The returns secured by pasturing hogs on irrigated alfalfa, supplemented with a light ration of grain, are fre- quently three to five times as great as could be obtained by selling the alfalfa as hay. If efficiently managed, hogs can be made to pay from 25 to 50 per cent more for grain than can be secured by the direct marketing of that crop. Fur- thermore, the amount of capital required to make a start in the swine industry is relatively small and the returns come quickly. The swine population of an irrigated farm can be made to increase from 500 to 1,000 per cent a year, and the animals are marketable before they are a year old. For these reasons the production of pork is one of the most promising industries for an irrigated farm. Much of the best progress made on several of the Government projects in recent years is directly attributable to the development of swine produc- tion. The abundance of cheap feeds, the favorable climatic conditions, and the advantages of isolation in the prevention and control of diseases all tend to reduce the cost of pro- ducing pork on these projects. The successful establishment of the swine industry in- volves a number of factors to which careful attention must 188 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. be given. These include matters of production and of marketing, and some of them are inseparably connected. Efficient production requires breeding for both quality and quantity, an intelligent understanding of the best methods of feeding, adequate housing facilities, and the control of diseases and pests affecting swine. Profitable marketing requires high quality, uniformity, an understanding of market requirements as to size and finish of the animals and as to time of delivery, and adequate arrangements for shipping and selling. In securing the necessary efficiency in these matters the individual farmer working alone is all but helpless. Some form of community action is imperative. There is a great advantage in having only one breed in a community, as this facilitates improvements in breeding and marketing. Through an association the swine growers can be mutually helpful in working out problems of feeding and housing, as the interchange of ideas and experiences tends to eliminate mistakes and to popularize the best methods. Much can be done through community arrange- ments with respect to the utilization of the grain which is now shipped out in the fall by the farmers on or near the projects, while in the following spring the same kind of grain is shipped in, to be bought by swine growers at higher prices. This practice is obviously wasteful, and its elimina- tion could be effected easily by concerted action. The control of contagious diseases, particularly hog cholera, is impossible without community action. This fact is perhaps more conspicuous on the irrigated lands than elsewhere, because the germs of the disease may be carried in irrigation water and thus spread throughout the entire community; but, on the other hand, the isolation of the communities makes it comparatively easy to enforce the quarantine and sanitary regulations necessary to prevent or control the disease. In other words, the conditions on the projects, while especially requiring community action, also promote its effectiveness. The experience of the past two years in the control of hog cholera on certain of the reclamation projects has demonstrated fully that through community cooperation disease control is a purchasable service. The size requirements of the swine industry on these proj- ects should be understood clearly. Difficulty is commonly Agriculture on Government Reclamation Projects. 189 encountered in the early stages of the industry’s development in making satisfactory shipping arrangements. When the total output of hogs is small, the railroads are unable to give as good service as when the output becomes sufficient to justify regular shipping schedules, live-stock trains, and other conveniences. Here, again, the importance of com- munity action is obvious. If the community as a whole is actively interested in the establishment of the swine indus- try, satisfactory shipping arrangements can be made much more quickly than if the industry is forced to struggle along on a purely individual basis. On the reclamation projects, where the farm unit is small, few farmers produce hogs in carload lots. Hence, the pro- ducer in marketing his output must sell to a local buyer or cooperate with his neighbors in shipping to market. Of the two, the latter is decidedly preferable and is properly a function of an association. Cooperative marketing already is being done with gratifying results on some of the projects. But the factors of successful cooperative marketing extend farther back than the mere act of collective shipping. The breeding and feeding practices need to be adjusted to the requirements of efficient marketing, so that animals of the desired size, finish, and number may be ready at the proper time. This, again, requires concerted action and community interest. In the absence of real efficiency the swine growers are cer- tain to suffer discouraging financial losses in periods of low prices for pork. Farmers should remember that productive efficiency, that is, low cost of production, is as much to be desired as high prices for the finished product. Fair prices, large consumption, and high efficiency are the things which promote the best development. With the proper considera- tion of these facts and with special attention to the com- munity phases of pork production the farmers on the recla- mation projects should be able to make swine production one of their most profitable industries. DAIRYING. It is. not improbable that dairying has done more than any other live-stock industry to support irrigation agricul- ture in this country. This has been true not because the 190 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. profits of dairy farming have been large, but rather because they have been comparatively certain. The dairy industry has saved the situation for hundreds of settlers when the expected returns from more spectacular industries have failed to materialize. The possibilities of dairying have not begun to be realized or even appreciated by the majority of irrigation farmers. One of the chief favorable features of dairying is its con- tinuity. It employs labor throughout the year and furnishes a steady cash income. The natural conditions on the recla- mation projects are favorable to high production in dairying. All the necessary feeds can be grown cheaply and abun- dantly. This applies particularly to alfalfa hay, corn silage, and irrigated pastures. These, when properly combined, furnish practically all the feed required by dairy cows; and where concentrated feeds are abundant and cheap they, too, may be utilized profitably. A further advantage is the mild climate of most of the projects, which makes it unnecessary to provide expensive buildings. The dairy industry combines well with pork production, the by-products of the dairy furnishing excellent feed for pigs. Sugar-beet production also fits in admirably with dairying, both in the employment of labor and in the utili- zation of manure. Perhaps no irrigated crop responds more markedly than sugar beets to the application of manure. As the volume of the dairy products of the country in- creases and competition becomes more keen, there will be need for much higher dairy efficiency on the reclamation projects. While these areas have many natural advantages over the highly developed dairy districts in the Eastern and Central States, they are at some disadvantage in marketing and, at present, in the quality of dairy stock. Perhaps the greatest need of the dairy farmers on these projects is better cows. While the prices of dairy products remain fairly high, the availability of cheap feeds makes it possible for the settlers to make some profit from low-producing cows; but as production in the irrigated districts increases it will be necessary to cull out the less profitable individuals, As the local production expands, outside markets will have to be sought, and this will bring the irrigation farmers in Agriculture on Government Reclamation Projects. 191 direct competition with the more efficient dairymen of the older dairy regions. It is essential that the farmers on the reclamation projects foresee, this development and prepare themselves for its requirements. It is probable that the variations in individual efficiency are more marked in dairy cows than in any other domestic animals. These great variations are among the most con- spicuous features of the dairy industry on the reclamation projects. Furthermore, the general level of productive effi- ciency is low. The average production per cow on these new irrigated lands could probably be increased 50 to 75 per cent through the introduction of better stock and the im- provement of present herds through the use of good bulls and the general elimination of inferior cows. There is need also for improvement in methods of management. Several of the reclamation projects, particularly those in the Northwest, are well situated for the production of cheese. The abundance of cold water, the cool summer climate, and the thickly settled neighborhoods are conditions which favor cheese making. The cheese industry within the past two years has experienced marked development on several of the northern projects, and there are indications of still further expansion. The need for community action is perhaps even greater in the development of dairying than it is in pork production on these projects. Cooperation is needed in securing im- proved stock, in the local transportation of milk and cream, and often in manufacturing as well as in marketing; in fact, these functions can not be worked out satisfactorily without cooperation. The smal] farms, the newness of con- ditions, and the distances to market all result in a need for community interest. Necessity is developing a strong appre- ciation of these facts and the cooperative spirit on the re- clamation projects is growing rapidly, among dairy farmers particularly. THE SHEEP INDUSTRY. -The production of sheep has not been an important feature of irrigation farming. Feed crops grown on irrigated lands have been used extensively in finishing stock produced on 192 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. the range and in wintering range ewes, but the breeding of sheep and year-long feeding on irrigated lands has not been extensive. It is to be expected that finishing range sheep and winter- ing ewes will continue to be important on these lands, but the practice is not without its disadvantages. One draw- back is the uncertainty of the market for the finished prod- uct. This, together with the high prices usually demanded for the feeder stock, makes winter feeding rather hazardous. Under favorable conditions, however, the farmer who feeds range sheep secures not only a direct profit from his feeding operations, but also a large quantity of manure, through the use of which his crop yields may be markedly increased. The conditions on several of the reclamation projects are specially favorable for the production of sheep on the farms. Sheep not only furnish a profitable method of disposing of some of the leading crop products, but they are particularly useful in utilizing certain crop by-products and in eradi- cating weeds. The material left in the grain fields, beet tops, the aftermath in hay fields, and the plant growth in fence rows and on ditch banks can be utilized profitably by sheep. A promising practice for many of the irrigated farms is to graze sheep on irrigated pastures. A pasture which will carry 2 cows to the acre will support 6 to 10 ewes and their lambs until the lambs are ready for market and still produce sufficient feed to carry the ewes through the season. By these means the irrigation farmer on many of the projects can keep from 20 to 100 breeding ewes with profit, the number depending on the size of his land holdings and the grouping of industries on his farm. Ordinarily there is much to be gained by developing pure-bred flocks as soon as practicable. On certain of the projects which are adjacent to satisfac- tory grazing lands on the open range or in the National Forests a limited number of irrigation farmers can engage in sheep production on a larger scale. Small groups of farmers, each owning a few hundred sheep, can sometimes arrange to use the range cooperatively and to winter their flocks on individual farms. In this way the flocks may be carried through the summer at relatively low cost and be used profitably in the autumn and winter to consume forage and grain crops and by-products on the farm. Agriculture on Government Reclamation Projects. 193 The problems of marketing the wool and mutton pro- duced by the flocks, particularly the small ones, can be solved best by cooperation among the farmers. The same is true of many of the problems of efficient management. Such things as breeding, shearing, and dipping offer many opportunities for advantageous cooperation. Frequently much can be gained by cooperation between the small sheep growers and the large range sheep producers. The latter sometimes will contract for years in advance to purchase from the former all the pure-bred ram lambs produced on the small farms. Thus, a profitable market for half the off- spring of the small flocks may be assured in advance, to the benefit of everybody concerned. If good use is made of the opportunities for cooperation, both among the small farmers and between them and the extensive range sheepmen, there are but few projects where sheep production can not be made a lucrative part of the activities of the irrigated farm. Already there are some suc- cessful sheep-growing enterprises on the projects, but the full possibilities can not be realized until community atten- tion is focused upon the industry. BEEF PRODUCTION. Like the sheep industry, beef production on the irrigated lands has been confined to the winter feeding and finishing of range stock. Aside from this, the development of an extensive beef-cattle industry on the reclamation projects depends primarily on the availability of cheap summer range. Doubtless there will be some instances of specialized beef production, based largely on the breeding of high-class pure-bred stock, in which the animals will be kept on the farms throughout the year. Except in such instances it is unlikely that the year-long feeding of beef cattle on these small farms will be found as profitable as the feeding of dairy cattle, hogs, and sheep. Some of the projects are located near grazing areas which are not fully stocked or on which readjustments can be made which will provide range for stock owned by irrigation farmers. Where the grazing of these areas is properly 54159°—vEK 1916-13 194 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. controlled and efficiently managed, as in the National Forests, or where arrangements can be made to assure undisturbed occupation and use, there are opportunities for beef pro- duction. The proper utilization of such grazing areas would add materially to the crop-disposal possibilities of the adja- cent irrigated lands. Because of the small size of the beef herds which can be fed on these farms, successful summer grazing on the ad- jacent range lands requires some kind of cooperation. This may consist simply of hiring a herder who, for a fixed charge per head, will handle the stock during the grazing season; or more formal grazing associations may be organized. These associations are growing in number and efficiency on several of the projects and it seems likely that they will continue to increase. The activities of the grazing associations may in- clude the hiring of a salaried herder; the furnishing of salt; systematic efforts to prevent the less of stock from diseases, poisonous plants, and predatory animals; the furnishing of well-bred bulls; negotiations with the Forest Service and other agencies regarding the allotment and management of grazing areas: and provision for live-stock insurance. It is through increased cooperation, particularly in range utiliza- tion, that the beef industry on these projects is likely to reach its best development. THE GROUPING OF INDUSTRIES. In the preceding discussion of the different agricultural industries which rank as important on reclamation projects, only incidental reference has been made to their relations to each other either on the individual farm or in the com- munity. These relations are matters of the greatest impor- tance. There are very few situations where a farm or a community survives, still less achieves success and pros- perity, through the exclusive development of a single in- dustry. The requirements of crop rotation, the efficient use of labor, and the insurance of some source of income are the potent factors that make a diversification of industries imperative. The number of industries which it is possible to carry on in any irrigated region is much larger than the number it is Agriculture on Government Reclamation Projects. 195 usually desirable to have. This enables the farmer to select from among the available industries a few which suit his fancy and appeal to his judgment. Much of the possibility of success in farming depends upon the proper selection and grouping of major industries. This is a problem that usually can not be settled in advance of practical experience. It is not enough to decide merely to have a diversity of industries. Each should be considered not only as to its own possibilities under the natural con- ditions, but also in relation to the others with which it is to be associated. If possible, the selection should be such that each will be profitable in itself, but it is sometimes worth while to carry on one industry which yields little or no direct profit because of its indirect benefit to others in the group. In new regions far from market the farmer should also be influenced in his selection of industries by the opinions or desires of his neighbors. It has been repeatedly pointed out that community cooperation is often essential to success in these irrigated districts, and such cooperation often may be extended to the selection of the kinds of crops or the kinds of live stock that ought to be used. The important point that needs to be kept i in mind is that the problem of the proper selection of industries merits serious consideration. A farmer should not embark upon an industry merely because it is momentarily attractive or be- cause someone else has succeeded with it. He should canvass the whole situation thoroughly and test each industry from the following points of view: (1) Is it adapted to local conditions of climate and soil and to the location of the project with respect to transporta- tion and marketing? (2) Can it be fitted in with the others that are being con- sidered, so as to permit the effective distribution of labor throughout the year? (3) Does it fit in with the others to occupy the available land and either benefit them or utilize to advantage their effects ? (4) Is it one that may be accepted ‘generally in the com- munity and thus permit such cooperation as is needful for success ? 196 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. (5) Are the products subject to violent market fluctuations resulting from sudden scarcity or oversupply, so that special persistence is necessary to secure stabilization ? A careful consideration of these questions may determine the measure of success which will follow the farmer’s selec- tion of industries. IMPORTANCE OF STABILIZING INDUSTRIES. The proper establishment of any of these agricultural in- dustries under the multiplicity cf new and strange condi- tions may require years of time. The new settlers can not reasonably expect to develop in one or two years an efficiency or a reputation which wil! enable them to compete success- fully with older communities. A period of pioneering is inevitable and readjustments are to be expected; but such readjustments should come about gradually and should be in the direction of constructive development. Substantial prosperity requires that some of the industries in which the settlers engage be stabilized ; that plans for their establishment be projected years in advance, just as the bona fide settler projects the plans for the establishment of his home. Periods of depression or adversity must be endured, and ideals of efficiency must be pursued constantly. Fre- quent and radical changes from one industry to another, stimulated among speculative settlers by market fluctuations, lead to inefficiency and failure. On the other hand, intelli- gent conservative practices, vigorously and constantly prose- cuted, develop high industrial efficiency and thus promote general prosperity in these communities. The agricultural commodities produced on reclamation projects must be shipped to distant markets. In order to sell to best advantage, these products must be well known in the market and come to be depended upon by the consuming public or the manufacturer. Much of the efficiency of mar- keting depends upon the establishment and maintenance of recognized grades or standards of the product. Such stand- ards can be established and their recognition secured only by continued effort. These facts have an important bearing and should be considered seriously in connection with any proposal to establish a new industry on a reclamation project. Agriculture on Government Reclamation Projects. 197 THE PLACE OF IRRIGATION FARMING IN WESTERN AGRICULTURE. An unfortunate tendency that has been noticeable in the development of irrigation farming in the West has been to disregard its economic relation to the other agri- cultural enterprises of that region. The vast areas of land which surround the irrigated sections have long been im- portant to the country as a whole because of their production of breadstuffs and meat. While the areas available for the production of wheat by dry farming and the range lands used for the support of live stock have been almost com- pletely occupied by these industries, greatly increased pro- duction in both lines is still possible. These arid lands are certain to become increasingly important in meeting the re- quirements of the national food supply. Their possibilities have been by no means realized. Grain production by dry farming and live-stock produc- tion on the ranges are subject to severe vicissitudes because of the periodical fluctuations in climatic conditions. The setbacks resulting from adverse seasons often cripple the farmers and stockmen to such an extent that they can not take advantage of the more favorable seasons that follow. The proper development of irrigation farming may be ex- pected to aid in surmounting such difficulties, to the benefit of all concerned. The irrigated lands that enjoy conditions favoring the high production of forage crops may properly become im- portant as centers of stock feeding, not only in finishing stock but in wintering range stock and in carrying the ani- mals through protracted periods of drought. Such enter- prises not only furnish an economical means of utilizing the crops of the irrigated land, but also provide an outlet for some of the grain from este dry farms. The irrigation farmer who is confronted with the problem of marketing his crop products would do well to consider the possibilities that lie at hand in the way of cooperating with his neighbors on the dry farms and on the ranges. They, like himself, are subject to serious economic stresses. Some of these may be relieved through a better understanding of the situation and by making gradually such readjustments as are possible. 198 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Irrigation farming has been the subject of extravagant exploitation, as well as the cause of severe disappointments. As a matter of fact, it ought to be regarded merely as one of the ways of making a home and a living and not primarily as a means of making money. Irrigated lands may be expected to support prosperous communities wherever in- dustry and intelligence are devoted to the work. In some respects irrigation farming is probably less hazardous than some other agricultural enterprises, but success can be as- sured only by diligent and persistent endeavor. THE DASHEEN; ITS USES AND CULTURE. By Rosert A. YOUNG, Rotanical Assistant, Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry. INTRODUCTION. ihe YONE who has traveled much in the Tropics or the Orient, and especially one who has visited the Ha- waiian Islands, can hardly have failed to make the acquaint- ance of the taro. Even those who have become well acquainted with it and learned really to like it, however, probably have not thought of the possibility of its successful introduction as a food crop into the United States. But such a thing has already come to pass, and a variety of the taro known as the Trinidad dasheen, from the island of Trinidad, West Indies, is now becoming established as a factor in the agriculture of the South. There has been a growing need in the Southern States for more crops similar in character to the potato, to supplement the supply of that great staple food plant. The dasheen seems largely to meet this need. The comparative difficulty of growing more than one good crop of potatoes a year, the further difficulty of successful storage by small growers or dealers, and the fact that northern markets consume a large portion of the crop at good prices make the price of potatoes always high except in cities that are reached by water from the North when the supply is abundant there. Dasheens for home use can be grown at small expense by most farmers in the South, and by many can be grown for local markets at prices no higher than for potatoes. Since the Trinidad dasheen contains about 50 per cent more pro- tein and 50 per cent more starch and sugars than the potato, dasheens at equal prices would really be a cheaper food. This crop is adapted for cultivation in rich, moist, well- drained soils and matures in October and November. It requires at least seven months to reach full maturity. Although the dasheen was introduced into the United States from the West Indies, it is believed to have come originally from China. This belief obtains partly because 199 200 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. the name dasheen appears to be a corruption of the French phrase “de la Chine,” meaning “from China,” and partly because other varieties, very closely allied to it, have been found in southern China. DESCRIPTION OF THE DASHEEN. The Trinidad dasheen? is an especially fine variety of a particular type of the taro. As will be seen from the leaves, it bears a strong resemblance to the ordinary elephant-ear plant. The two are closely related, though the elephant- ear “tuber” makes very poor eating in comparison with the dasheen. Each hill of dasheens usually contains one or two large, central corms, besides a considerable number of lateral cormel!s, commonly called tubers. In rare cases there may be as many as three to five of the large corms in one hill. The corms of the Trinidad variety when grown in the right kind of soil are of at least as good quality as the tubers, and sometimes better. In texture and flavor the dasheen may be described as being between the chestnut and the potato. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE DASHEEN AND OTHER TAROS. The taro, including the type recognized here as the dasheen, is one of the important food plants in most of the warm regions of the world. The culture of the crop is prob- ably developed to a higher degree in the Hawaiian Islands than elsewhere. It is grown as an upland crop in certain parts of the islands, but much more extensively under irriga- tion. As an irrigated crop it is usually grown in patches from one-eighth to one-fourth acre in size, each plat being inclosed with dikes and being at a different level, so that the water runs from one to the other. The movement of the water is slow but continuous. The plants do not grow so tall as when grown in rich soil that is only moist. The season required for maturing a crop varies from 8 to 15 months, depending on the variety. 1 Certain varieties of taros resemble the Trinidad dasheen, especially in the character of the tuberous part of the plant. These varieties constitute a dis- tinct type of taro and are referred to here as dasheens. Where the dasheen is mentioned in this article the Trinidad variety is always to be understood. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE XXXVIII. PI1820FS Fic. |.-TARO FIELDS NEAR HONOLULU, WITH DIAMOND HEAD CRATER IN THE BACKGROUND. The dasheen is a fine-flavored variety of the taro, a root vegetable grown extensively in Hawaii and widely in other warm regions of the world. ‘Taro fields are flooded, while the dasheen grows without irrigation in the Southern States. PI68I14FS FIG. 2.—-DASHEEN PLANTS AT BROOKSVILLE, FLA. Hills as they appear at the time of harvest, early in November, 7} months after planting. One of these hills produced 26 pounds of corms and tubers. -" 7" ">>" ouepl FOL | STér‘Te Ainge ~~~ ~~ eyusosTTED 3 3 8 ~ "278C | aqeg | 292 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. — The table on the preceding page shows the number of pure- bred stallions by breeds and the grades, crossbreds, and mon- grels, as well as the registered and unregistered jacks, for those States from which these data were obtainable, the ex- ceptions being Colorado, New York, and Oklahoma. No figures were received from Oklahoma, and those from Colo- rado give only the total number of licenses issued. Reference to these is made below. The law in New York became effec- tive January 1, 1917. In some States a separate license is issued for nonstandard-bred stallions, and all these have been shown with the grades. This table shows the great popularity of the draft breeds, among which the Percheron Fic. 16.—States in white have laws regulating the public service of stallions and jacks. stands far in the lead, followed by the Belgian, Shire, French Draft, Clydesdale, and Suffolk in the order named. Of the light breeds the standard-bred stands practically alone. In the two following tables, showing comparisons and percentages, only stallions have been considered. From the latest data received, 55,553 stallions are found to have been licensed for public service in all States having stallion license laws, excepting Colorado, New York, and Oklahoma. Of this number, 32,923, or 59 per cent, are pure-bred; 18,066, or 33 per cent, are grade; and 4,564, or 8 per cent, are cross- Stallion Legislation and the Horse-breeding Industry. 293 bred and mongrel. Colorado reports only the total number of licenses issued, which was 1,480, jacks being included. Allowing a reasonable estimate for the number of jacks in this State, 56,000 stallions, in round numbers, are licensed for public service in all of these States, not including Oklahoma and New York. The distribution of the 55,553 stallions is given in the annexed table, with the percentage each class bears to the total number of stallions licensed. Distribution of classes of stallions by States. Pure-bred. Grade. ee Ca State. ciation Number. Pea Number. Ee tay Number. Hy cent California.......... 712 53 272 21 352 26 1,336 Td aHOree eee soca ce 357 45 432 115)" A Ree ee ae 789 MUIMGISER eS cose wet 5,503 63 3, 185 37 Di sieleeiseleeles 8, 690 Indiana............ 2,707 54 1, 276 26 981 20 4,964 TOW AS ciieos sie scime 6, 367 70 2, 686 30; |wicses sh <|-| ae ea Oregon: July 1, 1915...... 63 Ya pee May 20, 1912..... 58 25 7 tadiana: Nowes-1915 2-7 56 24 20 Tj Le 53 27 201) Pennsylvania: 1915 pa vievee 23 54 26 20 1p68o aio Oleg es to Deo. :31,1915s.53) 0 47 Py Popa Janel, L013. . 72. 70 BOWE cae | adins. es 70 Ci mee | South Dakota: Tcareant Sept. 1, 1910. .... 52 16 32 Oct. 1, 1910...... 41 Bg |e a 62 15 23 1915. 23tbe 56 24 20 || Utah: Minnesota: | | June 30, 1909..... 73 U7 fl eee ene Apri 1, 19082225 39 Olt sacneee | 1915..... 78 VANE Apr. 15, 1916..... 52 | re teks Be | Sotinara Rep Montana: Nov.1,1910......] 61 39 lice oe | July 1, tota.... -. 58 42 |vasweue' Dec. 31, 1915..... GMb PRBIL e.: HOLE. <= 52 48 |*veemeor Nebraska: | Wisconsin: Joly; 1912.2. 49 1) Te SS BB Nov. 1, 1906..... 40 CO | eek aes LOA oi cee 56 ft eee July 1,1915......) 58 30 12 The figures given in the table above show the percentage of increase or decrease in pure-breds and grades and mon- Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE LXIII. Fic. |.-—AN UNSOUND MONGREL STALLION. One patronized because of the cheap service fee. Now retired from service. FiG. 2.—A GRADE TROTTING-BREED STALLION UNFIT FOR BREEDING PURPOSES. Courtesy of Wisconsin Experiment Station. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE LXIV. Fic. 1.-ANOTHER |LLUSTRATION OF AN UNSOUND GRADE STALLION. Lack of patronage finally caused him to be retired from service. Courtesy of Wis- consin Experiment Station. Fic. 2.-A GRADE PERCHERON STALLION THAT SERVED 80 MARES IN ONE SEASON. Ilis colts were raised at practically the same cost as pure-bred colts could have been reared, Courtesy of Wisconsin I xperiment Station, Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE LXV. Fic. |.—GooD TYPE OF TROTTING-BRED STALLION. A sound horse and a safe sire for farmers desiring to breed horses of general purpose type- FIG. 2.—CHARACTER, SOUNDNESS, AND GOOD CONFORMATION. PLATE LXVI. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. ‘da354q ZWVS 3HL4O SNOITIVLS Gayug “34nd ‘GNNOS OL WAHL G334q GNV SAaYVIA] 1SAG AHL AINO daa Stallion Legislation and the Horse-breeding Industry. 297 grels, the first report received from each State being com- pared with the last report received, with the exception of Iowa. The original law in this State became effective March 30, 1907, but as owners of grade stallions were not required te secure certificates of soundness until 1912 the figures for the latter year have been used for the purpose of com- parison. In 1908 there were 4,491 pure-bred licenses issued. Therefore, the increase in the number of pure-breds in 1915 over 1908 is 42 per cent. In connection with this table it is explained that in some States the original laws did not provide for mongrel licenses, while the amended laws in- clude this classification. It is proper, therefore, to assume that many stallions were licensed as grades under the origi- nal acts, although in reality nothing more than scrubs. Thus the percentage of grades and mongrels licensed in those States, as shown by the last reports, should be added together in order that a proper comparison may be made with the first reports, which did not call for mongrel licenses. In Oregon, in 1915, while the figures show a slight decrease in the percentage of pure-breds and an increase in the per- centage of grades and mongrels, the report shows 54 more pure-bred licenses issued than in 1914, and 22 less mongrels, there being a change of but one in the number of grades. This indicates that breeders are becoming better acquainted with the purpose of the law and that pure-bred stallions are taking their rightful place as the sires of Oregon’s horses. In Washington the number of pure-bred stallions licensed in 1914 increased 154, or 36 per cent, over the number in 1912, while the grades increased 227, or about 74 per cent. This seems to indicate that when the law became effective not all owners of grade stallions applied for licenses, and the further probability that leniency was shown in enforcing the law the first year. However, the general increase in pure-breds and decrease in grades and mongrels is an indication that there is a erad- ual but continued improvement in the quality of stallions be- ing used in these States. It indicates also that breeders are becoming more particular and better informed in the mat- ters of soundness, breeding, and registration, and that owners of stallions who at first were, in some instances, inclined to 298 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. oppose, are now aiding in the enforcement of the provisions of the laws. It would be interesting to know just what is Bactittins of the unsound, grade, and mongrel stallions. It is indicated in the reports from the various States that as the patronage of these inferior sires decreases they are either castrated or shipped out, in most cases undoubtedly into States which have no law compelling them to stand under their true con- dition as to soundness and breeding, and where it is possible for them to continue their destructive influence upon the horse industry. It is in these States that breeders should exercise the greatest caution before deciding to which stallion they will breed their mares. They should demand of the stallion owner that they be permitted to examine the certificate of registration and pedigree in order to learn whether the ani- mal is properly registered in a reliable studbook, also whether the age, color, and description agree with the stal- lion whose service is being considered and whether the cer- tificate has been altered or tampered with in any way. If the certificate has been changed or does not agree with the stallion, it is evident that something is wrong, and it will be much wiser to refuse the service of the stallion than to ac- cept it, pay the fee, and run the risk of getting a nondescript foal, expensive to raise and for which there will be a poor market. It is imperative, therefore, that the breeders in these States should be protected. With no legislation gov- erning the sale or public service of stallions, such States undoubtedly will receive unsound, grade, and nondescript horseflesh driven out of States that have properly and wisely safeguarded the interests of their horse breeders and farmers by enacting stallion legislation. If a breeder is not familiar with pedigrees and registra- tion societies, he should consult the State stallion registra- tion board or his State agricultural college, giving all facts regarding the stallion whose service is being considered. In this way much information may be secured that will be of value in the future when the question of breeding comes up. For the convenience and information of those interested, a list of the various State stallion registration boards or commissions follows, with the names and addresses of the Stallion Legislation and the Horse-breeding Industry. 299 officials in charge, to whom all inquiries regarding the various State laws should be addressed : California, Charles W. Paine, secretary, Stallion Registration Board, Sacramento. Colorado, E. McCrillis, secretary, State Board of Stock Inspection Commissioners, Denver. Idaho, H. G. Bodle, State veterinarian, Live Stock Sanitary Board, Boise. Illinois, B. M. Davison, secretary, Stallion Registration Board, Spring- field. Indiana, H. E. McCartney, secretary, Stallion Enrollment Board, La Fayette. Iowa, A. R. Corey, secretary, Stallion Registration Division, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Des Moines. F Kansas, C. W. McCampbell, secretary, State Live Stock Registry Board, Manhattan. Michigan, Judson Black, secretary, State Veterinary Board, Richmond. Minnesota, J. S. Montgomery, assistant secretary, Stallion Registra- tion Board, University Farm, St. Paul. Montana, C. N. Arnett, secretary, Stallion Registration Board, Boze- man, Nebraska, J. S. Anderson, secretary, Live Stock Sanitary Board, Lincoln. New Jersey, F. C. Minkler, secretary, Live Stock Commission, New Brunswick. New York, commissioner of agriculture, Albany. North Dakota, E. J. Thompson, secretary, Stallion Registration Board, Agricultural College. Oklahoma, W. L. Fowler, secretary, Oklahoma Live Stock Registry Board, Stillwater. Oregon, Carl N. Kennedy, secretary, Stallion Registration Board, Corvallis. Pennsylvania, Live Stock Sanitary Board, Harrisburg. South Dakota, A. E. Beaumont, secretary, Live Stock Sanitary Board, Pierre. t Utah, W. E. Carroll, secretary, State Board of Horse Commissioners, Logan. Washington, H. T. Graves, acting commissioner of agriculture, Olympia. Wisconsin, A. S. Alexander, Department of Horse Breeding, Uni- versity of Wisconsin, Madison. A national association has been formed which is composed of representatives of the foregoing boards. The name of this organization is the National Association of Stallion Registration Boards, of which Prof. J. S. Montgomery is the secretary, with office at University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING OUR NATURAL RESOURCES OF-POTASH. By FREDERICK W. Brown, Assistant in Charge Investigation of Fertilizer Resources, Bureau of Soils. ERMANY’S monopoly of the potash trade in time of peace and the abrupt cessation of all shipments with the beginning of hostilities in Europe emphasize the urgency of immediate development of American sources of one of the most valuable of chemical fertilizers. Within the last 70 years there has been a rapid development in the use of chemicals—nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium—for in- ducing increased crop yields. Before the war there were 100 companies mining potash in Germany. More than 90 per cent of their enormous product was used for agricultural purposes. German producers of potash are combined in a syndicate under supervision of the Government. The Gov- ernment fixes the minimum price for which it may be sold and limits the quantity that may be exported. In recent years the United States has taken one-fifth of the entire output of the German mines and one-half of all allowed to be exported. In 1913 this country bought about 1,000,000 tons, nearly all of which was used for fertilizer purposes. In common with the rest of the world, the United States has been dependent upon Germany; to what extent is shown by the fact that in December, 1913, muriate of potash sold here for $39 a ton and was quoted at $500 in December, 1915, with only small lots available. Before the development of the German mines in the early seventies of the last century potash was derived largely from seaweed and by leaching wood ashes, and the supply, neces- sarily limited, was principally consumed in the arts. With the development of the German supply, however, the use of potash as a fertilizer ingredient has increased steadily. There is no question of the general value of commercial fertilizers in farm practice. The farmer who wisely and sys- tematically applies commercial fertilizer to his fields will 301 302 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. raise larger and better crops than his neighbor who, with similar conditions of soil, climate, and rotations, and equal industry applied to cultivation, does not use fertilizers. This statement applies with the same force to the rich soils of the Mississippi Valley as to the soils of the eastern cotton States or of New England. Moreover, an analysis of the fertilizer investigations carried on by experiment stations in this country and abroad brings out the significant fact that, generally speaking, the use of a complete fertilizer—that is, one containing all three elements—gives larger returns than the use of one containing either one or two of the fertilizer ingredients. An ample supply of potash has therefore in the last half century become an agricultural necessity. This is particu- larly true of certain large sections of this country where the soils are of such a character that profitable crops can be raised only when liberal applications of fertilizing ingredi- ents are added, or where special crops are grown under a system of intensive agriculture. Throughout the cotton States, the tobacco-growing regions, the trucking sections of the Atlantic States, and in citrus-fruit and potato-growing regions the heavy application of commercial fertilizers, in- cluding potash, is now a recognized agricultural practice. With these conditions existing, it becomes evident that an adequate and reliable supply of potash has become neces- sary if American agriculture is to advance to meet the grow- ing needs of increasing population. Up to the stoppage of all shipments the German supply of potash has been adequate, but these mines are not inexhaust- ible, and a time will come when Germany will see the need of conserving her diminishing supply of this agricultural necessity for the use of her own farmers. When this time comes, either another source must have been found or Amer- ican agriculture must suffer. In recent years a number of possible sources of American potash have been brought to public attention. For con- venience of treatment here they may be grouped into three classes—trade wastes, natural deposits, and kelp. There are a number of industries in this country handling materials, from which potash may be recovered as a by- product. Until recently little effort has been made to effect Developing Natural Resources of Potash. 303 such recovery, and large amounts of potash have been al- lowed to escape into the air or to run off with waste waters. CEMENT MANUFACTURE. One of the more important sources of potash from such trade wastes occurs in connection with the cement industry. Throughout the country exist deposits of feldspar and other silicates containing potash. This potash, however, is in an insoluble form, and the containing rock must undergo treat- ment before the potash is liberated in a form to be taken up by the soil water and used by plants. It seems unlikely that any process will be developed which will make it commercially profitable to treat the rock for the potash alone and discard the residue. The Bureau of Soils pointed out, however, some years ago, that the potash-con- taining silicates might be used in the cement industry and the potash saved as a by-product. It has been demonstrated in recent years that this procedure is entirely practicable through the installation of electrical precipitators in the flues of cement mills. One company has had this installa- tion in operation for several years, and several other large -mills are installing apparatus for the same purpose. In this process the combined insoluble potash contained in the clay used in cement manufacture is released and rendered soluble under the high temperature of the cement kiln and passes off with the dust in the stack, where it is caught and thrown down by electric precipitators. A large percentage of the potash contained in the raw mix is recovered in this way; and while the initial installation of the precipi- tators is somewhat expensive, the cost of operation is very small. If, therefore, the raw mix going into the cement kilns contains a sufficient percentage of potash, the process, even under normal conditions in the potash market, will pay an excellent return on the investment. It may be of interest to state that the process was per- fected with the object of abating the nuisance caused by the escape of fumes and dust from a cement mill and the consequent injury to citrus groves at Riverside, Cal. Cement mills so situated that the fumes and dust from their stacks constitute a nuisance to surrounding property may find it advisable to install the apparatus, even though the returns 304 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. from the potash collected would not of themselves justify the expenditure. Since 85,914,907 barrels of cement were produced in this country in 1915, this appears at present a very promising source of a domestic supply of potash. BLAST FURNACES. Similarly there is the possibility of a large supply of potash as a by-product of blast-furnace operations. Blast- furnace gas contains varying percentages of potash. In ordinary practice this gas is cleaned by passing it through dust catchers and washers and is then available for use in the stoves for heating the air used in the blast and under steam boilers. Recent practice has found a further use for the gas in operating gas engines, but for this purpose it must be further cleaned by passing it through secondary washers. At present a small proportion of the potash which escapes from blast furnaces is collected in the stoves and boilers, but the greater part is lost in the wash waters or escapes from the flues. Moreover, the presence of potash fumes remaining in the gas as it comes from the primary washers is probably — responsible for the condition so troublesome to furnace operators known as “smoky gas.” An experiment recently conducted by one of the largest steel mills of the country has shown that this necessary operation of cleaning the gas can be accomplished more satisfactorily and probably more economically by means of electrical precipitation than by the methods now used. In addition to furnishing a more effective cleaning of the gas, such an installation would recover practically all the potash. This appears to be an important potential source of potash, as the aggregate amount now volatilized and lost in the blast furnaces of the country is very large. Efforts are now being made by the Bureau of Soils to determine this amount with some degree of accuracy. WOOL WASTES. Among the impurities contained in wool as it comes from . the sheep, which must be removed before the wool can be used by the spinner, is a material called “suint.” This really Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE LXVII. ee /.0nS wT =| aan es 25's « fae etal] se klee||s oMeoe| ses iu eats. (ese4- 1 LG MALS. SOR Geo UB ONC EOS OrE SRE cane BOSSE BODES MEP icy Mec [Hmkoe nel PMs re) oe Boe| Parana: 1 POM SUMO MEO UUM ee A vie tehiciatctart ane a/ata | amare aia] te mialse | wieere cia] enema) clttatawrs| o> slpinral ooh way [ewe se 3 (MIGEBACHUGGLES Lanit ven n.do eae iumes lea deat Re rics] cca dae |e seleicrn |e eaten tess heap owes |ewerees 1 Pe GEn) CANO UDA GE Oy cette heerarat ar | widls cE Gans nia) o:ekciael =. Pulcfulln see bioelere dll o/ees aeee'sk 1 ROIS reese ptica te tener a cB ode ob | sara o | aiaravoru.a lla ale ons |e gane oma bmn ck vale pate 1 1) ee a ae 1 5 8 7 13 20 21 22 32 1 In the 22 associations there were 540 members owning 3,600 cows and 90 bulls. 311 312 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. The history of the cooperative bull association shows that it is especially adapted to small herds where a valuable bull for each herd would constitute too large a percentage of the total investment. Thus the organization enables even the owners of small herds to unite in the purchase of one good bull and each to own a share in a registered sire of high quality. Though still in its infancy, the cooperative bull association movement promises eventually to become a very great factor in the improvement of our dairy cattle. BETTER AND FEWER BULLS. The typical cooperative bull association, as organized in this country, is composed of 15 to 30 farmers, and jointly owns 5 bulls, divides its territory into 5 “ breeding blocks,” and assigns 1 bull to each block. As many as 50 or 60 cows may belong to the farmers in each block, and the bull in the block should be kept on a farm conveniently situated. The blocks are numbered from 1 to 5, and to prevent inbreeding each bull is moved to the next block every 2 years. If all the bulls live, and if all are kept until each has made one complete circuit, no new bulls need be purchased for 10 years. In this way, by paying only a small part of the pur- chase price of one bull, each member of the association has the use of good pure-bred bulls for many years. Ordinarily the purchase price and the expense of supporting the bulls are distributed among the members of the association according to the number of cows owned by each. A concrete example of a successful association is the Co- operative Holstein Bull Association at Roland, Iowa (fig.17), which is composed of 16 farmers and is organized into 5 blocks. The farms are so situated that the bulls are at no great distance from the farm of any member. Before the association was formed each farmer had an average invest- ment of $92 in a scrub bull. These bulls were disposed of when the association was formed and 5 pure-bred bulls were bought at $240 each, or an average of $75 for each member. A larger membership would reduce expenses still further. As in other associations, the Roland farmers united in the use of one breed and selected good bulls of that breed. An advanced step which has not yet been taken by any association is the purchase of an exceptionally good bull to Cooperative Bull Associations. 313 mate with the best cows in the herds of every block. Such a plan for improvement of the better cows of the herd is applicable to pure-bred herds as well as grade herds. For the pure-bred herd the cooperative bull association un- doubtedly will do as much as for the grade herd, because it el { FOUR FAPITERS, sy. FOAYT BLOGAT ane we 3 LXPLANATION @ MKMIEERS OF, ASSOC/A7/ON * MEAR NEIGHBORS, WOT ME/IGERS LACH SQUARE REPRESENTS OVE SQUARE CULE Fig. 17.—Map showing location of members of the Roland Cooperative Bull Association. enables the breeders of any class of stock to buy better bulls than they otherwise could afford. In case the association is large and composed of well-to-do breeders of pure-bred cat- tle, bulls of the highest class for use with all the cows are within its reach financially. LOW COST. That the need of the introduction of pure-bred bulls is urgent in many parts of the country is apparent from the 314 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. facts brought out by a study made by the Department of Agriculture of 8 districts in the States of Iowa, Minnesota, and Massachusetts, in which there were no associations. In this survey information was obtained regarding 1,219 farm- ers, owning 817 bulls, whose average value was $76. Had the owners of those cheap bulls been properly organized, the same investment would have purchased the necessary bulls of an average value of $283. On those farms nearly four times as many bulls were used as would have been required under proper organization. ‘The farmers were therefore feeding four bulls when they should have been feeding only one. Data from one of the first associations organized under the direction of the Department of Agriculture illustrate this very well. Before the association was formed the bulls in use had an average market value of $85. The average price paid by the association for registered bulls was $240. Price does not always correspond to value, yet, as the bulls were carefully selected, the price in this case is doubtless a fair index of true worth. In this association each farmer’s in- vestment for a share in a good registered bull was $10 less than his former investment in an animal of inferior breed- ing and doubtful merit. Actual first-cost figures from other cooperative bull asso- ciations are even more encouraging. In fact, the figures given show the highest association cost reported. In one association having more than 100 members the original cost to each member was only $23. The members already have had the use of good pure-bred bulls for 4 years and probably will have their use 6 years longer without other additional cost than maintenance. At an average investment of less than $25 a member, another association with more than 50 members has had the use of good pure-bred bulls for more than 7 years, with prospects of being able to use them for 3 or 4 years more. QUICK RETURNS ON INVESTMENT. One hundred and fifty farmers in Maryland, Michigan, and Minnesota, when questioned regarding the value of cooperative bull associations, estimated that the use of sires belonging to the organization increased the value of the off- Cooperative Bull Associations. 315 spring in the first generation from 30 to 80 per cent, with an average of 65 per cent. Usually in business transactions in which there is a probability of great gain there is a possibility of heavy loss, but in the bull associations the chances of profit are good, with little probability of loss. It is true that some associations have disbanded, but no case in which any member has actually lost on his invest- ment has been reported, even when the association continued in existence for only a short time. The investment is so small and the chance for herd improvement so great that the net. returns greatly exceed the small original investment. LINE BREEDING. The association that is composed of five or six breeding blocks should keep and use all its good bulls*as long as they are fit for service. Advancing the bull to the next block at the end of two years does not eliminate him, but makes it possible to avoid inbreeding. Line breeding, on the other hand, is a common and a very good practice, and the bull association offers exceptional opportunities for conducting that kind of breeding. Im an association composed of breeders of pure-bred dairy cattle, carefully selected bulls produced in one block may be used in other blocks and the organization may thus continue indefinitely without pur- chasing bulls from outside sources, if such a plan seems most advisable. The same practice may be followed when a num- ber of first-class registered cows are owned by members of any association. The cooperative bull association therefore offers an excellent opportunity for intelligent, long-con- tinued line breeding. Skillful mating, when combined with careful selection of the best animals, makes very great im- provement possible. ELIMINATION OF THE SCRUB. The value of the use of pure-bred sires and the need for elimination of the scrubs is shown in the accompanying illustrations. The cattle shown in Plate LXIX, figure 1, were owned by a farmer at the time he joined the association. He has better cattle now. Plate LXVIII shows pictures of scrub bulls. Every farmer will recognize the type, and cer- tainly no farmer cares to breed his cows to such scrubs. A 316 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. bull similar to the one shown in Plate LXTX, figure 1, was sold for $8 when a year old. The hide alone of a good year- ling bull should easily bring half as much. The bull associa- tion eliminates the scrub bull and economically substitutes such bulls as the one shown in Plate LXX, figure 2. COMMUNITY BREEDING ENCOURAGED. Ten years ago a farmer in northern Wisconsin began to breed Guernseys in a Holstein district. Now he has a fine herd, and wonders why buyers never come his way. He is discovering that when buyers want Guernseys they naturally go to a Guernsey district. As a rule the breeders of pure- bred cattle already have learned this lesson. The principle is as true of grades as of registered stock, but many owners of grade cattle seem to have overlooked it. All dairy breeds are sometimes found in the same neighborhood, and even on the same farm several dairy breeds and all possible combina- tions of them are seen. Perhaps one year a Holstein bull is used, the next year a Jersey, and occasionally a bull of no particular breeding. In a grade herd recently studied there were Holsteins, Guernseys, Jerseys, and Shorthorns, and every possible cross and mixture of those breeds. The owner admits his cattle do not sell to advantage, and the reason is not hard to find. The bull association encourages the keep- ing of only one breed on the farms of its members, and the establishment of that breed in the community. THE POWER OF HEREDITY. In all bull-association work the power of heredity is recog- nized. This power is illustrated by the pictures of a high- class Guernsey bull, his dam, and his daughter. Since like tends to beget like in production as well as in appearance, there is little danger that the pure-bred bull whose ancestors for several generations were first-class individuals will in- herit or transmit the qualities of some inferior remote an- cestor. If he is well-formed, strong, and healthy he will almost certainly increase, in one generation, the income of the scrub or low-grade herd out of all proportion to his cost. In fact, the time may come when it will be possible to elimi- nate all bulls except those whose dams are in the advanced Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE LXVIII. TYPES OF SCRUB BULLS THAT FORTUNATELY ARE BECOMING LESS COMMON. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE LXIX. Fic. |.—CATTLE OWNED BY A FARMER BEFORE JOINING A COOPERATIVE BULL ASSOCIATION. Fia. 2.—AN ASSOCIATION BULL. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE LX X. Fic. |.—DAM OF BULL SHOWN IN FIGURE 2. Year’s record: 14,633 pounds of milk; 714 pounds of butterfat. ae Re 27 ate vin SSeS rota ME GWE Re ee es Fic. 2.-A WELL-BRED BULL. Fic. 3.—DAUGHTER OF BULL SHOWN IN FIGURE 2. Year’s record: 18,458 pounds of milk; 906 pounds of butterfat. A WELL-BRED BULL, HIS DAM, AND HIS DAUGHTER. Cooperative Bull Associations. at? registry. If the best bulls in the world were used to their full capacity in pure-bred herds, and if only good pure-bred bulls were used in the ordinary dairy herds, the income from the dairy business could be vastly increased. s IMPROVEMENT DUE TO SIRE. Few organizations have been in operation long enough for the producing daughters of an association bull to be com- pared with their dams. The following figures received from an association at New Windsor, Md., show the im- provement due to the sire: Average butterfat production of daughters of association bulls com- pared with that of their dams. Bull No. 1 (7 producing daughters) : Pounds. LOVEE Sa 8 Rye RE SRR i Poi SAE 5 Sa Eto > a Ie IS 208. 3 TE ATES 0S Si nF a Ca 7 AN lod lg ab Te NaC a ae 270. 5 Hach daughter excelled her dam. Bull No. 2 (7 producing daughters) : ERI liens 2 ota ha ee ae Ae 2 ee a et ae 226. 4 PO US EN Up ee este En eee A AN en eS te 5 Ae eee Se 281.6 Five of the daughters excelled their dams. Bull No. 3 (2 producing daughters) : DEES Ib eic$ ¢ £5) Bike) 0 Be 5 5 ll ER a ee eee ey eee CERES eee ae 369. 5 Each daughter excelled her dam. At the price of 30 cents a pound for butterfat the 7 daughters of bull No. 1 will earn in 4 years’ time $500 more than their dams. It is only when the lifetime-production records of all his daughters are computed and compared with those of their dams that the full value of the bull’s services to one generation can be known. In addition to this, his influence on the herd will be noticeable for many generations. This illustrates the great value of a good bull. The damage done by an inferior bull may be equally great. No other argument should be necessary in urging that every association be particularly careful in selecting bulls. Pure-bred bulls are not all equally valuable. The daugh- ters of some are much inferior to their dams, while the daughters of others greatly excel their dams. The bull should always be superior to the best cows in the herd. Cows should be well bred and carefully selected, but asso- 318 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. ciation bulls should be even better bred than the cows and still more carefully selected. All bulls used should be from advanced-registry dams having a butterfat record of not less than 400 pounds and from high-producing ancestors. NOT MONEY ALONE. The educational value of a cooperative bull association doubtless exceeds the net cash returns, for, as a rule, all members of the association become greatly interested in the improvement of their dairy herds. They study live-stock pedigrees, individual conformation, and production records. They hold meetings at which dairy problems of all kinds are discussed. Even boys take an added interest in the farm, and especially in the dairy herd. At Esmond, N. Dak., the association held a cattle show in July, 1916. Cows, bulls, and young stock were exhibited. The show was held in connection with a three-day chautauqua, and it was esti- mated that 5,000 people visited the show and the chau- tauqua. Great interest centered about the boys’ stock- judging contest, which was one of the features of the occa- sion. The educational value of such work can hardly be overestimated. At Washington, Mich., the work of the bull association led to an annual five days’ agricultural school in winter and an annual summer picnic. At the picnics small cash prizes are given for the best heifers exhibited. This association consists of 22 members who invested $25 each, for which they have already had the use of good pure-bred bulls for 6 years. / NO SERIOUS WEAKNESS. There appears to be no fundamental weakness in cooper- ative bull associations. Instead of spreading abortion, tuber- culosis, or other communicable disease, the results so far seem to indicate the reverse. For example, the Roland, Iowa, association will not allow any one of its members to get the benefits of the association until his herd has been tested for tuberculosis and all reactors eliminated. One farmer who did not dispose of the reactors after the tuberculin test was applied was refused the use of bulls until he complied with the rules of the association. The educational work of Cooperative Bull Associations. 319 each association makes the members alert to prevent the in- troduction and spread of disease of any kind. The well- managed bull association requires that the cattle of each member shall be tested for tuberculosis and takes every known precaution to prevent the introduction of infectious abortion. HOW TO ORGANIZE. When a number of neighboring farmers, interested in the same breed, desire to organize a cooperative bull association, they should have a meeting, elect a temporary chairman and secretary, enter into a free and general discussion of the entire subject, and then decide upon the advisability of form- ing a permanent organization. A high point of efficiency is reached when there are five breeding blocks and approxi- mately 60 cows in each block. Some successful organiza- tions, however, have a smaller number of blocks and as few as 85 cows to the block. The greatest care should be taken in selecting bulls, as inferior bulls will completely defeat the purpose of the organization. Some farmer, centrally located, should be selected to take care of the bull, and each farmer should pay his share of the purchase price. In addition, each farmer pays his share of all other expenses, including the support of the bull; his share of these expenses should . not exceed $10 to $15 annually. It is greatly to the advantage of a cooperative association that it be incorporated. This facilitates the transaction of business, equitably distributes responsibility, and gives the organization greater prestige in the community. In order to avoid mistakes in organization and operation, including selection of bulls, the association should early communicate with the local county agricultural agent, the State agricul- tural college, or the Dairy Division of the United States Department of Agriculture. FARM TENANTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. By W. J. Sprutman and E. A. GOLDENWEISER, Office of Farm Management. HE problems relating to tenant farming have received comparatively little attention in this country until very recent years, because of the fact that desirable public lands were still available and the man who wanted to farm could acquire ownership for a nominal sum. Under such condi- tions no very large proportion of farmers were willing to become tenants. Even where tenant farming had become established the terms were generally very favorable to the tenant. In many regions where now the prevailing custom is for the tenant to give half the crop, the usual custom a generation ago was to give a third. But with the virtual exhaustion of the public domain, so far as highly desirable farm land is concerned, tenant farming began to increase and discussions of the problems connected with this type of farm operation appeared in the agricultural press in ever-increasing volume. That a certain percentage of tenant farms should exist where public lands can no longer be had practically for the taking is natural and inevitable. Tenantry is one of the normal steps by which young men with limited capital become farm owners. In gen- eral, every farm will change ownership at least once each generation, and a very great number do so several times during the average business life of the ordinary man. The percentage of changes in farm ownership that occur through inheritance is surprisingly small, as will be shown presently. | An additional small percentage of farms are purchased with capital derived from other industries. The remaining farms must in some way be more or less completely recapitalized once each generation; that is, must be made to pay for them- selves, either wholly or in part. As a rough indication of the proportion of American farms which must thus be recapitalized once in a lifetime, or, in other words, must be made to pay for themselves either partly or wholly, the following data may be cited. 54159°—yYBK 1916 21 321 322 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Studies made by Mr. H. H. Clark, of the Office of Farm Management, in three townships in Sedgwick County, Kans., show that 5.9 per cent of the present owners acquired their farms through inheritance; 13.7 per cent are farming land obtained under the homestead act; the remaining 80.4 per cent bought the farms they now own, three-fourths of them on deferred payments averaging 44 per cent of the total purchase price, the other fourth paying cash in full. In most of these latter cases the purchase money was ob- tained from the sale of other farms. A few cases represent capital taken from other industries. The conditions under which approximately 60 per cent of these farms were pur- chased require that, in order that full ownership may be _acquired during the life of the present occupant, each of the farms must provide not only a living for the family upon it and interest on indebtedness, but an additional income that will enable the average purchaser during his occupancy to put aside 44 per cent of the purchase price. Similar studies in five townships in a rich agricultural county in Illinois gave the following results: 15.5 per cent of the present farm owners obtained their farms by inher- itance; 69 per cent of them bought on deferred payments, the average mortgage given at the time of purchase repre- senting 63 per cent of the purchase price; the remaining 15.5 per cent paid cash in full at the time of purchase. In this case 69 per cent of the farms, in order that their pres- ent owners may during their occupancy obtain full title free from debt, must produce a living for the farm family, interest on the mortgage, and permit a saving of 63 per cent of the total purchase price. HOW RECAPITALIZATION IS EFFECTED. In the studies above referred to the complete history of each farm owner was obtained so far as possible. In the great majority of cases these men began either as hired men or worked on the héme farm for several years after arriving at maturity. In this way they obtained sufficient capital to become tenants.!. After a few years as tenants they were 1In the case of young men who stay on the home farm, the usual course is for the father, when the son marries, to establish him in business as atenant. It is understood that in this discussion the stage of “hired man” includes young men who stay on the home farm some years after reaching maturity. Farm Tenantry in the United States. 323 able to save enough to make a first payment on a farm, giving a mortgage for the balance. In the majority of cases these mortgages are slowly canceled, leaving the farmer, at an advanced period of his life, a full owner. Where this process of acquirmy ownership proceeds in a normal manner, it is evident that a considerable proportion of the farmers operating at any particular time must be tenants; and the presence of tenant farming under such conditions represents a normal, healthful condition of agri- culture. Not only that, but there will be a considerable proportion of mortgaged farms; and in so far as existing mortgages represent progress from tenantry to ownership, they indicate a healthful condition of agricultural affairs. Figure 18 shows the percentage of mortgaged farms, with the average amount of the mortgage per farm, for each State in the Union. With some notable exceptions, the higher percentages of mortgaged farms are found in those sections of the country where agriculture is in a flourishing condition and where the gradual process of acquiring ownership is making normal progress. The scope of this article does not permit consideration of the exceptional cases to which reference has just been made. TENANT FARMING A STEP TOWARD OWNERSHIP. That in a general way tenant farming represents a step toward ownership is shown clearly in figure 19. This figure, based upon census statistics, shows that 76 per cent of farmers under 25 years of age are tenants. In the next age group, representing farmers from 25 to 34 years of age, the percentage of tenantry falls to 55. In the succeeding groups the percentage falls with each 10-year advance in age to 37, 27, 21, and 15. It may be assumed that these older men represent, in the main, those who have been unable to lay by enough to acquire ownership. But these figures indicate that by far the greater proportion of the young men who start out as tenants succeed in becoming owners. Figure 19 shows that aside from some of the Western States, where settlement is still in progress, and some of the Southern States, where the situation is complicated by the census classification of ‘“croppers” as tenants, similar conditions prevail in all sections of the country. 324 Y earbook of ithe Department of Agriculture. Figure 20 shows that for the last two census periods there has been, in general, a decrease in the percentage of tenantry among farmers of advanced years. In the North, in the last -MORTGAGED FARMS PER CENT OF ALL FARMS AVERAGE MORTGAGE PER FARM .. 4000 3000 2000 1000 DOLLARS STATE PER CENT OF FARMS MORTGAGED - PER CENT 10.20 30 40 50 1OWA i cea See. SR A SESE WISCONSIN (ap dee NORTH DAKOTA bocaptrer rs EET NEW JERSEY cope He MICHIGAN Le hao ae VERMONT a MINNESOTA Pera a Soe — MISSOUR} fbn e> = KANSAS E NEW YORK OKLAHOMA CONNECTICUT MASSACHUSETTS CALIFORNIA NEBRASKA ILLINOIS INDIANA SOUTH DAKOTA DELAWARE MARYLAND WASHINGTON OREGON UNITED STATES IDAHO TEXAS MISSISSIPPI PENNSYLVANIA RHODE ISLAND OHIO ALABAMA MAINE COLORADO NEW HAMPSHIRE SOUTH CAROLINA UTAH ARKANSAS MONTANA WYOMING KENTUCKY GEORGIA LOUISIANA NORTH CAROLINA DIST. OF COLUMBIA TENNESSEE NEVADA VIRGINIA FLORIDA ARIZONA WEST VIRGINIA NEW MEXICO Fic. 18.—Average mortgage per farm and pepeuer of farms mortgaged, by States. (Census of 1910.) census period, there has been a decrease in percentage of tenantry for every age group except the first, the increase for the entire period being due to the number of young men 325 It is to be presumed that a ~ Farm Tenantry in the United States. under 25 years of age who have passed from the status of large proportion of these will ultimately become owners. In farm laborer to that of tenant. dnoyuo = 3a9Vv +S9 Le faa 75-57 EE mal > 7- St Ts re 3 Le] : "ae = , 2 as fon am pan en ar Ea STATES STATES dp) EF 2 < = LJ kK UNITED STATES PERCENTAGE OF FARMERS IN EACH AGE GROUP ooaqaoocoa Noy flerrses age the ry for inti In the case of men younger than this © a e of ten eas (Census of 1910.) In the West there was a marked selected States. as been a decr decrease in the percentage of tenantry in every age group eh outh ther S Fia. 19.—Percentage of tenants among farmers, by age groups, in the United States and in groups over 45 years. there has been an increase. the ay of Agriculture. of the Department k Y earboo whole, the only notable increase in tenantry for any age during the last census period. Taking the country as a group was for the men under 25 years. 326 4 Ww : 4 3 wo | eS oc a esa Ayn rr Vareree®, zu “ee: wane o > o “LAB! — ae rrarereraretare $ e - werner ge mas ang fy SOM ea alate ea lcw let nib ol) (geyeereesceeeae) oor AA POF, $048 5@:9.0.9.0.9.9.%. KOS 6 \ COO? *. Mr > a0 ETL Teiee dar hoy ae SOC) re SOO ‘eS mes SR XXX x Oe sass oTelerecererererer ve te! DOOOOD hae eet Hasnase ‘WEWRB rahe 90,9; er Sd z no SRR Or x ESSEC ee ° Xx °.8 cx Sone x} ama e =a) 4 IOI 0x4 es 2 a OOOO OX BOM 2 e < Ie ea saretetaTeVere eee Tae ele 0 OO. 0.9.6 A RK TTY “ DOt Neo NAUEEEREAEE 3 cil aie ER aa 8s O59: Roya OOOO OOOOD nee OOOO Sareea Z a S silanes Caan SSARAS ee DOO OOOXION Ke TENANTS THE NORTH THE WEST TO 54 re) o 2 a 2 < ° ° (oy) ° o UNITED STATES} THE SOUTH e o =) 0 © O 1] O < as 16) ¢t uj é 0) oe uJ = in f{ Le Le (@) uJ O < - iz uw O 0c lJ a. , in the United States and in that recent increase Ce, in tenant farming in this country in the main represents a , by age groups ( hree census periods. irly clear, therefor Young men who formerly homesteaded a ge of tenants among farmers e f the three grand divisions for the last t eems to b Fi@. 20.—Percenta: Its healthful condition. Farm Tenantry in the United States. 327 land must now pursue a different course in acquiring a footing on the land. Increasing numbers of them are becoming tenants. Figure 21 shows that during the period from 1890 to 1900 there was a more marked increase in the percentage of TENANTS PERCENTAGE OF ALL FARMERS {880-1910 PER CENT OF TOTAL ae? 80. aG0y 80. ED ae 0-09" @ 9" S"0"6"# 00-00-2609 0-8 #0 0.9.9. 19. O ORE ene BIO KZLZLZZZZZZ eae mo ss | =e THE SOUTHII910 (WHITE) 190 THE SOUTH|(910 aaa (COLORED) i900 Fic. 21.—Percentage of tenant farmers in the United States and in the three grand divisions for the last four census periods, and of white and colored farmers in the South for the last two census periods. tenantry than during any other recent census period, and this applies to all sections of the country. This was the period when the exhaustion of the public domain began to make itself felt and when a large number of men began to pursue the more Hormal course, outlined above, in be- 328 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. coming farm owners. This diagram: also shows that during the last census period the only marked increase in the per- centage of tenant farms in any of the grand divisions of the country was among the white farmers of the South, though, as will be seen later, there are localities in each of these grand divisions that present exceptions to this statement. Whether there was a similar increase in real tenant farming among the colored farmers can not be determined from census data for the reason that many of the colored farm laborers of the South receive part of the crop in lieu of wages. Such laborers are known locally as ‘‘croppers.” They furnish no working capital, but are classed as tenants in the census data. A change from cropper to share tenant is similar to a change from hired laborer to tenant in other parts of the country. There is reason to believe that there was such an advance in the South from the stage of cropper to that of share tenant, this representing a real advance in the condition of these laborers—a step toward ownership. The division of the country into grand divisions, as just intimated, does not fully represent the actual state of affairs in the various agricultural regions. This is better repre- sented in figure 22, where the percentage of tenant farms for each of the last four censuses is given by States. On the map in figure 22, States having a larger percentage of tenantry in 1910 than in 1900 are shaded. It will be seen that the regions in which the percentage of tenantry did not increase are three in number: First, the Northeastern States, extend- ing south to Virginia and west to Michigan; second, two States in the Mississippi Valley; third, four of the eight moun- tain States and the three Pacific Coast States. In all the remaining States the percentage of tenantry increased. The conditions in the last-named group of States are easily explained. There was an increase in the actual number of tenant farms in each of these States, but on account of the settlement of new land and the breaking up of large tracts into small farms in some of them, the number of farms operated by owners increased at a much higher ratio, facts which are well brought out in figures 23 and 24. The per- centage of tenant farms therefore decreased while the number increased, because the number of farms operated by owners increased even more rapidly. Thus in Colorado the number 9 Farm Tenantry in the United States. Conditions were similar in each of the seven States in the number operated by tenants increased 50.3 per cent. question. of farms operated by owners increased 97.6 per cent, while ‘006T UT ULI} OT6T Ur osevyUooI0d Joys TY BV OAC Soye1g popeyg SIo1Oqey wey ore Loy ysnoyyye ,,‘steddoso,, Jo syuvue}, Suowe uolsnyjout oy} JO osnvaeq A[JOLIYS OU o1B YANOYG oy} JOJ seInsi,y *(QT6[—Soansy doy) Spotiod snsuvd INO; 4Sv] oY 1Oy SI ®& 9 VMs; Uf 984 *So38 A JO Nol] Ut doo 9} JO oreys & pred SUOTJOVS IeY4O IOJ eso} qyTM eTqereduI0D OMe} SUC SJUCU} JO 058} M0010 G—Zz “DLT In the State of Missouri there was a slight decrease in the total number of farms, both those operated by owners and those operated by tenants, while in the State of Louisiana there was a slight decrease in the number of tenants 330 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. because of the conditions arising from the general spread of the boll weevil over the cotton fields in that State during the last census period. Perhaps a similar change may be (Census pper figures) and 1890-1900 (lower figures). data.) I'ta, 23.—Percentage increase or decrease in farms operated by owners, 1900-1910 (u shown in some of the other cotton-producing States at the next census, though this by no means necessarily follows. As a partial explanation of the decrease in the percentage of tenantry in the northeastern States, attention is called Farm Tenantry in the United States. 331 to the facts shown in figure 25. Ifa line be drawn separating those States in the Northeast in which the average increase in the price of farm land during the last census period was less than 60 per cent from the States in which it was greater Fig. 24.—Percentage increase or decrease in farms operated by tenants, 1900-1910 (upper figures) and 1890-1900 (lower figures). (Census data.) than this, it will, with few exceptions, divide the States in which the percentage of tenantry decreased from those in which it increased, the percentage of tenantry having de- creased where the price of land increased least. The excep- 332 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. tions are Ohio, where the increase in the price of farm land was almost exactly 60 per cent, but where tenantry in- creased shghtly, Virginia and West Virginia, in which States land increased more than 60 per cent in value, while ten- (Census data.) Fic. 25.—Percentage increase in value of farm land per acre, 1900-1910. antry decreased, and Maine, where tenantry decreased, while the price of farm land increased 75 per cent. This in- crease in the price of farm land in the State of Maine is due to marked development of certain types of intensive farm- Farm Tenantry in the United States. 333 ing, which of itself does not necessarily have any effect upon the percentage of tenantry. The general conclusion seems justified, therefore, that where land is increasing rapidly in value, unless other factors have a preponderating influence, there is a tendency for the percentage of tenantry to increase, while where land is increasing slowly in value the percentage of tenantry does not tend to increase. It is not known what a normal percentage of tenantry would be under conditions where the major portion of farm owners pass through the various stages of hired man, tenant, owner with mortgage, and owner free from debt. There are reasons for assuming, however, that in some parts of the country the percentage of tenantry is below this normal, while in other parts it is above. Some of these reasons are’ given in what follows. FACTORS THAT REDUCE THE NORMAL PERCENTAGE OF TENANTRY. AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC LANDS. Until about 1890 public lands to be had almost for the taking were available to practically all who wanted them. Under such conditions the proportion ef tenants would nat- urally be smaller than normal, because of the ease of acquir- ing ownership in land. Rather than suffer the inconven- iences of tenant farming men would go west and homestead land. Statistics show that the percentage of tenant farming in this country was very low at the time when settlement of desirable new lands was in rapid progress. (See fig. 22.) SMALLNESS OF FARMS AND LOW PRODUCTIVITY OF LANDS. Tenant farming does not prevail generally in regions where the farms are very small or the productivity of the soil low, except in regions where the problem is complicated by the plantation system of farming. A large proportion of tenant farms become such because their owners have grown old and have no one to take charge of the farm. If the farm is not large enough or productive enough to make the income from the rent sufficient to support the farmer in retirement, the tendency for the aging owner to retain the operation of the farm is strong. This undoubtedly is one of the causes of the 334 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. decrease in the percentage of tenantry in the northeastern States, for in these States farms are generally much below the average for the country in size. Another factor that probably has operated in this case is the fact that the type of farming undergoing most rapid development in the north- eastern States, namely, vegetable growing, does not lend itself readily to a tenant system. Attention has already been called to the fact, illustrated in figure 25, that the price of farm land increased only slightly in this section of the country during the last census period. This fact, together with the smallness of the average farm, makes it possible, in many cases, for the farm laborer to omit the tenant stage in his progress toward ownership. It also makes it possible for men having a small capital saved in other industries to become owners. All these factors doubtless have operated in causing the decrease in the percentage of tenantry in the northeastern States. FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE PERCENTAGE OF TENANTRY. SIZE OF FARM AND PRODUCTIVENESS OF LAND. Where a farm is large enough or productive enough to give a rental income sufficient for the support of a family, there is a strong tendency, as the farmer grows old, for him to turn the farm over to a tenant, unless he happens to have sons who can assume the management. The accompanying table gives some of the evidence on which this conclusion is based. The counties of four States—Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, and South Carolina—are arranged in four groups of equal numbers, the first consisting of those counties having the largest average value of farm products per acre and the last of those counties having the smallest, the second and third groups being intermediate. The last column of the table shows the percentage of tenant farmers in each of the four groups. In every case it will be observed that the percentage of tenantry decreases as the average acre value of farm products decreases. In previous publications of the Office of Farm Management it has been shown that the percentage of tenantry decreases also as the size of the farm decreases for farms in the same geographic region. This comparison does not hold between distinct sections of the country. But in general the percentage of tenantry is Farm Tenantry in the United States. 335 higher on the large farms of the Middle West than on the small farms of the Northeast. The high percentage of tenantry in the cotton-growing States is due to other causes (partly to the inclusion of ‘‘croppers”’ with tenants). Relation of value of farm products per acre to percentage of tenantry. Average Average , States and groups alps ot ae States and groups yale of ee of counties.! of all of counties.! of all products, farmers products, | farmers. per acre per acre. Pennsylvania: Tilinois: First group....-.- $12.55 50.1 First group.....-- 14.71 31.9 Second group.-.. 9.98 45.5 Second group.... 8.17 22.7 Third group...--- 8.03 38.9 Third group....-- 6. 29 18 Fourth group. ..- 5.77 29.6 || Fourth group.... 4.79 14.4 Ohio: South Carolina: First group.....-- 12. 83 34.5 First group....-.- 13.18 69.3 Second group.... 10. 39 33.3 Second group.... 10.14 67.4 Third group....-. 8.51 26.8 Third group...-.- 8.05 66.1 Fourth group.... 5.47 18 || Fourth group..--- 5.58 43.1 1 The counties in each State were arranged in descending order of value of farm products _ per acre, and then divided into four groups, each having an equal number of counties. The average value of products per acre and the average percentage of tenantry was calculated for each group. INCREASE IN MARKET VALUE OF LAND. Attention has already been called to the fact that tenantry is increasing in those sections of the country where the market value of land is increasing most rapidly, with certain notable exceptions, which have ‘already been explained. Where the value of farm land is high a longer time is required for the tenant to accumulate the capital necessary for making a first payment on a farm than where it is low. Where the value of land is increasing there is a tendency to capitalize the annual rate of increase in the price at which the land is held. Where this condition exists it becomes exceedingly difficult for the man who buys a farm on deferred payments to succeed. He must not only make the farm produce a living for himself and family, but he must make it pay interest on a capitalization based partly on rental value and partly on annual increase in value, in addition to saving enough to cancel the mortgage. As this matter is somewhat difficult to make clear, it may be-well to give an illustration. 336 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. In a farm-management survey in Ellis County, Tex., the average price at which the land was held was $139 per acre. The rental income from this land amounted to 3.7 per cent of this valuation. The current rate of interest on borrowed capital in this section averages about 8 per cent. But because of the very marked advantages in land ownership, those owning land are usually content to accept a smaller income on their capital. They are justified in this because of the great security of the investment and the numerous other advantages that arise from land ownership. If we assume that 5 per cent is a satisfactory income for real- estate investments in this region, while the rental income is only 3.7 per cent, then the price of the land includes capi- talization of annual increase in value amounting to 1.3 per cent. That is, the farmer who buys this land at the average price of $139 per acre looks to rent for 3.7 per cent income on his: investment and to annual increase in value for 1.3 per cent income. If we assume that the income on real estate should be 8 per cent, while the rental income is only 3.7 per cent, then there should be an annual increase in value of 4.3 per cent to justify the present market price. Taking the census valuations of farm land in Ellis County for 1880 and 1910, there has been during this 30-year period an actual annual increase of 5.9 per cent. It would appear, therefore, that the present price of the land does not fully capitalize the present annual rate of income. This is as it should be, for there is no prospect that this rate of increase can continue indefinitely. Now, the tenant who makes a first payment on a piece of land must make the farm earn enough in addi- tion to his living to pay interest on the deferred payments, and where the price of land is higher than its true rental value the interest which he has to pay is greater than the rent which a tenant must pay. This fact deters tenants from attempting to become owners. Hence we find that, in general, in those sections of the country where the land is increasing rapidly in value the percentage of tenantry is considerably above the normal. It should be stated here that where land is increasing rapidly in value, some men without sufficient capital to pay for an entire farm make a first payment with the object of holding the land a few years in order to get the benefit of Farm Tenantry in the United States. 337 increase in value and then sell. Inso far as this practice pre- vails, it tends to decrease the percentage of tenantry; but the number who thus buy land speculatively is small in comparison with those who remain tenants because the rate of increase is capitalized in the price they are compelled to pay for a farm. CAPITALIZATION OF THE ADVANTAGES OF LAND OWNERSHIP. It has already been pointed out that the safety of invest- ments in land and the other advantages that arise from land ownership lead men to purchase land at prices which make it necessary for them to accept a low rate of income on their investment. In other words, the price at which agricul- tural land is held, especially in those sections of the country where farming is most profitable, are greatly in excess of their actual rental value when capitalized at current rates of interest. For reasons given under the previous heading, this makes it difficult for a tenant to acquire ownership. because on his deferred payments he must pay a rate of interest considerably higher than the rate which land owners are willing to accept on their investment. The price he pays for land represents capitalization on the basis of a secure and otherwise preferred investment, while the rate which he must pay for money—that is, the rate of interest he must pay on his deferred payments—is the current rate for the use of borrowed capital. ADVANTAGE OF TENANTRY FOR BEGINNERS WITH SMALL CAPITAL. The scope of this paper does not permit a discussion of the desirability or undesirability of tenant farming from the standpoint of its effect upon citizenship or on the general welfare. It deals rather with the forces that control the percentage of tenantry in different regions and under differ- ent conditions. Weshall now consider some of the factors that influence the individual. HIGHER RATES OF INCOME ON WORKING CAPITAL THAN ON FIXED. As has already been said, landowners are willing to accept a relatively low rate of income on their investment. But there is no reason for such low rate of income on the work- 54159°—yBK 1916——22 338 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. ing capital used in farming. Farm-management surveys have shown a decided difference in the rates of income on these two classes of property. This is brought out in the following table: Rate of interest on investment. Received by— Average. Georgia. | Indiana. | Illinois. Towa. | Arizona.| Texas. Owner operators... 6.5 8.0 | 4.7 5.5 | 4.7 | 8.6 5.9 Landlords......... 4.3 7.3 | 3.5 3.6 | 3.2 | 4.9 3.5 In the case of operators who own the land they farm the investment consists of land and of working capital, while the return received by landlords is almost entirely based on an investment in land. The rate of interest in the case of owners is determined by subtracting from the net income of the operator the estimated value of his own labor and dividing the balance by the total investment; in the case of landlords the net rent received is divided by the investment. It appears from the table that the owner operators receive an average return of 6.5 per cent, while the landlords receive only 4.3 per cent. The difference in favor of the operators is found in every State included in the table and indicates that an investment in real estate alone brings a lower relative return than a mixed investment in land and working capital. This difference may represent in part the owner’s returns for his personal managerial ability, but it is certain that a considerable portion of the difference is due to the fact that a secure and otherwise preferred investment in land commands a lower rate of interest than a less secure investment in working capital. Thus it is seen that for the man with small capital there is considerable advantage in farming on the tenant basis. For a man with a large amount to invest the situation is different, partly because his funds, if invested entirely in working capital, may necessitate a larger farm than he is capable of managing to advantage and partly because, if he has enough money to buy a good-sized farm that yields a good living, other con- siderations besides the rate of interest on the investment enter into the problem. ; While the higher rate of income from working capital as compared with real estate results in higher returns on invest- Farm Tenantry in the Onited States. 339 ment for tenants than for owners, the investment of owners is much larger, on the average, than that of tenants. Hence in the surveys made in the six States included in the above comparison the income received by tenants, above the wages of their labor, the use of the house, and the food and fuel supplied directly by the farm, was only $627, as compared with $1,430 for owners. FARM INCOME OF OWNERS AND TENANTS WITH SIMILAR CAPITAL. Closely related to the facts just stated is the additional fact that the net income of tenants with small capital is much greater than that of owners with the same amount of capital. This is shown in the accompanying table, which gives the farm incomes of owners and tenants in Gloucester County, N. J., grouped according to the capital of the farm operator and illustrating a condition that is found in prac- tically all the Department’s farm-management surveys. Comparative incomes of owners and tenants with equal capital, Gloucester County, N. J. Owners. Tenants. at of A A A A capital. verage verage verage verage mee size of farm ae size of farm SS Mari: income. *| farm. income. $1/000:andiless||) * None}! | -.2.t 2.22) -23-262- =< 11 42.9 $567 $1, 001-$2, 000- INO DG al ais: aiereja/aiaisia ee tit ita 28 77.0 675 TOO Ss OOO! te MNONeM Sessa ses seco cetene 25 (1352 897 3, 001- 5, 000. 24 | 40.1 $291 11 103.0 Mr Pal 5,001- 7,000. 34 59.0 752 2 175.5 2, 240 7, 001- 9, 000. 30 65.6 992 1 200.0 | 5,123 9, 001-11, 000- “129 Gra) cme 408 a None n| nesses | qoosane oer 11, 001-14, 000. 31 105.7 1, 689 INONOsW ester ce eclee eee cee 14, 001-17, 000. 12 | 101. 2 2,711 Monee [2 se eee | eee ste Ses Over $17,000. . 9 148.8 3, 202 INO Omalcce sce ie <'ebs | sticieminm ares All farms... 162|- 77.2| 1,269 78 91.5 976 It will be noticed that in the groups of farmers having less than $3,000 capital every farmer isa tenant. Hven those with less than $1,000 capital are making incomes that permit a fair standard of living, while those with $2,000 to $3,000 capital have incomes that permit considerable saving, especially if the farmer and his family are frugal, because each of these 340 Y earbook of the Department of Agriculture. farmers has, in addition to the income shown in the table, all that the farm furnishes toward the family living, mcludmg milk, butter, poultry, eggs, fruits, vegetables, and often fuel. In the next group, havmg from $3,000 to $5,000 capital, there are 35 farmers. Twenty-four of these are owners of farms averaging about 40 acres m size. The remaming 11 have remained tenants and are operating farms about two and a half times as large as owners with the same capital. Their average farm income is about six times as great as that of the corresponding owners. In the higher groups the num- ber of tenants is so small that the averages do not mean much. It is significant, however, that the two tenants amongst the 36 farmers in the group havimg from $5,000 to $7,000 of capital make incomes about three times as large as do the owners. The one tenant in the next group makes about five times as much as the average of his 30 compeers. In the groups hay- ing more capital than this all the farmers are owners. It may seem strange that where farmers can make so much more money as tenants than they can as owners there should be such a strong tendency toward ownership. The table shows that just as soon as the average come is sufficient to permit anything like a satisfactory standard of living the majority of tenants become owners, thus sacrificmg perhaps two-thirds of their mcome. The amount they thus sacrifice shows what the average farmer considers the advantages of ownership to be worth. It is not necessary to discuss these advantages here; most of them are obvious. There is, however, another reason why so few tenants with large capital are found. A large amount of capital, all invested as working capital, suffices for the operation of a very large business, exceeding, in fact, the managerial ability of many farmers. It is only within the limits of his managerial ability that it is wise for the farmer with con- siderable capital to remain a tenant rather than pass into the owner class. There are two reasons for the greater incomes made by tenants as compared with owners having the same amount of capital. One is the higher rate of income on working capital as compared with fixed capital represented by real estate, already discussed. Another reason even more impor- Trarm Tenantry in the United States. 341 tant is the fact that with a given amount of capital invested entirely as working capital, the operator can manage a very much larger area of land, and other things being approximately equal, the farmer’s income is usually roughly proportional to the magnitude of the business he conducts. Note in the preceding table that in the group of farmers having from $3,000 to $5,000 capital, the size of the 11 farms operated by tenants is about-two and a half times that of the 24 farms operated by owners. In the next two groups the tenant farms are about three times as large as the owner farms. In this connection the average size of tenant farms as com- pared with owner farms is of interest. Data concerning this point are given in figure 26, which shows graphically both the area of improved land and the total farm area for the average farm operated by its owner and the average tenant farm in selected States. It will be seen that outside of the cotton- belt States, in nearly every case the average tenant farm is larger than the average owner farm. The exceptions are easily explained. They are Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Utah, and Missouri. In these States most of the tenant farms are in those sections of the State where the farms are relatively small. If the comparison could be made between the tenant farms in these States and the owner farms in the same locali- ties, there is no question that the average tenant farm would be shown to be larger than the average owner farm. Where the conditions are such that the farm laborer can in a few years save enough money or establish sufficient credit to provide the necessary working capital for a farm of con- siderable size, the tenant usually selects a farm as large as he can manage with the working capital available. If he under- takes tenant farming on a smaller farm the results frequently are disastrous. Not only that, but the majority of farms offered to tenants average larger in size than those not thus made available, for the reason that the rental income from the large farm will best support the retired owner. The conditions shown in the cotton States, among both white and colored farmers, involve considerations which it is not within the province of this paper to discuss. It is seen, however, that in all these States the average tenant farm is smaller than the average owner farm, and this is of Agriculture. partment « ~ Y earbook of the De 342 This is due in part to the inclusion of ‘‘croppers’’ with tenants in the census true whatever the race of the farmer. As elsewhere explained, the cropper is a hired figures. COI6I JO Snsuag) “seyeig PoJoo[eS UI SULIG] JUBUO} Pus JOUMO UO uLIe; Jod SoioR poAoIduIT eSvIOAG PUL Sodde BSLIBAY—'9Z “OL eee, SLA ETS C_# ae SRM LOM A ee ee LEE —— Syuawyva Tv a Soa (ZLLZ7ZZZ Ee TTS = oh LE EP AARE EZ Lite BGs: CLLELLZALPLL ELL ALLL LLL LL A i hi PGT A ME Ss eae ee LRA R IED Se a a ED LLG LL, CLAM CTA a TT at MR | Bn ita tec aaihoe oof 002 ool Wuvsa YAd SAYDV C2LALLALIZA EeUe| aNva Qu =SYSNMO wava aaAoudNI LLSSM GNV'HLYON| SINVNAL GNY SHSNMO AG Gaivesado syuawava aqayo10> fiat - SuaWuva cae —| 2 SLIHM et. |: . Fa sins 2 ge | Fe re SILLLLEEL A, “Aes ea sayov anv wavs WLOL aS SUSANMO Wavsa Yad 39veedoV AOVYeSAV The small average acreage tended by croppers makes tenant laborer who receives a share of the crop in lieu of wages, farms smaller in the cotton States than they would be if the Farm Tenantry in the United States. 343 term ‘‘tenant’’ were limited to classes comparable with tenants in other sections. Another reason why the average tenant farm of the cotton States is so small lies in the fact that the area of cotton a family can manage is limited by the amount that can be picked in season, and on good land this is a very small area. PRINCIPAL DEFECTS OF THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF TENANT FARMING. The serious defect of our system of tenantry is the lack of suitable provisions for maintaining the fertility of the soil. There are two general causes for this condition. In the first place, tenant farming is more or less new in many localities, and the problem of arranging a lease contract that will pro- vide against loss of fertility has not been generally solved, though it has been worked out in numerous individual instances and quite generally in some localities. In the second place, a striking feature of the system of tenant farming which prevails in this country is the short average length of tenure. The following table shows that for the United States as a whole, at the last census, one-third of the tenant farmers had been on their present farms less than 1 year; 17 per cent of them were in their second year on the same farm; about 30 per cent had been on the same farm for from 2 to 5 years, 12 per cent for from 5 to 10 years, and less than 8 per cent for more than 10 years. The longest average tenure is shown for colored tenants in the South; the next longest for tenants in the northern States. The shortest average tenure is shown for white tenants in the South. This is partly accounted for by the fact that tenantry amongst the white farmers in the South is increasing more rapidly than anywhere else in the country. One of the reasons for this increase is the gradual replacement of colored by white tenants in many sections. 344 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Length of tenure on tenant farms in the United States. [From census of 1910.] Tenants having been on same farm each specific 2 number of years (per cent). Type of tenure and years on farm. _ | The South United The They sa) States. North. West. White. | Colored All tenants: Dess thanpiyean.. teem 2. seee eee 33. 4 27.6 33.0 42.1 28.8 1 year but less than 2 years........... ligt 17.8 18.5 18.0 15.0 2 years but less than 5 years........-.. 29.6 30.5 31.8 26.9 32.0 5 years but less than 10 years. ........ 12.0 14.7 11.0 8.4 13.7 1O;vears andiovers--sss-n ee = 5) eee 7.9 9.4 Beall 4.6 10.5 Cash tenants: essithan I year: 2 aes. S55: te. - eee 26.1 25.8 31.4 34.8 18.9 1 year but less than 2 years. .........- 16.0 17.4 18.3 17.6 13.1 2 years but less than 5 years........-.. 31.9 30.8 32. 2 30.0 34.6 5 years but less than 10 years.......-. 15.0 15.6 Bb 11.0 18.1 10 years'and Oversee 2 ope eee 11.0 10.4 6.4 6.6 15.3 Share tenants: ~ Wess thanvl year tars fs. ae ee eee 37.3 28. 6 34.7 44.6 36. 2 1 year but less than 2 years..........- 17.8 18. 1 18.8 18. 2 16.5 2 years but less than 5 years........-- 28. 4 30.3 31.2 25.8 30. 1 5 years but less than 10 years........-. 10. 4 14.2 10.3 eat 10. 4 10 ivearsiand Overs ete nee eee 6.1 8.8 5.0 3.9 6.8 Average years on same farm: Alltenants? Ss eester ess teen eee ee 3.0 3.4 2.6 2.2 3.6 Cash tenantss ree. pee nea eee 3.8 Sab 2.8 2.8 4.8 Shareitenantse s-5 feb ee ee 2.6 3.3 2.5 2.0 257 Tt will be noted that the average tenure among cash ten- ants is everywhere longer than it is among share tenants. For the United States as a whole the average length of time the average cash tenants have been on the farms they are now operating is 3.8 years, while for share tenants it is 2.6 years. The cash tenant makes, on the average, a larger in- come than the share tenant and is not so soon discouraged by the frequent reduction in yield caused by the methods ordinarily employed in tenant farming. This is true in spite of the fact that the average crop yields on share-tenant farms usually are larger than on cash-tenant farms, the dif- ference being more than made up by the smaller amount of rent paid by cash tenants. Farm Tenantry in the United States. 345 REASON FOR SHORT TENURES. Tn sections where systems of farming prevail that rapidly burn the humus out of the soil and where in consequence crop yields have become low, the farm income of the aver- age tenant farmer is low. This makes him dissatisfied with his condition, and he naturally hopes by changing from one farm. to another to better himself. For similar reasons the landlord is inclined to change tenants, hoping by the change to secure a better tenant. These two facts taken together account in part for the very short tenures which are so prevalent in this country. "e The remedy for this condition is not a simple one, nor is there any panacea for it. In general, however, the remedy involves a course of procedure that will result in better incomes for the tenant. This, of course, will mean also greater profits to the owners of the land. Except in dairy regions, where it is customary for the landlord to furnish half the productive live stock, tenant farms are, in general, not so well stocked as owner farms. This is partly due to the general lack of capital on the part of tenant farmers and partly to the lack of permanence of tenure; but it is also due in part to lack of information on the part of both land- lord and tenant as to the conditions of leasing on live-stock farms that would make the agreement equitable to both parties concerned. In sections where tenant farming has long been established, more especially in those regions where live-stock farming prevails, this problem has largely been worked out in practice. But new farms are continually passing from owner operation to tenant operation, thus bringing about the relation of landlord and tenant between people who lack information on the subject of lease contracts. THE LEASE CONTRACT. It is therefore clear that the big problem to-day in con- nection with tenant farming in the United States is that of the details of the lease contract. The Office of Farm Man- agement regards this as one of the outstanding problems in farm economics in this country and is devoting serious study to it. A study is being made of the details of agreements between landlord and tenant on farms of all sizes and types 346 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. in all parts of the country where tenant farming is well developed. These studies have shown that a few funda- mental principles govern in all such cases. The laborer is entitled to his wage; the owner of property is entitled to interest on his investment and to sufficient income to replace worn-out equipment. We have already seen that land, because of the unique stability of the investment, commands a low rate of income. On the other hand, working capital is entitled to a high rate of income—just how high it is not yet possible to say with any degree of certainty. It is believed, however, that these studies will ultimately reveal what is a fair-and equitable division of the proceeds of the farm between labor, fixed capital, and working capital for all the more important types of farming and for farms of different sizes in all parts of the country. It does not necessarily follow from what has been said above concerning short tenures in this country that lease contracts should cover long periods of years. The essential thing is that they should provide a system of farming that will build up the fertility of the land. This may be accom- plished under lease contracts made for short periods. It has been found in the investigations of the Office of Farm Man- agement that in some of the localities in which tenant farm- ing has prevailed for a considerable period tenants contract- ing only from year to year remain on the farm longer on the average than those who contract for longer periods. Very long lease contracts are hardly practicable, except under con- ditions of permanent tenure. In this country, where so large a proportion of tenants merely represent a step in the progress toward ownership, the period of the lease must, and should, be shorter, on the average, than in countries where practically all the land is farmed by tenants. — ~~ SEWAGE DISPOSAL ON THE FARM. By George M. WARREN, Hydraulic Engineer, Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering. OPULAR indifference to the effective disposal of sew- age has existed so long and so universally that only within comparatively recent years has it been realized that this waste product of human life is poison and must be kept from the food and drink of man. From the specific germs or poisons that may be carried in sewage at any time there may result typhoid fever, tuberculosis, hookworm dis- ease, cholera, dysentery, diarrhea, or other dangerous ail- ments, and it is not improbable that certain obscure maladies may be traced eventually to the poisonous effects of drainage from human waste. The poison is invisible to the naked eye and it may be carried by many agencies and by devious routes and be unsuspectingly received into the human body. Infection may come from the swirling dust of the railway roadbed, from personal or indirect contact with transitory or chronic carriers of disease, from green truck grown in gardens fertilized with night soil or sewage, from food pre- pared or touched by unclean hands or visited by flies and vermin, from milk handled by sickly and careless dairymen, or milk cans and utensils washed with polluted water from wells, springs, brooks, and lakes receiving the surface wash or the underground drainage from sewage-polluted soil, and from many other sources. Typhoid fever is peculiarly a rural disease, and a few examples clearly indicating the responsibilities and the duties of people who live in the country are cited herewith. The accounts are condensed from reports by the Massachu- setts State Board of Health and the health commissioner of Virginia. In September and October, 1899, 63 cases of typhoid fever, resulting in 5 deaths, occurred at the Northampton (Mass.) insane hospital. This epidemic was conclusively traced to celery, which was eaten freely late in August and which was grown and banked in a plot that 347 348 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. lad been fertilized in the late ‘winter or early spring with the solid residue and scrapings from a sewage filter bed situated on the hos- pital grounds. In November and December, 1900, 7 cases of typhoid fever at Wal- tham (Mass.) were, with little doubt, caused by infected milk from a farm where the sewage in a cesspool containing the discharges of a person sick with the disease in August was dipped out and spread upon the ground by the same man who afterward milked the cows. In 1909, 60 persons spending Labor Day at a country hotel in Worcester County, Mass., were infected from the milk handled by a table maid who was coming down with typhoid fever. In 1915, typhoid fever in a home at Brookneal, Va., was caused by the accidental entry of sewage into a drilled well following the chok- ing and flooding of the house sewer with rain water. Within 14 days 5 of the 8 children were stricken and the eldest, a girl of 20 years, died 3 weeks later. Early in June, 1915, a case of typhoid fever developed in the upper one of about 25 humble mountain homes situated along a small brook in Washington County, Va. Probably few of the houses had privies, and water was obtained from several small springs close to the edge of the brook. On July 38, 15 cases of typhoid fever had developed in 8 different families down the ravine, and it is probable that the spread of the disease was due in large degree to the pollution of the springs from the lack of care in handling the discharges of patients higher up the run. Not to dispose of sewage promptly invites nuisance, but not to dispose of sewage cleanly and completely invites dis- ease. It is not enough that human filth is taken 50, 75, 100, or 150 feet away from a well or spring, or that it is taken merely to lower ground. Given loose or open subsoil, seamy ledge, or long-continued pollution of one plot of ground, the zone of contamination is likely to extend and readily may reach quite distant wells, especially at such times as well-- waters are lowered by drought or heavy pumping. What- ever the system of sewage disposal, it should be entirely and widely separated from the water supply, and, if possible, the surface of the sewage in any privy, leaky vault, or cess- pool should be lower than the lowest water in any near-by well. The practice of applying human excreta or sewage to land upon which are grown truck crops, especially celery, lettuce, radishes, cucumbers, tomatoes, melons, and other vegetables consumed raw by man, constitutes a serious menace to health and should be discontinued. Sewage Disposal on the Farm. 349 SEWAGE AND SEWERS DEFINED. Under average conditions the daily waste of an adult human is about 1} to 2 quarts of foul matter consisting largely of undigested or partially digested foods and saline excretions. With these wastes there may be mixed refuse liquids and many substances entering into the economy of the household, such as grease, milk, bits of food, fruits, vegetables, paper, rags, etc. This refuse product constitutes sewage and the underground pipe which conveys it is a sewer. Since sewers carry foul matter, they should be water- tight, and this feature of their construction distinguishes them from drains or removers of relatively pure surface or ground water. NATURE OF SEWAGE. Sewage, then, is water containing small amounts of min- eral, vegetable, and animal matter, dissolved and undis- solved. It contains enormous numbers and many species of very minute living organisms or bacteria and dead organic matter. For the most part, the living organisms are, so far as known, not only harmless, but are of the utmost im- portance in the processes of nature. They may be termed tiny scavengers which multiply with great rapidity, their useful work being the converting of dead organic wastes into liquids and gases, decomposing the dissolved organic matter, and oxidizing and nitrifying the organic residues. HOW SEWAGE DECOMPOSES. Tf a bottle of fresh sewage be kept in a warm room changes occur in the appearance and nature of the liquid. At first it is light in appearance and its odor is slight. It is well supplied with free oxygen, since this gas, dissolved from the atmosphere, is always found in natural waters. In a short time the solids in the sewage separate mechan- ically according to their relative weights, sediment collects at the bottom, and a greasy film covers the surface. Later, the solids tend to break apart, the sewage grows darker, and the odor becomes more offensive. There is an increase in the amount of ammonia and a decrease in free oxygen, and when the former is at its maximum and the latter is exhausted, 350 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. the sewage is said to be stale. Beyond this stage the process becomes a putrefying one. Bacterial life probably secures minute quantities of oxygen from the breaking up of organic substances, and,ascompounds containing nitrogen are decom- posed, various foul-smelling gases are liberated. Sewage in this condition is known as septic sewage. Eventually the liquid in the bottle clears, its color fades appreciably, the odor disappears, and a dark-brown, insoluble, earth-like substance remains as a deposit. Complete reduction of this deposit requires a long period of time, perhaps many years. Within any ordinary limits there still remains more or less organic residue which rots very slowly, but which, if given sufficient time, may be reduced to mineral substances and so become suitable for plant food. The changes above described are wholly natural and are analogous to what always takes place when animal or vegeta- ble matter decays. The process is affected vitally by environ- ment. For example, bacterial activities may be checked or destroyed by violent agitation, extremes of heat or cold, strong light, or chemicals. PRACTICAL UTILITIES FOR VARIOUS CONDITIONS. PIT PRIVY. Upon thousands of small farms there is no privy whatever and excretions are deposited carelessly about the premises. Such practice should not be countenanced in any community. In order to suggest a fairly effective remedy for such condi- tions and to impress upon the mind fundamental and far- reaching principles, use will be made of a very familiar, though homely, illustration which is furnished by the house cat. The cat instinctively selects warm, loose soil wherein to deposit and bury her excretions. What of value can we gather from the example? : (1) The site selected is well drained. Were it otherwise the soil would be cold and wet. (2) The site is not shut in, but is open to the purifying influences of sunlight and air. (3) The excretions are deposited in loose topsoil permeated with air and teeming with low forms of both plant and animal life. These natural agencies disintegrate the waste organic matter and reduce it to inorganie substances beneficial to the soil and suitable for plant food. Sewage. Disposal on the Farm. 351 (4) The excretions are covered promptly. Hence they are not vis- ited by flies, are not likely to be washed over the surface by rains, and suggest nothing offensive to sight or other senses. A privy which realizes some of the features and prin- ciples mentioned above is shown in figure 27. This is a port- able affair not unlike the “sentry boxes” used upon con- A-P 7p a2b0u7 FEES EGP 8-Fiach by 9 19C2) ST COMED WlITOWS: C- 21h by L1ach sills 2-l irich Boars fd LOSE L-HANMMES, FAOTED 4 -LIOK (0 171GKE CWE SE ClosIIg O-FIIG? SS COICD Gl UU V1 -~FUI? 0 PUI? SS CLIOD VOUWUAI A. 4 -+HIC? GA CPIOA VOUS A -SOAf MUNGO JO CICA Pie CaNvangzer” LOO {HOEHIOM. ig. 27.—Portable pit privy, for use where land is abundant and cheap, but unless handled with judgment can not be regarded as safe. struction work, and is suitable for localities where land is abundant and cheap. Its main purpose is to secure, at mini- mum cost and with least attention, a fixed place for the de- posit of excretions where the filth can not be tracked by man, spread by animals, reached by flies, nor washed by rain. The privy is light and inexpensive and is placed over a hole or 352 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. pit in the ground. When the pit becomes one-half or two- thirds full, the privy can be lifted readily by the handles and carried by two persons to a new location. The pits should be shallow, preferably not over 3 feet in depth, and never should be located on ground of which the surface or strata slope toward a well, spring, or other source of domestic water supply, nor should they, except under very favorable slope and soil conditions, be nearer a well than 300 feet. Since dryness in the pit is desirable, the site should be raised slightly, either naturally or artificially, and 10 or 12 inches of earth should be banked and compacted against all sides to shed rain water. The banking also serves to exclude flies. If the soil is sandy or gravelly, the pit should be sheeted roughly with boards or palisades to prevent caving; or, if preferred, a 3-foot length of 15 or 18 inch sewer pipe may be used. This makes a good lining, and, as it is raised and cleaned when the privy is moved, such sheeting is perma- nent. The privy should be boarded closely, and should be provided preferably with screened openings for ventila- tion and light. The whole seat should be easily removable or hinged, as this permits cleaning and washing the under- side of the seat and facilitates the destruction of spiders and other insects which thrive in dark, unclean places, especially in warm climates. plastered on the inside. The outside of the vault was ex- posed to light and air on all four sides. Across the long side of the vault, in the rear, was a door swinging upward, through which the night soil was removed about twice each year, usually in the spring and fall, and hauled to a near-by field, where it was deposited in a furrow just ahead of the plow. Through this door it was easy to clean out the vault or to sprinkle loose, dry loam or wood ashes over fresh ex- creta without carrying dirt and dust into the house or caus- ing dust to settle upon the seat. Tt is an interesting fact that this closet was situated only about 30 feet from a dug well with a dry rubble hning. For almost 100 years both closet and well were in daily use, but as far as the senses could determine, the high quality of the well water never deteriorated. No member of the household ever suffered from an intestinal disease, nor did any visitor, so far as is known, ever contract such disease at this home. Although there were practically no renewals or repairs dur- ing this long period, when last seen the original seat, which always was kept painted, showed no signs of decay. This example serves to shown that a reasonably well planned util- ity, if properly cared for, will prove a sound investment. Modern methods would call for a concrete vault of guaran- teed water-tightness, proper ventilation and screening, and hinging the seat. Otherwise, the method of construction need not be changed materially. CHEMICAL CLOSET. The second type of sanitary privy, in which the excretions are received directly into a water-tight receptacle containing liquid chemical disinfectant, is meeting with considerable favor upon farms and in country schools and railroad stations. Such privies are known by various trade names. One is a chemical tank closet in which the container or receptacle is large and irremovable. A simple type of chemical closet is shown in figure 30, with the essential features indicated in the notations. These closets, with vent pipe and appurtenances ready for setting up, retail for from $18.50 upward. Com- Sewage Disposal on the Farm. 357 mercial disinfectants cost from $1.50 to $2 per gallon. Such closets are compact, simple, of good appearance, and easy to install or move. But their efficiency depends largely on the manner of installation and handling. To insure complete NOTATION. A Narertiglt sheet 171fal COMA 8 -Cobinet, 7e7%d/ Or wood. C - Sear 17179, Wui771il7? Of WOOP. O-P a fF" vertiotig pyoe EXT V8 above roo aro Cujrney (le. L£-4 078 SGM Gel Hes. Fie. 30.—Chemical closet. sterilization, the chemical must be strongly disinfectant and must permeate every particle of the waste matter. Strong draft through the vent pipe and prevention of low temper- atures in the container also are very essential. 358 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. LIQUEFYING CLOSET. r The third type of sanitary privy, known as the liquefying or septic closet, makes use of bacterial action as an aid to disposal. The excretions are deposited in a tight receptacle LIF SUGGESTED ARRANGEMENT \< OF 0 LATIICED SCREEN AND CLOSET. CROSS SECTION OF DISTHYBUTION ae MA 4-4 inch Fbranch with connections (or ran conductors from close? 4 -4inch sewer loid with good grade a7 warerligtt_jOlus 19-Iwo bricks of each yoirt or 2 strips of Furring. N-4 inch subsurtace Aistribution pipe, vitrified or tard burned orain te orsewer pipe, lad with Good rade and clase joints, trench lie 23 reer in epi 0 -Sinpe of farred paper or burlap Finches wide and & taches /ong. A-LExcavaton about 3 feet in diamerer: P-Screened gravel, crushed some, LfOKEN Lt 1h, Sag, @-Liquetying rank two 2 or 3 foot lengues coke, or cinders; tap oF ale: Hap ate § below Of 24 (ach sewer pipe. . Plowing deplh and land prererably KEL? 7? GlOSS. C-Wre or oakum gasket Apped i) Portland Q-Swing doar hinged F eet above Ground. cement grout _ Facilitate Cheoriing CEE, Kzlth FOI (EGF 0O-4iller of Portland cement morter - Seat hinged ro swing door and supported by € -Concrefe foundation and watertight seat ced? of each end Ff -Puddled clay retilt S -Cover hinged fo sear CG -Worer surface. 7 -Hook ond eye 11 -Submerged outlet, Finch sewerppe elbows =U -Iwo # inch iron rods 5p0ced 6 1mches O7 CEMAG 4-4 12C/) CLOSS. to prevent acoder lo stn! Ailarera ~ JS -4 ach cast fron ipspection hole and ar V-4inch Ly Finch screened vent ue talet with perforated plug secured in the bell W- Screeried QDemngs Fic. 31.—Outdoor liquefying closet. Tank is two lengths of sewer pipe con- nected in water-tight manner, and effluent is allowed to dribble in porous top soil or beds of coarse material. Back of house and seat may be swung up out of the way when removing solids from bottom of tank. containing water, where fermentation and decomposition re- duce a large part of the organic solids to liquid and gaseous forms. In the process of liquefaction much of the liquid Sewage Disposal on the Farm. 359 evaporates and the gases diffuse so that the volume of sew- age is reduced materially. More or less insoluble and un- digested residue, known as sludge, gradually accumulates at the bottom of the receptacle, which, from time to time, must be cleaned out. But handling the partially clarified liquid and the sludge involves much less labor than would be needed to handle the fresh sewage. Liquefying closets were used in Baltimore and other eastern cities for many years and gave fair satisfaction. The receptacle sometimes was a tight brick vault, but more frequently a large barrel or hogshead with one end nearly flush with the ground. Over this was mounted the seat, sometimes with iron bars benéath to prevent accident to small children, and the whole inclosed by a small frame house. The tank usually was bailed or pumped out two or three times a year. Upon farms where there is abundant space and when slope, soil, and drainage conditions are favorable, the effluent from liquefying closets may be distributed and aerated by means of drain tile laid in top soil or in shallow beds filled with cinders, coke, gravel, or stone. This distributing tile, although receiving liquid which may appear light colored and inoffensive but still is sewage, never should be laid in the vicinity of a well or spring. Figure 31 shows a simple one-chamber liquefying closet with shallow distribution in a stone-filled trench. OBJECTIONS TO PRIVIES. All the methods of sewage disposal heretofore described are open to the following objections: (1) They do not care for kitchen slops and the liquid wastes inci- dent to a pressure water system. These, even if not as dangerous to health as human excreta, may create serious nuisance. (2) They retain filth for a long period of time. Hence the liability of offensive odors. (3) They require, for really satisfactory results, more personal attention and care than people generally are willing to give to such matters. By far the most satisfactory method yet devised of caring for sewage calls for a supply of water under pressure and the flushing away of the wastes as soon as created through 360 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. a water-tight sewer to an appropriate location, there to un- dergo treatment. The importance of these two prime utili- ties, namely, a supply of water under pressure and an adequate system of caring for sewage, can not be impressed too strongly upon every farmer who desires to promote the health and comfort of his household. CESSPOOLS. Where farms have running water, an open or leaching cesspool is the most common method of disposing of the sew- age. Ordinarily, cesspools are circular excavations in the ground, lined or walled with stone or brick laid without mortar. They vary from 5 to 10 feet in diameter and from 7 to 12 feet in depth. Sometimes the top is arched like a jug and is capped at the ground surface by a cover of wood or iron. At other times the walls are carried straight up, boards or planks laid across in lieu of a cover, and the entire structure hidden by means of a hedge or shrubbery. Soil and drainage conditions vary so much that it is im- possible to standardize cesspool dimensions. Eighty cubic feet may be taken as a minimum capacity. In certain arid sections, where porous material and the water table are deep, cesspools 4 feet in diameter have been dug from 20 to 60 feet in depth. Contract costs of these deep cesspools, includ- ing stone for lining, run about $1.75 per vertical foot. Cesspools of the kinds above described are open to these serious objections: (1) Unless located in porous, well-drained soil, stagnation is likely to occur, and failure of the liquid to seep away may result in over- flow on the surface of the ground and the creation of a nuisance and a menace. (2) They retain a mass of filth in a decomposing condition deep in the ground, where it is but slightly affected by the bacteria and air of the soil. The seepage in its movement through the ground may be strained, but there can be no assurance that the foul liquid, with little or no improvement in its condition, may not pass into the ground water and thus pollute wells and springs situated long distances away in the direction of underground flow. For the purpose of avoiding soil and ground-water pollu- tion, cesspools have been made water-tight like some types of tight-receptacle privy. Upon the farm, however, there is little to recommend them, for the reason that facilities Sewage Disposal on the Farm. 361 for removing and disposing of the contents in a clean man- ner are lacking usually. Despite the objections stated above, there may be isolated. farm homes so situated that some soil pollution may be permissible. In certain instances sew- age may be taken in a water-tight sewer to a leaching cess- pool, provided that it is located far below buildings and well, and likewise remote from neighbors’ dwellings and water supplies. Figure 32 shows a septic cesspool, which combines the prin- ciples of the lquefying closet and the leaching cesspool. With this type the solids are retained for liquefaction in the central chamber, while the partially clarified effluent escapes through the coarse, filtering medium into the subsoil. Tests of the soil water adjacent to cesspools of this type show that little reliance should be placed upon its capabilities of purifying sewage. However, since grease and other solids do not readily get into and clog the pores of the adjacent ground, this cesspool, under average soil conditions, is likely to remain free-seeping and unchoked. Still better results may be had if, instead of allowing the effluent to escape deep in the ground, it is given shallow subsurface distribution, as illustrated in figure 31. In this way not only is the area of percolation extended, but aeration and partial purification of the sewage are obtained. PLUMBING. Figure 32 also shows an effective, yet inexpensive, arrange- ment of soil and waste pipes for a two-story farmhouse, to- gether with the connecting house sewer and the rain-water leader. Rain or other clean water conductors should be dis- connected from sewers and should discharge into dry wells or a watercourse. The house sewer is 4-inch cast-iron soil pipe laid with a minimum fall of 2 feet per 100 feet and with the joints leaded and calked. Close to the cesspool an air inlet and inspection hole is provided. A 4-inch tee is turned upward and a 4-inch cast-iron riser inserted, while a 4-inch perforated plug closes the bell end of the riser. No running trap is placed on the house sewer, thus allowing free movement of air throughout the sewer and soil stack. The fixtures are located reasonably close to the soil stack, 362 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. the waste pipes are ample and are fitted with drum or other nonsiphoning traps, and back vents are omitted, as experi- VOTATION Al- Watertight seote charter 2bou) 9 feet Aagmerer, 10 feet deep B-An 8 inch layer Flach stone C -Anl8inch layer Finch sfone O-An (8 tach layer Cinch stone. Ya) - An (8 inch layer / ch store -Loeyer of # inch stone - Covering of boards, bags or straw fa re6p ad refill 4 -Larth refill 1-¢iach castiron submeged ef J - Finch castuon submerged outlep A - Finch castiran Of ile? CAT IASPCCHON (AHO L -.FuICh CASI 1r0On VET Pes PI Plovw lage N- 4 iney drain ple distributor C= 2 foot tight cast on manhole cover ind frame P-Fuinch cast iron house sere rurimurm Fall 2 feet pervoo faeh g - Finch cast ron sa stack, well (lashed at roof -Flach by 21nch cOst Or SOMIAY Tee 2 - Finch by Fiche Cast on) SAPIRALy 1ee (Zh Yv On -13 inch laundry waste wilh cum or 700- sippon trap = WZ. Wich SUK WASTE WIL 10/7-SipHOn 1uI0 a [Binch both fab wasle with) drum ap W-/2 inch lavatory was%e with 207- siprop trap 2 X > F iach lead bend with brass Fear ange fer closer wastes ¥ -4 inch cast “on feader for rain water Conductor 2-9inch sewer pipe or hard birned Fran tle, todry walt NOTE Plumbing tecator suitable for Ad welling 1a 2 CW OUSE PEF may be readily COrecled if? walls arid 10ors SEPTIC CES SPOOL iti E Wo7vE Exrerna/ qoeniags of pipes H&L robe oO Protected Ly Porches Plore, SECUTeED in place with cement morlat, Of Ofer OM echive (CIns- AG HF] HHH a a rare Fic. 32.—House waste pipes and septic cesspool. A cesspool should be em- ployed only when it can be located far below and far away from any well or other source of domestic water supply. ments indicate that the danger of transmission of disease from sewer air is slight. ‘ Sewage Disposal on the Farm. 363 SEPTIC TANK. There is much evidence to show that a tight, well-built, underground septic tank, so called, with shallow distribution of the effluent in porous soil, generally is the safest and least troublesome method of treating sewage upon the farm, while at the same time more or less of the irrigating and manurial value of the sewage is realized. The antecedents of the septic tank were known in Europe more than 50 years ago. Between 1876 and 1893 a number of closed tanks with submerged inlet and outlet, and all em- bodying the principle of storage of sewage and liquefaction of the solids, were built in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Mary- land, and Canada. In the past 20 years great advance has been made, and many plants, large and small, have been built. Much remains to be learned, but it is now certain that many of the early claims for the septic process were ex- travagant. There is nothing magical about a septic tank, and citizens should not trust implicitly in the name. In greater or less degree the changes described under the cap- tion “ How Sewage Decomposes,” and referred to in con- nection with liquefying closets and cesspools, take place in septic tanks. The liquid escaping from a septic tank is assuredly not “spring water,” nor is it harmless. It may contain, since the process involves intensive growths, even more bacteria than the raw sewage. As to the effects upon the growth and virulence of disease germs, little is known definitely. If disease germs be present, many of their num- ber, along with other bacteria, may pass through with the flow or may be enmeshed in the settling solids and there survive a long time. Hence, so far as the danger of trans- mitting disease is concerned, septic sewage is not improved materially over crude sewage, and the farmer should safe- guard wells and springs from the seepage or the discharges from a septic tank with no less certainty than from that of liquefying closets and cesspools. In all sewage tanks a considerable portion of the solid matter, especially if the sewage contains much grease, floats on the liquid as a scum, the heavier solids settle to form sludge, while other finely divided solids and matter in a state of emulsion neither float nor subside. If the sludge is 364 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. held in the bottom of the tank to be converted into liquids and gases, virtually to rot, the tank is called a septic tank and the process is known as septicization. Just how far this process may be carried to obtain the maximum sanitary benefit with the least nuisance and cost is still open to ques- tion. As previously stated, septic sewage implies offensive putrefaction. Not only is this objectionable as to odors, but numerous examples indicate that sewage reduced to the sep- - tic condition, or even highly staled, is less effectively puri- fied, whether subjected to artificial filtration or to the natu- ral filtration of the soil, than is moderately stale sewage. Aeration of a septic effluent seems to aid in its purification, _ but aeration lowers the temperature of the sewage and may result in the spread of objectionable odors or disease. From what has preceded it is seen that the septic tank is not a complete method of sewage treatment. With the gen- eral run of small septic tanks, it probably is close to the facts to say that of all the solid matter in the crude sewage one- third is reduced to liquids and gas, one-third remains in the tank and one-third escapes with the effluent. Every septic tank installation is a problem by itself. As a suit is fashioned to the size and needs of an individual, so should the design of a septic tank and the after disposition of the effluent be decided upon, with full consideration for the size of the family, the amount of water used, the loca- tion of property lines, buildings, wells, and drainage outlets, the slope of the land, and the character of the soil and sub- soil. The designer, builder, or user of small septic tanks should bear in mind the following practical suggestions: (1) The location should be reasonably distant from the dwelling and several hundred feet from a well or spring. (2) The tank should be absolutely water-tight. Excellent results come from the use of concrete mixed in the propor- tions 1:2:4. Effective methods of waterproofing are de- scribed in United States Department of Agriculture Bulle- tin No. 230, entitled “ Oil-Mixed Portland Cement Concrete.” (3) The tank should be 1 to 2 feet underground to secure uniformity of temperature and warmth in winter. In order to secure fall where slopes are flat, both tank and house sewer may be raised and embanked with earth. Sewage Disposal on the Farm. 365 (4) The tank should be covered tightly for the ‘reason stated in (3), and also to guard against the spread of odors, the transmission of disease germs by flies, and accidents to children. (5) Rain-water leaders and all surface or ground-water drains should be disconnected from sewerage systems. (6) A plant for all-year-round use, whether discharging the effluent upon or beneath the ground surface or into an artificial filter, should have two chambers—one to secure settlement and septicization of the solids, and the other to secure periodic discharge of the effluent by the use of an automatic sewage siphon having no moving mechanical parts. The first chamber is known as the settling chamber, the second as the dosing, or siphon, chamber. (7) The settling chamber should have a capacity below the flow line of about 24 hours’ flow of sewage. Since sludge and scum accummulations soon replace the available liquid capacity, the calculated depth should be increased 25 per cent. Depth appears to be a more important dimension than either length or width. Widths may run from 2 to 4 feet inside. Length and depth may be equal and run from ® to 7 feet inside. With liberal usage of a good, potable water under pressure, it is advisable to estimate on a basis of 40 gallons per capita for 24 hours. The inlet and outlet should be submerged about 2 feet below the surface of the liquid in the tank, though, with very little grease in the sewage, shallower submergence is permissible. Current breakers and baffle walls check velocities, diffuse the flow, and mitigate the evils of stagnation in the liquid and roiling of _the sludge. (8) The dosing chamber generally should have a dosing capacity equal to the flow of sewage for at least 8 hours. A longer dosing interval is preferable in close soils. (9) The area for treatment of the clarified liquid should have moderate slope and deep and thorough drainage, and sunlight and air should have free access. Preferably, the soil should be sandy, gravelly, or loamy, but an impervious clay soil may be opened up and aerated by deep subsoiling, the use of dynamite, underdrainage, or the construction of trenches or beds filled with gravel, cinders, or stone. The distribution area preferably should be kept in grass, because 366 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. this is a safe crop and its water requirement is high. If properly handled, effluent discharged upon the surface may be well purified eventually, but in the vicinity of dwellings there may be annoyance from odors, and there is also the liability of the spread of disease germs through flies and other agencies. Surface discharge never should be nearer a dwelling or well than 300 feet, and there should be a prop- erly spaced outlet for each 30 gallons of siphon dose. Of the various methods of disposing of the liquid effluent, the subsurface discharge is preferable. Distribution should be through lines or runs composed of vitrified or hard- burned drain tile or second-quality sewer pipe. Four-inch size is preferred for this purpose, although 3 or 5 inch pipe may be used. The tile should be laid in runs of 60 feet or less in length, and in trenches 10 to 18 inches deep. To pre- vent flooding at the lower ends the tile should be laid upon very flat grades and short runs should be level. The tile should be laid with slightly open joints in an earthenware gutter or along a continuous track composed of two strips of furring or two bricks placed lengthwise at the low side of the pipe at each joint. The top and sides of the joint should be covered with earthenware caps or encircled with narrow strips of tarred paper or burlap to exclude dirt. The more coarse material, such as broken stone or brick, gravel, slag, coke, or cinders, placed beneath, on the sides, and immedi- ately over the tile, the better will be the drainage and aera- tion. It is advantageous also to have the ends of the runs turn up and be vented above the surface of the ground. Suf- ficient tile should be used so that the capacity of the system will about equal the siphon discharge. In sizable installa- tion it is preferable to have the distribution tile in two units with a switch between, so that one field may rest and become aerated while the other is in use. Where this is done it is well to alternate the switch weekly or oftener if the beds show signs of flooding. Frost usually gives little trouble in subsurface distribution, but in exposed areas where the win- ters are severe the tile may be laid slightly deeper or the ground may be covered with hay, straw, or leaves weighted down. (10) Open, artificial filters of sand, coke, or stone usually have proved disappointing upon the farm. If properly de- Sewage Disposal on the Farm. 367 signed and operated, however, they are capable of splendid results. Usually they are neglected or the sewage is im- properly applied, with the result that sand filters clog and the coarse-grained filters pass what is practically raw sew- age. Moreover, there is likely to be annoyance from odors, and there is always the possibility of disease germs being carried by flies where sewage or sludge is exposed. - (11) If a septic tank is for use a part of the year only, as at a summer home, the siphon and siphon chamber may be omitted and the effluent may be allowed to dribble away through subsurface tile, as already explained. In such cases the joints should be very close; in fact, the tile may best be butted if good distribution is to be obtained. (12) The siphon also may be omitted if the discharge is made into a running stream, but sewage never should be turned into any watercourse if any proper method of dis- posal is possible. Such practice endangers water supplies down the stream, and unless the velocity of the stream is good and its average flow at least forty times the volume of sewage discharged, serious nuisance may be created in the vicinity. (13) There is nothing better for a house sewer, especially where the vicinity of a well must be passed, than cast-iron soil pipe with leaded, calked joints. This construction gives a permanently water-tight and root-proof sewer. Upon the farm, however, it is customary to use vitrified clay or shale pipe, and where this is used, 5-inch pipe, because of its straightness and smoothness and its lesser lability to ob- struction, is preferred to the 4-inch size. In no case should the inside diameter of a sewer be less than 4 inches. The joints of a vitrified-pipe sewer may be closed with a strand of grouted oakum and good cement mortar, but as cemented joints usually are made up they leak sewage and may not keep out rootlets which by their growth frequently cause obstruction to the flow. Much better results are obtained where the joints are poured with molten sulphur and very fine sand or some flexible jointing compound. Whatever the size of the pipe and the method of closing the joints, the trouble from stoppages will be very much less if the sewer is made absolutely straight both for line and grade and the interior of the joints left clean and smooth. 368 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. (14) No chemicals should be used in a septic tank, ex- cept that occasionally, after cleaning out a tank, a deodorant may be used as necessary. (15) Some attention must be given to every plant to insure success. Unusual or excessive foulness should be investigated. Garbage, rags, newspaper, and other solids not readily soluble in water should be kept out of sewers and sewage tanks. Figure 33 shows, in plan and elevation, the general features of a simple septic tank installed for a small village home STHLET NOTATIONS. A-S" Cast iran sewer _yoits feaded and calked 6-24 wier ard ingeection bore. 3B - Serre rark-and aosi1g Chatriber- 4 -fPreperyy lire. OC - FVNTYIOd SCWE HOE, JHMS COMNTCT CG-We// O- Distrburon area F Vn Yied Ara? Whe WMS GOR? 41 - Grave vite WANS. end aagped a seco Gualily bE BRA GAGA SWE pipe. Fic. 33.—Septic-tank installation for private house. Below: General plan of premises and distribution area. Above: Profile of sewer and tank. Note that house sewer past well is cast-iron pipe with leaded and calked joints. for five or six persons. The disposal area should be farther from the well, but the location is fixed by the limits of the lot. Figure 34 shows the details of the tank. This plant was built complete in Maryland for $102.85. The cost was dis- tributed as follows: Wxcavation’ =o. ee eee ee eee $7. 50 Materials and supplies, delivered________________ 46. 60 Siphon.) including freighti.2 eee 15. 75 Construction, Jabot 22s =e ea Ne eee 28. 00 SUDeCrvisiGN fe oe es eee 5. 00 369 Sewage Disposal on the Farm. "GS'ZOT$ UOT} eI[eISUT JO 4800 [B}JOJ, ‘suosaod xIS 10 oAg oJ RpPOMMIOIB 0} (EE “SY OS[TB oasS) Yue d1ydas Jo sti JENUE IO BUYS p> Duo 2 LLOLLEOY >. LY PLIOYIET 20 hosel Ui 428 S207 jy YOY LOUBSICH U0 {UZ MOLINO D,L=/V LAY LOUTLYU SIP Of JAMS, po COYTDS 2OOMAG, { t ! ' ' ! 4 { I I | 1 I | ' ' ! ' ' ' ' Nee is ApS ea ee Ae SS ee Trt nen GYS HAOUOO LRAOLAS-SY GYS YAwoo {yb SOYL2NF f{UBLIND YOY LOY2TCU PUO YL) Mb, 0 -F DSO Wtf MAMAS, G LYLIO PHUOAUGNS “SWOLLLLOV 4 » ~ YBK 1916— 54159° 370 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Figures 35 and 36 show the details of-the general layout of a more elaborate septic-tank installation for a rural home housing 18 to 20 people. CONCLUSION. It has been the purpose of this paper to present the essen- tial features of a number of sanitary utilities adapted to widely differing rural needs and conditions, and also to familiarize the reader with the fundamentals and the vital C-S i707 sewer IFAT? FOWS?. AW-4 tach sludge Crscharge [U7TET 0-Lortie wal// with gare yalve, USCT only whee 6-flow le. Conrour of lard perrirs oer af F-lsmage lire SUuTaCe. [4 S1WAGE ASESIAGEO WS G- Sut7eGed OUR 20f tipstalled Botton OF 1ath 7p 4-4 inch sewage Siar, be nearly (ar and sal tl LAT /- 2078 gare valve and weste pyre P O? COVEY P Y-F ic? CL OveTOW AU) LYOOS8 SEP 17 OSAWY AE CPT O PHMHAURE FO? A Les? gale 2ax. Oncere. / Cent, Psa, FAC A GYUM. Fic. 35.—Details of septic tank (see also fig. 86) equipped with siphon to dis- charge sewage about twice a day to distribution area, and with sludge discharge pipe from bottom of tank to facilitate cleaning. Tank accommo- dates 18 to 20 people. importance of sewage treatment. Each installation, no mat- ter how small, should be based upon the best possible in- formation and understanding, and calls for the exercise of considerable judgment to subserve the ends of health, clean- liness, convenience, permanence, and economy. Of these several factors the sanitary features unquestionably are of first importance, but every installation should be as con- venient and as permanent as can be afforded. There is general belief that the benefits of good plumbing and sewer systems cost little in the city, but are almost pro- Sewage Disposal on the Farm. 371 hibitive in the country. That this belief is erroneous is . shown clearly by a study of data upon the cost of sewerage systems in various cities, sewer assessments, and compara- tive values of city and farm properties. For illustration, the city of Newton, Mass., and the State of Iowa afford an inter- esting comparison. Newton is a well-ordered and highly improved residential city, and about 80 per cent of its popu- lation is served by a modern system of separate sewers. _ About one-third of the cost of this system is assessed on the lands abutting and about two-thirds borne by the issuance of bonds which are retired ultimately from the general tax levy. Iowa is a leading agricultural State and 95 per cent of its area is farm land. In the accompanying table the population of Newton is for the year 1905, while the valua- tion and sewer statistics include the year 1907. The statistics for Iowa are from the 1910 census and exclude all cities. Population, valuation of private property, and sewer data, Newton, Mass., and farms of Iowa. Newey, Iowa farms. Op tlOM ees soe Sete soc aes das oeesiocce scphcwissocg ees asic oat 36, 827 1,544,717 Einaesarietiin Ge ln) of) Bnoge — ae cSOOCO Cet Or Sore ee roneOseScnt 6,525 217,044 Valuation: TNO CE es Pe ee STS IOS RCN ict ea eat a $67, 743, 335 |$3, 745, 860, 544 ECRCA tees eee aac reenact tees i as TT TLE ’ os I Ad 1554 frAva ee 2 hes / y} : x -~ ; ; z F ‘ y . « ame ‘ . . ‘ . ‘ i n - . ‘ q r THE STABLE-MANURE BUSINESS OF BIG CITIES. By C. C. FLETCHER, Scientist, Investigation of Fertilizer Resources, Bureau of Soils. ROM New York City alone more than half a million tons of stable manure are shipped to truckers and farmers each year. If for the tonnage of New York City the values of 0.5 per cent nitrogen, 0.25 per cent phosphoric acid, and 0.5 per cent potash be given, there will be avail- able from the stables of this one city 2,500 tons of nitro- gen, 1,250 tons of phosphoric acid, and 2,500 tons of potash. Translating this into other terms, the nitrogen is equal to approximately 16,000 tons of nitrate of soda, the phosphoric acid to 8,000 tons of acid phosphate, and the potash to 5,000 tons of sulphate of potash. In all the big cities of the East the collecting and shipping of stable manure is now an established business, conducted by well-organized companies, with agents in smaller places who retail to the consumer. The aggregate tonnage reaches a very large figure. Much of this business represents a clear saving, because at times quantities of manure have been thrown away, not being considered of sufficient value to justify the payment of freight charges. Now, however, stable manure is a recognized article of commerce and brings prices rang- ing from $1 a ton or less to as much as $3, with freight charges added. . To the trucker especially the business is a benefit, as it enables him to obtain at a reasonable price a fertilizer which is of great value in the production of his crops. SHIPMENT. Although a great part of the manure from cities and towns is used on the truck farms in their immediate vicin- ity, yet from New York City some of it is shipped by rail to points in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania and by boat to the Norfolk trucking region. Occasional] ship- ments have been sent even to Maine and Florida. 375 376 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. In many instances the zones of shipment overlap. Thus New York manure is used in tHe Philadelphia suburbs, and there is a region between New York and Boston where manure is used from both cities. In the trucking region between Baltimore and Washington manure is shipped from both cities, although Baltimore has more of the trade. In Norfolk dealers collect manure on their own account, act as agents for New York concerns, and, in addition, buy manure from stockyards, especially the Richmond stockyards. As proper disposal of the manure produced in city stables is a sanitary necessity, it must be collected regularly and frequently—practically every day. Many towns, also, par- ticularly in New England, where at times carloads of ma- nure have been left standing on sidings in the main streets, have adopted regulations to govern the handling of such material. In all cities some of the manure is taken directly from the stable to the farm, under private arrangements, in vehicles of all sorts, from one-horse carts to 5-ton trucks, two-horse wagons predominating. For hauls of more than 20 miles, where the roads are good, trucks are of especial service. Many interurban electric roads now are shipping manure. The manure companies, however, usually ship either by rail- road or by boat. The railroad cars used hold from 20 to 50 tons each, averaging about 30 tons. On inland waterways and in protected waters, such as Long Island Sound, open barges are satisfactory, but in open water, as in the haul from New York to Norfolk, the manure is stored beneath the deck. Open barges usually carry from 200 to 500 tons and closed barges as much as 1,200 tons. GRADING. Manure companies sometimes divide the fresh manure into two grades, depending on the amount of bedding mate- rial included. The standard bedding is straw, but shavings, sawdust, peat moss, and peanut hulls are used sometimes. Straw is better fertilizer material than the other kinds of bedding, except perhaps peat moss, and manure containing straw brings higher prices than where other materials are used. The poorer stables often furnish the best manure, because of greater economy in the use of bedding, and be- PLATE LXXI. ure, 1916. + ie Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agricul “Suryjor opeyTTowy 07 soptd oy} uodn youd sSuryorey oy} Un} sdund uive}g “etIT ello 4B 90S 0q Avur Su0} 00009 WET} O1OFT *AaSYuap MAN NI LNIOd 3NVHOLS V LY ALI HYOA MAN WOHS SENNVIA ONIGVOINN SANVYD WV3LS The Stable- Manure Business of Big Cities. 377 cause of the drying and re-use of the straw, which increases the amount of urine absorbed by it. In some of the best private stables so much straw is used that the manure is valued chiefly as mulching material. STORING AND TREATING. In the summer, when farmers are too busy to haul manure and the prices are low, many manure companies store their supply at points convenient to shipping facilities, but away from centers of population, and sell it later as rotted manure. One large New York company has a storage plant and pri- vate railroad yard near Monmouth Junction, N. J., where immense stacks of manure are accumulated in the slack sea- son. More than 60,000 tons are reported on hand at one time. It is handled by steam cranes. Rotting of the stored manure is facilitated by pumping the leachings back upon the piles by means of a steam pump. Part of the manure is dried, ground, and bagged in an up-to-date manufactur- ing plant and is sold as pulverized stock manure, competing on the market with ordinary mixed commercial fertilizer. This is a more concentrated product than the bulky fresh manure and may be used economically by farmers at greater distances. QUALITY. Manure will deteriorate if not properly handled unless preservatives are added, but its low value does not warrant much expenditure for preservation. The addition of acid phosphate, for example, increases the fertilizing value of the manure and lessens the loss of nitrogen, but buyers usually are not willing to pay for the increased value. Add- ing water in proper quantities also will prevent loss through fermentation, but this may lead to abuses, as the product is sold by weight. Few products have a value low enough for profitable use in adulterating manure, and although the writer has seen tannery waste, street sweepings, and sawdust used for the purpose, the practice is probably not common. New York City manure has an especially good reputation in this respect, as the street sweepings are collected separately and disposed of by the city. Where possible, however, it is advisable for the farmer himself to see his cars or barges loaded. 378 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Street sweepings, though considered an adulterant when sold with manure, often can be obtained cheaply enough to justify their purchase. They are valuable principally for the manure they contain, but are extremely variable. When taken from highways over which there is much automobile traffic they may contain sufficient mineral oil to render their agricultural use dangerous. SUPPLY. The supply of manure is dependent upon the number of horses in use in cities. In some cases the number is de- creasing, though the decrease appears to be slow, and in some cities horses have increased. Opinions differ greatly as to the permanence of the city manure supply, but for some time at least it probably will be an important source of fertility for the trucking districts. As it is safe to count 5 tons of manure per horse per year, the possible quantity of manure from a city may be calculated roughly if the number of horses is known. BENEFITS. ‘Ordinarily it is not advisable for the general farmer to buy manure from the city if he can produce it on his farm, as his crops, owing to their lower acreage value, will not stand as high an outlay for fertilizers as will the truck crops. The railroads usually make so low a rate on manure that there is probably little direct profit in handling it. The in- crease in crops following its use, however, makes more ton- nage of crops to be moved and also a more prosperous agri- cultural community with more buying power. As to truck- ers, there seems to be little doubt that those who are using large amounts of manure are the ones who are usually suc- cessful. While manure can be bought ordinarily at from $1 per ton or less to around $3 f. 0. b., it has been known in special instances to return a profit when costing $5 spread on the truck field or in the cold frame. The question is often asked as to whether it is advisable to use stable manure or commercial fertilizer. In most cases it is better to use both, but in case of doubt stable manure should be used, as it adds to the soil not only potash, nitrogen, and phosphoric acid, but also beneficial bacteria and humus. In The Stable- Manure Business of Big Cities. 379 cases where manure can be obtained at a reasonable price, it should find a use on a great number of farms. In estimating its agricultural value a number of factors must be consid- ered. The chemical constituents in it may be worth only a given amount, but the effect of the manure in improving the texture of the soil often may amount to a great deal more than the value of the chemicals it contains. Also, it must be remembered that the results are more lasting than is the case with most of the other soil amendments. At the present time the cost of manure in general is below its agri- cultural value. In fact, one of the reasons for the increased cost of stable manure is a greater general appreciation of this fact. Land near a big city sometimes may be bought cheaply and built up by the generous use of stable manure. If good farming is practiced, there is a fair chance of success by this method. The author has seen land appreciate in value more than 300 per cent in 5 years by the use of city stable manure, while at the same time giving a consistent profit in crops grown. And if these profits are made by the use of manure purchased in the large city markets at upward of $1 per ton, how much greater profits are to be made by the use of similar material in many places where it may be obtained for the expense of hauling. Where sufficient manure is not obtainable, it is possible to mix the manure secured with several times its volume of peat or muck and thus secure a compost which has a value almost equal to that of manure itself. This is increased in value by the addition of acid phosphate. DESTROYING RODENT PESTS ON THE FARM. By Davi E. LANTz, Assistant Biologist, Bureau of Biological Survey. INTRODUCTORY. HE tiller of the soil has enemies on all sides, eager to take toll of his crops. Frost, drought, hail, wind, rust, and mold assail him unexpectedly, while a constant warfare against him is carried on by insects and other animal pests. Rodents are among the most persistent and aggressive of his animal enemies, and against them he is often more helpless even than against insect pests, because he has had less in- struction as to their habits and the means of fighting them. To assist him by giving short accounts of the more important rodents that injure farm, ranch, and orchard, together with brief practical directions for destroying the pests, is the purpose of this article. Unfortunately, it is impossible to separate animals into two great classes, putting into one the species that are in- jurious on the farm or elsewhere and into the other those that are beneficial. A species may be desirable in one situ- ation and objectionable in another or its useful and harmful activities may be so blended that it can not be placed in either class. Other species that do no actual damage to man’s interests may be without beneficial habits or economic value. While these statements are true of all classes of animals, they apply with special force to rodents, an order of mammals often regarded as wholly noxious. The rodents of North and Middle America include about 1,350 forms, that is, species and geographic races recognized by naturalists. These belong to 77 distinct groups called genera, 44 of which have representatives north of Mexico. These 44 groups include about 750 forms that inhabit the United States and Canada. Many of them live in deserts, mountains, and swamps and rarely come in contact with cul- tivated crops. These, therefore, can not be classed as injuri- ous; and, indeed, many of them are beneficial to the soil, as they stir it up and fit it for future agricultural uses. A few rodents feed largely upon insects and help to keep a check upon the hordes of grasshoppers and similar pests. Certain of the rodents, too, as the beaver and the muskrat, have 381 382 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. a decided economic value as fur bearers; while others, as the rabbits and the tree squirrels, afford sport in hunting and are useful as human food. The noxiousness of rodents depends, therefore, largely upon the locality in which they live and upon their relation to man and his interests. All are chiefly vegetarian in diet and by reason of their rapid reproduction are capable of becoming pests; but it is only when they are actively in- jurious that means of control are needed. The right of animals to live when they are harmless must always be conceded. Probably no term applied to animals has been so generally misused as the word “vermin.” Originally restricted to small creeping animals, wormlike in their movements, and especially to insects, the term has been broadened by English gamekeepers to include all enemies of ground game. Usage now sometimes applies the term to all animals that are sup- posed to be either harmful or useless. Writers on game pro- tection are often vehement in their condemnation of “ ver- min,” forgetting that what may be so considered by one person may from the standpoint of another be highly useful. The interests of the sportsman or gamekeeper often run counter to those of his farmer neighbor, and they frequently clash on such matters as rabbit protection and the enforce- ment of trespass laws. A better understanding of the habits of birds and mammals, especially of their food and the inter- relation of species that prey and are preyed upon, will greatly restrict the number of animals that may properly be called “vermin.” Under natural conditions few can rightly be so designated; but man has interfered with na- ture until he has disturbed its balance. He has introduced artificial conditions and so changed the environments of animals that some have prospered while others have been driven out. The species that have been most favored by man’s activities are, unfortunately, those that have been most harmful to his interests. As a result he must now make warfare upon foes that were once inoffensive. HARMFUL NATIVE RODENTS. Only four of the many forms of wild rodents found with- in the United States have been introduced; the others are Destroying Rodent Pests on the Farm. 383 indigenous to the country. Native rodents include among harmful kinds the short-tailed field mice, white-footed mice, cotton rats, kangaroo rats, pocket gophers, ground squirrels, prairie-dogs, woodchucks, and rabbits. A few others occa- sionally do slight damage to crops or other property. SHORT-TAILED FIELD MICE, Several groups, or genera, of short-tailed field mice occur in the United States and Canada, but only two of them have, by reason of their abundance in cultivated regions, become serious pests: These are commonly known as meadow mice * and pine mice.? Meadow mice are widely distributed, inhabiting most parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Their invasion and ravages of crops in France, Hungary, Greece, England, Scotland, and elsewhere are matters of history. In the United States we have many species, but, fortunately, have thus far had no widespread plagues of the animals like those that have oc- curred abroad. However, there have been many local out- breaks, notably that of 1907-8 in the Humboldt Valley, Ne- vada, where much of the alfalfa crop was utterly ruined. For- tunately, few of our species come in contact with farm oper- ations, but these few sometimes multiply enormously and inflict heavy damage by attacking and girdling fruit trees and by destroying other crops. Their presence is indicated by their many surface trails under dead grass, weeds, or other trash.. The animals usually avoid open spaces, where they are exposed to such enemies as hawks and owls, birds which make these mice the chief part of their diet. Depredations by meadow mice may be greatly lessened and serious outbreaks prevented by clean cultivation, the elimination of old fence rows, and the prompt burning of dead weeds and other trash. Pine mice, like moles, burrow underground, where their tunnels are similar in extent and intricacy to the surface runways of meadow mice; but as their natural habitat is the woods, they come less frequently in contact with farm crops. Their most serious depredations are in orchards, although they often do serious damage in lawns and plantations ad- Genus Microtus, 2Genus Pitymys. 384 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. joining woodlands by eating bulbs and gnawing the roots of shrubbery. In such situations they frequently also de- stroy potatoes, peanuts, and newly planted seeds of truck crops. Their concealed operations permit them to do much harm before their presence is suspected. For this reason, also, they are less often the victims of birds of prey. Ordinary mouse traps of the guillotine type, baited with rolled oats and set in runways of either meadow or pine mice, will free a small area of the animals; but for large areas or for operations against considerable numbers of these mice, poisons are recommended. ‘ For poisoning meadow mice on large areas the following methods are recommended : Dry-grain formula.—Mix thoroughly 1 ounce powdered strychnine (alkaloid), 1 ounce powdered bicarbonate of soda, and % ounce (or less) of saccharine. Put the mixture in a tin pepperbox and sift it gradually over 50 pounds of crushed wheat or 40 pounds of crushed oats in a metal tub, mixing the grain constantly so that the poison will be evenly distributed. Dry mixing has the advantage that the grain may be kept any length of time without fermentation. If it is desired to moisten the grain to facilitate thorough mixing, it will be well to use a thin starch paste (as described below, but without strychnine) before applying the poison. The starch soon hardens and fermentation is not likely to follow. If crushed oats or wheat can not be obtained, whole oats may be used, but they should be of good quality. As mice hull the oats before eating them it is desirable to have the poison penetrate the kernels. A very thin starch paste is recommended as a medium for applying poison to the grain. Prepare as follows: Wet-grain formula.—Dissolve 1 ounce of strychnine (sulphate) in 2 quarts of boiling water. Dissolve 2 tablespoonfuls of laundry starch in 4 pint of cold water. Add the starch to the strychnine solution and boil for a few minutes until the starch is clear. Pour the hot starch over 1 bushel of oats in a metal tub and stir thoroughly. Let the grain stand overnight to absorb the poison. The poisoned grain prepared by either of the above formu- las is to be distributed over the infested area, not more than a teaspoonful at a place, care being taken to put it in mouse runs and at the entrances of burrows. To avoid destroying birds it should whenever possible be placed under such shel- ters as piles of weeds, straw, brush, or other litter, or under boards. Small drain tiles 14 inches in diameter have some- Destroying Rodent Pests on the Farm. 385 times been used to advantage to hold poisoned grain, but old tin cans with the edges bent nearly together will serve the same purpose. : Chopped alfalfa hay poisoned with strychnine was suc- cessfully used to destroy meadow mice in Nevada during the serious outbreak of the animals in 1907-8. One ounce of strychnine (sulphate) dissolved in 2 gallons of hot water was found sufficient to poison 30 pounds of chopped alfalfa previously moistened with water. This bait, distributed in small quantities at a place, was very effective against the mice and did not endanger birds. For poisoning mice in small areas, as lawns, gardens, seed beds, vegetable pits, and the like, a convenient bait may be prepared from ordinary rolled oats, as follows: For small areas.—Dissolve 7s ounce of strychnine in 1 pint of boil- ing water and pour it over aS much oatmeal (about 2 pounds) as it will wet. Mix until all the grain is moistened. Put it out, a tea- spoonful at a place, under shelter of weed and brush piles or wide boards. 2 The poisoned oatmeal is adapted for killing either meadow or pine mice, but for the latter, sweet potatoes, prepared as follows, have proved even more effective: Potato formula.—Cut sweet potatoes into pieces about as large as good-sized grapes. Place in a metal pan or tub and wet with water. Drain off the water and with a tin pepperbox slowly sift over them powdered strychnine (alkaloid preferred), stirring constantly so that the poison is evenly distributed. An ounce of strychnine should poison a bushel of the cut bait. The bait, whether of grain or pieces of potato, may be dropped into the pine mouse tunnels through the natural openings or through holes made with pieces of broom handle or other stick. Bird life will not be endangered by these baits. WHITE-FOOTED MICE. White-footed mice, or deer mice, are of many species and are present in almost all parts of the country. They live in fields and woods, and while they feed on grain to some ex- tent they rarely are present on cultivated lands in sufficient numbers to do serious harm. Occasionally they invade greenhouses or hotbeds and destroy seeds or sprouting 1Genus Peromyscus. 54159°—ypsxk 1916 25 386 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. plants. In the seed beds of nurserymen and especially in those of the forester who tries to grow conifers they often do much injury. They are, in fact, the most serious pests known to the conifer nurseries of the Forest Service. In ordinary places white-footed mice may be readily poisoned by the methods recommended for meadow and pine mice. Unfortunately, the seed of the pine is the favorite food of those animals and where it is planted in abundance they refuse to take grain baits. Crushed pine seeds poisoned with strychnine by the “ wet-grain formula,” given above, has proved effective in such places. Preliminary poisoning of these mice on areas to be seeded to pine is highly recom- mended. For seed beds, poisoning on surrounding areas two or three times a year will usually prevent the approach of mice and give immunity to the planted seeds. COTTON RATS. In parts of the Southern States a large native mouse or rat, commonly known as the cotton rat,1 often becomes a field pest. Of some 28 known forms of this animal, 7 occur north of Mexico, in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Oklahoma, and southern Kansas and along the Gulf coast from Louisi- ana to Florida. Cotton rats damage growing crops to some extent, but are especially destructive to grain in shocks. In many of their habits they are similar to meadow mice and they multiply ~fully as fast. They chiefly inhabit weedy borders and areas covered with old grass, where they are sheltered from enemies. They do not often attack the bark of trees, but, being larger than meadow mice, they are capable of destroy- ing much more grain in a short time. They destroy melons and other truck crops and have been a serious pest to date growers in Arizona. Cotton rats are easily poisoned by the same methods recom- mended for destroying meadow mice. KANGAROO RATS. Fifty-nine known species and races of kangaroo rats, be- longing to three groups, inhabit North America, and 45 of them occur north of Mexico. Two groups? are widely dis- tributed in the West; they differ in anatomical characters, 1Genus Sigmodon, 2 Perodipus and Dipodomys. Destroying Rodent Pests on the Farm. 387 but are much alike in general appearance and habits. The third group? includes three species and one race of very small animals, all of which are rather restricted in range and of slight economic importance. Kangaroo rats are gen- tle, easily tamed, and make sprightly and interesting pets. They live mostly in deserts, sagebrush country, and sandy places and are harmless until pioneer agriculture is pushed into these regions. They feed to some extent on green vege- tation, but mainly on seeds. As they do not hibernate they lay up large stores of winter food in their burrows. They are gregarious, but being nocturnal in their activities they are seldom seen by day. In the sand-hill and sagebrush country of the West there is much complaint of destruction of pioneer crops by kanga- roo rats. The areas first cultivated are usually small, and the animals sometimes destroy an entire crop. Where corn is planted they take all the seed, securing not only tem- porary food, but storing in their caches large quantities for future use. They are destructive to other grains also and dig up newly planted melon and other seeds. Vegetable gardening is an impossibility where kangaroo rats are abun- dant. The choice is between making warfare on and de- stroying the animals or abandoning cultivation. Fortu- nately, they take poisoned grain readily and are easily trapped with baits of grain. The poison recommended for prairie-dogs is well adapted to destroy kangaroo rats. Trap- ping with guillotine traps, although successful, is usually too slow to be practicable. In some instances farmers in the sandhills of the West prevent depredations by kangaroo rats and succeed in grow- ing crops of corn by stirring the seed in hot water in which there has been mixed enough coal tar to coat the grain slightly. hn ‘ a x0 S TWO OF THE MANY TYPES OF SEED STALKS FOUND IN COMMERCIAL BEET-SEED FIELDS. PLATE LXXIX Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. Ss Yearbook U ‘G535S L35qg-YVONS ONILSSAYVH Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE LXXX. Fic. | —SUGAR-BEET SEED CUT AND SHOCKED. Fic. 2.-SUGAR-BEET SEED FIELD AFTER CUTTING AND THRASHING, SHOWING AMOUNT OF STOCK FEED LEFT IN THE FIELD. PLATE LXXXI , 1916 iculture Dept. of Agr Ss Yearbook U "NVDIHOIIAL NI NMOYS) GSS5S LAAG-YVONS IWIOYAWWOD AO dOYD LSYI4 AHL ONIHSVYHL batt Soe aE ante tg, serie OST Status of the Sugar-beet Seed Industry. 409 HARVESTING THE SEED. Under present conditions, the seed on a given plant does not all ripen at the same time. The opening of the flower buds extends over a long period, and naturally the flowers that open first form ripe seed in advance of the later flowers. If left too long before cutting, the early-maturing seed shat- ters, and if cut too early there is an appreciable loss due to immature seed. To avoid this condition, care must be exer- cised in cutting the seed at the proper time to produce the best results in yield and quality. The seed stalks upon which the seed is borne usually attain a height of 4 to 6 feet. These are cut with a sickle. In some cases the cut stalks are shocked, and sometimes they are placed on canvas to avoid the loss of the seed that falls; but if cut at the proper time and carefully handled the expense and labor in providing and using canvas are not warranted. When the seed is dry it is thrashed either by means of a specially con- structed thrasher, by rolling on a smooth floor, or with an ordinary grain thrasher, which is operated at reduced speed, with a proper adjustment of sieves. The seed is then cleaned, cured, and sacked ready for shipment or planting. A BY-PRODUCT. The stubble and roots that remain in the field after the _ geed is harvested furnish feed for sheep, hogs, and other live stock. Plans are now under way looking to the best utilization of this waste product of seed production. Heretofore these roots, which have greatly increased in size during the seed- ing period, have been plowed out and fed to sheep and hogs by turning the animals into the fields. In this way this by-product serves as a kind of fall pasture. If the animals are fed for market, they must be finished off with other feed before they are marketable. The rapidly increasing acreage of beet seed makes the proper utilization of these roots an important problem. The seed acreage in 1916 gave an esti- mated yield of not less than 24,000 tons of roots for feed. These roots contain from 6 to 10 per cent of sugar. They are much more woody than the first-year beets. Greater 410 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. difficulties will, therefore, be encountered in utilizing them, but the preliminary work already done would indicate that these difficulties are not insurmountable. It is possible that the present method of pasturing these roots in the field, as stated above, is the most profitable method, considering the small amount of labor and expense involved in plowing them out. On the other hand, it may be found advantageous to grind them and feed them fresh or dried, with or without molasses, or to utilize them as ensilage. CONCLUSIONS. The highest development of the beet-sugar industry in the United States depends upon the establishment of an American beet-seed industry capable of meeting the require- ments of the American sugar-beet grower and the beet-sugar producer. Our experience thus far indicates that American sugar- beet seed is usually superior in germination and capable of producing larger and better roots than the imported seed. Our soil and climatic conditions, extending over large areas, favor the production of sugar-beet seed in sufficient quantity to meet all future requirements. Well-defined strains of sugar beets of high yield and qual- ity are essential to the development of a satisfactory seed industry. Enough has been done to prove that by careful and painstaking work such strains can be produced. No intelligent study of cultural methods in the production of sugar beets or of problems involving a comparison of varieties can be made until uniform and fixed varieties with which to work are available. The production of strains having roots of uniform size and habit of growth and capable of yielding seed stalks uniform in habit of growth and maturity should make pos- sible improved cultural methods, especially in the planting of the roots and in the harvesting of the seed, that will reduce greatly the cost of production. After seed harvest the beet roots and stalks remain in the ground in a sound and palatable condition for live-stock feed. The present practice is to feed these roots in the field, utilizing them as pasture. THE THANKSGIVING TURKEY. By ANDREW S. WEIANT, Scientific Assistant, Animal Husbandry Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. EVOLUTION OF THE TURKEY. HEN America was first explored by white men, wild turkeys were found in large numbers from New Eng- land to Mexico. History shows also that turkeys had been raised in a domestic state by the Aztecs of Mexico at a still earlier period, and that they were introduced into Europe by white explorers and were there greatly prized asa table delicacy upon important festive occasions. Somewhat later, when the Pilgrim Fathers set aside a day to be known as Thanksgiving Day, wild turkeys were found with but little hunting, and, being of such high merit, nothing could be more natural than that these birds should find their way to the first Thanksgiving table. Since then the use of the turkey has become national and the turkey is the chief viand at Thanksgiving and Christmas festivities. : As the population of the country increased, the wild tur- key gradually disappeared, until now the domesticated and farm-raised turkey has, as a commercial factor, entirely sup- planted its wild ancestor. By finding the nests made by wild-turkey hens and taking the eggs home to be hatched out under chicken hens, the early settlers were able to raise their own supply of this Thanksgiving delicacy and to keer over a small flock of these wild-bred but domestic-raised turkeys from which to raise a larger flock the following year. Wild turkeys are still to be found in some of the more unsettled sections of their former range, particularly in the wooded and mountainous portions of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, and in the large swamps of the Gulf States. The nests of these birds are occasionally discovered and the eggs given to chicken or turkey hens to incubate. 411 ho 12 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. On hatching, the young poults show their wild blood by making for the brush as soon as they are strong enough to travel, and considerable difficulty is experrenced in pre- venting their return to the wild state of their parents. By judicious breeding, turkeys have been increased mark- edly in size since domestication. Wild turkeys of to-day average in weight about 12 pounds for young toms and 9 pounds for young hens, while the standard weight of domes- tic Bronze turkeys is 25 pounds for young toms, 16 pounds for young hens, 86 pounds for mature toms, and 20 pounds for mature hens. As a matter of fact, however, in sections where little or no attempt has been made to breed turkeys up to a high standard, the majority of them average but little more than their wild ancestors in weight. The demand for Thanksgiving and Christmas turkeys is large, and to fill this demand carloads of turkeys begin reaching the city markets shortly after the middle of Novem- ber and continue well through the month of December. Should there be a surplus at Thanksgiving, those unsold are placed in cold storage until Christmas, and of those that remain unsold after Christmas, some are placed on the market from time to time throughout the year, while a part may be held over for the following Thanksgiving. By this method the market is prevented from becoming flooded at any one time to such an extent as to ruin prices, cold storage being the medium by which dealers are enabled to place on the market only that number which can be sold at a fair profit. TURKEY RAISING AN ESTABLISHED SOURCE OF INCOME FOR THE FARM WIFE. Next to common fowls, turkeys are one of the most widely recognized sources of income for the American farm woman. However small a business turkey raising may be considered by the farmer during the spring and summer, it frequently hap- pens that the money obtained from the sale of turkeys plays an important part when the Christmas shopping comes around in December. On the average farm the expense of raising turkeys consists mostly of the time spent in caring for the sitting hens during the hatching season and in looking after | = The Thanksgiving Turkey. 413 the wants of the young poults for the first few weeks of their life; to which must be added the cost of the grain used in fattening the turkeys for market in the fall. Compared with the profit in feeding other live stock, turkeys have a marked advantage, not only because they pick up most of their food in the fields and meadows, but also because of the _ higher prices received when they are sold. As destroyers of - weed seeds, grasshoppers, and other injurious insects, tur- keys reign supreme. In many sections where grasshoppers abound farmers who have seen their crops destroyed time after time by these pests have turned their attention to turkey raising for the sole purpose of destroying them, and have not only succeeded in doing this but have made a handsome profit besides. As with all other farm products, the price which the pro- ducer receives for turkeys varies largely with his distance from a good market, whether the birds are in good market condition, and the discretion with which he chooses a mar- ket and the time for selling. During November and Decem- ber of 1915 the price per pound, live weight, received by the producer for turkeys averaged 21 cents in the State of New York, 154 cents in Georgia, 133 cents in Mississippi, 154 cents in Indiana, 144 cents in Missouri, 12 cents in Texas, 90 cents in California, and 17} cents in Washington. WHERE TURKEYS ARE RAISED. By far the greater number of turkeys are raised on grain and stock farms in the Middle West, which is not surpris- ing, since here they can be fed at very little cost and cared for with the least amount of trouble. As near as can be determined, about one-tenth of the total supply of turkeys comes from Texas and almost as many from Missouri, after which come Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, and Ohio. In New England, which formerly was famous for its well-fattened turkeys, production has decreased to small proportions, although its reputation still lives. In Texas, where there is an abundance of range suitable for turkeys, flocks of sev- eral hundred are quite common. Throughout the Middle West, however, the farms are smaller, and for this reason it ig rather unusual to see more than 50 or 75 turkeys on any one farm. 414 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. PRODUCTION OF TURKEYS IS DECREASING. That the number of turkeys in the United States is de- creasing is well shown by census figures. In 1900, 6,594,695 turkeys were reported as kept for breeding purposes, while in 1910 this number had decreased to 3,688,708. No figures. are available since the last census, but statements made by poultry dealers throughout the country indicate that this decrease is continuing. One reason for the falling off lies in the fact that turkeys, having inherited a wandering nature from their wild ancestors, frequently invade the grain fields of neighboring farms, thus bringing about the ill will of the owners of these farms and causing the turkey grower to give up the business. Aside from this the high mortality among young poults as ordinarily cared for on the farm, the outbreaks of disease and particularly of blackhead among turkeys in certain sections of the country, and serious losses resulting from the raids of predatory animals such as foxes, coyotes, wolves, dogs, and rats, have all tended to discourage the turkey industry. TURKEY RANCHING. Because of the decreasing production of turkeys on farms, the business of raising turkeys on a large scale may develop into an important and interesting form of ranching. As yet, however, it is in its infancy and has been tried only in a more or less experimental way. In the unsettled foot- hill regions of California and in certain sections of Arizona and other western States, a few persons have engaged in this industry to the extent of raising a thousand or more turkeys every year. Here the range is unlimited, and the natural food of the turkey, such as grasshoppers and other insects, green vegetation, and the seeds of various weeds and grasses, is abundant. Advantage also is taken of the turkey’s relish for acorns, and where these are plentiful but little grain need be used for fattening in the fall. These large flocks of turkeys are managed much like herds of sheep, being taken out to the range early in the morning and brought home to roost at night. They are herded during the day by men, either on foot or on horseback, and by dogs specially trained for the work. The Thanksgiving Turkey. 415 RAISING TURKEYS ON THE FARM. Notwithstanding the advent of the rather spectacular enterprise of turkey ranching, the farm must still be relied upon for most of the Thanksgiving and Christmas turkeys. Here, as a side issue to her regular work, it is a common practice for the farm wife to keep half a dozen turkey hens and a tom, more commonly known as a gobbler, from which to raise annually a flock of 40 to 50 turkeys. The best hens are selected carefully from the previous year’s flock and a new tom is secured from some neighboring tur- key grower or, perhaps, a purebred tom is purchased from a reliable turkey breeder for the purpose of improving the size, quality, and appearance of the next crop. Toward the latter part of winter or early in spring the turkey hens begin laying, and then comes the task of find- ing the nests, which are usually well hidden in a patch of weeds or bushy thicket, sometimes near home and sometimes half a mile away. The inexperienced turkey grower may spend hours in following a turkey hen before her nest is dis- covered, but to the initiated this is a simple task, for by confining all the hens early some morning and letting them out late in the afternoon, those that are laying will strike out on a run for their respective nests, and the secret of their hiding places can be quickly and easily learned. After the nests are found the eggs are gathered daily and kept safe from any danger of becoming chilled or from being destroyed by a dog, skunk, opossum, rat, crow, or other enemy. As soon as each turkey hen has finished laying her litter of about 18 eggs and has become broody, a nest is carefully prepared and from 15 to 20 eggs are given her to incubate. After 28 days of sitting the poults appear, and for the next few weeks they must be fed and looked after frequently, and above all they must be protected from dampness, for if they become wet and chilled their chance of living is small indeed. Should there be no danger of rain or heavy dew the mother turkey may be allowed to range with her brood of poults and to care for them as only she can do. Late in the afternoon, however, they are driven home to be fed and also to get them into the habit of returning every night to roost. 416 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. As soon as the poults are feathered there is little danger that they will not then survive, and from this time until the turkeys are marketed in the fall the greatest difficulty with which the turkey grower has to deal is to keep the birds from ranging too far and causing trouble with the owners of neighboring farms. Aside from fencing one’s farm so as to be turkey proof, which is often impracticable, the best method yet devised for keeping turkeys at home is to con- fine them in a pasture of an acre or more every morning, letting them out about noon. During warm weather turkeys do most of their ranging early in the morning, lying about in the shade until late in the afternoon, and then starting slowly toward their roosting place, so that by preventing them from getting an early start in the morning for the neighbors’ grain fields they can be induced not to range so far and much trouble is then averted. About the first of October the fattening season is begun by gradually increasing the amount of grain, usually corn, thrown to the turkeys just before roosting time. A week or two before marketing they receive all the grain they will clean up either two or three times a day. During the period between Thanksgiving and Christmas turkeys are found to be much more easily fattened than at any previous time, partly because they have then attained the greater part of their growth and partly because the weather is then cooler and there is less to tempt them to range so widely. There- fore many turkey growers who have plenty of grain to feed prefer to hold their turkeys for the Christmas market, while those who are short of feed, and who may experience trouble in keeping their turkeys at home, or fear that the roosts will be visited at night and the flocks reduced in numbers, which is a common occurrence, find it advisable to forego the added profit that might be obtained by further fattening, and sell their turkeys at Thanksgiving. MARKETING. A few turkey growers, particularly in the Middle Atlan- tic and New England States, dress their turkeys themselves and sell direct to the consumer or to city dealers. In some sections where turkeys are quite generally raised there is PLATE LXXXII 1916 Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture *popudedsop oAvy SAOYIN] OZUOIG WOUIULOD IMO Yoru WOIF yO0}S UOT}VpUNo; OY} PUB ‘SIOYAVY] WISI OY} JO PAI SULATSsyULYy,L oy, ‘AVIAN "SALVLS GALINA AHL 4O AAMYNL GTIM NOWWOD 6°9ls *S[MOJ 0] 2} SVUTISIIYD pue ZUTALSSyueY YT, Ino Jo goinos [edrourad oy} pue ‘sojyejg poajyluy) oY} Ur sAvyAIN} JO AjoWvA JSOMOUIULOD OL “AIVIN, “ASHEN L AZNOYUG—"| “DIF Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE LXXXIII. Fic. |1.—A BREEDING FLOCK OF BRONZE TURKEYS ON THE RANGE IN TEXAS. Management of turkeys is of the highest importance in preventing losses from disease. Range is essential, but it is not necessary to let turkeysrun wild. Turkeys do most of their ranging early in the morning, resting in the shade until late afternoon and then returning to the roost. If they are confined toa narrow lot during the morning they will not range far during the rest of the day. Fic. 2.—TURKEY HENS NESTING UNDER GOOD MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS. A profitable percentage of the poults hatched from these eggs can be raised, because care- ful attention can be given to the management of the young birds. Fia. 3.—AN INEXPENSIVE BROOD Coop FOR THE MOTHER TURKEY HEN. The poults have no opportunity to become chilled and lost by following the mother over the range. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PAT ESE OCs IN Fic. |.—A TEXAS TURKEY DRIVE. In many parts of the South thousands of turkeys are driven to market every fall. This flock of 700 was driven 12 miles in 9 hours. Fic. 2.—A TURKEY-DRESSING PLANT IN TEXAS. The Thanksgiving Turkey. 417 held twice a year, once previous to Thanksgiving and again shortly before Christmas, what is known as “ Turkey Day.” On this day all those who have turkeys to sell dress them and haul them to town, where they are bid on by shippers or by turkey buyers for various city produce houses and sold to the highest bidder. In these sections turkey-picking bees are often held, and as much sport is had at these as at the more common corn-husking bees. In most large turkey- growing districts, however, dressing plants have been built to handle the turkeys during November and December, the same plants being used for poultry, eggs, butter, and other farm produce throughout the remainder of the year. Some farmers haul their turkeys in wagons to these dressing plants, others drive them in if they have too many to haul, and still others, if they are too far away to bring in their turkeys themselves, sell them to the nearest country mer- chant, who in turn ships them or drives them along with others that he has purchased in the neighborhood. A custom that is prevalent in Texas is for hucksters to go out from the different dressing plants for a distance of 10 or 15 or even 30 miles and stop at each farm and buy all the turkeys the farmer will sell at the price offered. A flock of 1,000 or more turkeys is often gathered up in this way, each turkey being weighed and paid for at the time of the pur- chase. In one case 8,000 turkeys were gathered together at one point in Texas and driven by 30 men a distance of 13 miles in two days. ~ Ny B . ; a Seas = 3 6 fs ef N \ 2 Ped as a pay Fs. 8 8 & 48 SECHIGG Gage acae FP) age ge fe ge = 6 ge MOK ye Se Be Q § S & wes Teves Sunwie ~~ isre5777e seen Suave “AUS groups. The territory in these groups, together with Mis- sourl, Kentucky, Tennessee, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, grew 69,984 acres of strawberries in 1910; 93,155 acres in 1915; and 111,543 acres in 1916, an increase for 1916, as compared with 1910, of nearly 60 per cent in the territory estimated for. Development and Localization of Truck Crops. 449 Other important crops included in miscellaneous vegetables are: Asparagus in New Jersey, South Carolina, and Califor- nia; cabbages in all of the States. the five leading States be- ing New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, Florida, and Texas; cauliflower in California and Louisiana; celery in Florida and California; cucumbers in Virginia, Florida, Texas, and California; lettuce in North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, and California; onions in Louisiana, Texas, and California; peas in Delaware, Mary- land, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, and California; tomatoes in all of the States mentioned, but most heavily for the markets in Florida, Mississippi, New Jersey, Texas, and California; cantaloupes in California, Delaware, Georgia, North Carolina, Maryland, and Florida; watermelons, Texas, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Alabama, these States being the prin- cipal centers of production in 1910. The total acreage for these six States was 68,059 in 1910. In 1915 the acreage of watermelons in the States named was estimated to be 81,198, an increase of over 19 per cent for the 5-year period. SOME NOTABLE EXAMPLES OF LOCALIZATION AND RAPID DEVELOPMENT. ASPARAGUS. Asparagus presents an example of localization and rapid development as an industry. In 1900 but two States, Cali- fornia and New Jersey, grew more than 1,000 acres each. In 1910 six States grew more than 1,000 acres each. The total for the six States was 7,034 acres in 1900 and 20,755 acres in 1910, an increase of about 195 per cent. During this period the single State of California increased its area to 9,399 acres, as compared with 7,034 acres for the six States in 1910; New Jersey was second in 1910 with 5,148 acres; Illinois third with 2,241 acres; South Carolina fourth with 1,773 acres; Pennsylvania fifth with 1,191 acres; and New York sixth with 1,003 acres. The total area for the United States was 25,607 acres. CAULIFLOWER. Of all truck crops cauliflower is the most restricted in area. In 1910 New York grew 1,720 acres, or nearly 50 per cent of the total production for the United States. Cali- 54159°—yBxk 1916 -29 450 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. fornia grew 790 acres; the two States including more than 72 per cent of the total for the United States. CELERY. The production of celery was practically confined to six States in 1910, those States growing 12,413 acres, or more than 78 per cent of the total acreage for the United States. New York was first with 2,926 acres; California second, 2,881 acres; Michigan third, 2,850 acres; Ohio fourth, 1,473 acres; Massachusetts fifth, 1,187 acres; and Pennsyl- vania sixth, 1,096 acres. The same six States grew 7,148 acres of celery in 1900. The total area for the United States was 9,315 acres in 1900 and 15,852 acres in 1910. LETTUCE. But two States grew more than 1,000 acres of lettuce in 1910, and the total area for the United States was 5,450 acres. Florida led with 1,450 acres, and New York was see: ond with 1,012 acres. California was third with 595 acres, and Louisiana fourth with 515 acres. The total for the four States aggregated 3,572 acres, or more than 65 per cent of the total acreage for the United States. In 1915 it is estimated that there were 4,164 acres of lettuce in Florida; 500 acres in the Beaufort district of South Carolina; 300 acres in the Wilmington district of North Carolina; and 750 acres in the Norfolk district of Virginia, aggregating 5,714 acres, or about 300 acres more than were reported for the United States in 1910. During the same period Texas with but 61 acres of lettuce in 1910 had increased its area to 2,800 acres in 1915, as estimated by the Department of Agri- culture, while 1,000 acres are reported as grown in southern California in 1915. GREEN PEPPERS. The total area in green peppers reported by the census of 1910 was 3,483 acres. Of this area 1,882 acres, or more than 54 per cent of the total for the United States, were grown in New Jersey. MARKET GARDEN, CANNING, AND OTHER TRUCKING CENTERS IN 1900 AND 1910. It is not possible to secure any reliable data regarding truck grown in market-garden communities other than as furnished by the census. Development and Localization of Truck Crops. 451 The census of 1900 described the territory tributary to New York City by counties, as follows: New York—New York County, Orange, Richmond, Rockland, and West- chester; Long Island—Kings, Nassau, Queens, and Suffolk; New Jersey—Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Middlesex, Mon- mouth, Morris, and Warren; Connecticut—Fairfield County. The total area in truck crops embraced in this territory in 1900 was 35,581 acres. In 1910 the area in these counties was 40,371 acres, an increase of about 13 per cent. Eighteen crops were included. The census of 1900 (Table XXIII) reported “118 can- ning, pickling, and trucking or market-garden centers in the United States,” and gave the counties included in each district with the total acreage for each. It was, therefore, possible to compare these districts by counties with the cen- sus of 1910. From this comparison it appears there were 456,066 acres in the 118 districts in 1900 and 765,105 acres in 1910, an increase of nearly 68 per cent. The following table shows the area tributary to 10 of the largest cities, as shown by Table XXIII of the census of 1900, above referred to, compared with the same territory in 1910: Area in vegetables in territory tributary to 10 cities, 1900 and 1910. | Area in specified | Area in specified | vegetables. vegetables. City. City. | 1900 | 1910 | 1900 | 1910 | Acres. Acres. Acres. | Acres. Mane works. |2 >. sti tanss Sop, POL | V40) S7Lit; Detroltss- .< 2 3233-22-22 2 3, 086 6, 050 Philadelphia........:.... 43,023 | 58,640 || St. Louis................- 9, 917 9, 334 ii liisbat 0) oe ese 49,882 | 45,905 || Galveston and Hometone PB) 7, 267 Cleveland= 2222244. 2.02 1, 892 3,666 || San Francisco........:... 4,819 | 10,474 ee 9,397 | 9,794 | ee S25. 11,871 | 15,043 | Total. ............. 171,785 | 206, 544 THE CANNING INDUSTRY. The total area in corn, peas, and tomatoes reported to the Bureau of Crop Estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture in 1913, 1914, and 1915, as contracted for by canneries, is shown on the following page. 452 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Area in corn, peas, and tomatoes contracted for by canneries, 1918, 1914, and 1915. | Crop. | 1915] Store | 1915 4 Acres. | A cres. Acres. Com: 22sec. 3-5 3522 Fess ie Ca ep eae eee: Be eee ae 137,561 | 190,178 190, 106 Peas. 2255 22500) 2 Gee Foe ee. See. ee ee eee, 108,066 | 126,177 101, 698 Tomatoes. < - 22 2 ocd Ro cet = eee ee eae re ae See 129,068 | 187,077 139, 837 Potal 22220 2.-; cps Des Leche aes. Eee eee 374, 695 | hes, 431, 641 The quantity bought outside of contracts reported to the Bureau of Crop Estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture in 1914 was 28,914 tons of corn, 5,864 tons of peas, and 199,081 tons of tomatoes. The total number of - factories which may be engaged in canning one or more truck crops, as shown on the list of the National Canners’ Association for 1915, is 2,412; of this number 735, or about 30 per cent, rendered no report and 405 of these are located in the States of Maryland and Virginia and were probably largely small canners of tomatoes. Of the 1,677 factories reporting in 1915, 365 reported idle, leaving a total of 1,312 factories reporting acreage under contract for one or more of the above crops. Eighty-four factories reported idle in 1913, 249 reported idle in 1914, and 365 reported idle in 1915. Of the factories reporting idle in 1915, 139 were located in Maryland and Virginia. From a statement issued by the Bureau of the Census con- cerning the canning industry for 1914 it appears that the total value of vegetables canned in 1914 was $84,413,667, as compared with a total value in 1909 of $53,307,791, an in- increase of 58.4 per cent. This does not indicate an equal increase in acreage, but supports the increase in acreage indicated in the table above. At least 14 vegetables are canned in greater or less quanti- ties, corn (sweet), peas, and tomatoes taking the lead. A very heavy increase has occurred in the acreage of cucumbers grown for pickling, but complete figures are not available. The acreage in Michigan in 1915 may be cited as an example. The United States census of 1910 gave the total area in cu- cumbers for the United States as 32,310 acres, and the area for Michigan as 7,061, more than twice that of any other Development and Localization of Truck Crops. 453 State. In 1915 the area for Michigan was estimated by the State field agent of the Bureau of Crop Estimates, Depart- ment of Agriculture, after a careful canvass, at 34,260 acres, or about 6 per cent greater than the total area for the United States in 1910. It is not supposed that this ratio of increase has. been maintained throughout the United States, but a heavy increase is indicated for this industry. It is estimated by the department that the product of about 16,000 acres of cabbage was manufactured into kraut in 1915. The great extent of the area devoted to the production of truck crops would lead the uninformed to suppose the in- dustry to be one comparatively certain to produce satisfac- tory results, but it is, in fact, attended with considerable risk, yielding the grower heavy returns in money one year and proving almost a total loss the next. Truck crops are gen- erally very easily damaged by frosts, freezes, droughts, ex- cessive moisture, and floods, and replanting at high cost is sometimes done several times before a crop is secured, or the crop is so damaged and delayed that it fails to bring a re- munerative price in northern markets. A case in point is to be found in the early potato crop of 1915, which was harvested from the largest acreage ever grown in the South up to that year and was forced to compete with the largest northern crop ever produced for the early spring market. The result was that the price per barrel in many cases was below the cost of production to the southern grower. Floods in the same year completely destroyed 5,000 acres of onions in Hardin County, Ohio, and 2,000 acres of onions in Jasper County, Ind., the total abandoned acreage for that year amounting to more than 138,000 acres. In fact, the year 1915, because of the unusually cold and backward spring, was very disastrous to truck crops in all sections of the country, with few exceptions. The exceed- ingly warm fali and winter of 1915-16, on the other hand, cut the production of lettuce almost one-half from North Carolina to Texas, and a number of frosts and freezes dam- aged all tender crops seriously. The acreage devoted to truck crops has increased rapidly, and never so rapidly as during the last five years. This per- ‘sistent increase is due largely to an urban population ever increasing in numbers and wealth, that demands green vege- 454 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. tables throughout the winter months. The total urban popu- lation in 1889 was 22,720,223, or 36.1 per cent of the total population of the United States. In 1909 it was 42,623,383, an increase of about 87.6 per cent, and was 46.3 per cent of the total population. This was a gain in numbers of 19,903,160 in 20 years, or nearly 1,000,000 per year. The sig- nificant fact is the gain for the urban of 10.2 points over the rural population of 1889, as compared with 1909, thus re- ducing the producing element proportionately while the con- suming element increased heavily. Transportation facilities have been improved to cater to this increasing demand, and the products of California and Texas are delivered in good condition in New York. Pre- cooling plants at pomts of origin prepare the crops for ship- ment, and refrigerator cars in solid trains are rushed across the continent to deliver the green vegetables of the Pacific coast in the markets of the Kast. No section of the country is now too far away to market some portion of its winter and early spring crops in the great consuming centers of the Fast. The maps accompanying this article were prepared by Middleton Smith, of the Bureau of Crop Estimates. 455 Development and Localization of Truck Crops. sae eoows dnd (penunuoa) DVNOV saovavesy S3ILNNOS AB BSHvVaNOV OL J3ZIS NI SLYNOILYOdONd SLOG ASG GSLN3S3Sydsy OLGI-SNSN3O SSALVLS GALINA JOVaNOV SNOVUVdSV, Fia, 44. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 456 (panunae)) DVIOV DY gz S3ILNNOO AG BDVSNOV O14 3ZIS NI ALVNOILYOdOUd SLOG Ad OZLNASSYdaY O16I-SNSN39 S3LV.LS G3LINN SJO0VaEYNOV 30vgavo 5. Fia. 4 457 Development and Localization of Truck Crops. (pehungo>) TOVENOY WAMOTTIND S3LLNNOO AG SOvVSYOV OL 3ZIS NI ALYNOILNOdONd SLOG AG GSLN3SS3udsU OIGI-SNSN3O SALVLS GSLINN S0vayoVv YySsMONSIINVS G. 46. Fr Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 458 (panunuoy) S31LNNO09 AB SDVSNOV OL SZIs NI SLVNOILYOdOYd SLOG AB GSLNASSed3ay OLGI-SNSNAOD SALVLS GALINN JOVSNOV ANTTEO aivis || sav | aivis— DOVAYOV AYITIO 459 Development and Localization of T ruck Crops. sauov | 3LVIS (panunto)) TOVTNOY ISWNOND SRILNNOO AB BOVSYOV OL 3ZIS NI SLVNOILUOdONd SLOG AB GALNISSyday O16I-SNSNAO S3LVLS GSLINN aovayoVv YsaaWNnoONnsd Fia. 48. eset N) 222'tp (Fenuguo5) DVADY SNAG NERD Lop Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 460 SSLLNNOO AG SOVEYOV OL 3ZIS Ni SLYNOILYOdONd SLOO AB GSLNSS3NdSy OLGI-SNSN39O SALVLS G3LINN SJOVaYOV SNVSE N3AAaYO Fia. 49. 461 Development and Localization of Truck Crops. S3ILNNOO Ag SDVSNOV OL 3ZIS NI SLYNOILYOdONd SLO AB Q3S1N3S3ud348 OIGI-SNSN3O SALVLS GALINN aovayoOV SVad N3aY9 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. (penuna09) 4) sOvRDY suadadd NED SLVNOILYOdOYd SLOG AG OSLNSSaudSY QIGI-SNSN3O SSLVLS GALINA AOVAYOW SUYSddad N3SaYD. JOVAa OV SYaddad NATH Fi@. 51. 463 Development and Localization of Truck Crops. (penunao)) DOV DAL S3ILNNOS As 3OvVSyOV O1 3ZIS NI SLVNOILYOdONd SLOG AS ASLN3S38d3y) O1GI-SNSN3O SALVLS GALINA S30vVauOV 39NLLA 52. Fia. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 464 (panuque)) {) a9VaYOV NOINO ge S3ILNNOO Ag BOVENOW OL 3ZIS NI SALVNOLLYOdONd S100 AB GSLNISauday OIGI-SNSN3O SALVLS GSLINN AOVANOV NOINO 53. Fia, 465 Development and Localization of Truck Crops. (panugueg) {| DYROV ANEMVUS ox S3ILNNOS AG SOVEaNOV OL AZIS NI SLVYNOILYOdOUd SLOG AG GSLNSSauday O16I-SNSNAO SALVLS GSLINN SJOVaEdOV AYNSEMVULS 54, Fia. YBK 1916——-30 54159° , a Ag Pe ee Ts ee ‘ fi) OPE, healanh Tesieteedheieertemendl hoa : pee ee wy a =3 00 op Yin & & ee 38S ae . ' a ts i > a ae a3 5 a ate ; & THE FUNCTION OF LIVE STOCK IN AGRICULTURE.’ By Groree M. Rommet, Chief # the Animal Husbandry Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. HE animal industry is the most important branch of the agriculture of the United States. With a total value so great that one can not visualize it, it has an annual produc- tion of two and three-quarters billions of dollars, which is greater than the cereal output in an ordinary year. It is three times as valuable as the annual cotton production or the hay crop, and the latter largely depends on the animal industry for its value. All have read Ingalls’s brilliant apostrophe to grass, and recall how he said that ‘‘should its harvest fail for a single year, famine would depopulate the world.’ Poetic and beautiful as that sentiment is, it is economically and hygieni- caliy sound. Some form of forage is essential, fundamentally, to the maintenance of animals; the animal industry is essential to the well-being of a prosperous and permanent agriculture; and a diet in which animal products form a part is essential to human health. The function of live stock in agriculture rests on seven main points. THE MAINTENANCE OF SOIL FERTILITY. The first and most important is the maintenance. of soil fertility. An elaborate development of this point is not pos- sible in this place. It may, however, be illustrated by citing the report of the Thirteenth United States Census on Agri- culture. Of the 10 States which lead in the value of animals sold and slaughtered on farms, all but two, Oklahoma and Kentucky, are among the first 10 in the value of all products. The two which appear in their places are New York and Minnesota. New York, by reason of leading in dairy pro- duction and hay and forage, holds a place among the first 10 in all products and Minnesota wins her place by reason of her prominence in dairying and cereals. Of the 10 leading 1 This paper was prdadi Ol at a rabeting of the Second Pan-American Scientific Congress, Washington, D. C. 467 468 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. cotton States, only 2, Oklahoma and Texas, are also among the first 10 in value of animals sold and slaughtered; Texas alone is among the first 10 in value of all products, Taking St. Louis as the center, let a circle be described — with a radius of 500 miles and it will include part or all of the 10 leading States in animal production, part or all of § of the 10 leading States in value of all products, and part or all of 9 of the 10 leading States in cereal production. Surveys covering a period of years, made by the Iowa State College, show that the live-stock farms of the State produce much larger grain and hay yields per acre than the strictly grain-producing farms. To maintain soil fertility, humus is necessary. Itcan be obtained from tw sources—green crops plowed under, or barnyard manure. In view of the fact that a large proportion of the fertilizing value of forage and feed appears in the manure, it is more economical to feed than to plow under without feeding. Therefore, the most econom- ical and practical source of humus is stable manure. No fertilizer equals it in completeness and lasting qualities. The farmer who has an abundant supply of this fertilizer and who balances it with phosphates, and supplements it with nitrates for forcing crops, need never fear the approach of decreasing soil fertility. THE MANUFACTURING FUNCTION. The second function of live stock is to enable the farmer to carry out an important manufacturing process, thus com- pleting a manufacturing cycle. He takes the lean, unfin- ished cattle, sheep, or hogs, and his grain and forage, all raw products, and by the application of intelligent supervision, skillful labor, and adequate equipment converts them into finished beef, mutton, pork, or dairy products. This is the process familiarly known as ‘‘marketing the farm products on four legs,”’ and is much to be preferred to marketing on four wheels. With intelligent management the farmer thus obtains in terms of meat and dairy products a much larger profit than he could possibly derive by selling his crops in the raw state. This doubtless accounts largely for the fact that in most farming sections the most prosperous farmers are those who pay a great deal of attention to live stock. It is of the greatest importance, especially in those sections of The Function of Live Stock in Agriculture. 469 the country which are just beginning to diversify their agri- culture. Jn the Great Plains region and on most of the Fed- eral reclamation projects it is, after the question of water for the crops, the most vital problem which farmers have to solve. In the regions of settled farms, where cereal production leads all other forms of agricultural production, farmers have a difficult problem to adjust the necessity for live-stock rais- ing with the high price of grain. We therefore see a second phase of this function in the use of live stock to convert into salable products those crops which for one reason or another have a low market value. At times the farmers of the northern part of the corn belt are at a loss to know what to do with the soft corn which early frost leaves on their hands. It is not marketable, and its only value is as a feed. Not knowing just how to dispose of it in this manner, farmers at such times send large numbers of immature pigs to market and curtail their eattle-feeding operations. The soft-corn problem, however, is an occurrence of only occasional impor- tance. The constant problem of the farmer on high-priced land is how to keep his live stock economically. He can not afford to feed grain with a lavish hand. He must measure it by weight, not by volume. He must feed it at the time and in the manner to obtain from each bushel the maximum of gain in weight of milk produced or of work done. To the fullest extent possible he must utilize unsalable roughage. The cornstalks go into the silo or into the shock as cut fodder. The straw and coarse hay are utilized to the last calorie of energy value to supply the mamtenance requirements. Crops that animals such as hogs and sheep can harvest will be utilized. MOTIVE POWER. The third function of live stock in agriculture is to supply most of the motive power used on the farm. This is the most important engineering problem with which the farmer has to deal. In the aggregate our farmers have to determine every year the efficient application of about 25 million horsepower, an amount equal to about half the total avail- able water power in the entire country, excluding Alaska. The proper hitches to use, the adjustment of harness, whiffletrees, etc., are problems which for successful solution 470 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. call for the correct application of some of the fundamental laws of physics. How to feed his work animals to get the maximum efficiency when at hard work, how to maintain them without serious deterioration when idle, are problems just as important and just as difficult as those of the engineer in charge of the furnaces of a manufacturing establishment. What the effect of mechanical power on the future use of horses on the farm will be can not be predicted. Slowly but surely the auto-truck is driving dray horses from the city streets. Already the cheap automobiles have effectually put the driving horses off the country roads. The farm demand for several years has been the mainstay of the horse market, and the present tremendous exports have prevented a period of great depression of horse prices. If the farm demand here- after is to be the chief outlet of the horse market, as no doubt it will, the question of the suitable horse for this market is highly important. The great ton drafter has been the aim of the farmer-breeder of the corn belt. That has been the horse which the city market demanded when in its prime. These horses are most valuable for moving heavy loads. With the increase in the weight and draft of farm machinery they have been also most useful for farm work, especially on heavy soils. The position of these horses on the farm is being attacked by the small tractor, and the tractor manu- facturers believe that in time they will displace them. It has been observed time and again, however, that for each displacement of the horse has come an enlargement of indus- try which calls for further uses for horse-drawn apparatus. The question therefore is what type of horse the farmers of the future will need. This question can be answered only by speculation. Except for the heaviest farm work, such as plowing and hauling, the ton horse is not so suitable an animal as a smaller, more active one. With the disappearance of the city demand for the heavy drafter, the farm demand will be met by breeding a lighter, more active animal. Therefore the next 25 years probably will witness, in the Percheron, for example, a return to the type of the French “diligence’”’ horse, which was the early Percheron type, and an increase in the size and weight of the American breeds of horses, the Standardbred, the Saddle Horse, and the Morgan. The Function of Live Stock in Agriculture. 471 THE PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF INCOME. In diversified farming regions live stock as the money crop of the farm is a specialty business. In dairy districts it is, of course, the main activity, and every phase of farm man- agement is bent toward it. Where farming has been long established, however, and the principal function of live- stock feeding is to maintain soil fertility, those farms on which the live stock are the main source of income will be breeding centers for purebred animals. Only the most skilled animal husbandman can make a success of this busi- ness, and of those who engage in it successfully only the occasional man becomes really eminent, just as in any other profession. The great live-stock ranges pass with the approach of the homesteader or are limited to areas unsuit- able for crop production. The large feeding stations in turn disappear with the increase in the price of land, and the Nation’s supply of live stock is drawn from the production in small units, which in the aggregate make a total larger than was possible under more extensive conditions. LIVE STOCK INCREASES THE INTEREST IN AND THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF FARM LIFE. The fifth function of live stock is to make farm life more attractive and to increase the interest in it. The problem of how to develop agriculture by using for that purpose the best of the human life which has been developed on the farms is being attacked to-day as never before. The boys and girls who are born on the-farm and have behind them the inheritance of generations of sturdy physique, clear thinking, and clean morals, and who come from life on the soil and in the fresh air, are the most valuable asset of the republic. How to encourage these young people to make farming their vocation in life transcends in importance all other problems of future agricultural development. The great Federal agricultural extension act has for its purpose bringing directly to the farmers the fruits of the last 30 years of research in agriculture, but this act will fail of its purpose if its operations stop with the training of the adult farmer. In a generation the adults are gone. Their places must be taken by their own sons and daughters. Therefore the corn clubs, canning clubs, potato clubs, poultry clubs, calf clubs, 472 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. and pig clubs have been organized among children of both sexes of school age. This movement promises more for the Nation than does the work with adults. Children are plastic; they adopt suggestions; they can learn. Too often the adult has become fixed in habits of thought and action, and try as he may, he nearly always lacks the adaptability of his children to grasp new ideas and methods. The innate love of children for animals is one of the most potent forces which an agricultural-extension worker has at his command, and when the development of this trait is encouraged and the child thereby taught the importance of live stock in agriculture, something of the most funda- mental importance to the agricultural development of the Nation is accomplished. The organization of poultry clubs and pig clubs among boys and girls is one of the most important features of the club movement. They are found in all sections in many States. Probably most of the members are among the clubs organized by the Federal Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the State agricultural colleges. On January 1, 1917, there were about 10,000 young people in the poultry clubs in 8 States, and 25,000 in the pig clubs in 14 States. This movement was started as an outgrowth of the organi- zation of canning clubs among girls and corn clubs among boys. It was found impossible, however, to keep the boys out of the poultry clubs or the girls out of the pig clubs. Therefore no discrimination is made as to sex. The plan of the Government, briefly, is as follows: On application from the State, the Federal department stations at the State agricultural college a specialist whose entire time is devoted to the direction of the club organization. At first this agent selects certain counties in which to work, and for the first year or two supervises most of the work himself. His aim, however, is to train the county agents and school teachers so that in time they can take full charge of the work, leaving the State agent’s time for new work in other sections. The schools are a most fertile field for the organization of this work. Kach member of a poultry or pig club is required to hatch a setting of eggs or raise and fatten a pig, and render regular reports of his work. At the end of the year the members The Function of Live Stock in Agriculture. 473 usually have an opportunity to compare the results of their efforts by exhibition at the county fairs or other places, and the winning animals at these exhibitions go to the State fair for further competition. This work has been in progress ever since 1910, and since 1912 the Federal Department of Agriculture has been en- gaged in it. Already the exhibition of pigs and poultry from the clubs has become a prominent feature of some of the State fairs, especially in the South. Many of the members of the earlier years are now bona fide breeders, and many a boy is paying his way through college by the earnings from the animals in which he became interested as a club member. METHOD, SYSTEM, AND BUSINESS ORGANIZATION. The sixth function of live stock in agriculture is to improve the method, system, and business organization of the farm. The farm on which live stock are successfully raised must be managed in a methodical, systematic, businesslike, and sanitary manner. Farming is first of all a business opera- tion, and no kind of farming calls for more business sense than live-stock farming. A grain farmer does not suffer seriously if his cultivating or harvesting is delayed a few hours, but the stock must be fed promptly, rain or. shine. Therefore the efficiency of labor assumes great importance. If the live stock is a herd of pure-bred animals, accurate records are absolutely necessary and clerical ability of a high order is required. The importance of sanitation on the live-stock farm is fundamental. The live-stock farmer need not be a trained veterinarian (though the more he knows of veterinary science the better), but he must be by instinct a sanitarian. He must recognize clearly the difference between things that merely appear to be clean and those which are actually, bac- teriologically clean. In the great majority of known cases human carelessness has been the most fruitful cause of the spread of contagion. In at least one county in which the Department of Agricul- ture has carried on work on the control of hog cholera, it was found that the most common known way in which the disease was spread was by visits to neighbors’ herds. It is a prevalent custom, in some sections, to drag dead animals 474 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. out to a field without burial. Birds and dogs devour the carcasses and, if death was caused by a contagious disease, spread it over a wide area. Streams and irrigation canals also are common sources of contagion. In every case of carelessness such as this the community suffers, and every member of the community sooner or later pays his share of the cost. With the increase in population and the cost of land, and the attendant cost of raising domestic animals, sanitation assumes a constantly growing importance on the live-stock farm. It is not alone with regard to direct profit, however, that the farmer must pay strict attention to this matter. This subject may be left with the simple reference to the fact that some of the most serious human diseases have their origin in the barnyard. Their existence not only affects the health of the families that come into immediate contact with them, but they may spread with disastrous results to neigh- boring towns and villages. The farmer needs education on the matter of sanitation. He needs to appreciate more fully his obligation, not only to his own family, but to the community. By realizing the fact that insanitary methods will diminish or entirely inhibit the profits from his animals he will in turn the better fulfill his obligation to safeguard the health of the community. THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE DIET—THE REDUCTION OF LIVING EXPENSES. The last function of live stock in agriculture to which attention is invited is to reduce the family living expenses and introduce variety into the diet. It is a remarkable fact that a large number of farms produce only a small part of the food used by the family. The annual meat bill of the farmers of some of our Southern States, for example, is enormous. Their purchases are largely carried on credit, and the year’s crop goes for the most part to meet the expenses incurred during its production. Debts accrue only to be replaced by accounts newly opened. That such a practice is wasteful and depressing is apparent. With chickens and pigs, a cow, and a few sheep, but little capital is required to reduce in great measure the annual money outlay of such farmers. This production of home-grown food can be made without The Function of Live Stock in Agriculture. 475 in the Jeast limiting the crop output of the farm. It simply requires planning and a little more careful management. The value of live stock in agriculture has been greatly emphasized by the announcement of the United States Public Health Service that the cause of pellagra is a dietary defi- ciency attributable to the excessive use of carbohydrate foods. This dreadful disease has been spreading with alarm- ing rapidity, and the determination of its cause is a triumph of medical research. To an animal husbandman it is of especial interest to note that among the means of prevention advised are the keeping of a cow and the use of more milk, butter, and cheese; the keeping of a flock of chickens so as to have fresh poultry and eggs, and the increase of live-stock raising so that meat may form a larger part of the diet. To recapitulate, the function of live stock in agriculture is fundamental. Soil fertility, the business success of the farmer, his happiness and contentment and that of his chil- dren, the health of the community, and the well-being of the farra family depend on the maintenance and proper manage- ment of as much live stock as the farm can economically support. POSSIBILITIES OF A MARKET-TRAIN SERVICE. By G. C. Wurrt and T. F. Powe1, Transportation Specialists, Office of Markets and Rural Organization. F the statement be true that more than one-half of the industrial and commercial energy of the civilized world is expended in the provision and preparation of food, it becomes all the more important, as the density of population and the economic conditions of the United States approxi- mate those of the Old World, that the producing areas in the vicinity of large consuming centers be utilized to their full capacity, and that the products of such areas be accorded an efficient and economical transportation service. Conditions controlling the commerce of England have developed a railway freight service characterized by light trains of high speed and frequent movement, cars of small capacity and very low minimum weights. The settlement of the greater part of the United States and its industrial devel- opment followed the advent of the railroad. The long dis- tances separating the sources of raw material from the mills and factories utilizing it, as well as the character of the raw material, have developed high minimum weights for large cars of great weight capacity drawn in heavy trains by power- ful locomotives. The development of these features of the freight service of the railroads of this country has received relatively more attention than has been given to the im- provement of facilities for short-distance local traffic. SPECIAL MARKET TRAINS. The greater part of the trading at the principal live-stock markets of the United States is done on certain designated days each week, and special trains carrying nothing but live stock reach these markets in large numbers on those days. From a comparatively small area in the Imperial Valley of California approximately 5,000 cars of melons are shipped to market each year, the bulk of the crop being handled during four weeks in June. During the height of the shipping season special trains carrying nothing but melons move east across the desert. From certain of the Gulf ports special trains 477 478 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. carrying only bananas run on frequent and fast schedules to northern cities. Solid trains of milk daily supply New York City with that commodity. All these may be termed ‘‘special market trains,’’ and, for the most part, they are additional examples of the efficient handling of long-distance, high-speed traffic of large volume. In that section of the United States lying north of the Ohio and Potomac Rivers and east of the Mississippi, known in railroad parlance as official classification territory, has taken place the greatest industrial development of the country. Here is situated much agricultural land in small units, the individual farm yielding dairy products, poultry, small live stock, and fruits and vegetables, which mature at different seasons, and producing less than a carload quantity of any commodity at one time; here are our most populous cities, daily demanding a supply of perishable foodstuffs; and here density of population and economic conditions are beginning to approximate those of the Old World. In this section are presented many opportunities for developing the possibilities of a market-train service along the lines of the service now furnished by milk trains. Steam and electricity in passenger transportation have relieved some of the congestion of the population of large cities, but the suburban development of residential districts has withdrawn a proportionately much larger area from tillage, until most of the market gardeners have been pushed back beyond wagon range of the city markets, and many of them beyond the range of the auto-truck. Coincident with this development has come the increasing demand for greater quantities of foodstuffs, and it becomes necessary, therefore, that the commutation passenger service of the large cities find its counterpart in a similar freight service. The rela- tively small number of postal cars as compared with freight cars, or even with express cars, makes improbable any con- siderable amount of relief by the parcel post at the present time, and express service has not fully met the need. HISTORY OF THE SERVICE. The limited market-train service maintained by certain of the roads serving New York City, and the somewhat more extensive service of the same kind maintained by roads Possibilities of a Market-train Service. 479 serving Philadelphia, were foreshadowed in some of the mar- keting practices which developed with the construction of the first railroads in the United States. Following the analogy of turnpike operation, the first railroad companies furnished roadway only; horses were the only motive power; farmers furnished their own motive power, paid the necessary tolls for the use of the track, and hauled their produce to market in their own vehicles. An interesting account of the methods of that period has been left in the history of the Philadelphia & Columbia Railroad, which was formally opened for traffic in 1834. More than 50 years later, in 1888, the reports of the Inter- state Commerce Commission disclose a special market-train service by four of the railroads leading to New York City, and doubtless there were other roads that offered a similar service. The service consisted in transporting on the daily milk trains, in the same cars with the milk, such commodi- ties as fresh meat, berries, butter, and eggs, and in returning to the shippers the empty containers, such as meat baskets, berry and egg crates, and butter carriers. The rapid increase in the milk business and other conditions peculiar to its transportation and marketing in the course of time made it necessary to restrict the milk cars almost ex- clusively to the transportation of milk. However, many, if not most, of the tariffs covering the transportation of milk to Boston and New York include pot cheese as a commodity which may be included in mixed carload lots of milk, cream, and buttermilk. A railroad in Vermont and another in Massachusetts permit the transportation of butter in milk cars, and a road in Maine includes eggs. One road serving sections of Pennsylvania and New York and participating in the New York City milk traffic handles in its milk cars prac- tically every class of farm produce except fresh meat. An- other road serving an extensive section of New York makes tariff provision for a similar service by its milk trains. One of the trunk lines serving New York City has had in operation since 1890 a produce train giving a carload service for farm products on one of its divisions; and on another division the same class of commodities is given a less-than-carload pick-up service by milk trains. 480 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. THE PHILADELPHIA MARKET TRAINS. The examples given of special facilities and service, in the transportation of less-than-carload quantities of farm prod- ucts, are merely some of the best-known examples and, of course, do not include all the cases throughout the country to which attention might be called. The most conspicuous examples are the market trains running to Philadelphia over the rails of two of the carriers serving that city. A brief description of the service furnished by these two roads to near-by producing sections is of interest, both as showing what is actually being done and as suggesting the lines along which it would be possible for railroads that serve other large cities to inaugurate a similar service. The first road runs its market trains over the several divi- sions only once a week. The trains leave the most distant stations, some 60 miles from Philadelphia, about 7.30 a. m. and reach Philadelphia about 2 p.m. Some of the cars used are box cars fitted with adjustable ventilators in the doors and in the side walls. Some of the cars are equipped with hooks along the walls for hanging fresh meat, a fact which makes it easier to keep the meat both clean and cool. Some of them are combination stock-and-poultry cars, one end being slatted for small live stoek and the other end of the solid, box type for the reception of coops of poultry. Refrig- eration by means of ice bunkers built into the cars is unnec- essary because of the short time of transit. Some of the cars are assigned to the more important stations and are lettered with the name of the station to which they are assigned. The rates named are any-quantity rates, and range from 10.5 cents to 28.4 cents per 100 pounds. They apply on “mar- keting,” which is defined as including dairy products (except milk or cream); poultry-yard products; products of the orchard, garden, or farm; fresh or dried fruits or vegetables; and such small live stock as calves, sheep, lambs, pigs, and hogs. The charges must be prepaid or guaranteed; and the rates apply only on shipments handled on designated market trains. The railroad disclaims responsibility for loss or damage resulting from neglect on the part of marketmen to comply with its instructions, which read as follows: Possibilities of a Market-train Service. 481} All marketing must be properly packed for safe transportation and pro- tection against loss, theft, or damage to contents of packages, plainly marked with consignee’s name, and promptly aiid properly claimed upon arrival of market train at destination. The suggestion is made that, for obvious reasons, ship- ments should be accompanied by the owners, but the freight rate does not include the transportation of the owners; they have to pay passenger fare. The facilities are excellent for handling and taking care of the shipments on the arrival of the market trains at. Phila- delphia. The terminal station for the market trains is cen- trally located, directly adjacent to a wholesale market, and is itself equipped with a cold-storage plant. Immediately on the arrival of the trains the shipments are unloaded. They can be transferred directly from the cars to the station cold- storage rooms, or to stores of dealers in the wholesale market. If it is desirable or necessary to take them to other parts of the city, it is possible to unload them directly from the cars into wagons backed up to the cars. Apparently the one thing lacking to make the facilities complete is a retail mar- ket or a row of farmers’ stands along the sidewalk in front of the station. Under the plan of this railroad, the freight is han- dled and delivered in the same way as general merchandise. The second road inaugurated its market-train service more than 25 yearsago. The trains are run daily, except Sundays and holidays, and the speed is that of the average passenger train. The farthest poimt served is not more than 75 miles distant from Philadelphia; consequently there is no need for car-lot refrigeration, although some shippers at times do ice their own packages. The rates charged the shippers are slightly higher than the first-class freight rate, ranging from 15.8 cents to 31.5 cents per 100 pounds and applying on ‘‘marketing”’ ‘‘carried on market or milk trains, when accompanied by shipper holding trip or excursion ticket.” The tariff naming the rates is an intrastate tariff, and does not give a list of the articles or commodities included in the general term ‘‘mar- keting.”” The charges must be prepaid, and the rates include the return of empty containers, The principal retail market of Philadelphia occupies the street-level floor of the passenger terminal of this company, 54159°—yger 1916——31 482 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. but this is not the terminal for its market trains. Freight arriving by market trains is delivered at freight stations at other points. On the whole, the facilities at these stations are not so good as those of the other road whose service has been described. Shippers or their representatives must be on hand, on the arrival of the trains, to claim and unload the consignments, as the carrier does not perform this service. The transportation is at owners’ risk, the carrier disclaim- ing responsibility for count or condition of the packages on delivery. A GENERAL SURVEY. Any comprehensive discussion of a market-train service must include an account of the results and advantages of existing service, the probable advantages of a prospective service, the obstacles to be overcome to avoid failure, and the factors of cooperation necessary to success. RESULTS AND ADVANTAGES, It must be borne in mind that a market-train service, such as is discussed here, designed primarily for small producers and city consumers, is of equal advantage to the carriers, and is in fact an economic necessity. It is of no interest to growers whose production is sufficiently large to enable them to ship in carload lots; nor would it be of any advantage to those communities where cooperative associations have united to combine into carload shipments the output of many small farms devoted to the production of the same commodity. When the distance to market is so great as to make protection of perishable commodities by refrigeration necessary, shipping in carload lots is essential for that reason alone. Aside from the question of refrigeration, and regard- less of distance, producers should combine their shipments into carload lots, whenever it is possible, for economy in transportation charges. But, for farmers living along a single operating division of some railroad, within a hundred miles of a large city, or along a branch line terminating at some large city, who can produce a variety of foodstuffs almost continuously the year round, a market-train service would be of the greatest advantage. The fruits and vegetables on such farms mature at inter- vals throughout the summer; the dairy products, eggs, and Possibilities of a Market-train Service. 483 poultry, to say nothing of such commodities as apples and potatoes, can be shipped throughout the year as they are ready for shipment or as the market demands. There is not enough of any one commodity on a single day along the entire division or branch line to make a carload, even if it were otherwise feasible to combine it into a carload; and there is not enough of all commodities at one station on a single day to combine into a carload, even if the great variety of products and containers did not make it impossible to load the usual minimum weight into a single car. Such are the products of farms of this kind, and the success or failure of the farmers is in proportion to their ability or inability to market their products at a profit. Other things being equal, the market nearest to him is the best market for the small farmer who produces a great variety of commodities and does not specialize on one or two. As has been shown, distant producers can reach any market with car-lot shipments, while the small producer here described, unable to ship in carload lots, is confined to the near-by market. His nearness to the market enables him to keep in closer touch with market demands, and he can quickly adjust his supply to the demand. To a distant shipper, large quantities in transit may bring loss by reaching destination on a falling market. In comparison with the large producer, the small farmer is doing a retail business. With a retail market adjacent to or in the city terminal of the market train, he would be in a still better position to do a retail business in every sense of the word and to sell directly to consumers. This is just what was done during a part of the summer of - 1912 in the case of a market train run to East Pittsburgh, Pa., by one of the roads serving that point. The farmers shipping by the train were organized in a farmers’ exchange association, and the association had a representative at East Pittsburgh, who disposed of the shipments. Some of them were sold to wholesale and retail dealers, but the greater part was sold to factory employees. While the usual facilities of a retail market were wholly lacking, the service quickly developed a retail market, as sales were made in the railroad yard directly from the car to the householder. So popular had the service become and so great a reputation 484 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. had it attained at the time it was discontinued, that a more affluent class of people was beginning to take advantage of it, some of them coming long distances by automobile to do their daily marketing there. Apparently all classes of people who bought supplies of foodstuffs here found some advantages over previous methods. It is quite evident that those who came long distances to buy got either a better quality of goods or lower prices, if not both. This particular service was given for only 46 days during the months of April and May, when it was discontinued. The reason given for its discontinuance was that the ter- minal facilities were not satisfactory to the health authori- ties from a sanitary standpoint. The season of the year and the short period during which the train was run did not give sufficient opportunity to make a correct estimate of its probable continued success. Apparently there was no lack of patronage. FACTORS NECESSARY TO SUCCESS. Market-train service is not a panacea for all the ills that afflict the small farmer in the marketing of his products. Every item of labor performed by the farmer in serving the consuming public is from one point of view an element of his cooperation with others. From the standpoint of his returns for the service that he performs he alone is respon- sible for the efficient performance of many of the items of labor. Sometimes he fails to recognize fully his own respon- sibility in cooperative effort, and sometimes he is mistaken in the causes to which he attributes the failure to market his products at a profit. Again he alleges cheaper methods of production on the part of his competitor or a disadvantage against himself in the matter of freight rates. Mention has been made of cooperative associations whose efforts are directed toward consolidating into carload ship- ments the output of many small farms producing the same commodity. A market-train service with adequate ter- minal facilities in the way of a retail market offers an ideal opportunity to the producing community served of forming a cooperative association for the sale of its products directly Possibilities of a Market-train Service. 485 to city consumers. No better opportunity can be asked for restoring the custom of direct exchange between pro- ducer and consumer, as far as it is possible to restore it, in those sections where changing economic conditions coin- cidentally have brought about the abandonment of that custom and have developed the necessity for a market-train service. With a representative of the association at the terminal to dispose of products directly to householders, all questions of variation of price on account of quality and condition are determined at the time of the sale by an actual joint inspection of the commodities by the seller and pur- chaser; no vexatious correspondence is afterwards neces- sary in adjusting claims—correspondence which may ter- minate established business relations by arousing mutual suspicion of lack of good faith; and, what is by no means the least important advantage, it is a cash transaction and the purchaser avoids the annoyance of remittance by letter. As a step toward the successful marketing of his products, the farmer must be brought to a realization of the justice of many of the criticisms against some of his methods. He must produce the commodities that the consumer wants; and only their superior quality will command prices higher than are being paid for the same commodities shipped from remote sections. If his products are not graded as carefully nor packed in containers as attractive as those of the long-dis- tance stuff, he will not get the prices that are paid for the long-distance stuff. There is little sentiment in the daily replenishing of the family larder, and neither location of pro- duction nor short time in transit can long command a pre- mium in the market as against quality. Home industries will be patronized in proportion as they show themselves worthy of patronage. One of the roads furnishing a market-train service to Phila- delphia states that if the service were not already established it is hardly likely that it would be established ‘‘in view of the very light yield of revenue therefrom.” As the inauguration of the service in the beginning was the result of judgment based on careful estimates, no figures of actual operation being in existence, the statement would seem to indicate a desire to withdraw the service. The road that served East Pittsburgh in 1912 rendered a similar service at two other 486 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. cities, Butler and Allegheny, Pa., from 1907 to the close of 1914, when the service was discontinued. The service to East Pittsburgh was inaugurated under the jurisdiction of the passenger department, as it was intended at first to handle the shipments on passenger trains. Later it became neces- sary to transfer it to the freight-traffic department. This road handles a large volume of heavy traffic to and from the iron and steel mills in the Pittsburgh district. Eighty-eight per cent of its entire tonnage for the fiscal year 1915 con- sisted of products of mines, while its total tonnage of agri- cultural products and products of animals was less than four- tenths of 1 per cent of its entire tonnage. Under the circum- stances it readily can be seen that a market-train service would be of little interest to its freight-traffic officials from the standpoint of either tonnage or revenue, while requiring proportionately much more attention and supervision. It is true that some producers have begun to utilize the par- cel post to some extent and that the reduction in interstate express rates which became effective in the early part of 1914 has attracted some shipments by express. In some sections freight service by interurban electric lines has afforded a slight measure of relief, but the advantages of that kind of service are too frequently offset by the lack of adequate and centrally located city terminals and the restrictions imposed on the running of freight cars through city streets. In some cases the growth of mtermediate towns has attracted a con- siderable portion of the commodities that formerly went to the large city terminal. City boards of health have imposed restrictions making it necessary to exclude other commodities from milk cars, which increases the cost of performing the transportation service on lines where one car would hold all the shipments. This competition is pointed out by roads now giving a market-train service; and roads that do not now give such a service offer these and other facts as objec- tions to its Inauguration. The small farmer is dependent on either local freight-train service, which is too slow, or on express service, which rela- tively is too expensive. The slowness of local freight-train service was pointed out in the Report of the Mayor’s Market Commission of New York City, submitted in December, 1913, where it was said that it took from 10 days to 2 weeks to get Possibilities of a Market-train Service. 487 freight from some places distant for passengers only 2 hours from New York. The same conditions that now prevail with reference to the transportation of small quantities of miscella- neous foodstuffs formerly prevailed with reference to the transportation of milk to the large cities. The problem was solved in the case of milk, and it would seem that it can be solved as readily in the case of the other commodities. To cut off a city’s supply of milk produces a crisis quickly; atten- tion is called sharply to the situation, and a remedy is devised promptly. Lack of marketing facilities for the small farmer affects the producer more vitally than the city consumer, but the bad effects, while they make themselves felt more slowly, are none the less sure and none the less harmful to the community at large. CONCLUSIONS. ~ A market-train service affords an excellent method of restoring, as far as it can be restored, where it has been aban- doned, the custom of direct dealing between producer and consumer. It contemplates the shipper loading his products into thecar at point of shipment and taking possession of them immediately on arrival of the train at destination. There should be a retail market, or at least a wholesale market, in or adjacent to the city terminal. The service is more valu- able to the shipper than ordinary local freight-train service. The time in transit is practically that of trains carrying express matter, but collection and delivery is made by the shipper. Such a service, to be successful, depends on the organized effort of the producing community intelligently directed in sympathetic cooperation with the carrier. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE LXXXV. Fig. |.—FISHER. Fic. 3.—FEEDING A MINK. B662M B650M Fic. 2.—A RACCOON SKIN. Fia. 4.—A FRIENDLY Fox. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE LXXXVI. B45z Fia, 3.—A PAIR OF OTTERS. FUR FARMING AS A SIDE LINE. By Nep Dearsorn, Assistant Biologist, Bureau of Biological Survey A LL domestic animals originally came under the control of man by appropriation from the wild state in time of need. As cattle, horses, sheep, and poultry have been domesticated, distributed to the ends of the earth, and dif- ferentiated by careful breeding for specific purposes, so too will it be with our wild and valuable fur animals. The great problem now confronting the fur industry is how to obtain from a waning source the necessary stock for its per- manent development. To this there is but one solution: Domesticate the fur bearers and farm them, as has been done over and over with other animals. The killing pressure on those remaining in the wild state will then be reduced, the fur trade supported, and a new farm product developed. Believers in economy and diversification will utilize the beef and chicken heads, the horse flesh, and the milk they have heretofore been wasting, in taking up fur farming as a side line, profitable as a by-product of the regular farming opera- tions and pleasurable in the care of lively and beautiful pets. The demand for fur has existed since primitive man first sought skins to shield his naked body from the cold. It is fundamental and will endure while man inhabits the earth and furs are to be had. Its strength can be judged by the volume of trade it supports. In 1913 the dressed and manu- factured furs imported into the United States were valued at more than $15,000,000. North American furs annually mar- keted in the United States and England have an approxi- mate value of $60,000,000. These figures show the commer- cial importance of fur, and in addition to this the fur trade furnishes a livelihood for many thousands of workers in the factories and stores of this country. In the history of the fur trade, two facts are prominent: (1) The finer and more durable kinds of furs, as beaver, otter, mink, and marten, have become so scarce as to be largely replaced by the coarser and thinner grades which 489 490 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. formerly were regarded as of little or no value; (2) the choicest furs are now bringing fabulous prices. Although the whims of fashion influence prices of furs, the fluctuations thus produced are compensatory. When one kind is cheap because fashion temporarily neglects it, another is dear be- cause of her temporary favor. The dark, thick, soft, and glossy furs, however, like rare jewels, are scarcely affected by passing styles. The demand for fine furs and their scarcity have made possible the introduction of fur farming, either as a special business or as a side line. It is open to all who love animals and have at least a back yard in which to keep them. Sey- eral species have been tested in captivity, and when rightly managed have yielded satisfactory returns. Several other species may do equally well, especially since the production of superior strains is always possible by selective breeding. The food required is mainly the same as that fed to dogs and cats, and may include table refuse, milk, butcher’s waste, and horse meat. The labor of attending the animals is light. Professional men and women, as well as the mistress of the farmer’s household, may take just pride in wearing furs of their own raising. FUR ANIMALS ALREADY DOMESTICATED. Among the score or more of different kinds of fur-bearing animals native to North America about a dozen seem to be suitable for domestication. Of these, the skunk, the mink, and the silver fox have been bred successfully in captivity in widely scattered localities. The skunk family is peculiar to the Western Hemisphere, and those members having valuable fur belong mainly within the limits of the United States. Notwithstanding its ex- traordinary means of defense, which has caused it to be gen- erally regarded with abhorrence, the skunk is coming to be recognized as a very useful animal when at large and one of the most easily domesticated when captive. Its common occurrence in settled districts and the remunerative prices offered for black skins encouraged some of the friends of the skunk to undertake its domestication about 30 years ago. To-day the number of skunk breeders in this country is greater than that of all other breeders of fur bearers com- Iur Farming as a Side Line. 491 bined. The animal tames quickly, is gentle, and is easily managed. The fact that it remains in its den during the severe weather of winter makes it more easily cared for than most other animals. Its fur is of medium length, erect, and possesses a brilliant sheen. These qualities make it very at- tractive. Unfortunately, protracted use causes it to fade from a glistening black to a dull reddish brown. The aver- age of New York quotations for the best skunk skins during the past 12 years is $3. . Minks appear to have been the first of the wild fur bear- ers to be domesticated in this country. Nearly 50 years ago a resident of Oneida County, N. Y., began to breed them, and for a considerable period exhibited his tame pets at fairs and sold them for propagation. At that time the high prices incident to the Civil War made mink raising profit- able. Skins were high, and live animals for breeding stock brought $30 a pair. The period of financial depression which followed made mink farming unprofitable and for many years it was abandoned and forgotten. Recently it has taken on new life, and where conditions of management and food supply are favorable, has been decidedly satisfac- tory to those engaged in it. Mink fur is exceedingly durable, ranking in this respect among the very best. With care it will last a lifetime. It is rather short, but very thick and soft. The guard hairs do not break readily, nor has the underfur a tendency to become matted. Although sunlight gradually gives its original dark brown color a warmer tone, its beauty is but slightly lessened. New York quotations for prime No. 1 northern mink skins during the years 1905— 1916 range from $1.25 to $9 each, the average being about $6.75. Among the progeny of a pair of red foxes it occasionally happens that one or more markedly differ in color from their parents. The underparts are black instead of white, and the upperparts also are more or less black. When the dark areas on the upperparts are concentrated in two stripes, one along the middle of the back and the other across the should- ers, and the sides are covered with a varying mixture of red and black hairs, the animal is known as a cross fox. When the red hairs of the upperparts are entirely replaced by black, the white hairs remaining as usual, it is a silver fox. 492 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. When all but a few of the white hairs are replaced by black, it is a silver-black fox. A prime silver fox skin is a rare and beautiful object, and, as such, commands a high price. Breeding silver foxes was first undertaken upward of 20 years ago on Prince Edward Island, Canada. There are now many successful fox farms in Canada and a considerable number in several of the more northern States. Foxes are naturally timid, but, if taken in hand when quite young, can be made very tame, although tameness does not seem to be an essential to success in breeding them. Fox fur is soft and rather long. Its beauty is entirely in the long guard hairs which overlie the underfur. It is not very durable, as the guard hairs break after a few seasons’ wear, leaving the less attractive underfur exposed. The average of quotations for the best grade of silver fox skins during the past 12 years is about $600 each. Numbers have been sold for less than $100, while very many have brought far more than the average quotation here given. FUR ANIMALS WHICH MAY BE DOMESTICATED. That foxes, minks, and skunks, although presenting great differences in habits and temperament, have been brought into domestication indicates that other kinds of fur bearers also may eventually be tamed and bred in inclosures. Among the species that have been partially tested for this purpose are the marten, fisher, otter, blue fox, raccoon, and beaver, each of which is adapted to definite environmental condi- tions and to specific purposes. Martens naturally inhabit the northern coniferous forests from coast to coast, extending northward to northwestern Alaska and southward along the mountain ranges to Cali- fornia, Colorado, and Pennsylvania. They are nervous, active creatures, but bear confinement well and are not diffi- cult to tame. They have been bred on fur farms in Alaska and in several places in Canada. Their size is about twice that of minks. The fur, which is very soft, somewhat resembling that of foxes, is about 1} inches long when prime. The color varies, individually, from pale gray to orange-brown and dark brown. The average of quotations for the best grade of marten skins during the past 12 years is about $20 each. Fur Farming as a Side Line. 493 The fisher, a member of the same family as the marten, is found over much the same range of territory, although +t does not extend so far north. Its weight is about the same as that of the red fox, but its short legs give it an altogether different aspect. Although able to climb trees, it spends much of its time on the ground. Being no longer common, few efforts have been made to domesticate it. It has been tested sufficiently, however, to demonstrate its ability to thrive and increase in confinement, a sufficient reason for assuming that it will ultimately be bred regu- larly for its pelt. The color of fishers varies from grayish brown to nearly black. The fur when fully developed measures about 24 inches in length. It is used mainly for muffs and neck or shoulder pieces, the large, bushy tails . being particularly effective. The average of New York quo- tations for fisher skins during the past 12 years is about $20 each. One of the most promising fur bearers for propagation in localities having an abundance of water is the otter. When captured young this animal tames readily and makes an en- gaging pet. It is said that the otter found in southern Asia is sometimes trained to catch fish for its master. A pair of otters in the National Zoological Park, Washington, D. C., have recently reared a litter of four young. Although essen- tially aquatic and very fond of disporting in water, they do not require a great quantity of it. Otter fur is about an inch long, erect, and very thick. It is very durable, ranking with mink fur in this respect, and is used chiefly for trim- ming garments, The average of prices quoted for the best erade of otter skins in the past 12 years is about $20 each. Another animal that has attracted considerable attention in this connection is the blue fox, a dark slate or brown phase of the white or arctic fox. It is more docile than the red fox, but for some unknown reason has not been bred in inclosures with nearly the degree of success achieved with varieties of the latter species. It has, however, been propa- gated satisfactorily on several of the Alaskan islands, where the only limits to its movements are those set by the sea. Whatever the nature of obstacles encountered by those who have attempted to raise this animal in confinement, it is 494 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. probable that eventually they will be overcome, and that persons living in the colder portions of the country will be able to wear blue fox skins of their own raising. Blue fox fur is nearly 2 inches long, and is very fine and thick. The average American quotations for the best grade of pelts for the past six years is about $44. That the raw material for handsome and comfortable rac- coon-skin coats can be produced in a spare corner of one’s back yard seems to be an established fact, judging from the results attained by the few who have undertaken to raise the raccoon. This animal is distributed over the greater part of the United States, being absent only in desert and high mountain regions. It is nocturnal, and at home both on the ground and in trees. Water is essential to its welfare, but large quantities are not needful. Its nightly range is often along the shores of ponds or streams, and its food is gen- erally washed before being eaten. In a number of instances raccoons have been bred successfully. From a strictly com- mercial standpomt they are not lkely to become popular, however, for the reason that if their food must be purchased its cost will be prohibitive. On farms where there are milk, fruit, and corn meal in plenty raccoon raising is well worth a trial. When taken young raccoons become very tame and make quaint and interesting pets. Their fur is mottled gray in color and about 24 inches long on animals from northern States. In the South the fur is shorter. The average price for the best pelts is about $2.50. Judging from the few experiments made with it, the beaver may be raised in any region containing alder, aspen, cottonwood, willow, or other trees upon which it feeds. Unlike the species hitherto considered, it subsists entirely on vegetable food. Although armed with enormous cutting teeth suitable for felling trees, beavers are tolerant among themselves and docile with their keepers., Fully grown speci- mens trapped wild become so gentle within a few weeks that one may handle them without danger of being bitten. Beaver fur has long been extensively used in making muffs, stoles, collars, trimmings, and the finest quality of felt hats. The average price in recent years has been about $8 a skin. Fur Farming as a Side Line. 495 CHOICE OF SPEICKES. In making a deliberate choice of species to be propagated for fur, one should give due consideration to climate, the character of his immediate surroundings, his available space and capital, the nature and quantity of food materials at hand, and the convenience of securing breeding stock. The climate best suited to each animal is indicated by the natural distribution of that animal in the wild state. Thus, skunks, which are not found north of the temperate belt, are not likely to do well in Alaska, nor would one think seriously of attempting to breed arctic foxes in a southern climate. The climate in the northern tier of States and southward along the mountain ranges to northern California, Colorado, and West Virginia is favorable for all of the animals that have been mentioned. Alaska is not suitable for raccoons and skunks, nor, excepting the warmer timbered part along the southern coast, for fishers. The arid Southwest and the Great Basin, between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas, are entirely too dry and sunny for fur raising. In the Central and Southern States one may raise minks, skunks, otters, and raccoons, although it should be clearly understood that the farther south fur is produced the thinner, shorter, and less valuable it is. Next in importance to climatic conditions are those of cap- ital, situation, space, and food supply. The capital necessary to build a two-pair fox ranch and stock it with four choice silver foxes will be not less than $2,000, according to pre- vailing prices, and it is likely that considerably more than this will be required. If stocked with cross foxes the cost will be much less, but even in this case it probably will amount to $600 or more. The cost of installing a blue-fox ranch will generally exceed that required for cross foxes. It may ultimately appear that blue foxes are not adapted to live in captivity, but this can not be determined until they have been subjected to extensive tests. Foxes can not be kept in thickly settled communities, as they have an objec- tionable odor and do not breed well when frequently dis- turbed. 496 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. The cost of installing and stocking a mink or skunk ranch is comparatively small, depending somewhat on location. Material for a single pen for either of these animals can be bought for about $2. Minks usually sell at from $8 to $12 each, and skunks at from $2 to $8, according to quality. Minks and de-scented skunks can be kept in an ordinary back yard, provided it is partially shaded. Ranch-bred minks and skunks are regularly advertised in publications devoted to fur interests. Fishers, martens, and raccoons, although not requiring nearly so much outlay as foxes, must be confined in strong inclosures and be given room for enough activity to keep them healthy. Shade is essential to all. Most of those offered for sale have been caught wild. Prevailing prices for fishers range from $50 to $75 a pair, for martens from $35 to $65 a pair, and for raccoons from $5 to $8 a pair. The materials for a pen to accommodate one of these ani- mals costs about $25. One should not attempt to raise otters or beavers unless a constant supply of running water is at hand. Moreover, there should be an unfailing source of fish which can be obtained at slight expense for otters, and fresh leaves and bark of trees for beavers. The best locations for these ani- mals are among the mountains, where brooks run swift and clear, and trees cover the slopes. There is no regular trade in either of these species. Otters are rarely offered for sale, as those caught by fur gatherers usually die in the traps. In most of the States where beavers are still found wild it is unlawful to capture them. It is generally neces- sary, therefore, to import beavers that are to be used for propagation. In Canada they have been sold at about $50 a pair. The cost of pens for otters or beavers can not be definitely stated, as they will vary with the location and character of the site. INCLOSURES. The first step in preparing to propagate fur animals is to construct suitable inclosures. In selecting a site for an inclosure it must be borne in mind that a certain amount of shade is essential to the comfort of the animals and to Fur Farming as a Side Line. 497 the development of flexible, dark-colored fur. Young de- ciduous trees are preferable for making shade, as mature trees are likely to be shattered by storms and in falling to demolish pens and injure or kill the animals. Evergreen trees are undesirable from the fact that they shut out sun- shine in winter as well asin summer. Water is an essential, and, if possible, pens should be so located that an abundant supply can be brought by gravity to each. Materials for inclosures consist mainly of lumber and galvanized-wire net- ting; and in larger and more permanent structures concrete is sometimes used for foundations. Each animal requires individual quarters, particularly during the breeding season. Every complete inclosure comprises a yard or runway, usu- ally of wire netting, although boards or galvanized sheet iron are sometimes used, and a lightproof and waterproof den, usually made of wood. Dens are often made with two compartments, the one entered from outside being designed for a shelter and feeding place, the other, opening into the first, being the sleeping compartment. A sliding door is placed at the outside entrance. Wooden dens should be raised a few inches from the ground to keep them dry. Glazed tile has been successfully employed for dens. The facility with which tile can be disinfected is a point in its favor. All dens should be made so as to be readily opened for cleaning. The best fox yards are about 50 feet square. The walls extend well into the ground or to a concrete foundation and are from 9 to 12 feet high, depending on the snowfall. They are generally built of 14 or 2 inch poultry netting, No. 15 or 14 wire, and provided with an overhang at the top to pre- vent the animals from scaling them. Inclosures for otters, raccoons, and beavers may be built on the same general plan as for foxes, but need not be more than 5 or 6 feet high nor more than 15 or 20 feet square. Minks can be kept in pens as small as 4 feet square, though it is better to have breeding pens about twice this size. An excellent style of pen suitable for minks and skunks can be made on the same plan as ordinary portable chicken coops, having a double-compartment den 15 or 18 inches wide and high and 3 or 4 feet long, to which is attached a runway of 54159°—ygx 1916——32 498 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. l-inch mesh, No. 16 gauge, poultry netting. This runway has floor, sides, and top of netting. The top is made in a separate piece, as a door, and is hinged to the top rail of one side and hooked or locked to the top rail of the other. Such pens are inexpensive and, when the woodwork is kept painted, are very durable. The ease with which they may be moved from place to place is particularly advantageous. Pens for martens and fishers must be constructed of the strongest wire obtainable and have the top and floor, as well as the walls, made proof against their strength. Although 1-inch mesh, No. 16 gauge, poultry netting will generally hold them, such has not invariably been the case. The style of netting known as chain netting, while more expensive, is safer and more lasting than the regular style of poultry netting. Such pens should be at least 8 feet square and 8 feet high and contain branches or the tops of trees to allow the animals to exercise their propensity for climbing. It is always advisable to surround each group of in- closures with a high fence which can neither be scaled nor undermined, as almost inevitably, sooner or later, some of the animals escape from their pens. FOOD. Beavers in their native haunts eat grass, herbs, roots, foliage, and the bark of aspens, alders, birches, maples, wil- lows, and other deciduous trees. When in captivity they readily accept bread, grain, and garden vegetables. In ad- dition, it is thought necessary to supply them with foliage and bark of trees to the extent of perhaps a third of their food. Wild otters live mainly on birds and such aquatic creatures as fish, frogs, and crawfish. In captivity they are usually fed on fish, but when this fails they readily accept raw and cooked meat. Jt is not known to what extent they may be fed on other kinds of food. Minks, martens, fishers, skunks, foxes, and raccoons thrive on the diet ordinarily given to dogs and cats. While young they are fed mainly milk on bread, crackers, and graham or oatmeal mush, to the exclusion of meat, which is likely to give them rickets. Meat or fish must be included in the diet of adults, but whether extensively or sparingly depends upon its cost Fur Farming as a Side Line. 499 rather than upon any exacting requirements on the part of the animals. A variety of food is necessary, however. Fruit, boiled carrots, mashed potato, and all sorts of table refuse can be mixed with regular cooked rations to excellent ad- vantage. The meat used may be beef, mutton, horse flesh, chicken heads, or other butchers’ waste, or the flesh of rab- bits, woodchucks, or ground squirrels. Food that has begun to ferment or decay should not be used. There is no economy in giving animals unwholesome food. Surplus meat may be preserved by salting or drying. Salt meat or fish should be sliced and freshened, preferably in running water, before being used. Meat for drying is sliced and exposed to air and sunshine or the heat and smoke of a small open fire. Where conditions are unfavorable for rapid drying, the meat may be dipped in a saturated solution of hot brine before being put on the drying racks. Ice is useful in keeping food from spoiling for a few days, but should not be relied upon to preserve large quantities of meat unless used in carefully constructed refrigerating houses. Meat suspected of being infested with parasites or disease germs should be boiled. Rabbits and other rodents should be ° eviscerated, as their internal organs often contain tape- worms or other parasites. Rabbits intended for young ani- mals must be skinned to avoid the formation of stomach balls of felted hair. Adults are not likely to eat enough rabbit fur to injure them. A certain quantity of hair, feath- ers, and other roughage is probably beneficial. Bone is un- ‘doubtedly an essential element of food for growing animals. By passing meat containing small bones through a grinding machine such as poultrymen use, the bone is made digestible and danger of choking is avoided. Large bones bearing fragments of meat are useful for strengthening teeth, and for quieting nervous animals by giving them something to do. Only as much food as can be eaten immediately should be given at a time; otherwise it is likely to be stored in the nest and become offensive. In regulating the diet of fur animals, it is important to remember that they must be made fat before being killed for their pelts, and kept lean when they are to be saved for breeding. 500 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. BREEDING. As success or failure in fur farming hinges largely on the course of events during the breeding season, it 1s important that the instinctive habits and the temperamental char- acteristics of the animals, as well as the location and ar- rangement of pens and the manner of feeding, be carefully considered. In the wild state foxes and beavers have but one mate, while raccoons, otters, fishers, martens, and minks are polygamous. Although in rare instances male foxes in captivity have been mated with two or three females in the same year, such matings as a rule are unproductive. On the other hand, breeders of minks and skunks regularly mate a single male with from four to six females. In all cases it is well to allow the individuals proposed for mating opportunity to become acquainted by occupying adjoining yards a few days before being allowed to run together. It is not practicable to attempt to mate animals that disagree, and when first paired they should be watched in order to prevent violent quarrels which may result in serious injuries or death. Foxes and raccoons may be kept in pairs from the time the young are weaned until the succeeding litter is a month old, providing the male is good natured; if inclined to be snappish, however, the male should be removed to his own pen before the young are born. The other carnivorous species are best kept singly except for a short time in spring. An animal that has killed its mate should never be trusted again unless deprived of its canine teeth. Breeding pens should be thoroughly cleaned and disin- fected throughout shortly before the young are expected. Foxes do not care for nesting material, but the smaller animals need it. If soft dry grass or leaves be placed in the yards, the animals will carry the material into their dens and arrange it to suit themselves. Unless the dens are shaded they will become very hot in the middle of the day and the young are likely to suffer. Special care should be taken to prevent unnecessary disturbances to the young while unable to leave the den, as these may cause the mother to carry her babies about in search of another den, and thus to maltreat and expose them beyond the limit of their endurance. An im- portant point in the care of brood animals is to avoid any- Fur Farming as a Side Line. 501 thing that is out of the ordinary run of their existence. If possible, they should have the same treatment and the same keeper at all times. The keeper should see how the young are getting on from day to day, and he should pre- pare for this long beforehand by practicing, as a part of his regular routine, whatever operations may be necessary to accomplish this. By inspecting the dens daily he can establish an habitual course of action on the part of the animals which will disarm their anxiety when he essays to examine their young. A useful auxiliary in any fur-raising establishment is the domestic cat, which is ever ready to adopt a family of help- less young animals, regardless of pedigree or relationship. Supporting a few extra cats on a fur farm is, in reality, the _ premium paid for insurance against loss or damage to the crop. In general, about the time young animals first appear at the entrance of the den they are old enough to drink milk and, therefore, to be weaned if necessary. If it is desired to have them become very tame and to make pets of them, this is the time to take them away from their mothers and bring them up by hand. In no case should they be allowed to re- main with the mother long enough to make her very thin in flesh. As young animals are not inclined to be quarrelsome a number of them may be allowed to run together in a large inclosure during summer and early fall if several sleeping boxes and feed pans are provided. The principles of heredity that apply to ordinary domestic animals apply also to these. Fine animals can not be ex- pected from poor breeding stock. In selecting breeders, size, color, temperament, and fur should be considered. There are great possibilities of improving animals by selective breed- ing, and the common policy of culling the poorer specimens and keeping the best, if consistently practiced, will unques- tionably result in breeds of much greater value than that of the wild stock from which they originated. DISEASES. The more common diseases affecting fur animals are enteritis or inflamed intestines, pneumonia, diarrhea, and degenerated kidneys, all of which may largely be prevented 502 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. by judicious care in housing and feeding. Pneumonia re- sults from exposure and is likely to attack animals that have recently been trapped or shipped. It rarely occurs when they are kept in dry and well-ventilated quarters. The symptoms of pneumonia are loss of appetite, dry nose, and rubbing of throat and chest on the ground. Very little can be done for animals suffering with this disease beyond giving them clean, dustless bedding and keeping them in pens that are warm and airy but free from direct drafts. Diarrhea is caused by improper feeding. It should be the invariable duty of keepers to take note daily of the excreta of animals under their charge, and to change the diet of any showing signs of this disease. An excessive proportion of vegetable food, fats, and impure water; fermented or putrid food; and over-feeding are among the causes of this malady. A diet of milk, eggs, and fresh lean meat, given in moderate quantities, if begun promptly, is usually sufficient to correct any kind of bowel trouble. Animals that are allowed to become fat and remain so are almost certain sooner or later to die from degeneration of the kidneys. In its later stages this disease is characterized by emaciation, nervousness, and a bloodless appearance of the tongue and gums. When an animal has reached this condition there is very little chance of saving its life. This disease may be avoided by not allowing animals to become fat and by keeping those showing a tendency to do so mainly on lean meat, fish, and milk. The peculiarities of individual animals will not be neg- lected by alert keepers. The moment one departs from its ordinary behavior, the reason should be sought. If a regu- lar meal is refused or neglected, a day’s fast followed by a change of food should be tried at once or sickness is likely to follow. Particular pains should be taken to give ailing animals a varied diet, clean water, and surroundings that are sanitary in every particular. Sick animals and those newly purchased should be kept in quarantine apart from the main yard for at least three weeks. There is very little use in dos- ing the smaller species. The tax on their vitality caused by their struggles outweighs the effects of medicine. Those the size of a fox can be treated with better prospects of success. Injuries usually demand treatment. Shattered limbs should be amputated. Simple fractures will usually knit Fur Farming as a Side Line. 503 satisfactorily if the limb is set with splints. Wild animals taken in steel traps have survived, although maimed, after having had the injured member bathed with spirits of tur- pentine. An excellent antiseptic for fresh wounds is a 3 per cent solution of carbolic acid. Hydrogen peroxide is useful in cleansing sores and old wounds. | In handling animals requiring medical attention studious care and tact should be exercised. Minks, martens, skunks, and fishers, which are very strong and lithe, may be treated either in a small wire cage or in a slightly tapering funnel or cone of wire netting, into which they are driven until they reach a point where they fit so closely they can neither ad- vance nor turn about. They can be held there by a stick thrust across the funnel behind them. Larger animals are usually picked up by the base of the tail or by means of special tongs made to clasp the neck. They are frequently rolled in a blanket or gunny sack to keep them from biting or scratching. Whatever is necessary to be done should be undertaken quietly after due preparation. CARE OF SKINS. The first step in the care of skins is involved in the killing. Skins of animals slaughtered by a blow are thickened and bloodshot at the spot where the blow falls. A bullet through the brain from a .22 caliber rifle kills an animal instantly, causes no swelling of the skin, and results in very little blood stain on the fur. The best results, however, are to be ob- tained by means of an anesthetic, as carbon bisulphide or chloroform, introduced into a clean, well-made box having a tightly fitting cover. This method of killing is humane and leaves the skin perfect. The more valuable animals, at least, ought always to be killed in this manner, as blood stains detract from the value of fur. There are two ways of skinning fur animals, depending upon the shape in which the pelt is to be marketed. Beaver skins are always stretched flat, in a nearly circular shape, both the hair side and the flesh side being thus made avail- able for inspection. They are cut on the underside from chin 504 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. to tail and from each foot along the inner side of the leg to intersect the main opening nearly at right angles. The cus- tomary way of stretching a beaver skin is to lace the edges to a wooden hoop having a diameter somewhat larger than that of the skin. This produces what is called a flat skin. Pelts from the other animals under discussion are cut only along the underside of the tail and from heel to heel across the posterior end of the body, the skin being turned inside out as the body is withdrawn. The tail, feet, and bases of the ears are skinned out with care. Such skins are drawn, flesh side out, over a tapering piece of board, the shape and dimensions of which permit them to dry in their natural size and proportions without wrinkles. The forward end of a stretching board should be reduced to a narrow tip that will project through the mouth of a skin half an inch or more. When a skin is dry and shrunken, a blow from a hammer on this projecting tip will loosen the board, which otherwise could be removed only with difficulty and danger to the skin. Stretching boards are sometimes cut lengthwise in three pieces, or strips, the middle one being a wedge, which makes them adjustable to skins of different size and easily removed after the skins dry. Skins thus prepared are called “cased skins.” They should be dried in a cool, shady, airy place without arti- ficial heat, unless in a climate so damp that drying without heat is impossible. Even then care should be taken to prevent overheating. Fox skins are removed from the boards and turned hair side out before they are entirely dry. Other kinds of cased skins are sold flesh side out. All skins should be divested of loose fat while they are fresh, and those impregnated with fat, as skunk skins, should be disposed of promptly. The effect of fat on skins is to harden and break down the tissue, making them brit- tle and worthless. Fox skins and others that are thin, firm, and not greasy may be kept safely in cold storage or in insect-proof cabinets lined with sheet metal, tarred roofing paper, or other suitable material. The cabinets should be kept in a cool place and so built that the skins may be hung by the nose, and not laid in piles, as piling has a tendency to lessen the fluffiness of fur. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1916. PLATE LXXXVII. Fic. |.—ALFALFA LAND PREPARED FOR IRRIGATION BY THE BORDER METHOD. FiG, 2.-ONE OF TWENTY-TWO PUMPS USED FOR IRRIGATING ALFALFA AT DEMING, N. MEx. Fur Farming as a Side Line. 505 If one wishes to dress his own furs the following recipe for a tanning liquor may be used, but time and patience are required-to produce soft, pliable skins, as the process is largely one of manipulation: To each gallon of water add one quart of salt and a half ounce of sulphuric acid. This mixture should not be kept in a metal container. Thin skins are tanned by this liquor in one day; heavy skins must remain in it longer, and will not be harmed if left in it indefinitely. When removed they are washed several times in soapy water, wrung as dry as possible, and rubbed on the flesh side with a cake of hard soap. They are then folded in the middle, hung lengthwise over a line, hair side out, and left to dry. When both surfaces are barely dry and the interior is still moist they are laid over a smooth, rounded board and scraped on the flesh side with the edge of a worn flat file, or a similar blunt-edged tool. In this way an inner layer is removed and the skins become nearly white in color. They are then stretched, rubbed, and twisted until quite dry. If parts of a skin are still hard and stiff, the soaping, drying, and stretching process is repeated until the entire skin is soft. Fresh butter or other animal fat worked into skins while warm and then worked out again in dry hardwood sawdust, or extracted by a hasty bath in gasotine, increases their softness. COOPERATION OF BREEDERS. Breeders of fur animals should bear in mind that coopera- tion is the keynote of progress. If breeders of ordinary do- mestic animals find it advantageous to form associations for mutual help and encouragement, how much more will it be to the advantage of fur farmers, who are dealing with a group of animals new to domestication, to contribute their individual discoveries to the common fund of information, meet one another, discuss methods, adopt breeding standards, and unite in an effort to place their specialty in a proper light before the public, for there is considerable misappre- hension regarding the character of their work. Much of the improvement that has taken place in the va- ‘rious kinds of live stock has been due to the object lessons 506 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. afforded by public exhibitions. The breeders of fur-bearing animals can help themselves individually and collectively by consistently preparing their finest specimens for exhibition at fairs and shows where people interested in animals as- semble. Too often the project to domesticate fur-bearing animals has been judged superficially. For example, the possibility that persons having animal pens may become poachers and capture young animals in the close season simply for the purpose of killing them for their pelts later in the year has frequently outweighed in many minds the palpable impossi- bility of satisfying the demand for fur by any means other than the domestication of fur bearers, and the practical cer- tainty that as fur farming develops the present tireless pur- suit of wild fur animals will decrease. As a result, fur farmers in certain States have been obliged to pay annual license fees, to give bonds, and to submit to various restric- tions in the sale of breeding stock. In other States, however, the owner of a fur farm has exactly the same property rights in his animals and the same freedom in the conduct of his business as the owner of a sheep ranch or of a poultry farm. The cause of the fur farmer is intrinsically sound, and those interested in it have only to unite and fairly state it to gain popular support. ‘per PUMPING FOR IRRIGATION ON THE FARM. By P. E. FULLER, Irrigation Engineer, Office of Public Roads and Rural. Engineering. HE most common method of supplying water to the irrigated lands of the United States is by gravity flow from streams. Seee gee vee ls 5k - oe oR 502 Goss Nuimberhhe 6 25 eet vee Res SE SS ee eee 553. 534 7 3 *moryoafoid 1078d10;y 94} 07 eNp ‘deur ey Jo sor} -10d WIOTINOS PUB TIOT}1OU O[} UT VOIG UT TOT}GIOAIVXO SNONMOS S| OOTY], “WEISITONJog puv vurmMg Surpnjour sv pozusoood st VIPUL “|v UGY} [BUTMON e10ML MOIWENIIS B “Joqry, pus ‘UBISOFINT, OsoMTYH ‘BIosMoP ‘wuMyouBW osye ynq 1odoad wayyy Ayuo you Surpnyour sv pesoprsuod st BUTYO Jo oGndoy oy, “BSOUTIOG SB MMO ATIOUIIO] PULTST Ot} IO} UBAIGT, Pue ‘raloy SB UMOUY ApJoutIO} BENsuTUEd oY} 10} pozrusodod Sf MESOYH oUIvUOSOURAB OT, “SIBA UBY[V_ ot} 109J8 “ETSI UI SUTIS!XO BSOT]] 1B TAOYS SolepuNog or} 0 omy uy ‘Aiyunoo ve JO OWIVU OY} UleIL00Se 07 CeUr sTyy YAIA porvduUL0d oq P[NOYS 409s oar] puw sdoso oyy Jo UoryNqIaystp orydvisoes oy} SULMOYS plo oy} Jo sdeu oy_—' dow uoyoofyuapy “9g “O17 535 NOILVOI4ILN3GI Q1HOM mOoINOD J souiinyn ge BIONIVWIS A Graphic Summary of World Agriculture. 536 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. (CROPPED LAND, MEADOW & PASTURE PER CAPITA OF TOTAL POPULATION) ACRES OF AGRICULTURAL ( MEADOW 4& PASTURE MILLIONS OF ACRES ACRES IN CROPS PER CAPITA OF TOTAL POPULATION ae — =e POPULATION NUMBER LAND IN CROPS /o OF LAND AREA EACH DOT REPRESENTS 500,000 PEOPLE 300 h 100 a oe Se a< Fl w g aw az 53 || 53 = POPULATION a prassces peiraaorume )ascr xa TO = pecccamananah | iaeerea rm Pre see 3} LEADING COUNTRIES |NUMBER IN MILLIONS |MILLIONS OF SQ.MILES| NUMBER PER SQ.MILE == ea POPULATION Ses eS ee see ae ne WORLD TOTAL (.792.000.000 PERSON CHINA PROPER GMA gate «= senna AUSSIA (CUROPEAN) --. UNITED STATES CLRMenN EMPIRE AUSTRIA - HUNG: JAPAN Fic. 57. Population.—Seven centers of dense population may be noted on the map—Japan, China, Java, India, Italy, northwestern Europe, and the coast of the United States from Boston to Baltimore. Among the nations of the world the greatest density is in Belgium, where there were at the last census nearly 700 people per square mile. The density in Massachusetts is about 420, in the United Kingdom about 400, in Germany and in Italy over 300, in China and in India about 200, while the average for the United States is 34. Of more significance is the acres of crops per person, which ranges from about } of an acre in Japan, a 1 acre in India and Germany, 14 acres in China, and 3} acres in the United States, to 7 acres in rgentina. ; A Graphic Summary of World Agriculture. 537 Siath EMPIRE.. NITCO STATES... LEADING COUNTRIES| miLLiONS OF ACRES ||KEADING COUNTRIES| ni Lions OF ACRES WORLD WHEAT ACREAGE EACH DOT REPRESENTS 100,000 ACRES ww wo zo fa Za ow of a Oa Zu ire a2 IN WHEAT '% OF CROPPED LAND PRODUCTION 3,823,667,.000 BUS) WORLD { (om CMPIRE WL -KUNGARY. ., w o a w c .) a z RUSS! AUSTRIA u r vo < a “ = uw = o > a =A a 3 ri) > a w z Ss a 2 7) w « ° < rs ° o z 2 a = = ry ws c . z > ° ° ° z ra) 4 u a Fia. 58. Wheat.—Four widely separated wheat regions of world importance will be noted—southern Europe, central North America, India, and Argeritina. Of these, southern Europe is most important, the combined acreage of all European countries being more than twice that of all North America, which ranks next. The surplus crop is grown principally in subhumid, temperate climates, where the pope tion is sparse, the type of agriculture is extensive, the land is yet cheap, and where wheat is free in large measure from the competition of more productive crops. Most of the important wheat regions of the world have an average annual rainfall of less than 30 inches. 538 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. iN CORN —————— el —e PER CENT OF CROPPED LAND BUSHELS PER GAPITA ACREAGE EACH DOT REPRESENTS 100,000 ACRES (Ce i ae a Ww N ac z= 2) z a .e) ) a BUSHELS PER ACRE MILLIONS OF BUSHELS MILLIONS OF ACRES cs oS = om 2 = c rad ao °o oa 2 roa Tidsons co 32 2 segegeg? — bhidedad Eglitgiiigt asleigiiies Sale Heit tet OSs Fz tae t zi ode Z2/08 ‘ ‘ o=le < > a 188: di w [33252228 Fic. 59. Corn.—The corn (maize) acreage of the United States is nearly double that of the rest of the world. The other important producing regions are southern Europe, particularly Roumania and Hungary, Mexico, Argentina, and India. Relative to the opulation, corn is a more important crop in the United States than in any other country. Relative to the acreage of other crops, it reaches its highest importance in Mexico, where it is the staple food of the poorer classes. The highest yield per acre is found in Canada, a country of inconspicuous acreage. The corn acreage of all European countries is about equal to that of Illinois, lowa, and Missouri. 539 A Graphic Summary of World Agriculture. ancacaenene seca = Ses ooase = ] apenas a Ean-—— === ac Swiuasey SER ee ad it =o = mite] @fse ease = sine vuueny ZK 2 = _ ao tee [pe “soNvea pimp a pads Die a ES A eee seks at — a os ee tos a to Pa etal naan eee =< ven = . ee Ge a srarce g yan ot eS re Es ES IS 1 oo fe | SONVIUZHLAN 3 eee Eas " : (Si eg eee ed a sco ee st ee 4 a_auana NVBEID | 3442 NwPIUIO PS EMR i= BEES: ea oe em ee A SS ta oot ee See ee eo aS Sop Be nw AD oO HOSS BS = t. Beaters Bo BpSR fa Geno ° ESse CUES OS So ,8es sR as Shag ae Ase og =~-o oO Oo Seca «~*5 3-08 Shot Ss- eaSh=28 Teogesh RSoaqac es Be REOLS Bae os SoShs 8s | e BASSO BZOoSoaed Se-osia LesZscis Oe eat Bees bs ASgoywkK ama see 7-| 3222522 = 3-60 Sea + SS oho BeLaS a= =oRnSa8a SSep soe So esas eS o°sSset bh peSoSeE SY2SotLe 2ahoses Bok ,.O as o Saxoan eB SOS ons ost eeOrksa E=a a) oshuyin- =“S .g Ge > a"2aSSS was sank Sa8aa°cs oO+Se E SS52shses sanepae = 8 “s8Sepran = n — 153848 .-22 k > cs S°D ESS Sa.-TSes Sqft 5s= Sor onys a -n oh fF a 35 .5o83 355 Bas &~ 6 _— &BeSSSate S aq AaSBasS A Graphic Summary of World Agriculture. 545 PER CENT OF CROPPED LAND IN POTATOES = ae a WORLD POTATOES ral ACREAGE EACH DOT REPRESENTS 25,000 ACRES sana ela || WORLD PRODUCTION (5.313000,000 Bus.) Fia. 66. Potatoes.—Although the potato wasin origin an American plant, over 90 per cent of the world’s potato crop is now grown in Europe, the production of that continent vastly exceeding in \vlume and almost equaling in value the wheat crop of the world. Germany has an average potato acreage twice as ah Me a production four times as great as that ofthe United States. Nearly 14 por cent of the cropped din Germany is in potatoes as compared with 1.2 per cent in the United States. Russia and Austria- ot, also each have a greater acreage and yield of potatoes than the United States. The Southern Hemisphere has no important potato-raising centers. 54159°—yBxk 1916 35 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 546 ~— "SHIN? NWISSNY ae —~"" ABYONITH - VidusnW } va On! va ON! a L SBIMLNNOD G3193913S : : 3 NOILONGOUd Ni NOILdWNSNOD saudv ja SNOL 40 avons 3NVD NI WLIdVO Had SONVSNOHL G3IBONNA SONVSNOHL G3YGNNH SGIULNNOD ONIGVI71 SNOL 9NO1 000'S2 SLNASSYd3SY LOG HOW NOILONdOUd YVONS G1HOM ABYONNH- WiEisnY ——"~ Iuigma NvISSne 77> 2uidw2 NYNEIO . NolLanaoud $3u9¥ 40 1 SNO1 10 avons .ase NI SGNVSMOHLG3HQNNH | SGNYSNOH1 O3HGNNN (S3IBLNNOD ONIGY31 (SNO1 000°001'61) NOILONGOYd G1HOM , Cuba, conven- , South are south: ii , Colorado, awa sents The areas oceu- , gar production ium, a 2 ndia, Java ough Asia is merel © Sugar crops of Ar SU, i Thecenters of beet of t f outhern Bel Ay es Valle i 6 ma gar production to the north ofthe line. an, ~ ’ tion are the ¢ very distinct. The course of the dividing line on t Sugar.— About half the world’s sugar comes from the beet and halffrom cane. jermany, northern France, s ° S _ =) ° ay S85 oO 3 ae & . ors 2 a 7p | aio = nod a ° * s D> 28852 2a 2 —oo BS RO. ny Aom .% > ee =| 28832 S8aaeseo RESzos sreo=sf SAaOoeRS 234 Ome o BM Se Ee DUES SS .625 B94 .8s3s5 ofS 2S< 238 -o S2hkooU == OC eae + sSsa6 et oe as aS Ss soog8 =~ te= Sr BRSeStost arats< 547 A Graphic Summary of World Agriculture. TTA SD SON V TMAH LI Juana nvNNI9 S3LVLS, OLIN cy € *SANNOd NI ROUdANSNOD vildvd Yad: ist SLUOdNA NI SaQNNOd 40 SNOMIN SGIWLNNOD =SNiGVa? SGNNOd 000'000'S SLNASAYday LOG HOWS NO!ILONGOUd 3353409 QTYyOM NOILONGOUd 334409 Ni GZWLNNOD ONIGVAT (SQNNOd 000'00%' %4z'z) NO|LONGogd T1YOM ance ofthe la, Colombia, The er cent of the world’ and Java. § ng import Venezue India, ssible to restrict properly the 1 oO outstan , namely, , Abyssinia, southern Arabia, Top) makes it impo per cent of the world c p distracts attention from other important areas and the West India Islands , Coffee.—Although the coffee treo is native to the Eastern Hemisphere, 9 isnow grown in South and Central America and the West Indies. The duction of Brazil (over 70 area in Brazil and still show less important producing regions. Fia. 68. ro cro p Brazilian area on the ma Central America, Mexico large dotted Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 548 =~ (uvadouna) Ans ~VINWANOM “"""MOOONIN GILINA """ AWVONNK ~ VIHISAD “P< QHIdNa NYNHID 000'S2 SAN3S3uda4 100 HOV3 Y38WINN SASYOH LE — a. mar ow em PSS SE RE, ERG OS A RE ST ON CE ra aa a a a a aT NOILWINdOd OOO! Yd YISWAN * " 26Idma NWissoN - ; e S3ivis O3LINn °"" AUWONNH = vinsSoW nm" Tuan KYNYID — oom al a eoeen . —_ A458 O7LIMA """Julan2 wvissnw {0v3H.000°00%50)) “IWLOL CIHOM onds agri- erous The ighly P ae ee RSegAaa BA Soo Sage 5s $2SnzS *ZASBEs BSR ES So .2Onmt an“eaea Oa bs Can Ge aSsnreog cupreaess Baohs SU" bs 2" 0Fo _— KAR eoV +5 °oS¢a8 2°Sg00 CWod 2 he enSeesSs SP BBAS “AUO5RG aAesss Bf oSSE. Se wea mah] t= . SC4ouognue S4eStss RF hoao bh. By AG e2Xasgaga. gZeasso oom Bie sh S356 o2..5¢c48 2 a85 8'5°- nnn eH A eA 5 MoS 4 Os OTS Ses-ae #3 SE et SSR > S28°s8o poh i= 2abod —SHdcos cot =~“ ae ssios Se Raag pte | > jp ) Sas eeay ESSsg a od SBSH km Raga os Sana be TSyaegs |\23Bs8= sUs kes so -¢ 3.835 Roda s = SYsekvs Non hSOSS = a SD SsakOoss ~“Saeb aa sshoaos =Secsgeng & Mere esS bSas8 8osas A Graphic Summary of World Agriculture. 549 NUMBER PER SQUARE MILE LEADING COUNTRIES TUNIS. <5 nae ae TURKEY (ASIATIC hn we DULOARA = megane e NUMBER ACH DOT REPRESENTS 25,000 WORLD MULES AND ASSES zie 2 Ee < J = a. og jo 2 is} © uy re [3 ‘a 2 = 2 z LEADING COUNTRIES MILLIONS OF MULES ANDO ASSES Ay Fia. 70: Mules.—The geographic distribution of mules and asses when compared with that of horses shows striking dissimilarity. Owing to their hardihood, their stolidity, their sureness of foot, and ability to subsist on meager forage, the mule and the ass are the beasts of burden of the dry and rough lands or of oor peoples. Their importance is greatest in southern Europe, in the mountains of South America, Ireland, and among the negro farmers of southern United States. Asses are more common than horses in China, but their number is not known. The number of mules and asses shown in Brazil is an estimate and is not included in the graphs. WORLD TOTA (20.000.000 - <-ee ces EH CNT c eee TURKEY (KUROPEAN) . S UNITED STATES-~ 4 = Turkey (asiavic ). — — Silla. .ssce~ LEADING COUNTRIES ar 550 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. NUMBER PER SQUARE MILE LEADING COUNTALES NUMBER EACH DOT REPRESENTS 100.000 WORLD CATTLE NUMBER PEA(OOO POPULATION MILLIONS OF CATTLE WORLD TOTAL (432,629,900 £40) THDIR oe cemnccoens ONITCO STATES .eeee IGENTINA a secnce GCRMAN EMPIRE oo ae BUSTALA «HUNGARY oo, FRAME or cccccces ao ee Fig. 71. Cattle—The four important cattle-producing regions of the world are Europe, particularly the northwestern portion, India, the United States, eastern Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil. Of these countries India ranks first in number, although the cattle are used very little for meat or milk but mostly for beasts of burden. It should be observed, however, that owing to the character of the pro- jection the greater density of cattle in India than in Europe is only apparent. Relative to the popula- tion the number of cattle is highest in those new countries of the Southern Hemisphere where the popula- tion is sparse and the grazing industry extensive. A Graphic Summary of World Agriculture. 551 NUMBER PER SQUARE MILE TRANCE~wenvcecen | WORLD SWINE NUMBER €ACH DOT REPRESENTS 100,000 LEADING COUNTRIES 2 ° j o o 8 c i] rae c w o = > z LEADING COUNTRIES WORLD TOTAL {1¢2800,000} AYU SSSR CUPP woe AUSTAUD + HUNGARY we re rd iatow ee.» rae vanes! CHUB ewe erwone BATE 2 - we + = ¥iq. 72. Swine.—The United States has more swine (hogs) than any other threo nations of the world, but in number per square milo it falls far behind many European countries. Swine are most numerous in countries having relatively intensive agriculture and an abundance of certain food products, particu- larly corn, barley, potatoes, and dairy by-products. In the United States the geographic distribution of swine corresponds ott with that of corn, but in Europe it follows rather tho distribution of potatoes and oer, cows. Swine are i in China, but their number or distribution can not even be approximated. seen ——"GNVIOLNSYS onuaiaienarbiaed -. 1) tole te EE “VIAUaS “"="="=WOGONIM OLIN vievomnge ‘Wisk ammaiaaes ONVIVIZ MIN *"""INV3dOHN3) AIHUNL AUNONYNn: S3INLNNOD ONIGV31 ONWIOLNS¥S ¢7>~=(NV3d0uN|) ASMUNL ‘WoIdsY HiNOS 40 NOIND “VWNILNGONY oon > BoV%One Leases n HSsSas Carats Se oe Se §3qee" 3s Suav See's aeaosgs B aauks Eaasca rhe 2 ao a? 2ud gegees S30g2q Sau —,. 8ene EoSO_o S6n.e8s SSo"on alagosga as5ag Paro} ~ Des Sagano pascdg SoSules = : NS a5 8 3.9323 be: eo) BS ofo0n Se“ sa5e8 Eco. so ae 5 RAABRORS a 22a o eosg2ks2 B=S=5SS5 SsSalsezto = ail .. Sao canoes & Onc & sSkSPese BSASRg aos ~GES28 |secosgss aSokiga Seneses Mm Sak os | Ss. eax SES Lao Oo sSka agssss > BEOSE SasEs -onrsv climate, A Graphic Summary of World Agriculture. 553 NUMBER PER SQUARE MILE . eee LEADING COUNTRIES NUMBER EACH DOT REPRESENTS 100,000 WORLD GOATS z Q e 3 = a. ° a « w ag 5 2 3 z LEADING COUNTRIES UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA ; EAST AFRICA ( PROT.) ~ TURKEY (EUROPEAN) -_ MILLIONS OF GOATS WORLD TOTAL (117,200,000 HEAD) LEADING COUNTRIES TURKEV(ASIATIC) -... PUSHAM CMPIRE.__.. 7 UNION OF SOUTH Fia. 74. Goats.—Goats are found in practically ali the countries of the world, but their distribution is much the densest in the Balkan States of southeastern Europe. The other principal centers are in Asia Minor, northern Africa, India, East and South Africa, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, the south- western United States, and the countries of western Europe. The goat is even hardier than the sheep in its ability to subsist on scant forage and in regions of roug pip ae cat It has the added advantage ofa ees eee milk production. The goat is therefore found prineip ly in rough or dry lands or among poor peoples, 3 7 ; Sy 7 ° ¥ i ) x oo * orth’ ee Rxctelsiod \ i. ry } ee tls way Pte nd ree 4 } ah agree ets Sa Sint aa ela p GolS ety = % «ths Ss - = &ie i —-— - = @ eLus a | . “ > =.= w . = “ ° - = ’ > APPENDIX. : AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES.! College instruction in agriculture is given in the colleges and universities receiving the benefits of the acts of Congress of July 2, 1862, August 30, 1890, and March 4, 1907, which are now in operation in all the States and Territories except Alaska. The total number of these institutions is 69, of which 67 maintain courses of instruction in agri- culture. In 23 States and Porto Rico the agricultural colleges are departments of the State universities. In 17 States separate institutions having courses in agriculture are maintained for the colored race. All of the agricultural colleges for white persons and several of those for negroes offer four-year courses in agriculture and its related _ sciences leading to bachelors’ degrees, and many provide for graduate study: About 60 of these institutions also provide special, short, or correspondence courses in the dif- ferent branches of agriculture, including agronomy, horticulture, animal husbandry, poultry raising, cheese making, dairying, sugar making, rural engineering, farm me- chanics, and other technical subjects. The agricultural experiment stations, with very few exceptions, are departments of the agricultural colleges. The total number of persons engaged in the work of education and research in the land-grant colleges and the experiment stations in 1916 was 7,066, the number of students (white) in interior courses in the colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts, 69,075; the total num- ber of students (white) in the whole institutions, 119,628; ? the number of students (white) in the four-year college courses in agriculture, 18,525; the total number of students in the institutions for negroes, 10,510, of whom 2,055 were enrolled in agricul- tural courses. With a few exceptions, each of these colleges offers free tuition to resi- dents of the State in which it is located. In the excepted cases scholarships are open to promising and energetic students, and in all opportunities are found for some to earn part of their expenses by their own labor. The expenses are from $125 to $300 for the school year. Agricultural colleges in the United States. State or Territory. Name of institution. Location. President. Alabama........ Alabama Polytechnic Institute........... ATI DUT Nan Sek as oc C. C. Thach. Agricultural School of the Tuskegee Nor- | Tuskegee Institute...) R. R. Moton.? mal and Industrial Institute, ee and Mechanical College for | Normal............. W. 8. Buchanan. TVZONE a oon ie a 2 College of of Agriculture of the University of | Tucson.............. R. H. Forbes.‘ riz Arkansas........ College ae Agriculture of the University | Fayetteville......... Martin Nelson.‘ of Arkansas. Branch Normal College.............--..-.- Pine) tite sco. sees J. G. Ish, jr. California....... College of Agriculture of the University | Berkeley............ T. F. Hunt.‘ of California. Colorado. ....... ee eee Agricultural College of Colo- | Fort Collins.........| C. A. Lory. rado Connecticut... .. Connecticut Agricultural College.........- SLOLTB iis ceseniah o's sre C. L. Beach. Delaware.......- Deliware College. .... 5. .2....2-4-seee een Wewarkissevenssocns S. C. Mitchell. State College for Colored Students........ DOV Olt seis fe nai! oh wie W.C. Jason. 1 Including only institutions established under the land-grant act of July 2, 1862. 2 Not including students in correspondence courses and extension schools. 8 Attra ns ean. fab | on Jt 556 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Agricultural colleges in the United States—Continued. State or Territory. Name of institution. Bioridays525--5- College of Agriculture of the University of Florida. Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes. Georgia. ...csce2e Georgia State College of Agriculture....... Georgia State Industrial College........-- Hawai ces Collegeof Hawait:ss5225-¢ e656 ec soe ee Tdaho Pesci. 22% College of Agriculture of the University of Idaho. ; MWIMOIS=© os.6o52 College of Agriculture of the University of Tllinois, Indiana.......-- School of Agriculture of Purdue Univer- sity. Towa. £<.<3-s5258 Towa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Kansasi2itit Kansas State Agricultural College.......-.. Kentucky.....-. The College of Agriculture of the State University. The Kentucky Normal and Industrial Institute for Colored Persons. Louisiana......- Louisiana State University and Agricul- tural and Mechanical College. Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Louisiana. Maine. 338 2) 20 College of Agriculture of the University of Maine. Maryland....... Maryland State College of Agriculture... Princess Anne Academy, Eastern Branch of the Maryland State College of Agri- culture. Massachusetts...| Massachusetts Agricultural College.......- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4... Michigan........ Michigan Agricultural College...........-. Minnesota.......| College of Agriculture of the University : of Minnesota. Mississippi. ..... ol Agricultural and Mechanical ollege. glee Agricultural and Mechanical Col- ege. Missouri. ....... College of Agriculture of the University of Missouri. School of Mines and Metallurgy of the University of Missouri.4 Lincoln! THstite 22-3 oe saacenen nwa e a ox Montana........ Montana State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Nebraska....... College of Agriculture of the University of Nebraska. Nevada......... College of Agriculture of the University of Nevada. New Hampshire | New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. New Jersey... .- Rutgers College (the New Jersey State College for the Benefit of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts). New Mexico..... New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. New York... .: New York State College of Agriculture... . North Carolina. .| The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Negro Agricultural and Technical College. North Dakota ..| North Dakota Agricultural College........ ODIG oo ean evens College of Agriculture of Ohio State Uni- versity. Oklahoma...... pee Agricultural and Mechanical College. Agricultural and Normal University...... Oregons secs eas Oregon State Agricultural College......... Pennsylvania...| The School of Agriculture of the Penn- sylvania State College. Porto Rico.....-. College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts ofthe University of Porto Rico. Rhode Tsland...} Rhode Tsland State College...............- South Carolina..| The Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina. State Agricultural and Mechanical Col- lege of South Carolina. South Dakota...| South Dakota State College of Agriculture ! and Mechanic Arts. 1 Dean. 8 Principal. 2 Acting dean. Location. President. Gainesville.......... P. H. Rolfs.1 Tallahassee..........| N. B. Young. JAthens: <2 ane ees A.M. Soule. Savannah........-.- R. R. Wright. HMonolultisoneerec ee A. L. Dean. Moscow..% .s5-2250 E. J. Iddings.! Urbanass- te oceaeee E. Davenport.1 La Fayette......-.-.. J. H. Skinner. Amesiee8!. 200en Soe R. A. Pearson. Manhattan.........- H.J. Waters. exinston sce. ase George Roberts.? Hrankfortc- so oce one ae Bernsen 2 (3) (3) (3) 20,000,000 | 12,000,000 (3) Bpaitiseteses sees | eee ote 1,137,000 | 1, 152.000 (8) 30,325, 000 29,096, 000 (8) TTD eiceile Gee tae] Cee ee Cee eee IE T/T 622,264,000 | 593,555,000 |........-.... Oe ————SSs=—==a ASIA India: iit ee 6,079,000 | 6,073,000 ° 82, 400, 000 82, 200, 000 (8) Native States........ (8) (8) @ (°) (8) ) “UST EEE Cae pie el Se) ee 82, 400, 000 $2,200), 000.)|2. veces ea 1 OE 9 S6 bbe aa 141,000 | — 144,000| 157,000 | —_3,753,000| 3 570,000] 4, 102,000 Philippine Islands....... 1,041,000 | 1,095,000 (3) 13,336,000} 14,753,000 (3) ‘iNest ABS Bl acead Bie, ane anten tae ae eae RIAs 99,489,000 | 100,523,000 |............. AFRICA pceria Mee ears vite Ds oisies boc (8) (8) (8) 350, 000 9,350, 000 (’) [3d ee 1,763,000 | 1,907,000 | 1,850,000 | 78,253'000 | 39,803; 000 (8) uation of South Africa. . (8) (8) (8) 630) 830, 000 30, 750, 000 31, 168, 000 TIGL MS Se Seas, MERA bile ae Cael lee ada Se Wee A oe aes 109, 433, 000 MOGQUS GUO E IS Se cere ces 8 8 No official statistics. 4 Galicia and Bukowina not included, 1 Less than 500 acres. 2No crop. 54159°—yrk 1916——36 6Census of 1911. 561 562 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. CORN—Continued. TaBLe 1.—Corn: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1914-1916—Contd. Area. | Production. Country. nie 1914 1915 1916 1914 1915 AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Acres. Acres. Acres Bushels Bushels. Queensland .......-..- 157,000 176,000 146, 000 | 4,039, 000 4,394,000 New South Wales 1... 157,000 (2) (2) 4,593, 000 Victorian. 2sen.isss22% 4 18,000 3 ; 2) 826,000 (2) Western Australia... . (3) 2) 2) 1,000 (2) South Australia 4..--. (3) (?) 2) 3,000 (2) Total, Australia. . - - 332, 000 340,000). - 2... = -435s< 9, 462, 000 8,721,000 New Zealand ......-..... 6,000 5,000 7,000 312, 000 284, 000 Total, Australasia. - 338, 000 3455 O00: ctreararayetemce 9, 774, 000 9,005, 000 Grand total ...s2s222)bs2ccenenucca| esnmentewete eonaietniay 3, 877, 913, 000 |4, 194, 586, 000 1 Includes Federal territory. 2 No official statistics. 3 Less than 500 acres. 4 Includes northern territory. 1916 TaBLE 2.—Corn: Total production of countries named in Table 1, 1895-1916. Year. Production. | Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 1895....; 2,834, 750,000 || 1901..... 2, 366, 883, 000 || 1906..... 8, 963, 645, 000 |} 1911..... 1896....| 2,964, 435,000 || 1902..... 3, 187,311, 1907... .. 3, 420, 321, 000 || 1912... .. 1897....| 2,587, 206,000 || 1903..... , 066, 506, 1908..... 3, 606, 931, 000 || 1913..... 1898....| 2,682,619, 000 || 1904..... 3, 109, 252,000 |} 1909..... 3, 563, 226, 000 || 1914. __.. 1899....| 2,724, 100,000 || 1905..... 3, 461, 181, 000 || 1910..... 4, 031, 630, 191522) = 1900....| 2,792, 561, 000 1916.....|.. Production. TABLE 3.—Corn: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States, 1849-1916. Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; fi culture, Estimates of acres are obtained by sis ae es in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- g estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage esti- mates whenever new census data are available. Aver- Chicago cash price per | Domestic | Per | Aver- age bushel, contract.t exports, | cent i age tse anh farm )|arm value Fare includin, of Year. creage. ie roduction. rice ollowing | corn me crop 8 ae aes Dec. 1. | December.| “ "xray, fiscal "| exe acre. bushel —______|—_——__ year begin- | port- Dec. 1. Low.| High.|Low.| High.| ning July 1.| ed. etn Acres. Bush.| Bushels. Cents. Dollars. Cts.| Cts. | Cts.) Cts. | Bushels. | P.ct. 184De AN accck ences aleoee. 0995071000 || 2-00 - ee locend- see sene |= cctesl oe eeee me ee eee 7,632, 860 is} Ee Bates eee eee 8885798, 000 | 1.225 204|--c08 en Hs ee Eg 4, 248,991 5 1866. .| 34,307,000 | 25.3 | 867,946,000 | 47.4 | 411,451,000 | 53 | 62 | 64 | 79 | 16,026,947] 1.8 1867. .| 32,520,000 | 23.6 | 768,320,000 57.0 | 487,770,000 | 61 65 | 61 71 =| 12,493, 522 1.6 1868. .| 34,887,000 | 26.0} 906,527,000 46.8 | 424,057,000 | 38 58 | 44 51 8, 286, 665 -9 1869. .| 37,103,000 | 23.6 | 874,320,000 59.8 | 522,551,000 | 56 67 | 73 85 2, 140, 487 2 LOGO Oo aaa sata apie eae pacer 780,945,000 |. -.-.-2-|--0-ceccccccnslecnes|ecccen|o-eee|ose se o|eeaescs=scinelassicue 1870... 38, 647,000 | 28.3 |1, 094, 255, 000 49.4 | 540,520,000 | 41 59 | 46 52 | 10,673, 553 1.0 1871. .| 34,091,000 | 29.1 | 991,898,000 | 43.4] 430,356,000] 36 | 39 | 38 | 43 | 35,727,010] 3.6 1872. ., 35,527,000 | 30.8 11,092, 719,000 | 35.3] 385,736,000 | 27 | 28 | 34 | 39 | 40,154,374] 3.7 1873. .| 39,197,000 | 23.8 | 932,274,000 | 44.2) 411,961,000 | 40 | 49 | 49 | 59 | 35,985,834] 3.9 1874. .| 41,037,000 | 20.7 | 850,148,000 | 58.4] 496,271,000] 64 | 76 | 53 | 67 | 30,025,036) 3.5 1875. .| 44,841,000 | 29.5 |1,321,069,000| 36.7 | 484,675,000 | 40 | 47 | 41 | 45 | 50,910,532) 3.9 1876. .| 49,033,000 | 26.2 |1, 283,828,000 | 34.0] 436,109,000] 40 | 43 | 43 | 56 | 72,652,611) 5.7 1877. .| 50,369,000 | 26.7 |1,342,558,000 | 34.8 467,635,000| 41 | 49 | 35 | 41 | 87,192,110] 6.5 1878. .| 51,585,000 | 26.9 |1,388,219,000| 31.7] 440,281,000| 30 | 32 | 33 | 36 | 87,884,892] 6.3 1879. .| 53,085,000 | 29.2 |1, 547,902, 000 37.5 | 580,486,000 | 39 434 | 328 | 36% | 99,572,329 6.4 1879...|,08,869,000 | $8.1 |1,754, 608,000 \....... .euehur) Cee Statistics of Corn. CORN—Continued. 565 TaBLE 6.—Corn: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States. State. Se eect fin at Taga t [CSC IVE) . Wiis ayer Yield per acre (bushels). 42 = BS Ba Ct tit BS BS om : on hale |aeloalolal|alal{xw|»s.fo |f_- tee (/SISISISISISISla/e [8m 41. 4/37. 0/40. 5/38. 0/46. 0/44. 0/40. 0 38. 0/46. 0/41. 0/43. 0} 85 42. 0/35. 039. 0/35. 1/45. 925. 0/46. 0.37. 0,46. 0,45.0,46.0) 81 41.036. 0/40. 3/37. 0/43. 0/41. 0 40. 037. 0/47. 0/46. 0/43. 0} 80 42. 5/36. 0/40. 4/38. 0/45. 5/44. 0/45. 0 40. 5/47. 0'47.0/42.0) 84 38. 6/31. 2/42. 8/33. 2/40. 0/45. Bia 5 36. 5/42. 0/43. si 0) 97 44, 4/33. 0/41. 3/41. 0/53. 2/48. 5/50. 0.38. 5/46. 0/50.0/43.0) 84 35. 7/27. 0/38. 8/36. 038. 3/38. 538. 6 28. 5/41. 0/40. 0/30.0) 79 36. 9/31. 5/38. 0/32. 7/36. 0/36. 8)38. 0.39, 5/38. 5 38. 040.0) 73 39. 1)32. 5/39. 5/32. 0/41. 0/44. 5/42. 5/39. 0!42. 5:38. 5/39.0) 71 32. 3/27. 5|32. 0/31. 0/31. 8/34. 0/34. 0/31. 5/36. 0/31. 5/34.0! 60 35. 3/34. 2/36. 6/31. 4/33. 5/36. 5/36. 5|33. 0/37. 0/35. 0/39.0, 64 25. 1/25. 0/26. 0)23. 2/25. 5)24. 0/24. 0/26. 0/20. 5/28. 5/28. 5) 74 30. 0/28. 0/31. 2/31. 4/26. 0/25. 7/33. 8/31. 0\31. 0/31. 5/30. 5) 77 18. 6/16. 5|18. 0/16. 8/18. 6/18. 4/18. 2/19. 5)20. 3/21.0/18.5) 84 17. 0/15. 1/14. 1/16. 7/18. 5|18. 2|17. 9)19. 5)18. 5/16. 5/15.5) 91 14. 4/13. 0/12. 5|13. 9)14. 5)16. 0/13. 8)15. 5)14. 0/15. 0)15.5) 84 13. 6|11. 3/10. 5|12. 6/13. 0/14. 6/13. 0/15. 0/16. 0)15.0)15.0) 81 38. 0/34. 6/38. 5/39. 5/36. 5/38. 6/42. 8/37. 5/39. 1/41. 5|31.5) 59 36. 3/36. 0/30. 3/40. 0/39. 3/36. 0/40. 3/36. 0/33. 0/38. 0/34.0) 54 33. 7/36. 0/31. 6/35. 9/39. 1/33. 0/40. 0/27. 0/29. 0/36. 0/29. 5| 55 2. 6/30. 1/31. 8/35. 4/32. 4/33. 0/34. 0/33. ie 0|32.0/27.5) 65 4, 3|32. 0/33. 7/33. 0/32. 5/36. 3/35. 7/40. 5/40. 5|23.0/36.0) 62 2. 3/27. 0/29. 0/34. 8/32. 7/33. 7/34. 5!40. 0/35. 0/23. 0/33. 5) 54 4, 2/29. 5/31. 7/31. 5/36. 3/31. 0/43. 0/34. 0/38. 0/30. 0/36. 5) S1 cee el a i ec a a 60 23. 8/20. 0/23. 8/31. 0/14. 0/25. 0/26. 7/28. 8}28. 0)14.0/26.5) 60 27. 4/25. 5/29. 7/31. 7/25. 0/22. 0|30. 6/25. 5)26. 0/29. 0/28.5) 51 , |24, 2/24. 0/27. 0/24. 8/25. 8/21. 0/24. 0/15. 0/24. 5|30.0/26.0) 51 18. 3|22. 1/22. 0/19. 9/19. 0/14. 5/23. 0) 3. 2/18. 5/31.0)10.0) 58 27. 1/28. 2/25, 2/29. 0/29. 0/26. 0/30. 4/20. im 0/30. 0/28.0) 63 ei tithe Wee alaetGton clos alone! Moe olor d 67 -|16. 1)15. 5/14. 7/13. 5)18. 0/18. 0)17. 2/17. 3/17. 0)17. 0)12-5) 81 - -|17. 8)17. 0/17. 3/14. 5/20. 5/19. 0/18. 3/20. 0/18. 5|19. 0/14.0) 76 20. 3/17. 5/19. 8/23. 0 23. 6 18. 6/18. 0 22. 0/19.3 20. 5|21.0) 71 |19. 1a i 7/15. 0,20. 6| 9. 5'21. 0,24. La 5)23. sae 0| 72 7. 4/24. 4/24. 8/17. 0/16. 0) 6. 5/18. 711.0)12. 5/29.5 13.5] 59 9. 8/17. 2/20. 2)18. 0/24. 0/20. 8/20. 4/19. 0.17. 5/23.0.17.7| 72 26. 8 22. 5/23. 4/35. 0/23. 0/26. 6 25. 5/31. 5/28. 0/28.0/25.0| 80) 23. 0/25. 028. 0/28, 0/10. 0/15. 0 23. 0/29. 0/25. 0/25. 0.22.0) 74 20. 0/23. hk 2/24. 2/19. 9/14. + 8/15. 0/23. bis 015.5) 67 25. 1/29. 0/27. 0/31. 3/23. 0/24. 7 22. 4/18. 528. 0/26. A 0} 83) 32. 6/37. 533. 2/32. 1/32. 5|83. 0 33. 0 28. 032. 0/30. 0.35.0) 109 31. 8/25. 5,29. 4/31. 4/30. 3/35. 0 30. 034. 0/35.0'34.033.0) 81 Cy RE ep Seal ea .--|380. 0/30. i 0 34. 0/36. 0/35. i 0 103 31. 7/30. 0,29. 0/30. 6/32. 0/30. 0 32. as 0/31. 0|35.035.0| 75 28.3)27. 0/25. 5|27. 8/28. 0/28. 5 27. 3/28. 0/27. 0/27. 0/37. 0 79 29. 8)27. 5 27. 8/30. 7/25. 5/28. 5 31. 5/28. 5/30. 0/35. 0/33. 5| +80 35. 3/34. 0/32. 0/34. 8/37. 5 36. 0 37. 0/33. 0/36. 0/41. 0/32. 0} 91 26. 4 9) . 2125. 5/27. 7/23. 9 29. 4 \ag 1/25. 8/28. 2|24. 4/61.0 | 1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1. 50) Farm price per bushel (cents). Value per acre (dollars).! 5-year average, 1911-1915. 20.35 17. 52 15. 50 13. 50 | 8.34 12. 56 98 14.44 17.35 93 20. 78 23. 25 90/16. 7119. 80 me 85,18. 95 113/18. 56 140 33. 74 115 25. 62) 125 33. 82 | | 100 23. 06 100 21. 29) 95 23. 93 | 12432. 06 57. 588. 915. 57 ~] “I 566 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. CORN—Continued. © TABLE 7.—Corn: Wholesale price per bushel, 1912-1916. New York. | Baltimore. | Cincinnati.} Chicago. | Detroit. | St.Louis. | Sa Pran- Date. No. 2 . No. 2 White (per yallagy Mixed. iaisad Contract. No.3 | No. 2 100 ae Low. | High.} Low. | High.| Low. | High.| Low. | High.| Low. | High.) Low. | High.| Low. | High, 1912 Cts. . | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. Jan.-June....- 674 874 | 67 | 85 | 64 | 87 | 634 | 824] 624 a 63 | 85 | 155 | 1974 July-Dec...... 544 | 84 | 52 | 87 | 47 | 84 | 47%] 83 | 48 | 81h] 45 | 804] 150 | 195 1913. Jan.-June..... 574 | 713 S24 654] 48 | 65 | 464| 63 | 48 | 62 | 45 | 64 | 145 | 155 July-Dec......| 67 | 874 | 644 | 68 | 633] 81 | 60 | 784] 603| 784] 612] 82 | 1514| 187 1914 Jan.-June..... 60 | 82h| 66t| 77 | 64 | 75 | oo | 734] 62 | 74 | 63 | 735] 162 | 178 July-Dec...... 712 | 933] 674 | 89 | 633] 88%] 62: | 86 | 633] 88 | 628] 87 | 167%{ 193 1915. January.......| 773 | 863 | 74 | 812] 70 | 783] 68%| 77 | 70 | 77§| 69 | 77 | 182%] 185 February..... 804 8st 72 834 70 | 81 | 68% | 78 | 704| 79 | 68%] 78 | 182% | 190 March.......- g2| 894| 73 | 774] 71 | 77 | 70 | 75'| 703] 75 | 70 | 754 | 185 | 187 Aprit.s 275i 834 | 904 | 7 843| 75 | 81 | 72 | 79 | 74 | 80 | 744| 7941178 | 187 ye eta 82: | 882 | 764 | 834| 77 | 80 | 504 | 56 | 75% | 80 134 774 | 176 | 180 Janes ss) 78: | 862] 764| 81 | 744] 7941 714 | 764] 73 | 784 | 7141 76 | 172 | 177 Jan.-June.| 773 | 90:{ 72 | 842] 70 | 81 | 503| 79 | 70 | 80 | 684 | 79% |172 | 190 Talyit eo ..5 soz | 922] 79 | 87 | 77 | 84 | 753 | 82 | 78 | 83% 734 gog | 173 | 177 August....... 86 | 9 86 | 86 | 773| 82 | 754 | 82t| 82 | 84 | 724 | 81 | 174 | 178 September....| 75 | 88% |....../...... 67 | 79 | 65] 78 | 71 | 814 | 68%] 78 | 174 | 175 October....... 70m | yet ds | ao 634 | 69 | 593| 67 | 65 | 69 | 583] 66 |146 | 167 November....| 744 | 803] 674| 71 | 62 | 69 | 614 | 68%] 64 | 694 | 60 | 65 | 153 | 164 December.....{ 80 | 854 { 708| 78 | 644] 694{ 694] 75 | 664| 75 | 65 | 75% | 162 | 180 July-Dec..| 723 | 923 | 674| 87 | 62 | 84 | 502] 824] 64 | 84 | 583] 81 | 146 | 180 1916 January.......| 854 | 894 | 70 | 824 | 704| 773 a 793 | 723| 78 | 70 | 77 |170 | 175 February ..... 834 = 742 | 804 | 71 | 78 | 714| 793] 72 | 774 | 714] 77 | 172 | 172 March........ 804 | 8 753 | 81 | 724| 764| 70 | 77 | 72 | 76 | 71 | 74%1170 | 172 erie et f 854 | 912 | s80t| 824| 76 | 79 | 742| 79 | 76 | 79 | 734| 76 |170 | 180 aye BES i 7 923 | 738 | 823 | 7541 78 | 69 £84 714 | 79 | 694| 764/176 | 180 Tinea. hoch 794 | 88% | 758 | 84%] 724 | 784 | 694] 78t| 724 | 7941 70 | 76h 1170 | 177 Jan.-June.| 794 | 922| 70 | 84% | 703| 79 | 69 | 794| 714 | 793 | -604| 77 | 170 | 180 Taher cs eS sa.| 933] 85t| 90 | 79 | 834| 78 | 844 | 793 | 85 | 7 824 | 175 | 190 August....... 02 1004 8st | 94 | 83 | 89 | 82 | 88h | 844] 91 | 8 874 | 188 | 205 September....| 964] 1012 | 92 | 95 | 864 | 884] 842] 90 | 88 | 92 | 834] 89 | 196 | 205 October....... 983 | 120 | 92 |107 | 88 | 103 | 88$|111 | 91 | 115 | 864] 111 | 196 | 215 November....| 104 | 1194 | 105 | 105 | 97 | 107 | 90 | 110 | 98 | 117 | 91 | 107%| 215 | 245 December..... 102} | 1089 | 95 | 1044] 85 | 91 | 88 | 96 | 944] 102 | 88%] 944 | 205 | 245 July—Dec.| 883] 120 | 854]107 | 79 | 107 | 78 | 111 | 794/117 | 754] 111 | 175 | 245 TABLE 8.—Corn: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1896-1916. Year. .| Aug. Sept.| Oct. Year. | July.| Aug.| Sept. | Oct.|| Year. |July.| Aug.| Sept.) Oct. UP CEs | bs Chal|: bow Che | 22. C8. P. tt.| P.ct.|) Ruth. Ps Cee 1903....| 79.4 | 78.7 | 80.1 | 80.8 || 1910....] 85.4] 79.3] 78.2 | 80.3 1904....| 86.4 | 87.3 | 84.6] 83.9 || 1911....| 80.1 | 69.6} 70.3 | 70.4 1905....| 87.3 | 89.0 | 89.5) 89.2 |] 1912....] 81.5] 80.0] 82.1] 82.2 1906....| 87.5 | 88.0 | 90.2} 90.1 || 1913....| 86.9 | 75.8] 65.1] 65.3 1907...-.| 80.2 | 82.8 | 80.2] 78.0 || 1914....] 85.8 | 74.8] 71.7 | 72.9 1908 . 82.8 | 82.5 79.4) 77.8 || 1915....| 81.2] 79.5] 78.8 | 79.7 1909 . 89.3 | 84.4 | 74.6 | 73.8 || 1916....| 82.0] 75.3) 71.3 | 71.5 Statistics of Corn. 567 CORN—Continued. TaBLE 9.—Corn: Farm price per bushel on first of each month, by geographical divisions, 1915 and 1916. * North South N. Central | N. Central South Sues Atlantic Atlantic | Stateseast | States west} Central ae Wee i. States. States. | of Miss. R.| of Miss. R.| States. ; Month. 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 } 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts.| Cts.) Cts.| Cts.) Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts January.......| 62.1 | 66.2 | 76.5 | 76.6] 77.3 | 81.5 | 62.2 | 63.3 | 56.2 | 58.5] 62.1) 75.1] 70.2] 74.1 February.....| 66.7 | 72.8 | 79.5 | 81.2] 81.8 | 85.8 | 66.6 | 69.9 | 61.1 | 67.1] 66.9 | 79.4] 71.5] 78.1 March........| 68.2 | 75.1 | 81.6 | 84.6 | 85.4 | 92.4 | 66.4 | 70.1 | 60.2 | 67.0 | 72.4 | 86.9] 78.7] 82.2 Apert 70.3 | 75.1 | 82.6 | 84.5 | 87.3 | 92.2 | 66.9 | 70.3 | 63.1 | 66.1] 75.8 | 88.2) 75.9) 87.1 May..........| 72.3 | 77.7 | 83.0 | 85.3 | 89.1 | 94.3 | 70.2 | 73.7 | 65.3 | 68.8 | 76.2 | 90.0} 79.3] 82.9 JUNC eke... se 74.1 | 77.9 | 84.1 | 85.8 | 92.1 | 95.8 | 70.6 | 73.5 | 66.6 | 68.6 | 79.9 | 91.0] 77.0} 82.3 Palys. s'----- 75.4 | 77.7 | 84.3 | 84.8 | 92.7 | 96.4 | 71.6 | 73.2 | 68.7 | 68.8 | 81.0 | 90.3 |. 79.3 | 77.9 Atastst.2 22 22: 79.4 | 78.9 | 87.4 | 86.9 | 95.0 | 96.8 |°76.8 | 76.0 | 73.3 | 71.5 | 83.6 | 86.5 | 85.4 | 80.5 September....| 83.6 | 77.3 | 93.8 | 87.6 | 98.4 | 95.5 } 81.7 | 75.3 | 77.9 | 70.9 | 86.4 | 81.8 | 88.7] 75.1 Octoper-=-2- +2 82.3 | 70.5 | 94.3 | 84.5 | 96.9 | 89.2] 81.5] 70.3 | 76.9 | 64.9] 83.4 | 69.6 | 87.2] 71.2 November....| 85.0 | 61.9 | 97.2 | 76.5 | 95.0] 79.4 | 82.8 | 61.7 | 81.6 | 57.8 | 86.6 | 58.9 | 88.7] 65.7 December. .... 88.9 | 57.5 |101.5 | 73.7 |100.2 | 75.0 | 86.4 | 55.3 | 81.5] 51.9 | 96.4 | 58.4 |101.2] 67.1 Average...| 74.3 | 71.5 | 86.9 | 82.4 | 91.1} 89.1 | 71.1 | 69.1 | 67.4 | 64.3 | 80.0 | 74.9 | 80.9] 76.9 TaBLE 10.—Corn (including meal): International trade, calendar years 1913-1915. [The item maicena or maizena is included as “‘Corn and corn meal.”’} GENERAL Note.—Substantially the international trade of the world. It should not be expected that the world export and import totals for any year will agree. Among sources of disagreement are these: (1) Different periods of time covered in the “year”’ of the various countries; (2) imports received in year subsequent to year of export; (3) want of uniformity in classification of goods among countries; (4) differ- ent practices and varying degrees of failure in recording countries of origin and ultimate destination; (5) different practices of recording reexported goods; (6) opposite methods of treating free ports; (7) clerical errors, which, it may be assumed, are not infrequent. The exports given are domestic exports, and the imports given are imports for consumption as far as it is feasible and consistent so to express the facts. While there are some inevitable omissions, on the other hand there are some duplications because of reshipments that do not appear as such in official reports. For the United Kingdom, import figures refer to imports for consumption, when available, otherwise total imports, less exports, of ‘foreign and colonial merchandise.’’” Figures for the United States include Alaska, Porto Rico, and Hawaii. EXPORTS. [000 omitted.] 1914 1915 1914 1915 Country. 1913 | (prelim.).| (prelim.). Country. 1913 | (prelim.).| (prelim.). Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. PAT SOUNTINA-.....---<2 189,240 | 139, 461 170;'490"|) Russias. ¢.5......%.. 22, 900 11,275 26 Austria-Hungary... 30 |... United States --| 46,923 17,022 50, 337 Beletim.: 222-2255: Oplasn nes tse, | ee eee Uruguay...... tA 3 3 British South Africa 741 4,778 6, 860 || Other countries. ... 7,225 6, 713 |.. Bulgaria......--..- Lh 2 1 Ree ee | See see —_—_—_ |—_—————_- Netherlands........ 11, 846 4,345 804 Total <.c cats 334,767 | 225,401 Roumania......... 38, 363 cae lal nese IMPORTS. Austria-Hungary ..| 25,844 }..........].......... Netherlands..,..... 39, 467 25, 674 43, 308 Belgium... sos -2: 2D; OnOMNeinse cdi e|ciaideciee.c 3 Norway...2t2 sie 1,149 1,672 1, 760 British South Africa 818 Portupal’s...5 seeeu 4,114 8y LOG 222 ce < <0 UUSSIAG otk Besee 662 CY (i) es ae United Kingdom...| 97,721 | 75,499 | 92,226 Other countries. ... 9,422 24,368 |.......... Total.........| 837,815 | 183,055 |.......... 568 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. WHEAT. TABLE 11.— Wheat: Area and production of undermentioned countries, 1914-1916. | Area. | Production. Country. | | 1914 1915 1916 | 1914 1915 1916 AEE MgO Acres. Acres. Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. United States........... 53,541,000 | 60,469,000 | 52,785,000 | 891,017,000 |1,025, 801, 000 639, 886, 000 Canada: > New Brunswick..... , 13, 000 14, 000 14,000 234, 000 267, 000 (@) Ontario. 3 2.55.45. 834,000 | 1,093,000 872, 000 17, 658, 000 30, 252, 000 fi Manitoba..........- 2,616,000 | 3,343,000 | 2,342,000] 38,605,000 | 96, 425, 000 1 Saskatchewan....... 5,348,000 | 6,838,000} 5,252,000 73, 494,000 | 195, 168, 000 @) Atherta rcs c= 2.4.30. 1,371,000 | 1,564,000 re 474, 000 28, 859, 000 51, 355, 000 Others -< & Se.2e- 111, 000 134, 000 131, 000 2, 430, 000 2; 837, 000 Qa Total Canada.....| 10,293,000 | 12,986,000 | 10,085,000 | 161,280,000 | 376,304,000 220, 367, 000 Te Doped dees 1,478,000} @) 4,389,000} 4,000,000; @) hee tafe ee Se Be] cos, 5) SL 08809) O00. |i: 4G: sana 15, 471,000 | 16,420,000 | 113,904,000 | 168, 468,000 172, 620, 000 1, 278, 000 (4) 16, 403, 000 19, 002, 000 21, 145, 000 783, 000 950, 000 5, 887, 000 3,596, 000 8, 167, 000 17,532, 000)| 252 -224- Jee 136, 194,000 | 191,066, 000 201, 932, 000 EUROPE. Austria-Hungary JAVISETIA ose ccce = 2 1, 660, 000 (1) (1) 2 38,024,000 | 238,000, 000 6 Hungary proper.....| 8,016,000 | 8,288,000 105, 237,000 | 152,934,000 a Croatia-Slavonia.... 741, 000 @) (1) 7, 716, 000 15, 000, 000 @) Bosnia-Herzegovina. (1) (@) 1 2, 500, 000 3, 000, 000 @) Total Austria- Binigeiry. «Sees asses thsas ee eee ee 153, 477,000 | 208,934,000 |.............- Belpiame; 22-7: eesee 400, 000 () (1) 13, 973, 000 8, 090, 000 @) IBUIpArIAL eee be cae 2, 638, 000 1) (4) 25, 979, 000 46, 212, 000 38, 241, 000 Denmark. 5, cs. ane cee we % 134,000 164, 000 152, 000 5, 785, 000 7, 979, 000 6,040,000 Wintedss oe (1) () () 130, 000 130, 000 (1) Mravicns 2s.) 5) {5 2 gee 14,975,000 | 13,564,000 | 12,855,000 | 282,689,000 | 225,132,000 213,214,000 Germany................ 4,932,000 | 4,950,000 Qa 145,944,000 | 141,676, 000 6) Greece 522 (@) (@) (i 7, 000, , 000, 000 (@) Ttalysow ace: ee 11, 783,000 | 12,502,000 | 11,678,000 | 169,581,000 | 170,541,000 176, 529, 000 Montenegro.........-..- () (1) 200, 200, 000 ) Netherlands............- 148, 000 160, 000 136, 000 5, 779, 000 6, 143, 000 4; 034, 000 INCrIVAYs £42 8452 ee 3 (@) 14, 000 269, 000 269, 000 305, 000 Portuealis 4 7-5 =u! 3 Q ey () 10, 000, 000 6, 571, 000 7,343,000 FCOUMAMIAT «4 bo coskor en 5,218,000 | 4,705,000 4, 843, 000 49, 270, 000 89, 241, 000 78, 520, 000 Russia: | Russia proper....... 50, 986,000 | 49,052,000 | 48,525,000 | 463,748,000 | 525, 450, 000 595, 419, 000 Poland Ay wes. 8 ee 343, 000 1 (1) 5, 883) 000 I (e Northern Caucasia. .| 10, 597, 000 | 10,031, 000 @) | 109. 636, 000 | 5 127, 756, 000 (¢ Total Russia, Eu- | TODGAN S600... 40b5) 61, 926,000 | 59,083,000 ;............ | 579,267,000 | 653, 206,000 |.............. Sarbiaecs 8 te: (1) Qa | (1) 9,000,000 | _ 10,000, 000 (1) Spaiiiie dase s sek 24 9,681,000 | 10,037,000 | 10,070,000 | 116,089,000 | 139,298,000 | 152,329, 000 Sweet J x. nk aswast 269. 000 (1) (1) 8, 472, 000 9,170, (1) Switzerland............. 113, 000 111, 000 124, 000 3, 277, 000 8, 957, 000 3,821, 000 United Kingdom: England..........-. 1,770,000} 2,122,000] 1,862,000} 59,217,000] 68, 437,000 55, 825, 000 WW BOS. 295-550. Lope 37,000 49, 000 |, 000 1, 082, 000 1, 415, 000 1, 383, 000 Scotland..........-. 61, 000 77, 000 63, 000 2, 642, 000 3, 053, 000 2,336,000 LOE fs DES ee a 37,000 87, 000 76, 000 1, 415, 000 8, 238, 000 2, 827, 000 Total United Kingdom....... | 1,905,000 | 2,335,000 | 2,051,000 | 64,356,000] 76, 143, 000 62,371, 000 Potals2i4.\ rast leek os, oval Siaioaeieedbslen a pete 1, 650, 537, 000 |1, 808, 802, 000 |..........2.e- 1 No official statistics. 2 Galicia and Bukowina not included in 1914 and 1915. * Census of 1910. 6 Includes 1 government of 4 Winter wheat in 1914 in 5 ee only ranscaucasia. | A >, Statistics of Wheat. WHEAT—Continued. Taste 11.—Wheat: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1914-1916—Con. —— 569 1 Including certain Feudatory States. 2 No official statistics. Production. Country. 1914 1914 | 1915 1916 ASIA | India: Acres 2 Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. British! sac - 2 .=5..% <5 28, 475, 000 30,143,000 | 312,032,000 | 376, 731, 000 318, 005, 000 Native States.....-- (*) (?) (2) (?) (*) Tip ails 1 Se eee eS SReere erase Bese se aseoe ecace sonora. 312,032,000 | 376,731,000 318, 005, 000 Ec See eee (2) 2, 500, 000 2, 000, 000 (2) Japanese Empire: se MAAN i see 6 Shee cs 1,174, 000 1,280,000 | 22,975,000 | 25, 798, 000 24, 444, 000 Wormosa ss.2.025---- 16, 000 (2) 195, 000 200, 000 (2) Tete ase PAOD OO e tess) oer op 2 ns. ae 23,170,000 | 25,998,000 |............- ? — —<$—$—_— | IPOrsinee sh casei secs (2) 14,000,000 | 16, 000, 000 (2) SS es _—— ee ussia: Central Asia (4 gov- ernments of)..---- 5, 501, 000 68,448,000 | 58,025, 000 (e) Siberia (4 govern- ments of).........- 7, 931, 000 104,038,000 | 50,321,000 (2) Transcatcasia a government).....- 11, 000 82, 000 (8) () Motal= s+ es sec .e | 13,443,000 | 14,245,000 |.........--- 172, 568,000 | 108,346,000 |..........---- ——————————_ ————— ee ——————————————_ Turkey (Asia Minor : ONLY) Sacseeedaes-s (2) 35, 000, 000 35, 000, 000 (°*) PPG AS Igy ial | ee NTT RL es 5 Oe ee a ee ae Ee a eens ano = 559,270,000 | 564,075,000 |..-.--..------ $$$ a a _ ll AFRICA J Tegra oars SEAS eine 3, 368, 000, 30,000,000 | 34, 654, 000 (2) Egypt Be uae eee 1,301, 000 000 | 32,831,000 | 39, 148, 000 36, 543, 000 Se ee ee 1,010, 000 000 2,205,000 | 11, 023, 000 7, 165, 000 Union of South Africa... () 00 | 46,034,000 7,076, 000 4, 857, 000 Wiga a4|) a ae Se peed OS Oe ES) ee eacepeno) oa Seeoeacor 71,070, 000 91,901; 000)|S-- <= —2--anees AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland......... 132, 000 , 000 1,825, 000 1, 635, 427, 000 New South Wales...| 3, 205, 000 000 |. 39,219,000 | 13,235 69, 445, 000 Wictorine.<2.-22-.: 2, 566, 000 000 | 33,974, 000 4,065 60, 366, 000 South Australia.....] 2,268, 000 | 17,470, 000 3, 639 35, 210, 000 Western Australia. .| 1,097, 000 000 | 13,751, 000 2, 707 18, 811, 000 Tasmania.........-- 18, 49, 000 361, 000 396 1, 025, 000 Total Australia...| 9,286, 000 12, 530,000 | 106,600,000 | 25,677,000 | 185, 284, 000 New Zealand..........- 167; 328, 000 5, 559, 000 6, 854, 000 7, 29: Total Australasia..| 9,453,000 12,858,000 | 112,159,000 32, 531, 000 192, ne bul GTATICMOUSl. <6 3 <2 | artes owen ale amon sical a=, clalein aisiblels 3, 585,916,000 |4,094, 480,000 |.....-.------- 8 Included in Northern Caucasia. 4 Yield of 1911 census. TasLE 12.—Wheat: Total production of countries named in Table 11, 1891-1916. Year. | Production. Year. Bushels. 1891....| 2, 432,322,000 || 1898..... 1892... 2) 481, 805, 000 1899..... 2, 559, 174,000 || 1900..... 1894... 2, 660, 557,000 || 1901..... 2, 593, 312,000 || 1902..... 1896... 2, 506, 320, 000 || 1903...-.. 2, 236, 268,000 || 1904..... Year. Production. 2,948, 305, 000 2; 610, 751, 000 2} 955, 975, 000 3,090, 116, 000 3, 189, 813, 000 3, 163, 542, 000 Year. Sete 3, 434, 354, 000 |) 1913... eet 3, 133, 965, 000 |} 1914... ane 3 182, 105, 000 |} 1915 Gives Sy 581, 519, 000 || 1916... quae 3, 575, 055, 000 Bushels. ar es 3, 327, 084, 000 | 1912... gs ae 3, 551, 795,000 | | Production. 3, 791, 951, 000 4) 127, 437, 000 F Bushels. 3, 585, 916, 000 “"| 42.094; 480, 000 570 © Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. WHEAT—Continued. TABLE 13.—Wheat: Average yield per acre in undermentioned countries, 1890-1915. . Russia United United Ger- . Hungary Year. Euro- Austria.! France.2| King- States. | pean). | many} proper.l d oni Average: Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. 1890=1899 85 he ote caecsee see 13.2 8.9 24.5 BPA sao. Se oe 18.6 31.2 1900-1909 5-2 gees. 228. sole 14.1 9.7 28.9 18.0 17.5 20.5 33.1 i Cite ates Degmoo Tae ee Beneba: U7 30.3 20.3 22.5 20.2 34.8 ULV id Seen oon See ae 14.0 8.0 29.6 18.0 14.9 23.2 35.1 1O08 aie eo =: Pipa teee pie. 4 ro 14.0 8.8 29.7 21.0 17.5 19.6 33.4 TOO Saree od Ehteth We AME Ye Se P9053 15.4 iP 30.5 19.9 14.1 22.0 35.0 ISIQS e223 ose =< meet ee =e sae 13.9 11.2 29.6 19.2 19.8 15.9 31.4 1h boss Wee a ete Ws Ee 12.5 7.0 30.6 19.6 20.9 19.8 34.0 1019 ate ee renee eclem antes 15.9 10.3 33.6 22.3 19.8 21.0 30.0 Bia ee eee eee eee 1552 13.5 35.1 19.9 19.6 19.9 32.7 LEY yi ya Se OE OPM bec e SS: 16.6 9.4 29.6 8 22. 4 13.1 18.9] “ 33.8 OTE ote oe Fe es Be ae et EZ.O WE Soe Se 28.6 |-c. 2 eee 2. eee 16.6 32.7 Average (1906-1915)....... GR) Heeseeaasa bLceaaen sa Bestscscod Snotoudeds jacoosnca+ 33.3 | 1 Bushels of 60 pounds. 2 Winchester bushels. 3 Galicia and Bukowina not included. TABLE 14.—Wheat: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States, . 1849-1916. Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying. estimated ercentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. | Chicago cash price per ; Aver- bushel, No. 1northern | Domestic | Per | Aver- pe spring. e Sree ont Acreage | 28° : arm. | Farm value} ————————] ,, © Uems o Year. yield | Production. | price : flour, fiscal | crop harvested. per per Dee. 1. Bacciiber Follows year ae acre. bushel J: Ss Bare | pal : ed. Pe Low. {High .| Low. |High. 7 | Acres. (Bush.| Bushels. Pach. 11S he Bese eee 100, 486, 000 7.5 HDS) Eee e pees ABE 173, 105,000 | 9.9 1866. .| 15,424,000 | 9.9] 152,000,000 8.3 1867. .| 18,322,000 | 11.6 | 212) 441,000 12.4 1868. .| 18,460,000 | 12.1 | 224” 037,000 ; , 033, 29,717,201 | 13.2 1869. .| 19,181,000 | 13.6 | 260,147,000 | 76.5 | 199,025,000 | 63 76 79 92 | 53,900,780 | 20.7 1 SR | SR $87) 748,000 |... co bienet wvedecnal ins boc leneazclowae « «]-rua Seen et eel : 1870. .; 18,993,000 | 12.4; 235,885,000 | 94.4 | 222,767,000] 91 | 98 | 113 | 120 | 52,574,111] 22.3 1871. .| 19,944,000 | 11.6] 230,722,000 | 114.5 | 264,076,000 | 107 | 111 | 120 | 143 | 38,995,755] 16.9 1872. .| 20,858,000 | 12.0] 249,997,000 | 111.4 | 278,522,000] 97 | 108 | 112 | 122 | 52,014,715 | 20.8 1873. .| 22,172,000 | 12.7] 281,255,000 | 106.9 | 300,670,000] 96 | 106 | 105 | 114 | 91,510,398 | 32.5 1874. .| 24,967,000 | 12.3] 308,103,000 | 86.3 | 265,881,000] 78 | 83 | 78 | 94 | 72,912,817) 23.7 1875. .| 26,382,000 | 11.1} 292,136,000 | 89.5 | 261,397,000 | 82 | 91 | 89 | 100 | 74,750,682) 25.6 1876. .| 27,627,000 | 10.5 | 289,356,000! 97.0 | 280,743,000 | 104 | 117 | 130 | 172 | 57,043,936 | 19.7 1877. .| 26,278,000 | 13.9 | 364,194,000 | 105.7 | 385,089,000 | 103 | 108 | 98 | 113 | 92,141,626 | 25.3 1878. .| 32,109,000 | 13.1} 420,122,000 | 77.6 | 325,814,000] 81 | 84 | 91 | 102 |150,502,506| 35.8 1879. .| 32,546,000 | 13.8} 448,757,000 | 110.8 | 497,030,000 | 122 | 1334 | 112) | 119 |180,304,181 | 40.2 1879. .| 35,430,000 | 13.0} 459,488,000 |....... | canacurdedsecldcccns| see acelss cecole cee ale ecee eee aaa 1880. .| 37,987,000 | 13.1] 498,550,000 | 95.1 | 474,202,000 | 934 | 1093 | 101 | 112g |186,321,514 | 37.4 1881. .| 37,709,000 | 10.2] 383,280,000 | 119.2 | 456,880,000 | 1243 | 129 | 123 | 140 /121, 992,389 8 1882. .| 37,067,000 | 13.6] 504,185,000} 88.4 | 445,602,000 | 914 | 943 | 108 re 147, 811, 316 if 1883. .| 36,456,000 | 11.6] 421,086,000 | 91.1 | 383,649,000 | 948 | 994 | 85 | 94} |111,534,182} 26.5 1884. .| 39,476,000 | 13.0] 512,765,000 | 64.5 | 330,862,000 | 694 | 762 903 |132, 570,366 | 25.9 1885. .| 34,189,000 | 10.4] 357,112,000 | 77.1 | 275,320,000| 82% | 89 | 724 | 79 | 94,565,793 | 26.5 1886. .| 36,806,000 | 12.4] 457,218,000} 68.7 | 314,226,000 | 7 we 8 153, 804,969 | 33.6 1887. .| 37,642,000 | 12.1] 456,329,000 | 68,1 | 310,613,000 | 75% | 79 a 89% |119, 625,344 | 26.2 1888. .| 37,336,000 | 11.1] 415,868,000} 92.6 | 385, 248,000 | 963 | 1054 | 774] 9 , 600, 743 | 21.3 1889. .| 38,124,000 | 12.9] 490,560,000] 69.8 | 342,492,000 | 762 | 804 | 892] 100 |109,430,467 | 22.3 1889 ..| 88, 580,000 | 18.9] - 468, 874,000) |. v.aeee| so ce ba seeelec|vecses|=owevel ace ceu|scccee|escee serene] Sa 1890. .| 36,087,000 | 11.1 | 399,262,000 | 83.8 | 334,774,000 | 874 | 923] 98% | 108} |106, 181,316 | 26.6 1891. .| 39,917,000 | 15.3 | 611,781,000 | 83.9 | 513,473, 000 93 85 665, 811 69 3 1992. .! 38/554,000 | 13.4! 515,947,000! 62.4! 322,112,000! 694! 73 t sot 191, 912, 635 | 3 Pe sr ae Statistics of Wheat. 571 WHEAT—Continued. Taste 14.—Wheat: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States, 1849-1916—Continued. Chicago cash price per bushel, No.1 northern Aver- Domestic | Per Aver- age Baa cee ne eee sees es ae 3,650 3,725 INSDraSKRe Se ee oe one eee cena tesco eee 3,540 3, 876 iReansasees pee eens ~Brccoe Stbobsdstescod 8,174 8,525 en GiCeyan en a2 ne eee eee se aa 890 900 MonHOSseo-© oe soe oe ese eae 4a pee 865 860 Ais Gamias 2 woe 2-6 boot =e ae sae; eee 110 100 MASSISSIpple feeee en _ aeoe 2 ae Beer 6 5 he CU ae os ata Se Bees seen = 1, 200 1,650 OkMihonia 23) een. 9.5 & ses ete Le 3, 050 3,350 UAT ere S GUS So SSS 5s 8 ERE RS see 255 220 Montana 5-203 5.2 -Se-e Soe eae eee ee 1,485 1,590 Wy OR peace ee = ase n See eee er 165 125 Colgmdose tee eee eee ae nee 600 570 ING ws Mexican. seer see re ns ade eee eee eae 113 89 ANI7Z0NS ee ep cree ote en ee ne ene eee as 40 39 With oe - ae ie SS Si Sek Paton 326 320 NOVA0S Eo 8 a. se tercn a pane cama ee ee 55 56 TWodahon 2s.) ea abe ao en ree et ie sae 634 670 Washing t0tteuct acs 72-6 e-beam 1,590 2, 000 (Ope 1s Ue eas ie See 0 ee es Se ee 850 900 Califormid. £ 3 Aa ee Bt eae 350 440 United States 28.) 2. 02ee.- Ses S- 52, 785 60, 469 TaBLE 18.— Wheat: Production and distribution in the United States, 1897-1916. [000 omitted.] Shipped g Old stock i Total Stock on out of Sate annie pig fe supplies : Mar. 1 peda ollowing grown. Bushels Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. TROT = setae TEA ee ten de cetes tos 3 23,347 530, 149 553, 496 121, 320 269, 126 TRG a ee ae nea eee e 17,839 675, 149 692, 988 198, 056 398, 882 TROD Let one BOM te See cnere nace meme = oat oe 64, 061 547, 304 611, 365 158, 746 305, 020 TOO 524 ee ee ee tesee coe seme Saeed 50, 900 522, 230 573, 130 128, 098 281,372 1 1 esas aetna, Parse ate peo wa: Spaying $e: eae 30, 552 748, 460 779, 012 173, 353 372,717 NA oie teas a8 pte gel Fim oe Bad eh ete yf ER OR 52, 437 670, 063 722, 500 164, 047 388, 554 W908 osmua coset Sas carlo eR. Sem eee ea Se 42,540 637, 822 680, 362 132, 608 369, 582 1004) ee ete eee ae ea Bos ore oe a 36, 634 552, 400 589, 034 111, 055 302, 771 10055 Pen SO) OE | ae 24, 257 692, 979 717, 236 158, 403 404, 092 160G. 2 Ls eee eae Fee eee 46, 053 735, 261 781, 314 206, 642 427,253 11 7 ea tom nce ati, guy yp ceils hme xa, ont ae ype 54, 853 634, 087 688, 940 148, 721 367, 607 1 CRD Spars op pete Ae aes NS yt TOE She 33, 797 664, 602 698, 399 143, 692 393, 435 0002 = Pee es See ee ae Ce 15, 062 683, 379 698,441) 159, 100 414, 165 Th eee le St PS OC, ae Se 35, 680 635, 121 670,801) 162,705 352, 906 NOIG Pee et Ree AS ok Sees aa Ue 34,071 621, 338 655, 409 122,025 348, 821 NOU ee Peet ole so dc de o = beeen ea sn wate | 23, 876 730, 267 754, 143 156, 483 449, 906 TERRE FOSS PRS Re OEM ZT | F | 35, 515 763, 380 798, 895 151, 809 411, 753 OT RG Bans SRE An 2: SR SSR 32, 236 891, 017 923, 253 152, 903 541, 198 TID ITS» 1S » be iekae male bin dice eta Sey Wie Ga eee 28,972 1,025, 801 1, 054, 773 244, 448 ; ITS, «3's 0a easton u's Pomel teres oS cee eee fonea 74,731 639, 886 714,617 |..255°72°5 5 |seee a 639, 886 |1,025, 801 1, 025, 765 942,303 ee eS eae TP eee 575 Statistics of Wheat. WHEAT—Continued. 1Based upon farm price Dee. |. SONSS a i=] ocn else) sr N No f=r) ¢ ed om oror | ARSE S8SSR8 BRSAS SSSes RS3S BSas SS5ak. S389 £Ssee ls a a a Sie say acne ee eat etcs) (Bete z ponies Saale 38 Bea Sxisdis Shake SANs Aka Cones Brass Anes ASSIS Sees ls ~ = Nn mare m~w Chen! Ye} [een o) CARA On MWD AO HOO a ™ Sia “CI6I-LI6L |e RSSHS S585 BSSS rt 0D 00 St OOo AAS8S AFAS SBKAS piel pe os SILOS REG om eu aeroage we ont.) Ss One ee ee mage ay iter Ce ear Ste HE Aaa wae arab ace a > © |‘eseaumes-o| AURSS SSGsN SHS SUAS SOGNN AASKS ASRS RSAN RASS |S re i's} i N iis) N Yo Bio) ™~ oer) =) Ee Beets SHBSe SSSSS SSSRES ASSSS SKRRS SSRS SSSA SRag/2 o 3 a a a [ohen! ww AN mu rc PO st oo iv0) 1h > micOc ico un N uw ce 2 CI6l | Aaa AAAS AAS SS aaa =] =) x is} = | or AD HO OO rt xr) N [oa] rot HL LO oD 19 O19 an paar Sd v=) tt as o q = me DmNOO OO mt rt MipwsgmN N > N 60 19 uD for) 3 S38 SS88oa SS888s SRSSS Bowe reKe eR AAAHd SS82 SSgR28 SES z = EL S16. — — i i) 4 Fa Ye) Dass aN 1) GO APOOMND oom oO ow aNa|o 3 Rewwisn oensant ANVBRZ SKLLS SSSFS SRASSX SSRK BSNS SSRS|S £ I oI6L al SaaS ee ae x oS S 38 c.| ee ee eee Ere . t~ wD mmo oe CO r= for} ON = Om N0O Isr) =o ND x mt Oo N - i) 9T6I-LO6T ‘238 MSbeam g82S90 SSSSS SSESS BSSRSS SZaASSS SBSS SSRS KKES : 3 ooooo oo} 119) oOmoooe Oo sc ID INont OO ANock OomOo ae COND orooe | 3 ee hee ee tee weiner eo ie ee ee es ao iaeupraeene ato pds Uae trie teg ee S OG} edgs wsdvis Srddd gurgd ssid aegis Osis SAR RAS |S | ooocow onmwmonm Bonne oOm~oow NAAM OS WO One DWN Noro Corno |= Sees | ee Ne ES earrey i ember Pe ate Ghs er a! 8c ay re: Sak temo encel alm ean ye Sh ce peeve Ue vers ay seh, ae Bi) Tele Ke) Sei o ei 18 Ce Sart . ~ ret iad N dt As ie] ~ iS M61 | RSegs Sdiss Sigg ANNAN Suds sigsd Asean NARS ARNSIS R | x oowon Mi9wOSO WRIA) wPHOOCD NAMOMWD MOCoS SAG Nooo ANHwooe | =) IST Sele Poe OSE OE ROS DERI 00 iS SS Cees ON Rea Ca es = mo Sy es vIGT QNGS Sivisad riddns Gish dodged sides GANG ARRAS SHRS1S n oS IN 09 SO © Pe CON O10 OD ODN SO rt INO DOO OoOk-ono onoe oOoOonr onNoeS Nn & 3 eT6I | SORES Se SOO ae AOI EO bee OR ON aie Rae Nereis Beh eat Per é ~ Netware id ate =a Ye) Q, FI PST ede Gr} faa Os os Heo) ie ch aan Steir Sas eal See SASS Sas |S eaocy IMO OL) OD NMOOM COOMmo'9 CONDOMS Wooo e SRS STN Cnoo a 8 +5 PINT (etistentes chick elton oles Scie ale eerste a Oe eh a eect Nera Secs es ~ ou ‘> 7 RS ECA OBS AS ro} GG) OR O00.0.00. COMA, Oximige sowed SARA § RSRS _ RRs =) Q o Ue m~mwoowso WOT oS COrtre- COMER ONONS Mm~Ooa Cc BO oOo ROS | =) ee (A ee 8 Fp rer eration te Aur fa: Tie Ce) Cae o-oo epee) Vey sar | Set eer a Oe NE re) ee A ae 0 Oe 8 a te * : a . . A | 4 = Het | Rese Sande alesis aucss wide! didet Stee NAAN sae cl P= oD 19 00 Om O1O st COMNCO oMmooo SDN roocon aoceocd OO reid Cone [=7) PI oret | ST a rea eS ES SOR alr et Rare arg EAH aH cae Re ECE a Brat eitee Neen ear eter al ca « Nn 8 A SASS eS Is SS eer Ef oS oP ETE ASR NRERAIS S Lo] 8 ISI) SNnNoWwW SOROS 0010 Olt rico 00 TOON sTOmw 19S Or Seas | et SI ame | nee (REG? Ce LS oy EAT SCR oe See Stee yo Fe ee Al SB ie tee ee Ta a, CI 606T | Hn sxe Sosy Send sass Sodty ASRS ARRA NKR VOR TSG Ser oe INS Bene See INE ES eee Bn = 3 806T | arid BSrasS Gasse SoNrs aAdnad Sits Sxsn KRESS RAR I= NS Asa 19 O19 AID 9S Ot O moe Oomnr OoONnroo MmHoonto IN COIN oO [—o-To ok} oonoe [x USTED eS Oe nee AO NIN SC Oe OS Se aac hen ge rie ss ge needl oa ., et | gardg gates dogg aids Soddd Ssine SOKA ARNE RRNs | = ssc) G as SSE DinoOto BVKQON ANNOWM AASSCH ANCA ANHNH ABErSO Sroo|t S Q1GT-LOGT OBE | eer GEASS SSGGS Nodaes ainda ddedciedl dees Aexs sad | si “I9AG IBoA-0T ANN mare eens fhe Pheee hae eee So een ihe hoe hae Seated fee Mees Meee een iheeed mTASek NAN ANN = SS ee ee ee Ci Oy Ogos Oa aha Guar eee Ran Gabe CaSO a UE UBC mnr ar Uns CR DeO Me Beary 0 i= aco ene seo am (a Bes RA sR. Kant Meith ned EY Dae CORRON OFS SOF OR OSU BULA TSO pat) Canc SOR BRE eee SCARE ETL Ca RI gL a a OO TLE See Reet Dig ie pa (i A rene pC eri eer | EAC PR ae URLs WSU SERA SU tome i ihe RD IA oe Se) LE eA ote Ba e ot ' ’ ’ ’ . . ‘ ' ' ’ ' ‘ ‘ . ; ‘ 2 ’ ’ ’ ’ H ' . , . ’ ’ ’ ' ‘ ’ ’ ' : : . : a . ‘ 4 iF 2g URE A eis UCN OME tee hea eae Oem yD WARRIOR, stiaetiniets trea cies cts oe 8 ene 8 Bee ee ee US Oo Oa rst OE Sy meet Ca at ae a ame et a Ona 0 Bossier FCO pian BPLU RD NO sti TED. COA Bi nie MRE Ried) atte St CG SCR a ae ee eee ber re n Net ctea ei ee ne eee ie teat gt vee wy cle tioen Byagts ov atety Nie Ca pen Be Siete me ern) o 8s . yan. abt Uric ° mA: Th ak ew "Po Lore * Soon < cetd Boece Canes £25 s Male ts BEE ¥ESg TES5 3422 See a = S28 ! i : 3 oH stuza as>ez woose SESSS zuizMM axaeo Decem- Your ber of : When When xy pre- | April. | May. | June. | har- | June. | July. |August.| har- vious vested. vested. year Picts.:| (Pxcta | Piet |) Ps ctom\ Be ctsa| Pacts ae Pcl. | Chae |e T80053.92. S o eee eee a ae 95.3 81.0 80.0 73.1 76.2 91.3 94.4 83. 2 79.7 ‘ 96.6 96. 2 92.6 94.1 95.5 97.2 88.3 89.6 92.3 90. 9 87.3 81.2 75.5 aCe 86. 4 74.1 67.0 68.9 83.2 83.9 88.0 68. 4 67.1 69.9 eal 65.8 97.8 | 102.2 95.9 94.9 77.9 75.6 99.9 93.3 78.9 73.8 78.5 81.2 89.6 91.2 86.7 80.8 90. 8 85.7 | 100.9 95.0 96.5 91.7 67.3 65.6 91.4 91.7 83.6 77.2 82.7 80.8 87.3 5552 56.4 56.1 87.8 88.3 92.0 95.6 80.3 78.4 76.1 77.0 $5.4 92.4 89.7 87.2 82.2 78.8 95.9 82.5 77.1 78.1 77.7 78.7 93. 4 93. 7 87.5 66.2 85.5 82.7 93. 7 91.0 89.2 87.3 82.7 85.6 93. 4 91.4 86.9 83. 4 77.4 78.3 88.7 87.2 | °79.4 77.1 86.0 80.6 95.0 89.4 80.7 77.6 80.7 82.4 95.2 92.7 91.6 88.6 80. 81.5 92.8 61.6 61.0 63.1 80. 76.8 73.3 81.6 94.1 68 0 TaBLE 21.—Winter wheat: Per cent of area sown which was abandoned (not harvested). Year. Per cent. | Year. Per cent. | Year. _ Per cent. | | ee ae ee 15. 24abOTe es Sek eR 11:2: |) 19193. 2.3 eee | 20.1 OC a ee oe D:S0y AOpen CaS See RP Ril Eee eT 4.7 TOES Seek. Pe. See: 15542 }| 1900S. Sere oso yest 75 || 19th | 1 AGB Sooite | SRE Se. i GH LOT Oa ease eRe 1327"|[ "191d ee eee 2.7 Le Re a 5.5 || 1911......-..------2--8 10:.7, || 1916S 2aee, ee eee eee | 11.4 TABLE 22.— Wheat: Farm price per bushel on first of each month, by geographical divisions, 1915 and 1916. Tri North South N. Central | N. Central South + vee Atlantic | Atlantic | Stateseast | States west| Central Far ee + States. States. of Miss. R. | of Miss. R. States. 7 Month. ae See Worn onal aati : oS eae | 1916 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | i | cts. | cts. | cts. | cts. | cts. | cts. | cts. | crs. | crs. | cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts..| Cts. January.......| 102. 8} 107. 8] 110.0 112.1) 119.0) 117.2) 111.2) 113. 4) 101.9! 106.5} 106.0) 107.9) 88.1) 101.4 February..... | 113. 9) 129.9) 121.7) 135. 5} 129.0) 139.3) 121.0) 135. 7| 114. 6) 129. 5] 110. 6) 129.0} 99.3 120. 8 March....:....| 102.9} 133. 6) 113.6) 142. 8) 123.1) 146.0) 109. 6) 138.6) 99. 6} 132. 4| 109. 4, 134.9) 94. 3 124.8 OTIS iguana pi | 98,6! 131.7) 109.7) 138.2) 117.9) 144.9] 104. 7| 137.7) 97.0) 130. 5) 103. 4 133.9} 86.6 121.3 MAU sieekassees 102. 5| 139. 6] 111.6) 145.2) 117.7] 148.5) 109.0} 142.9) 102.1] 142.0) 104.9) 138.9} 88.9 122.5 PAU Sie ncowe as | 100.0) 181. 5} 105.8) 140. 2) 115. 6) 141.5) 104.9) 135.9) $9.1) 133.1) 103. 4 131.9) 89.0 114.5 | Sit sivasasscus 93.0) 102.8) 99.5 112.6) 109.5) 115.7} 99.4) 105.0} 92.0) 104.9] 92.0) 96.6] 83. 7 89.5 AUZUSt.2.-.0-- | 107. 1| 106. 5| 108.9 107.6) 115.0) 110.2) 114. 4 101. 7| 108. 5! 112.2} 109.4) 104.1) 91.0) 90. 9 September....| 131.2) 95.0) 131.3) 102.8) 133.7) 108. 8) 135.8) 96.7) 132.5) 93.8) 137.3) 101. 5} 118.4 86.1 October....... | 136.3) 90.9) 138.4) 100. 4) 140.8) 107.5) 143.5) 98.6) 136.0) 88.1) 142.4) 98.8} 124. 5 78.1 November. ...! 158. 4| 93.1) 166.0 101.3) 164. 5) 111. 4) 166.6! 102.1) 159.5) 89. 4] 167.1! 100.0) 138.2; 83.3 - December.....| 160.3) 91.9} 163.6, 103.2) 170.6) 112. 8) 167.3) 101. 5) 159.7) 88.0] 168.6 98.9} 149.1 81.9 Average..... 126.7 105.0) 132.6 112.0) 132.4 118, ‘| 128. 3 109. 9) 126. 6 104. 7} 123. 3 106.7; 119.8) 89.4 Statistics of Wheat. 577 WHEAT—Continued. TABLE 23.—Wheat: Wholesale price per bushel, 1912-1916. New York. | Baltimore. | Chicago. Detroit. | St. Louis. re Ben. Heat: ,.| No. 1 Cali- Date. No. 2 red No. 1 north- No. 2 red -| No. 1 north- F winter. | No.2red. | orn spring. No. 2red. | “winter. ern. fornia (per : 100 Ibs.).2 Low. | High.| Low. |High.| Low. |High.| Low. |High.|Low. |High.| Low. |High.| Low. |High. 1912. Cis, Cts. | Cts: Crs | aGtss | Crs. || Cts.) | Ctse || Cts. | Cts: || Ctss || Cts.) Cts.) Cts: Jan.—June....- 981) 127 954} 1164; 107] 122 952] 120 924} 1253) 1034) 118%) 150] 190 July-Dec..... 1034} 1183} 944] 106 85 | 116} 1013; 112 94 1153] 803} 1124] 140] 165 1913. Jan.-June..... 107 | 1144) 1053) 1094) 874] 96] 102%) 1164) 93] 115 824} 898| 155] 1824 July-Dec...... 94) 107 894) 963) 85 954} 874! 102%] 838 973; 803] 934) 155 | 1724 1914. Jan.—June....-. 874, 1113] 83) 103 89 | 100 864) 993] 753) 993} 84 984; 1513) 165 July-Dec...... 864} 1364| 823]. 127 883) 133 80} 1273, 76 | 1274| 854] 1294] 152 200 1915. January......- 188 | 162 | 1324) 151] 128] 154] 1284) 152 | 1274) 152) 125) 1493) (3) (3) February... .-. 157 | 178 | 1484) 164 | 146] 167 | 148] 165 145 | 164] 1404! 1574] 225) 240 March's s(: s2,--0< 1493| 172%) 1401) 1623) 188.) 162%) 136%] 1593} 1863) 1573) 1338] 156%] 225 230 ATA S Sn ioieaia'= 159 | 1693) 1553! 1683) 1524) 1653) 1523] 161 | 149 160 | 1383) 1658) 215 | 230 TAY Se Stee 147 |} 170) 1413) 1634) 141 | 1644) 139 | 1604} 137 1503| 146] 165] 195 | 220 June.......-.-| 126] 141] 111 | 140] 123} 149) 1143) 188] 110] 132] 114%) 1443) 165] 200 Jan.-June.| 126] 178] 111 1683 123 | 167) 1143) 165) 110] 164) 114%) 1658) 165] 240 Milly 22 -b- = 1183) 1443) 1054) 1144) 132] 1533} 110 | 1382 108 | 128) 1273) 1514] 165] 185 ERAT EUS inte 2he[i.-\| 110%) 128%) 102) 1214) 108} 131 1063} 1174) 107] 1203) 968] 155] 160] 185 September....| 1084) 128 | 1002%/ 1103] 993) 1193/ 106 | 114] 106| 122 89 | 104%) 140] 165 October: .....\..- 118 | 1307} 106] 116 99 | 1153) 107} 115] 109| 129 92%, 1094; 140] 175 November... . (3) 110%) 1144) 1025) 111} 111] 114] 111) 125 98% 105%/ 150] 170 December..... 3 (8) 1133) 128%) 106 | 128%) 1133) 126) 115] 129] 1033) 1233) 150] 170 July-Dec..| 1081} 1443] 1003} 128%; 99] 1533} 106] 132] 106 | 129 89 | 155] 140] 185 1916. January....-.- 1384] 1564; 123 | 1414) 1193) 1393) 122] 187 | 122] 143] 118%) 1383) 150] 190 February....-. 1303} 154 | 116} 137%) 112) 138 | 1114] 1354} 116 |. 142] 108%] 1344] 160] 185 CG TAG EAS 130%; 139 | 1124] 1193) 1093; 123] 1103] 1184) 112] 122] 108% Det 160 | 175 2.500 1293; 143 | 1142! 123 |) 1183! 128] 117 124 | 116! 1804) 117%! 1264) 160! 170 Vote oieye e---| 1243| 136 | 104 | 1193) 116 | 126] 108%) 1234) 106] 125) 1134] 128%) 160] 170 June.....-.---| 1184) 1323) 1004] 1052) 1063) 118 | 103] 1134] 106 | 114] 1064} 1164] 160] 170 Jan.-June.| 113} 1564) 1004) 1414; 1064) 1393} 103 137] 106 | 143 | 1064 1382} 150} 190 July.....-.-.-| 1233] 143 | 1024/ 126| 110 1313| 104 | 1293/ 109 | 1363 1074 1324 160 | 185 August....... 144 | 179 | 1253) 157 | 1268) 1644] 130] 1543) 129 | 165 | 127%) 165%; 160] 210 September....} 168%) 1848] 148+) 157] 150] 1714) 1443] 156 | 147| 172] 152 1678) 185] 225 October....... 1853) 209%) 156%) 1924) 164 | 202] 1574) 188] 158| 195] 1693] 1994) 185] 275 November..../ 198 | 215 | 174] 1934) 165} 200] 173 | 1894) 177| 196] 177] 200] 240] 290 December...../ 183} 206] 159] 183] 1554) 190] 157] 183%) 168} 187] 1503] 188§] 250] 290 July-Dec..| 1233} 215 | 1024/ 1934) 110] 202] 104 | 1893| 109 196 107%] 200} 160 290 1 No. 1 northern spring in 1916. 3 Nominal. 2 Northern club, in 1918. White, subsequent to 1913. 54159°—ysx 1916 37 578 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. WHEAT—Continued. : TaBLE 24.—Wheat flour: Wholesale price per barrel, 1912-1916. Chicago. Cincinnati. New York. St. Louis. Date. Winter patents.) Spring patents. | Winter family. | Spring patents. | Winter patents, Low. | High. | ‘Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. 1912. : Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Doils. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls. Jan.—JUNEs ome 65 = 3.75 5.45 4.50 5.60 3.40 4.50 4.25 5.50 440 5.85 July—DeCi once ees c- l= 4.50 5.30 4.00 5.30 4.00 4,50 4.50 5.20 4.20 5.60 1913. Jan—Junes: 38-6 <1 4.30 5.10 4.10 5.60 8.25 4.15 4.40 5.00 4.30 5.15 pithy WGC l=2= ean simace 3.90 4.35 4.00 5.50 2.90 3.50 4.40 5.00 3.70 4.55 1914. dan |Junes. -se2s. <-/ 3.50 4.40 4.00 5.50 3.20 3.50 4.50 5.10 3.35 4,35 July-Dec......-.-.-- 3.45 5.50 4.00 6.90 3.05 4.90 4.35 7.00 3.35 5.70 1915. Januarysss-<2c20---/ 6.10 7.10 6. 60 7.60 4.75 6.15 6.25 7.40 5.50 6.75 Mepruaryeeee wet see 7.10 7.80 7.20 8.00 6.25 6. 65 7.25 8.25 6. 60 7.50 ' MATCH S a5 cccccmeoe 6.60 7.25 6. 65 8.00 6.00 6.55 6.85 7.85 6.30 6.85 ; a \ ol Dee 3 386 545855 5 6. 80 7.60 7.10 8.30 6.15 6.55 7.25 8.10 6.40 6.90 . Wee R Se eeisae sae soae 6.70 7.50 7.30 8.30 6.00 6.55 7.35 8.10 6.35 6.90 TMG | ase ees ce 5.10 6. 65 5.50 8.10 5.25 5.90 5.50 7.90 5.10 6.30 Jan.—June..... 5.10 7.80 5.50 8.30 4.75 6. 65 5.50 8.25 5.10 7.50 Jaly= 2. evetsseeete 4.60 5.75 5.75 7.50 5.25 5.65 5.50 7.25 4.90 5.90 ANIPUISE- Ss 2-~ eioeee ee 4.75 5.75 6.00 7.50 5.50 5.65 5.15 7.25 4.60 5.10 September...-.....-- 4.50 5.50 | 4.50 6.30 5.00 5.65 4.90 6.85 4.60 5.00 Octobers=2. 2225-5 5.00 5.50 4.80 6.30 4.65 5.15 5.05 6.10 4.80 5.40 November.......-.-- 5.00 5.50 5.00 6.30 4.65 4.75 5.40 5.90 5.00 ~ §.25 December.......-..- 5.25 5.75 5.15 6.90 4.65 5.25 5.60 6.70 5.10 5.60 ‘ July-Dec....../ 4.50| 5.75 | 4.50] 7.50| 4.65| 5.65 | 4.90] 7.25] 4.60 5.90 . 1916. | JANUANYL Se eloa- == 5.50 6.80 5.60 7.50 5.15 5.40 6.25 7.25 5.25 6.10 Bebruaryssce- = <0 5.60 6.60 5.60 7.50 5.40 5.50 5.45 7.25 §.25 6.10 : Marcel oe oats saat 5.15 5.75 5.10 6.90 5.15 5.35 5.70 6.40 5.10 5.40 ‘ YXj0) a | ae oe ee 5.50 6.25 5.65 6.70 §.15 5.25 6.05 6. 60 5.20 5.50 MAY:.25- 0b s.0.0 5 So 5.30 5.75 5.40 6.70 5.10 5.35 5.80 6.50 4.90 5.35 bots: ee a eae 5.00 5.60 5.20 6.70 4.50. 5.35 5.50 6.15 4.75 5.05 Jan.-June..... 5.00 6.80 5.10 7.50 4.50 5.50 5.45 7.25 4.75 6.10 > Or ee Pes SA ~ 6.00] 5.50| 5.00| 7.30] 4.50| 5.00| 5.50| 6.8 | 4.75] 6.00 IAMIPUSE 222-5 =e 20; 094 ee ecb<. . . 13,060 | 38,496 |......... 71, 843: | 198,825 |. .2..... Potaliccs.<-- 655, 504. | 402,581. | 2.5.2... 26,607 | 49,801 |......... 775, 236 | 626, 684 |........- 1 Flour is reduced to terms of grain, where included in these 3 columns, by assuming 1 barrel of flour to be the product of 44 bushels of wheat. 2 Data for 1912. 580 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. OATS. as TABLE 26.—Oats: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1914-1916. Area. Production. Country. 1914 1915 1916 1914 1915 1916 NORTH AMERICA. Acres. Acres. Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. ; United States..........- 38, 442,000 | 40,996,000 | 41,539,000 |1, 141,060,000 |1, 549, 030,000 | 1, 251,992,000 SSS ee SS SDSS EES EES ee Canada: : New Brunswick..... 200, 000 201, 000 198,000 6, 488, 000 5, 560, 000 Quebec.......-- 1,327,000 |} 1,400,000} 1,138,000 42,119, 000 42,182, 000 Ontario... =. 2--< 2,840,000 |} 3,095,000] 2,410,000 99,400,000 | 122,810,000 Manitoba...........-. 1,331,000 | 1,441,000} 1,363,000 31, 951, 000 69, 471, 000 Q) Saskatchewan....... 2,520,000 | 2,937,000} 2,657, 61,816,000 | 157,629,000 AIDES 22.5 as wm = « OATS—Continued. | TABLE 34.—Oats: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1896-1916, hee eee iy i) ag Rey av Sie a et - 2 as 2 3 Year 2 2 & E 2 Year. — s is Bp § yi Year 3 i Sp E 3 By ee is Salto ted, Pe ah ee beet ee PCN ech. bet. ules Piet. \ PCa Pete \erce. P3ct:)|¢P ct.) Races ete 1896....| 98.8 | 96.3] 77.3 | 74.0 || 1903....] 85.5 | 84.3 | 79.5 | 75.7 || 1910....| 91.0 | 82.2 | 81.5 | 83.3 1897....| 89.0 | 87.5 | 86.0 | 84.6 |} 1904....] 89.2] 89.8 | 86.6 | 85.6 |] 1911....| 85.7 | 68.8 | 65.7 | 64.5 98.0 | 92.8 | 84.2 | 79.0 || 1905....| 92.9) 92.1 | 90.8 | 90.3 || 1912....| 91.1 | 89.2 | 90.3 | 92.3 88.7 | 90.0 | 90.8 | 87.2 |} 1906....| 85.9 | 84.0 | 82.8 | 81.9 || 1913....| 87.0 | 76.3 | 73.8 | 74.0 91.7 | 85.5 | 85.0 | 82.9 |} 1907....} 81.6 | 81.0 | 75.6 | 65.5 || 1914....| 89.5 | 84.7 | 79.4 | 75.8 85.3 | 83.7 | 73.6 | 72.1 || 1908....} 92.9 | 85.7 | 76.8 | 69.7 |} 1915....| 92.2 | 93.9 | 91.6 | 91.1 90.6 | 92.1 | 89.4 | 87.2 || 1909....| 88.7] 88.3 | 85.5 | 83.8 || 1916....| 86.9 | 86.3 | 81.5 | 78.0 TABLE 35.—Oats: Wholesale price per bushel, 1912-1916. . incin- C il - 5 By New York.| Baltimore. Singin Chicago. eeu Duluth. Detroit. San few Date. No. 2 No. 3 ~ No. 2 No.3 No.3 White (per white! white. mixed. Contract. white. - white. Standard. | ‘199 eat Low. |High. Low.|High. Low ti h.|Low.|High.| Low.) High.| Low.|High.| Low.|High.|Low.|/High. 1912. Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts. | Cts.) Cts. | Cts.| Cts. |Dolls|Dolis. Jan.-June} 533] 64] 523} 65] 50]. 61] 46%) 583) 47 593) 447) 56%) 504) 6833/1. 70 | 2.125 Tuly-Dec.| 384) 623] 373] 663) 32 55 | 301, 57] 3803; 57) 283] 51} 334) 62 1.473) 1.95 1913. Jan.-June} 363] 48] 384] 47] 333%, 43% a 434) 314] 423) 272) 413) 342) 4432/1. 433 July-Dec.| 44 50} 45 473| 39 47| 3 44 1.373 433] 48%! 423) 462) 393) 43) 3 421! 363] 43] 338] 40 393%) 45 |1. 223) 1.464 433| 584) 414] 544) 35 523} 333} 514) 344] 52) 338) 508) 373) 53 |1.20 | 1.60 554] 64) 52 51 583) 49 583) 50 83) 492) 5 524} 592/1.50 | 1.85 614, 66) 61 623] 57 593! 53 60 zs; (GL at 5 564, 62 |1. 773] 1.85 61 664, 594} 641] 56 614| 533) 603! 53 613) 51 58%} 564| 62 |1. 723] 1.80 613} 64) 62 623} 564) 593) 53%] 573) 543) 58] 52 58 614]1. 75 | 1.80 59 633, 56 62 | 513} 57) 504) 66) 514) 563) SOR) 543) 54 5843/1. 65 | 1.80 533; 573) 50 564] 46 52 | 463; 493) 474) 513) 443] 483) 50 54 |1.40 | 1.70 533} 663) 50 64 | 46 614| 463} 603) 474) 613) 443/ 583%) 50 62 {1.40 j 1. 85 r —_—_>S | _—=S.:'a— 563] 653! 503) 633, 48 58 | 483; 592) 49 57 | 47 58) 51 59 )1. 423) 1.50 55 70%) 41 66 | 363) 54] 46 60 | 333) 63] 3834| 543) 41 65 |1. 373) 1.50 Nominal..| 38 40 | 33 38 | 353] 39) 34 38 | 32 333| 363] 40 |1.30 | 1.40 soe 5) : 1.30 | 1.40 1.35 | 1.40 1.323) 1.40 1.30 | 1.50 3 55 534)1. 424) 1.55 48 1.40 | 1.45 483)1. 40 | 1. ant : 1.57: . 55 574 ——— 1 No. 3 white in 1916. Statistics of Oats and Barley. OATS—Continued. TABLE 36.—Oats: International trade, calendar years 1913-1915. [See ‘General note,” Table 10.] 587 EXPORTS. [000 omitted.] | | 1914 1915 1914 | 1915 Country. 1913 | (prelim.)| (preiim.) Country. 1913 | (prelim.) ‘(prelim.) Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. / AUG SES AS eSIDe 3,888 5,291 4,011 || Netherlands....... 31,131 14,411 o4 Argentina.......... 61, 298 24,368 40,840 || Roumania......... 11, 963 420807 | ese ee Buledriae 3.5. . =: 11763 pl eae rae earl (ee gear IRUSSIgs Syesstee cece 41,309 19, 235 117 @anadas.s-..:..... 31,732 | 20,174 18,496 || Sweden...:......-- 4,730 PGS ball pee ods (Citi: 285 324 324 || United Kingdom... 1,655 1,321 (ily Cine: 3, 687 3,372 7,313 || United States...... ,275 | 35,067] 104,549 Denmark.........- 194 168 2 || Other countries. . .. 4,221 35:768:| Sees Meters... 2... 456 350 237 ——_—_ |-—_—_— (eine Tu Ab RD S4 | Seen ees actllisc aise Total.........| 247,581 137,900) |2e eee IMPORTS Austria-liungary..- TOA) (ERE. See es| 2s eteR ee Philippine Islands. 537 74 441 Balerinemss2s sce 2 SEB} epee eeeceel Sameecrcrse IRUISSIAias 5 aiseeen arose , 608 1,899 276 Deniarice ccs ssc06 4,224 3,73) 217 || Sweden...........- 4,431 5,008 2,072 Wil a a 1,503 1,534 1,004 || Switzerland........ 12, 205 10, 235 6,913 Hae sess 3 1,002 1,293 157 || United Kingdom...| 64,470 | 55, 905 59, 165 aR TANGOE Ss set. 39,992 | 35,473 46,610 || United States...... 13,209 9, 429 264 Geninanvansnas. sc ce|) 4845198) acecssccdc|es cs sess Other countries.... 2,461 4-830 eeeemeecte UCR! eS eee eee 7,331 455 2,765 a -.Netherlands........ 38,711 | 20,006 4,332 Totalsse2-im.| 238572" 151 Oat ilens. DEWAN Sores cs sée 393 1,041 1,093 | BARLEY. TaBLeE 37.—Barley: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1914-1916. Country. NORTH AMERICA. United States........... Canada: New Brunswick..... ALDOrta.22- 282 oces. Total Canada..... 1 No official statistics. Area, Production. ! 1914 1915 1916 1914 1915 1916 Acres. Acres. Acres. Bushels Bushels. Bushels. 7,565,000 | 7,148,000 | 7,674,000 | 194,953,000 | 228,851,000} 180,927,000 2,000 2,000 2, 000 64, 000 48,000 85, 000 85, 000 77, 000 2, 261, 000 2, 255, 000 461, 000 449, 000 340,000 | 13,987,000 | 15,369, 000 468, 000 490, 000 475, 000 9,828,000 | 17,763,000 Q) 290, 000 287, 000 262, 000 4,901,000! 10,570,000 178, 000 185, 000 161, 000 4, 806, 000 6, 984, 000 12, 000 11,000 12,000 354, 000 342, 000 1,496,000 | 1,509,000} 1,329,000 | 36,201,000 | 53,331,000 41,318,000 292, 000 (1) (1) | 10, 839, 000 10, 000, 000 (!) oe, et eee eae 241,993,000 | 292, 182,000 |............-. i ae | 418, 000 375, 000 431,000 8, 037, 000 5, 144,000 | (1) 153,000 224, 000 (1) 5, 567, 000 3, 750, 000 (4) 14,000 5, 000 10, 000 165, 000 40, 000 115,000 tne Seteveictard| eroctaers asdcnl aeiatomatiae 13, 769, 000 BPOdACGU0y hee eee eccracee — oss SS 588 BARLEY—Continued. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TABLE 37.—Barley: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1914-1916—Con. Country. 1914 EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: Acres AnISErigee se = eee 11,729,000 Hungary proper.....| 2,705,000 Croatia-Slavonia.... (?) Bosnia-Herzegovina. (2) Total Austria- Hungary...... Fy rt Os Belgium 32.2.2 322-2 = 84, 000 Bulgaria -2-cso2c3222e= 554, 000 Denmark. scse seen ae (7) Winland:.2t 554202. 50c6 =e () TANGO sense see cee te 1,780, 000 Germanye-ss-cock aco ccne 3, 909, 000 Wisse ci -teaeesesacecces 610, 000 Netherlan’s.......-.--.- ~ 67,000 INOEWAY.- S222 secdensenae 2 Roumania wet. ccc kee 1, 405, 000 Russia: Russia proper......- 25, 260, 000 Polands-- we. eS (°) Northern Caucasia..| 4,495, 000 Total Russia (Eu- ropean) 22 2-.-52 29, 755, 000 Herbigisss-ssnoo ee eee (°) Spain es sake sae 3.404, 000 Sweden. -24t 2) ee! 436, 000 United Kingdom: ROneland5. 66s. <..ss< 1, 420, 000 Wealess 2 tes i= oe 84, 000 Scotland=.>.2-s2-: 194, 000 ireland s- coco cc eee 172, 000 Total United doms-soo 1, 870, 000 Totals... fe.5ceeee | sss noe ee ASIA. india: British. s¢.5.40- = 7, 098, 000 Native States....... 981,000 Motal!: 22a 8,079, 000 Cyprusi. sesso seen eee (?) Japanese Empire: Japant. iii eS 3, 294, 000 Mormosace*2-2- (2) Total Japanese Empire eo cso esc os as eece ussia: ps Central Asia My gov- ernments of)...... 485, 000 Siberia (4 govern- ments of).......... 630, 000 Transcaucasia (1 government of).. 2.000 Total Russia (Asiatic)........ 1,117,000 24, 094, 000 e 2 (*) 3, 786, 000 (?) 7, 758, 000 (*) () 1,371,000 4, 404, 000° 28, 498, 000 7, 758, 000 1916 1, 454; 000 25, 105, 000 =) (?) 3, 109, 000 (*) Production. 1914 1915 1916 Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 158,458,000 | 258,000,000 2 65,265,000 | 56, 186, 000 2 1, 940, 000 1, 938, 000 2 , 000, 000 , 900, ? 128; 663, 000°) 119! 124.0005 |S 2. eee 4, 232, 000 4,000, 000 (2) 9,217,000 | 14, 697,000 14, 739, 000 20,780,000 | 25,898, 000 22, 306,000 4,047, 000 5, 000. 000 (2) 42,719,000 | 30, 963, 000 37, 778, 000 144,125,000 | 114,077,000 2) 6,917,000 | 11,050,000 10, 104, 000 3,019, 000 3, 233, 000 2, 499, 000 2,591, 000 2, 821, 000 3, 026, 000 25,505,000 | 28, 688,000 30, 038.000 310, 249,000 | 311,246,000 | 442, 381, 000 73,323,000 | 269,575,000 3 383,572,000 | 380,821,000 |.............- 3, 000, 2, 250, 000 () 72,272,000 | 82, 763, 000 84, 372, 000 12,195,000 | 14, 252, 000 ) 48,205,000 | 34,898,000 2,743, 000 2, 467, 000 7, 616, 000 5, 183, 000 8,073, 000 5, 828, 000 66,637,000 | 48,376,000 929,491,000 | 888, 013,000 125,113,000 | 142,846,000 Q (?) (*) (e 125,113,000 | 142,846,000 |........--...- 2, 000, 000 2,000, 000 Q) 85,775,000 | 100,891, 000 99, $22, 000 60, 000 75, 000 2) 85,835,000 | 100,966,000 |.......-...-.- 7,929,000 | 47,946, 000 ) 11, 498, 000 5, 707, 000 () 24,000 (6) (?) 19, 451, 000 232, 399, 000 i nn 1 Galicia and Bukowina not included. 2 No odicial statistics. 3 Includes 1 government of Transcaucasia. ¢ Includes Oural. 6 Included in Northern Caucasia. Statistics of Barley. BARLEY—Continued. 589 Tasie 37.—Barley: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1914-1916—Con. Country. AFRICA. AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Masmania..-.....-.. Area. Production. 1914 1915 1916 1914 1915 1916 Acres Acres. Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 3,131,000 | 2, 703,000 i) 35, 785,000 | 39,866,000 (1) 95,000 | 1,U.8,000} | (2 3,215,000 | 11,482,000 6, 889, 000 (4) 1) 64,000} 21,359,000 | 21,359,000 1) IRR MNeeRe ees. leepecinw- nc s aoaeakcccntalsetceecaces 40, 359, 000 82, 107,000) |-see nee = easier 9, 000 7,000 (1) 120, 000 109, 000 (4) 21, (1) 6, 000 313, 000 48, 000 100,000 83, 000 62, 000 1) 1,870, 000 620, 000 (1) 91, 000 66, 000 1) 1,375, 000 461, 000 (1) 11,000 4,000 1) 173, 000 17,000 (4) 8,000 (4) 1) 193, 000 100, 000 (1) Dre QUO eens asta emer cterc lato ars tale 4,044, 000 855, 0008 Esse sete eae 32,000 18, 000 30, 000 1, 234, 000 616, 000 843, 000 25540008 [a5 222 sees sae tase Ses - 2 5, 278, 000 T9713 000\| 2as_22 eases 1 No official statistics. 3 Census of 1911. TaBLe 38.—Barley: Total production of countries named in Table 37, 1895-1916. Year. | Production. Bushels. 1895....| 915,504,000 1896. ... 932, 100, 000 1397-082 , 605, 1898....] 1,030,581, 000 | 1899....) 965,720,000 | 1900.... 959, 622, 000 Year. Production. Year. Production. Bushels. 190135... 1, 072, 195,000 || 1907..... 1902.2... 1, 229, 132, 000 || 1908..... 1903.2... 1, 235, 786, 000 |} 1909..... 1, 458, 263, 900 1904..... 1,175, 784, 000 || 1910..... 1, 388, 734, 000 1905..... 1, 180, 053,000 || 1911..... 1, 373, 286, 000 1906..... 1, 296, 579, 000 || 1912..... 1, 466, 977, 000 Production. Year. Bushels. 1, 650, 265, 000 1, 463, 289, 000 -| 1,503,272, 000 1916. .s2c{becs pomconecos : TaBLe 39.—Barley: Average yield per acre in undermentioned countries, 1890-1915. p Russia United United Ger- Hungar A Year. Euro- A 1 Fr 2] King- 2 States Sa many.) | Austria proper exeeliernn Average: Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. 1890-1899...... 23. 4 13.3 29. 4 1 AS la ES Se 22.6 39.8 1900-1909...... 25.5 14.3 35. 3 26.3 23. 4 23. 6 35.0 NOU wipieixt«s « 28. 3 13.0 35, 2 26. 1 26. 8 20. 8 36.1 1907... 23. 8 14, 2 38. 2 27.3 23.1 24, 4 36. 8 1908... 25.1 14.2 34.9 25. 2 21.3 22.6 34.9 1909... 22.5 17.9 39.5 28. 4 25.1 25. 4 38.9 1910... 22.5 16.3 34. 4 24.9 19.7 23.5 34.3 Eh ee 21.0 14.4 37.0 27.5 26.9 25.0 34.0 1912... 29.7 16. 2 40.7 29.7 26.9 26.1 33. 1 1913... 23. 8 18.5 41.3 29.7 27.0 24.5 35.1 tt ae 25.8 12.9 36.8 3 33.8 24.1 24.0 35. 6 TOM aae tae Jase ccvdeese one SOO! teoees thoes PONG eae e tes cee leorteices cee 19.7 31.8 Average (1906-1915)....... og ARO Se i ae | | 35.1 | 1 Bushels of 48 pounds. 2 Winchester bushels. 3 Galicia and Bukowiaa not included. 590 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. BARLE Y—Continued. TasBLe 40.—Barley: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States, 1849-1916. Nore.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated pebcen bases of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage esti- mates whenever new census data are available. Chicago cash price per Aver- bushel, low eciee soba cre ee) ee ee comes? | “ial Year. | Acreage. | yield} Pt°dUC- | price | value | fiscal year | ,5°2t tion. Following pesinds begin- per per Dee. 1. December. an beginning rial acre. ane y- July 1. ‘ net ec. 1. A : Low. |High .| Low. |High. Acres. |Bush.| Bushels. | Cents.| Dollars. | Cents.| Cents.| Cents.|Cents.| Bushels. | Bushels. nhc VAr aces aac ak me COR eae) 9 BAG? 000) ese tose aerel see Bln noed| eee cec] aaaeelcee oto eeee =e ee 1859 NS easel seeee HE AOSD) RES Rel Bae ae Boos coe boosdalesess-le soee alesceSeleveeiges eee elem 2oventee 1866...| 493,000} 22.9) 11,284,000} 70.2) 7,916,000) 59; 70) 85] 100]......... .. 3, 247, 250 1867. .-| 1,131,000 22.7) 25,727,000) 70.1) 18,028,000) 150) 180| 227 | 250 9,810) 3,783,966 i868...| 937,0€0| 24.4) 22,896,000] 109.0) 24,948,000} 140/ 170| 149| 175 59,077| 5,069, 880 1869... .| 1,026,000} 27.9] 28,652.000} 70.8} 20,298,000) 74; 85| 50] 62 490] 6, 727, 597 FE) a cep pag bs 89; 7812000). ons dlee os. be BSocc | Ieee |e ees eee eee eee ne ee 131, 861,000) 45.6] 60,166,000) 42] 614 139, 749,000 42,0) 8,652,000, 38] 52 136,551,000) 40.5) 54,993,000) 37 53 178,916,000) 41.5} 74,236,000) 44 56 66 85 8, 238, 842 38,319 153, 597,000} 66.6} 102,290,000} 78) 102 60 75 4,349,078) 199,741 166, 756,000} 55.4] 92,442,000) 57 64 66 75 6, 580, 393 2, 644 1705284, O00. a cnkal seme eiee = |S aeje cie|la'e caine |nysisiae ol] a'e's'srata] See ee ee : 38 59 | 10,881, 627 90, 708 40 50 | 10, 661, 655 81, 020 42 554| 17,729,360 18, 049 1870. ..| 1,109,000] 23.7| 26,295,000) 79.1} 20,792,000) 68| 80] 72}, 95 340,093] 4,866, 700 1871. ..| 1,114,000] 24.0] 26,718,000 75.8} 20,264,000| 553) 64] 55|° 71 86, 891| 5.565, 591 1872. ..| 1,397,000] 19.2} 26,846,000] 68.6] 18,416,000] 60| 70} 71| 85 482, 410| 4,244, 751 1873. ..| 1,387,000} 23.1] 32,044,000} 86.7] 27,794,000) 132] 158| 130| 155 320,399) 4,891, 189 1874. ..| 1,581,000] 20.6] 32,552,000} 86.0] 27,998,000) 120] 1293] 115] 137 91, 118) 6, 255,063 1875. ..| 1,790,000! 20.6] 36,909,000} 74.1) 27,368,000| 81| 88] 623) 724 317, 781/10, 285, 957 1876. ..| 1,767,000} 21.9| 38,710,000] 63.0] 24,403,000| 633} 683 80| 85 | 1,186,129) 6,702,965 1877...| 1,669,000] 21.4] 35,638,000| 62.5] 22,287,000/ 564 64] 46%) 523) 3,921,501] 6,764,228 1878. ..| 1,790,008 23.6] 42,246,000, 57.9] 24,454,000] 91| 100| 64| 73 715, 536| 5,720, 979 1879...| 1,681,000] 24.0} 40,283,000} 58.9] 23,714,000, 86| 92] 75| 80| 1,128,923) 7,135,258 1879... 1,998, 000| 88:0) 48,997, 000|.. 0s. .|..2-=2-cos0%|--<<--[-s-se-|Seecee|- <0: ae | ene 1880. ..| 1,843,000/ 24.5/ 45,165,000} 66.6] 30,091,000, 100| 120] 95] 105 885,246] 9,528, 616 1881... .| 1,968,000} 20.9| 41,161,000| 82.3] 33,863,000] 101 | 107] 100] 100 205, 930|12, 182, 722 1882. .-| 2,2727000| 21.5] 48,954,000] 62.9] 30,768,000 79| 82] 80] 80] - 483,005|10,050, 687 1883... .| 2,379,000| 21.1| 50,136,000 58.7] 29,420,000) 62| 67| 65/ 74 724, 955| 8, 596, 122 1884.. .| 2,609,000) 23.5] 61,203,000} 48.7] 29,779,000} 53| 58| 65| 65 629, 130| ‘9, 986, 507 1885. ..| 2,729,000) 21.4] 58,360,000] 56.3| 32,868,000] 62] 65] 58] 60 252, 183/10, 197, 115 1886. . .| 2,653,000 22.4] 59,428,000} 53.6] 31,841,000 51| 54] 57] 57| 1,305,300|10,355, 594 1887. ..| 2,902,000} 19.6] 56,812,000] 51.9] 29,464,000, 280| 80] 69| 77 550, 884/10, 831, 461 1888. . .| 2,996,000} 21.3] 63,884,000] 59.0) 37,672,000)......]......]......|...--- 1, 440, 321/11, 368. 414 1889. ..| 3,291,000 24.3] 78,333,000] 41.6] 32,614,000| 58| 58 |......|...... 1, 408, 311|11, 332, 545 {859=_<|'8, $81,000 25.8) 78,585, 000.02... N22 303 ones Kececdlceeslese teat hedeecec a 1890. . .| 3,135,000] 21.4] 67,168,000| 62.7| 42,141,000)......]...-.:]....-.|.....- 973, 062| 5, 078, 733 1891. . .| 3.353,000| 25.9; 86,839,000| 52.4] 45,470,000|_.....|......|..-..-|--..<- 2,800,075) 3, 146,328 1892. ..| 3,400,000] 23.6] 80,097,000) 47.5] 38,026,000, 65| 67] 65| 65| 3,035,267] 1,970,129 1893. . -| 3,220,000, 21.7} 69,869,000] 41.1] 28,729,000) 52] 54] 55| 60) 5,219,405] _ 791,061 1294. ..| 3,171,000| 19.4| 61,400,000] 44.2] 27,134,000, 533 553/ 51 | 52] 1,563,754) 2,116,816 1295. ..| 3,300,000] 26.4) 87,073.000| 33.7] 29,312,000| 33] 40] 25| 36] 7,680,331] 837,384 1896. ..| 2,951,000] 23.6] 69,695,000| 32.3] 22,491,000, 22| 37] 24%) 35) 20,030,301] 1,271, 787 1897. . | 2,719,000] 24.5) 66,685,000] 37.7; 25,142,000| 253) 42] 36| 53, 11,237,077] 124,804 189%. ..| 2)583/000| 21.6) 55,792,000] 41.3] 23,064,000| 40| 503] 36| 42| 2,267,403] 110,475 1899. ..| 2,878,000] 25.5| 73,382,000] 40.3} 29,594,0001 35| 451 36| 44] 23,661,662) 189, 757 1899; "| 4, 470,000) £8.8| 119,685,000). ...5.|.<22+---2-2-|coees-|0Sogne| seede-|-0q-eeleemeneneeeee aaa 1900. . .| 2,894,000} 20.4] 58,926,000] 40.9] 24,075,000, 37] 61} 37| 57] 6,293,207) 171,004 1901. ..| 4,296, 25.6| 109,933,000] 45.2} 49,705,000| 56] 63| 64| 72| 8,714,268 57,40s 1902. ..| 4,661,000! 29.0| 134,954,000] 45.9] 61,899,000, 36] 70] 48| 56] 8,429,141) 56,462 1903. ..| 4,993,000] 26. 27. 26. 28. 23. 25. 24. 22. 22. 21. 29. 23. 25. 32. 23. ASCWDONOCH SWOHOWD HOKOAH OMA 1909... .| 7,699,000 173, 844,000| 54.0} 93,539,000; 55| 72| 50| 68] 4,311,566)......... ‘ 19102..| 7.743, 000 173, 832,000} 57.8} 100,426,000; 72| 90| 75| 115] 9,399,346]........ a 1911. ..| 7,627,000 160,240,000) 86.9! 139,182,000; 102] 130] 68] 132] 1,585,242)........ ae 1912. . .| 7,530,000 223; 824,000) 50.5] 112,957,000| 43] 77| 45| 68] 17,536,703|...... cick 1913. ..| 7,499,000 178, 189,000| 53.7| 95,731,000| 50] 79| 51| 66] 6,644,747|........66 1914. ..| 7,565,000 194, 953.000] 64.3} 105,903,000; 60| 75| 744] 82] 26,754,522).......... 1915. ..| 7, 148,000 228, 851,000| 1.6] 118,172,000| 62] 77| 70| 83| 27,478,160)....... sha 1916. . .| 7,674, 000| 180,927,000] 88.2} 159,534,000] 95 | 125 |......|......|..ceccececee[eneeuee atl 1 Prices 1895 to 1908 for No. 3 grade. 2 Figures adjusted to consus basis. Statistics of Barley. 591 BARLEY—Continued. TABLE 41.—Barley: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1916. [000 omitted.] Farm Farm Produe- Produc- State. Acreage. : value State Acreage : value : 5 Hon. Dec. i tion. | Dec. 1. Acres Bushels. | Dollars Acres. | Bushels. | Dollars. MERIMOS 2 Fas <3. 5 6 156 162,|| Kansas......022-.-- 300 4,800 3, 696 New Hampshire. .- 1 28 25 || Kentucky.........- 6 156 140 Wernmont 3.5. .2<..- 15 412 412 || "Tennessee. .o5../..- 10 237 237 New York...-..... 81 1, 887 IE ORG Rexas. [fhe saec esse 9 153 122 Pennsylvania.-..... 12 300 225 || Oklahoma.........- § 100 100 Marcend 2. ...255¢ 6 192 140 || Montana... 95 2, 660 2,022 Wineimidoes oo. - == 13 358 304 || Wyoming... 25 825 718 (CANO So aene menor 33 917 734 || Colorado..... 160 5,120 4,198 PT ae 52 oa oe - 15 495 304 1] New Mexico........ li 308 308 MMINOIS tee secs 5's< 60 1,920 1O7S0|) AnizOna-o-se-s-- oe - 32 1,120 1,210 Michigan>......-..- 100 2,450 2230) || Utah wees scemee ee 34 1, 224 930 Wisconsin.......... $10 | 18,300 19,215 || Nevada...........- 12 492 467 Minnesota.......... 1,375 26,125 225 7290|| dahon. tte seen se cee 190 7,410 6,076 POW eer a's ninnsane 2s 295 8,702 7,919 Qaiineton Beas ath ie a Ee 5, ie Missouri_..../....-.. 5 100 03 poppet ee cee ane Wate ae 1,725 | 28,738] 21,390 California.......... 1,190 | 33,320} 31,654 South Dakota. ..... 5 1 15,5 F = BiGUtAGlcAl ee! css. 110 3,080 2'310 United States. 7,674 | 180,927 159, 534 TABLE 42.—Barley: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States. . Value os Farm price per bushel % Yield per acre (bushels). = per acre ‘ (cents). (doliars).1 ee bc 5s E State. 2S Sa Sig oa eM) 25 te io I ES BS all on or on Sols |2i/e2@leleaiaAleis ele laslSAlieimzl[s}s/ee)] ese H2/S/S/S/S/S/S/S)S/S HS lal S/S la] & 28. 0/28. 0/28. 0)28. 5/31. 0/28: 0/26. 2/28. 0/30. 0/26. 5|26.0| 82) 77) 80} 81 75| 104/22. 39/27. 04 26. 9/24. 0/24. 0/25. 0/26. 0/24. 0/28. 0/28. 0/32. 0/30. 0)28.0) 82) 84) 80) 82) 79) 90/23. 30/25. 20 31. 7/28. 5/33. 0/30. 0/31. 0/30. 5/35. 0/32. 0/34. 5/35. 0/27. 5} 78) 80) 80) 75) 75) 100/26. 15)27.50 26. 5/25. 0/26. 0/24. 8/28. 3/25. 0/26. 0/26. 7|28. 0/32. 0)23. 3} 77| 68} 69} 71) 75} 101/20. 85/23. 53 26. 1125. 5}26. 021. 8/26. 5/25. Ue: 5/26. 0/28. ee 5/25.0| 69] 681 71} 70) 75} 75/19. 03i18. 75 30. 4!33. 0/30. 0:32. 0/31. 0/23. 0/27. 0/29. 0/33. 0.34.0)/32.0) 65 68| 64} 66, 70) 73/19. 2623.36 27. 1/29. 0)28. 0 28. 5)29. 3/23. 0/25. 0/26. 0/26. 0 29.0/27.5) 72) 75) 70) 80) 75) 85)19.12)23. 38 . -|27..6,28. 0/27. 5/25. 9/28. 5|27. 2/31. 0/24. 0/25. 0 31.0)/27.8) 64) 55) 58) 59) 54] 80/17. 06/22. 24 - (25. 5/20. 5/23. 0/23. 5/27. 0/26. 5/29. 5/25. 0/25. 0 28. 0/27.0} 64] 60] 50) 67; 65] 75|17. 01/20. 25 - |29. 6|28. 0/28. 5/28. 0/30. 2) 8. 0/31. 5)26. 0/29. 5.34. 0 32.0) 66) 53) 57) 61) 57| 103/18. 93/32. 96 i 25. 3/22. 0/25. 5/24. 7/26. 0/24. 0/26. 0/24. 8/26. 0/29. 5|24.5} 68} 65) 60) 65 2} 91/17. 52/22. 30 i 28. 0,23. 0/30. 0/28. 0/25..9/25. 5|29. 4:25. 0/27. 3'35. 5/30. 0} 69) 55) 60] 62) 56 105/19. 64/31. 50 i 23. 6/22. 5!25. 0/23. 6/21. 0/19. 0/28. 2/24. 0/23. 3 30.5|19.0} 60) 41) 48} 53) 49] 87/13. 69/16. 53 HOW sanse este soe (26. 8)25. 5)27. 0/22. 0/29. 5/21. 9/31. 0/25. 0/26. 0.31. 0/29. 5] 61) 52) 55) 55) 49] 91/15. 95/26. 84 IMO ote says vies = swale (23. 4,23. 0)23. 0/25. 0/27. 0/20. 0/24. 8/22. 0/24. 0/25. 0/20. 0} 67) 66} 60} 65) 63) 93/15.18/18.60 15406) ee 20. 1/18. 3/19. 5/21. 0} 5. 5/19. 5/29. 9/20. 0/19. 5/32. 0/15. 5) 53) 35) 40) 45) 44) 80/11. 52/12. 40 Beekeet. ies): 21. 4/23. 0/26. 5/19. 5/18. 2) 5. 4/26. 0/17. 5/23. 0/32. 0/22. 7) 56) 42) 46) 50) 46) 83) 8.99/18. 84 19) Pe See 21. 6\20. 8/28. 5/22. 0/18. 5/11. 0}22. 0/16. 0/23. 5/31. 0;28.0] 50) 42) 49) 47) 42) 75) 9.55/21.00 UCR 17. 4|12. 0/16. 0/18. 0/18. 0} 6. 5)23. 5) 8. 1/24. 5/31.0/16.0) 53) 40) 55) 47| 42) 77) 8.46/12.32 11 (8 eae ae 26. 4|25. 0|25. 0/24. 0/24. 0/28. 7/26. 0/26. 6/28. 5/30. 0/26. 0] 76] 75] 78! 77) 77) 90/21.59)/23. 40 ALE TEL UR ys ene !24. 6/20. 0125. 0/24. 0123. 0128. 0126. 0/25. 0/27. 0/24. 0123.7] 80} 80] 70] 82) 75] 100 20. 73/23. 70 LY 2, Ae ae 23. 2)17. 0/24. 0/19. 4/30. 0/18. 0/29. 3/24. 0/25. 0/28. 0/17.0} 81] 78} 81} 70) 68] 8019.1 113. 60 1b eee 19. 8/18. 7/23. 0/23. 0/30. 0/10. 0/20. 0) 9. 0/25. 0/26. 5/12.5) 62! 50} 80} 53] 50) 100) 9. 96/12. 50 WOMEU Ls d=: tnid cw «100 33. 4/38. 0/35. 0/38. 0/28. 0/34. 5/36. 5/31. 0/30. 5/34. 0/28. 0} 59} 53] 48] 53] 48] 76/18. 03/21. 28 2, 8/32. 0/35. 0.31. 0,30. 0)34. 0/34. 0/30. 5,33. 0/36. 0/33.0) 68) 62) 61) 64) 55] 87/21. 22/28. 71 4. 8 33. 0/36. 0/32. 0/29. 0/39. 0/32.5)38. 5/36. 0132.0} 61) 50! 56} 55} 48) 82/19. 23/26. 24 \32. 0 42. 0/40. 0,25. 0/33. 0/35. 0/24. 034. 0/33. 0/28.0) 79) 71) 72) 75) 70) 100/22. 77/28. 00 7.3 38. 0/40. 0.36. 0/36. 5/40. 0/39. 0/36. 0/37. 0/35. 0) 81) 87] 73) 60) 56) 108/27. 47/37. 80 1.0 45. 0/40. 0.36. 0/43. 0/45. 0/38. 5/45. 0/42. 5136.0) 60) 59) 55} 50) 52) 76/24. 14/27. 36 40. 6 30. 0/38. ye ee Lk 79| 87) 90) 65) 70) 95/33. 82/38. 95 41. 0)40. 0,33, 0/42. 0/43. 5/42. 0/38. 0/40. 5/39.0) 57) 51) 48) 50) 52) 82/22. 36)31. 98 ‘ 38. . 5/30. 5/39. 5 29. 0/37. 0/48. 0/40. 5/39. 0/41. 5/41. 3] 60} 53) 52) 52) 56) 84/22. 51/34. 69 0 oe ee \34. 4/42. 0/29. 0/31. 5/31. 5/34. 0/36. 0/35. 0/30. 0/36. 0/38. 5] 62) 55) 55) 61) 62} 80/20. 35)30. 80 ME ea ain eia'n vie 0:0 28, 1/28. 9/23. 5/26. 5/31. 0/28. 0/30. 0/26. 0/30. 0/29. 0/28. 0} 72! 70) 68} 59} 62] 95)19. 63/26. 60 OG Siaaieas occ = 25. 2/28. 8/25. 1/24. 3) 22. 5/21. 0/29. 7/23. $125. 8/32. 0123. 6) 62. 0/50. 5/53. 7/54. 3/51. 6 88. 2/15. 31/20. 79 1 Based upon farm price Dee. 1. 592 TABLE 43.—Barley: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1895-1916. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. BARLEY—Continued. Y J Jul dae Ee Y J Jul rear. une u = ar- ear. une uly 4 gust vested Ch FY fee |! le Zs P.ct Per: ROG es ose tees 90.3 91.9 87.2 Sisal Lae 2 ee cryatsiete tae 93. 92.5 TSI6* Se eiecocce 98.0 88.1 82.9 Soe be| | MOOT 2 eocemee a= 84.9 84.4 1:0) Serie 2 87.4 88.5 87.5 S624) /BIGOS o- Oooo me ec 89.7 86.2 1898 g 2-3. ehsaccae 78.8 85.7 79.3 TOE Qa 9OD 0 sic ale tenets = 90.6 90.2 1 BS jae ee eed 91.4 92.0 93.6 ECO le LAO ae ens Sec soce 89.6 oad Gi See oeee ae 86.2 76.3 71.6 OST |WI1OU se = 5ae tee cosas 90.2 peat HOGS F225 ees. 91.0 91.3 86.9 S385) Olas ee oe eee ae 91.1 88.3 1902 2c 22 sie ees 93.6 93.7 90. 2 BOLT! 19IS oe saci eee 87.1 76.6 i} | ee See 91.5 86.8 3.4 C2 GIS. ooesee Saeco 95.5 92.6 1904. 5 sees: 90.5 88.5 88.1 Si AP MOG. ot sa peece 94.6 94.1 TOSSES s oe sao ce ees 93.7 91.5 89.5 SiH87|| OLE ZE ease eee ae 86.3 87.9 83.1 a a SSRESSSR COWDEN O- PESLRASS BO He CO O00 GH TaBie 44.—Barley: Farm price per bushel on first of each month, by geographical divisions, 1915 and 1916. South Far West- ee ern States. 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 Cts.) (\Ciss | aOisiaGise 61.4 | 62.5 | 59.6] 56.9 59.4 | 76.5 | 61.7 65.4 64.4 | 80.2 | 67.8 | 73.2 63.2 | 70.8 | 69 6] 68.1 63.8 | 71.3 | 62.9] 65.6 59.4 | 85.2 | 62.2) 61.2 55.5 | 70.8 | 61.3] 50.4 . 57.4 | 57.0 | 63.0] 51.8 64.8 | 56.5 | 69.4 55.6 99.6 | 60.0] 77.0 | 52.9 (3.1/3. 0) S120} comes 92.7 | 67.0 | 89.1 | 58.6 72.1 -|\..625 Si) Woood| wed United North South N. Central | N. Central States Atlantic Atlantic | States east | States west = States. States. of Miss. R. | of Miss. R. Month. 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 } 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 Gis) ORS Gis) | Ciss\"Cis Cts, || Gtss ||: Ctse.linGess.| nGas January.....-- 54.9 | 54.3 | 75.4 | 77.2 | 74.0 | 73.0 | 60.7 | 62.1 | 50.5 | 49.8 February....- 61.7 | 62.9 | 74.9 | 80.6 | 72.0 | 76.0 | 67.3 | 67.0 | 60.5 | 59.4 Marches = 59.6 | 67.7 | 78.6 | 84.9 | 76.0 | 81.0 | 67.5 | 72.6 | 53.0 | 61.9 Apres see ike 57.2 | 64.7 | 79.2 | 81.0 | 72.0 | 73.4 | 64.9 | 72.3 | 53.0 | 59.9 BY sb eseecs 2 59.6 | 63.8 | 79.6 | 87.7 | 74.0] 78.0 | 65.4 | 69.5 | 55.9 | 60.3 JUNGLE Aes ee 59.6 | 62.0 | 81.5 | 83.0 | 73.3 | 78.2 | 66.6 | 68.6 | 56.0 | 60.1 Tulyss cease ee 59.3 | 55.81] 80.8 | 85.6 | 74.0 | 76.0 | 67.1 | 66.4 | 56.0 | 56.0 August.......| 59.3 | 56.7 | 74.6 | 81.6 | 85.0 | 78.0 | 66.9 | 66.8 | 55.3 | 56.8 September....| 72.9 | 51.9 | 82.0 | 80.2 | 60.0 | 74.0 | 89.9 | 58.8 | 70.8 | 46.7 October. < +... 76.5 | 46.8 | 93.4 | 72.5 | 80.0 | 69.2 | 90.7 | 52.6 | 72.8 | 40.1 November....| 83.2 | 50.1 | 94.0 | 73.5 | 70.0 | 78.0 | 98.6 | 55. 3 80.4 | 43.0 December....- 88.2 | 51.6 |} 98.1 | 75.0 | 80.7 | 78.4 |102.0 | 56.7-| 83.5 | 46.0 Average...| 71.6 | 53.7 | 86.0 | 77.7 | 73.4 | 74.7 | 83.0 | 60.5 | 70.0 | 47.3 TABLE 45.—Barley: Wholesale price per bushel, 1912-1916. Date. twee weee Cincinnati. Chicago. Milwaukee. Minneapolis. | San Francisco. Spring malt. ee No. 3. All grades. Keer oe 100 Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High.) Low. | High. Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. 110 132 60 140|~ 95 138 50 130 1524 195 55 78 40 110 64 110 34 95 115 1524 544 70 42 71 60 73 39 63 130 150 . 57 80 43 85 60 82 42 73 1223 140 | 60 70 49 79 53 68 41 65 90 1324 70 80 50 82 514 82 40 76 95 130 a —— = | — 72 90 66 88 704 88 58 83 125 160 86 90 73 91 78 93 64 86 1424 16 79 90 71 89 744 86 62 81 125 147 76 82 71 84 76 80 64 76 125 1474 76 102 744 82 75h 7 67 75 114 130 86 98 68 79 71 77 62 71 100 1124 72 102 66 91 70k 93 58 86 100 162 | sisal ———— a —— = ——— | —_— Statistics of Barley. BARLEY—Continued. Taste 45.—Barley: Wholesale price per bushel, 1912-1916—Continued. 593 San Francisco. Feed (per 100 Ibs.) —S=|_s —————=_—S|_ —————SS | Cincinnati. | Chicago. Milwaukee. Minneapolis. Date. Spring malt. | Low malting No. 3. All grades. Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cenis. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. JOLY E aaa = ease a. 86 98 69 79 724 79 63 73 PEGUShR| ecco ss <> 83 98 64 78 704 77 59 72% PAPE nic sisac'ccces cies 89 98 64 83 68 794 59 754 BY ccnisecen bes cis ccs 91 102 70 83 743 80 60 75} JUNG... 22206 Romescee 93 102 70 86 73 78 60 734 Jan.-Juns....... 83 102 64 86 68 82 59 764 eee 93 102] 68 80 70 $0 57 74 PRP USE le caine clei v0 = 93 136 68 115 75 113 57 108 September....... mae 123 136 84 117 97 115 63 101 October..... EE 123 132 85 123 105 123 60 106 November..........| 136 145 98 128 112 128 72 112 December...........| 136 145 95 125 112 124 70 | _ 110 July-—Dec....... 93 145 68 128 70 128 57 112 TaBue 46.—Barley and malt: International trade, calendar years 1913-1915. [See *‘ General note,”’ Table 10.] EXPORTS. [000 omitted.] Barley and malt in terms Barley. Malt. of barley. Couniry. ' 1915 1914 1915 1914 1915 1914 1913 (prelim.)|(prelim.) 1913 (prelim,)|(prelim.) 1918 (prelim.) iPr Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. |Bushels. PANIED helen nis 4,342 3, 903 ? 9 5 ANPCHTING .. 252.6650 1,871 1,152 Ausiria-Hunpary.<--| 8,190))- 20.2.2. | ooo Belgium............. BOL Noeceee cee oars ste cs British India: .:-. <5. 10, 069 1,290! 7,441 Bualbaria-. waccecce ce BlGr lise. seaec| nak eee te eeemee Canada 13,906 | 6,838 4, 665 3 12} 13,909 | 6,843 4,677 ( 449 | 3,051 | 1,557 738 | 524 191 3,673 | 3,379 2 455 357. | 1,174 PETA AP PERE SL Smee : 32,402 | 13, 784 | 1 f Reig MS OC aka PIRAUE aig Six seid wets 180,344 | 90,783 305 197 LGU lets ete 180, 523 | 90,930 | 305 United Kingdom.... 85 79 806 898 | 3,982 781 902 | 3,699 United States........ 12,782 | 17,208 | 26,491 487 728 | 2,253 | 13,225| 17,870 | 28,539 Other countries...... 15, 957 ez ek, Vas ated aa,o 11 AS Reena (oe | 15,967) 1,282 }........ Mabal fee os.0 = 806, 701, |.152, 115}. s..00005 15} 220 ||) BOBO". t 319,996 | 154,551 |........ 54159°—yBk 1916—-—38 TasiLe 47.—Rye: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1914-1916. Total Austria- | BUM SI Vac sents 1 Less than 500 acres. | | | Area. Country. 1914 1915 1916 DORE AMERICA. Acres. Acres. Acres. United States..........- 2,541,000 | 3,129,000 | 3,096,000 Canada: | WNGNOCS osc nce sane 9,000 9,000 8,000 Ontario’ = 23. Ree 78,000 78, 000 69, 000 Manitoba. 222....... 5,000 6,000 6,000 Saskatchewan...-... 3,000 3,000 3,000 Alpertass =e 16,000 17,000 15,000 Other 32.2. .-2 5. hake (1) (4) (4) Total Canada..... 111,000 113,000 101, 000 Mexico oro na Qe oo ele UAT 17 alae ages Metin S| SI De pe lagi eh a es a ae be RE es SOUTH AMERICA. ay Argentina.......... Besns 228, 000 229, 000 212,000 Chille: reece. 6, 000 fy Wrgiay 2 ce sts (1) 1 4 OAL Sw wciw de ae io ap aeeud= acts Is adeiaiclaae oe ove ce oS eee & EUROPE. i | Austria-Hungary: TT no Rey ae 33,138,000 (2) 2) EISIN ONT 8 oo x ols oa alate 2,638,000 | 2,625,000 3 Croatia-Slavonia.... 163, 000 £3 2 Bosnia-Herzegovina. (2) 2) 2) Production. 1914 1915 Bushels. Bushels. 42,779,000 | 54,050, 000 156,000 145,000 1,341,000 | 1,551,000 100, 000 155, 000 54,000 76, 000 360, 000 463, 000 6, 000 4,000 2,017,000 | 2,394,000 | © 70, 000 | 70, 000 | 44,866,000 | 56,514,000 | 3,346,000 | 1,811,000 151,000 | 150, 5,000 1,000 3, 502,000 1, 962,000 | 374,555,000 | 375,000,000 42’ 410,000 | 45,975,000 2082;000 | 2.500; 000 500,000 | 600, } 119, 547,000 | 124,075,000 2 No official statistics. 594 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. BARLEY—Continued. Taser 46.—Barley and malt: International trade, calendar years 1918—1915—Continued- IMPORTS. [000 omitted.] Barley and malt in terms oe Malt. of barley. Country. ve 1914 1915 ; 1914 1915 1914 1913 (prelim. )|(prelim.) 1913 (prelim.)|(prelim.) 1913 (prelim.) ier, Bushels.| Bushels.| Bushels.| Bushels.| Bushels.| Bushels.| Bushels.| Bushels.|Bushels. seen Jseeessese 2 y i 1 1 1, Be 1,134 720 1 1, 032 656 usiria-Hungary.... GS | Sac SS a4 aot Shsseh |) pedal Soraromc| lon a SSS8 5 BS By seis rics s Belgium.....-..--.-. TRSSB lessee ois. ene re ol aS aa 18, 004-|°:-.- 3 Brannls=+-ts2s-0= odes 1 7 1,364 702 944 1,241 639 865 British South Africa. 2 1 5 348 289 232 319 265 216 Canada 2 tae -eca se 38 39 39 358 107 47 363 136 82 OF] a): ee es 27. 285 S45 Ul ec 1, 979, 000 17.0 33,631,000 | 50.8 17, 081,000 | 48 492 | 48 504 5,445,273 _ Tess: 1,907,000 | 15.4 29,363,000 | 54.5 15,994,000 | 503 | 524°] 693] 78 784, 068 1904..... - 1,793,000 | 15.2 27,242,000 | 68.8 18,748,000 | 73 | 75 | 70 | 84 29,749 1905...-- 1,730,000 | 16.5 28,486,000 | 61.1 17,414,000 | 64 | 68 | 58 | 62 1, 387, 826 1906... -. 2,002,000 | 16.7 33,375,000 | 58.9 19,671,000 | 61 65 69 874 769, 717 WOT 2222: 1,926,000 | 16.4 31, 566, 000 | 73.1 23,068,000 | 75 82 79 86 2; 444° 588 1908....- 1,948,000 | 16.4 31, 851,000 | 73.6 23,455,000 | 75 77i | 88 90 1, 295, 701 1909. ...-. 2,006,000 | 16.1 32; 239, ODO} Sees aeeweeeee se teh ccc ue meee a] 8 Som eS | ee 1909..... 2, 196,000 | 13.4 29,620,000 | 71.8 21,163,000} 72 | 80 | 74 | 80 | 242, 262 19101....| 2,185,000} 16.0 34,897,000 | 71.5 24,953,000 | 80 | «82 90 | 113 40,123 AOU 22 2,127,000 | 15.6 33,119,000 | 83.2 27,557,000 | 91 94 $0 954 31, 384 hie aoe 2,117,000] 16.8 35,664,000 | 66.3 23,636,000} 58 | 64 | 60 | 64 1, 854, 738 163) ke See 2,557,000 | 16.2 41,381,000 | 63.4 26,220,000 | 61 65 62 67 2, 272, 492 1914.....| 2,541,000 | 16.8 42,779,000 | 86.5 37,018, 000 | 107% | 1124 | 115 | 122 13, 026, 778 1915..-.-) 3,129,000 | 17.3 54,050,000 | 83.4 45,083,000 | 944 984 | 964 | 994 15, 250, 151 DOLG es 3,096,000 | 15.3 47, 383, 000 | 122.1 OF, Sot COO SLs Oia Lb lee ae cert 2 ise 8 meen 1 Figures adjusted to census basis. TaBLe 51.—Rye: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1916. [000 omitted.] s Farm Farm State. Acreage. | | sone value State. Acreage. eto value : Dee. 1. won Dee. 1. Acres. | Bushels. | Dollars. Acres. | Bushels. | Dollars. ial 1 20 24 || North Dakota...... 350 4,655 5, 819 Massachusetts. .._.. 3 56 71 || South Dakota...... 250 4,500 | - 5,310 Connecticut........ 7 137 171 || Nebraska....... ee 192 3,072 3, 564 INBWHCOnK. d.cc0c00 151 2,718 3,479 | Kansas. .2.5205.202 46 667 734 New Jersey...,.-.. 70 1,330 1,556 || Kentucky.......... 22 246 317 Pennsylvania...... 260 4,420 4,818 || Tennessee.......... 18 150 202 Delaware.......-.. i 15 18 || Alabama....... a af 4 52 | Maryland.......... 23 356 892) ||) ROXAS. o.6 sve 5.8 s 58 2 20 24 Virginia... Pie sais stare 75 938 1,004 |} Oklahoma......... 9 90 112 West Virginia...... 20 320 381 || Arkansas.......... 1 10 12 North Carolina. .... 55 53 694 |) Montana........... 10 205 197 South Carolina..... 5 49 91 |} Wyoming........ a 10 155 167 Georgige J; 12 .. 22 13 124 198 || Colorado........... 28 392 412 CD AtUT fie eee Baek eae S 75 1,088 WR O0O!| MUTANsa ests Ses od 12 144 144 Indiana..........2. 185 2,590 3,082 TARHOU Os FO 2 34 32 Ube a 43 666 813 || Washington 7 102 113 REICH B ATT Sas oe. Sia 325 4,648 6,042 |} Oregon........ : 30 510 536 Wisconsin.......... 375 6,075 8,019 |] California 8 104 121 Minnesota.......... 335 5,025 6,382 aoe eet OM aes Oe 55 935 1,075 United States 3, 096 47,383 57, 857 598 ~ Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. RYE—Continued. TABLE 52.—Rye: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1891-1917. De- | De- cem- cem- ber When ber When Year. of |April.| May.| June.) har- Year. of |April.|May.|June.| har- pre- } vested. |, pre- vested. vious vious year year (PAGE| Pe Cb-| PlCbe | Ealeb al daelee (P\ct)| Pact.\he ch.| Pact. eeeaeee 99.0 | 95.4 | 97.2 | 95.4 93.9) LO0Sss 3.4 BS Bo! & s State. Be | | Eo as x rt a ge ge Bo Sw loleale lala lc |=}. |o jk. o | Sa] 0 i) r=} o co co anal Se) aaa Smal 12 as Sa) aoa 4H S81/S8/SIlS/S/S/S/S/1518 lb a |r le Aaealir a ce a I a I a) alae las aI Yay a ad oe a ae Wie foe es Fe 18.2,17.0)15. 015. 5,17. 5/22. 5 20. 0/18. 0:20. 0:17. 0/20.0) 91 12017. 21 24.00 Mass 22% 2252 se3 17. 7/16. 5 16. 5 16. 2.17.016. 018. 5/18. 5)19. 0 20. 0,18. 5) 101 127,18. 28 23.50 Pons eee 19. 6/17. 0/18. 5|18. 7 20. 0/18. 5 17. 5/19. 319. 0 21.5/19.6) 95 125 18. 32 24.50 1S [ait Ae BN See a! 17.3 16. 5|16. 517. 018. 3,16. 7/16. 5/17. 2/17. 7/18. 7|18.0) 87; 128 14. 69 23.04 NEW ieee eis oe Eid NEB B26. S28. Naina 18. 0/18. 5.20.0/19.0! 85 pet aie 1a ee 16.916. 7h. 5/15. 3/17. 0.15. 1/17. 5|17. 5/18.0)18.0/17.0) 81 109/13. 71 18. 52 Rigs “Sa Ace 15. 2,16. 5)15. 5)14.0 15. 5'15. 0/14. 0,14. 0/17. 5!15.5/15.0) 88 123/13. 62 18. 45 MO} eee 115. 5,16. 0/15. 0/14. 1 16.114. 5/15.5 14. 417, 016.5/15.5|} 8&3 110)12.98 17.05 .9 14. 0/12. 5/12. 3 13. 5 11. 5/12. 5/12. 3/13. 0/14. 5/12.5) 87 107/11. 20 13. 38 3112.0 13. 0)13. 5 12.9 11. 0/13. 0/18. 5/14. 5/14. 0/16.0) 91 119/11. ae 04 | .010.5} 8.9} 9.410.010. 0) 9.3)/10.3/10.0/11. 5) 9.7} 104 13010. 49 12. 61 - 110.0} 9.6) 9.8 10.0 10.0) 9.5)10. 5/11. 5/10. 0) 9.8) 148 185 15. 28/18. 13 .3| 9.0} 8. 7| 9.010. 4| 9.5) 9.2| 9.5} 9.3) 9.2) 9.5) 140 160)13.13 15. 20 -417. 2:16. 5/17. 216.5 15. 5/15. 5 16. 5|17.0.17.5/14.5} 81 120|12. 89:17. 40 -|15. abe: a aa 5,15. § 1s. 7/14. 5/15. 2/16. 3/16. 0)14.0) 78 119 eogioa be: 63 117.018. 5/17. 117.8 17. 4 16. 8/16. 0/16. 5/16. 0:18. 5/15. 5} 80 122/12. 90,18. 91 114.914.515.515. 5 15.3 14. 6/13. 3/14. 3/16. 0.15.5 14.3} 80 130/11. 53/18. 59 Wisse tej. eee. \17.3 18.0 19. 0)16.3 16.017. 0/18. 3)17. 5|16. 518. 5/16. 2) 79 132)13. 31/21. 38 Minnis ss 3.22582 18.7, 18. 5 18. 5,19. 0 17. 0 18. 7/23. 0/19. 0/18 8/19. 5/15.0| 73 127/13. 55/19. 05 118. - 8/20. 0/17. 8 18. 518. 0/19. 0/18. 2/19. 0/18. 5/17.0) 73 115)13. aes 55 5 ali. 8/15. 0 15. 0.14. 1/14. 8/15. 0/14. 0/13. 511.0) 84 123/11. 74/13. 53 0/18. 0)18. 4) 8.5 16. 6/18. 0/14. 4/17. 115. 0/13. 3} 70 125)10. 75 16. 62 0/17. 5/17. 5 17. 0 10. 0/19. 5/13. 2/17. 0/19. 5/18. 0) 69 118/10. 48 21. 24 7.016. 0/16. 5 16.0 13. 0 16. 0}14. 5/16.0,17.5)16.0} 69 116/10. 41:18. 56 . 0,18. 3/14. 214.0 pe pete il sped mel 7 110/11. 68,15. 95 : 73. 5/12. 7 13.0 12. 0/13. 0/12. 4/13. 7/12. 0)11. 2) 93 129)11. 56 14. 45 . 0}12. 5|10. 711.011. 9/11. 5)12.0 13. 0/10. 5/10. 0} 100 13511. 70 13. 50 . 5/10. 0/11. 3 12.0 10. 0/11. 5/11. 0/13. 0,10. 0/13. 0} 132 175)14. 22 22. 75 0/15. 5,11. 2.11. 5,10. 0:16. 6/15. 014. 8'17.0)10. 0) 106 120/15. 25/12. 00 .0 13. 5)13. le 7 9. ae 0} 9.5/16. 0.13. 5)10.0) 90 125)10. 82,12. 50 9/10. 0/10. 512.010. 0/10. 5/11. 5/10. 5i10. 5/16. 0) 100 115/10. 49/11. 50 . 0/20. 0/29. 0/20. 0.23. 0/23. 5/21. 0/21. 0 22. 5/20. 5 70 96/14. 31/19. 68 6 22, 0/26. 0,18. 5 20. 0/19. 0/19. 0/17. 0 20. 0/15. 5 81 108|14. 86/16. 74 5 15. 5/22. 0/14.0 12.019. 517.017. 5 17. 5/14.0} 70} 105/10. 59/14. 70 Ob 5/22. 0/18. 5.15. 5)15. ee 0j17. ding 5)12.0) 69 100/10. 37/12. 00 i a pe la1. 0 24. 7/20. 0l21. 5120. 0:22. 5122. 0/22. 0/20. 0 20.0/17.0) 68 95/13. 61/16. 15 Weta 5s sateees 19. 8 21. 5/19. 5/21. 0/20. 5 22. 0/20. 0:21. 0)19. 7,18. 2)14. 5} +83 111/14. 72/16. 10 OPE «sa datheer 117.0 16. 0/18. 0/17. O}L5. 1 19. 5/16. 0/17. 5/16. 0.18.0)17.0] 91 115}14. 81/19. 55 CHS s wtdute aie oe 15. 5 19.0)12.0 13. 8/17.0.17. 0/17. 6 15. 0/17. 0,14. 0 13.0) 90 116|13. 72)15. 08 | Para, Fat ee a i PE OU cries! Ui. Sieatacn oe 16,3 16. 4\16. 4/16, 116.015. 6,16. § 16. 2\16. 817. 3/15. 3/79. 7,66. 3/63, 4\86. 583. 4/122. 1)12. 67|18. 69 1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1. Statistics of Rye. RY E—Continu ed. 599 TABLE 54.—Rye: Farm price per bushel on first of each month, by geographical divisions, 1915 and 1916. . North South N. Central | N. Central South , r ee Atlantic Atlantic | States east | States west} Central pee ae Month. ¥ States. | States. of Miss. R. | of Miss. R. States. 2 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 CisaeGisn | Cis Eisai) Cts| (tes Cts. |, Cts. Cts: | sCts--|) Ctss) a Gts: |) Gis. | Cts: January....... 85.3 | 90.2 | 88.8 | 88.9 | 90.9 | 92.7 | 86.5 | 93.5 | 81.4.) 87.7 | 97.2 | 97.1] 77.8] 76.1 February. ...-.| 88.3 |100.6 | 92.7 | 96.8 | 92.6 | 96.0 | 89.8 |105.7.| 84.6 | 99.3 | 89.8 |101.7 | 78.9 | 84.7 Marchi: <2... 2.2 85.6 |105.4 | 88.2 |106.7 | 96.8 {102.5 | 86.8 |108.3 | 81.2 |102.8 | 91.7 |108.6 | 80.7 89.6 Apiile. 2.5022. 83.6 |100.4 | 90.4 |101.3 | 96.0 | 95.4 | 84.6 |101.9 | 76.7 | 99.2 | 92.3 |105.4] 81.7] 93.9 Bee wan't ace 83.7 |101.9 | 88.7 {102.6 | 93.7 | 95.4 | 84.4 |103.0 | 78.8 {101.0 | 92.2 |103.1 | 78.3 | 100.9 # Nhe: a a 83.8 | 98.1 | 90.2 | 99.5 | 91.8 } 98.1 | 84.9 | 98.6 | 78.1 | 96.6 | 91.3 |100.9 | 73.6 | 95.2 auly SORE ae 83.3 | 93.7 | 89.4 | 95.1 | 87.9 | 95.3 | 83.3 | 93.3 | 79.4 | 94.6 | 84.0 | 92.4] 81.8] 82.1 IAS rr 83.4 | 89.0 | 88.6 | $2.8 | 90.5 | 92.5 | 84.6] 88.5 | 77.9 | 87.0] 96.3 | 94.9] 80.0! 81.4 September ....| 99.7 | 85.5 | 96.9 | 87.9 | 95.7 | 92.2 |102.0 | 85.5 |100.1 | 83.2 |109.3 | 90.1 | 90.2] 78.5 October....... 104.1 | 81.7 | 99.6 | 86.0 [103.2 | 90.4 |108.9 | 83.0 |102.0 | 76.0 |119.5 | 94.3} 91.8} 71.4 November... ../115.3 | 85.7 |115.8 | 86.5 |103. 7 | 95.1 |117.3 | 86.8 |114.8 | 83.2 |129.5 | 98.7 |105.9 | 71.4 December..... 122.1 | 83.4 |116.6 | 88.3 {118.9 | 98. 2 ]127.8 | 85.0 121.4 | 78.1 |133.5 | 97.7 |107.7| 77.2 Average.....| 97.8 | 90.0 | 98.9 | 91.8 | 97.6 | 94.3 | 99.8 | 91.1 | 98.6 | 85.6 |106.4 | 96.8 | 89.6 79.8 TABLE 55.—Rye: Wholesale price per bushel, 1912-1916. F : see . A San Francisco Philadelphia. | Cincinnati. Chicago. | Duluth. (per 100 Ibs.). Date. No. 2. No. 2. Low. | High. |~ | Low. | High. | Low. | High. Low. | High. | Low. | High. 1912. Cents.| Cents.| Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents.| Cents.| Cents. | Cents, Satuary-June-........25...0! 82/ 105] 78 75 96} 66 | 914} 1478 | 1724 July-December..............- 68 85 62 81 58 76 53 70 140 1724 1913. IO 65 70 60 70 58 654 52 59 1324 1474 dily-DOCHIHDEr....)-.- 2 enn 65 77 60 72 61 704 50 65 135 165 1914. Jatiuary—JUNG: 2. ..2.-...-56< 65 75 71 58 67 50 62 1524 165 July-December ..............- 65 125 60 115 55 1124 57 107 130 165 1915. 4 September LoD Ee ee Ses Eee eee 1916. eer cet ber er —— DWEGMDEr. = 325222 Joe ek oe 105 92 102 112 98 107 110 98 107 112 95 104 112 92 112 91 | 1003 95 | 107 94 | 103 943 | 984 91 | 119 91} 107 | 155 165 89 | 96 | 145 160 90} 99 | 145 160 87} 96 | 155 160 87| 93 | 155 160 s7| 1m | 145 165 93] 98 | 155 160 87| 97 | 150 160 87} 91 | 1524] 160 91} 96 | 152)| 155 91} 95 | 152}| 155 91} 95 | 152 155 87} 98 | 150 160 89| 95 | 1523] 155 94} 120 | 1524] 180 115 | 122 | 175 200 120| 138 | 195 225 137 | 149 | 215 235 138 | 150 | 225 265 89} 150 | 152h| 265 600 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. RYE—Continued. TABLE 56.—Rye (including flour): International trade, calendar years 1913-1915. [See “‘ General note,”’ Table 10.] EXPORTS. [000 omitted.] 1914 1915 1914 1915 Couniry. 1913 | (prelim.)| (prelim.) Country. 1913 | (prelim.) | (prelim.) Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. — Argentina. ......... 861 451 194 || Roumania......... 2,604 et i ee Belgium. _=.7.2 2 . Gia Were ect al esac ee Russia 22.2.5 oie 33,170 | 20,298 13,273 Bulgaria........--- U2 O20 SE SS as So Na eee United States..... 2,034 8, 164 13,655 @anada-- 2223 2 = led ET Wf 146 501 || Other countries.... 480 LOON| 52. Comes z Denmark. <. -..-4e4 319 Sie cos Se — Gemmany.25-2-25- i bt ee ee eee Dotall. 2-2 322 114, 567 40, $23)|=) seeeeee Netherlands........ 20, 291 10, 418 197 j IMPORTS. DES |e neetelcce scree INonwayseee ae 11, 088 8,128 7,884 ITEP NES Sia Spel Oo Moet Russias: ae 7, 759 5,453: |e 9, 846 5, 082 23'707 || ‘Sweden. 2. -- 22522 5- 4,446 2, 586 1,770 15, 813 9, 898 13,425 || Switzerland........ 661 267 3,712 1,441 36 || United Kingdom...| 2, 276 2,073 1,436 : Other countries.... 886 TS i Ba Sc = Netherlands........ Totalts-- se. 110, 601 53,230 [ce oweeemee 1 Data for 1912. BUCKWH#AT. TABLE 57.—Buckwheat: Acreage, production, and value in the United States, 1849-1916. Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. Aver- | Pro- Ay 3 Farm Aver- | Pro- a a4 Farm Acre- | age | duc- | po" | value Acre- | age | duc | ,28° | value age yield | tion “ice Dec. 1 age yield | tion aed Dec. 1 Year. | (thou-| “per | (thou-| Ji°% | (thou- || Year. | (thou-| “per | (thou- | fo¢ 4 | (thou- sands of} acre |sands of ( carts sands sands of} acre jsands of (cents sands acres). | (bush- | bush- per of dol- acres). | (bush- | bush- per of dol- els). els). bushel). lars). els). els). bushel). lars). Ve ae Ale See AS a SOO aa aeiniaie| = chineine 1890..... 845 14.7 | 12,433 57.4 7,133 wreee|eeeee cee leeeeeeee 17,572 |..----++|---00--- es of ye ier pe vee 18925 -7 2.. 4. ‘ 6, 29 Te ae cule eeaih Sea ae eee sig | 14.9 | 12,132| 583] 7,074 1 114 17.8 19, 864 73.0 15, 490 1894-5. 789 16.1 | 12,668 55.6 7,040 1,029 16.9 | 17,431 71.9 | 12,535 || 1895..... 763 20.1 | 15,341 45.2 6,936 Pree as diese fen] F8) dee ieee) Bal ae 897....- P 4 fs BOT ber Sie, ae eaciles Pane hoe genie] eeeeae a 678 | 17.3 | 11,722] 45.0] 5,271 448 18. 1 8. 134 73, 5 5,979 1899..... 670 16.6 | 11,094 55.7 6,184 A . : ; : 454| 17.3] 7,838] 75.0] 5,879 || 1899----- 807 | 13.9 | 11,234 |.-.-.2--)---200e : 453 17.7 | 8,017 638 15.0°-|] 9,567 55.8 341 576 17.5 | 10,082 811 18.6 | 15,126 56.3 5 8 805 18.1 | 14,530 59.6 8 804 17.7 | 14, 244 60.7 8 794 18.9 | 15,008 62. 2 9 760 19. 2 | 14,585 58.7 8,565 640 | 20.5 | 13,140 739 | 18.6|14,642| 59.6] 8,727 848 13.9 | 11,817 1907..... 800 | 17.9 | 14,200] 69.8] 9,975 Beis aes Clem sarles eerie aeeas 803 | 19.8 | 15,874] 75.6 | 12,004 ; : sa] dol ide) ie] som [Ao] BE] Bee elias 857| 8.9| 7,669| 82.2| 6,304 || 1929----- . ’ ; , 879 | 12.6] 11,116 | 58.9] 6,549 || 19101...) 860] 20.5 | 17,598 66.1} 11,636 : Bie |b) 21. ; O18 12.9 11’ 369 cB on gla 841| 22,9] 197249] 66.1] 12,720 OE es te Ae BO BAe |e Or OH AOL aby 805 | 17.2 | 13,833 | 75.5 | 10,445 Tm RT BS Ee eo pec 792 | 21.3 | 16,881] 76.4 | 12,802 OOD Paes Baer BES ih) here Hh ROR yee 769 | 19.6 | 15,056 | 78.7| 11,843 837 14.6 | 187110 oe ae Lolereeee 845 14,0 | 11,840 | 112.9} 13,864 Yigures adjusted to census basis. Statistics of Buckwheat. 601 BUCKWHEAT—Continued. TABLE 58.—Buckwheat: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1916. [000 omitted.] Pro- Farm Pro- | Farm State. Acte- | Guc- | value State. Acre- | Guc- | value tion. | Dec. 1. eee tion. | Dee. 1. Acres. | Bush. | Dolls. Acres. a Dolls. TSENG. «Se eR ea i4 336 319: MORIO oe shes chen 19 370 New Hampshire......... 1 20 20") Indiana sooo oe eens, 8 14 161 “SEL Rs 2 es ae “12 216 PR bed BE C12) ja iepee eit oe SE) 5 ee Se 4 68 88 Massachusetts............ Z 32 An Michigan. 2. eco 75 825 949 MOenMCChCHt =... 2-2... 3 57 68) ||| Wisconsini:22. 2... .2. 2222 20 280 325 DCG oe 290 | 3,480 4,246 || Minnesota..........-..... 10 150 148 New Jersey............-. 15 285 S08U OWS = 22d oes ee 10 150 188 ennsylvania............ 270 | 3,780 4-196" | Missopriz 25.2224 4650255 4 56 74 Di i 57 6c7||iNebraska a5. jsF es 1 17 19 Maryland...............- Jo] 180] 298 Bee ae a ee 5 igh ae, 5! +e = = Weet Virginia Seo See 36 659 665 United States...... 845 1g le 840 13,364 North Carolina. .......... 10 175 149 TaBLE 59.—Buckwheat: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, ae 1896-1916. | j | | ‘ | When | | When | | When Year. | Aug. | Sept. | har- || Year. Aug. | Sept. | har- | Year. Aug. | Sept. | har- vested. vested. | vested | | | Pie. | Pld.) P: ct | Pe ch |e Pr eet Pact. P.ct. | P.ct. | P. ct 1896..-..| 96.0} 93.2] 86.0 || 1903..... 93.9] 91.0] 83.0 |] 1910..... 87.9} 82.3 S17 $8972". 94.9 95.1 90.8 || 1904..... 92.8 91.5 ry fal |e oe ee 82.9 | 83.8 81.4 1898_.... 87.2 88.8 76.2 || 1905..... 92.6 91.8 91.6 1912..22_| 88.4) 91.6 89. 2 1899..... 1 Ry aed ly eS | a 93.2 | 9182; 18459) ||- 1913.2 5. $5.5 | 75.4] 65.9 1900.....| 87.9 80.5 | 72.8 || 1907.....|. 91.9 77.4| 80.1 || 1914... SRST Seed $3.3 1901..... 91.1 90.9) 90.5 1908 Soses 89.4 87.8} 81.6 |] 1915..... 92.6 | 88.6 81.9 1902.....| 91.4] 986.4] 80.5 ! 1909.....| 86.4 81.0] 79.5 || 1916..... 87.8| 78.5| 66.9 TABLE 60.—Buckwheat: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States. : Farm price per bushel | _ Value Yield per acre (bushels). (cents) per acre 3 (dollars).1 Gi ‘oe | Vive | > State. [3s | Le S| rao ro | Sis ar or | a= nt | re es | ge] |_| gel =a PasiSisislseisiaisisislbaisislszis!e /ssle ee |8\2/8|8|2/8/2/8/8 288/815 )2) 3 |e"| & 28.9 28.0) 30.0 28. 0132. 5\30.0129. 4/32. 0 29.0)26.0/24.0) 70| 70 56 60| 70| 9519.0222.80 26. 1/22. 0/21. 5 22. 0/31. 027. 3/31.0 31.0 25.0,30.0)20.0| 76] 72) 66) 70) 81! 100121.34:20.00 24. 2/22. 0122. 0 22. 0/24. 0/24. 3/30. 0 25. 0 28.0/27.0/17.5| 79} 72) 80) 82) 82! 10521.4718.38 19.00/21. 0/18. 0/19. 3'22. 0/21. 0'21.0/17. 0 18. 5)16.0'16.0} 88) 85! go] 84! 95) 14016.1822.40 18. ol a ose ee ea 19. aes: 5j17.0/18. 520.0 19.0 93 a 95) 95) 96 120 17. 80,22. 80 : 19. 9117. 5l21. al24.olzs. olzi.3123. 8114.3 23.0,19.012.0) 78) 64 81) 76 80] 12215.0114.64 | 20. 5|16. 5|20. 0/21. 8/21. 5|20. 0/22. 0/22. 0 21.0/21.0.19.0) 79) 72! 76) 83| §3] 10816. 48)20.52 , 19:6 18.019.219.5)19.5,21.9 24.218. 5 29.5 21.0 14.0 74) 64) 73) 76) 78) 111/15.21/15.54 20. 3/24. 0/30. 0/19. 820. 5|19. 016. 0/17.0'19.0/18.519.0| 74 66 69) 76, 75) 118 12.59/29. 42 Fb le pe at Bo ah RB 76) 71) 75| 81) 72| 110,13. 52,20. 79 ee 19. 2/19. 0/18. 0/18. 0/18. 0/16. 0 21.5/23. 1!19.4)20.019.2) 78} 75, go) 84! go] 95 15.62/18.24 \ Of ee 21. 3/18. 5/18. 0/22. 7/23. 0/24. 0/24.0/21.0/21.5)22.0.18.3) 81) 75) 78] 83) 80} 10118.04 18.43 TN Cees sa snes ec 18. 0/15. 5/16. 4/19. 819. 0/19. 0,17. 5/19, 3/19.0/17.517.5) 80) 85) 78) 83 82) 8515.05 )14.88 Co ee ee 20. 0/19. 5]18. 5/21. 2|18. 0/21. 0)19. 5|18. 0/24. 0/23.0.17.7| 80) 70| 76) 76) 77] 110'15.93/19.47 Re aaa op dency: re ae 17.7418, 8}10- 018.517, 6f14-0118.0 79} 73/75] 78; 80] 11213. 23/20. 16 |S aae 18. 2.17. 018. 218. 2/20. 018. 122.0 17.0]17.717.017.0| 91! 80, 80 95, 90, 130/16. 10'22.10 POR SS ths seh 15.3)15. 5|13.5|14.3 15.3 18.0 17.0 15.018. 5 14.5 11.0 73| 65) 70°71) 72) 115|11. 58,12. 65 i) ee eS 15.3)16. 0)15. 2)12. 3)14.0,17.5)17.0,16.5)17.5,13.0)14.0|- 79} 66) 69, 76) 83| 116/11.96 16.24 PRE iar. is acs 16.9 14. 7/18. 2/15. 2|16. 0.18. 0/21.0.1€.5/17.0,17.515.0) 75; 65, 64 70) 75! 112/12.5816.80 eee ges i ak ie 4 acta sae 85) 75| 81) 77| 80| 125)13 ol 75 ae 115. 4/16. 0}20. 121. 0/16. 5'10.015.0.11.0/15.515.014.0! 95) 95| 85 93) 90) 133/12. 4018.62 hy: ieee 17. 8)14.5}/18. 0)16. 0/20. 0/16. 0 18. 0 20. 0/18. 5 20.0/17.0) 90} 90) 79! 84) 95) 110|16.35.18.70 ees oo ose 14. 2/12. 018. 7/14. 0)15.012.0 16.0 10.0|16.014.0.....| 90) 78; 80) 90) 99..... 12°16] 42" oe es an a 81] 78 75 78] 76) 100/13. 80/18. 00 WES ixawd 19. 5)17. 9)19. 8/20. 9/20. 5 21.1 22.917. 2/21. 3,19. 6.14.0 76. 466.175. 5 76. 4)78. 7 112. 9/15. 01 15. 82 1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1. 602 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. BUCKWHEAT—Continued. TaBLE 61.—Buckwheat: Farm price per bushel on first of each month, by geographical divisions, 1915 and 1916. United North South N. Central | N. Central South Rintes Atlantic Atlantic | States east |Stateswest| Central te States. States. of Miss. R. | of Miss. R. States. Month. 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 Gig. | Cts. Cts. | Cte) Cis.) Gis. | Cts. | Cts iGtes | (Cisse pare nese FATEUAT Yin. cate cece cones ace 81.5 | 77.9 | 81.6 | 77.6 | 82.5 | 81.2 | 78.1 | 76.5 | 87.7 | 87.5 | 80.0 | 74.0 80.7 | 83.7 | 81.1 | 84.0] 81.3 | 85.0 | 75.6 | 80.8 | 93.0 | 79.0 | 76.0 | 76.0 83.2 | 85.5 | 83.0 | 87.0 | 84.9 | 85.1 | 79.6 | 77.0 |102.7 | 82.5 | 74.0} 80.0 83.1 | 85.3 | 83.5 | 84.8 | 81.9 | 89.2 | 79.0] 85.1 |101.0 | 90.0] 76.0 | 78.0 -| 84.9 | 84.6 | 85.2 | 84.7 | 83.1 | 89.0 | 84.4 | 79.6 | 93.5 | 90.5 | 74.0 | 77.0 87.0 | 86.9 | 88.7 | 87.6 | 81.2 | 86.7 | 80.0 | 82.7 |100.0 | 91.0 | 74.0 | 76.6 93.1 | 92.1 | 94.8 | 93.3 | 85.6 | 87.1 | 90.6 | 86.2 | 87.0 |117.5 | 77.0 | 77.6 89.0 | 89.2 | 90.8 | 91.3 | 83.9 | 83.2 | 76.9 | 78.9 | 91.7 |102.0 | 75.0} 77.0 86.4 | 81.4 | 87.1 | 81.6 | 84.4 | 82.0 | 82.4] 78.3 | 98.5 | 97.5 | 76.0| 75.0 .| 90.4 | 73.7 | 90.8 | 73.9 | 84.6 | 77.0 | 94.4 | 68.0 | 87.5 | 88.0] 80.0] 70.6 102.9 | 78.5 |104.6 | 79.0 | 88.8 | 75.2 |105.9 | 76.3 |115.0 | 97.5} 77.0} 71.0 112.9 | 78.7 |114.9 | 79.0 | 99.1 | 79.1 |114.5 | 75.7 |120.4 | 81.5 |100.0 | 76.0 FLAX. TaBLe 62.—F lax: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1918-1915. [000 omitted. ] Area. Production. Country. Seed. Fiber. 1913 1914 1915 1913 =: 1914 1915 1913 1914 1915 NORTH AMERICA. | . Acres. | Acres. | Acres. |Bushels. Bushels.|Bushels.| Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. United States...... 2/991 "| 91,645 | -1),.387 [17 853) |'13; 749] T4080) 2. eee ee eee Canada: | Quebee:.: =. ---4- 1 1 1 9 8 7. | se'sdc ce san mcf eae ae a ee ee Ontarlg.>->-- -c5. 7 5 4 164 84 62) | oc 555250 seem see ese eee Roc, Manitoba........ 54 40 34 632 338 B14) | 25 .ocic sweated saeae eee Saskatchewan ...| 1,386 958 697° | 1555795) “6,131 | 9,061 Nc... 3. cc cerns oe atetel eet eee Alberta: -..2.:5.- 105 80 70 | 1,155 Cy 2 Mis i bY Sl Ae es bei Re - Total Canada| 1,553 1,084 | 806 17,539 | 7)175.|"10, 628°|...22b- 0 22/e Boxico. 02225 .0% Q) AT Ao 150 150 150.325 2 a Total....--=- (1) () >| @)-)85)542 | 21,074 |-24, 808")... tcl a]soeee ce ae ee SOUTH AMERICA. * Argentina......... 4283'| 4-307 | 4:258,| 44 486 | 39,170 || 44,809 |. :.2..-a-cc lb ocee seceaee aeeeee een Uruguay. -----..-. 141 128 101} 1,302 963 588) ]02 35 40 ns co] sec enee eae ae ; Total. .5...2- 4,424 | 4,525 | 4,359 | 45,788 | 40,184 | 44,807 |.......---<-|-----c--eere|eceeeeeees EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: | Austtide csc. ssc} 90 257 1 608 2 455 1 48, 976 337,046 t Hungary proper.| 82 (i 1 255 1 29, 999 1 Croatia-Slavonia. 16 Qa 1 18 1 1 8, 640 1 1 Bosnia-Herzego- vina..........- 2) (1) (1) cM oC), (4) 1, 000 () (+) Total Austria- STOMA sis | -aate'bae al scactin alae hee SBH).| 5 toe coe ede oe 88: G16i\ce soe beeen Sepmolpu —}- —________j fF —_______}[___________{[________}{________________-~_ Saal Belgium........... 57 82 ( 3 387 1 89, 437 f 0 Bulgaria........... 1 2.| ag 8 1 1 ty } ) Brance'? oo cscecnes | 75 | 47 | 24 740 336 ( 48, 437 23, 370 43, 497 1 No official statistics. 8 Excluding the invaded zone in 1914 and 1915, 2 Galicia and Bukowina not included. a Statistics of Flax, 603 FLA X—Continued. TaBLE 62.—Flaz: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1913-1915—Contd. {000 omitted.] Area. Production. { Country. Seed. | Viber. 1913 | 1914 | 1915 : 1913 1914 1915 | 1913 1914 1915 EvRore—contd. Acres. | Acres. | Acres. |Bushels., Bushels.|Bushels.| Pounds Pounds. | Pourds. MecINnG 22h... 2 fo: 59 49 53 (4) 1) (1) 28, 341 18, 202 21,648 36 eaees 22 22 21 405 323 323 5, 732 5, 070 5, 511 Netherlands....... 36 19 22 326 212 (1) 16, 606 10, 811 10, 818 Roumania......... 67 21 14 569 165 134 4,759 2,137 1, 187 Russia: Russia proper....| 3,443 | 3,401 | 3,060 | 22,898 | 14, 222 & Lee ce eoe hae eeeaio basic ack | peetaseme Holants == -s-S3 2. @) (@) 878 (4) DS CSS 3 SASS San wees see edlbaticceeeee Northern Cau- CBSA LE Ys ose sens 144 182 48 680} 1,391 Oy ee aoe eerie eioe ce ae tts| seeeee state Motel een... POPE! Ione ~ celles ae aes 24; ADS Nis. f oe sine ahaa sree = 1, 152, 349 309; OLS | aoc nae lce Bega, 202-0400... Q | @ 1 On Ole ) @) (2) Sweden 2.......... 3 3 3 | 3 3 (4) 481 401 (4) Set Bee Eat eee eee aaa eee oak oe IER aires (pias omctialin'e scciaiey> oe + o's) sap tps nace areas eemeiee ASIA i | India: | | Lp iies Ee Se 4,125 | 3,031 | 3,325 | 21,684 | 15, 448 | 15,880 |...-..-.....|.-------005- \cemcsalc ant Native States... 433 Qi "e (@) () (65 ea Se (eee eed Be Rese er et [Se Seas Motals 2... 558" hh Sn0s1 13.325 (et, 684 |15,448"|aoies0 Po. SA S.|. 2 ae ee Russia: | Central Asia (4 poy a aents (\t)) ie eae’ 117 105 94 575 RIGUIh TC) ae) See ee seen cele een eee ae = Siberia (4 Gov- ernments of)..| 176 L013 eS sent (O94U Eee SEAN [occa sos occc cle ees me cmecer eee Transcaucasia (1 Governmentof)| (4) (1) (1) (@) () Gb syegee Se cik sales ciate |-eeeeeeees OT aipemeaer eke ye Se Aeeaal: oes ial ets [cent CE ee | NSE See ae ee AFRICA, | IMEI a aaa (1) (*) () Shia te) () () (*) (2) Grand total..)......-.- oeese neh Saree US2F 47 Tel sates cen 1,384,757 | “pecoodbousn bone basse 1 No official statistics. 2 Includes hemp. TaBie 63.—Flax (seed and fiber): Total production of countries named in Table 62, 1896-1915. Production. Year. Seed. Fiber. Bushels Pounds a } ? 62, 432,000 | 1,315,931; 000 72,314,000 | 1,050, 260, 000 || 1911 891,000 | 1,564, 840,000 |/ 1912 110, 455,000 | 1,492,383, 000 || 1913 107,743,000 | 1,517,922, 000 || 1914 NS Piao acces ne 2 100, 458, 000 | 1,494, 229, 000 || 1915 Production. Year. Seed. Fiber. Bushels. Pounds. 1, 871, 723, 000 2 042? 390; 000 1 907, 591, 600 1 384, 524, 000 ‘ "9137 112) 000 See Sans pee 101; 339, 000 | 1, ou; 350, 000 SE CROCCO Ce: 130, 291; 000 1) 429° 967, 000 daneoue end cane cee 132, 477, 000 ? 384, 757, 000 604 FLA X—Continued. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TABLE 64.—Flaxseed: Acreage, production, value, and condition in the United States, — 1849-1916. : : . NoteE.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revis estimates whenever new census data are available. | Average Condition of growing crop. A ee F 1 = verage : rice arm value Year. | Acreage. | Seid per | Production. ee Danes | Wien acre. bushe July 1. | Aug. 1. |Sept. 1. har- Dec. 1 vested. Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Cenis Dollars. PCL een ch Pict Per AUIS EE os SoS | Pes ode 862; 000 | an a 2 oF ane | acme nen se ook] See 33> feet e ee 4 rc igen ea, aa ie Dacha? BAT; O00 1" ee 22 Pon ee Jor | ge op [oes oe ee ee FT aa (ike dine ea be ae a’ 7805008 | ie ook ee tees ee "| cnn an +c [patos ous ene er FED 3 isonet [i Sitrere te 7 1VOL 000 WO 2 eet ree oe | te tee eee Bae 1889...| 1,319,000 P84? LO BbO.OO Vc oid ase Ne 2 12 aa ees ee ene ae Kc 2b. oer 1899..-| 2,111,000 DiBe) i LB OI 000 | se S Ale gehen oe ae lew etee elon ee eae) Ba ee f 1902...} 3,740,000 7.8 29,285 000 105. 2 30; 815,000 |- ~~ <5 ox see > eee 1903...| 3,233,000 8.4 | 27,301,000 81.7 | 22,292,000} 86.2] 80.3| 80.5 74.0 1904...] 2,264,000 10.3 23,401, 000 99.3 23,229,000 86.6 78.9 85.8 87.0 1905...| 2,535,000 11.2 | 28,478,000 84.4] 24,049,000} 92.7] 96.7| 94.2 91.5 1906... 2,506,000 10.2] 25,576,000 101.3 | 25,899,000} 93.2] 922] 989.0 87.4 1907...| 2,864,000 9.0 25,851, 000 95.6 24,713,000 91.2 91.9 85.4 78.0 1908...| 2,679,000 9.6 25, 805, 000 118. 4 30,577,000 92.5 86.1 82.5 81.2 1909...| 2,742,000 9.4 | 25,856,000 [22222552 N0e. 222. .8 | teense] ous: 2 z 1909...| 2,083,000 9.4 19,613,000 153.0 29, 796, 000 95.1 92.7 88.9 84.9 19101...) 2) 467,000 5.2| 12,718,000 231.7 | 29,472,000| 65.0] 51.7] 483 47.2 1911...| 2,757,000 7.0 | 19,370,000 182.1] 35,272,000} 80.9] 71.0] 68.4 69.6 1912...| 2,851,000 9.8 28,078, 000 114.7 32,202,000 88.9 87.5 86.3 83.8 1913...| 2,291,000 7.8 17,853, 000 119.9 21,399, 000 82.0 77.4 74.9 74.7 1914...| 1,645,000 8.4 13,749,000 126.0 17,318,000 90. 5 82.1 72.9 77.4 1915...| 1,387,000 10.1} 14,030,000 174.0] 24,410,000} 88.5] 91.2] 987.6 84.5 1916...| 1,605,000 9.6 | 15,459,000 248.1 | 38,350,000] 90.3] 84.0] 848 86.2 ercentages of increase or decrease to base is used for applying percentage 1 Figures adjusted to census basis. TaBLE 65.—Flaxseed: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1916. Average yield per acre. State. Acreage. Acres. NVISCONSINIS. cccece cee seas see eter ences 5,000 MININGS Oba yee cl as oo hele teat Cee o0.cs eee 75, 000 Towa <.bad ses. SAR RI 18,000 WEISS OUTS Soo Oe en on sop ce wececeneesiees 5,000 INOTEH DAK OLA sep cacn pcacsebene asucteneene 790, 000 pots OL Dak: ea el » Se salle so peeere dit 150, 000 Nebraska: dete s ose tee nee dee ates 4,000 FSBUBGR oe Jace olhes oe be uals Oe ae eee 36,000 Montaus.. 2. Joes oe ee ea eee 325, 000 W Vomit ess oS 2 kates ew bole aecdeeee 2,000 ODlOrAN Ge. 5 stk eek oe ene 1,000 United States ..5.05-<-5---2sn<=-< ee 1, 605, 000 Average Produe- farm price Le ion. per bushe peal Dec. 1 Bushels. Dollars. Dollars. 60, 2.40 144,000 2,338,000 2.40 5,611, 000 80,000 2.15 000 35,000 2.12 74,000 8,137,000 2.52 | 20,505,000 1,395, 000 2.47 3,446,000 32,000 2.30 74, 174,000 2.34 407, 3,088, 000 2.48 7,658, 000 ‘ 2.25 32,000 6,000 1.95 12,000 2.48 | 38,350,000 | 15, 459, 000 Statistics of Flax. FLA X—Continued. 605 TABLE 66.—Flaxseed: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States. - A Value Yield per acre (bushels). Farm Des. bushel er acre keents). dollars).1 Les eed g pele ee eS 2a arn ari on v ae 5S HS HS am. BaslelelelalalelsislelBelalel=sis]elsals pose lcs Sen eet eey ee less ceslnasel ce (Granites let Weel le Stella St lr ses Se a et coal re oe ol mr ot e Do A Pn Coal mr re me tol wd poe WAS aa: sac. 13. 2/14; 2/16. 0/14. 5/10. 0.12. 0/12. 5)14. 0/13. 5/13. 5)12.0} 155} 127) 123! 125) 180) 240/19. 30/28. 80 MAGN S 02 s.0.- 9. 4/10. 5/10. 6|10. 0} 7.5] 8. 0/10. 2} 9.0) 9.3)10.-5| 8.5) 157) 120) 123) 128) 176) 240/13. 65/20. 40 PLOW ALS aca Sajoi= 10. 2/11. 5/10. 9] 9. 8)12. 2) 8. 0/11. 5} 9.4) 9.5) 9.0/10.0) 147) 124) 123) 120) 150) 215/13. 10/21.50 21101 0S eee 7. 0|10. 0} 7.0) 8.1) 8.4) 3.0] 6.6) 5.0) 8.0} 8.0) 7.0) 138) 110) 115) 104] 135) 212) 7. 43/14. 84 IN: Dak. ...- 8.3) 8.0) 9.0) 9.3] 3.6) 7.6) 9.7] 7.2) 8.3) 9.9|10.3) 158) 114) 121) 128) 178) 252/12. 40/25.96 Sill Pies Se 8. 4/10. 0/10. 7} 9.4] 5.0) 5.3] 8.6) 7.2) 7.5/11. 0} 9.3} 154) 113) 120) 123) 167) 247/11. 08|22.97 Webre’..-.. 8, 5}11. 0/11. 0} 8. 5} 8.0) 5.0) 9.5) 6.0) 7.0/1.0} 8.0} 147) 128) 110) 119) 147| 230)10.5018. 40 NGOS on oo 6. 4/10. 0} 6. 5} 7.0) 8.2) 3.0) 6.0] 6.0] 6.0) 5.7) 5.8] 145) 130) 116] 125) 145) 234! 7. 24/13.57 MMontae sess: 10. 0/13. 0/11. 5/12. 0) 7.0} 7. 7/12.0) 9.0] 8.0)10.5) 9.5} 153) 112] 115} 120). 170) 248/13.02)23. 56 BWI Osc enc one (tt ee | ap TOLO|E 2 L240 O29! 7S ORS. 0} 70) ee Se ele ethos oe P45) 225 ee ee 15.75 (G10) | eee eae ate loreal ees | eet 7.0) 7.0) 8.0} 5.0} 8.0) 9.4] 6.0) 151) 125) 115) 100} 120) 195) 9.53/11. 70 U.S..| 8.6) 9.0 6 4| 5.2) 7.0) 9.8] 7.8} 8. 410.1 Ec ES Mee I as 1 Based upon farm price Dee. 1. Taste 67.—Flaxseed: Farm price per bushel, on first of each month, by geographical divisions, 1915 and 1916. Month. United States. North Central States east of Mississippi River. 1916 1915 Cenis.| Cents. es 55 ee 135.0 200.0 | 140.0 150.0} 130.0 192 Ol renee ae 198.0 | 150.0 180.0 | - 130.0 160.0} 155.0 3 90S ee 200.0} 100.0 200.0} 125.0 PISO; S. 225 2 240.0} 180.0 North Central States west of Mississippi River. 1916 1915 Cents.| Cents 184.7 | 136.8 211.2 161.6 204. 6 160. 0 201.8 167.3 190.9 | 169.7 174.1 | 168.7 164.1 153. 8 176.3 145.1 188.6.| 145.6 199.1} 148.3 234.0] 163.9 248.2] 175.0 Far Western States. 1916 1915 Cents.| Cents 193.0 125.0 210,0 175.0 192.0 148.0 205. 0 170.0 197.0 170.0 191.0 175.0 158.0 146.0 190. 0 142.0 200. 0 135.0 200. 0 148.0 240. 0 158. 0 247.8 169. 6 Duluth. 2. 184 $2.39 a western. 4 61 Milwaukee. No. 1 North- Low. | High. 24h $2. 1 High. $2.36 2.10 Minneapolis. Low. 1.22 PRR el re Sow] SehSs SLES oes eee Me: Bae oe | Doyo BSSLb Sees Pe helm Chien hehe | ed EREESS Ses ne a a ae 2.18 1.524 2.21 354 = | QAR De ae Agnoss ANNAANN 1.52} LO Lea $2.56 | $2.01 High. 2.80 1.70 2.85 | 1D LO CONN Cincinnati. 1.50 FLA X—Continued. Low. $2. 50 1.70 Sooo'}D Sas aN Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TABLE 68.—Flaxseed: Wholesale price per bushel, 1912-1916. 1913. January—June.......- 1914. 1912. Date, July-December...... January........ Wiocaces January-June... 2... 2.2....-2 Februar WEMIG 2 Moree cease iets Tuly—Wecem Der sow. sca oeicioteeseceee January........ January-June. . 606 (—Witeehsce tet ~ riecieert ra ae et Dimih-ibeitenee at Ie eo aot iene kat nate ears babe tite rghce C ts sheet ete ec ha Led PUES an) 'o iwasee ighgeg hoor OS asabsoo 3 o =AnOZA 1916. January-June.) 2224). J. Sccee 8 July—Decomber. cunts. 2+ 2.2228 Died OF Vo fee sar On a) re ey a er YS. ee Ope Tae Ce are e Cer ae ee ee a ay vets ate ee eh via Cowen ie November... December. ... October...... September... = a a nN 1.80 July-December os) 2th 38s. J seee Statistics of Race. RICE. 607 TaBLeE 69.—Rice: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1913-1915. [Expressed in terms of cleaned rice.}* 2 No official statistics. 3 Census of 1908. 4 Excluding a large area the production of which is not officially reported. § Excluding 6 Excluding 8 Data for 1912. ® Less than 500 acres. procuerion for Matara, which in 1913 was 55,483,000 pounds, ocrakarta, Djokjakarta and private lands. 7 Excluding Khiva and Bokhara. Area Production. Sountry. 1913 1914 1915 1913 1914 1915 NORTH AMERICA. Acres. Acres. Acres. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. United States.......... 827, 000 694,000 | 803,000 | 715,111,000} 656,917,000} 804,083,000 Lf re 9, 600 (2) (3) 25, 8206, 000 (3) 2 Porto Rico}........ eee 16, 000 (2) (2) 4, 298, 000 (2) (2) Central America: H Guatemala......... (2) (2) (2) 3, 501, 000 24, 085, 000 24, 015, 000 Salvador........... (2) 27, 000 (3) | (2) 12,344, 000 2 Costa Rica......... (2) 7,000 ‘3 (3) (2) a Honduras........-- (2) (2) (3 (2) @) 3, 252, 00 MaxiCgeeen nse. veace (2) 41,000 (3) (2) 33, 921, 000 (2) SOUTH AMERICA. ncn oe 3 20, 000 (2) 2) (2) 2) - Brazil: Sio Paulo...... 231, 000 (8) ) 109, 625, 000 116, 416, 000 79, 380, 00U British Guiana......... 42,000 34, 000 47, 000 61, 185, 000 , 160, 000 91, 630, 000 Dutch Guiana......... (2) (2) (2) 4,918, 000 6, 913, 000 - GEE EE Jase ise iwcs.cs- 138, 000 (2) (3) 108, 869, 000 2) 85, 500, 000 EUROPE Dike eee 7, 000 (2) (2) 5, 656, 000 (2) (2) PPANCA ME cr cements oe'ens 1,000 (3) (2) 980, 000 (2) (2) Ha ae Se aan 362, 000 361,000 | 356,000] 739,221,000] 741,263,000] 762,900,000 Russia (Northern Cau- (SE) Ske See Sa ee 1, 000 1, 000 (2) 564, 000 729, 000 (2) BARS a eg e = o5 . Sacindda as onda ugate ls a Sine 55,300 59.0 | 3,263,000 78 2,545, 000 Dintbad patos es ou. ecu eee 866, 300 47.0 | 40,702,000 | 88.9 | 36,187,000 . | 4 Statistics of Rice. RICE—Continued. 609 TaBLe 73.—Rice: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States. Value - Farm price per bushel Yield per acre (bushels). per acre P Keenis) (dollars).1 Stat Led ed S - ptate. 2 =a 2 = Sis a7 a7 Se Ke - i g& BS Sai; Se tS Sten Se Slee SNe |e eae 38 SISAISI/SIS/SI/SI/S ldHalSlSISI/SlF CG =—=s8ioni/nlafa lala la lala las lsal a la lat A] a fd 4 Te See 24. 823. 0/25. 230. 2/26. 525. 6 25. 0/24. 0/26. 3/21.0/21.0} 84) 90} 80) 75} 85| 8519.75/17.85 RO ee as Soe a 22. 9\27. 0/24. 0 25. 6/21. 0/11. 7/25. 0/30. 0/26. 0/24. 3)14.0) 91} 93) 90} 92) 90) 90/20. 96/12. 60 gece 27.134. 0)25. 0,23. 9/22. 0/26. 8/30. 0/32. 0/28. 0'29. 3/20.0} 89] 90) 83} 89) 88) 87)\24.98/17. 40 ilitvie oe Sy 25. 1/80. 0/25. 0 25. 0/21. 0/25. 0/25. 0/25. 0/25. 0/25. 0/25.0} 80) 90) 60) 70) 75] 75/18. 50/18. 75 hae a eae Saas elo woe.|--e-|-+--(60. 0/51. 0]....|--..]...-|-..-| 100} 100|...../51.00 Li Ve tS .- -|28. 0/25. 0/45. 0/35. 0/25. 0/20. 0/30. 0/22. 0/28. 0/25. 0/25.0) 76; 90) 60} 70) 75) 75/18. 51/18. 75 MRS eee SS 29. 5/22. 031. 0 30. 0/30. 0/36. 0/35. 0/28. 0/30. 0/25. 0'28.0) 81) 90) 70/ 85) 88) 80)25. 26/22. 40 2 ae ee 33. 6/28. 0/33. 0/33. 8/34. 4/31. 5/33. 5 29. 0/32. 1/34. 2/46.0} 84) 93) 84) 93) 90) 90/28. 21/41. 40 Tex.........-..-..-|34- 5/82. 034. 534. 0/33. 0)34. 3 35. 532. 0/33. 8/30. 5}45.0) 84) 94) 86) 92) 89) 86 29.31/38. 70 Liens 33 ae 40. 9/37. 0/41. 0,40. 0/40. 0/39. 0 37. 536. 0/39. 8 48. 4/50. 5) 88) 94) 90) 90) 95] 96/36. 29/48. 48 a oocececes BO: Ofte ale see | nem 33. 0/40. 0/50. 0/48. 0/53. 3 66. 759.0} 86) 91) 100) 100) 90) 78)47.37/46.02 i 34. 729.0)83. 4 33.8 33.932. 034.7 31.134 136. 1147. 084 5/93. 585. gj. 4190. 6 88. 9,29. 90/41. 77 1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1. TaBLE 74.—Rice: Wholesale price per pound, 1912-1916. New York. Cincinnati. Lake Charles. | New Orleans. Houston. Domestic : Honduras Head rice, Date. (good). Prime. Rough.} cleaned. d cleaned. Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High.| Low. | High. 1912. Cis Cts. Cts Cts. | Dolls. | Dolls. Cis. Cts. Cts. Cis. Dane INOL..cs.- 5 4h 5t 6 Die te atsieiawiecifaie slarereres 24 5} 44 5t July-Dec...-.......- At 54 6 Uae sactisk'ss|shisceeme 2 6 4 5§ 1913. DAMM MUNO os ccc. - 43 5 5} 64 2.50} 3.82 23 53 4 54 July-Dec.......-.-..- 4% 5} 53 64 2.00 | 3.76 1.15 7 4 6 1914. OT DUNG Ans ciclecices = id 5 53 6} 1.40 | 3.76 1} 64 33 52 miiiy- Dee. see. c. 2-5. 4 5g 53 6t | 2.00} 4.55 13 63 3 5} 1915. DERURDV cc ace-cccs a= 5 54 5} 64 2.85} 4.10 24 54 4h 4} GURU Vics sis sie. 55 LGU 240 VSee Steen: |COe Aaciee a Penanpen ss. cee sss 1 621,161 587; 749 | oee eee Brazile tees se 17,146 14, 407 1HSS17"| "Perak <> cee ceee ee 202, 904 207,764 | 186, 268 British India....... 286, 154 331,065 | 391,607 || Philippine Islands.| 191,799 213,673 | 481,576 Ceylon. t:s23-2ce ee 880, 136 866,892 | 842,331 || Russla.......-...-- 269, 727 268,513 | 199,700 HINA, Goes csspee 721, 986 908,534 |1,130,141 || Selangor........... 1 192,304 190,084 | 178,438 (yh Ra Ac 283, 872 254,150 | 319,894 || Singapore.......... 1 965,390 | 1,279, 688 |...+....- Dutch East Indies. .]1,117, 271 | 1,058,978 |......-..- United Kingdom...} 771,512 756, 144 |1,305, 701 irupt ave escent ae 119, 735 110, 933 54,809 || United States...... 229, 812 255,064 | 254,568 Raves: .-3- =: -| 537,935 761,106 | 525,279 || Other countries... ./1,397,593 | 1,070,098 |.......-. Germany . 1052; O07 | onto eeatac aes Semine a $$ _— ———— eee Japanese ves 3 . -|1, 212, 423 416, 182 94,158 Otago un cee 12,443, 28310, 416, 327 |...-...-. Mauritius....-s<9+» 140, 284 138,412 2 - acon | 1 Data for 1912, STATISTICS OF CROPS OTHER THAN GRAIN CROPS, 1916. POTATOES. Taste 76.—Potatoes: Area and production of undermentioned countries, 19138-1915. Country. NORTH AMERICA. United States..........-. Canada: Prince Edward Is- OTA cere seeoeeoe Nova Scotia......... New Brunswick.... Wiebetaee cele]. ss = ONTAPIOS 522-202 +2 -- ManitODS. 2.622 cee British Columbia... Total Canada..... SOUTH AMERICA. ATPONUIUG. .2 oases cess Chile EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: Ait Hungary proper..... Croatia-Slavonia.... Bosnia-Herzegovina. Total Austria CGS ee eae a Pern A tis Sie See Tae Denmark. $a = HIT AMICO NS. 2S. oo cid ates “ GT jie ee ee eee Le ee eee PT ROMUOTIE GE ood ncie nace ee M WT ORWAY 3s ocstic coe eeuie's Russia, European: Russia proper....... IPOl@nGn. cess ook occ Northern Caucasia.. Total Russia, European,...... 1 Data for 1906. Area. Production. 1913 1914 1915 1913 1914 1915 Acres. Acres. Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 13, 668, 000 |3, 711, 000 |3, 734, 000 331, 525, 000 409, 921, 000 359, 721, 000 32, 000 32, 000 31, 000 6, 219, 000 6, 806, 000 3, 558, 000 32, 000 32, 000 34, 000 5, 369, 000 7, 165, 000 4,759, 000 44, 000 44,000 40, 000 10, 629, 000 10, 534, 000 5, 772, 000 116,000 | 115,000} 117,000 20, 504, 000 21, 811, 000 17, 510, 000 152,000 | 154,000} 155,000 18, 105, 000 25, 772, 000 14, 362, 000 26, 000 27, 000 28, 000 5, 120, 000 3, 172, 000 3, 104, 000 | 31,000 31, 000 30, 000 5, 138, 000 4, 085, 000 4, 428, 000 26, 000 , 000 27, 000 4, 350, 000 3, 652, 000 5, 155, 000 15, 000 15, 000 16, 000 3, 110, 000 2, 675, 000 3, 956, 000 474,000 | 476,000 | 478,000 78, 544, 000 85, 672, 000 62, 604, 000 (3) (3) (3) 1924, 000 (3) (3) (3) (3) @) 21, 524, 000 (3) (3) Sen be as Jol Bao aoe see) Ee ae ones 412.517, 000" |. ios ses. See ee Sees | 278,000 | 293,000 | 306,000 38, 029, 000 3 3 78, 000 81, 000 (8) 8, 753, 000 9, 169, 000 9, 482, 000 371,000 | 387,000 |.......... AGFED GOO le ose ee ee [2th 3, 152,000 |41,774,000 (3) 424, 457,000 4 285, 070, 000 0 1, 513, 000 |1, 513, 000 (3) 179, 133, 000 195, 266, 000 () 194, 000 (3) (3) 21, 140, 000 (3) °° 67, 000 (8) (3) 2,998, 000 (3) ( 4926: O00 se See. Sos) eee 6207 625; OOOR Ee «cine =-iecm Bote Meas Abeer es 395,000 | 411,000 ° 117, 613, 000 (3) (8) 5 8,000 (8) (3 * 503, 000 (3) (3) 5 151,000 | 5 151,000 | 164,000 42, 231, 000 37, 335, 000 42, 350, 000 (8) (8) (3) 23, 424, 000 37, 344, 000 ) 3, 825, 000 !3, 676, 000 |3, 225, 000 499, 194, 000 440 652,000 332, 788, 000 8, 432, 000 |8, 367,000 |8,827,000 | 1, 988,591,000 | 1,675,370, 000 1, 983, 161, 000 722,000 | 727,000 | 725,000 65, 741, 000 61, 104, 000 56, 768, 000 (3) @ (3) 7, 637, 000 5, 288, 000 3) 6 4,000 3 (8) 2 750, 000 3 3) 420,000 | 424,000 | 438,000 109, 260, 000 120, 780, 000 126, 741, 000 102, 000 3) (8) 27, 780, 000 27, 548, 000 18,589,000 25, 26, 000 28, 000 2, 523, 000 2, 654, 000 3, 765, 000 60, 000 56, 000 52, 000 1, 066, 000 1, 083, 000 865, 000 8, 664, 000 |8, 652,000 |8, 210, 000 873, 999, 000 891, 579, 000 713, 908, 000 2, 662, 000 3) 383, 736, 000 3) (8) 194,000 | 204,000 | § 167, 000 16, 720, 000 17, 907, 000 8 15, 897, 000 < Se Bal | te aes M7 as ADDS OUT ecu cemen ecm ste = cl aeaete st tome sane 2 Production for 1912. 3 No official statistics. 4 Galicia and Bukowina not included. § Area for 1912. 6 Grown alone, 7 Grown With corn. &Includes one government of Transcaucasia. 611 612 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. = POTATOES—Continued. TABLE 76.—Potatoes: Area and production of undermentioned countries, 1915-1915— Continued. Area. Production. Country. 1913 1914 1915 1913 1914 1915 EUROPE—continued Acres. Acres. aoe ge cena ae Ae iit cs Serbit.< ces. s2ost sees 1 31,000 (2) 2 E 2 SIE ead paper ae 1632,000 | 688,000} (2) 3.93/089,000 | 76, 657,000 (2) : 58, 206, 000 48, 817, 000 78, 806, 000 31, 783, 000 22, 046, 000 38, 672, 000 102, 834, 000 104, 804, 000 100, 881, 000 36, 243, 000 40, 230, 000 36, 291, 000 5; 5, 233, 000 5, 445, 000 5, 821, 000 Mea. SS aes we 582,000 | 583,000 | 594 000 139, 602,000 | 128, 642, 000 138, 509, 000 000 Total United Kingdom....... 1,173, 000 |1, 196,000 |1, 201, 000 283, 912, 000 279, 121, 000 281, 502, 000 Motels Stet eee ee cee kee ee eee | CL eee 6; 257,659; 000i. 22-2222. cocbebe Eee ee ASTA, JAPAN se. oc LS 186,000 | 204,000 | 194,000 26, 139, 000 32,312, 000 25, 077, 000 Russia, Asiatic: Central Asia (4 gov- oe Ol)izeree 99,000 | 110,000 | 4 109, 000 5, 230, 000 8, 111, 000 49,076, 000 iberia govern- = i ments of).....- a 298,000 | 441,000 | 296,000 27, 773, 000 47, 075, 000 24, 308, 000 Tanscaucasia 1 government of).... 2.000 2,000 (5) 148, 000 90, 000 (®) Total Russia, Asi- | Stic eee 399,000 | 553,000 |........-- 33, 151, 000 55) 276: 0004| see ee eee Potaln Pons Sue 585,000 | 757,000 |.....<..-- 59, 290, 000 87. 588.000" |? ee AFRICA US TPeiatved aaa oeelg pee Ue 48, 000 () (2) 2, 119, 000 (2) (2) Union of South Africa...| 6 62, 000 (2) (2) 6 3, 685, 000 (2) (yy Total ss cetse.5.6. Sus. 125 16, 250 22 262° || Arkansas. ....225.52% 25 1,625 3, 088 West Virginia. ..... 48 4,294 6,674 || Montana..........- 39 4, 875 5, 850 | North Carolina. .... 34 3, 230 4, 522 || Wyoming.......... 18 2,340 2,995 | South Carolina..... 10 750 1,312 Coloraddw. {2.2 #2 - 50 f 9,315 GROOT PIE boo 5 cies wo 15 900 1,575 || New Mexico......-. 8 816 1,428 . =a Vin Co's (is ae ee 15 pe 2, ria) ae Se esr sc) a " a P af (Git fi je eee oy as ia 140 300 11,4 1s Noe i op al PsA Indiana..........-- 74| 3/256 5,763 || Nevada........... 14| 23660 3) 458 Mindless. 2 Hout ees: 125 7, 250 12,978 Idaho. ck... 2a25 ek 27 4,050 5, 144 | Michigan........... 320! 15,360] 24,576 || Washington........ 60 | 9,900 9,702 | Wisconsin.......... 290 13, 630 20, 036 |} Oregon.....-....... 55 8, 250 7, 425 Minnesota.......... 280 | 16,800 bie California.......... 75 10; 575 14, 805 DRS. a0 scwtee seas 115) 4,830 8,45 a : MIbOUE ve ee eres cee 91 5, 460 9, 828 United States... 3,550 ~ 985, 437 417, 063 | Year. 95. 5 Aug. | Sept Oct. Chee oboe Che | eiaenCes 89. 7 90. 8 87.4 94.8 83. 2 81.7 77.9 66. 7 61.6 83.9 de (Pe 93. 0 86.3 81.7 88. 2 80. 0 74. 4 62.3 52. 2 54.0 94.8 89.1 82.5 87.2 84.3 74.6 94.1 91.6 89.5 87. 2 80.9 74.3 Statistics of Potatoes. POTATOES—Continued. TaBLE 81.—Potatoes: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1895-1916. 615 Year. July. Aug. | Sept. Oct. IPxct PACE EE cr Path. LQOG epee 2 oc aee 91.5 89.0 85.3 82.2 NGO (es asec cee 90. 2 88.5 80. 2 77.0 [OOS SIS esses 89.6 82.9 PBb tf 68. 7 EOQOO SS nae es 93.0 85.8 80.9 73.8 TE scieeieres 86.3 75.8 70. 5 71.8 OTT eR oe ee aoe 76.0 62.3 59.8 62.3 1912, See bee Cok 88.9 87.8 87. 2 85.1 LOISN ee. coeeeeaes 86. 2 78.0 69.9 67.7 TOAST eae 83.6 79.0 75.8 78.3 1K) Ua yeles TP ae ee 91.2 92.0 82.7 74. 2 1916 KS oh eee os 87.8 80. 8 67.4 62.6 TABLE 82.—Potatoes: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States. State. 10-year aver- age, 1907-1916. Wash U. 9....195.4 z Value per ‘ Farm price per bushel Yield per acre (bushels). acre (cents). (dollars).! as) Pas) oS 5a bre be cot a gs 35 Sislal as ile/spslielFsislialsi3!]e leet s a lalS a a a ala lomalalalslsa a 1 OD ter) al eo al ol re ol ce a isla eo inl rc onl as] et 225) 220} 180} 198] 220) 260] 179] 204; 64) 55) 53) 33) 70) 142/115.04.289.68 130} 150) 125) 140) 122) 159} 95) 120} 81) 61] 83] 60) 95) 166) 96.21/199.20 155] 130) 105} 140) 127) 168) 108) 112) 68) 55| 72) 47| 81) 139] 83.57155.68 125) 125) 93) 130) 105) 155) 120) 91) 91) 75} 85) 71) 94] 175] 99.78 159.25 125] 136) 110) 113) 130) 165) 110) 74! 95) 77| 90) 70) 92) 185|107.46 136.90 120} 125} 85) 107) 92) 140) 95) 95) 93! 78] 87| 65] 96] 175} 86.99 166.25 120) 102} 74) 106) 74) 145) 62] 70) 74! 58! 80) 44] 82] 158! 60.38110.60 90} 105; 73] 108} 95) 108] 130) 122} 85| 66] 82) 61] 75] 155] 77.84 189.10 78} 88) 56] 109) 88) 105) 72] 70} 78| 57) 80; 58) 75) 148] 59.90 103.60 96; 103} 60; 100! 87; 80} 95, 90) 79, 70] 75, 70) 75] 125) 64.02,112.50 80) 95) 45) 112) 87) 78) 97| 95) 72) 58) 67] 60] 62] 133] 54.23/126.35 92) 98) 45) 87) 94| 65) 125) 130) 78) 65] 80) 77] 61) 137} 60.25178.10 98} 92) 45) 112) 83 54] 117) 88] 86] 62] 90) 81) 65) 158) 62.15 139.04 74) 89} 48) 85) 80) 52] 90) 95] 88] 76] 82]! 92! 73) 140) 59.12/133.00 85) 90) 70) 90) 80) 70) 80} 75} 122) 112] 130) 125) 115) 175) 93.94)131.25 81| 82) 72) 78] 81) 60] 65) 60) 110) 87| 105] 105) 99) 175] 71.89)105.00 95| 90} 90) 93) 76! 80) 80) 74| 125) 110] 117) 113) 115] 200/100. 82)148. 00 93} 82! 65) 112) 64 95; 82) 45) 78) 53] 85) 53) 70) 182) 55.22) 81.90 95) 84) 58) 114) 53) 80) 95) 44) 76] 50} 84) 56) 56] 177] 50.00} 77.88 91) 75) 50; 101) 46; 60/110) 58) 81) 60) 89] 61] 59] 179] 49.61)103.82 105} 105; 94) 105) 96) 121) 59) 48) 58} 41] 53) 30) 56] 160) 45.99) 76.80 102} 95} 116) 120) 109) 124) 87) 47| 55) 34! 54] 30) 45! 147] 49.59) 69.09 115} 61) 115) 135} 110) 114] 106} 60) 54] 28] 52) 32] 39] 130) 47.90/ 78.00 89) 72) 74| 109) 48) 86) 105} 42) 72) 46) 82) 59] 54] 175] 50.19) 73.50 85| 86) 27; 84] 38) 45) 98) 60) 86! 69] 93] 73) 60) 180) 42.50/108.00 110} 41) 120} 128} 85) 109} 90) 93) 59) 28] 56) 42) 41] 115] 46.42/106.95 80| 44) 72) 105] 78 90] 115} 66) 64) 36) 63] 47]) 35) 137) 43.98) 90.42 78} 60) 52! 80) 48] 80) 105) 73) 74) 51) 78] 54) 42! 150) 42.68/109.50 79| 57) 22) 82) 40| 62) 83) 71) 93) 73] 91] -77| 74) 165) 45.75)117.15 92} 92) 39} 101) 49) 45) 126) 84) 84! 67].102| 84) 55) 142) 53.30)119. 28 75| 80) 41 88) 64 43] 88) 82) 86) 70) 97) 91] 63) 149} 52.51/122.18 80) 80) 78) 81) 84) 79) 80) 90! 106} 90] 105) 101) 90) 169) 80.99)152.10 87| 85) 83 89] 80) 80} 90) 65) 102} 90) 100} 95) 84] 160} 81.43/104.00 75) 55) 69) 73) 70} 70! 51) 65] 100) 83! 96] 97! 95) 167) 62.63|108.55 50} 51) 57; 63) 52) 61) 65) 50; 116) 105| 112] 104) 105) 190} 65.58) 95.00 70} 60) 18} 60} 60} 70) 85} 53] 108} 93] 105] 90) 84) 195) 55.10/103.35 70| 84) 65 70) +72; 60) 90) 65) 102) 92) 100) 97) 76) 190) 65.25)123.50 180) 120) 150} 165} 140) 140) 155} 125) 67! 40) 67] 64| 50) 120) 87.58/150.00 160) 100) 42) 140) 140) 108) 150) 130) 81] 60) 65] 70) 60) 128) 79.88/166.40 160) 100} 35) 95) 115) 120) 135] 138) 68} 41) 65} 50) 55) 135) 56.52)186.30 85) 47| 80) 100} 68) 100) 100) 102) 106) 65] 140] 95) 95) 175] 86.04/178.50 90) 92) 95) 125) 75) 110) 95) 115) 133) 125] 135] 120] 100} 180/123. 50/207.00 180} 142) 140) 185] 180} 140) 125) 180] 67] 49] 58] 60] 63] 130) 95.36/234.00 180) 150} 160) 178} 160) 130) 172| 190} 82) 60} 68} 70) 70) 130/115. 16)247.00 200) 142} 180} 185] 170) 155} 125] 150) 60} 29) 50} 48) 56) 127] 80.01/190.50 170} 131) 160) 167] 123) 128) 135] 165) 61) 36] 60] 55] 53 98} 76. 93/161. 70 160} 105) 130) 155} 135 97| 115} 150} 62) 31) 58) 60) 60} 90] 68. 13/135.00 130) 130) 135] 130) 119) 138] 130) 141] 84] 65] 70} 70} 75) 140] 96.68/197.40 85. 7/106. 8.93. 8|80. 9113.4 90. 4)110. 5/96. 3/80. 4/69. 9/50. 5/68. 7/48. 7/61. 7)146. 1] 59. 44/117. 48 reese | ed See Seer een Ni ene We Ns ie 1 Based upon farm price Dee. 1. 616 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. POTATOES—Continued. TasBLEe 83.—Potatoes: Farm price per bushel on first of each month, by geographical divisions, 1915 and 1916. ‘ - North South N. Central | N. Central South ne Atlantic | Atlantic | Stateseast | States west| Central eat Wee Month. : States. States. | of Miss. R. | of Miss. R.| States. a | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts.| Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. January.-..--- 70.6] 49.7] 85.1) 48.4) 77.4) 81.1) 67.5) 37.2) 57.9) 49.5] 81.7) 97.3! 63.0, 56.7 February ....- 88.0} 50.4] 106.4) 45.6) 88.4) 79.3) 87.4) 37.4) 73.4) 52.3) 100.5) 98.4) 76.1) 66.07 March -3545-. 94.4) 50.4] 109.2) 44.7) 94.1) 81.4) 88.7) 36.1) 82.4) 54.4) 119.6) 104.3) 87.8 65.7 iN ese ccee 97.6| 47.8] 113.6) 38.4] 100.2} 80.5) 90.5) 35.9) 85.1) 51.7! 121.9) 104.4) 90.4) 66.9 BY sacctosees 94.8} 50.5} 109.8} 40.2) 102.6) 80.3) 87.7) 36.5) 81.1) 54.5) 112.3) 102.3) 91.1) 79.0 JUNC... 5<05522 98.8} 50.8] 114.8) 38.8) 108.0) 78.1) 91.9) 35.3) 84.3) 54.0) 107.9) 103.5) 97.1) 89.2 Dlyeene See 102.3} 52.1) 121.2) 39.3] 101.3) 68.2} 96.6) 36.6) 90.2) 58.8/ 109.9) 89.4) 96.6) 95.8 August........ 95.4) 56.3) 101.5) 44.1) 85.3) 56.2) 96.0) 50.4) 83.0) 64.0) 88.3) 74.5) 116.9) 87.3 September....| 109.3] 50.5) 106.8} 49.3] 91.9) 57.8) 128.1; 42.8) 105.0) 45.7| 105.6) 77.8) 104.0) 67.7 October---s-52 112.0) 48.8) 110.7) 54.7 93.8) 62.0} 132.3) 38.7| 112.0} 39.9) 126.4) 79.5] 85.8) 54.9 November... .} 135.7) 60.8) 146.5) 78.9] 127.4] 66.7] 149.0) 50.7) 139.9) 40.1) 148.5) 84.0) 102.0} 54.8 December.....| 146.1) 61.7) 151.3) 77.1)148.5) 67.3) 163.4; 55.2) 144.6) 46.1) 165.6) 75.4) 120.2) 60.9 Tasuie 84.—Potatoes: Wholesale price, 1912-1916. San Fran- cisco. eg ee ee ee State and Fair to . Burbank, Date. western, per} fancy, per | Per bushel. oer heated mT Rivers, per 180 pounds.| bushel. : Pp * |100 pounds. | ae St. Louis. | Cincinnati. | Denver. New York.| Chicago. Per bushel. 1912. Jae June). sea) = eee ee $0.50 [$2.00 |......]....-- $0: 90: |$1..52 |$0: 88) [$1.50 |: 228) aie ee July—Dece. oA |e se. iesacs Bea fia Gp) ee Se ae 357) 1.205] 250) |). 15). Sa eee eee 1913. Jan.-June..... $1.70 |$2.87 | .15]| .70 |$0.33 $0.60] .30] .87] .30 | 1.00 |g0.50 |$4.00 |$0.20} 1.65 July-Dec...... 1.75 | 2.37| .50} .82] .50]1.00] .45] .93] .65]1.00} .60| 2.50] .50! 1.25 1914 Jan.—June..... 2.00 | 3.00| .56|1.75| .55/1.85] .65|1.60| .65 5 | 1.00] 2.50] .80] 1.65 July—Dec...... 1.25 | 2.12] .28)1.65| .28] 1.50] .33]1.50] .45]1.70] .90] 2.75] .60] 1.30 1915 January...-... 1.25 | 1.65 | .30] .50| .38} .48| .42|] .54] .45 | 50] .90] 1:95 | 1.10) “1025 February..... 1.00] 1.50] .35| .50| .383] .65| .88| .54] .45| .50| .901 1.25] 1.20} 1.35 March......... 1.25] 1.50| .30| .50] .30] .50] .40] .53} .45 | .50] 1.00] 1.75] 1-20] 1.30 enril see eee 1.25 | 3.75: |.80 | «47 | 287 [645 | 2548. 255 | 245) 1:2. 50) e254) eon el ee Mavens vt 5e) 1.25 | 1.45 |. .34] 1.50 | .32 | 255) 244] .48.| <.42|-.501 1.50 | 1.75 | 2.95) geno TE ee bee NN ene am 18| 1.50} .32| .55| .52| .52| .30] .45 | 1.50] 2.25] 1.00) 1.75 Jan.-June.| 1.00} 1.75} .18|1.50| .30] .65] .38| .55| .30] .50] .90] 2.25] 1.00] 3.50 Teale ae ee shah Se | 17| .85} .40| 1.00] .22] .55] .30] .35 | 1.50] 2.25 | .90] 1.00 ATID USE eel Be. | Sen L8 .45| .63| .27] .50] .27| .56| .35] .45 11.00] 2.00] .95 | 1.15 September....|...--- 9:00"| .32)| 60) °.25)) 236 | 2382°/9 55 | .35 | 2.50)" 85) 135 ee eoat eens October......- 1.75 | 2:50.| ..37| 270) .35) 565 | %40.|) 260)| :50.| 2.75 |) 1851) 1825 eoOs eens November....| 2. 2:50 | .38'| 268] °.40 260 |=243').70 1) .55 | 70 |. 9011 1040) } AkOOmaedads December..... 2.40) 3.00] .53] .95| .40] .90] .65]| . 65 | .90 | 1.10 | 1.60} 1.25] 1.50 July-Dec..| 1.75 | 3.00] .17| .95 | .25]1.00] .22] .96] .30] .90] .85 | 2.25] .85} 1.50 1916. ; Pe January...-... 2.85 | 3.85 | .80 | 1:30] .75 | 1.85] | .94 | 1.132) 365 |\2.18 | 1.400) oS aa cua ieee February. .... 3.00 | 3.60} .80] 1.30] .87] 1.25] .88]| 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.10 | 1.50 | 2.15 | 1.00] 1.60 March......... 3.30] 3.75} .80|1.05| .77|1.20| .73| 1.09} 1.00 | 1.12] 1.50] 2.00] 1.00] 1.75 Aprile ss 3.00] 3.85] .60| 1.00] .62]1.10| .78| 1.06] .85 | 1.12] 1.50| 2.00] 1.25] 1.7 Maver £. 3.00 | 3.90} .80] 1.10] .75|1.25| .92] 1.28] .85 11.30] 1.65 | 5.00] 1.00] 1.60 Tinie tee 3.00 | 3.90} .85 | 1.30] .85 | 1.20) 1.03 | 1.35 | 41.15 | 1.30 | 1.65 | 3.25 | 1.35 | 2.25 Jan.-June.| 2.85 | 3.90 | .60] 1.30] .62] 1.35] .73 | 1.35] .65] 1.30] 1.40] 5.00] .90] 2.25 | fella SR ERE. 65 | 1.05 | .75|1.10| 2.50] .83] .80 | 1.25 | 1.65 | 3.25|1.30] 1.90 Aaa: | ales eae Se, 65 | 1.90] .90] 1.05] 1.55] 2.00] .80] 1.15] 1.65 | 3.00] 1.15] 2.25 — September....|......|. ....-| .95 | 2.00] 1.05 | 1.50 | 1.90 | 2.10] .90 | 1.30] 1.75 | 2.50] 1.00} 2.00 October....... 3.40 | 6.00 | 1.00 | 1.90 | 1.00 | 1.50 }11.10 | 1.73 | 1.25] 1.70] 1.75 | 3.00] 1.25] 2.50 November. ...| 4.50 | 5.25 | 1.35 | 1.85] 1.50] 1.75 | 1.53 | 1.80] 1.50] 1.75 | 2.50] 3.00] 1.85} 2.40 December..... 4.25 | 5.25 | 1.25 | 1.90] 1.40] 1.70] 1.38 | 1.85 | 1.65 | 1.90 | 2.25] 3.00] 1.96 | 2.27 July-Dec..| 3.40 | 5.25 | .65| 2.00] .75|1.75| .50| 2.10] .80] 1.90] 1.65] 8.25] 1.00] 2.50 Bulk home grown Early Ohio. Statistics of Potatoes and Sweet Potatoes. 617 POTATOES—Continued. TABLE 85.—Potatoes: International trade, calendar years 1913-1915. [See ‘‘ General note,”? Table 10.] EXPORTS. [000 omitted.] 1914 1915 1914 1915 Country. 1913 | (prejim.).| (prelim.). Country 1913 | (prelim.).| (prelim.). , Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. ~ | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. Argentina.......... 794 544 224 || Netherlands........ 15, 279 15, 2343| seaenwens Austria-Hungary... UBL Dl | Sere ee Portugal (2 3s... 556 Pd BBeoeersee Belgium..........- CTT Th bs Rte & pa See Rassia oo kcencss Zale 3; OO 1,007 311 Canada cc ciac a5 2,012 1,116 S85 Hopaie coe ee cases es 2,502 1,743 2,102 Uh es ee 346 272 375 nited Kingdom... 911 1,893 1, 231 Denmark.......... ] 510 MOO) |S tosceme ts United States...... 1,817 2,715 3,900 LC ae, Se 6, 654 3,976 3,865 || Other countries... 1,745 995 i|e* sana Reese ese 5912, 216 os 2 oe. sa $$} 12) |S 5,177 630 39 Potal jee sees|\¢ (649175 315962! |e soeneee Papaneetcicsccece se 403 396 383 IMPORTS. AT PETIA, «soc c--- 1,181 1.079 979 || Norway...-.--.-.-.-- 176 174 64 Argentina.......... 314 421 1,533 |) Philippine Islands. 330 311 317 Austria-Hungary... CT REE posed Bem aoceeee Portugals oo. csece- 686 1 201g 28 sasce% 1332) (a ACs ale'elaiaistejsictell=stalotatsiciorea Russidiespiiccesasete's 395 493 3 PSVAVAN Soo. ote on sie Sine 1,095 697 322 || Sweden............ 735 py Eee eee @anada sy s..<: 2 4 664 348 || Switzerland........ 3,443 4,873 1,117 (751). ee ees 2,225 2, 298 2,751 || United Kingdom... 17,444 6, 184 4,011 Bifvptissccs---- sos - 549 540 400 |) United States...... 3,171 800 236 inland, 25. -s----s 385 409 412 || Other countries... 2,508 di, 208:| snes seeee MnANCOleass ce. = 2 8,490 8,745 1,330 ———_—_}—— ————— Germanys2-.2. 26.2 AOS) [emeree mocres|breicm steieaccis Wotal | 105} 86} 69) 68 70| 65} 85) 65. 73] 73.10 Ga.- ~~... 2. 86) 95) 86) 93) 83) 81) 90) 87] 85 85) - 80 7; 66 69| 61] 81] 57.64) 64 82| 94| 85| 97/ 981 90} 110/ 82| 63| 62 90| 93/ 90| 84} 85! s7| 921 90] 63 65 50| 56] 71| 75| 8 70} 70) 75) 92] 64] 102) 115) 74] 104) 109 104] $9) 73) 135] $7.06) 99.90 Biers. 1 o: 92| 75] 100] 58] 98| 92! 88| 90] 95| 130| 91! 80) 90| 80| 77] 61) 90] 75.82] 81.90 Cee. 148| 130) 105] 160] 160] 140] 156] 170] 161) 135] 160] 93} 94) 100] 87} 80) 100/143. 74)160. 00 U.8.. -/93. 3/88. 2/92. 4/90. 1193. 5100. 1195. 2194. 5193. 8/103. 5/01. 7|71. 5 5/72 2, 6 72. 6|73. 0/62, 1|84. 8 67.70) 77.70 1 Based upon farm price Dec. i. Statistics of Sweet Potatoes. 619 SWEET POTATOES—Continued. TaBLE 90.—Sweet potatoes: Wholesale price per barrel, 1912-1916. New York. Baltimore. St. Louis. New Orleans.! Jersey. - Southern. Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. $2.00} $4.50] $1.50] $3.50} $1.75 | $2.00] $2.50] $3.50] $2.00 $3. 00 1.00 6.00 -75 5. 00 2.00 2.00 1. 50 3. 50 - 50 6. 00 2. 00 3. 50 1. 63 3.75 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 1.75 2. 50 75 7.00 6, 25 2.00 2.00 1.25 3. 50 -40 5. 50 1.00 2. 50 1. 50 2. 50 1.00 3. 20 1.50 2.00 75 1.50 1.00 5. 50 1.75 4.50 80 3. 50 2.00 3. 50 -75 5. 00 1. 50 3. 25 2. 50 3. 25 1.00 1. 20 2. 50 Sh (00) eee ssoo=| | eodeaon 1.50 3. 50 2. 50 3. 00 1.00 (BO) | Reape tap bsoucen a sos saase lecesoce 1.50 4.00 2. 50 4. 50 1.00 2 Wes sen552|Koesodisc 2.00 3. 50 1. 50 Oa00 82ers |---2---- 1. 50 2EUD Wee sess) coca: 2.50 3. 50 4.00 SOOM estes = = eatesb: 1.80 OE ee Saino) pao sedodl|leee<¢ Saaiercacces 2 2a SHAR S86 eee ood aes Paetoees pEssenre |--------| 2.50 AOD | rete t= ste ate sea or | aaleete ete eterate 1.50 5. 50 2. 50 4. 50 1.00 3.00 2. 50 3.00 2.00 3.50 3. 50 GzD04|= esa aee Ses al) 25H) SAMY betes 565 Pecado sel sone senal lect otoe 2.25 PE(NO) |e steooas\baceceee 2.00 SHOU ee seoss=|beecoase 2.00 5. 00 1. 25 2. 50 1.50 3. 40 1.00 IED lssonedel |i nseses= 1.00 3. 50 1.00 2.00 1.90 2. 40 70 2. 10 1.25 2.25 1.00 2.37 1,25 2.00 1.90 2.25 . 70 1.20 50 2.25 1.00 2.00 75 2. 25 2.00 2.75 1.00 1.60 1.75 2. 50 - 50 2.25 -75 6. 50 1.50 3. 40 . 70 3. 00 50 2. 50 50 5.00 1.00 2. 25 1.75 2.65 1.00 1.70 1.75 2. 50 1,00 2.00 1. 50 2.25 1.85 2. 25 - 50 1.70 1.75 PSY) Nensoccec||bac hace 1. 50 2.50; 1.50 2.10 - 80 IED osnental Hocctidod|lonosesse}locossere 1. 50 2.75 1.50 1.75 . 80 eB ee see SAA Pawo scoc 1.50 2.00 1.75 3. 00 1.50 1.50 . 70 The al) eboc6 83 bee seds- 1.50 2.00 1.50 2.25 2.25 2.25 - 50 1bAD | soAecsbel bAdeetad poosocte|sccooose 1.00 3.00 1.50 2. 65 - 50 1.70 1.75 2. 50 1.00 2.00 4.00 (path) bee ARB eee essen . 80 GP DU Reatecead Baspsasc 3. 50 5. 50 1.75 4. 25 2.50 3.25 1.00 POU ESSe 2 Boal Boe ot 1.00 5.00 1.25 2.35 2.35 2. 80 1.00 FIA) ||enece Jse Saseeeae 1.25 3. 50 1.50 2.25 2.25 2.90 1.00 1.50 2.00 3. 50 1.25 3. 00 1,75 3.00 2. 85 2. 85 1.00 1.50 2. 50 3.25 1.75 3. 50 2. 50 4.00 2.00 3.00 1.00 Dei OM te stetetet | eretetara ate 2.00 4, 25 1. 25 5. 50 2.00 3.25 - 80 2. 50 2.00 3.25 1.00 5. 50 * Prices as quoted were per half-barrel sack of 80 pounds; barrel prices obtained by doubling same. 620 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. HAY. TaBLeE 91.—Hay: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States,1849-1916- Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated peesneee of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. Aver- Chicago prices No. 1 timothy , Aver- age per ton, by carload lots. | Domestic ae . farm | erm yvalue {>| a ol = Year. Acreage, | yield | Production. | price Hee. i: Daeatiboss Following year be- per per May. piers acre. ton Soe ea es Fate Dec. 1 Low. } High. | Low. | High. ae Acres Tons. Tons. Dolis Dollars. Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls.| Dolls.| Tons.2 7 Te poe ol Pace ak ee (Sei ih 188895000 |... Ta) 2 Se ee Eee SS es ee ee PERG P| eS ace ne Danson 2 19;5085,000 |. ono 2 sabia. cae aoser a 3| geo cea|-t- cane ees. oe| a ts D866. 2-022 17, 669; 000, | -1<23 | ~213'779s000'|! 10: 14: |= 220"836) 000) 2-45-52| 22s selene ee 5,028 4867522 == 20,021,000) (1.31 | 26,277,000") 10: 20") (268,301,000: |3-5.....2|2 so20 Se lbes eee e 5, 645 T8685 21,542,000 | 1.21} 26,142;000'| 10.08)] -263, 589) 000) {2542 25.|.2.2.2)055 4.2. |e ee | ARGO = 18,591,000 | 1:42] 26,420,000!) 10.18 |» 268 933,000 |.......|.2----1|.---2ee|scceece 6, 723 HERG: ct Ae S| Bp we 975816,.000 i) .2..: 3, 100 4,495 50, 794 Fdanoses- coe. see ass 725 1,812 21,925 Michigan: .-.------- 2,750 4,372 43,720 || Washington......-.- 836 2,006 27, 683 MVISCODSIM 2... ..\- 2,600 4, 420 ole Adal OLGL OM ae aamece er = 850 1,955 21,310 Minnesota.......... | 1,890 3,496 24,472 || California....:..... 2,500 4,375 55, 125 omen ee | 3,600 5, 796 52, 164 ee eee Missouri. .--....... | -3,350 4,355 40, 502 United States.| 54,965 | 89,991 | 1,008,894 TABLE 93.—Hay: Yield per acre, price per ton Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States. Value Average yield per acre (tons). Farm price per ton (dollars). | per acre (doliars).? a id State. | 25 om 2a - lan ani ay a5 BS wo oa DO sf PUSISISIS (S/S (8/8 /2/2812°| 8 rf 0 fcr a fincieys Pe) eto Coen Sen | Se eas Pots oh | Sop S a) Se) Sa oe Mae 28) 1. 16/1. 50/0. 90/0. 95/1. 25/1. 10|1. 16/1. 00/1. 15/1. 15]1. 45]13. 64/13. 70/13. 90 13. 10|14. 90/12. 40 15. 57/17. 98 VET ene. 1. 13/1. 35) .92) . 97/1. 20)1. 05/1. 25/1. 00)1. 15/1. 00|1. 45/16. 38/15. 00/17. 20/17. 00/17. 40\14. 50,18. 19/21. 02 Witte . «---[1. 36/1. 60/1. 11/1. 251. 35/1. 30/1. 50/1. 28/1. 20/1. 35/1. 70|13. 86)14. 00/14. 50 14. 60)15. 50 12. 60 19. 24/21. 42 Mass......- 1. 28/1. 30/1. 20/1. 15/1. 28/1. 08/1. 25/1. 21/1. 32/1. 50/1. 56/20. 21/21. 50/21. 10/21. 50/22. 00/19. 00/27. 73/29. 64 ites 2 22/1. 35/1. 50|1. 10/1. 18/1. 00/1. 13/1. 17/1. 17|1. 24/1. 35/20. 46/22. 20/21. 20/20. 20/22. 50:20. li 10 27.00 Conn: 2. - 1. 25/1. 30/1. 20/1. 15]1. 35/1. 10/1. 15/1. 141. 25/1. 35/1. 55/19. 52/22. 50/20. 10 Litlarouhe suas meres ates 1. 24/1. 25/1. 20/1. 05)1. 32|1. 02/1. 25/1. 141. 20|1. 30|1. 62/14. 60/14. 90|15. 30/14. 60/15. 70|11. 90/18. 45|19. 28 Se ee 1. 40/1. 45/1. 60/1. 25/1. 50/1. 05/1. 44/1. 30)1. 35)1. 45/1. 56/18. 28/20. 00/19. 00/19. 50/19. 00/17. 60/26. 09/27. 46 a 1. 36/1. 45/1. 50/1. 2011. 38|1. 00/1. 43/1. 32/1. 28/1. 40/1. 60/15. 18/15. 60/14. 9014. 50/15. 60|13. 80/20. 48/22. 08 Mast Pe 555 1. 31)1. 40}1. 60\1. 40/1. 43 SPC ESIE IO ie Ce CL Madi. sete 1. 29/1. 40/1. 60/1. 20/1. 35] . 72/1. 51/1. 26/1. 15}1. 20/1. 48]15. 53/14. 40/15. 20/15. 30 ae 81/20. 7 i ae aes 1.17/1. 40)1. 30/1. 30/1. 19] .64/1. 20/1. 27) . 72/1. 35/1. 35/15. 49|15. 20/15. 50/17. 20/15. 70/15. 00}16. 92) 20. 25 WS. Vase nba 1. 26|1. 45]1. 45/1. 25/1. 20] .66|1.38 1.25) . 92/1. 50|1. 54)15. 14/15. 00/14. 90/17. 20]15. 00|14. 50|18. 17]22. 33 NOL Se oe 1. 38)1. 50|1. 50/1. 38/1. 50/1. 05/1. 30 1. 31/1. 151. 85,1. 30/16. 03/16. 70/16. 50/17. 10/16. 50/17 50)22. 25/22. 75 8. C........|1. 24)1. 50)1. 25/1. 23/1. 25/1. 08/1. alee 1. 15/1. 30)1. 30/16. 58 ee 70|17. 00|15. 60/16. ae irk g (Cee a 1.41)1. 75/1. 75/1. 35/1. 40 1. 35/1. 35,1. 40/1. 35/1. 15!1. 25/16. 40/17. 00 17. 90/16. 20/15. 10/16. 20 22. 04 20. 25 Wid. 2 ast Se 1.1/1. 35/1. 35/1. 38/1. 33/1. 30|1. 25 1. 35,1. 35)1. 20,1. 25/16. 98/18. 10 18. 20/17. 20/16. 00/16. 00/22. 73 20.00 Mio see 226 1. 36/1. 45/1. 53|1. 43/1. 39| . 98/1. 36|1. 30/1. 13/1. 44 1. 57/12. 52 13. 00 12. 80/13. 40|12. 70|10. 60 17. 25 16. 64 ids se 4 2-2 1. 28/1. 35/1. 50/1. 40/1. 30| . 94/1. 37/1. 001.00 1. 50/1. 44/12. 15/11. 40 14. 10/14. 10}11. 00/10. 90/15. 22 15. 70 BoE at ok 1, 26/1. 40/1. 53/1. 45/1. 33] .82 sia .98| .85)1. 54/1. 45/12. 13/12. 60 14. 10|14. 40/10. 80/11. 30 — Mich... ... 1. 31/1. 25/1. 45/1. 30/1. 30 1. 16/1. 33/1. 05/1. 28/1. 40/1. 59/12. 32/12. 70118. 10/12. 00'12. 20/10. 00/16. 56 15. 90 Wis ........|1-52|1. 35/1. 70/1. 53/1. 00 1. 20/1. 60/1. 62/1. 75|1. 75 1. 70/11. 38/12. 10 11. 10) 9.30) 9.90/11. 60/17. 93 19. 72 ‘ete ee 1. 58/1. 70 1. 681. 75/1. 00 1. 00/1. 53/1. 50/1. 891. 91'1.85| 7.24! 6.40 6.60) 6.10 6.40] 7.00\11.07 12. 95 (iE eee 1. 43/1. 40 1. 70]1.64/1.05 .80)1. 40/1. 48/1. 38/1.801.61) 8.98} 9.50! 9.60/10. 10) 8.70) 9.00/13. 42 14. 49 Oneascnt.: 1. 1611.40 1. 50/1. 3511.30 . 6011.30 .60. . 7011.52 1.30.10. 28] 9.80 14.5013.60 8.50! 9.30110. 37 12. 09 i Based upon farm price Dee. 1. Xe RAZSS BSRSRZ Sass RASS Sees eee : ‘esei0ae avod-¢ US ee OAR Ot eppcere 22. 05 19. Se & ARAN RASS ADSS fete 11. 2116. 72 - 701 801 50) 20, 06 00 nde BOB SSRR ASRS aSs3 (a SSRs RASSB aae IDOONO ONOARr Ln he I cn hn hn eas Ano rSSBH a a 1 12 Fons n be g = ° Ks) ~ q iS ~~ 3 it) © B| = a | a 3 Fe aged aeaS-OT | WSOSOmIs Snipe SE SeRs9 SR bea Heal nt Po A oes PE aaa AANA eG Gace Seite GIO 19 OOD | BNO olds Coe Aan ce per ton Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States— Continued. . » pre HA Y—Continued. ooo DIS ea ir) koe DANN Aesaied AANA eoeosoo oson Ooh rte tl OS Hark: Nor ne CAN | —BRSaR Sages Seess Ssse S238 | Sane Mee RRA NN 298 Se5e3 a Sr AA GANG! Do 1901909 or) OrtS rs SR2SRZ SAS Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Yield per acre Average yield per acre (tons). (li! Oo ANY al aera TABLE 93.—Hay State. N. Mex.....|2. Utah.......|2. INE Da ks soe B. Dak - 2 2 Nebr... < ENE peecooc Se i eee 622 Wrastran 22: 18.36 ivisions, 69 98 69 86 59 26 Far West- ern States. 72 95 97 90 34 |11 98 |10 41 |10. 00 |10. 73 |11 46 12 | South Central States. 15 |13 74 |13 36 }13 61 |13 89 }13 11 |13 60 |13 94 }11 89 }11 85 |11 62 |10. 28 |10 11 }11 09 |11 38 |11 72 }11 66 j11 57 12. 74 |11 59 |10. 19 |10 07 |10 07 |12. : 11. 12/10. 63) 80 |10. 8 7 7 7 7 N. Central 17|8 63 | 9 42|9 51 | 9 76 | 9 63 | 9 States east | States west of Miss. R. a ‘ é Dolls. Dolls. Dolls.| Dolls.|Dolls.| Dolls.|Dolls.| Dolls.|Dolls.| Dolls.|Dolls.| Dolls. 17| 7 43 57 } 7. 39 | 7 62 73 | 7 6 1 04 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 3 43 |12. 82 |12 91 |12 20 |12 70 |12 07 |12 47 j11 39 |11 41 j11 88 |11 N. Central of Miss. R. 15 |11 69 {11 79 |12 35 |12. 38 |13 90 |12 57 \10 20 |10 85 |10. 85 |10 67 |10 ih fac esi 64/11. 4911. 79 97 |11 15. 15 | 1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1. 17 18 13 18 31 |17 03 |16 South Atlantic States. 86 |16 66 |17 25 54 17. 11 \16 10 }15. 25 1915 and 1916. 87 1916 | 1915 | 1916 ai 31 79 |16 41 |16 39 |15. 94 |16 59 }16 74 |17 40 |16 64 {15 64 |15 22 |15. 16 |15 23 |15, 1.14 1915 North Atlantic 74 |16 States. 26 |15 64 |15 48 |15 19 |15. 91 }15 33 |15 43 |16 66 |16. 47 |16 33 |16 35 |16 71 16 29 16 69 |16 74 \17 82 |17 96 |18 70 |17 02 |15, 80 (13 69 |13 83 |13 63 |13 1915 | 1916 f8 491. = United States. 1916 94 |11 40 \11 62 |11 78 j\11 22 {11 12. 46 |11 12.09 /11 .-|10.68 |11 42 |10. 36 |10. 68 |10. 21 |10. September... ./10. October..... -|11 recor ty 10 11 --|10 So FS253 F112 July... U. §..../1. 44/1. 45 December..... TABLE 94.—Hay: Farm price per ton on first of each month, by geographical d February.....|11 November... . January......./10. March. August..... yah | eee Z fay. June. Statistics of Hay. 623 HA Y—Continued. TaBLE 95.—Hay: Wholesale price (baled) per ton, 1912-1916. Chicago. Cincinnati. St. Louis. New York. | San Francisco. . . . . No.1 wheat Date. No.1 timothy. | No.1 timothy. | No.1 timothy. | No.1 timothy.) light Bales Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. 1912. TanTinee. 2... 2c 3- 2 ; $21.50 | $31.00 | $19.50 | $31.00 | $25.00 | $32.00 |........|........ feiy- Deo. ..:...-=-- : i 15550)|" 227500) |e 1320011" 224250) eateeO) |= 20500) |ite 2: scene 1913 Vandre... .5.:" 14.00} 19.00] 12.00] 18.50} 19.50] 23.00|........|........ July-Dec.......---- 15. 25,|'-24.00)} 13.50) |" 2400!| <20:00'| 22: 00'|=<--2a2:|2 sean. 1914. Gant—Iume ss: 725... 17.50} 21.00] 15.00} 23.00] 19.50] 23.00] $13.00 July-Dec........--- 17.50} 21.50] 14.50] 22.50] 18.50] 25.00 { 1915. SATE Stee c)a-= 5 =I 512 18.00 | 19.25] 17.00] 19.50) 21.00] 22.50 IGDIHALY). =< s-=--- 2 18.00 | 19.00] 16.00} 21.00] 20.50] 21.50 Rare ee es. 28y..5% 18.00; 19.50} 17.50; 22.00] 18.00; 22.00 Marloes = bt S r525- 18.00] 20.00] 18.00] 21.00] 20.50] 22.50 hips Saas San 19.00} 21.00] 18.00} 22.00] 22.00] 25.00 Tia: a ee se 19.00 | 22.00} 17.00} 20.50] 23.50] 25.00 Jan.—Tune 18.00 | 22.00} 16.00} 22.00] 18.00] 25.00 00 Site 18.00| 22.50] 12.50| 24.00] 24.00] 29.00 Aaisies tss <5. 16.00} 23.00} 12.00} 23.00] 26.00] 31.50 September.......... 16.00} 19.00] 12.00} 18.00] 24.50] 26.00 (Deir) Re i 13.00} 21.00] 13.00] 18.00] 24:00] 26.00 November........-- , ; 18.50 | 19.50] 13.00] 18.00] 25.00] 26.00 December..........- i : 18.00} 20.00] 14.00] 19.00] 24.00] 26.00 Toly—Degoe <2: 13.00 | 23.00 | 12.00] 24.00] 24.00] 31.50 1916. [oe January...........-. 15.50} 17.00] 18.00] 21.00] 15.00! 20.00] 24.00] 26.00 February.........-- 14.50} 16.50] 19.00] 21.00] 15.00] 19.00] 25.00] 26.00 Manche). o co... 15.00} 18.50} 19.50] 20.50] 15.00] 20.00] 26.00] 28.00 Mi = ne 17.50 | 20.00] 20.00] 22.00] 14.00] 20.50] 26.00] 28.00 Toe ee 17.50 | 20.00} 21.00] 24.00] 16.50] 21.00] 26.50| 30.00 Drmiceee ee et 17.00} 19.00} 18.00} 22.00] 15.00] 20.00] 27.00] 31.00 Jan.-June.....-- 14.50] 20.00} 18.00| 24.00] 14.00] 21.00] 24.00] 31.00 ite ee 14.00 | 18.00] 18.00] 18.50] 11.00] 19.50] 24.00] 28.00 LSTGESt es ea 9.50] 18.00] 15.00] 18.00] 11.50] 18.00] 24.00] 25.00 September.......... 12.50 | 18.00] 16.00] 16.50] 13.00] 17.25] 20.00] 26.00 Weraperen2. ci... 14.50} 17.00] 14.25] 16.50! 14.00] 17.00] 18.00] 20.00 November.......... 13.00] 17.00] 15.00] 16.50] 14.50] 17.50] 18.50] 23.00 ecember..........- 15.00] 17.50] 15.50] 16.50} 15.50] 18.50] 19.00] 22.00 Tuly-Dec.....-- 9.50] 18.00] 14.25] 18.50] 11.00] 19.50} 18.00] 28.00 1 Per hundred pounds, 1900, 1901, and 1907. 2 New hay. feeds q 8085 A Sa +3 t= bak *q Sr 2 Pf 3 ' &3, qen SS a8 08 SSSE22|8 ie S8ke8 || SERS a od BSS > C~ g MO Aieaiees ce Di 1d fi eae eles ~ 65 Ss food | ced 4 $3 S.8 q| e382 gi ao) Sa8ae8 ‘ pees bette = Ad yaa ans S8 = Seer roc) |2) anes 3 || RSS 3 = -) So S254 qa) = ae Ss nt BS ane fore od ce peas S g 2% Bes ses 8S 3 eeeess |x ee REE: Balok E eal S} id 23 wil iD g| acl | Rr beth vib 5, a 5 : MOT a eis S at epee Lecce : aosee Ssaee = 2 = : 3 poe _ cit cen S33 ae =25| 5/5 — QR 4 BS g 2 qx BS Pee eee. oat oee ob Gai Se ie} o Ws 3c noe Se of 8 R ait = T 06 06 a3 : S|8 a. = = q A 258 ai oI s $08 po eaicas 6 a8 Sabeel 2a S . ened ou el S o9 RSae os) 5 S be Ses Sal We ‘ag s a aaa he | a SSS5 63 3 Biss Bal S83 2 ~ SSee re ec 8 S S O77 338 eles oR aida S epripecit 2 Fa Sa etl Ss fe chris S go § eo) Me} ° 3 a = ENG oi aid lese on od i cS ee 35 Sa Zh 26 ass a3 oe chlat BERa Sle Sen Atel 2 re ° ° nS) 44 4X25 se ZS ISSA es BAR heat ae 3s EA ches = : i) Ss “ a oS 43 6 dé Qa AHO a aa acl S od oF od sis cscs es Ss S S = se: TH Bou Le Pale) Tr) ad a aN Sig oes s 58 : £3 dna $8 255 AGIGES aE | 5 one |g eee | La o = q a Axia Bre Bae ia) 3S BAS r: fer Bo? o |] N Ae wid = S & My aa ae UN ae Gare aaactet 3 tes a S cicicielel S S g| ¢ o1| £88 Sep cle Scala elesasaels Pew best ore Py [ne : ce Aaah aa| Soca dee gieReees el es males a Rares . b i=} rn) aad = No ie} si ® = o sé UstE ce ene 2 Abort i dia * oH Basso tlece wit Sejea ss FS ra aS 4 xt SE acts) eI rope o8 RES i rc = Sad i) AN Sas a 13S 5 oO ce - psc aee Kphd 4 ' 3S as gS HAA Band 3\c rac 3 Sas sie = i) = MO = cates S oor g Ned a = SH « So Src < Bee 1 838 oe rf ne 8 = cfs fa © 3 Sseess 5 eB cg] gS2 8 $3 ER 48/8/9288 leaner Seka |8 oe | qs aA a AS ap BBRSS cs sR BS oo > S a a .4ss xis ss roe mera Scere =) Bisgaics ci 2 ||~0 SS | 5 Ay Sead S wes a ecfacfs s nalrT 1219 a] 19 OO BS H me Sei : s peal Sag RaNe pelle eet 332 alles BRAS |S wat peeee ee Te) Onn =) Bee i | eee BSR |S dssxss - NN S ol N OR 8 OR? Sees S065 9 (G2 N = f= . SY : = sey ° i Bea F gee 55 Sa] Seaa38 secce|f = a Seedea|s So 8s eile Bey ade esis 38s rece a6 aes sertblae ee HE wae eens. SSSeRR |& 06 06 08 i S42 lai CaS SS sow Ss ngs ett tek Se B/S sisted gi rasict S| = snon cH 639 Mb i sy an =) * Sissesssl: a S32 =) Ss cadieal of i ass weg i elatietal ee saed S[eeesee [a] ee Sas RNS 231s ao wae praia qeHee3 5) Seis i, al —] [oe 5 come ic] ri Oi" 0 =e NN td i , Q rs : SiS BR BA mae ' =| oe 3 Shr at 2S os Lp as at eee einen peace 23 |2 losses as ae Baad 1 i Pais pee Zs ace\s PEMeREECE 1 ae are = seesee : eegsas 5 eeea A an ya es ete ar os as gee 88 pe = Ae - 05 05 Beesss 3s BBs ae no 3 Pay fan : See gigi é a Q 4) hy s ses eyes a a SES EG tg £355 | BE58 5 BSz0 Statistics of Cotton. COTTON. 625 TABLE 97.—Coiion: Area and production of undermentioned countries, 1913-1915. [Bales of 478 pounds, net.] Area. Production. Country. 1913 1914 1915 1913 1914 1915 NORTH AMERICA. : Acres. Acres. Acres. Bales. Bales. Bales. United stateste: s.-....2..22.% 37,089,000 | 36,832,000 | 31,412,000 | 14,156,000 | 16,135,000 | 11,192,000 Bar@iticgl ye. 02.-.-.-.20->-% (2) (2) (2) 3 569 3 693 3 739 Metalesss< 22. coalire cs BRN eee | as See 2 heed (Oe cal, AM (il ome nero ead camry [Fs eee oe West Indies: British— Bahamas........---.-- 2) (2) (2) HIRI ee be oS 143 IBarbad0s-s <= 22,028,000 | 25,023,000 | 24,595,000 | 3,858,000 | 4,239,000 4,359, 000 Native States..-.........- 1,472,609 | 1,787,407 (2) (2) (2) 2) ic ae a Bs ENS | S10 Aon Steen esse: goa ewes oes. ee) ee Ceylon. eS eee @ @oa bees). 428 ay ee ee NS rei a8 th conn 2) (2) (2) 9, 655 | 9,498 | 5,619 Dutch: WAST MNdICS <5 .2 0.050. (2) (2) (2) 18, 966 | (2) (2) inghiath (2) (e (2) (2) (C (?) Japanese Empire: Olen Use 5 Meee oeeeeccas eae 6,178 5, 887 (2) 4,462 | 4, 582 | (2) Chosen (Korea).......-... 141, 844 (2) (2) 32, 787 2 (2) Philippine Islands............ 5 7,544 57,544 5 7,544 5 6,098 > 6, 098 5 6,098 Russia, Asiatic: | | Murkestan «2.10222... Acs. 1,382,743 | 1,442,757 | 1,516,980 953,281 | 1,176,477 | - 1,424,114 Transcaucasia.......-.-.-- 310, 466 364, 460 269,970 119, 821 | 132, 198 | 132, 649 PRU S ona ciscne seme atom Stet s0 1,693,209 | 1,807,217} 1,786,950} 1,073,102) 1,308,675 | 1,556,763 oo Sb ae oe Le a) @) () 16,411| (2) () AFRICA. British Africa: Northern Rhodesia........ (2 5) 2) 4 483 4475 4264 Nyasaland Protectorate .. 2 2 2) 45,023 5, 541 46,413 Beast Aricd. so0o4 wi. 5 cele. 2 2 3 4 282 37 2 RFGIOSORSL ad.) bocce. dete. 2 2 2 419 416 48 PUN SSIED cise che 2 tino a .cce 5 ateminin 2 2 3 13, 308 11, 820 5,642 LUVS Nets t aie eae ae : C 2 23, 733 27, 461 20,837 Union of South A frica.. 2 2 (2) 168 487 243 eras Linters not included. Othadieiey of linters produced: 638,881 bales in 1913, 856,900 in 1914, and 880,780, 2 No official estimates. 8 Exports to foreign countries plus shipments to the United States. 4 Exports. 6 Gera of 1902. 6 Includes Feudatory States. 54159°—yrex 1916——40 626 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. COTTON—Continued. Taste 97.—Cotton: Area and production of undermentioned countries, 1913-1915— Continued. Area. Production. Country. 1913 1914 | 1915 1913 1914 1915 Acres. Acres. Acres. Bales. Bales. Bales. ED as Sina eaie amma calees ss 1,788,000 | 1,822,000 | 1,231,072} 1,588,000 | 1,425,000 | ,1,349,242 French Africa: Dahomey 25:2. S2=5 5-2-2 1) 1 1 2790 2621 1 Guiness. |e ook. a ore 1) 1 1 2 230 2168 1 # yo oe a @) Q) 1) 284 2 339 1 erman Africa: Bast Africa... a a 1 210,109 1 1 Toro.-322 6 WUNY aneisnec pace 12.90 | 13.30 | 13.00 | 13.13 | 13.12 | 13.25 | 18.65 | 18.75 | 13 13 128 12 August... -. 2-5 13.35 | 16.40 | 13.13 | 15.63 | 13.37 | 15.75 | 13.75 | 16.00} 13 i 13 15 September..... 15.15 | 16.30 | 14.69 | 15.63 | 15.15 | 15.75 | 15.05 | 16.00 | 14} 1 14} 15 October........ 16.60 | 19.30 | 16.00 | 18.75 | 16.00 } 18.75 | 16. 25 | 18.90 18 19 16 18 November..... 18.75 | 20.95 | 18.18 | 20.38 | 18.75 | 20.50 | 18.60 | 20.85 | 18 20) 1 July-Dec...| 12. 90 | 20. 95 | 13. 00 | 20.38 | 13.12 | 20.50 13.65 | 20.85 | 13 | 205 125 | 20} Statistics of Cotton and Cottonseed Oil. ‘ COTTON—Continued. Tas Le 105.—Cotton: International trade, calendar years 1913-1915. 629 {Expressed in bales of 500 pounds gross weight, or 478 pounds net. The figures for cotton refer to ginned and unginned cotton and linters, but not to mill waste, cotton batting, scarto (Egypt and Sudan). Wherever unginned cotton has been separately stated in the original reports it has been reduced to ginned cotton in this statement at the ratio of3 pounds unginned to1 pound ginned. See “ General note,” Table 10] EXPORTS. [000 omitied.] 1914 1915 1914 © 1915 Country 1913 |(prelim.).| (prelim.). Country 1913 |‘prelim.).| (prelim.). Bales. Bales. Bales. Bales. Bales. Bales. Belgidm). 22-4 -2--- DOB eee bee tS op\ cee ociomess Netherlands...... 150 111 190 rae he ern Sa oaiaie 173 140 JAe\ MROLSIA Wel ee neteie sels 117 105% eee British India....... 2, 223 Pyatth 2,103 |), Pers. 2-2. sn =e 110 TOG p Ceteeeere cte ii ee 206 188 202 || United States.....- 9,376 6, 873 9, 126 le eee 1, 445 1, 225 1,430 || Other countries... 234 111" S eee BANCO H i. ciayerciee arene 267 209 41 —_——— Germany .......... DAB en aeeeace| Sabeces coe Potalesh.ass 140849) | needa 859) leeerrseee IMPORTS. Be, EE So as SE ee eee ee Austria-Hungary... O58 nb s5- 5.5.2. -2-]s-icec seco cee| ence ose eee British North Borneo.. (1) (4) 3, 621, 754 (4) (4) Caylon.. eee es. aoe 12, 968 (1) 24 273, 136 (1) (1) Dutch East Indies: Java and Madura. .. 413, 185 394, 636 2 134, 017, 760 | 2 108, 979, 540 (@) Sumatra, East Coast Of ae bons vac ceesins (1) (4) 43, 944, 757 46, 632, 068 @) Japanese Empire: PatAN Soir ees 77,176 88, 670 111, 955,049 | 126, 206,328 105, 820, 800 Formosa........-.-- 839 0) 959, 477 1 in GHOBER ess dc aseeee's 48, 135 (@) 31, 357, 538 1 Philippine Islands...... 170, 477 150, 459 101) 544, 736 | 103,024,183 84, 442, 714 Russia, Asiatic.......... 37, 993 57, 21. 462, 230 42, 950 903 ) (aed AFRICA. Q a) @) : 1 4 |: eee oer. ) Demis «ikea we teat Bo 1) O97 |> fi Aer G14, |Sestee se. cee 376, 325 Nyasland.........---s-- 10, 499 0 23, 763, 014 R) Rhoads. 6.2 ....24- 85 5, 000 ( 3, 000, Union of South Africa... 5 19; 364 B19; 364 |) ) "620/864 |-2cse.2-5- 4 1) OCEANIA. Austrilig 3-5 gis: :.... S22 2,745 3,007 1, 869, 392 2,599, 408 8 yh eee ee Sees Sys 144 (4) 81,312 (‘) 1 No offici: r seats 3 Exports year beginning July 1 6 Census of 1911. 2 Exports. 4 Excluding Galicia and Bukowina. ¥ Statistics of Tobacco. 631 TOBACCO—Continued. TaBLe 108.—Tobacco: Total production of countries for which estimates were available, 1900-1911.1 Year. Production. | Year. Production. | | Year. Production. Year. Production. Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. 1900....| 2,201, 193, 000 2, 146, 641, 000 2, 382, 601, 000 1901....| 2,270, 213, 000 2, 279, 728, 000 2,742, 500, 000 1902....| 2,376, 054,000 2, 270, 298, 000 2, 833, 729, 000 1903....| 2,401, 268, 000 2, 391, 061, 000 | 2, 566, 202, 000 1 Data for 1911 not strictly comparable with earlier years. TaBLE 109.—Tobacco: Acreage, ‘production, value, condition, etc., in the United States, 1849-1916. Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. ; aa Aver- Domestic | Imports Condition of growing ene Aver- age arm exports of of un- Bee : ee age Produc- | farm Dec. 1 | Unmanu- manufac- Year. (000 yield | tion (000| price | “(999 | factured, | _ tured, omit | Pet jomitted),| por | omit | fiscal vent |fseal 70" guty | Ang. | sept. | We" ted). ‘ Pp bed pages epee fe da |" aol Dec. 1 July 1. July 1. vested. Acres. | Lbs. Lbs. Cts. | Dolls. | Pounds. | Pounds. TRIG sein ieee besa TUS bain pel Wh, | RO we pee ie ee a 2 TE) Se se ae ASA OOD oe See orl sees see loca dees ce tatoos ces cones TRAE tte lle ae ala Pallncieo~ i= 2 REE, VODs. Soe aes acleae levee ec Se cle ae {oes tee is Se GREEN Se LRH A eee UP AC i Nea ie Ns | ee Al eo ee ae ee 1889 oes 00 GIB me 08.8 — G88, OF wares cos cfapeaeviowelscoeeee eons Hniciteyatelavarnrane 1809 eis ro 1, 101 GeO mesos US| eee. ee] geile se orconeeee ase eee 1900...-...| 1,046) 778.0) 814,345 6.6] 53, 661/315, 787, 782) 26,851,253) 88.5) 82.9] 77.5) 76.1 1901.......| 1,039] 788.0] 818,953 7.1| 58, 283/301, 007, 365| 29, 428,837| 86.5) 72.1) 78.2) 81.5 1h 74S ore 1,031 797.3) 821,824! 7.0| 57, 564/368, 184,084) 34,016,956) 85.6) 81.2) 81.5) 84.1 apse ate 1,038] 786.3] 815, 972) 6.8| 55,515/311, 971, 831| 31, 162,636) 85.1) 82.9) 83.4; 82.3 1004 ese <5. = 806; 819.0) 660,461 8.1} 53, 383/334, 302, 091) 33, 288,378} 85.3) 83.9) 83.7) 85.6 1005 oe oz 2 776} 815.6| 633,034 8.5| 53, 519)312, 227, 202} 41,125,970] 87.4) 84.1) 85.1) 85.8 10062 Secs 796| 857.2! 682,429] 10.0! 63, 233/340, 742, 864! 40,898,807} 86.7, 87.2) 86.2) 84.6 OO linie inc e:a's 821} 850.5) 698, 126 10.2) 71, 411/330, 812, 658} 35,005,131) 81.3) 82.8) 82.5) 84.8 DOOR cis 3 sac 875} 820.2} 718,061 10.3) 74, 130/287, 900, 946) 43,123,196} 86.6] 85.8) 84.3) 84.1 1 Daee es 1,180} 804.3) 949,357).......- ACRE BAH as eae s-nrss bees caesarean Mercia eecosc moneas ADO ss 1,295| 815.3] 1,056,765| 10.1 106, 599)357, 196, 074] 46, $53,389) 89.8] 83.4) 80.2) 81.3 i) 1,366} 807.7) 1,103,415 9.3) 102, 142/355, 327, 072] 48, 203,288} 85.3] 78.5! 77.7} 80.2 1911.......| 1,013] 893.7} 905,109 9.4) 85, 210|379, 845, 320| 54,740,380] 72.6] 68.0) 71.1) 80.5 W122 oo - 1,226] 785.5] 962,855| 10.8) 104, 063/418, 796, 906 67,977,118] 87.7| 82.8] 81.1] 981.8 pistes =: 1,216] 784.3] . 953,734] 12.8] 122, 481/449, 749, 982] 61,174,751] 82.8| 78.3] 74.5] 76.6 it Ee 1,224) 845.7] 1,034, 679 9.8) 101, 411/348, 346, 091) 45, 764,728) 66.0} 66.5) 71.4) 81.8 Cs ae ae 1,370| 775. 4| 1,062, 237 9.1) 96, 281/441, 569, 581| 48,013,335] 85.5| 79.7) 80.7) 81.9 MBIGes cere c 1, 412) 815. 0) 1,150, 622 14.7; 169, 008|.....---.-.|.-.-------- 87.6) 84.4) 85.5) 85.6 1 Figures adjusted to census basis. TABLE 110.—Tobacco: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1916. State. Acreage. | Production. F arn vaine State. Acreage. | Production. F ee plus SRS E A hen a Acres. Pounds. Dollars. Acres. | Pounds. Dollars. New Hamp. .; 100 165, 000 | 28,000 || Ohio......... 100, 000 95,000,000 | 12,350, 000 Vermont..... 100 160, 000 30, 000 || ‘Indiana...... 14, 800 13, 764, 000 1,789, 000 IMBASe cee. oo a: 7,300 12,118,000 | 3,030,000 || Illinois....... 700 525, 000 52, 000 Connecticut. . 22, 200 36,186,000 | 9,770,000 || Wisconsin... 43, 900 55, 753, 000 6, 969, 000 New York... 3,700 4,551, 000 592,000 |} Missouri..... 3, 200 3, 040, 000 456, 000 Pennsylvania 36, 100 49, 096, 000 6,972,000 || Kentucky....| 484,000 | 435,600,000 | 55,321,000 Maryland.... 25, 500 19, 635, 000 3,142,000 || Tennessee....| 102,200 | 81,760,000 8, 258, 000 Virginia...... 190,000 | 129,200,000 | 18,863,000 |} Alabama..... 200 | 60, 000 18, 000 West Virginia) 14,100 12, 690, 000 1,904,000 |} Louisiana.... 200 90, 000 25, 000 N. Carolina. .|} 320,000 | 176,000,000 | 35,200,000 || Texas........ 200 | 140, 000 28, 000 8. Carolina...| 39, 000 20, 280, 000 2,839,000 |} Arkansas..... 500 250, 000 50, 000 Georgia...... 1,300 1, 534, 000 414, 000 ooo, Florida... ... 2, 500 3, 025, 000 908, 000 U.S....{1, 411, 800 ee 150, 622, 000 | 169, 008, 000 t *T 00q oormd mie uodn poseg 1 a vert | sos |z4t11' | 86 | scr | sot | gor | ovsts| p'gzz| 2"o¥8] S482] 9 "982) 2268] 27208] €°F08] Z°0z8| g°0S8| G’8T8 ec aeiaie nao tate dn BRm> Bey Deep | oo-oor | gF‘tor | 002 | o-zt | o-st | bot | o'st | tor | oog | 009 | or9 |.099 | os9 | 009 | oso | 009 | o19 | o2g | F09 00 ort | oz-set | 0-02 | 0-22 | 0-12 | o'z~ | ¢-zt | Ee | Oo | Oo¢ | O8¢ | 009 | O02 | 099 | 009 | Oc9 | O08 | O02 | 8F9 . 00-9er | 09'Tzt | 0'sz | 00g | o°se | vce | Org | Log | ose | oz | OOF | OS | OO | OSr | Oe | Oss | OG8 | Ose | LLP S 00°06 | oz est | 0-08 | oe’ | 0-82 | 0] O° | F'9e | OOF | 00g | 002 | O04 | OS4 | 002 | OOF | 009 | Osh | Os | v98 S osos {eee |torl|e9 |e¢z |p |tz |e's | 00s | osz | ozs | oz | 099 | ors | 092 | 082 | 008 | 00g | goz ; Ld ° - a = 4 S oestt |ccor |2-2t}s2 |#'8 |oor{ 2's | ¥6 | 006 | ors | ore, | oo2 | 082, | O88 | ors, | oes |ots | 068 | 68S f7777777777T7T “>> AyonguaT : og zit | 19 crt | Ove | ovat | Over | 2'2E | Over | @'zt | 096. | 006 | 0‘t| 099, | o00‘T| 008, | OG0‘T| $88, | G28, | SeB, | FIG, 2722277 pmossnit © o1'sct | or-sit | ¢2t| 09 | ott | Oz] OTT | 9% | o22'T| 006 | ost‘T| Ost‘! O62 ‘T] O22 ‘T] O¢0‘T| Ost ‘T| OsT‘T, OOLT| Est“T |-7777777° pene 4 UISMOOST | S oo | ogc, | 001106 |ozt|ett|o~* |s6 | ogz | oss | gz | 002 | 092 | oc | 062 | 0c2 | oc2 | 008 | 892 pu - SIOUITIT s os ‘ozt_| 9c. |ovet} ez |0 |ott|o% |6%6 | 06 | ors | 006 | 092 | 008 | 016 | 088 | 0s6 | 002 | OF6 | 098 = |"777777” washes a S°-" SHETTY a 08 "ec 7°6L | O-eL| 0% |8°8 | FTL] 16 | 2-6 | 096, | 006 | 006, | 02%, | 06 | s26 | OTS | S26 | 0L9 | 006 | o98 a ede | 06°99z | 0-08 | 08% | 00E | O'TE | O'0E | 6 Oe | OTZ‘T| OTE | O00‘T COO‘T| OF8 | OG | O89 | OTA | 066 | G26 | 026 S oo ste | go-z0z | o-ze | 0'e2 | 0'sz | ote | 0'0€ | €'6z | O81 ‘T] 088 | 000‘T] 000°T) Ces | 006 | O89 | 002 | 246 | O98 | 006 8 os‘ze | ees. | oT 10% | 26 | er | 601 | sor | oze | osc | og2 | 092 | OO2 | OT8 | og9 | 008 | G98 | 006 | Oe S oor | re98 | 0-0] ZTE | s1r | est} o'r | o'er | oc | Oza | ogo | OL9 | ce | OTL | 009 | 009 | a19 | szo | zea ioigee eg pir -Snee ces +s S> - ozect | 2709 | ost} ss jos |e6 jos |2°8 | O22. | OF2, | 008, | OFL, | 099, | Sez, | 069, | OTL | 00L, | O99, | OcL, f.777T TTT pack Sas “so 9+ -*-puppAreyy QQ steer | eter} ss) 26 jes | sz | 98 |r | o9e't) over] o9F‘T) 02 T] ogy ‘T} aah T] o0gT] 86 | ece‘T] O9G‘T] OGET | ve “cores sora Asma ~S 06 ST | TET | O'ET | SG | OST) Get | OCT | cor oge‘T| 002 ‘T] 008 ‘T| 020 ‘1 O08 {I} OLE T) Oz ‘T] SLT ‘T] GLE‘T] OST 'T] £12: Stn er ee "iret e**HIOX MONT SS or-ovm | goeze | o-ze | 0-21 | G-8t | O'Tz | 1'¥e | O-6r | e9‘T| Oge‘T| OZL‘t| OGs ‘| OOL “T] GzO‘T| OE ‘1 OG9‘T| O89“T] OTST] OGOTT 7777777777777 7T TTT cha seats “*++*-qnonaeum0g S 009TH | 12-008 | o-ce | oF | 221 | O-rc | Gee | 8UT | 090‘) COT i OGL {| OLE {1} O04 {1} Ovo ‘T| Os2 fT] O09 T] Oso T] eeu] BEAT f2717T TTT S}JOSTYORSSePY S 00-F0¢ | 06-zoz | over | o-1t | o'st | o-st | gst | ¢-st | 009‘t| oog‘T] O02 ‘T] oge ‘T| O02 ‘T| O02 ‘t| OY “T] e219 °T| geL‘T] ezo‘T] SI9{E |7777777 TI qUOULIa A eo 09°08% | 20'F2g | O-ZT | O-eT | O'SE | O'ST | $°8T | 9°ST | 089‘T] OOF T] OLL‘T] OG9T} O02 “T| OOL‘T| OzL‘T] 0O4"T] OO8“T] OBE) LOOT fo--= = see een ---garysduie pH aN ES) I) Be 2) a a Se | a he ee Pe ee ee ee a4 x ot “CIOL ‘9161 “QT6T SI oret |.c286E_| orer | eter | pret | exer | etet |.5-20%.| orer | ster | eter | eter | ctor | tret | otet | cost | goer | 2o6t | ,g60Ct L OSVIOAB OSVIOAV T 6 T OSVIOAB . we Ieek-G Ivoh-0T rIeoA-0T “oyRIg 1 (SIB[]Op) -(syu00) punod sod oopad wae ‘(spunod) oroe red prorz 9108 Jod on[t A eee eee ee en ee ‘sani fig ‘asap wad anyoa pun ‘7 soquasogy punod sad anid ‘ouop sad pjax 2000090 — TIT FIV, 632 “‘penuryaop—Op0V AOL - Statistics of Tobacco. 633 TOBACCO—Continued. Taste 112.—Tobacco: Acreage, production, and farm value, by types and districts, 1915 and 1916. Average Acreage Yield Production | farm price eee aun = (thousands | per acre (thousands | per pound Raids of Type and district. ofacres). | (pounds). | of pounds). Dec. 1 dollars).. (cents). 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 | 1916 | 1915 I. Cigar TYPES. New England.....-. Somes oes sifeleeisse 29.7| 29.7] 1,640} 1,285) 48,629) 38,270} 26.2) 16. 4/12, 858) 6, 290 Loi 2 Onl Se ee a ee a 3.7] 4.4) 1,230) 1, 200 4. 551| 5,280) 13.0) 9.5) 592) 502 Tahoe eat ee a 36.1] 31.4] 1,360) 1,350) 49, 096 42, 390| 14.2) 9.2} 6,972) 3,900 Ohio—Miami Valley....-.--.--------- 60.0) 60.3 7 900 58, 200 54, 270} 12.0) 9.0) 6,984) 4.884 Wane se hese 5 ANE. SEEN. 2.2 43.9] 41.0] 1,270] 900] 55, 753| 36,900] 12.5] 6.0] 6,969] 2,214 Georgia and Florida.................-- 3.8] 5.6) 1,199) 900) 4,559) 5.045) 29.0} 23.0) 1,322) 1,160 Il. CHewinec, SMOKING, SNUFF, AND EXPORT TYPES. Wale GISWICl an o-- ccc e cen ns as = 265.0) 244.2) 971 890|257, 050/217, 338) 15.5) 9. 5)39, 843/20, 647 Dark districts of Kentucky and Ten- nessee: Paducah district................-- .1| 780] 730) 78,000) 67,963} 9.8] 6.0) 7,644) 4,078 Henderson or stemming district. - - 3.0) 890} 760) 95,230) 70,680} 10.0) 6.0) 9,523) 4, 240 One-Sucker district.....-.....-..- | . 41 870] 780) 41,760) 29,952) 10.0} 5.5) 4,176) 1,647 Clarksville and Hopkinsville dis- LIN (Coogee reba aE ace CCE .7| 790) 750) 98,750) 89,025) 10.8} 6. 5/10, 665) 5, 787 Virginia sun-cured district........-.--. 0} 690) 850) 8,280} 10,200} 14.0) 8&0) 1,159} 816 Waretisank district:..4---.2.0.- 2-4. - .0| 820] 840) 53, 792) 54,600] 10.4) 8.0) 5,594) 4,368 Bright deta district: ; Bee beit—Virginia and North Caro- Bisa. oR ESE BOC EEE EO OEEE 240. 0| 255.0 70} 640/136, 800/163, 200) 18.9) 10. 5)25, 855/17, 136 Now belt—Hastern North Carolina and South Carolina....-..-..-.-. 230. 0} 240.0] 550} 620/126, 500)148, 800} 19.2) 10. 6/24, 288)15, 77. Maryland and eastern Ohio export....| 30.0] 23.9| 780} 760) 23, 400) 18,164) 15.6) 8.5) 3,650) 1, 544 Perigue-LOUISIaNaS.. 22 --------------- a4 .3| 450) 420 90 126} 28.0] 30.0 25 38 2 RR hoe srs o ns Seco scc es wt - 190 a Te pe 10/182] Sas4i-....|.....- 889} 1,017 1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1 Tapie 113.—Tobacco: Wholesale price per pound, 1912-1916. Cincinnati, wane | Louisville, = Richmond Baltimore leaf, plug, ep Deville, leaf (Burley, Glare ille, leaf, 7 eai stock, ane dark red), winnie smokers, (Maryland), common to tote common a rtinie common medium to Date. good red. to good. to good.$ fine red. Low. | High. } Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High.| Low. | High.| Low. | High. 1912. ae Cents. | Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cenis.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.) Cents. Jan.—June...... 6.00 | 13.00 8.00 | 16.00 7.50 | 12.00 9.50 | 15.00 6.00 | 12.00 8. 50 13. 00 July-Dec....... 5. 00 | 14.00 | 9.00 | 16.00 7.00 | 13.00 | 9.50 | 15.00] 6.00) 12.00] 8.50 15. 00 1913. Jan.-June.....- 5.50 | 13.75 | 17.00 | 14.00 7.00 | 14.00 | 9.00} 14.00 | 6.00] 16.00} 8.50 15. 00 July—Dec......-| 5.50 | 13.75 |! 8.75 | 14.00 | 9.00 | 16.00} 8.50 | 15.00 7.00 | 16.00 | 8.50 15. 00 1914 Jan.-June...... 5.50 | 14.00 |! 8.00 | 14.00 | 9.00 | 16.00 | 9.50 | 16.00 7.00 | 20.00} 8.50 15. 00 July-Dec....... 5.50 | 13.00 |1 7.50 | 14.00] 9.00 | 16.00 7.50 | 16.00 | 7.00 | 20.00] 8.00 15. 00 | — ———————— 1915 January........ 6.00 | 13.00 | 24.00 | 12.50] 9.00 | 14.00; 6.00 | 13.00 7.00 | 20.00 | 8.00 13. 00 February...... 6.00 | 13.00} 5.00 | 12.50} 9.00] 14.00] 6.00 | 13.00 7.00 | 20.00} 8.00 13. 00 Myon. 52255020 6.00 | 13.00 5.00 | 12.00) 9.00) 14.00 6.00 | 13.00 7.00 | 20.00 8. 00 13. 00 ‘oct WERE aes 6.00 | 13.00 | 5.50 | 12.25) 8.00] 14.00 | 6.00 | 12.00 7.00 | 20.00} 8.00 13. 00 2 Oe a ae 6.00 | 13.00 | 5.50] 11.50] 8.00 | 14.00 | 6.00} 12.00 7.00 | 20. 00 8. 00 13. 00 10 6.00 | 13.00 | 5.50] 10.50] 8.00! 14.00 | 6.00) 12.00 7.00 | 20. 00 8. 00 13. 00 Jan.—June. 6.00 | 12.00 4.00 | 12.50} 8.00 | 14.00 6. 00 “13. 00 7.00 | 20. 00. 8.00 13. 00 | —<—$$_—_—_} |__| 1 Common to good, February to November, inclusive. 2 All grades, January to November, inclusive. 8 Brights, smokers, common to fine 1913 to 1916, inclusive. 634 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TOBACCO—Continued. TaBLe 113.—Tobacco: Wholesale price per pound, 1912-1916—Continued. Cincinnati, cere Louisville. “ Richmond Baltimore leaf, plug, | ZopKinsville,| jeaf (Burley, | Clanesyille, leaf, leaf sto ck, 2 dark red), aunaian smokers, (Maryland), common to iy rls common tp fine common medium to Date. good red, < to good. s to good.? fine red. Low. | High. } Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. 1915 Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents. | Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents. Cents. Nulye soe ccece eo 6.00) 1713-009) 2S 52.52 le2=--<- 10.00 | 15.00 | 6.00 | 12.00 7.00 | 20.00} 8.00] 14.00 AUSUSE-= 5685-5 6LO0s ASO eae eee 10.00 | 15.00 | 6.00 | 12.00} 7.00} 20.00 8. 00 14. 00 September es 5-000 13./00)| 2222234282202 10:005}) 25:00) os te ooseee eas 7.00 | 20.00 | 8.00 14, 00 October.......- 5: 00% 13200) |s388s)-s5522 10:,00/))' 152002) 235-2 2. 3)oec ee 7.00 | 20.00} 8.00} 14.00 November..... 5.00 | 13.00 | 6.00] 6.00} 10.00 | 15.00 |17.00 | 13.00 7.00 | 20.00 | 9.00 14, 00 December...... 5.00 | 13.00 | 15.50 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 15.00 | 17.50 } 13.00 7.00 | 20.00} 9.00 14. 00 July—Dee...| 5.00 | 13.00} 5.50 | 10 10.00 | 15.00 | 6.00} 13.00 7.00 | 20.00} 8.00 14. 00 1916 | January.......- 5.00 | 14.00 5.00 | 10.25 | 10.00 | 15.00 | 17.50 | 13.00 7.00 | 20.00] 9.00 14. 00 February.....- 5.00 | 14.00 5.50 | 10.50 | 10.00 | 15.00 4.50 | 13.00 7.00 | 20.00} 9.00 14. 00 C(t ee 5.00 | 14.00} 5.00 | 11.75 | 10.00} 15.00 | 4.50] 10.00 7.00 | 20.00} 9.00 14. 00 HA ri nie ser 2 5.00 | 14.00! 6.00] 11.75} 10.00 | 16.00; 4.50] 10.00; 9.00] 18.00; 9.00 14. 00 Maye safes eos 5.00 | 16.00 7.00 | 14.00 | 11.00 !} 16.00 4.50 | 12.00 | 9.00] 18.00 | 9.00 15. 00 Wie soe ese Om EOS OOS | Be ceeers emer 11.00 | 16.00 4.50 | 12.00 9.00 | 18.00} 9.50 16. 00 Jan.—June 5.00 | 16.00 | 5.00 | 14.00 | 10.00 16.00 | 4.50] 13.00 | 7.00 | 20.00} 9.00} 16.00 Julyss2eece24- 7.50 | 17.00 | 7.50 | 14.00 | 11.00 | 16.00 | 4.50] 12.00] 9.00] 18.00 | 11.00 17. 00 ATPUSES. 535» 9. 008l L700 see eS 1.00 | 16.00 | 4.50] 10.00] 9.00] 18.00} 13.00| 19.00 September see 9: 00°} 17300)! sess 32|25e5=—% 11.00 | 16.00 4.50 | 10.00 | 9.00] 18.00} 16.00 | 21.00 October. .:...-. OP 00 PEON aes choose = TIE 00 4) M16: 00s ae lee 9.00 | 18.00 | 17.00} 21.00 November..... 9) 00) 27500) |Saeeeel hee ase 41200! | 162002) 25285 Sen See 9.00 | 18.00 | 17.00 | 21.00 December...... 9:00) | 17.'00.4' £9:-50. |. 14. 50))), 1100) 19200") 2555) 22 ae 9.00 | 18.00 | 17.00; 21.00 July-Dee 7.50 | 17.00 | 7.50 | 14.50 | 11.00 | 19.00] 4.50] 12.00] 9.00] 18.00] 11.00] 21.00 i ) 1 Common to good throughout 1916. 2 Brights, smokers, common to fine, 1913 to 1916, inclusive. TABLE 114,—Tobacco (unmanufactured): International trade, calendar years 1913-1915. [Tobacco comprises leaf, stems, strippings, and tombac, but not snuff. See ‘‘ General note,” Table 10.] EXPORTS. [000 omitted.]j | 1914 1915 |! 1914 1915 Country 1913 orate ).| (prelim.). Country. 1913 (prelim.).| (prelim.) Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. iden Lak. sco. hack 9, 440 (AYA) ae re Greete.n=. -onae aan 21, 876 21, 876 20, 347 Alperia-t = bie 8, 366 10, 356 14, 282 || Mexico.......-.-... 1, 783.) ones ae ee Ansiria-Wornpary 2: sit 09247, |eent a. Seat) cee Netherlands. .. 3, 454 3, 663 7, 053 Briar So ee eee. a 64, 788 59, 481 59, 735 || Paraguay......---- 11, 962 9,993 15, 782 British India....... 35, 843 23,349 32,8714 || PE ClSIs once. omen eas 3, 593 1) 293; |2ccesaeces Buleariass fo BS" D7 Sl apeee seco somes Philippine islands 28, 585 , 533 24, 663 Coylonices..o. 2 ae 42 4,273 4, 821 3,118 || Russia. ...-..-.-..-- 28, 291 9, 955 6, 139 Guibas. 535 os. ob tse 30, 669 36, 868 38,799 || United States-.....| 443,372 | 347,295 | 435, 895 pf ree wa Repub- Other countries....) 57,910 46, 462 |......-..- te ee ee 21,584} 8,169 13, 747 Duteh East Indies..| 193,632 | 145, 268 |.-....--... Total... .<..---| 993,246.) «765, 629) )5o eee ee ee ee eee ; IMPORTS. ! A den Le BscBas 6 ASp Oe 14, 595 9/822 Ir. 2.52.82. | italy BS eat et Gn ane 56, 160 41, 425 36, 693 Argentina.......... 17,917 | 17,040 17,644 || Netherlands........ 65,913 | 59,708 58, 592 AUSITAUGC <2 ap seen 15, 805 LONOSBinlGe cae cine Norway..---.------ 4, 044 4,645 4,591 Austria-Hungary...| 48,174 |..........|..---.---- Portugal........--- 7, 013 7, 662.) seers BeletuMis v2 Las we Pale! ¢/ ee St al (ey rs Wiperia! 22.” tc: 2b. 2:6, 602))| 2. 3.10 <4 | eee British India....... 7,048 5,914 5, slot |*Spsintoea. .seeee oc 60, 279 35, 677 40, 789 PONDG9 2609-25 483s 21, 958 16, 934 18, 245 || Sweden..........-. 10, 319 9, 38S |) ...s. noes Ghihis 3.43.8. 5 a 2s 21,545] 15,781 10,230 || Switzerland. ....... 18,470 | 22,300 17, 630 Denmark. ......... 10; 407, |sou.e Seal. eee United Kingdom...) 158,668 | 154, 437 190, 606 BCD Upctee sos perenne 19, 613 17,077 15, 472 || United States...... 66, 899 57, 407 41, 304 ig tel (site Ee ane ore 9, 450 10, 674 13,719 || Other countries....| 53, 529 41; 2455s |... tttnsn ote BWANCG.tcasccvasns's 81,781 61, 349 51, 425 || POL TABI Soe os rial: 182) (hf PP) er Pee onic Ota es kare 980,561 | 509,168 |.....-.... Year beginning Apr. 1. 2 Data for 1912. 38 Year beginning Mar. 21. Statistics of Apples. 635 APPLES. TaBLE 115.—Apples: Production, and prices Dec. 1, by States, 1910-1916. Production, barrels of 3 bushels (000 Farm price per bushel omitted). (cents). State. 1910 | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 1910 1911/1912! 1913 1914 1915/1916 2S SARE |p aaa | fs ea || Beds Lata LA oe ee eee 1, 183] 2,267) 1,800} 1,000) 2,467) 720) 1,680) 80) 55} 50) 100} 53 89) 75 New Hampshire............ 600 533 733 267 667 353 532) 80} 79) 55) 113] 53) 90) 90 VOMIT er oe 900} 750) 867) 233) 1,067) 324) 1,104) 92) 78) 79) 123) 57) 94) 90 Massachusetts............... 967) 1,000) 1,100 767| 1,467 885] 1,150} 90} 89) 76) 134) 65) 90) 99 Menose island 22 5-5..<5 60/0 100 133; 100) 100) 133 59 87); 89] 62) 82} 116) 65) 108) 107 OMMECHICUG. . - co osc si 325 600} 800) 567) 700) 833) 511} 610) 80) 70} 75} 94) 65) 97) 100 Iisa, Van 5, 667/13, 000)14, 667} 6,500\16, 533) 8,528)12,600/ 100) 59) 50} 95) 45) 78) 75 INQWad CUSON;. = co cjec\iebiees + 510 McIntosh (McIntosh | Ed) eee ere eee -9| 3.7| 1.6 Maiden Blush....-..... 220) 223) 120 Missouri (Missouri Pip- joct0) ee ASA ae ens =) Ol ee Northern Spy----.----- 6.1) 7.1) 13.1 Northwestern Green- ANG ln fess cee sree SUE ea et] Oldenburg (Duchess of Oldenburg)....... 1.9) 2.9) 2.2 Red Astrachan-......-. Po se 9 2.1 Red June (Carolina Red June)2222. 5-250 1 | eee oad Rhode Isiand Green- ing (Greening).......| 4.7) 4.1) 14.8 Rome Beauty...-...-. Se) Weel ee Stayman Winesap..... d bt) es} | merci Tolman (Talman Siweot) ye psi 1.0} 2.6) 2.1 Tompkins King (King of Tompkins C03) 100)- 255 100 75| 206 Oia Sec eee 1, 239| 1,735] 1,055} 931] 1,653] 2,448] 1,350 160] 140] 144) 200] 140] 97] 155 init iii) aie eee 703| 1,147 185| 1,276] 1,128} 648) 888) 137) 118] 169) 130) 110) 120) 135 int Cs See eee eee 140) 2,310 82| 1,998] 1,755 874 780} 165] 84) 146) 115) 105) 110) 150 Michigan............- 1,215) 2}228] 700] 1,539] 1,247| 2,360] 2,010, 139] 111) 165] 150] 140] 97| 124 HOW ee toc cece cc see es 16 240 24 632 472 112 64) 217} 152) 133] 135) 135) 150] 200 Missouri: =. .2..:-22: 1,440] 2,700} 900} 4,320] 3, 780| 3,300] 1,080) 108} 98} 107) 93] 90] 85] 105 MWOptASKaAs soos ccese = 150 36 240 210) 192 120 30] 133) 125) 156) 150) 150) 140) 225 IGATASAGE EA FS oo as oe 2,432) 851) 2,016 875} 1, 760} 2, 442 150) 105} 124) 100) 150) 120) 100) 180 AENEUCIGy eon. -csic 770| 770| 1,210] 1,430] 1,980] 1,320] 880] 121] 109] 94] 90] 75| 95) 110 "TENNESSCO. = .\. - <-'2s.5.00 1,440) 360} 2,820) 1,140} 2,640) 2,460) 1,080) 92) 125 (Gila 78 80 95 PRADA AS Sonn) a cen 1,980} 840) 2,760} 1,140] 2,310) 2,640) 1,110} 85] 100) 100/ 100) 100) 90} 100 MSSISSID PL vs se o1a 2/5 1,340 460] 1,800) 1,020} 1,440) 1,540} 975) 98) 121 96 98 85 83 88 Louisiana 488 460| 356) 456 567) 100 83} 150} 110) 100 88 75 MOxasis<-.. 106} 148} 97) 120) 140 7; 100 Oklahoma 95} 128 68} 120} 130 57| 120 PATAH SAS ccc ses ee ce 100) 107; 78} 90; 87) 63) 87 Colorado: -<..-....-<: 180] 175] 100] 124; 60; 125) 125 New Mexico......... 50 86 84 52 106 154 40} 128) 85) 137; 150) 130 5} 170 ATIZONA 222-5 sc5<- 52s 42 51 54 57 60 60 60S. 25 225\ e2kol 200) Li olee eee 200 ici Eos ee 195; 208) 323 284 380) 212 84| 140) 183) 106) 115 71). 95) 125 Mipvadas-s--c22.-22-- 2} 10| 10 8) Foes 2 rR inal Eo - N E Seac 120) eae lobia =a ae 60 81 112 92) 12 | 162 7) | eae 154} 134} 120) 100 7 165 Washington.......... 348] 320 445 446| 4865) 566 415 90; 106 76}; 110 96 80 96 Ont ee ae 317 190 292 311 387 432 276| 1387; 174] 133) 130) 110 84; 100 California. =: .<<<...+: 9, 765| 7, 412) 9,308| 7, 150'10,387| 9,768) 8,808] 103] 111] 94) 182} 80 55] 80 United States. .|48, 171/34, 880 52, 343)59, 707/54, 109 64, 097|36, 939/107. 9|122. 1/102. 0/131. 6| 97.7) 80. 0)114. 0 HOPS. Tasie 118.—Hops: Area and production of wndermentioned countries, 1915-1915. Area. Production. Country. -_— = 1913 1914 1915 1913 1914 1915 NORTH AMERICA. Acres Acres Aecrrs Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. United States!................ (2) (2) 2) 62, 898, 718 | 43,415,352 | 59,320, 295 Canada....... ee ae hy 31,164 (2) 2) 8 1,208, 450 (2) (2) SITE Leen pTs Fon eater ES Seco icy «bc bc eid a sulcienis legis e'sim's St o's: 3 GAO T AROS soeiirdaio am aya Oicla ne ae ein 1 Commercial movement for years beginning July 1. No officialstatistics. ® Census of 1910. 638 Yearbook of the Department of HOPS—Continued. Agriculture. TABLE 118.—Hops: Area and production of undermentioned countries, 1913-1915—Con. Area, Country. 1913 1914 1915 EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: Acres. Acres. Acres Ausiniaaey..222 2. 2s cone 50, 149 i 45, 664 8 ERM panyte.. inst-casese ases 5,444 (2) 2) Croatia-Slavonia.......... 751 (@) ale eets cess Potalizcs scscec seen oF <2 565344 |. 5.22 28.335 - (2) ‘Boleitum=--2-+.. dases = sess ses 5, 943 6,140 2) Braneae.- vse. coke. sceeenseee 7, 292 6, 748 6,511 Germany S222 s20-2552-065 =c fee 66, 836 68, 410 ) Rarscifa cc cee. Seaein wee oes 2) | 2) 2 United Kingdom: England....| 35,676 36, 661 34, 744 Rotsleee-sse=- 6a 33) see8. Rod ac Boon ae ne 2a Sec oneaae AUSTRALASIA. Australia: VietOrine.. coho. - cect cete 131 117 i South Australia..........- 5 2) ASIAING. Soon. sate coe 1, 247 | 1,353 (2) Wotalgs.- 250-5 Sept sees 1,383 | 1,473 () Grand totals <<< sJsem cscs ose a= -ssb..| Gee Se Rees pebe aces 1 Galicia and Bukowina not included. TABLE 119.—Hops: Total production of countries na Production. 1913 1914 1915 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds 19, 102, 859 |136,252,442 | 17,857,260 4) 623, 928 @y 2,755, 750 z 292, 991 (2) (?) 24,019, 778 | 222 | 8, 38” 492 | 7,034,438 | 5,363, 130 23, 408, 222 | 51,227,408 | 32,106,251 16, 973,016 | 14,083, 992 (2) 28, 631, 792 | 56,812,896 | 28,516,208 -|108, 456, 631 !172, 971,176 |........---- 155, 344 107, 632 (2) 2,240 4,480 3 1,920,576 | 1,554,560 2) | 2,078,160 | 1,666,672 |.......ccsee ciate cose ee | Pere pei : 2 No official statistics. med in Table 118, 1895-1915. Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. Production. Pounds. Pounds. 170, 063, 000 128, 173, 060 174, 457, 000 188, 951, 000 178, 802? 000 163, 810, 000 277, 260, 000 924° 493, 000 180, 998° 000 174, 642) 600 215, 923, 000 230, 220, 000 | Date. Jan.-June....... July-D6e.-. 2... Jan.-June.......- July-Dec........ TABLE 120.—Hops: Wholesale price per pound, 1912-1916. 1 Choice 1912-1913. 2 1912 quotations are 8 Calle for all grades. “Washington’’ hops in 1916. Called ‘‘Oregon”’ hops in 1916. New York. | Cincinnati.| Chicago. San Francisco. Gite ee Pacific |Sacramento | Willamette| Eastern State Prime.! coast, good Valley, Valley, Ww 1g- : to choice. choice. choice.? | ton,®choice. | i Low. | High.) Low. | High.| Low. | High.) Low. | High.| Low. | High.) Low. | High. | | ed Cts. | Cts..| Cts. | Gts. | Cts..| Cts. |. Cés.| Cts.) Cts.| (Gis eGisn mens ap aeee he 37 56 | 41 49 40 50 | 40 50 38 50 36 50 ake es ee 22 42 | 224 | 34 20 30 | 17 204 | 184] 21 18} 21 pont PP abc 17 32 18 23 15 24 18 20 19 21 19 21 Sperm Sef 17 48) 18 32 17 31 18 28 18 30 19 30 ado aa ceanl 36 48 | 21 274 18 27 16 28 16 30 16 30 cada ae 23 50 134 22 13 22 10 19 11 20 10 20 — OS SS OS OOS) OOS OOS OSS SS eet Statistics of Hops. 639 HOPS—Continued. TaBLE 120.—Hops: Wholesale price per pound, 1912-1916—Continued. New York. | Cincinnati. Chicago. San Francisco. Boiss Pacific _|Sacramento | Willamette| Eastern Date. State Prime. | coast, good| Valley, Valley, Washing- 2 to choice. choice. choice.1 | ton,? choice. Low. High.| Low. |High.| Low. |High.| Low. High. Low. |High.| Low. ‘High. ae 1915. Cts. | Cts. | Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. PMU EVirecocs. 180 | 592,763 | 115,489 42 | 4,859,424 | 246,332 12. 20 244 OE 3 3s eae 195 | 646,000 | 113,200 46 | 5,185 000 | 239; 800 12. 46 249 iL ee ae 46 183 | 612,000 112, 700 43 |) 4,900) 000) 222. - 12. 49 250 POLS Ee 50 169 | 546,524 | 114,600 SONIA, 476,000 insane 12, 21 244 } | TABLE 129.—Sugar: Wholesale price per pound, on New York market, 1912-1916. Date. 1912. Jan.—June..... July-Dec...... 1913. Jan.-June..... July-Dec...... 1914 Jan.-June..... July-Dec...... October. ...... November. ... December..... July-Dee.. Raw. Refined. | Molasses. | Centrifugal, Granulated 89° polari- | 96° polari- | Cut loaf. | Powdered. fine or | Eebanen ee zation. zation. standard. a | oats Low. | High. Low.) High .| Low. |High .| Low. |High.| Low.|High.| Low. High. Tow aian Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts 3.33 | 4.30 | 3.83 | 4.80 | 5.80 | 6.65 | 5.10 | 5.90 | 5.00 | 5.85 | 4.85 | 5.65 | 4.25 | 5.05 3.23 | 3.86 | 3.73 | 4.36 | 5.70 | 5.90 | 5.00 | 5.20 | 4.90 | 5.15 | 4.65 | 4.95 | 4.05 | 4.35 2.75 | 3.23 | 3.25 | 3.73 | 5.05 | 5.70 | 4.35 | 5.00 | 4.25 | 4.95 | 4.00 | 4.65 | 3.40] 4.05 2.62 | 3.30 | 3.12 | 3.80 | 5.05 | 5.60 | 4.25 | 4.90 | 4.15 | 4.85 | 4.05 | 4.55 | 3.45 | 3.95 2.27 | 2.98 | 2.92 | 3.48 | 5.05 | 5.25 | 3.95 | 4.40 | 3.85 | 4.35 | 3.60 | 4.10 | 3.00 | 3.50 2.61 | 5.87 | 3.26 | 6.52 | 5.25 | 8.40 | 4.40 | 7.60 | 3.85 | 7.55 | 4.10 | 7.30 | 3.50 | 6.70 —=—— Fier _——_ ES SS OS —— — = 3.20 | 3.46 | 3.95 | 4.20 | 5.85 | 5.95 | 5.05 | 5.15 | 5.95 | 5.10 | 4.70 | 4.80] 4.10] 4.20 3.45 | 4.27 | 4.20 | 5.02 | 5.95 | 6.65 | 5.15 | 5.85 | 5.05 | 5.80] 4.80] 5.50] 4.20] 4.90 3.81 | 4.18 | 4.58 | 4.95 | 6.65 | 6.80 } 5.85 | 6.00 | 5.75 | 5.95 | 5.50 | 5.65 | 4.90 | 5.05 3.84 | 4.12 | 4.61 | 4.89 | 6.80 | 6.90 | 6.00 | 6.10 | 5.90 | 6.05 | 5.65 | 5.75 | 5.05 | 5.15 3.87 | 4.12 | 4.64 | 4.89 |...... 65001 5 8 6.10 | 6.00 | 6.05 }...... ey (oa eee 6.15 4.12 | 4.18 | 4.89 | 4.95 | 6.90 | 7.00 | 6.10 | 6.20} 6.00 | 6.15 | 5.75 | 5.85 | 5.15 | 5.25 4.27 | 3.95 | 5.02 | 5.85 | 7.00 | 5.05 | 6.20 | 5.05 | 6.15 | 4.70 | 5.85 | 4.10 | 5.25 3.87 | 4.27 | 4.64 | 4.95 | 6.70 | 7.00 | 5.90 | 6.20] 5.80] 6.15 | 5.55 | 5.85 | 4.95 | 5.25 3.62 | 4.18 | 4.39 | 4.95 | 6.50 | 6.70 | 5.70 | 5.90 | 5.60 | 5.85 | 5.35 | 6.55 | 4.75 4.95 2.98 | 4.00 | 3.75 | 4.77 | 5.80 | 6.50 | 5.00 | 5.70 | 4.90 | 5.65 | 4.65 | 5.35 | 4.05 4.75 2.73 | 3.68 | 3.50 | 4.45 | 5.80 | 6.15 | 5.00] 5.35 | 4.90 | 5.30 | 4.65 | 5.00 | 4.05 4.40 8.62 | 4.37 | 4.39 | 5.14 | 6.25 | 6.90 | 5.45 | 6.10 | 5.35 | 6.05 | 5.10 | 5.75 | 4.50] 5.15 3.68 | 4.43 | 4.45 | 5.20 | 6.85 | 7.05 | 6.05 | 6.25 | 5.95 | 6.20 | 5.70 | 5.90 | 5.10 | 5.30 2.73.) 4.43 | 3.50 | 5.20 |'5.80 | 7.05 | 5.00 | 6.25 | 4.90 | 6.20 | 4. 4.05 | 5.30 646 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. SUGAR—Continued. TABLE 129.—Sugar: Wholesale price per pound, on New York market, 1912-1916—Con. Raw. Refined. Molasses. | Centrifugal ‘ Granulated, Date. 89° polari- | 96° polari- | Cut loaf. | Powdered.| fine or See Sune ee al zation. zation. standard. 0.1. 0. 15. Low. |High. | Low. |High.|Low. |High. Low. |High. Low. igh. Low. |High. Low. High. 1916. Cts. | Cis= | Cts Ctss | Cts. | Cts... Cts: | Cts.) Cts.) \eCts.. | Cts.) (Cts-| (Ciencias January......- 3.56 | 4.00 | 4.33 | 4.77 | 6.65 | 6.85 | 5.85 | 6.05 | 5.75 | 6.00 | 5.50 | 5.70 | 4.90 | 5.10 February. .-...| 3.93 | 4.31 | 4.70 | 5.08 | 6.90 | 7.40 | 6.10 | 6.35 | 6.00 | 6.30 | 5.75 | 6.10 | 5.15 | 5.50 March. ...: .--| 4.12 | 5.25 | 4.83 | 6.02 | 7.40 | 8.15 | 6.35 | 7.10 | 6.25 | 7.05 | 6.10] 6.85 | 5.50 | 6.26: Aprile... sece2 5.06 | 5.69 | 5.83 | 6.46 | 8.15 | 8.55 | 7.10 | 7.50 | 7.00 | 7.45 | 6.85 | 7.25 | 6.25 6.65 5. 6.02 | 6.52 | 8.55 | 8.80 | 7.50 | 7.75 | 7.40 | 7.70} 7.25 | 7.50 | 6.65 | 6.90 ifs 6.02 | 6.40 | 8.80 | 8.80 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.65 | 7.70 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 6.90 | 6.50 De 4.33 | 6.52 | 6.65 | 8.80 | 5.85 | 7.75 | 5.75 | 7.70 | 5.50 | 7.50 | 4.90 | 6.90 ie 6.08 | 6.40 | 8.80 | 8.80 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.65 | 7.70 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 6.90 | 6.90 5: 4.89 | 6.27 | 8.15 | 8.80 | 7.10 | 7.75 | 7.00 | 7.70 | 6.85 | 7.50 | 6.25 | 6.90 5s 4.89 | 6.02 | 7.40 | 8.15 | 6.35 | 7.10 | 6.25 | 7.05 | 6.10 | 6.85 | 5.50 6. 25 a 5.77 | 6.65 | 7.90 | 8.65 | 6.85 | 7.60 | 6.75 | 7.55 | 6.60 | 7.35 | 6.00] 6.75 5. 5.64 | 6.52 | 8.65 | 8.65 | 7.60 | 7.60 | 7.50 | 7.55 | 7.35 | 7.35 | 6.75 6.75 4. 5.02 |} 5.64 | 8.00 | 8.65 | 6.95 | 7.60 | 6.85 | 7.55 | 6.70 | 7.35 | 6.10 | 6.75 July-Dec..| 4.09 | 5.88 | 4.89 | 6.65 | 7.40 | 8.80 | 6.35 | 7.75 | 6.25 | 7.70 | 6.10 | 7.50 | 5.50 | 6.90 TABLE 130.—Sugar: International trade, calendar years 1913-1915. [The following kinds and grades have been included under the head of sugar: Brown, white, candied, caramel, chancaca (Peru), crystal cube, maple, muscovado, pancla. The following have been excluded: “Candy”? (meaning confectionery), confectionery, glucose, grape sugar, jaggery, molasses, and sirup. See ‘‘ General note,’’ Table 10.] EXPORTS... [000 omitted.] | 1914 1915 | 1914 1915 Country. 1913 | (prelim.)| (prelim.) | Coantry- 1913 | (prelim.) | (prelim.) Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Argentina........-- 131 | 142,616 118,658 || Germany. ......... 2; 462, 020M ee. oe eel-| eee eee Austria-Hungary...|2,368, 765 |......--.-|..-----.-- Guadeloupe.......- 58, 722 87,340 |socccescee Barbados: <<. =25--'s 22,375 667000" S=sees-=- Martinique.-.-.....- 88, 542 39, 000 85, S14 Belem A acer 251985 ilato cee alee eee: Mauritius /. 22... 5. 414,372 | 638,200 }....-..... Bras ot cna 11, 832 70, 239 130, 235 || Netherlands....... 440,817 | 333, 000 327,449 British Guiana. .... 195,807 | 239,988 |......--.- POT woes 315,041 } 389, 488 |....-..... British India....... 53,181 | 43, 207 34,474 || Philippine Islands.| 346,858 | 521,383 | 465, 199 Cima eee eee 14, 555 19, 040 32,950 || Reunion.....-...-- 85, 918 72,941 77,710 Ciba. esses eS 5, 476, 901 |5, 574, 683 | 5,731,998 |) Russia............. 324,837 | 281, 218 206, 240 Dominican Repub- Trinidad and To- licae es eee aes 173,832 | 223,610 226, 634 PALO ie cwee ss 735147/\|- 107 Le eee Dutch East Indies. .|2, 823,310 |2, 912, 062 |.-......-- United Kingdom...}| 52,492 33, 975 11, 292 Heyptert see 11,316 | 29,398 58,939 |} Other countries....| 784,382 |1, 296,815 |....-....- Wijies: poset ores 212, 150 7A 8) tel se ass _ a RYAarlese:--eeee ces 442554 | 242848 | 222, 660 Total=. ....--17,505, 7921113, 57/101 06) seeeeeeee | IMPORTS. Argentina.......... | 166,578 14, 068 79 \|\Vapans: 2. ee s8. bo 725,067 | 441,451 276, 999 Mastralig. .2.i 35.0% 3 | 167,690 20,400 [5 <0 Se oe Netherlands.......- 147,002 | 226, 266 37, 136 British India....... '1, 922, 009 |1, 211, 769 | 1,091,344 || New Zeeland.......| 137,790 | 108,975 | 141,692 British South NOT WAYst ocean ss 118,049 | 130, 787 130, 347 Africa. «10s. derst 4 60, 480 48, 883 17,379 || Persia... .---| 234,308 | 286, 120 194, 564 Canada............| 670,234 | 691,166 599, 701 || Portugal... --| 85,631 88,927. oooestewe Oille. sss ssssssee- 197,073 | 185,425 | 156,612 || Singapore.........- 1994529) "153 B00 | Mow eemene Chiftia! 8) .6.. Rect 948,230 | 835,467] 636,877 || Switzerland......-. 258,513 | 296,645 | 267, 724 Denmark ss ceva 7.|* 26; 888" eee ee eee United Kingdom...|3, 872,309 |3, 761, 740 | 3,675, 612 West. Seay deed 72,609 | 27,964 45, 226 || United States 2... ..|4, 762,014 |5, 417, 995 | 5, 286, 218 PANG 55's odes tes] 105, 106 97, 524 101,774 || Other countries....| 792,360 | 450,551 |.......... PYOUCG Aw dens canes 253, 435 359, 947 | 1, 116, 760 en a Maly: Seto debs 15,345 10,774 | 6, 776 || Total. .....-../15,963,249 |14,870,205 |.......... 1 Data for 1912. 2 Not ineluding receipts from Hawaii, amounting in 1913 to 1,075,591,712; in 1914 to 1,210,862,124, and in 1915 to 1,212,360,888 pounds; and from Porto Rico, in 1913 to 750,428,443; in 1914 to 641,754,932 and in 1915 to 638,101,561 pounds. ee es eee eee a ee ee Statistics of Sugar. 647 SUGAR—Continued. TaBLe 131.—Sugar production of undermentioned countries, campaigns of 1913-14 to 1915-16. . BEET SUGAR (RAW). || { | | Country. 1913-14 1914-15 1915-16 Country. .1913-14 | 1914-15 1915-16 NORTH AMERICA. | EUROPE—Cont’d. ul Short tons. Short tons.| Short tons. Shorttons.|Short tons. Short tons. United States1!..... 733, 401) 722, 054 874,220 || Germany.......... 2,993, 704| 2,755, 750| 1, 895, 956 Canadal.-..... SHe.cd i; 982) 13,773 IS ,AIG I Ntalyee sh S588 336, 823 184, 084 198, 414 _——— oe Netherlands!....... 231,073| 316,455) 262,125 Miotal: 2 x22: 745, 383 | 735,827; 892,639 || Roumania......... 41, 240 33, 209) tees aoe ————— | || Russia... 2 1,681, 247) 1,947, 486| 1,699, 485 EUROPE. | Serbiaa. $4.2 54585 25 7, 165 2; 000)-.-2 See | Spams gh. Paws | 186,680] - 116,197 118,712 Se eoueary: ae oe eas ar a5); tee 169, on ue a PASISUNI = 220i 2 | 1, 287, | Switzerland........ - 4,134 , 646 pene 250" aay fs 768,215) 1, 212, 530 |) aaa tn i ae (bariec Benin aes. 251,023) 225,064) 124, 501 || Total. .......| 8,688,400) 8,027,651) 5,956,269 Denmark . ...-.3.-.- 158,865; 167,803) 138,008 |, =———— Gc 790,790! 339,368) 163,552 | Grand total . .| 9,433, 783| 8,763,478] 6,848,908 CANE SUGAR. NORTH AMERICA. EUROPE. United States: SPAINEE oo coe sees 8, 000 350005325 a es Louisiana........ 293,000} 243,000) 138,000 oe ORAS ETE Ss Son o's 8, 000 4,000) 1,000 ASIA. Hawai. stSoo2a2 612,000) 646,000} 646,000 Porto Rica: - 22s52. 364,000} 346,000; 484,000 || British India....... 2, 566,000) 2, 757,440) 2, 952, 320 Central America: HOPMOSS 2222s ece0s 213,000! 222,000) 406, 822 Gist Cd cemeete =| 5... oe - 2 OUGlbswecsece Japanese ope. 73, 000 60, 000) Googie hee AS LOS es ewan = ED: eee ae St oe 1, 502, 852| 1,436, 818]. . Nicaragua......-. Philippine Islands.| 408, 000 "421, 192) PSUMAGOL, voc cscs) am occic oe se Se Mexico?........... Total. +......| 4, 762, 852| 4,897,450).........- West Indies —————————EEEE British— AFRICA. ARTPISURL Sp alo 2 o 8 12, 000) 10, 248 9,397 } Barbados...... 11, 000 32, 932 (23800) |W y Uw 25ccce nee ee 76, 000 83, 000, eee JAMAICA Se. 2 <7 - 15, 000 25, 852 16-960 || Mauritius.......... 275,000} 275, 250) 243, 262 St. Christopher- WNatalic 20-320 bee: O75 000): W115; 0002 sane oee Nevis........ 13,000] 10, 080|.......... Portuguese East | St. Lucia3..... A000) ba eb. Se Sk 2 Airica ee. 62. 58. 38, 000 45, 000|*2 3r: .<= Trinidad and Reugnions+.2..-s2h- 41, 000 44;,000|22.225..5. Tobago. ..... 62, 147 65, 881 71, 931 ——_——_|——_—_—_ ONES oF ie. Set... 2,891,000) 2, 967, 427) 3,368, 865 Wotall.- v3. . 527, 000 562, 250/55 fess. . Wash Bes oes... 6, 000 5, 833 4,497 ————SS | ————— Dominican Re- OCEANIA. PUDUC'® 3-77... 117000) JL19; 000). 2. .- 2. ¥rench— AUspralig-s 235s 297,.000| 235: 200)2 02-22 .. = Guadaloupe. . . 44, 000 44000) 2s aoc [ipl ee eee es ote Sere 110,000) 106, 794 95,831 Martinique?....) 43,000} 44,000)... 22... |__|" — ——— Motale 422-407; 000] 34i gpd - Dorel. esa 4ees 4, 644, 147 4,731, 287| Reo ————$ Ss ————SS|————SSS —————— ———/_ ——————— Total cane SOUTIL AMERICA. | | sugar.....-./11, 270, 200)11,621,619).......... tina BADE Or ee 304,000} 370,324; 137,788 Total beet La ee ee | 2228,000| 2269,000).......... | and cane Guiana: sugar.......|20, 703, 983/20,385,097).....-.... rth | 119,995) 136,891) 130,171 | it ae 29,000). 1,000|...00.- oe | ATASIIAY +... .05<'. 2, 821 Yi OO8 | Sete oct ns ate Ojo a | 251,385} 289,729 277,780 Totaliee =s.-.|° ‘921;201))1080,638|..-. 12. 22e | 1 Refined sugar. 2 Unofficial figures. ¥ Exports. 648 SUGAR—Continued. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TABLE 132.—Sugar: Total production of countries mentioned in Table 1381, 1895-96 to 1914-15. | Production. | Production. Year. Year | Cane.! Beet. Total. | Cane.1 Beet. Total. Short tons. | Short tons. | Short tons. Short tons. | Short tons. | Short tons. 1895-96......- 3,259,000 | 4,832,000} 8,091,000 |] 1905-6.......- 7,551,000 | 8,090,000 | 15,641,000 1896-97......- 3,171,000 | 5,549,000} 8,720,000 || 1906-7....._.. 8,365,000 | 7,587,000 | 15,952,000 TSO7=9Re. ee , 206, 5,457,000 | 8,663,000 || 1907-8.......- 7,926,000 | 7,390,000 | 15,316,000 1898-99... 3,355,000 | 5,616,000 | 8,971,000 |] 1908-9......_- , 654,000 | 7,350,000 | 16,004, 000 1899-1900... .. 3,389,000 | 6,262,000} 9,651,000 |/ 1909-10....... 9, 423,000 | 6,991,000 | 16,414,000 1900-1901... .. 4,084,000 | 6,795,000 | 10,879,000 || 1910-11....... 9,540,000 | 9,042,000 | 18,582,000 1901-2 6,818,000 | 7,743,000 | 14,561,000 || 1911-12...__.- 10,275,000 | 7,072,000 | 17,347,000 1909-952: 2558e , 782,000 | 6,454,000 | 13,236,000 |] 1912-13._____- 10,908,000 | 9,509,769 | 20,518,000 1903-4..._._.- 6,909,000 | 6,835,000 | 13,744,000 |] 1913-14..____- 211,270,200 | 9,433,783 | 20, 703, 983 1900S Foe ee 7, 662,000 | 5,525,000 | 13,187,000 || 1914-15....... 311,621,619 | 8,763,478 | 20,385,097 1 Prior to 1901-2 these figures include epee instead of production for British India. 2 Excluding Costa Rica, Guatemala, an’ Salvador. 8 Excluding Nicaragua, Salvador, and St. Lucia. TABLE 133.—Beet and sugar production of undermentioned countries. Average extraction Beets used for sugar. Factories Country and year. in opera- Cupar tion. | REEF ers Average ; : Area har- yield per Quantity vested. acres worked. | Austria-Hungary: Number. | Short tons. Acres. |Shorttons.| Short tons. 1101 FSS 214 | 1,549,102 918, 201 11.95 | 11,038, 503 10) ES be ee Sa 210 | 1,180,605 968, 771 8.18 | 8,623,578 1912-133 os oes cee 218 | 2,093,439 | 1,088,088 13.00 | 13,911,305 Area culti- Belgium: vated. Produced. it (Sb th ees 92 299, 035 148, 858 13.41 | 1,996,977 i bt 6 Es be ae 89 258, 780 145,119 11.45 | 1,660,872 NOU2= 18 Pee eee 88 309, 308 152,913 12. 47 1, 907, 358 84 249, 395 129, 527 11.85 | 1,534,311 8 | ASO S792 lan der som oeel> «esas see 817,381 Sah, 2 128082). ees eal a eee 809, 616 9 148, 447 79, 986 14.49 | 1,159,369 9 179 0021 522 o> seme tclt secre 1, 025, 140 Area har- France: Refined. vested. Worked. IQIG= Mae ee sak cee 239 717, 033 549, 969 10.76 | 6,426,226 MOMS 19 2 eres eee 220 512, 986 555,575 8.09 | 4,669, 083 jy VA ee eS Sone 213 967, 440 566, 539 12.99 | 7,960,926 pC 2 ee ee eee 206 790,790 534, 230 12.24 | 6,539,725 phy Oe Le eee 69 333,953 242,781 11.92 | 2,892,878 Uf VS ee ee 64 149,801 146,305 8.65 | 1,265,518 Germany :! Raw. | UNS be ee Pee 354 2,770, 001 1, 180, 913 34.72 | 17,360,003 nC ES ee een 342 1, 551, 797 1, 247, 213 £.03 | 9,987,473 11) Os (fo a eer ee 342 | 2,901,564 | 1,353,181 | 13. 56 | 18,344, 738 LULS~14.. 3. stasteaacte 341 2, 885, 572 1,316, 655 | 14.19 | 18,672,939 | | Area culti- | | Italy | vated. | a TS b De ae ea aa 35 190, 901 124, 044 14.92 | 1,698,551 1S be ee 37 174, 894 131, 260 | 13. 30 1,621, 760 11h) Ob Meer) eae a 37 218, 628 133, 434 | 14.40 | 1,879,328 Ht bi PG ae ae ier 37 336, 823 152, 700 19.70 | 2,994,816 of sugar. Percent- age ot | Per short weight of beck beets Cols used. used. Per cent. | Pownds. 17.5 281 16.6 274 14.8 301 P.c.of wt.| Per ton of beets | of beets produced. | produced. 14.97 299 15. 58 312 16. 22 324 16. 25 325 13. 56 271 15. 81 316 12. 80 256 17. 46 349 P.c. of wt.| Per ton of beets | of beets used. used. 11. 80 236 11. 41 228 13. 15 263 12.09 242 11.54 231 11.84 237 15. 96 319 1). 54 311 15. 82 316 15. 45 309 11. 24 225 10. 78 216 11. 63 233 11. 25 225 1The production of sugar in Germany, including refined from imported raw sugar, was 2,983,085 short tons in 1912-13 and 2,993,704 in 1913-14. Statistics of Sugar. SUGAR—Continued. 649 TABLE 133.—Beet and sugar production of undermentioned countries—Continued. Average extraction Beets used for sugar. of sugar. ei e Factories Sugar { = " | ountry and year. | in opera- ercen ion. | made, raw. verano ; age of Per short _ Area har- aaldinian Quantity weisht of ton of vested. | V1'¢P worked. 8 beets acre. beets Se, used. : Short tons | Acres culti- Netherlands: Number refined. vated. |Shorttons.| Short tons. | Per cent. | Pounds. 27 219,947 138, 554 12. 94 1, 678, 803 13.10 262 27 265, 401 137, 388 16.06 | 1,896,187 14. 00 280 27 315,775 160, 180 14.99 | 2,228, 851 14.17 283 27 231,073 149,001 L227 1,705,878 13255 271 27 316,346 156,251 14.06 | 2,193,577 14.42 288 23 240, 828 139, 644 13.52 ‘ 1,755,964 13.71 274 Russia: Raw. Rhee Se ok ot 276 | 2,074,410 | 1,631,188 8.9 14, 437,305 14. 61 292 QU be ee 281 2,036,990 | 1,923,539 7.8 | 14,754,312 13. 84 277 UV) Gis i 287 1,361,842 | 1,847,313 6.4 11, 538, 078 11.73 235 WO Ae aera ce as oe 293, 1,680,893 | 1,756,160 7.7 | 18,486,058 12. 51 250 TELE EUS 2 ee 265 | 1,958,975 | 1,941,122 7.4 | 13,979,662 14.01 280 5 TOTS oe Soe ee 235 1,697,356 | 1,748,466 7.0 | 12,324,612 Bari) 275 pain: NG =Id 525, He 33 68, 743 Q) \{ 532, 882 12.90 258 TAL) ISS (74 a a a 32 102, 859 90, 787 1) 872, 834 11. 78 236 (ON i ey Sees 33 171,839 105, 213 ( 1, 302, 871 11.33 264 Th i Ce tee eemegees 31 186, 680 146, 745 1,478,114 12, 62 252 Sweden: : LOI SS 1 Se ee erate 24 191, 713 86, 816 13.56 | 1,218, 166 15. 53 315 LO ee ce specidalne = & 24 140, 409 71,790 14. 83 908, 372 15. 27 309 TE IS i dak me 24 145, 462 66, 900 13. 95 922, 083 15. 59 316 Area har- United States: Refined vested. 1G TSS eae ee 61 510, 172 398, 029 10.17 | 4.047, 292 12. 61 252 TE Pa ee a et 66 599, 500 473, 877 10.68 | 5,062,333 11. 84 237 LINES Ge Se eee 73 692, 556 555, 300 9. 41 5, 224, 377 13. 26 265 Boas Asse Ss I, 71 733, 401 580, 006 9.76 | 5,659,462 12. 96 259 1 a 60 722, 054 483 , 400 10.9 5, 288, 500 13. 65 273 GS i ee 67 862. 800 624, 000 10. 4 6, 462, 000 13.4 267 1916-17 (prelim.)..... 74 918,800 680,000 9.81 | 6,671,000 13.8 276 1 No data. TaBLE 134.—Cane and sugar production of undermentioned countries. Average Cane used for sugar. Se Factories Sugar. : Sugar Country and year. in opera- i doce Sa yd a ie neds! tion. made. | . Per ton! Area har- | Average | Quantity vested. | peracre.| worked. e San Acres culii- Argentina: Number. | Short tons. vated. Shorttons.| Shori ions. | Pounds Q) 163, 701 178, 060 © Q) le. @) (1) 198, 515 230, 866 Q @) (@) 39 162, 313 232, 830 Q) 2,338, 594 139 38 304, 389 263, 656 (@) 3,451,321 176 37 | 370, 324 269, 833 Q) 4,027,067 184 Harvested. Produced. 53 | 253, 131 100, 237 22.36 |} 2,240, 849 226 53 210, 292 101, 010 18. 65 1, 884, 120 | 223 50 | 144,776 84, 279 15. 09 1, 271, 358 | 228 Cultivated. 171 1, 670, 151 2) (2) 14, 736, 981 227 172 2,142, 420 2) (2) 20, 679, 593 207 171 2,737, 264 1,340, 139 (@) 25, 137, 684 218 170 | 2,891,281 | 1,334,070 (2) 25,644,949 | 226 No data. 650 ——— Yearbook of the De partment of Agriculture. SUGAR—Continued. TABLE 134.—Cane and sugar production of undermentioned countries—Continued. — = extrac- Cane used for sugar. tigate Factories | . sugar. Sugar | Country and year. in opera- rede tion. made. | | : i Ter ton ~ Area har- | Average’) Quantity = of cane vested. | peracre.| worked. Fees 27 Acres culii- | Hawaii: Number. | Short tons. vated. _ |Shorttons.| Short tons. | Pownds. 1911-122 ees see 2 st Cees @) 595, 038 113, 000 42.0 4,774,000 249 SY 2) aaa ch ERS Se aes Ce Q) 546, 524 114, 600 39. 0 4,476,000 244 1913-1 ee hee soe on enh ote 46 612, 000 112, 700 45.0 5,094, 000 240 OTE 1G ee ee = A ehn aatod. Cee 45 646, 000 113, 200 46.0 5, 185, 000 249 Japan: Cultivated. | . 1910-11253 SE. oe sot 13 72, 454 49, 166 18. 49 892, 662 162 GE Es bo Se ee Se ee ree 14 75, 797 52, 153 18.16 941, 550 161 5 AS) 2 See ce See ae er aed i7 68, 867 51, 293 17.15 879, 624 157 I9TS=1422 UE CE ceo a. SO ee 16 72,613 53, 300 17.91 954, 758 152 Java (factory plantations) Harvested. GS UG So Ol gearhead 189 | 1,583,178 321, 720 46. 43 | 14, 936,035 212 TEU 8 EA Diode See ae See Sea era ee 193 | 1,424, 657 336, 021 40.71 | 13,679, 962 208 1912-13! soe. < 53 Sh seae cess 191 | 1,527,584 340, 739 45.11 | 15,370, 765 199 Spain: Cultivated. 1910-112 ee SE See ee eS 27 | 22,371 11, 666 21.9 258,138 173 190-12) Be et. Pee Silt 20 17, 83% 9,983] 16.5 167, 092 213 196215! Se -2t |) Pe ee 21 | 14, 585 9, 844 15.6 153, 707 190 AQIS 142 3 BE... RESUS. See. 22 8,131 4, 581 17.4 79,719 204 Harvested United States (Louisiana) fer suyar LOD $e ee oo oe ee een ale oe 188 _ 352, 874 310, 000 19.0 5, 887, 292 120 1912-13) et etacceceeescsescweceae 126 153, 573 197,000 11.0 2, 162, 574 142 IOTSH14 Sees aece eee cease sees 153 | 292, 698 248, 000 17.0 4, 214, 000 139 1914-152 oo eschew se se coves ee. 149 | 242,700 213, 000 15.0 3, 199, 000 152 OTS =16 te ees = a cee esis arose ae 136 | 137, 500 183,000 11.0 2,018, 000 136 1916-17 (preliminary) .-....-..... | 148 3045 OU iia. 52-205 Ben ee sees 4,172,000 146 t 1No data. TaBLeE 135.—Sugar beets: Area and production of undermentioned countries, 1913-1915. Area. Production. Country. — 7 +7 | ad 1913) |e A9T4S ape 1915 1913 1914 1915 ‘ | PR aden NORTH AMERICA. Acres. Acres. Acres. Short tons. | Short tons. | Short tons United States..:.::....:...-.. 580, 000 483, 000 611,000 | 5,886,000 | 5,585,000 | 6,511,000 Carinae.) he 52 oti ae as 8 17,000 12,000 18, 000 148, 000 109, 000 141, 000 otalsc* = eee tees 597, 000 495, 000 629,000 | 6,034,000 | 5,694,000 | 6, 652,000 EUROPE. uo eth 4h a | Austria-Hungary: ATIS Fife S eese c= Paes sce ee 629, 000 1600,000 | 1435,000 | 7,674,000 17,468,000 (?) iunpArys 2639753053200. 5 439, 000 439, 000 | 266,000 | 5,264,000 4,425,000 2,743, 000 Croatia-Slavonia........-- 11, 000 (2) (2) 98,000 | (?) Bosnia-Herzegovina....... 3,000 (*) (*) 13,000 | (?) 2) Total Austria-Hungary..| 1,082,000 |............|.......----- 13,049,000 -|.:2.2. ie. tel cece Belgium. ~~ 130,000 130, 000 109,000 | 1,534,000 | © ® Bileoria: 8:2: ¢c2552 52 bbsce 9,000 (2) (2) 94; 000 2 2 Denmark. 3 80,000 (2) 79,000 | 1, 025; 000 | 1,066,000 910, 000 England. . 4,000 | 2,000 2,000 (2) | (?) (?) aS oe ee | 616,000 | 4331,000 | 4 208/000 | 6,547,000 | 44,135,000 | 41, 663,000 Germany 1,317,000 | 1,406,000 917, 000 | 18,673,000 , 650, 000 (2) Tal yess Bs acl 3 ede Spee 153, 000 101, 000 123,000 | 3;009000 | 1,488,000 | 1, 639, 000 Netherlands................... 149, 000 156, 000 140,000 | 1,835,000 | 2,198,000] 1,889,000 Wotimatiia se ee oshed. kc 32, 000 37, 000 34, 000 311, 000 248, 000 204, 000 1 Galicia and Bukowina not included. 2 No official statistics 3 Census of 1912. 4 Exclusive of invaded area, in which 115,900 acres were under sugar beets in 1914, ‘ i ie i, Statistics of Sugar and Tea. 651 SUGAR—Continued. TaBLeE 135.—Sugar beets: Area and production of undermentioned countries, 1913-1915— Continued. Area. | Production. Country. esa =a |- % = 1913 | 1914 1915 1913 1914 1915 EvrRopE—continued. Russia: Acres. Acres. Acres. Short tons. | Short tons. | Short tons. Russia proper -| 1,578,000 | 1,873,000 | 1,871,000 | 12,119,000 | 13,716,000 () Paolo 222 35! 5a 170,000 Q) (Q) 1,399 000 Q) (1) Northern Caucasia (Ku- ; iG) ses Sn came 8,000 | 10,000 11,000 84, 000 72,000 (@) Total Russia, European. : 1,756,000 | 1,883,000 | 1,882,000 | 13,602,000 | 13,788,000 Q) i el ae GOO) | eae heen ly Lane) 7,000 () Q) Spi. See a: ae 147,000 | 79, 000 (2) 22,956,000 | 3 709,000 (Q) TREC eee ee es 71,000 | 80,000 | 79,000 946, 000 967,000 856, 000 etsy 2h) 1 127 | ee ees, 1 No official statistics. 2 Beets entered in factories during sugar campaign of 1913-14. 3 Beets entered in factories up to December 31, 1914 for sugar campaign of 1914-15. TEA. TaBLeE 136.—Tea: International trade, calendar years, 1913-1915. [“Tea” includes tea leaves only and excludes au es and yerba maté. See ‘General note,” able 10. EXPORTS. [000 omitted.] | | | ; 1914 1915 1914 1915 eg | 1913 (prem. ).| (prelim.). | Country. 1913 (prelim.). |(prelim.). Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Pounds. | Pownds. | Pounds. British India....... 291,583 | 292,607] 319,864 || Japan.............. 30,128 | 35,077 41, 441 “Co as neers AGteS ha 193 Gees see ee Singapore..-....... 12,913 7 fh fal eae ome oS ae (ICT es eee 192,122 | 197,785 233,474 || Other countries. - -. 6, 997 7 hee Rey (in| PR pee ie ok ee Dutch East Indies..| 58,527 HOsB444| j.coSs5ee —_—|——_- MORMOSAs..o 55. <- 23,931 22: 936) \o2 ceo oe OLA a esa ol FO ke | O42, Sto tec cene ee IMPORTS. Argentina.......... | 4,148 3,103 33012) || Germanys ~- oss. « JEL yet Nip pi ape age FN Ie ea Aqstralia.: 2.2.2... 37,349 CY 27h ae se Netherlands.. 12’ 052 14, 244 15, 556 Austria-Hungary...| 3,575 |.-..-...--|-.-.-.---- New Zealand.. - Vie 069 9, 952 9, 150 British India... ._- | 8,653 8,816 12 A101n| |e Persinves eee S_ 10)414 6: 3091| see eeed British South so 6, 567 6,374 6;664 || Russige. es ee 22 8 167, 140 172, 558 169, 667 Canada........... | 35,927 39,035 42,885 || Singapore.......... 16,692 6; 200) eases (Qi). San soo 3,849 | 2,787 3,017 United Kingdom...} 305,690 | 317, 664 317, 429 Chingsens 2 So litt: | 25,898 22,778 24,337 || United States...... 89,018 97,810 106, 106 a East Indies. - | 7, 889 Onl Dino seen eee Other countries....| 36,685 20) 925 )|Ro2 canes Ed re, 2, 660 4366 6, 260 a = Wrench Indo-China. 5,320 2,684. sasereess Totabess wen case ane 9 itabs i 3 Fuel ae res VM Howl poe ; 4 LIVE STOCK, 1916, AND MISCELLANEOUS DATA. FARM ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. TABLE 147.—Live stock in principal and other couniries. [Latest census or other official figures available, with comparison for earlier years. Census returns are in italics; other official figures are in Roman type.] PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES. } Country. Date. Cattle. Bake: Swine. | Sheep. | Goats. |Horses.| Mules.| Asses Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- United States: sand. | sand sand sand. | sand. | sand. Onifarmns == 2.555. Jan, 1,1917 67,453 | 48,483 (2) 21,126 | 4,639 (1) Jan. 1,1916 67,766 | 48,625 | (1) | 21,159] 4,593] (1) Jan. 1,1915 64,618 | 49,956 | (4) | 21,195] 4)479| (a) Apr. aes 58,186 | 52,448 | 2,915 | 19,833 | 4,210 106 Not on farms..... pr. 18, 1, 288 891 115 |} 3,183 270 17 Alaska (on farms and } aoe S doves) See Jan. 1,1910 (3) (3) (3) 2 (3) (8) awaii (on farms an not on farms)....... Apr. 15,1910 31 17 6 28 } 9 3 Porto Rico (on farms | and not ontarms)..| Apr. 15,1910 106 6 49 58 | 6 1 JANG) 2 fs Se Dec. 31,1912 114 | 8,338 | 3,772 | 2245) 192 271 epi, 1908 ‘a1 | soc | s200| aa] ta] 3B ept. : 3 21 174 278 Sept., 1900 82 | 6,724 | 3,563 202 147 263 : Sept., 1895 84 | 7,892 | 3,545 217 142 287 Argentina << -s22.022. Dec. 31,1913 3,197 | 81,485 | 4,564 9,366 584 345 May 1,1908 404 | 67,584 | 3,947 | 7,538 4665 285 May, 1895 658 | 74,880 | 2,749 | 4447 | 985 198 1888 394 | 66,706 | 1,894 | 4, 234 417 Australias... 2k Dec. 31,1915 760 | 69,706 | 4262 | 2,395 | 48 Dec. 31/1914 862 | 787600 |........ 251] ) | Dec. 31,1910 1,026 | 92,047 314 | 2,166 Dee: 1 ‘a |wan| | ke) & | 5 : ) Dec. 31,1895 823 | 90,690| (1) | eso} Qa) (1) y ~~ 1890 891 | 97,881 (1) 1,522 @) (@) ustria-Hungary: Avistriags.. 2. sec Dee. 31,1910 6,432 | 2,428! 1 257 | 1,803 | 21 53 Dec. 31,1900 4,683 | 2,621 1,020} 1,716 20 46 Dee. 31,1890 3,550 | 8,187 | 1,036} 1,54 if 4l Dec. 31,1880 2,722 | 8,841! 1,007 | 1,463 60 Wungary......... | Apr., 1913 6,825 | 6,560 269 | 2,005 1 16 | Feb. 28,1911 6,416 | 7,698 331 | 2,001 1 18 Nov. 20, 1895 6,447 | 7,527 237) 1,997 |) 22 Croatia-Sl M ee 4804 os ie 7 roatia-Slavonia. . ar. 24 1 5 96 350 3 ; Dec. 81.1895 "883 | 696 #8) Sil 1 g eee (Ces hioto ser) 2,400) 1,303| a22| @) | {4 ae 30) 1896 662 | $,231| 1,447| 931 1| 5 Belgium.............. Dec. 31, 1913 1,412] (3) Q) 267 | (1) | boi. Dec. 31,1910 1,494 186 218 317 eG ee er ayy 236 £4 272 ? ec. s 865 (?) 72 (@ |) es ae 1913 18,899 | 10,663 | 10,049 | 7,289| 3,208 > e Siee ae Dee. 3121005 465 | sisi | i3s,| fs| i2| tas . vc 4 Dec. 81,1900 368 | 7016 | 12405 495 9 107 Dec. 31,1892 462 | 6,868 | 1,264 844 Y 8 ; 82 Canade.2csc5.| |e sees Moxicote.tc25. be. =. June 30,1902 8,424) 4,206 859 334 288 Netherlands........-. May, 1915 () (1) () Q) (Q) aed 1913 842 232 334] (1) (1) Tine apt 910 889 | 224 27 | (2) (1) Dec. 31,1904 607 166 295} (2) (1) Dec. 31,1900 771 180 295 1) (1) Dee. 31, 1890 819 165 273 i Q) New Zealand......... Apr. 30,1916 245608 )-t-.< 2. <:2.0),< «ihe ci,cc4| eialet gee aie eee ANDi oe Os FILE ie, Clk lees xitcesl ba OSonie loans 6 0. 8 8 Apr. 80,1911 BS. O06 Alt te. «| sees sis ive bah a Apr. 30,1905 19, 130 de oc. deo ec coe| Seem eee Ochre) 1008.) OR Sita b ccccwely t 2N0Ml eee eee lepeeen eee 327| (8) (8) Apr. 30, 1900 19, 355 jl) (2) dole -taenclesmeces: aaa sOct.\ « 1000a Ml. Sb ye|cme cases Dlaleta ce we (1) 266} (8) (8) [=Aspr.,\ /:1SOBMEES can ciee. 55 sa) cea 19,827 \\) (1) Vulleccs ccc ee eeesee eae LSOb st atl O4ma lee see? Ph eee (1) 237 | (8) (8) 1891 Beene tees 309 | 18, 128 211} (8) (8) 1 No official statistics, 2 Reiadeer, * I xcludes invaded area, 4 xcluding Army horses. ® Including calves and young buffaloes, 6 Not including young buffaloes. 7 Figures incomplete. 8 Less than 500, Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 667 TABLE 147.—Live slock in principal and other countries—Continued. PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued. | | | | Cc | Buffa-| ounitry. Date. Sik eal es ila Sheep. | Goats. a Mules. | Asses, Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- sand. | sand. | sand. | sand. | sand. | sand. | sand. | sand. RVORWAY.< cotter sags: Sept. 30,1915 | 1,121 | () 209 | 1,330 240 186 | (1) Q) Sept. 30,1914] 1,146] () 228 | 1,327 237 182] (1) (1) Sept. 30,1910 | 1,134 (@) 334 | 1,398 288 168 (@) (@) Sept. 30,1907 | 1,089 | 2143 307 | 1,391 296 164) (1) (1) 1900 950 2109 165 999 215 173 @) Q) 1890 | 1,006] 2170 Thal ese 272 151] () (1) Philippine Islands....| Dec. 31,1915 534 | 1,222] 2,521 129 644 223 (1) Q) Dec. 31,1910 270 757 1, 682] 94 441 143 (@) Q) Dec. $1, 1902 128 641 | 1,179 30 12 144}. Q) (Q) Portnall... 2. -s52-. Oct., 1906 703 @) 1,112 8,073 1,934 8&8 58 144 1870 625 (@) 971 2.977 $937 87 61 138 Roumania............ Apr., 1916 2, 938 1,382} 7,811 301} 1,219} (3) 12 1911 2, 667 1,021} 5,269 187 825 4 1907 2, 585 1,124 5, 105 191 808 5 Dec., 1900] 2,545 | 44| 1,709} 6,685 233 864 1| 7 1890 2, 520 926 | 5,002 210 595 6 1884 2,376 886 | 4,655 245 533 2 Nussian Empire: Russia, European 1913 | 31,974 2605 | 13,458 | 41, 426 873 | 22,771 6 7 1910 | 31,315 2 462 | 12,049 | 40, 734 857 | 21, 868 5 2 1900 | 31,661 | 2350 | 11,761 | 47,628 | 1,017 | 19,744 1 2 1890 | 25,528 | (2) 9,554 | 46,052] (1) | 19,779] (3) (?) 1881 | 22,122] (1) 9,265 | 45,522 | 1,157] 15,534 | (3) (3) Poland 2.22. 22.22. a 1913 | 2,011 | (3) 491 683 9.1 1,116) +) (3) | 1910 | 2,301 (3) 612 | 1,050 9} 1,222] (3) (3) | 1900 | 2,823 (3) 1,402 | 2,823 11 1,392 (3) 1 5 1890 | 3,013 | (3) 1,499 | 3,755| () 1,207} (3) (1) m | 41881] 5,055] (3) 706 | 3,375 10} 1,037] () (2) Russia, Asiatic} § (33 govern- _ ments of the Caucusus, Cen- tral Asia, and Siberia)........ 1913 4,791 | 11,959 ) (1) Seubidesss-cne=scsccee Dec. 31,1910 631 153 1 1 Dec. 31,1905 510 14 1 1 Satin se Oo oe ees 1914 3, 265 525 984 841 1913 3, 394 542 948 849 Dec. 31,1910 3, 216 520 886 868 Dec. 31,1906 2, 440 440 802 744 1891 2, 534 397 768 754 Sweden.............. Dec. 31,1914 77 603 () (2) Dec. 31,1913 71 596} (1) (1) Dec. 31,1910 5 69 587 | (2) (1) Dec. 31,1905 : 67 555} (1) Q) 1900 | 2,583 | 2 232 806 | 1, 261 80 533 | (1) Q) 1890 | 2,399 2 288 645 | 1,351 7 487 () Q) Switzerland. .........- Apr eel 9, 1916 WV 1616\\= << ato a= 644 172 858 137 3 1 Aprir$1; 1911 \\- 1, 448)\- 02.02 <- 570 161 S41 144 8 2 Apr. 20,1906} 1,498 |.......- 549 210 362 135 3 2 Apr. 19,1901 | 1,840 |......-- 555 219 355 125 3 2 Turkey. European 1912 Q) () 73 | 27,095 | 20, 269 Q) () Q) and Asiatic. 1910} (2) (1) 175 | 27,662 | 21,283] (1) Q) Q) . 1905 | (1) (1) 196 | 23,614 | 16,411] (2) (1) (1) Union of South Africa.| Dec. 31,1913 | (1) (1) (1) | 35,711 | 11,521] (2) (1) (1) May 7,1911 6,797 (@) 1,082 | 30,667 | 11,763 719 94 837 190; | 3,500; () 679 | 16,823 | 9,771 450 185 148 United Kingdom: Great Britain.....] June 5, 1916 24,990 | (1) 1,567] (2) Q) June 4, 1915 24,598 | (1) P2130 Gy Q) June 4,1914 24,286 | (1) 1,296} (1) (1) June 4, 1913 23, 931 R 1,324} (1) (1) June 4,1910 27,103} ( 1,545] () (1) June 4, 1900 26,592 | (1) 1,500} (1) Q) June 4, 1890 27, 272 Q) 1, 432 Q) June 4, 1880 26,619] (1) 1, 421 (1) irelandsos sess... June 1,1916 3, 764 293 599 28 230 June 1,1915 3, 600 243 561 29 227 June 1,1914 3, 601 242 619 31 245 June 1, 1913 3, 621 246 614 30 243 June 1,1910 3, 980 243 613 31 241 June 1,1900]} 4,609 |........ 1,269 | 4,387 306 567 31 242 June 1,1890 | 4,241 |........ 1,570 | 4,324 327 585 30 213 June 1, 1880 BE OL Paueeeieiere 850 | 3,561 266 557 25 186 1 No official statistics. 2 Reindeer, 3 Less than 500. 4 Exclusive of the Government of Radom. 662 Yearbook of the Depariment of Agriculture. TABLE 147.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued. Country. United Kingdom— Continued. Isle of Man and Channel Islands Ungpiiiys 520-2 --4-25 Azores and Madeira aplasids: 552 5. sane Basutcland]. = 2.42.2 Bechuanaland Pro- tectorate.<...--- Bolivia British East Africa 2. . British Guiana Cubal..t.055a5: st Cyprnss2) - ssi ess 422 Dutch East Indies: tava and Madura. Other possessions. Dutch Guiang... -. ..| Falkland Islands Faroe Itslands.......-- Gia fh eh et Ss Guatemala. 3 German I ast Africa. - German S. W. Africa. . Fronparas=; 22}... 3.228 Toelanm'. .: 225... 5a Jamaica Luxemburg Madsgascar......-.--- Maltys. ot =-i5:.. 3-555 Mauritius.........:.- Morocco (western)...- Newfoundland. ....-- WacaTAacis.© ....- 2-585 Nyasaland Protecto- rate Bhodesiatt22.. 25. ..6 Salvador Blain) lt See... 2a Straits Settlements... Swaziland ..::......5. | Moree... 225...) gee | Trinidad and Tobago. Trims ones >. - shee Uganda Protectorate 2 | Venezuela PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued. Date. June 5,1916 1908 1900 1860 1900 1911 1911 1910 . 31,1915 1915 i914 . 31,1913 1914 . 31,1914 . 31,1915 1913 1905 Dee. 13,1914 Aug.- cae, \iow 1914 i914 1914 -| Dee. 31, 1914 1913 1913 1914 1912 1914 Dec. WAcIgis Dee. 31,1914 Mar. 31,1915 1913 1915 1911 1908 1915 1905 1911 1906 January, 1915 1914 1915 1913 1914 | July 31,1916 "1914 1912 i No official Sicfisting, Buffa- Cattle, Toss! Thou- | Thou- | Thou- sand, | sand, | sand. BOWS. espe 11 8 10S jon 180 GSE eest 94 SUGR SUE oes 6 ol 93 al (1) $24 Q) “edo eae ed 114 900 | (4) 4 90} (3) il 1, 484 84 4960'42522.55 221 eb Fee 64 B395N bees toe Q) 3 eee 39 4, 736 (1) 449 447| (A) s| @) 4 | 601 568 | (1) Bye eee (3) | 2 (3) 53 |-.--+.-- (1) A001) 202 Ae (Q) 215 | (2) @) 109 242 709 6 (1) 83 () 6554 ts. the 177 3, 994 6 206 8 AROS sS..t ee 180 SGM tee nos aa 145982. < 32 3 31 10848. Ee 137 Pee: 46, 784 643 Bae 22008 4 Sie | mace 17 i a ae 16 BIW. 23285. 27 Li aS aie 12 82 22 eS, Eee 28 500 2 ye 423 2,398 | 1,999] () ti eae Ge 113 99 9 65) (1) () Ee ee 9 AN Sot. 12 2, 004 | pee 1,618 Swine. | Sheep. | Goats. | Horses.} Mules. | Asses. Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thoue 2 Vigures incomplete, sand. | sand. | sand. | sand. WB Ar (2) LONE Ke) 26, 286 20 556 18 18,609 20 561 23 1,990 & 618 : 87 38 2 3 1,969) () 88} (2) 358 4 1, 455 473 97 45 6,555 | 4,020 2) (@) 20 15 1\|* 2 64 190 4 (4) 4, 602 299 458 38 (3) 1 52 2 (1) (4) 673 50 263 244 68 1) (1) 274 (4) (i @) 119} () (8) 3} ©) (8) (@) (@) 40. 22 70s), (3 Sale) 112) |) C@) @) x) 3 16 7 150 140 3 (@) (+) (4) Q) (2) 3 () $3 (1) (1) @) ty Q) | @) 4| Q) 402 59 114 6, 440 25} (8) Or 555 517 16 14 6 23 68 25 601 1 46 @) 11 18 55 (@) 6 10 19 (@) 247 168 2 (8) 21 21 9 2 37 2 | 1 3,175 | 1,052 123 98 17 1h (@) (°) 1 28 28 137 | (3) (3) (Q) 3 17 2 Bo ie iy 20 erie Ot eae 35 18 P4 1 ae (*) : 2) (1) ( 2 | 6 5 5 a a 499 38 80 678 @) @) 177 | 1, 667 191 89 8 Less ‘tban 500. 4 Zebus. sand, (*) 632 Statistics of Farm Animais and Their Products. 663 TABLE 148.—Hides and skins: International trade, calendar years 1913-1915. (This table gives the classification as found in the ori ginal returns,and thesummary statements for “All countries’”’ ap oat the total for each class only so far as it is disclosed in the original returns. The following kin kangaroo, mule and ass, shee wool on, skins of rabbits and hares, and tanned or partly tanned hides and skins. computed from stated number of hides and skins. Country and classi- fication. 1913 Argentina: Pounds. Cattle, dried.....] 46,779 Cattle, salted.....} 144,963 DGC S645 ie 1 Cos es 4,387 Horse, dried ..... 2,297 Horse, salted..... 310 LCG | 995 Sheepandlamb..| 47,920 Austria-Hungary: Calf, dried ....... Calf, green....... Cattle, dried ..... Cattle, green. .... GOAT =e et Horse, dried ....- orse, green.... (Sane HAMAD Te oss ko: is 0123) 5 Se eee ae Unclassified... ... Belgium: Unclassified... ..- Brazil: Cattle, dried ..... Cattle, green... lUC Geates Se... 2. Bleep. Pe ak Unelassified...... British India Wattles; 5... 124, 525 | (Cretan at aaa 52,438 | Unclassified. ..._. 7,160 British South Africa: Baile Oe. 21, 515 | REO Mb oy ee ete a. 9,105 | SECT 3 ae 32,319 Canada BUPAD2 25 ce... . / 36 Unclassified 1... .. 60, 000 | ina: Buttal Ors os 25. 66,405 | LOIS < 2. bie... - 1,518 Gibit st ee 22,176 Sy ee 1,105 | Chosen (Korea): Cattle.) 5... .. 4, 649 | Cuba: Cattle: Ribs... 14, 207 Unclassified. ..... 322 Denmark: Unelassified. ..... 20,814 Dutch East Indies: Unciassified...... 16,011 Egypt. attle and camel. 7,029 Sheep and goat... 2,946 France: iN he a 34, 164 [Coins See ae 5,411 Gs tas SRL. « 2,601 | WAS < Sst cea 1, 983 feliee p=... LLL a. 18, 030 Unclassified. ..... 82,304 1914 (prelim.)| (prelim.) Pounds. 31,984 140; 118 4 3, 193 2) 464 610 406 33, 329 } | | i | | | Ss are inciuded: Alligator, buffalo, calf, camel, cattle, and lamb, and all oth deer, goat and kid, horse and colt, er kinds except furs, bird skins, sheepskins with Number of pounds See ‘General note,”’ Table 10.1 6,943 61, 493 EXPORTS. [000 omitted.] 1915 Country and ciassi- | 19ig_—(| ,. 2914 1915 fication. | (prelim.) | (prelim.) | a Pounds. || Germany Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds 56,30) Orig ras sheen poas 1915S |! .. eee |e eee 141, 641 — Catple: eee 104; 653) | -- bases |seeeeeoe 6 Goat Te 26012 |b .. ee eae 5, 203 Horse 2h. 5 1A CSkeY tal ues HS 22 2 4, 782 Sheep. eee =o: OAT crates S| ape eS 835 Unclassified. ..... T1GO Ti ae aie el a 342 || Italy: 50,705 | Cattlessne. . es: 48,094 | 83,443 16, 576 (Cin Seed ae ees 7,446 5,379 423 Gates Pea eens 1,191 598 192 Kids 2. Bete 989 644 62 Tau Ry, SOE sect 2,207 2,043 9 MHEG Dine sen cee 782 517 1 || __ Unelassified...... 1,316 1, 067 | 1,324 Mexico: H | Aiea LOraeare ssc Ot) eeeee eee Peano eees Cs PUREE Boos S473) |} ~ psa se eceteen= = GUase see sescee | ANO4T. 12 ne oe one eee ene Neth Hide | 16,704 1, 464 Hid ye eens ae Hides, salted 28, 435 | 10, 265 Shee PDAS Ma see aes New Zealand: Sheepsetiecs cae 20,671 | 21,923 | 24,974 Uneiassified. ..... 7,004 5, 180 6,010 eru: Cattle... .-2 est 6, 930 4,826) ||22acesee 4 Goat. Sess 872 Pease ee 89, 443 SHOOD vee ae ort 172 15D) [boas 42,477 Unelassified sess sss. donne Sees 5,496 || Russia: | Hides, large... .. 54,411 34, 097 12, 27% 15,415 Hides, small..... 36, 676 PA el ee eee 8, 324 Sheep and goat...| 23,471 15, 614 144 37,282 || Singapore: Uncelassified......| 27,163 Dy TRS S 2s See re Spain: 42, 000 Geat. ct eee | 1, 923 1,019 2,472 SHOAD Set oo oo a 9, 203 8, 597 5, 092 58,319 Unclassified... ... 6,470 2,678 611i 1,851 || Sweden: 22,652 || Cattle, wet....... ZL SO ha OS ened 1,325 Cattle, dry:...... 366 HAH Reese ae Horse, wet .. 2... 813 i Tats SLI pe PS ed ee aaa a a 1 PAR ee retane Goat, kid, lamb, | 16, 539 and sheep, wet. 688 854) |. cree oacr Moi NI Goat, lamb, and Sheep, dry.....- 157 | 19222 cee oo Unclassified, dry 8 | th. meee. Unel i “4 175 | bool epee eae at neal Switzerland: 5, 100 _Unelassified Saya 23,851 | 24,138 14, 671 2,573 || United Kingdom: = aA (OCT Ca eee QehiD DSOeisrs Sir); - Sheepskins. ...... 17, 837 i4, 055 | 9, 566 eh Unclassified...... 22,213 | 17,588 1i, 034 166 || United States: | | 2 1, 284 GAM N en aracacws os 583 | 798 830 1, 437 Cattle ccc scaveeee 14, 454 15,310 19, 404 30, 180 Unclassified... ... 7,119 5,476 2,196 1 Unofficial estimate. 2 Data for 1912. 664 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TABLE 148.— Hides and skins: International irade, calendar years 1913-1915—Contd. EX PORTS—Continued. [600 omitted ] Country and classi-| 4913 1914 1915 || Country and classi- 1913 1914 1915 fication. (prelim.) (prelim.) | fication. (prelim.) | (prelim.) Uruguay: Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Othercountries—Con. Cali a wen eee 188 228 | SAese Skins—Contd. Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Cattle, dried....- 6, 836 Ret PNSe aeeE ae Sheep and lamb 17, 864 17; 977 leek eeeee Cattle, salted... --. 27,402 PORT herders | Sheep and goat, Horse, dried.....- 80 sf eee Boe | mixed........| 11,687 1, 51RD se Horse, salted... .-- INE ee cet eee | ai ee res Unclassified....}| 54,370 24, 63%s|teseeeeeee Lamb 678 | a Sheep 23, 674 Total. 2, 015, 873 |1, 268,346 [22-2222 Yearling, dried... 1,116 === Yearling, salted .- 489 All countries: Venezuela: Hides— Cattlos eos eae 7,013 6, 587 7, 644 Cattle and. buf- Deere reo ccsace 354 362 200 falO a hoe 924,854 | 649,850 |..-...---. Goatessta ee: 1, 606 2,041 1, 612 Horses see. 25,015 6,149:\0 cee Wmclassified <2. =| Seen teesG| Sepeeen aes 260 Skins— Other countries: Alligator....... 106 Pe aS A Hides— Calf: 3 2a 28ea: 90, 753 315,862) 32 eae Cattle and buf- DGGhssecasosees 2, 789 1,942 "2 23 sete fAIOL eee eee 106, 630 93 0188 aes) Goat and kid...| 137, 924 98; 251s tees PLOTS Soe eae eee 361 TSS |eeeeecse- = Sheep and lamb} 202, 037 150, 0982. 2csteets< Skins— Sheep and goat, Alligator 72 lates Ses ea MUXeGs ces = 38, 949 19,8465). assess OT a ae tee 4,033 ASS075| eenteneec Unclassified....} 593,446 | 310,294 |.......... Deer 1,441 1295) Roeeen es SSS SSS See Goat and kid...| 18, 246 Sar15.) sees sos Totalecs25-02 \2, 015, 873 |1, 268,346 |........-- | | IMPORTS. | | Austria-Hungary: | || Greece: Calf; driedis:2.-<- 1. O71 |beree eee [See eG Unclassified.....- 5,219 4, O86n/s- 22sec @alf. sreenis.<-- 1 5Sls Meee er ssc ae ee eee Italy: Cattle, dried....- AD BOO UI econ) Secs eae sees es Calc =| eeecics 1,211 726 2,144 Cattle, green...-- 37440) Ronee aeecdl teen Cattles.t2s-bs5- 47,615 35, 965 72,687 GOsteer: epee sce PaSOOs tee seers le ceeeeees s Sheepict Secccso- 4,270 2,502 4,185 Horse, dried....-.- DAD AEA ee ah eee 3 Goatetses-eeesne 104 90 288 Horse, green....-| PC) |e leeds Beira Weare ee 2 48 es 1G Ree coon oe 61 20 17 desea. Jace 51 chal | RAE eee (or UYEES se ism: seeteese se 537 363 2,139 Wants loncome TOSI24 Pate ee) he eee, Unclassified... -.. 184 162 871 wheepe ol ee: sees. CR Uke Posen onl ease ee Japan: Unclassified. ....- BOS! Re ae coe eee ees Watilor teense Calwiil 5,949 15,053 Belgium: ID) Cera ree eeeans 509 571 483 des \OTeGH 2 <2:||). 297,002 ee oan. Seema Netherlands: British india: Hides, dried...... 41,384 26, 450 13, 695 MALDIOa boos 14,401 15,301 8,477 Hides, freshi.-<--- 25 32) | ejstee eee Unclassified. --..-. 5, 737 5, 255 5, 544 Buces, salted..... 34,189 25,369 6, 453 Canada: Sheepheassctessec 4,812 2, 894°. .\eeeeee Unclassified. ...-.- | 44,667 50, 782 | 60,297 || Norway: Denmark: Hides, dry......- 3,507 2,011 2,933 Unclassified. .-.... LOS 266) Bee erceccpicle meme Hides, green..... 9, 336 8,504 8,221 Finland: Hides, salted..... 608 560 | 2seeuaete Hides, dried..... 6, 200 2,563 646 Unzelassified...... 29 32: Xnaemanee Hides, green....- | 6,374 2,945 | 11,063 || Portugal: Bide fois; 310 109 | 91 Hides, dried.....- 5,895 4,404 |.\.. decicemass 10,078 12,162 867 Cattle, green..... Singapore: Goat, withhairon. nelassified Aston! 110,965 85092) icin sere PS Horse, dried...... Fain: Horse, green..... nelassified......, 18, 23 11,977 28, 194 Sheep and lamb.. Sweden: Unclassified...... | Cattle, wet......-. 19, 159 17, 187 ioe tenmimente a 1 Data for 1912. ae et Soo Statistics of Farm Animals and. Their Products. 665 TABLE 148.— Hides and skins: International trade, calendar years 1913-1915—Contd. IMPORTS—Continued. [000 omitted.] Country ana classi- | fication. Sweden—Contd. Goat, kid, lamb, and sheep, wet . Goat, lamb, and Sheep, dry....-... Uncelassified...... United Kingdom: Calf; dry .-..55.- Cali webs. --..-2- Goat United States Calf dry. .-:-.-.-- Calf, green or pickled: 5 2.0: Cattle and buf- inlovary...<-; =. Cattle and buf- falo, green or pickled... cc. . Goathdry,.-..--2- Goat, green or pickled eee inchs Horse, dry Horse, green or pickled Be seenaio ie Kangaroo........ Sheep, dry Sheep, green or Piekled:.-. 2 Unclassified... ..- 1913 1914 1915 Country and classi- (prelim.) _ (prelim.) fication. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Cther countries: 7,000 B3200, [ho - See eee Hides— 26 1963) -2ccnces,= Cattle and buf- falOEe oa eee 343 EC el basen nae HVOISO =< ssc sence Skins— 365 | OME) ESR oa nian Weer ener 65 | O2 (Se seee cee e Goatand kid... | Sheep and lamb 24 yl Pee Shéep and goat, 666 1,046 1,094 AMET Cd Sea 7, 203 7,541 13, 287 Unclassified... 105,165 | 117,535 164, 881 Pofalessa- a. 1,717 1, 282 | 2,426 } Allcountries: 26, 302 13, 899 22,703 Hides— | Cattle and buf- 50, 152 53,016 26, 211 faloce. ssc sae | Elorse eee eae 77,625 | 83,730 140,944 || Skins— Calfssoee see sce Deere soacaace as 158,655 | 236,773 | 281,141 | Goat and kid... 64, 509 57, 983 62,721 Kangaroo...... Sheep and lamb 25,168 17,872 16, 566 Sheep and goat, 9,726 5,810 5,452 HENS eee oe Unclassified. . 7, 425 4, 806 4,475 1,309 1,008 9353 Total sane. o 27, 552 24,999 36, 801 40, 654 40,945 38, 286 ; 8,803} 15,353 9,991 1914 1915 1913 (prelim.) | (prelim.) Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. 14, 684 57.250) |peoe eee 54 1 ee tee 12 VAG neers 556 shel eee ee 906 sls ja Ree ES 23: 87 | oaccneamen 48,221 DOF SOI es es 2,100, 395 |1, 149, 429 |..-....... 801,966 | 403,341 |.........- 47,155 | 10,830 |..--...-.. 1725617" |\_.-72, O59isaseee eee 521 | Gel ee oe 15057947! “105. 544 eens 1,309 1COSt Sse eee 110, 785 GORAI1S) |S Saree ceee 1,457 | got: |[Sinety es 8135791.) "4640 B20) eens 2,100,395 1,149, 429 666 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. HORSES AND MULES. Tas LE 149.—Horses and mules: Number and value on farms in the United States, 1867-1917. Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised estimates whenever new census data are available. b giving numbers as of Apr. 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers ercentages of increase or decrease to ase is used for applying percentage It should also be observed that the census of 1910, June 1, Horses. Mules. Jan. 1— . ¥ : Price per ; Price per Number. | head Hau value Number. | head ie = wie Jan. 1. Pas Jan. 1 ss TSO0a oes capine aptia is pace ane 5, 401, 000 $59.05 | $318, 924,000 822, 000 366. 94 $55, 048, 000 PRG sos Mee west yen ee se | 5,757, 000 54.27 | 312, 416, 000 856, 000 56. 04 47, 954,000 ABW co te een aioe 6, 333, 62. 57 396, 222, 000 922, 000 79. 23 73,027,000 (Ve a re ee a ee ek Mince rae eT OY 8 67. 43 556, 251,000 | 1,180,600 90. 42 106, 654, POT CENSUS PANTIE fan oem cee] igi 40s Oa cee aie odes lee sora istee a oie 1,126,418 |.=.......- =| boo TEV d eR Oe SR ems Smee 8, 702, 000 71.14 619, 039, 000 1, 242, 000 91.98 114, 272, 000 ERY Bo: Ws abos -eeOe se sae Saale 8, 991, 000 67. 41 606,111,000 | 1;276,000 87.14 111, 222, 000 WS ice = aoe eee bee ca to eeen pee | 9,222,000 66. 39 612, 273,000 | 1.310, 000 85.15 111, 546, 000 CES Caer ies es fe Pe mine oS 9, 334, 000 65. 15 608,073,000 | 1,339,000 81.35 108, 953, 000 BRIDE eR ccs cacas ee lose a Qe 9, 504, 000 61.10 580, 708, C00 1,394, 000 . 89 100, 197, 000 14:7 | Daan te Gacy tee oP roast | 9,735,000 57.29 557,747,000 | 1,414,000 66. 46 94,001, 000 527 fg oe eS ahaa 10, 155, 000 55. 83 567,017,000 | 1, 444, 000 64. 07 92, 482, 000 i 37 (acme tig ap nee eee Oe be o£ | 10.330, 000 56. 63 584, 999, 000 1, 638, 000 62. 03 101, 579, 000 ARTO Ska ats = ths ianiowreetereetare | 10, $34, 000 §2. 36 572, 712, 000 1, 713, 060 56. 00 , 942, sa A el eS | 11,202,000} 54.75 | 613.297.000 | 1, 730,000 61.26 | 105,948,000 1880, census, June 1......---- | 10, 837, 488 | aeee Soenalbeas scene soecee 1,818,808") (a. co. lao See eee 1 bs See Se ne ais See aes 11, 480, 000 58. 44 667,954,000 | 1,721,000 69. 79 120, 096, 000 1882 | 10/522, 000 58.53 | 615,825,000 | 1,835,000 71.25 | 130,945,000 DBRS cee ists oc Soca .-| 10,838, 000 70. 59 765,041,000 } 1,871,000 79. 49 148, 732, 000 hc! ee ee eee ae .-| 11,170,000 74. 64 833, 734,900 | 1,914,000 84. 22 161, 215, 000 [ated Naa REG BOE | 11, 565, 000 73.7 $52, 283,000 | 1,973, 000 82.38 | 162, 497,000 IESG. csseesoes ee ee | 12,078, 000 71.27 860,823,000 | 2,053,000 79. 60 163, 381, 000 i tc RR es ee epee, ee ae ae | 12, 497, 000 72.15 901, 686,000 | 2,117,000 78.91 167, 058, 000 1S ee eae ee | 13, 173,000 71. 82 946,096,000 | 2,192,000 79. 78 174, 854, 000 SROs men Suc tis ceecan eee | 13,663, 000 71.89 982,195,000 | 2,258, 000 79. 49 179, 444, 000 PROG <5. occ cote ee eee 14, 214, 000 68. 84 978,517,000 } 2,331,000 78. 25 182, 394, 000 1890, censiis: Sine doe ad 4, 909, AGT bes ooae cae macienee eee = 2,295, 588 |. 32. ceces eens Sacce CYST Dues ai aan he | Di Seth cn 14, 057, 000 67.00 | 941,893.000 | 2,297,000 77.88 | 178,847,000 BBO Rc. wadaswia < dain caaeas Waseem | 15, 498, 000 65.01 | 1,007.594,000 | 2,315,000 75. 55 174, 882, 000 MD hae Pe eae wo occ poco ceis cee Os 20 ts OU: 61. 22 992, 225, 000 2,331 000 70. 68 164, 764, 000 LL ESE ee ee See eee | 16, 081, 000 47,83 769,225,000 | 2,352,000 62.17 146, 233, 000 jo aS i a ee ee 15, 893, 000 36. 29 576,731,000 | 2,333,000 47. 55 110, 928, 000 ASUD ee Rees oa does cee cates | 15,124, 000 33. 07 500,140,000 | 2,279,000 45. 29 103, 204, 000 DBD eA io oe volcano nonccces sce 14, 365, 000 31. 51 452, 649, 000 2, 216,000 41. 66 92, 302, 000 1 Sa RAS SRD TRE 13, 961, 000 34.26 | 478,362,000 | 2,199,000 43. 88 96, 110, 000 ANie Leta ee went 13, 665,000 37.40 | 511,075,000 | 2, 134,000 44. 96 95, 963, 000 TODS 3. Sct 3 seh ced aoeee 13, 538. 000 44. 61 603,969,000 | 2,086,000 bs 111, 717, 900 1900, census, June 1...........- IG S201s OCON Soe cee Salama mmcionce eee 8,964, 615) 2. ccancclvesneaseeeeeee | 16,745, 000 52.86 | 885,200,000 | 2, 864,000 63.97 | 183, 232, 000 | 16,531, 000 58. 61 968,935,000 | 2,757,000 67. 61 186, 412, 000 16, 557, 000 62. 25 | 1,030, 706,000 | 2,728,000 72.49 197, 753, 000 16,736,000 67.93 | 1, 136,940,000 | 2,758, 000 78.88 | 217,533, 000 17, 058, 000 70.37 | 1. 200,310,000 | 2,889,000 87.18 251, 840, 000 18, 719, 000 80.72 | 1,510,890,000 | 3,404,000 98.31 | 334, 681,000 19,747, 000 93.51 | 1,846,578,000 | 3,817,000] 112.16 064, 19, 992, 000 93. 41 | 1,867,530,000 | 3,869,000 107. 76 416, 939, 000 20, 640. 000 95. 64 | 1,974,052,000 | 4,053,000 | 107.84] 437,082,000 31,040; 000" |e eters eee 4,123; OO0s|- --enceee ae aa. ee 19,833,113 | 108.03 | 2,142,524,000 | 4,209,769 | 120.20 | 506,049, 000 20,277,000 111. 46 | 2, 259,981,000 | 4,323,000 125. 92 544, 359, 000 20,509,000 | 105.94 | 2,172,694,000 | 4,362,000] 120.51 | 525,657,000 20,567,000 | 110.77 | 2,278, 222,000 | 4,386,000] 124.31 5, 245, 20,962,000 | 109.32 | 2,291,638,000 | 4,449,000 123. 85 551, 017, 000 21,195,000 | 103.33 | 2,190,102,000 | 4,479,000 112. 36 503, 271, 000 21/159,000 | 101.60 | 2, 149,786,000 | 4,593,000 | 113.83} 522,834,000 21,126,000 102.94 | 2,174,629,000 | 4,639,000} 118.32 | 548,864, 000 1 Estimates of numbers revised, based on census data. . Cl il i i ti a re Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. HORSES AND MULES—Continued. 667 TaBLE 150.—Horses and mules: Number and value on farms Jan. 1, 1916 and 1917, by States. Horses. Mules. Average Farm value Average TYarm value Number Fi Number =f price per (thousands of price per (thousands State. pends) fot P dollars) Ghousend? coe ; of dollars) os Jan. 1— Jan. 1— : Jan, 1— Jan. 1— 1917 | 1916 | 1917 1916 1917 1916 1917 | 1916 | 1917 1916 1917 1916 Me... 109 109 |$152.00 |3142.00 | $16,568 NEH 44 44 | 135.00 | 132.00 , 940 8 |. WAR ce 89 89 | 134.00 | 130.00 11, 926 3 Mass... 59 60 |} 156.00 | 146.00 9, 204 Bea...) 8 9 | 155.00 | 151.00 1, 240 Conn.. 46 46 | 147.00 | 146.00 6, 762 C0IG A i ccsaleeee as| Rossees ees 2 oa soe ooulonse see Nee! 609 609 | 139.00 | 139.00 84, 651 84, 651 4 4 |$155.00 $148. 00 $620 $592 Nevis: 92 92 | 149.00 | 144.00 13, 708 13, 248 4 4 | 169.00 | 164.00 676 656 Paes 596 602 | 126.00 | 124.00 75,096 74, 648 48 47 | 137.00 | 137.00 | 6,576 | 6,439 Del... 36 36 | 90.00 | 95.00 3, 240 3, 420 6 6 | 116.00 | 114.00 696 684 Md....| 169 169 | 105.00 | 105.00 17,745 17, 745 25 25 | 127.00 | 121.00 | 3,175 | 3,025 Wares 36 361 | 100.00 | 99.00 36, 100 35, 739 64 64 | 122.00 | 120.00 | 7,808 | 7,680 W.Va.| 196 194 | 107.00 | 108.00 20, 972 20, 952 12 12 | 117.00 | 116.00 | 1,404] 1,392 ere AB 185 | 125.00 | 122.00 23, 125 22,570 | 200} 200 | 150.00 | 140.00 | 30,000 | 28,000 b= Cay 85 84 | 136.00 | 135.00 11, 560 11,340 | 174] 171 | 162.00 | 161.00 | 28,188 | 27,531 Gass 127 125 | 129.00 | 126.00 | 16,383 15,750 | 324] 315 | 163.00 | 156.00 | 52,812 | 49,140 Blas 60 59 | 120.00 | 112.00 7,200 6, 608 31 29 | 166.00 | 154.00 5, 145 4, 466 Ohio..| 892 901 | 119.00 | 116.00 | 106,148} 104,516 26 26 | 120.00 | 119.00 | 3,12 3,094 Inds 5. 845 854 | 108.00 | 104.00 91, 260 88, 816 95 95 | 114.00 | 111.00 | 10,830 | 10,545 Tes 1,452 | 1,452 | 106.00 | 103.00 | 153.912 | 149,556 | 150] 152 | 115.00 | 111.00 | 17,250 | 16,872 Mich. 680 680 | 121.00 | 128.00 82, 280 87,040 4 4 | 122.60 | 133.00 488 532 Wis 715 712 | 120.00 | 124.00 85, 800 88, 288 3 3 | 117.00 | 120.00 gal Minn . 900 890 | 109.00 | 109.00 98, 190 97,010 6 6 | 110.00 | 116.00 660 696 Iowa 1, 552 |° 1,584 | 107.00 | 105.00 164, 064 166, 320 62 61 | 116.00 | 110.00 7,192 6,710 Mo...-| 1,040 | 1,060 | 92.00] 90.00 95, 680 95,400 | 350] 340 | 104.00} 99.00 | 36,400 | 33,660 N.Dak} 825 801 | 106.00 | 110.00 87, 450 88, 110 9 9 | 122.00 | 124.00] 1,098 | 1,116 8. Dak 774 759 | 93.00] 93.00 71, 982 70, 587 15 15 | 108.00 | 109.00 1,620 1,635 Nebr.-.| 1,018 | 1,028 | 95.00] 94.00 96, 710 96, 632 112 98 | 106.00 | 104.00 | 11,872 | 10,192 Kans..-| 1,120 | 1,109 | 99.00] 97.00} 110,880 | 107,573 | 2651] 255 | 108.00 | 105.00 | 28,620 | 26,775 Kye: 434 434 | 93.00} 90.00 40,362 39,060 | 224] 229 | 112.00 | 102.00 | 25,088 | 23,358 | Tenn..| 350 349 ; 105.00 | 101.00 36, 750 35,249 | 270 | 272 | 120.00 | 113.09 | 32,400 | 30, 736 Ala... 150 150 | 99.00 | 101.00 14, 850 15, 159 278 281 | 118.00 | 121.00 | 32,804 | 34,002 Miss..-| 243 243 | 87.00] 88.00 21,141 21,384 | 292] 292 109.00 | 110.00 | 31,828 | 32,120 Da--..| 195 193 ; 86.00} 82.00 16,770 15,826 | 139 | 132 125.00 | 121.00 | 17,375 | 15,972 Tex...| 1,156 | 1,180 | 78.00 | 78.00 90, 168 92,040 | 760] 768 | 103.00 | 100.00 | 78,280 | 76,800 Okla. 743 743 | 86.00 | 85.00 63, 898 63,155 | 276 | 282 | 104.00 | 98.00} 28,704 | 27,636 Ark: 275 270 87.00 | 82.00 23, 925 22,140 | 250 240 | 114.00 | 102.00 | 28,500 | 24, 480 Mont. 452 430 | 92.00} 86.00 41, 584 36, 980 4 4 | 107.00 | 98.00 428 392 Wyo..| 191 185 | 80.00] 82.00 15, 280 15,170 3 3 | 97.00] 99.00 291 | 297 Colo.. 365 361 | 93.00] 90.00 33, 945 32, 490 20 19 | 104.00} 101.00 |} 2,080; 1,919 N.Mex| 250 234 | 62.00 | 58.00 15, 500 13,572 19 17 | 89.00} 85.00! 1,691 | 1,445 Ariz.. 129 124 75.00] 71.00 9,675 8, 804 8 7 | 104.00 | 99.00 832 693 Utah..| 138 146 | 87.00] 86.00 12,006 12, 556 2 2/ 79.00] 78.00 158 | 156 Nev... 73 77 | 76.00 | 75.00 5, 548 5,775 3 3 | 85.00} 75.00 255 | 225 Idaho.| 239 241 | 93.00 | 90.00 22, 227 21, 690 4 4 | 100.00 | 95.00 400 880 Wash.| 305 808 | 98.00] 94°00 29, 890 28, 952 18 17 | 111.00 | 106.00 | 1,998 | 1,892 Oreg..| 286 295 | 98.00] 89.00 28,028 26, 255 10 10 | 103.00 | 93.60] 1,030 903, Cal....) 468 493 | 97.00] 96.00 45, 396 47, 328 70 70 | 116.00 | 110.00 | 8,120 | 7,700 U.S./21, 126 (2 159 | 102.94 | 101.60 |2, 174,629 |2, 149, 786 le 639 |4,593 | 118.32 | 113.83 ype 864 522, 834 360 - Range of prices. er 16 to 163 TE. |e fe $150/$185|$135 $270 150) 185} 135) 275 275 668 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. HORSES AND MULES. TABLE 151.—Prices of horses and mules at St. Louis, 1900-1916. Range of prices. Range of prices. Horses Horses Year and | grade, melee Year and grade, pate Year and month. - | good to} Brace, | month. good to} Brace, | month. LO) 16 to 163 : LO! 16 to 163 choice inane choice hands drait. pees draft. ¢ L.| H.| L. | H. L.| H.| L.| H. fog ee $140 $190 $90 $150 1915. 1916 WOOIHsS Ls. cee 150| 175| 110| 165 || Jan............ $185 |$220|$125 $250 | Jan...........- AGDF S204 2 oa 160| 185] 120, 160 |) Feb...22.22... 185| 220| 125] 250 | Feb........... re eee ae Sei at 160| 185| 120! 175 || Mar........... 185| 225| 125| 250 | Mar........... A004 foe soe c 175| 200| 135! 200 |} Apr........... 185] 225| 120) 265 | Apr.........-- Fe mea lee | 175| 225 120) 210 || May.......-... 175| 220| 120) 265 | May........... 1906. _.........| 175| 225| 125| 215 || June... ...22. 175| 220| 125, 265 | June. ........- TE TAG oR 175| 225| 125) 250 || July..-.......- 175] 220) 125) 265 | July.......-.2- ve ei Ae 175| 250| 125 200 || Aug........... 180| 226] 135] 265 | Aug........... HOOD sas er cee | 140} 225| 130| 225 || Sept......-..-- 185] 225] 135; 265 | Sept.........-- ee aa | 165| 240] 150] 275 || Oct............ 185] 225) 135] 275 | Oct...........- 1941. <=... 2_.| 165| 235] 150) 275.|| Nov. i. 22-1222: 185| 225| 135| 275 | Nov..........- C7 Saat SO § 165| 210) 160| 285 || Dec. -......... 160} 185] 135] 275 | Dec..........- “TS ae Bee 200| 250) 160 280 j —|- |__| TE ele BEE a 175, 220) 120, 250 Year, 1915.|| 160| 225] 120| 275 | Year, 1916.| 150} 225) 135) 275 TABLE 152.—Average price per head for horses on the Chicago horse market, 1901-1916. ee Bussers, q Date. Drafters. | Pree Drivers. | General. ae a, Sout DOOY Ae 2 a Bers ciara ticteie Sete ees $157.00 | $400.00 | $137.00} $102.00 | $121.00 | $147.00 $52. 00 166. 00 450. 00 145.00 117.00 135. 00 151.00 57.00 171.00 455. 00 150. 00 122. 00 140. 00 156. 00 62.00 177.00 | 475.00 150. 00 140. 00 140. 00 160. 00 64. 00 186.00 486.00 156. 00 132. 00 145. 00 172.00 70. 09 ~188.00 486.00 158. 00 154. 00 147.00 | 174.00 72.50 194.00 | 482.00 165. 00 137.00 152. 00 172:00 77.50 180. 00 450. 00 156.00 | 129.00 138. 00 164. 00 69. 00 194.00 | 482.00 165. 00 137.00 152. 00 172.00 77.00 200.00 | 473.00 172.00 | 144.00 161.00 | 177.00 87.00 205. 00 483.00 182. 60 155.00 170.00 , 190.00 92.00 210. 00 73.00 177.00 160. 00 175. 00 195. 00 97.00 213.00 493. 00 174. 00 165. 00 176.00 189. 00 98.00 208. 00 483. 00 169. 00 160. 00 171.00 184. 00 93. 00 ‘ 1915. AIATOTEY = See a ciclers Sais ate ee ste wiape sae 205. 00 440.00 165.00 150.00 160. 00 1890. 00 90. 00 215. 00 490. 00 170. 00 155. 00 170.00 190. 00 95. 00 220. 00 510. 00 175. 00 160. 00 175. 00 195. 00 100. 00 220. 00 510. 00 175.00 160. 00 175. 00 195.00 100. 00 215. 00 510. 00 170. 00 155. 00 170. 00 190. 00 95. 00 210. 00 510. 00 165. 00 150. 00 165.00 185. 00 90. 00 205. 00 480. 00 165. 00 145. 00 165. 00 180. 00 85. 00 195. 00 470. 00 160.00 | 140.00 160. 00 175.00 80. 00 190. 00 455. 00 155. 00 145.00 170. 00 170. 00 75.00 OCTODERE = ic csananmnianas amano 190. 00 440. 00 155. 00 145. 00 165. 00 165.00 75.00 WNoyemberss. 22. 5300 ae siete cae 195.00 440. 00 155.00 140. 00 160. 00 165. 00 80. 00 1D) 0) 0) ee ee ee 190. 00 440.00 155. 00 140. 00 ! 160. 00 165.00 90. 00 WAN. cs apdte ceiocte arenone 205. 00 473.00 164. 00 155. 00 166. 00 179.00 88. 00 1916. VANUSIY su dtauoapaae caee donee ele 225. 00 150. 00 | 160. 00 165.00 125.00 110. 00 MODIUALY sos sexes csecnseco dd unas 250. 00 200. 00 160. 00 165. 00 125.00 110. 00 MALO Jj bev atasecavase cceviecase 275. 00 150. 00 160.00 | 165.00 125. 00 110. 00 ADT. -Secutucpdedenansadecd se 275.00 150. 00 160. 00 165. 00 125.00 110. 00 MAU Zotar tass ets Toate aaa ee 250. 00 200. 00 160. 00 165. 00 125.00 110. 00 DUNG 2, hisce be ace wale daeicic’e ue 225. 00 150. 00 160. 00 165. 00 125. 00 110. 00 UP ER rE OCB R OPE ae 225. 00 No 150. 00 160. 00 165. 00 115.00 110. 00 MUCUS asomitas sadca hae asthe oe 250. 00 sales, 175. 00 160. 00 165. 00 115.00 110. 00 BEPLOMINOD nb ais dds d.hew rd coasts 250. 00 175. 00 160. 00 165. 00 115.00 110. 00 CLO DOR as swt i.55-4kde densities ot 275. 00 200. 00 160. 00 165. 00 115. 00 110. 00 INOVOIDMEI dis stasis wad se eate 263.00 145. 00 162. 00 175. 00 142.00 102.00 DIOCOMDODs sis ad sed dede's sl caeans 263.00 } 145.00 162. 00 175, 00 142. 00 102. 00 ORR oti add del acted war geese 252.00 166. 00 160. 00 167.00 124.00 109. 00 1 Cavalry horses, 1916. 2 Mean of low and high quotations. es eS Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. HORSES AND MULES—Continued. 669 TaBLE 153.— Number of horses and mules received at principal live-stock markets. [From reports of stockyards companies.] Horses. Horses and mules. Year and month. xi Lous x . Nationa cansas Chicago Stock City. Omaha. Yards, Ill.) 144,921 | 103,308 59, 645 128, 880 96, 657 36, 391 109,295 | °76,844 42,079 128,615 | 67,274 52, 829 181,341 | 67,562 46, 845 178,257 | 65,582 45, 422 166,393 | 69, 629 42, 269 117,379 | 62,341 44,020 109,393 | 56, 335 39, 998 122,471 | 67,796 31, 711 130,271 | 69,628 29, 734 170,379 | 84,861 31,771 163,973 | 73, 445 32,520 ; 156,825 | 82,110 31, 580 DOTD oo EES Se EE a ene merle 108, 282 148,128 | 87,155 30, 688 1915 UU SV 22 3 ee ee eee ee 11, 213 25, 554 16, 671 4,981 LUE. Lee oS Se ee Se ee eee eee 12, 616 29,979 | - 11,800 4, 233 DO TPUE cos cscyn echinacea ae 14, 930 25,794 | 12,820 4, 490 TEED. hcien. SCORE oe Ln RI wn OE a Re 10, 895 93,849 | 13,748 3, 001 TEP. ye Se poste 5 eae ane ne a SE eat sani 25,944 | 11,425 2, 355 June.... ..| 14,978 25, 627 4,917 3, 498 July 2. . 11, 726 21, 400 4, 425 3, 758 TEE EST gist: SAR CB Oo RE EEE Ae ree ae ae eae ene 14, 931 16, 543 3, 030 2,655 S0yP SUE 2 oN ee ee Se eae nent aa oe en 18, 004 14, 426 3,990 4,081 “CMT ES oo See Se Se Ae es ae eee Fe, 17, 742 27, 458 7,424 4,557 14, 339 17, 066 6,714 3,518 10, 048 16, 972 5,189 622 165, 253 270,612 | 102,153 41, 679 12, 986 25, 809 7, 886 1, 443 15,913 20, 114 4,735 2,135 17, 469 17,599 5,012 2, 952 14, 882 14, 881 7,073 1, 695 18, 240 20, 695 8,171 3, 036 17,557 15, 785 7,156 2, 338 18, 990 26,574 | 11,027 2,177 23, 896 23,292} 13,414 3, 152 Re MNER SEE Stereo want ei Ws was cae avo a oS ociio dio ees cictece 21, 132 26, 655 13, 349 3,332 OASIS oe don oboe sean ae Se ESI OPERA ea 2 fed 18, 952 31,147 | 17,145 2,042 LiL GHeliGhy a 5,225 eee aa Saar aia et mi ae a 8 14,342 22,244 | 13,093 1,731 LOEB NE soctinnd OSC CREE Boa Ae a ean ees eel a} 11,090 22,023 | 15,080 1,453 TEC TRS Sap ex OS Re a eS eA 205,449 266,818 | 123,141 27,486 670 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. HORSES AND MULES—Continued. TABLE 154.—Horses and mules: Imports, exports, and prices, 1893-1916. Imports of horses. | Exports of horses. Exports of mules. he ; ending Average Average Average Janes ieee “Malus. | iinpert Num- | value. | export | NY2-| value. | export - price. ; price. , price. ptt aoe ae 15,451 '$2,388,267 | $154.57 2, 967 $718,607 | $242.20 | 1,634 | $210,278 $128. 69 1894. ---| 6,166 | 1,319,572 214. 01 5,246 | 1,108,995 211.40 | 2,063 240; 961 116. 80 1895. .--}| 138,098 | 1,055, 191 80.56 13,984 | 2,209,298 157.99 | 2,515 186, 45 74.14 RSG 6 oe teats 2998 662, 591 66.32 | 25,126] 3,530,703 140.52 | 5,918 | 406,161 68. 63 Ut: eee 6, 998 464, 808 66.42 | 39,532 | 4,769,265 120. 64 7,473 | 545,331 72.97 TR Se. ee 3,085 414,899 134.49 | 51,150 | 6,176,569 120.75 | 8,098 | 664,789 82.09 Lt eee 3,042 551, 050 181.15 | 45,778 =: 444) 342 118.93 | 6,755 | 516,908 76. 52 1SOR2EF ot 3, 102 | 596, 592 192.32 | 64,722 | 7,612,616 117.62 | 438,369 |3,919, 478 90. 38 he. 1 foe ee ee 3, 785 985, 738 260.43 | 82,250 | 8,875,845 107.89 | 34,405 |3, 210, 267 93. 31 PC eee 4,832 | 1, 577, 234 326. 41 | 103,020 | 10,048,046 97.53 | 27,586 |2,692, 298 97.60 iL oS eee 4,999 | 1,536, 296 307.32 | 34,007} 3,152,159 92. 69 | 4,294 | 521,725 121.47 TOE ot a. od 4,726 | 1,460, 287 308.99 | 42,601! 3,189,100 75.93 | 3,658 | 412,971 112. 90 156s Ls case 5,180 | 1, 591, , 983 307.16 | 34,822 | 3,175,259 91.19 | 5,826 645,464 110.79 a 6,021 | 1, 716, 675 285.11} 40,687 | 4,365,981 108.91 7,167 | 989,639 138. 08 gS Tee eee ee , 080 1 978, 105 325. 35 33,882 | 4,359,957 131. 99 6, 781 ; 125. 48 1908.........}| 5,487 | 1,604;392 292. 40 19,000 | 2,612,587 137. 50 6,609 | 990,667 149. 99 ib.) See 7,084 | 2,607,276 283. 35 21,616 | 3,386,617 156.67 | 3,432 | 472,017 137.53 if 1 ee 11,620 | 3, 296,022 283.65 | 28,910 | 4,081,157 141.17 | 4,512) 614.094 136. 18 Ab: 5 ee eae ines 9,593 2,692, 074 280.63 | 25,145 | 3,845,253 152.92 6,585 1,070,051 162. 50 ib! 5 ee ee 6,607 | 1,923,025 291.06 | 34,828 | 4,764,815 136.81 | 4,901 | 732,095 | 149. 30 (bis - ea 16,608 2) 125, 875 212. 42 28, 707 3, 960, 102 137.95 | 4,744 | 733,795 154. 68 1: 2 i 33,019 2; 605, 029 78.89 | 22,776 | 3,388,819 148.79 | 4,883 | 690,974 | 141.51 a [ee a 12, 652 977, 380 77.25 | 289,240 | 64,046,534 221.35 | 65,788 ,12, 726, 143 193. 44 19m 13.005 15,556 | 1,618,245 | 104.03 | 357,553 | 73,531;146 | 205.65 1, 915 22,946, 312 205. 03 CATTLE. TABLE 155.—Cattle (live): Imports, exports, and prices, 1893-1916. Imporis. Exports. Year ending June 30— Average Average |Number.| Value. import |Number.} Value export | | price price. | | (1 AIS ade, oe gg ot ee AR Dd 3,203} $45,682 | $13.87 | 287,094 |$26,032,428 | $90.68 | Sepeecs ceeece cae = ot] et] BE) oe ae ee MRS face oon tama Sle a le aan Bae ns Se eee 765 ‘5 : 7 p igen eee eae Tee 217,826 | 1,509,856 6.93 | 372,461 | 34,560,672 92.79 1 EL eae lppeiilce SRAM 30.2 328,977 | 2,589,857 7.87 | 392/190 | 36,357, 451 92.70 LE a ppp cg fg pi Mem Ap css tan be tt net 291,589 | 2,913,223 | 9.99 | 439,255 | 37,827,500 86.12 LDS co siicse sever sess rasa vevererteoes 199,752 } 2,320,362 | 11.62 | 389,490 30,516, 833 78. 35 111 1 Ra, py ceding A nae ag es hPa Mera 181, 006 | 2 257, 694 | 12, 47 397, 286 | 30, 635, 153 77.11 TW aie Se AR EE EY 6 a 146,022 | 1,931,433 | 13.23 | 459, 218 | 37, 566, 980 81.81 Dat ee ee eae a a x 96, 027 ri 608) 722 | 16.75 392,884 | 29,902, 212 76.11 1903 66,175 | 1,161,548 17.55 402,178 | 29,848,936 74.22 1904 16,056 310, 737 19.35 593,409 | 42,256,291 71,21 1905 27, 855 458, 572 16.46 | 567,806 | 40,508,048 71.50 1906 29,019 548, 430 18.90 584, 239 | 42,081, 170 72.03 1907 32, 402 565, 122 17.44 | 423,051 | 34,577,392 81.73 AO eee ise Oe a | 92,356} 1,507,310 16. 32 849, 210 29,339, 134 84.03 LLU Sea OR AES ALAR Mle HE RET 2 139, 184 1,999, 422 14. 37 07 , 54: , 046, A 11) 1) Ee Ea eae eye Se | 195, 938 2) 999; 824 15.37 | 139,430 | 12,200, 154 87. 50 Wilieaba eee he co.cc ce ee 182,923 | 2° 953,077 16.14 150,100 | 13, 163,920 87.70 *’ Vt ee re eer tere ee 318, 372 4,805,574 15.09 105,506 8, 870, 075 84. 07 Tee ee ae ERE a ene Bek | 421,649 6, 640, 668 15.75 24,714 | 1,177, 199 47.63 IAG wee Vn oni ay awe vob nd oe wean | 868,368 | 18,696,718 21,53 18, 376 647, 288 35. 22 IGINS is. ae acres ee 538, 167 | 17,513,175 32. 54 5, 484 702; 847 128. 16 RG sito cept nis oon m coho tacliot ar maesat eid AC 439,185 | 15, 187,593 34. 58 21, 666 | 2,383, 765 110. 02 “ee Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. CATTLE—Continued. TaBLE 156.—Catile: Number and value on farms in the United States, 1867-1917. 671 Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. It should also be observed that the census of 1910, iving numbers as of Apr. 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers une 1. Milch cows. Other cattle. Jan: 1— . * Price per Price per Number. | head | Farm value) Number. | head | Farm value Jan. 1. BS oe | Jan. 1. ae UI Sst - 5 See eRe ae 8, 349, 000 $28.74 | $239,947,000 | 11,731,600 | $15.79 | $185, 254,060 1ST aia) 2) el Se 8, 692, 000 26.56 | 230,817,000 | 11,942,000 | 15.06 179, 888, 000 UGS SSC Sat oes ee sae se ae 9, 248, 000 29.15 | 269,610,000 | 12,185,000 18.73 228, 183,000 WR een tae nies cises sins = 10, 096, 000 32.70 | 330,175,000 | 15,388, 000 18. 87 290, 401, 000 1870, census June 1....-.------ BIB eSOe, Nevrecreee = ahem seaarate sae ce LS OBO SOOO I Seen ins cea ee ane eee oes Ae Osan saeco 3 10, 023, 000 33.89 | 339,701,000 | 16, 212,000 20.78 336, 860, 000 Soest ae 10, 304, 000 29.45 | 303,438,000 | 16,390, 000 | 18.12 286, 932, 009 Tiioeeeetereee ss cclc ls se sees ces 10, 576, 000 26.72} 282,559,000 | 16, 414,000 18.06 296, 448, 000 pon. Oo}: oop 10, 705, 000 25.63 | 274,326,000 | 16, 218,000 17.55 284, 706, 099 LYS. ou 534 ee 10, 907, 000 25.74 | 280,701,000 | 16,313,000 16.91 275, 872, 000 25.61 | 283,879,000 | 16,785,000 17.00 285, 387, 000 25.47 | 286,778,000 | 17,956,000 15.99 287, 156, 000 25.74 | 290,898,000 | 19, 223, 000 16. 72 321, 346, 000 21. 71 256, 721,000 } 21, 408,000 15.38 329, 254, 000 Lo) - 3G256 52 sas eee ee 12, 027, 000 23.27 | 279,899,000 | 21, 231,000 16.10 341, 761, 000 1880, census June 1.........--- Pe eae On tage yee | cre nis sees De RO OL OU oes aaa itn ce = eee LUT. sole ee eer 12, 369, 000 23.95 | 296,277,000 | 20,939,000 | 17.33 362, 862, 000 Ue on ne SSE eee eee 12, 612, 000 25.89 326, 489, 000 | 23, 280, 000 19.89 463, 070, 000 SE ee ar eS crctctaisral~ siatei=iae « 13, 126, 000 30. 21 396, 575,000 | 28,046, 000 21.81 611, 549, 000 ets ec. elec atts cas cae = 13, 501, 900 31.37 | 423,487,000 | 29,046, 000 23.52 683, 229, 000 DS: Se, ola ee eee 13, 905, 000 29.7 412, 903,000 | 29, 867,000 23.25 694, 383, 000 14, 235, 000 27.40 389, 986.000 | 31, 275,000 po] el bg 661, 956, 000 14, 522, 000 26.08 378,790,000 | 33,512,000 19.79 663, 188, 000 14, 856, 000 24.65 366, 252,000 | 34,378,000 ieys 611, 751, 000 15, 299, 000 23.94 | 366,226,000 | 35,032,000 17.05 597, 237, 000 15, 953, 000 22,14 353, 152,000 | 36,849, 000 15. 21 560, 625, 000 DERI ISO | eyeceacto 7s a] cree ete care cles se Fate tay tha seth al ae ie ol aba lita 16, 020, 000 21.62 346, 358,000 | 36, 876, 000 14.76 544, 128, 000 16, 416, 000 21.40 351,378,000 | 37,651, 000 15.16 570, 749, 000 16, 424, 000 21.75 357,300,000 | 35,954,000 15. 24 547, 882, 000 16, 487, 000 21.77 358, 999,000 | 36,608, 000 14. 66 536, 790, GOO 16, 505, 000 21.97 362, 602,000 | 34, 364,000 14.06 482, 999, 0S0 16, 138, 000 22.55 363,956,000 | 32,085, 000 15. 86 508, 928, 000 15, 942, 000 23.16 | 369,240,000 | 30,508, 000 16. 65 507, 929. 000 15, 841, 000 27.45 434,814,000 | 29, 264,000 20. 92 612, 297, 000 15, 990, 000 29.66 474, 234.000 | 27,994,000 22.79 637, 931, 000 16, 292, 000 31.60 | 514,812,000 | 27,610,000 24.97 689, 486, 000 TO Tegal [eetede se oleae esate mean te DORR SON tid || stereas Sec are oe oer ee 16, 834, 000 30.00 | 505,093,000 | 45,500,000 19. 93 906, 644, 000 16, 697, 000 29. 23 488. 130,000 | 44, 728,000 18.76 839, 126, 000 17, 105.000 30.21 | 516,712,000 | 44,659,000 18.45 824, 055, 000 17, 420, 000 29. 21 508, 841,000 | 43,629, 000 16. 32 712, 178, 000 17, 572, 000 27.44 482,272,000 | 43, 669, 000 15.15 661, 571, 000 19, 794,000 29. 44 582, 789,000 | 47,068,000 | 15.85 746, 172, 000 20, 968, 000 31.00 645,497,000 | 51, 566, 000 17.10 $81, 557, 000 21, 194,000 30. 67 650,057,000 | 50,073,000 16.89 845, 938, 000 21, 720,000 32. 36 702,945,000 | 49,379,000 17.49 863, 754, 000 LL PMN ol I arched eed aet ai oa Srayaiase aege.c' pare Legato rd) L000 YN RS amen triae Repel Rep Tey 1910; census Apr. 15.....'.....- 20, 625, 432 35, 29 727, 802,000 | 41,178, 434 19.07 785, 261, 000 LUST Uh et SS aE ee 20, 823, 000 39.97 832, 209,000 | 39,679,000 20. 54 815, 184, 000 RMR ie dc na: eel sib) a's'e/e w'wicie whe < ue 20, 699, 000 39.39 815, 414,000 | 37, 260,000 21. 20 790, 064, 000 MRS x.y aces clea aiaa'n) hielo wees 20, 497, 000 45.02 | 922,783,000 | 36,030,000 26.3 949, 645, 000 LES ee ee 20, 737, 000 53.94 |1, 118,487,000 | 35,855,000 31.13 | 1,116, 333, 000 MMs ERPMTES cha wis civ’ Kiasarw.d.a.cin,n c'os’<,0% 21, 262, 000 55. 33 |1, 176,338,000 | 37,067,000 33.38 | 1,237,376, 000 REAM RE et Cesta Gat wins vitia'S.ae-0 se 22,108, 000 53.92 |1,191,955,000 | 39,812.000 33.53 | 1,334,928, 000 MUMIA MGR Gea keen dae ac noes och 22,768,000 59. 66 |1,358,435,000 | 40,849,000 35.88 | 1,465, 786,000 1 Estimates of numbers revised, based on census data. 672 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. CATTLE—Continued. TABLE 157.—Cattle: Number and value on farms Jan. 1, 1916 and 1917, by States. — Milch cows. Other cattle. Average Farm value + Average Farm value Number . Number : price per (thousands of price per (thousands of State. Ceipuseuds) shear dollars) (thousands). head dollars) ae Jan. 1— Jan. 1— . Jan. 1— Jan. 1— a4 1917 | 1916 | 1917 | 1916 1917 1916 1917 | 1916 | 1917 | 1916 | *1917 1916 MAING: 2. cco aes 162) 159/$58.00)$50.00) $9,396) $7,950/ 110} 105)$27. 90)$24. 60) $3,069} $2,583 New Hampshire. 97 97| 66.50} 60. 00 6, 450 5,820 63 63} 31.60) 28.50 ,991) ~ 1,796 Vermont........ 281} 273] 62.50] 54.00) 17,562) 14,742) 172) 170) 25.70) 23.30 4,420! 3,961 Massachusetts...| 160} 158) 75.00) 68.00; 12,000) 10,744 88 85) 29. 60) 25. 40) 2,605) 2,159 Rhode Island... 22 22| 77.00; 77.00 1, 694 1,694 il 11] 31.30) 28.30 344 311 Connecticut. ..-- 121} 119) 73.50) 68.30 8, 894 8,128 73 72) 30.80} 29.70) 2,248) 2,138 New York...... 1,539] 1,539] 66.00) 57.20) 101,574) 88,031] 939) 939) 31.00) 26.90 29,109) 25, 259 New Jersey.----| 155) 152/ 76.00) 71.00) 11,780) 10,792 74 73] 34.00} 32. 50, 2,516) 2,372 Pennsylvania...| 980} 971) 62.50) 56.50) 61,250) 54,862) 664] 657} 30.80) 27.10 20,451! 17,805 Delaware.......-. 43 42/ 56.00) 53. 00 2,408 2, 226 21 21; 31.90} 28.00 670 588 Maryland... 183} 18i| 58.00) 52.00; 10,614 9,412} 125} 125) 32.20) 28.80 4,025} 3,600 Virginia... . 373) 359) 46.50) 41.50) 17,344) 14,898} 486) 472) 31.80] 28.20) 15,455) 13,310 West Virginia...) 245) 241! 53.50) 50.00} 13,108) 12,050) 369] 362) 38.70) 36.30; 14,280, 13,141 North Carolina..| 315} 321) 39.00} 34.00} 12,285) 10,914! 364] 375| 19.40) 16.80 7,062 , 300 South Carolina..} 189} 189) 40.00} 34.50 7,560 6,520} 215} 215) 18.30) 15.40 3,934|° 3,311 Georgia......... 418) 414] 37.00) 31.50} 15,466) 13,041) 686) 686] 16.20) 13.50) 11,113) 9,261 WIGTIOR. cone se ae 141 136) 43.00} 40.00 6, 083! 5, 440 865 800} 16.50) 14.90 14,272) 11,920 OHIO 2 ee ee 950 922) 60.00) 56. 00 57,000, 51, 632 863 872) 36.40) 33.80 31,413) 29,474 indiana =o. eae 706 672) 58. 50) 54.50) 41,301) 36,624 735 728) 39.00) 36. 80 28,665) 26,790 WMmois. 3202 hase 1,057) 1,047) 68.00) 60.20} 71,876) 63,029) 1,251] 1,239) 43.30) 28.50, 54,168) 47,702 Michigan........ 865} 847] 61.50) 56.20) 53,198! 47,601) 720} 785) 30.20] 27.30) 21,744] 20,066 Wisconsin.......| 1,750) 1,675} 65.00, 55.00) 113,750; 92,125) 1,340) 1,313) 29.80} 25.20) 39,932) 33,088 Minnesota.......| 1,302] 1,240} 58.00| 51.00} 75,516} 63,240} 1,340} 1,275) 26.50| 22.40] 35,51 . Rayrates Se Se 1,405) 1,391] 66.50) 58.50) 93,482) 81,374) 2,754) 2,737) 43. 20 38.30 118,973] 104, 827 Missouri.........| 845) 837} 58.50) 54.40) 49,482) 45,533) 1,600) 1,555] 40.90) 38.90 65, 44! , 490 North Dakota...} 410) 373) 61.50) 57.00} 25,215) 21,261) 629) 577} 38.20) 35.00; 24,028) 20,195 South Dakota... 524 485 67.00) 59. CO 35, 108 28,615) 1,181) 1,064) 43.70) 38.40 51,610) 49,858 Nebraska....... 676} 650} 68.60) 60.00) 45,968) 39,000} 2,349) 2,237) 44.30) 40.50 104,061) 90,598 eansas? se 900) 835} 64.50 60.60) 58,050) 50,601) 2,115} 2,160) 43.10) 41.70, 91,156; 90,072 Kentucky....... 418 406; 49. ig 44.80; 20,691} 18,189) 570] 570) 33 70) 30.80) 19,209] 17,556 Tennessee. ...... 366} 366] 43.00, 39.50) 15,738 14, 457| 528] 518] 25.50! 22. 60| 13,464] 11,707 Alabamsave.. ase 405 405] 36.50) 32.00 14, 782 12, 960 534 534) 14.70 13.00 7,850) 6,942 Mississippi....-. 450) 447] 38.00) 33.50; 17,100} 14,974) 535) 535] 16.40 14.10 8,774| 7,544 Louisiana....... 274 271) 42.00 37.00 11,508) 10,027 75| 475) 20.00 16.80 9,500) 7,980 Texsee 7) ooe 1,175) 1,119} 54. a 51. 00 ao 57,069) 5,482) 5,428) 32.60 33.10) 178,713) 179,667 | Oklahoma. 535) 519) 60.00, 55.00) 32,100) 28,545) 1, 222) 1,186) 38.90 37.90) 47,536] 44,949 Arkansas. 402; 402) 44.00) 38.00 17, 688, 15,276} 550 523} 19. 20.17. 10,560} 8,891 Montana........ 148; 129) 79.00 77.50} 11,692 9,998} 983) 894) 53.10) 50.40) 52,197) 45,058 Wyoming....... 55 50] 81.50, 80. 50 4,482 4,025| 825} 750] 52.70! 52.70) 43,478) 39,525 Colorado..." 237| 219] 73.50, 72.00} 17,420) 15,768) 1,150) 1,096) 44. a 44.80 51,405) 49,101 New Mexico..... 85 76] 68.00 67.00 5, 780 a 1,145) 1,090) 39.70, 40.10) 45,456) 43,709 BUZONA 20.2 ene 81 58] 85.00 78.00 6, 885 4,524] 864] 838] 37.30) 34.20) 32,227) 28,660 Wipabet, oaec. otoe 91 96] 61.00, 62. 00 5,551 5,952} 408) 408) 34.90) 35.80; 14,239) 14,606 Nevada......... 26 25| 76.00 76.00 1,976 1,900} 470) 472) 39.50 39.70} 18,565) 18,738 TAanO ss. 20 0 hese “130! 126] 63. 50, 66. 00 8, 255 8,316] 418) 406) 38.60) 38.60) 16,135) 15,672 Washington... .. 263} 263] 59.50) 60.50} 15,648] 15,912) 275} 255) 30.40) 30.30 8,360) 7,726 Oreronss.4- 4s: 222) 216) 55.00) 55.00} 12,210) 11,880} 577) 553) 37.30) 32.20) 21,522) 17,807 California........ 591| 568) 67.00) 69.00) 39,597) 39, 192) 1,636] 1,558) 38.10) 36.30) 62,332) 56,555 United States. 22, 708,22, 108] 59. 66) 53. 92/1, 358, 435,1, 191, 955,40, sg 812) 35. 88) 33. 53/1, 465, 786|1,384,928 Se eS. OT eee Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 673 CATTLE—Continued. Taare 158.—Cattle: Wholesale price per 100 pounds, 1912-1916. Chicago. | Cincinnati. St. Louis. | Kansas City. Omaha. | | Inferior to Fair to me- Good to choice | Common to | Tefiee Date. prime. dium. native steers. | prime. || Native beeves. i | i | | | Low. | High. || Low. | High. || Low. | High. || Low. | High. || Low | High | | | | | | 1912. | January—June..... $1.75 | $9.60 $4.10 | $6.25 GIES eSOVHON Ie S460) ae S90504 ||. eee eleven mee July-December. . She 1 2b 25ab at Osh | 4.05 6. 75 8.30 | 11.00 | 5. 50 L240 ON ete ee see soe 1913. | | | January—June..... 3.00 9. 50 iI 4.65 7.65 8.00 9. 25 4.75 9. 00 $3. 25 $8. 80 July-December...; 3.00] 10.25 4.50] 7.00 8.50} 10.00 4.50 | 10.00 3. 00 9. 60 1914. January—June..... 6. 60 9.75 5.35 7.29 8.00 9. 00 5. 20 9. 40 6. 50 9. 25 July-December... 4.85 | 11.25 4.65 7.29 8.00 9. 50 4.50 11.35 6.00 10.75 9.65 4.85 6. 25 8. 50 9. 25 6. 00 9. 75 8. 50 8. 50 : 9. 25 | 5. 00 6.65 7.40 8. 85 6. 00 8.85 8.30 8.30 : 9.15 5.10} 6.50 8.50] 9.00 6.00} 8.65 8.45 8.45 s 8.90 5.00 6. 50 7.35 8.85 6. 00 9. 00 8. 50 8. 50 = 9. 65 | 5.25 7. 00 8. 50 9. 30 6. 00 9. 25 9. 00 9. 00 : 9. 95 5.35 7. 00 9. 00 9. 40 6. 00 9.35 9.35 9.35 of 9. 95 | 4.85 7.00 7.35 9. 40 6. 00 9.75 8.30 9.35 é 10. 40 5. 25 7. 00 9.60} 10.35 6. 60 10.10 10.10 10.10 ugus' , 10. 50 4.60 6. 65 9.25 | 10.00 6.60 | 10.00 9. 85 9. 85 September........ 4.25 | 10.50 4.15 6. 00 10.00} 10.00 6.60 | 10.10 §. 85 9. 85 WchabarH = oo. 2. Se 4.00 10. 60 4.00 5. 80 10. 00 10. 35 6. 60 10. 25 9. 90 9.90 November......... 4.50 | 10.55 4.50 5.75 9.75 | 10.30 6. 00 10. 25 10. 00 10. 00 December ; 4.50 | 13.60 4.50 6. 00 8.80 | 10.40 5. 50 10.35 10. 00 10. 00 ; F 4.15 7.00 8.80 | 10.40 5.50} 10.35 9. 85 10.10 : .85 || 5.00) 6:25]} 8.40] 9.60]| 7.15] 9.75 || 6.00 8.75 ? is 5. 00 6. 40 8. 50 9. 00 6.90 9.75 6. 25 8.65 - 3 5. 50 7.40 9.00} 10.00 7.10 | 10.05 7.00 9.40 i i 6. 00 7.79 9.25 | 10.00 7.50} 10.00 7. 29 9. 50 . i 6. 25 9. 25 9.55 | 10.38 7.50 | 11.05 7.65 10.65 a 6.25 |* 8.50 | 10. 60 11.35 8.00 | 11.50 %.20 11.00 . Q | 5.00 9. 25 8.40 | 11.35 6.90 11.50 6. 00 11.00 ; : 6.00| 8.00|| 9.60| i1.00|| 7.75] 11.30|/ 6.75| 10.40 PBPHSt ies oct oie 6.00 | 11.50 6. 00 7. 50 9.20} 10.50 7.75 | 11.35 6. 50 10. 60 September........ ' §.60| 11.50 5.75 7.25 10.35 | 10.85 9. 50 11.25 6. 50 10. 85 Oetober. iu .<..<. 1 6.30! 112565 5.50 7.00 10.60 | 11.15 7.75 | 10.50 6. 50 11.10 November. ....... 5.65 | 12.40 5.50 7.35 9. 00 9.85 6.00:| 11:75 6.50 11.10 December....... «| 6.25] 13.00 6.00 7.75 8.00} 11.50 6.00 | 12.00 7.00 11.50 | | July-Dec...., 5.50| 13.00 || 5.50| 8.00|/ 800] 11.50|} 6.00] 12.00 | 6.50 | 11.50 54159°—yeK 1916——-43 674 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. BUTTER AND EGGS. TABLE 159.—Butter: Wholesale price per pound, 1912-1916. Elgin. Chicago. Cincinnati. anes. New York. Dairies, | | : Creamery Creamery, K, Creamery, | Creamery, || Creamer Date. extra.” extra.” ae extra.” fancy. ime {net e ||, : Low. | High, Low. | High. Low. | High.|| Low. | High. | Low. | High.|| Low. | High, fe | 1912. Cis. | Cés..||' Gts. | Cts. | Cts. |. Cés..|| Cts. |, Eta. || Cts. |, @tse |) -Ciss tise January—-Fune......-..--- 25 40 25 40 22 34 27% | 423 | 25 40 26 41 July-December. ......-.-- | 25 354 | 24 By 22 33 27% | 39 25 354 26 38 1913.. } } Jaziary—June-.........--- Z6E} 851 25 36 24 33 31 40 | 27 35 ||! 264 42 July-Decemiber.....-..-- 26 | 35% |} 24 | 36 | 26 | 33 30 | 39% || 26 | 353 || 26 37h 1914. | | Sanuary-Fane....--...--- 233 | 354 || 24 | 353 | 20 | 33 || 27%} 39% || 238] 35% || 2431 50 Fuly-December........-- 26 34 | 26 34 22 33% 30 33 || 26 34 26} 364 1915. | | | ; Jasatary eee eee 3 | Se 80 |" 34 | oral sa aa | 38 30 | 34 32 36 I GBLUALY notes sa coeom ce 29 32 29 32 26 30 34 36 || 30k | 32 24 AE a ea ee oe 28% | 29 || 28 29% | 22 28 32 344 28 2! 32 PAD itiar ct oe repose seraciore sien 28 383 || 27% | 3t 22 30 32 353 | 28 314 29 32 EG ese a el 254 | 28 || 26 | 284 | 21 | 27 29% | 39% || 258 | 28 || 721 BF 2 fit Meee aie eaeae 264 | 28 | 27 274 | 23 27 302 | 32 264 | 284 2s 284 January—June....-- 254 | 34 26 34 21 32 | 29% | 38 254 | 34 24 36 Fina ee eee: a del on Si ho5 US oF |e + 96 S|) ose iat 25 | 264 || 26 28h Ba i Ae See SEE HOSS EE 25 24 25 21 25 28 29 24 244 25, 263 Sdatenibce eee. aus a | 26 || 24 | 264 | Ot | 24 28 | 30 || 24 | 26 || 25h] 28% Opurmerte et cect aetce gas 26 28 263 | 28 22 27 30 oa || 26: 28: 28 29 Neaveniben eo: ook acne 28 33 28 32 pas 30 32 37 28 33 28} 34 Meesraberys: ais Beers 33 34 32 34 25 30 | 37 38 33 34 33 364 July-December....| 24 | 34 || 24 | 34 | 21 | 30 || 28 | 38 || 24 | 34 || 25 | 365 1916. . | Jeetrieirys 2s soph ee 30 | 313 )| 30 | 32 |-25 | 30 || 35 | 35h |) 30° | 31% |} ot 333 NEMIRATY oncece< ahoecnee 30 34 30 334 25 31¥ || 34 37 30 34 =| «304 35 Mazciees-* 22 23s sono. cee 34 36 34 363 28 35 || 38 40 34 36 36: 38 ADMTE noe pages at eee ee 32 36 324 | 36 , 31 35 37 40 33 36 || 334 37t Bh 1p nay Spe RS RN A tie 28 32 284 | 32 | 27 32 32 37 28 32 lt 30 34 Ur neh eee SaBeee 28 29 274 | 29 | 25 29 || 32 33 28 29 =|) 29 304 January-June...... 28 36 274 | 364 | 25 35 || 32 40 28 36 29 38 Siento. LS 274 | 23 || 274 | 28 | 25 | 27h |) 314| 32 || 278| 28 | 288) 30 PIS CIN = 3 a cree mau < = pr egaicieas 31 ZEA aR | pace esti ais 32 35 28 31 30 334 BRUCEINDOR ac. cen o deen os 34 SUE deren. coal eal Seer ise 35 37 31 33 35°" Se ORM er eer ain ccs 35 34 js nal Peete ee a 37 39 34 35 354 364 INGRETRDOR not Soo Var ece aes 42 35 Cf MN Encl aie ren 39 46 35 42 36 42: DIGGEMMCTS 50 hc seme eae 42 37 Ge? eR See 41 46 37 42 37 41 July-December....| 274 | 42 27k |. 42 | 25 27 31k | 46 || 27%] 42 23% 424 Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 675 BUTTER AND EGGS—Continued. TABLE 160.—Butier: International trade, calendar years 1913-1915. (Butter includes all butter made from milk, melted and renovated butter, but does not include margarine cocoa butter, or ghee. Ses ‘‘ General note,”’ Table 10.) EXPORTS. [000 omitted.) | 1915 | 1915 Country. 1913 1914 (prelim.) | Country. 1913 1914 (prelim.) | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Argentinax .....<..- 8, 342 7,676 10,192 ||} Netherlands........ 81, 702 84, 407 93, 113 Amistralas....-s2.-. 76, 334 BBB OS bets artis ato New Zealand....... 41,693 48, 616 47,056 Austria-Hungary... Sy OAGH ofait eB seo eee oe IN OL VRE... .04.1)" HES, S7 |. eee Balriuie. 2... TUL” ie a ee NE Netherilands........ 5,529 | 3,880 904 i 7 i ea 4,336 2, 364 2 || Russia...) 2)_ 24. 3,382 2,969 1,517 British SouthAfrica 3, 910 3, 924 2,030 || Sweden..........-- 432 Do ieee ew made. to... 7, 886 7, 250 5,661 || Switzerland.......- 11, 155 8,909 5, 700 Denmark......- “See GaSe rete tatmeee is ae aera’ romana United Kingdom...| 451,736 | 436,019 426, 355 Dutch Hast Indies. 4, 550 eA eee Other countries....| 29,737 29; O19 |e occ cewene IBM Diep eee cis tain. = - 1, 958 1,945 1,194 — |---| -~+----- Finland... 2.22... 3,333 | 2,959 4,916 Total.........| 695,934 | 518,038 | Brera 676 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. BUTTER AND EGGS—Continued. TABLE 161.—Butter: Average price received by farmers on first of each month, by States, 1916. Butter, cen*s per pound. ae gS 5 gi State and division. als we ee ‘| ar: | a (ners ere en es Ps) = Bi} et |B vemcienel 1 eee Be ISS. Ih eae Seo ep Se a | a re ee es — peer ee Mrsneees.. shove, | shee | $32: | 315) 31°). .32 || Jaa Siga | ahaa. agames | 34 | .46 |) aay New Hampshire........... 34 | 34] 23353 | ga". 34 }>%32) Jaa! 234 |. 36 1) ape Wermiont.: 208 82 7 Sees 33 | 34] 34] 35] 36]- 34] 32] 32] 34 | 34] 37{/ 39 Massachusetts.2-£.- 028288 85} --35 36 36 38 36 34 36 37 37 41 41 Rhode tsland =? 2-4. ..25 2 | 36] 34} 34] 37] 35! 34| 32] 36] 37] 40] 40 40 ; | | Connecticut...........0.2..| 35; 34/° 34] 34] 35| 35] 35] 34] 36! 38|-37| 40 New York 225. .2.. td | 33/ 32| 32] 32| 34] 32| 30] 30| 32] 34| 36] 39 New Jersey... ..........-- | 36/ 34] 36] 34| 36] 35/ 34] 34] 35). 37| 39) “a Pemnsylvania...........--- asa Sedsorl| 39 | 33] 32) 29) 23) 29) 31) 34] 36] 39 Sabaweery eee 229: 82°88 eee Sear S50 . etait s 3 30") O32-/la8 | ieee) eg eee 38 | | | Maryland. .............-..-| 29| 30] 281 29] 331° 96] 94] 96) 98) oo |, ame em Mariage ee | 26} 26) 26) 26} 26/ 25| 23| 23] 2| 26] 28| 30 West Vireinia...022.7 | 293! 27| 26] 97| 238] 24] 23| 25] 26! 97] 30| 32 North Carolina............. |25|-24| 24] 23] 24) 24|~ pa] 24) 25 | 96] 96] — 39- South Carolina........1...- | 261 25 | 26| 26] 28| 27| 23| 28| 27| 93] 3a| gf E 2 4 oi tee 2 Georgia... 2 2.2....2.22.2-] 251-25 25 | 26 | 25} 25 |-925 | ~ 25} es | oa Sot ee iedcist! $3 So 8 >= SE ee | 351 °-34}> 36 | 34| 34] 35 | 34 | 36," 35. P97) basee= 22h Peek {9:20:13 279 er S98 | Pas] 26 T96 | ee one er nee 35 Wridiang.- Pee ea oe og toa tgs | I 24 | 24| 24) 25 96) 291 32 Eiinia...| See eer e | | 27 | 27; 28] 27} 26| 26) 26} 28) 29| 30] 34 | | | Michigan.................-- | 23| 98 | 97; 28| 231 26 25| 26] 28] 30| 32| 36 AWiseouSin 2-2 s+ oc ee ae [oor] enol | 3l 33 32 30; 28 28 30 32 35 40 Manpieaaiis 0) <2 2-=* 2 ee ee 30 | - 30| 29| 29) “ar] 29) "98 | (97°) - 99 | a0"e eee Sone ie Se 23} 29) 97| 291 291 27 | 26}. 27. |- 28-2 iste IMIsconet eee Sree ome 24| 24! 93 | 24)) 25}. 24) 98 | os a se es 31 | | | North Dakota..........-.-- 29| 28| 26| 24 | 25; 26] 24] 24| 25; 98] 30| 35 South Dakotas: oo. 3, 29} 27 26) 26) 28) 27] 26 25 26 29 32 36 tebmaka: 0. os Oe | 26] 25] 25; 25| 26] 25] 2 5 [ee Seagal era. | | 27} 26| 25| 95| 26} 95| 25] 251 26} 98] 30] 33 Raging oe 6 8 <- : e 22| 21 | O24) Sot || sao aor | 21) 21) 22) 23) 24) 27 Ty La + a Se | 20 | 20! S2p4—20 | =20)| [a9] ae) 9197] ae) eae 26 Ta eae eae 3 22| 22) <2) 023 | iy22)| .22'| 22) ogo) Joa | i Re MISMIESIPPlesce ses ceases sock } 24) 24 | 24 24 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 27 Louisiana. . | 30) | e228 | 28 29 “4 29 2 a wl on & a eer. = eee ee Bee ee ea 9 Re 29 Peer | | | | | riparia | 226.) (254) .24') 924) (25) 25) 24) 924) 5) Ses ee rs 2 ot papal ee dee 3 | 25 | 094) 593.1 s23]'' 94)" 93) [93] Coa) son Tees 29 Miitanid 3s... |. 35] 35 | 35| 92] 33| 31] 298| $1) 39) gai) a eae 8) 8) 8) 2) |B] 2] 8) 8 8) Bl 8 ae el ah erates © |. 30 | | New Mexico 35| 34 33| 34| 33| a1| 34] 33/32 | 33.|) Sit. aE ateisiald sw eee a aioe oo | | 7 Len, ee ema Sao aes 38| 38] 35 | 36 | B50} oa STM. 20! OSes | 38| 38 42 Utah: icc2e0c32 020 eceeeee 28 | 28) 28] -28| 28|- 25] 26) 281 30-)- 99) 36) 87 ES a a RRS a el | 33] 34] 32] 37] 36] 32]. 34) 32) +34) = 86) ums 39 Sdalis se. 52,2 eee re | 31 | 32] 30 | 29} 30 | De al ae Fe 29/ 31| 35] 38 Washington ooo .3 ce cteen 34) 33 33 32 32 29 29 29 31 32 37 39 tS at ree BE 32] 33| 32| 83] 33] 29| 28| 29) “Si )°= aoe Calitrmise ices tates 32) 32] a2| 29] 27| 29| 27] 28) 29) BL] 82) 87 United States........ | 28.3 | 27.6 | 27.1 | 27.6 | 27.9 | 26.5 | 25.7 26.1 | 27.4 | 29.0 | 3 34.4 North Atlantic...........-. 133.5 | 32.3 | 32.4 | 32.8 | 33.4 | 31.4 | 29.9 | 30.5 | 321| 343 | 36.3| 39.0 South Atlantic............. 26.5 | 26.1 | 25.8 | 26.0 | 26.4 | 25.1 | 24.4 | 25.0 | 26.3 | 27.2) 29.0] 31.0 N. Central E. Miss. R...... | 28.5 | 27.3 | 27.1 | 28.2 | 27.9 | 26.3 | 25.7 | 26.0] 27.5 | 29.1 | 31.3] 35.3 N. Central W. Miss. R..... | 27.3 | 27.0 | 25.9 | 26.5 | 27.5 | 26.1 | 25.3 | 25.3 | 26.4 | 28.4] 30.6] 34.3 South Central.............. | 23.7 | 23.0 | 22.5 | 22.6 | 22.7 | 22.2 | 21.8 | 22.4 | 23.2 | 23.9| 25.8] 28.6 Far Western...........-.-- | 32.0 | 31.9 | 31.5 | 30.2 | 29.5 | 28.6 | 27.6 | 28.4 | 29.8 | 31.2 | 34.1] 37.5 Statistics of Farm Amimals and Their Products. 677 BUTTER AND EGGS—Continued. TABLE 162.—Butter: Receipts at seven leading markets in the United States, 1891-1916, [From Board of Trade, Chamber of Commerce, and Merchants’ Exchange reports.] [000 omitted.] F Mil- -.|San Fran-| Total 5 | Cincin- New Year. Boston. | Chicago. | yaukee, | St: Louis |" "cisco, cities. nati. York. Averages: Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pownds. | Packages.| Packages. 1891-1895......... 40,955 | 145, 225 3,996 | 13,944} 15,240 | 219,360 88 1,741 1896-1900........- 50,790 | 232, 289 5,096 | 14,582 | 14,476 | 317,233 157 2,010 1901-1905........- 57,716 | 245, 203 7,164 | 14,685 | 15,026 | 339, 794 177 2,122 1906-1910......... 66,612 | 286,518 8,001 | 17,903 | 13,581 | 392,615 169 2,207 253, 809 5,590 | 13,477] 14,972| 345,348 238 2,040 219, 233 7, 290 14, 573 14,801 | 310,471 223 1,933 232, 032 6,857 | 14,080} 13,570 | 320,886 121 2,113 249, 024 7,993 | 15,727 | 14,336! 342,515 147 2,170 271,915 8, 091 15, 566 17,450 | 379,747 155 2,355 248, 648 8,209 | 13,198 9,282 | 344,489 205 2,242 263, 715 8,219 | 13,453 | 16,725 | 365, 701 187 2,113 316, 695 8,798 | 18,614 | 13,528] 427,478 166 2,175 284,547 7,458 | 21,086 | 14,449 | 392,594 150 2, 250 318, 986 7,319 | 23,163 | 13,922 | 432,811 135 2, 257 334, 932 8,632 | 24,839 | 17,606} 449,883 162 2,405 236, 213 7,007 | 20,521] 28,172] 414,022 109 2, 436 277.651 9,068 | 24,726 | 23,122 | 405,304 103 2,517 307, 899 9,496 | 24,614 | 22/491 | 437,453 82 2,513 341, 202 8,624 | 21,334] 28,349 | 481, 905 130 2, 734 TO ee 79,305 | 344,381} 7,705 | 16,435 | 28,029 | 475,856 | 256 2,929 1916. ; Jaguary ee. < J. 00... 2,849 | 18, 499 453 1,080 1,791 | 24,672 129 150 Webruary.......----- * 3,769 | 17,549 453 1, 016 1,766 | 24,553 5 152 RCH Ss 2,912 | 20,884 542 1, 306 2,469 | 28,113 11 207 pile SS 4,052 |} 20,652 444 1, 270 3,404 | 29,822 6 185 i ae ee ae 8,864} 29,918 644 1,176 3,259 | 43,861 10 264 JUICE SE cei Mie'e'se's es 16, 361 49,795 1, 252 1,781 3, 066 72, 255 16 443 a ecaee ee ea 13,375 | 49, 244 1,016 1, 688 2,212 | 67,535 13 371 Mites ee 48S ks 9,681 | 35,309 811 1, 225 2,284 | 49,310 16 319 September........... 6, 629 31, 123 672 1, 752 2,141 42,317 6 269 Optoberse. scccses 2's. 5, 188 30, 571 692 1,457 1,881 39, 789 11 254 November........... 3,149 | 22,223 342 1,393 1,856 | 28,963 15 163 December........-.-- 2,476 | 18,614 384 1,291 1,900 | 24,665 18 153 678 _ Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. BUTTER AND EGGS—Continued. TaBLp 163.—Hggs: Average price received by farmers on jirst of each month, by States, 1916. Eggs, cents per dozen. | aes ees 5 5 be State and division. borage tt EB a 2 g 3 5 8 a a ae a oO Q | g 5 5 Sl ae » | 3 Sip an le S 2 g a3 3 Be |e Bete neg 5 a | os 6 2 Ss) (et et et Le ee oe | Oh ees Wine oS aoce tac. ct aac 37 31 27 23 21 24 26 29 35 39 42. 50 New Hampshire..........- 41 35 28 22 23 25 29 31 37 41 46 51 Vermin... 2.258 .5ot eee 39 33 29 26 21 22 24 26 33 37 AL 50 Massachusottsic.. 0.0 seccee 44 36. 35 28 26 28 34 34 44 52 49 60 Rhode Islands... 2... 2. 47 36 30 27 26 27 31 35 43 44 50 63: Connecticut..........------ 44| 37] 28! o8| 22! 25} 291 33] 40] 44] 52] 68 New oY orks |. S22... ..552 eee 41 34 27 24 22 23 25 28 33 39 44 50 ea oiersey7 Sas. .0.2 seen *. 45 37 33 28 25 26 28 31 35 42 59 55 Pants yIVama.. 62... pei<<'= 37 29 25 22, 20 21 24 26 29 33 38 44 Deleware), 2 50: «5 Lee 34 24 Wiles =. 2 21 24 27 29 30; ce-e lee 46 Maryiand : 3262.) fae 31 26 21 19 19 20 21 22 26 31 33 42 Virginia... ... TS ene 29 23 20 18 18 19 19 20 24 28 30 36 West Virginia: :...... 2.2. 31 27 22 19 18 18 20 21 24 27 33 36 INGE CArONNA.. ooo sce esaee 26 21 17 16 16 17 18 18 22 26 27 31 South-Carolina........- ee 26 22 18 18 18 19 19 19 22 25 29 34 Gegeria.. . ed4. so. bes 28 21 17 17 16 17 17 19 23 26 29 34 MABEIGA. 5 552th «= sis aae See 33 26 24 20 22 22 23 24 27 30 32 37 pg os. rg 2 oe ee 32 25 20 18 i8 20 21 23 26 30 34 40 cena 2 ia’ *** ses 30 26 19 17 19 19 19 21 22 28 32 38 Li? h(a ara Ona j 3h 29 22 18 18 19 20 20 23 27 31 38 Maehican::i2fee7. 722s ae 31 28 23 19 19 20 20 23 25 27 32 33 Mesconsin. 2 3225 3 ee 31 29 25 18 19 20 20 21 24 26 3L 36- Meummasota: 252.02 5sc es 31 28 24 17 18 19 19 20 22 26 31 36: igus = 5-2 | Bees Pee 28 27 22 17 18 19 19 20 21 26 30 34 MESBOUTI. 7 5c22). 5 oot Se | 96 25 18 17 18 18 18 17 1g 25 28 34 North Dakotai..--.--2 23.2 31 30 28 17 15 16 16 16 19 23 28 36 Seuth Dakota;.......-.0-22 29 26 23 16 16 17 18 18 20 25 29 35 Neirisicn 4 8: oo) ye 27 25 19 15 16 17 17 17 18 24 28 34 ReMIRAST. otse. 1 ss2 ee te 26 25 17 16 17 17 17 17 18 25 29 35 Wenticky. 1 285052. Sees 26 23 17 16 17 17 17 18 20 25 28 34 PEEHTOSSOO) Sooo esc aee 24 22 17 15 15 i6 16 16 ig 24 27 33 ieiariig ree eer 23 20 16 14 14 15 16 15 19 24 25 30 MISSIRSIDDI ooo ccc occ ne ecoen 26 21 17 15 16 16 16 16 20 23 25 31 EOUIS Ana eee 2S eee 27 22 18 16 17 18 17 18 22 24 29 31 VETERE ae liad analy ag 27 22 16 14 15 15 14 16 18 23 27 35 ORIANOMIAS ose cess cece 25 24 16 15 16 16 15 15 15 22 28 35 PATCANIGRS eGo esaan ese 26 23 16 14 15 15 16 16 18 23 26 32 MBN PAA Stee stool eee 46 41 36 22 19 21 23 25 26 30 41 46 WVORIIN Pasa een ae 39 38 32 21 20 22 22 25 28 29 37 42 SEOIOL AG co ee a cee 36 31 25 18 19 21 21 22 25 30 36 42 New Mexico...........-.c00 37 29 27 23 20 24 24 25 26 28 31 39 PRTC ees Ge See 45 38 28 23 27 28 29 35 34 40 38 48 25 18 17 20 20 22 24 27 35 42 30 26 25 28 27 30 35 38 45 51 32 20 19 21 22 24 24 30 36 44 30 20 20 22 23 26 30 32 42 47 27 20 20 22 23 24 28 31 37 45 25 19 20 23 25 26 31 35 46 49 21.2 | 17.9 | 18.1] 19.0 | 19.7 | 20.7 | 23.3 | 28.1) 3202)" 3a North Atiantic:*-->=..5..25 39.9 | 32.5 | 27.4 | 23.9 | 21.7 | 23.1 | 25.9 | 28.3 | 33.1 | 38.2) 42.8) 49.5 South Atlantio...2...--<2.2 29.0 | 23.4] 19.5] 17.9] 17.7 | 18.6 | 19.4 | 20.3 | 23.9 | 27.4] 30.2] 35.8 N. Central FE. Miss. R...... 31.1 | 27.2] 21.4] 18.0] 18.5 | 19.5 | 20.1 | 21.6 | 24.0) 27.9 | 32.1] 38.3 N. Central W. Miss. R..... 27.5 | 26.0 | 20.1 | 16.5 | 17.4] 18.0] 18.0 | 18.2] 19.4] 25.2] 29.1] 34.5 Sout Central. 3.5.2... 55 25.7 | 22.2 | 16.5 | 14.8 | 15.5 | 15.8 |] 15.6 | 16.2] 18.7 | 23.5 | 2659 33. 2 WEY WGStOrll sos see c.c0 hs soe 89.1 | 33.9 | 27.0 | 19.5 | 19.8 | 22.3 | 23.6 | 25.2) 28.8] 32.5] 41.4 | 46.4 Statistics ef Farm Anmals and Their Products. BUTTER AND EGGS—Continued. 679 TaBLe 164.—Kggs: Receipts at seven leading markets in the United States, 1891-1916. [From Board of Trade, Chamber of Commerce, and Merchants’ Exchange reports.] Year. Averages: 1891-1895......... 1896-1900... . tee We ot | Tc 5 ee se eee 1 y SL. 5 4 51) Fe eee pata Yh September.........:. (Gone ie) Raa eR November........... December... 23... Boston. Cases. 722, 363 912, 807 1, 155, 340 1,517, 995 i 122) 819 |é 1, 395, 385 1, 709, 531 ii 431, 686 1, 441, 748 L 580, 106 1, 589, 399 1, 531,329 15 766, 185 1, 649, 828 73, 414 73, 422 179, 855 304) 205 296, 241 199, 615 132, 195 120, 476 94, 509 84) 632 49,573 41) 691 Chicago. Cases. 2 117, 221 3, 583, 878 4, 780, 356 4; 569, 014 /4, 557, 906 4) 844) 045 07, 335 56, 643 Cincin- nati. Cases. 288, 548 362, 262 418, 842 509, 017 493, 218 464, 799 338, 327 377, 263 420, 604 484, 208 588, 636 441, 072 519, 652 511, 519 605, 131 668, 942 594, 954 461, 783 806, 834 1,534, 622 812, 371 8, 922 92) 332 166, 351 100, 003 83, 337 91, 841 52, 310 7, 363 37, 378 35, 266 47) 148 Milwau- kee. Cases. 90, 943 113, 327 139, 718 180, 262 128,179 114, 732 129, 278 166, 409 159, 990 187, 561 176, 826 207, 558 160, 418 169, 448 175, 270 136, 621 187, 931 2217 345 199, 521 221,808 New | York. Cases. 2,113, 946 2, 664, 074 3, 057, 298 4) 046, 360 2,909, 194 2, 743, 642 2; 940, 091 3, 215, 924 '3, 477, 638 3, 981, 013 '3’ 903; 867 \4° 380,777 | 5, 021, 757 4, 723, 558 4) 666, 117 4) 762, 174 4) 582, 218 179, 639 212; 250 537, 975 786, 620 785, 132 601, 601 432, 170 407, 619 299, 902 296, 315 183) 686 136, 434 4’ 864,343 | ‘San Fran- | St. Louis. cisco! Cases. Cases. 557,320 | 166,059 852,457 | 194, C87 1; 000, 935 | 304, 933 l1, 304, 719 | 334, 766 1,022,646 | 277,500 ” 805, 999 | 285,058 959, 648 | 335, 228 LY 216, 124 | 319, 637 980, 257 | 807, 243 }1,023,125 | 137,074 |1, 288, 977 | 379,439 1,439, 868 | 347, 436 li; 395, 987 | 340,185 tT 375, 638 | 469, 698 /1, 736,915 | 587,115 1,391,611 | 638,920 1,397,962 | 574,222 L 470, 716 | 619, 508 1, 452, 856 | 629, 571 iis »921,855 | 575,014 | 64, 476 31, 996 82, 606 58, 400 289, 879 85, 474 314,177 80, 870 216, 134 70, 974 165, 267 36, 836 110, 304 39, 143 74, 630 42,373 66, 236 36, 436 55, 388 31, 297 45,448 27,689 Eye 310 33,526 ! | | | Total. Cases. 5, 818, 244 7, 295, 645 9, 067, 741 12, 360, 259 8, 655, 001 8, 146, 735 9, 146, 597 9, 532, 034 9) 858, 338 \11, 106, 390 |13, 070, 963 112, 145, 724 12) 295) 412 13, 1827 811 |14, 275, 271 113, 696, 401 13, 604, 355 13, 150, 018 14, 333, 431 15, 820, 207 | 1,325,131 551, 158 1, 802, 467 2 844, 042 2, 549, 954 1, 837, 307 1,317,385 | 1,070, 635 814) 533 777, 954 531,355 398, 285 680 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. BUTTER AND EGGS—Continued. TABLE 165.—ggs: Wholesale price per dozen, 1912-1916. Chicago. } | St. Louis. Milwaukee. New York. Cincinnati. é re ef is : ' verage bes verage bes Date. Fresh. Teene Fresh. are Low. | High. || Low. | High. || Low. | High. || Low. | High. || Low. | High. 1912. Cents. | Cents. || Cents. | Cents. || Cents. | Cents. || Cents. | Cents. || Cents. | Cents. Jan.-June .......- i7 40 17 40 16 9 i 38 20: 48 July-Dec .....- Jes 174 274 18 36 144 27 16 30 23 60 1913. é Jan—IUNeS. 252k. 163 274 153 274 144 25 14 25 20 40 , July-Dec......... 16 37 183 42 12 35 13 35 25 65 1914, Jan.—June ........ i7 32 163 36 14 31 15 30 20 50 July—Dec ......... 18 36 184 384 | 18 35 16 32 24 62 1915. JABUALY So as Pesce 29 38 20 404 28} 373 25 34 30 44 February ....-.... 21 28 16 27 20 28 20 29 33 40 Mareh!s 2c tents: 17 193 || 14 20 i7 183 16 204 ist 203 Aprile ss) e52c6: 181 193 144 194 172 19 164 183 194 22 Mary’ i> sad 2222 see 164 18% 124 18 16 18 16 18 18 214 JUNG Been ees 16 18 122 183 154 163 154 163 184 21 Jan—June . .| 16 | 38 124 404 15} 374 153 34 18 44 JULY oS .. seveeces ay Oe 174 il 19 144 154 154 16 i8 21 ABUSES D> Peon a5 16 213 10 24 154 154 21 18 243 September ........ 21 24 17 27 20 22 193 223 24 29 October sn 225222 23 274 173 30 213 | 254 204 26 27 34 November ........ 27 303 17 36 26 30 24 30 30 40 gus September ....... 254 3 Oetouernss-c2232 30 323 254 354 28 31 22 November........ 314 394 28 43 31 39 27 December ........ 37 41 31 47 36 38 33 January .........- 27 32} 18 : 244 | 31 25 31 26 35 Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 681 CHEESE. TaBLE 166.—Cheese: International trade, calendar years 1913-1915. [Cheese includes all cheese made from milk; ‘‘cottage cheese,’’ of course, isincluded. See “‘ General note,”; Table 10.] EXPORTS. [000 omitted.] 4 1914 1915 1914 1915 Country. _ |\(prelim.) | (prelim.) Country. (prelim.) | (prelim.) Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. Biearias i. . 2-2 = - M4s030 We. oo 2 ee eh ee Russian +. Jose. 32827..)adcenebes Canada..........---| 148,849 | 138,265 160,669 || Switzerland........ 77, 573 74, 775 France. ..... on Ste 31,405 | 26,576 16, 242 || United States...... 3,797 63, 227 Germany... J. UF CUsuisoas 2 ot tae ate eae || Other countries... 125206. Se.eeeses 1G ee Os ee eee 72,321 66, 094 65, 781 Netherlands........| 145,337 | 149,574 190,107 | Totels2.sacs 2 SABO GON Eats cee C New Zealand.......} 68,506 96, 743 91, 533 | IMPORTS. Algeria........ 7, 084 6,719 As OL4s ||) GELMANY-<. cc wei see ale OU 908 || s.- cea ctais om | Soe eee Argentina hig 1b 22 8,453 7,306 || Italy..... : 9, 838 3,472 Australia.........-. 365 PAN |RSS Se ee Russia... 4,190 3,716 ustna-Hungary.<.| = 13,200 | 7-5 .0ces0-|o ems - 000 Spain 5,150 3, 202 emiiM sss. 2. 2. GAG B40 | Somalia ie alo alec \s aise Switzerland........ ; 4,717 3,410 1s ee ieee 4,196 3, 288 2,300 || United Kingdom...| 249,972] 266,591 | 299,920 British South Alrica 5,694 §, 300 4,012 || United States...... 55,477 38, 919 00 a 5, 200 4,229 2,839 |) Other couniries.... 11343 |e epeees Denmark.......... DATS: teva sap'eiasi-i| bet sak are se Be ee. A. soca. 6,378 5,953 5,785 Rotalts eens 4263990) eee eee Hrance!s......s-20- 51,865| 45,521 46, 743 1 Data for 1912. 682 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. CHICKENS. TABLE 167.—Chickens: Average price received by farmers on first of each month, by States, 1916. Chickens, cents per pound. State and division. | 3 ; ‘ dyfeg oh Be toe le Sees ee ean een Bepenre=| adm teeming torre ei no-aten ar) |e a | Masten) |. Sarees ss 2 2S 13.5 | 14.8 | 14.6] 14.5 | 15.5 | 16.0 | 15.6] 17.0 | 17.2 | 16.4| 17.2] 16.9 Ne aig aiey spla semper as CR i! 15.1 | 14.8 | 15.3 | 13.5 | 16.5 | 16.0 | 18.0] 19.7 | 17.8] 17.0] 17.0| 19.4 Vii eeee ce bas Sembee ee -| 15.0 | 14.3 | 14.2] 15.4 | 15.3 | 15.9 | 14.8] 16.6 | 15.7 | 16.5 | 16.3] 17.0 Masdumsact 1 siegienks ts Ban 16.7 | 17.0 | 16.8 | 16.6 | 17.6 | 17.4 | 20.1 | 21.0 | 18.2] 19.5] 18.9] 20.9 Raa) ye SOS STE RER | 17.5 16,0 | 15.5 | 18.3 | 18,3 | 19.0 | 18.5 | 23.5 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 20.0 20.0 Gann 2". 58 3s Bee 18.6 | 16.5 | 17.2 | 18.2 | 18.3] 18.5 | 18.6 | 20.0 | 19.2 | 20.8 | 20.2] 21.0 INGNee 2 ee eae) fee 15.2 | 15.5 | 15.7 | 15.8 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 17.1 | 16.8 | 17.4] 17.8] 17.21 168 Nedeeeress bezcerectnerener 17.3 | 18.2 | 17.3 | 17.9 | 18,2! 19.6 | 18.9 | 18.3 | 18.9] 19.4] 21.01 21.0 Paes ccs. k aoe eek a eee 13.7 | 14.2 | 14.5 | 15.3 | 15.4 | 15.8 | 15.8] 16.1 | 16.4] 16.31 16.0] 15.7 TOYS oye Sl eee fit 14,0) 14s0 113: 5 | 2a 15:0,1016. OF 98.00) 18; 0))) 19! 0) I.Sansal eee 17.0 4 .7 | 15.9 | 16.1 |] 17.0 | 18.7 | 19.0] 19.6 | 17.5 | 185; 17.4] 17.1 3.5 | 13.8 | 14.5] 14.8 | 15,0] 16.4] 16.7] 16.6 | 16.2 | 16.6 | 16.2] 16.3 2.5 8 | 12.9 | 13.1] 13.5] 14.0] 13.7] 14.9] 14.8] 14.7] 14.7] 15.0 6 0: |) 12: 1s) 12).2 | 4351. |-13).6-)) 14.2) 13.°7).18..6.4 1ehze ata aeae {3 .0 | 12.6 | 13.3 | 14.0] 14.91 14.6] 14.2] 13.8] 15.0 | 14.7] 14.5 ne .3 | 13.0 | 13.3 | 12.6 | 13.3 | 13.9 | 13.5 | 14.0] 14.4] 14.9] 14.7 il .6 | 17.3 | 15.8 | 16.3 | 17.3 | 15.5] 17.2117.1] 166] 168] 19.8 6 .3 | 13.21 13.6 | 14.5] 14.3] 14.4] 15.0] 14.9] 15.8] 14.8] 140 0 .6 | 12.3 | 12.8] 13.1 | 14.0] 14.0] 14.1] 14.2|14.5]14.4] 140 a .8 | 11.8 | 12.6 | 13.3} 13.5 | 14.0] 13.9 | 14.0] 14.5 | 14.6] 14,2 0 1 | 12.5 | 13.1 | 13.5] 13.8 | 18.4] 14.6] 14.4] 14.2] 14.1] 13.8 9 .4| 12.0 | 12.7 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 12.8] 13.9 | 13.7} 18.1 | 13:7] 13:5 Ri 0-| 10%] 10.8 } 1420) 1103) 1196:) 11.5. 2. 3 | 1a eo ee 0 | 1057) 10, 4 ae Gel 1d S) 9895) 12) 4s! 1 aez eos Gules Lo .0 | 11,0} 12.2 | 12.8 | 13)2)| 14. 09) 13, 1) | 13..0))| 1399) |e1seSiiedens .4 13. || 955. OUST A0;3 +b 10.2} 102] 1555 | eats za lee 6 4] 89] 98] 9.9] 9.6] 11.0] 10.6] 10.5] 11.6] 11.6] 11.9 pil 2 | 10.4.1.10,85)- 115. | 10.5.) 24-6.) 1159) 612535| 1aea) aan 9,7 2) 10:31 10. 7) 1903 | 11.6) 12) 1 | 1251: |) 1252") Teeon eoasaeato 3 .1 | 11.4 | 11.9 | 12,8 | 13.3 | 14.4] 14.3 | 13.4] 14.1 | 140] 13.0 9 | 12.2. | 11.59] 1250 | 12.8 | 1845, 118.71) 13. 2 | 13: 1 |) 22898) Bissasieaseo -2| 106] 11.51 10.4) a9 | 126 | 13, 25 )2)7) | 2.8) | Wea eels .0| 11.6] 11.7] 11.8 | 12.8] 12.7 | 12.9 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 135 | 13.7) 14.1 9 .5 | 13.9 | 13.9} 14.3] 15.9] 14.8] 15.4] 15.2] 16.0] 18.1] 16.0 ie .0 | 10.6] 10.8] 10.8] 11.1] 11.4] 11.3 | 11.4] 12.3) 122) 13.9 9,4 DL s9eQ- | 10.53) UGB | 116) |) 1.9.13) lsh | Nelo | elie lind arn de iB .2} 9.5] 10.0] 11.7] 11.9] 12.7] 11.4] 11.9] 11.9] 123] 12.6 5.5 | 13.5] 14.8 | 14.8] 13.7] 15.2] 14.1] 14.9] 15.2] 16.0] 15.6] 14.6 .9 | 13.0] 13.0] 11.9] 13.3 | 14.4 | 15.5] 15.1 | 15.7] 16.5] 15.9] 15.0 2 | 1145 | 13,0) 1253 113.2 | 13.4! 13) Salk 18h7 |8es) | Sshre een Gmee aso : .0 | 14.4 | 12.0 | 12.6 | 13.4 | 12.6 | 14.0 | 13.3 | 13.0 | 13.1] 14.1 6.) 16. 7.4.17..7 | 17.6.4. 18.0.) 1759-4) 175:8)|). 1053) ieee oO SO Bee 2.9 | 12.5 | 13.0] 12,2 | 13.0 ]'13.0 | 13.9 | 14.2] 14.7] 138.7] 18.5 Nevada 3 118.7 | 21.3 | 21.1 | 20:4 |/21..2 || 20) 0) 24! 0) 22. On IR On mone Tdahowee esse. cseeue eee .2'|-10:.6 | 10:6 | 12,1 | 12.0 | 10.9 | 11.3) || 11.9) ) ssh) 12s2a aaa RO Tee ha ta ASD et 3.0 | 12.7 | 13.0 | 15.0 | 14.4] 14.4] 15.2] 15.0] 15.0] 14.0] 13.5 1 || 125.7}. 1350) 12.7 | 1858 | 18/2 || 1380) | 13h0)) Teron denon eeeae tas Se aed Po ce ME 3.2 | 15.6 | 15.4 | 16.9 | 16.0 | 15.9 | 15.5 | 15.9 | 15.7) 16.6] 17.0 .9 | 12.2 | 12.6] 13.2 | 13.5 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 13.9 | 14,3 | 14, 14.2 .2 | 16.0) 15.8 | 16.4 | 16.7. | 16.9: | 17.2 | 7S aba ives eee .3 | 13.6] 13.8 | 14.1 | 15.1] 15.3 | 15.3 | 15.1] 15.4] 15.38] 15.5 .9 | 12.4 | 13.0] 13.6 | 13.8 | 13.8] 14.2] 14.3] 14.6] 14.4] 14.0 5 1.10.5 | 14,2 | 14.7 | 11.9)) 12,47]) 12) 3 |) 19:6) ae ee oe .O} 11.1] 11.4] 12.0] 12.5 | 12.9 | 12.5 | 12.5] 13.0] 13.4] 13.6 3] 14.1] 14.0] 14.9 | 14.8] 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.8] 14.7] 14.9] 15.1 ——— ee ee ee ee ee Sh Ul se ee ee eee — ee eee i Statistics of Farm Animals and Thew Products. 683 SHEEP AND WOOL. TABLE 168.—Sheep: Number and value on farms in the United States, 1867-1917. Nove.— Figures in iéalics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated pe reentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preeeding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. It should also be observed that the census of 1910 giving numbers as oi Apr. 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers une I. Price Price | Year. Number. | per head | Farm value Year. Number. | per head | Farm value Jan. 1. Jan. 1. | Jan. f. Jan. f. A i es 39, 585, 000 $2.50 | $98,644,000 || 1892.......... 44, 938, 000 $2.58 | $116, 121, 000 oT Samet 1 38, 992: 000 1.82] 71,053,000 |] 1893.......... 47, 274, 600 2.66} 125,909,000 37,724, 000 1,64 | 62,037,000 || 1804.......... 45, 048, 000 1. 98 89, 186, 000 40, 553, 600 1.96 79; 876, 000 ||, 1895.........- 42, 294, 000 1.58 66, 686, 000 hoe ee ks 38, 299, 000 1.70 65, 168, 000 emir one bee Pe tt ES ee Se sp 36, 819, 000 1. 82 67, 021, 000 31, 851, 000 2.14 | 68,310,000 |] 1898.......... 37, 657, 000 2. 46 92, 721, 000 31, 679, 000 2. 61 82, 768, 000 |} 1899......-.-. 39, 114, 000 2.75 107, 698, 000 33, 002, 000 2.71 | 89, 427,000 || 1900......-.-. 41, 883, 000 2.93 | 122, 666,000 rene eee 33, 938, G00 2.43 | $2,353,000 || 1900, census, 33, 784, 000 2. 55 86, 278, 000 0 LA by Se a) CS TsO 7 | mye | BE ete 35, 935, 000 2.37 | 85,121, 000 9, 757, 000 2,98 | 178.072, 000 5. 804, 006 2.13 76, 362; 000 62, 029, 000 2. 65 164, 446, 000 35, 740, 000 2, 21 78. 898, 060 63, 965, 000 2. 63 168, 316, 000 38, 124, 000 2. 07 78, 955, 000 51, 630, 000 2. 59 133, 530, 000 , 766, 2.21 | 90,231,000 }} 1905......22.. 45, 170, 000 2.82 | 127,332, 000 1880, census, MGS cok setae 50, 632, 000 3. 54 179. 056, 000 SG 2 Ree Mee LOS OMe extras o'-'a > ool h wm acicle cinta ws NURS eee 53, 240, 060 3. 84 204, 210, 000 PSD Scie mic seco 43, 570, 000 2.39 | 104,071,000 |! 1908.......... 54, 631, 000 ! 3. 88 OY, 736, 000 iia ie et 45, 016, 000 2.37 | 106,596, 000 || 1969.......... 56, 084, 000 3.43 | 192) 6327000 i hee 49, 237, 000 2.53 | 124,366,000 }| ISf0......-..- 57, 216, UCU etesssectiiscass=- belo. . Lhe 1 Se pepe sag 50, 627, 000 2.37 | 119,903,000 }| 1910, census, ih ee 50, 360, 000 2.14 | 107,961, 000 ALD. 18= gam 52, 447, 861 4,12 216, 030, 000 RRs ... 55.2.2... 230 225 8.0 7.4 1, 830 1, 665 27.2 22.9 South Dakota............ 475 450 7.5 7.0 3, 560 3, 150 27.0 21.4 North Dakota.......-.... 180 175 rae 7.2 1, 350 1, 260 25.7 19.4 Montanads soe... 2... 3, 150 3, 500 7.8 ey 24,570 | 26,950] 29.4 25.2 WAVOHUAP din cose. = 3, 675 3, 650 8.4 8.0 31,000}. 29,200] 26.0 22.6 Idaho. 2S ea 1,980 1,935 7.6 7.9 15, 000 15, 285 21.7 22.8 Washington.. 555 525 8.6 8.7 4, 750 4,560] 25.9 19.4 (ONG) i Sa 1, 760 1, 850 7.5 8.0 13, 200 14, 820 27.2 22.8 atOniine ase fo5.-c-s oe 2b as ee 26 | 274 384 | 393 32 32 35 36 34 35 neptemiber.o-4..-.sccur. 26} 273 37 394 32 32 33 36 34 35 OGtODE b26 coc- ........ 34, 765, 000 3.18 | 110,508,000 || 1903.......... 46, 923, 000 7.78 | 364/974, 000 i ae 34,034” 000 4.28 | 145,782,000 || 1904.......... 47,009, 000 6.15 | 2897225, 000 1880, census, 1 a res 47, 321, 000 5.99 283, 255, 000 SURE 1... 0t PUB I RTOUR acces ac cimalle sen seaneslaaee TUCO. aca ccct 52, 103, 000 6.18 321, 803, 000 1 ’ 248° 000 4.70 | "170,535,000 || 1907.......... 54, 794, 000 7.62] 417,791,600 44, 122” 000 5.97 | 263,543,000 || 1908.......... 56, 084, 000 6.05} 339/030, 000 43,270, 000 6.75 | 291/951;000 |! 1909.......... 54, 147, 000 6.55 | 354,794, 000 44, 201, 000 5.57 | 246,301,000 || 1910.......... ATED OOOs| css ate aca ane tee 45, 143,000 5.02 | 2267402000 || 1910, census 46, 092, 000 4.26 | 196,570,000 || Apr. 15..... 58, 185,670 9.17 | 533,309, 000 44, 613, 000 4.48 | 200,043,000 || 19111......... 65, 620, 000 9.37 | 615,170, 000 44, 347, 000 4.98 | 22078117000 || 1912.......... 65, 410, 000 8.00 | 523/328” 000 50, 302,000 5. 79 291, 307, 000 || 1913.........- 61, 178, 000 9. 86 603, 109, 000 51, 603, 000 4.72 | 243,418) 000 || 1914.......... 58,933,000 | 10.40 | 612,951,000 LOL Deo seseies 64, 618, 000 9. 87 637, 479, 000 ALTE 1 a2.0 ac By AUG pas Demacers |lvsa ais as. y ain a s2 3 WOLG: sc tac 67, 766, 000 8.40 569,573, 000 LOLitaae sess. 67, 453, 000 11.73 791, 242,000 1 Estimates of numbers revised, based on census data. 692 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. SWINE—Continued. TABLE 177.—Swine: Number and value on farms Jan. 1, 1916 and 1917, by States. Number (thousands) | Average price per head | Farm value (thousands Jan. 1— Jan. i— of dollars) Jan. 1— State. aa soe aa ee laos c= a ae Ace 1917 1916 1917 1916 1917 1916 a MainGss sere ee eee 100 102 $16. 60 $12. 00 $1, 660 $1, 224 New Hampshire--..-.-.--..--- 53 55 15. 60 12.50 827 688 Vermont. .- 9a .0382 > See 113 113 13. 00 10. 30 1,469 1,164 Massachusettes... ....2-825.2- -- 112 112 15. 60 13. 20 1,630 1,478 Rhodeisiant 724. ee se oe 14 15 14. 50 11.00 203 165 Connecticut: 25-55... ass 58 59 17. 50 13. 60 1,015 802 New York......- 759 799 14.70 11. 80 11,157 9,428 New Jersey .-..--- et, J 163 161 17. 00 12. 80 2,771 2,061 Pennsylvania 1,174 1,210 13.90 10. 40 16,319 12, 584 Delaware see eee es 60 61 11.60 9. 00 696 549 Mavclandi es: 2) -<.+ oe 35 359 11. 50 8.50 4,128 3,052 Warginigeses acccssecsenec2asee 1,023 1,022 9. 20 7.00 9,412 7,161 BVESt MATRIMA os. 2 -Ses 2 ees 380 378 10. 00 9. 00 3, 800 3,402 Nort. Carolina-cisysnsaeeoe nee 1,550 1,550 9.70 7. 80 15, 035 12,090 South Carolina. -.......-----..- 920 870 9. 50 8. 50 8, 740 7,395 GROGUPIRE one ats ooo ss EEL eee 2,585 2,348 9. 00 7.70 23, 265 18, 0SO Biloridaiy. oe ser eee oe ean 1,160 996 6. 50 6. 00 7,150 5,976 RIOR = 5 Se es ee eee 3,527 3,713 12. 20 9. 00 43, 029 33,417 PNGIAN RS Ea Jn Se ee ee 3,970 4,010 11.50 8. 50 45,655 : UPTV SS a ee oe 4,444 4,489 13.70 9. 00 60, 883 40,401 Michigan ha esos een ane a 1,345 1,462 12. 40 9. 00 16, 678 13,158 WVASCONSING -coa soe coe 2, 060 2,142 14. 30 9. 00 29, 458 19; 278 MINH ESO LAH: i4. =< < 6. 70 7.15 6.55 | 7.15 || 6.30} 7.25 6.35 | 7.023 6. 25 6.95 Margie. fo. S254 6. 50 7.50 6.65] 7.25 || 6.35] 7.05 6.50 | 7.05 6.35 6. 82 PATE eet) 52a 2 aes 7.25 8. 00 6.90 | 7.80 || 6.60} 7.85 6.60 | 7.65 6. 40 7.50 IMsiytee etein= seis a's sis 7.5 7.95 7.40 | 7.95 7.10 | 7.95 7.20 | 7.90 7.00 7.€0 DUHO eos e. a ec: 7.45 7.95 7.40 | 7.97% |} 7.05 | 7.924 7.20 | 7.85 6.75 7.€O - | Jan.-June...| 6.50 | 8. 00 | 6.55 | 7.97% | 6.15} 7.95 6.35 7.90 6. 60 7.95 eye eS. 7.35| 8.00|| 6.75| 8.10 6.15 | 8.10 || 7.00] 7.80 5.90 7.65 ISPS atole oie 2 oi, 7.10 7.75 6.50 | 7.85 || 5.90} 8.00 6.30 | 7.70 5. 20 7.60 September. -....... 7.3 8.45 7.50 | 8.30 || 6.15} 8.45 7.10 | 8.25 6. 00 8.95 Octopers: 25° <2 2- 7. 00 8.70 6.85 | 8.75 6.25 | 8.95 6.90 | 8.65 6.75 8. 90 November ...-..-- 6.35 7.70 6.40 | 7.10 5.80 | 7.75 6.20 | 7.50 6. 00 7.35 December......... 6. 25 7.25 6.15 | 6.85 5.80 | 7.05 6.00 | 6.75 4.00 8. 00 June-Dec... 6. 25 8. 40 6.15 | 8.75 | 5.80 | 8.95 6.00 | 8.65 4.00 8.95 1916 JAMUATY - - .<)2 202 5- 6.75 8.10 6.00 | 8.25 6.50 | 8.10 6.25 | 8.00 6.00 7.80 February--........ 8. 00 8.95 7.50 | 8.922 7.50 | 8.90 7.40 | 8.50 7.20 8.55 Wien ier SS 8.70 | 10.20 7.90 | 10.10 | 8.65 | 10.10 8.40 | 9 80 8. 00 9. 65 iS o (S5 ee Bele eee 9.45 9.95 9.15 | 10.00 9.10 | 10.10 |; 9.05]; 9.90 8. 90 9. 85 AN GE See ie 9.15 | 10.15 9.00 | 10.25 |} 9.30 | 10.30 9.15 | 10.05 9. 00 9. 90 Mier. -Sa2sol8 0. 9. 00 9. 80 9.00 | 10. 10 8.70 | 10.15 8.90 | 10.00 8. 80 9. £0 Jan.-June . . 6.75 | 10.20 6.00 | 10.25 || 6.50 | 10.30 6.25 | 10.05 6. 00 9. 90 Mptbye oc ecee ss <2: 9. 55 9.95 9.35 | 10.25 || 9.00 | 10.25 9.10 | 10.10 9. 00 10. 00 PASPUSUis cle nie 22 0.0: 9.85 | 11.30 9.25 | 11.50 || 8.85 | 11.55 9.30 | 11.00 8. 50 10. 85 September. ....-... 10.15} 11.50 9.50 | 11.50 9.25 | 11.60 7.75 | 10.50 9. 25 11.10 October: 3-305. ..3 9.00 | 10.35 8.90 | 10. 50 | 8.50 | 10.55 8.75 | 10.40 8. 50 10.15 November........ 9.25 | 10.05 9.35 | 10.95 8.75 | 10.25 9.00 | 10.15 9.00 10.15 December. .....--. 9.50 | 10.75 9.35 | 10.80 8.90 | 10.80 9.35 | 10.60 9. 00 10.35 June-Dec....| 9.00] 11.50 8.90 | 11,50 | 8.50 | 11.60 7.75 | 11 00 8. 50 11.10 i} THE FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION. Some of the principal facts connected with the Federal meat inspection as admin- istered by the Bureau of Animal Industry are shown in the following tables. The figures cover the annual totals for the fiscal years 1907 to 1914, inclusive, the former being the first year of operations under the meat-inspection law now in force. The data given comprise the number of establishments at which inspection is conducted; the number of animals of each species inspected at slaughter; the number of each species condemned, both wholly and in part, and the percentage condemned of each species and of all animals; the quantity of meat products prepared or processed under Federal supervision, and the quantity and percentage of the latter condemned. Further details of the Federal meat inspection are published each year in the Annual Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 694 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION—Continued. TABLE 179.—Number of establishments and total number of animals inspected at slaughter under Federal inspection annually, 1907 to 1916. | Estab- i : a All Fiscal year. lish- Cattle. Calves. Swine. Sheep. Goats. F ments. animals Tk ty eecen sen PRE RES aen 708 | 7,621,717 | 1,763,574 | 31,815,900 | 9,681,876 52,149 | 50, 935, 216 1908 eae foe 354858 787 | 7,118,275 | 1,995, 487 | 35,113,077 | 9, 702, 545 45,953 | 53,973, 337 iW! Be, Bae se sone 876 | 7,325,337 | 2,046, 711 35, 427, 931 | 10, 802, 903 69,193 | 55,672,075 Pa See daadeaade ages 919 | 7,962,189 | 2,295,099 27? 656, 021 | 11, 149, 937 115, 811 | 49, 179, 057 [Qh oe eee ae 936 | 7,781,030 | 2; 219/908 | 29/916; 363 | 13,005,502 54,145 | 52,976, 948 i) | Vee ees Gee 940 7, 532, 005 | 2,242,929 | 34, 966,378 14) 208; 724 63,983 | 59,014,019 ITSM er eee TF 910 | 7,155,816 | 2/098, 484 | 32, 2877538 | 14) 724° 465 56,556 | 56,322, 859 i 2 7: ec ee eee ee 893 | 6, 724, 117 | 1,814, 904 | 33, 289, 705 14, 958, 834 121,827 | 56, 909, 387 Tia nea eee ae pei 896 | 6,964,402 | 1,735,902 | 36,247,958 | 12) 909, 089 165,523 | 58,022, 884 TQAG neo cep ees of tota 7 + of total Year Number. popula- Year. | Number. popula- tion. tion. Upantedia | (SGT ees ea ae eee 1910 | 49,348, 883 Sale eee eo Ne eee is cick | Seas Austria-Hungary: RISC Pe tee aha aia ees See ee ons ae eas d setae eigtiass = i282 1900 13, 447, 362 51.4 PET BE RERUN tee eo he Sey eae Sk 352 MAO os wines ges oete So he 1900 | 13,061,118 67.8 Oise SETIA UNL ATY 2)=)0.50 S$ Sones | eco s ot boc wed aics see ORS 1900 | 26, 508, 480 58.4— BS ERIN coe es oie i=. S acento ascesstoece 1910 1, 654, 277 C153, | (Sele Bae Siren lean mene earns ma (nr 2 eS oi STMT inter en Sete I. Ss ee eee ls ns Sete es 3. 1901 |191, 691, 731 65.1 LU USS ois 2 oe 4 Ae ee ee eee ae ere Lee ee | | (ee 1905 3, 089, 301 76.6 [ny Tn Bs es ae ee ee ae. |e dOnt 1, 647, 350 59.7 | 1911 1, 023, 962 37.1 WPT UEGT Galen s 8 2 Ge eee ee See ee | De ge ee | eee a od 1900 1, 555, 357 57.3 mics ee ore LAR 3 85d.658.. 1906 | 22, 715, 011 57.9 | 1891 | 17, 435, 888 45.7 UTED EN 2 Bos SE 2 eae Sc Smee 5S Se (ef | Ee PE a eee 1907 17, 089, 496 27.7 LVS NES Rocca es en lite ees See] ee eRe | PNR aRS aes fe. a. ee 1900 854, 787 38.5 an HES 2 ee aE ee a ee 1890 | 3,458, 996 68.5 | 1900 | 3,367,199 62.1 Up eG ee (en ted 1900 4, 836, 904 ; SUAZEs 35272 ele a ecie oe | eee ee Russia: SOU C ST Saeenne oem Pee esa et S| ei se 8 heeled eee Mele sroideetioe 1897 7, 266, 428 78.2 Central Asia...... fi ae eri eee en 2 Ee Ro | 1897 6, 361, 466 82.1 egies eo ene meee shee Riss PbS |e. 2 see ealkes 22220 1897 5, 302, 850 56.4 HPGESS EU OG)e Sines ey ee Meee ie) es ce | ae er | RE | ae 1897 | 69,470, 360 74.3 BIneCriaveee ee? .2-- kA. sub tea. |oos ahscalss Sa saBeeee aloes aes See 1897 4, 448, 456 77.2 STU Se Re ESS oe ee | (NN ene) 1897 | 92, 849, 560 73.9 eee eeerrr ay teas NC S| | ees | oe Be 1900 | 2,097,988 84.2 DOT oe eae 5 eS RE a (a ee ee | Ee 1900 | 2,344,612 45.6 MVM OMMAU AOE orn wna ot da ods eaSsiane rene a. 1900 1, 047, 795 31.6 | 1900 1, 067, 905 SREP. United Kingdom: : upland AnGoW ales. ......sscceces>e-e 1911 7, 907, 556 OG xe S255 2 [niet een aa eeae ee 698 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TABLE 186.—Number of persons engaged in agriculture in various countries. Total persons e6n- gaged in agricul- ture. Number. 12, 388, 623 727, 680 385, 323 416, 655 14, 121, 055 Per cent of persons in all occupa- tions. SRSES to 1 SEEEASRASPASRSREIS! Wm GO CA ae GG DS © + C0 he OD OD we GW DO CO CG AT Oe DH CIO OO WO BESIE RE tals 15, 782, 669 2, 198, 102 Males. Females. Country. Year. Per cent Per cent of males of females Number in all | Number. in all occupa- occupa- tions. tions. United States: 2522-4255. 22 1910 | 10,582,039 35.2 | 1, 806, 584 22. 4 Al paris. <3) See ees 1881 636, 078 74.8 91, 602 53. 7 AsPentinas22h,.Le2 eb 3. tee 1895 318, 149 28. 0 67,174 13.4 Avastralia., bo tcccteketne cae » 1901 377, 626 29.5 39, 029 5 Austria-Hungary........... 1900 | 8,185, 250 58.5 | 5,935, 805 70.3 Boleiam 5: cesses 1900 533, 665 23.6 163, 707 17.6 IBOlIVIase seeconsescecenaass 1900 Sic - gece eestt eo 4. 8B woe os scce ce geneween British Indiaes 223 sete. Se 1901 | 63,026, 365 67.3 | 27, 867, 210 66.5 British North Borneo....... WOOL « he Series since tall marsisigee wwahemieeaees tees aa mew sens Bulgaria... [eee ey. Sk 1905 895, 206 7353 837, 406 94.9 Ganada... F282 268 8... 1901 707, 997 45.4 8, 940 Sait Geyionetts Pett tee Sch 5. ee 1901 745, 074 65.0 318, 551 65. 4 Bast Pe ein See 1907 448, 546 50. 3 21, 877 6.2 Giibatent: MEP teste sss 1907 364, 821 52.2 3,110 4.2 Cyprus... i 93:4 So ee ee 1901 33, 611 62.8 2, 757 20. 8 Danninnksssect Sono: 7 eae 1911 386, 016 45.7 110, 169 28. 5 Bo ea oa 1907. | 2,258, 005 67.2 57, 144 33.3 Federated Malay States....- 1901 115, 027 28. 2 52, 324 82.7 finland . -.5 2b ees 2. koe 1900 321, 538 51.4 102, 008 39.6 Mormossa..1 Ge sezieks & 3k 1905 763, 456 70.6 263, 664 82. 4 rance.... . ee Seb. 1906 5, 452, 392 41.9 | 3,324,661 43.2 Germany ; /.ac2 Se SSS 1907 5, 146, 723 27.7 | 4,585, 749 48.3 Greece. 5.25 Mitte te Se 1907 321, 120 47.3 6, 972 12.2 Grenada... o.sscserwssss oes 1901 8, 816 57.1 7, 722 49.7 Pale 45555 SL BEE Oe Coe 1901 6, 370, 277 57.9 | 3,196, 063 60.5 Jamaica... 25.2... VOU rte eeteck San Sees sare lige oe wae ee ooewonemere Malta and Goz 1901 10, 235 13.3 3,613 15.8 Mauritius.... 1901 72, 493 57.1 5, 989 38.0 Netherlands... -| 1899 490, 694 32.9 79, 584 18. 4 New Zealand... 1911 103, 644 28. 5 7, 472 8.3 Norway. ..222e 22 2205203 ae TOTO Ma cide See SNE eo Sos Sa bicige sees eis Philippine Islands.......... 1903 1, 163, 777 57. 8 90, 286 8.8 POLMSUMCO soe accacdcoeccenet 1899 196, 893 dase 1, 868 3.9 Porbigale..sscccaseawaceoes 1900 | 1,127, 268 65.3 380, 293 52. 0 Russia: In urope. .-...csbesscc 1897 | 13,808, 505 59. 6 1, 974, 164 38.0 dn Asia Selscasiec ose sees 1897 2, 092, 965 69. 2 105, 137 30. 5 TVotalfessssseoesst ie | 1897 | 15, 901, 470 60.7 | 2,079,301 37.5 iran Clasrecener anes cnee ec L901 i omcma cusses cen aieaalslasice see cic ac | actos Serbia soos eee eiesece 1900 311, 700 65.5 13, 524 50. 5 Sierra Leones 2. 5 202558 1901 8, 705 28.7 4, 544 21.7 SPAIN Sth scese ee ee wee 1900 3, 741, 730 58.1 775, 270 51:8 DEUS) oe Sot tas doce coeece 1900 761, 016 52. 4 333, 264 53. 8 Switzerland... 22. Ssccecscss 1900 392, 971 37.1 80, 326 16.1 Trinidad and Tobago....... 1901 51, 744 54.7 25, 765 39.3 Union of South Africa...... 1904 863, 223 56.3 847, 057 77.5 United Kingdom........... 1901 2, 109, 812 16.3 152, 642 2.9 -—— Sg ee” ee Miscellaneous Data. 699 TaBLE 187.—Total area and agricultural land in various countries. [As classified and reported by the International Institute of Agriculture.] Productive land.! Cultivated land.?2 Year. F : Country. Total area. Barecont Percent Amount. of total Amount. of total area. area. | —— NORTH AMERICA. Acres. Acres. Per cent. Acres. Per cent. Mmieds staves. oc- - 2255-85... 1910 1,903, 269,000 | 878,789,000 46.2 | 293,794,000 15.4 Li ee 1901 2,397,082, 000 63, 420, 000 2.6 19, 880, 060 | -8 ba 82 1: ee 1909-10 13, 343, 000 , 090, 23. 2 442,000: | 278) O00, Ue ee ee 1899 28, 299, 000 8, 717, 000 30. 8 778, 000 | 27 SOUTH AMERICA | ABPOUUNA Sn ideas code co 1909-10 729,575,000 | 537,805,000 | FB Bt 44, 446, 000 6.1 GIS a ee 1910-11 187, 145, 000 15, 144, 000 8.1 2, 557, 000 | 1.4 ierethevers ssc ess sccs eset 1908 46, 189, 000 40, 875, 000 88.5 1,962,000 | 4.2 EUROPE. | Austria-Hungary: ae Seana ase 1911 74,132,000 69, 939, 000 94.3 26, 272,000 | 35.4 BBM PUTYece sae oot Se 1910 80, 272, 000 77, 225, 000 96. 2 35, 178, 000 43.8 Total Austria-Hungary|........-.. 154,404,000 | 147,164,000 95.3 61, 450, 000 | 39.8 LL EIT Cee See es aa 1895 7, 278, 000 6, 443, 000 88.5 3,582,000 49.2 PIPE ee cee eek ce 1910 23, 807, 000 18, 959, 000 79.6 8,574, 000 36 4 PYOIIHETO nfs sss cse ss toes 1907 9, 629, 000 9,078, 000 94.3 6,376, 000 66. 2 TENG ELON Cs 2S a 1901 SoS TES ODOM [ces aero acs setts he oe 3, 875, 000 4.7 NSM ee Boe oS once cis ia on 1910 130,854,000 | 123,642,000 94.5 59, 124, 000 45.2 Gpritittyemsscoccssssssc le Se 1900 133,594,000 | 126, 401,000 94.6 63, 689, 000 47.7 IALVeEe ee Seo ccccccic cease == 1911 70, 839, 000 65, 164, 000 92 33, 815,000 | 47.7 Luxemburg..... earl oicte cia 1911 63S, 000 616, 000 96. 4 300, 000 46.9 Netneriands: 2. S22.52....-- i911 8, 057, 000 7, 258, 000 90.1 2, 210, 000 27.4 MRUNEEY Sn = sacs c os eca ccs eas 1907 79, 810, 000 22,942,000 28.7 1, 830, 000 28 Leia pene aoe 1912 22,018, 000 17, 281, 000 78.5 5,777, 000 26.2 GmIneIN a ee ae Sok ae 1905 32, 167, 000 24, 645, 000 76.6 14, 829, 060 46.1 Russia, European........---. 1911 1, 278, 203,000 | 698, 902, 000 54.7 | 245,755,000 19.2 CY Cee ee 1897 11, 935, 000 6, 246, 000 52.3 2,534,000 21.2 (2) LLL Ja aR ee ae eh ee ee 1908-11 124, 666,000 | 112,665,000 99. 4 41, 264, 000 | sau (S27 TTT ees oe 1911 110, 667, 000 65, 196, 000 58.9 9,144,000 8.3 SVG Gs 1 eel ea 1905 10, 211, 000 7,635, 000 74.8 605, 000 5.9 United Kingdom: Great Britain.......-... 1911 56, 802, 000 47, 737, 000 84 14, 587, 000 25.7 LG Se Aas Sao 1911 20, 350, 000 18, 789, 000 92.3 3, 275, 000 16.1 Total United Kingdom!___.__.__. 77, 152, 000 66, 526, 000 86. 2 17, 862, 000 | 23.2 ASIA, Brinish WNGIgs - occ ec cone 1910-11 615,695,000 | 465,706,000 75.6 | 264,858,000 43.0 SY eo oi Sc cca sje we c'a<'a'e 1911 8, 858, 000 1, 972, 000 22.3 1, 884, 000 21.3 Lop, = aoe e ae ee 1911 94,495,000 | 74,180,000 78.5 | 17,639,000 18.7 EvtiSsia, A siatiC...2-..------- 1911 4,028,001,000 | 715, 838,000 17.8 33, 860, 000 8 AFRICA. BUR OLIN ctsccicmclecticwees 1910 124, 976, 000 50, 846, 000 40.7 11, 434,000 9.1 LP) 1 1912 222, 390, 000 5, 486, 000 205 5, 457, 000 2.5 bit) oe 254 1912 30, 888, 000 22, 239, 000 72.0 6, 919, 000 22.4 Union of South Africa....... 1909-10 302, 827, 000 3, 569, 000 1.2 3,385,000 1.1 OCEANIA. JOON) a2 pests alle ee er 1910-11 1,903, 664,000 | 119,942,000 6.3 14, 987, 000 8 INOwWeZGaland: S22... .5 ee 1910 66, 469, 000 57,310, 000 86. 2 6, 955, 000 10.5 _————— | Se ———— —————— Total, 36 countries.....|.......... 15, 071, 209,000 |4, 591, 691, 000 30. 5 |1, 313, 832, 000 | 8.7 1 Includes besides cultivated land, also natural meadows and pastures, forests, woodlots, and lands © devoted to cultivated trees and shrubs. 2 Includes fallow lands; also artificial grass lands. ; , 3 a figure for “productive land”? in Chile excludes marshes, heaths, and productive but uncared-for ands. ‘ The figure for “cultivated land’”’ in Switzerland excludes artificial meadows and pastures. 700 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. NATIONAL FORESTS. TaBLeE 188.— National forests: Tunber disposed of, quantity, price, and number of users, revenue under specificd heads, and details of grazing privileges, years ended June 30, A9TT to 1916: [Reported by the Forest Service.} | Year ended June 30— Item. | 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 | | x | Free timber given: Number of users.......-.- 40, 660 38, 749 38, 264 39, 466 40, 040 42,055 Timber cut......... M it... 123, 488 123, 233 121, 750 120, 575 123, 259 119, 483 Walle. peste eo a Golls..| 196, 930 196, 335 191, 825 183, 223 206, 597 184,715 Timber sales: Wiis Seer pe 5, 653 5, 72 6, 182 8, 303 10, 905 10, $40 Quantitysee oon aces Mift..} 830,304 799,417 | 2,137,311 | 1,540,084 | 1,093,589 906, 906 Price per thousand board feet (average)..... doils.. 2. 56 2.00 2.01 2.30 2.44 1.98 Grazing: = Number of permits........ 25, 604 26, 561 27, 466 28, 945 30, 610 33, 328 Kinds of stock— @attles eae ene No..| 1,351,922] 1,403,025 | 1,455,922} 1,508,639 | 1,627, 321-| 1, 758, 764 Goalseasiereaese. No.. 77, 668 83, 849 76, 898 | 58, 616 51,409 43, 268 1 Gy eee ee No.. 4,500 4, 330 3.277 | 3,381 2,792 2,963 Horsesse te seese. No.. 91,516 95, 343 97, 919 108, 241 96, 933 98, 903 Shean eens No..| 7,371,747 | 7,467,890 | 7,790,953 | 7,560,186 | -7,232,276 | 7,843, 205 ofaleeee hee ae No..| 8,897,353 | 9,054,437 | 9,424,969 | 9,239,063! 9,010,731 | 9,747,108 Special use and water-power PALUNES > Jee coms emicen No.. 5, 145 4,967 5, 245 5, 089 5, 657 5, 251 Revenue: | | From— | Timber sales...dolls..] 935, 128 994,314 | 1,282,647 | 1,243,195 | 1,211,985| 1,367,111 Timber settlements,! : Golists er ecece nee 22, 035 33, 287 36, 105 39, 927 3,181 2,299 Penalties for timber trespass.....- doils.. 43, 236 40, 291 17, 558 12,981 7, 284 37, 712 Turpentine sales,? Gollars 2 ie Sop co tcoe oe sae ae eee ea bo nl ee a 15, 372 8, 915 14, 402 Fire trespass. ...dolls.- 14, 371 21,810 5, 028 7,950 661 5,471 Special uses 3...dalls.. 76, 646 48, 249 67, 278 68, 773 78, 691 85, 235 Grazing fees....dolls..| 930, 966 962,175 | 1,001,156 997,583 | 1,130,175] 1,202, 405 Grazing trespass, CSL) TE Rg aS le 4, 524 6, 667 6, 583 4,765 5, 818 7,810 Water power...doils..|............ 50, 563 51, 235 47, 164 89, 104 101, 096 Totalrevenue.dolls..| 2,026,906 | 2,157,356 | 2,467,590 | 2,437,710 | 42,535,814 | 2,823, 541 — <—————— > 1 Includes timber taken in the exercise of permits for rights of way, development of power, etc. 2 Prior to 1914 receipts from sale of turpentine were included with timber sales. 3 Included under ‘‘Special use” prior to 1912, ¢ Refunds during year, $54,575. ee > Alaska: Miscellaneous Data. NATIONAL FORESTS—Continued. TaBLeE 189.—Area of national forest lands, June 30, 1916. [Reported by Forest Service.] 701 State and forest. Net area. Acres. CLOG od ob Ee ae So ee 5, 430, 018 LTT ES) SSS OS a es eae 15, 454,110 ING Oe 20, 884, 128 1,184, 582 348, 160 1,599,677 959, 961 867, 102 17, 680 1,072;170 27; 708 1, 434) 122 667, 168 1, 996, 280 1,605, 823 11, 780, 433 (So) RLU Cr ae ee eres JIGS a ae ee ea 622, 003 294, 916 916, 919 Colorado: Florida: Rae em scee ts ees SOS! 885, 216 Ward emave ewes Soccere ss 8 822, 364 em en e eee ee 2 ae eed «4 = 591, 750 Be ABO e aa aOR EEO IEEE neeee a Hen Beer ens eee ms As Dan 235 5 > 549, 95 _ Ss eens 1, 268) 604 epee yee sey She ie 1, 470, 848 992, 804 1, 182° 298 401, 492 1,146, 645 1, 695,175 os Re eat OR 307 Meese 5 S26 ee Raa aon, 474 Rs Sea oata Se nree 349, 650 ose oe ee Berets ooctisee eccceneet cee 5 ee” 1, 428) 168 PRoteleesas ese Sere es ee 19, 507, 474 Arapahoe............-- eee et 636, 899 LEE Sh I loro Gis) ee a i 651, 227 SSRCMEEO DS nares de ws ava cas n000e'hs0 907, 532 L) TUTE" C7 (On 494, 656 LOATIG T1504 eee 614, 275 MRUPHINISOM tae eee es 65 SPE ILS 908, 109 ps sage aes Sec iecksiiisce eect EVOUVUOLOSS oe coksiese set's ce oe. ce LNG sf eee COT 6 UH See ay MVOnGe7UING = 2252-2525. ececc-- ae 1°31 ee ee Rio Grande. ... 1,0) a San Isabel........ EUG a Se Oe f Beoiigie Stee ee ste os tases cts sn ok ee 596, 852 WmMcompaheress.-5.s2s2.052. 02.28. 790, 589 SVU ARLVON ciere'e's sarees see see acezzc 848, 337 1M) id Oe ee a ee 13, 094, 978 MOEA coin oink oS mdauts states oe 309, 546 State and forest. Net area. — Palisade !_.... Payette 3-222: Pend Oreilless- =... -2eessaaenese SUC Rs Ae oe ee eae eee Michigan: Michigans. eso osc. nce ac eos eee Minnesota: Minnesota: . 66, cc oe osae nals cacaese SUPEMOL Gs a staehe ee cm oe ae eee ees Montana: Cabinet. .. MUSECI seen ae Deerlodge......... MISth@AGS: 222422 S2ccsests ces aeshs TUG 10) 5 Spa a es a en eee DIOR soa eswancchen te leceses Nebraska: NBDLASKO Sree sshacescceseaedsccata Nevada: 197 bs Car a eter oer re eee Bldorad Ole. cs se cleisideuavs saves Mampoldts fe: 22% ctawasseoe tees Santa Rosa PAWOG1. sc. sdoes AIQUIG Lie canbe vodopacahines acres de GARSON... swe vesedsccgcttloseunsccess 1 For total area, see “ National Forests extending into two States.” 1, 055, 162 843, 443 662) 855 * 1,338, 197 1,047, 805 73,414 831, 494 430, 142 834) 709 | 16,058, 186 206, 074 282, 543 400 691, 758 72) 817 702 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. NATIONAL FORESTS—Continued. TABLE 189.—Area of national forest lands, June 30, 1916—Continued. State and forest. New Mexico—Continued. North Dakota: iS 0 ke ee eae Ser Siskiyou i MHUISIAW Nass ascesezesaceee Umatilla. PIQUE 42 - oe oct ac oor ss occa Seek 8, 363, 329 13, 127, 590 1,115, 846 Net area. Acres. 551, 760 755, 894 1, 355, 034 6, 054 61, 480 1,016, 569 787, 454 1, 287) 486 888 32,975 483, 782 556, 220 75, 844 982, 493 267, 066 432, 784 otal vce... soceeatecstee et oes 7, 447, 797 Washington: CBee n oo so- soc enc = sewers ceisemener 677, 389 Columbia’. 2225 Sicasecetease cee 776, 480 COLE a L(y [See Ren aR rs = bn 756, 395 HARTGE «cons cece etnione ce aeeeee 258, 776 Okanogane. ! - 3525252 Sccausneeeee 1, 487, 136 OLGMpIC §. os once ue naan meee 1, 534, 680 B51 Sh 5 a a as Se Ap ae 2 1,316, 057 Snoqualmie 5. sasscomso. oe eee 695, 332 Wiashite rion. 25 oe odes cecme eee 1, 454, 356 Wienahale colo lad cect asses oe are 313, 434 iBlnek BIBS) ooo... acamcace cee 144, 759 Bonneville... acs. cssee cece nee eee 607, 013 Bradver 35. Toes eo eee ones 572, 083 OariDOu ls. coe ace cace oc on See 6, 707 Peavey eo Se occwes cae cee eee 322, 222 Medicine Bow......2..22..225.5632 469, 786 Palisade! . Shoshone 1, 576, 349 Targhee! 84, 970 Teton..... 1, 908, 074 Washakie 387, 447 Wyoming 899, 980 PPotal. 205 os woos ce cece one eee 8, 363, 771 Grand total, National Forests. ..} 155, 420, 280 1 For total area, see ‘‘ National Forests extending into two States.” NATIONAL FORESTS EXTENDING INTO TWO STATES, Forest. - States. Net area. Acres. Chiricahua........ si aairaraiie dajaciaic'9 Seen eG Bates Arizona-New Mexico......... aoa oer 474, 638 Arizona-Nevada-Utah..........-...- 733, 007 Arizona-~New Mexico..........------ 783, 602 @aliigmnia-Oregon). .- =.2= s5-se5seeeee 834, 434 @alifornia—Nevads. ... «2.2. -22--.0 =e 550, 350 .| Galifornia~Nevada... 2.2... s.e.—snces 1,341,421 Califernia—Oregon.........- 22+ ssnecee 1,474, 846 California-Nevada.....--.....-.----= 1, 266, 497 Californie—Oregon........------ 1, 346, 789 California-Nevada..........--- 561,013 Colorado-Wyoming..-.-...--..-.-- ae 388, 940 Golorado-Utab... ... 0... ccs oven comes 547, 088 CORO chic initia mnia nwa apenas wala ase sata Bigh®=0 tabs. oc. /:% 2 ..00sccosceeneneee 781, 383 CHOI airettns lecie icin ta ove hen oa Ee oie Tedsho~W yoming....-c.6.snccsee- sees 693, 056 TMD clears sen candecdackucakasaeetah= eee te Idaho-Washington.....-......---+--- 457,966 DERI OMG GJ xo o's vais do oo vos ame soe EIS CLABES as Ietehoad lab dais .cys'ciecie ve cicas seen 579, 405 PANBAGG co .c diene ccnnannwcesn>sedene sae haeeen weit Idaho~Wyoming. «<. - — 50,000 54 67 jee Sawtooth} = 9a, 000) |. Eee ee — 310,000 54 67 s).ctheeeeee Sevier.....- + 11,400} — 50j— 115,000 54 67 Targhee! = 310; 300° | = Sees + 129,000 54 67 LG) 100) 2 ee Pee es A= + 414,000). 2 Rete a= tanner 54 7 WOW ADC go c.sas ase ++ £18000) fas. 2222 — 22,000 54 67 _* “Tri Seen De ESE 16131..700)| pee eee — 199,300 60 75 ; Woasstehe--- 25-25 sae. =I 700 | oe eee — 61,1 60 75 | sc eeeeee 7 ise + 11,700 + 600 |— -73,000 54 67 32 éf Wyoming..........--+: STH O00. | Gee | | 216, 500 54 57 |... 3a %; +454, 200 | - -+-1,'750 |—8, 256, 950°}... 2.2) 5 0.22324) cc-- een ‘ ———$—— ees a » District 5: a ¢ Angeles? ccc Paseo 451008) 2 ee sae: 3 Fee ace 60 15 || acct ose ease bes California: 5... Jase. - + 6,700 1,000 |— 58,000 60 7. 36 : Cleveland: oa. cne2cee=-- = 42)'000 [2 Sees |— 1, 500 60 15 5\ cence : PAGOLIG O03 abe == + 10,100 50 |+ 19,000 72 90 43 ‘ i Ot) S[s ie eae Rep eon: SRS Dy; POO tee 30, 500 72 90 uluccnmetee ee ‘ ia Geib: (Ae ieee mee Se Ie + 8,350} 600 |— 5, 600 56 70 34 % STASSOU 35 n:5.0mmmcts =e ee + 12,750} + 500 j+ 36,250 64 80 38 : MOGOC.. - si pilvsccen tence 49.300... 955.2062 + 63,000 60 75 Cee MONO oo epee male tes wom = 2045 650) )| .2o2 254-5 67, 700 72 90 | .cnaceees J Monterey... «..20-$a=a-- 2, 250 900 2, 000 64 80 38 3 Plamas es s.co.eensiees 1 LOD eaten + 76,000 68 85. .ceeeaeee ‘@ Santa Barbara?2........ — 7,650 300 |+ 3, 200 64 80 38 J Sequoia 2. sscscaccwcweas + 30,550] —2,300/— 9,900 72 90 43 Shastar 25s ew + 9,900 500 24, 700 60 75 36 j BHOIT AA ee ca wu daltee o'9 15, 000 500 21, 000 72 90 43 Stanislaus 2............- + 18, 500 300 |+ 15,350 72 90 43 ONOGL dee acs nwe wetttiee4 = 7, 800 100 59, 500 72 90 43 COPINICY: Be nc cicn 2 atWancies + 12,900 + 415 |4+ 20,000 56 70 34 +213, 300 | | -#7,.465. | 513,200.) 2.0. poo. | eka eee | can nner pees : 1 Term applications authorized. ; ; i : 2 Term applications previously approved effective till expiration of period. 4 * Sheep increased by adding part of Washakie; total shows decrease in sheep for 1916, 7 : 4 +2 el te te el Miscellaneous Data. 705 NATIONAL FORESTS—Continued. TABLE 190 —Grazing allowances for national forests, 1916—Continued. Number of stock authorized. Yearlong rates (cents). “a Cattle and Sh d Sh attle an: * eep an : eep GE Swine. goats. Cattle. | Horses. | Swine. and goats. 7 = District 6: ASCHAG Mare cocci acec esis ae OOO) | sc wencere — 27,600 64 SON Senate 16 RENCLAM ae \olac cc c.cee aces BAD ec oseueace + 31,600 60 On| ee cee ee 15 Titres) sy es ee aor SOO Pe 2 cme cere + 29,000 64 SOF ene tases 16 (cig) hal ee ee Gi000R Reece 60, 000 60 CAG le eect A 15 MOTE IOT pt cecls oo cewe ce sc 7, 800 500 8, 700 60 75 36 15 MESCHIITCS oo. 22. o56o =~ 3,000) [eee cee + 52,000 60 (El see aae eae 15 SEE IIOU Gis \o:0 la, <[ni=in'eisis 2% 2 « a5, 000). cease — 100,000 60 ayes ene See 15 TEC ie ee eet 30, 50 128, 000 60 7 36 13 Let = VUES 900) leno eae + 64,500 60 [Fin eee 15 WEHOCO = on soq:.nisieia since =f Ss 000! | ons 53, — — 86,000 60 LH el eee 15 Okanogan’. :.52....--- = AO O00W 222 see55 5 + 90,000 60 Lie Seat ae 15 OlVIDIC 52 c/<\- ees <= pea i eee Le ae 60 ADD | ietsee occe eee area 6 OPER OME eae sees. ke Ea OUO eno scc cae 29, 800 64 psi b Rae mr 16 USI ee acini occ == FG; 400s eee ons — 47,000 64 SOo Eco hee oe 16 Coyeta 4 is a + 6,0) ee eee — 19,700 64 fot hl een Sera 16 Bigka OMe eco! doin + 4,100] +1,000|+ 4,200 56 70 34 14 SNUG Weise se color wate ses rls ZOOS Ss rye sts 4,000 56 RO ees cere sees 14 Paodnaliie minee wade SI Bee istolt ani | ese senses OS O00) eee wcccpssce ceecclo sc ceeteiee 16 Loe rt) Ce ae FO SOO ees aoe — 659,400 60 103) ea eee 15 SaaS eta cieereieisie s(ojsiaiels WVANOW Se rises .c = odes Wiashmeton'...-....-.5- Wenaha Wenatchee... Whitman District 7: ATKAHSAS): oe cps c's en Le GG Ls ee ee OFA AOS ee ae WCHL cst sc scence sce _ Purchase areas: WELK CC a a ei0i5/-\-00010'd 5% ie COOLS ae Massanntten. 2... . 0.0 1. Mount Mitchell......... 600 100 50 1.50 2. 00 90 45 aiaala seks ose vac + 500 2,100 150 1.50 2.00 90 45 Natural Bridge......... + 400K eens tetas bisizee cee as 1.50 DEO ASS Oe es Sees ee PEGUOIMACS on. nnwcn 35 << _ BAD) | eenae a 52 —_ 490 1.50 2200) |S. eee 45 Savannah (N).......... _ 150 + 200 200 1.50 2. 00 90 45 Savannah (S)....... ec ee 160 + 160 {+ 80 1.50 2.00 90 45 Shenandoah............ 2000 Saacatnen: 150 1.50 ZEON ease os ee 45 UGG as 500 150 75 1. 50 2. 00 90 45 White Mountain. ....... 100s) pa asuten lee Ae 1.50 BOO |i 2. seeders Hleeusaeeees \LC CS Uo) a rr = 250 — 150 150 1.50 2.00 90 45 “275 500) | =n GO0|| imi ONT Ae eee care |S hes cea | ie Seale oa Totals, 1913 1, 852, 999 59, 535 RRO Adee ans ce Sulinck ate seo | Se Seaees cakes se Totals, 1914 S01, 110 | spond Bore UN eeaen <= eco ic <5. [occa beclbs peace Totals, 1915 1, 983, 775 64,040 8 747, Oa rere ctrl eh eine cot sia e Sareeina seein e Totals, 1916 2, 008, 675 58, 990 8, 597, GOO ecm anece | apace cael] ca’. trad Ceuta ae each Increase or decrease in } 1916 over 1915....... + 24,900 — SUSU Mae ARO lteie ss sean = as hat Vai tae pe Bon | aya Ged decec? ¢ > ? 4 } | i‘ j : te ees | 1 ay ) Or (¥ t I. : ; ; i« : ‘es ,, F je a : ’ 4} a? c : ) 7 : res ) : (s4 ow ames | mit 5 fled - Mf + =o : , a ‘ 7 ; i t ink & - : sf ‘ cee 4 > : - i ; 5 : i nee abi é 7 4 ; : ‘is th * - f © ’ ns iit 4 i be rye i ) Ge See, t Ta) yn yh t ’ 4) " iy . 7 b : , GUE Dp ba! e ; OF "pat aa 1 Sala wre ry a ERTS ree iaean aam i } On fa ‘ 9 ¢ tayw latina *¢ nyt te pws . Ab03 biel pane Toe ud Monnaie Cr- as ne in ti IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.' Taste 191.—Agricultural imports of the United States during the 3 years ending June 30, 1916. {Compiled from reports of the foreign commerce and navigation of the United States, U. S. Department of Commerce. J Year ending June 30— Article imported. 1914 | 1915 1916 (preliminary). | Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value. ANIMAL MATTER. Animals, live Cattle— : For breeding purposes, Ji rtnerar number.-| 718,352 |$16,328, 819 588, 167 |$17, 513,175 439,185 | $15,187,593 ‘Cities ee dot & 15GNGAGA) (2: SPUMBGOMD ioe ise Pak lela atom, aR Total cattle. .....- do....| 868,368 | 18, 696,718 588, 167 | 17,513,175 439,185 | 15,187,593 For breeding purposes, | | SOE OT ee number. . 4,406 | 1,476,905 1, 849 473,138 1,536 659, 022 ins, Se aeeee ae do... 28,613 | 1,128,124 | 10, 803 504, 242 14, 020 959, 223 - otal horses. ....-do...- 33,019 | 2,605,029 | 12,652 977,380 | 15,556 | 1,618, 245 Sheep— | a For breeding purposes, AS eo number..| 221, 836 516, 912 153,317 533, 967 235, 659 917, 502 OMOEA Ds ov c= > -- <4 Gor... 1,883 | DG FOZ Nom icaisticcie ne «ll ose. cp See nee ees See erates seein = Totalsheep....-.- do....| 223,719 | 582,404 | 153,317 583, 967 235,659 917, 502 ce do... @ | 2 | @) | 2 4,626| 42,615 4 Bind including fowis...|............ 25877960... 5si5 wie oa 2m Be DAS OM 2,215 soa 883, 124 Senne aa red otalsive animals: +. ..0c|.-.-.5-2--<- 7 | eo Oh ee eee | 22,279,081 |...---.---.- 18, 649, 079 Beeswdx....-. ,-----pounds..| 1,412,200| 476,364 | 1,564,506 | 439,541 |....2.22..2.)..2.222..... Donut Bees do....| 7,842,022 | 1,753,461 | 3,828,227/| 977,262 712, 998 212, 370 iiiiecsestis. oc... do... .| 63,784,313 | 11,010,693 | 50,138,520 | 9,370,048 | 30,087,999 | 7,058, 420 Ea ae gallons..| 1,773,152 | 1,549,549 | 2,077,384 | 1,800,180| 1,193,745 | 1,042,775 LOS AA See ee 1,089,440 |.......2...- TIE ake ae pare 1,515, 354 Wetaliduicy products. .-°})...-).7--2-] 45,403,143 |... 2. Aa 7Oas Orr eee 9, 828,919 TES uae eee dozens..| 6,014,955 | 1,089,164 | 3,046,631 438, 760 | 732, 566 110, 638 Eee yolks or frozen eggs, “oi BOS Be IEE pounds..| 3,420, 412 504,619 | 8,571,758 | 798,129 |.......-.---|.--.--.-.--- Feathers and downs, crude: Sh te eae eee ne ee ers 31044) OSH oe er poe 2 DIPRR ATMOS 5 ac oa 2,195,497 MCN sem ere caeis's. sae aele sos ogs.cea ox | a ABB ABB ud cscs ccna PURE aa i Poa 525, 654 Bee, animal euiaitos tae A | [re a 1 — Cocoons........- ounds. - 1,413 1,118 51,495 35,114 197,073 142, 743 Raw, or asreeled from the COCOONS yo :nna pounds. .| 28,594,672 | 97,828, 243 | 26,030,925 | 80,531,785 | 33,070,902 | 119, 484, 223 Wiagtieb...c.0--04 do....| 5,949,744 | 3,100,664 | 4,970,254 | 2,563,658 ,822 | 4,706,689 Totalsilk......... do....| 34,545, 829 '100, 930, 025 31, 052,674 | 83,130,557 | 41,925,297 | 124,333, 655 Wool, and hair of the emo), No@thitaa - Sun —= ibe: hen =o Se goat, alpaca, and animals— Class 1, clothing. -pounds.. ‘125,088, 761 | 30,681, 759 /222, 017,420 | 52,008,509 408,121,585 | 112,145, 657 Class 2, combing....do....| 18,839,698 | 4,906,967 | 15,054/694 | 3,735,158 | 13,292,160 | 3,916, 708 Class 3, carpet...-.- do... .|102,.003,313 | 17,029,611 | 65,709,752 | 10,865,475 |109, 268,999 | 23,955, 236 Hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, ete...pounds..| 1,717,097 572,430 | 5,301,563 | 1,633,426 | 9,145,278 | 2,403,133 Total wool.......- do... .|247, 648, 869 | 53, 190,767 |308, 083,429 | 68,242,568 [534,828,022 | 142,420,734 rom anid aers, (ft ee eee Ee oo) Sp SP Bae pounds. . /282, 194,698 |154, 120, 792 |839, 136,103 151,373,125 |576, 753,319 | 266,754, 389 1 Forest products come within the scope of the Department of Agriculture and are therefore included in alphabetical order in these tables. 2Included in ‘‘All other, including fowls.” 707 708 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TaBLE 191.— Agricultural imports of the. United States during the 3 years ending June 80, 1916—Continued. Year ending June 30— Article imported. 1914 1915 1916 (preliminary). Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Valve. ANIMAL MATTER—continued. pounds..| 2,441,317 $738,731 | 2,714, 229 $816,521 | 1,600,235 $501, 509 sa raebesscee 2 do....| 22, 714,877 1,805, 543 | 8, 703, 147 824.136 3, 008, 485 217,033 See Ee gallons. . 75, 079 38, 665 303, 965 124, 843))| << S226 cece ee eee Packing-house products: DE Mh it a pao ie aaa... ## Bladders, other than fish....].....--..... 52, B96. cis amsn wala own mse = ete | oleate deel ee Blood, ried s-= 2 sae eee eee soeeeee eee S91 SIG saseces cscs 227,198) |. .052--2~2 52) sesso eee MONS) ClonnGG se eee ee eases] sae ee eee M734 Boceereaaare 69.|. 2002.20.54] eee Bones, hoofs, and horns.....|------------ £061 466e\a-4-- pseee- O14 73)|- cee aeeiee 867, 242 Bristles— ve RRL ORR Be i Crude, unsorted..pounds.. 28, 359 25, 495 45, 466 3, 336 86, 374 14, 990 Sorted, bunched, or pre- pared’. 222. 335. - pounds..| 3,408,796 | 3,170,974 | 4,016,594 | 3,609,748 | 3,850,087 3,612,052 Total bristles. .... do....| 3,437,155 | 3,196,469 9 | 4,062,060 | 3,613,084 | 3,936,461 | 3,627,042 Grease 5.060-f--2 i... kek EIS- =n eee 1, 025; 5057|5. 4... Be a 1, 146,721 ee, ee _ 490, 470 Gat 3 ND. os 2. ce ey oo ee 122/733...) Aik Al -- bee etle | >anaant ace : alr— HIOTSO |: -25se ase a2 pounds..| 3,738,836 | 1,663,448 | 3,541,903 | 1,500,666 | 6,198,938 2,071, 429 Other animal....... do....| 10,507,680 | 1,051,698 | 8,148,570 744,187 | 9,692,037 988, 342 Hide cuttings and other glue StOCKs «Sn nao os ae aa eee sepa | 2,158, 514 |..---...-... 15105608) i eee 972,106 Flides and skins, other.than. |—_..=:..- |....0 Sw G1) > ak dni penny nL furs— Buffalo hides, dry aricasthe seeds pounds. .| 14,492,943 | 3,073,717 | 12,422,803 | 2,325, 243 ; 13, 003, 888 2, 463, 270 Sa eel- Dry sts -eeesees .| 27, 767,882 | 11,582,807 | 15,678,046 | 4,166,617 | 26,913,217] 7,835,605 Q Green oer -| 54,635, 708 | 11,799,146 | 30,288,655 | 6,552,157 | 37,222,276 | 9,071,349 attle hides— Dry cacceeecceee: do....| 71,485,650 | 18,083,314 | 93,001,127 | 21,424,552 |153, 339,079 | 37,453,897 Green or pickled .do.. “12087 477,838 | 34,098,628 |241, 340, 290 | 39, 753, 213 280,838,692 | 50,526, 221 Goatskins— | CY ct eeneeee do....| 63,374,054 | 19,037,307 | 50,713,062 | 13,925,565 | 85,505,514 | 25,198,246 Green or pickled. “do....| 21,385,374 | 3,153,956 | 15,834,101 | 2,263,984 | 15,151,507 | 2, 207,658 ied and ass skins— BE Reba a) tas do....| 7,619,625 | 1,619,178} 5,425,173 | 1,253,001 | 6,779,725 1, 236, 440 fie or pickled. -d0.. -| 4,645, 213 514,833 | 3,800.451 399,682 | 11,346, 910 1,079, 284 IKANPSTOO: «225/055 22 --| 1,328,668 898, 087 769, 125 427,127 | 1,219,129 722, 300 Sheepskins— ! DY sspo- tees lens do....| 29,338,146 | 6,165,947 | 20,886,018 | 3,963,438 | 54,599,884 | 11,330,341 Green or pickled. -do.. .| 40, 738,679 | 6,427,270 | 37,833,520 | 6,021,432 | 46,859, 397 , 009, 009 Other: eseec se kee. do....| 15,780,906 | 3,835,591 | 10,225,362 | 1,701,095 | 10,890,642 2, 157, 756 Total hides and skins, A tacit pounds. .|561,070,686 |120, 289, 781 1538, 217, 733 |104,177,106 |743, 669, 860 | 158, 861, 376 Cured— Bacon and hams, [ < ee -* tle pounds..} 2,008, 960 383,669 | 7,542,446 | 1,161,090 667, 667 111, 486 Meat prepared or LOSER VOC ay 22.2 eee chee Soe ee TG 76; B60) 15. Soo Eee 198, 268 ee soe 325, 381 Sausage, bologna, ey eer pounds.. 730, 326 186, 824 209, 484 53, 660 47, 287 12,322 resh— Beef and veal. ewan: ./180, 137,183 | 15,423,911 |184, 490, 759 | 16,942,661 | 71,101, 756 7,107,949 Mutton and lamb.do....| 12,710,905 | 1,114,780 | 15,528,855 | 1,474,422 | 20,257, 999 1, 784, 310 Polpeiccet oe oe do....| 4,624, 799 540,801 | 16,250,514 | 2,011,065 | 2,169, 084 234,873 Other, including meat PRCIAUUS can adadcnhy calte ae esasexe 1075; 840 uler a. asepeene 2°5615 900; )5-~ scarce 1, 486, 395 MO MNGAL A. sets 6 eo] sean sans oe 402; Tae ess meee 253398, 0721)... -aeeueiee 11,062, 716 Oleo stearin........ pounds..} 5, 243, 553. 459,989 | 2,424,009 209, 545 910,478 81, 280 Cut Aare rrr tere. Goccre 120 TO | etre assets 101,017. |... . 2. sececec OB, 240,419 Wee cn seen 173,412,730 Ivory, vegetable... pounds. .| 27, 135, 406 881, 354 | 21, 059, 746 510,677 | 32,942,115 840, 464 Naval stores: Tar and pitch (of wood), barroles 561 TOGA Ils >... Be caRE > coolant bolus. cdaeeee | ee!) ea Turpentine, spirits of, gal- Jonsi2i- ste. eteecees: 68, 966 28, 818 13, 750 5, 102) fea | Shee Total naval stores.....|--.-.------- 36, 764 13, 750 5 itt ee atin? Palm leat, natural .<.\-s2-c:..------ pounds... (?) CRiCYPw Samar eseeee 90; 0227 eon eee 89, 464 RIMS SSATNES oe cee sete occ l-s coke o-cae HEL 75ers Saas PISGOnMOO Be. os eae 964, 623 Raisins ses! pounds..| 4,554,549 309,511] 2,808, 806 238,958 | 1,024,296 143,750 (CiTESTE Je 5 yes Sa aT |e TERROR ems eee ee tet 124 | oae et 1, 582, 692 Aotaleresh) or Gried’.\...<-|--.. sce. << Bp (63 8 ee eee 260585428" e" Sec os 22,331, 398 Prepared or preserved.......|............ BU a al eee WN OZ2RO (ita eee soe ss ee 954, 418 Mopeleenitss.-o see ese" ac 55k BERGE GUGR |S. Rae So eee DTAOSISGOh| see eee 23, 285, 816 Ginger, preserved or pickled, “HITeT i Sap Gee a oe 478,058 See ae ree PA aie ele erstathae, a “Se et Grain and grain products: | Grain— atin: £07 202 54 bushels. .| 12,367,369 | 7,917,243 | 9,897,939 | 6,083,385 | 5,208,497| 2,865,003 CES = aia es ea do....| 22,273,624 | 7,885,837 630, 722 290, 180 665,314 302, 547 WVHeatet ses c.—. oa2 5 do....| 1,978,937} 1,761,995 426, 469 469,847 | 5,703,078] 5,789,321 Total grain........do....| 36,619,930 | 17,565,075 | 10,955,130 | 6,843,412 | 11,576,889 | 8,956,871 Grain products— Tigh Nias al Pee EE EO ces cl | Pe ee Breadand Wiscuit. 245260)... Bgocscee ANS SOLS ies cictstare rate ie 2663079 {lua ene. ee 213, 400 Macaroni, vermicelli, etc., OUNAS MIMS. Poo. oo 126,128,621 | 5,698,783 | 56,542,480 | 3,061,337 | 21,789,602} 1,525,695 Malt. ...-.......bushels.. 13,472 ORSO Tale pee serene |i ein meee |e co Dera, Sk SS Meal and fiour— Wheat flour....barrels. . 89, 911 363, 855 64, 200 309, 742 329, 905 1,689, 418 Dior eeer we 2S. Bee abe wf. tee ByBSQNBTIG sere. cS SA 2037, 786)\|05 steaeeck - 3,251, 976 Totalgrain products. .|............ ON SU7AB02 | Se ees a SLO 2 2 5 in eee 6, 680, 489 Total grain and grain |— a kc ina a ee (oN CRM Ty CO ion eee eee DASE UU TH Pl oS eee LAPIS [BOO os 6s.=c8,05 4 o6.0 15, 637, 360 Mayer Grete fostic od longtons..| — 170,786 | 1,634,390 20, 187 228, 906 43, 184 679, 412 Ee ee pounds..| 5,382,025 | 2,790,516 | 11,651,332 | 2,778,735 675, 704 144,627 i LS ae do....| 8,125,211 | 1,093,226 | 7,975,709 | 1,596,978 | 6,599,583 | 8,235,670 Licoriceroot............. do...|115, 636,131 | 2,047,192 | 65,958,501 | 1,252,989 | 41,003,295 | 1, 609,571 Liquors, alcoholic: =o T=" Baa) yp eae Ob ae istiled spirits— Brandy.......proof galls. . 602,563 | 1,617,483 400,203 | 1,035,562 536, 342 1,576, 481 Cordials, liqueurs, ete., \ | ie 515,575 | 1,063,267 408, 090 858, 599 330, 452 794, 558 G wceabeecons proof galls..| 1,055,885 | 1,017,569 742,439 717,131 805, 749 749, 775 Whisky: Ussede.\. 2 do....] - 1,571,870 | 3,186,627 | 1,327,759 | 2,641,617 | 1,742,197 | 3,677,662 OGD Se iascb ne sind hey 414, 950 378, 902 411, 236 317,413 538, 759 433, 098 Total distilled spirits, proof palis....2. 0.0.6 4,160,843 | 7,263,848 | 8,289,727] 5,570,322 | 3,953,499 7, 231, 569 a ——"———————————— 1 Long tons (2,240 pounds). 2 Not stated. 712 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TABLE 191.—Agricultural imports of the United States during the 3 years os June 30, 1916—Continued. Year ending June 30— Article imported. 1914 1915 1916 (preliminary). Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. VEGETABLE MATTER—Contd. Liquors, alcholice—Continued. Malt liquors— Bottled#2\= sose-~ gallons..; 1,213,320 | $1,152,598 789, 946 $768, 893 872,402 | ~° $850,913 Unhottled.-.-----22 do....| 5,963,913 | 1,814,431 | 2,551,158 818,505 | 1,740,333 605, 980 Total malt liquors.do....| 7,177,233 | 2,967,029 | 3,351,104 | 1,587,398 | 2,612,735 | 1, 456, 893 Wines— Champagne and _ other , sparkling...doz.quarts..| 270,002 | 4,418,958 | 114,630 | 2,004, 680 206,210 | 3,532,022 Still wines— | Bottled_...doz. quarts. . 728,303 | 2,940,277 626,865 | 2,273,916 547,119 2,197,311 Unbottled......gallons..| 5,220,380 | 2,757,434 | 3,860,273 | 1,968,587 | 3,455,756 | 2,267,561 Total’still wines: ten<.p|s-2-- Seen | SSRGEG AO ees sa 4, 242, 503 4,464, 872 ataliwines- =o o4 tesco ee eee 10, 116, 669 6, 247, 183 7,996, 894 Total alcoholic liquors.}..........-- | 20,347,546 |.-.....-.--- 13, 404, 903 | 16, 685, 356 Malt, barley. (See Grain and grain products.) : Malt extract, fluid and solid...|..........-. MGR SO bee sopnonccs| lbonor cascoa bSceessccccc|lneece-- eae rn Malt liquors. (See Liquors, alcoholic.) Nursery stock: Plants, trees, shrubs, and vines-— Bulbs, bulbous roots or corms, cultivated for their flowers or foliage Met et sede does 216,138 | 2,092,139 255,700 | 2,375,316 231, 733 2,180, 687 Willers 2s waccs.a-sceddeeee als ceeecesctine 1, 0145 G69) 2 nc acs accee To 10; 2341 onlnstas Seem 1,505, 661 Total nursery stock. ....|-....-...- ==) 3; 606,808 |= ---------- 3, dal, DOO Mos jose eee 3. 686, 348 Nuts: | Almonds— Shelled soe 2 scecne -pounds..| 13,307,631 | 4,040,785 | 12,208,551 | 3,100,428 | 13, 667, 766 3, 700, 298 Unshelied.......... do.... 5, 730, 774 638,504 | 4,902,713 499,151 | 2,929,155 272, 815 Coconuts, unshelled.........|...........- lie Selo, AkOn seciscetee cae 1,593,017, |<. -seceeee a3 876, 966 Coconut meat, broken, or copra— Not shredded, desiccated, or prepared....pounds..| 45,437,155 | 2,395,013 | 90,548,715 | 3,397,657 |110, 077, 844 4,551,427 Shredded, desiccated, or prepared Bee pounds..| 10,297,554 867,198 | 5,936,212 432,993 | 8,490,069 693, 765 ae and Brazil..pounds..| 20,423,497 | 1,075,907 | 16,172,581 878, 272 14, 798, 912 917, 613 vilberts— Shelled. .<-.s<2 pounds..! 1,643,507 261,785 | 1,973,192 275,026 | 1,133,915 230, 854 = Unshelled.......... do....} 10,992, 972 834,078 | 11,717,370 949,099 | 9,785,545 819, 508 eanuts— Bhalled yes tse cesses do....| 27,077,158 | 1,239,227 | 9,643,691 333,980 | 19,392, 8382 722,989 ME cca ee eseae do....| 17,472, 631 660,010 | 14,540, 982 490,779 | 9,020,848 328, 099 alnuts— Shelled. ccasawe>s- « do,..., 8,928,029 | 2,042,680 | 11,107,490 | 2,322,754 | 14, 228, 714 3, 157, 933 Unshelled.......... do....| 28,267,699 | 2,296,801 | 22,338,348 | 1,661,473 22} 630, 220 1, 899, 012 Other att erence es Sie ee 1, ACS 107E |v eee B05; 808, 0 .2ccetk coms 1, 989, 262 | | | | ET POURUOTULS 5 ots ax eieasian |-oeeeeeeores 19, 888, 601 ai aor GOne ee 16, 880; 982) |... <5 ceuniee 21, 160, 491 Otlcake se: Sit scene pounds. .| 11, 656, 803 120, 078 | 21, 188, 658 219, 685) |.0-sSeinnee ewan . Oils, vegetable: Fixed or expressed— Cocoa butter or butterine, | OEE OCH pounds..| 2,838,761 793, 451 150, 378 42,185 400, 371 129, 654 Coconut oil......pounds..| 74,386,213 | 6, 703, 942 | 63, 135, 428 | 5,430,581 66, 007,560 6, 047, 183 Cottonseed.......... do....| 17,293,201 - 044; 834 15, 162, 361 | 728,961 | 17,180,542 915, 972 Flaxseed orli nsoed, | gallons..! 192, 282 91,555! 535,201 | 248, 403 50,148! 33,295 TP A pe ye te Le Cis cee Agee bn bd A a t% Impind Pe > re re) Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 713 TaBie 191.—Agricultural imports of the United States during the 3 years ending June 80, 1916—Continued. Year ending June 30— Article imported. 1914 1915 1916 (preliminary). Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. VEGETABLE MATTER—contd. Oils, vegetable—Continued. Fixed or expressed— Contd. Nut oil, or oil of nuts. n.e.s.— Chinese nut....gallons..| 4,932,444 | $1,962,389 | 4,940,330 | $1,733,264 | 4,968,262 | $1,977.823 aeeeeut eas Ao ----| 1,337,136 918,614 852, 905 581,150 |} 1,475,123 818, 283 ive for mechanical pur- DSOGS cameos aie gallons 763, 924 477, 210 653, 064 450, 001 884,944 684, 896 Olive, salad......... do....| 6,217,560 | 7,916,980 | 6,710,967 | 8,225,485 | 7,224,431 | 9,746,672 Palm oil....... pounds. .| 58,040,202 | 3,858,001 | 31,485,661 | 2,025,060 | 40,496,731 | 2,885,595 Palm kernel........do....| 34,327,600 | 3,087,343 | 4,905, 852 446,763 | 6,760,928 512, 666 Rapesced........gallons..} 1, 464,265 704,655 | 1,498,642 786,485 | 2,561, 244 1, 426, 659 Soya bean........ pounds. .| 16,360, 452 830, 790 | 19,206,521 899,819 | 98,119,695 5, 128, 200 LuOT: See ae ee Ce alee 439009) Bee as sa/5e.2 PAZ L1G) |e. - 2. asce 502, 613 Total fixed or expressed.|.....-...--. 28; 828, (1du|22s2esscce= 21, 8101278) | Sana sees - 30, 809, 511 Volatile or essential— | ipireh and eajeputsse. -2o-s|- ses -s-- 2 ( poeghl mieecae serie (() a tesa 22,175 Memon i205 2.2% pounds. . 385, 959 858, 220 577, 595 600, 642 548, 857 441,910 Eo Re ee ae ena eS 2-693) 789" ores coos 2370: 364y | EUs: Dasa 2,645,571 Total volatile or essential!...........- 3,492, 0090 [Se=2- e225 550 2, 971; 006: | 252 cose? 3, 109, 656 Total vegetable oils. -... joceeeeeeeeee 325320; 1829 ee se Sac eee 2A NTBIs 270 Sei eee 33, 919, 167 Opium, crude........ pounds. i 455, 200 | 1,810,429 | 484,027 | 2,445,005 | 146,658 | 879, 699 Be rice meal, etc.: a. ice— Cleaned.......... pounds. .| 95,503,998 | 3,017,108 |112, 118, 326 | 2,655, 739 |121,023,906 | 2,867, 453 Uncleaned, including pad- Ox 2...) 22 ---.-pounds..| 54,784,051 | 1,917,658 | 90,241,834 | 2,340,968 | 87,671,332 | 2,215,273 Rice flour, rice meal, and broken rice.-pounds.. 139,906,868 | 2,538,941 | 74,831,312 | 1,307,509 | 55,628, 767 1, 010, 885 Total rice, etc.....do..../290,194,917 | 7,473,707 277,191,472 | 6,304,216 |264,324,005 | 6,093,611 PAPO et APIOCE, OFC. 2.5. 0s Riaz =| acctlow'g a ccie- 1, 641,540 goa. 33-2 Vy AS4, 219s acicc.a ssc 2,226, 697 Seeds: MENCReSS | PS > eo aT ee oP PROP oon ast epee oon Smal perpee, cas Castor beans or sceds : Pe So ee SOR SEED IOOS 1,030,543 | 1,139,311 924, 604 993,577 | 1,071,963 1, 555, 899 over— ed es sees pounds..! 6,764,218 835,691 | 8,749,757 | 1,072,468 | 33,476,401 | 4,918,171 1 ae do....| 23,343,431 | 2,047,941 | 15,406,954 | 1,162,810 | 8,363,360 822, 572 Flaxseed orlinseed.bushels..} 8,653,235 | 10,571,410 | 10,666,215 | 13,374,536 | 14,679,233 | 20,220,921 Grass seed, n. e. s. .pounds. .| 31,937,701 | 1,634,627 |-34,690,259 | 1,384,372 | 8, 790,920 698, 630 Sugar beet............ do....| 10,293, 898 799,525 | 15,882,661 | 1,409,973 | 9,042,490 | 1,030, 788 Vier AMM oor er sae ocell os cadet Bi ORG OTE nse vader ose SHGOT OSA) 2. cutee 4,324, 716 Mopal SeOdSmtciaewes:le sf o's alee aebca’ 20; 0841845 (se. Lh occses 2B OOAG R20 aetna tee 33,571, 697 Spices: SS SS | Unground— Cassia, or cassia vera, GEG Sa ai ele 6, 71, 901 404,853 | 5,786,324 357,071 | 9,707,982 623, 478 Ginger roct, not preserved, (20) 00 pa A ----| 3,771,086 171,250 | 3,127,722 150,515 | 7,322,399 540,007 Pepper, black or white, (CE Cg i OR RS 24,173,621 | 2,427,927 | 30,267,384 | 3,086,782 | 37,777,324! 4,505,380 GEIB Sek oats once pounds..| 2,806,823 309, 184 6, 438 | SBVAls Amxed. eed beeen cee ce Totalunground,|] — pounds................| 37, 613, 431 | 3,313,214 | 39,187,868 | 3,594,755 | 54,807,705 | 5, 668, 865 Ground............ pounds..| 18,961,068 | 2,282,295 | 20,902,214 | 2,332,604 | 28,072,632 | 3,277,757 Total spices....... do....| 56,574,499 | 5,595,509 | 60,090,082 5,927, 359 | 82, 880, 337 8,946, 622 Spirits, ett (See Liquors, | ——— | a. tans ee ae -2----- Beeecee = s55) sacs sane == sso Tobacco: | Leai— Wrapper... .. ounds..| 6,092,787 | 7,785,387 | 7,241,178 | 9,267,044 | 5,070,308 7, 246, 942 Filler and Pinon do.... 54,047,436 | 27,247,259 33) 568, 035 17, 393; 526 | 42,948,027 | 17,372,126 aL KER pee re NES do....} 1,034,528 By BIA! | sao se cele] Selo ees +20 «| ec ee ae eee Total tobacco. ....do....| 61,174, 751 85,088, 520 45,809 a] 27, 160, 570 | | 48,013,335 | 24,619, 068 Vanilla beans........... do= = 3 898, 100 2,277,675 888, 569 1, 863, 515 914, 386 1,697, 543 Vegetables: | | | ¥resh and dried— 3 Beans. ...55 222% bushels..| 1,634,070 | 2,955,663 | 905,647 | 1,461,917 | 659, 259 1, 288,034 Onions: : 2.25. Si5 do....} 1,114,811 909, 204 829,177 | 657, 374 815, 872 749,150 Peas, dried......... do.... 866,488 | 1,849,274 546,903 | 1,305,633 943,821 2, 868, 683 Potatoes; /-- =<: < 22 do....| 3,645,993 | 1,763,782 270, 942 274,915 209, 542 331, 814 Ota er enccctia cteeaascleee ce See i 630, WS Weinin cos ees 1, 350, 101 Specs eee ile 907, 879 Total fresh and dried....|...........- 9, 108,036 |.-.--...0--. A oy ee | 7,145, 560 Prepared or preserved— | ushrooms...... pounds..| 9,188,177] 1, ae a | 6,195,819 885,653 | 4,313,095 985, 408 Pickles and sauces..-.....|-.-.----0--- ie eens 1) $338,916 ole eee ee eae 515, 048 OGBON. 2.0 wa cade apc do poe lake ck + Geen 3, ray re = SRB ee Knees oy 7 ee 2,165, 377 Total prepared or pre- BEEVOU os. -s- Bee lope pe eae 6,025,499 ee ee te ATO 702 Nace --..-| 8,665, 833 Uotal yegetables.'/3..2.-|-cvesnacce cc 15, 133, 535 | aoe eae 9, 329, 782). .- oer 10,811,393 Winwse 2.. . ‘.gallons..| 311,643 94,597 | 249,645 73, 801"|.. cst ske oe eee Wafers, unmedicated.........|-...-.-.---- BS, ROT | See eree Seni oid] co ete a a.35ieie oie ete a ee ete er Wax, vegetable Fos pounds..| 4,255,686 | 1, 049 126 | 5,634,809 | 1,012,402 | 9,727,312 1, 580, 530 Wines. (See Liquors, alco- holic.) Total vegetable matter, including forest prod- | on REECE IEEE Pee CEEE CEE TO; Taeseoellase6c see nce 739, 850, 499 Total vegetable matter, excluding forest prod- MARES seit Rts wheel gee ads en eg a Bad 665,516,932 |..........-- 9740001, ON6 i) wens osipeiin 704,971,171 “se 957,795,624 Total agricultural im- ports, including forest OTOLELOBH so s's'va on ie’ vc. Total agricultural im- ports, excluding forest DOOUGUGS anvetwincawan } ae ame ee '1,079,508,416 |..........-./1,076,635,782 |........-.-./1,439,466,222 | | shotetntalcteaete smd |924, 247, 116 we cccesccen af GL0, 780, 209 |. 0.2. eee nse of kphOUsOsLprUe Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 715 TABLE 192.—Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 3 years end- ing June 3, 1916. Year ending June 30—- Article exported. 1914 1915 | 1916 (preliminary). l | l Quantity. Value. Quantity. | Value. Quantity. Value. j ANIMAL MATTER. Animals, live: Cini se ae number. - 18,376 $647, 288 5, 484 $702, 847 21,666 | $2,383,765 IGT RES 6 oe ae Ses d02-2\ 22,776 | 3,388, 819 289,340 | 64,046, 534 357,553 | 73,531,146 LITLE Ae ge ae go. - = 4, 883 ”690, 974 65, 788 | 12, 726, 143 111,915 | 22,946,312 GRD ee ep no go = 152, 600 534, 543 47, 213 182, 278 52, 278 231, 535 Ragman see Se eS does 10, 122 133, 751 7,799 93, 067 22,048 238, 718 Others (including fowls) .:..|------------ 408, 284 |---.---.--.- BUD N SUT |amcsen- saps | 331,337 Total live animals......:|..-..---.--- BiB08 650 | nas. ne 3 G07908; 6865 poo eons eas | 99, 662, 813 Ly Se pounds. . 96, 215 27, 292 181,328 Dy, OTS ee cae ee Dairy products: Lr a ae do....} 3,693,597 877,453 | 9,850,704 | 2,392,480 | 13,503,279 | © 3,592,415 <> 728 eee do....| 2,427,577 414,124 | 55,362,917 | 8, 463,174 | 443947251 | 7 430, 089 Condensed.........- do....| 16,209,082 | 1,341,140 | 3, 066, 642 |155, 734,322 | 12, 404,384 Other, including cream....|.----------- 333, 217 343, 583 | ot ees 835, 106 Total dairy products, a ii: fet hoe eS SS Sooaaenesose 2,965, 934 | 110 BR 24, 261, 994 LoS ae eee eee dozens...| 16,148,849 | 3,734, 087 | 5, 003, 764 | 26,396, 206 6, 134, 441 IbTaOCUn 2. 0 aap ieee Se Se , 963 865. |. . 2-54. cise alls see EE Ne ee ena pens ae eslacee sss neAs | 640, 020 | 312,113 Fibers, animal: Silk waste........- pounds... 27, 597 8,178 5 BAUR ac cee et sud s|aeceeeee ees CT TCECCUDY es nap doscs.. 335, 348 LA Te, eB; 158,500; | 25216187) | 25.0. aeccne| pone cee oe Total animal fibers... -. 362,945 | 132,305 | 8,190,585 | 2,224,590 |..-......_.. seis a Re GOT Sees eee pounds..} 2,351,773 258,611 | 2,874, 295 298,136 | 4,946, 298 531,329 “Eiri OD a en ees Pree IBS CoE Bees teens 11: O38) 33350 eo jee oe eee products: eef[— Canned ....-..-.- pounds..| 3,464, 733 461,901 | 75, 243,261 | 11,973,530 | 50, 416, 690 9, 358, 450 Cured or pickied-...do...-| 23,265,974 | 2,289,516 | 31,874, 743 | 3,382 670 | 38,060,682 | 4,034’ 195 Ly a Doe bee doz =. 4 6, 394) 404 788, 793 170, 440, 934 21) 731, 633 231, 215, 075 | 28, 886,115 Oils—oleo oil... .. ..do.... 97, 017, 065 | 10, 156, 665 80, 481, 946 9) 3417 188 102; 645, 914} 12,519,115 Oleomargarine...... dees 4 2, 532, 821 263, 453 5, 252. 183 617, 035 5, 426, 221 640, 480 On a do....| 15,812,831 | 1,002,011 | 20, 239/983 | 1,386; 445 | 16,288” 743 1,326, 472 Total beef........ do. . . .|148, 487, 828 | 14, 962,339 |383, 533,055 | 48,432,501 | 444,053, 325| 56, 759, 827 Bones, and manufactures of.|...........- Pei Lae eek FR) am eee | |e ripen Grease, grease scraps, and | all soap stock— OME AND oe cco cape» ain |e ee'minp oie ie 2,394, 918 | 2, 384,395 HEI Geo eee sesseeee |aeener enone > 046, 959 4, 266, 097 |. PRI Meta cea tctctmia a «2 cSt os = = on wimeig s ile 085, 038 ag 1, 402) 189 | ser: and skins, other than | urs— Calfskins 323, 417 69,515 | 1,074,529 248, 547 1, 574, 369 469, 637 Cattle hides.........do....] 12,524,901 | 1,933,705 | 21,135,730 | 4,013,172 | 3,284,190] 2,938,925 Horse .2-: 3. < 2-225. -..-| 5,742,855 | 610,456 605, 054 67, 798 266, 743 34, 481 OUT Se ee aoe ..--| 1,275,962 193) 577 | 2, 117, 867 356,207 | 1,996,717 432, 208 fe]? a eee -----d0....| 19, 867,135 | 2,807,253 | 24,933,180 | 4,685, 724 7, 122, 019 3, 875, 251 Hoofs, horns, and horn tips, strips, AOE LCR gg eR pase (Pe EM Ee UO Bi |v 0 RS 3 37, 558 Lard compounds...pounds..| 58,303, 564 5 489, 139 | 69,980,614 | 6,045,752 | 52,843,311 5, 147, 434 MeaimCnnned:. 6, Sls: ...->-|.. seep. 1,350, PLS Sbscehy cidise 2 LOD MOL fs - SSS 2,835, 005 Minttow..c........- pounds..| 4,685,496 | "523'023 | 3,877,413 448,221 | 5, 552,918 696, 882 Oils, animak, n.e.s.gallons..| 891, 035 609, 204 559, 197 405, 635 655, 587 492, 964 ee eee ee es eee eee Pork— Canned .....-.0 pounds..| 3,074,303 492,822] 4,644, 418 745,928 | 9,610,732 | 1,815, 586 SSS a ————— eee eS 716 Yearbook of the Depariment of Agriculture. TABLE 192.—Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 3 years end- ing June 80, 1916—Continued. Year ending June 30— Article exported. 1914 1915 1916 (preliminary), Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. ANIMAL MATTER—Continued. Packing-house products—Con. Pork—Continued. Cured— Bacon sapien pounds. ,|193, 964, 252 |$25,879, 056 (346, 718,227 |$47,326,129 |579, 808, 786 | $78, 615, 616 Hams and _ shoulders, . pounds. + oss. s neo 165, 881,791 | 23,767,447 |203, 701,114 | 29,049,931 |282, 208,611 | 40,803,022 Salted or pickled, poun dss ashes ee ees 45,543,085 | 4,896,574 | 45,655,574 | 4,911,307 | 63,460,713 6,752,356 Total cured. pounds./405, 389.128 | 54,543,077 |596, 074,915 | 81,287,367 |925, 478,110 | 126, 126, 170, 994 ~ Mresh* eueee ee --do....] - 2,668, 020 359, 181 | 3, 908, 193 473,801 | 63,005,524 re, 523, 408 ET ER ee .-do..../481, 457, 792 | 54,402,911 |475,531,908 | 52,440, 133 |427, 011; 338 47, 634,376 Lard, neutral....... do....| 29,323,786 | 3,270,236 | 26,021,054 | 3,022/321 | 34,426,590 | 4,050,397 Oils—lard yt Bas -gallons. .| 111,199 87,364 | 184, 019 111, 637 419, 969 308, 642 Total pork 22/520. yee 2 CDE ES ok) i eoeore ee 138, 081, 187 |...........- | 187, 503,403 Sausage and sausage meats— Canned.......-.. pounds..| 1,446, 582 202,120 | 1,821,958 307,726 | 6,823,085 1, 269, 866 Ofhertiia eso ey do....| 4,562, 983 755, 794 5. 183,525 845,661 | 8,590, 236 1, 732, 231 Sausage casings. ..... do....| 30,092,206 | 4,077,882 | 30,818,551 | 4, 859, 815 | 14,708, 893 2, 867, 681 Sfeanine 4 feces do....| 2,724, 18i 234,121 | 11,457,907 | 1,083,665 | 13,062,247 | 1,461, 661 SAN othier oe =22 Se 2sses sy seer aleel ot) lee 1, 685°S50 [oe ee AID) BAD | 4 5, 268, 862 Total packing-house | PLOGNCtSS) eae Ue j154, 487, 871 |.....-.-..-- pag 904:'852 {ao - 2 seca 279,138, 467 Poultry: and'eame: te see. esloeae cs ease OIS°632U st cca. dee ees LIST Til: |aesec eee 1, 561, 398 Silk waste. (See Fibers, ani- mal.) Wool. (See Fibers, animal.) | Total animal matter.....|.........--- i169, 147, 048 | ar eee ee 319, 381, 358 | 233 -S ee 411,602,555 VEGETADLE MATTER. Breadstufis. (See Grain and grain products. ) Broom corn........ long tons. . 2,959 327, 426 3, 764 368, 051 3, 698 454, 749 Cocoa, ground or prepared, ind chocolate. 62.2. ses: bene BBO; GAO Meco cece aT! 25 (6) al eh eS eee 1, 668, 657 Coffee: ; Green or raw...... pounds..| 52,649,233 | 8,550,642 | 49,177,146 | 6,841,575 | 35,421,530 5,369, 753 Roasted or prepared..do....| 1,815,835 427,009 | 2,421,664 461,030 | 1,851,100 378, 268 Total coffee....... do....| 54,465,068 | 8,977,651 | 51,598, 810 | 7,302, 605 | 37,272,630 | 5,748,021 ge i 19, 186 6, 158 4,247 . pales. ... ,18 : 7 Sea island......... {pounds 7,490 488 } 1,619, 847 phar te \ 484, 465{ 1, 2 a \ 483, 184 i ales....| 9, + 500,08 , m, 8,201,18 n 5 Upland........... { ound \o08,s55,454{!, 38 a 26 ee 4 8h sib ae cate ales... 218, 9. - 95 Linters.........2. fee \ 0) aliens EPL () tle Seem \ 3,065 O17 |195, 5987052 8, 992, 685 Total cotton...... do....|4,760,940 0 9808, 475,201 itis 4,403 ,578,499| 376,217,972 |3,084,070,125] 374, 186, 247 Flavoring extracts and fruit PEC | he gaa En meted eh agen es bes ee lp gaye LOG B92 | Se oemt wetem 3 136, 742. ||... awieice'n css hehe eee MIOWAIR CLG his tact be carcbemendl nae mene Mecue TOT ORT et estes 56; 608) o oe So eles ae eee Forest products: ia. 7 plea. 5 a Bark, and extract of, for tan- ning— Bat. eee as long tons. . 1,212 26, 939 82. 21, ADA. cide waciaam dllcte ial aera Dark, GRiwvACia Oise. saan a ainleeeceawawaratas 639; 94]:c) sinwramas wean, 2226400 | oes ontne comers 5, 902, 799 Total Dare Stee. skbaclse~ seabed B66 880 seen. viseelp sien 2) 2AT, SS lin) saan 5,902,799 Charaddlc ce fila csshavyeunen closers bela 81,907 |....-.-.-..-| ~ 106,000 |...s.+0 ea spirits of, AONB EL ete oisiate oie sieeve 18,900,704 | 8,095,958 | 9,464,120 | 4,476,306 | 9,309,968 4, 337, 355 Total naval stores: ...:|......-....2 Wel 9, 8825) Oou Heo a memas TWh APS) |- Sea es 13, 503, 607 Logs— rickory-< 25-25% M feet. 8,425 297, 613 2,020 73, 786 2,302 75, 888 Bie eee cas 2 dors: 1,872 63, 850 226 10, 563 2,019 53, 668 Bint see css— Gotesé 6,951 382, 059 1,090 78,338 1,114 88, 965 Others 225255203. gone s- 120,819 | 2,512,501 41,175 720, 836 38, 921 755, 527 Photalseeoc. 365, dows. 138,067 | 3.256, 023 44,511 883, 523 44,356 974, 048 Lumber— Boards, deals, and planks— Cyprus....... M feet 14, 098 420, 982 10, 078 319, 065 10, 521 366, 510 ie Goer do. 680,380 | 8, 709, 140 368,886 | 4,251,620 268,455 | 2,964,948 Siri ee do... 70,714 | 2,164,017 24, 588 715, 756 32, 155 969.338 Oak Seba se eee do....| 231,308 | 10,644,310 97,397 | 4,870,864 98,990 | 4,665,527 ine— ante Ramen at 2 do.. 43,878 | 1,606, 864 18,398 662, 786 34,206 1,139, 537 ellow— Pitch pine..do.... 911,223 | 19,521,719 403,254] 7,565,272 504, 952 9, 150, 115 Short-leaf _ pine, Mifeets ..<; -i2-.; 22, 453 634, 103 5,261 160,219 2,185 79, 147 Other pine, Milcetic.2. st. 127,289 | 3,001,399 49,716 | 1,123,212 47, 236 1, 156, 090 Poplar........ M feet 30,860 | 1,448,622 19, 891 962, 248 23,356 | 1, 044, 883 Redwood....... doses. 67,155 | 1,917,315 36,419 | 1,102, 532 38,739 | 1,169,975 SpIUCe. =. ss2s25 do. 18, 105 557, 838 15,610 462, 087 37,332 | 1,611,892 Others 2 2625.22 do... 187,833 | 6,948,239 79,707 | 2,925, 984 78, 638 3,594, 338 Motalce tee ac do....] 2,405,296 | 57,574,548 | 1,129,205 | 25,121,645 | 1,176,765 | 27,912,300 Joists and _ scantling, fs Mifeoties | 45.322. 278 | 12, 143 206, 919 6, 007 LOS PABB ex cene uve. ca|i momen Railroad ties..number..| 5,123,004 | 2,564,543 | 3,874,298 | 2,036,200] 4,086,721 | 2,435,094 Bbhingles. <<. - 722.2: M.. 46, 964 112, 463 11,291 30, 578 20,590 55, 604 Shooks— Ee ae number..| 11,149,532 | 1,270,477 | 11,682,495 | 1,303,127 |............ 1, 908, 643 Others 620 do. 867,805 | 1,542,272 620,043 | 1,024,093 583,724 | 1,024,348 Total shooks..do....] 12,017,337 | 2,812,749 | 12,302,538 | 2,327,220 | vere Tare 2,932, 991 Staves and heading— [vc ayo 3 ae Sn Chive | aa eee ae DERTC TON Roe cess at 288, 587 Staves...... number..| 77,150,535 | 5,852,230 | 39,297,268 | 2,481,592 | 57,820,610 | 3,533, 181 Total staves and Fi GE GUtR aig beget a bee ee OR ATS De Le PAGE LOR | im dian 3, 821, 768 O4i18() 6 2 a Vineet ace SrO0u Gao: lean achee cee TRGO0 760) leeee ee see ee 3,497,217 opaleliimber-s- sab. -semees TPCT BOLT a LEN oie CPM ba [Re Sa Fe 40, 654, 974 Timber— vo REM MERGSH DT Tale Sos ee |) ae paid Be aren M feet... 29, 859 788, 827 6,118 163, 106 9, 628 252,576 - awea— Pitch pine...... do. 390,149 | 7,821,364 159,064 | 2,785,379 175,763 | 3,473,686 GOthers se. osces sees 2,570 71, 048 11, 426 329, 425 14,613 432, 288 Breadstuff preparations— | Bread an biscuit, DOUNAB. -cceccant-se! 12,645, 551 728, 447 | 11,687, 452 702,509 | 11, 433, 410 787, 567 6g Rees see Soe eciel Arie Ber tsetse 2,323, 412 feo sd8inSnisiers 4,306,899 |...-..2-..-+ 5,074, 983 oe Shorts Pp Es ee Total breadstuff prep- CMe Gy 0 eae eee ie EEG OCISE S001 BOOM oo conse ele 5, 009, 498 |.......--... 5, 862, 550 Distillers’ and brewers’ | rainsand malt sprouts, | ong toms.......-....---- 59,788 | 1,467,028 7,590 | 177,987 1,633 47, 448 | le a i bushels. . 330, 608 "270, 059 | 2,153,060 { 2 ,301) 535 |..--------2-feeeesceseees Meal and flour— i. Corn meal...... barrels..| 336,241 | 1,185,891 470,503 | 1,923,214 | 419,979 | 1,601, 258 Oatmeal....... pounds. .| 15, 998, 286 569, 204 | 68, 394, 979 | 2,416,068 | 54, 748, 747 1, 885, 622 Rye flour....... barrels 8, 293 31; 119 80, 315 "416, 182 119, 619 646, 941 heat flour.......do..--| 1, 821, 461 | 54, 454, 175 16, 182; 765 | 94, 869; 343 15, 520, 669 | 87, 347, 805 Total meal and flour..|............ 56,240, 389 |........-.-- | 09,624,807 |....2--c00- 91, 481, 626 X= ———SS —————— ———aeaesSS eee ee 1 Long tons (2,240 pounds). Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 719 TaBLE 192.—Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 3 years end_ ing June 30, 1916—Continued. Year ending June 30— Article exported. 1914 1915 1916 (preliminary). Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. VEGETABLE MATTER—Contd. Grain and grain products— Continued. Grain products—Continued. Mill feed. .....- long tons... 67,690 | $1,840,011 25, 459 $787, 048 25, 652 $801, 054 PPG NGI oasteraiarsicps isa sates fats ois;< sleas.oa 8 OOS N S~accssees 56 15045, 896 |... ssseece 2 1,293,091 | Total grain products (ere bt (el ppaHee aeoeee 109;225;608 [50.22 2.52222 99, 918, 057 Total grain and grain RGUICES Nee ods aS eee ee eee 2 1645815 )124 5202 se08 2 8725961, 335.| 200. nca0- 430, 743, 767 Pe nick cased long tons. - 50,151 827, 205 105,508 | 1,980, 297 178, 336 3, 267,028 Nigias.°- 5.1. ..2. .---pounds. .| 24, 262,896 | 6,953,529 | 16,210,443 | 3,948,020 | 22,409,818 | 4,383, 929 Lard compounds. (See Meat and meat products.) Liquors, alcoholic: Distilled spirits— Alcohol, including cologne spirits ....proof gallons. . 187, 845 67,728 200, 455 108,985 | 24, 423, 243 8, 784, 742 TELE fries See ce do....! 1,388,738 | 1,815,121] 1,240,804 | 1,588,552] 1,586,900] 1,887,307 Whisky— IBourbOR-s-~ ~~ --.- do.. 47,775 92,331 34, 823 69, 497 88, 802 113, 863 LR E Gea Ho: =. 134, 152 259, 523 86, 564 168, 386 124, 700 208, 879 Potal-whisky...do....| 181,927 351, $54 121,387 237,883 213, 502 322, 742 Gitier:.2.2s0.ih8<. domes 25,408 41, 129 | 30, 152 46, 599 50, 259 67,595 Total distilled spirits, proof gallons.......... 1,783,918 | 2,275,832 | 1,592,798 | 1,982,019 | 26,283,904 | 11,062,386 Malt liquors— Bottled....dozen quarts..| 962,627 | 1,405,581 696,690 | 1,010, 222 668,228 961, 582 Unbottled........ gallons..| 326, 946 79, 595 245, 404 71, 890 340, 064 103, 045 Hotal qmalt Hquors.....-.|--.-...--.-- set if le pa ae 10822! | ee ee 1, 064, 627 WAOSE os ofa wie'njnjnes gallons 941,357 373,412 819, 310 832,369 | 1,133,274 450, 598 Total alcoholicliquors...}-..-.-.-...- vy 62 2 0 es ee Oe ci 358968800 4 noc. t ase 12, 577, 611 | ee | SSS Se Malt. (See Grain and grain products.) ‘ Malt liquors. (See Liquors, alcoholic.) Malt sprouts. (See Grain and grain products.) RIUIESODY StOPK. 22.2. nee cjece «cial scotoromheneene SSK O65 Il aera silichenl oteje = LO O18 S0o. ee 203, 671 i2:Ch 0) pounds 8, 054, 817 421,367 | 5,875,076 325,725 | 8,669, 430 450, 765 Tes 2 bee) xo aes wine ynjo sepia aifieoiepi> =) aistane BOS (ALS ale oss cre seals CULE Oe AS ee 441,512 BEGIN ES Ss aos cats n,n c,c6r)) =,cisinickepenteny SIDS BTR Gnas step tesienen C3407 i a 892, 277 Oil cake and oil-cake meal: ae a LE | i eee ee pounds. .| 59,030,623 909,407 | 45,026, 125 798, 206 | 18, 996, 490 297,041 ottonseed: Meal *1227727777777go17} 799,974,252 | 11, 007,4414 ep an ian | “s's7a’ 24a | T7e2s8;a07 | “1 1405498 Flaxseed or linseed . . .do. .. . 662,868,639 | 9,650,379 (524,794,434 | 9,048,061 |640,916,204 | 11,935, 130 | i eee do....| 8,484, 936 100,445 | 9,900,878 126, 414 | 28,876, 367 410, 168 a Se aie ee do... ./1,530,358,450| 21,667,672 |2,058,786,452| 28,879,051 |1,746,710,630| 28, 541, 304 Fixed or expressed— SE pounds. .| 18,281,576 | 1,307,204 | 17,789,635 | 1,302,159 | 8,967,826 770, 076 Cottonseed......... do..../192, 963,079 | 13,843,179 /318, 366, 525 | 21,872,948 |266, 529,960 | 22,659, 804 Ungeed ......... gallons. 239, 188 134,540 | 1,212, 133 660, 089 714, 120 479, 231 int SRE tape pee CE Nagel. errs. BBY ONO4 oop en ens ot T;LUB BED lan. fscweared 2, 230, 002 Total fixed or expressed.'............ 15 7083 2879 3\ 55.0s'oa<'s% e's 25 5OBH.,,048 |. censececes 26, 139, 113 ——— 720 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. fs 192.— Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 3 years end- a ing June 80, 1916—Continued. Year ending June 30— 1914 | 1915 Article exported. VEGETABLE MATTER—contd. Oils, vegetable—Continued. Volatile, or essential— Quantity. Value, | Quantity. | Value. Quantity. | 1916 (preliminary. Value. $323,070 705, 037 1, 028, 107 27, 167, 220 4,942,373 10, 489 4, 952, 862 2,735, 170 759, 026 3, 538, 508 5,576, 914 524,861 2,107, 068 79, 390, 147 82,022,076 52,813, 252 350, 343 53, 163, 595 5,914, 198 "578,792 3, 485, 740 9,978,730 2,529, 694 1, 166, 8il 2, 977, 177 5,973, 682 15, 952, 412 Peppermint Rea c pounds. . 117, 809 $397, 050 184, 981 $384, 593 154,096 G@Gner. Heessee cece dante xan ZA ROOT ee == \n/ tain ae ce (07 Sl ener Total volatile, or essential|..........-- G27TSGOT ee is oo sn 191, OF Rice Dace ae Total vegetable oils......|....-------- 16, 2; 486, |. =. 4-202 25, 831, 7450) Secu cvcuees Rice, rice meal, etc.: Rae ef eee eee. unds..| 18, 223, 264 721,046 | 75,448,635 | 3,158,335 |120, 695, 213 o bran, meal, and polish, SbLiTs | Daal Ree Se 4, 191, 062 36,274 | 2,031,430 15,541 | 1,273,921 Ree [ihe ee ee AP eo Moesee caer a Ree oh (es ee ee Lipp bard Regie me eat Total's: . cc. -aseeeesieeeeol oe eese tee S84, 208 |. ac acta cinta 3,178,998) (CS. 2ee eee Roots, herbs, and barks, 0. @.S.|.....------- 151 SC Eee ese 470; O90 /} =. 52: see see Seeds: Cotton seed....--.- pounds. .| 16,342,384 215,115 | 6,314, 439 94,237 | 2,475,907 Flaxseed, or linseed, Pushols| Sek el 305, 546 436, 874 4,145 9,748 2,614 Grass and clover seed— Glover. 226-222- pounds..| 4,640, 852 691,437 | 9,750,064 | 1,563,304 | 7,116,220 Timobhye. ste ae Or-. 12, 480, 294 688,118 | 17,333,144 | 1,153,066 | 13,610, 257 Others 32882 eae SL's do... 5, 156, 801 600,368 | 4,342,926 451,595 } 3,613,026 Total grass and ais ver = 3 pagde esa pounds. .| 22,277,947 | 1,979,923 | 31,426,134 | 3, 167,965 | 24,339, 503 DHL SCCOS 0 = ce ncee esos |ooeas ee O08, G08 ledec saeco 589, 114 les Soe eee- PRCA SEBUS cee ome ee seciale sarin hin anicts 3; LIOR Cates saicte 3, SOL; 064" |=. cnc 7 Lease apa aesuie pep Beane cas) ata ap Sasa ee 76, 207.2) eee Bririts, distilled. (See Liq- uors, alcoholic.) PEALOM oc: | oto ene pounds. .| 76,713,779 1, 825, 230 |107, 036,638 | 2,939,453 |210, 185, 192 Stearin, vegetable. See AS © cicwete Marte| 2c c SoReal | eee eialasat= 144, S50) |. 2c vcnus sae Bivgwon - ose long tons. . 288 4,714 260 A ORL ae se noes Sugar, molasses, and sirup: Molasses sc cieee soa gallons..| 1,002,441 175, 498 1, 148, 741 145,274 | 4,387,369 Sirup inal ae apie do....| 11,630,528 | 1,491,639 | 11,439,133 | 1,653,495 | 10,031,693 Sugar— Refined....-..... pounds. .| 50,895,726 | 1,839,983 |549,007,411 | 25,615,016 |1,630,150,863 Total sugar, molasses, SUG SID aia cnes anne soles thee eS 3} 5075120:|basee ees 2413; 785 |o. eee Tobacco: hear. oe ueoe es: -- pounds. .|446, 944,435 | 53, 903,336 |347,997,276 | 44,479,890 |434, 742,937 Stems and trimmings.do 2,805, 547 | 60, 334 348, 815 | 13,939 | 6,826, 644 Totals ees do... ./449, 749, 982 | | 53, 963, 67 53, 963,670 [348,246,091 | 44,493,829 |441, 569, 581 Vegetables: al ANE Tee a Ge ee Ae Fresh or dried— Beans and peas..bushels..|° 314, 655 875,493 | 1,214,281 | 3,638,526 | 1,760,383 Guiions. {3c do....| 386,322 435, 953 727, 983 602, 585 563, 739 Potatoes........---- do....| 1,794,073 | 1,463,514 | 3,135,474 | 2,345,731 | 4,017,760 Total fresh or eee ; pusholss + toate pieee 2,495,050 | 2,774,960 | 5,077,738 | 6,586,842 | 6,341,882 Prepared or preserved— wr lak ae; 7 aS CAniOd Oils cco 2.95 Hk de lcm eee arn 1,520; 820 u)ie< onic etme = 1,898; 840..|.. meecreste Pickles and Sauces... 2.002 )a0senssswees O28 ,GUI' | steer epiy 959, Olde. t2 ccc sees LNG so umaeci eta css aparece late c ne mass DUNS OOO ilk ace 2 ab aeie USO8 Boa ulcer nna acens Total prepared or pre- BOIV Os ves aise uns <|wawt somnaerae 4;161440'4| corcrs weewes 45226, B00! |n0sssecesmes —aaaDSE§™@$&5E=Oaesa=me—S————— fee ad Total vegetables........|....-+++++- 6,936,400 |.o.cccesees | 10,813,151 | ee } \ 4 mh: + : & 2 * te on t Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 721 TaBLeE 192.—Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 8 years end- ing June 80, 1916—Continued. SSS SS Year ending June 30— Article exported. ~ 1914 1915 1916 (preliminary). Quantity. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. VEGETABLE MATTER—Ccontd. iGo ae gallons. . 125, 666 106, 708 S17, (731) |b Soee set ce Re ees Wines. (See Liquors, alco- holi EHEESh 24 SoS Bec ae PY) a ZSOF ANOS | ez ae ane eee oe Total vegetable matter, ' including forest prod- Tite Ge a eee eee HOS IROG 141 eres a. 1,209,109,785|.........-- $1,166,042,447 Total vegetable matter, excluding forest prod- ES peer eeran a eater nee Se 1944 RDG 5ST ee 22h as 1,156,556,249|........-.. 1,098,215,345 Total agricultural ex- ports, including forest PROHCES ane. 2 oo ak speek a 1,220,952,189}........-.. 15 928;491, 143 |S aace ee 1,577,645,002 Total agricultural ex- ports, excluding forest iproducis!)-css...5. Sr Rea Sete 113,973,030 [Sa ceciecoee 15475;937;607|- 2-2-2 -4ec 1,509,817,900 TABLE 193.—Foreign trade of the United States in agricultural products, 1852-1916. [Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. All values are gold.) Agricultural exports. 1! Domestic. Year ending June 30— Total. Average: MI SPO ees Ac ote $164, 895, 146 1857-1861 215, 708, 845 1862-1866 148, 865, 540 1867-1871. 250, 713, 058 1872-1876. 396, 666, 397 1877-1881 591, 350, 518 ERR G ee es ooo See 557, 472, 922 UTE ee 573, 286, 616 638, 748, 318 827, 566, 147 879, 541,247 | 975,398, 554 951, 628, 331 | 857, 113,533 | 878, 480, 557 859, 160, 264 | 826, 904, 777 | 976,047,104 ER xl akslsiie(ssi tn oistwiainl 2-2 | 1, 054, 405, 416 903, 238, 122 | 871, 158, 425 1,030, 794, 402 1, 050, 627, 131 .-1, 123, 651, 985 ../1, 113, 973, 635 - -|1,475, 937, 607 11,509, 817, 900 1 Not including forest products. 54159°—ysK 1910——46 SERSSA SHASS RSSSR/SSRALS SHAS CWOWRI OM MOO ROMDN|lOMOONw Raw. Percent-| Foreign. Agricultural imports. 1 41, 647, 502 |1, 186, 641, 769 Excess of agricultural Total SS otalL ore otal. age ofall |; a} imports. MEEBOELS $8,059, 875 | $77, 847, 158 29.1 | +$95, 107, 863 10,173,833 | 121,018, 143 38.2 | +104, 864, 535 9, 287,669 | 122,221, 547 43.0 | + 35, 931, 662 8,538,101 | 179,774,000 42.3 | + 79,477,159 8, 853,247 | 263, 155, 573 46.5 | +142, 364,071 8,631,780 | 266,383, 702 50. 4 | +333, 598, 596 9,340,463 | 311,707, 564 46.8 | +255, 105, 821 6, 982,328 | 366, 950, 109 43.3 | +213, 318,835 8,446,491 | 398,332, 043 51.6 | +248, 862, 766 10, 961,539 | 376,549, 697 50.2 | +461, 977,989 11, 922,292 | 487,881,038 46.3 | +403, 582, 501 12, 126,228 | 634,570,734 45.2 | +352, 954, 048 11,293,045 | 391,931, 051 47.6 | +570, 990,325 10,308,306 | 413,744,557 45.8 | +453, 677,282 13, 509,343 | 456, 199,325 44.5 | +435, 786,575 12, 625,026 | 461,434, 851 46.6 | +410, 350, 439 12,316,525 | 553,851,214 49.6 | +285,370, 088 10, 856,259 | 554,175, 242 45.2 | +432, 728,121 11,613,519 | 626, 836, 808 43.7 | +439, 182, 127 10,298,514 | 539, 690, 121 45.2 | +488, 004, 797 9,584,934 | 638, 612, 692 48.7 | +274, 210,364 14, 469,627 | 687,509, 115 44.2 | +198, 118, 937 14, 664,548 | 680, 204, 932 44.5 | +3865, 254, 018 12,107,656 | 783, 457,471 47.4 | +279, 277,316 15, 029,444 | 815,300,510 45.0 | +823, 380, 919 17, 729, 462 924, 247.116 48.8 | +207, 456, 481 34,420,077 | 910, 786, 289 54.4 | +599, 571,395 54.0 +364, 823) 683 722 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TaBLe 194.—Value of prin pe groups of farm and forest products exported from and amported into the United States, 1914-1916. [Compiled from reports on the Foreign Commerce of the United States.] Exports (domestic merchandise). Imports. Article. Year ending June 30— 1914 1915 1916 (prel.). 1914 1915 1916 (prel.). FARM PRODUCTS. ANIMAL MATTER. | Animals, live.....-.::- $5,803,659 | $77,953,686 | $99,662,813 | $24,712,111 | $22,279,081 | $18,649, 079 Dairy products. ..--... 2 965, 934 14, 265, 879 | 24, 261,994 15, 403, 143 . 14, 704, 277 9, 828, 919 OL ees Se ee, se 734, 087 5, 003, 764 6,134,441 1; 089, 164 "438, 760 "110; 638 Feathers and downs, crudess- bass seeees 640, 020 281, 806 312, 113 4, 871, 663 2, 502, 623 2,721,151 Fibers, animal: TUS ee ae ees 8,178 8, a03alt Seo, eos 100, 930, 025 83,130,557 | 124,333, 655 Woks 5 sbaccss oes 124,127 2016 AS¥el| sxccee see 53,190,267 | 68,242,568 | 142, 420,734 Packing-house prod- MICLS eae eee ees 154, 487,871 | 217,904,852 | 279, 138,467 | 154,969,389 | 142,484,247 | 182, 887, 880 Other anima] matter. - ry 383, 172 1,746, 781 2 092° 727 3, 563, 922 3, 003,170 "718, 542 Totalanimalmatter.| 169,147,048 | 319,381,358 | 411,602,555 | 358,729,684 | 336,785,283 | 481, 670, 598 VEGETABLE MATTER. pArrolsior.wine 1668 285 nse ces eels akon tte eee eS 8, 228, 674 3, 094, 380 5,306, 246 Cocoa and chocolate. . . 336, 940 1,934, 166 1, 668, 657 21, 503, 983 23” 478, 156 35, 804, 242 Weneeree eee eae 8,977,651 é 302, 605 5, 748,021 110; 725, 392 106, 765, 644 115, 485, 970 @ottone- so --5s-cee-n- 610, 475, 301 376,217, 972 | 374, 186,247 19, 456, 588 23; 208; 960 40, 150, 342 Fibers, vegetable, OUNEE 2 26 sess sseeesalc Shae thes cecikelks co's, ke ace eel bese eee 54,349,995 40,420,017 | 59, 460,062 Lion oe ae See 31, 030, 713 34,229,906 | 36,073,051 | 33,638,334 27,081,399 | 23, 285,816 Ginsengs2so- 522222 see 1, 832,686 919, 931 1, 597, BOS") 2.2e% cece sc sell einwe Sele es ee ee Glucose and grape su- 3 POT eee bane nee 4,565, 919 3, 885, 233 4,784, 961 |= 2 e<0- scree =| eels alee ee ee Grain and grain prod- OCtSis se se ee sess 164,815,124 | 572,951,335 | 430,743,767 | 27,442,277 12, Be 356 | 15,637,360 Haye eens ie ae 827,205 1,980,297 | 3,267,028 1, 634, 390 8, 906 679, 412 Hops: 0-22 oe 6, 953, 529 3,948,020 | 4,383,929] 2,790,516 | 2, 778 735 144, 627 Andipo se ee aes ots c lbes Soweee Sou ceee Bae a eee ee ee 1, 093,226 1,596,978 | 8,235,670 Laces TOOG Reon et eben oe eee Pee oe eS ee re Cree 2 047, 192 1: 252, 989 1, 609,571 Liquors, alcoholic..... 4, 134, 420 3,396,500 | 12,577,611 20, 347, 546 13, 404; 903 | 16, , 685, 356 Nursery stock Cans | trees, etc.)..--...... 315, 065 | 170,218 203,671 | 3,606,808 | 3,751,550 | 3,686,348 NUtsE ee hoi: 819, 679 703, 211 $92,277 | 19,888,601 | 16,830,932 | 21, 160, 491 Oil cake and oil cake rive oy a 21,667,672 | 28,879,051 | 28,541,304 120, 078 219, 6354/(Seeuee eens Oil, vegetable......... 16,251,486 | 25,831,745 | 27,167,220 | 32,320,782 | 24, 781,279.| 33, 919, 167 Opium, 72) 9( 31 6 = eas eee Maes en 8 So |e Sey |B tg 1,810, 429 2,445, 005 879, 699 Rice, rice flour, meal, and broken rice..... 884, 208 3,178,998 | 4,952,862 | 7,473, 707 6,304,216 | 6,093, 611 Sago; tapioca, Obey 2 252) Se. ee aos ose ctnckts otc leisaass seas 1) 641,540 ty 434. 219 2,226,697 Seeds. . 3,190, 745 3, 861, 064 3,538,508 | 20,084,184 23° 054; 820 33, 571, 697 Spices. . 84, 497 oe ee cts 5,595, 509 5,927,359 | 8,946,622. Starch 1, 825,230 2,939, 453 5, 576,914 408, 922 "343, 805 ” 193) 838 Sugar, molasses, and ry Kasy.s ee Mi es 3,507,120 | 27,413,785 | 82,022,076 | 103,394,094 | 175,956,108 | 212,545,293 Passer ssc on ase comet [Dat nactea ees Nae See EROS LEER 16,735,302 | 17,512,619 | 20,599, 857~ WORALCO ede te 3S. 00 2 53, 963, 670 44,493,829 | 58,163,595 | 35,038,520 27; 160, 570 | 24,619, 068 WV anillla Deans 3: 22<- 55 [std d de Sees | PO eee Sabet cae teers 2,277,675 i 863, 515 1, 697, 543 Vegetables............ 6,936,400 | 10,813,151 | 15,952,412 | 15,133,535 9; 329, 732 | 10,811,393 Wax, vegetable..... | Soraatan dat Aerela |= Motiaeinebeicten.c Dec aromas aoe 1, 049, 126 re 012} 402 1, 580, 530 Other vegetable mat- HON er ies cee 1, 431, 397 1,429,482 | 1,223, 726 680, 007 243, 817 24, 648 Total vegetable mat- | 0) oe te se 944, 826, 587 |1, 156, 556, 249 l1, 098,215,345 | 565,516,932 | 574,001,006 | 704,971,171 —_————————_— ————————— ———————_—_ —_—— SS? 2000GGSSSSS&> _———_—_—_—_—F Total farm products.|1, 113,973, 635 |1, 475,937,607 |1,409,817,900 | 924,246,616 | 910, 786,289 | 1,186,641,769 ———————————_ bien Ache Boek | ———— ——— —————SSaa>SSSS>]| ESS ees FOREST PRODUCTS. Cork wood or cork WED pate so i wet ae NS as ctermn mote clean haben atee Reale mice ae emcee 3, 851,794 2, 762, 895 3, 134, 884 Dyewoods, and ex- DIMCUN Olson te tase +d locas evedtexe det ncemnetes ulema ences wee 793, 926 1, 142, 031 4, 289, 247 RMCIA DB Eee caceicitice die mpulees vic auteliw seco cea wet | emewncmeneaa a 219, 851 83; 030; 269 155, 044, 790 Gums, other than in- GID TUDOR so o.oo 5 05:9 =| pe viaime’ a on bie eddie inte tela la eta ae 15, 620, 780 15,210,150 | 18, 367,940 Naval stores.......... 19, 882,165 | 11,127,239! 13, 503, 607 | 36, 764 5, 109). .baaiene sf Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 723 TABLE 194.— Value of principal groups of farm and forest products exported from and imported into the United States, 1914-1916—Continued. Exports (domestic merchandise). | Imports. Article. Year ending June 30— 1914 1915 1916 (prel.). 1914 1915 | 1916 (prel.). FARM PRODUCTS— Continued. FOREST PRODUCTS— continued. Tanning materials, n. 2-2 =! $666,880 | $2,247,881 | $5,902;799 | $4,368,041 | $5,343,263 | $8,837,297 ood: Srataiter MUNG WOO 223 | Soe oc esec | West aaosas cataleleteceseSeces 7, 124, 688 4,271,775 4,011, 107 AGrMIPOPS. | 2 aes 72,484,756 | 34,010,121 | 40,654,974 | 22,436,585 | 23,507,591 | 29,624,279 PELE Sa I ge 9 ee ea ae Oe el De ene 7, 245, 466 6,572,839 | 6,373, 749 Timber and logs....| 12, 428,434 4,061,499 | 5,040,655 | 1, 657, 605 1,263,641 | 1,417,859 LETTE MPTEL Daa L770 | se et ee ee ee ae 1,210,390 771, 628 1,720, 816 Wood pulp. ........ 529, 741 365,969 | 1,703,374 | 17,023,338 | 19,881,111 | 16,867,850 Other forest products. . 986,578 736,827 | 1,021,693 | 2,672,072 2,087,198 | 3,134, 635 Total forest products| 106,978,554 | 52,553,536 | 67,827,102 | 155,261,300 | 165,849,493 | 252,824,453 Total farm and for- est products....... 1, 220, 952,189 1,528, 491,143 |1,577,645,002 |1,079,507,916 |1,076,635, 782 |1,439,466,222 TaBLE 195.—Ezports of selected domestic agricultural products, 1852-1916. {Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Where figures are lacking, either there were no exports or they were not separately classified for publication. “Beef salted or pickled,’ and “ Pork, salted or pickled,”’ barrels, 1851-1865, were reduced to pounds at the rate of 200 pounds per barrel, and tierces, 1855-1865, at the rate of 300 pounds pei tierce; cottonseed oil, 1910, unds reduced to gallons at the rate of 7.5 pounds er gallon. is assumed that 1 barrel of corn mea is the product of 4 bushels of corn, and 1 barrel of see fiour the product of 5 bushels of wheat prior to 1880 and of 44 bushels of wheat in 1880 and subsequently.] Packing-house products. Year ending ee Cattle. Cheese. | ee | salted or Beef, fresh. | pickled. Average: Number.| Pounds Pounds. Pounds 1852-1856 .| 1,431 | 6,200,385 | 25,980,520 |.........:...- 1857-1861 .| 20,294 | 13,906,430 | 26,985,880 |.............- 1862-1866 - 6,531 | 42,683,073 | 27,662,720 |.....-.-.-.-.- TSO VST 1 lecsse22252 52,880,978 | 26,954,656 |.............- 1872-1876 .| 45,672 | 87,173,752 | 35,826,646 |....._. Pees 1877-1881 .| 127,045 {129,670,479 | 40,174, 643 69, 601, 120 1882-1886 .| 131,605 |108, 790,010 | 47,401,470 97,327,819 1887-1891 .| 244,394 | 86,354,842 | 65,613,851 | 136,447,554 1892-1896 .| 349,032 | 66,905,798 | 64,898,780 | 207,372,575 1897-1901 .| 415,488 | 46,108,704 | 52,242,288 | 305,626, 184 1902-1906 .| 508,103 | 19,244,482 | 59,208,292 | 272,148,180 1907-1911 .| 253,867 | 9,152,083 | 46,187,175 | 144,799,735 ThE ee | 459,218 | 39,813,517 | 55,312,632 | 351,748, 333 ae | 392,884 | 27,203,184 | 48,632,727 | 301,824, 473 AQO3S.=jckc'..- 402,178 | 18,987,178 ; 52,801,220 | 254,795,963 AG0HES 22... 593,409 | 23,335,172 | 57,584,710 | 299,579, 671 BOOB. 25. 3 567,806 | 10,134,424 | 55,934,705 | 236,486, 568 Lie 584, 239 | 16,562,451 | 81,088,098 | 268, 054, 227 oeeee ee 423,051 | 17,285,230 | 62,645,281 | 281,651, 502 Tae Yi, 349,210 | 8,439,031 | 46,958,367 | 201, 154, 105 eee pa 207,542 | 6,822,842 | 44,494,210 | 122/952, 671 TOIO Swe es 2 139,430 | 2,846,709 | 36, 554, 266 75, 729, 666 Beret sis'n' > 150,100 | 10,366,605 | 40,283,749 42,510,731 10127 2.552. - 105,506 | 6,337,559 | 38,087,907 15, 264, 320 LOU ae 24,714 | 2,599,058 | 25,856,919 7, 362, 388 Bea S b5 5. 18,376 | 2,427,577 | 23,265,974 6,394, 404 1 5,484 | 55,362,917 | 31,874,743 | 170,440, 934 AGLGhs esse 21,666 | 44,394,251 | 38,060,682 | 231,215,075 Beef and its 1 Includes canned, cured, and fresh beef, oleo oil, oleomargarine, and tallow. oe products— Betees Beef tallow. | total, as far 2 as ascertain- able.t Pounds Pounds. Pounds. eats. Siac wrt | 7,468, 910 33, 449, 430 Fe Cae te oe 13,214, 614 40, 200, 494 Lao S Oe | 43,202) 724 70, 865, 444 ere is ee | 27,577, 269 54, 531, 925 Eh ihe £20 | 78,994,360 | 114,821,006 Las ES -...-.-| 96,822,695 | 218,709,987 30,276,133 | 48,745,416 | 225, 625, 631 50,482,249 | 91,608,126 | 411,797,859 102,038,519 | 56,976,840 | 507,177,430 139,373,402 | 86,082,497 | 637,268,235 156,925,317 | 59,892,601 | 622,843, 230 170,530,432 | 66,356,232 | 448,024,017 161,651,413 | 77,166,889 | 705,104,772 138,546,088 | 34,065,758 | 596, 254, 520 126,010,339 | 27,368,924 | 546,055,244 165,183,839 | 76,924,174 | 663, 147,095 145,228,245 | 63,536,992 | 575,874,718 209,658,075 | 97,567,156 | 732,884,572 195,337,176 | 127,857,739 | 689, 752) 420 212,541,157 | 91,397,507 | 579,303, 478 179,985,246 | 53,332,767 | 418,844,332 126,091,675 | 29,379,992 | 286, 205, 874 138, 696, 906 29, 813, 154 265, 923, 983 126,467,124 | 39,451,419 | 233, 924) 626 92,849,757 | 30,586,350] 166,463,344 97,017,065 | 15,812,831 | 148,487,828 80,481,946 | 20,239,988 | 383, 533, 055 102,645,914 | 16,288,743 | 444, 053, 325 Ld 724 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TABLE 195.—Exports of selected domestic agricultural products, 1852-1916—Continued. Packing-house products. y Corn and Year ending Bank Pork Pork andits | Apples, | corn meal June 30— Pork, we ae face products— fresh. | (in terms of cured— cured Eeree Bulg total, as far i baa hams and | salted or lard. Saco grain). : shoulders. pickled. mint Average: Pounds. Pounds Pounds Pounds. Pounds. Barrels. Bushels. 1852-1856 .| 30,005,479 |....---.....- 40,542,600 | 33,354,976 103, 903, 056 37,412 7, 123, 286 1857-1861 .| 30,583, 297 34,854,400 | 37,965,993 103, 403; 690 57,045 6, 557, 610 1862-1866 -} 10,796, 961 52, 550, 758 39, 138, 251 252) 485, 970 119, 433 12) 059, 794 1867-1871 .| 45,790,113 |.- 28, 879, 085 53) 579, 373 128 248° bya Ye epee 1872-1876 .| 313,402,401 |.- 60,429,361 | 19471977714 | 568,029,477 132, 756 | 38,560,557 1877-1881 .| 643,633, 709 85, 968, 138 | 331,457,591 | 1,075,793,475 | 509,735 | 88,190, 030 1882-1886 _| 355,905, 444 | 47, 634,675 | 72,354,682 | 263,425,058 739, 455,913 401,886 | 49,992, 203 1887-1891 _} 419, 935, 416 60, 697, 365 re 984; 682 | 381,388, 854 936, 247, 966 522,511 54, 606, 273 1892-1896 .| 438, 847, 549 96, 107, 152 64, 8277 470 | 451,547,135 | 1,052, 133,760 520, 810 | 63,979,898 1897-1901 -| 536, 287, 266 200, 853, 226 112} 788) 498 652, 418, 143 | 1,528, 138,779 779, 980 192? 531, 378 1902-1906 .] 292,721,953 | 206,902; 427 | 116, 823/284 | 592130, 894 | 1,242’ 136, 649 | 1,368,608 | 74,615,465 1907-1911 -| 209; 005,144 | 189,603,211 | 90,809,879 | 519,746,378 | 1,028, 996, 659 | 1,225, 655 , 568, 1901 eS 456, 122,741 | 216,571,803 | 138,643,611 | 611,357,514 | 1, 462,369,849 | 883,673 | 181,405,473 LQ Peete 383, 150, 624 | 227,653,232 | 115,896,275 | 556,840,222 | 1,337,315,909 | 459,719 | 28,028,688 - 1903-2. 2 s5e 207,336,000 | 214,183,365 | 95,287,374 | 490,755,821 | 1,042,119,570 | 1, 656, 129 76, 639, 261 LOGI Sore et 249,665,941 | 194,948,864 | 112,224,861 561, 302} 643, 1 146, 255, 441 2? 018) 262 58, 299° 061 1905 3 3)5.<2;5%: 262, 246,635 | 203,458,724 | 118, 887, 189 610, 238, 899 ile 220; 031; 970 | 1,499, 942 90; 293, 483 1006 ia) es 361, 210, 563 | 194,267,949 | 141,820,720 | 741,516,886 | 1, 464,960,356 | 1,208,989 | 119,893, 833 TOTS Pee 250, 418; 699 | 209,481,496 | 166,427,409 | 627,559,660 | 1,268,065,412 | 1/539, 267 | 86,368,228 190822; <5. 241, 189, 929 2217 769, 634 | 149, 505, 937 603; 413, 770 | 1,237, 210, 760 i 049, 545 & ” 860 5 A ees 244, 578, 674 212° 170, 224 | 52,354,980 528, 722, 933 L 053, 142? 056 896, 279 | 37,665,040 1910S 3: 152, 163, 107 146, 885, 385 | 40,031,599 362, 927, 671 "707, 110, 062 922) 078 38, 128, 498 1911 sa382%- 156, 675,310 | 157,709,316 | 45,729,471 | 476,107,857 879,455,006 | 1,721,106 | 65,614,522 19a 208,574, 208 | 204,044; 491 | 56,321,469 | 532) 255,865 | 1,071, 951,724 | 1,456,381 | 41,797,201 1 |) 6 ears 200, 993, 584 | 159,544,687 | 53,749,023 | 519,025,384 984, 696,710 | 2,150, 132 50, 780, 143 1 eee 193, 964, 252 165, 881, 791 | 45,543,085 | 481, 457, 792 921,913,029 | 1,506, 569 10, 725, 819 1Gi5 eee 346,718,297 | 203,701,114 | 45,655,574 | 475,531,908 | 1, 106,180,488 | 2,351,501 | 50,668,303 19IG 579, 808, 736 | 2827 208/611 | 63,460,713 | 427,011/338 | 1/459, 532,294 | 1,466,321 | 39,896, 998 - es eee Gigacaa Pikes Cottumereds ear ending ard com- re cake an oil cake an June 30— pounds. Cotton. pus moe oil-cake oil-cake Prunes. | Tobacco. oats meal. meal. Average: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds. Pounds. 1852-1856 2....| 2.2 ge 1; 110,498 (083). oSaecs ac] sae eb eie See cee. gas ee 140, 183, 800 AS57=1861 2 Sine ee Be | 15 1255705497] ok eon bshete RAR eek loae ocak ees ee 167,710, 800 AS62106 = ee 137, 582183) soe S52 Sos | ke oe we Swe eee 140, 207; 850 ASOTAIS TA | Rota ee a 902; 410; 338)os 052d. occ. |essdBeee ann: I eee Se ee 194, 753, 537 PSV 2=1B76. = 1) See eae Be |", 248, 805,497) vio. ce Seo eee Se alle Ran ae eee | 2417 848, 410 AS71881 . 1) Se 9s) 1; 738, 892/268); Wel che Al. da. ae ie, ae ee ee | 266, 315, 190 1882-1886...|..... ef 1, 968,178,206). 4,473 550! <0. 5 2,|.- 1 ee) eo | 237, 941, 913 USS7=1891.. . I o5. Saeed. 2,439'6509456) 27,686) 998 «2-2 ode [nue See en 259, 248, 361 PSOD-TROR » -.2| Secs ta ee 2, 786,65, 351] 125,574,007 - . 2.02. -[o0 =n ensacenss| coast eeeeeee 281) 746, 279 1897-1901...| 21,792,477) 3,447, 909,578] 209,279,772 ............ 1,005, 099, 895|..../.-...-. 304, 401, 701 1902-1906... 52,954,358] 3, 632, 267, 952| 154,866,980, 21, 888, 135| 1,066,790, 196| 48, 550,774, 325, 538, 515 1907-1911...) 75,765,254) 4,004,770, 051 145, 064? 783 61,732, 807 989; 738, 130 47, 039; 287 334, 395, 923 23, 359, 966] 3, 359, 062, 360| 204,209,974 12, 703, 209| 1, 258,687,317) 10,021, 564) 315, 787, 782 36, 201, 744] 3, 528, 974, 636] 130,419,611] 14,740, 498| 1,050, 466, 246] 23, 358, 849, 301, 007, 365 46, 130, 004| 3,569, 141, 969) 126, 239, 981 8, 093, 222} 1, 100,392,988) 66,385, 215) 368, 184, 084 53, 603, 545) 3) 089, 855,906] 152,768,716 14,014,885] ” 820,349,073| 73,146,214) 311,971,831 61, 215, 187| 4, 339, 322) 077| 175,250,580 247171, 127| 1,251, 907,996] 54,993,849, 334, 302, 091 67, 621, 310) 3, 634, 045,170] 189,656,011) 48,420,942) 1,110, 834,678] 24, 869,744) 312, 227, 202 80, 148, 861| 4,518, 217, 220! 151,629, 441 56, 808, 972! 1, 340, 967, 136 44, 400, 104, 340, 742) 864 75, 183, 210| 3, 816, 998, 693| 129,686,834, 66,127,704) 929,287) 467| 28, 148, 450| 330, 812, 658 75, 183, 196| 4,447, 985, 202) 1122247504 53, 233° 890| 1, 233, 750,327] 22,602) 288| 287, 900, 946 74, 556, 603) 3,206, 708, 226] 149, 820, ae 49,108,598 640,088,766) 89, 014, 880) 357; 196, 074 73, 754, 400) 4,033, 940,915) 181,963,046, 83,384,870] 804,596,955] 51,030,711) 355, 327, 072 62,522, 888) 5,535, 125,420 171/156, 259! 72) 490, 021| 1,293,690, 138} 74,328,074] 379, 845,320 67, 456, 832) 4, 562,295,675) 200, 1497 246) 76,262, 845| 1, 128, 092) 367| 117, 950, 875| 418, 796, 906 58, 303, 564) 47760, 940, 538) 199, 530, 874) 59, 030, 623 "799, 974,252} 69; 813,711] 449; 749, 982 69, 980, 614} 4, 403, 578, 499) 158, 462, 508) 45,026,125) 1, 479, 065, 015 43) 478, 892 348, 346, 091 52, 843, 7811) 3, 3, 084, 070, 125 186, 386, a 18, 996, 490 1, 057, 921) 569 57, 422} 827 441) 569, 581 1 Inc ludes: © vannned, fresh, salted or pickled pork, lard, neutral lard, bacon, and hams. Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 725 Tasie 195.—Exports of selected domestic agricultural products, 1852-1916—Continued. Oils, veg- | Rice and | Su anor Wheat and Year ending Hoos etable— | rice bran, | set Wheat Wheat | wheat flour June 30— BP cotton- peel and | renned y flour. i ay ~ seed oil. polish. | : | of grain). Average: Pounds Gallons. Pounds. Pounds. Bushels. Barrels. Bushels. 1852-1856......- MTG INRDD |e ee os 56,514,840 | 7,730,322 | 4,715,021 | 2,891,562] 19,172, 830 Veit on DOG OOH Ne sesso ees 65, 732,080 | 6,015,058 | 12,378,351 | 3,318,280 | 28,969,749 S| ae Co PBp8e | $00) | Bisa | Saeus| Seas —18/1._..-.-| 6,486,610 |..-.......-- oi) ‘ ; 1872-1876... .... 3, 446, 466 547,450 | 391,344 | 20, 142; 169 | 48,957,518 | 3,415,871 | 66, 036, 873 i ae 10,445,654 | 4,498,436 602, 442 | 41/718, 443 (107,780,556 | 5,375,583 | 133, 262, 753 1882-1886. ...-.- 9,584,437 | 3,467,905 561,406 107,129,770 | 82,883,913 | 8,620,199 | 121,674, 809 TRRTETSON 2 =: 7,184,147 | 7,120,796 | 3,209,653 | 75,073, 838 | 64,739, 011 | 11,286,568 | 115, 528, 568 1892-1896. ...... 15, 146, 667 | 15,782, 647 | 10,277,947 | 13,999,349 | 99, 913, 895 | 15,713, 279 | 170, 623, 652 1897-1901....... 15, 467,314 | 42, 863,203 | 18,407,139 | 11,213,664 |120, 247, 430 | 17,151,070 | 197, 427, 246 1902-1906....... | 11) 476; 272 | 38; 605, 737 | 45,977,670 | 14,807,014 | 70,527,077 | 15,444,100 | 140, 025, 529 it) en ) 14,774, 185 | 38,783,550 | 27,194,549 | 61,429, 802 | 62,854, 580 | 11, 840, 699 | 116, 137, 728 OT 8 | 14, 963,676 | 49,356,741 | 25,527,846 | 8,874,860 |132, 060,667 | 18,650,979 | 215, 990, 073 poe ee 3 | 10,715,151 | 33,042,848 | 29,591,274 | 7,572,452 |154, 856, 102 | 17,759, 203 | 234,772, 516 ee a a | a | as | a aha | aaa as | tac 1905..............| 14,858,612 | 51,535, 580 |113, 282, 760 | 18,348,077 | 4,394,402 | 8,826,335 | 44,112,910 32 eee | 13,026, 904 | 43,793,519 | 38, 142, 103 | 22,175,846 | 34,973,291 | 13,919,048 | 97, 609, 007 Tiree 16, 809, 534 | 41, 880, 304 | 30,174,371 | 21, 237,603 | 76,569, 423 | 15, 584,667 | 146, 700, 425 Tminteys es. 22, 920, 480 | 41,019,991 | 28, 444,415 | 25,510, 643 |100, 371, 057 | 13, 927, 247 | 163, 043, 669 (nid. 54 10, 446, 884 | 51,087,329 | 20,511,4 9 | 79,946,297 | 66,923, 244 | 10,521, 161| 114, 268, 468 Ul | 10, 589; 254 | 29, 860, 667 | 26,779, 188 |125, 507, 022 | 46,679,876 | 9,040,987 | 87,364,318 1S ee 13, 104, 774 | 30,069, 459 | 30, 063,341 | 54,947, 444 | 23,729,302 | 10,129,435 | 69,311,760 TPS ae | 12; 190, 663 | 53, 262,796 | 39,446,571 | 79,594, 034 | 30,160,212 | 11,006,487 | 79,689, 404 17,591,195 | 42,031,052 | 38,908, 057 | 43,994,761 | 91,602,974 | 11,394,805 | 141, 132, 166 24” 262; 896 | 25,728, 411 | 22,414,326 | 50,895,726 | 92,393,775 | 11,821,461 | 145, 590,349 16, 210, 443 | 42, 448, 870 | 77,480,065 |549, 007, 411 |259, 642, 533 | 16,182,765 | 332, 464, 975 22, 409, 818 | 35,537,328 |121, 969, 134 |1,630,150,863)173, 274,015 | 15,520,669 | 243, 117, 024 TaBLE 196.—Imports of selected agricultural products, 1852-1916. [Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Where figures are lacking, either there were no imports or they were not separately classified for publication. “Silk” includes, prior to 1881, only ‘Silk, raw or as reeled from the cocoon;’’ in 1881 and 1882 are included this item and “Silk waste;’’ after 1882, both these items and “Silk cocoons.’? From ‘Cocoa and chocolate’”’ are omitted in 1860, 1861, and in 1872 to 1881, small quantities of chocolate, the official returns for which were given only in value. ‘Jute and jute butts” includes in 1858 and 1859 an unknown quantity of “Sisa grass, coir, etc.,’’ and in 1865-1868 an unknown quantity of “Hemp.’’ Cattle hides are included in “Hides and skins other than cattle and goat’’ in 1895-1897. Olive oil for table use includes in 1862-1864 and 1885-1905 all olive oil. Sisal grass includes in 1884-1890 “Other vegetable substances.’? Hemp in- cludes in 1885-1888 all substitutes for hemp.) | | % | | Cocoa and epending Cheese. Silk. | Wool. Almonds. | eeuIS OF | chocolate; Coffee. | Average: Pounds. Pounds Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 1852-1856..... WADA SOB | jac sens store 19, 067,447 | 3,460,807 |.........--- 2, 486, 572 196, 582, 863 1857-1861. ....] 1,378,147 |../.......-- oeener aeonee Sy 2al O9L «| esoteric 3, 063, 893 216, 235,090 - RUB OD Maer Netter icin on -|moiaeei oe ate |e a tapai= Senin 2,482,063 | 1,354,947 ; 2,453,141 124, 551, 992 1867-1871. . .- a eiation G815669;|{2 eee eee eee se, 2,360,529 | 3,502,614 248, 726, 019 U2 22 ( e eeeeernoee 1,094, 048 |... -.. |. -5-- 5. 4,951,473 | 4,857,364 307, 006, 928 1877-1881. . . - Ree SE ee 1, 922, 269 | 62, 744, 282 |...........-. 12,403,256 | 6,315, 488 384, 282, 199 BOS EROG Hetero nix. ns: 4, 672,846 | 83, 293,800 |....-......- 17,551,967 | 11,568,173 529, 578, 782 1887-1891. ....| 8,335,323 | 6,564,121 |117, 763,889 | 5,860,728 | 21, 433,470 | 18,322,049 509, 367, 994 1892-1896. ....| 9,649,752 | 8,382,892 |162, 640,491 | 7,487,676 | 26, 469,990 | 25, 475, 234 597, 484, 217 1897-1901. . ...| 12,588,515 | 10,962, 210 |163, 979,079 | 7,361,198 | 24,379,847 | 38,209,423 | 816,570, 082 1902-1906. . ...} 22,165,754 | 17,187,544 |193, 656, 402 | 10,920, 881 | 27,647,440 | 70,901, 254 980, 119, 167 1907-1911. .... 37, 662, 812 | 22,143, 461 |199, 562, 649 | 15, 297, 414.] 29,350, 692 |113, 673,368 | 934,533, 322 15,329, 099 ! 10, 405, 555 |103, 583,505 | 5,140, 232 | 28, 598, 781 | 47,620,204 | 854,871,310 17, 067, 714 | 14, 234, 826 |166,576,966 | 9,868,982 | 29, 276,148 | 52,878,587 | 1, 091, 004, 252 20, 671, 384 | 15, 270, 859 |177, 137,796 | 8,142,164 | 29,966,557 | 65,046,884] 915, 086,380 22, 707,103 | 16,722, 709 |173, 742, 834 | 9, 838, 852 | 24,571,730 | 75,070,746 | 995, 043, 284 23,095, 705 | 22,357,307 |249, 135, 746 | 11, 745, 081 | 26, 281,931 | 77,383,024 | 1,047, 792, 984 27, 286, 866 | 17,352,021 |201, 688,668 | 15, 009,326 | 28,140, 835 | 84, 127, 027 851, 668, 933 33, 848, 766 | 18, 743, 904 |203, 847, 545 | 14, 233, 613 | 30,540,893 | 97,059,513 | 985,321, 473 82, 530, 830 | 16, 662, 132 |125, 980,524 | 17, 144,968 | 26, 738, 834 | 86,604,684 | 890, 640, 057 35,548, 143 | 25,187,957 |266, 409, 304 | 11, 029, 421 | 32,115, 646 |132, 660, 931 | 1,049, 868, 768 40, 817, 524 | 23,457, 223 |263, 928, 232 | 18, 556,356 | 28, 182, 956 |111, 070, 834 871, 469, 516 45,568,797 | 26,666, 091 |137, 647, 641 | 15,522,712 | 29,175, 133 |140, 970, 877 875, 366, 797 Le a | 46, 542,007 | 26,584, 962 |193, 400, 713 | 17, 231, 458 | 23, 661, 078 |148, 785, 846 885, 201, 247 ROIS se oo. 49, 387, 944 | 32,101, 555 |195, 293, 255 | 15,670,558 | 29, 479,119 |143, 509,852 | 863, 130, 757 Oe 63,784, 313 | 34,545, 829 |247, 648, 869 | 19,038, 405 | 29, 793, 011 |179, 364, 091 | 1, 001, 528, 317 haa 50, 138, 520 | 31, 052,.674 |308, 083, 429 | 17,111, 264 | 28, 624, 554 |194, 734, 195 | 1, 118, 690, 524 BOE wie'ss(s,cko xs.s 30, 087,999 | 41,925, 207 |534, 828, 022 | 16,596,921 | 34, 721, 043 [245,579,101 | 1, 201, 104, 485 726 _ Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TaBLE 196.—Imports of selected agricultural products, 1852-1916—Continued. Yearending | 4 Jute and Licorice P yensa0s” Flax. Hemp. Hops. | sate butts.| root. Manila. Molasses. | Average: ‘| Long tons. | Long tons.| Pounds. | Longtons.| Pounds. | Long tons. Gallons. 1852-1856. ..-. 1,143 TR Nalco. Sa is Bl asco aL: 12,084 28, 488, 888 ARS T=1SbL > Soe ee eet sees 2 Gb2c are ees oe 17} 239"), 1,372) 73222 ones sees 30,190, 875 TSGD186G2 So See te cd eS ee Pe 3,213 | 1,887,892 15, 566 34, 262, 933 RSET (Sy. 3 Se eee eee Hil HO SN Ame ee bee 14, 909s |e ered oles BE aes 53, 322, 088 1872-1876. -..- 4,170 D2) 7A ee See 49 TSB So. dace pees cae 44, 815,321 1877-1881. ..-- 4, 260 D245 BF eras ae 62; 496n|t Ste-s2 sase- ees ee 32, 638, 963 1882-1886. ..-- 5, 678 30,557 | 1,618,879 OL 058i 5 et oie cases | meet icios as 35, 019, 689 1887-1891. .... 7, 021 36,919 | 7,771, 672 104, 887 | 59, 275,373 |.........-.- 30, 543, 299 1892-1896. ...- 6, 785 5,409 | 2,386, 240 84,111 | 86, 444,974 47, 354 15, 474, 619 1897-1901. ..-- 7,008 | . 4,107 | 2,381, 899 93,970 | 87, 475, 620 47, 217 6, 321, 160 1902-19065 - : 8,574 5,230 | 5,205, 867 101,512 | 99, 543,395 60, 813 17: 191, 821 1907-1911. ..-.| 9, 721 6,368 | 6,769,965 100, 420 | 96, 111, 469 67, 289 24 147, 348 1900 Se ee se 6, 878 4,057 | 2,606,708 103,140 |100, 105, 654 43,735 11, 453, 156 pL ee eee ees one 7, 772 6,054 | 2,805, 293 128, 963 |109, 077, 323 56, 453 14, 391, 215 103 See et os 2 ee 8,155 4,919 | 6,012,510 79, 703 | 88,580, 611 61, 648 17, 240, 399 1004 oie, 32. Sees 10,123 5,871 |. 2,758, 163 96, 735 89, 463, 182 65, 666 18, 828, 530 1 ee a 8,089 3,987 | 4,339,379 98, 215 108, 443, 892 61, 562 19, 477, 885 PWG eee Sone 8,729 5,317 | 10,113, 989 103, 945 |102, 151, 969 58, 738 16, 021, 076 1 ay) ks Seen 8,656 8,718 | 6,211, 893 104, 489 | 66,115, 863 54, 513 24, 630, 935 US ees Samarnee 9,528 6,213 | 8,493, 265 107, 533 |109, 355, 720 52, 467 18, 882, 756 SO ee eae 9, 870 5,208 | 7,386,574 156, 685 | 97,742,776 61, 902 22, 092, 696 1910) Mt He | Soe 12,761 6,423 | 3,200,560 68, 155 | 82, 207, 496 93,253 | 31, 292,165 AQUI Per es yee 7, 792 5,278 | 8,557,531 65, 238 |125, 135, 490 74,308 23, 838, 190 1oi2 eee ee S88 10,900 5,007 | 2,991,125 101, 001 | 74,582, 225 68, 536 28, 828, 213 1Q1S eee ce hen 12, 421 7,663 | 8,494,144 125, 389 |105, 116, 227 73, 823 33, 926, 521 tk ae 9, 885 8,822 | 5,382,025 106, 033 115, 636, 131 49, 688 51, 410, 271 TOUS Ee ceismiaicees 4,694 5,310 | 11,651,332 83,140 | 65,958,501 51, 081 70, 839, 623 IGS ese ee 6, 939 | 6, 506 675, 704 108,322 | 41,003, 295 78, 892 85, 716, 673 a re faa Fico, and Year ending June | for table, Opium, Potatoes rice raat’ Sisal Sugar, raw | i : al, grass. Tea. 30— Rtuseas, | crude An broker! and refined. rice. | Average: ._ | Gallons. | Pounds.| Bushels. Pounds. | Long tons. Pounds. Pounds. 1852-1856....... [egies Re ete | 110,143 406,611 || 52.2. see ice patra | 479,373,648 | 24,959, 922 13571361 S535 eee 11355042 oo. oan es Sta Weneeemeste sa pawesee soe eee 691, 323, 833 | 28, 149, 643 1862-1866......./ 177,947 | 128,590 251, 637 | 70,893,331 615 | 672,637,141 30, 869, 450 1867-1871 152,827 | 209,096 QIG OTA | SA nOSae Ol hela. oe cee ate wits i 138, 464,815 44) 052} 805 1872-1876 174,555 | 365,071 294,615) 2; 080, fa07| ee nen sin creto 1,614, 055, 119 62, 436, 359 1877-1881....... | 218,507 | 407,656 | 1,850,106 | 62,614, 706 |..........-- 1, 760, 508, 290 67, 583, 083 1882-1886....... eres sa Se | 391,946] 2,834,736 | 99,870,675 |.........-.- 2,458, 490,409 | 74,781,418. 1887-1891 . 758,352 | 475,299 3, 878, 580 |156, 868, 635 40,274 |3, *003, 283) 854 | 84,275,049 1892-1896....... 773,692 | 528,785 | 1,804,649 |160, 807, 652 50, 129 8 827, 799, 481 | 92,782,175 1897-1901. ...... 909,249 | 567,681 495,150 |165, 231, 669 70, 297 3,916, 433, 945 , 809, 1902-1906......-.. 1,783,425 | 537,576 | 2, 662, 121 |150, 913, 684 96, 832 |3, 721, 98, 677, 584 1907-1911_....-- 3,897,224 | 489,513 | 1,907,405 |215, 892, 467 102, 440 |3,997,156,461 | 96, 742, 977 LOOT ee Sets == =e | 983,059 | 583, 208 371,911 |117,199, 710 70,076 |3,975,005, 840 | 89,806, 453 1902......- occas | 1,339,097} 534,189 | 7,656,162 |157,658, 894 89,583 |3,031,915,875 | 75,579,125 Lh Se Sle ee | 1,494,132] 516,570 358, 505 |169, 656, 284 87,025 la? 216,108, 106 | 108, 574,905 yt ae ee 1,713,590 | 573,055 | 3,166,581 |154, 221,772 109, 214 oY 700, 623,613 | 112,905, 541 180 see sete. 2 be 1,923,174 | 594,680 181,199 |106, 483,515 100, 301 3, 680, 932, 998 102; 706, 599 bE ee Pa | 2,447,131 | 469,387] 1,948,160 |166, 547, 957 98,037 3,979, 331,430 | 93,621, 750 1b La spe Aiea a Pa 3,449,517 | 565, 252 176,917 |209, 603, 180 99,061 4,391, 839,975 86, 368, 490 LOOM Wes eetae= moe | 3,799,112) 285,845 403, 952 |212, 783,392 103, 994 3,371,997, 112 94, 149, 564 iN eek oo eae ap 4,129, 454 517,388 | 8,383,966 |222, 900, 422 91,451 |4,189, 421,018 114) 916, 520 1910 eeceee:! oss | 8,702,210 | 449, 239 353,208 |225, 400, 545 99, 966 4, 004, 545, 936 85, 626, 370 if!) 1 Meg eR ee | 4,405,827 | 629,842 218, 984 |208, 774, 795 117, 727 '3, 937, 978, 265 102, 563, 942 LEIS oey cee es ee 4,836,515 | 399,837 | 13,734,695 |190, 063, 331 114, 467 4, 104, 618, 393 101, 406, 816 LOIS 2 eee cs csece 5,221,001 | 508, 433 327, 230 |222, 103, 547 153,869 4, 740,041, 488 94° 812, 800 Me eee eee 6,217,560 | 455,200 | 3,645,993 |300, 194,917 215, 547 5,066, 821, 873 91) 130, 815 tS Ry Pear oe ee 6,710,967 | 484,027 270, 942 |277, 191, 472 | 185,764 5,420, 981, 867 96, 987, 942 LUGE setea cones 7,224,431 | 146,658 209; 542 |264, 324,005 | 228,610 5,633,161, 749 109) 865, 935 / Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 727 TaBLE 196.—Imports of selected agricultural products, 1852-1916—Continued. aS ane June | Beeswax. | Onions. See Raisins. | Currants. | Dates. Figs. Average: | Pounds. Bushels Pounds. Pounds. Pounds Pounds. Pounds. AS87189. sloss < i Deh | een 603237-642) || 38545; 6351 (uenaen se | aan ee 9, 783, 650 DTOKERO) emcee nemten 12, 405, 549 | 17,745,925 | 34,397,754 | 14,914,349 | 10,117,049 265, 143 628, 358 560, 7 , 669, 593 | 27,520,440 | 15, 653, 642 8, 919, 921 456, 727 924, 418 563, 7, 344, 676 | 35, 457,213 | 25,649,432 | 14,334,760 845, 720 | 1,103, 03849) 2 2222 a= = 5, 283, 145 | 35, 258, 628 | 26,059,353 | 19, 848, 037 213, 773 774, 042 745,974 | 3,860,836 | 16,049,198 | 20,013,681 | 9,933,871 408, 706 796, 316 522,478 | 6,683, 545 | 36, 238,976 | 21,681,159 | 11,087,131 488, 576 925, 599 633,819 | 6,715,675 | 33,878,209 | 43,814,917 | 16, 482, 142 425,168 | 1,171,242 494,105 | 6,867,617 | 38,347,649 | 21,058,164 | 13,178,061 373, 569 856, 366 671,604 | 4,041,689 | 31,742,919 | 19,257,250 | 13,364, 107 587, 617 872, 566 497, 494 | 12,414,855 | 37,078,311 | 22,435,672] 17,562,358 917,088 | 1,126,114 323,377 | 3,967,151 | 38,392,779 | 31,270,899 | 24,346,173 671, 526 |° 1,275,333 335,089 | 9, 132,353 | 38, 652,656 | 24,958,343 | 18,836,574 764, 937 574, 530 296,123 | 5,794,320 | 32,482,111 | 21,869,218] 15,235,513 2, AAS O24, Oe cee a. oe 5, 042, 683 | 33,326,030 | 22,693,713 | 17,362,197 902,904 | 1,514, 967 2,479,220 | 33,439,565 | 29,504,592 | 23, 459, 728 1,076,741 | 1,436,037 3,255, 861 | 33,151,396 | 25,208,248 | 18,765, 408 828, 793 789, 458 2,579, 705 | 30,843,735 | 34,304,951 | 16,837,819 1,412,200 | 1,114,811 |. 4,554,549 | 32,033,177 | 34,073,608 | 19, 284, 868 1, 564, 506 $29, 177 2,808, 806 | 30,350,527 | 24,949,374 | 20,779,730 BaE Ne edt A 815, 872 1,024,296 | 25,373,029 | 31,075,424 | 7,153, 250 Hides and skins, other than furs. Macaroni, Y ding J Vaaa ail: ear ending June and a 30— iter th valentine Lemons. | Oranges. | Walnuts. Cattle. Goat. cattle and | prepara- goat. tions. Average: Pounds Pounds. Pounds. Pounds Pounds Pounds. Pounds SOM ee ore tral lo earafcicise Simim ms 685\002;9735)|(L Ole E755 SUM eos = otc arm are c[tacie ate sie clstorell ote ante cree eis eee eit 1902-1906....... 126, 995, 011 | 93,674, 819 |115, 952, 418 |_........... 153, 160, 863 | 41,104,544 |...........- L9OT—=1ONM See eee 178, 681, 537 | 94,329, 840 |143, 351,321 | 99,724,072 {153,348,434 12,089,790 | 30,980, 661 OOM eee cee 129, 174, 624 | 73,745,596 | 77,989,617 |.........--- 1148, 514,614 | 50,332,914 |............ {LE aoe aere 148, 627,907 | 88,038,516 | 89, 457,680 |...-..-..-.- 164, 075,309 | 52,742,476 |............ GOREN OL, 131, 644,325 | 85,114, 070 |102, 340,303 | 28, 787, 821 |152, 004, 213 | 56,872,070 | 12,362, 567 NL. ce ee a 85,370, 168 | 86,338, 547 |103, 024,752 | 40, 224, 202 |171, 923, 221 | 35,893,260 | 23,670,761 ie te eS 113, 177,357 | 97,803, 571 |126, 893, 934 | 53, 441, 080 |139, 084,321 | 28,880,575 | 21, 684, 104 ee /156, 155,300 |111, 079,391 |158, 045, 419 | 77,926, 029 |138, 717, 252 | 31,134,341 | 24,917, 028 1907. - .|134, 671, 020 |101, 291, 596 |135, 111,199 | 87,720,730 |157, 859, 906 | 21,267,346 | 32,597,592 PUSH toe 5 .-| 98,353, 249 | 63, 640, 758 |120, 770, 918 | 97, 233, 708 |178, 490, 003 | 18,397,429 | 28, 887,110 Ait) pee ee 192, 252, 083 |104, 048, 244 |148, 253,998 | $5,114, 003 |135, 183,550 | 8, 435,873 | 26, 157, 703 TOTO 8S sacs. 318, 003, 538 |115, 844, 758 |174, 770, 732 |113, 772, 801 |160, 214,785 | 4,676,118 | 33, 641, 466 i ee ee 150, 127, 796 | 86,913, 842 |137, 849, 757 |114, 779, 116 |134, 968,924 | 7,672,186 | 33,619, 434 CT Seas 5 251,012,513 | 95,340, 703 |191, 414, 882 |108, 231, 028 |145, 639,396 | 7,628,662] 37,213,674 TRS Sap aaa 268, 042, 390 | 96, 250,305 |207, 903, 995 |106, 500, 752 |151, 416, 412 | 12,252,960 | 26, 662, 441 ES Ae eee 279, 963, 488 | 84, 759, 428 |196, 347, 770 |126, 128, 621 |............|...-.------- 37, 195, 728 igipee ss) foc tn . 334,341, 417 | 66,547, 163 |137, 439, 153 | 56,542, 480|...........- IER iehaneteeee 33, 445, 838 Oy Ss ae 434,177,771 |100, 657, 021 |208, 835,068 | 21, 789, 602 |..-.-......-|......-....- 36, 858, 934 728 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TaBLE 197 —Foreign trade of the United States in forest products, 1852-1916. {Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. All values are gold.) Exports. ee ) g exports (+ Year ending June 30— Imports. | Sr = imports Domestic. Foreign. - Average: ASH O-TRHOS ence cee seth a eR ee EP $6,819,079 | $694,037 | $3,256,302 | + $4,256,814 AS57861) eee ea) Bey. yeh ae See eee 9,994, 808 962, 142 6,942,211 | + 4,014,739 ARGZ—1866 = 62 oo. SS Coste ee ieee beeeeeccetee se 7,366, 103 798, 076 8,511,370 | — — 347,191 ASGP=ISTAS Seen ee el ag ioe BES Sethe ee ot 11, 775, 297 690, 748 14,812,576 | — 2,346,531 USIZ-US7T6S et ee” ee ee See SS ee eee se 17, 906, 771 959, 862 19, 728,458 | — 861,825 - ISTTH1S81. eee ee Sh fees ee tae tee eee sess 17, 579, 313 552, 514 22,006,227 | — 3,874,400 A GR2-TRRG Sue ests = iar, gui hese s en See ee 24,704,992 | 1,417,226] 34,252,753 | — 8,130,535 ASSTSTSOL! OMe ees EMS eS WE 26,060,729 | 1,442,760| 39,647,287 | — 12,143, 798 WSOZ=1806 5. So sae a pe Sonn Seamer tae 29,276,428 | 1,707,307 45,091,081 | — 14,107,346 AROT=AGOL Shae Meee Uae Ae ye A ee aie ot 45,960,863 | 3,283,274| 52,326,879| — 3,082,742 190221906 1 Sake ales A eee Aa ee a 63,584,670 | 3,850,221} 79,885,457 | — 12,450,566 AGOTS1 OUT! 25 ce Se | Se gene ecw cosa cee Lee 88,764,471 | 6,488,455 | 137,051,471 | — 41,798,545 PROT hhc Tete ee Bae deen Peters of a 55,369,161 | 3,599,192 | 57,143,650 | + 1,824,703 1 17 CE NE Eline > 1k Oe RR See noe ee Se 48,928,764 | 3,609,071] 59,187,049 | — 6,649, 214 BOQ3ES AS. 2) PUR He NEE oe eee rere 58, 734,016 | 2,865,325| 71,478,022} — 9,878,681 UG VO eer eet seein a a eee Las amet 70,085,789 | 4,177,352 79,619,296 | — 5,356,155 Le Rae eeeog SS) Sac =P 5 sberia ee Srmmeae cso 63,199,348 | 3,790,097 92,680,555 | — 25,691,110 IQ0G 2a 4s *Soeeaase eens ee Sees heres 76,975,431 | 4,809, 261 96, 462,364 | — 14,677,672 TU I (eee oe Geocoin nga De een eee Se cg 92,948,705 | 5,500,331 | 122,420,776 | — 23,971,740 AGISED een d eee Rae a ek ee 90,362,073 | 4,570,397] 97,733,092 | — 2,800,622 NONOLS Srsce ees tr ore 7 72,442,454 | 4,982,810] 123,920,126 | — 46, 494, 862 UGEO Ste nc se cee se ee eceae Oreo eae 85,030,230} 9,801,881 | 178,871,797 | — 84,039, 686 LW eet Bee aan P SS odoc eee ano sas Bae acne 103,038,892 | 7,586,854 | 162,311,565 | — 51,685,819 Te eR SR Te Ae EIR SUE OI a ase or et 108, 122,254 | 6,413,343 | 172,523,465 | — 57,987, 868 NQUS CORAL 2 See es St eee ad 124, 835,784 | 7,431,851 | 180,502,444 | — 48, 234,809 LO) Cs OE te pons de nb se Bac cos ence nee secede hans 106,978,554 | 4,517,766 | 155,261,300 | — 43,764,980 G15 2 385s) abe Pn se SEOs aoe ae ee Cee 52,553,536 | 5,089,299} 165,849,493 | —108, 206, 658 NOIGi ao ose ee se eee eee eee ee eee ne 67,827,102 | 4,334,335 | 252,824,453 | —180,663, 016 TaBLE 198.—Exports of selected domestic forest products, 1852-1916. [Compiled from eoporis of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. lacking, eit Where figures are er there were no exports or they were not separately classified for publication.] Year ending June 30— Average: 1852-1856.......-.- 1887-1891 1892-1896.........- 1897-1901 ..... . oor 1902-1906.......... 1907-1911 1 Including ‘Joists and scantling” prior to 1884. Lumber. Timber. Spirits of Boards, Shooks, Rosin « deals, and | other than| Staves. turpentine. Hewn. Sawed planks.! box. M feet. Number. Number. Barrels. Gallons. | Cubic feet. | M feet 129 3400 eas otek Soe her Sates aoe 552, 210’ |. 1,369, 250) |52. Lae .| 2 a ees 205, 476) |c eset sae Ae Lt ER ee 664, 206 235, 104 Vi. eee 138; 020) |as2t. s2e Bsen| Ses a= 69,314 107,162) | 2 <2 -342 5.2] geeeeeee 13859120 3)| ts keen nie teem ceneee 491, 774.| 2,693,412) \<2- ..5 on. 2 =| eee DAAC ieee ee Sell Eh 2m ow aes $45" 803) 5a sae 17; 459, 632) |j. cane ae S083 114: bse Sass? Roses at eee (Pee Sec ee 7, 138, 556 | 18,316,876 |.......--. CER Sill aoe ee ama Bares Dees Mewes ot . Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 731 TaBLE 202.—Shipments of principal domestic farm and forest products from the United States to Hawaii and Porto Rico, 1914-1916. (These shipments are not included in the domestic exports from or imports into the United States.] Year ending June 30— Possession and article. 1914 1915 1916 Quantity. Value Quantity. Value. | Quantity. Value. HAWAI. Dairy products...... pounds..| 4,275,534 $562,516 | 4,930,995 $584,141 | 4,819, 844 $629, 825 IME ILOGUCUS..- 2). ocjo'= cscs sciesn = ences | 528, 9605 [oe eee tents B42 5 O24 de |. ceieaioe 883, 174 Grain and grain products......|..........-. 2, 221° LOT, eee tans 254935054 |e oid. cme 2, 322, 166 RCO Peete niacin cisnicise pounds 5, 031, 515 216, 252 974, 272 39, 755 191, 840 7,307 irra pereeete ese 5. ic baloniscetes os oen BiG, 544 een. 2: DRT SOn ASA a ee aes ae 1, 002; 976 PORTO RICO. Dairy products...... pounds..| 2,210,881 207,817 | 2,496,076 267,491 | 3,861,569 496,177 Mean BLOONeLS. -- oii. = -\5.-.c[- 45 «sino tone ones O48; 04 bee etecccee DROSS NOLO | pence eee 3, 551, 176 Beansand dried peas. bushels... 163, 843 469, 661 190, 793 672, 163 216,747 795, 276 Grain and grain products......|............ 25248; 045) | ebeishe so DHLOONOOL. |p asc cscesee 2, 994, 388 i ae pounds. .|139, 836,581 | 5,306,364 |127,310,116 | 4,851,533 \143,171,261 | 5,596, 068 EP AT eRe cic eclsieb =< do....| 16,855, 067 727,966 | 12,329,041 648, 414 10, 265, 579 612, 041 MID PACEO Pe eacizasio=\cs- 5 - doz. 1, 627, 405 327,790 | 1,106,120 178,924 | 1,764,344 285, 041 ASTI Eee Soe eset oon oe bic oyniersietayatite.o's O69. 124 |.) Sees 633, TAT Nad o'cpterehsloraars 756, 434 TABLE 203.—Shipments of principal domestic farm products from Hawaii and Porto ‘Rico to the United States, 1914-1916. Year ending June 30— Possession and article. 1914 | 1915 1916 = ss =a Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value Quantity. | Value. = ——-< ———e i a — HAWAII | Wottee-tee ea. 3.252. pounds..| 4,480,722 | $657,853 | 3,191,274 | $486,054 | 2,252,364 | $343, 829 EoneeDples, Canned see oe o- dele maneceiscess 4, 536, O19 Pers ctiersctestem 55986, ;190),| eases 6, 547, 055 Bueane tice, le bos ac. pounds. .|1,114,750,702| 33; 187,920 |1,280,863,812| 52) 949; 697 1,137,159,828| 54, 418, 095 PORTO RICO. | Grapeituit..<.2....<.2; boxes. . 206, 200 751, 769 276, 550 834, 356 296, 613 836, 932 PETC AS Soe c= sik us ssa: doz.2 348, 870 752, 088 200, 268 378, 092 404, 367 790, 667 LGM DIPS Eos ck! ociieccclanccesswesn : TOs Oli. 723X604. || eee eaee 1,176,319 Molasses and sirup. ..gallons..| 15,577, 832 *997° 227 | 18, 004, 811 658) 661 | 16,279, 073 1, 073, 786 BH RAT scr c.chins ence pounds. ./641, 252,527 | 20, 239, 831 588, 922, 493 | 27, 277, 839 849, 763, 491 | 45,799, 299 Tobacco, leaf.... =.-d0....| 6,308, 227 2, 961, 614 rt 035, 777 2; 954, 804 6, 705, 823 2, 857, 086 732 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TaBie 204.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States, 1913-1916. Quantity. a | Per cent of total. Article, wd coun- : try to which con- Year ending June 30— signed. : 1916 | 1916 1913 1914 1915 (prel.). 1913 | 1914 | 1915 (prel.) ANIMAL MATTER. Cattle: Number. Number. Number. Number. | Perct.| Perct.| Per ct.| Per ct. Canada. 225.5 H, 691 8, 957 751 4,511 | 47.3] 48.7] 13.7] 20.8 United Kingdom... Ades eee nee SowaAlsioeceeseeeccse 815 (Ae Beene ose: 3.8 Other countries. - - - 11, 250 9,419 4,733 16,340 | 45.5] 51.3] 86.3 75.4 Total essess=s6 24,714 18, 376 5, 484 21,666 | 160.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 Horses: Gonads eee 26, 560 17, 700 42, 036 82,311 | 92.5] 77.7 | 14.5) 23.0 United ee aeEe 430 609 92,737 49, 412 isin 2.7) 32.1 13.8 Other countries. - -- 1,717 4,467 154, 567 225, 830 6.0} 19.6] 53.4 63.2 Total sss.-- = 28, 707 22,776 289, 340 357,553 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 Buttér: : Central American States and Brit- Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. ish Honduras. -- - 775, 246 810, 254 726, 552 931, 774 21.6 | 21.9 7.4 6.9 West Indies and ; Bermuda........- 1,392,508 | 1,158,111] 1,143,822] 1,517,306] 38.8| 31.4| 11.6| 112 Other countries....| 1,417,846 | 1,725,232 | 7,980,330] 11,054,199} 39.6| 46.7] 81.0] 81.9 Total......-...-| 3,585,600 | 3,693,597 | 9,850,704 | 13,503,279 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 Meat products: Beef products— Beef, canned— United King- dom.....-. 3,117,149 | 1,157,104 | 64,700,738 | 37,819,212 | 45.6 | 33.4] 86.0] 75.0 Other countries 3,723,199 2,307,629 | 10,542,523 | 12,597,478 | 54.4| 66.6) 14.0 25.0 Total......-.- 6,840,348 | 3,464,733 | 75,243,261 | 50,416,690 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 Beef, fresh— anama.....--- 5,935,198 | 5,534,301 | 3,706,596 | 1,504,403 | 80.6 | 86.6] 2.2 By United King- GONE. se aeons UPAR Bian Seer oe 54,497,192 | 117,305, 639 META) Sepoccs 32.0 50.7 Other countries 1, 300, 305 860, 013 112; 237, 146 1127 405, 033 17:7 13.4 | 65.8 48.6 Total......-..| 7,362,388 | 6,394,404 | 170,440,934 | 231,215,075 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 Beef, pickled, and other cured— Canads..22/-- 712,086 | 1,331,150 | 1,659,165 | 5,047,349] 2.8) 5.7] 5.2] 18.3 Germany....... 3,080,823 | 1,757,786 378, 548 400} 11.9) 7.6] 1.2 0.0 Newfoundland and Labrador| 3,807,237 | 4,935,657 | 4,331,261 | 5,027,163 | 14.7| 21.2] 13.6] 18.2 West Indiesand Bermuda ....| 4,274,549 | 3,900,281 | 2,697,974 | 3,089,623 | 16.5/| 16.8] 85 8.1 Jnited King- dott... as 5,929,949 | 4,113,347 | 10,994,101 | 12,003,390 | 22.9| 17.7| 345] 31.5 Other countries} 8,052,275 | 7,227,753 | 11,813,694 | 12,892,757] 31.2] 31.0] 37.0] 383.9 Total: 22.2 25,856,919 | 23,265,974 | 31,874,743 | 38,060,682 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 Oleo oil— Germany...... 17,480,760 | 16,180, 268 DOOM 2520 krenccmeiestase 18.8 | 16.7 pe Pee an Netherlands ...] 46,337,137 | 47,414,421 | 32,767,906 | 29,762,451 | 49.9} 48.9] 40.7] 29.0 Norway.....-.- 6,607,526 | 7,285,043 | 9,954,544 | 14,062,716) 7.1) 7.5]°124) 13.7 United King- . dom.. | 8,008,915 | 9,243,952 | 14,361,603 | 30,657,569| 8.6] 9.5] 17.8| 29.9 Other countries 14,415,419 | 16,893,381 | 22,396,641 | 28,163,178 | 15.6 | 17.4] 27.9 27.4 Ota eee x. _ 92, 849, 7 57 97,017,065 | 80,481, 946 102, 645,914 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 1913—1916—Continued. Quantity. Year ending June 30— 733 TABLE 204.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States, Per cent of total. 1916 1916 1914 1915 (pre) 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | oor), Pounds. Pounds Pounds. | Perct.| Perct.| Per ct.|Per ct. 14,673,201 | 19,046,472 | 11,895,200| 26.0| 25.2 | 27.2 | 22.5 3,119,285 | 37772;943 | 4,5977585| 6.1| 5.4|- 5.4 8.7 19,929,949 | 26,357/467 | 18,486,477 | 31.3] 34.2] 37.7] 35.0 20,581,129 | 20;803;732 | 17,864,049 | 36.6 | 35.2] .29.7| 33.8 58, 303,564 | 69,980,614 | 52,843,311 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100. 0 | 100. 0 5,110,170 | 5,737,181 | 60,160,749] 45] 2.6] 1.7] 10.4 11,082;930 | 10,025,242 | 39,590,591| 3.4] 5.7| 2.9 6.8 13,733,773 | 13,360,139 | 13,543,082 | 3.3] 7.1| 3.9 18 197,353 | 44,712,253 | 52;501,448| 1.0 St |a deo 9.1 1,718,481 | 8; 284,647 | 12,846,176 | 3.8 £9) |e roke 2:9 132,819,680 | 201,042,923 | 339,341,069 | 68.7| 68.5| 58.0! 58.5 29,301,865 | 63,555,842 | 61,825,671 | 15.3} 15.1] 18.2] 10.7 193, 964,252 | 346,718,227 | 579,808,786 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 4,080,669 | 6,596,068 | 2,792,605| 3.6] 2.5] 3.2| 1.0 4,006,649 | 1,514,602] 2,673,658| 4.3] 2.4 Gi 19 5,637,829 | 6,842,425 | 11,493,464| 3.8| 3.4| 3.4 4.1 146,007,141 | 179,376,833 | 251,025,795 | 84.0| 88.0] 88.1] 989.0 6,149,503 | 9,371,186 | 14,293'089| 4.3| 3.7| 4.6 5.0 165, 881,791 | 203,701,114 | 282,208,611 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 15,915,380 | 5,128,630] 70,132,156] 3.6] 3.3| 1.1) 16.4 15,995,669 | 7,721,616 | 6,330,140| 2.1] 33| 16 1.5 49,609,751 | 45,349,983 | 53/811,784| 9.0] 10.3| 9.5] 12.6 5,307,986 | 32,172,876 | 42,282,883] 3.4] 1.1] 6.8 9.9 146,208,598 | 3,878,433 |............. 31.0] 30.4 PRM eee 5,958,983 | 4,123,209 | 3,487,719 | 1.2] 1.2 .9 8 3,294,437 | 3,191,515 | 8,736,712 | 1.6 7 7 2.0 43, 469,536 | 22,245,433 |. 13,281,671| 8.4] 9.0| 4.7 311 164, 632, 676 | 189, 349,874 | 192,075,591 | 32.4 34.2) 39.8) 45.0 31,064,776 | 162,371,039 | 36,872,682 | 7.3] 6.5 | 34.1 8.7 481, 457, 792 | 475,531,908 | 427,011,338 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 6, 309, 792 TIDES ae na ee JOG3|" 21s pale Da) ee 13,174,294 | 9,847,645 | 9,059,503 | 60.6| 44.9| 37.8] 26.3 _ 9,839, 700 15, 860,476 | 25,367,087] 18.5] 33.6] 61.0| 73.7 29, 323, 786 | 26,021,054 | 34,426,590 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 100.0 12,825,741 | 8,500,049 | 17,835,273 | 17.6| 28.2] 186] 28.1 4,090,780 | 3,874,892 | 7,846,918 | 17.0} 9.0] 85] 12.4 7,911,743 | 5,244,462} 7,070,090} 10.6] 17.4] 11.5] 11.1 5,571,720 | 6,354,240 | 13,124,077 | 27.2] 12.2] 14.3] 20.7 15,143,101 | 21,501,931 | 17,584,355 | 27.6 | 33.2] 47.1 | 27.7 45,543,085 | 45,655,574 | 63,460,713 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100. 0 Article, and coun- try to which con- signed. 1913 | ANIMAL MATTER—COD. | Meat products—Con. Lard compounds— | Pounds. Cir) Se ae 17, 525, 703 MesiCo! 22 42.1/.. =. 4, 127, 593 United Kingdom. 217 115, 679 Other countries. - 24 687, 857 Mopals=* ee 67, 456, 832 Perk products— acon— Belgium....... 9, 140, 688 Canada......-... 6, 868, 480 Cuba..--<<<-05 6, 658, 202 Hrance: J: 55... 2, 096, 868 Netherlands... . i 639, 281 United King- dont. 22... 138, 133, 416 Other countries 30, 456, 649 Total.........} 200, 993, 584 Hams and shoul- 5, 821, 638 6, 785, 477 6, 002? 471 United King- MOM Scopes = 25 134, 016, 686 Other countries 6 918, 415 Total.........} 159,544, 687 Lard— Belgium....... 18, 761, 624 C Bho ee 11, 079; 696 Cr ae eee 46, 526, 427 ees 8: 17, 428, 157 Germany.......| 160,862,204 Wtaly-.2-:-2:.. 6, 106, 153 Memeo! - on sa. 8, 468, 353 Netherlands... . 43) 383, 774 United King- Guise 168, 379, 790 Other countries} 38,029,206 Total.........| 519,025, 384 | Lard, neutral— Germany....... 9,368, 924 Netherlands. . 27, 123, 927 Other countries 8, 284,841 otal. 2.325. 2. 44, 44,777, 692 [ 9¢ Pork, eee Canada........ 9, 436, 506 Si (0 eae Se ee 9,141, 098 Newfoundland and Labrador.| 5,672,961 United King- dom..........] 14,619,714 Other countries | 14, 878,744 Total.........| 53,749,023 734 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TABLE 204.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States, 1913-1916—Continued. Quantity. | Per cent of total. Article, and coun- try to which con- signed. Year ending June 30— 1913 1914 1915 1916 1913 | 1914 | 1915 VEGETABLE MATTER. Cotton: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. | Perct.| Perct.| Perct.| Perct. Austria-Hungary-.-.-| 56,591,125 | 53, 255, 407 PAG ERY Bs | oe BE ac cn eon 1.2 1.1 001s Belgium... .-...-.-.. 113, 483, 414 113, 736, 761 2, 528, Bt] ee eee 25 2.4 Pe ie eee Canadat = 3-2-6 .2-5 76, 007, 216 7, 496, 339 91, 395, 082 | 98,816, 838 sav 1.6 2.1 sar Pranées-...5 see ce. 537, 493, 608 569, 699, 520 346, 349, 629 | 445,187,759 | 11.8] 12.0 7.9 14.4 Germany. 2-2/22...: 1,221 943,252 |1,442,161,777 147, 096, 9A) (lone Ae ac ose 26.8 | 30.3 SeBUlEt sone Dalysi222 teres e2 250, 411, 639 268, 678, "515 563, 700, 142 | 418, 457, 552 5.5 5.6 | 12.8 13.6 Japan Dot Le Ime: | 198,389,341 | 176, 720,027 | 214,403,032 | 251,538,465] 43] 3.7] 4.9 8.2 (Moxicoreelssessees 10, 488, 465 17, 335, 397 19, 863, 621 | 11,847,741 2 4 25 4 eas, European..| 37,453, 772 49° 538, 075 41, 062} 654 86, 724, 722 -8 1.0 -9 2.8 DPS Bae 158, 976, 935 148, 669, 641 82, 251, 950 170, 122} 980 3.5 3.1 533) 5.5 United Kingdom. ..|1,858,449,027 |1, 790, 750, 498 |1,959,874,664 |1 380, 444, 961 | 40.7] 37.6] 44.5 44.8 Other countries....| 42,607,881 | 54, ’398, 581 | 784, 825, 141 220, ‘929, 107 1.0 1. 2 ies aod $10) F2 ee ee 4,562,295,675 |4,760,940,538 |4,403,578,499 |3,084,070,125 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0} 100.0 Fruits: Apples, dried— Germany.........| 17,970,592 | 17,645,697 LOS ARAN Se <5. Bee 43.2} 52.6 5 Bees Fe Netherlands..-... 12° 846, 054 9, 147, 104 5, 200, 178 1,878,251 | 30.9} 27.3] 12.2 11.6 Other countries. - 10; 757, 916 6, 773, 359 37, 280, 557 147 340, 923 | 25.9] 20.1] 87.5 88.4 Motalss=— Sse 41,574,562 | 33,566,160 | 42,589,169 | 16,219,174 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 100.0 Apples, fresh— Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. Germany ......-.- 272, 382 1685792 )|2 =. Sea Pee tases 12.7 |. 11.2) Rea United Kingdom. 1, 318, 426 827, 028 1, 747, 396 874,587 | 61.3} 54.9] 74.3 59.6 Other countries. . 559, 324 510, 749 604, 105 591) 734 | 26.0] 33.9] 25.7 40.4 Rotal 38.2 so: 2, 150, 132 1, 506, 569 2,351, 501 1, 466,321 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0} 100.0 Apricots, dried— Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. France. =222 2223s. 4, 214, 153 3, 074, 146 1, 911, 296 2,570,491 | 12.0] 17.7 8.0 Germany........ 7, 806, 944 3, 841, 032 ”989/ S50pl sss eee 22.3] 22.1 pS eee Netherlands...... q 625, 314 2, 064, 471 i 285, 632 2,526,953 | 10.4] 11.9 5.4 10.6 United Kingdom. 13; 174, 672 4, 473, 534 9, 017, 358 5, 783, 717 | 37.6 | 25.7] 37.9 24.2 Other countries..| 6,195,647 | 3,948,509} 11,260,206 | 13,058,629] 17.7| 22.6] 47.5| 54.6 Total. 3 as. \. 35,016,730 | 17,401,692 | 23,764,342 | 23,939,790 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0| 100.0 Oranges— Bozes. Bores. Bozes: Bores. Canada.........- | 1,017,545} 1,491,539] 1,682,824] 1,489,746 | 95.7] 95.7] 95.6| 94.6 Other countries - . 45, 688 67, 382 76, 581 85, 296 4.3 4.3 4.4 5.4 Total-2-2 AS 1,063,233 | 1,558,921 | 1,759,405 | 1,575,042 | 100.0 | 100.0] 100.0} 100.0 Prunes— Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Canada): 225.52 10, 956, 827 | 12,757,585 9,321,355 | 11,857,965 9.3] 18.3] 21.4 20.7 MPANCG: S25 2521-28- 11, 962,280 | 13,514, 086 1 129, 323 4,869,201} 10.1] 19.4 2.6 8.5 Germany....-.... 49,084,901 | 17,417,865 rf ROOM ore oer 41.6 | 24.9 Of0") 34s United Kingdom.| 8,492,618 | 11,175,968 | 10,368,576 | 14,967,084] 7.2] 16.0] 23.8| 26.1 Other countries..| 37, 454, 249 | 14,948,207 | 22, 658, 538 25, 728, 577 | 31.8] 21.4] 62.2 44.7 Tota SNe greta 117, 950,875 | 69,813,711 | 43,478,892 | 57,422,827 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0] 100.0 Fruits, canned— Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. United Kingdom.} 3,892, 646 3, 182, 051 4, 924, 824 5, 284,344 | 69.5} 65.4] 81.2 75.0 Other countries. . if 706, 727 1, 681, 895 i 139, 941 1 765, 692} 30.5] 34.6] 18.8 25.0 Tote2-€ sh = 5, 599, 373 4, 863, 946 6, 064, 765 7, 050, 036 | 100.0 | 100.0 100.0 Glucose and grape sugar: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. United Kingdom. ..| 155, 597,018 | 162, 715, 262 | 131, 751, 252 | 134,636,730 | 77.7| 81.5 72.2 Other countries....| 44,552,228 | 36,815,612 | 26,711,256 | 51,749,452 | 22.3] 18.5 27.8 _—_S/$|—s —————— | ——————|—_—_——. Doth sc Ruses ss 200, 149, 246 | 199, 530,874 | 158, 462, 508 | 186,386,182 | 100.0 | 100.0 Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 735 TaBLE 204.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States, 1913-1916—Continued. Quantity. Per cent of total. Article, and coun- Fi try to which con- Year ending June 30— signed. 1916 1916 1913 1914 1915 (ora) 1913 | 1914 | 1915 |(pr61), VEGETABLE MATTER— continued. Grain and grain prod- ucts: ormn— Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. |Per ct.|Perct. |Per ct. |Perct. 1, 648, 089 60, 227 103, 927 4,5 3.4 0.6 0.2 0.6 8 097, 882 4,641,737 8, 2837 156 6, 562,323 | 16.5 | 49.5] 17.0 17.2 2 372, 678 2,410, 156 2, 267, 305 3, 231,323 4.8 | 25.7 4.6 8.5 5, 389, 897 118 li, 169, 550 9, 826, 2500) 6 SO. cccond 22.9 25.7 6, 545, 521 303, 303 5, PSO [es Sota tevaeas 13.3 3.2 Ol0ileaecses ” 543° 340 467,424 i 587, 420 3, 678, 934 1 a 5.0 3.3 9.6 ae 1927 420 373,770 15,875, 674 5, 705,625 | 14.7 4.0] 32.5 14.9 United Kingdom.| 14)982' 604 540,515 | 2,850,252 | 5,627,128} 30.5| 5.8] 5.8| 14.7 Other countries..| 2,292,536 583, 605 6, 633, 222 oe 580, 870 4.7 6.2] 13.7 9.4 ING 2S Sees 49, 064, 967 9,380,855 | 48,786,291 | 38,217,012 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0} 100.6 Wheat— Belgium 10,601,248 | 12,873,372 5,320, 685 2,682,920} 11.6| 13.9 2.0 1.5 Canada 851, 139 4, 113, 701 19, 664, 674 , 244, 732 -9 4.5 7.6 3.6 France -| 4,931,708 5, 536, 731 49, 878, 655 | 21,802,818 5.4 6.0] 19.2 12.6 Germany....-.-.-| 12,112,223 | 10,983,060 2 652, 1b.2)) Rae eee 13.2} 11.9 LOvieewcse= Ttaly--..-.------- 7,217,479 1,839, 830 47, 122; 740 rat: 441, 667 7.9 2.0] 18.1 18.1 MOMICD. Si osa25-<5 644,377 306,376 ”996) 581 17,6 ad “153 1 0.0 Netherlands......| 14,832 ” 000 19, 949, 519 | 31, 551, 992 | 21,070,335 | 16.2} 21.6) 12.2 12:2 United Kingdom. 31, 548, 507 27, 961, 348 65, 911, 501 | 53,550,376 | 34.4] 30.3] 25.4 30.9 Other countries. . 8, 864, 293 8; 829, 838 37, 243, 577 | 36,463, 543 9.7 9.5 | 14.4 21.1 POEAD: Kistock =o 91,602,974 | 92,393,775 | 259,642,533 | 173,274,015 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.6 _———————————— — ——S s —SX— S| Wheat flour— Burrels. Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. inva os aera 538, 418 748, 612 707,705 734,7 6.1 6.3 4.3 4.7 Canada! 2.222. .¢ 98, 665 122,752 110, 938 50, 9 1.0 aa -3 PA Ye wewencaieniare 127,814 136, 374 13,273 10,762 1.1 1.2 Sil P| (Uir| see 907,786 892, 705 924,989 1, 124, 562 8.0 7.6 5.7 7.2 Rintandssco.3.-\.. 405, 832 3 3d; 05S) |sasescnases c=] 10-0 3.6 SON Rare” Germany....-... 170, 345 176, 485 e740 Sceaec=naenee 1.5 1.5 Ai | SS ea Gini ee 288, 495 208, 266 112,620 221, 455 2.5 1.8 aa 1.4 Hongkong....... 1,301, 306 1,141,095 626, 978 356,263 | 11.4 9.7 3.9 2.3 Cie Soe eee 878,623 793, 269 68, 542 54,475 7.7 6.7 4 4 Netherlands......| 859, 987 958, 063 1,725, 807 219, 644 7.5 8.1} 10.7 1.4 Philippine Is- | [pint oorecese 370, 939 236, 902 303, 792 385,371 3.3 2.0 1.9 2.5 United Kingdom.| 2 428, 167 2, 809, 800 4,156, 097 3,145,030 | 21.3! 23.8] 25.7 20.3 Other countries. . 2; $73, 428 oe 167, 784 7,388, 196 9, 217, 957 | 26.1] 26.7] 45.6 | 59.4 Total......-....| 11,394,805 | 11,821,461 | 16,182,765 | 15,520,669 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 100.6 res Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. AGE aie ctano=i0'ai= = 1,035, 729 1, 214, 028 1,071,601 626, 126 5.9 5.0 6.6 2.8 United Kingdom... 15, 409, 093 227 219) 620 | 13,823,889] 19, 703, 283 | 87.6] 91.6 | 85.3 87.9 Other countries....| 1,146,373 "29,248 | 1,314,953 | 2,080,409] 6.5] 3.4] 81 9.3 PROUAL eae. o. 17,591,195 | 24,262,896 | 16,210,443 | 22,409,818 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 Oil cake and oil-cake meal: Cottonseed— Belgium......... 38, 953,330 | 19,685,564 223, 1 adesceemeneell b Gc0 2.5 OGits..- we Denmark........ 429, 490, 872 347, 584, 172 |1,067,161,664 | 812,720, 88.1] 43.4] 72.2 76.8 Germany........-| 364, 266, 905 240° 348, 664 POLE AOUl een on annaek ee 32.3 | 30.0 BOMbe cscs Netherlands...-... 62; 479, 858 22° 310, 420 | 15,469,040 4,818, 400 5.5 2.8 1.0 6 United Kingdom. 163, 960, 512 131, 2927 496 | 173,948,786 | 105,360,887 | 14.5] 16.4] 11.8 10.0 Other countries. . 68, 940, 890 38, 752, 936 215, 443, 175 135,021, 597 6.1 4.9] 14.5 12.7 BOA ticeeseaes (elec decal 799, 974, 252 |1,479,065,015 |1,057,921,569 | 100.0 | 100.0} 100.0} 100.0 SS ———— ——_———————————SSSS——_—_—_—_—_—___vVJVJ___—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_— 736 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TABLE 204.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States, : 1918-1916—Continued. Article, and coun- try to which con- signed. : VEGETABLE MATTER—- continued. Oil cake and oil-cake meal—Continued. Linseed or flax- United Kingdom. Other countries. . Total ps. - Oils, vegetable: Cottonseed— Necgay- Turkey,E United juropean ingdom. Other countries. . otal 2. <2... Tobacco, leaf, stems, andt rimmings: Belgium Spated Kingdom.. Other countries. ... otal 2. cath FOREST PRODUCTS. Naval stores: Rosin— Argentina Austria-Hungary. Belgium....-.... Brazil..... Canada.... Russia, 1° suropean| United aa Me Other countries. aa alae Quantity. | Per cent of total. - Year ending June 30— | 1916 1916 1913 1914 1915 (prel.) 1913 1914 1915 re ‘e | | Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. | Perct.| Perct.|Perct. |Perct. 330, 952,259 | 332,697,680 | 26,931,718 |............- 39.5 | 60.2 St Lae 49, 700, 150 20; 671, 619 ) 375, 773 13,100 5.9 3.1 3 0.0 391, 513, 427 266, 792° 954 431, 248° 843 | 445,707,867 | 46.7} 40.2] 82.2 69.5 53, 796, $98 29, 084, 892 | - ” 656 25, 532, 292 6.4 4.4 4.4 4.0 12) 156, 820 | 13,621,494 | 42,408, 444 169, 662, 945 155 Daal 8.0 26.5 838, 119,654 | 662,868,639 | 524,794, 434 | 640,916, 204 | 100 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 14,708,379 | 14,989,927 me 5 | 7.8 5.4 sa5) 8, 475, 683 4, 211, 198 7 Qed Zo2 O:0tes eee 1 970, 255 3, 452, 229 é -6 1.8 0: Oy)sS5-220 25,227,397 | 25,493,039 | 20,578,973 | 35,438,474 &.0| 13.2| 6.5] 13.3 17,924,337 | 8,268,808 | 8,425,210 | 33,500,328| 5.7| 4.3| 26| 12.6 13, 440, 312 ve 682, 622 62, 871") sso deen 4.3 4.0 Of0R ea cees 39,516,645 | 14,015,326 | 15,782,234 | 9,424,790 | 12.5] 7.3] 5.0 3.5 23,743, 576 6 219, 064 4, 821,390 2,674, 740 ao 3h 125 1.0 75,349, 314 26, 994) 772 | 90,979,466 | 56,981,676 | 23.9] 14.0] 28.6 21.4 8) 986, 253 6, 985, 490 | 26,442, 259 31, 055, 628 2.9 3.6 8.3 11.7 12 556, 417 4 947, 994 354,910) owen.) Sess 4.0 2.6 Pe eee ee 31,845,444 | 31,071,865 | 84,378,878 | 32,112,143 | 10.1] 16.1| 26.5| 12.0 41) 488, 880 38, 630, 745 | 49,144,035 | 56,066,604 | 13.1 19.9 | 15.5 21.0 -| Bee 232, 892 | 192, 963, 079 | 318,366, 525 | 266,529,960 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | i : 10, 235,594 | 11,677,604 | 1,181,439 |............. 2.4 2.6 Re} Bean 8, 377, 246 6, 600, 312 4,655, 691 7, 820,355 2.0 155; 1.3 1.8 17; 516, 283 | 13,186,680 9, 042? 967 19) 784, 653 4.2 2.9 2.6 2.2 16, 309, 480 17, 688, 562 16, 156, 268 | 18,621,186 3.9 3.9 4.6 4.2 6, 641, 628 11) 445, 697 a 478, 641 , 908, 1.6 2.5 1.0 2.0 49, 131, 788 54) 915, 178 aie 710, 975 | 82,977,894 | 11.7| 12.2] 10.8 18.7 30, 054, 681 32; 057; 051 10, 018, DUS! aa. sae eee Mo? Cail 2/9) || eeeeee 44, 779, 059 45, 190, 995 24 279, 246 39,276,163 10.7] 10.0 7.0 8.9 5,266,034 | 3,696,273 | 37110,555| 1,158,083 | 1.3 8 9 3 26,688,355 | 28,233,746 | 21,223,143 »306| 6.4| 6.3] 6.1] 12.9 23,081,022 | 16, 822° 696 7, 0: 8,647,232 | §.5| 3.7] 0.0 2.0 150, 110, 570 | 174,779,326 | 189,345,349 150, 639, 054 | 35.8| 38.9] 54.4 34.1 30,605,166 | 33,455,862 | 28,186,284 | 56,807,811; 7.3| 7.6] 81] 12.9 418,796,906 | 449,749, 982 | 348,346,091 | 441,569,581 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0} 100.0 Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. 131, 286 102, 028 143, 407 97, 306 4.7 4.2} 10.4 6.2 84, 070 TO Try fa Reet ORE le dt Soca i eto 3.0 |) (257 ee oe uae 141, 013 111, 735 Tay fl a Se 5.0| 4.6.) Gesiecseee : 180, 701 99, 632 105, 529 132,545| 6.4] 4.1] 7.7 8.4 86, 702 77, 064 74, 113 120, 146 3.1 3.2 5.4 7.6 809, 745 796, 757 DS, Gal |naeees- case 28.9} 33.0 Ee is 116,019 109, 380 94,217 117,740 4.1 4.5 6.9 7.6 228, 360 247, 339 48, 883 18,175 | 81] 10.2] 3.6 1.3 143, 336 144, 653 5,447 70,537} 5.1| 6.0 .4 4.5 632, 515 504, 400 500, 545 557,611 22.5} 20.9] 36.5 35.5 252, 209 158, 705 266, 577 457,219 9.1 6.6} 19.4 29.1 | 2,806,046 | 2,417, 950 | 1,372,316 | 1,571,279 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 ——————— | Australia only, for the six months, Jan. 1 to June 30, 1916. Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 737 TABLE 204.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States, 1913-1916—Continued. Quantity. | Per cent of total. Article, and coun- “try to which con- Year ending June 30— 94159°-——ysk 1916 - signed. p —--—. T | 1916 1916 1913 | 1914 1915 (prel.). | 1913 1914 | 1915 (prel.). FOREST PRODUCTS— continued. F Naval stores—Contd. | Turpentine, spirits of— Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. |Perct. |Perci. |Perct.| Perct. Belgium......... 1, 872, 893 1,027,355 VES SGT ZFS oan ack tes 8.9 5.4 1 A | PS British Oceania. - 686, 989 ” 499° 248 708, 843 1586, 780 3.3 2.0 7.5 6.3 Canad ste. stiec oa - is 039; 768 1, 1147 863 917, 912 i id 026, 511 4.9 5.9 9.7 11.0 Germany}... .. a 849, 191 3, 275, 929 196, G22 Me Soe ak alate 18.3 | 17.3 Qedy Pastas cre Netherlands...... 4, 7242, 340 4, 393, $02 625, 736 442,682 | 20.2 | 23.2 6.6 4.8 United Kingdom 7 432,271 ri 109, 851 5, 338, 724 5, 561, 957 | 35.3 | 37.6] 56.4 59.7 Other countries. . ? 916, 145 1 479, 556 t 562, 611 7. 692; 038 9.1 7.9 | 16.5 18.2 4 SIOy | Lee ieee 21,039, 597 48, 900, 704 9, 464, 120° 9,309,968 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 109.0 Wood: | Lumber— Boards, deals, planks, joists, and scant- ling— Mii M ft. M fi M fi Argentina...... 248,363 208, 177 66, 754 86, 884 9.6 8.6 5.9 7.4 Belgium-....... 78, 662 62,772 S508 las -aessertace < 3.1 256 BBulseotee's 15 n2VA | De 69, 823 38, 125 10,370 8,107 2.7 1.6 < ay | British Oceania oe 473 293, 009 187, 439 1148, 858 10.1 12.1 16.5 12.6 Canada......... 545,257 434,399 182, 734 140,650 | 21.2 | 18.0] 16.1 12.0 Central Ameri- ean States and British Honduras.... 56,509 81,251 45,777 49,351 2.2 3.4 4.0 4.2 Ghing 2s. oss. 4 83, 749 107, 115 56, 238 30,746 3.4 4.4 5.0 2.6 Wubats.. oo se0- 137, 982 122; 938 88, 000 174, 676 5.4 5.1 7.8 14.8 rance-.....<<: 30, 202 39, 563 6, 145 12, 722 1.2 1.6 .O Lot Germany....... 83, 752 69, 852 ie fos ft Ree oe Meee o03: 2.9 RY (fal Pee Te ae 44°319 53, 623 20; 662 ADIES alan etal 2o2ale eas 3.5 Mexico......... 121; 657 69, 111 31,296 45,616 4.7 2.9 2.8 3.9 Netherlands... . 125, 201 120; 661 17,218 2,789 4.9 5.0 1.5 on Philippine Is- fanidset a. tsn02 15, 747 22, 485 6, 623 4,833 .6 9 -6 4 United King- chic as eae 333, 390 332, 457 260, 098 275,726 | 12.9] 13.8} 22.9 23.4 Other countries 336, 147 361, 901 139; 082 154, 976 13.0 | 14.9 12.2 13.2 Motals.s.2ase. 2,576,233 | 2,417,439 | 1,135,212 | 1,176,765 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0! 100.0 Timber, hewn and | sawed— @arndar-d2:2 50. 39, 705 37,846 15, 382 12,812 | 7.8] 8.6] 89 6.4 PVAHECR c8 so we oe 39,950 32,047 6,192 2,859 7.8 13 3.6 1.4 Germany...-...... 32,023 17,506 ZENE Y (cl Pe oc paeae 6.3 4.0 1D eee ta Geass ciecewinte 44,726 65,314 25, 763 29,94 8.7 | 14.8; 14.8 14.9 Netherlands... .. 60, 692 57,776 6, 733 9,098 | 11.9] 18.1) 3.9 4.5 United Kingdom. 213,016 186, 906 99, 318 117,221 41.6 | 42.4] 57.1) 58.3 Other countries. . 81, 525 43,771 18,064 29,269 | 15.9 9.8! 10.4) 14.5 ify 2) ee 511, 637 441, 166 | 173, 789 201,205 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 A T aiateatie, only for the cates riantae: Ja an. 1 to June 30, 1916. 47 738 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TaBLe 205.—Origin of principal farm products imported into the Uniied States, 1918-1916. Article, and coun- try to which con- signed. ANIMAL MATTER. Cattle: MOSICOcce ae cet Other countries... . Totale-sseseee 4 Horses: Canada sce eo Other countries... -. TRO GA ee ann oe Dairy products: Cheese, including substitutes— Other countries - - Matal toons ess Fibers, animal: Silkk, raw— Wool, class 1— Argentina........ Australia, Com- monwealth of. - Belemm oo as. New Zealand...-. United Kingdom. Uruguay..-..---- Other countries. . Tiles tse cee Wool, class 2— Canadar ss ccsc.ci- United Kingdom. Other countries. - Wool, class 3— AT OSU. oo a ne 3ritish East In- GOS aan oe eae ae CBING Soawewwerea oe Russia_ (Asiatic and European). Turkey (Asiatic). United Kingdom. Other countries. . Quantity. Per cent of total. Year ending June 30— = 1916 1916 1913 1914 1915 (prel.). 1913 | 1914 | 1915 (prei.). Number. Number. Number. Number. |Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct. 391, 477 625, 253 343, 809 197,788 | 92.8] 72.0] 64.2 30, 172 243,115 194, 358 241,397 1.2 28.0 35.8 421, 649 868, 368 538, 167 439,185 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 2,063 4, 435 3,515 6, 244 13.4] 27.8 1, 925 1,171 235 113 3.5] 1.8 6, 020 27, 413 8, 902 9,199 83.1] 70.4 10, 008 33, 019 12, 652 15, 556 100.0 | 100.0 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 3, 982, 513 5, 418, 904 3, 554, 297 2,321, 543 8.5 Mak 21, 326, 445 26, 453, 826 25, 662, 362 16, 084, 059 41.5] 61.2 a7. 371, 616 92} 490, 006 14, 766, 682 9, 514, 008 35.3 29.5 6, 707, 370 9, 421) 577 6, 155, 179 2; 168, 389 14.7} 12.2 49,387,944 | 63,784,313 | 50,138,520 | 30,087,999 100.0 | 100.0 5, 510, 607 5, 926, 745 5, 097, 169 7, 419, 616 20.7 | 19.6 2'811,606 | 1,997,428 | 23610,570 | 2, 545, 845 7.0} 10.0 17, 425, 353 20; 196, 212 18, 217, 083 22, 914, 898 70.6 70.0 301, 906 "474, 287 "106, 103 90, 543 IEF 4 26,049,472 | 28,594,672 | 26,030,925 | 33,070, 902 100.0 | 100.0 22, 603,402 | 30,959,660 | 65,373,017 | 110, 085, 992 24.8 | 20.4 5, 619, 342 23, 757, 714 66, 063, 841 | 157, 433, 859 19.0} 29.8 ”966,930| 4,581,419 | 3,002,967 |.......--.--- 57h ie 6, 306, 874 4, 710, 748 413, 679 16, 697, 578 3.8 2 29,368, 707 | 45,223,714 | 38,897,503 | 30,188, 711 36.2] 17.5 2;657,620 | 7,972,159 | 14,612,703 | 8,941, 506 6.4| 6.6 415, 840 7, 883,347 | 33,653, 710 79) 773, 939 6.1 15.1 67, 238, 715 | 125,088, 761 | 222,017,420 | 403, 121, 585 00.0 | 100.0 243, 908 4, 542,139 5, 094, 660 4, 930, 170 24.1] 33.8 13,505,151 | 12)301,661 | 8,607,638 | 4, 135, 963 65.3 | 57.2 3,137,387 | 1,995,898 | 1,352,396 | 4,226,027 10.6| 9.0 16, 886, 446 | 18,839,698 | 15,054,694 | 13, 292, 160 100.0 | 100.0 2,337,196 | 5,452,526 | 10,509,249 | 14,670,272 5.3 | 16.0 3,962,811 | 2,788,130 $59,121 | 3,025,191 Drill hire! ots 35, 926, 815 29, 884, 054 35, 455, 392 44) 192, 310 29.3 54.0 25,645,077 | 22,627,514 | 2,273,360 | 2,562, 854 29%oi1) (Sib 7,394,257 | 5,350,091 | 2, 486, 957 42) 560 5.2] 3.8 20,900,746 | 22,105,267 | 10, 233, 744 25, 969, 190 21.7} 15.6 15,001,192 | 15,795,731 | _ 3, 891, 929 18, 806, 622 13.6] 5.8 | 111, 168, 094, 102, 003, 313 65, 709, 752 | 109, 268, 999 100.0 | 100.0 - : : | a ‘ ‘ Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. TABLE 205.—Origin of principal farm products imported into the 739 United States, 1913—1916—Continued. Quantity. Per cent of total. Article, and coun- ; try to aahiohnicone Year ending June 30— signed. ~ 1916 1916 1913 1914 1915 (prel.). 1913 1914 | 1915 (prel.). ANIMAL MATTER— | continued. j Packing-house prod- ucts: Hides and skins, other than furs— : Calf es Loupe: aa etnies 2 Pounds. | Per a Per ct. a e Per ct Belgium....... 4 643 5,15 STS ol eee ose = b 6.3 MM Ne aes Canada.....-. 5,930,010 | 5,734, 207 4 ae 4 612, 409 6. 3 7.0 27 7.2 MANGO. sic =.= =< 5, 800 994, 90: f ts 6. 12. Germany.......! 16,916,203 | 16,560,516 | 2,613,289 |.............1 17.9] 20.1] 5.7\|....... eo. 8,142,510 | 12,006, 926 4, 152, 980 8, 750, 387 8.6} 14.6 9.0 13.6 tussia (Euro- nea) 30,247) G47 A On 747, 402) | le Ale 71S, |e eee 3250) 24208 sees eee Other countries| 23,606,823 | 17,396,366 | 24,901,754 | 42,777,792 | 24.9| 21.0| 54.2| 66.7 Total........-] 94,559,135 | 82,403,590 | 45,966,701 | 64,135,493 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0} 100.0 Cattie hides—

| prseder lilies cetera 43,518,861 | 40,641,305 8 753,670 | 54,968,227 | 38.4! 30.8| 28.3] 20.5 989, 772 565, 487 790, 368 1,318, 454 +12) 4 -5 .5 12, 255, 600 16, 597, 105 | 27, 898, 683 125, 532, 067 10.8 |} 12.6 16.2 46.9 2 068, 232 2 629; 287 685, 699 "509, 675 2.6 2.0 4 2 G 790, 742 ri 079, 260 739, LOB ha etteic ecto ate 6.9 5.4 Be SR 2) 033, 791 641, 029 1,827, 912 3, 261, 507 1.8 5 ib al 1.2 "373° 249 556, 560 4,130, 624 2,773, 656 8 4 2.4 1.0 34, 164) 908 48, 279, 074 | 75,168, 236 72; 459, 408 | 30.1 | 36.6 43.7 27.1 2 871, 864 4, 000; 789 10,171, 761 6, 957, 563 2.5 3.0 5.9 2.6 118, 384, 359. | 131, 9 995, 742 eee: 428 | 267,775,557 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 100.0 M feet. M feet. M feet. M feet. 7, 655 12, 888 6, 941 6,888 | 11.5 | 183] 164] 17.3 13,526 23, 356 17, 955 10,450 | 20.4] 33.1 42.4 26.2 10, 866 10, 381 8,119 8,453 | 16.4 | 14.7) 19.2] 21.2 20, 866 18, 289 5, 918 7,248 | 31.5] 26.0] 14.0 18.2 13, 405 5,556 | 3; 392 6,816 | 20.2 1.9 8.0 Lad 66, 318 __70,470 42, 325 39,855 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100. 0 100.0 Imports and Fxports of Agricultural Products. TABLE 1913-1916—Continued. 743 205.—Origin of principal farm products imported into the United States, | Per cent of total. Quantity. | Article, and coun- rea . try to which con- Year ending June 30— signed. : | | | 1916 1916 1913 1914 | 1915 | (prel.). | 1913 1914 | 1915 orany. FOREST PRODUCTS— continued. Weod—Continued. Boards, planks, deals, and other | sawed lumber— M feet. M feet. M feet. Mfeet. | Perct.| Per ct.| Perct.| Per ct. Warladal.- =. 2. ..2 1,021, 810 892, 833 908, 663 1,180,018 ; 93.7) 96.1] 96.7 96.9 Other countries. | 68, 818 36, 040 30, 659 38,050} 6.3 3.9 3.3 shill “horas es eae 1,090, 628 928, 873 939, 322 1,218,063 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 Wood pulp: | Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. OTR ae ae 463,877,981 | 524,251,441 | 660,656,640 | 790,997,760 | 41.2 | 46.0) 50.2 69.6 Germany..2:.-2:.-. 151, 481,033 | 149,171,214 | 83,119,680 237,440 | 13.4) 13.1 6.3 .0 INOEWay=--2---.-..- 189, 951, 459 | 181,255,024 | 200,934,720 | 115,978,240 | 16.9| 15.9) 15.3 10.2 Swedens +. 52.2.5... 283,916,347 | 265, 457,874 | 350, 183,680 | 225,955,520 | 25.2] 23.3 | 26.6 19.9 Other countries....| 37,298,387 | 18,591,642 | 22,050,560 2,611, 840 3.3 1.7 1.6 8) Total..........-|1,126,525,207 |1,138,727,195 |1,316,945,280 |1,135,780,800 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 ray 1 ibis uy A + ao Noy ok ‘ 4 7 : Mi < ? ps +e t INDEX. Page Atioriton, contagious, eradication work. .2..5:-54..--.--.--4s<-+--22+-4-000008 23 Accounts— ; cannery, keeping methods, system by Markets Office available........... 245-246 etnies srerD yar kots Ollie — sis cee 2. es Joek tates Seok oss eet oee 12 PEEP Hoc uCciIOn Mon KOlp = 5). a5 leckem hace eaten ok aden os. ste ae 310 REE MY a ONT RON LOGd 2. 202 Se oat he atic noc Hd Sd hms swAdacinwe oat ce oor 414 Agent, county— WAKE NEC TO OrCanlAaAtON). <2 -teiesae << gs atlas Sinaia So aces ec eee 472 pene Pited PIO eTTIOLRMICO. <0 Sa Das aie a3. a rete 2 cial ho we MAGS ham miqe eae 69-70 duties, qualifications, and value of work............---.-------..--++---- 68-70 Agyicultural— institutions, information, including lists by States............0......-- 555-659 PeeRIRE RECON Dy COUNUIICS : 222 soos Jae ke eek ese et a at oe a 699 nations, in order of importance...............-..-- 5 oe ee ns ea ate ae Seen tea 531 products— gece AG MPH Sie eae e eam te aes eae Ae oe at ese a2 707-743 ‘selected, exports and imports, 1852-1916............-.--------...- 723-727 Brandaras establinnimenien: 3-752 oe Pon ot eee ee ee 10, 14, 16-17 Pere iipermaionailoor— ONG = {cts i oon te as oe oot 2 a eae tee ‘pA Agriculture— Department— Roa liquidation: by Valite Of s7OPke os 23 0 = ERLE Feast ge se > sae ed as 715 imports— re pees. Soe Moree ach pacha sees ags be than eA ee aloe 4- .2 722 eee 470 manure, amount per year per-anintal. . 2 /2...:2..2..tissa2 See ee 378 type in. demand for farin Wipe. - 22 ooo ee 470 Horsebreeding industry and stallion legislation, article by Charles C. Glenn. 289-299 Horses— exports— : 1913-1916,:destination.0..3.f P2272. 2920 29S, 22S Ee ae 732 StablstiGs ool ee. recess ashe b> V5 2 OPEL BO BR Se. eee 715 grazing— allowances and rates on national forests............--..------.-.--- 703-705 on National Forests; 1911 to 1916.2. 222 ees ee eee 700 imports— 1913-1916, origin. ~~ 22 s.sne a DED. SPOR ee eee 738 statistics. ..2.2::22222i 22 MES Pe oe See eee 707 number, world map. 2 5= 22225 S05. 22-2 he eee See 548 numbers— and. value on farms, 1867—19N7.-c225..-222 ste os ase ee 666 in. world, by-countries-< - .-=.==.22=++22:22+255ees225: eee 659-662 values and. prices, 1867-1917 25. 23<<22. 24 = 200 Reet eee 666-669 prices— at St. Louis, 1900-1916... . = 1-22. 3) eo ht so. Se ee ee ee 668 by classes, Chicago market, 1901-1916 ......2. ..-.25 2202052 seme 668 statistics, imports, exports and prices, 1893-1916. ._...........-......22 670 Horticultural Board, Federal, supervision of plant inspection......---...-.- 137-138 Housing pumping planta. 2 2..= == -202.2<2erers 222 52 eee ese 516 Houston, D. F., report as Secretary of Agriculture, 1916..........-.....-.... 9-61 Howarb, L. O., article on ‘‘The practical use of the insect enemies of injurious TNSCCIS occ cet oa anise Sees 2 ya a 273-288 Hucksters, buying and hauling turkeys, methods. ...........-----..-------- 417 Humus sources, and value of barnyard manure...:.......-..---.-.---------- 468 Icerya. See Scale, fluted. Idaho— agricultural officers, post-office addresses........---...------------ 556, 557, 558 track crops, acreage, -notes.<..2202 OS IDLE PL PSE 456, 457, 459-461, 464, 465 Tilinois— agricultural officers, post-office addresses. .......-.-.--------------- 556, 557, 558 cooperative bull associations, number, 1916......-....-.----.---..-.----- 311 truck crops, acreage: NOLES..e:..0i- =. 2 eka. ete eee 455465 Imperial Valley, camping ground for residents. -.......-...-----...-----2-05 525 Imports— agricultural— products, statisties..< <2 s.viyes se SAR A ee 707-714 platISHCs. .2 en es se ne eek te ie eee 722-723, 725, 738-743 butter, 19T3=19 1 Bence tec tcee yay sees ere Rk a SR Se Ea AS ee eee 675 cattle, 1893-1916. 22s scase B55 Ae oe SURE OS SE ES eee 670 cheese, by countries from which consigned, 1913-1915. .......-...------- 681 forest products, 1852-1916... = cot oud pels sere ee 728, 729 hides and skins, by countries, 1913-1915............-..- JUS Bees ee 664-665 horses.and mules, 1893-1916 -..5..2-20 452. SUM AL Se eee 670 mules, 1893-1916. W..25204-3 cc betes heats ah tee tect. eee 670 sheep, 1893-1916: 2.22 2-2 oe TO YE De 685 wool, international, 1913—-1916......2. i800. . a Oe ee 691 Incineration, disposition methods for condemned carcasses...-.-.----:---+----- 87 Indiana— agricultural officers, post-office addresses.............-.--.--+--+--+--- 556, 557, 558 truck growing, conditions, crops, and acreage..........-------- 446, 447, 455-465 Indigo; imports, statistics ..2-.----2----eiee nest --s scenes a6 cone een 711 Insect enemies of injurious insects, practical use of, article by L. O. Howard .273-288 Index. 763 Insects— beneficial— Page. difficulties of work in certain conditions...........-.--------------- 281-282 importations, work of Department of Agriculture. ....--.-.-------- 273-288 reasons for success under certain conditions-..-..-....-------------- 278, 281 contro]— biological method’ outlook-.......----..--------.---+-2--+/*=eses- 287-288 cultural methods, work of Entomology Bureau.....-.-------------- .. 40-42 injurious— RUTTER OUE Se ee nc alte ep ras ere SC ee eee tas rs eee 40-42 insect enemies, practical use of, article by L. O. Howard... .-.-..-.- 273-288 introduction on plant imports, prevention..........-.------------- 137-138 Period, Control DY Sprayilg. ./-..:.--<--+-- 2-2 6-- ~~ +--+ nee oe 4l Inspection— cheese, work in cooperative manufacturing.......---------------------- 153-154 foods and drugs, recommendation of Secretary. -...--------------------- 50 ive stock. siatistics, 1907-1916... 2..--..-..-----------------5-2ssHeme-= 694 TPA eLOWA ATS eer or ees oom 2 ob ori are aioe Ce fee ep - isis asp jem SC 693 plant importations, precautions and records. ......--------------------- 137-138 See also Meat inspection. Inspectors— eee PEINTCMONG..- 0. + 4. ao = a= = eels fain pie says ee te ISR 95-96 plant, duties and record cards....-...----.-----+------------+-++++-++--- 137, 138 Insurance— companies, farmers’ mutual, numbers, and cost, BStAWSWCS Ss. s ace eae 424 498 cost, saving in farmers’ mutual companies....--..--.-------------- 428, 480-431 fire, farmers’ mutual, article by V. N. Valgren. ...........------------ 421-433 Interstate Commerce Commission, sentiment leading to establishment of. .- - - - 63, 72 Intestinal diseases, precautions in sterilizing excreta....-...-..-.------------ 354 Iodine, recovery from kelp......-....2-.------eceeceeee cence eee e eee e eee 310 lowa— agricultural officers, post-office addresses........-.--+-----+-------- 556, 557, 558 cooperative bull associations, number and work, 1916...-... 311, 312, 313, 314, 318 Metyine ExpermMent.2.0 2-2. - a0 )5 Pines 209 farms, population, and property value, comparison to Newton, Mass.... 371, 373 truck growing, condition, crops, and acreage......--.---------- 446, 447, 455-465 Irrigated lands— Ben PLO WANE So oo wa so o's on = = aealeeigy Ter Se a> Sasi Mast 184-186 relation to sugar-beet industry. ....... © Matias \Deeas Sau-suseeck = sae 180-181 Irrigation— agriculture under basic conditions.........-.-------------+-+--+--+---+-: 177 conditions favorable to sheep raising. ..-.. ay Re ale; Be Saye re 191-193 PE ieMeLOSIOH. CISCURMOM. 2222.52 2 cee a6 sn 2 won n's ho = = canara atises = Ser 119-121 eriemy or ads and principal Crops. -- - -m"... =. ou: soge oan cn en ene Pade Roles ye mee yee s 719 Mangifera indica, experimental planting and testing, Florida..........-....-.- 144 Mangoes, experimental planting and testing, Florida................---------- 144 Manila-- imports— Sete nen emene ae tebe ees aa 5.0, On aie uldte SG) Sine creck s Grekina ve tts eypeaSaw a.ais ctereretetwla i 726 SPSTUNSAITU SE or chet tales ah 2 gad ne a ee Ne PST i Na A A 709 766 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Manure— f . Page’ barnyard; valieiad source of humiusiinsolli eo ee 468 mixing with peat or muck, valuable conmpost-2..«.2,=--0---4.02ese 6 seen 379 stable— business of big cities, article by C. C. Fletcher...............-..... 375-379 prading, storing, and thandling=. 222.222 aon: sete bg ee ee eee 376-377 shipment methods. 9... S05 sc hos oe os le ee et 375-376 value'as fertilizer, and. priceS:...- 2-00 cs = cess on eer 375, 378-379 Maps, world population, crops, and live stock. :0.-...0 2 52 oe nee ee 535-553 Market— booth, canning-club products, Chattanooga market house, management.. 260-261 demands in. canned goods, meeting -2.. teh wh Se eee 497-498 ranch, cost of. plant-..0...--s-<2-s-c2ce-c2. 502 eee ee ee ee 496 Minnesota— agricultural officers, post-office addresses..........-.. 22202222. 556, 557, 558, 559 cooperative bull associations, number and work...........--....-----.: 311, 314 truck growing, conditions, crops and acreage.............-.-.- 446, 447, 455-465 Mississippi— agricultural officers, post-office addresses..................-..-- 596, 557, 558, 559 citrus-canker, control work... -solaan lest: Shes ee eee 269 home- demonstration work in Harrison County, scope and success.-...-.- 251-252 truck growing, conditions, crops, and acreage.........- 443, 449, 455-457, 459-465 Missouri— agricultural officers, post-office addresses.........-.-....------- 556, 557, 558, 559 truck growing, conditions, crops, and acreage...........-.........- 448, 455-465 Molasses— imports— : VS BZE19 UG scp 9 ose cians crn rence boven, Sik parenci oo AOS 726 StALISHLCS os oocc os edwin pce cn Sb see a Oe 714 Montana— agricultural officers, post-office addresses................-.----- 556, 557, 558, 559 regions, relation to national forestsvys..-..: