, iu t 7 YEARBOOK, 1917 at Dae i ie oe . ¥: 2 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/yearbookofagricu1917unit ie dik * | Siiles diay + vs my dwules | sty aoe pin was “ip : ¢ s 4 ( A\= ‘ers er m WA. Oven WU) WAL wy or r A | f SO BRD NP UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON | GOVERNMENT_PRINTING OFFICE 1918 [CHAPTER 23, Strat. L., 1895.] 2B *” ae * + [AN ACT Providing for the public printing and binding and the distri- bution of public documents. | 6 % % * Section 73, paragraph 2: The Annual Report of the Secretary of Agriculture shall here- after be submitted and printed in two parts, as follows: Part One, which shall contain purely business and executive matter which it is necessary for the Secretary to submit to the Presi- dent and Congress; Part Two, which shall contain such reports from the different Bureaus and Divisions, and such papers pre- pared by their special agents, accompanied by suitable illustra- tions, as Shall, in the opinion of the Secretary, be specially suited to interest and instruct the farmers of the country, and to inelude a general report of the operations of the Department for their information. There shall be printed of Part One, one thousand copies for the Senate, two thousand copies for the House, and three thousand copies for the Department of Agriculture; and of Part Two, one hundred and ten thousand copies for the use of the Senate, three hundred and sixty thousand copies for the use of the House of Representatives, and thirty thousand copies for the use of the Department of Agriculture, the illustrations for the same to be executed under the supervision of the Public Printer, in accordance with directions of the Joint Committee on Printing, said illustrations to be subject to the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture; and the title of each of the said parts shall be such as to show that such part is complete in itself. ORGANIZATION OF U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Secretary of Agriculture, Davip FRANKLIN Houston. Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, CARL VROOMAN. Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, CLARENCE OUSLEY.’ Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, RAYMOND A. PEARSON.’ Assistant to the Secretary, FLoyp R. HARRISON. Assistant to the Secretary, ALonzo E. TAYLOR. Solicitor, WILLIAM MARTIN WILLIAMS. Attorney in Charge of Forest Appeals, THomas G. SHEARMAN. Chief Clerk, R. M. REESE. Appointment Clerk, Irvine W. Pew. Expert on Exhibits, ff, LAMSON-SCRIBNER. Chief Editor, Epwy B. Ret. Office of Information, G. W. WuHarTOoN, Chief. Division of Publications, Jos. A. ARNOLD, Chief. Weather Bureau, CHartes F. Marvin, Chicf. Bureau of Animal Industry, JoHN R. MouteEr, Chief. Bureau of Plant Industry, Wm. A. Taytor, Plant Physiologist and Pathologist and Chief. Forest Service, Henry S. Graves, Forester and Chief. Bureau of Entomology, L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief. Bureau of Chemistry, Cart L. Atsspere, Chemist and Chief. Bureau of Soils, MILTON WHITNEY, Soil Physicist and Chief. Bureau of Biological Survey, Epwarp W. NeEtson, Biologist and Chief. Division of Accounts, A. ZAPPONE, Chief and Disbursing Clerk. Bureau of Crop Estimates, Leon M. Estasrook, Statistician and Chicf. States Relations Service, A. C. Trur, Director. Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering, LoGAN WALLER PAGE, Director. Bureau of Markets, CHARLES J. BRAND, Chief. Librarian, CLARIBEL R. BARNETT. Insecticide and Fungicide Board, J. K. Haywoop, Chairman. Federal Horticultural Board, C., L. Maruatt, Chairman. a These positions were created by the food production act for the period of e war, a CONTENTS. MANO RIDE EOCENE Gyo inn Gola tiga wiped © aye 9 A Se A Vine 2'8 0,6 0 B60 Brief Review of the Work of the Bureaus and Offices of the Depart- Sy a tO ge Reger ee ot ee 5 The Soy-bean Industry in the United States. By W. J. Morse......-.. Present Status of the Peanut Industry. By H.C. Thompson......... Federal Aid to Highways. By J. E. Pennybacker and L. E. Boykin.. The Sources of Our Nitrogenous Fertilizers. By Frederick W. Brown. Cheesemaking Brings Prosperity to Farmers of Southern Mountains. I Ft INO ENA ASD RREMONES a on aE the wisi ck hain a «Rb Dae A ok eine Value of Records to the Farmer. By J.S. Ball................... Production of Drug-plant Crops in the United States. By W. W. EES ont sR MERA Jpn sete agp ie ee ter Sadly la aap gs ep Phosphate Rock Our Greatest Fertilizer Asset. By Wm. H. Wagga- esis ik Re poet ek ssl Wate Daas Sodleke dew ait = ia nis ways Danger of Introducing Fruit Flies in the United States. By E. A. The Great Plains Waterfowl Breeding Grounds and Their Protection. AP PDL RCE iS le cg wk wien ace Spain Ble no es en The Weed Problem in American Agriculture. By H. R. Cates...... Rest Rooms for Women in Marketing Centers. By Anne M. Evans. . Cooperative Campaigns for the Control of Ground Squirrels, Prairie- nade ane Jack tabpiis. Dy W. i Bell ogieces Ws oe Se The House Rat: The Most Destructive Animal in the World. By MEL MIRE Cera et SOs ee A iat Oras ken Caine Web oe Fertilizers from Industrial Wastes. By Wm. H. Ross..............- The Design of Public Roads. By Charles H. Moorefield............ Conservation of Fertilizer Materials from Minor Sources. By. C. C. WN RU PRE Re Bare 5 inde ae he I tne cd Oa c Giace a creel be The Peanut, a Great American Food. By H. 8. Bailey and J. A. SR ESS eee ee ae ae ee How the Dairy Cow Brought Prosperity in the Wake of the Boll prearrte te ragping. ak foes oe bee Sheep and Intensive Farming. By F. R. Marshall................. Teamwork Between the Farmer and His Agent. By C. E. Bassett. Growth of the Beef-cattle Industry in the South. By F. W. Farley... Breeding Horses for the United States Army. By H. H. Reese..... Butterfat and Income. By J. C. McDowell....................... The Service of Cold Storage in the Conservation of Foodstuffs. By NS or RES ee rn cos a rr rc 6 Contents. Cooperative Marketing—Where? When? How? By C. E. Bassett end O. B. Jemmeme.. sci axps'e new arwetsuveek Hae anne cena A- Wasted Sugar Supply. By E. F, Phillips....................... Wool: Production, Foreign Trade, Supply, and Consumption. By George K. Holmesa<. ..:.. 579 cfs sd Sebo h ed ede esse 3s-snaweres Hides and Skins: Production, Foreign Trade, Supply, and Con- eumption., By Gearge KE. Holsiagicscces- costa oes wntsvoecenees Sugar Supply of the United States. By Frank Andrews..........-- The World’s Supply of Wheat. By O. C. Stine.................... Cereal Diseases and the National Food Supply. By Harry B. Hum- BHICY . 20-5 += ss muh 10 YE iw” os T I ott it i : \ yhrt 4 i! ~ ‘| - 4 ; " , Mi f Prey tty F *3 14) J i 1 o yars iis svrg-al ' 33 wimewrie ailt ti.sodoesy odd ci wibloy add wlaaies: viilivat yasvel. .omiriodod Wioj»giatee & O08 hassel aut iin aisil? deteeh of biraatmion ano Jagr ee Br %; ‘ > 4 . Sorvise TF niad Ji ao meh 1 ° : : ‘ : ni te Ci 16+) & \atrrauol! | ec . } / . if Fi TUTTI VQ 2 > WIDOWS | " . ; oe \ . - «) ’ ¥ . 9 775 is page 7 Vv f, . a4 _ BRIEF REVIEW OF THE WORK OF THE BUREAUS AND OFFICES OF THE DEPARTMENT, 1917. HE war in Europe, even before the United States en- tered the conflict as a principal, was making heavy demands upon every one of our industries, and upon none was the stress heavier than upon agriculture, the basic in- dustry of the country. It is, therefore, not strange that the activities of the department had become intensified and every effort was being made to increase the production of food, feed, and fiber to meet the great foreign demand. When we entered into the struggle, before additional ap- propriations had been furnished to permit increased efforts to be put forth, and even before the war declaration had ac- tually been made, every bureau, office, and individual in the department was devoting every pound of energy to bringing about the production and conservation of greater crops than ever. Naturally many of the minor activities of peaceful days were either abandoned or put aside, in order that the de- mands of these strenuous times might be met. Therefore, the brief reviews of the work of the different bureaus and offices here presented, deal more with the last three months of the fiscal year than with the previous nine months, as the interest in the work from April to July is paramount, dom- inating, and continuing. Besides the great bureaus of the department there are sev- eral organizations actively engaged in the department’s work, usually in a general administrative way serving all the bureaus and coordinated in the Office of the Secretary. Consequently the reviews of the work of the Solicitor, the Office of Farm Management, the Office of Exhibits, the In- formation work, and the Publication work, together with the Insecticide and Fungicide Board and the Federal Horti- cultural Board, which assist the Secretary in the enforce- ment of the insecticide act of 1910 and the plant quarantine act of August 20, 1912, have been included under one general heading. 63 G4 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY. BRIEF SUMMARY OF WORK OF THE SOLICITOR. Fifty-eight bills and amendments relating to agricultural subjects were drawn or examined and commented on, in- cluding the Food Production and Food Control bills, the Migratory Bird Treaty bill, the Virus and Serum bill, the Cotton Standards bill, the Personal Rural Credits bill, and the River Regulation and Flood Control bill. 9220 *~ rc Ruck shot UU a & & a is ef € é fi oO e o ye Ee Haherlandt Mam mol i, PODS AND SEEDS OF THE MOST GENERALLY GROWN VARIETIES OF SOY BEANS. Yearbook U. §. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917, PLATE III. FIG. 1—LARGE BLOCKS OF FRESHLY MADE BEAN CURD, ‘ TOFU,” BEADOY. DO see: CU YUP INTO SOUARES AND. SOLD TO THE HOUSEWIFE. Photographed by F. N. Meyer, Agricultural Explorer, U. S. Department of Agriculture. FIG, 2.—LARGE BAMBOO TRAY OF VARIOUS KINDS OF SOY-BEAN CREESE OF THE DRIER TYPE. Photographed by F. N. Meyer, Agricultural Explorer, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE IV FIG. 1—A DARK ROOM OF EVEN TEMPERATURE WHERE WOODEN TRAYS, FULE-OF BEAN CURD, ARE RIFED:. This is another method of preparing soy-bean cheese. Photographed by F. N. Meyer, Agricultural Explorer, U. S. Department of Agriculture. FIG. 2.—LARGE EARTHEN JARS FULL OF SQUARES OF BEAN CURD, WHICH ARE COVERED OVER WITH SPICED BRINE AND SOY SAUCE, After several months’ curing a bean cheese is formed, which can be kept for many years. Photographed by F. N. Meyer, Agricultural Explorer, U. S. Department of Agriculture, te Vie PLAT 1917. S. Dept. of Agriculture Yearbook U, ‘QINYNoWUS y Jo JUeMTIVdSC “Sg °Q ‘se10[dxAy [eanqgynosy “AI “N ‘7 AQ poydeisojoyg “AQVW SI AONVS AOS HOIHM WOdSd ‘INIYS GNV SNV39 AOS GALNAWYSAA AO SLOd GAYAAOS SO 11NA GUVALYNOD V AO MIA : LSS95 "EIT ES PPE LF »> > Re: 7S af J oy ae oo me ee » ¥ > » “, NEE. ‘ganqjnousy jo quemyiedad “s “N ‘yq10[d xq feanynousy ‘I9AITY *N “A £q peydeisojoyd ‘"A1IEVLADSAA 5 vy sv agasn GNV G10S 3YvV HOIHM SNV3a AOS G3LNOYdS SNIVLNOO 13397 SJHL NO LAWSVE SJHL The Soy-Bean Industry in the United States. 105 other oil seeds, such as cottonseed and linseed. According to data obtained from different mills, 1 ton of soy-bean seed yields from 28 to 31 gallons of oil and about 1,600 pounds of meal. The oil extracted from the soy bean in many respects re- sembles cottonseed oil, though it dries more rapidly. This oil has a good color, has but a faint odor, and is rather palatable. New trade uses are being constantly found for soy-bean oil, and it has become an important competitor of other vegetable oils. It was first used in the United States in its crude state, principally in the manufacture of soft soaps. In the search for new oils to replace linseed oil for paint purposes, partly or wholly, soy-bean oil was found most suitable. Paint grinders are using successfully large quantities of this oil in the manufacture of certain types of paint. Manufacturers of butter and lard substitutes are using considerable amounts of soy-bean oil in their products. Other uses for which this oil is employed are in the manu- facture of explosives, linoleum, varnish, and foodstuffs. Soy-bean oil has been studied with other oils by the Office of Home Economics and found to compare favorably with the more common table oils with respect to digestibility. In view of the rapid improvement in the process of refining this oil, there seems to be scarcely any use to which oil is put in the manufacture of foodstuffs in which soy-bean oil may not eventually be found to have an important place. SOY-BEAN MEAL. The soy-bean cake, remaining after the oil is expressed, is ground into meal and used in the manufacture of food- stuffs, for cattle feed, and as a fertilizer. The meal or flour produced from American-grown yellow varieties is bright yellow in color when fresh and has a sweet, nutty flavor. Samples of meal from different sources range from 46 to 52 per cent protein and from 5 to 8 per cent oil. As a human food, soy-bean flour has been used in the United States principally as a special article of diet and sold by companies manufacturing special foods of low starch content. The flour or meal can be successfully used as a constituent of bread, muffins, biscuits, or pastry. Extensive 106 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. tests have been conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture with soy-bean flour in the making of bread and pastry. In these various food products about one- fourth soy flour and three-fourths wheat flour has been found to be the proper proportion. In some of the pastry products, however, as much as one-half soy flour can be used. During the past year the use of soy-bean meal has gained in popularity on account of the many palatable products that may be made from it. The value of soy-bean meal as a stock feed for producing meat, milk, and butter is well established by practical ex- regs sigiplaeaeel by carefully conducted experiments made in both Europe and America. In European countries soy-bean cake ground into meal is used largely for feeding cattle. It is one of the cheaper of the highly nitrogenous feeding stuffs and is therefore one of the more economical feeds for balancing rations deficient in nitrogen. Owing to its high content of protein, the meal should be used with the same precautions as are observed with other highly con- centrated feeds, to avoid digestive troubles. As yet, soy- bean meal is not used extensively in the United States as stock feed. When the value of the meal in the production of beef, milk, and butter becomes properly recognized, there will doubtless be a large market for it as feed. Although large quantities of soy-bean cake have been im- ported into the United States during the last few years, little has been heard of its use in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers. Considerable quantities of meal produced from crushing American-grown beans in 1915-16 were utilized by manufacturers of fertilizers, and during the past few months meal from imported beans has been taken in large quantities for this purpose. While soy-bean meal has a high value as a fertilizing material, a more economical practice would be to feed the meal to live stock and apply the result- ing manure to the soil. SOY BEANS FOR HUMAN FOOD. In Asiatic countries, especially China and Japan, the soy bean and the various food products made from it are so largely consumed that it is second only to rice in importance as a food crop. The soy bean is eaten to only a very small The Soy-Bean Industry in the United States. 107 extent like other beans; but in China and Japan it is elab- orated into a great variety of products, all having a high percentage of protein and making a well-balanced diet when eaten in connection with the staple food, rice. Some of these products are said to be eaten at every meal and by rich and poor alike. Of these numerous preparations, only one, “shoyu,” or “soy sauce,” has been introduced to any ex- tent in other countries. It is quite possible that some of these products would appeal to the American taste and with proper exploitation become established on the American market. Although the soy bean as an article of human food has attracted attention from time to time in the United States, thus far it has been used but little except as a special food for invalids. The beans contain only a trace of starch and are highly recommended as a food for persons requiring a diet of low starch content. During the past year, however, much interest has been manifested in the possibilities of the soy bean as a staple food. Many schools of cookery and domestic science throughout the country have conducted ex- periments rather successfully, utilizing the dried beans in the manner of the navy bean. As a result, the dried beans can now be purchased in the markets in nearly all of the large cities. The variety and palatability of the forms in which the bean can be served make it a very desirable article of food, and it may be expected to grow in favor as it becomes better known. DRIED BEANS. The mature or dried beans of the yellow-seeded varieties may be utilized in making numerous palatable and nourish- ing dishes. When prepared like the ordinary field or navy beans, the soy beans should be boiled slowly, with a small amount of soda added to the water; otherwise they tend to become hard and tough. The boiled beans may be used in bean loaf and bean croquettes; in fact, in the same recipes as boiled navy or field beans. During the season of 1916 about 100,000 bushels of American-grown soy beans were packed as baked beans by several canning companies in the Central and Eastern States. The soy beans may be mixed to good advantage with the field or navy beans for baking, using two-thirds soy beans and one-third navy beans. 108 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. When properly roasted and prepared, the dried beans of any of the varieties make a good coffee substitute. Those fond of cereal beverages pronounce it equal to many of the preparations on the market. In China the beans are soaked in water and roasted, the product being eaten after the manner of roasted peanuts. This method of preparing the beans is improved by soaking the beans for about 12 hours in a 19 per cent salt solution, boiling slowly for about 30 minutes, and then roasting to a light-brown color. The yellow-seeded and green-seeded varieties are preferable, as they make a product of better appearance. GREEN BEANS. When soy beans are three-fourths or more grown, the seed makes a most palatable and nutritious green vegetable. As such it may be used much as is the green pea or the Lima bean. The pods are somewhat tough and not desirable to eat. The green beans are rather difficult to shell, but after cook- ing in the pods for about five minutes they shell out very easily. These beans may also be canned, like green peas, and they thus make an excellent green vegetable for the winter. One large canning company has successfully packed the green soy beans. A few hills of either the green-seeded or the yellow-seeded varieties, in successive plantings, may be grown in the garden as a green vegetable for the summer and fall and for canning. SOY-BEAN MILK. If the dried beans (yellow or yellowish green varieties) are soaked for a few hours, then finely crushed (as in a meat grinder) and boiled in three times the amount of water as of bean material for about 30 minutes, a milky emulsion is obtained which is very similar in appearance and properties to cow’s milk. This liquid, separated out by means of a very fine sieve or through a cloth filter, is the soy- bean or “vegetable” milk used so extensively in China. Soy-bean cake, after the oil is expressed, or whole soy-bean meal can be utilized quite as well as the whole bean in the manufacture of the milk. When the meal is used, ii i me +. The Soy-Bean Industry in the United States. 109 about seven times as much water is added as there is meal, and the mixture is boiled for about 10 minutes. Soy-bean milk has a rather strong characteristic taste and odor which may be masked by the addition of a small quan- tity of coumarin or vanillin. This “ vegetable milk” can be used successfully in numerous preparations, such as breads and cakes, in creaming vegetables, in milk chocolate, and in custards. If allowed to remain in a warm place the millk becomes sour, like animal milk, and in that form may be employed just as is sour milk or buttermilk. In Japan a concentrated or condensed milk is obtained by evaporating the soy-bean milk in a vacuum. This condensed vegetable milk, though not so light in color, resembles in nutritive value and keeping qualities condensed cow’s milk. After separating the milk from the solid material, the residue is still very rich in nutritive substances. It can be dried and used for cattle feed or possibly made into a meal or flour for human consumption. SOY-BEAN CHEESE. The addition of magnesium or calcium salts (about a 1 per cent solution) to soy-bean milk when hot precipitates some of the proteid substances, forming a grayish white curd which settles out, leaving a yellowish watery liquid. This curd, after being drained and pressed, represents the tofu, or bean curd, which is so extensively eaten and forms the basis of numerous fermented, smoked, and dried cheeses in China and Japan. (Pls. III and IV.) Tofu is made fresh daily and is a staple article of diet of oriental peoples. In many cities of the United States having a large Asiatic population, fresh bean curd generally may be found in the Chinese markets. Although the fresh curd, or tofu, is taste- less, it is a highly nutritious food and no doubt could be elaborated by the American housewife into a variety of palatable dishes. SOY SAUCE, Soy or shoyu sauce is a dark-brown liquid prepared from a mixture of cooked and ground soy beans, roasted and pul- verized wheat (barley is sometimes used), salt, and water. 110 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. This mass is inoculated with a culture known as rice ferment (Aspergillus oryzae) and left in casks to ferment from six months to a year or sometimes longer. (PI. V.) In odor and taste this sauce suggests a good quality of meat extract, though perhaps more salty and a trifle more pungent. Soy sauce is largely consumed by the Chinese and Japanese, being used in cooking and as a relish or condiment to increase the flavor and palatibility of the diet. This product may well serve as the basis of sauces of the Worces- tershire type and as a flavor with many American vegetable dishes. The manufacture of soy sauce is conducted on a large scale in China and Japan, and to some extent in India. The yearly production of Japan is said to amount to nearly 2,000,000 barrels. The brewing of this sauce has also become a well- established industry in Hawaii. Although there are no fac- tories in the United States, considerable quantities of the sauce are imported annually, and it can be obtained at Chi- nese stores in most of our cities. SOY-BEAN SPROUTS. Several species of beans are sprouted and used as a green vegetable by the Chinese. (Pl. VI.) Soy beans are used to a very considerable extent for this purpose, as these sprouts are larger and firmer than those of most other legumes. Bean sprouts can be used as a home winter vege- table, for the dried beans are sprouted easily in a short time under proper conditions of heat and moisture. It is quite possible that sprouted soy beans utilized in various vege- table dishes would appeal to the American taste. POSSIBILITIES OF THE SOY-BEAN INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. The large annual importations of soy beans, soy-bean oil, and soy-bean cake into the United States during the last few years, as shown in the following table, indicate a con- dition favorable to the establishment of various industries utilizing the soy bean and its products. The Soy-Bean Industry in the United States. 111 Quantity and value of soy beans, soy-bean cake, and soy-bean oil im- ported into the United States, 1910 to 1917, inclusive. Soy beans. Soy-bean cake. Soy-bean oil. Year. woandst. Value forcntss: Value. ands. Value. SURE i cias PR TE RM PS Meer rks 6 olla Nace wre Cratceye i Sl [lave wal a i Atm Not stated. $1, 019, 842 ee ah oo. Ger lpid- sates b 2,115,422 | $59,626} 41,105,920 | 2,555,707 Sate DY Ried NR rare ti Usk ale: Ae b 2,416,052 | 64,350} 28,019,560] 1,576,968 SEN Ge teeta a Ee 7,004,803 | 93,002} 12,340,185 635, 882 + CREA ol te 1,929,435 | $49,507 | 3,163,260 | 38,255) 16,369, 452 830, 790 Le ie eee ey art Pee A 3, 837, 865 87, 306 5, 975, 592 64, 307 19, 206, 521 899, 819 RORGUy «betwen b's's Sas 3, 003, 065 78, £63 10, 468, 001 103, 081 98, 119, 695 5, 128, 200 i) See eee 5, 344, 334 132, 572 11, 760, 935 136, 064 | 162,690, 235 11, 410, 696 a Compiled from reports of Department of Commerce, Bureaus of Foreign and Domestic Commerce and Navization, U. §., 1910-1917. + Includes bean cake or bean stick, miso, or similar products, with duty, 40 per cent. The demand for soy-bean oil, especially in the manufac- ture of soap and of butter and lard substitutes, is keen, and its possibilities in the manufacture of varnish and paints are very great. It is now a strong competitor of other vegetable oils, and the demand for it is constantly increasing, both in this country and in Europe. When the meal becomes prop- erly recognized as a feed material in the dairy and stock sections, there will be practically an unlimited market for it, while as an oil seed the soy bean offers an excellent oppor- tunity to the South as a cash crop for the planters and a source of oil and meal for the cotton-oil mills, especially in the boll-weevil sections. The importance of legumes as a source of protein for human food is becoming more generally recognized each year. In view of its richness in nutrients and the extent to which it is assimilated, and in view of its low cost in com- parison with other foods, it would seem that the soy bean, with its products, should take high rank among our legumi- nous food crops and be more generally known and utilized as a staple food throughout the United States. | gil reper: fy! ey i" ai "Ett st ae 1o BROE snare thped aye Hiro ri4 2toutioag Lf Pua ait aos “7 I oi Tit iF a as ee . 4 & Th ae , he ‘ bi ; oy . n we rie ot dpa ch Why Vv aa Vy Pat a, § 4 > . Bas ; e e wo MAM ’ a ’ >oJ 7 - Pa ~ ree z ie, ae ' t dvie p ie ~ i * Y eta « ts Dares aweeks j ‘ Zz aS ic 5 } at Pe uf =) 5 é Ps es + pad how ‘ k E a winters rt - F . « <= ’ : Pe | ivy jl * 4) ae, F . s = c " * e* at i AP: Miw Ji i= i¢? -f ‘ 4 r ? if nat +? . _— Fj 7{ “yi ; At wea , , ri. Vi Oty i ee Pid RPA tee se agit sf ats rs a Gatien ye. a4 7 is. Woy Mb. Us Jésah fs Ge = £ so o@ ; cr by ei fx beurs lee, WJ { tes + ‘ (iAa i yas nitsh.« £) ; Fé’, _ ie Z a7 5 Miss i rt? , ~ at ‘ l Ay ’ * =. cf « ) H j eetdi F304) “er 7 } ‘serra. «a ‘ whivcsi to ns IA) 190 Vaile ) a ; ; - $ we atstat wii 15 7 citi 1 é. a is? an 2 ” a 7 “5. rT . Te WAG z ie KfieA : : i Hpi Ke in) “eHi.Jc EH Tight yr! ipa ; ry 4 PRESENT STATUS OF THE PEANUT INDUSTRY. By H. C. THOMPSON, Horticulturist, Office of Horticultural and Pomological Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry. HE rapid growth of the peanut industry during recent years is one of the striking developments that have taken place in the agriculture of the South. While peanuts were introduced into the United States in the early days of colonization, they did not become of commercial importance until about 1870. From that time until about 1900 the growth of the industry was gradual, but since then the production of peanuts has increased by leaps and bounds. In 1889 the production was 3,588,143 bushels, while the Twelfth Census shows that in 1899, 516,654 acres were planted to peanuts, with a yield of 11,964,109 bushels of nuts valued at $7,270,515. In 1909, 869,887 acres were planted to peanuts and the yield was 19,415,816 bushels valued at $18,271,929. From these figures it will be seen that as the production increased, the value per bushel also increased. Since 1910 the acreage planted to peanuts has increased at an even more rapid rate than in the preceding 10 years. From figures secured by the Bureau of Crop Estimates it is evident that over 2,000,000 acres of land were planted to this crop in 1917. The crop of 1916 was double that of 1909, and even with this large increase the price paid for peanuts produced in 1916 was higher than in any previous year of normal production. The very rapid increase in the acreage and production of peanuts has been due to the development and improvement of machinery used in growing and handling’ the crop, to increase in the knowledge of the value of the peanut as food for man and beast, to the development of new uses for the crop, and to the need for money crops to take the place of part of the cotton crop in regions seriously infested with the boll weevil. 29190°—yrsk 1917——8 113 114 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. GROWING THE CROP. In the early days of peanut growing the crop was planted in the garden or in small patches in the field and the work of planting was done almost entirely by hand. With the increase in demand for peanuts the acreage increased and attention was given to the development of labor-saving implements and machinery. At the present time a, large part of the planting is done by means of peanut planters. These machines open the furrow and drop the peanuts and cover them at the same operation, while with the hand- planting method it is necessary to open the furrow with a plow or other implement, drop the nuts by hand, and then cover them with a cultivator or some similar implement. The method of cultivation of the peanut has also undergone some changes which have reduced the cost of the operation. The greatest reduction in the cost of cultivation has been brought about by the use of the weeder and large cultivating implements. Many large growers run a weeder over the peanut field before the plants come up and again just after they break through the surface. This reduces the work of cultivation, as it destroys the weeds before they have become established and allows the peanuts to get ahead of the weeds. Instead of using the small one-horse cultivator many growers now use a two-horse implement which culti- vates one or two rows at a time. ‘The old method of culti- vating with a one-horse cultivator entails a wasteful ex- penditure of time and man and horse labor and should be discontinued where & is practicable to use larger implements. One man with two horses and a gang cultivator will do as much work as two men and two mules or two horses using one-horse cultivators. When it is realized that peanuts are cultivated from three to six times it can be readily seen that a great saving may be effected by using large implements. HARVESTING. Even greater improvements have been made in harvesting and thrashing peanuts than in the growing of the crop. In the early days of the industry the plants were pulled by hand or plowed out with a one-horse plow. The plow is still used to a large extent, but many large growers employ Present Status of the Peanut Industry. 115 a machine similar to the potato digger. One of these ma- chines, pulled by three or four work animals, will dig 8 to 12 acres a day. In addition to lifting the plants, the machine shakes off most of the soil and leaves the peanuts lying on the surface of the ground. With the plow it is necessary to free the plants of soil by hand, which adds to the expense of harvesting. There has been less change in the method of stacking peanuts than in most other operations. In fact, the method now commonly used by the best growers has been employed for many years. The main points to be kept in mind in stacking peanuts are to keep them off the ground, to protect them from rains, and to cure them slowly. In new regions peanut growers often try a different method of curing peanuts, but after one or two failures they adopt he practices of the best growers. Many farmers; new to peanut culture, dig the peanuts and leave them to dry thoroughly on the ground; then rake them up with a horse- rake and stack them in the same way as cowpeas. ‘This method is a poor one, because many of the leaves are broken off in handling after the peanuts are dry, thus losing the most valuable part of the hay, and when the vines are dried quickly the nuts wither and the pods discolor. When peanuts are stacked within a few hours after being dug, the nuts continue to draw nourishment from the vine and fill out properly and both the nuts and hay cure with a good color. PICKING AND THRASHING. Formerly all peanuts put on the market were picked from the vines by hand. This was tedious and expensive work, as a man or woman could pick only a few bushels per day and the nuts had to be separated from the trash. As long as peanuts had to be picked by hand the industry remained small, but with the invention and use of the mechanical picker and the adaptation of the grain thrasher for thrashing peanuts the development was very rapid. ace oe eee bad» to. Pesce e oh os Rs = ~ 885. 00 P cay SE reg pReie Rell ett Smee cscs 2 Sak eater Me St i ee 25. 00 i os Re eee Le ie a 8 Ap 2 6.) Sas 85 SA pee hh «2S Be 2k & soy) 1, 320. 86 MascaHaTigonsite = AA 22.) aes geet trae cee be ate cls ceo gael o 23.65 pi se ig Oi gs BERS AIR a8 ope Eee (ay Rae a eS eae ae 2, 254. 51 44 Phe Vo Ei es Soe 2 AR ae ns ee ee Se ee, eee ee peed ae 43.35 1 SOGICCEOIS TNE Gls one Pee ri oe Oe wine eo bold hein Sowa nn wad oe 2.00 0 Total expenditures on live stock.............------------- b. Fa dereys 2, 299. 86 45 RATS SE oe TR os chee da Sele ew cs Patent we oot mo ats Re 349. 57 RO ee eh oe ch cha a ane le na peo aa ae eae a ices 88. 09 een maamwday oO) f. CURT. AL A Sg: OA A | 29.68 TVRSHes , CUAAINS) PICKIN s 55 own! » «/cisist GL > < simtdale oo 06} = ons b hs | 48. 92 T otal expenditures ON CrOpS. ... 2. ...2 eve csesccecessccres aa 516. 26 10 158 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TABLE I.—An example of farm cash records summarized for a year’s business on an eastern North Carolina diversified farm—Continued. Per Source of income or expense. Amount, cent of | total. EXPENDITURES—Continued. Paid: hired hands. oo) sic tee ec a eth dew d dose Peewee ea $654. 43 Veterinary and shoeing muted i. iincs oe cece ee cet eee 27.10 Man and mulelabor expenditures: - . <<... .oaceneuss seule es lewneeacs- $681. 53 | 13 Now buildings and improvements... 2.25 2 oes. woe a vecew eee ete 326. 54 Ronaire of: buildings. feneos, 6te so. Fuss «es W nia teed ce oee eae. 176. $6 Newimachinoery. Dough. sci s seis veces os san eneue ws deacueees ae 423. 51 Maintenance Or implements... .. 5 65.0c5555% Sue kenss ons os ee SOR 58. 47 E.Camment GEHENGitUsOhs. is << «wed ass ober e wien ye alee 985. 48 194 EMGereet ON DOFFOWOd, MONCY. «0. .ccc05 eon avicccn denen ge eccnce ane: 427. 27 a a eee Eee pRGRGES ceR ee recdeaucscgeteanecses 66. 81 Cesktinvewond ..u i... Sad: eae oc St cn cee ek ee als Se 58. 43 ‘Falonhone. stationery, G00: a... 4. <2 sans ncan'sonobe= sataece as 64.75 Miscellaneous expenditures. .< . ...s0.iehcs ce esa cksccacesss [lee cemetis 617. 26 124 Total farm expenditures. oc ccsaccc ss Peet cadscdenk toes sherwewee 5, 100. 39 100 Housebhold.and personal expenses . seccce. . so wsawncies «. 5a we eee oe 532. 50 Total money paid Out. 6.5 ece asa eset Soe eis Cec RES 5, 632. 89 When the year’s record is made the cash accounts can be assembled under headings (see Table I) that will show exactly what branch of the farm activities produced the dollars and what each required in the way of cash expend- iture to keep it going.’ Some farmers are apt to judge of the importance of the various farm projects by the time it takes to put them through. To such, a complete cash record for a year, properly assembled, will be an eye-opener. Often seemingly unimportant things on the farm, such as the flock of poultry, produce nearly as much net cash as the obviously important. The year’s cash summary helps the farmer to get a better perspective of these things. In using such records as an aid to future plans, hasty conclusions should not be drawn, nor should snap judgments be taken. The fact that the hogs or the corn crop brought in the most net money last year is no reason for assuming that all the activities of the farm henceforth should be 1A complete method of assemb.ing the year’s data is fully described in Farmers’ Bulletin No. 661, entitled, “A Method of Analyzing the Farm Business.” Value of Records to the Farmer. 159 devoted to the sole purpose of hog or corn raising. It may be that the keeping of cows was partly responsible for making the hogs so productive of net cash, or that the growing of wheat, clover, or other crops in rotation with corn made the latter crop much more profitable than it would have been if grown alone. Similar conditions will be met with on all farms, and therefore no sudden changes should be made on the basis of what a few accounts may show. On the other hand, a single year’s figures will occasionally indicate that something is radically wrong; will show where the net expenses of one farm enterprise is a great drain on the net cash returns made by the others. All phases of such an enterprise should be carefully studied and unless the losses can be assigned to some reason, such as a bad season, temporarily adverse market conditions, epidemics, or similar unusual conditions, it may often be dropped with profit. Comparison of the annual figures year by year is another source of profit from the use of accounts, since by such com- parison a true perspective and insight into the make-up of the business is gained. USES OF AN ANNUAL INVENTORY. The term “inventory’’ is used to designate a list of prop- erty, and such a list, made annually, is a most important and useful record. In any system of accounting the inventory is absolutely essential, as upon it is based the division of one year’s business from another. A farm inventory is simply a statement showing what the land, buildings, equipment, live stock, supplies, and produce on hand are worth at the time the inventory is made, together with amount of cash on hand and money owing to and owed by the farmer. It is a list of farm property and farm debts. (See Table II.) It corresponds to the ‘ ‘stock taking”’ which every merchant does periodically. 160 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Tasie Il.—A sample farm inventory, showing in a general way how th-- valuable record is prepared. April 1, 1916. April 1, 1917. | Items of property. ne ————_—_ | , he | Rate. tea Rate. | Valuation. 7 Bae Real estate: Farm of 120 acres (105 tillable), including value of improvements 5 =~... 225.255 c[-cceees live stock: Cows dry and in milk........ 17 12311! RE 2a eae cr Os TO 1 FROSIOPR. 2 os ed a ns ee a Calves 8 cA een ee ‘ Totalior Gary NOK. 3: 2. . -Preee 1,955,005) cnteos. haeeee - oe 2, 402. 00 Machinery and tools: Pl Oe ant See ee a ee 2 8.00 16. 00 2 7.00 14. 00 IFOTYOWS <<... dpawceeeeiemm ee 12. 00 24.00 (List all items of farm ma- chines, wagons, harness, and small tools). Total amount invested in machinery and tools (not all:listed here). 22 OS. eel. Tee et 536. 545. 65 Feeds, produce, and supplies: Gorn. i. 2 op 5 bushels. . 225 . 85 380. CO Corn StOVEr oo. nn. ceawe tons. . 6 5.00. 60. 00 Hay, mixed... ....2.:- do... 12] 12.00 ‘ 135. 00 Hairy vetch seed....pounds..| , 20 2220.0 OAC SOUL SSeS ee Fiotatoos:. «2.52 .0~.% bushels. . 106 . 80 3 180. CO Gorrsilaoe. 2. a fa dee tons... 10 5. 00 5 : 90. CO Conte. eos. tne ca se Sapkts. 2]. ois Se ecbeacn ae atone ne cee ae : 3. 20 Oldilumber . 52 5 Eee EC alee ; 5.00 © Total value of feeds, pro- duce, and supplies |. isin }eaies. apes. se. 853. 20 Cash on hand and in‘ bank >... .)-- ..-2) [es <0. +s: 25.75 Value of bills.due the farm 23. 2220 )2 <2. 55. pos. See 92.70 Total value of farm prop- OF EY 0s. 1s wcierey ete ee ina cae 13, 519.30 Amount of bills, notes, and mort- gage the farm owes to others....|....--..|-------- 3,575. 25 Net worth (increase $342.95 1OF YOAL) aisrneciva wien -- cate edpe ateele eons 9,944. 05 o w*< Yearbook U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE XVII. FIG. 1.—AN EXAMPLE OF THE PRIMITIVE FARM RECORD. Measuring corn and keeping tally on the wagon box. FIG.2.—A FARMER WHO HAS KEPT COMPLETE COST ACCOUNTS FOR YEARS: Such work takes much time and requires close attention to detaiis. von: 161 The uses of the inventory are important and varied. As previously stated, it is the basis upon which is built the superstructure of accounting systems. Taken alone it will show a farmer exactly what he is worth and will be a guar- antee of solvency and an aid in securing credits and loans from the bank in time of need. The inventories for two dates a year apart show whether progress or retrogression has occurred during the year, and definitely measure the degree of the change. Taken in conjunction with a cash account for the year, the inventory shows how much has been made by farming and to what extent the personal and household expenses have offset profits. (See Table III.) It also gives a much better insight into the income produced by each farm department, as a decrease in inventory value of hogs, for instance, may offset to some extent what, from the cash account, looks like a very large income from that source, or vice versa. Value of Records to the Farmer. Tasie III.—Showing how the inventory totals and cash account may be utilized to show the profit made by the farm. Values. Item. 7 Apr. 1, Apr, 1. 1916. 1917. Farm inventories: eel paienee . SE sees aI. Fare ee el se See PIII ALL LP $9, 600. 00 $9, 600. 00 EPO STOCKS soi os ks Le SEN etn RS ences +: 4 ee Pe eee ee ee 1, 955. 00 2, 402. 00 Macninery BUG'tOOIS: 5: asco s ces. e> cms - Hf ot aia er ee, Be Fae eee 536. 00 545. 65 HESS pr OGuCd Aud SUPPIES: ce. sees cece eee etece deere te. 516. 95 853. 20 Cash emhand and tai hark. 25¢ Ee a eps ee eee. - 225. 50 25. 75 SERIO CUO ATI, Boot ok aes SU Ee ee 17.65 92.70 Sal walige OF 16 tari DrODCl i rac cake ore os one Sees hm ea eee 12, 851.10 13, 519. 30 meta Te DY GOS (At tO-OUNEIS:. 2.5. = gscc cence ees ece tebe es wees 3, 250. 00 3, 575. 25 PSL EWOrENCOCH WORT co8o acc soa tenst Sat eset cee aent ee ook 9,601. 10 9, 944. 05 eR REIS A DUSOP LATE co ce eye ea Noe oe get ys BERET PIR SS choe S eicge ap Sb eae 342. 95 From the cash account the amount of money paid out for other than farm expenses is found: (2) PR Pee oo 2 nc Cs ae Ss ar Oc ee Ree ae Oe Ot oe 338. 38 EMR REE ee ee re RS os ck cine shes one cls naan 115: 25 Interest on the mortgage, $3,000@5%...............-.-+------ 150. 00 Pereheso prick of Uc 8) bond 003 6 1 Lee: sa ete ine. 50. 00 Mato sss is 25 Ses ee tyd. oj ee te. hd See 0k eb sie. Ie 653. 63 Supplies and rent furnished by the farm: PoE VIO OF LOG farm NOME . s. << ncn pe sn ose ccs saeks amen sans 120. 00 Value of supplies (fuel, milk, eggs, etc.)................-------- 150. 50 SRNR TEER RR 9 5 ia hd alert oid mak pale Ye oe ant ew ki ae 270. 50 POUAD MENTE OIED sh ree Bl ho DSO PSR SI OL SOREL SCE ET Ooh Nena 1, 267.08 29190°—ysk 1917——11 162 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. COST RECORDS. The foregoing discussion has embraced simple record keeping. The accounts described deal almost exclusively with facts about the farm as a whole, as a unit, and serve to compare this year’s business with that of last year or the year before. In order to keep accounts with the separate enter- prises, however, to show the factors of cost and the returns of each, and what each one gains or loses, cost accounts are necessary.’ Cost records, while of great use if correctly assembled and intelligently interpreted, can only be obtained by the outlay of considerable time and attention to detail. (See Pl. XVII, fig. 2.) A man who works hard at manual labor all day can very rarely find the time and seldom has the inclination to set down daily all the minutiz necessary to complete cost accounts. In cost records there are added to the inventory and cash account, labor records, feed records, supply records, crop yield and animal production records, which, when the amount of time necessary to summarize and distribute the indirect costs is considered, require much more attention than can ordinarily be given. Only where the conditions seem to assure that the accounts will be pushed through the year to a successful conclusion should cost accounting be begun. Detailed accounts begun and abandoned are worse than time and labor thrown away. They are apt to give the idea that there is no use in keeping any records whatever. However, cost data systematically recorded, summarized, and studied year by year are of the utmost value to any farmer whose circumstances permit him to obtain them. The labor records will show just how much labor and team work is required by each crop on the farm and the time of the season in which it is required. They show what proportion of the labor is devoted to work that produces income and the very considerable amount that is consumed by ‘odd jobs” on every farm. The proportion that labor cost is of the total in the production of all farm crops and stock is brought out, and the number of days of man and horse labor necessary to produce an acre of any crop or to care for any animal for a year. ‘ Farmers’ Bulletins No. 511, “ Farm Bookkeeping,’’ and No. 572, ‘‘A System of Farm Accounting,’’ discuss the function of cost accounts, giving data useful to anyone interested. Value of Records to the Farmer. 163 A year’s labor records show also just how much man power and horsepower is necessary to run the entire farm every week in the year and point out accurately just when the rush seasons occur and how much help is necessary to tide them over handily. With such records before him a farmer knows approximately how much labor and how many horses he willneed to carry out his plan of operation for the coming year. He knows how much more or how much less labor he will need for every acre of increase or decrease in area of any crop and just when such labor will be required or may be spared. Increasing or decreasing the magnitude of the different farm enterprises and fitting them together until a complete year’s work with an even load of labor for the entire season, with the rush points minimized, gives him per- sonal control of unsettled labor conditions and puts him in an advantageous position to push through successfully the coming year’s work. Feed accounts, accurately recorded and summarized, will give valuable data on the amounts of grain and roughage required to put an animal on the market or to maintain the permanent herd. They give the quantities necessary to maintain the work stock, and thus enable the farmer to reserve sufficient for his needs and to sell his surplus feeds with safety. They enable the farmer to plan intelligently an increase or decrease in any of his herds and inform him just what these changes will entail in increased or decreased quantities of feeds required. They supplement the other records in that they indicate how to preserve the balance between crops and stock on the farm and thus become the basis upon which is determined the proportionate charge to stock and credit to crops for farm-produced feeds consumed. Records of crop yields, animal products obtained, and of supplies used by the different farm enterprises are the addi- tional factors necessary to make cost data complete. These are useful in that they show just what yields of crop and by- product are obtained year by year, what and how much the animals produce, and by what farm departments miscella- neous supplies are used, thus permitting the making of adequate charges and credits. 164 Y earbook of the Department of Agriculture. USE OF COMPLETE COST ACCOUNTS. When the cost records have been successfully carried through the year, all costs distributed, and the summarizing done, the cost of every crop and of each class of stock will be known, together with the income each has produced, and the resv!ting profit or loss for each, with the cost per acre, bushel, ton, or animal. (See Table IV.) These will prove of great interest and usefulness in numerous ways. The figures show the margin of profit and approximately what must be realized on each commodity produced in order to realize a profit or avoid a loss. Such figures for a series of years will be increasingly valuable. TaBLE IV.—Showing how cost accounts on an eastern North Carolina farm were utilized to show whether each farm department made a profit or a loss and how much. Farm enterprise. Income. Cost. Profit. Loss. Monae: s 535. . fi bs oes Eee BERS $1, 039. 25 $388. 83 $650.42 |.....0.20.- OLE ST C1) dg: 11 CS ee ee Sa cele 145. 25 ASR Pee $209. 76 LEC y ge LY ie a eT aS oa Sag SS 337. 50 S02 44 toe en ceed 24.94 Oats J. ee sa cee enw Sock a te oe then ee ee 65. 00 90. B45). Ue. och 25. 54 Hay: " GQlOVOP cack ott ee le a ee 90. 00 43.03 Ce) OPP ree ae = COW hG os an caine «aint a enaet tees 120. 00 88. 33 o1:67 |. eee Byes ly CG OY Peer aa 30. 00 ry Ad Re 17.40 ruck evone, siz. ce: ieee ih. ns nee as 170. 02 122.12 47.90 ibs ~iwaree wOhite Dairy Wore or ok ete Be ge eae 2, 185. 24 VG Sea gi pcre er 418.93 1 OPS pe IE pets spelt Beate ret “4 eae 227.50 145. 30 82:20"). ose ce ae SPOUNY oh a ba c Pec ease ts ce Ree ek he 193. 05 76. 54 LIGLOL | ee DAME Ths f5 cis. » ag aeeowaciide = a bee Sees 74. 50 33. 26 41. 28 | be re erate IOC TO rs Boe oe eee a ae a 358. 00 265. 82 92. 180 | oe os eee ChMtSICAIAN OR. 40 eee eae asin ane ss oe 68. 74 65. 38 bs aes (3d gigas 1 UAVS ERS, AO 5,104.05 | 4,688.17] 1,112.45 696. 57 696. 57 Wet farm: Wrontscy. sts SSI S5O% TA SEER eee 415.83 [alee Where losses are sustained, the study of the facts for past years when profits were made may show why the losses occurred, and influence the farmer to take heart for the future and strive to overcome, if possible, the conditions that caused the losses. (See Table V.) Value of Records to the Farmer. 165 Taste V.—Detail of the cost of growing potatoes on a western New York farm for a series of five years. A good illustration of the application of cost Acres grown........ Per acre costs: Labor in growing— Total labor cost— In growing... In harvesting BA) es re P ‘ P 19,3 16.7 accounts in analyzing the cost of growing a crop. 1913 1914 eS ee $5. 78 6. 76 —————>=—=_&—K————————S=_s ——————>S=_[_ —SP@_ lS _ ——————— 4.93 3.17 12. 54 8.10 el 20. 64 SS | es Ee Nt Eo i et Se eevee ae 1.23 |} 8.59 Benet Ore teen ccc te ese ras 8.18 | 10.57 PT ZON Sere g ors-0e Sates tas aioe 10.32 | 10.04 Lime for spraying...... pee be A : a 4 . 54 15 ‘ATSONHGG lASM 28 At es does uae eret 4 . 1.34 1. 26 Sulphate of copper............... 3.45 2. 43 Total cost of materials 25.06 | 33.04 Indirect costs— Implement COSbe.63. <6 oc apmretle Man hours per acre: VO RIOW sis fone Se Seen exha wens 49.74} 52.22] 50.08] 47.37] 34.22 46.73 a) ae ee ee 35.68 | 37.55 | 27.95 | 24.72] 29.16 31.01 | RE Serge Shp SE Rape ge 85.42 | 89.7 78.03 | 72.09] 63.32 77.74 Horse hours per acre: To grow. Jo 3h. LS 60.28 | 59.46 | 65.15] 70.08] 52.02 61. 40 To Narvest [52.3.6 st ae Si< nce caeees : 26.29 | 34.40} 25.27] 26.63 | 24.37 27.36 Totals Os Pe. EUR ES 86.57 | 93.86} 90.42] 96.71 | 76.39 88. 76 To obtain the greatest benefit from cost accounts, full data as to costs in quantities of labor, materials (as feed, seed, supplies, etc.), and the use of the farm equipment, should be recorded and carried along all through the process of summarizing. Hours of labor, pounds of grain, tons of fertilizer, etc., are equally as useful as the money figures, if not more so. Such data aid the farmer in getting a truer insight as to the facts and give him a firmer grip on his business affairs than can be obtained by money costs alone. Prices fluctuate, but the physical factors in the cost of pro- duction remain more or less constant; they constitute the best known source of information useful in the analysis of a farm business, In making use of the results of a year’s cost accounts for the purpose of perfecting the organization of the farm for the greatest profit, caution is doubly to be recommended, As previously stated, hasty conclusions should not be drawn. Sometimes a positive decrease in a year’s profits may ensue if an enterprise be dropped because, taken alone, it has failed to pay. Cows, for instance, may not be showing a net profit, but if all the cows are sold, there may be no other profitable way of using up roughage which would thereby be wasted, resultmg in a loss on the Value of Records to the Farmer. 167 crop producing it. Labor devoted night and morning to milking and feeding cows, and charged to them, would be entirely wasted if the cows were sold and nothing else supplied to utilize it. Thus an added labor burden would have to be borne by the other enterprises. It is much better that these things be utilized than that they should be a dead loss, even though the cow account alone just breaks even, or worse. Any changes indicated, if made, should be brought about gradually and the effects noted in their relation to all other farm activities. There is nothing like a set of records as a means of ana- lyzing a farm business. To use such records, however, the fundamental principles must be understood and complied with; their limitations as well as their usefulness must be grasped. When this is done the accounts will become a strong staff and support. HOUSEHOLD ACCOUNTS. How many people know just what it costs them to live? Such information is extremely valuable, especially if the make-up of the cost is known, both as to money cost and the other factors. To the farmer such data should prove valuable indeed, especially in determining what part of his living comes from the farm.! If the accounts have been completely kept, the household expenses are easily assembled from the cash record, in- ventory and record of supplies used. Nothing in the realm of figures is more likely to astonish the average farm family than a summary of the household costs. The farm furnishes the family a house to live in, milk, butter, cream, eggs, pork, fowls, fuel, vegetables, and fruit, and often a great many other things. Yet the farmer often does not think of all these unless they are set before him. If he breaks even on the year he is likely to think there is no profit in the business when, in fact, he may have been living much better than the average city business man of like education, attainments, and capital. All these things may have to be seen to be believed, but a well kept set of records, by adequate handling, can be made to show them. 1 Farmer’s Bulletin No. 635, ‘‘What the Farm Contributes Directly to the Farmer’s Liv- ing,”’ should prove of much value and interest to all farmers who keep household accounts. é :*\ ; - ae ie * ear ' li 4 Ped y ! ; aoe A ee vo oa , pion, ly i” a > ae 2 > , , 7 1° : a Oe - . . - =s os fy +e) ad ' ; ' : ats “es ~ a 4 a: + ‘ p ; @ o bao Lh a ry A - pe i \ ‘ * i : ? 7. J ‘ hy ¢ Lt SOReT i * on ’ . ‘ 3 7 et : : ; +a bi } ‘ * a "7 . ‘ & +2 ‘1m . 1 c ‘. > * . ud ,: : "i ‘ pes 75" * “ : i A J ¢ . | . > J 4 » 4 "> : a 7? . ' : 5 5 ' 4 - ~ a ’ . ) E a La > 2 ‘ f \ : v3 od . ~ “ i 4 ¢ — 3 * = : \ acy s J ? y . | - t ie ‘ —— a. y : iG : «i> Z ~ r La + « . . BS ny tp — ' : z . a ‘ ee ; oes > : enw? stot bub store baa yealelintoge cereals motel ane Ys YY! : wt i 2D vend it =| Re aheie’ i ay a: pinaven OPP PRODUCTION OF DRUG-PLANT CROPS IN THE UNITED STATES. By W. W. S'TOCKBERGER, Physiologist in Charge of Drug-Plant and Poisonous-Plant Investi- gations, Bureau of Plant Industry. EDICINAL plants have been cultivated in the United States for more than two centuries. Only a few decades have elapsed since healing herbs shared with small fruits and vegetables a place in every kitchen garden, and in certain localities their production and sale at one time formed the basis of small industries. In time, however, the numerous convenient preparations obtainable at every drug store rendered the domestic herb garden no longer necessary, and the great development of foreign commerce made it possible to obtain supplies of most crude drugs from sources where the cost of production was less than in this country. As a result, drug cultivation has never become an important branch of agriculture in the United States, and in recent years it has been confined chiefly to the production of relatively small crops of plants yielding volatile oils which are in demand for industrial purposes as well as for medicinal use. DRUG CRISIS PRECIPITATED BY THE WAR. The extent to which this country had become dependent upon foreign sources for its supply of crude drugs was not generally realized until 1914, when the war in Europe ab- ruptly severed long-established trade connections and either greatly reduced or cut off entirely our supplies of many drugs. Prices rose to almost unheard-of figures, and the fear of a drug famine occasioned grave concern in business circles interested in maintaining the supply of medicinal products. The crude-drug situation soon became a popular subject for feature stories in numerous magazines and news- papers, and many people have been led to believe that the cultivation of medicinal plants offers unusual opportunities for large profits. 169 170 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. DRUG PLANTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES, Although the list of plants which yield useful drugs is large, the number at all suitable for cultivation in this country is relatively small. Many crude drugs are derived from plants which thrive only in the Tropics and therefore can not be successfully grown in the United States. Many other drugs are obtained from native trees and shrubs, and from wild herbs, some of which grow naturally on sandy or stony soil in the woodland shade, some in swamps and marshy places, while others occur as familiar weeds along roadsides, in meadows, and in open woods. When these wild plants are taken from their natural surroundings and placed under the conditions which exist in cultivated fields, they very frequently fail to make a satisfactory growth and often become the prey of insects or diseases from which they are practically free when in their native haunts. To domesti- cate these wild plants is by no means a simple task; it re- quires much time and patience, as well as unusual skill both in handling the plants and in supplying the conditions necessary for their favorable growth and development. Many of the common medicinal plants are still grown in gardens in this country, either as decorative plants or for domestic use in cookery and as home remedies. For the most part, -however, the consumption of salable products prepared from these plants is so small that their commercial cultivation would be impracticable, since their production in any considerable quantity would result in overstocking — the market. A few medicinal plants, such as peppermint, spearmint, wormwood, wormseed, and tansy, are now grown commercially, chiefly as a source of volatile oils, but the rela- tively small acreage devoted to these crops is restricted to certain localities which have been found to be especially suitable for their production. Sage is a well-known market- garden product, but there is a small acreage of this crop erown exclusively for the production of the dry-leaf sage, much in demand by sausage makers and spice grinders. (See Pl. XVIII, fig. 2.) | The growing of ginseng and goldenseal is a small but well- established industry in several States, but it is well recog- nized that each of these crops requires a heavy initial outlay Production of Drug-Plant Crops. 171 and that five or more years must elapse after the germina- tion of the seeds before any returns can be expected. CANNABIS AND PEPPERS IN THE SOUTH. Cannabis is now grown commercially as a side line by a few farmers in South Carolina and by occasional individuals in some other States. Two large drug manufacturers also grow sufficient cannabis for their own needs. Considerable tech- nical skill is required to produce cannabis of a quality that will meet the standard requirements for this drug. Canna- bis grown in some localities is deficient in the active prin- ciples upon which its value depends, and preliminary tests to determine the quality of the product are therefore always advisable before planting this crop on a commercial scale. The commercial production of peppers for the drug and spice markets receives some attention in South Carolina, Louisiana, and some of the States of the Southwest. A market has been found for the small species used by pharma- cists and for the larger species employed in manufacturing the ground red pepper, such as paprika, which is extensively used as a condiment. In Florence County, 8. C., a pepper growers’ association has been formed among the farmers growing this crop. The chief objects of this organization are to maintain a pure seed supply and to facilitate the marketing of the product. Through the cooperation thus secured it has been possible to overcome many of the market- ing difficulties which were encountered when the crop from this locality was first introduced to the trade. EXPERIMENTS WITH CAMPHOR. The experiments with the camphor tree begun in Florida about 12 years ago by the Bureau of Plant Industry have led to the recent planting of this tree on an extensive scale for the commercial production of camphor gum. This tree has long been grown as an ornamental in various parts of the South, and in several localities in Florida there are small plantings, now well grown, which were made with a view to the production of camphor gum in marketable quantities. The experience thus far gained indicates that the cost of pro- ducing camphor gum from small plantings is prohibitive, 172 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. owing to the necessarily heavy overhead charges, and par- ticularly the outlay required for the indispensable distilling plant. The smallest practicable commercial planting has been estimated at 500 acres, while it is believed that a planta- tion must cover several thousand acres in order to afford the best opportunity for reducing the cost of production to the minimum. DIGITALIS, Digitalis is one of the important drugs the normal sup- ply of which has been seriously curtailed by the war in Eu- rope. Attracted by the high market prices of these drugs, which include belladonna and henbane, many persons have recently attempted to cultivate them as a source of profit. The number of failures, however, has been relatively very large, either on account of inexperience or because of ina- bility to provide the soil, climatic, and cultural conditions necessary for the successful growth of these plants. Although very little digitalis is now cultivated as a drug crop, no serious market shortage need necessarily occur, since this plant, escaped from cultivation, grows wild over exten- sive areas in western Oregon and Washington, where, with proper encouragement, a supply sufficient to meet all domestic needs could be readily collected. For this reason it is doubt- ful whether present conditions warrant the growing of digi- talis on land which might otherwise be devoted to the pro- duction of food crops. BELLADONNA. The continued high price of belladonna since the begin- ning of the present war has greatly stimulated interest in the production of this crop, but the acreage planted has been greatly restricted on account of inability to secure reliable seed at reasonable prices and because of the high cost of labor and the outlay required to provide the green- house facilities desirable for the successful propagation of thrifty plants. Information obtained from the best sources available indicates that approximately 100 acres of bella- donna were harvested in this country in 1917. Although it is desirable that the acreage should be increased sufliciently to provide an adequate supply of this drug, it must be borne PLATE XVIII. 1917. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Per bee 2 ints °»> = , . ‘"NISNOOSIM NI 3IVOS TIVIOYSAWWOD V NO ‘oVS JO Gialsa—s Dla 2 | NOILVAILTIND YAQGNN SdOYOD ONYA ‘VNNOGV114a 4O G1gls—1 “S14 /. PLATE XIX. FIG. 1.—BELLADONNA SEEDLINGS IN A GREENHOUSE READY FOR TRANS- PLANTING. Belladonna is grown most readily from seeds sown in flats in the greenhouse in midwinter and transplanted to small pots in which they are handled like tomato plants, so that they may be ready for transplanting in the field as soon as danger of frost is over in the spring. Sowing belladonna seeds in the field or transplanting directly from the seed bed to the field has rarely given good results in this country. FIG. 2—DRUG GARDEN OF NATIVE WOODLAND HERBS. Portion of garden on the grounds of a university. land herbs grow naturally have been duplicated as closely as possible. Here the conditions under which wood- PLATE XX. of Agriculture, 1917. S. Dept J Yearbook “poyoe[]0o eq A[TpBaI P[NOd s]1OdUII JO UOTWeSS9d 07 ENP eseIOYS 9} doeTder 04 quetoryns sortddns yey} souvpunge yons Ur pods B SB SUTMOIS PUNO] AOU ST JI ‘UOT]VATI[ND wWOIy pod vose SCY JT O19 A “UOISULYSV AL PUB UOFIIGO UI SerjIPVoo, AuvUI UT puR ‘[e}UOTT “BLO UB SB Pyonpo.’jUT ATaprAd Weed svY 4 yNq ‘seye}g paytUy ey} UI UOTONpoid Snap s0j ATOATSUE}Xe UMOIS JOU st yuerd smyy, (NOD3YO NI AVMTIVE V ONOTV (VWAYENdYNd SITVLISIC) SAOTDXO4 4O HLMOUYD AIIM 4A Production of Drug-Plant Crops. 173 in mind that all the belladonna needed can be grown on a very few acres. The quantity of belladonna annually con- sumed in the United States is not definitely known, but it has been estimated by men in the drug trade at approxi- mately 300,000 pounds. {nce the average yield per acre of dry belladonna leaves is avout 600 pounds, it is evident that the area planted to this crop could not much exceed 500 acres without serious danger of overproduction. Indeed, any sub- stantial increase in the present small acreage, by making more certain an available supply, will naturally tend to cause a material reduction in the market price. HENBANE, With very few exceptions, recent attempts to cultivate henbane as a drug crop in this country have resulted in failure. Although this plant is occasionally found grow- ing wild in a number of the Northern States, it has not responded readily to cultivation on a field scale. When the seeds are sown in open ground germination is frequently uncertain, and often young plants grown under glass do not survive transplanting in the field. The leaves of henbane usually suffer severely from attacks of the potato beetle, and the crop is very likely to be destroyed if grown within the range of this insect. Since the difficulties connected with the cultivation of henbane are so great, this crop is not a desirable one for persons who can not well afford the loss which would be occasioned by a crop failure. OTHER DRUG PLANTS. A number of drug plants not mentioned here’ are grown in a small way in various localities in this country, chiefly to supply a local demand. However, since the demand for them is very limited or a wild supply fairly available, their cultivation on a more extensive scale does not offer much pros- pect of profit. (See Pls. XVIII to XXI.) HAPHAZARD PRODUCTION UNDESIRABLE. Asa safeguard to the public health, laws have been enacted which require manufacturers of drugs and medicines to 1A detailed discussion of the cultivation of these plants is given in Farmers’ Bulletin 663, entitled “ Drug Plants under Cultivation,’ 1915. PLATE XX. al 2 Wg Iture gricu A Yearbook U. *kJISIOATUN OT] JO SPUNOIZ O]} 0} UOTIIPPB [BJUSMIVUIO UB SB OAIOS OSTB pure osunoo Aoemtseyd off} JOJ ONTVA [eUOTIWONpe Jo [wl1oyeUL YsTuINy syuetd [BUOrpet Jo serny[No ey} YOryA Uy uspies B SMOYS UONBAISN[TI SIG, “SETPISIPATUN Jo Jaquinu vB ut AovMIeY UT SeSMOd OT} JO O1N} aj B SB Pouye}UTeUL Zuleq MOU OI SUNpIes SNIC "KOVIWYVHd JO TOOHOS ¥O4 NAGYVSD DNA Production of Drug-Plant Crops. 173 in mind that all the belladonna needed can be grown on a very few acres. The quantity of belladonna annually con- sumed in the United States is not definitely known, but it has been estimated by men in the drug trade at approxi- mately 300,000 pounds. :nce the average yield per acre of dry belladonna leaves is avout 600 pounds, it is evident that the area planted to this crop could not much exceed 500 acres without serious danger of overproduction. Indeed, any sub- stantial increase in the present small acreage, by making more certain an available supply, will naturally tend to cause a material reduction in the market price. HENBANE, With very few exceptions, recent attempts to cultivate henbane as a drug crop in this country have resulted in failure. Although this plant is occasionally found grow- ing wild in a number of the Northern States, it has not responded readily to cultivation on a field scale. When the seeds are sown in open ground germination is frequently uncertain, and often young plants grown under glass do not survive transplanting in the field. The leaves of henbane usually suffer severely from attacks of the potato beetle, and the crop is very likely to be destroyed if grown within the range of this insect. Since the difficulties connected with the cultivation of henbane are so great, this crop is not a desirable one for persons who can not well afford the loss which would be occasioned by a crop failure. OTHER DRUG PLANTS. A number of drug plants not mentioned here’ are grown in a small way in various localities in this country, chiefly to supply a local demand. However, since the demand for them is very limited or a wild supply fairly available, their cultivation on a more extensive scale does not offer much pros- pect of profit. (See Pls. XVIII to XXI.) HAPHAZARD PRODUCTION UNDESIRABLE. Asa safeguard to the public health, laws have been enacted which require manufacturers of drugs and medicines to 1A detailed discussion of the cultivation of these plants is given in Farmers’ Bulletin 663, entitled ‘“ Drug Plants under Cultivation,’ 1915. 174. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. maintain certain standards of purity and quality in their products. Official standards of quality have also been adopt- ed for the more important crude drugs in common use. It is quite evident, therefore, that securing a high standard of quality should be a primary consideration in the production of drugs under cultivation. There are, however, good rea- sons for believing that this end will not be attained through the production of a small quantity of drugs by each of a large number of persons unskilled in drug growing, since the product would be very irregular in appearance and quality, owing to wide variation in the methods used in collecting, curing, preserving, and packing the drugs for market. For the production of a dependable supply of cultivated crude drugs of high quality, reliance must be placed upon well- equipped growers who make the growing of drug plants a special industry and who have the necessary experience in special methods of plant culture, acquaintance with trade requirements, and knowledge of the influence of time of col- lection and manner of preparation on the constituents of the drug upon which its value depends. If developed along these lines, commercial drug growing in this country promises to become established upon a sound basis for the future, when normal conditions return. PRIME IMPORTANCE OF MARKET. The person who seriously considers growing drug plants for profit can scarcely give too much attention to the prob- lem of finding a market for his product. Unless the grower lives near a city in which dealers in crude drugs are located, the disposal of a small crop will present many difficulties. If the crop is shipped to a distant dealer the deductions which will probably be made on account of transportation charges and defective quality may so reduce the returns that the transaction will show little, if any, profit. The grower who produces a quantity of crude drugs sufficient to justify the expense of having their quality determined by a reliable analyst, and who is well informed in respect to the condition of the wholesale market, will be in a position to judge the fairness of the prices offered for his crop by the dealers and to protect his interests in effecting a sale. Production of Drug-Plant Crops. 175 Since this country has entered into war, many persons have seriously considered growing drug plants, not for profit but for patriotic reasons. This commendable spirit has been es- pecially ‘evident in many of the women’s organizations throughout the country. However, it is not regarded as ad- visable to encourage this form of activity, since the need for women’s services is so much greater in the work of food pro- duction and conservation and in preparing the various articles so much needed for the aid and comfort of the men at the front. Moreover, unless closely supervised by some central authority, any extensive movement to grow drugs might easily result in the production of far larger quantities than are needed. This would involve a useless expenditure of effort which might accomplish much good if exerted in other ways. DRUG GARDENS FOR SCHOOLS OF PHARMACY. An important feature of the development of drug-plant culture in the United States has been the establishment of medicinal-plant gardens as an adjunct of the schools of pharmacy of a number of colleges and universities. Un- fortunately, the purpose for which these gardens were established is frequently misunderstood. They were de- signed primarily not as sources of information regarding the commercial cultivation of drug plants, but to facilitate and enrich the courses of instruction in the characteristics and properties of medicinal plants. During the last three or four years these educational gardens have rapidly in- creased in number and now form a part of the regular teach- ing equipment of 18 different institutions. Although these gardens are not devoted to commercial drug growing, nevertheless they can be made to contribute in a very practical way to the public welfare. They afford ' unusual opportunities for students of pharmacy to acquire a thorough knowledge of many medicinal plants and to be thereby better enabled to recognize inferiority or adultera- tion in crude drugs. These gardens also supply material useful in the investigation of many problems arising in the necessary revision of the United States Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary, the official standards for drugs 176 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. under the national food and drugs act. Since the improve- ment of the quality of drugs and the perfecting of the standards by which a high quality of drugs and medicines may be maintained are both questions of national concern, the service which the institutional drug garden can render in attaining these ends is worthy of wider recognition. Much pioneer work remains to be done in establishing correct methods for the cultivation of drug plants and in determining the localities where the conditions are most favorable for the production of each particular drug. The progress of this work will be greatly furthered by the edu- cational drug gardens, since they are located in widely separated localities and offer unusual opportunities for ob- taining data on the behavior of drug plants under very di- verse conditions of soil and climate. The obtaining of such data is the necessary preliminary step toward any rational experiments in commercial drug growing. PHOSPHATE ROCK OUR GREATEST FERTILIZER ASSET. By Wo. H. WAGGAMAN, Scientist in Fertilizer Investigations, Bureau of Soils. HE development of the potential sources of fertilizer materials in the United States has been commanding special attention in recent years, and since the declaration of war against Germany this matter has assumed an impor- tance greater than ever before. A brief review of the progress made toward rendering this country independent of other nations for fertilizer supplies is interesting and, to say the least, very encouraging. Only a few years ago it was generally believed, even by the best informed, that the Stassfurt deposits in Germany would be the world’s most economic source of potash salts for an almost indefinite period. It now appears possible that when trade relations are restored between the warring nations this country may have firmly established a potash industry of its own. The recovery of potash fic partly desiccated lakes and from the giant kelps of the Pacific coast is now being profit- ably accomplished, and the saving of the potash volatilized in blast furnaces and in the burning of cement has been demonstrated as commercially feasible. The latter two sources if utilized to their fullest extent are alone amply suf- ficient to meet the annual demand of the fertilizer industry for potash salts. Since combined nitrogen is not only one of the most im- portant fertilizer ingredients but is essential also in the manufacture of militaty explosives, the war has done much toward stimulating effort in recovering and producing nitro- gen compounds. The modern by-product coke oven is grad- ually replacing the old beehive type, and therefore ammonia is being recovered in ever increasing quantities from the cok- ing of bituminous coal. Moreover, processes for the fixation 29190°—yBk 1917——12 177 178 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. of atmospheric nitrogen are being so perfected that it is only a question of time when an adequate supply of nitrogen com- pounds is assured our agricultural interests. The third important fertilizer ingredient is phosphoric acid, which is the basis of nearly all mixed fertilizers, and is therefore applied to the soil in far greater quantities than either potash or nitrogen compounds. It is very gratifying to know that this country possesses greater resources of phosphoric acid than any other nation. Not only have we supplied our own agricultural demands for this fertilizer ingredient, but for years we have been helping to maintain the crop-producing power of European coun- tries by shipping them annually vast tonnages of phosphatic materials. : Though there are a number of commercial sources of phos- phoric acid, such as basic slag, guano, bones, and other or- ganic substances, by far the greater quantity used for fer- tilizer purposes is derived from phosphorite or amorphous phosphate of lime, of which there are enormous deposits in Florida, Tennessee, Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana and smaller deposits in South Carolina, Arkansas, Ken- tucky, and Virginia. It is not possible to obtain strictly accurate figures on the available tonnage of phosphate rock in the United States, but the latest estimate of the United States Geological Sur- vey places it at 5,712,082,000 tons. This estimate, however, is only for high-grade phosphate. Some years ago the writer, in cooperation with the phosphate operators, esti- mated that our reserve supply of all grades of phosphate rock, figured to the high-grade equivalent, was in the neigh- borhood of 10,500,000,000 tons, an amount which if properly conserved should meet our agricultural requirements for an almost indefinite period. In 1913, before the European struggle began, the United States produced 3,068,604 tons of phosphate rock, which was nearly one-half of the entire world’s output. During the past year (1916) the production was considerably curtailed, amounting to only 2,177,292 tons, but it is gratifying to know that a considerably greater tonnage (almost 100,000 tons) was utilized for domestic consumption than ever before in the history of the industry. Phosphate Rock Our Greatest Fertilizer Asset. 179 High-grade phosphorite, or phosphate rock, consists chiefly of tricalcium phosphate, commonly called bone phosphate of lime. The commercial grades range from 60 to 78 per cent of this compound and contain as impurities varying amounts of silica carbonates, fluorides, and oxides or phos- phates of iron, and aluminum. The rock occurs at many different geologic horizons, ranging all the way from middle and late Tertiary in South Carolina and Florida to the Car- boniferous age in the far Western States. Its mode of oc- currence and physical properties also differ greatly in dif- ferent localities. In Florida and South Carolina it is found in the form of bowlders, nodules, and pebbles imbedded in a matrix of sand and clay, the phosphate varying in color from white or cream color to an almost jet black, and in hardness from rock of flint-like character to soft, chalky material which can be readily crushed. In Arkansas, the Western States, and in certain parts of Tennessee phosphate occurs in definite strata interbedded with shales and phos- phatic lmestones. This bedded rock may be gray, blue, brown, or jet black. Some of it is dense and very hard and other types resemble fish roe in appearance, being made up of loosely cemented pebbles. This latter type is easily dis- integrated. The Kentucky phosphate, as well as some of the highest grade brown rock in Tennessee, is found much disintegrated and mixed with impurities, which are or- dinarily removed by a washing process. Many theories have been offered to explain the manner in which phosphate deposits were formed and to what they owe their origin. Though these theories differ greatly in many respects, most of them agree, however, in two particu- lars, namely, that the deposits are of organic origin and have been laid down in, or concentrated through the agency of water. METHODS OF MINING PHOSPHATE ROCK. Because of the numerous modes of its occurrence, practi- cally every known method is practiced in the mining of phos- phate rock. In Florida and South Carolina phosphate oc- curs usually under an overburden of from a few inches to 30 feet or more of soil. This overburden is first removed either by steam shovels or by hydraulic methods, and the phos- 180 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. phate stratum thus exposed is taken out by hand or by mechanical or hydraulic means. The phosphate and matrix is then sent to the washer plant, where it is sprayed with water, and the clay, sand, and other impurities are dis- engaged by mechanical stirrimg devices and washed out through a flume. The rock is then screened, given a further rinsing, and is finally discharged into bins or piles, to be subsequently dried for shipment. A good deal of phosphate was at one time dredged from the rivers both in Florida and South Carolina, but river mining has now practically ceased. Where the topography of the country is such that much phosphate occurs below tide level, however, dredges are frequently floated in the pits and mining operations profitably continued. In the case of the bedded deposits of Arkansas, Tennessee, and the Western States,’the rock is mined like coal, but much of this rock is so hard that blasting is often necessary. Where the strata lie close to the surface, mining may be done by open cut; but where the topography is rugged, tunneling is usually resorted to. This entails considerable expense in timbering, but the rock is obtained practically clean, needing no washing, and in dry climates requiring little or no artificial drying. Normally, the cost of mining phosphate rock and preparing it for the market varies all the way from $1.75 to $2.50 per ton, depending on the nature and richness of the deposit. MATERIAL LOST OR WASTED IN MINING OPERATIONS. Unfortunately all the methods of mining phosphate rock as conducted at present entail great losses of phosphoric acid. Where the phosphate rock occurs imbedded in a matrix the source of loss is in the finely divided material passing through the screens of the washer plant, no differ- entiation being made between the small particles of phos- phate and the sand and clay. It is estimated that two-thirds of the phosphoric acid actually present in the mined por- tion of the Florida deposits has been thus lost or thrown upon the dump heaps. Considering that an average of more — than 2,000,000 tons of phosphate rock has been marketed annually from this State for the past tie the loss runs" into rather appalling figures. Phosphate Rock Our Greatest Fertilizer Asset. 181 In the case of the western phosphate deposits the situation is as yet not serious, since these deposits have been exploited to no great extent. A number of phosphate strata occur in the western fields, but in mining operations only the highest grade phosphate is saved, the overlying and underlying strata, which contain considerable percentages of phos- phorie acid, being left or thrown aside. In underground operations, after the removal of the high-grade material, many of the tunnels are allowed to cave, and the lower grade material is thus irretrievably lost. Although our tonnage of phosphate exceeds that of any other nation, and there is sufficient high-grade rock in sight to meet any increased demand which is likely to occur for many years, the losses entailed in mining and preparing rock for the market must be regarded as serious, and a good deal of earnest effort has been spent in trying to work out methods of eliminating these losses. METHODS OF MANUFACTURING SOLUBLE AND AVAIL- ABLE PHOSPHATES. The main reason why such immense quantities of low- grade phosphate material are thrown aside or wasted is that the manufacturing process universally employed in produc- ing soluble and available phosphoric acid requires a very high-grade phosphate rock. Of the 2,000,000 tons and more of phosphate rock pro- duced in the United States in 1916, all but 70,000 were converted into acid phosphate, a product manufactured by mixing phosphate rock with an equal weight (approxi- mately) of 60 per cent sulphuric acid. When properly made, acid phosphate is a dry, powdery substance containing from 14 to 18 per cent of soluble phosphoric acid, and is used as the basis of nearly all commercial fertilizers. Since the presence of iron and aluminum renders super- phosphate less soluble and causes the product to be sticky, the fertilizer manufacturers will accept only phosphate rock that contains low percentages of these elements. Many de- posits, therefore, that are really high in phosphoric acid are unsuitable for the manufacture of acid phosphate because of the presence of these impurities in prohibitive amounts. 182 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. At least 200 patents have been issued in the United States on processes for producing soluble and available phosphates without the use of sulphuric acid. Many of these methods have interesting features, but none of them has yet proved commercially practicable for the manufacture of fertilizer. There are two general processes, however, which give promise of becoming commercially important. ‘The first of these is based on the production of phosphate compounds which undergo ready decomposition under soil conditions. In this class is the phosphate of basic slag, a substance which is now universally recognized as a highly desirable phos- phatie fertilizer. Among our many industrial wastes the slag of blast fur- naces and smelters is one of the most striking. When these furnaces are tapped the slag is discharged in a molten con- dition at a temperature of from 1,600° to 1,800° C., and it seems most unfortunate that the tremendous number of heat units present in such a molten mass is not utilized. The iron ores used in European countries are high in phosphorus, and therefore the slag produced from the smelt- ing of such ores is highly phosphatic. In this country, how- ever, all the iron ore, with the exception of some occurring in Alabama, contains almost no phosphorus, and the slag produced has had little or no value except for filling pur- poses and railroad ballast. One company in Alabama using an iron ore high in phos- _ phorus produces a basic phosphatic slag for which it finds a ready market. It would seem to be a rather simple matter for other concerns to mix finely divided phosphate rock or phosphatic Lmestone with the molten slag as it issues from the furnace, and thus produce a phosphatic fertilizer in which the phosphoric acid is readily available to crops. The other method of producing phosphoric acid, which is attracting considerable attention at present, is based on the volatilization of this acid from its compounds and its sub- sequent collection. Though the procedures advocated by different investigators vary in detail, the general scheme consists in submitting an intimate mixture of phosphate rock and sand with or without coke to the action of a tem- perature sufficiently high to drive off the phosphoric acid and produce a slag consisting chiefly of silicate of lime. Phosphate Rock Our Greatest Fertilizer Asset. 183 This slag finally contains most of the impurities originally present in the phosphate rock. The nearly pure phosphoric acid volatilized by this method is either absorbed in water or treated in an electric precipitator. The acid can then be used either for treating a second batch of phosphate rock and producing thereby double acid phosphate, or it may be neu- tralized with ammonia, forming ammonium phosphate, one of the most concentrated fertilizers it is possible to produce. It still appears doubtful, however, if the electric furnace will be widely employed to produce a commodity as cheap as phosphate fertilizer should be, but it is very probable that the substitution of some type of fuel-fed furnace will bring down the cost of producing phosphoric acid by vola- tilization very materially. The process, on the whole, ap- pears particularly attractive from a conservation standpoint, since it renders possible the utilization of lower grades of phosphate unsuitable for treatment with sulphuric acid. - Moreover, the product obtained is phosphoric acid in such a concentrated form that long railroad hauls would be com- mercially practicable, where they are economically impos- sible with superphosphate containing relatively low percent- ages of phosphoric acid. ~ In these stirring times efficiency is everywhere the watch- word, but efficiency as applied to industrial processes should mean not only a maximum production at a minimum cost but the conservation of materials which will assure an ade- quate supply to future generations. ee rh 4 f 7 ai bit y Vie , } DANGER OF INTRODUCING FRUIT FLIES IN THE UNITED STATES. By Kk. A. BAck, Entomologist in Charge of Stored Product Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology. HE American farmer has had laid upon him a never- ending burden in the losses he sustains from the rav- ages of injurious insects. The sad part of it is that more than 50 per cent of all his insect troubles might have been avoided had public opinion and a knowledge of insects throughout the world been sufficiently advanced during the early days of the Republic to have made possible the splen- did quarantine system that the United States Department of Agriculture, through its Federal Horticultural Board, has been perfecting since the passage of the Federal plant quarantine act of 1912. It seems strange, in the light of present-day knowledge, that the department should have had any difficulty in secur- ing the passage of a law to protect the American farmer. Twenty years ago, in an article published in the Yearbook for 1897, Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of En- tomology, began the campaign against the careless and unintentional introduction of pests from other countries through the ordinary trade channels. The need, then ex- pressed, for National legislation establishing quarantines against foreign insects has been demonstrated only too well by the new and injurious pests that have since become estab- lished in America. Fortunately the campaign to protect the United States from insect-infested and diseased fruits and plants has led at last to the passage of such a law as the Federal plant quarantine act of 1912, to which reference has just been made. But it has taken much painful and expen- sive experience to educate public opinion to the point where such legislation was made possible. Apple growers have had to fight the codling moth and the San Jose scale; wheat growers, the Hessian fly. New Englanders have had to see 185 186 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. their forests devastated by the gipsy moth and to suffer from the poisonous rash of the brown-tail moth. The western farmer has had to see his alfalfa fields devoured by the alfalfa leaf weevil; the orange and grapefruit growers of Florida have had to suffer from the devastating spread of the white flies through their groves; cotton growers have had to lose millions of bales of cotton to feed the cotton boll weevil; the Californian, years ago, had to see his citrus trees almost ruined by the cottony cushion scale; and more re- cently householders and others in large portions of the South have had to see their premises overrun by that dimin- utive scourge, the Argentine ant. What farnier of the South does not know of the tremendous losses caused by certain grain “weevils”? What railroad president or farmer of the eastern portion of the United States has not seen his chestnut forests dying within the past few years from the chestnut blight? Yet all these pests and many more have come to our shores from other countries through the usual channels of international trade. They can never be eradicated. They will tax forever the agriculture of our country. However, “ it is useless now,” to quote from Mr. C. L. Mar- latt, chairman of the Federal Horticultural Board, “ to dwell on what could have been saved to the agriculture and natu- ral-forest resources of this continent if our forefathers had been wise enough to have early established and intelligently enforced inspection and quarantine regulations against the Old World to exclude plant diseases and insect enemies. That would have been conservation in its most practical form. The past can not be remedied, but the future can be safeguarded, and that is the present opportunity.” It is in this safeguarding of the future that the department is ren- dering, and will continue to render, a service to the country that can never be fully appreciated. To fight insects and plant diseases by keeping them from gaining a foothold in our country is the aim of the Federal Horticultural Board. To do this an effective quarantine system is in operation at all ports of entry, and a careful survey is being made of pests in other lands likely to be in- troduced into our own, in order that the department may the better guard against them. This study has brought to light ‘ Danger of Introducing Fruit Plies. 187 many pests that, as a result of the advance in agriculture in the more sparsely settled regions of the world, were not even known to exist when first was begun the campaign against foreign pests. Among the insects of other lands that have not yet become established in our own are the serious pests known popularly as fruit flies. WHAT ARE FRUIT FLIES? Fruit flies are insects that resemble ordinary house flies but are far more beautiful, inasmuch as their wings are prettily spotted and banded and their bodies are usually more brightly colored. They are like house flies, also, in that they lay small white eggs that hatch into whitish mag- gots. These maggots, or larve, when full grown, are from three-sixteenths to half an inch in length. They do not, however, develop in refuse or decaying matter as do those of the house fly, but feed upon the living tissues of fruits, nuts, and vegetables. The eggs, which the female fruit fly lays just beneath the skin of the host plant or fruit, hatch into the maggots just mentioned, and these burrow in all directions through the pulp of the host. As the maggots, or larvee, tunnel their way about the pulp of their host, they cause decays to develop, and these rotting areas often pro- duce greater injury than the maggots themselves. The attention of the reader is directed to the illustrations (Pls. XXII to XXVIII) for a more striking explanation than words can give of the injury fruit flies are capable of inflicting upon the food of man. NATIVE SPECIES OF FRUIT FLIES. At least five species of fruit flies are native to the United States. The best known is the “railroad worm,” or “apple maggot,’ so common in sections of the Eastern States. ;This is the pest that forms the winding brown streaks and decays often found in such early apples as the Red Astrachan, Golden Sweet, and Early Harvest varieties. Then there are two species that cause wormy cherries? and two that attack gooseberries and currants.® 1 Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh. e ?R. cingulata Loew and R. fausta Osten-Sacken. 3 R. ribicola Doane and Hpochra canadensis Loew. 188 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. FOREIGN SPECIES LIKELY TO BE INTRODUCED. The native species of fruit flies just mentioned are con- fined to the northern half of our continent and are capable of withstanding our coldest winters. On the other hand, the fruit flies of foreign countries, which are most to be feared, are lovers of a warmer climate. Therefore, should they suc- ceed in evading our quarantine officials and become estab- lished in our country, they will be most serious as pests of the Pacific slope, of our Southern States, and of our island possessions. Investigations now in progress indicate that there are at least 20 fruit flies that might seriously affect our food supply, in the form of fruits and vegetables, should they become established in our country. The more impor- tant of these are discussed below. THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY. The Mediterranean fruit fly* is the most serious and wide- spread of all fruit-fly pests at the present time. During the past 100 years that it has been known to science it has been spreading to different countries until now it is causing havoc on all continents except that of North America. It first attracted attention in London as an injurious pest of oranges imported from the Azores. It was recorded as a pest in Spain in 1842, in Algeria in 1858, in Italy in 1863, in Sicily in 1878, in Tunis in 1885, and in South Africa in 1889. It spread to western Australia in 1897 and to eastern Australia in 1898. In 1899 it was found in Tasmania; in 1900 in peach orchards near Paris, France; in 1901 in New Zealand and Brazil. In 1904 it was found a pest in Egypt and in Asia Minor, and in 1905 in Argentina.’ Between 1909 and 1914 it was discovered in both the eastern and western portions of Africa. In 1910 it was first discovered in the Hawaiian Islands, and within two years it had spread to every impor- tant island of the group. During 1916 the orange, tan- gerine, peach, pear, and apple crops of the Patras consular district of Greece were badly damaged. Bermuda became infested in 1865. Can it be kept out of the United States? The Mediterranean fruit fly is particularly injurious be- cause it attacks many different kinds of fruits, nuts, and 6 1 Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. Danger of Introducing Fruit [lies. 189 vegetables. In the Hawaiian Islands, where it has been in- vestigated thoroughly by the department, it attacks 72 kinds of fruits. A complete list of fruits and vegetables attacked will be furnished by the department to those who desire it. It may be said, however, that almost any fruit in the Hawaiian Islands may harbor larve of this fruit fly. A partial list of host fruits includes oranges, grapefruit, lemons, limes, kumquats, tangerines, peaches, apples, figs, apricots, bananas, mangoes, avocadoes, sapotas, loquats, per- simmons, guavas, quinces, papayas or papaws, pears, plums, grapes, bell peppers, eggplant, tomatoes, and even cotton bolls and coffee cherries. Plates XXII to XXIV illustrate the work of this fruit fly. OLIVE FRUIT FLY. The olive fruit fly* is at present a pest in all the regions bordering upon the Mediterranean, throughout the northern, eastern, and southern parts of Africa, and in western Asia. It attacks only the fruit of the olive and closely related species. It frequently causes untold damage to the olive crops of Italy, Spain, and Africa. During October and No- vember, 1916, the writer observed the destruction wrought by this pest in oil or manzanillo olives throughout the Bar- celona-Tarragona and the Granada districts of Spain. Scarcely a ripening fruit could be found that was not badly infested. The beautiful eating olives, known in this country as “queen” olives, grown in the vicinity of Seville, Spain, are often infested. The illustrations of Plate X XV indicate the severe injury that the olive fly can inflict. ‘The fruits illustrated were picked from the trees in Spain. The olive orchards of Caufornia are not yet infested with the olive fruit fly. Is it not worth while attempting to keep this’ pest out of the olive orchards of California ? MELON FLY. The melon fly? is a pest par excellence of vegetables, par- ticularly of cucumbers, squashes, pumpkins, tomatoes, string beans, cowpeas, watermelons, cantaloupes, chayote, and other vegetable marrows belonging to the cucumber family. The melon fly was not known to science until 1898, when it was discovered in the Hawaiian Islands, to which it had 1 Dacus oleae Rossi. 2 Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett. 190 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. spread from either China or Japan. At present it is known to exist not only in-Hawaii, China, and Japan, but also in the Philippine Islands, Java, Tunis, northern Australia, Ceylon, and India. Its native home is, beyond doubt, the Indo-Malayan region. A During the period of somewhat over 20 years that it has been present in Hawaii it has spread to all the islands of the group and has put a stop to the free cultivation of the vegetables listed above. Watermelons and cantaloupes, par- ticularly, can not be grown unless the fruits are protected by covering as soon as the blossoms open. Plate X XVI, fig- ure 1,shows the method used in the Hawaiian Islands for pro- tecting Chinese cucumbers from infestation, by inclosing each fruit in a long paper envelope. Often the vines are killed back by the maggots, and even the watermelon seedlings may be ruined by the maggots developing in the taproot. During the summer months in Hawaii it is impossible to grow tomatoes, pumpkins, or squashes. The vines may produce a rank, luxuriant growth and bloom profusely, but the melon fly lays its eggs in the undeveloped ovary of the bloom, or in the young fruit, and the maggots hatching prevent the fruit from maturing. Examples of the work of the melon fly are shown in Plate X XVI, figure 2, and in Plate XXVITI. As many as 650 maggots have been reared from a pumpkin no more than 4 inches long. Can this pest be kept out of the cantaloupe and truck gardens of southern California, from the rich tomato plantations of Florida, and from other points of our Southland? MEXICAN FRUIT FLY. The Mexican fruit fly, often referred to as the Mexican orange maggot, is known to occur only in Mexico. It attacks oranges, grapefruit, limes, peaches, guavas, and plums. It doubtless will be found attacking many other fruits when once it has been studied thoroughly. Although wormy oranges from Mexico have been condemned in our Middle Western States and at California points, this pest has not yet become established in the orange groves of California, Florida, or Louisiana, thanks largely to the quarantine meas- ures adopted by the United States Department of Agricul-. 1Anastrepha ludens Loew. Danger of Introducing Fruit I’lies. 191 ture, California, Florida, and Arizona, and to cultural and climatic checks, PAPAYA FRUIT FLY. The papaya or papaw fruit fly* is a pest of the papaya, a fruit which, in tropical and semitropical countries, is either already or fast becoming a valuable breakfast fruit. The papaya fruit fly is a native of the West Indian region, and is known to be injurious in Porto Rico, the Bahama Islands, Santo Domingo, Haiti, Cuba, and Central American points. It has already spread to the southeastern part of Florida, about Miami. This pest should not be permitted to spread to the-valuable papaya gardens of Hawaii and the Philippines. WEST INDIAN FRUIT FLY. The West Indian fruit fly? occurs throughout the West Indies, Mexico, Central America, and South America. It is a pest of prime importance, attacking many fruits. It has been reported infesting the peach, mango, orange, pear, plum, persimmon, guava, coffee cherries, and a number of other tropical and semitropical fruits. It and several other closely related species found in the same general region could easily become serious pests in Florida and the Gulf Coast States should they once become established there. BANANA FRUIT FLY. The banana fruit fly* was first described in 1909 as a pest of bananas in Fiji. It appears not yet to have become established in Australia, although it has been intercepted at Sydney in shipments of bananas from Suva. The banana fruit fly would become a serious menace to the banana ex- port trade of the Hawaiian Islands and of Central America and South America should it spread to these food centers. PINEAPPLE FRUIT FLY. The pineapple fruit fly * was not known until 1903, when it was discovered in a shipment of pineapples imported from Rarotonga. At a later time pineapples from Suva were dis- 1 Torotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker. * Bactrocera curvipennis Froggatt. 2 Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann. ‘4 Bactrocera xanthodes Broun. 192 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. covered infested. Besides pineapples, it has been found in- festing oranges, granadillas, and mammee-apples (papaias) from Tonga and Rarotonga. Quarantine officials of the department are constantly guarding the fertile pineapple fields of Hawaii, which are exposed owing to the Austra- lasian trade with Honolulu. QUEENSLAND FRUIT FLY. The Queensland fruit fly? is a serious pest of the banana, mango, peach, apricot, nectarine, orange, apple, quince, loquat, and a number of wild fruits. It is known to occur in Australia (Queensland and New South Wales), India, Ceylon, Java, and Amboina. This fruit fly threatens the Hawaiian Islands, where it would affect the pineapple and the banana, the only two fruits that are of commercial im- portance now that the Mediterranean fruit fly and the melon fly have been introduced and have attacked other Hawaiian fruits and vegetables with such disastrous results. OTHER FRUIT FLIES MAY DEVELOP INTO PESTS. In calling attention to the above-mentioned fruit flies as those most likely to be introduced, it should be borne in mind that at present very little is known regarding the capacity for injury possessed by a large number of other closely re- lated species. 'The department has investigated those that are nearest and most likely to be introduced, but there exist throughout the semi-Tropics of both the Old and New Worlds other fruit flies that appear just now to be of little economic importance. This, however, may be merely because they are living at present in countries not yet developed agriculturally and are forced to subsist upon the scattered and smal] native fruits or are held in check by natural agencies. | Thus the Mediterranean fruit fly is so rare to-day in west- ern Africa—its native home—where cultivated fruits are but little grown that no one would think of listing it as a dan- gerous pest. Yet, once it had spread to old settled countries, it proved to be a ruinous pest of practically all cultivated fruits. In South Africa the Natal fruit fly,? which was not 1 Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt. 2 Ceratitis rubivora Coquillett. Yoarbook U.S. Dopt. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE XXII. FIG. 1—THREE ADULTS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY LAYING EGGS IN THE RIND OF AN ORANGE. FIG. 2—A GRAPEFRUIT SECTIONED TO SHOW THE HAVOC CAUSED BY MAGGOTS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY. WORK OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY. Yearbook U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 1—APPLE PUNCTURED BY MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY ADULTS. Whenever growing apples are punctured by the fruit fly the skin about the puncture becomes discolored. The apple illustrated was found at Granada, Spain. FIG. 2—JAPANESE PLUMS SHOWING MANY PUNCTURES IN THE SKIN. Females of the Mediterranean fruit fly have laid eggs. Note that about each puncture the flesh has withered, causing a distinct depression very characteristic of fruits such as the plum that are attacked as they reach maturity. WORK OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917, PLATE XXIV. FIG. 1.—THE QUINCE IS A FAVORITE HOST OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT PEN: Every fruit offered for sale in Cadiz, Spain, in 1916, was affected. So firm is the flesh that badly infested fruits show no external discolorations. Often the only external evidences of infesta- tion are such holes as are shown in this fruit, through which the maggots have escaped after tunneling to the surface. FIG. 2—MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY MAGGOTS IN A JAPANESE PERSIMMON. The persimmon, very much overripe, has been broken open to show the maggots. Insuch watery fruits the maggots feed nearer the skin. The persimmons in the markets of Barcelona, Valencia, and Cadiz, Spain, were infested during 1916. WORK OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917, PLATE XXV. FIG. 1—MANZANILLO OLIVES, NATURAL SIZE, INFESTED BY THE OLIVE FRUIT FEY. Note depressions resulting from feeding of maggots in pulp and breaks in skin through which insect has left fruit. Practically every olive examined on trees in Barcelona, Tarragona, and Granada, Spain, was thus infested during October and November, 1916, FIG. 2—QUEEN OLIVES, SLIGHTLY ENLARGED, SHOWING HOLES IN SKIN MADE BY MAGGOT OR ADULT OF OLIVE FRUIT FLY. FIG. 3.—QUEEN OLIVES, SAME AS IN FIGURE 2, CUT OPEN. The injury to the pulp caused by maggots of the olive fruit fly is very apparent. Such infested fruits are rejected from the best trade and are sold as inferior fruits, for salad purposes. Olives of figures 2 and 3 were grown near Seville, Spain. WORK OF THE OLIVE FRUIT. FEY. Yearbook, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 1.—PROTECTING CHINESE CUCUMBERS FROM MELON FLY ATTACK. The melon fly is so persistent in its attack upon cucumber and other fruits that the Chinese gardeners find it necessary in Hawaii to inclose all the growing fruits in en- velopes made from newspapers. Otherwise the entire crop is ruined. a FIG. 2—DESTRUCTIVE WORK OF MELON FLY LARVA IN TOMATO. Living maggots quickly burrow out of sight. The maggots shown in the illustration have been killed that the reader may compare their size with that of a medium-size tomato. THEMELON: FLY. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE XXVII,. FIG. 1--A WATERMELON SHOWING DEFORMITIES CAUSED BY MELON FLY ATTACK. When the fruits are punctured, the growth is arrested about the injured spot and various and curious deformities may result. FIG. 2—A CUCUMBER DECAYED AND OTHERWISE INJURED BY MELON FLY ATTACK. It is almost impossible to grow cucumbers free from melon fly attack in Hawaii, although the cucumber is the most resistant to attack of all cucurbitaceous crops. WORK OF THE MELON FLY. Yearbook U. S,. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 1.—HAND BAGGAGE OF TRAVELERS ARRIVING AT SAN FRANCISCO FROM HAWAII BEING INSPECTED FOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES INFESTED BY FRUIT FLIES. ga a - « FIG. 2—TRUNKS AND OTHER HEAVY BAGGAGE OF TRAVELERS ARRIVING AT PACIFIC PORTS FROM HAWAII BEING EXAMINED BY FRUIT-FLY INSPECTORS. These inspectors intercept contraband fruits on an average about once a month. (Photographs by Maskew.) INSPECTION SERVICE. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE XXKIX, FIG. 1—CHINAMEN REMOVING ALL SPLIT, DECAYED, OR RIPE FRUITS FROM BUNCHES OF BANANAS IN A BANANA PACKING SHED NEAR HONOLULU. Each bunch is cleaned with great care. FIG. 2. —BANANAS AWAITING INSPECTION BEFORE SHIPMENT. As overripe and damaged bananas may carry the fruit fly, each bunch, after it has been cleaned, is set aside to await inspection by the Federal inspector before it is wrapped in rice straw and shipped to California. FIG. 3—INSPECTOR EXAMINING BUNCHES OF BANANAS WRAPPED IN RICE STRAW ON SAN FRANCISCO DOCKS. Each bunch bears a certificate stating that it was found free from infestation before being wrapped in Hawaii. (Photograph by Maskew.) INSPECTION SERVICE. Danger of Introducing Fruit Flies. 193 described as row to science until 1901, was originally an insignificant insect attacking the fruits of native trees in Natal. But with the development of South Africa, which resulted in the cultivation on a commercial scale of an increasing number of our ordinary fruit crops, it has itself kept pace with fruit production, until now it is rated one of the most important pests infesting both native and cultivated fruits. It is hazardous, therefore, to ignore even those fruit flies that are at present of little apparent importance as pests, inasmuch as any one of them, once introduced to a more favorable country, may develop into a pest of prime impor- tance, just as the cotton boll weevil, at first an obscure pest of wild plants closely related to the cotton plant in Mexico, discovered its preference for the cultivated cotton and at once developed into one of the most disastrous pests of our Southland. DANGER OF INTRODUCTION INCREASES EACH YEAR. The danger is real that fruit flies of other lands may become established in our own unless active measures are taken to keep them out. Trade is extending to remote cor- ners of the earth. The Tropics are becoming more impor- tant each year. Besides giving up their wealth, the Tropics will give up their pests, just as Europe and Asia in the free days of the past sent to our shores more than 50 per cent of our poverty-producing pests along with their enriching car- goes. Fast steamships and cold storage make it possible now for fresh fruits grown in such countries as Australia and South Africa to be placed on the markets of London, New York, San Francisco, and Buenos Aires, and these fresh fruits may carry the maggots of fruit flies. The warmer portions of our country are becoming more thickly settled, and with the increase in population come a larger number of vegetable gardens and fruit orchards, thus making host conditions more favorable for the establishment of fruit flies, as well as of other pests. There is no doubt that con- ditions are becoming more favorable in our country, as well as throughout the Tropics and semi-Tropics of the New World, for the increase of fruit-fly ravages. 29190°—yBxk 1917——13 194 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. INSTANCES OF FRUIT-FLY SPREAD. Numerous instances of fruit-fly spread can be shown. The Bermudas would not now be infested by the Mediter- ranean fruit fly, in all probability, had not a sailing vessel, bound for New York from the Mediterranean region dur- ing Civil War times, been blown from her course and forced to unload her cargo containing infested fruits at St. George. The Mediterranean fruit fly did not become established in Australia until steamships and cold storage made it possible for the infested Mediterranean countries to ship oranges to Perth and Sydney. With the pest established in eastern Australia, the ships plying between Australia and Hawaii carried the maggots to Honolulu, and to-day the agents of California and the department are intercepting infested fruits on ships arriving at San Francisco and San Pedro from Honolulu and Hilo. A fruit-fly chrysalis, or pupa, was discovered in New Zealand in soil about the roots of a plant imported from Australia, and in Tasmania infested fruits from Sydney are frequently condemned. In 1909 a case of infested peaches with living larve of the Mediterranean fruit fly arrived at Auckland, New Zealand, after a four weeks’ voy- age in cold storage from South Africa. At San Francisco inspectors of the Federal Horticultural Board are almost monthly intercepting infested fruits in the ships’ stores and even in the baggage and pockets of tourists returning from the Hawaiian Islands. At Washington the Federal Horticultural Board has found a living papaya fruit fly in an express package from Mexico and living specimens of the olive fruit fly in a package of olive seed sent by mail from South Africa and destined for California, where the olive fly does not yet occur. The writer has seen cargoes of oranges, some fruits of which were infested, being loaded on ships at Spanish ports and consigned to London and South America. The writer and others have had the misfortune to purchase oranges containing maggots of the Mexican fruit fly on the trains between Mexico City and the Texas border. Fruit- fly attack is usually so obscure at first that the traveling public often purchase what appear to be sound fruits, only Danger of Introducing Fruit lies. 195 later to discover them maggoty within and to throw them away, sometimes long distances from the place of purchase. This method of spread has been common in Hawaii, Aus- tralia, and Africa, WHAT THE DEPARTMENT IS DOING. In the foregoing lines the reader will have learned some- thing of what the department, through its Federal Horti- cultural Board, is doing toward intercepting and destroying fruit flies, as well as other pests, and preventing them from becoming established in this country. By means of quaran- tines and regulations the department is prohibiting the entry of all horticultural products likely to carry pests unless they have been rendered free from danger as pest carriers, either by Federal inspection or by treatment by approved methods under Federal supervision. The reports of the officers of the Federal Horticultural] Board are replete with instances of injurious pests intercepted from all quarters of the globe. The latest, perhaps, is the confiscation at San Francisco of an infested grapefruit or granadilla from Java found in the baggage of a tourist. While the inspectors are on the watch for the contraband material at ports of entry, the department carries its pro- tection further. In the Hawaiian Islands, where the Medi- terranean fruit fly and the melon fly are serious pests, it has been found that the banana and the fresh pineapple trade may be saved to the people provided certain precautions are taken. The department therefore has established in Hawaii a system of inspection that is heartily supported by the fruit growers and transporting companies concerned, whereby all - plantations and packing houses from which fruit is shipped are kept from becoming sources of fruit-fly dissemination. The regulations of the department still further protect the mainland by rulings, as a result of which no shipments of fruit can be made from Hawaii to the Pacific coast or un- loaded there unless they have first received the approval of the Federal Horticultural Board. Certain phases of the inspection service carried on to protect the mainland United States are illustrated by the figures of Plates X XVIII and XXIX. Aside, also, from the quarantine and inspection phases of the work of the department, the Federal Horticul- 196 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. tural Board maintains a fruit-fly specialist whose duty it isto ga‘her available information regarding fruit-fly pests, either by actual travel in foreign lands or by correspondence with specialists serving foreign Governments, THE TRAVELING PUBLIC MUST AID. After Federal and State officials have done all within their power to prevent fruit-fly’ pests from entering the United States through our ports of entry, much depends upon the intelligence and personal interest of the traveling public in supplementing their work. At present printed matter is distributed to all persons entering Pacific ports from the Hawaiian Islands. This calls attention to the serious consequences that may follow the careless and unin- tentional introduction of fruit flies from Hawaii. In addi- tion each passenger must sign an affidavit stating that he has in his baggage no fruit subject to fruit-fly attack. This edu- cational campaign, already in progress, has done much to reduce the number of instances of fruit stowed away in inaccessible places in personal baggage. Such fruits have no value except as curiosities to be shown friends at home. Travelers have been known to carry infested coffee cherries, kamani nuts, and other small inedible fruits in their pockets, where naturally such small fruits are easily overlooked by inspectors. If fruit flies are to be excluded permanently from our rich fruit and vegetable regions, inspectors must have the hearty and intelligent cooperation of each traveler. CONCLUSION. Persons who have traveled in countries where fruit flies are a scourge to the horticulturist and truck gardener realize : fully the importance of the fight on the part of the United States Department of Agriculture to keep these pests from becoming established in our country. It is the putting into practice in the best possible manner of the old adage, “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” THE GREAT PLAINS WATERFOWL BREEDING GROUNDS AND THEIR PROTECTION. By Harry C. OBERHOLSER, Assistant Biologist, Bureau of Biological Survey. OR obvious reasons the breeding grounds of our water- fowl are of prime importance. The Biological Survey for several years has been investigating these areas in the various States, in order to ascertain the numbers and dis- tribution of the birds, with a view to more effective coopera- tion in the conservation of the game supply. Waterfowl shooting is one of the most fascinating of out- door sports. The myriads of birds that 50 years ago thronged our lakes, streams, and coastal waters gave promise of the pleasures of the chase and of a food supply for unlim- ited future years. Various causes, however, have changed this rosy outlook, and the rapid decrease in the numbers of waterfowl in the United States during the last three decades has drawn the attention of sportsmen and others to the necessity of careful conservation if the supply is to continue. THE GREAT PLAINS AS EXTENSIVE BREEDING GROUNDS FOR WATERFOWL. Ducks and other waterfowl breed chiefly on or near the lakes, ponds, marshes, and streams of the interior, and about the waters and marshes of the coast. In the eastern United States their breeding grounds are not extensive and are confined principally to isolated swamps and lakes or to narrow coastal strips. In most of the Western States simi- lar conditions exist, although at some of the larger lakes in the arid interior great numbers of water birds rear their young. Such important breeding places in the West are the Klamath Lakes in southwestern Oregon, Malheur and Har- ney Lakes in southeastern Oregon, Great Salt Lake in Utah, Ruby and Franklin Lakes in Nevada, and the Stinking Spring Lakes on the Jicarilla Indian Reservation in north- ern New Mexico. The Great Plains, however, contain the 197 198 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. most extensive breeding grounds for waterfowl, particularly ducks. The portion of these grounds within the United States is but a southern extension of that in central south- ern Canada, which is the greatest breeding area for ducks on the North American Continent. The extreme southern end of the Great Plains, in Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and northern Texas, has only widely scattered lakes and ponds, and thus harbors comparatively few waterfowl; but most of the remainder, lying chiefly in Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota, is dotted with numberless lakes, ponds, and sloughs. (See Pls. XXX and XXXL.) This important waterfowl breeding area is naturally divis- ible into two parts, one including the sand-hills of Nebraska, the other the lake region of North Dakota and South Dakota. THE SAND-HILL REGION OF NEBRASKA AND ITS IDEAL BREEDING CONDITIONS. The sand-hill region of Nebraska lies in the middle portion of the State and occupies, roughly, about one-third of the whole area, or approximately 25,000 square miles. It is a country of hills, few of them, however, over 300 feet in height, interspersed with valleys, many of these level floored and of considerable extent. The hills are heaps of sand, some with steep, others with gently sloping, sides, usually covered with a thick growth of grass or other low vegetation, but sometimes nearly bare or hollowed by the wind into the pits commonly called “ blowouts.” The lower valleys are all grass covered, and where not too wet are used as hay mead- ows. Scattered through them are numerous lakes, ponds, and sloughs, and a few streams, many of the lakes several miles in length. The water is in many cases somewhat alka- line, though seldom sufficiently so to prevent the growth of vegetation. Some have grassy shores with little or no other plant life, either in the water or about their margins; others have a fringe of marsh vegetation; and still others have their surface almost entirely covered with grass or water plants. The physical features here have thus combined to produce ideal conditions, of which the water birds have not failed to take advantage. Among the game birds that breed here abundantly are the mallard, gadwall, blue-winged teal, shoveller, pintail, red- Waterfowl Breeding Grounds and Their Protection. 199 head, ruddy duck, and coot. Also, not a few canvas-back ducks pass the summer here, as well as a small number of baldpates, lesser scaup ducks, ring-necked ducks, green- winged teals, Virginia rails, long-billed curlews, and some others. Among the water birds not commonly considered game, the most abundant in this region are the black tern, Forster tern, American eared grebe, killdeer, and Wilson phalarope. THE LAKE REGION OF NORTH DAKOTA AND SOUTH DAKOTA TENANTED BY WATER BIRDS. The lake region of South Dakota comprises the eastern third of the State, or about 25,000 square miles; that of North Dakota covers about 45,000 square miles, or two- thirds of the State, excluding only the southwestern corner beyond the Missouri River. This area in both States is mostly open, rolling country, with comparatively little tim- ber, except along the streams, and is now largely under cul- tivation. The only hills of consequence are the bluffs along some of the rivers and the group of hills in northern North Dakota, known as the Turtle Mountains, which rise some 600 or 700 feet above the surrounding plains. Most of this lake region is sprinkled with innumerable sloughs, ponds, and lakes of all sizes up to that of Devils Lake, which is at present some 25 or 30 miles long. Some of these lakes and ponds have gravelly, sandy, or grassy shores, with no marsh vegetation, while many in places have excellent cover for birds, and others are entirely overspread with water plants. The lakes on the plains have little or no arboreal or shrubby vegetation about their margins, but those in the Turtle Mountains are almost surrounded by forest, which in many cases comes down to the very water’s edge. Most of the lakes are shallow; some are so strongly alkaline that they offer no inducement to waterfowl; but nearly all are ten- anted by water birds of some description. _ Among the waterfowl breeding abundantly about the Dakota lakes are such well-known game birds as the mallard, gadwall, blue-winged teal, shoveller, pintail, redhead, ruddy duck, lesser scaup duck, canvas-back, coot, and sora rail; some of those tolerably common are the upland plover, willet, 200 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. baldplate, and locally the white-winged scoter; and a num- ber of others occur in smaller numbers. Among other very abundant water birds now not commonly classed as game might be mentioned the black tern, common tern, herring gull, ring-billed gull, Franklin gull, American eared grebe, Holboell grebe, killdeer, Wilson phalarope, and marbled godwit; while many others occur less frequently. UNDISTURBED BREEDING GROUNDS ESSENTIAL TO THE GAME SUPPLY. The essential requirements of good breeding grounds are satisfactory cover, suitable nesting places, plenty of the right kind of food, particularly for the young birds, and an ab- sence of disturbance during the breeding period and for a reasonable time before its beginning. Most waterfowl are dependent upon the proximity of water for their food, and consequently for breeding places; and, unlike many land birds, can not under necessity accommodate themselves to a very different environment. As a natural consequence, the destruction of their breeding places means the elimination of the birds. Comparatively little of such loss is due to nat- ural causes, though seasons of protracted drought are some- times, at least temporarily, responsible. Disappearance of waterfowl is caused usually by (1) the draining of lakes and marshes to acquire hay meadows or land for other farm pur- poses; (2) the establishing of summer resorts or a too close approach of a great number of other human habitations; (3) extensive cultivation of the country; or (4) disturbance from spring shooting or from other causes during the breeding season. The maintenance of the breeding grounds of water- fowl] is all-important both for the preservation of the vari- ous species and for the continuation of a supply of birds which shall furnish food and sport for the hunter. Further- more, the breeding grounds of waterfowl, once destroyed over any considerable area by any of the agencies above mentioned, are with difficulty restored. The Great Plains waterfowl breeding grounds, taken as a whole, are the most extensive now remaining in the United States, and the only ones east of the lakes of Utah and north- ern New Mexico. Though Canada has a large area where Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE XXX. BI7182 FIG. 1—CARPENTER LAKE IN THE TURTLE MOUNTAINS, NORTH DAKOTA. This lake is the summer home of redheads, canvas-backs, lesser scaups, golden-eyes, and several other kinds of waterfowl. BITITT FIG. 2.—SMITH LAKE IN THE TURTLE MOUNTAINS, NORTH DAKOTA. The home of ducks and other waterfowl. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE XXX\l. B16347 FIG. 1.—THE SAND-HILLS OF NEBRASKA. Whitewater Lake, and Pelican Lake in the distance. Both these lakes are the summer home of many kinds of ducks and other waterfowl. B16334 FIG. 2—SOUTH CODY LAKE, NEBRASKA. In these marshes and meadows adjoining, many ducks, including blue-winged teals and mallards, are to be found in summer, Waterfowl Breeding Grounds and Their Protection. 201 great numbers of waterfowl] still breed, we can not afford to rely on that for our supply of game, since the settling up of the middle Provinces is almost sure ultimately to have a very important effect on the Canadian supply of ducks and other waterfowl. It therefore becomes all the more impor- tant that this Great Plains area be maintained as a breeding ground, particularly for ducks, and that it be even improved, if the waterfowl game supply of the States east of the Rocky Mountains is to be preserved for future generations. FURTHER RESTRICTIONS ON HUNTING NEEDED. Granting the need of efforts to save and increase the waterfowl supply, particularly in North and South Dakota, the question becomes one of means to this end. Many and various restrictions have been placed on hunting in all parts of our country during the last 20 or 30 years. During this time it has come to be realized that first of all the birds must be allowed to rear their young in peace and safety. With this in view, the practice of hunting in spring while the birds are settling on their breeding grounds has been abolished during the last few years throughout the United States. This has done more for the preservation of wild fowl than any other single measure. Highly important as is the comparatively recent cessation of spring shooting, it is just as important, if not even a prime necessity, that this prohibition continue, as probably nothing can take its place as a means of increasing the game supply. There doubtless was a time when the simple expedient of refraining from dis- turbing the birds during the breeding season, coupled with a very reasonable restriction on the number of birds taken, would have sufficed to protect the game and to maintain a supply for all future generations, but that day has now undoubtedly passed, and it is necessary to impose further restrictions upon hunting in order to save our waterfowl from complete extermination. This has long been recog- nized and has been given force in scores of State laws. These restrictions, which upon examination will be found entirely reasonable, and without which little can be accom- plished in the matter of game protection, may well be briefly mentioned here. In addition to the absolute protec- 202 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. tion that should be accorded the birds on their breeding grounds, it is obviously desirable to insure them a measura- ble degree of safety during their migrations to and from the Southland and also on their wintering grounds in the Southern and Eastern States. Protection on the wintering grounds is more particularly necessary because almost the entire waterfowl population of southern Canada and the central and eastern United States is concentrated into a com- paratively small area during the winter season, and unre- stricted slaughter in this place would have results almost as disastrous as an invasion of the breeding grounds. It is now realized that protection at these seasons can not be obtained unless market hunting is either abolished or so restricted that it will be no longer possible to kill enormous quantities of game in a single locality within a limited time. Furthermore, the transportation of large quantities of game for sale should be prohibited, since this is merely a corollary of the no-sale provisions now in force in many States. A further important provision, and one that should every- where receive careful consideration, is a reasonable bag limit. The day has long since passed when it should be permissible for one man to kill in a single day, say, 500 ducks, many times more than he could possibly make use of in any legiti- mate way, unless the sale of the birds for market be so considered. Open-water shooting is often very destructive to game, and should be prohibited on all inland lakes and streams, par- ticularly on such bodies of water as are used by waterfowl for breeding purposes. Guns of large caliber, such as have been used to kill at a discharge whole flocks of ducks at a great distance, have no place in the outfit of a true sportsman; they are intended solely as a means of destruction for the benefit of market hunters, and their use should not be allowed at any time. The use of motor boats in the pursuit of game is likewise undesirable, since it gives a hunter undue advantage, not only over the birds but over his fellow sportsmen, and should not be permitted in hunting waterfowl. The hunting of birds by night or during the time between sunset and dark and that between daybreak and a half hour Waterfowl Breeding Grounds and Their Protection. 203 before sunrise is also a vicious practice. The reason is readily apparent, for birds must have some part of the day in which to rest and feed; therefore to keep them disturbed during the hours of dusk or darkness, as well as during the daylight, is too continuous a pursuit. It is even desirable, as some States already have recognized, to allow shooting only on certain days of the week, in order that the birds may have time to recuperate from the onslaught of hunters. If present restrictions do not result in an increase of the game supply, resort must be had to a further shortening of the hunting season, so that the number of birds killed may be appreciably diminished. It may be necessary even to declare a closed season for a period of years on a number of game birds which it is now permissible to shoot during an open season of considerable length. This expedient has already been tried with marked success in the case of game birds, both waterfowl and others, and under some circum- stances is, at least locally, about the only remedy for the threatened extinction of certain birds. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE RESERVATIONS FOR PROTECTING WATERFOWL. As an additional measure of protection it is extremely de- sirable that there be established in the Great Plains region a number of refuges for waterfowl and other game, in order that the birds may have certain places for breeding in spring and summer and for rest during their migration journeys. There are already on the Great Plains eight Federal reserves, three of which, however, are of little or no value for water- fowl, and it is hoped that it may be possible to establish others in the near future. It is within the power of the vari- ous States to set aside State game refuges, as has been done with admirable results in Minnesota and North Dakota. In- dividuals as well as States can aid in this matter by prevent- ing all hunting on their lands. This is particularly desirable in cases where one person controls all the land about a lake suitable for breeding waterfowl. The important results that can come from such preserves are exemplified on an estate in Rolette County, N. Dak., where the owner has for many years protected the birds on Island Lake, a body of water 204 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. some 2 square miles in extent; and it is very much to be hoped that his success may inspire many others in this and other States to follow his example. With adequate Federal, State, and private game reserva- tions in the States within the waterfowl breeding area of the Great Plains, and with proper restrictions on hunting, the preservation and even the increase of the game supply may confidently be expected, to the great benefit of present and future generations. THE WEED PROBLEM IN AMERICAN AGRICUL- TURE. By H. R. Cartes, Scientific Assistant, Office of Forage-Crop Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry. HE control of weeds is one of the oldest and still one of the most important problems connected with agricul- ture. Because we have always had weeds with us, there is a tendency to accept the situation as inevitable and one of the necessary evils connected with farming; consequently no sufficient, general, and concerted effort is being made to overcome the great loss which they cause. Yet the weed fight is one of the standard routine operations on the farm, and it represents a large proportion of the labor necessary to produce crops. No other single feature of farming re- quires such universal and unceasing attention as do the weeds. WAYS IN WHICH WEEDS CAUSE INCREASINGLY LARGE LOSSES ANNUALLY. The annual loss to the farmers caused by weeds is enor- mous. : ' ¥ \ 7 DD. , » aif . + ’ | i ; & - . - ™ ' * ’ ? ‘ i ive - ‘ ES - *, ~ ‘ ‘ rah WA Ci ait 4 7 “ ber 14 . - aa 4 sates ead ‘ j io. icy ani 4 : y 7 ne 3m y é f eg ’ . ‘ey | ’ i i . »4 r e s j of - ’ y ‘ De 7 7 ' A “ - ; : oo ae # ! ites, Wey . ~ : Lo : 7 a i? Pee Pt ‘ a Le wa BAS " a. a ae haar @) STR e-e a nea ‘ Bus et F 7 ee REST ROOMS FOR WOMEN IN MARKETING CENTERS. By ANNE M. EVANS, Investigator in Women’s Rural Organizations, Bureau of Markets. MANY REST ROOMS ESTABLISHED WITH THE HELP OF WOMEN’S ORGANIZATIONS. EST rooms have been established in more than 200 counties R in the United States to meet the needs of the country woman in town on business. They provide a place where the farm woman has a right, without asking: any favors, to the use of facilities for rest and refreshment. They have been established by women’s rural organizations in coopera- tion with other local organizations, with individuals, and with village, town, or county authorities; by business cor- porations operating private city markets; and by individual merchants. Where farm women’s organizations have been interested in establishing rest rooms, local farm women’s clubs have been able to arouse the necessary community in- terest in the need for rest rooms to insure their financial sup- port. This has been done through cooperating with other local farm women’s clubs, with organizations of women in town, with civic leagues, with chambers of commerce, and with county agents. In cooperating with other clubs in establishing a rest room, any local farm women’s club may take the initiative. Op- portunity is given at club meetings for discussing the need for a rest room, and other local clubs may be asked to ar- range similar discussions. Such cooperation is facilitated in rural communities where local clubs meet together for joint sessions three or four times a year. . * ; iu a oth.’ PR atte. AX) ae hi ntys ~ " ' oe a4 ial TT use: stud ySueMyT i ui ne ~ oA yy! et Lia wel vbertting iene . ny j ‘. | ck. ia + atten oa : veveet tH - ween ts esol ~s - - 5 . . al + tt os aa ‘TTY 97.407 j > ~ _ ‘ P ‘ * ‘o> parete 4 hh Ts * 7 4 . f ; y" = Pa +4 if wit ho Gottet ba ne WEaGioe , Mu # ¥ se a a , of : y fl lad. “ vet Prareh = * eae n Shor cna ath po rbiprak yr? at Heres sabes ot THE HOUSE RAT: THE MOST DESTRUCTIVE ANIMAL IN THE WORLD. By Davin E. LANTz, Assistant Biologist, Bureau of Biological Survey. THE RAT A WORLD-WIDE MENACE. SINGLE RAT does far less harm in a year than one of the larger mammals, such as a lion, tiger, or wolf; but the large mammals of prey are comparatively few in number, while rats are exceedingly abundant. North America or any other continent has probably as many rats as people—possibly two or three times as many. The de- struction wrought by this vast horde of rodents is far greater than that wrought by lions, tigers, wolves, and all other noxious mammals together. Injurious insects are enormously destructive to crops. Probably their combined ravages inflict greater economic losses than do those of rats; but no one kind of insect de- stroys as much. The harm done by any species of insect is usually confined to certain geographic limits, rarely extend- ing over large parts of a continent; that done by the rat extends over the whole world. Oceans fail to limit its activities. The rat’s destructiveness is not confined to crops and prop erty; it menaces human life as well. This rodent is re- sponsible for more deaths among human beings than all the wars of history. Not all the fatal epidemics of the past were bubonic plague, but enough of them have been so identified to show that almost every century of the Christian era has had at least one great pandemic of this scourge which de- stroyed millions of the world’s population. The great plague of London, which killed more than half the inhabitants that did not flee from the city, was by no means the worst out- break recorded. The plague called “ black death ” devastated Europe for 50 years of the fourteenth century, destroying two-thirds to three-fourths of the population of large terri- 235 236 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. tories and one-fourth of all the people, or about 25,000,000 persons. Since 1896 plague has carried away nearly 9,000,000 of the population of India alone. The disease is still in- trenched in Asia, Africa, Australia, and South America, and cases of it have occurred in Europe and North America. Through the fleas that infest them, rats are almost wholly responsible for the perpetuation and transmission of bubonic plague, and it has been proved also that rats are active, although not exclusive, agents in spreading pneumonic plague. Only the prompt measures taken by the United States Public Health Service against these animals prevented disastrous epidemics of plague in San Francisco, Seattle, and Hawaii in 1909, in Porto Rico in 1912, and in New Orleans in 1914. The entire role of the rat in transmitting diseases to man is not fully understood. Septic pneumonia and epidemic jaundice in man have been traced to the rodent, and it is known to perpetuate trichine in the pig. It is suspected of being a carrier of infantile paralysis, and it undoubtedly car- ries many kinds of infectious germs from its haunts of filth, leaving them upon human food. The economic loss due to rats is astounding. No extensive or exact statistics on the subject are available,t but surveys of conditions existing in a few of the older cities of the United States show that losses due to rats are almost in exact ratio to the populations. In rural districts the losses are much greater in proportion to inhabitants than in cities. Assuming that there are in the United States only as many rats as people, and that each rat in a year destroys property valued at $2, the total yearly damage is about $200,000,000. To this must be added the expense of fighting rats, includ- ing the large sums paid for traps and poisons, the keep of dogs and cats, and the labor involved. In addition, the loss of human efficiency due to diseases disseminated by the rat should be considered. It is hardly thinkable that a civilized people should rest supinely under such conditions and let this evil continue, particularly when it is known that num- berless human lives are in jeopardy. Think of the waste involved in a loss of $200,000,000 a year! The constant 1Estimates of annual rat damage in foreign countries made previous to the present war were: United Kingdom, $73,000,000; France, $38,500,000; Ger- many, $47,640,000 ; Denmark, $3,000,000. is The House Rat. 237 labor of an army of more than 200,000 men is required to produce the materials eaten and destroyed by rats. If half this loss were represented by grain destroyed, it would take about 5,000,000 acres to produce it. Man has been fighting the rat for centuries and has made little progress. The rodents are intrenched in fortresses of man’s own building. If they are driven out or overcome for a, time, others soon swarm from neighboring premises, and the battle has to begin anew. Defeats have been due not so much to lack of proper methods as to neglect of precautions and an absence of concerted action. The work has been made abortive by providing continued subsistence for the rodents and by failing to destroy their intrenchments. When once they are deprived of these advantages and the campaign against them is organized on lines of intelligent cooperation a large measure of success will be achieved. Civilization and science have by no means spoken their last word about the means of combating this greatest plague of the human race. A building can be made rat-proof; why not a farmstead, a street, a village, a city, or a seaport? If rats can not be exterminated, they at least can be repressed in this country, and at the same time effective barriers can be erected against the landing of fresh hordes. Up to the present time, however, few efforts have been made to find out the way or even to apply properly the means already at command. It is high time to begin. THREE KINDS OF HOUSE RATS. Three kinds of house rats occur in the United States, none native, but all migrants from the Old World. Most formid- able and most widely distributed is the brown rat,t known also as gray, barn, wharf, sewer, or Norway rat. This rat is the worst of our rodent pests. It made its appearance in America shortly before the Revolution. It may be recog- nized by its large size, robust form, blunt head, short ears, and the fact that its tail does not exceed the combined length of its body and head. It is a burrowing species, commonly nesting in the ground, and is found throughout the country, except possibly in Wyoming and Montana. 1Rattus norvegicus, 238 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. The brown rat owes its dominance to its ferocity, its great fecundity, and its ability to adapt itself to nearly all condi- tions. With abundant food it breeds from six to ten times a year and produces (in the middle part of the United States) an average of about 10 young to the litter. Young females breed when three or four months old. The possibilities of such reproduction are a menace to the human race. At the maximum rate of increase and without check, in a few years the rats in the world would consume all vegetable and animal products, and the earth would become a lifeless waste. The black rat* arrived from Europe soon after the settle- ment of the Atlantic coast. It has disappeared from most parts of the country, but it persists in a few remote localities in the North, is more common southward, and a few occa- sionally land at most of our seaports. This rat seldom bur- rows in the ground, but lives in walls of houses and. between floors and ceilings. It is slender and not able to cope with the more robust and fiercer brown rat. It may be recognized by its smaller size, its pointed muzzle, its sooty color, and the fact that its tail is longer than the head and body. A third form is the roof rat, or Alexandrian rat,? probably a southern race of the black rat. It resembles the black rat in every particular except in its color, which is nearly like that of the brown rat, but more yellowish on the underparts. It is common throughout the Southern States and has been ~ able to maintain itself against the brown rat, probably be- cause of its habit of living and nesting in trees. Records of the occurrence of the brown, black, and roof rats in the same locality in the South are not infrequent. The black rat and the roof rat are less prolific than the brown rat. While they probably breed as often, they pro- duce smaller litters. The period of gestation—about 21 days—is the same for the three forms. BARRING RATS FROM SHELTER AND FOOD ON THE FARM. Of all people the farmer has most reason for detesting the rat. The majority of farms present ideal conditions for this rodent and consequently are badly infested. First comes the item of shelter. Many farm dwellings are old 1 Rattus rattus rattus. 2 Rattus rattus alexandrinus. The House Rat. 239 buildings with shallow foundations laid in lime mortar; if there is a cellar, it probably has an earthen floor or a wooden one resting on sills in contact with the ground. The barns were built solely to shelter live stock, implements, and crops from inclement weather, and with no thought of excluding rodents. Decayed and almost abandoned sheds and out- buildings are allowed to remain long after their usefulness has passed. Wood and lumber piles often literally encum- ber the ground. Stone fences or walls of open construction inclose many fields, orchards, or wood lots. All such sur- roundings are favorable for rat concealment. Besides shelter, the farm offers a great variety and abun- dance of rat food. Here are grains always accessible in field, shock, stack, mow, crib, granary, and bin. Here grow lus- cious fruits and succulent vegetables. Here are rich eggs and toothsome young poultry, all tempting to the rat. Here, too, are scattered abundant waste offerings from feed troughs of horses, cattle, swine, and poultry. Food and shelter everywhere! Is it surprising that rats love the farm and stay on it? The migrations of rats from one locality to another are of special interest. After a series of years in which the pests are comparatively scarce in a rural neighborhood they suddenly become abundant and exceedingly destructive over large areas. Such invasions are frequently reported and hard to understand. Probably food is the chief factor in- volved. Rats migrate from places where food is scarce to places where it is plentiful; and abundant food in the new locality causes abnormal reproduction, the effect of which in a short time is that of a sudden invasion of a vast horde of rats. Another movement of rats is local and seasonal in its occur- rence. An exodus of the animals from cities and villages to river banks and farmsteads in the surrounding country takes place every spring and is followed by a return migration each autumn. This phenomenon has been observed almost every- where. It explains why rats are more abundant in towns during the cold season, while in the country they occur in lergest numbers during the summer months. What measures may the farmer adopt to free his premises of rats and insure himself against loss from their depreda- 240 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. tions? The question is important and the suggested task is doubly difficult when he undertakes to accomplish it by his own efforts. He may clean up his premises and destroy all the rats found there, but as long as his neighbors neglect to take similar precautions his home will be constantly subject to fresh invasions and his work must be repeated. All rodent destruction is properly the business of the community and must be so recognized before substantial progress can be made. As long, however, as community action is delayed, the farmer must continue his individual efforts or suffer serious losses of property. The measures needed for eliminating rats from the farm include destroying their hiding and nesting places, keeping food from them, killing them, and organizing the entire community for concerted action against them. RAT HARBORS DESTROYED BY RAT-PROOFING FARM BUILDINGS. Rat harbors should be demolished everywhere. On the farm first attention is needed to things that are of no fur- ther use, as dilapidated buildings, lumber and trash piles, open stone walls, and the like. These should all be removed and the premises cleaned up. Buildings that are still useful may then be made rat-proof, often at sight expense. Small structures should be raised on posts at least 18 inches above the ground, with the space beneath left entirely open. If such buildings are used for storing grain or provisions they may be further protected by thin sheet metal or wire netting tacked to surfaces that might be gnawed from the top of a post or other point where the animals could get a foothold. A horizontal belt of tin, 12 inches wide, nailed on the out- side of a crib 3 feet above the ground, is an effectual barrier against a climbing rat. Rat-proofing by elevation has the advantages of cheap- ness and the fact that it may be applied to a great variety of structures. In the South, dwelling houses are often so treated ; but in a colder climate, foundation walls are needed, either of concrete or of stone laid in concrete. Many cellars may be made rat-proof by a floor of concrete. Holes in the wall around water or sewer pipes should be filled with concrete to the full width of the wall. Cellar windows should be screened with heavy wire netting of Yearbook U, S, Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE XLI. B6T7M BC78M B676M FIG, 1.—TYPES OF GOOD GUILLOTINE TRAPS. FOR USE IN CATCHING RATS. BI43M FIG. 2.—RAT CAUGHT IN GUILLOTINE TRAP, Good traps well placed and set will kill many rats, Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE XLII. B81IM—PHOTO FROM U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. FIG. 1—RAT NESTS UNDER PLANKED-OVER BACK YARD. Rats flourish in such harbors. B6é75M—PHOTO FROM U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, FIG. 2.—RAT-PROOFING BY CONCRETE SIDE WALL. Under the supervision of officers of the U. S. Public Health Service many places in New Orleans were thus made rat-proof in 1914. Yearbook U. S, Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE XLIII. B812M—PHOTO FROM U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. FIG. 1—ERADICATING PLAGUE RATS. Twenty-one plague rats were found under and about this Chinese restaurant in New Orleans, demolished in 1914. PHOTO FROM U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, FIG. 2—BUILDING OUT THE PLAGUE RATS, Sanitary rat-proof building erected on site of the demolished Chinese restaurant shown in figure 1. PLATE XLIV. "dodo oS18][ OY} JO W900 *sroulrey ny Nod god of AJoyeurxoidde pofo1jsop pue W109 9} YoRol OF Joo} 9 Ot JOJ Sqoo died SUTAvoT ‘suless JoPU9} 94} 078 Szey poqurtpo sjes ‘synoos Aoq Aq posted ‘S908 NOL 1dA0 JO Poly STUY UL Ota JINVS WOYS SWIVLSNYOO 3SYH1L—S? ‘Did ‘NYOO ONIGNVLS OL SDVWVG LVY¥—!l ‘Sls wsisa wrisa The House Rat. 241 one-fourth-inch mesh (mice can go through one-half-inch square holes). Meat houses must have careful attention or they will be invaded by rats, with serious destruction of smoked meats. In cases where it is impracticable to rat-prcof walls and foundation, the meat may be protected in wire cages or the room may be lined with wire netting of one-fourth-inch mesh. FOOD KEPT FROM RATS BY VARIOUS DEVICES, Keeping food from rats is an important measure, because well-fed rats breed often and have many young at a time; also, because the presence of abundant food makes the work of trapping or poisoning the animals extremely difficult. While rat-proof construction of buildings is the best means of protecting food, a variety of other devices may prove helpful. Provisions, flour, seed grain, and the like may be kept in wire-covered cages or boxes, safe from both rats and mice. By simply plastering a stone or brick wall in a cellar or compartment it may be made too smooth for rats to climb. Rats may be kept from traversing the top of a cellar wall by a tin barrier closing the space between two joists that rest on the wall. Provisions may be kept on shelves suspended from the cellar ceiling. Not only grains and stored provisions, but waste food also, should be protected from the rodents. All garbage from the kitchen should be placed in well-covered metal containers and promptly fed to swine or burned. The fly and rat nuisances are as dan- gerous in the country as in cities. TRAPS, DOGS, CATS, AND POISONS TO DESTROY RATS. No- opportunity to kill rats should be neglected on the farm. Traps, dogs, cats, and poisons may be useful. The first need is traps and a knowledge of how to use them. The most reliable traps for general use are the inexpensive snap, or guillotine, traps. Many efficient kinds are on the market, but the cheaper ones are rarely to be recommended for durability. Those that have sheet-metal bases are not desirable, as rats fear and avoid them. Snap traps should be set so that they will spring at a shght touch. They may be placed in rat runs, at rat burrows, behind boards leaned 29190°—yzBxk 1917——16 242 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. against the wall, and in a great variety of other favorable places. Dry oatmeal (rolled oats) is recommended as a bait for both rats and mice. Place a few grains on the trigger pan or under the trigger wire, with a few grains near the trap. Trapping rats is an art which may be learned by practice. A common mistake is to set one or two traps where a dozen are needed.. On a badly infested farmstead 40 or 50 snap traps can be used to advantage. The kind of bait should be suited to the circumstances. Great success should not be expected with the oatmeal where other grains are present. Meat, fish, smoked sausage, toasted cheese, fried bacon, butter, peanuts, and pumpkin, melon, or sunflower seeds are good to use as a change from oatmeal. The wire-cage trap, if substantially made, is useful on the farm. Coarse bait is required, and may be hung from the top of the trap by a light wire. Set the trap on a floor or on a board, lay a short buard on top, and cover the whole with an old cloth or gunny sack, leaving only the trap en- trance uncovered. The trap may be baited and left open for a night or two until rats learn to feed inside, after which a good catch may be expected. An excellent plan for using the cage trap is to bore a hole two or three inches in diameter at proper height in the door of granary or feed room. The hole may be covered with a metal slide when the trap is not in use. Set the trap inside the granary with its entrance fitted to the hole and cover and bait in the usual man- ner; any rat entering the granary is caught. The same plan is applicable to rat holes in other situations, and it has been used effectively between connecting rooms of cold storage warehouses. The small breeds of dogs, especially terriers, are valuable as rat killers on the farm. They are easily trained and are always available when needed. Wherever rats are routed from nests or harbors these dogs are eager for the fray. When shocked or stacked grain is moved or threshed they kill many rats. Sometimes a barrier, or fence, of light boards is placed about a stack, and dogs inside get all the rodents dislodged. In this way 500 or 600 rats have been destroyed from a single stack. The ITouse Rat. 243 Catg are useful about farm buildings mainly because they kill mice. Sometimes they hunt and destroy rats, but a cat that will kill an adult rat is rare. The chief objection to cats on a farm is their persistent destruction of song birds. A good eat is valuable when her killing propensities can be con- fined to rodent pests, but the majority of felines are worthless or actually injurious on the farm. Great caution should always be observed in the use of poisons, but there are situations on the farm in which poisons may be used safely and effectively. In the open fields poi- soned grain may be scattered near rat burrows. In the poul-- try yard poisons may be exposed for rats inside darkened boxes. A small, rather shallow box containing the baits is set on the ground with a larger box inverted over it. A hole in the larger box will admit the rat to the food, while chickens will be safe. Strychnin is the safest poison to use where poultry run, because hens are immune to small quantities of this poison. The same is true of quails, grouse, pheasants, and turkeys. , The early threshing of grain, which prevents shocks and stacks from remaining long as harbors and breeding places for rats, is a measure that will avoid much loss of grain now experienced in America. RURAL RAT CLUBS ACCOUNT FOR MANY RATS. In any rural community badly infested with rats, it is a good plan for farmers to form rat clubs and offer prizes for destroying the rodents. The younger members of the community as well as adults should be allowed to compete and the prizes should be awarded periodically, as once a month. A first, second, and third prize are suggested for these who bring in the greatest number of rat tails. Specific rules governing the contests should be made at the start, and instruction as to proper methods of trapping or otherwise killing rats should be a part of the program for each meet- ing of the club. Prizes may be provided by private dona- ticn or even by assessment of members. The plan gives better satisfaction than a system of straight rewards, be- cause it arouses more enthusiasm and costs less. A rat and sparrow club in England in three seasons secured the de- struction of 16,000 rats and 28,000 sparrows by an expendi- 244 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. ture of less than $30 in prize money. Had ordinary poun- ties been paid, the same work would have cost $1,000 or $1,200. COOPERATION NEEDED TO DESTROY RATS IN VILLAGES. In the matter of rat infestation, small towns are interme- diate between farm and city. They show a marked increase of rodents in winter and a decrease when spring opens. Yet the outlying parts of a village are peculiarly subject to losses of poultry during the summer. Pigeon lofts, also, in small towns are subject to raids by rats, and the toll of eggs and young squabs is often heavy. Rats can climb fine-meshed netting and gain entrance to the pigeon yard at the top where the birds themselves enter. The measures recommended for repressing rats on farms will apply to villages, but cooperation of citizens to destroy the rodents will usually be more readily obtained. Often the small town has a civie club which could take up rat work whenever its importance is*presented. It requires only an intelligent and persistent leader to set the machinery for rat repression in motion. The leader should provide for the instruction of the community as to best methods of trap- ping, sanitation, rat-proofing buildings, and other measures needed to discourage the rodent. An appeal to civic pride will often bring excellent results in cleaning up premises and in replacing wooden walks or porches, dilapidated build- ings, or other harbors for rats. BUILDING REGULATIONS NEEDED IN CITIES. The city is the great stronghold of the rat, its permanent refuge, and its last line of defense. The rodent might be destroyed in all rural districts and villages, but if not routed in the cities the whole country would soon be repopulated with rats from these centers of infestation. Distance does not limit the rat’s wanderings. This fact is aptly illustrated by the manner in which the brown rat spread in the United States. It appeared first in the larger seaports, whence it gradually reached the inland towns along the larger streams. But when railroads were built they facilitated its distribu- tion to distant cities and later to intervening towns along The IHouse Rat. 245 these highways of commerce. While rats seem to prefer water transportation, they are not averse to traveling by rail. A few years ago crates of chinaware were unpacked in Baltimore and in the straw packing were found mature black rats that evidently had been brought all the way from Canton, China—first by ship to San Francisco and thence by rail to their destination. The institutions peculiar to large cities favor the rat and account for its abundance. The old wooden wharves, the bricked sewers, the extensive lumber yards, the ancient fac- tories, the grain elevators, the markets, and many other features attract and harbor the rodents. As a rule, the older the city the more rats are to be found in it; but even in parts rebuilt after large fires and from which one would think modern construction would have excluded the animals they are still to be found, though less abundant. Many large buildings, rat-proof as to walls and foundations, have become infested with rodents through carelessness or oversight of owners or occupants, and the animals are intrenched behind fixtures or merchandise. Fortunately it is possible to dis- lodge and rout them from these hiding places. Losses from rats in cities are enormous. In 1908 the Bio- logical Survey made a careful study of rat infestations in two cities, Washington and Baltimore, with the result that actual losses of produce and other property amounting annu- ally to $400,000 and $700,000, respectively, were revealed. These sums are nearly in ratio to the populations. The Women’s Municipal League of Boston recently announced that losses from rats in that city amounted to $1,350,000 each year. Losses in Pittsburgh, Pa., have been estimated at over $1,000,000 a year. No doubt present values of produce would greatly increase these estimates. The repression of rats in cities is often hindered by objec- tions to proposed building reforms. Almost an entire block of city dwellings was tenantless for nearly a year because of rat infestation and the refusal of the owners to make neces- sary repairs to exclude the rodents. In one instance the loss of rents on a single block must have been nearly $10,000. Commission merchants, renting property in a good location, have been known to endure with seeming patience the loss of nearly a hundred dollars each month from rat depreda- 246 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. tions, while the property owners not only refused to make repairs but advanced the rents 25 per cent. The routing of rats from cities has become both an eco- nomic and a sanitary necessity. Facing the possibility of an epidemic of bubonic or pneumonic plague and the enormous expenditures necessitated by such an outbreak, it is the part of wisdom for any city to protect itself from the calamity. It is not for the individual householder or citizen to decide whether he will interest himself in the subject. It is a matter for municipal legislation, and it is the duty of the citizen to support the ordinances and to cooperate with the authorities to the best of his ability in order that the city may be a clean und safe place in which to live. The measures that should be adopted to rid cities of rats include: First, the requirement that all buildings to be erected shall be made rat-proof under a rigid system of inspec- tion. This requirement probably would add an average of less than 2 per cent to the cost of construction, but the advantages would be out of all proportion to the added cost. Second, the requirement that all existing buildings with rat-proof walls and foundations be made really rat-proof by closing or screening every opening through which rats might enter. This is a large program, and its enforcement will require skill as well as intelligent supervision. Often it is a puzzle to know how rats gain entrance to a building. A large department store oc- cupying a supposedly rat-proof structure became in- fested with rats, and only after weeks of investigation was it learned that, to obtain ventilation on summer nights, a watchman had been in the habit of open- ing a side door without putting up a barrier against rats. A sheet-metal barrier 2 or 3 feet high with ends fitted to the casings at the sides of the doorway would have kept the rats out. Third, voluntary application of rat-proofing repairs to all buildings that need them. Often only a slight modification of some feature is necessary, as the addi- tion of gratings or screens to basement windows, the closing with concrete of a hole in a wall, or the concret- The House Rat. 247 ing of a cellar floor. Frequently, however, buildings will need elevation and concrete foundations to make them impervious to rats. By the addition of a concrete side extension, an ordinary wall may be made rat- proof. Besides the above requirements as to buildings, the meas- ures recommended for eradicating rat harbors on the farm, and for destroying rats there, apply in the main to the city. Dogs of the better breeds, or cats, may be used to advantage to destroy rats in warehouses, factories, or stables, but clean- liness and sanitary reasons forbid their use in stores where provisions are kept for sale. Fewer suitable situations for the use of poison exist in the city than in the country, and traps become the main reliance for killing rats. Rat viruses are not recommended, since they are much more expensive and more uncertain as to results than poisons. The kinds of traps adapted to city use and the methods of using them are the same as for the country. Various civic organizations, including commercial clubs, women’s municipal leagues, and boards of health, should be deeply interested in rat repression for the cities. One of the most important factors is publicity. All citizens need to be educated concerning the rat’s menace to health and material prosperity, and much of the success of campaigns for eradicating the pest will depend upon close cooperation between press and people. The advantages of display posters in public places have been amply proved in rat campaigns in a number of the larger cities. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS REQUIRED IN SEAPORTS. Foreign commerce makes seaports peculiarly liable to the introduction of infectious diseases, especially bubonic plague. The sanitary officers of ports therefore are responsible to some extent not only for the local health, but for the health of the entire Nation. Within the last few years bubonic plague has been introduced at San Francisco, Seattle, and New Orleans, as well as at seaports of Hawaii and Porto Rico. The subsequent costly campaigns against rats under direction of the United States Public Health Service are matters of history. 248 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Bubonic plague is communicated to man by the bite of fleas that infest rats and a few other mammals, such as mar- mots and ground squirrels. As only the rat travels from country to country it is the only animal that imports plague. Pneumonic plague is carried in the same way, but this disease is infectious and may also be communicated directly from man to man. Adequate preventive measures at all seaports probably would render unnecessary the heavy expenditures involved in fighting plague after its introduction. Rats take plague only from fleas of rats that have come from places where plague exists—that is, the carrying rats generally arrive on ship- board. If, therefore, they can be prevented from aeirane there will ee little danger of introduction of plague. But rats carry diseases other than plague, and seaports have the same economic losses from rats that worry other cities. The port has the added duty of protecting itself from foreign rats. Besides the usual measures against rats in cities, provision should be made for the fumigation of all vessels arriving from foreign ports and the frequent fumi- gation of ships engaged in trade along the coast or on inland waters. Vessels at docks should be required to place rat guards on all hawsers, and should be “ breasted off ” the dock by spars furnished with rat guards. This matter is so impor- tant to public health as to warrant Federal legislation pre- scribing port regulations on the subject. NATURAL ENEMIES OF RATS TO BE ENCOURAGED. The natural enemies of rats and mice include, besides such domestic animals as the. dog, cat, and ferret, nearly all the predatory mammals and birds of prey, as well as snakes, storks, herons, and some other water birds. The continuous warfare kept up by these wild forces combined is, under natural conditions, a far more effective check on rodents than the work hitherto accomplished by man. In recent years, however, the animals that prey upon rodents have become very scarce, while rodents themselves have increased to such numbers that they damage crops severely. Hawks, owls, skunks, weasels, and snakes are among the beneficial animals that have been nearly exterminated through preju- dice and ignorance. The House Rat. 249 All the hawks, owls, and weasels in the country combined do not destroy one-sixth as much poultry or game as the common brown rat, and many of them are eflicient enemies of both rats and mice. It should be suflicient to permit the farmer or game keeper to destroy any individual animal or bird found preying on poultry or game; to give him license to kill the beneficial and the harmful alike and at any time or place is unreasonable. Nevertheless, laws in many parts of the United States not only give such license but authorize payment of rewards for the killing. The present hawk law of Ohio is an instance. As drawn and passed in 1915, it reasonably provides that townships shall pay a bounty of $1 each on a few species of hawks that are actually injurious because the main part of their food is birds. In 1916, under this law, bounty was paid on over 20,000 hawks, probably five times as many as there could have been found in the whole State of the kinds upon which rewards were to be paid. Probably no attempts were made to identify the hawks presented for bounty. Already the unfavorable effects of this law are shown in the large number of complaints of serious damage done by rats and mice in Ohio and adjoining States. Because they hunt at night, owls are especially efficient in destroying rats. The great horned, short-eared, long-eared, barred, and barn owls are all good ratters, and even the little screech owl occasionally gets a rat. The barn owl is the most useful of all because of its habit of living about farm build- ings. It is so harmless to poultry that it has been known to take up its residence in a pigeon house and rear its young there. POISONS USEFUL AGAINST RATS. In most States the owner or lessee of land may legally put out poison for rodents on his own premises. Extreme cau- tion, however, should always be taken to prevent accident. Except in grain, poisons should never be placed in open or unsheltered locations. All packages and containers of poison should be plainly marked with cautionary labels and kept out of the reach of children. Poisons are unsuited for general use in occupied dwellings, because the decaying 250 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. bodies of rats are objectionable. No poison exists that when eaten will dry up carcasses and prevent putrefaction or that may be relied upon to drive the animals from the premises to die. The brown rat when poisoned seeks its burrow, wherever located. A slow poison will usually allow it to reach this retreat, and thus is less liable than a quick poison to give unpleasant results in a dwelling. This statement does not apply to the black rat or the roof rat nor to the common mouse, which are not burrowing species, but which usually live in the walls of houses. For poisoning rats or mice in open fields, at garbage dumps, on river banks, in warehouses, and in similar situa- tions the following formulas are recommended: STRYCHNIN (SULPHATE) FORMULA.—Dissolve 1 ounce of strychnin (sulphate) in a pint of boiling water. Dissolve a heaping tablespoonful of dry laundry starch in a little cold water, add it to the strychnin solution, and continue to boil for a few minutes until the starch is clear. Add a scant tea- spoonful of saccharin or a cup of thick sirup to sweeten the paste and stir thoroughly. Pour this mixture while hot over 12 quarts of clean oats in a metal tub and mix until all the grain is coated. Before using let the grain stand until the coating dries. Occasional stirring will hasten the drying. Scatter the grain near rat burrows or runs. STRYCHNIN (ALKALOID) FORMULA.—Mix thoroughly 1 ounce of powdered strychnin (alkaloid), 1 ounce of common baking soda (bicarbonate), and one-eighth ounce of powdered sac- charin. Put the mixture in a tin pepperbox and sift it gradually over 30 pounds of crushed oats in a metal tub, mixing the grain constantly so that the poison will be evenly distributed. Put out the poisoned grain about rat burrows or runs, but not in piles of more than a teaspoonful. BarruM CARBONATE FORMULA.—Barium carbonate for rats or mice may be fed in a dough composed of 4 parts of meal or flour to 1 part of the mineral. A more convenient bait is ordinary oatmeal (rolled oats) with about one-eighth of its bulk of barium carbonate, mixed with water enough to make a stiff dough. This may be exposed in bulk in a pan, or put out, about a teaspoonful at a place, in rat runs. Eaten in sufficient quantities, this mineral is dangerous to all animals, and caution is needed in its use. — The Tlouse Rat. 251 While most salts of barium are dangerous, barium sul- phate, which is sometimes sold as a substitute for the car- bonate, is not poisonous to rats or other animals, Seurtts rormuLA.—The sea leek,’ or squill, is a favorite rat poison in Europe. It is rapid in its action and a very small quantity will kill a rat. The following three methods of preparing the poison are in use: First method: Mix thoroughly 1 ounce of powdered squills with 4 ounces of strong-smelling cheese. Second method: Cut a sea leek into slices and chop 2 parts of the leek with 3 parts of bacon into fine pieces. Mix with meal or flour enough to make all cohere. Then bake into cilkes, Third method: Chop the leek fine and mix with flour and water to make a dough; roll out flat, and dry in an oven. Pound into a fine powder. This may be used on any kind of rat bait. RAT DAMAGE MIGHT BE REDUCED NINE-TENTHS. _ To combat the rat successfully is largely a building prob- lem. Buildings should be so constructed as to exclude the animals from shelter and food. When this is done, individ- ual and community efforts to destroy rats will give satisfac- tory and lasting results. The program may Le regarded by many as too expensive. Will it be too costly? What do rats cost now? If half the money now spent in feeding and fight- ing rats could be expended in wisely planned and well- executed cooperative efforts for rat repression, it would be possible within a fow years nearly to rid the country of its worst animal pest, to reduce losses from its depredations by at least 90 per cent, and to free the land completely from the fear of bubonic plague. 2 Scilla maritima. ili it be ey 4 yi shea: - Pp 23 fet ester FERTILIZERS FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTES. By Wo. H. Ross, Scientist, Division of Investigations of Fertilizer Resources, Bureau of Soils. HE principal industries of the country are agriculture, mining, lumbering, fishing, and manufacturing. Products are allowed to go to waste in these industries when they have no commercial value, when they can not be re- covered economically, when there is no known process of recovering them, or when it is not known that a loss is actu- ally taking place. The last decade or two have witnessed a wonderful development in the utilization of many of these products. In some cases the discovery of new uses for cer- tain of them has so increased their value that what was once a principal product becomes secondary in value to what was formerly a waste product. Improved operations and the utilization of certain waste materials have also made possible the profitable recovery of other products which formerly could not be prepared economically. A use to which a larger number of waste materials is put than for any other purpose is the manufacture of fertilizers. In most industries the raw materials used must be carefully selected both with respect to composition and purity of material. The fertilizer industry, however, forms an ex- ception to this rule, for there is a wide latitude allowed in the choice of the materials that may be employed. Some forms of combination of the fertilizing elements are pre- ferred to others, but almost all are used. There are also no definite regulations with respect to purity beyond the re- quirements that the fertilizing elements must be present in available form and that excessive amounts of poisonous sub- stances should not be present. The variations in composi- tion of materials used in fertilizers is therefore very great, and it is this fact which enables so many by-products of the industries to find ultimate disposal in the manufacture of fertilizers. 253 254 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. POTASH FROM THE HARDWOOD INDUSTRY. A striking illustration of the change in value which a product may undergo with the development of an industry is furnished by the utilization of certain woods, as the oak and the hemlock. In the early development of the country the bark of these trees served as the only source of tannin used in the manufacture of leather. In many places the collection of bark developed into an industry of considerable impor- tance, and occasionally the profits realized_on the sale of the bark greatly exceeded that which could be obtained from the remainder of the tree. Where conditions were favorable, timber was also prepared for market; but it often happened that on stripping the bark the remaining portion of the tree was either allowed to decay or purposely destroyed in clear- ing the land. The practice of such wasteful methods of for- estry naturally soon resulted in a marked limitation in the extent of virgin forests. This fact, taken with that of a rapid increase in population, soon greatly increased the demand for wood products. Under these conditions it was no longer profitable to leave good timber to decay. Hard- wood material in particular came into great demand, and even the lowest-grade material could then be profitably utilized as a fuel for the generation of power, leaving an ash which found important application as a fertilizer or for the preparation of potash salts. At present the demand for wood products is much greater than the supply. Im thickly settled districts, discarding waste material in lumbering is no longer practiced. All tops of trees, slabs, edgings, and the sawdust in particular are carefully collected and used for different purposes, as when destructively distilled for the preparation of many chemical products, as alcohol, sugar, and oxalic acid. The residue in this case, as well as when the wood is used for fuel, becomes directly available for use as a potash fertilizer. No reliable figures are available for the amount of potash that is now being recovered from this source; but it has been estimated, on the basis of the lumber cut of 1915, that the total amount that is theoretically recoverable from the hardwood wastes of the country amounts to about 19,000 tons annually. Fertilizers from Industrial Wastes. 255 The development as thus outlined in the use of certain woods is only one of many instances that might be cited in illustration of the way in which materials formerly treated as wastes may become so extensively utilized that what was once a principal product simply becomes one of several by-products. FERTILIZERS FROM THE PACKING-HOUSE INDUSTRY. An industry that is now said to thrive more than any other on the utilization of waste is the preparation of meat products. The pork, beef, and mutton retailed in our stores represent only from 40 to 85 per cent of the animal on the hoof. Time was when a large part of the remaining 15 to 60 per cent was simply thrown away. At present, however, the field of usefulness of waste material has been so largely extended that practically all the profits of this industry are now derived from their successful exploitation. In no other industry has conservation been more carefully worked out, and in the up-to-date slaughterhouses of our large cities it may truthfully be said that a slaughtered animal is utilized from the tip of his nose to the last hair on the end of his tail. The by-products obtained in the packing-house industry may be divided into two classes—the edible and the inedible. The inedible portions constitute the external covering (hair, horns, hoofs, and hides), some of the offal, and the bones. From these materials is prepared a great variety of sub- stances, some of which have developed into enormous industries in themselves, such as the making of leather, soap, glue, and fertilizer. The last mentioned is of special inter- est as it represents the ultimate utilization of the waste in the packing-house industry. This is illustrated, for exam- ple, in the manufacture of such articles as buttons, combs, knife handles, and spatulas from the horns and hoofs of cattle and sheep and the hoofs of hogs. The waste result- ing from the preparation of these materials and from hoofs and horns of too low grade to be used for this purpose was at one time thrown away, but it has been found that by treating such material with sulphuric acid the nitrogen which it contains becomes available as a fertilizer. Under the 256 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. trade name of processed fertilizer this waste from a waste is thus profitably disposed of. ‘The trimmings and waste obtained in the manufacture of hair and leather goods are likewise consumed as fertilizer in the same way. Of more importance from the point of view of fertilizer manufacture is the utilization of the bones, blood, entrails, etc. Incongruous as it may seem, each of these materials is now used in the preparation of a great many different prod- ucts. Thus the bones alone furnish at least 30 different arti- cles, but portions of each of the materials named ultimately find their way into fertilizer manufacture. In utilizing the bones in this way they may be either steamed, ground, and placed on the market under the name of bone meal, or they may be treated with sulphuric acid to make them more readily available for plant food. In the latter form they are known as acidulated bones. The blood, entrails, and other miscellaneous material which have been rejected for other use all find ultimate disposal in what is known as tankage in the fertilizer trade. Blood tankage is simply made by cooking, pressing, and then dry- ing. All other materials are graded and then subjected to a prolonged cooking in large tanks under steam pressure. When this is completed the fat is drawn off from the top to make tallow and grease. The solid residue in the tanks, to- gether with that obtained after concentrating the tank water, is pressed in hydraulic presses to remove excess water and as much fatty matter as possible. On drying the different grades are then placed on the market and form the various tankages which are so valuable for their nitrogen and phos- phoric-acid content in the manufacture of fertilizers. FERTILIZERS FROM THE FISH INDUSTRY. The oldest industry to make use of waste for fertilizing purposes is the fish industry. The custom of fertilizing creps by means of fish existed among the Indians of New England even before the arrival of white settlers in this country. It is said that for fertilizing corn one or two fish were placed in each hill. This procedure was adopted by the colonists, and at the time of a large catch the surplus fish were simply spread broadcast over the fields. In places where fish were Fertilizers from Industrial Wastes. 257 plentiful this disposal of an oversupply of fish has been prac- ticed until very recent times. It was soon observed, however, that the response first noted on liberally fertilizing with fish decreased with each succes- sive application, and the initial good effects could be obtained again only after the soil had been allowed to stand for a time without further applications of the fish. After many suggestions had been advanced in explanation of this result, it was finally shown to be due to the deleterious action on plants of the oil in the fish. When the oil was removed by cooking and pressing the residue obtained no longer ex- hibited the effects previously noted and its value as a fer- tilizer was consequently greatly improved. A further ad- vantage in removing the oil was furnished by the value which the oil possesses in itself for use in the industries. At pres- ent the price of crude fish oil is normally quoted at about 25 cents per gallon, which is more than suflicient to cover the cost of the extraction. It thus happens that in the utiliza- tion of fish waste the recovery of the extracted residue, or fish scrap, as it is known in the trade, often becomes subor- dinate to the recovery of the oil. The principal sources of fish oil and scrap at present are nenedible fish, as the menhaden, and the refuse collected in canning factories from the heads, tails, bones, shells, intes- tines, etc., of edible fish. Nonedible fish furnish the largest supply of both oil and scrap. The average annual catch of menhaden for the last eight years was about 500,000,000 fish, which, with the refuse collected in canneries, produced about 60,000 tons of scrap and 85,000 barrels of oil. The largest recorded catch was in 1903, when about 1,000,000,000 fish were caught. The composition of fish scrap varies with the nature of the material from which it is prepared. Generally speaking, it may be said to contain on an average about 8 per cent each of nitrogen and phosphoric acid. The presence in fish scrap of a comparatively high percentage of two of the essential plant foods makes it one of the most valuable of the organic fertilizers. ‘The catch of menhaden during the last two or three years has been much below the average. The total pro- duction of fish scrap in 1916 consequently amounted to only 27,000 tons. 29190°—yxBK 1917——-17 258 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. .~ FERTILIZERS FROM THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. Our largest manufacturing industry is the making of iron and steel. The pig ircn recovered in the smelting of iron ore amounts on an average to about 25 per.cent of the raw materials required. The equivalent of about 14 per cent of the raw material is driven off by volatilization in the coking of the coal; in the process of smelting, a further 40 per cent escapes from the furnaces in the form of gas, fume, and dust; and the remaining 21 per cent represents the slag discharged at the time of tapping the furnace. In the early history of the industry little was done to utilize any of these waste materials. In fact, until the last decade the most that was done in this direction was to utilize to some extent the heat that escapes from the furnace. Within the last few years, however, a great deal of at- tention has been given in this industry to the utilization of waste, and it may be said that more advance has been made recently in the efficient operation of the blast furnace than ~ has, perhaps, been accomplished in any other important industry. This development may be noted particularly in the coking of coal for blast-furnace use. In 1909, 84 per cent of the coke produced in the country was prepared in what are known as beehive ovens and the remaining 16 per cent in the more modern by-product ovens. In 1916 the output of by-product coke increased to 38.6 per cent of the total, with every prosnect of a still further increase for the present year. In the beehive process the nitrogen present in the coal and all other volatile constituents are driven off by the treatment, and apart from the heat generated by the combustible constituents of the gas all represent a total loss in the process. In the by-product oven, on the other hand, there is recovered not only the nitrogen occurring in the coal but also a great number of other by-products, which find very extensive application in the manufacture of dyes, ex- plosives, drugs, and other products. In this process the nitrogen passes off and is recovered as ammonia. By com- bining this with sulphuric acid there is formed a product known as ammonium sulphate, which at present is one of the most important sources of nitrogenous fertilizers in the country. The output in 1915 amounted to 249,000 tons, and in 1916, to 325,000, valued at about $25,000,000. Fertilizers from Industrial Wastes. 259 The economic uses of blast-furnace slag have also been greatly developed within the last few years. Formerly this slag was looked upon as an incumbrance of the works, and unless the furnaces were near to some ravine or body of water where the slag could be conveniently dumped its dis- posal was often a matter of considerable expense. A great deal of slag is still allowed to go to waste, but the uses to which it is applied are now rapidly increasing from year to vear. Large quantities are now being used as raw material in the manufacture of glass, bricks, paving blocks, and par- ticularly as a source of raw material used in about one-tenth of the Portland cement produced in this country. The slag obtained from the blast furnace is low in all the recognized fertilizing elements, and therefore has never found any application in the manufacture of fertilizers, al- though its use for such a purpose has been suggested. Of much more value in this connection is the slag obtained in the preparation of steel from high phosphorus pig iron. To remove the excess of phosphorus the iron is melted in con- verters lined with limestone, and quantities of quicklime are added to the molten metal. At a certain stage air is driven through the molten material, which leads to an accumulation in the slag of the phosphorus originally present in the metal. This slag, which floats on the molten metal, is drawn off and cooled, and when finely ground is placed on the market un- der the trade name of basic slag. The phosphoric acid in the slag prepared in this way varies from 11 to 23 per cent. For a long time the fertilizing value of the slag was not recognized, but it has now become one of the most popular of commercial fertilizers. In fact, on account of its freedom from acidity many prefer it to any other phosphatic mate- rial. Owing to the low phosphorus content of most Ameri- can ores the basic slag produced in this country is small in amount. In other countries the slag produced for the fer- tilizer trade amounts to about 2,000,000 tons annually. The third main avenue for escape of waste products in the blast furnace is through volatilization from the furnace. These losses in the form of gas, dust, and fume are receiving special attention at present. In the operation of the modern blast furnace a portion of the waste gases is utilized directly in gas engines for making a blast or for generating electric 260 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. power, while the remainder is used in burning under boilers and in heating stoves for preheating the blast. Before being used for any of these purposes the gas is passed through dust collectors and a water-spraying system for the removal of the suspended dust and fume. Complete removal of this suspended material has been found, however, to be a matter of considerable difficulty. With the present installations for purifying the portion of the gases used for burning, a por- tion of the dust always escapes absorption and is either de- posited in the stoves and boilers or is carried up the flues. The dust collected in the stoves and boilers has long been known to have some fertilizing value, but little attention was given to it until recently, when it was found that the dust collected in some plants contains sometimes upwards of 20 per cent of soluble potash. Dust of this kind is now being disposed of for use in fertilizers. In an investigation recently made at one of the steel plants of this country it has been found that the potash in the dust collected in the stoves and boilers amounts to only about 5 per cent of the total escaping from the furnace. The greater part is lost in the washers or escapes from the flues. A little over a year ago tests also were made at the same plant with an elec- trostatic or hot dry process for purifying the gas. The results showed that the extent to which the gases could be purified in this way compared very favorably with that obtained in the most complete installations of the present cold wet process. In addition there was secured by the hot dry method a high percentage recovery not only of potash but also of other ma- terials, as iron and zine compounds, which may be carried over in the dust. The possibilities of potash recovery in the steel industry are promising, but owing to the abnormal conditions now prevailing in this industry new developments are likely to be postponed for the present. POTASH FROM THE CEMENT INDUSTRY. A good illustration of a case in which a valuable product is lost in an industry without it being known for a long time that a waste is actually taking place is furnished by the escape of potash from cement plants. In the manufacture of Port- land cement an intimate mixture of a material like clay and Fertilizers from Industrial Wastes. 261 limestone is ignited at a high temperature to the point of fusion. For many years it was thought that in the manu- facture of cement this product was the only one produced, and that therefore no loss of any other material took place: It is now known, however, that in the burning of cement a greater or less proportion of the potash occurring in the raw materials is driven off and escapes from the kilns with the flue dust.. Even after it was noticed that some loss of potash took place in this way, little importance was attached to the observation until analyses were made four or five years ago of some dust collected at the plant of the River- side Portland Cement Co. The original object of collecting the dust at this plant was to comply with injunction pro- ceedings instituted by the surrounding orange growers against the escape of dust from the plant. To the surprise of everyone the dust when collected was found to contain such a percentage of potash as to make its recovery a profit- able procedure entirely apart from any other consideration. Since then a number of additional plants have also installed equipment for collecting the potash that escapes from the kilns, and at several other plants installations for the same purpose are now in building. The recovery of potash at the Riverside plant now amounts to about 3 pounds per barrel of cement, or to about 60 per cent of the total potash that enters the kilns. This is now separated by leaching from the rest of the dust with which it is collected, and is placed on the market in the form of a concentrated salt containing about 80 per cent of potassium sulphate. At other plants, as the Security Cement & Lime Co., the potash is not separated from the dust, but the mix- ture of both is disposed of directly as collected for use in the manufacture of fertilizers. In an investigation recently completed in the Bureau of Soils, it was shown that the potash that escapes from the different cement plants of the country varies from 0.35 to 5.34 pounds per barrel of cement, with an average of about 1.9 pounds. Taking 90,000,000 barrels as the average annual production of cement in this country, then it may be esti- mated that the total potash escaping from all the cement plants of the country as at present operated amounts to about 86,000 tons annually. Assuming in the light of re- 262 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. sults already obtained that it would be possible to recover in available form, say, 80 per cent of the total escaping, then the available potash that would be possible of recovery in the cement industry of this country amounts to about 70,000 tons annually. It has been shown, moreover, that the amount of potash that escapes from cement plants may be increased by increas- ing the percentage occurring in the raw material or by in- creasing by chemical or other means the percentage of potash volatilized. If the same relative increase in the potash vola- tilized could be effected in all plants as has already been secured in some plants where potash is now being recovered, then the available recoverable potash in the cement plants of the country would be increased from 70,000 tons to about 100,000 tons annually. Still greater possibilities are to be expected by the use of feldspar and other potash.minerals in the raw materials, and it is for reasons such as these out- lined that the cement industry is looked upon as one of the principal potential sources of potash supply in this country. FERTILIZERS FROM PLANT WASTES. Since fertilizers are used as food for plants it will follow that plants, and particularly certain parts of plants, may serve as fertilizers for a new crop. ‘This fact has long been recognized, and the wastes obtained in the utilization of all plant products may therefore be disposed of for fertilizer use. At one time a plant waste known as cottonseed meal, obtained in the manufacture of cottonseed oil, constituted the largest single source of nitrogenous material used in fer- tilizers, and the quantity still used for this purpose is in excess of 300,000 tons annually. Plant wastes of this kind, together with certain animal wastes, as dried blood, are now being used, however, more and more as feed for animals; but even in the utilization of organic wastes fertilizers will no doubt still always consume the greater number of products, for all may be used for fertilizer manufacture, but all are not suited as food for animals. A case of this kind is seen in the recovery of potash as a by-product in the manufacture of nicotine from tobacco waste. In this there is also furnished another illustration of the use as a fertilizer of a waste product recovered in the utilization of a waste. Fertilizers jrom Industrial Wastes. 263 Summing up, it may be stated that industrial wastes fur- nished about 40 per cent of the potash, 8 per cent of the phos- phorie acid, and 85 per cent of the nitrogen used in this country in 1916. The potash was obtained from such wastes as tobacco stems, cottonseed hulls, hardwood ashes, wool washings, blast-furnace flue dust, cement flue dust, and sugar residues; the phosphoric acid was furnished by such materials as bones, shells, fish serap, and basic slag; and the nitrogen was ob- tained from wastes in the manufacture of castor, linseed, and fish oils; from animal wastes, as blood, hair, horns, hoofs, and hides; from leather and woo] wastes; from coke; and from other substances too numerous to mention. THE DESIGN OF PUBLIC ROADS. By CuHaries H. MOooRreErI£e.p, Senior Highway Engineer, Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering. M*** factors are to be considered in planning the im- provement of almost any public road, let alone a sys- tem of roads for an entire community. Almost daily the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering is in receipt of the query “ What kind of roads are cheapest and best for my community to build?” Replies necessarily must be more or less disappointing becatise the information in the letters of inquiry seldom is sufficient to warrant the Office in offer- ing any very definite advice. Road design is, in general, a local problem, the proper solution of which involves: (1) The safety, convenience, and comfort of those for whose use the road is intended; (2) the amount of funds available for the improvement; (3) the relative availability and cost of various road-building mate- rials that might prove suitable for constructing a road of the general character desired. In other words, the aim in planning public road improve- ments should be (1) to furnish the taxpayers the kind of public road accommodations they need and are able to pay for, and (2) to attain this purpose at the least possible ulti- mate cost to the public treasury. In order to accomplish this the person who designs a road must be thoroughly familiar with local conditions, and must possess the judgment necessary to weigh the importance of the various factors that should be considered. From what has been said it is evident that the most to be hoped from a general discussion of road design is a presen- tation of facts and suggestions that may serve in a measure to guide the judgment in adapting the design of a particular road to local conditions. Therefore, no attempt will be made to state definite and exact rules for designing roads to suit 265 266 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Design and cost data for typical Federal-aid projects, proposed for the Secretary of State and project. Cal.1.. Pas Sot. Location. Alameda County; bound- ary to Richmond. Denver to Littleton....... Brunswick to Gardner... .. Waterville to Bangor...... Buckeystown Turnpike... Bladeusburg to Lanham... Fairhaven to Long Plain. . .-| Newburyport Turnpike. .. Saugatuck, Holland....... South Haven, Saugatuck. . Chisago County, Twin Cities—Duluth. .| Winona County, river road St. Paul—Stillwater....... Rockingham County, La Fayotte road. Henderson County, Hick- ory Nut Gap. ..| McDowell County, Swana- noa Gap. ..| Catawba County, Central Highway. .| Waterford, Susquehanua. . .| Washingtonand Allegheny Counties, Washington Pike Johnstown, Mundys Cor- | V. H.| V. H. ner. .| Beresford to Redwood City H. sats a Design data. Width. Road materials _ locally available. S . ae ) E 7 of 4 rom (owt Feet. Feet. Stone... 225.2 60-66 36 Eliot stone...... 100-120 | 60-80 Basalt gravel, 60 24 sand. b cicicighe aia hee areas 66 | 21-23 Gravel + . 2%. 66 | 21-23 Stone.:).i; . .£.37. 40 24 SEWER Coe 40 24 Ledge rock and 50 24 sand. Stone and gravel BO leona ae Nore. /s5c. cous 66 24 INORG. oo. sos aes 66. lo, s=5 ee Clay and gravel. 66 24 Wones. .ste-t-nne 66 24 Gravel. ccs. 5s 66 24 Gravelo'Uss2s24 50-80 24 Graveles =a. 40 18 Sand and gravel. 40 18 Sand and clay... 40 Nance Menesss2. § kde 26 MONG. Foes ot eens 26 Sand. .2/sucsasys 33 26 ee ee ee ee EEE ee eS eee Feel. 20 16 1 Daily traffic: Light (L.), 1 to 100 vehicles; moderate (M.), 101 to 200 vehicles; heavy (H.), 201 to 300 vehicles; very heavy (V. H.), over 300 vehicles. 2 Revised estimate. 3 Reconnaissance estimate. 4 Bids received, low bid, $34, 308.12. The Design of Public Roads. 267 improvement by various State highway departments and approved by Agriculture. . Design data—Continued. Cost data (estimated) . | Aa Sa: Maxi- +3 mum : Cost per mile. y grade. 8 2 i] ¢ a Kind of surfacing. Py | Ss “3 3 32 8 g (4 a| s | $8 8 3 | %& bo = Om 4 s |§ | g Ze 8 pet A 4 S 3 a MMi Miles. | 4.00. 02 Bituminous concrete | 4. 235 $3,390. 13 $1, 894. 68 $13, 629. 90 $18, 914. 71 2380, 103. 79 (Topeka — specifica- | tions). a 70 aOh 5 58 W0....: < yeaa Sart 2.55 | 2,325.09 2,534. 74) 17,420.24 22, 280.07) 2 56, 814. 21 £00) Cancrete:. 1. . Sec. -< xt 3.95 906.25 1,992.27) 12,528.07; 15, 426. 59, 3 60, 935. 04 Ce ES a ay ar ae bb an a | 2 a =" a | # n & 2; Bituminous macadam .|15. 57 | 4,150. 93, 1,149. 83} 12, 853. ‘ 18, 154. 59 2 282,666. 91 On Gramele 2.5... ..5-- 2 6.98 | 1,937. 45, 1, 296. 25} 4,381. a 7,615. 47) 3 53, 156. 03 -02) COMGTGUO! «rnc - cei 2.01 | 1, 262. 81 257. 49) 15, 548. ! 17,068. 72) 434,308. 12 weaiee t ine Pantene = hikes 3.32 | 2,724.40 1, 764. 53) 16,927. m7 21,416.70 671,103. 45 | 952. 84; 16, 843.99 21,761.00 3 47, 483, 42 | | | “ol Seapie as Fae ere 2. 182) 3, 964. 17, = eeey ee Bituminous macadam -| 1.162) 4, 868.67, 2,007.17) 17, 454. 16, 24, 330. 00: 6 28, 223. 50 ser. A Pe cetpcce cpm caee 5. 983) 1,176.66, 545.68) 11,610. 86 13, 333. 20 219,772. 55 ee eee ee AO’ ooo wn cn tn ose | Agia Oat Goes a 11, 854.72, 14, 000. 00, 8 98, 000. 00 ARG a, ee Sees 32. 16 933.77, 386.50; 2,100.13) 3,420. 40 2110, 000. 00 Senn eee None at present.......| 6.25 | 2,984. 64 pene) -5" Saar 3, 840. 00 7 24, 000.00 cee See 3, ee eee ae!) seca 311.32) 2,595.30) 4,245. 30, § 22, 508. 00 ai Modi‘led asphalt gravel| 1.2 632.50) 696.67) 12,288.45) 13,617.62 216,341.14 | foundation. Gi Nene.) .O52.i-243 Reels 7. 75 | 1,740.04) 1,665. 47).......... 3,405. 51 3 26, 392. 83 ea pe ss eae aS PS a yd sons} Ce ee eae Sand-clay or top soil...| 8.00 892.37, 286.72 440.00; 1,619.09, 8 12,952. 76 .OC} Vitrifed brick, con-! 2.675) 2,989.10) 1,518.05) 21,981.69) 26,488, 84) 2 70, 857. 65 crete foundation. . 15} Reinforced concrete....| 6.48 | 4,037.67) 2,381. 56) 18,338. 87| 24, 758. 10.2160, 433. 53 ° . 22) Vitrified brick, con-| 6.234) 2,667. ng 1,941.99) 29, 244. 04) 33, 853. 56)? 211, 043. 28 crete foundation. 6 Bids received, low bid, $72,843.82. 6 To be revised. 7 Reconnaissance estimate. To be surfaced with gravel after heavy fills have had time to settle. 268 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Design and cost data for typical I’ederal-aid projects, proposed for the Secretary of Design data. Traflic ET : cum aioe impor- tance. Location. Road materials locally available. / | State and project. l Right of way. Roadway. Surface Feet. Feet. | Feet. V.H.| Graveland sand.! Variable) 24-28 18 R.1.1..' Washington County, So. a 5 9) L Kingston Post Road. Vt. 1....| Chittenden County,| L. | M. | Gravel’and'stone|. 5-2-3. : 2 21 French Hill. Vt. 2... | Winooski, River Road.....| M. | M. | Graveland stone SO feaspeve 21 Va. 1....| Russell County, Moceasin | L L Limestone and 30 18 12 Gap. chert. Va. 2....| Prince William County, | M H Graveleo sc. 30 22 16 Marumsco-Neapsco. Va. 3....| Hampton, Newport News.| V. H.| V.H.| None........... 30-40 |....... 16 Va. 4....| Danville-Martinsville. .... L. Bat Bekbe Fence inet BO rad 28 20 Wash. 1.| Thurston County, Pacific | M. | V.H.| None........... 60 | 26-30 20 Highway. Wash. 2.| Navy Yard, Clifton Port..}| M. L ASTOR cian be 60 | 20-30 12 Wash.3.| Stevens County, Meyers| L MM. }- Gravele.t ere, 60-120 ; 20-24 12 Falls-Kettle Falls. Wash.4.| Clarke County, Pacific} L IMA il NOne sacs coerce 60 | 28-30 14 Highway. Wash. 6.) Kamilche Section, Olym- | L H Gravel esos ans 60 24 14 - pie Highway. 1 Reconnaissance estimate. conditions. The most important features of the problem will be taken up separately and discussed with a view to showing the variations in current practice and the influence of some special conditions, with regard to each feature. The table on pages 266 to 269 presents data relating to the design of a number of roads proposed by various States and approved by the Secretary of Agriculture for improvement as Federal-aid projects under the recent act of Congress pro- viding for Federal cooperation in the improvement of post roads. These proposed improvements were planned by the State highway departments and approved by the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering. The designs were based on a thorough knowledge of local conditions, on the The Design of Public Roads. 269 improvement by various State highway departments and approved by Agriculture—Continued. Design data—Continued. Cost data (estimated). Maxi- : m mum : Cost per mile. 9 grade. Ss ay oe be 2% S Ay r bo te Kind of surfacing. ro oO 8 ° oo = o¥ » ~ ° oo © 45 19) . vz) a a | oo = 5) oQ . 2 _~ — S | b& bo aH & aH a be i q rs =] ™ pe) we) ® 5 Ss iS) ° a 14 4 S 69 ra = = Na rer a o |— | ° . 1 | Af. Miles. 5.40.02} Bituminous concrete. .| 3.66 )$4,601.07| $523. 55'$17, 624. 79 $22, 749. 41) $83 , 262.85 aris fem Gravel with crushed-- | .9 | 3,262.50) 2,517.77| 5,321.88] 11,102.00] 19,991.52 stone base. Set CUS SSIES 3 GOs - , ‘ % hs v : ) . . = . ‘ yi wy « é Nt FF ‘ Y - ; * it tol py. : F f was Fs - , ¥ rei $s ey * i a " f ; * n " ~ } ’ } i — 4 we sé ; C erty od tam ARPS) Jet cia sStee j ’ 7 lr it , ly oe 34 7 On. 0s tink Sobers .97 . 24 heather, acidulated....5... 4-555 --nteneaee 7 to 8 Oatner, Broun ce foe ee ee ns an ee cee 10 to 12 BSSther SOrANS suse a ooo n rane ene an once 6. 88 Peathér: sores (ash)! 3o sis oe 3 os eae ee eee eae 2.16 Tamon culls, 'California..4.. 655-2 Se vets oon 22 -15 - 06 Bemon'skins (aih)->. . 23.1) 2s ose. coognie | aaa AGL 6. 30 WWiARTVASH wf - = <2 aot coe wec swans anak otaue pape ee eee ae ~ 75 EO re Ase tere cele s Smee Sain Spe eaa ae as oka amaetan macaes anaes -5 tol 1.15 15 to 30 23. 93 2.25 to 4.25 Jb toe 12. 61 ee ee 2. 00 -1 to 1.50 " Conservation of Fertilizer Materials. 287 » ; F Fertilizer value of various materials expressed in percentages of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash content—Continued. OTHER MATERIALS—Continued. Fertilizer. Nitrogen. ioe ric Potash. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. TsO DSUBT TOIUNG ede c oc cen ven Rh ides cosavedecce 4. 50 CLO lee sortase MLE. mStar SHO sad Sis aete ls cs Oe ec bens esas oaetee 4. 60 Ope es tes SS. PERSE otcis ale Kon Acta See eee actaiees koe vam cio tele ns . 50 30 0.18 ) EST ES Re ae 9 a Se 90 12 13 Molasses residue in manufacturing of alcohol. . . Pay (UF Peg rest ae 5. 82 CURRIER VOS. A teltnt + ane cccews > MES elt k let kets . 80 .35 old OO Sc hikes $7 2 RA ie a Oh eee er 2. 00 . 80 . 60 SRV TIOUMMCRS her, 8 cide cue re cn MRS ae ono wn PRE a ae 1.15 . 78 1. 26 Olive refuse...... SRG Riek cp iaci) CaR Ress? eons 1,22 .18 «a2 Sere Cubist es 80.5 Soa Xa fi 5 ek . 20 vile 721 RURCRIRING SACRE SEAR) Sat ae See EE Uk Esl ratte maces Sie alecp 2.90 27. 00 Rk SPOR NS OL ia Sg xin 08 ah 2 Do ack oor ares a¥nc bes dnc deep 1.79 9. 00 Peanuts, seeds;.or Kernels... .0.2.........0.... 3. 60 .70 45 epeniel shells 2. i iaacie ee eee oe. oe a a SK . 80 ts . 50 PAUIABUOLE RSL < 2 oti eee Roe: Sete oo al. Seno as St 1.23 6.45 Picker dirtirom cotton mull. ..22.2..... 22-2... 1.37 . 68 1.56 TE WORU LOGEC. — Soc tbc cae oes some ce wan . 60 oA Ox tosh: Onaren Ue’ ..= HOlseOOSs bUMONS Se Ue neo hates sae ee epee ~35 Pp, - 50 Potatoes, leaves and stalks .................... . 60 old 45 Potato skins, boiled sweet (ash). ... ...2.-- eee By ae ra | ona Waimea, Gh.ss. .... ve Ls ei Jackson, Miss.\....1-7...< do... Memphis, Tenn..... Angus.....-. Livingston, Ala..... Shorthorn.. _ Average price. Number ~emaining in South. | Bulls. | Cows. Bulls. Cows. | . 17| 39 [$755.00 $117.50 17 39 27| 26 | 197.60 | 228.85) 27| 26 7 6 | 115.71 | 263.33 7 |.10M6 12| 10+} 173.00 | 137.50} 12> 10 32| 14] 141.40| 126.07) 32! 14 11| 28| 78.95| 97.45) 11 25 10| 22 | 137.64 | 176.98 | 10 22 13.|. 30 | 129.88 | 166.75 | 13 30 16 | 28 | 241.00] 170.00} 15 27 12} 30] 215.00 | 142.85 | 12 30 21} 18 | 273.80 | 225.25} 20 18 178 | 251. 176.96 | 159.27 | 176 | 247 18 | 32 210. 55 | 154.70 | 18 32 19 22 | 168.98 | 189.02] 18, 21 14 | 27 | 458.90 | 399.25| 14| ~ 24 34} 26 | 161.60} 145.95] 34| 26 14 | 26 | 221.07 | 199.42] 14/| 26 23 27| 198.24 | 221.76| 22) 27 23 | 27| 179.36 | 200.64| 22! 27 12} 24] 122.08 | 139.45] 12 | a4 8| 20 | 126.25 | 167. 45 8 | 29 13} 25 | 190.80 | 185.20} 13 | 25 178 | 256 | 202.55 | 201.56 | 175 | 252 16| 39 | 162.25] 172.07} 16| 39 13| 2} 220.00] 125.00] 13 2 19 | ~ 26 | 535.55 | 345.25] 19 25 4 11 | 140.00 | 161.10 4 11 15 | 33 | 174.00 | 137.00] 15 33 12} 30| 187.00] 177.00] 12 30 14|- 19 | 232.63 | 256.38! 14 19 16| 37 | 222.80] 234.30| 16 37 34| 14 | 258.00 | 267.00| 34 14 -18 | 22| 167.09 | 186.91} 17 21 19 | 24 | 182.00 | 164.00| 19 24 27} 11 | 165.00 | 162.00! 27 11 29 | 17 | 310.93 | 439.41) 27 17 9} 29) 109.60 | 151.10 9 29 13| 9 | 155.00 | 130.00) 13 | 9 338 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Public sales of beef cattle held in the Southern States (1903 to 1917)—Contd. Date. Place of sale. Breed. . Jan. 26,1916.| Salisbury, N. C.....| Angus. Feb. 2,1916.| Montgomery, Ala...|..... GO.0 6%. Feb. 23,1916.| Memphis, Tenn..... Shorthorn, . Mar. 3,1916.| Childress, Tex.......| Hereford... Mar. 7,1916.| Oklahoma, Okla....|.....do..... Mar. 8,1916.} Knoxville, Tenn....} Angus..... Mar. 14,1916.) Fort Worth, Tex....}| Shorthorn... Mar. 23,1916.) Watonga, Okla......|....- AG.) ee: Mar. 27,1916.) Jackson, Miss....... Hereford... Mar, 28, 1916.|..... Gans shee 2 oe As (3 Co aes Mar. 29,1916.) Orrville, Ala......-..|....- do. May 3,1916.) Atlanta, Ga.........| ....do.... May 4,1916.)..... I Ce oe eer A658: May 9,1916.| Tulsa, Okla........- Shorthorn.. May 10,1916.; Lawhon, La........]..... do. Aug. 10,1916.) Shreveport, La......}...-- (a Aug. 12,1916.| McMinnville, Tenn .| Hereford... Sept. 14, 1916.| Amarillo, Tex.......|..... ites Sept. 29, 1916.| Midland, Tex.......]..... do... Oct. 20;-1916:1 Atlanta; Ga--s0 2-2: s2<23 do. . Oct. 21,1916 | Meridian, Miss......|..... €0 oa. Oct. 24,1916.| Nashville, Tenn.....} Angus. .... Oct. 28,1916.| Tulsa, Okla......... Shorthorn... Nov. 15, 1916.| Chickasha, Okla....|.....do..... Nov. 23, 1916.| Watonga, Okla....../..... do's. Noy. 24, 1916.| Nashville, Tenn.....| Hereford... 0016.5 55,53 .4.52 OGs ee .. BRE: Angus..... Totals. and Byef=“l.c.us.--- 1899 | Bay..... 15.1% | 1,170 | By The Bard; dam, Heel and Toe, by Glenelg. I So al 1909 |...do....| 15.3 1,100} By Flambeau; dam,Floradora, by Meddler. Myles O’Connell........ 1907 | Brown..| 15.3} ] 1,100 | By Milos; dam, Meteora, by Magnet. Tock Parker ost wen: 1906 | Chestnut} 16.03 | 1,190 | By Golden Garter; dam, Flora Mac, by Falsetto. Gansuires.. 23.04. ke 1909 | Bay.....} 16.04} 1,100| By The Commoner; dam, Mountain Mist, by Magnet- izer. LysehWure .... 2.2 .0.s- 1909 ; Brown..} 15.2} 1,050] By. The Scribe; dam, Rose Washington, by Faustus. Singlo Files. nc ceddaues 1908 | Bay..... 16.1 1,140 | By Sir Dixon; dam, Single Shot, by Star Shoot. (GMOS. ....cs-snceee- 1910 | ...do...| 15.34] 1,070 | By Nasturtium; dam, Iveragh, by Springfield. SADDLE HORSES. Richmond Choice 4578..} 1910 | Black...| 15.3 1,175 | By Rex Peavine 1796; dam, Dianah Mason 5816, by King Richard 2879. Victor Peavine 5264....| 1911 | Chestnut} 15.2 1,100 | By Rex Peavine 1796; dam, Pattie Stone 5773, by King Richard 2879. Breeding Horses for the United States Army. 343 Stallions purchased by the Government—Continued. Year Name. foaled. SADDLE HORSES—Ccon., Fairacre King 4059...... 1909 Young Bill 5910......... 1908 Beechwold Chester 6226.) 1906 Captain Peary 4161..... 1909 Hamilton’s Chief 5801...| 1908 Highland Cloud 3490...| 1908 Jesse Dare 6100.........- 1907 Judge Collins 2553. ..... 1904 High Vine 2733......... 1904 STANDARDBREDS. MacNunne 45328........ 1906 Sigler 51525............. 1909 Lord Rion 52777........ 1906 Twilight M. 41993....... 1905 Be Gue 62852 .. 2. ove. ea 1905 King Spier 46820........ 1907 Richford Jay 52050......| 1909 Glacier B. 32181......... 1899 The Tribesman 54716...| 1907 Color. Chestnut Sin GO. cists Brown.. Chestnut Chestnut Bay..2is Chestnut Bay..... 5--G0 <2. 0 . 4 Chestnut Black... Brown.. Height.| Weight. Hands. \Pounds. 15, 2h 15. 2h 16. 15. 2h 15.3 16.2 16.1 15.14 16. 2} 15.2} 16 15. 23 15.3 15.2 16 15,2 15, 24 1, 090 1,300 1,180 1, 160 1, 160 1,075 1, 160 1,300 1,100 1,050 Breeding. By Bourbon King 1788; dam, Aletha Chief, by Bourbon Chief 976. By Golden King 2359; dam, Mary Wells 2784, by Bourbon Chief 976. By Happy Dare 1870; dam, Mollie Nichols 4788, by Den- mark Chief J. B. 682. By Highland Flower 1662;dam, Nancy Lee 476, by Monte Cristo 59. By Bourbon Chief 976; dam, Belle McDonald 1499, by Rex McDonald 833. By Cloud King 2198; dam, Valeda 2613, by Highland Denmark 730. By Highland Dare 1534; dam, Lizzie Squirrel 9091, by Black Squirrel 58. By Highland Denmark 730; dam, Nora N 2071, by Black Squirrel 58. ' By Highland Gaines 1667; dam, Bessie Sable 2882, by Shrop- shire Kentucky Squirrel 1365. By McDougall 33606; dam, The Nunne, by Young Jim 2009. By Red Medium 30516; dam, Maud Sigler, by Wilton 5982. By Arion 18000; dam, Madge Fullerton, by Young Fuller- ton 3528. By Delmont J. 39474; dam, May Fry, by Charleston 9589. By Wiggins 33907; dam, Lady Crescent, by Cyclone 1956. By Directum Spier 35012; dam, Lady Thisbe, by Milroi 20585. By Jay McGregor 37692; dam, Ecka, by Richford Baron 44951. By Bob Me 20539; dam, L. E. W., by Clark Chief, jr. 2110. By The Clansman 40942; dam, Black Eagle Belle, by Bow Bells 13073. 344 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Stallions purchased by the Government—Continued. i Y BE ’ oe . Name. anf Color. |Height.|W eight. Breeding. —EEE —__—— — — — -\- —— _ - — on STANDARDBREDS—con., Hands. cdi | Hamlin McKinney 53966; 1907 | Bay-..... 15.1 1,000 | By McKinney 8818; dam, Lu- cinda Hamlin, by Mambrino King 1279. MORGANS. Daniel Webster Lam-| 1907 | Chestnut) 14.23 925 | By Lambert B. 5238; dam, bert 6529. Aggie, by Cobden 1515. Madison Lambert 6530..| 1907 Bay.....| 25% 1,030 | By Lambert B. 5238; dam, Jessie T., by Harlus. Donlyn 5849.....:.... 02. 2000; | dda. if) 28 1,000 | By Donald 5224; dam, by Billy | | | Roberts, 4550. In addition to the above-mentioned stallions the follow- ing thoroughbreds have been donated to the Government and have been used in the remount-breeding work of the Agricultural Department, and the Morgans named below, from the United States Morgan Horse Farm, Middlebury, Vt., have also been used in this work. Stallions donated to the Government. Name. ait | Color. |Height. |Weight. Breeding. J Ss. THOROUGHBREDS Hands. \Pounds. Henry of Navarrea....| 1891 | Chestnut! 15.1} | 1,100 | By Knight of Ellerslie; dam, Moss Rose, by Ill-Used. Qotaron. Bien oo. san cc | 1894 | ...do...} 16.14] 1,200 | By Rayond’Or; dam, Ortegal, by Bend Or. Belfry Il, oso £ ates 1908 | Bay.....| 16.1 1,200 | By Rock Sand; dam, Beldame, by Octagon. Footprint.......-.......| 1908 | Chestnut} 16.1 1,200 | By Rock Sand; dam, Fetish, by Rayon d’Or. Dandy Rock...-.......} 1910 | Brown..| 15.3 1,150 | By Rock Sand; dam, Donna Mia, by Ill-Used. Boola Boola....-....-.-. $007 .|2...d0)....)) 14 1,200 | By Ben Brush; dam, The Mecea, by Midlothian. Black’ Dick wt on bok 1898 | Black...}| 16.03] 1,150 | By Sir Dixon; dam, Merdin, by Hindoo. Merry Task..3.5-..-22- 1907 | Bay.....| 16 1,150 | By Octagon; dam, Merry To- ken, by Merry Hampton. Saint Hock (2 or 1913 | Chestnut} 16 1,100| By Rock Sand; dam, St. | Pricilla, by Rayon d’Or. @ Octagon, Henry of Navarre, Belfry II, Footprint, and Dandy Rock were donated by Mr. August Belmont, of New York, N. Y., prior to 1913. Boola Boola was donated by Mr. Johnson N. Camden, of Versailles, Ky., in January, 1913. Black Dick was donated by Mr. Thomas Nelson Page, of Virginia, in November, 1915. Merry Task and Saint Rock were donated by Mr. August Belmont in July, 1917. b Octagon died July 3, 1917. Breeding Horses for the United States Army. 345 Stallions donated to the Government—Continued. Name, pa cet Color, Height. Weight. Breeding. MORGANS. Hands. | Pounds. Bennington 5693........} 1908 | Bay.....| 15.1 | 1,060 | By General Gates 666; dam, Mrs. Culvers (3711) (s). CRStOPr S683 70s =n oo. = = 10 = 52 0 se; | —1408 1,000 | By General Gates 666; Babe, by Bob Morgan 4549. ROG Walks 6269.<.. Jo. 300 1000 oo K08 ot. | 216 1,040 | By General Gates 666; dam, Marguerite, by White River Morgan 482. Snoqualmie 5783........ LIOR 5} oc sO Bee cm] bLO 1,000 | By Troubadour 5125; dam, Sarah, by Gov. Fiske 3971. Troubadour of Willow- | 1910 |...do....| 15.1 1,135 | By Troubadour 5125; dam, moor 6459. Bob Morgan 4549. TERMS. The terms under which mares may be bred to these stal- lions are as follows: The owner of the mare agrees in writing at the time of breeding to give the Government an option on the resulting colt as a 3-year-old at a stated price which so far has been $150. No service fee is charged unless the owner of a colt wishes to be released from the option, in which case it is $25 for a mature stallion. This means that practically no money is invested in service fees. If the colt is purchased by the Government no service fee is charged. If the colt is offered to the Government and purchase re- fused, no service fee is charged. The breeder does not have to pay a service fee on a colt which dies, which is deformed, or which is seriously injured. LOCALITIES. In order to facilitate the supervision of the remount-breed- ing work the territory used was divided into three districts, that known as the first district, including the States of Ver- mont and New Hampshire; the second, the States of Virginia and West Virginia; and the third, the States of Kentucky and Tennessee. Morgan stallions alone were assigned to the first district. In the second district Thoroughbred, Standardbred, and American Saddle stallions are in use. In the third district the stallions belong to the Standard- bred and American Saddle breeds. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 346 “1B0h OBO SUOT]B00'T ‘supah fiq ‘sayyno0) 07 suoyjnjs fo quawmubissy “eA ‘jeAoy JoIg |-""******" SA ‘jeAoyY JuOIg |-""*"*"""* vA ‘jeAoy JuoIg ["*"" 7" "7 ** eA ‘feAoy JuoIg [--"""""** “eA ‘TeAoY JuoIg |""""** OLIBABN Jo ATMO “£4 “puopueyg |o-- "os SM “psoyaeyg on SM ‘paoyueyg |o*"m AM “proyueyg [o-oo Sy ‘Proyueys |°-** Jory S09 [Te ge oe ee ee ee ee FI6I Joye posn JON |°-*-*-**-*" Ay ‘aosuepuey [~~ ***-*--** AY ‘QINOW]Ry |*-** “AouuTyoW ule — ae BA ‘uojsuTyseM |°~--"*"" "BA “Ieys" “=~ = eC Ueputiee ("9 s5=* "932s" Sai UOTUNGIGU © Ay ‘eptaAqieyg |---t ony og “£4 “Preyuowey j** AY ‘Pleyuoqey |“ -7 AX “propuoyey | AX ‘pleyuowey jo" 4X “Preyyoqe'T |--**” 194S0q) PIOMYoog = LI6I 9T61 | CT6: FI6BI £16. | = —— “UOTIT®Ig | 347 Breeding Horses for the United States Army. “AY ‘ZuTpIelg JUNO a oe Ay ‘Suyieig yunoy |******* Ay ‘Buysi0yg yunoy |°****** Ay ‘BuTIe1g yuMOW |°--**** Ay ‘BuTpI97g yuMOR_ |**** "ET Bunoyx ‘BA ‘moJUNRIS Sten SS EOC IMGTISR AA | se eA ‘TesoYy JuOIg |°°""""""*" BAwTGAO tT AO NN || > meaimme es BA HeAOt GuOLy ies =*" OUTABO YT IOJOTA SEES RSTO | Se ae eee SO Meee ee ee coi Le lo iil Sai ini SPUR ees Sr AO W UST “QA “op[tasupyieg [7777777 7A “OI[AsuPyieg [7777777777 1A ‘OTTAsUppeg |" H “N “FuouerB[D 4seMA |" HN “O[[}APIOJIQ [-- inopeqnoly, “As ‘moxt@ [PS “Ss ee Aa eoxiGg (Sse Ae OST |. cas Se “Ay “WORT alas eee Ay ‘uoxtg |°"****""uBUIseqty, eu 4A ‘uIByoveg YyNOg |-""""~*""*"* oh Canes jo° Ses H ‘N ‘oormoyy |""""""*"* HN ‘O[[tASpoo |°"""">"""* H ‘N ‘ortAspoom [--"""""""""* erumyenboug i = Stil, (8 Eg Sok * ileal PA an PIGI 104JB posn JON |°"" "T° BA SUOSTpeyy [--"" "°° BA SMOSTpRyT |--"- “°° "°° “OTT e[saTg “Ay “QnOMyS FP SS A acne |-- Ay ‘qqnowmyeg |°"""""** TAM “RIV Bilog: |“ =" On AX “Gling Giien, [ee took Sense = I9[3tg "OA (AA “SuBSaiLT saps |" -* Set TES" eA ‘esoy Juolg |°""""" eoIoyO PUOUTYOTYy “BA ‘yO0ISpooM |-""" 77" BA ‘BIMQsyouepely |---""** eA ‘simqsyouepelg |-"-"""~ eA ‘sInqsyouepelg |---"-** SA ‘BINGSyOWepely j-"""- "7" Aer prloyyony ‘2A “Ange[PPuN |" "77" 4A ‘AING@TPPHN |7* "777777" 4A ‘AnqetPPH |*° "7-777" 4A “Pleyureld | 4A “PlopUTeE jn AO pew BA tehod $n017 |S = ea ‘reAoyjuolg |----"""-** eA ‘TeAoy JuoIg |-*""""""*° CA “‘TeAOW 9m0aH-|°° "2 MA *Tesoe WuOnay peas” “24° See ss m038IO ae er ecececesers|---"""""°S 16, Joye posn JON |°"" "°°" "°° BA ‘MOBSUTXeT |--"""""-- "BA “IBLIg JoomMg |--*"- ~~" ]JemUU0D,O serAT ey ae ie cee ee "| fen = oie sare oe 8 oma ene eke [as ° °3e°°=* “Er * AT AGOULIOT I ~|° 72 A N 4Oouseael easement 2 0 IG'y Tenner "BA ‘SInqsyouepelg |--"""""""""" BA ‘HOOISPOOM |--°"" "7777" SA ‘YOOISPOOM |°°"" "°°" ""° "BA SYOOISPOOM |°""">* SA °M ‘UMOJUBSIOW, |-*""""7 ne eUuUn NoVyy “SA “ORpAaaer |°o-- "<= 52" == SA mseipens |. o> BA; OOSIperTdes. as SA “degseotin,p.|~—" ~s4-* er BA “KoloTmOpE I-~" > *"-°"°"* sinqyous’T wh 1 a a hae delat Mies -Ugsey | --* 7 UO CMSITOO las ee ee eo Se ne ees ee ener q [eso'T “A SEACH |e TueL “anepen |" WueL ‘UNeep [7 Tue “UTyepey |---- mueL “UTyerTey | - wory P1o'T Si Mee oleiiee fas oe - Fy “eT” GA sandy 1° <8 ar ie) ape 28 Fe il fon ts Sl ad SA ‘100Ieg |" * oS hth 1S led dalalaaa Jotdg 3ury "BA “M “JuBsBelg "BA “O[TTAS@HON |" BA “O[TIASOHON [77° 777777 BA “UMOPIPPIM | WIOg “VA M‘UOYsuTyUNA |-*- =" 7" BA “WIO}{OQQBID |""="* "eens Tg puly ete a ee ee oe ee ear ee [ee €I6T Joye posn JON |---- AY ‘QQNOMBy |-****"***""suTTTOO espne ; "BA “AM “U0U3UT “AM ‘ygnomypeg [---*-7 "77°" Ay ‘qynompeg |---*--"""*"* 4y ‘yynomyey |--"--7 "7" Ay ‘Qynomyey | -yun_ pus “Ay ‘Auwqry jo ttttttt aIB(T ossor See ee eee AE ne ee ae FIGI 103J8 posn JON |" -"*" "BVA ‘BIMquostueyA |*-****-" BA “BInquosuiepA |**-******** “IOyIV your "BAM “JuBsvelT JIT |" - "BA “M “UBsBeTT JUIOT |" "BA “M “FUBSOTT JUIOT |-"""BA “M “JUBSBETT FUIOg |-*-*~** “"""@UTA UST ee ae eee ae ee eRe SS OU oe a eee © Aso ve am CI6I UI Pelq |*"*"" "BA (AA ‘UMOJZUBSIOW |--**~** “pnol[g puslysreL 348 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Within these districts Government stallions are sent to particular localities where there is a local demand for them The class of mares in such localities, the lack of good light stallions, the topography of the soil, and the accessibility of the locality are all given consideration before stallions are assigned to particular points. So long as the results justify it, remount stallions are returned to their respective localities each season. For the season of 1917, however, the localities at which remount stallions stood remained practically the same as they were in 1916, but in many instances a differ- ent stallion was assigned to a particular point. This was deemed advisable in order that any 38-year-old fillies sired by remount stallions might be bred to other remount stallions provided they were sufficiently well developed. This plan of changing a stallion every four years has re- cently been made even more desirable because of an agree- ment with the War Department that owners of 3-year-old fillies might retain them without the payment of a service fee. It is assumed that many of these fillies will eventually be bred if they are not bred as 3 or 4 year olds. This will permit of a grading-up process for particular types of horses that will be discussed in detail further on. (For as- signment of stallions to localities see table on the two preceding pages.) CLASS OF MARES BRED. On account of the provision for free service, mares pos- sessing the followimg unsoundnesses are not bred to Govern- ‘ment stallions: bone spavin, ringbone, heaves, stringhalt, roaring, periodic ophthalmia (moon blindness), and_blind- ness, partial or complete. Mares are selected for breeding to Government stallions that approach either a cavalry or light artillery type. The selection of mares proves an im-~- portant educational feature as well as assures a much better class of army horses from the first cross. Following are the specifications for cavalry and light artillery types, as appear- ing in the War Department pamphlet issued in 1916 giving specifications for horses and mules: Mature cavalry horses and saddle horses for mountain artillery, Signal Corps, Engineer Corps, infantry, and other purposes: The mature horse must be gound, well bred, of a superior class, and have uality; gentle and of a kind disposition ; well broken to the saddle, with light and elastic mouth, easy gaits, and free and prompt action at the walk, Yearbook U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE LV. FIG. 1.—THOROUGHBRED STALLION, HENRY OF NAVARRE FIG, 2.—THOROUGHBRED STALLION, FOOTPRINT, Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE LVI. FIG. 1.—SADDLE STALLION, FAIR ACRE KING. FIG. 2.—STANDARDBRED STALLION, TWILIGHT M. Yearbook U, S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE LVII. FIG. 1.—MORGAN STALLION, BENNINGTON. FIG. 2.—T HREE- YEAR-OLD COLT SIRED BY GOVERNMENT STALLION. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE LVIII. FIG. 1—SADDLE STALLION, JESSE DARe. FIG. 2—FOUR-YEAR-OLD SIRED BY GOVERNMENT STALLION. Initials U. S. R. mean United States remount. Breeding Horses for the United States Army. 349 trot, and gallop; free from vicious habits, without material blemish or defect. A gelding of specified color, in good condition, from 5 to § years old at time of purchase; weighing from 950 to 1,200 pounds, depending on height, which should be from 15 to 16 hands, and otherwise to conforia to general description for horses. Artillery horses for light and horse batteries: The artillery horse for light and horse batteries must be sound, wel. bred, of a superior class, and have quality; of a kind disposition, well brok°n to havness, and gentle under the saddle, with easy mouth and gaits, anc free and prompt action at the walk, trot, and gallop; and free from vicious ha‘its; without material blemish or defect. A gelding of specified color, in good condition, from 5 to 8 years old at time of purchase; height from 154 to 16 hands; weight from 1,150 to 1,300 pounds, depending on h. bees! ZB (002 WTO's 21 Orb OD eONy OrsGol 22 0 CO ae a a | aa i253 Oo Oh dee sot Ol 8 40 8 4 4 | a ae RS Se ee ee ee eo) See wiier Ot Othe tT Ol Ol 6 0 Ripe Giters2:. 2.203) 1a OE (Or er at PP cer te tee 4 Mera ApioBt itt tac wt tl abs. VITO TOL OOD Leto a DOree Ly .@\r-2 1 Si Ne ik Pg: 5] 0] 0] 0] 3] 0; of OF oO} Oj of} 2 PENN EETITID ts oe ce soe. Rc oR LS Oape al Bi (Ohi 227|"O Pe Oh iO 1 1 MaUISOM Wail DOruse. os. 22. cree ee BG OT ern cL Or zit 2 |) ONeeO 1 2] at 1 Weieonts. eet: ei sso 2070 7 AVTHAS \o OF TL ODOR 04> 7 4 PU oa Se Pe rey Seen Faeroe 14 6 0 21.50 1 1 0 Zil O 2 0 SN SW oe oes Ss ee om 27 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 2 0} 11 3 Richmond Choice................---. ryieyet OT LT VL OT OF Of OT OT O GeV. 2. COSI 2a... . 13 1 0 2 3 1 1 JSR 0 0 SI B1O BUG cae xan cand - ae tee» «p>. 2a }7 Hh] OLA Dd bo Qe diby OF, AfffO].4 6 PRIORICIBEMING Cutie one eos tec oon be 14 2; 0 2} 0 2i 6 0 1 1 0 0 Mor etIpeIeN One Boola Boola colt purchased on which service fee had previously been paid. ¢ Purchasing officer decided not to incur shipping expenses on the few Sigler colts avail- able, as owners preferred to keep them. 352 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. One hundred and seventy-four colts were purchased by the War Department, and 60 colts were not submitted for inspection. Service fees will be paid on some of the latter, and the others will be inspected later. One hundred and eleven fillies were retained by their owners, and it is probable that a large per cent of these will eventually be used as brood mares. Also, some of the 59 undersized 3-year-olds were fillies, and these too may add to the future brood-mare supply. This feature must be given due credit because the subsequent use of these fillies for breeding purposes will be a far-reaching one, both to the communities in which they are owned and to the Government. The undersized colts will be inspected again as 4-year- olds, and the War Department will purchase any which have developed sufficiently to meet its requirements. In the meantime, or after the first inspection, the owner is relieved of the option and may dispose of the colt as he sees fit. Six- teen colts were submitted which had not been castrated, and they were not purchased, although they will be in the future, provided that in the meantime they are castrated and otherwise come up to the specifications. The five uncas- trated colts by Jesse Dare were so much superior to any- thing else in the vicinity of Albany, Ky., that the owners wished to keep them for breeding purposes. Service fees were paid on 22 colts, and 64 had died or were reported dead, between the time of making up the statements of the number available and the time of inspection. Such conditions, together with the fact that this is the result of the first year’s breeding, accounts for the War De- partment’s not getting so large a number of colts as may well be expected in the future when the work has been brought to greater proficiency and breeders better understand the working of the plan and the class of colts required by the Government. The first few years’ work must be regarded partially as pioneer work. At that, a very large percentage of the colts were desirable. Deducting the number of dead colts and the number not brought in for inspection from the number available, leaves 451 that were actually inspected. The colts which the War Department purchased, the fillies which were retained by their owners, and the colts on which the service fees were paid constitute over 68 per cent of those Breeding Horses for the United States Army. 353 inspected. These are desirable colts and as a class are con- siderably above the average. The colts rejected on account of their color were mainly excellent individuals. As just pointed out, many of the undersized colts will very probably average high as to individuality, and some of them may be purchased at a future mspection. Considering these facts, to state that 68 per cent of the colts were above the average does not tell the whole story, as this percentage will un- doubtedly be considerably higher after subsequent inspec- tions have been made. Had the off-color colts been graded and included in computing the percentage, it would have been higher. ADVANTAGES OF REMOUNT PLAN. Another plan that has been suggested for the production of Army horses is for the Government to maintain sufficient brood mares from which to raise its own horses. This would necessitate the purchase and maintenance of several thou- sand mares, practically all of which would be idle. Under very favorable conditions and with maximum results each colt produced would readily cost considerably over $100 the day it was foaled, and with the cost of rearing added to this, the cost to the Government of colts reared in this way would be far in excess of the cost of colts produced under the plan now in operation, besides taking an important side line from farmers. Under the present plan the brood mares are usu- ally farm work mares which generally pay for their feed by doing farm work, and the colts are produced at birth with- out cost. Under present market conditions there is little opportu- nity for an owner to make money by standing a high-class light stallion, because farmers generally prefer to breed to a draft horse. Consequently, where light stallions are avail- able in farming sections they are likely to be very cheap horses, because such horses have some chance of doing a fairly profitable business by standing for a low service fee. Cheap stallions also are usually peddled from farm to farm, and some farmers persist in using such horses on account of their convenience and low fee. Inferior stallions are largely responsible for the scrubs and misfits. By furnishing high- class stallions at a nominal fee and offering a market for the 29190°—yBxK 1917-23 354 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. colts, as the Government is doing, this condition will be largely corrected. Community breeding has been of inestimable value to the live-stock interests of England and France. It has been successful in this country where given a fair trial. The chief difficulty with this plan of breeding in this country 1s to get farmers to organize and stay organized. Under the remount plan of breeding the Government takes care of all necessary organization, and it is not necessary for the farmer to do any- thing more than breed the mares and raise colts. This plan of breeding will eventually lead to community breeding if localities fortunate enough to be selected by the Government as a stand for their stallions will give the support which the system justifies. No constructive effort has heretofore been made in this country to produce horses of cavalry and artillery types. Horses of these types have been selected from among those that were bred to trot fast, for running speed, for high action, or for saddle gaits, but which did not inherit these character- istics in sufficient degree to make them valuable for the purpose for which they were bred. The object of the re- mount breeding work is to select for and breed sound horses with quality, stamina, and endurance, and conforming to the cavalry or artillery types. Such animals will also be useful, especially in mountainous sections, for riding and driving purposes and for general farm work. Records of the Department of Agriculture show just where the colts are. They are in limited areas and are readily inspected and assembled for shipment. Much money will consequently be saved by the Government in travel and shipping expenses. IMPROVEMENTS AS WORK PROGRESSES. The Government must make light-horse breeding as at- tractive in certain localities as is the raising of draft horses and mules. This must be accomplished largely by paying a suitable price for the colts, and this price must be based on the cost of production, plus a reasonable profit, and not on the present market price of light horses. Farmers should retain their best mares for breeding pur- poses and properly feed and ‘grow out’’ their colts. Because Breeding Horses for the United States Army. 355 of insufficient feeding some farmers do not realize the possi- bilities in their colts. High-class stallions should be obtained to take the place of those which die or are no longer used. This will be possible only when sufficient funds are allowed for the work. In case a stallion fails to sire a sufficient number of the proper types of colts he is castrated. With the provision made by the War Department for allowing owners to keep the filly foals without the payment of a service fee, a grading-up process can be carried out after the plan has been in operation for sufficient time to make a large number of mares sired by remount stallions available. As already stated, stallions will be changed in most localities every four years, and an effort will be made to return a stallion of the same breed. At some points at least it may be found desirable to do some line breeding in order more rapidly to fix and perpetuate type. Artificial insemination of mares will be relied upon more and more as the number of good mares obtained exceeds the number which can be taken care of by natural service. AN AGRICULTURAL AS WELL AS A MILITARY PROJECT. Notwithstanding the necessity for the remount-breeding work from a military standpoint, this work is nevertheless largely an agricultural proposition. While it is true that the draft horse is to-day looked upon as the agricultural horse in this country, still there are sections where strong, robust, light horses are preferred for farm work and are necessary for other purposes. Take the mountainous and semimountainous sections of Virginia, for instance. There are many such sections in other States as well. For soils of such topography light horses are well suited because of their activity, sure-footedness, superior lung capacity, and endurance. On such farms heavy agricultural machin- ery is practically out of the question, so that heavy horses will very probably never be an economic necessity. A considerable portion of such land is usually used for grazing purposes and the owners require saddle horses for getting over their farms. The roads are generally none too good, and consequently horses must be the means of transporta- tion, during the winter at least. Many such sections do 356 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. not enjoy the advantages of railroads, and farm produce must be transported many miles by wagon. For such purposes horses carrying an infusion of thoroughbred blood are very popular, and it is a common sight to see six active horses with quality, and weighing around 1,200 pounds, drawing a heavily loaded canvas-covered wagon up a moun- tain grade at a smart walk. It is not unusual for young horses to be purchased out of such teams and in a few months developed into officers’ mounts or hunters. As an example of the usefulness of horses carrying thoroughbred blood may be cited a pair of half-bred horses that, after serving their time as hunters, were used as leaders in a farm team and in that capacity wore out three pairs of wheelers which were worked behind them. In mountain grazing sections it is practicable to raise a few colts from the farm mares and under such conditions light colts frequently pay better than draft, because such conditions are more apt to develop sure-footedness, good feet, endurance, and quality rather than weight, which is the predominant requisite of a draft horse. In short, the Government’s plan of aiding farmers in such sections in producing Army horses is giving them material aid as well as educational aid in developing an important phase of their farming operations. Good horse power is indispensable to successful farming, and good horses can not be produced without good sires. From the agri- cultural standpoint alone, the remount-breeding work should be extended to other suitable localities, to say nothing of the resultant effect of adding to the defensive strength of the country in a military way. BUTTERFAT AND INCOME. By J. C. McDoweE Lt, Agriculturist, Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. HE profitable dairy cow helps to feed our armed forces and will help us win the war, but the low-producing, unprofitable scrub is little better than a slacker. The un- profitable cow may enjoy perfect health and have a large appetite ; she may even belong to one of the best cow families, but if she is not an economical producer she should be con- verted into meat. The present, however, is not the time to dispose of dairy herds; rather it is the time to enlarge and improve them. The city, the country, and the Army need more dairy products; the dairy cow also assists greatly in maintaining permanent soil fertility; and the carefully selected, well- bred, well-fed dairy cow may still be kept at a profit. Let our slogan, therefore, be: Careful selection, intelligent breeding, and skillful feeding. SELECTION. It is well known that dairy cows, to be profitable, must be comparatively large producers, yet few people fully realize the remarkable rate at which income advances as production increases. Tabulations of 5,587 cow-testing asso- ciation records from various parts of the United States, covering a period of four years, show that as the average butterfat production increased from 150 to 200 pounds, the income over cost of feed advanced from $21 to $34; that is, a gain of 50 pounds, or 334 per cent, in production gave an increased income of 62 per cent over feed cost. The next gain of 50 pounds raised the income over cost of feed to $50, the next to $63, the next to $74, the next to $87, the next to $100, and the last to $118. (See Table 1.) As the butterfat production increased from 150 pounds to 300 pounds, the income over cost of feed. advanced from $21 to $63; in other words, as production doubled, income 357 358 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. over cost of feed advanced three times. When the butterfat production increased from 150 pounds to 450 pounds—that is, trebled—the income over cost of feed advanced from $21 to $100, or almost five times as much. (See fig. 8.) TABLE 1.—Relation of butterfat production to income over cost of feed. Average results from 5,587 yearly records of 40 cow-testing associ- ations. Average Average : i e : Average production of butterfat. fs an Average production of butterfat. Snel of feed. of feed. 100 pounds per year..............- $5. 00 || 350 pounds per year.............. $74. 00 150 pounds per Years. va. - f ° yi 5 ate Tet; Ales Ff ‘ 4 in | ; . rj moimty my Aru UO; oy ly esi 4 . DHO c eo 8 z ' ,% J : Oise spa pelt 4007 ' soul Pid 7 . | | | trod reingesla oft Diabeam pit a be mbar Peer ni a : r: - iti e } : rik pes fe: - a ahd t : i! re yiprad ima AG al-¥a +f ehh i a ty | a . marat & 7s < . . i | ; $24 to ad era! i) | AP se2ieen 4 ; ‘ pe te es | 4egoe O41 ~ Lisial a th (1h : . { “y : .) i «7 f. yxy ic , * <% ay } y1 ih OLR at | Prioorak” aint 40 eee [ y 4 4 hi 2 a?*?> he) ' * «ft ro - ui «ar ee ch, ivi DLs de e¥ . ; ~ ; ath . ) 2b ROMPTOC OL poe 0 ee 7 aa | : ‘ f ae : i. fr, jouloerad my i “efits ij \ I LJ it) preg Jo Waeny A s . = } vers... nl d gees (oe: Mie 7 ay ni 9 : % ss 4 ® ; - > le 4 54 4 al 4 7 ae ] ’ i ra : = 13 ! — dyer) yior reed B ; q t2% ko ; = ‘ adi 3 ha : ; ance eae : — Oe neliaiatll OS -_ “eoeep y ey qth ipa ls 3 « ; “ eae me caiman ie: “an A WASTED SUGAR SUPPLY. By EK. F. PHILLIPs, Apiculturist, Bureau of Hntomology. HE AMOUNT of nectar secreted by the multitude of flowers from coast to coast is large beyond our com- prehension. Secreted to the end of attracting insect visitors in order that cross-pollination may be effected, this nectar is poured out freely by hundreds of species. The per- centage of sugar in nectar varies with different plant species and also with climatic differences, but it is well within the bounds of truth to state that the total sugar thus secreted far exceeds the amount of all sugars consumed by the Amer- ican people now obtained from cane and sugar beets. Unfortunately this nectar soon disappears as the flowers wither and is lost to human use. Any method of conserving this abundant resource must be through an agency which is ever on the alert for each fresh supply. Individuals of a multitude of insect species seek out this nectar for their food, and as many of these insects are economically valuable, the nectar they consume is turned to a useful purpose when viewed from the standpoint of human economy. Of all these nectar-seeking species, however, the honeybee alone is capable of being used by man as an instrument for collecting this sugar supply, and even this useful species can scarcely be considered as an example of brilliant efficiency when viewed solely from man’s selfish point of view. It is the object of this article to show that beekeeping may be in- creased so as profitably and economically to help us save more of this now wasted sugar. THE HONEY CROP. In times of war or other emergency our normal supply of sugar may be curtailed, and in the present crisis the Ameri- can people would fare better if beekeeping had been more fully developed. The present honey crop of the United States rarely exceeds 250,000,000 pounds. That the country 395 396 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. produces even this much is unknown to most people, for, while honey was the chief form of sugar used in ancient times, the ease of getting cane or beet sugar has placed honey in the background. Now that our sugar supply is reduced by reason of supplying our allies with part of the sugar they need, the demand for honey has increased, not only domes- tically but for export. It is now openly a matter of regret that the United States did not have enough skilled commer- cial beekeepers to harvest several times the honey crop of 1917. WHY YIELDS ARE FREQUENTLY SMALL. It must not be assumed that the only requirement for ob- taining honey is to buy some colonies of bees and permit them to forage for nectar. To keep bees profitably requires study, and labor at just the right time. Because of lack of attention, fully half the bees now kept in the United States are virtually useless to their owners, and consequently bee- keeping is often condemned as unprofitable. The reasons for the unprofitableness of most colonies of bees will be dis- cussed briefly. Bees gather nectar for their immediate use, to provide food for the developing brood, and to provide stores for periods when no nectar is available. Except in the extreme South, there is no nectar available during the winter season, and provision must be made to carry the colony over this period, for, unlike other insects, the honeybee does not hibernate. The amount of honey used by a colony simply to maintain its existence during the year is large. Just how much is used by an average colony has never been determined with accu- racy, and there are many complicating factors which make this a difficult question to solve. It will perhaps not be far from the truth to assume that this amount is at least 400 pounds. On this assumption, then, every colony must gather its 400 pounds before there is any honey for the beekeeper. The honey removed for human use is usually spoken of as “sur- plus” by beekeepers, and this is literally its correct name. When weather conditions are unusually favorable for nectar secretion the task of gathering this amount is easy, and un- der such circumstances there is some surplus for every bee- Yearbook U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE LXVIII FIG. 1—POOR EQUIPMENT, POOR MANAGEMENT, POOR RESULTS. The owner of these bees claims that beekeeping does not pay, yet the bees insisted on storing honey even outside the ‘‘gum.” FIG. 2—GOOD EQUIPMENT, POOR MANAGEMENT, POOR RESULTS. This apiary was almost destroyed by disease before the trouble was discovered. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE LXIX. FIG. 1—GOOD EQUIPMENT, GOOD MANAGEMENT, GOOD RESULTS, From apiaries such as this the country’s honey crop is secured. FIG. 2—WINTER PACKING CASE FOR FOUR COLONIES OF BEES. It is impossible to overpack bees in winter. A Wasted Sugar Supply. 397 keeper. In most seasons, however, nectar is not secreted so freely, and only the beekeeper who properly manipulates his bees gets a surplus. Probably in an average season, for the United States as a whole, the surplus honey obtained by good beekeepers will scarcely exceed 50 pounds per colony. This average of 50 pounds surplus represents, then, only one-ninth of the nectar gathered by the bees.” In such an average season an apiary of 100 colonies may gather nectar equivalent to 224 tons of honey, whereas the “ honey crop ” or surplus honey will be only 24 tons. That 100 colonies of bees can find nectar sufficient for 224 tons of honey within a radius of about 2 miles will give one some idea of the amount of sugar available in the form of nectar. This amount is doubtless much below the actual sugar at hand, for when nectar is flowing freely bees do not get it all. Furthermore, in many places more than 50 pounds surplus is obtained, and often more than 100 colonies can be kept profitably in one place. In the face of these facts it is regrettable to find so many beekeepers who fail to get even the small percentage which belongs to the beekeeper. There are parts of the United States where nearly 90 per cent of all colonies of bees are in hollow logs (Pl. LX VIII, fig. 1) or plain square boxes, in which combs and bees can not be handled. There are few parts of the country where the box hive is not found, and probably one-third of all the bees in the country are so housed. In this case both equipment and management are poor and the energy of the bees is misdirected. Even of those who keep their bees in modern hives with movable frames, the vast majority do not get the full crop. By failing to control swarming, by providing insufficient room for storage, or by lack of proper care in winter their crop is often reduced one-half or more. The equipment is good, but the management is poor and much of the energy of the bees is wasted. GOOD MANAGEMENT THE PRICE OF SUCCESS. The bright side of the picture is seen in the minority of apiaries where the bees are properly housed in good hives, where swarming is controlled, where surplus room is given 398 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. on time and in abundance, and where the bees receive ade- quate protection and care in winter. (Pl LXIX, figs. 1, 2.) Beekeepers who so manipulate their bees receive an adequate return for their labor, and since it is only the good bee- keepers who get all the available surplus, it may be safely stated that surplus honey is directly traceable to study and care. Many good beekeepers in the United States receive a good living from their bees and have incomes equal to that of a prosperous farmer in other lines of agriculture. This results from properly directing the energy of the bees. The productive colony of bees may be figuratively likened to a machine which consumes in friction 90 per cent of the energy applied. This is not a high degree of efficiency when measured by this standard. The colony in a box hive, then, is likened to such a machine in bad repair and with no at- tention, in which all the energy is used simply to drive the wheels. Such a machine is totally unproductive. The prop- erly housed colony, which is badly manipulated, is, then, com- parable to a machine in good repair but in the hands of a poor mechanic. Such a machine may do fair work for a time, but the mechanic fails to do the necessary work at the right time and the machine is only occasionally pro- ductive. Finally, the productive colony is like a good ma- chine in the hands of a good mechanic. While energy is consumed simply to run the machine, the gdod mechanic does the right work at the right time and obtains the great- est possible reward in the machine’s output. Such a figura- tive comparison must not be carried too far and is used here only to point out the lamentable waste in much present- day beekeeping. SOURCES OF LOSS. Of the major sources of loss the greatest is the death and weakening of colonies in winter. By starvation or exhaus- tion of vitality the average winter loss of most localities is fully 10 per cent., Strangely enough this loss is practically as high in the South as in the far North. An industry which can continue to exist while suffering a 10 per cent loss an- nually must be one of great promise if this loss can be re- duced. Furthermore, of those colonies which remain in the spring, the population is often lamentably reduced. Nor- A Wasted Sugar Supply. 399 mally no brood is reared in winter, although abnormal and unseasonal brood rearing is so common as to be considered almost normal by many beekeepers. ‘The reduction in num- bers and especially in vitality of the bees still remaining makes it impossible for many colonies to gather a surplus from the earlier nectar sources, and much honey is lost while the colony is regaining its strength. It is not at all unusual for the honey crop to be reduced one-half by poor wintering. Yet the winter loss can be reduced readily to less than 1 per cent. A second source of loss is from two infectious diseases of the brood of bees, European foulbrood and American foul- brood. Within the past few years many of the States have provided for apiary inspection, and in all but a few States these diseases are sufficiently controlled to permit commer- cial beekeepers to conduct their work with virtually full returns. In spite of such success the annual loss of colonies from disease is probably $2,000,000, and many beginners in beekeeping are discouraged by the disease situation. This source of loss is therefore a serious one. (Pl. LX VIII, fig. 2.) When a colony becomes populous during a good honey flow it normally makes preparation to swarm, thus dividing itself into two colonies, While this instinct is advantageous to wild bees, it results in a reduction in the honey crop if the division occurs, as it usually does, just before or during the time when nectar is especially abundant. Rarely can swarming be entirely prevented, even with the best of care, but the proper measure of a beekeeper’s skill is his success in reducing this activity. A failure to attempt this causes untold loss in honey every year, and the methods of swarm prevention and control can be understood only by careful study and experience. The proper giving of room for surplus honey is important in this connection. It is an unusually good locality in which nectar is abundant all summer and this room must be given at just the right time. This necessitates watchful study of the nectar-producing flowers. It is quite a common practice for beekeepers to put on one “super” for the storage of surplus honey and to wait until this is entirely filled before giving more space. This results in the loss of much honey from lack of storage space, and often too much is stored in 400 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. the part of the hive which should be devoted to brood rear- ing. The proper placing of room for surplus honey requires vigilance and study, and a failure to provide this room on time and in the proper way often may reduce the crop to one-third. BEEKEEPING AN EXACTING CALLING. These more common sources of loss are mentioned to show that a failure to make a success of beekeeping almost always results from a lack of study of the needs’ of the bees, com- bined with a failure to do things on time. Beekeeping is therefore essentially an industry which requires studious care, and in consequence the proper development of this branch of agriculture necessitates to an unusual degree the dissemination of information of a rather detailed nature. While there. are published bulletins and books which con- tain the needed information, these have not proved adequate in developing beekeeping to the extent that is possible and to a degree which would be profitable. It is quite possible for the American beekeeping industry to be developed so that the honey crop will be ten times what it is at present. Not only would such a development be val- uable in an emergency, such as the present crisis, but in nor- mal times the beekeeping industry can provide a concentrated nutritious food, almost universally liked and assuredly an article of diet preferable to the inferior sirups and jams so commonly used. The beekeeping industry may be the means of conserving a national resource now largely wasted, chang- ing it into nature’s own sweet. The raw material is free on every hand; the investment for equipment is small in comparison with other branches of agriculture; the profits are fully commensurate with the study and labor involved. It would seem profitable to stop such a waste of so desirable a supply of sugar. This waste can be prevented only by the education of beekeepers. WOOL: PRODUCTION, FOREIGN TRADE, SUPPLY, AND CONSUMPTION. By GEORGE K. HOLMEs, Statistical Scientist, Division of Crop Records, Bureau of Crop Estimates. OOL grows on sheep to obstruct the radiation of heat from their bodies, and thus serves to economize their consumption of heat-producing food and conserve their vitality. Millions of the human race have appropriated this body covering of sheep throughout the ages for the same purposes. ; In the course of time, as human demands have exceeded the supply of wool, substitutes have been utilized, and thus cotton fiber has become indispensable to most of the popula- tion of the world as a substitute for wool, and flax fiber has acquired subordinate importance. [or the purpose of con- serving body heat, however, wool excels its substitutes, be- cause not only does its woven fabric diminish the radiation of body heat, but its fiber is a poor conductor of heat. So, wool has become a choice fiber for cloth for clothing and for bed covering. Furthermore, wool can be spun into more bulky yarn than cotton or flax, and hence is often preferred for making textile fabrics when thickness is desired, as in the case of carpets. It is true, however, that human habits and fancies with respect to woolen fabrics in various uses have contributed much to the prominence that they occupy. NUMBER OF SHEEP THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. Sheep have not multiplied in the world in recent years at so great a rate as has the wool-consuming portion of the hu- man race. Farm management has not provided, perhaps has not been able to provide with economic results, a place for sheep sufficient to maintain undiminished the consump- tion of wool, and the supply of wool must have been sorely restricted had not great areas of range and cheap pastures been appropriated for sheep feeding in the United States, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, Uruguay, and other countries. 29190°—yRK 1917—-—26 401 402 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. The general fact appears to be that throughout the world sheep are declining in number, not only per capita of popula- tion, but absolutely, notwithstanding the utility of these ani- mals in producing both wool and meat. IN THE UNITED STATES. The first census report of the number ot sheep on farms was for 1840. The censuses for 1840 and 1850 expressly. ex- cluded spring lambs. In subsequent censuses, to and in- cluding the census of 1890, they were not mentioned, and were presumably largely omitted. In 1900 and 1910 spring lambs were included. Sheep on farms grew in number from 19,000,000 in 1840 to 22,500,000 in 1860, to 35,000,000 in 1880, to 36,000,000 in 1890 and to 61,500,000 in 1900, in- cluding ranges in 1880 and later. In 1910 the census date was April 15 instead of June 1 as before, and the number of sheep on farms and ranges at the earlier date was 52,450,000. Had the census been taken for June 1, the number would probably have been about 63,000,000 or about 1,500,000 above the number in 1900. Taking the number of sheep, 52,450,000 as reported April 15, 1910, as the base, the number estimated by the Bureau of Crop Estimates has been a declining one to 47,600,000 in 1917, a loss of about 5,- 000,000 in seven years. The number increased to 48,900,000 in 1918. Apparently sheep in this country reached their largest number about 1910. The number of sheep not on farms and ranges in 1910 was about 400,000. SHEEP IN OTHER IMPORTANT COUNTRIES. As far back as 1887 Algeria had 10,900,000 sheep, but the number declined with great fluctuations to 8,300,000 in 1912. Argentina had over 43,000,000 sheep in 1914, or nearly 5,000,000 less than are now in the United States. As far back as 1888 the number was 67,000,000. It may be that the maximum number of sheep has not yet been reached, because Argentina has vast areas not now utilized that can be used for sheep grazing. Australia has experienced great variations in number of sheep. The largest number ever reported was 106,000,000 Wool: Production, Foreign Trade, ete. 403 in 1891, but there was afterwards a decline, somewhat broken, to 54,000,000 sheep in 1902, or about one-half the number of eleven years previous. A tendency to gain followed 1902, resulting in 93,000,000 sheep in 1911, or a greater number than in any year since 1894, but again there has been a strong decline, so that in 1915 Australia had 70,000,000 sheep. Australia is subject to droughts that are destructive to a large number of sheep in one season, but the great recuperative power of the flocks of that Com- monwealth has more than once been demonstrated. It is estimated that Brazil had 10,700,000 sheep in 1914. This seems ‘to be the only estimate avauable. British South Africa, including the Union of South Africa, is a vast region with extensive areas suitable for sheep raising, and hence has been possible the enormous increase of sheep from 16,000,000 in 1904 to 36,000,000 in 1913. This notable progress has been made in spite of droughts and of sheep parasites and diseases. Canada had 2,600,000 sheep in 1891, 2,500,000 in 1901, 2,200,000 in 1911, all census years, and the estimate for 1917 is 2,000,000. Apparently the high-water mark was reached in 1908, for which year the estimate is 2,800,000 sheep. According to the census of 1902, Mexico had in that year 3,400,000 sheep. There is no information for any other year. New Zealand is an important sheep-producing country that has steadily increaséd its sheep, although fluctuations are apparent. From 1891 to 1917 the sheep increased from 18,000,000 to 25,000,000. This industry seems to be strongly ‘established in New Zealand and offers no evidence of weakening. In Asiatic Russia 36,000,000 sheep were estimated for 1908, and the estimate for 1913 is 3,000,000 larger. In European Russia the estimated number of sheep was nearly 50,000,000 from 1890 to 1904; in 1905 Northern Caucasia was added to the area for which estimates were made, and this increased the number to 53,400,000. From that year a decline has followed, with some fluctuations, until in 1913 the estimate fell to 41,000,000. In the entire Russian Empire the number of sheep declined from about 89,000,000 404 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. in 1903-1908 to 80,000,000, or 10 per cent, by the “.me that the European war began. The census of 1900 found 18,600,000 sheep in Uruguay and that of 1908 reported 26,300,000. No information has been obtained for any subsequent year, but the growth of the sheep industry in Uruguay has been conspicuous and makes that country prominent among the sheep countries of the world. Notwithstanding its severity and extent, the European war has not prevented a large degree of conservation of sheep in the belligerent European countries that have not been men- - tioned, yet there has been a perceptible decline in the number of sheep in those countries since the war began. The foregoing survey of prominent sheep-producing coun- tries confirms the general statement previously made that the sheep of the world are declining in number, not only per capita of the population but absolutely. PRODUCTION OF WOOL IN THE WORLD. Many difficulties are encountered in making a compilation of the world’s production of wool, but, subject to imperfec- tions on this account, such compilations have been made by the Bureau of Crop Estimates for 1901-1906, and by the National Association of Wool Manufacturers for 1908-1916. For 1901 the total for all countries for which estimates could be made, and these countries produce almost all of the world’s wool, was 2,807,000,000 pounds. By 1909 the quantity had increased to 2,953,000,000 pounds, and by 1911 to 2,971,000,00 pounds, and this is the largest total production reported. Since 1911 the world’s wool production has steadily declined to 2,717,000,000 pounds in 1916. Within the period covered by the record Australia*has been the most prominent country in wool production, and its clip has amounted to about one-fifth of the world’s total until in 1916 the fraction fell considerably below one-fifth on account of great loss of sheep because of drought. Australia and New Zealand together have produced from 21 to 30 per cent of the world’s total during the period under review. Argentina follows next after Australia in order of importance in wool production at the beginning of the period under review, its fraction of the world’s total being 18 per cent in Wool: Production, Foreign Trade, ete. 405 1901, with decline to 13 per cent in 1906, followed by great loss to the present time. The Russian Kmpire produced nearly as much wool as Argentina did in 1901, its fraction of the world’s clip being 15 per centin that year. The fraction was as high as 17 per cent in 1902 and 1903, but in recent years it has been steady at about 14 to 15 per cent. At the beginning of this period the United States occupied fourth place as a wool producer with a fraction of 11 per cent of the world’s production, and the fraction has remained quite constant at 10 to 12 per cent since 1901. A comparison of the prominent wool-producing countries in 1916 finds that Australia and New Zealand combined pro- duced 25 per cent of the world’s wool clip, the Russian Empire 15 per cent, the United States 12 per cent, Argentina 6 per cent, the Union of South Africa 6 per cent, Uruguay 5 per cent, the United Kingdom 4.5 per cent, Tarkely in Asia 3.3 per cent, and France 2.8 per cent. The high degree of geographic concentration of the wool production of the world appears when it is stated that Argentina, Australasia, the Russian Empire, and the United States produced 56 per cent of the world’s wool in 1916, and the geographic concentration would be emphasized if the principal producing areas of these countries were defined. Among the grand divisions of the earth, ee was most prominent in 1916 in wool production and had 32 percent of the world’s wool clip to its credit. The fraction for Oceania, including Australia and New Zealand, was 25 per cent, for South America 14 per cent, for North America 12 per cent, for Asia 10 per cent, and for Africa 8 per cent. IN THE UNITED STATES. In statistics bearingupon wool production inthe United States it was not until 1895 that an attempt was made to establish the number of sheep of shearing age, but with poor success until the census of 1900 was taken. Of the total number of sheep on farms and ranges in that year 64.8 per cent were of shearing age, and in 1910, the following census year, 73.4 per cent. In recent years the percentage of the total sheep that stands for those of shearing age is about 71 to 74. At the present 406 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. time over 35,000,000 sheep supply the wool clip of this country, and this number is lower than for any year, except 1916 to 1918, at least as far back as 1900, when sheep of shearing age were first trustworthily indicated. Pounds of wool produced.—It may not be easy for any two estimators or compilers of the wool production of this country to agree, for the reason that they may choose different factors or different authorities, or adopt different processes. The statistics accepted for the preparation of this article have been provided as follows: Bureau of the Census—1040, 1850, 1860, 1870, range and pulled wool excluded, 1880, spring clip only, 1890, 1900, 1909, fleece-wool production on farms and ranges to which have been added pulled wool estimates made by the National Association of Wool Manufacturers or approved by the Bureau of the Census; Bureau of Crop Es- timates—1871-1879, 1881-1889, 1891, 1892, 1914-1917, range and pulled wool apparently included throughout; National Association of Wool Manufacturers—1893-1899, 1901-1908, 1910-1915. From 1840 to 1870 the wool clip on farms, the range clip and pulled wool being excluded, increased from 36,000,000 to 100,000,000 pounds. In 1871 the wool production, including range and pulled wool, amounted to 160,000,000 pounds; by 1877 the amount had reached 200,000,000 pounds; by 1884, 300,000,000 pounds; by 1900, 305,000,000 pounds; and by 1909, 330,000,000 pounds, the highest quantity reported by any census. Estimates for years since 1909 declined to 289,000,000 pounds for 1917, and it is necessary to go back to 1890 to find a lower census production. The average annual production of the 10 years 1905-1914 was 306,500,000 pounds, and this average is larger than the production for the years that follow. Average weight per fleece.—By the census process the aver- age weight of a fleece is obtained by dividing the total weight of fleece wool by the number of fleeces. By the process of the Bureau of Crop Estimates and of the National Association of Wool Manufacturers the average weight is directly ascer- tained by States and the United States average is a weighted one. From 1840 to 1917 the average fleece weight has in- creased in this country 3.8 times. This expresses in numerical form what might be an elaborate story of Wool: Production, Foreign Trade, ete. 407 efforts to improve the breeds of sheep, and to acquire those that produce more wool as well as that of finer quality. The average fleece weight of 1840 was only 1.85 pounds; ° 10 years later it had grown to 2.42 pounds, and by 1866 the average had reached 3.25 pounds. When 1880 arrived the average fleece weight was 4.80 pounds, and the estimate for 1884 was 5.20 pounds; 6.38 pounds were reached in 1893; the average for 1900 was 6.29 pounds; for 1909 it was 6.84 pounds. The estimate for 1911 almost touches 7 pounds, and the one for 1917 is exactly 7 pounds, the largest ever estimated. In the decade 1895-1904 the mean fleece weight was 6.38 pounds, and in the following decade the average was 6.76 pounds; for 1915 the estimate is 6.80 pounds, for 1916 it is 6.86 pounds, and for 1917 it is 7 pounds. Production per capita of the population.—The production of wool in this country in relation to the number of the population may now be examined. Pulled and range wool being included, the annual average wool production for the 10 years 1875-1884 per capita of the population was 4.70 pounds, and the average increased in the following decade to 4.74 pounds. A period of decided decline ensued and in the 10-year period 1895-1904 the per capita average production fell to 3.79 pounds, succeeded by the still lower average of 3.35 pounds in the 10 years 1905-1914. The average for the single year 1914 was 2.9 pounds; for 1915, 1916, and 1917, 2.8 pounds. The production of wool in this country reached its highest point, absolutely, apparently in 1909, since which time there has been a decline from each year to the next, with the exception of two years. Relative to population, wool produc- tion has declined more emphatically, as the per capita averages above mentioned indicate.- At the present time this country’s wool production per capita is scant 6C per cent of what it was on the average in the 10 years 1875-1884. Production as a percentage of supply.—The supply of wool to this country consists not only of the production within the country, but also of the gross imports less reexports. It is important to know the relationship between the supply and the production. On account of stocks held at the beginning and end of each year, the yearly computation of 408 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. this relationship, without taking account of stocks, often produces erratic results. ‘This error, however, may be almost entirely eliminated by extending the computation to the total of, say 10 years. Upon doing this, it plainly appears that wool production in this country greatly declined from 77 per cent of the supply in 1875-1884 to 53 per cent in 1895- 1904, followed by some recovery to 56 per cent in 1905-1914. The imports used in these computations include estimates of the raw wool contained in such fabrics in the foreign trade as permit estimates. A comparison for the same period may be made with the supply of raw wool. Of this supply, the production was 76.7 per cent in the 10 years, 1875-1884, and the ratio declined to 52.5 per cent in 1895-1904, followed by a con- trary movement to 56.3 per cent in the following 10 years. Percentage of the consumption.—Still more important is it to know the relationship between the production of wool and the quantity consumed. As nearly as it is possible to estimate the consumption of wool in this country, such consumption mucli exceeds the production. In the endeavor to include an estimate of the raw wool contained in imported fabrics and to exclude the raw wool contained in exported ones, it is not possible to determine this consumption con- tinuously during a long period of years. For the four years 1911-1914, the production of wool was 61.1 per cent of the consumption of domestic and foreign wool. If the comparison be confined to the consumption of raw wool, it is possible to extend it so as to cover a much longer period of time. Of the consumption of raw wool, the pro- duction was 79.4 per cent in the 10 years 1875-1884, 70.2 per cent in the following 10 years, 62 per cent in the 10 years next following, and 59.5 per cent in 1905-1914. IMPORT RECORD FOR PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES. ‘The main features relating to the production of wool have now been touched upon briefly. During recent years the number of sheep has declined in this country, and also the production of wool, both absolutely and per capita of popu- lation. At the same time the number of sheep and the production of wool are declining throughout the world, although exceptions may be found in a country here and Wool: Production, Foreign Trade, ete. 409 there. A majority of the sheep in principal countries belong to the range and to cheap pastures. What may be regarded as the world’s import trade in wool increased from 1900 to 1912, when the largest international wool movement, as recorded, was made. The total for 1900 was 1,566,000,000 pounds, and the total for 1912 was 2,572,000,000 pounds. In the following year the total declined slightly and in 1914 it declined enormously on account of the beginning of the Kuropean war and fell to 1,436,000,000 pounds. It is to be borne in mind that some of the wool that figures in the import trade is duplicated in statement, as, for instance, when Argentine wool is imported jnto England and reshipped to the United States. Prior to the present war, France led all countries in mag- nitude of wool imports, the quantity beginning the period under review with 418,000,000 pounds in 1900, and reaching as much as 623,000,000 pounds in 1909. The United King- dom follows France in order of importance as an importer of wool under prewar conditions, having received 382,000,000 pounds in 1900, and as much as 889,000,000 pounds in 1915. Germany stands third in order of importance before the present war, with wool imports ranging from 346,000,000 pounds in 1900 to 517,000,000 pounds in 1912. Fourth in order of importance is the United States, and Belgium fifth (fourth, in place of the United States, in 1910-1913). Russia was added to the list of countries that imported more than 100,000,000 pounds of wool in 1910 and became the sixth country in order of importance. FOR THE UNITED STATES. In compiling the imports of wool into the United States the reexports have been subtracted from the gross imports. A large quantity of wool has at times come into this country in woven fabrics and an attempt has been made to estimate the quantity of wool in such fabrics. The process undoubtedly is crudely performed, but the error, although it may be considerable as a percentage of the wool imported in fabric form, becomes much smaller as a percentage of the total wool imports including raw wool. Whatever the facts may be, raw wool has been kept separate in the compilation 410 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. from the wool in the manufactured form. The manufac- tures of wool mentioned in the import statistics for which estimates of raw wool have been made are the classes of cloths, women’s and children’s dress goods, yarn, and tops. When a fiscal year is mentioned it is one beginning and not ending in the year specified. Raw and manufactured wool, the latter estimated to the extent above mentioned, were imported to the amount of 112,000,000 pounds in 1861, but after 1866 the quantity was usually much below 100,000,000 pounds until the imports exceeded that quantity in 1883 and in nearly all subsequent years. The imports reached 205,000,000 pounds in 1891, 348,000,000 pounds in 1894, 535,000,000 pounds in 1895, 701,000,000 pounds in 1896, and that was by far the largest amount of wool imports ever received in this country in any one year. Since that time these imports have usually ranged between about 150,000,000 and 300,000,000 pounds until 1914, when the imports reached 369,000,000 pounds, followed by 555,000,000 pounds in 1915, and 392,000,000 pounds in 1916. By 10-year averages the imports of raw and of manufac- tured wool as far as estimated amounted to 82,000,000 pounds annually as the average of 1865-1874; 71,000,000 pounds, of 1875-1884; 197,000,000 pounds, of 1885-1894; 259,000,000 pounds, of 1895-1904; and after that period the average declined to 232,000,000 pounds in 1905-1914. The largest quantity of raw wool ever imported into this country in one year was 524,000,000 pounds in 1915; second in order in 1916 with 364,000,000 pounds; and third in order is 1896 with 347,000,000 pounds. As far back as 1840 some 15,000,000 pounds of raw wool were imported. From 1849 to 1854 the annual average im- ports were 21,000,000 pounds, during the 10 years 1855-1864 they were 41,000,000 pounds, in the next 10-year period the average was 57,000,000 pounds, followed by 61,000,000 pounds in the next, and by continuous increase to 209,000,000 pounds per year in 1905-1914. The raw wool contained in cloths and dress goods averaged as high as 82,000,000 pounds in 1895-1904 and as low as 10,000,000 pounds in 1875-1884. Wool: Production, Foreign Trade, ete. 411 During a few years before the European war the clothing wool was imported into this country almost entirely from Argentina, Australia, and the United Kingdom; combing wool, mostly from the United Kingdom, with much subor- dinate contributions from Argentina, Canada, Peru, and Turkey in Europe; carpet wool, chiefly from China, Russia in Europe, and the United Kingdom, with secondary acces- sions from Argentina, British India, France, Russia in Asia, and Turkey in Asia. Percentage of production.—The imports of raw and manu- factured wool, as far as the latter has been estimated, have had a wide range of numerical relationship to the national production of wool. As far back as the 10-year period 1875-1884 these imports were 30 per cent of the pro- duction, and the ratio increased to 90 per cent in 1895-1904, but during the 10 years 1905-1914 the ratio fell to 78 per cent, or more than three-quarters of the national production. In the following year, 1915, the ratio reached 194 per cent of the production, followed by 136 per cent of the production in 1916. From 1914 to 1916 the imports of wool exceeded the quantity of the domestic production, and this statement is good for only three preceding years, 1894-1896. If raw wool alone is considered, its imports, by 10-year periods, have uninterruptedly increased in relation to pro- duction from 26 per cent in 1875-1884 to 68 per cent in 1905-1914. For the single year 1915 the imports of raw wool were 184 per cent of the production or nearly double, and in 1916, 126 per cent. Percentage of supply.—Of the supply of wool or the pro- duction plus the imports less reexports, the imports were as low as 23 per cent in 1875-1884, including estimates of wool in the mentioned imported manufactures. The fraction reached almost one-half of the national supply, or 47.5 per cent, in 1895-1904, followed by 44 per cent in 1905-1914. More than one-half and as much as two-thirds of the national supply was imported yearly from 1914 to 1916. If wool in manufactures is excluded, the raw wool imports were 20.7 per cent of the raw wool supply in 1875-1884, and the ratio increased continuously to 40.6 per cent in 1905-1914. 412 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. NATIONAL SUPPLY OF WOOL. The national supply of wool, including wool in imported manufactures as far as estimated, has increased from 304,000,000 pounds, the yearly average for 1875-1884, to 546,000,000 pounds in 1895-1904, after which there was a slight decline to 544,000,000 pounds in 1905-1914. The unprecedented supply of 841,000,000 pounds was reached in 1915, while for 1914 the quantity was 659,000,000 pounds, and for 1916, 680,000,000 pounds. Raw wool alone being under consideration, the supply averaged 294,000,000 pounds yearly in 1875-1884, and the amount grew steadily to 516,000,000 pounds in 1905-1914, followed by a supply of 810,000,000 pounds in 1915, and 653,000,000 pounds in 1916. PER CAPITA SUPPLY. Undoubtediy the per capita supply of wool in this country has generally declined since the 10-year period 1885-1894, during which period the annual average was 7.89 pounds. In the next 10-year period the average fell to 7.22 pounds, while in 1905-1914 there was a conspicuous drop to 5.96 pounds per capita. The per capita supply of 8.39 pounds in 1915 was the highest since 1896. From 1894 to 1896 the per capita supply increased from 9.88 to 13.75 pounds. These averages have been equaled at no time. The fore- going averages include imported manufactured wool as far as estimated. The raw wool supply per capita averaged 5.92 pounds in 1875-1884, and increased to 6.75 pounds in 1885-1894, after which it fell to 5.64 pounds in 1905-1914. The per capita averages of raw wool for 1915 and 1916 were 8.08 and 6.41 pounds, respectively. EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC WOOL. According to the definition of domestic exports, they are goods produced or manufactured in this country from either domestic or imported raw materials and which are shipped to foreign countries. Foreign exports or reexports are goods which have been imported into this country either for reexport or for consumption and are afterwards exported, Wool: Production, Foreign Trade, ete. 413 having undergone no change in form or condition or enhance- ment in value by the application of labor in the United States. These reexports should not be combined with domestic exports in compilation, in order that the statement for domestic exports may not be impaired, but they should be subtracted from imports in order that the net imports entering into the uses of this country may be known. CHIEF EXPORTING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD. Since 1903 Australia has been the principal wool-exporting country of the world. It held this place in 1900, but in 1901-1903 it was displaced by Argentina. In 1900 Australia exported 336,000,000 pounds of wool; mn 1901, 452,000,000 pounds; in 1906, 523,000,000 pounds; in 1907, 638,000,000 pounds; and the highest wool export of that country was reached in 1910 with 734,000,000 pounds. Since that year the quantity has declined continuously to 603,000,000 pounds in 1913, and 414,000,000 pounds in 1914. Argentina’s wool exports were 223,000,000 pounds in 1900; 503,000,000 pounds in 1901, and this export has not since been equaled. On the contrary, the gxported quantity has on the whole declined until in 1905 it was 421,000,000 pounds; in 1909, 390,000,000 pounds; in 1911, 291,000,000 pounds; in 1913, 265,000,000 pounds; and in 1915 and 1916, 259,000,000 pounds each year. Third in order of magnitude is New Zealand, whose wool exports in 1900 amounted to 141,000,000 pounds; in 1910, to 212,000,000 pounds; and after that year a little under two hundred million pounds, except that the exports of 1914 were 227,000,000 pounds, and of 1915 a little over 200,000,- 000 pounds. The wool exports of British South Africa have rapidly increased from 28,000,000 pounds in 1900, and in recent years have nearly equaled those of New Zealand. - Uruguay has maintained a large wool export since 1900, the quantity for that year being 59,000,000 pounds; the quantity rose above one hundred million pounds in 1908, and equaled 178,000,000 pounds in 1912, but a decline followed to $8,000,000 pounds in 1914. The total wool exports of all countries amounted to 1,166,000,000 pounds in 1900, followed by increase to 414 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 1,671,000,000 pounds in the following year. By 1907 the total had risen to 1,888,000,000 pounds, and by 1912 to 2,359,000,000 pounds, the largest total ever reached, followed py a decline to 2,079,000,000 pounds in 1913, and 1,493,- 000,000 pounds in 1914. Thus it appears that the international movement of wool during the period under review was on the whole a progres- sive one until 1912, since which year the decline has been very large. It is to be borne in mind that the export statistics of many countries include large quantities of imports, and consequently there is considerable duplication in the foregoing totals. The apparent great decline since the European war began may be largely due to the elimina- tion of much of this duplication. THE UNITED STATES, As may be expected, the United States exports only small quantities of domestic wool, for the reason that for some years preceding the European War two-fifths of its wool consumption was of foreign origin, while since 1913 consid- erably more than one-half of its consumption is of such wool. Although the exports of raw wool are insignificant, the exports of woolen rags, especially when converted to an equivalent of grease wool, are of large account; shoddy, waste, and mungo also are included when reported. The exports of domestic raw wool and of manufactured wool as far as estimated are ascertainable as a total for only 15 scattered years preceding the fiscal year beginning in 1911, and the totals range from 104,000 to 4,140,000 pounds. In 1911 the total wool export, defined as above, amounted to 61,000,000 pounds and in the following year to 83,000,000 pounds, but a decline followed to 43,000,000 pounds in 1916. The exports of domestic raw wool, not including any manufactured wool, average only 102,000 pounds from 1849 to 1854; the annual average for the 10 years 1855-1864 was 682,000 pounds, and there was a marked decline to an aver- age of 114,000 pounds during 1875-1884. In the following 10-year period the average increased to 818,000 pounds, followed by 1,751,000 pounds during 1895-1904, from which the average declined in the followimg 10 years to 1,155,000 pounds, the size of the average being due almost entirely to Wool: Production, Voreign Trade, ete. 415 an export of 8,158,000 pounds in 1914; no raw wool exports were reported for 1910 and 1911. The largest raw wool export for any one year was for the fiscal year beginning in 1914, above stated, and from that figure the quantity declined to 2,148,000 pounds in 1916. The exports of domestic raw wool in recent years before the European War were mostly to Canada and the United Kingdom, and of woolen rags mostly to the United Kingdom, but considerably to Belgium and Germany. Per capita exports.—Preceding 1911 little is known con- cerning the per capita exports of raw and manufactured wool combined. From 1865 to 1874 the ratio has been computed for seven years with an average of 0.034 of 1 pound. Dur- ing six of the years from 1875 to 1884 the average was 0.007 of 1 pound. For the four years 1911-1914 the average was 0.800 of 1 pound. The ratio declined from the highest recorded point, 0.874 of 1 pound in 1912, to 0.424 of 1 pound in 1916. Raw wool exports declined per capita from 0.022 of 1 pound in 1855-1864 to 0.002 of 1 pound in 1875-1884, fol- . lowed by an increase to 0.013 of 1 pound during 1885-1894, after which during the 10 years 1895-1904 the highest per capita average of domestic exports of raw wool was reached, 0.023 of 1 pound. During 1905-1914 the average amounted to 0.013 of 1 pound, or the same as for 20 years previous. Percentage of production.—As far as can be ascertained the exports of domestic raw and manufactured wool have averaged much below 1 per cent of the production until during the years beginning with 1911. From that year to 1914 the per capita exports of domestic raw and of manu- factured wool as far as estimated, increased from 19.1 to 28.4 per cent of the production, after which a decline was to 16.2 per cent in 1915 and 15 per cent in 1916. For raw wool alone the percentage of the production exported has been very small in periodical averages, and the highest ratio for one year is 2.8 per cent in 1914. During only six years for a long period of time has the ratio exceeded 1 per cent. Percentage of the supply.—tlf the total supply of wool to the United States be compared with the domestic exports, 416 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. the ratio appears only as a trace until recent years, even though woolen rags be combined with raw wool. In 1911, however, the wool export amounted to 11.6 per cent of the supply, and this ratio grew to 16.3 per cent in the following year, from which there was a decline to 5.5 per cent in 1915, followed by 6.4 per cent in 1916. Percentage of consumption.—The exported domestic raw wool as a percentage of the consumption of wool in this country has always been very small, but if the equivalent raw wool of the exported woolen rags is included the com~ bined exports are found to have been 13.1 per cent in 1911, followed by the highest point reached, in 1912, 19.5 per cent. The ratio declined to 5.8 per cent in 1915, with some recovery to 6.8 per cent in 1916. FOREIGN TRADE SURPLUS. By means of subtractions the quantity of the foreign wool received above the quantity of domestic wool exported is readily ascertained. This surplus of imports amounted to 15,000,000 pounds of wool in the grease in 1840, and the periodical averages increased to 194,000,000 pounds in 1905-1914, with a continuous upward movement except a recession in 1875-1884. Equivalent raw wool in manufac- tures in foreign trade as far as estimated is included. The highest surplus of imports above domestic exports was 509,000,000 pounds of wool in the fiscal year beginning in 1915. The quantity was unusually large in the preceding year and amounted to 348,000,000 pounds in the following year, 1916. For raw wool alone the import surplus has grown from 15,000,000 pounds in 1840 without interruption of the ad- vance in 10-year averages to 208,000,000 pounds in 1905- 1914. For 1915 the import surplus was 520,000,000 pounds of raw wool, followed by 362,000,000 pounds in 1916. IMPORT SURPLUS PER CAPITA. Although the surplus imports of wool are large in total number of pounds, they seem small when regarded as an average amount per capita of the population. For raw and manufactured wool in foreign trade as far as estimated, the ratio declined from 2.20 pounds per capita in 1855-1864 to Wool: Production, Foreign Trade, ete. 417 the low average of 1.42 pounds in 1875-1884, after which there was an increase to 3.43 pounds in 1895-1904, followed by decline to 2.60 pounds in 1905-1914. For 1915 the ratio was 5.54 pounds per capita and for 1916 3.84 pounds. PERCENTAGE OF PRODUCTION, To look at the surplus imports of wool from another angle, comparison may be made with the national production of wool, Of this production the surplus imports increased from 26.5 per cent in 1875-1884 to 63.3 per cent in 1905-1914. By 1914 the ratio had grown to 98.6 per cent of the produc- tion, and in 1915 it reached the extraordinary ratio of 178.1 per cent, followed by 120.7 per cent in 1916. The raw equiv- alent of manufactured wool is included. For raw wool alone the surplus imports as a percentage of production continuously increased from 26 per cent in 1875- 1884 to 68 per cent in 1905-1914. The ratio for 1914 was 99 per cent; for 1915 it was 182 per cent; and for 1916, 125.5 per cent of the production. PERCENTAGE OF CONSUMPTION. Perhaps the most important comparison of all for the surplus imports is with the consumption of wool. The raw equivalent of manufactured wool in foreign trade being in- cluded to the extent of the estimates, the surplus imports of - wool during six years of the period 1875-1884 averaged 22.6 per cent of the consumption. For 1911-1914 the average was 38.9 per cent of the consumption, followed. by 64 per cent in 1915 and 54.7 per cent in 1916. By 1914 the surplus imports had all but equaled domestic wool entering into consumption, The surplus imports of raw wool afford about the same comparisons with the consumption of wool that are mentioned above for the combination of raw wool and the raw equivalent of manufactured wool. CONSUMPTION. The stage has now been reached where the main features of statistical information relating to wool may be employed to indicate its consumption. In the case of some commodi- ties it is feasible to determine consumption by ascertaining family experience by direct investigation with ample labor 29190°-—yBK 1917 27 418 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. at command and at large expense, and sometimes consump- tion may be estimated by averaging the opinions or judg- ments of a large number of correspondents, but in the case of wool the only feasible procedure is the common formula of production plus gross imports less reexports minus do- mestic exports. The production year is a calendar year, and to this is related the foreign trade year beginning July 1 of the production year. The formula above stated may not in the case of a com- modity indicate the quantity of its consumption in any one year, because of the difference between stocks in the country at the beginning and end of the year. Indeed, the indicated annual per capita consumption by this process is often highly variable. The error of the process, however, may be almost entirely eliminated by combining years in periods, say of 10 years, and taking the annual average for each period. The consumption indicated for wool is for all purposes, For raw wool consumption ends with its employment in manufacturing, regardless of what becomes of the products, and for raw wool no account is taken of imports and exports of wool in the form of textiles and other wool products. In this investigation wool consumption has been determined also for manufactures of wool in the foreign trade as far as fea- sible. NUMBER OF POUNDS. During six years of the period 1875-1884 the average an- nual consumption of raw and manufactured wool in foreign trade as far as estimated, was 281,000,000 pounds, and the annual average for 1911-1914 was 495,000,000 pounds, fol- lowed by 795,000,000 pounds in 1915, and 637,000,000 pounds in 1916. The consumption of raw wool has been a little larger than the combined consumption of raw and manufactured wool in foreign trade for the reason that the exports of manufac- tured wool have been larger than its imports within the limits of the estimates. During the 10 years 1875-1884 the raw wool consumption averaged 294,000,000 pounds annually; during the next 10 years the average was 420,000,000 pounds; again, in the next 10 years it was 462,000,000 pounds; and in 1905-1914 the average was 515,000,000 pounds, after Wool: Production, Foreign Trade, ete. 419 which followed the indicated consumption of 806,000,000 pounds in 1915 and 651,000,000 pounds in 1916, PERCENTAGE OF DOMESTIC AND OF FOREIGN WOOL, The foregoing figures for consumption include foreign as well as domestic wool. Each of these classes of wool has been converted into a percentage of the total consumption. For raw and manufactured wool in the foreign trade as far as estimated the consumption of domestic wool during six years of the period 1875-1884 averaged 77.2 per cent, and during 1911-1914 it averaged 45.5 per cent. For 1915 the indicated fraction of domestic wool consumption is 30.1 per cent, and for 1916 it is 38.5 per cent. The complementary percentages express the batters con- sumption of foreign wool, and this consumption has increased from 22.8 per cent of the total consumption in six years of the period 1875-1884 to 54.5 per cent of the total consump- tion in 1911-1914. To the extent that the computed con- sumption for a single year can be trusted, the foreign wool consumption of 1915 was 69.9 per cent of the total and of 1916 it was 61.5 per cent. Apparently the foreign wool con- sumption became greater than the domestic wool consump- tion for the first time in 1913, except the one previous year 1896. PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION. The fragmentary record of the consumption of raw and of manufactured wool in the foreign trade as far as estimated, indicates that the per capita consumption of this wool aver- aged 5.85 pounds in six of the 10 years 1875-1884, and 5.14 pounds per capita from 1911 to 1914, followed by 7.93 pounds in 1915 and 6.25 pounds in 1916. The record for raw wool indicates that the per capita con- sumption during the 10 years 1875-1884 averaged 5.92 pounds, and that the average rose to 6.74 pounds in the next decade, after which there was a decline to 6.11 pounds in 1895-1904 and to 5.63 pounds in 1905-1914, followed by the extraordinary consumption, as computed for the single year 1915, of 8.04 pounds, and of 6.39 pounds for 1916. Raw-wool consumption per capita was clearly declining after 1885-1894, and this decline was arrested apparently about 1914, possibly in a small degree in 1913. 420 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. PERCENTAGE OF PRODUCTION. The consumption of wool may now be related to its production, with the knowledge already acquired that the consumption much exceeds the production. For raw and manufactured wool in the foreign trade as far as estimated the consumption of domestic and foreign wool during six of the years 1875-1884 averaged 129.3 per cent of the production; that is to say, the consumption equaled the production and 29.3 per cent more. During 1911-1914 the consumption of this wool was 163.7 per cent of the produc- tion, followed by 278.1 per cent of the production in 1915, and 220.8 per cent in 1916. The long record for raw wool presents an unbroken increase in 10-year averages for the ratio between consump- tion and production. For the 10 years 1875-1884 the consumption of domestic and foreign raw wool averaged 126 per cent of the production, and the average advanced continuously to 168 per cent in 1905-1914, after which the ratio rose enormously to 282 per cent in 1915, followed by 225.5 per cent in 1916. ; Of the domestic wool production all but a fraction of 1 per cent is usually consumed in this country, but if the exports of wool in domestic manufactures as far as esti- mated are subtracted, the consumption during 1911-1914 was as low as 74.6 per cent of the production, after which may be noticed 83.8 per cent for 1915, and 85 per cent for 1916. PERCENTAGE OF THE SUPPLY. With the understanding that the supply of wool equals the production plus the gross imports less the reexports, the relationship of consumption to it may readily be deter- mined. During six of the years in the period 1875-1884 the consumption of raw and manufactured wool in the foreign trade as far as estimated was 99.8 per cent, but the fraction much decreased during the four years 1911- 1914, or to 86.5 per cent. In 1915 and 1916, however, the fraction rose to 94.5 avd 93.6 per cent, respectively, of the supply Wool: Production, Foreign Trade, etc. , 421 PRICES OF SHEEP AND WOOL. Sheep produce meat as well as wool and the course of the prices of sheep is determined by various causes and not solely by the price of wool, yet the price of wool is doubtless an element of sheep price. The Bureau of Crop Estimates has a record of the average price per head of sheep at the farm for January 1 as far back as 1867. All ages and | qualities of sheep are included in the average. A series of upward and downward tendencies is apparent, usually corresponding with periods of industrial elevation and depression. From the average of $2.50 per head in 1867 there was a decline to $1.64 in 1869, after which there was increase to $2.71 in 1873. Accompanied by fluctuations, a decline followed to $2.07 in 1879, with increase to $2.53 in 1883, decline to $1.91 in 1886, increase to $2.66 in 1893, decline to $1.58 in 1895, increase to $2.98 in 1901. and after that a general upward movement to $4.02 in 1914, $4.50 in 1915, $5.17 in 1916, $7.14 in 1917. and $11.82 in 1918. The average price of sheep at the farm January 1, 1918, was seven and a half times the average of 1895, the lowest of record, and was nearly thrice the average of 1914. Beginning with 1910 the Bureau of Crop Estimates has estimated the average farm price of unwashed wool on the 15th of each month. For September 15 the averages begin with 17.7 cents per pound of unwashed wool in 1910, and continue with 15.6 cents in 1911, 18.7 cents in 1912, 15.8 cents in 1913. 18.6 cents in 1914, 23.3 cents in 1915, 28.4 cents in 1916, and 54.2 cents in 1917. The 1917 price of unwashed wool at the farm was about three and a half times the price of 1913. There are elaborate records of the wholesale prices of wool. In the Boston market, which is the principal one in this country, the recorded ‘‘low”’ price of Ohio unwashed fine wool in 1912 was 21 cents per pound. Im 1914 the ‘“‘low”’ of the year was 20 cents, in 1915 it was 23 cents, in 1916 it was 26 cents, and in 1917 it was 38 cents, but during 1917 the ‘‘low”’ of the market increased rapidly from 38 cents in January to 62 cents in September, and 65 cents in Decembe:. 422 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. The Boston market record for ‘‘high’’ for Ohio unwashed fine wool was 25 cents in 1912 and 1914, 29 cents in 1915, 88 cents in 1916, and 67 cents in 1917. During the last- named year the ‘‘high’’ price of the market increased from 40 cents in January to 67 cents in December. To take another class and condition of wool, fine terri- tory staple wool, scoured, is selected. The ‘‘low”’ price of this wool in 1912 was 60 cgnts, and from that figure the increase was to 73 cents in 1916, and $1.10 in 1917; while at the other extreme the ‘‘high’’ of 1912 was 67 cents, 75 cents for 1915, $1.12 for 1916, and $1.85 for 1917. All records exhibit a marked increase in the price of all kinds of wool in 1916 and more especially in 1917. STOCKS IN HANDS OF DEALERS AND MANUFACTURERS. In the summer of 1917 the Bureau of Markets ascertained the quantity of wool held by dealers and manufacturers in the United States, and repeated the inquiry quarterly thereafter. The report for December 31, 1917, states that 244,000,000 pounds of wool were in stocks held by manufacturers and that 209,000,000 pounds were in stocks held by dealers.. The classes of wool so held were wool in the grease, scoured wool, pulled wool, tops, and noils, and nearly three-quarters of the wool in stocks was wool in the grease. The total amount of the stocks held by both the manufacturers and dealers was 453,000,000 pounds, and the quantity would have appeared much larger had the scoured wool and the tops and noils been reckoned into wool in the grease. After this reckoning, the total becomes 617,000,000 pounds of grease or raw wool. Accepting the grease weight of the wool in stocks as the total, this wool may be compared with the annual production, which in 1917 was nearly 285,600,000 pounds. Therefore the wool stocks for the date mentioned were 116 per cent greater than the production of wool in 1917, were 73 per cent greater than the imports less reexports of raw wool in the fiscal year beginning in 1916, and 5 per cent less than the raw wool, domestic and foreign, consumed in 1916. The sum of these stocks and of the prospective clip of this country in 1918 is over 900,000,000 pounds, or much Wool: Production, Foreign Trade, ete. 423 more than the very high consumption of either 1915 or 1916, and this is so without including any import supply. SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS. From the foregoing it will be seen that at the beginning of the European war this country was confronted with a persistent decline in the number of sheep and in the pro- duction of wool, a condition, however, in which nearly all sheep-raising and wool-producing countries found them- selves. Various explanations of this general decline have been advanced. It has been asserted that sheep raising in old countries with long-established farming can not compete with the industry in countries having ranges and cheap pas- tures. In some range countries farm holdings are encroach- ing upon sheep pastures; in two or three important countries droughts are limiting or reducing sheep herds; disease and parasites are contributing to these results. In this country the demand for wool has increasingly exceeded the domestic production until at the beginning of the European war quite one-half of the wool consumption was of foreign wool. Otherwise stated, this country de- pended as much upon foreign wool as upon the domestic production. Since 1913 much more foreign than domestic wool has been consumed. At the beginning of the European war, also, this country was confronted with a diminishing per capita consumption of wool, which had continued for 30 years. In the meantime substitutes have been employed in making fabrics. By far the most useful and economically possible substitute on a large scale has been cotton. Linen fiber has been too costly and too restricted in supply. Silk can hardly be regarded as a substitute in any proper sense. Some of the animal hairs, the supply of which is relatively very small, may perhaps be regarded as doing substitute duty. In place of carpets extensive use is made of mattings composed of straw, cocoa fiber, rattan, grass, and other vegetable sub- stances, and these mattings may be regarded as substitutes to some extent for woolen carpets and rugs. Cotton also is used to a large extent for making fabrics for covering floors. Therefore it appears that cotton is almost exclusively the 424 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. potential substitute for wool; except to the extent mattings are used, and this substitution has occurred not only by mixture or combination with wool in the same fabric, but also by entirely displacing wool. Substitute fibers and mat- ting materials therefore have prevented the wool-consuming world from feeling the pinch of scarcity. HIDES AND SKINS: PRODUCTION, FOREIGN TRADE, SUPPLY, AND CONSUMPTION. By Grorce K, Hommes, Statistical Scientist, Division of Crop Records, Bureau of Crop Estimates. WORLD-WIDE CONDITIONS. ROM the time when the dried and tanned skins of ani- mals, without removal of fur, hair, or wool, covered some of the nakedness of the human body, these materials have been in demand for increasing and more diversified uses, until in recent years demand has so pressed on supply that substitutes have been provided for some uses to an ap- preciable degree, and economies in the employment of leather. have been forced upon industries. Irrespective of the belligerent countries in Europe, the general fact remains that throughout the world cattle are barely increasing absolutely, and apparently are not even holding their own in numbers in relation to population, while the number of sheep is declining both per capita and ab- solutely. ANIMALS IN IMPORTANT PRODUCING COUNTRIES. CATTLE ON FARMS IN THE UNITED STATES. In the United States the number of cattle on farms was ascertained for the first time in the census of 1840, when nearly 15,000,000 head were counted. The number had in- creased to 25,600,000 in 1860, to nearly 36,000,000 in 1880, to 51,400,000 in 1890, and to 67,700,000 in 1900, including cattle on ranges in 1880 and later. In 1850 calves were excluded from reports by instructions to enumerators, and for subse- quent census years to 1890 no instructions were given con- cerning them and it is probable that a few calves, but not all, were reported. At the time of the census of 1910, taken April 15 instead of June 1 as before, 61,800,000 cattle in- cluding calves were counted on farms and ranges, but the number would have been about 65,500,000 had they been 425 426 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. counted June 1, or about 2,200,000 less than in 1900. As nearly as can be determined, the number of cattle reached its height about 1907, when the number estimated by the Bureau of Crop Estimates was 72,534,000. According to the estimates of this bureau, the census num- ber of cattle for 1910—61,800,000—declined year by year to 56,500,000 in 1913, and the number remained about the same in 1914, but there was a perceptible increase in 1915, and again in 1916, when the number of cattle on farms and ranges was estimated to be 61,920,000. In 1917 the number had increased to 64,583,000, and in 1918 to 66,830,000, or to 5,000,000 more than were found in the census of 1910. The number of cattle not on farms and ranges in 1910 was nearly 2,000,000. The two geographic divisions just west of the Mississippi River contained 34,300,000 cattle on farms and ranges in 1900, or a little more than one-half of the total for the whole country. By 1914 the number of cattle in these two divisions had declined to 24,660,000, or to 42 per cent of the total, a loss of about 10,000,000 head, equal to one-third of the cattle of Argentina or of Brazil. The West North Central group of States lost nearly 5,000,000 of its 20,000,000 cattle; the West South Central division lost nearly the same number of its 14,000,000 cattle, or a larger fraction than did the West North Central States. The East North Central division lost over 1,000,000 of its 10,500,000 cattle from 1900 to 1914, and during the same 14 years all of the other divisions of States lost cattle except the South Atlantic and Pacific. In 1915, however, there was some recovery of cattle in the two divisions of States just west of the Mississippi River, and this was continued in 1916; the gain of 1916 over 1914 is estimated at 1,776,000 cattle in the West North Central States, and 542,000 cattle in the West South Central States. New England appeared to be slightly gaining, and there were more distinct gains in all other divisions of States. The decline in the number of cattle since about 1907 seems to have been arrested in 1914, and a turn toward a gradual increase was indicated in 1915 to 1918. When 1917 arrived, cattle were still increasing in number, and their total on farms and ranges was 64,583,000, a gain of 2,663,000 since the preceding year, nearly half of which was Hides and Skins: Production, Foreign Trade, etc. 427 in the two geographic divisions just west of the Mississippi River. There was distinct gain also in the East North Cen- tral States and in the Mountain States, while there were gains in every one of the other divisions. The census of 1910 established a cattle ratio of 0.67 of 1 animal per capita of the population, and the estimates for subsequent years show a continual decline to 0.57 of 1 animal in 1914, but in the movement toward recovery that followed a per capita ratio of 0.58 of 1 animal was reached in 1915, of 0.60 of 1 animal in 1916, of 0.62 of 1 animal in 1917, and of 0.64 of 1 animal in 1918. Thus it appears that cattle have increased since 1914 not only absolutely but per capita of the population, although the absolute increase since 1910 has not also been a per capita increase. In partial explanation of the decline of cattle on farms and ranges from 1900 to 1914 it should be remembered that in the great corn belt cattle breeding has largely changed to cattle feeding since about 30 years ago. While this change was taking place in the corn belt, range and ranch began to supply feeders more cheaply than they could be raised on the farms, or, at any rate, the farmers bought feeders more easily than they could raise them. But limitations to the produc- tion of feeders began to appear, and were found in the en- forcement of the no-fence law on the public land, in home- steading, in dry farming, and in the corn belt itself in dairy- ing, in the increasing cost of stockers and feeders, and in neglect to feed roughage. The considerable increase in the number of cattle in the corn belt since 1914 indicates a be- ginning in changes in farm and animal husbandry, manage- ment, and practices; and the considerable increase in the number of cattle in the Mountain States also indicates broader farming practices than were feasible to a new agri- culture on farms and better use of the forest grazing lands. SHEEP AND GOATS IN THE UNITED STATES. Spring lambs were expressly excluded from enumeration in the census of 1850; they were not mentioned in the cen- suses of 1840, 1860, 1870, 1880, and 1890, and were presumably largely omitted; but in 1900 and 1910 they were included. Range sheep were included in 1880 and later census years. From 19,000,000 sheep in 1840 the national flock of sheep 428 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. on farms grew to 22,500,000 in 1860, to 35,000,000 in 1880, to 36,000,000 in 1890, and to 61,500,000 in 1900. The census date had been June 1 until 1910, when April 15 was adopted, and this automatically reduced the number of census sheep as compared with the June 1 numbers of previous censuses. The sheep counted April 15, 1910, were 52,450,000, the equiv- alent of which, June 1 following, was about 63,000,000, or about 1,500,000 above the number in 1900. The annual estimates of the number of sheep made by the Bureau of Crop Estimates subsequent to 1910 have con- stantly declined to 47,616,000 in 1917, a loss of about 5,000,000 in seven years. The estimate for 1918 is 48,900,000 sheep. It seems probable that 1910 indicates approximately the time when there was the largest number of sheep in this country. About 400,000 sheep were not on farms and ranges im 1910. The number of goats on farms and ranges in this country was not ascertained until the census of 1900, when 1,871,000 goats were found June 1. In 1910 at the earlier date of April 15 the number was 2,915,000. Since that census the number of goats in existence has not been estimated, but the number of goats inspected for slaughter by the Bureau of Animal Industry has increased since about 1910 by a very large ratio. In the fiscal year beginning in 1910 the in- spected goats numbered 54,000; in 1918, 122,000; in 1915, 180,000; and in the fiscal year beginning in 1916 they num- bered 175,000. The increase of goats inspected for slaughter may not indicate a corresponding increase in number of goats in existence, but may indicate an increasing disposition to utilize goats for meat. The production in this country of hides and skins of ani- mals other than éattle, sheep, and goats is so small, especially relative to the number of animals on hand, that an examina- - tion of the number of these animals would not be pertinent. CATTLE IN OTHER COUNTRIES. The number of cattle in Argentina has been nearly sta- tionary in recent years, although the number decreased from 29,124,000 in May, 1908, to 25,867,000 in June, 1914. Yet that country has vast ranges and the Argentine cattlemen are enterprising and progressive. Disease and drought have Hides and Skins: Production, Foreign Trade, etc. 429 made some inroads upon the herds, but these causes do not account for the failure of Argentina to increase the num- ber of cattle. The explanation is offered that the rapidly increasing prices of cattle, and the greatly increased facil- ities for slaughtering and exporting in recent years, have induced cattlemen to oversell, or’ to slaughter beyond the limit. Australia is another country with stationary cattle herds. The severity of the droughts is much greater than in Ar- gentina, and although Australia had about 10,000,000 cattle ‘in December, 1915, yet this number is about the same as it was in 1890. Perhaps Australia has been slaughtering to the limit under the inducements of high prices and increased facilities for slaughtering and marketing meat. The census number of cattle in Brazil in 1913 was over 80,000,000, and the cattle of that country have been for many years a prolific source of hides. Including Native States with British India, the number of cattle in India, counting calves and young buffaloes, has risen to a total of 187,000,000. The conditions found in the vast region of British South Africa, including the Union of South Africa, have made the cattle industry uncertain and sometimes disastrous. The census number of cattle was 4,062,000 in 1904, and 7,176,000 in 1911, but the indicated increase was greater than normal because of recovery from the Boer War. Since the European war began cattle raising in Rhodesia has made much progress on a large scale. Whatever available cattle-range area Canada had was rap- idly passing into farm status before the war under the immi- gration of farmers and the multiplication of farms on new land. Since 1913 the cattle industry of Canada has suffered a decline, so that the number of cattle has declined from 6,656,000 in that year to 5,968,000 in 1917. A prominent cause of decline of number has been the high prices of cattle and beef and the demands of the European war. Madagascar has a growing importance in the supply of cattle hides. The cattle are of the Cebu breed and num- bered 2,000,000 in 1898 and 5,500,000 in 1912, and continua- tion of increase is expected. 430 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Little is known about the present number of cattle in Mexico. ‘The last census was taken in 1902, which reported 5,142,000 cattle. . The vast region of Asiatic Russia is practically a new country in cattle raising; from 1905 to 1911 the number of cattle increased from 5,600,000 to 14,700,000, and by 1913 the number had reached 18,400,000. In European Russia, however, the number of cattle hardly increased from 1900 to 1913, but remained quite constant at a little under 32,000,000. In 1913 Asiatic and European Russia had about 50,000,000 cattle. A promising cattle country is Uruguay, which had 8,200,- 000 cattle in 1908, according to the census of that year. The understanding is that the number of cattle in that country has increased steadily since the census. Endeavors have been made in the warring countries of Europe and in neighboring neutral countries to preserve their stock of cattle without great deterioration in numbers, but nevertheless it is supposed that there has been diminution because of war conditions. SHEEP AND GOATS IN OTHER COUNTRIES. The great sheep-raising countries of the world, in addition to the United States, are Argentina, Australia, British India, British South Africa, New Zealand, Turkey, Asiatic and European Russia, the United Kingdom, and Uruguay, and considerable numbers are found in Algeria, Brazil, France, and Spain. In Argentina the number of sheep has declined since 1908 from 67,000,000 to 43,000,000, although, as far as pasturage is concerned, great increase in the number would seem to be possible. Australia is subject to prolonged and destructive droughts that sometimes reduce the number of sheep in one season by many millions, and yet rapid recovery has often followed. The largest number of sheep ever possessed in Australia, as far as is known, was 106,000,000 in 1891. After enormous fluctuations, 95,000,000 sheep were reported for 1911, fol- lowed by a strong decline, so that in 1915 the number was reduced to 70,000,000 sheep. Hides and Skins: Production, Foreign Trade, etc. 431 British South Africa has extensive areas suitable for sheep raising, and these have made possible the great increase from 16,000,000 sheep in 1904 to 36,000,000 in 1913. Sheep have steadily increased in number in New Zealand, where the industry seems to be strongly established. Irom 1891 to 1917 the sheep increased from 18,000,000 to 25,000,000. In Asiatic and European Russia combined the number of sheep declined from about 89,000,000 in 1903-1908 to 80,000,- 000, or 10 per cent, by the time that the European war began. The census of 1908 in Uruguay reported 26,300,000 sheep, or an increase of 7,700,000 in eight years, and it is supposed that the increase has continued. While it is known that the number of sheep has declined since 1914 in most of the belligerent countries of Europe, and it is supposed that their numbers may have been some- what reduced in some of the European neutral countries, yet the general fact has been that efforts have been made to con- serve the flocks of sheep and to limit the reduction as much as possible. Algeria has a stock of goats which for many years has ranged from about 3,500,000 to 4,000,000. In Argentina the number of goats has increased from nearly 2,000,000 in 1888 to nearly 4,000,000 in 1908, and 4,325,000 in 1914. A census of goats in Brazil, taken in 1913, shows a total of 10,049,000. For no other country is so large a number of goats re- ported as for British India; for that large country with its enormous population the number of goats in 1914 reached the total of 30,673,000. In Mexico the number of goats in 1902 according to the census was 4,206,000, and about the same number, or 4,791,000, is reported for Asiatic Russia for 1913. Spain had 3,265,000 goats in 1904, practically the same as for 1910, but a distinct increase over the 2,534,000 reported in 1891. Asiatic and European Turkey has more goats than any other country except British India. In 1912 the number was reported to be 20,269,000, or somewhat less than in 1910, but an increase of about one-third over the number of 1905. It appears that in the more important countries the num- ber of goats has generally been about stationary in recent years, although large increases are found when comparison 432 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. is made with the goats of 15 or 20 years ago. In less im- portant countries, which after all possess a large number of goats in the aggregate, it is observable that the number has been about stationary for a considerable period of time. BUFFALOES AND HORSBS. The supply of buffalo hides comes almost entirely from India. Including the Native States, the number of buffaloes in India, not including young buffaloes, was 20,000,000 in 1914. Other countries that raise buffaloes are the Philippine Islands, with 1,222,000 in 1915, and Bulgaria, with 415,000 in 1910. The countries that are specially noticeable in the supply of horse hides to the United States are Argentina, Canada, Russia, and this country, and for these countries the num- ber of horses on hand may be briefly noticed. In Argentina the number of horses in 1914 was 8,323,000; in Canada the horses of 1917 numbered 38,000,000; for Asiatic Russia, 12,- 000,000 horses are reported for 1913, and for European Rus- sia 23,000,000 horses, or 35,000,000 horses for the total. The horses of the United States it is estimated numbered 21,563,- 000 in 1918. PRODUCTION OF HIDES AND SKINS. In a general view of the situation with regard to the pro- duction of hides and skins throughout the world, it is evi- dent that the production, for some indefinite period in the past, has been inadequate to meet the multiplying uses of an increasing population—a population that can elaborate its wants for leather and leather products, and can increase the total of all wants in greater degree than the number of animals that supply hide and skin increase. A new industry may arise, almost in a night, that will add enormously to the demand, as did the automobile industry. IN THE UNITED STATES. Estimates of hide and skin production in the United States, some of them rough, may be made for calves, cattle, goats, horses, and sheep. The production may be determined by different processes of estimation with approximate agree- Hides and Skins: Production, Foreign Trade, etc. 433 ment, but it is not to be expected that different estimators will arrive at precisely the same number for any class of hides or skins. For the uses of this article the production of calf and sheep skins and of cattle hides for 1900 is derived from the meat production estimated by the Bureau of Crop Estimates; the goatskins and horse hides are roughly esti- mated. For 1909 the production of calf, sheep, and goat skins, and of cattle hides is the census slaughter for meat plus the “fallen” skins and hides estimated or approved by the Bureau of Animal Industry. “ Fallen” applies to skins and hides of animals that died or were accidentally killed without being utilized for meat. The horse hides are roughly estimated. For the production of hides and skins of meat animals of years subsequent to 1909, the ratio be- tween the inspections by the Bureau of Animal Industry to the total animal slaughter in 1909 has been appled to the inspections, year by year. It is evident that the figures for 1909 are more trustworthy than those of any other year, for the reason that they alone were mostly determined by the census process of enumeration, the only element of estimate being the comparatively small number of “ fallen” meat animals. The slaughter of meat animals during the present war may have been so affected by unusual conditions as to cause considerable error in the application of the process of esti- mation to these years, and yet it is not certain that this sus- picion is altogether justified. The estimates of production made for the purposes of this article end with the first full calendar year of the war, 1915. The estimated production of calfskins in 1900 was 5,899,- 000, in 1909 it was 6,575,000, and the number rose to 6,790,000 in 1912, from which it fell to 5,060,000 in 1914. In the re- bound the number rose to 5,424,000 in 1915. Cattle hides were produced to the number of 13,121,000 in 1900, 13,765,000 in 1909, followed by decline to 11,944,000 in 1914, after which ensued increase to 12,645,000 hides in 1915. The production of goatskins has increased at a strong rate. The estimate for 1900 is 191,000 skins. The produc- tion for 1909 was 297,000 skins, and after a rapid decline to 110,000 skins in 1911, there was a remarkable increase to 432,000 skins in 1915. 29190°—yBk 191728 434 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Subject to considerable variations, sheepskins increased in production from 14,359,000 in 1900 to 19,460,000 in 1912, followed by rapid decline to 15,865,000 skins in 1915. These estimates accord with the known period of overslaughter of sheep, followed by diminution of stock from which to derive normal slaughter. There is no production in this country of buffalo hides and dog and kangaroo skins, but there is some production of pigskins, the number being unknown. The contribution of skins of various members of the deer and antelope, families, once large, has become much smaller, and there is a small production of alligator skins. Various ratios for production, foreign trade, supply, and consumption have been computed for 1900, 1909, 1914, and 1915. There has been a marked decline in the per capita number of pounds of all skins produced since 1900, except goatskins, although some recovery followed 1914. The weight of hides and skins produced may be related to the weight of those that are consumed, and in applying this process it appears that the production of calfskins in 1900 was 67 per cent of the consumption (excluding domestic ex- ports of calf upper leather), and but 36 per cent in 1915; of cattle hides 94 per cent in 1900 (excluding domestic exports of sole leather), and but 56 per cent in 1915; and of sheep- skins 75 per cent in 1900 and but 48 per cent in 1915. By 1915 production as a fraction of consumption was a little over one-third for calfskins, somewhat over one-half for cattle hides, a mere trace for goatskins, and a little less than one-half for sheepskins. IMPORTS OF HIDES AND SKINS. WORLD MOVEMENT. Nearly all of the imports of hides and skins are into a comparatively few countries, and these countries are pre- pared to tan them and more or less to manufacture the leather into numerous products. The total import trade of substantially the world in 1901 amounted to 1,232,000,000 pounds of hides and skins in all sorts of commercial condi- tion, no attempt being made to reduce the weights to a uni- Hides and Skins: Production, Foreign Trade, etc. 4385 form green-salted basis. Doubtless there is much duplica- tion in this total, because it often happens that some of the imports of one country are exported and become the imports of another. The world total increased from the quantity mentioned steadily almost year by year to the maximum amount ever reached, 2,115,000,000 pounds in 1912. In the next year there was a very slight decline, and in 1914 a very large one to 1,149,000,000 pounds. Perhaps some of this loss was one of duplication on account of the reduction of im- ports by many countries affected by the war. As an importer of calfskins and cattle and horse hides, Germany had long been the leading nation at the outbreak of the present war, the United States usually being in sec- ond place; but as an importer of goat and sheep skins the United States has for years been in the lead, and by a long distance. Other prominent countries in the import trade in hides and skins have been Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom. IMPORTS INTO THE UNITED STATES. The fiscal years of the foreign trade of the United States are mentioned in this article by the years in which they begin. The gross imports are adopted to 1897, after which the imports for consumption are taken. The imported buffalo hides are mostly dry and have nearly all come from British India, but in 1915, on account of war disturbances, the record indicates that nearly one-half of these hides came from China and the Dutch East Indies. More than one-third of the calfskins received in dry con- dition in 1910 came from Russia in Europe and the fraction increased to more than one-half in 1913, but by 1915 the trade was extinguished. From one-sixth to nearly one-third of the imports of these skins came from Germany until the trade ceased in 1915. In 1915 the countries had much changed the former order of importance, and in this year British India leads as contributing more than one-third of the imports, and Argentina follows with nearly one-quarter. In 1913 about 21 per cent of the imported green or pickled calfskins were received from the Netherlands, 19 per cent from Germany, 10 per cent each from Canada, France. and 436 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Russia in Europe; but when 1915 arrived the Netherlands contributed 22 per cent of the imports, France 20 per cent, Denmark 13 per cent, and Canada 12 per cent. Prior to the war from one-third to one-half of the im- ported dry cattle hides were received from Argentina; China, Colombia, and Venezuela have also been prominent as sources of these imports. In the rearrangement of order in 1915, Brazil had the leading place as the source of the imported dry cattle hides of this country, and contributed over 18 per cent; Argentina’s declining fraction fell to less than 18 per cent; and British India’s formerly low fraction had risen to 1135 per cent. When received in green or pickled condition cattle hides have come with increasing fraction from Argentina. In 1913 this fraction was 27 per cent, next below which was 22 per cent for Canada, followed by 11 per cent for Mexico. In the order of 1915 Argentina’s fraction had become 44 per cent, Uruguay gained to 12 per cent, Brazil to 11 per cent, and Mexico was still noticeable with 9 per cent. Dry goatskins come from many countries; their principal source has been British India, with China in second place, and Russia in Europe third, until the last-named country dropped from the list in 1915. Nearly all of the goatskins received in green or pickled condition have come from British India. Prior to the beginning of the war, Russia was aliseial the sole source of supply of dry horse and colt hides. Green or pickled horse and colt hides had five principal sources, ac- cording to the record, and the order of these sources in 1913 was Canada, the Netherlands, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. Under the new conditions of 1915 the United Kingdom supplied more than four-fifths of the green or pickled hides and Canada about one-tenth, or much less relatively than before. Dry sheepskins have been contributed to the import trade of the United States by many countries. In 1913 Russia in Europe contributed 30 per cent, the United Kingdom 14 per cent, British India 18 per cent, and British South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, and France 6 per cent each. In 1915 British South Africa and Argentina sprung into rela- Hides and Skins: Production, Foreign Trade, etc. 437 ; J tive prominence, and both countries contributed more than 35 per cent of the imports. More than one-half of the green or pickled sheepskins imported in 1913 were consigned from the United Kingdom, and one-fifth from Australia and New Zealand, and both fractions increased in 1915. In expressing the total weight of imports, dry weight has been converted to green or pickled weight where possible. From 1897 to 1911 the weight of the imported buffalo hides ranged from 6,000,000 to 20,000,000 pounds, but in 1912 the quantity suddenly increased to 57,000,000 pounds, followed by decline to 44,000,000 pounds in 1914, and by 47,000,000 pounds in 1915. The import trade in calf and kip skins has had an enormous increase since 1898, when they weighed 25,000,000 pounds. In 1908 the imports increased nearly one-half over those of each of the preceding four years and reached 74,000,000 pounds. By 1911 the quantity had reached 193,000,000 pounds, followed by decline to 76,000,000 pounds in 1914, and to 113,000,000 pounds in 1915. This country has long had an enormous import trade in cattle hides. In 1897 these imports weighed 105,000,000 pounds, by 1908 the weight had increased to 159,000,000 pounds, and in the following year it was 330,000,000 pounds. . Accompanied by some fluctuations in following years the quantity increased until 667,000,000 pounds of cattle hides were imported in 1915. Compared with other countries, the United States is far in the lead as an importer of goatskins. In 1894 the im- ports of these skins weighed 54,000,000 pounds; 111,000,000 pounds were reached in 1905, and the quantity rose to 177,- 000,000 pounds in 1912, after which there was a drop to 121,000,000 pounds in 1914, followed by an enormous increase to 190,000,000 pounds in 1915. There was only a small import trade in horse, colt, and ass hides in 1897—hardly more than 1,000,000 pounds, but the imports increased until the highest figure, 46,000,000 pounds, was recorded for 1912, after which there was a drop to 23,- 000,000 pounds in 1914, followed by 35,000,000 pounds for 1915. 438 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Subject to fluctuations, the import trade of this country in sheepskins has increased from 28,000,000 pounds in 1901 to 104,000,000 pounds in 1915. Dogskins have figured in the import statistics of this country in a small way; 6,700 dry skins weighing 2,000 pounds were imported in 1913, 18,000 skins weighing 3,900 pounds in 1914, and 6,000 skins weighing 1,200 pounds in 1915. Kangaroo-skin imports had not been maintained at former figures before the revival of 1913 and 1915. During the eight years from 1897 to 1904 the import of these skins had the dry weight of 1,200,000 pounds annually, and the weight dropped to 600,000 pounds in 1907; but there was a subsequent in- crease and the former magnitude of imports was restored in 1913 and 1915. Pigskins have grown into imports of some importance, and their weight of 500,000 pounds in 1910 became 941,000 pounds in 1915. Various dry hides and skins classified as “ other” con- tribute a considerable quantity to the national imports. These include the skins of the deer and antelope varieties for glove making. The imports for 1910 were 7,000,000 pounds, followed by decline to 4,400,000 pounds in 1912, after which there was increase to 8,900,000 pounds in 1915. The supply of hides and skins is to be regarded as the sum of the production and the imports. Of the total supply of calfskins in 1900, 36 per cent of the weight was imported; in 1909, 53 per cent; in 1914, 59 per cent; and in 1915, 67 per cent. For the supply of cattle hides a still greater increase of reliance on foreign sources is indicated. The imports of 1900 were only 11 per cent of the supply, but in 1909 they had risen to 29 per cent, in 1914 to 42 per cent, and in 1915 to 49 per cent. | The imported goatskins constitute nearly the entire sup- ply, leaving only 1.5 per cent to domestic production in 1915. Foreign sheepskins also have had a growing part in the national supply. Their percentage in 1900 was 25, and this increased to 43 in 1909; after a recession to 35 per cent in 1914, the fraction rose to more than one-half of the supply, or 52 per cent, in 1915. Hides and Skins: Production, Foreign Trade, etc. 439 NATIONAL SUPPLY OF HIDES AND SKINS. The sum of the production and imports of calfskins has been an increasing one since 1900. In that year the supply of these skins weighed 96,000,000 pounds; in 1909, 146,000,- 000 pounds; in 1909, 146,000,000 pounds; in 1914, 129,000,000 pounds; and in 1915, 170,000,000 pounds. The same tendency is exhibited in the supply of cattle hides. This amounted to 928,000,000 pounds in 1900, 1,156,- 000,000 pounds in 1909, 1,133,000,000 pounds in 1914, and to the unprecedented total of 1,363,000,000 pounds in 1915. Goatskins also have participated in the general advance. Their supply in 1900 weighed 78,000,000 pounds; in 1909, 118,000,000 pounds; in 1914, 124,000,000 pounds; and in 1915, 193,000,000 pounds. For many years the weight of the sheepskins constituting the national supply has been second only to that of cattle hides, which, however, far exceeds the weight of sheepskins. For 1900 the latter weighed 115,000,000 pounds; for 1909, 156,000,000 pounds; for 1914, 171,000,00 pounds; and for 1915, 198,000,000 pounds. For the purposes of a grand comparison, the weights of all kinds of hides and skins constituting the national supply have been added, with the result that the grand total of 1,283,000,000 pounds in 1900 has grown to over 2,023,000,000 pounds in 1915, an increase of nearly three-fifths in 15 years. DOMESTIC EXPORTS. INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT. The world’s exports of hides and skins do not balance the imports year by year, and need not do so exactly nor even closely for reasons that can not be explained here. Exports of hides and skins increased greatly from the calendar year 1901 to 1912, or from a total of 1,221,000,000 pounds to 2,117,000,000 pounds. A slight decline followed in 1913 and a very large one in 1914, when the total exports were 1,268,- 000,000 pounds, showing the effects of war conditions. The great exporting countries are naturally the countries possess- ing large stocks of animals that produce hides and skins, but there are some countries that do not possess these stocks, 440 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. which have a large international trade in forwarding these commodities from producing to consuming countries. Pri- marily the principal exporting countries arg Argentina, Australia, Brazil, British India, Uruguay, and secondarily before the war, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. FROM THE UNITED STATES. Exports of domestic hides and skins are in green-salted condition. Nearly all of the calfskins exported from this country go to Canada, and also the bulk of the cattle hides, but before the war a considerable fraction of the exported cattle hides was sent to France, Germany, Japan, and the Netherlands; in 1915 over 90 per cent of the exports of these hides were shipped to Canada and Japan. Germany before the war was the principal receiver of exported horse hides. During the 10 fiscal years 1895 to 1904 the exports of all hides and skins averaged 18,000,000 pounds annually, and during 1905-1914 the average was 21,000,000 pounds. The exported calfskins increased from 500,000 to 1,600,000 pounds from 1911 to 1915. The exported cattle hides ranged from 13,000,000 to 18,000,000 pounds from 1911 to 1915, and the exported horse hides declined from 6,000,000 pounds in 1913 to 300,000 pounds in 1915. The domestic exports of hides and skins thus far men- tioned are of raw skins, but this country loses from its supply a large total of leather which, as far as is practicable, should be deducted from the supply to arrive at a more nearly cor- rect figure for consumption. To a considerable extent ex- ported leather may be converted to terms of green-salted hides and skins, which is the condition in which the raw hides and skins are exported. The only export classes of leather that can be so treated are sole leather, which can be added to cattle hides in 1883 and subsequent years; calf upper leather, which has been added to calfskins; and glazed-kid upper leather, which has been added to goat- skins, the latter two beginning in 1910. The imports of leather and tanned skins can not practically be thus con- verted, but the quantity relatively is not very large, and is more than offset by the domestic exports that are LP amen- able to conversion. Hides and Skins: Production, Foreign Trade, etc. 441 The equivalent green-salted weight of the exported sole leather increased from an annual average of 36,000,000 pounds in 1883 and 1884 to 57,000,000 pounds in 1905-1914, and to 111,000,000 pounds in 1915. From 1910 to 1912 the exported calf-upper leather con- verted to green-salted weight increased from 4,100,000 to 4,700,000 pounds, fell to 3,500,000 pounds in 1914, and rose to over 9,900,000 pounds in 1915; and the glazed-kid upper leather converted to raw-skin weight had a range of exports from 10,000,000 to 14,000,000 pounds from 1910 to 1915. No raw goatskins are mentioned in the record of exports. Upon adding to the exported hides and skins the leather before mentioned after conversion to terms of hides and skins, the total exports of domestic hides and skins on a green-salted basis averaged 36,000,000 pounds in 1883 and 1884, followed by increase to an average of 72,000,000 pounds in 1895-1904, and an average of 120,000,000 pounds in 1905- 1914. From 1908 to 1915 the domestic exports of all hides and skins increased from 60,000,000 to 220,000,000 pounds. Necessarily excluded from this total are domestic exports of leather belting, carriage and automobile leather, glove leather, patent leather, “ all other ” upper leather, “ all other” leather, boots, shoes, and slippers, harness and saddles, and “all other” manufactures of leather. Calfskins and calf upper leather converted to green-salted weight increased in domestic exports from 4,000,000 to 12,- 000,000 pounds from 1910 to 1915. Cattle hides and sole leather converted as already mentioned had annual average domestic exports of 36,000,000 pounds in 1883 and 1884, and the annual average increased to 64,000,000 pounds in 1905- 1914. These domestic exports increased from 45,000,000 in 1907 to 82,000,000 pounds in 1911, after which they declined to 54,000,000 pounds in 1913, followed by a large increase to 125,000,000 pounds in 1915. The per capita exports of hides and skins including con- verted leather as far as feasible decreased from 0.81 to 0.73 of 1 pound from 1900 to 1909, but the per capita ratio greatly increased to 1.33 pounds in 1914, and 1.38 pounds in 1915. Tendency to increase in their domestic exports is exhibited by hides and skins in relation to their production in this country. The fraction has increased from 6.3 per cent in 442 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 1900 to 6.7 per cent in 1909, to 15.8 per cent in 1914, and to 16.2 per cent in 1915. The exports of domestic hides and skins may be related also to their supply. For the total of all hides and skins the exports as a fraction of the supply were 4.8 per cent in 1900, 4.1 per cent in 1909, 8 per cent in 1914, and 6.8 per cent in 1915. The exports of domestic hides and skins may now be re- lated to their consumption. In the total for all hides and skins it appears that the ratio for 1900 is 5 per cent; for 1909, 4.2 per cent; for 1914, 8,7 per cent; and for 1915, 7.4 per cent. Consumption would be increased by these percent- ages if there were no domestic exports. CONSUMPTION OF HIDES AND SKINS. As nearly as can be determined by statistical facts and estimates, the consumption of all kinds of hides and skins in this country increased from 1,221,000,000 pounds in 1900 to 1,957,000,000 pounds in 1909, followed by nearly the same consumption in 1914, or 1,509,000,000 pounds. Under the extraordinary demands caused by the war the consumption of 1915 increased enormously to 1,885,000,000 pounds. These figures refer almost entirely to green-salted or pickled skins. By far the principal item in these grand totals of con- sumption is cattle hides. The consumption of these in 1900 is placed at 877,000,000 pounds, in 1909 at 1,101,000,000 pounds, in 1914 at 1,009,000,000 pounds, and in 1915 at 1,238,000,000 pounds. | In order of weight sheepskins stand next to cattle hides in consumption, the quantity for 1900 being 115,000,000 pounds, followed by increase to 171,000,000 pounds in 1914, and 199,000,000 pounds in 1915. Closely following sheepskins is the item of calfskins, the consumption of which in 1900 totaled 92,000,000 pounds, with an increase to 142,000,000 pounds in 1909, followed by decline to 124,000,000 pounds in 1914, while the greatest con- sumption of calfskins for any year eccurred in 1915, with a weight of 158,000,000 pounds. Goatskins for many years have had a large and important demand in this country, and in order of pounds of consump- Hides and Skins: Production, Foreign Trade, etc. 443 tion they follow calfskins, except that in 1915 they exceed ealfskins and follow next after sheepskins. The goatskins consumed in 1900 weighed 78,000,000 pounds, 124,000,000 pounds in 1914, and 193,000,000 pounds in 1915. Buffalo hides have supplemented cattle hides in consump- tion to such an extent that they stand fifth in order. Not- withstanding a large falling off in consumption of buffalo hides in 1909, the general fact is that their consumption in- creased from 19,000,000 pounds in 1900 to 47,000,000 pounds in 1915. , | The consumption of horse hides is but vaguely known for the reason that the production in this country has been es- timated only by guesswork; but as the figures stand the con- sump2ion of horse hides has increased from 3,000,000 pounds in 1900 to 29,000,000 pounds in 1914, and 41,000,000 pounds in 1915. , The comparatively small consumption of kangaroo skins for each of the four years under examination has ranged from about 750,000 to 1,250,000 pounds; the range for pig- skins is from about 500,000 to nearly 1,000,000 pounds, and for dogskins from 6,000 to 18,000 pounds. There remains a class of skins under the indefinite class of “ other,” which consists of imports and is composed mostly of deer and ante- lope varieties, used chiefly for gloves. The weight of these skins consumed in 1900 was 36,000,000 pounds, and there was great decline by 1914 to 6,700,000 pounds, with small re- covery in 1915 to 6,900,000 pounds. PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION. After adding to the exports of domestic hides and skins three classes of leather, as explained previously, and after placing substantially all hides and skins and the three classes of leather exports on a green-salted basis, the per capita con- sumption of hides and skins, including both foreign and do- mestic, has varied considerably from 1900 to 1915; the av- erage for 1900 is 16.1 pounds; for 1909, 17.2 pounds; for 1914, 15.3 pounds; and for 1915, 18.8 pounds. Apparently war demands raised the average for 1915, The averages of per capita consumption do not take ac- count of exports of leather other than sole leather, calf upper, 444 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. and glazed-kid upper, nor of any leather products, and con- sequently to this extent the averages are too high as express- ing ultimate consumption, although they do closely express a tanners’ consumption. DOMESTIC HIDES AND SKINS AS A PERCENTAGE OF CONSUMPTION. Notwithstanding the fact that the consumption of hides and skins is much greater than the production, some do- mestic exports find their way out of the country, so that the consumption of domestic hides and skins is less than the production. Of the domestic hides and skins that remain the consumption was 75.3 per cent of the total consumption in 1900, including foreign hides and skins. This fraction declined to 59.4 per cent in 1909, to 46.3 per cent in 1914, and to 38.1 per cent in 1915. In 15 years the domestic consump- tion has diminished in relative importance from three- quarters of the total consumption to about three-eighths, or about 50 per cent less. PERCENTAGE OF PRODUCTION. In 1900 the consumption of all hides and skins was 24 per cent greater than the domestic production, and the de- ficiency increased until in 1915 the consumption was 120 per cent greater than the production. The consumption of calfskins was 49 per cent greater than their production in 1900, and the deficiency increased to 1915, for which year the consumption of these skins was 179 per cent greater than the production. Cattle hides show the same trend; in 1900 the consump- tion was only 6 per cent greater than the production, and the deficiency increased until 1915, when the consumption was 78 per cent greater than the production. Again, in the case of sheepskins, the consumption for 1900 was 33 per cent greater than the production; for 1914, 54 per cent greater; and for 1915, 109 per cent greater. Thus for many years the production of hides and skins in this country has played a losing part in its efforts to meet the demands of consumption, and during all these years this country has been growing more dependent on foreign coun- tries for its hides and skins, and consequently for its leather. By means of increasing foreign help the people of this Ilides and Skins: Production, Foreign Trade, etc. 445 country have been enabled to maintain an increasing per capita consumption of hides and skins; that is, a tanners’ consumption, certainly from 1900 to 1915; this is for the total of all hides and skins, as well as for the chief varieties, but the progression of the average was reversed in 1914 for the total because it was reversed for calfskins and cattle hides. COURSE OF PRICES. Independent of any other influences upon the prices of hides and skins, the increasing demands, their increasing varieties and quantities, must find expression in prices. The Shoe and Leather Reporter has published the wholesale prices of 10 classes of “ packer” hides as far back as 1892, and these prices have been reduced to means for these 10 classes combined, and for the 12 months of each year, so that a broad basis for the mean prices is afforded. The lowest mean price recorded for this period is 5.16 cents per pound for 1894, a period of severe industrial depression. By 1898 the mean had risen to 10.04 cents per pound, and by 1911 to 13.21 cents. In the next year, 1912, the mean price of the 10 classes of packer hides was 15.70 cents per pound, fol- lowed by 16.92 cents in 1913, 18.26 cents in 1914, 21.17 cents in 1915, 23.54 cents in 1916, and 28.90 cents in 1917. From 1908 to 1917 the mean price increased 149 per cent. These prices are for the Chicago market. A similar compilation of price means has been made for 10 classes of “country” hides. The mean was as low as 4.92 cents per pound for these hides in 1894, and had risen to 12.06 cents in 1911, after which followed 14.99 cents in 1918, 16.90 cents in 1914, 18.71 cents in 1915, 21.97 cents in 1916, and 25.39 cents in 1917, the last-named mean being 163 per cent greater than the mean for 1908. Great gains in wholesale prices were made also by sheep and goat skins and horse hides. In the Chicago wholesale market, “ packers” sheep pelts rose from a mean of $1 per pelt in 1908 to $2.19 per pelt in 1916, and to $3.94 in 1917, a gain for the last-named year of 294 per cent over the mean of 1908. The trend of the prices of goatskins also was strongly upward. In the New York wholesale market “Monterey, 446 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. saltillo” goatskins had a mean price of 31 cents per pound in 1908, and the mean increased to 38 cents per pound in 1915, to 54 cents in 1916, and to $1.074 in 1917, a gain in 1917 of 247 per cent over the mean of 1908. Again, in the case of horse hides a remarkable increase in mean price has been recorded. In the Kansas City market the mean price per horse hide, “cities and countries,” for ls and 2s, was $2.66 in 1908. The mean price had grown to $4.75 per hide in 1915, to $6.35 in 1916, and $8.38 in 1917, The gain of the last year over the first in this period of nine years was 215 per cent. The rising prices of hides and skins have induced, if not compelled, the adoption of materials other than leather for the same sorts of products. For many years the wants of man for leather and its products have tended to outstrip the supply, and hence there has been recourse to substitutes within practical and economic limits, and sometimes for greater utility. Rubber, fiber, and wood are used for the heels of shoes, patented materials for soles, and cloth is sub- stituted for the uppers and tops of shoes. For the upholster- ing of furniture and automobiles, in which the consumption of leather has been large, substitutes that are not leather at all have been invented and are in extensive use. Cotton is woven into belts for transmitting power; sheet iron, tin, and wood have displaced leather in trunk making; chair seats are now rarely made of leather; and straw, rattan, wood, and cloth are often used for making traveling bags and suit cases. Harnesses consume a large amount of leather, but in place of leather are found chains for traces, rope driving lines, cloth and fiber collars, and cotton saddle girths. Nu- merous other uses of leather have been encroached upon by other and cheaper materials within the scope of every one’s daily observation. SUGAR SUPPLY OF THE UNITED STATES. By FRANK ANDREWS, Chief, Division of Crop Records, Bureau of Crop Lstimates. UGAR CONSUMPTION in the United States for the five years ending with 1915 amounted annually to 8,000,- 000,000 pounds, in round numbers. This includes sugar used not only in the household as sugar, but also in the manufac- ture of confectionery, preserved fruits, condensed milk, cakes, and similar products. This total consumption divided by the number of people in the United States gives a yearly average of about 84 pounds for each person, or 378 pounds for an average family (4.5 persons). Computing in like manner, the number of pounds of flour consumed per family in one year would amount to about 1,039 pounds, while po- tatoes would amount to about 1,000 pounds. On this basis of comparison, taking the country as a whole, the average family consumes more than one-third as much sugar as po- tatoes or as ftour. In other words, for every pound of sugar consumed in one form or other, 2.7 pounds of flour and nearly as many pounds of potatoes are consumed. When cost is considered, sugar occupies a still more im- portant position. Taking the average retail price of sugar for the five years 1911-1915, 6 cents a pound, of flour 33 cents, and of potatoes 2 date: the retail cost of a year’s supply for a family of average size would be about $23 for sugar, $36 for flour, and $20 for potatoes. In estimating the retail value of potatoes, however, for the country as a whole, the retail city price would be too high, because approximately one-half of the population is at or very near the source of production. An average between farm value and city retail value of potatoes gives an average of about 14 cents per pound. This average applied to the family consumption would give about $15 per family as the household value of potatoes consumed. With this modified reckoning, therefore, flour would be valued at $36, sugar $23, and pota- toes $15 in a year’s consumption in an average household. In hke manner, a year’s consumption of butter is estimated 447 448 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. (for 1909) as about $23, and eggs at $18. The meat used by an average family may be estimated as slightly over 800 pounds a year (1914), and the retail cost at possibly $200. Milk is consumed in somewhat larger quantities than is sugar, but the yearly cost is probably less. . The figures just quoted emphasize the well-known fact that sugar is a principal item of food both as to quantity and cost. It is so thoroughly recognized that frequent comments are made comparing the present status of sugar as a staple food with its status of a few generations ago as a material for flavoring. A century ago the people of this country con- sumed less than one-tenth as much sugar as they do now. In 1821-1825 the average per capita consumption was 8.3 pounds, and was practically the same 20 years earlier. In 1791-1795 the estimated consumption was only 7.5 pounds per capita. INCREASE IN CONSUMPTION OF SUGAR. A great change occurred in the consumption of sugar between 1825 and 1850. In the five-year period 1851-1855 per capita consumption of sugar had reached 30 pounds, or nearly four times the figure of 1821-1825. The home produc- tion in the later period was more than ten times that of the former, and imports were more than seven times as large. These figures do not include maple sugar, which furnished a large fraction of the supply no doubt in the Northern States. The first census of agriculture, that for 1839, reports 31,000,000 pounds of sugar made on farms in the Northern States; this may be assumed to be maple sugar. The total population of the United States in 1840 was 17,000,000, hence the maple-sugar consumption at that time was about 1.8 pounds per capita. During 1851-1855 the home produc- tion of sugar nearly equaled the net imports. Great changes were taking place in the economic conditions in this country in that period. Steam was rapidly coming into use as an important factor. The old horsepower mills in Louisiana were being replaced rapidly by steam-driven mills and by other improvements in machinery. In 1845 there were re- ported 630 sugar mills operated by steam power and 610 by horsepower. In 1850 there were 907 steam mills and.588 with horsepower, and in 1855 the steam mills numbered 938 Sugar Supply of the United States. 449 and the horsepower mills only 361. This period also marked a high point in the river traflic of the Mississippi Valley. Steamboat trade, of which sugar was an important article carried, had not yet been affected seriously by railroad com- petition. Railroads themselves were just beginning to be connected so as to form through lines of traflic. Heretofore they had been chiefly local, whereas the great river system was the principal route for freight in the Middle West. In 1851-1855 ocean steam navigation had reached a high point of efficiency compared with earlier years. This development meant larger cargoes, quicker service, and, above all, lower freights. The small vessels of a century ago had to charge relatively high rates compared with the large carriers of later times. Since much of our sugar is carried by water from foreign countries, this lowering of the ocean freights helps to make possible our large supply of sugar and its relatively low cost. These are but examples of a general and rather radical change in economic life in this country, and one of the incidents of this change was that of adding an- other important food to the diet list of the Nation. Just as cotton became common in household use through the in- vention of the cotton gin, so sugar was transferred from the list of flavoring materials to that of staple foods by means of improvements in mechanical, commercial, and transport facilities. Thirty years later than the period just discussed—that is, in 1881-1885—the per capita consumption of sugar had risen to 46 pounds, and the imports had increased from an average of about 420,000,000 pounds in 1851-1855 to nearly 2,500,- 000,000 pounds in 1881-1885. During this period, however, the-domestic production had fallen off; our sugar con- sumption was largely dependent upon foreign supplies. After another 30 years, in 1911-1915, an average of 8,150,- 000,000 pounds of sugar a year were required in this country, or about 84 pounds per capita. MAJOR SOURCES OF SUPPLY. The principal sources of supply for the sugar consumed in the United States at present may be classified as foreign, insular, and continental. The foreign sources supply approxi- mately one-half of the sugar we use; our island possessions, 29190°—yrBkK 1917——-29 450 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. about one-fourth; and our domestic cane and beets, the remaining one-fourth. These fractions are only roughly approximate, as the proportion from each source varies from year to year. During the five years ending June 30, 1915, the domestic sugar production amounted to about 1,873,- 000,000 pounds; Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the Philippines shipped in 2,130,000,000 pounds; while the imports from foreign countries, after subtracting exports, amounted to 4,147,000,000 pounds, making a total supply of 8,150,000,000 pounds. According to these figures the domestic cane and beet fields supplied 23 per cent of the sugar we used in 1911-1915, the planters of Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the Philippines furnished 26 per cent, while Cuba, supplemented by small amounts from other foreign countries, furnished 51 per cent. During the five years ending with the season of 1915-16 the sugar consumption of the United States averaged almost 160,000,000 pounds per week. The supply for 27 weeks came from foreign countries, our island possessions furnished sup- ples for 13 weeks’ consumption, while the product of the United States proper was equivalent to 12 weeks’ average consumption. The Cuban crop, all but a small fraction of which goes to the United States, has increased greatly in recent years. The crop of 1915-16 was estimated at 6,738,- 000,000 pounds and was the largest on record for the island. A still larger output was expected for 1916-17, but an up- rising took place which interfered to some extent with sugar making, and the crop, according to early estimates, was from 6,300,000,000 to 6,700,000,000 pounds, the second largest ever made in Cuba. The sugar season, beginning in December, 1911, and ending the following summer, resulted in about 4,300,000,000 pounds, the largest on record to that date; and the fourth largest crop was made in 1906-7, amounting to 3,200,000,000 pounds, or less than half the crop of 10 years later. The long grinding season, large cane area, and the efficient transportation facilities make Cuba a natural source of our sugar supply. Not only is there steamship service, but the car ferry between Key West and Habana has estab- lished a railway connection over which a car may pass carrying raw sugar from a Cuban factory to a United States refinery without unloading. This route has been found Sugar Supply of the United States. 451 advantageous in recent times, especially owing to the scarcity of ships and high freight rates on the water. HAWAIL A GOOD PRODUCER. Of our island possessions Hawaii has the most highly de- veloped sugar industry. There are some 50 mills, prac- tically all of which are large or medium sized, the annual production of a mill ranging from about 4,000,000 to 100,- 000,000 pounds. The season in Hawaii is long, beginning nominally about October 1 and continuing for a large part of the following 12 months. An average of the running time of all mills is from 180 to 200 days. Nearly all the crop consists of raw sugar and is shipped for refining to San Francisco and to north Atlantic ports. The shipments of Hawauan sugar to the United States in 1911-1915 were somewhat less than 1,200,000,000 pounds a year. The area of cane in Hawaii, according to the census for 1909, was 183,230 acres; and the total of reports made to the Bureau of Crop Estimates for the season ending September 30, 1916, was 246,332 acres—an increase of about 63,000 acres, or 34 per cent. Owing to the long growing season for cane in Hawaii only about one-half of the growing acreage is cut each year. The harvested area in the season 1915-16 was 115,419 acres, or 47 per cent of the total. The yield of cane is heavy in these islands, ranging from 39 tons per acre in 1912-13 to 46 tons in 1914-15, and the cane is high in sugar content, yielding an average of 245 pounds of sugar per ton of cane in the five seasons ending with 1915-16. The aver- age yield of sugar per harvested acre of cane was 10,495 pounds during these five seasons; and the average sugar yield based upon total acreage—harvested and not har- vested—was about 5,400 pounds per acre in 1914-15 and 4,800 in 1915-16, or 5,100 as an average for both years to- gether. Hence an acre of growing cane in Hawaii repre- sents, on an average, a year’s supply of sugar for 134 fami- lies. Cane is by far the most important crop of Hawaii, con- stituting in 1909 over 92 per cent of the total value of all crops. Also in manufactures sugar took the lead; its value was equal to 76 per cent of the value of all manufactures, and was about 16 times the value of the manufacture which was second in rank, namely, rice cleaning and polishing. 452 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. PORTO RICO’S LEADING INDUSTRY. In Porto Rico in 1916 there were 65 establishments for making sugar, of which 37 each produced 4,000,000 pounds or over, 7 produced less than 4,000,000 pounds each, but at least 1,000,000 pounds, while 21 had each a crop of under 1,000,000 pounds. There were 4 large factories or centrals which made in 1916 more than 40,000,000 pounds each, and their total production was 350,000,000 pounds, or 36 per cent of the entire crop. Porto Rico’s shipments to the United States, which, like Hawaii’s, consist almost wholly of raw sugar, furnished in 1911-1915 over 680,000,000 pounds a year. Since the outbreak of the war (1914) the Porto Rican crops have increased greatly. The crop of the sea- son ending in the summer of 1916 was reported officially at 967,000,000 pounds, while the 1916-17 crop exceeded 1,000,- 000,000 pounds. Porto Rico’s average production during the five years ending in the summer of 1915 was 727,000,000 pounds, or considerably more than double the five-year period 1901-1905, and more than five times the average pro- duction of 1891-1895. The acreage of cane in Porto Rico increased 40 per cent from 1909 to 1915; the Federal Census reported 145,000 acres in 1909, and the treasurer of the island accounted for 203,000 in 1915. This gain corresponded to a gain ranging from 260,000,000 to 275,000,000 pounds in the sugar crop. An acre of cane in Porto Rico yields on an average about 4,500 to 4,800 pounds of sugar. The re- ported acreage divided into the sugar production for 1916 gives an average of 4,750 pounds per acre; while figures for ~ 1913-14, in reports of 21 factories, give an average of 4,537 pounds of sugar per acre of cane. Hence an acre of cane in Porto Rico represents a year’s supply of sugar for eleven or twelve families in the United States. Cane is the prin- cipal crop of Porto Rico, the acreage (1915) of 203,000 being 36,000 more than coffee, which is the second crop in area, and 87,000 more than the total for fruits and coconuts. Sugar holds first place in the manufactures as well as in the agriculture of Porto Rico. That industry had, in 1910, a capital of $20,700,000, or four-fifths of the total capital for all manufacturing industries of the island; and the prod- ucts (sugar and molasses) were valued at $20,600,000, or nearly three-fifths of all manufactured products. Sugar Supply of the United States. 453 PRODUCTION ON THE INCREASE IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Until within the last several years Philippine sugar pro- duction was confined almost wholly to the small mills of the natives, and the product was crude sugar of a primitive type. The Philippine Government estimates the sugar production of the islands in 1915-16 as 825,000,000 pounds, while the census for 1902 reported a total of about 397,000,000 pounds. Philippine shipments to the United States during the five years 1911-15 averaged about 280,000,000 pounds a year, or about 400,000,000 pounds less than the Porto Rican shipments. LOUISIANA INCREASING ITS SUGAR-CANE ACREAGE. The oldest source of our domestic sugar is a section of Louisiana beginning a few miles east of the left bank of the Mississippi River and extending roughly for 100 miles west- ward, and on the north, from an east and west line passing not far above Baton Rouge, the sugar belt extends southward to the Gulf coast. Outside of this region cane is grown gen- erally throughout the Gulf States, but is there used almost exclusively to make sirup and not sugar. Practically the only other cane sugar from our Southern States, outside of this Louisiana region, is made in a few scattered localities in Texas. Cane is said to have been introduced into Louisi- ana about 1751, and an attempt was made to make sugar eight years later but without success. It was not until 1795 that the first successful sugar mill was erected in Louisiana. The industry was originally part of farming, and the equipment was rather simple, consisting of a set of rollers for crushing the cane and some kettles for boiling the juice. The introduction of improved machinery was followed by a decline in the number of plantations having their own mills. As early as 1845 over 45 per cent of the sugar planters in Louisiana were without sugar mills and their cane was sent to neighboring plantations for grinding. Steam power was rapidly being introduced at this time and the making of sugar increased also. About 1849 there were 1,536 sugar houses in Louisiana, or about 300 more than in 1845. The increase was largely due to steam mills, there being 235 more in 1849 than in 1845, but the horsepower mills had increased also from 610 in the earlier year to 671 in 1849. With the 454 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. increase in machinery and its consequent cost and larger effi- ciency, the number of mills decreased and a still larger num- ber of planters sent their cane to neighbors’ mills for sugar making. One of the most important improvements in the mill was the vacuum pan, the purpose of which is to boil the cane juice in a vacuum or under low pressure. The older mills or open-kettle concerns boiled the juice in open kettles of a few feet in diameter at the top and tapering downward, of a shape similar to half an egg. The kettles were super- seded to a limited extent by open pans, which are more efli- cient than the kettles, but not so good as the vacuum pans. The open pans are used now largely for making cane sirup. The vacuum-pan process extracts more sugar than does the open kettle, and accordingly leaves a smaller amount of sugar in the residual molasses. This improvement has changed the quality of molasses to such an extent that mo- lasses has come to mean not the sirup for table use but a by-product from sugar making, weak in sugar content, and usually of a more unpleasant taste than is desirable for table use. In 1849, out of 1,536 sugar houses, only 11 were reported as having vacuum pans, while in 1916, out of 150 operating sugar factories, 141 were vacuum-pan houses. Numerous other improvements were introduced. Better methods for crushing the cane and extracting the juice were used, improved systems for boiling the juice, and labor- saving devices for handling materials about the factory were adopted, and these improvements have been followed by larger and still larger outputs per factory. In 1849 the factories averaged each about 150,000 to 175,000 pounds of sugar fer the season; in 1916 the average exceeded 4,000,000 pounds. The factories had increased in size and efficiency, not only producing more sugar but get- ting more in proportion to the quantity of cane used. Within the Louisiana sugar belt cane is by far the most important commercial crop. In the 23 sugar parishes the cane area in 1909 amounted to 16.4 per cent of the total area of the im- proved land in farms. The 10 leading sugar parishes showed an area in cane equal to 35 per cent of the total improved land, and in corn 33.1 per cent of the total. The large number of mules required in the cane fields makes corn an important product for farm consumption rather than for sale. In the Sugar Supply of the United States. 455 parishes of St. Mary, Lafourche, and Terrebonne cane oc- cupied 41.6 per cent of the total area in improved land, corn 30 per cent, while hay and forage occupied 16.1 per cent. Hence, practically 87 per cent of all improved farm lands in those parishes may be regarded as devoted directly or in- directly to the sugar-cane industry. Of the total amount of sugar made in Louisiana in 1916, amounting to 607,800,000 pounds, 238,000,000 pounds, or 39.2 per cent, was produced in the three parishes just mentioned. These parishes con- tained also 51 of the State’s 150 operating factories. The sugar belt is well served with transportation facilities. A number of railroads with branch lines and spurs deliver cane to the mills and haul sugar to market. Water trans- portation facilities also are good. A network of bayous and canals extends from the western side of the sugar belt to the Mississippi River. Steamboats and barges traverse these waterways carrying cane to the mills and taking sugar to New Orleans. A large fraction of the sugar made in Louisiana is raw sugar, which is sent to the refineries to be refined and granu- lated; while the rest of the Louisiana product consists of high-grade sugar fit for immediate consumption. In 1912 the sugar classed as “raw” amounted to 72 per cent of the total output, and the better grades made 28 per cent, according to the Louisiana Sugar Planters’ Association. Two years later, in 1914, the higher grades constituted 59 per cent of the total, but they declined to 47 per cent in 1915 and to 35 per cent in 1916. These higher grades of sugar are not all white granulated, but include ight yellow sugar. One of the characteristics of the Louisiana sugar industry is its uncertainties. Cane does not mature there, for the growing season is too short. Cane is harvested before it is fully ripe, and the cutting season is limited to the few weeks beginning about the latter part of October and ending shortly after the cane is killed by frost. Working immature cane results in a lighter tonnage per acre than is obtained in Cuba or other tropicial countries, and it also results in a smaller sugar content in Louisiana than in the Tropics. In spite of these limitations, this State is producing a consider- able part of the Nation’s supply of sugar. The harvested area increased from 183,000 acres in 1915 to 221,000 in 1916, 456 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. and a further increase was made in 1917. At this rate of in- crease the area would soon equal that of 1911 (310,000 acres), and the total output of Louisiana would be expected to pange from 500,000,000 pounds in a very unfavorable year to nearly 900,000,000 pounds under the best of crop conditions. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION OF BEET SUGAR, The beet-sugar production of the United States is com- paratively new, amounting to an inconsiderable total only a generation ago. The industry being new, the equipment is modern, and instead of turning out a crude product, as many European mills do, our beet factories make white granulated sugar. Accordingly figures for United States production are in terms of “refined” (pure) sugar. Up to 1891-1895 the average production was slightly below 39,000,000 pounds. Five years later the average annual production (1896-1900) was about 117,000,000 pounds; the next five-year period showed an average exceeding 479,000,000 pounds, and in 1911-1915 beet sugar averaged 1,449,000,000 pounds, or more than three times the yearly average of 1901-1905. This large output in 1911-1915, however, was equal to only about nine weeks’ average consumption for the United States. The crop of 1915, the largest.beet-sugar crop ever made in the United States, was slightly more than 1,748,000,000 pounds, equivalent to about 11 weeks’ consumption. Had the same crop conditions prevailed in 1916 as in the pre- ceding year, the crop of 1916 would have been about 2,000,- 000,000 pounds instead of the actual yield of 1,641,000,000 pounds. Unfavorable weather early in the season followed by further damage resulted in a loss of 103,000 acres be- tween planting and harvesting. The remaining 665,000 acres yielded a poor return, especially in the East, the aver- age yield per acre in Michigan being about 5} tons in 1916, whereas in 1915 the average in that State was 9 tons per acre. The beet-sugar factories are distributed over a wide terri- tory, extending from northern Ohio to the Pacific coast, and from Montana almost to the Mexican border. East of the Missouri River the principal beet-sugar State is Mich- igan, where two-thirds of the beet acreage east of the Mis- souri River was located in 1916. This eastern region pro- Sugar Supply of the United States. 457 duced in 1916 about 108,000 tons of sugar, while the region west of the Missouri River produced 712,000 tons. ‘The principal beet-sugar States in the West are Colorado and California, but the industry is also important in Utah, Idaho, Nebraska, and Montana. One of the western regions begins on the east with the factory at Grand Island, Nebr., on the Platte River, and follows that river and its branches, including at its western end factories and fields as far north as Billings, Mont., on the Yellowstone River, and on the south reaching almost to Denver. Another region between the crest of the Rocky Mountains and the Missouri River in- cludes the valley of the Arkansas River from Garden City, Kans., to the Royal Gorge in Colorado, and extends south- ward into New Mexico. West of the Rocky Mountains the factory at Grand Junction works the beets raised in the irrigated fields along the Grand and Gunnison Rivers; a large industry is carried on in northern Utah and southern Idaho; and new fields are being developed in western Mon- tana. In the Pacific northwest are two new factories, one that opened at Grants Pass, Oreg., in 1916, and the other at North Yakima, Wash., in 1917. The California factories are located along the coast south of San Francisco, also in the valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. There were 17 more beet-sugar factories operating in 1917 than in 1916, of which 14 were new. These new concerns were located at Tracy, Cal.; North Yakima, Wash.; Paul ‘and Shelly, Idaho; Cornish, Delta, Moroni, and Smith- field, Utah; Missoula and Hamilton, Mont.; Worland, Wyo.; Brighton, Colo.; Bayard, Nebr.; and Mason City, Iowa. The factories idle in 1916 which resumed work in 1917 were at Corcoran and Hamilton City, Cal.; Janesville, Wis. ; and Ottawa, Ohio. One factory which operated in 1916 was idle in 1917. A large fraction of the beets used is produced by farmers who sell to factories. The industry is not, as in Louisiana, the outgrowth of home sugar making, but, on the other hand, is primarily a factory industry. Contracts are made between the factory operators and the beet growers before planting, and these contracts fix the basis of payment for the beets. In some cases the exact price per ton is specified, in other 458 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. contracts a minimum price is specified for beets containing a — certain percentage of sugar, and a fixed amount is paid for each additional percentage of sugar in the beets above the minimum. ae > 4 ! Lé “ r i » ©. 4 "4 " rh . if _ al t ne 4% J ans a i 4 re ha Al ee oh \— |= <4 ype Ps ay ? ‘ je ee a 7s by are ¢ ‘ aA a i ® aC. ¥ J ¢™ iG , 2, i Pad R My < eeu SRNR AME Ba x Z : ‘a \ ‘ ~ - " a aay oe - Yet tM x ™ : ert: et et van ee Pe yt a hy EE AR: | aR a ee Ce nen res: kay nies . bane i ‘ vs / y iq i : aty f, 7 al a) d Ee eats aN ty haat: pinie ye WI ac a aa sal eT : < € ae’ Ala Ge act : ; if x * mF j ae a De rte he ; 2 lh - * ‘oe ie 460. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. quantity is given for the former item, but grape-sugar p oe duction amounted to 174,000,000 pounds. The glucose and — grape-sugar production not only goes to meet a general d 7 mand in this country, but is exported in large quantities. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, exports of gluc or corn sirup, were 170,000,000 pounds, ‘and of grape sug mar, x a @ THE WORLD’S SUPPLY OF WHEAT. By O. C. Stine, Assistant in Farm Economics, Office of Farm Management. , HEAT is grown in nearly all parts of the inhabited world. (See fig. 10.) The great surplus-producing re- gions, however, are limited to the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, India, and Russia. When the world is at peace, the surplus wheat of each of these countries begins soon after harvest to move along the customary channels to the countries whose demand exceeds their supply. A low yield in one country in any year may be offset by a high yield in others, so that normally the world’s supply is maintained and all countries receive their share of bread. Table I shows the estimated annual production of wheat in the world from 1909 to 1916 inclusive. e » Tas LE I.—World production of wheat. (Bureau of Crop Estimate’s Monthly Crop Report, May, 1917.) Year. Bushels. 1909 3, 582, 000, 000 1910 3, 575, 000, 000 1911 3, 552, 000, 000 1912 3, 792, 000, 000 1913 4, 127, 000, 000 1914 3, 586, 000, 000 1915 4, 145, 000, 000 1916 a 2, 984, 000, 000 @ Most of Central Europe, Poland, and Asiatic Russia not included. The countries included produced in 1915 3,433,000.000 bushels. The world wheat crop of 1913, amounting to over 4 billion bushels, was the largest produced before the war. Short crops in Canada and Australia in 1914 reduced the total for that year to somewhat below the figure for 1913, but the increase in the acreage sown in many countries under the stimulation of high prices and patriotic appeals, together with good yields everywhere, resulted in the production in 1915 of the largest wheat crop ever harvested. In the next year there was a marked decline, and in 1917, though the total is not yet estimated, it is believed the crop is but little larger than that of 1916. 461 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 462 S73HSNG COC'OCOC'SO6'E NOILONGOMd ATHOM > 2 =/S/$ rm a : Ah RS ¥. oS ® r Pg The World’s Supply of Wheat. EFFECT OF THE WAR ON WHEAT ACREAGES. Table IL shows the acreage of wheat in the principal coun- tries prior to the war as compared with that harvested since. TABLE annual 1918-1917 .@ (Thousands of acres.) Average, . Country. 1909-10 1913 d to | 1913-14 1913-14, : 1914 and 1914-15. 1915 and 1915-16. f 1916 and 1916-17. cr fm ff ff 14,974 11, 784 1, 905 b13, 563 12, 501 2,333 b12, 429 11,679 2, 051 —_—_ | 28, 663 28, 397 26, 159 ee eee _—_—_—___SS!)sW¥"™— —=S—_—=&=«={={=nB_\ SS[|{[=|=—=—=a=a{=anpap_=e_e_ _waS|Saja—e—eeeeee——S 61, 580 13,618 b 58, 224 © 14,532 b 48, 525 463 Il.—Wheat acreage, principal countries; average 1909-1918 and 1917 and 1917-18 (prelimi- nary esti- mates). b 10, 439 10, 556 2, 104 e(14, ee a |W KO ee Ee eS eS eed Ee 60, 469 16, 420 (1, 074) 949 52, 785 16, 089 (1, 074) 780 ——— ee ed tries: LCoS oan ala pee ae RS 16, 160 Slee St GOS ae ee 11, 722 United Kingdom. ............ 1, 888 DO ho ee the rata Be eS baie ae 29, 770 Russia, European... 552255 0...0.03: 58, 926 Asiatic, 9 Governments. ...... 9, 521 Asiatic, other Governments...| 7,287 ORGIES Chee eee aren Cee 75, 734 English and French colonies and dependencies: oO es ee os 10, 494 Co ae See es ae 7,603 Oa eee ae 29, 217 on), ESS Se. Se eee 1,315 PRIM ee Swan chen us op 3, 494 Ne sw Sino wae wae 1,310 Potala Geis. Lae: 53, 433 _The United States and South American exporting countries: eitee States: 2 ca... one 47, 095 po ee ee ee 3 16, 052 EMR eth ie on als antes te c's 1, 004 Lot ys: \ CeeOe See 5 td Ce ea 791 ES o> ohn Seaben Panis eeeiec 64, 942 Neutral Europeaa countries: PP aga cscenebes oi it 5 le. ances 9, 548 Switeerewes ec. 104 PN GRORININID ck tis 3 o's £5 << 's - 138 141 148 161 10, 148 124 134 14,757 8, 644 33, 039 1, 116 3, 222 1,310 62, 088 45, 941 17, 581 (1, 074) 1,014 65, 610 10, 223 139 (122) @ Year of harvest in the northern hemisphere; in the southern hemisphere, year sown and harvested. b Excluding territory in enemy occupation. ¢ Ten Governments. 464 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Taste Il.—Wheat acreage, principal countries; average 1909-1913 and annual 1913-1917—Continued., (Thousands of acres.) | 1917 7 ace an Average, 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917-18 Country. to and and and and | (prelimi- 1913-14 1913-14. | 1914-15, | 1915-16. | 1916-17. nary : esti- mates). eee SS es ee es Le ss ee > aa tee yg . Neutral European countries—Con. Lenmar § oss. st. ccdednd osaeee ll4 133 133 166 152 131 UC WEY vcs kev sles «ox caesh ented 12 12 12 12 14 (14) PAUCORRORD ond oie ne Soria 247 288 269 299 307 329 i | ee Aaya 2: 10, 163 10, 322 | 10,347 | 10,789} 10,879 10,958 Total above, excluding Rus- SR a ea sae am ae aati cic 158,300 | 165,171 | 163,958 | 183,680 | 168,518 161, 755 Central Powers and their allies: Garngany - ooo cee. a eens 4, 769 4,878 4,932 49401. tee. |. Hungary (Kingdom).........- 9, 088 ae 8, 624 §; 204"). 2.2 eter Avstriae si 3 eee eee ok 23,012 2,907.) 01, 66) fS. ccs. oe ee ceed Bulearigs 65.0 bs~ soe & 2, 654 2,511 2039 1.5 nen nacubee at oh Settee "Pury... de 5 a bia oie |= 915 = oimiatetpllie ie gece a eerie sil ie coat ee otal. he Oe 19,523 | 18,086} 17,856 |......... |. J. ‘erritory occupied wholly or in part by the Central Powers: Roumanias 2. 3.c8ass. 2 a ee 4,576 4,010 5, 219 4,705 SF ee SP Ser bib anata os bee 827421. FO bB4- |. 5 . sabe 204,908 | 6144,149 TBaly <2 2on Yeas eee 183,335 | 169,582 | 170,541 | 176,530 139, 999 Pistited ‘Kingdoms. .2225 Steck 59, 638 62, 431 73,913 | 60, 630 63, 824 Wotals. 20 see Fee ss Re eee 560,608 | 514,702 | 467,229 | 442, 068 347, 972 Russia, European ¢..........--------+-- 624,615 | 573,376 | 749,862 | 595,418 | 4 vee Asiatic, 9 Governments. .........-.- S2rark. | nee vos. oe 985740. pelo se. SE eee af eee ee FO CO OOO A SS S—_—__ TPotgL! fee as a eee tea ceeaaah ene 706, 000 Noe is ce an 548,603 |...---s-0=|see eae English and French colonies and de- pendencies: Cangas see en tos, SS 204,708 | 161,281 | 426,748 | 262,781 231, 730 ‘Australia’ s-2228-. S943 55.68 . ee 90, 499 24,894 | 179,627} 143,475 122, 880 Rn ttiae. €) 2 Ree. ee oe 351,762 | 312,028 | 376,726 | 318,002 379, 303 LR a es ee Oe pag ER, ee ge 34, 814 32, 830 39, 146 36, 543 30, 009 a Year of harvest in the northern hemisphere; in the southern hemisphere, year sown and harvested. b Excluding territory in enemy occupation. ¢ Forty-eight Governments not invaded. The World's Supply of Wheat. ; 471 Taste III.—Wheat production in principal countries; average 1969-10 to 1918-14 and annual 1914- 1917—Continued. (Thousands of bushels.) a2 Incomplete. eat Averago anc 1909-10 | 1818 ac 2016, |, 1917-18 to 14-15. | 1915-16, | 1916-17, | (Prelim- 1913-14. 191 : ; * | inary es- timates). English and French colonies and de- pendencies—Continued. a A it gl IN hs OE 34,998] 19,165 | 34,653] 29,151 28,979 gL peeping phates soe 6, 224 2,205 | 11,023 7,165 7, 000 LES gle an aR ae 723,005 | 552,403 1,067,923 | 797,117] 799,892 The United States and South American exporting countries: MIRC URLOS sa cats oe alec os retest we 686,692 | 891,017 |1,025, 801 639, 886 650, 828 ARONUEBA ceiseck sebcen a cdted ena celld 147,062 | 169,166 | 172,650 70, 224 237, 913 CTC, ae nS Se oe Sore 20, 062 19, 000 21,145 | (21,145) | (21,145) Gao boy SS 2 eae ee ee ee 6,518 3,597 9, 867 5, 390 10, 000 {cj ¢2 Ey ee eee eee 860, 334 |1, 082, 780 1,229,463 | 736,645 919, 886 Neutral European countries: a a eee. Lee 130,446 | 116,087] 139,298] 152,329] 141,008 DS WLOVATIAUGs — eesc 6c on he eke dae ae 3,314 3,278 3, 957 3, 821 4, 556 INET LCLAMEIOIS Fo he enc coe ecm cee 4, 898 5, 688 5, 681 4,710 3, 452 Memmcnicen Ss OF . FRE eh! ee 5, 342 5, 787 7, 984 6, 044 (6, 004) NOP WEY er. taccu tent - tx des see ests! 305 268 283 316 243 ON a spn eee 8,117 8,473 9,171 8,979 7,496 tee 5 Sete end 2. Soe O- occ ie 152, 422 139, 581 166, 374 176,199 162,7 Total above excluding Russia... .|2, 296,369 |2, 289, 466 |2, 930,989 |2, 146, 884 | 2, 241,944 Central Powers and their allies: patina) PTT Pe Ye Te ~ (eaat7i] 145; 98bh) 0941, 67H ILL. 20). BALL. Hungary (Kingdom). ............-. POG C5230), 1055237 | LOL 40S: feeigars Fe lice Ss Se Lah g! OF © Se eee ee ee a Seer, 2) OR sae pee) So ee eed ete ane ESP AMIE oreo Rec oh c econ aes 42,439 25, 981 AO eee odcce eee etre > ape GE, LA econ a sae TEA) RR CRS Pas Fea aE Territory occupied wholly or in part by the Central Powers: ORME .. Ai hskeis cits ieee pice Suk 87,791 | 46,297| 89,786 | 78,521 |.......... Co) i ee eee a en ee pe RT ET | See GE ,., Seam (Ayr eee een See ES ge scone i atta Bete er aed ale el re. eee eee Ail ote TAIZGMDUNE . 6 dec wes het Joo een othe 614 §25 514 433 390 eG Be oo is Se ae WES LR oe a Cae AD ene ee ogo Pye ceemenee 2 b Two years’ average, 1910-11. Figures in parenthasis estimated by interpolation. 472 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. The production of wheat in both France and Italy has- declined more rapidly than the acreage. The production: in France decreased 60,000,000 bushels during the first year of the war, and in 1917 is estimated at only about half the average crop before the war began. This is owing in part to the loss of considerable wheat land now in German occupation. The yield per acre, however, has decreased from an average of 20 bushels before the war to an average of 16 bushels during the past three years. In Italy the yield per acre has decreased from an average of 17 bushels to 14 bushels. In the United Kingdom, although the acreage was greater in 1917 than before the war, the pro- duction was practically the same. The preliminary esti- mates for 1917 for the western European Allies as a whole are 200,000,000 bushels less than the average before the war. It seems reasonable to expect that the scarcity of labor would result in less efficient cultivation and consequently in lower yields, but another reason for the general decline in yields in western Europe is the shortage of fertilizers. In these countries fertilizers are a requisite for the main- tenance of yields. The war stopped the exportation of German potash fertilizers, and very little is available outside of Germany and her allies. The cost of the transportation of materials, shortage of labor and inability to get sulphuric acid, which is so essential in the manufacture of super- phosphates and other dissolved manures, have made it very difficult for farmers to secure any commercial fertilizers. In the United Kingdom sulphate of ammonia has taken the place of nitrate of soda, which is required for the manu- facture of explosives, and since January 19, 1917, the expor- tation of sulphate of ammonia has been prohibited. In countries outside of Europe commercial fertilizer is not a very important factor in wheat production. In Russia the crop of 1915 was estimated to be over 100,000,000 bushels larger than the average crop before the war, and the 1916 crop was but little below normal. No estimates are as yet available for the crop of 1917. In the British and French colonies the increase in pro- duction has kept pace with that of acreage, the production during the past two years being about 100,000,000 bushels more than the average before the war. The World's Supply of Wheat. 473 The combined production of the United States and South American exporting countries for 1917 and 1917-18 is greater than the average before the war. The neutral European countries increased their production in 1915 and in 1916, and the crop of 1917, while less than those of the previous years, is above the average before the war. The wheat production of the Central Powers and their allies since 1914 is unknown. WAR MEASURES IN REGARD TO WHEAT. Special efforts to merease wheat production have been made by the Governments of the countries engaged in the war. In Prussia in 1914 all uncultivated State lands were by decree placed at the disposal of agriculture, and in 1915 decrees were issued by Germany, Austria, and Hungary to compel the cultivation of private lands that had been neglected or that lay waste. In France by a law enacted in October, 1916, communal authorities were empowered to cultivate any arable land not in use. In the United King- dom occupiers were required under penalties to cultivate their land to the fullest extent possible, and the Government claims the right to enter upon the premises, make a survey of the holding, and if not. satisfied with the cultivation, to take measures to improve it. In 1917 the farmers in Ireland on holdings of 10 acres and over were required to cultivate the same areas as in 1916 plus 10 per cent of the whole extent of their holdings, if not over half was already under cultivation. The cantonal governments of Switzer- land are requested by the Federal Council in a decree dated February 16, 1917, to undertake the cultivation for 1917, and for 1918 if necessary, of all agricultural land left untilled or not adequately farmed. In some cases guaranteed prices, in other cases bounties or premiums have been offered to encourage preduction. Beginning with the harvest of 1917 and until the requisi- - tioning of wheat is at an end, France will pay a premium equivalent to about 16 cents per bushel for wheat, and in 1917 the equivalent of $1.56 for every acre under wheat beyond the area cultivated on the farm in the previous year. The Italian Government pays a premium equivalent to 36 cents per bushel for wheat grown upon soil brought into 474 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. cultivation in 1917 and has furthermore granted the min- istry of agriculture the equivalent of about $38,000 for the encouragement of cereal cultivation. In order that the farmers of the United Kingdom may not hesitate to break up pasture land the Government has guaranteed a minimum price for home-grown wheat for the next six years. By act of Congress approved August 10, 1917, the President of the United States was empowered to fix a reasonable guaranteed price for wheat in order to assure pro- ducers a reasonable profit, and by the same act at least $2 per bushel for No. 1 spring wheat or its equivalent of the crop of 1918 is guaranteed at the principal interior markets until May 1, 1919. It is very difficult in the belligerent countries to secure labor to cultivate and harvest the crops, since the men most capable of doing such work are nearly all in the Army. In Hungary and Italy the communal or municipal bodies have been authorized to requisition all labor available in the country, including women, girls, and boys. In France prisoners of war are being employed in agriculture, and. mobilized men have been periodically placed at the dis- posal of directors of agriculture in busy seasons. ee Oat sin areal beak oi a Ana ols ie dap ws Btn!) el etd a byl Tot net imports aay «a5 ipso lan nesses 69; 961}. sadyaees Including wheat flour reduced to wheat. 476 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Taste 1V.—Net exports and imports of wheat, principal countries; average 1909-10 to 1913-14 and annual 1914-15 and 1915-16—Continued. (Thousands of bushels.) Average 1909-10 “to 1913-14. 1914-15 1915-16 Country. Exports. Imports. Exports. [mports.| Exports.) Imports. Central Powers: CFOTIMANG Oo. aviege ces coesdwces cals cub seen PA ne a oe Same PIA CONV eres oar Soest cae wtes sec 40, 829 BUNGONID o 6 ewe cs cree eee atte dtc 11, 089 Excess imports over exports..|.......-- Territory partly in possession of Central Powers: FROUM GING. cacap Pan unacacducases 53, 642 US ys ee ee ee a SAP al a OR Pe BGP DNee as owes cc kaon Sennen ns wale 3, 567 FE-xcess exports overimports..| 7,719 a Includes Luxemburg, which forms a part of the German customs union. b Includes trade of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Table IV shows the changes effected by the war in the international trade in wheat. It was inevitable that war should cause a great change in the movement of wheat. Immediately after war was declared all nations involved and many of the neutral countries took drastic measures to secure and conserve their own supply of breadstufis. In- deed, prior to her entrance into the war, the United States, alone among the great producers, did not restrict or direct the exports of wheat. Before the war Russia exported large quantities to the United Kingdom, Italy, and France. Roumania exported large quantities to France and Italy. The neutral importing countries also received large quan- tities from Roumania and Russia. After war began the western European allies imported more wheat than before _ the war, and, with Russia out of the market, they were commelied to turn to their dependencies and the United States and South American countries not only to make up the loss of supplies from Russia and the Balkan States, but also for wheat to meet the increased demand and dimin- The World's Supply of Wheat. 477 ished production. The neutral European countries also have needed more wheat from countries outside of Hurope, not only because of their loss of the wheat from Russia and Roumania, but also because they could get no rye from Russia or the Central Powers; and more wheat was neces- sary to take its place. The wheat that was formerly sent from non-European countries to Germany helps to meet the extra demand of the Allies and neutrals, but most of this extra demand must be met by a world-wide increase in production as well as by a decided decrease in consumption. In 1914-15 owing to a shortage in Canada and a failure of the wheat crop in Australia the great bulk of the extra wheat for Kurope had to come from the United States and Argentina. The United States had harvested a large crop and, consuming less than usual (Table V), was enabled to export 311 million bushels, 200 millions more than the average before the war. The good crops of 1915 enabled all countries to contribute toward making up the deficiencies of Kuropean countries. In 1916-17 the Argentine crop was almost a failure, which together with the shortage of tonnage for moving wheat from Australia caused the burden of supplying the European countries in 1917 to fall heavily upon the United States and Canada. TaBLE V.—Supply and distribution of the wheat of the United States, 1908-1917 .@ SUPPLIES. Supply on hand July 1. : Crop har- Total Harvest year ending— ae - MA ° vested. / tn farmers’| In second | SUPPIY- hands. hands. Thousands | Thousands | Thousands | Thousands of bushels. | of bushels. | of bushels. | of bushels. | Fae esis a emg bat iat gel alt Desai os apy 665, 000 34, 000 35, 000 734, 000 ODEO RAT te et ch eh Set 683, 000 15, 000 28, 000 726, 000 a ee ee ee a eee) a ee | 635. 000 36, 000 49, 000 720, 000 Br aS SS ee ee poe 621, 000 34, 000 58, 000 713, 000 | eet na gle Sea Td, Sines Conair, eek 730, 000 24, 000 54, 000 808, 000 wi. tees. Sia 763, 000 35, 000 55, 000 853, 000 a) ae ee eee 891, 000 32, 000, 44, 000 967, 000 PC ESSE taal Bate el BCR A aE 4 | 1, 026, 000 29, 000 26, 000 1, 081, 000 CoS oh Oy ae pe ei eR pes | 640, 000 74, 000 89, 000 803, 000 PRR ast cet eons see sess bee ve shuts - ow deees | 651, 000 16, 000 32, 006 699, 000 478 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TesLe V.—Supply and distribution of wheat of the United States, 1908-1917— Continued. DISTRIBUTION. On hand at close Con- | Total Re- of year. _ | sump- con- : Year beginning July 1. Popu tion sump- quired Exports, lation, : for per tion seeding In In capita. | for food. ‘| farmers’! second hands. | hands. Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou Thou- Thou- sands of | sands of | sands of | sands of | sands of sands. | Bushels.| bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. IS. 2ST. Gs hX 88, 939 5.72 | 509,000 | 68,900 | 15,000 | 28,000} 114,000 SS a denice a wb vechna wan e'ne 90, 556 5.30 | 480,000 | 74,000 | 36,000 | 49,000 87, 000 : Ee ree 92,175 5. 23 | 482,000 | 77,000 | 34,000 | 58,000 69, 000 SOP EOe - cotknn tovecciscaree 93, 793 5.15 | 483,000 | 72,000} 24,000} 54,000 80, 000 MONO: fi Sit dsc 95, 411 | 5. 28 | 504,000 | 71,000 | 35,000 | 55,000] 143,000 Oy ee eee ee 97, 028 5. 66 | 549,000 | 82,000} 32,000 | 44,000 | 146,000 SE aCe ae ae eee 98, 646 5.01 | 494,000 | 86,000} 29,000 | 26,000] 332,000 Ui) Sg aero tees qe 100, 264 5. 89 | 591,000 | 84,000 | 74,000} 89,000 | 243,000 WRB os sake Gna bieens 101, 882 4.70 | 479,000 | 80,000 | 16,000 | 32,000} 196,000 ee a ey ee ee 103; BOO sci db es). peed el slvsens oe edldid. coop ls eeeeies ee Oe ee OO OQ$@ODSSe ooo oo SS Hypothetical distribution for 1917-1s: Normal consumption........... 5.3 | 549,000 | 87,000 23, 000 Last year’saverage consumption 4.7 | 486,000 | 87,000 86, 000 Very low average consumption. 4.0 | 414,000 | 87,000 158, 000 aChicago Dally Trade Bulletin, July 16, 1917; Monthly Crop Report, December, 1917 Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1916. Before the war the Central Powers, including Bulgaria, imported on an average about 68,000,000 bushels of wheat. On the other hand, Germany exported about 26,000,000 bushels of rye more than she imported. Austria lost wheat and rye by the Russian occupation of Galicia and Bukowina, but on the other hand the occupation of Serbia, Roumania, parts of Russia, and northern France have more than made good these losses. If the Belgians are left to feed them- selves, assisted by the Entente Allies and neutral countries, the Central Powers and their allies under normal weather. conditions should produce sufficient breadstuffs to supply their own needs very nearly, if not entirely, provided labor and fertilizer are available for production. PRESENT WHEAT SITUATION AMONG THE ENTENTE ALLIES. The combined wheat production of the neutral countries and of the Entente Allies, exclusive of Russia and Roumania, for the period of 1909-1913 averaged 2,296 million bushels The World's Supply of Wheat. 479 annually, and they retained for consumption and carry- over 2,287 millions, or 9 millions less than they produced. In 1914 thesame countries produced only 2 millions more than they had annually retained before the war, but in 1915 they produced 653 millions more than this average, which gave them a larger surplus than usual to carry over into 1916. However, their 1916 crops were short, amounting to only 2,152 million bushels, and estimates of requirements for 1916-17 by the Bureau of Statistics of the International Institute of Agriculture amount to 2,408 million bushels, which is 256 millions more than was produced in 1916. It is evident, therefore, that the large stocks that accumulated from the 1915 crop are considerably reduced. The visible supply in Canada June 30, 1917, was estimated to be 20 million bushels, against 49 millions on July 1, 1916, and in the United States 18 millions against 49 million bushels on the earlier date. Owing to the shortage of tonnage for moving wheat from Australia, a large stock has accumulated there, but nowhere else is there any considerable quantity of surplus wheat available for export. The Russian Central Statistical Committee has published figures of stocks mostly in dealers’ hands January 14, 1917, amounting to 22 million bushels, and there may be large stocks in farmers’ hands which are not being offered for sale on account of the chaotic conditions and the uncertainty as to the future policy; but Russia’s stock of wheat is not available for her allies, The situation at the beginning of the year 1917-18 may be summarized as follows: The total production of the neutral and entente allied countries, exclusive of Russia and Roumania, is greater than in 1916-17 (see Table III), but stocks are low, except in Australia. The allied western European countries have produced 213,000,000 bushels less than their average before the war, but the exporting countries which supply their deficiencies are harvesting more grain this year and will probably reduce consumption, so that they may export a larger proportion of their crops. Argentina, the United States, and Canada, the three countries which are in a position to export grain in largest quantities and most easily, are harvesting this year nearly 150,000,000 bushels more than last year, and slightly more than before the war. 480 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. A large share of the needs of the Entente Allies of western Europe must be met by exports from the United States. The annual distribution of the wheat crop of the United States is shown in Table V. It will be seen that America enters into the war with a short crop and with a low stock on hand. The problem is to reduce domestic consumption of wheat products to a minimum in order that there may be as much as possible left for export to the allies. The estimated stocks on hand July 1 added to the esti- mated production of the year give 699 million bushels to be distributed between July 1, 1917, and July 1, 1918. This is the lowest supply that has been available in any year. The per capita consumption of wheat varies from year to year, the highest shown in the table being 5.80 bushels in 1915 and the lowest 4.70 bushels in 1916. The Bureau of Crop Estimates has estimated that the normal consumption in the United States amounts to 5.3 bushels per capita. Estimating the population of the United States this year to be approxi- mately 103,500,000, normal consumption would require 556 million bushels; the seed requirements for next year are 87 million bushels, and by leaving only very small stocks on hand July 1, 1918, there will be only 23 million bushels left for export. If we consume wheat at the rate computed for last year, 4.7 bushels per capita or 0.6 bushel less than the normal amount, there will be approximately 86 million bushels for export. The mvestigations of the Bureau of Crop Estimates determined that the normal con- sumption of wheat in some of the Southern States, where little wheat is raised and the people eat much corn bread, was only 4 bushels per capita. If the people of the entire United States will substitute corn and potatoes for wheat to the extent that some of the Southern States do, the per capita consumption may be lowered to 4 bushels, and then there will be 158 million bushels available for export. Even this amount is considerably below what the United States has contributed to the allies during the previous years of the war, for the exports of domestic wheat durmg 1914-15 were 332 million bushels and during 1915-16 they were 243 million. EE ———— CEREAL DISEASES AND THE NATIONAL FOOD SUPPLY. By Harry B. HUMPHREY, Office of Cereal Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry. MMEDIATELY the eye of the lay reader meets with the expression “cereal diseases,” he is apt to think merely of smuts and rusts. To the average farmer there are, prac- tically speaking, no other diseases of cereal crops; while to the man of the street, whose knowledge of the farm and its problems is limited or wholly wanting, what he may know of these diseases may be—nearly always is—knowledge gained through hearsay or from the press. To be sure, the smuts and rusts are, of all our cereal diseases, the most ob- vious, because of their occasional epidemie abundance and their great destructiveness. Frequently their presence is so marked and the damage wrought is so great as to obscure entirely the presence of any other disease except to the eye of the trained observer. In 1916 this country suffered from the biggest cereal-disease toll ever paid in any one season by the wheat growers of the spring-wheat States. The report went out over the country that the spring-wheat crop of the four States of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska had been damaged to the amount of 181,000,000 bushels. All this destruction was popularly attributed to the ravages of black rust, Puccinia graminis, though we know as a matter of fact that approximately one-third of it was certainly attributable to the combined effect of scab, smut, hot, dry winds, and possibly other less obvious factors. In late years we have learned to recognize the fact that our cultivated cereal crops are subject to several diseases other than the relatively long-known smuts and rusts. More- over, many of these, as, for example, the stripe disease of barley, not infrequently result in damage amounting in some fields to as much as 10 to 50 per cent of the crop affected. Then there are those more or less ill-defined root diseases concerning which there seems to be a paucity of 29190°—ypBk 1917——31 481 482 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. real facts and a disproportionate amount of speculation. It is prabably true that fungi such as Fusarium, Helmintho- sporium, Colletotrichum, and Alternaria present in the soil, on the seed or within it, under growth conditions favor- ing their development may seriously reduce the vigor and subsequent producing power of affected plants. Indeed, it has been demonstrated by field and greenhouse experiments that seed wheat, either naturally or artificially imoculated with the spores of these ubiquitous molds, shows a reduction in germinability amounting in some instances to as much as 80 per cent of the total number of seeds planted. Added to this failure to germinate, we find that in such seed there is often a certain percentage of weak, stunted seedlings which, if they grow to maturity, serve only to depress the curve of normal production. Among these more obscure diseases of cereals are to be included the root rot of maize, the canker and wilt diseases of flax, and straighthead of rice. The last mentioned of these diseases seems in no sense traceable to parasitic causation, and in the accepted sense’ in which we apply the term is hardly to be classified as a disease, for, instead of manifesting symptoms of disease lesions, as in the rusts, or the destruction of organs, as in the case of the smuts, plants affected with straighthead be- come vegetative monsters in that they fail altogether to produce blossoms and seed. More accurately are they to be compared to plants suffering from a glut of nitrogen than to plants infected with some disease-producing organism. In recent years our attention has been called to the fact that in addition to the smuts, rusts, mildews, blights, and wilts of cereal crops traceable to parasitic fungi, certain more or less destructive cereal diseases are attributable solely to specific bacteria. A well-known example of such a malady is Stewart’s disease of maize, to which the sweet varieties show greatest susceptibility, while in the ordinary field-corn varieties it has been but infrequently observed. Within the last three years a serious bacterial disease of wheat, affecting practically every organ of the plant, includ- ing the leaves and glumes and extending from the latter to the immature kernel, has been observed in several of the Mississippi and Missouri Valley States and in California. The disease has been traced to the parasitism of a specific Cereal Diseases and the National Food Supply. 483 — organism which has been found very generally present on or within the wheat grains. The investigation of this im- portant bacterial disease is now being vigorously pushed by the Office of Plant Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, in cooperation with the agricultural experiment station of Wisconsin. Whether the disease is identical with that of barley now being studied by Jones, Johnson, and Reddy is yet to be determined. That it is of considerable economic importance can no longer be doubted, but our knowledge of its relation to climatic factors is so meager as to make it impossible at this time to foretell what may be its annual effect on the wheat crop of those sections where it is known to have established itself. CEREAL SMUTS. From the standpoint of their importance to the Nation’s food supply, the smuts and rusts of cereals easily take first rank. Of the smuts, 11 are known to occur in the United States, 8 of which are of economic interest and are here named in the order of their importance. They are: Bunt or stinking smut of wheat; covered and loose smuts of oats (Pl. LXX, fig. 1) ; covered smut of barley (Pl. LXX, fig. 2) ; loose smuts of wheat and barley; the smuts of corn and allied crops; the stem and loose smuts of rye; and rice smut. The distribution of these smuts is, generally speaking, universal and as widespread as is the culture of the crop concerned. With the possible exception of the stem smut of rye, they have probably been exacting their yearly toll from our flour and feed stocks since the beginnings of American history. And now, notwithstanding the fact that many of these smuts are easily preventable, those most easily subject to control are the smuts which to-day, according to reasonably conserv- ative estimates, are annually destroying 20,000,000 bushels of wheat, upwards of 50,000,000 bushels of oats, and 6,000,000 bushels of barley. In the same class of preventable smuts are to be included the kernel smuts of sorghum and broom corn (Pl. LX_XI, fig. 1) and the stem smut of rye, but concern- ing the losses occasioned by these we lack the information that would enable us to make trustworthy estimates. Then there are the loose smuts of wheat and barley, also prevent- able, but only by the more laborious and exacting hot-water 484 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. treatment, which in this country has not been generally adopted. These smuts probably cause a combined annual loss of 6,000,000 bushels of wheat and half as many bushels of barley. It would doubtless be safe to say that we are pay- ing out annually as a price for what amounts to national neg- ligence grain enough to fill an elevator of 90,000,000 bushels capacity. And this vast and really inexcusable toll is ex- acted by preventable smuts. To this we must add for corn smut one-half of 1 per cent of the total annual crop, or ap- proximately 15,000,000 bushels. CEREAL RUSTS. While the destruction wrought by the smuts is in very ereat measure preventable, the.same is not true of the cereal rusts, and in epidemic years the losses are sometimes, as, for example, in 1916, so serious as to amount to almost a com- plete crop failure in the spring-wheat States, where in years of normal production the yield amounts to 160 million bushels or more. The cereal rusts, of which there are 12 in this country common to wheat, oats, barley, and rye, may, for our con- venience, be divided into three groups, i. e., stem rusts, leaf rusts, and yellow-stripe rust. Of these the stem or black rust (Puccinia graminis), particularly that of wheat, is in this country the most important. There is seldom a year when the losses occasioned by the stem rust of wheat are not to be figured in millions.of bushels. But it is in epidemic years, such as that of 1916, that this menace gives real concern to a bread-hungry world. Added to these losses are those -caused by leaf rust; insignificant, to be sure, in contrast to those caused by stem rust, but important enough in these times of declining total yields to call for thought and investi- gation with a view to developing varieties which may possess some degree of immunity from this and other rusts. Leaf rust of wheat (Puecinia triticina), like stem rust, varies from year to year in its severity and economic importance and is most destructive in the more humid Southern and Southeast- ern States, where, indeed, it may sometimes actually consti- tute a limiting factor to wheat production. Leaf rust, known among most farmers as red rust, has received little atten- tion from the pathologist interested in cereal rusts, for the Cereal Diseases and the National Food Supply. 485 reason that it has generally been regarded as incapable of doing more than slight, almost negligible, damage. Of the other leaf rusts, that of barley (Puccinia simplex) is not widely distributed in this country and is not generally known to cause serious damage, though records obtained by the writer from varietal test plats at Arlington, Va., indi- cate that under favorable rust conditions it can actually kill affected plants. Leaf rust of oats, commonly called crown rust (Puccinia coronata), is not infrequently responsible for pronounced losses in different parts of the United States, particularly in the South, where its ravages have reduced the growing of oats to a few resistant varieties belonging to the red-oat group, such, for example, as Burt or Early Ripe, Appler, and Cook. Resistance to crown rust is more frequently met with than resistance to stem rust, but thus far this quality has not been observed in any varieties of the white or yellow oat group in which we find our highest yielders. It follows that in order to get the desired combination of rust resistance and yield in a hybrid resembling its white-oat parent we must again have recourse to breeding and selection. A cooperative study of both the stem and crown rusts of oats was undertaken in 1914 with the agricultural experiment station of Iowa. During the observations of 1914 it was found that the variety known as White Tartarian was more or less resistant to stem rust, but not at all so to crown rust. By crossing and selection we may obtain varieties showing resistance to stem rust, coupled with good grain quality and high yielding capacity. A preliminary study of the progeny arising from a cross of the Burt and Sixty-Day varieties has shown that resistance to crown rust is a heritable character, capable of being trans- ferred to hybrid individuals, some of which may be expected to have all the desirable characters of the white-oat parent plus the rust resistance of the red variety. Thus do we hope in course of time to develop suitable and well-adapted vari- eties of oats resistant to both of the rusts which now make it impossible to grow, except more or less locally, the most pro- ductive and generally acceptable sorts. One of the most interesting and important developments in the history of cereal-rust investigations in the United 486 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. States in late years was the discovery of the stripe rust, Puccinia glumarum, in the summer of 1915. It was first observed, almost simultaneously, by F. Kglpin Ravn, of Copenhagen, on wheat in Arizona, and by A. G. Johnson, of Madison, Wis., on a species of wild barley near Teha- chapi, Cal. Since then it has been found on barley and rye and on nearly a score of wild grasses and is known to have been collected in this country 25 years ago, but referred to another species. Thus far it has not been found east of the Black Hills, nor has it been observed beyond the confines of the western mountain flora. Why, in all these years, this rust has not reached down from the mountains and their valleys into the Great Plains and the more humid valleys tributary to the Mississippi is a question that yet re- mains to be answered. We know that the selfsame rust in Europe works havoc among the wheat and barley fields of Denmark, Sweden, Germany, and other European coun- tries with climatic conditions of summer not unlike those of many sections of the United States where this rust is still unknown, but where other cereal rusts abound and are occa- sionally the most destructive of all our grain-crop pests. It may be here, as in the case of the western form of stem rust, that we have a variety of the yellow stripe rust, typical not of Europe nor indeed of the United States save in the Pacific Coast and tributary Intermountain States. CONTROL MEASURES FOR SMUTS. Of fundamental importance to our knowledge of plant- disease control is.a thorough understanding of those factors and conditions which contribute to disease. We have spent and are spending annually much money and time in the in- vestigation of parasitism and in working out the details of the life histories of organisms known to induce plant disease. Before we can apply known methods of control or intelli- gently proceed with the devising of new ones, we must know something of the factors inducing the condition which we desire to control. So, preventing the stinking smut of the Pacific Northwest was found to call for something more than a knowledge of the life history and habits of the causative organism, something more than a knowledge of seed treatment technique. In fact, the solution of this prob- Cereal Diseases and the National Food Supply. 487 lem will require an understanding of soil management, of spore distribution, and of those meteorologic factors which influence the development of both host and parasite. In all countries where cereal production is an important source of income, a knowledge of the control of the more seri- ous diseases has become more or less general. In the United States, for example, the Federal Government and State ex- periment stations have spent vast sums of money in getting at the facts concerning the smuts and rusts and in getting these facts before the public in the form of bulletins, press notices, extension lectures, and in other ways. As a result, knowledge of the smuts and methods of controlling them has become general; in fact, much more so than the ap- plication of that knowledge. With the organization of the extension service in the several States there has come about a revival of interest in the value of seed treatment, to the end that in some States, as, for example, in New York, Ne- braska, and Illinois, well-organized and successful campaigns against oat smut have been conducted which have resulted in a saving to the farmers of each State amounting in these times of high prices to many times the annual cost of main- taining the entire staff of county agents in the States con- cerned. But the county agent has other duties, and we have found that, save in a few States where seed-treatment cam- paigns have been specially featured, there exists great need of an extension of our knowledge of seed treatment by dem- onstration. Treatment of the seed wheat, oats, or other ce- real has been found to be a profitable practice, not alone because of its value as a smut preventive but because of its generally salutary effect on germination (Pl. LX XI, fig. 2) ; not that it has been demonstrated that the action of formalde- hyde or the salts of copper or mercury really exerts a stimu- lating influence, but rather it is more reasonable to infer that such improvement in germination and seedling develop- ment as follows seed treatment is to be accounted for in the established evidence that the commonly recommended chemi- cal baths, formaldehyde in particular, prevent in very large measure the development of superficial, harmful fungi that are present on the seed or in contact soil. As a part of the nation-wide campaign for a billion-bushel wheat crop in 1918 and for increased cereal production gen- 488 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. erally, the Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the extension service of the several States in which cereal- crop production is an important source of income, initiated this year a campaign for the prevention of smuts. For this work forty or more men have been employed since early September. Without exception these field men have been selected with particular regard to training and experience in agronomy and plant pathology, supplemented by actual farm experience. They are working in conjunction with county agents and farm advisers wherever practicable, in some instances offering these men instruction regarding the cereal smuts and methods of seed treatment. In others, the work is being incorporated as a part of the agricultural teaching of public schools, where all the details pertaining to seed treatment are actually performed by the students them- selves. Not infrequently the men engaged in this work have carried the campaign into farming communities, where they have conducted a farm-to-farm course of practical instruc- tion and have thereby succeeded in getting many growers to treat their grain when otherwise but little, if any, would have been treated. Farmers’ organizations have been ad- dressed, demonstrations before county and State fairs have been made, and every reasonable opportunity has been used not only to bring the people to a realizing sense of the importance of seed treatment, but, what is more to the point of the present-day emergency, thousands of bushels of wheat, oats, barley, and rye have this fall been properly treated where last year there were but 10, and much of the 10 but indifferently or improperly sprinkled or dipped. On completion of the present season’s work of seed treat- ment in the Southern States, the campaign will be carried into those States where spring planting is the rule and prac- tice. Here the work will consist chiefly of the treatment of oats and barley, save in the States of Minnesota and the Dakotas, where spring wheat is the leading grain crop. With the completion of this phase of the campaign the men will return to the Southern States, where they will begin a field survey in order to determine the results of seed treat- ment on those farms where treated seed has this year been. planted. In addition to this, observations and records will be made on the occurrence and damage wrought by the vari- PEATE «LAK, Yearbook U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. *SaSsol oSaq}] PoyWoAoId oAvY pornos opAYopleul “1v04 & JO potiod OY} OJ SosIOY Y00‘000'T -JOJJO OSM OY, “WOUT}VIIZ Poos yNoY}IA\ dodo s,1w9A pooy 07 s}vo YSnouod ATTenuue AOIsop “}uUoTUTywoIy ply} UT yMser ‘9 !yuUeTI}ReI] poss qynoyyLA dos [eormoyo Aq pojyuoaoid Apisvo ‘s]NUIs OA} OSOYAL, s,avof yxou UT yMser ‘gy £206 JO dodo ‘poos [CUISIIO ‘¥ *YYSII OY} UO YNUIS OSOOT {JOT OY} WO YNUIS PoIOADD ‘AS 1YVE SAO LNWS GAYSA00—S ‘DIS tSLLEVOPS OSS UEMUN SEO AVN ekeed eed lee eee Lcd tz “quo vol} [eoluloyod Aq pojusAoid oq JOU ULD NUS Peofy “YSOMYIMNOY oy} Jo sprey *Armfur @UIOS UI SSO[ 40d Jod ¢Z sv YONUI Sv osNvd 0} UMOUY oie AOU, “wnys10s poos SSof {ITM [O1}M0O Jo oseJUOOI0d poos ATTenbo ue ur poqNsol oAty jO jnUIS peo SI Ueyy AIJUNOD SIY} UI UOWIWIOD OIOUL O1B S|NUIS [oUICH prnoM opAYoplemsoy jo esn oy, “nus Jo osejuoo10d YSIG & SMOYsS OM} OU “JUS WO 4JNUIS [oUIOyY-po19AOD JO Peo pue Yo, WO 4ynUIS OPISSUOTS MOI YOoYHD “TOSoIO WIA poqee1d} poos 07 poquryd qjoy uO MOY [oULO4-OSOOT JO peoy YIM ‘o[PPIU 9} UI IYey [[NYyorlq Jo speoy [emMION ‘SLVO NI LNWS 3O NOILNSASY¥d— sé ‘Sls WhHHODdOS aO°SLNINS TaNesy OME Ses Sila LXXII. E PLAT Tat A riculture pt. of Ag De —- sarbook U, Ye Iv “or ‘ ‘ PI TUT I Y A YA. TUOIROVT Tp! I IqAyq jULISISoI AT[eIvg “quored ofeyy :7YS12 oy uo (ge/T “T° ‘ ytuNINg “word ofeulagq 4yJo. oy. wo AyotVA (gy ‘WUTTY) UOYSoTg ou NO A “LVAHM GV3EE YO NOWWOD 3798!11Ld39 LSIYVA WNYNG LNVLSISSY-LSNY V ONISSOUD JO LINSSY—'Z ‘DIS )) AJOLMIVA O][TwINyT Jo jo je [M peolg ‘4SN.J U10}S 04} JO soy Arvpuodds tv st ‘sosod.imd [vJUoUIvUIO JO} poyuvd Aloprar ‘Aaroqivq ey, ‘AYYAESYUVE NOWWOD JHL AO AVUdS DONIYSMO1S—'! ‘DIS \f pee ae ee ATI LXAIII, FIG. 2.—SAMPLES OF TWO RUST-SUSCEPTIBLE 1—KANRED, A VARIETY BELONGING TO THE FIG, THE THE PLAT FROM WHICH SHOWN IN FIGURE 1 WERE TAKEN. CLOSE -T0 TURKEY (CRIMEAN) GROUP OF COMMON WHEAT AND POSSESSING A HIGH DEGREE OF IMMUNITY TO STEM RUST. Cereal Diseases and the National Food Supply. 489 ous grain smuts, in order that we may the more intelligently and effectively conduct the seed-treatment campaign of 1918 in the event that provision be made for continuing the work now under way. It would be difficult, indeed, to predict what may be the return in bushels of grain saved from: smut as a net result of our cooperative effort to eliminate the enormous waste we have so long permitted—a waste of sufficient wheat to supply our allies with 4,000,000 barrels of flour, and oats enough to feed 1,100,000 horses for the period of a year. But, all things considered, if this salvage work be even 50 per cent efficient, we shall certainly not have labored in vain. Not a little has been said and written on the subject of seed treatment according to the community-center plan; but, advisable and desirable as it may be to establish control treating plants on a community basis, it is felt that the time is not ripe for getting the thing done. Public concern must first be thoroughly aroused to the importance, yes, the neces- sity, of smut prevention before we shall see any general adoption of the community-center idea. That the campaign of education now being conducted by county agents and special field agents will result in a widespread demand for seed treatment can hardly be doubted; and it is not unlikely that the community-center plan will ultimately find favor as an economical and convenient system of seed disinfection. Already an occasional report comes in from this or that section of the country where part or all of the seed wheat of a neighborhood has been treated at a grain elevator, a mill, or a cooperative creamery or cheese factory, and with gen- eral satisfaction. Loose smuts of barley and wheat are yearly destroying enough grain to purchase outright a full-rigged super- dreadnaught. These smuts are controlled only by the hot- waier treatment, the proper application of which is so diffi- cult as to make it unpopular with the individual farmer. The community-treatment plan would make it easily possible to treat seed wheat and barley for the prevention of these two smuts, and if each treatment plant could be operated by a trained expert all seed could be given standard treat- ment according to the kind of smut. Each lot of seed when treated should be tested for germination, and the owner could 490 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. then be supplied with a certificate giving information as to kind and character of treatment and percentage of germina- tion after treatment. CONTROL OF STEM RUST. While it is true that all ordinary control measures, such as seed treatment, soil management, and spraying, are useless in our efforts to control the rusts, the situation is not neces- sarily hopeless. In certain European countries, notably Denmark, laws have been enacted compelling the eradication of the barberry (Berberis vulgaris), the secondary host of the common stem rust (Pl. LX-XTII, fig. 1). It is now a well- known fact that the enforcement of the barberry law in Den- mark has actually reduced by a very considerable amount the frequency and severity of stem-rust epidemics in that coun- try. With the Danish results as an incentive the Department of Agriculture last year initiated a barberry and stem-rust survey of the Mississippi Valley in order to obtain data on the distribution of the barberry, on the probable relation of this shrub to the occurrence of stem rust on the four com- mon cereals, and on the distribution and number of wild- grass hosts and the relationships existing between the wild- host forms of stem rust and the cultivated cereals. In the event that we should establish the fact that the recurrence of serious stem-rust epidemics in the United States is charge- able to the presence of bridging hosts among the wild grasses and to the common barberry, a general campaign looking to the gradual elimination of these more or less useless hosts will be launched. Indeed, it should be said that already this phase of the rust survey has not been overlooked, for much has been done toward arousing effective public sentiment against the barberry in the spring-wheat States. North Dakota went so far last year as to enact a barberry law, the subsequent enforcement of which has done much to rid that State of its hedges and other barberry plantings. RUST-RESISTANT VARIETIES. In addition to the barberry and rust survey as a possible measure leading to some degree of control of stem rust, definite progress has been made in the development of rust- resistant varieties of wheat by breeding and selection. It is now nearly 15 years since the beginning of serious work Cereal Diseases and the National Food Supply. 491 in this country on this phase of the rust problem. During this time we have had a number of “ rust” years, which have afforded opportunity to make valuable observations on the behavior of a large number of recognized varieties as well as a very numerous progeny derived from artificially crossed parent strains. Little more can be said here than that we have made a fair beginning and that the work thus far ac- complished has opened a field full of promise. Recognizing the difficulties and temptations which beset the path of the plant breeder and the imperfect knowledge we have of what constitutes varietal resistance, it can still be truthfully said, generally speaking, that of the eight so-called species of wheat, but one (7'7rittcwn durwm) shows any marked degree of rust resistance as a species. And yet we should not for a moment accept the idea that merely because a variety is a durum or macaroni wheat it is rust resistant. Many of the durum varieties show little or no resistance. On the other hand, quite recently there has been found among the common bread wheats a limited number of varieties which exhibit marked resistance to stem rust and give promise of making excellent wheats for those parts of the country to which they are best adapted. In cooperation with the experiment stations of Minnesota, Kansas, and Tennessee, the Department of Agriculture is con- ducting important research work with a view to developing rust-resistant sorts of wheat which at the same time will sat- isfy the most rigid agronomic requirements and possess all the virtues of the best milling and baking varieties of the com- mon bread wheats. AtSt. Paul, in cooperation with the Min- nesota Agricultural Experiment Station, the work has been in progress since 1907 and has consisted (1) of extensive variety testing of hundreds of varieties of the several species of wheat, but more particularly of the common bread wheats and the durum sorts; and (2) crossing rust-resistant durums and emmers with the common wheats to secure rust-resistant hybrids. From the many variety tests, comprising literally hundreds of different spring sorts of bread wheats, we have yet to find a single variety in which we have the ideal combi- nation of the desired qualities, i. e., resistance to stem rust, high yield, strength of straw, and high milling and baking 492 Ye«rbook of the Department of Agriculture. quality. Only a single variety, Black Persian, shows well- defined resistance to stem rust, but it is otherwise so disap- pointing as to make it of inferior value for culture. Resistance to stem rust among the durum wheats has been satisfactorily demonstrated for a number of varieties at St. Paul and elsewhere, in entire agreement with earlier ob- servations and tests. Strains of Kubanka and Iumillo have shown a degree of resistance amounting almost to immunity, and this regardless of the field or greenhouse conditions un- der which we have grown them (PI. LX XT, fig. 2). Almost equally resistant are the varieties D1 and D5 introduced into the United States by Bolley, and a variety known as Acme, selected and distributed by the South Dakota experiment station. This last-named sort has given a very good report of itself in South Dakota, but has proved somewhat disap- pointing when grown under more humid conditions. The variety Mindum, now being increased by the Minnesota ex- periment station, has given particular promise as a rust- resistant durum well suited to the more humid conditions of the country about St. Paul. — In our study of the emmers, two outstanding examples of stem-rust resistance, falling little short of immunity, have come to light. Many types of emmer are quite susceptible, but the short, vigorous, and extremely early East Indian variety known as Khapli has never, in our experience, been seriously rusted, even when grown under most severe epidemic conditions. Still more remarkable has been the behavior of a white spring emmer, Minnesota No. 1165. Rarely in this variety do rust sori develop beyond the fleck stage. Admitting the desirability or even possibility of grow- ing durum varieties universally throughout the area devoted to the hard spring wheats, we might find in this an easy solu- tion of the rust problem. But, since the durum wheats are not successfully grown in the eastern and more humid por- tion of this area, and since the millers and bakers insist upon the production and supply of the common bread wheats, there seems at present to be no direct approach to a solution of this the most important of all the cereal-disease problems. Coincident with the selection studies, we have sought through hybridization to produce, if possible, a new variety Cereal Diseases and the National Food Supply. 493 of wheat representing a combination of the desirable char- acters of the best varieties of both groups, namely, the rust resistance of the durums or emmers with the yield, adapta- bility, and milling and baking qualities of the common wheats. None of our emmer and common-wheat crosses has resulted in any hybrid of great promise, for the reason that thus far it has been difficult to obtain rust-resistant segre- gates of the common-wheat type; but from the durum and common-wheat crosses have come several exceptionally resist- ant forms, most of which, however, had little else to recom- mend them, while, from among the thousands of hybrid types produced, a few have stood out as promising embodi- ments of all the coveted qualities of the ideal wheat. Par- ticularly has this been true of hybrids obtained by crossing Kubanka with Haynes and Kubanka with Preston wheat. As has already been noted, some of these durum and common-wheat hybrids give much promise, but our ideal must be a variety equal or superior to present-day types, a combination that will meet the requirements imposed upon it by the pathologist, the farmer, the miller, and the baker. As to what may be expected to come out of the future it may be asserted, and we think correctly, that the goal has been all but reached. In fact, results thus far obtained, and those now in sight from a new and more extensive series of crosses made and to be studied intensively from the stand- point of the geneticist, make it possible to predict that within a few years there may be available for distribution to the farmers of the hard spring-wheat belt a rust-resistant, high- yielding bread wheat. In lke manner studies of winter-wheat varieties have been in progress since 1913 in cooperation with the Kansas Agri- cultural Experiment Station. In 1916 out of the many va- rieties of hard red winter wheats tested for stem-rust re- sistance were three, now known as Kanred P762, P1066, and P1068, which were remarkably resistant (Pl. LX XIII). More noteworthy and valuable than the mere discovery of such marked resistance to stem rust in winter varieties of com- mon wheat is the excellent showing thus far made by this new variety Kanred. According to the agronomic records of the 494 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Kansas station, it is the highest yielding hard wheat of that State and has met the standard set by miller and baker alike. Because of its many-sided excellence this new variety has this fall been distributed to farmers in quantities aggre- gating more than 8,000 bushels. To the Kansas or Nebraska farmer, so far as concerns its resistance to stem rust, Kanred wheat is of but secondary interest. But to the plant breeder in quest of resistant sorts, without recourse to the more laborious and time-consuming durum and common-wheat route, the discovery of Kanred has heralded the dawn of a less remote victory. Kanred offers him his golden opportunity. In cooperation with the agricultural experiment station of Tennessee it is our aim to accomplish for the Southern and Southeastern States what is being done in the spring-wheat belt and in the hard red winter-wheat section. It may be a long road we are traveling, but at the end we hope to find those varieties of wheat whose resistance to the rusts which prey upon them is so great as to make wheat production once more profitable, once more well worth while, in sections of the United States where now the rusts constitute a limiting factor.* IMPORTANCE OF RACE IMPROVEMENT. Recognizing, as we must, the vital importance of varietal improvement by breeding and selection as the one practical thoroughly tested method of controlling the rusts (pending results from the eradication of the barberry), we are equally impressed by the fact that by the same method we must finally seek to control virtually all cereal diseases. We can ill afford at any time, and least of all in the present, to annul by neglect of any commendable farm prac- tice the benefits derived through the development of disease- resistant varieties; but, added to this, if we are not to betray a trust and squander a precious heritage, we must avail ourselves of every known means of increasing cereal-crop production. 1The writer wishes to acknowledge his appreciation of the assistance afforded him by Mr. John H. Parker and Mr. Leo .M. Melchers, of the Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kans. Cereal Diseases and the National Food Supply. 495 In this great campaign against the enemies of our most im- portant food plants we must present a united front, we must wage a consistent and continuous offensive; we must give more and more attention to the development of varieties of disease-resistant cereals. Then we shall have enough and to spare and shall make for better days in postwar times. ‘ e é . Sasoren’S b , _ a ae _e witioant Ca ° ‘ . rr ' 1 inv } ara THE SEED SUPPLY OF THE NATION. By R. A. OAKLEY. Agronomist in Charge of Seed Distribution, Bureau of Plant Industry. ps ADDITION to the thousands of tons of seed potatoes, seed sugar canes, and other vegetative planting stocks, the American farmer puts into the ground every year up- ward of 7,000,000 tons of seed in order to produce the pro- spective harvest.t A small but important part of this is not taken from his own crops. In normal years the matter of his seed supply gives the farmer relatively little concern. Most of it he produces and saves as an incidental routine fea- ture of his ordinary farming operations, and the remainder he purchases from local merchants, who frequently are hard- ware or implement dealers handling field or garden seeds as a side line. It is only when unusual conditions obtain or when he wishes to try a new crop that he evinces any con- siderable interest in the seed business. The country’s seed supply is indeed of but casual interest to the layman under ordinary conditions. Since the be- ginning of the war in Europe, however, conditions affecting America’s seed supply have departed from the normal suf- ficiently in many cases to stimulate a general interest in the subject, even among those who are not directly concerned with it. It is safe to say that commercial geography as it relates to agricultural products is more studied and better known by the average American to-day than ever before, and commerce in seeds has come in for its share of study. The present emergency brings very forcibly to our attention the vital necessity of a large food supply and directly, also, the importance of the seed to produce it. Furthermore, it brings to us the realization that we have not been independ- 1 Many of the statistical data presented in this paper were furnished by the Bureau of Crop Estimates, United States Department of Agriculture. The author wishes to express his thanks for the valuable assistance rendered by that bureau in the preparation of the article. 29190°—yBK 1917 32 497 498 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. ent of foreign countries in the matter of. the seeds needed by our farmers and gardeners. The situation growing out of the war has caused us not only to look carefully to our own seed growing as already established and to consider the production of that portion of our supply normally obtained from abroad, but also to grow for export certain seeds that we had formerly im- ported. The change in conditions has been rapid, and the outcome has caused considerable uncertainty. in the minds of our producers, dealers, and users as to the adequacy of the supply of seeds for use at home. The market reflects this uncertainty in many instances. The question very frequently has been asked, “ Why has this country not been self-reliant so far as her seed supply is concerned?” ‘To arrive at the answer, although not al- together a simple problem, is not particularly difficult. It was primarily for economic reasons, augmented by soil and climatic factors, and not in the main because of any great lack of business foresight on our part. Custom, and possibly horticultural prejudice likewise, has played a minor réle. In fact, many of the seeds needed here could be produced more cheaply, and in some cases apparently more satis- factorily, abroad. Labor was cheaper in Europe and the Orient than in America, and seed production requires a rela- tively large amount of hand labor. The cost of transporta- tion of seeds from the larger European markets to points east of Chicago was less than from certain of our Western States, where seeds are grown commercially, to these points. A suitable climate and the accumulated experience of skilled seed growers also favored foreign production in many cases. At one time Europe was depended upon to furnish us with practically our entire supply of certain important seeds. Now, with the European supply unavailable, or at best to be secured only with great difficulty, the charge of short- sightedness against our seed growers for not being in a position quickly to produce seed to meet our requirements at home might appear to be warranted, but is really not justified. The case of sugar-beet seed at once comes to mind, but it should be remembered that our sugar companies have been actively investigating the possibility of domestic sugar- beet seed production for years. Horticultural prejudice has The Seed Supply of the Nation. 499 operated, and is still operating to some degree, against the domestic production of seed of certain kinds. However, such prejudice is rapidly being overcome, much to the bene- fit of our farmers and market gardeners. Economic conditions and other contributing factors have brought to our farms undesirable as well as desirable seeds, seeds of low quality as well as those of high quality and, unfortunately, much potential trouble and loss in the form of noxious weed seeds and adulterants which our seed-im- portation laws could not entirely prevent. SPECIALIZATION IN SEED HANDLING NECESSARY. It would be difficult accurately to estimate the percentage of the seed used by the American farmer that passes through commercial channels. Suffice it to say that the percentage is relatively small, though the total quantity is very great, and the handling of it is so important as to have resulted in the development of extensive and rather complex commercial machinery, including in its make-up the farmer who grows seed incidentally, the commercial seed grower, both small and large, the jobber, wholesaler, and retailer. Whether or not the system is unnecessarily complex, the fact remains that on the whole it is a valuable adjunct to our agriculture. Experienced seed growers and legitimate seedsmen are highly essential to crop production. The growing of certain im- portant seeds can not safely be left to untrained hands, and storing, cleaning, grading, and distribution can be success- fully accomplished only by experienced dealers. SEED BREEDING BY COMMERCIAL AGENCIES. Experienced seed growers have done much in the way of maintaining and developing improved varieties of crop plants. In this, it is true, they have followed “rule-of-thumb” metliods to a very large degree, but it is safe to say their total accomplishment in crop improvement is greater than that of the technical plant breeder. With few exceptions, horticultural varieties of garden vegetables or truck crops are directly attributable to the efforts of enterprising seed- growing seedsmen. It is with this class of crops that seed growers have done their best work in plant breeding, prob- culture. grt Yearbook of the Department of A 500 ‘adh . oe W “ET SYFIME | saw re ; LDAVIA w77072 NASOD WOO: LIIME * = zag wzAo7? grat? gu S7e. ‘OTT The Seed Supply of the Nation. ‘* 501 ably because these crops are more susceptible to improvement than the common field crops and the margin of profit in han- dling seed of them has made their improvement economi- cally possible. Seedsmen have done much in establishing im- proved varieties or strains of our common farm crops, but with the advent of modern technical plant breeders at- tached to Government and State institutions, this has been left very largely to them, which is as it should be. ‘The cost incident to the development of improved strains of such crops is relatively so great that individual seedsmen are scarcely warranted in undertaking the work, since immed1- ately their improved strains are released to the public these seedsmen have a very slight, if any, advantage over com- petitors in their sale. With improved varieties of vegetables, the case is somewhat different. Seedsmen can control the stock seed supply of these for a sufficiently long period to establish a special trade and consequently gain a very con- siderable financial advantage. It has come very generally to be recognized that it is the proper function of the Federal Department of Agriculture and the State agricultural experi- ment stations to bear the great burden of plant breeding. PURE-SEED LAWS. Of the 48 States, 27 now have seed-control laws, moze or less satisfactorily and efficiently administered. These laws aim primarily to prevent misbranding and the sale of adul- terated and poorly viable seed; likewise to prevent the sale of seed containing noxious weed seeds or a high percentage of any weed seeds. There is no national pure-seed law, but authority is given the Secretary of Agriculture to investigate and publish the names of dealers selling misbranded or adul- terated seeds of grasses, clover, or alfalfa. In 1912 Congress passed the Seed-Importation Act, which was intended “to regulate foreign commerce by prohibiting the admission into the United States of certain adulterated grains and seeds unfit for seeding purposes.” This law has corrected many of the bad practices engaged in by importers. It is a very helpful piece of legislation. In May, 1917, the Secretary of rE aaEs requested the seedsmen of the country to supply certain important infor- mation with all packages of field seeds weighing 10 pounds ‘book of the Department of Agriculture. , eat y ‘<]TBPseutut0) psonpoid e1eB Spoes aTqRaFeA addy SUOT}IeS [VIOads Zul} Bolpat ‘se}B1g pe}{a eq} JO dvWw—' Ft “Pl NYO LFIGMS SOPIS FNit The Seed Supply of the Nation. 503 or more. This they assented to, and after conference with representatives of the Department of Agriculture, they agreed to label their packages with: (1) Name of seedsman, (2) kind of seed, (3) proportion of pure live seed present, with month and year of germination test, and (4) country or locality of origin in the case of the following imported seeds: Beans, soy beans, Turkestan alfalfa, and red clover from southern Europe and Chile. This was a long step in the right direction, and seedsmen are to be commended for the attitude they have taken toward it, but the education of the American farmer to know and appreciate the value of good seed will accomplish more in improving the quality of commercial seed than the best of seed laws. He will then demand a higher quality of seed when purchasing and will use more intelligent methods in growing, harvesting, storing, and cleaning the stocks he produces for his own use. SEED GROWING SPECIALIZED IN CERTAIN SECTIONS. Very largely for the same reasons that we, as a nation, in normal times draw upon other countries for our seed supply, we have encouraged the development of more or less special- ized commercial seed-growing sections in this country. How- ever, the reasons have not quite the same relative importance. A glance at the accompanying maps (figs. 13 and 14) shows some of the important commercial seed-growing sections of the United States. California, it will be noted, is pre- eminently a State of vegetable-seed production, and only in scattered sections west of the hundredth meridian is al- falfa seed produced on a commercial scale. Climate in both cases is largely accountable. The maps show also where other seeds are grown commercially. The reasons why they are produced in their respective sections will be discussed briefly in certain cases. It may be stated, however, that so far as natural conditions are concerned, the possibilities of commercial seed growing in the United States have been only slightly developed and that when the economics of the case warrant, the industry in tts many features will find ample room for expansion. While climate and soil have had much to do with determin- ing commercial seed-growing sections, custom and economic 504 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. factors have combined to determine market centers. For ex- ample, Toledo has long enjoyed the distinction of being the market center for clover seed. Custom, probably more than all other factors together, is responsible for this distinction. Other, although probably less striking, examples of market centers might be cited. CEREAL SEEDS. For almost obvious reasons, the farmer to a very large degree is his own seedsman so far as his supply of cereal seeds is concerned; in fact, the percentage of seed of this great group of crops that is handled by any part of the seed- trade machinery is very small indeed. Cereal crops are grown primarily for their seed, and it is relatively an easy matter for each farmer to reserve a small portion of his harvest for future sowing. WHEAT. The most important of all bread grains is wheat, yet it is the least important from a seedsman’s standpoint. With the exception of a very small quantity imported from Canada, the seed supply is produced at home. It is estimated that 72,082,000 bushels of seed wheat were required to sow thé 52,785,000 acres for the 1917 harvest. This estimate is based on the average of 1.37 bushels of seed per acre. In the winter of 1916-17, an unusually heavy killing of winter wheat occurred, resulting in a large reduction and even a total loss*of acreage in many important wheat-growing sec- tions. This condition was followed by severe drought over a vast area of the Great Plains spring-wheat belt, which de- stroyed much of the crop in many places. These conditions, coming as they did when maximum production was essential to the Nation and to those across the sea dependent upon us for food, combined to make the seed-wheat problem for the 1918 harvest probably more serious than it has ever been in the history of the country. Appreciating the necessify of securing the sowing of a large acreage of winter wheat in the fall of 1917, the Secre- tary of Agriculture urged the various States in which this crop is grown to increase their acreages in accordance with a The Seed Supply of the Nation. 505 maturely considered program of production. On the out- skirts of the winter-wheat area this involved the sowing of wheat by farmers who had never sown it before, and it meant seeding in as large a measure as possible in the sections that had just previously sustained severe loss by winterkilling. When it came to seeding the large acreage recommended by the department, it was found that the question of seed in the winterkilled area and the outer zones was of vital im- portance. Under these abnormal conditions the commercial agencies played a larger part in furnishing seed wheat than ever before. Recognized seedsmen, grain dealers, and other commercial agencies were called upon to assist to the fullest extent possible. Although a very large acreage was sown in the fall of 1917, it fell short of the mark set by the department’s program. This was especially true in the sec- tions where the previous sowings were winterkilled and in those where wheat was comparatively a new crop. Difficulty in getting seed, and also the high price at which seed was held, played a large part in the failure to sow the desired acreage. In the drought-stricken portions of the spring-wheat belt special efforts have been made to insure an adequate supply of seed wheat for sowing in the spring of 1918. Grain deal- ers were enlisted in this campaign, and a three-sided co- operation was established between the United States Food Administration Grain Corporation, the Department of Ag- riculture, and the elevator and warehouse men, which re- sulted in the inspection and storage of seed wheat in local elevators and warehouses in sufficient quantities to supply the farmers whose previous crops had failed. The Grain Cor- poration permitted the holding of wheat that the Depart- ment, upon inspection, found to be suitable for seed, but specified that the price at which it could be sold should not be more than 15 per cent in excess of the purchase price, based on the Food Administration’s price for No. 1 Northern wheat. The plan had the advantage, so far as the farmer was concerned, of making available a supply of inspected seed at a fair price. Certainly not in recent years has the seed wheat supply of the Nation received so much atten- tion. Fortunately, varieties of wheat in the main have a 506 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. rather wide range of adaptation, which permits dealers with comparatively little experience to handle them in a fairly satisfactory manner. RYE. As a bread grain, rye is practically interchangeable with wheat, especially so far as the European demand is con- cerned. It is estimated that it required 4,367,000 bushels of seed rye to sow the 3,096,000 acres put out for the 1917 grain harvest. This was based on the average seeding rate of 1.41 bushels per acre. A smaller percentage of the rye sown is harvested for grain than of wheat, much of it being grown for forage and green manuring; therefore it is a relatively more important item of the seedman’s trade. In the program of production formulated by the Secretary of Agriculture rye was considered in conjunction with wheat, and the sowing of an increased acreage over the 1916 seeding was advocated. It developed that the lack of seed rye in the Eastern, Southern, and Pacifie Northwestern States was a material handicap to attaining the desired acre- age. In these States seedsmen and grain dealers were called upon to a greater extent than is customary to furnish farm- ers with seed, but the supply of seed of adapted varieties was not sufficient, or at least not sufficiently available, to meet the demands; consequently the acreage fell short of expectations in these States. In the other rye-producing States, generally speaking, the supply was adequate and with some to spare, so that for the country as a whole a very large acreage was seeded. The rye grown in this country is mostly winter rye, and practically no seed of it is imported. Its varieties and strains are not as wide in their range of adaptation as those of wheat; therefore more care is required in the commercial handling of the seed. BARLEY. Only in North Dakota, Minnesota, California, South Da- kota, and Wisconsin can barley be called an important grain crop. These five States contain more than five-sevenths of the total area of barley in the United States. At the average rate of seeding of 1.80 bushels per acre, it required The Seed Supply of the Nation. 507 13,819,000 bushels of seed to sow the 7,647,000 acres for the 1917 harvest of grain. Although of considerable importance as a hay crop, the farmers utilizing barley for this purpose also harvest a part of their crops for grain; consequently they provide to a very large extent their own seed supply. Im- proved varieties of barley have been developed and intro- duced in this country within recent years, and seedsmen have assisted materially in their dissemination. OATS. The acreage of oats sown in this country annually is very large, and more bushels, although fewer pounds, of seed are required to sow it than to sow our entire wheat acreage. For the 1917 harvest of grain, it is estimated that 41,539,000 acres of oats were sown, which, at the average rate of seeding of 2.33 bushels per acre, required 96,641,000 bushels of seed. In the spring-oats belt proper very little seed oats is handled by seedsmen or grain dealers, but in the South, where the winter-oats acreage is rapidly being extended, com- mercial agencies do quite a volume of business in seed. This was especially true of the fall planting of 1917, which fol- lowed a season of severe winterkilling and the consequent heavy loss of acreage. Many sections lost their winter-oats crop almost completely, which necessitated the bringing of seed from localities where adapted varieties could be had. At least 85 per cent of the oats grown in this country is of the spring varieties, and all but an insignificant propor- tion of the seed is home grown. Rarely, if ever, does the oat crop present a really serious seed problem so far as avail- able supplies are concerned. RICE. The Southern States and California comprise the rice- growing areas of this country. Rice is grown solely as a grain crop, and largely because of this the seed trade proper - handles but a small proportion of the seed that is used. Approximately 870,000 acres of rice were sown in 1916, which, at the average seeding rate of 80 pounds per acre, required about 1,546,000 bushels of seed. There is, of course, good seed and poor seed of rice, but no serious problem is in- 508 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. volved so far as the adequacy of the supply is concerned. Practically no seed rice is imported, and when the farmer does not have enough for his own needs he has no difficulty in filling his requirement from the mills or warehouses, BUCKWHEAT. % There are only five States.that normally sow more than 20,000 acres of buckwheat for grain, and the total area sown for this purpose in the United States in 1916 was only 845,- 000 acres. Of this acreage, more than 60 per cent was in New York and Pennsylvania. In 1917 the area sown for grain was estimated at 1,000,000 acres, which required ap- proximately 1,000,000 bushels of seed, since the average rate of sowing is one bushel per acre. Inasmuch as buckwheat is grown as a green-manure crop, as well as for grain, a fair proportion of the seed is handled by the seed trade, much larger, in fact, than is the case with the other cereals. The trade is called upon especially to supply farmers outside of New York and Pennsylvania. There is a good demand for buckwheat for milling purposes. Buckwheat flour is a minor, but desirable, article of human diet. ‘There is also a good export demand for the grain, especially from Holland and Scandinavian countries. Buckwheat hulls are used ex- tensively as a packing for Dutch bulbs. Occasionally these demands for buckwheat threaten the American farmers’ seed supply. Such was the case in the spring of 1917, when it be- came necessary to check exports to Europe and to urge millers to release a considerable quantity from their stocks for seeding purposes. * CORN. Although ranking below wheat as a breadstuff, corn stands alone as a cereal from the standpoint of money value and size of crop. More attention is given to the seed of this crop than to that of any other. It represents the only case where annual seed selection is the rule and not the exception. In 1917 approximately 121,045,000 acres of corn were planted in the United States, for which nearly 20,000,000 bushels of seed were required. Some form of selection, although in a majority of cases not a very rigid one, was practiced with The Seed Supply of the Nation. 509 nearly every bushel of this seed, and the selection was made, for the most part, by the farmer himself. In the aggregate much seed corn is handled by seedsmen, but in proportion to the entire quantity used the total is very small. In the northernmost part of the corn belt, where the crop matures with a considerable degree of uncertainty and where a rather large proportion of that grown is utilized for silage, seedsmen are called upon to supply a relatively large quantity of seed; but in the corn belt proper the farm- ers select and cure or get from their neighbors most of the seed required for their own crops. To select, store, and test seed corn properly requires a con- siderable degree of skill, and effort in this direction is well expended, as the ratio of the cost of seed per acre to the value of the crop is very small. This fact has made it pos- sible to develop a few large commercial seed-corn concerns in the very heart of the corn belt. These concerns are examples of what can be accomplished in this enterprise. One thing that has militated against the handling of seed corn by seeds- men is the fact that. varieties or strains are decidedly local in their adaptation. The farmer, in his endeavor to get high- yielding strains of corn, has selected large ears for seed. Large ears are generally correlated with lateness of maturity, and therefore he has, for the most part unconsciously, developed late-maturing strains. This fact doubtless contributed to the gravity of the seed-corn situation caused by the early freezes and subsequent unfavorable curing weather in the fall of 1917, making the condition of the seed supply for the 1918 crop very serious. The new crop was badly dam- aged by frost, and the carry-over of old corn was very small. In situations of this kind, the efforts of every seed-saving agency are necessary to provide the required supply. At the time of writing the effect on the 1918 acreage of the serious seed-corn situation can not be fully estimated. FORAGE-CROP SEEDS. In the very nature of things, hay, fodder, and pasture crops, broadly speaking, are not seed crops. With very few _ exceptions they are utilized before they are mature, and in the cases where they are harvested after the maturity of their 510 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. seed they are usually fed in their entirety to live stock. Seed of forage crops, therefore, is not locally produced to anything like the extent of that of cereals. In a very large measure seed of forage crops could be grown on the farms where needed, and in some cases very profitably, but in the case of certain important crops seed can be produced only in restricted areas and under suitable climatic and soil conditions. Alfalfa is a good example of this. The crop is how grown quite abundantly east of the hundredth meridian, but only in very limited areas in the humid region does seed set in quantity sufficient to make its harvesting a commercial possibility. The saving of seed of forage crops must be, for the most part, a definite and not an incidental feature of farm work, which is also a reason why the seed trade is called upon to handle much of the nation’s supply. GRASS SEEDS. Tame hay and pasture grasses are grown practically on every general farm where soil and climate permit. Grass crops are considered almost indispensable to a permanent system of agriculture, and on most of the farms which grow them some seed is sown each year. With few exceptions these grasses are good seed producers, setting seed abun- dantly under a wide range of conditions, but notwithstand- ing this, the commercial production of their seed, to a con- siderable degree, has been localized. Soil and climate have been important factors, but custom, regardless of economic conditions, likewise has been instrumental in determining the localities. TIMOTHY. No recent statistics are available on the acreage of timo- thy, America’s greatest cultivated hay grass, but those of 1909 indicate that there were at that time nearly 15,000,000 acres of this grass grown alone and nearly 20,000,000 acres of it grown in mixtures with clovers. It is therefore reason- able to assume that over 200,000,000 pounds of timothy seed are sown annually by our farmers. In almost all parts of the region generally outlined as east of the ninety-sixth meridian and north of Tennessee, it seeds abundantly in The Seed Supply of the Nation. Sit average seasons, but as the map (fig. 13) indicates, the com- mercial production of seed in the main is fairly well local- ized. More timothy seed is grown in this country than is needed for our own seedings. Our exports for the fiscal year 1916 were approximately 13,500,000 pounds, and the quantity of seed harvested annually is limited only by eco- nomic factors. The production of timothy seed bears such a peculiar rela- tion to the price of timothy hay that the supply does not adjust itself quickly to the demands. This is responsible many times for the wide fluctuations in the price of seed. When the price of hay is high, there is a strong tendency to harvest more of the crop for hay and less for seed. This, coupled with the tendency to increase the acreage in the succeeding season materially advances the price of seed. Timothy seed is harvested and thrashed by ordinary farm machinery. In some sections, notably in Iowa, where com- mercial seed production is well developed, special methods of harvesting are practiced, as, for example, heading, which has many advantages. This method permits the harvest- ing of a fair crop of hay after the seed crop has been removed (Pl. LXAXIV, fig. 1). No varieties of timothy have as yet been commercialized, although there are very good prospects that some will be in the near future. While of great impor- tance to American agriculture, there is no cause for fear regarding the adequacy of our supply of timothy seed. REDTOP. Although it does not compare with timothy in importance, redtop is, nevertheless, a very valuable hay and pasture grass. It is especially valuable on wet and so-called sour soils. The redtop and alsike-clover mixture is a popular one, and the redtop-clover-timothy mixture is also extensively used, espe- cially in the Northeast. Redtop is a common constituent of lawn and turf grass mixtures, and the quantity sown for all purposes in this country is very large. Probably 95 per cent of commercial redtop seed is produced in Wayne, Edward, Richland, Marion, and Jefferson Counties in south-central Illinois. In these counties it is a staple money crop which requires no special farm machinery to harvest or special skill 512 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. to produce. Some years ago seed in the chaff was sold by the seed trade, but of late years the market demand is for fancy or recleaned seed. Redtop has been used extensively as an adulterant of the seed of the fine bent-grasses, to which it is closely related, but with perfected methods of identification this practice must soon come to an end. The country’s sup- ply of redtop seed may be said to be sufficient. KENTUCKY AND CANADA BLUEGRASSES, The commercial production of Kentucky bluegrass seed is confined principally to a few counties in Kentucky, Mis- souri, and Iowa, the most important section being in Ken- tucky surrounding Winchester, Paris, and Lexington. Lime- stone soils are largely responsible for defining these sections, as it is only upon such soil that this grass yields a profitable crop of seed. There are several places in the East where Kentucky bluegrass produces seed abundantly, but where it is not harvested commercially. The peculiar nature. of the seed makes necessary its harvesting, curing, and thrashing by special methods and equipment. This and custom have had much to do with limiting and localizing commercial seed production. When the seed is mature, it is harvested by horse-drawn seed strippers and piled in long windrows for curing (Pl. LXXIV, fig. 2). When thoroughly dry, it is thrashed by a specially constructed machine having a cylin- der which revolves in a close-fitting sleeve. Improper curing is responsible for the low vitality of much of the seed that is on the market. If stored as it should be, seed that is a year old will germinate better than new seed. We export consid- erable quantities of seed annually. In the past, seed of Canada bluegrass was used extensively to adulterate Kentucky bluegrass seed, but this practice has largely been discontinued. A considerable quantity of seed of Canada bluegrass is used in this country every year, and practically all of it comes from southern Ontario. The character which makes special machinery necessary for the harvesting of Kentucky bluegrass seed is absent in the case of Canada bluegrass; therefore the ordinary mower, rake, and thrasher are used satisfactorily. The demand for the seed of this grass falls short of the possible supply. a The Seed Supply of the Nation. 513 ORCHARD GRASS. Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee supply the greater part of the orchard-grass seed used in the United States. Jefferson, Oldham, and Shelby Counties in Kentucky and Clark and adjoining counties in Indiana are the most important commercial seed sections No difficulties attend the harvesting of orchard-grass seed, and no particular experience is required to handle it on the farm. In past years, rather large quantities of seed were imported from New Zealand, but the strain of orchard grass grown in that country is inferior to our own, and imported seed is discriminated against on our markets. OTHER GRASSES. At one time the commercial production of mieadow-fescue seed was quite an important industry in eastern Kansas and western Missouri, but in recent years it bas declined per- ceptibly, owing largely to the falling off of home demands. Considerable quantities are ‘still grown, but mostly for ex- port to Europe, where it is used as a constituent of pasture and meadow mixtures. Meadow fescue can scarcely be said to be a very important grass in this country. Almost all the seed of Italian and perennial rye-grass used by us is imported from Europe. At present, however, seed of a variety of Italian rye-grass is imported in liberal quan- tities from Argentina. Our normal requirements of both species aggregate about 2,500,000 pounds of seed. These grasses are used In meadow and pasture mixtures and also in turf-grass mixtures. While valuable grasses, no concern is occasioned by the fact that we do not produce our own seed supply. In mixtures which include orchard grass, tall meadow oat- grass is used principally in the Piedmont sections of the Southern States. Seed of it is grown mostly in Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, but as a com- mercial commodity it is relatively unimportant. A few years ago, brome-grass (Bromus inermis) promised to be a valuable hay and pasture grass in the Northern States, especially in the Great Plains region and the Pacific North- 29i90°—vBK 191733 514 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. west. It has fallen so far short of expectations that at the present time it is only of very minor importance. Some seed is produced in the Dakotas and Minnesota, but most of our supply is imported now, principally from Canada, since European seed is not readily available. In proportion to the importance of Bermuda grass, there is little seed used in this country. The grass propagates itself so readily by stolons and rootstocks that vegetative propagation in most cases is more economical than seeding. In the Southern States, where it is so abundant, Bermuda- grass seed is not produced commercially. Prior to a very few years ago, our seed supply was secured from Australia, but now it is produced at home, chiefly in southwestern Arizona. In the Southwest, Bermuda grass sets seed abundantly, and the quality is superior to that of the commercial Australian- grown seed. By developing our own source of supply we not only obtain better seed, but also cheaper seed. Rhodes grass, another southern grass, is increasing slowly in importance. It is limited in its area by its inability to withstand low temperatures. *This confines it as a perennial principally to Florida and the immediate Gulf coast region. There is a fair demand for seed of this species, but none is produced commercially here. Our supply comes almost ex- clusively from Australia. Natal grass is a warm-climate hay grass which as yet is of limited importance here. It has proved promising in Florida, and the commercial seed supply is practically all produced there. SORGHUMS. It has often been said that the sorghums are the backbone of the dry-land agriculture in the southern half of the Great Plains region. This is especially true of the grain sorghums, although the sweet sorghums and Sudan grass contribute no small amount to the cultivated forage supply in that region. Kafir, feterita, and milo are the most important grain sor- ghums, and the leading States in their production are Kan- sas, Oklahoma, and Texas. On account of the relatively long season required for their maturity, the grain-sorghum area does not extend much north of southern Nebraska, although the kaoliangs, a less important group, are attracting consider- The Seed Supply of the Nation. 515 able attention in South Dakota. Generally speaking, milo is the popular variety of grain sorghum in northwestern Kansas, western Oklahoma, and the Panhandle of Texas, be- cause it matures more quickly than kafir and can be grown at higher altitudes. The Dwarf variety is the one most com- monly used. The kafirs are largely grown in central Kan- sas and Oklahoma. Of the three common varieties, Black- hull, Red, and Pink, the first mentioned is the most popular, and the dwarf strain of it is rapidly coming into use. TF ete- rita is a relatively short-seasoned grain sorghum, and will produce a crop with less moisture than kafir or milo, but is not as productive in normal seasons, Only about 3 pounds of good seed of the grain sorghums are required to plant an acre, but since much of the seed used is of low vitality the optimum rate is more nearly 5 pounds. On this basis approximately 25,000,000 pounds, or 450,000 bushels, of seed are necessary to plant our annual acreage. The seed is easily harvested (Pl. LX-XV, fig. 1), but seedsmen and grain dealers are called upon to supply a fairly large part of the seed needed, as much of the crop is fed, without thrash- ing, to live stock on the farm. Ordinarily the supply of seed is adequate for the country’s needs, the only problem being to get it free from mixtures and to store it in such a way that it will not heat. In the spring of 1917 the demand for the seed of grain sorghums for feed and for the making of alcohol and yeast threatened to curtail the supply for planting purposes, but a little attention to the conservation and distribution of the available seed resulted in supplying enough for planting a very large acreage. In the summer of 1917 serious droughts covered a large area in Texas and also affected parts of Oklahoma and Kansas. These, together with early frosts, greatly reduced the total yield of good seed. As a result, care to prevent too much of it from being fed and precaution in storing that needed for planting in 1918 were necessary. Sweet sorghums are grown principally in the Southwest- ern States, in the central and southern Great Plains, and to a limited extent in the upper Mississippi Valley. The acre- age of the crop can not be definitely stated, but in the aggre- gate it is very large. Since the seed of sweet sorghums is not used to any extent for feed or for industrial purposes, 516 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. rarely more than enough for planting is harvested. This is particularly true of some of the better sirup varieties. The demand for sugar substitutes suggests that efforts should be made to conserve the seed supply, which it is believed will be enough, if properly distributed, for planting a consid- erably increased acreage. Yhe rapidity with which Sudan grass attained a place among the staple forage crops of this country is little less than phenomenal, This grass is now grown extensively in the South and the southern half of the Great Plains. On account of its close resemblance to Johnson grass, a near relative, it was feared that prejudice would militate against its use. To overcome the danger of disseminating Johnson- grass seed by means of Sudan-grass seed, the growing of the latter north of the Johnson-grass territory was recom- mended, but the trouble was soon overcome; in reality, it failed to materialize to anything like the extent anticipated, ley in southeastern Colorado. Speculation in Sudan-grass seed in the North has never been extensively practiced. The bulk of commercial Sudan-grass seed comes from northern Texas, Oklahoma, southern Kansas, and the Arkansas Val- ley in southeastern Colorado. Speculation in Sudan-grass seed, coupled with the fact that the crop is still a very new one, has prevented the seed supply from attaining a proper equilibrium. Just now, it does not seem to be quite sufficient for the demand. About the time that Sudan grass was in- troduced, the demand for Johnson-grass seed was increas- ing quite rapidly, but when the former got well established, the demand for the latter diminished rather than developed. MILLETS, The foxtail millets are the only important ones in the United States. They are widely grown, but can scarcely be said to be popular crops. The area devoted to millets in 1909 was approximately 1,200,000 acres, and there has been very little increase since that time. Our annual seed require- ments are probably not more than 25,000,000 pounds, all of which is home grown. Large quantities of seed are imported from the Orient, but they are mostly used in poultry and other feeds. Kansas, Missouri, Texas, Nebraska, North Da- kota, Tennessee, and Oklahoma produce most of our seed of The Seed Supply of the Nation. 517 the common, German, and Hungarian varieties. Seed of the Siberian variety and the Kursk, an improved strain selected from it, are grown in the northern part of the Great Plains region. At this time the supply of seed of the common, Siberian, and Kursk millets is not abundant. LEGUME SEED SUPPLY HIGHLY IMPORTANT. Nearly every system of permanent agriculture has one or more leguminous crops in its foundation. Not all include legumes to the extent that red clover is included in the crop- ping systems of our Northern States, but some legumes find their way, sooner or later, to a majority of our American farms. Legume seeds, as a class, are the highest priced forage-crop seeds, since many of them are in demand as feeds, while those that are not are relatively costly to produce. A rather large part of the value of some legumes is de- rived incidentally from their effect on subsequent crops. Clovers might be cited as good examples of this, and we are now obtaining a measure of what the farmer thinks such legumes are worth for their soil-improving qualities under the present scale of values by the constant increase in the price of seed. For example, as the price of crimson-clover seed approached 18 cents per pound in the summer of 1917, farmers began to drop out of the market. When it reached 20 cents per pound, sales fell off materially, and at 22 cents per pound only a relatively small quantity of seed was sold. Red clover is now being put to the same test. Some of the most important legume seeds can be produced commercially only in restricted areas. In the main, it may be said that a large part of the supply is handled by some branch of the seed trade. RED CLOVER. An immense quantity of red-clover seed, including the Mammoth variety, is sown annually in this country, prob- ably at least 120,000,000 pounds, not all of which is pro- duced at home. From July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, 32,508,537 pounds of red-clover seed were imported, but for the corresponding period a year later, only 5,343,600 pounds came from foreign sources. We export, as well as import, red-clover seed. In the summer of 1917 England con- 518 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. tracted heavily for seed here, because the crop prospects there were not good. France, which normally supplies us some seed, likewise placed contracts in this country. ‘This extra demand on our own none too heavy crop, coming at a time when the Russian supply was not available to us, produced a wholesale price of $19.80 per bushel for red- clover seed in January, 1918. The important foreign sup- ples of seed that are available in normal times are those of Chile, Russia, Italy, and France. Seed from Chile usually contains seed of a noxious species of dodder and is there- fore undesirable. The Italan-grown seed produces plants that lack hardiness in our red-clover area. Russian and French red-clover seed are both desirable. Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Idaho produce the bulk of our red-clover seed, and Toledo is considered the center of our red-clover seed market. It is practically the only city in the United States where futures in this com- modity are dealt in. The only special machinery needed in the producing of red-clover seed is a huller, which, in fact, is a thrasher with a modified cylinder and concaves. Some apprehension is felt as to our supply of seed for the 1918 seeding and also regarding the effect of the high price of seed on the acreage sown, and this apprehension would seem to be weil founded. ALSIKE CLOVER. In many places where red clover can not be grown suc- cessfully, alsike clover has been found to succeed admirably. Particularly is this true on wet and sour soils. Its seed, therefore, is usually in good demand. In 1909 over 6,500,000 pounds of alsike-clover seed were required in this country for seeding purposes, and the crop has increased materially in its area since then. From July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, 1,113,464 pounds of seed were imported, chiefly from Canada. This was increased to 4,329,000 pounds a year later, but from July 1 to November 30, 1917, only 811,200 pounds were permitted entry. That is practically one-half the quantity entered for the corresponding period of the previous year. Most of our home-grown alsike-clover seed comes from Indiana, Michigan, New York, Wisconsin, and Idaho. It is The Seed Supply of the Nation. 519 handled in much the same way as red-clover seed (Pi. LXXV\V, fig. 2), and the price keeps rather a close second with it, the price of alsike-clover seed in December, 1917, being $15 per bushel. While alsike clover can be substituted for red clover in many places, the supply of seed for 1918 is not large enough to afford much relief in connection with the red-clover seed shortage. OTHER CLOVERS. As a winter-growing annual soil-improving crop, crimson clover holds high rank along the Atlantic coast from New York to Florida. Its area, however, does not extend far back from the coast. In 1909 it was estimated that there were sown in this country annually nearly 11,000,000 pounds of seed of this species. Since that time, and even prior to the present war, our seed requirements have increased greatly. A considerable quantity of crimson-clover seed is grown in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, but it has been found necessary to import from Kurope a relatively large percentage of what is needed. For the fiscal year 1916 our imports were 4,505,893 pounds, and for the fiscal year 1917 they were 5,776,300 pounds. France furnished us with most of our imported seed. The crop of 1917 in that country was scarcely more than enough for home demands, so recent imports from France have fallen off heavily. The high price of seed in Europe and the cost of laying it down in this country have caused very high prices here; so high, in fact, that farmers are seeking other means of maintaining their soil fertility. Crimson-clover seed is best harvested with a stripper, similar to the type used for harvesting Kentucky-bluegrass seed. Most of the home-grown seed that finds its way into the trade is thrashed with a huller, but much of that gath- ered by farmers for their own use and for the use of their neighbors is not thrashed, but sown in the chaff. In every bluegrass pasture white clover is a more or less important grazing plant. It is also found abundantly in bluegrass lawns and turf areas, but compared with its ex- tensive use little seed is required annually. It is probable that not more than 1,000,000 pounds of white-clover seed are 520 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. sown each year, and of this quantity approximately 150,000 pounds are imported from Canada. The States that produce most of our white-clover seed are Wisconsin, Idaho, and Louisiana. Louisiana is an important, but relatively recent, source of supply. Seed coming from the Northern States is obtained largely as a by-product from the harvesting of other seeds. The bur clovers are used principally as cover crops. The areas Where they are grown in this country are California and the Southern States. The common species used in the South is known as southern bur clover (Jledicago arabica). For the cotton belt it is superior to the common California bur clover (Medicago denticulata). It is estimated that 2,500,000 pounds of bur clover, both hulled and in the bur, were sown in this country in 1909, but appreciably more seed is now required. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi produce most of the bur-clover seed for the South, and a large percentage is sown without hulling. It is harvested mostly in a crude manner by raking or sweeping the fields after the plants are fully matured. By this method much trash is collected with the burs. Cali- fornia-grown bur-clover seed is put on the market hulled. Practically no seed of bur clover is now imported. Louisiana and Mississippi furnish most of our commercial lespedeza, or Japan clover, seed. Baton Rouge is the center of production in Louisiana, and the Delta region of Missis- sippi is the principal seed-producing section of that State. Other sections of the South could produce this seed, as the plants set seed abundantly in the region to which lespedeza is adapted. This crop has increased much in popularity since the census of 1910, at which time it was estimated that only 4,000,000 pounds of seed were sown annually. Harvesting seed can best be done by means of a mowing machine fitted with a pan to catch the seed as it shatters from the plant. MELILOTUS, OR SWEET CLOVER. There are two species of Melilotus, or sweet clover, that are becoming important as cultivated crops in this country, namely, the white species and the biennial yellow species. The former is the more popular and valuable, except pos- The Seed Supply of the Nation. 521 sibly at high altitudes in the North and in the extreme South. The rapid increase in the use of white sweet clover as a hay and pasture plant has created a strong demand for the seed. Most of the commercial seed of this species comes from Nebraska, Montana, Wyoming, and_ Illinois. This plant has a very wide range of adaptation and pro- duces seed abundantly wherever it is found. The same may be said of the biennial yellow species. No data are avail- able on the quantity of seed harvested and sown annually in this country, but it is now quite large. The harvesting of sweet-clover seed is best done by means of a grain binder having a pan attachment to catch the seed that shatters when the crop is cut. Other methods are used, but they in- volve considerable waste. The ordinary grain thrasher, slightly modified and properly adjusted, is more commonly and successfully used than the clover huller for thrashing the seed. By the proper use of this machine, a very large percentage of the seed can be hulled when thrashed. Both hulled and unhulled seed appear on the market. The pos- sibilities of the production in this country of seed of both the white and the biennial yellow sweet clover are very great. ALFALFA, In alfalfa we have a high-yielding hay crop and a low- yielding seed crop, affecting favorably on one hand the de- mand for seed and unfavorably, on the other, the supply of it. It is very difficult to estimate the annual seed require- ment, yet it doubtless exceeds 25,000,000 pounds. Alfalfa- seed production is very uncertain in this country and is commercially localized in fairly definite sections west of the one hundredth meridian. Utah, Idaho, Kansas, Ne- braska, California, and Arizona produce the bulk of our domestic-grown seed. The seed of the Grimm variety and- other hardy strains comes mostly from the Dakotas, Mon- tana, and Idaho. Arizona and California supply seed of the Peruvian variety, while common alfalfa seed is grown in all of the seed-producing sections. Harvesting is done without the aid of special machinery, but the yield of seed is so unreliable that relatively few farmers engage in its production. For the fiscal years 1916 and 1917 the importa- ~ 522 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. tions of alfalfa averaged more than 3,000,000 pounds. Most of this seed came from Turkestan, by way of Vladivostok. Prior to the war, Turkestan alfalfa seed came in through Germany, where it was assembled largely in the markets of Hamburg and Darmstadt. Commercial seed of Turkestan alfalfa is very inferior to domestic-grown seed, from the standpoint of the crop it produces, and it is unfortunate that our seedsmen will persist in handling this strain. Vigorous campaigns have been waged against it, which have resulted in cutting our imports nearly in half, and it is hoped that they will be even more reduced in the future. Our 1917 seed crop was about normal, and it is believed that the 1918 seed requirement will be fairly well met. VETCH. Unfortunately the difficulty of growing hairy-vetch seed in this country and the high price at which it reaches the farmer have seriously handicapped the extension of this crop. Most of our seed comes from Russia, although some is produced in Michigan, Ohio, and other Northern and Eastern States. In the fiscal year 1917, 295,600 pounds of seed were imported, but the retail price, which was approxi- mately 25 cents per pound, was so high that farmers were reluctant to buy and sow it. Unless the price lowers, the supply will exceed the demand. The Willamette Valley, in Oregon, produces most of our supply of spring-vetch seed. Very little is imported, not more than 50,000 pounds annually. This species is not as valuable as hairy vetch in the eastern part of the United States, and while the price of seed is much lower, the demand for it is not great. Narrow-leaved vetch (Vicia angustifolia) has been recog- nized as a valuable plant in the South, but the seed has not been commercially available until very recently. This year considerable quantities have been placed on the market at less than half the price of hairy-vetch seed, having been produced in Minnesota as a by-product of wheat cleaning. It is believed that this species will fill an important place among the green-manure and forage crops of the eastern United States. EEO The Seed Supply of the Nation. 523 CANADA FIELD PEAS, Only four States, Michigan, Wisconsin, Idaho, and Wash- ington, are important in the commercial production of field- pea seed, and the total area devoted to peas for grain is not more than 250,000 acres. Some seed peas are imported an- nually from Canada, and at present some peas suitable for seed are being exported to Europe. The estimated require- ments for seeding purposes are now 22,500,000 pounds, and, while a scarcity of seed of garden varieties exists, there is enough seed of the field varieties to meet all planting needs - if it is properly conserved. The only danger of shortage lies in the fact that there is a demand abroad for all kinds of dried peas for food, which might result in exporting peas beyond the point of our own needs. Some dried peas are now being imported from the Orient, Mexico, and South America, and some are available in Australia, but the com- mercial foreign stocks are not desirable for seeding pur- poses. COWPEAS. Twenty-two States, mostly in the South, devote an esti- mated aggregate area of over 5,700,000 acres to cowpeas. Approximately 435,000,000 pounds of seed are required to plant this area. Although producing fair seed yields, cow- peas have never been popular as a grain crop, largely be- cause of the difficulties of harvesting. No thoroughly satis- factory seed harvesters have been developed; therefore the bulk of the seed that is now on the market is hand picked. Thrashing requires care, but can be done by a slight modifi- cation of the ordinary grain thrasher. Our commercial cow- pea seed comes from very well distributed sections in the Southern States. As there is no demand for the seed for feeding or for industrial purposes, little fear is entertained regarding the adequacy of our supply. With the growing popularity of the soy bean and the rapid strides of the velvet bean, cowpeas are somewhat eclipsed, and the exten- sion of their acreage appears to be unlikely. SOY BEANS. There are no statistics upon which to estimate the rate of increase in soy-bean acreage in this country. Those for 1917 524 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. are the only figures available and indicate an aggregate of 460,000 acres, located in 17 States, which is probably double that of 1916. The present crop of soy beans is large, but, nevertheless, the seed supply needs careful guarding, first, because the oil mills are ready to crush the beans if the price does not exceed $2 per bushel, and, second, because the can- neries, provided they are able to get the cans, will take soy beans, as they did in the spring of 1917, if navy and other varieties of baking beans reach the price they commanded at that time. This is especially true of the yellow-seeded va- rieties, which comprise the greater part of the crop. The seed of early-maturing varieties was injured by early frosts in the fall of 1917; therefore good available stocks should be conserved at all costs. Millions of tons of soy beans are waiting in Manchuria for export to this country, and our own seed supplies may be influenced indirectly by them. These oriental beans rep- resent mixed and inferior varieties and are entirely un- suited for seed. They are also inferior to domestic-grown soy beans for food, but if they should come to this country in large quantities they would find a market at the oil mills, and this would tend to conserve our own beans for seed. If they are imported to the extent of breaking the market, a slackening in the demand for seed might result. It appears that we will need approximately 14,000,000 pounds of soy- hean seed to plant an acreage equal to that of last year. Early frosts and freezes in the fall of 1917 greatly re- duced the seed supply of the early-maturing varieties in the Northern States. Every possible effort should be made to conserve the seed that is now available and to encourage its planting in the spring of 1918. VELVET BEANS. The advent of early-maturing varieties of velvet beans has resulted in an almost phenomenal increase in the acreage of this crop in the southern United States. For the year 1917 it was estimated that there were more than 6,000,000 acres of velvet beans, mostly grown along with corn, in seven States in the cotton belt. It is safe to say that this is five times as great as the acreage of 1916. Alabama, Florida, and Georgia have five-sixths of the velvet-bean acreage of the The Seed Supply of the Nation. 525 South and harvest as dried beans over 60 per cent of their crop. The velvet-bean meal industry has developed rapidly, and this furnishes a ready market for the beans, but there will be plenty saved for planting even a very much larger acreage than was planted in 1917, which required at least 93,000,000 pounds of seed. PEANUTS. An examination of all the available statistics indicates that the acreage of peanuts in 1917 was more than double that of 1916, the total area being more than 2,900,000 acres. A much larger. percentage of the planted area was harvested for market this year than heretofore. There is a constantly increasing demand for peanuts as a food, and much of the harvested crop soon finds its way to the large shelled-peanut dealers. These dealers are very potent factors in the dis- tribution of peanuts for seed, since they handle more seed than seedsmen. In the spring of 1917 large concerns agreed to set aside portions of their stocks of Spanish pea- nuts until after the close of the planting season, in order to insure enough seed for the large acreage that was planted. Such an arrangement could doubtless be made whenever there is any necessity for doing so. Upwards of 1,500,000 bushels of shelled peanuts were required for planting the 1917 acreage, and much more will be required for seed in 1918. SEEDS OF FIBER CROPS. There are but two important cultivated fiber crops, one major and one minor, grown here, and we produce our own seed supply of both. The seed of cotton, the major fiber crop, is a staple in more than one respect, while the seed of hemp, the minor crop, is harvested and used in this country only for planting purposes. COTTON. In some respects cotton seed is in a class with the cereal seeds, inasmuch as a relatively small percentage of it is used for planting. By far the greater part goes to the crushers, where the oil is extracted, and the residue is converted into feed and fertilizer. The total production of cotton seed in 526 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 1916 was estimated at 5,237,000 tons. Of this quantity, ap- proximately 826,000 tons were required for planting pur- poses. The difficulty of maintaining improved varieties of cotton in a pure condition, owing to the fact that they cross readily among themselves and the seed becomes mixed in the process of ginning, results in a large demand for good planting stocks. Such stocks almost invariably command a relatively high price. Individual farmers have done much in the way of producing and selling cotton seed suitable for planting. Seedsmen and ginners likewise are important factors in this connection. Rarely is there a serious situation in the supply of seed for planting. Select stocks are not always abundant, but seed of some kind can invariably be had. The drought in the summer of 1917 damaged the cotton crop so badly in parts of Texas that steps were necessary to provide seed from outside sources for a large acreage, but no great diffi- culty was experienced in doing this, as the supply of seed of suitable varieties was reasonably abundant elsewhere. The present enormous demand for long-staple cotton for the manufacture of automobile tires and other commodities requiring fabric of high tensile strength has created a prob- lem in connection with the supply of seed of long-staple varieties. Every effort should be put forth to produce and conserve good seed of these varieties, since the demand for long-staple cotton will doubtless increase. HEMP. Although we have still only a small acreage devoted to hemp in the United States, the acreage has doubled each year for the last three years. The area planted in 1917 was estimated at 42,000 acres. Kentucky supplies practically all of the hemp seed sown in this country. It is grown in seed plats along the Kentucky River. China and Japan furnish us large quantities of hemp seed for poultry feed, but it is practically valueless for seeding purposes. This seed can not be distinguished from our own domestic seed, and since it is much cheaper, fraud is often perpetrated on the unsuspect- ing farmer. The sale of Kentucky-grown hemp seed is con- trolled by such a small number of dealers that a tendency | | | The Seed Supply of the Nation. 527 frequently develops toward the charging of exorbitant prices. Hemp must be specially planted for seed produc- tion, and in view of the increasing importance of the crop, seed production should be strongly encouraged. Chile offers possibilities in this connection, but for the present our efforts should be exerted at home. Our planting requirements, based on the acreage of 1917, are about 2,100,000 pounds of seed. MISCELLANEOUS FIELD-CROP SEEDS. Certain of our crops to which small acreages are devoted fill very important places among our industrial and dietary needs. It is quite essential that their acreages be maintained, if not materially increased, as time goes on. Some of these crops at times present real seed problems, and just now the country is confronted with solving one of these problems or suffering a reduction in the output of a very necessary food product. SUGAR BEETS. The effect of the war on the sugar-beet seed supply is now being seriously felt, although it has been very much in evidence since the outset. We have been dependent upon Europe almost exclusively for our sugar-beet seed since the beginning of our beet-sugar industry, and although we have engaged more or less seriously in beet-seed production in- vestigations for many years, the war found us in the posi- tion of producing but a very small proportion of the seed needed to keep our factories in operation. It was gen- erally thought that Germany and Russia could grow beet seed much more cheaply than it could be produced in this country. Therefore it was considered economy for our sugar companies to get seed from abroad. With Germany at war with us and Russia in an unsettled condition, we have been compelled to take definite steps to grow as large a part of our seed supply as possible. The history of our efforts to get sugar-beet seed out of Europe from 1914 until the present time is very interesting. Suffice it to say that we are still getting seed out of Russia by way of Vladivos- tok, but it 4s becoming increasingly difficult. Our seed requirements for 1918 are estimated at upwards of 220,000 528 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. bags, or 22,500,000 pounds. This will be used for planting approximately 800,000 acres and replanting a portion of this area. The prospects for sugar-beet seed production in this coun- try are now quite bright, and even the relatively small quan- tity of domestic-grown seed has been sufficient to relieve the situation materially. It is estimated that in 1917 we pro- duced 50,000 bags of seed, mostly in Utah and Colorado. In 1918 we should produce very much more than this. We now have about 100 sugar factories, with 15 or more addi- tional factories under construction. It takes at least 2,000 bags of seed to produce enough beets with which to operate a factory profitably, so that the seed requirements for 1918 will be much larger than for 1917. While Russia is now the only foreign source of supply and it has been a difficult task to get seed from that country, it is thought that few, if any, of our sugar factories will be compelled to close for lack of seed in 1918. Sugar-beet seed is handled mostly through importing jobbers, and it is the policy of factories to ac- cumulate a supply for two or more years in advance of their needs. FLAX. In the United States flax is primarily a seed crop. Be- tween 28,000,000 and 30,000,000 bushels of flax seed are re- quired annually by our linseed-oil industries, which consti- tute the greatest demand. This is about 100 per cent more than our average production for the last three years. We sow annually nearly 2,000,000 acres of flax, which require approximately 900,000 bushels of seed. Our flax area is confined principally to North Dakota, South Dakota, Mon- tana, and Minnesota, where much of the crop is grown upon new land. Exclusive of the United States, the important flaxseed-producing countries of the world are Argentina, Russia, India, and Canada. The drought in the summer of 1917 badly damaged the flax crop in western North Dakota and Montana and there- by greatly reduced the country’s total yield. The high price of flax seed at harvest time and the doubt on the part of the farmers as to the stability of high prices when seed from Argentina should appear upon our markets, together Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE LXXIV. FIG. 1—HEADING TIMOTHY PERMITS THE HARVESTING OF A FAIR CROP OF HAY AFTER THE SEED CROP HAS BEEN REMOVED. FIG. 2—KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS SEED IS HARVESTED BY HORSE-DRAWN SEED STRIPPERS AND PILED IN LONG WINDROWS FOR CURING, Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE LXXV. FIG. 1.—SEED OF GRAIN SORGHUMS IS EASILY HARVESTED BY ORDINARY FARM MACHINERY. FIG. 2—SEED OF ALSIKE CLOVER IS HARVESTED IN MUCH THE SAM& WAY AS THAT OF RED CLOVER. Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1917. PLATE LXXVI. FIG. 1—THE ACREAGE DEVOTED TO RADISH SEED IN THE UNITED STATES HAS BEEN INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY SINCE 1914. FIG. 2.—MOST OF OUR DOMESTIC SUPPLY OF TURNIP SEED IS PRODUCED IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. PLATE LXXVII. “INVYYVM SGFAN YNO SV GASVAYONI ATLV3YND 3G NVO NOILONGOUYd SLI GNV‘SSLVLS GALINN JHL NI ATSAISNALX3 GA9NNGOYd SI GAAS NOINO .% ) et go a The Seed Supply of the Nation. ! 529 with their need for cash, resulted in the sending of large quantities of seed to our primary markets. This movement so seriously threatened the seed supply, especially of North Dakota and Montana, that definite action was necessary to conserve seed to meet the demands for sowing the 1918 acre- age. The new crop of flax seed from Argentina appears on our markets in February and March, but this seed is not suitable for sowing in the United States. BROOM CORN. As a piece of household equipment, the broom is indispen- sable, and the broom-corn broom is by far the most popu- lar type in this country. In the aggregate, we devote about 300,000 acres annually to the production of broom _corn. Most of the acreage is in Oklahoma, [linois, Kansas, Colorado, and Texas. Nearly 1,000,000 pounds of seed are required to sow this acreage. The sections in which the crop is grown for the most part produce their own seed supply. Seed from humid sections is not suitable for the drier sec- tions. Broom-corn seed should be specially grown, since that obtained from the brush harvested for broom making is mostly immature and of low vitality. VEGETABLE SEEDS. It was not until the vigorous campaign for increased food production in this country was well under way that general interest was manifested in the vegetable-seed situation. The fact is that the supply of seed was affected immediately war was declared in Europe, but the reserve stocks prevented the effect of the war on the supply from at once becoming evident. Prior to the war it was our custom to import large quantities of seed of certain vegetables from various Euro- pean countries. The war did not stop our importations im- mediately, not even from Germany, but it produced a condi- tion which eventually not only shut off our supply, but made it practically necessary for us to export to Europe certain kinds of seed that we formerly imported from that continent. The successful production of vegetable seed requires special experience and training, as well as suitable climate, soil. and equipment, and therefore our industry, while it expanded 29190°—yrsBxK 1917—— 34 530 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. greatly, could not meet the demands made upon it without showing evidence of strain. As the surplus stocks became absorbed and the seedsmen, large and small, were compelled more and, more to depend upon growing-crop contracts for their annual supplies, the wholesale prices of most vegetable seeds increased rapidly, until at present they are unusually high. Since the retail prices normally bear no direct relation to the wholesale prices and in the past have not fluctuated with the latter, the price of seed in packets in 1918 will be watched with much interest. California is our main dependence for the production of seed of the common vegetables, other than peas, beans, and sweet corn. It is true that other States produce vegetable seeds, but in none has the industry developed to the same extent as in California. In that State the climate and soil are generally favorable, and up to the present time rela- tively cheap Chinese, Japanese, and Hindoo labor has been available. The map (fig. 14) indicates in a general way the States in which the several vegetable seeds are grown. Peas, beans, and corn are bulky seeds, and these have al- ways been grown at home. New pea-producing areas are continually opening up in the Northwest, especially in irri- gated districts. These new areas supersede old ones to a considerable degree, owing to the fact that they are less in- fested with the pea weevil. Garden and canning varieties of seed peas were contracted for heavily in 1917, both for home use and for export, but the crop was light and the supply of seed for 1918 is none too abundant. Estimates are not available on the acreage of garden peas, but it is prob- ably somewhat less than the acreage of Canada field peas. In 1917 this country put out the largest acreage of edible beans that it has ever planted, over 2,100,000 acres. Field beans and not strictly garden varieties made up most of the acreage. The high price of dried beans for food resulted in increasing the acreages in old bean-growing sections and the planting of beans, especially the small white and pinto varieties, in entirely new sections. Early in 1917 the price of beans was so high that stocks from every available source were imported. Among these was a small Lima bean of the Sieva type from the Orient, which resembles the navy bean The Seed Supply of the Nation. 531 so closely that it was fraudulently sold to farmers in new bean-growing sections. .Jt is entirely unsuited for planting in the sections where sold, and is not a desirable food prod- uct, as it frequently causes the development of hydrocyanic acid in the digestive tract. This Lima bean is commonly known as the Burma or Rangoon bean. Michigan, Wisconsin, and New York were at one time the principal white-bean producing States, but now the West- ern States, principally California, are more dependable, as the crops there are less subject to attacks of anthracnose. This year unfavorable weather damaged the white beans of the Eastern States to such an extent that care was necessary in conserving stocks for planting in 1918, as seed grown in the West is not suitable for the North and East. It is estimated that over 1,000,000 acres were planted in white beans in 1917, requiring over 45,000,000 pounds of seed. The pinto bean is now next to the white bean in acreage, there having been more than 350,000 acres planted in 1917. This bean is taking well on dry land in the western part of the Great Plains, and its acreage has increased phenome- nally in the past two years. The seed requirements now are about 6,000,000 pounds, but the supply of good seed is ample. The red kidney and tepary beans are grown in the South- west. Both are used as dried beans. The commercial area grown of the former was about 145,000 acres in 1917, while that of the latter was less than 40,000. These acreages re-. quire for their planting about 9,000,000 and 600,000 pounds of seed, respectively. The white tepary bean is sometimes substituted for the navy bean, which it resembles somewhat closely, but it is suited only to the dry Southwest. California devoted approximately 150,000 acres to the pro- duction of Lima beans for drying, and the quantity of seed required for planting this acreage is nearly 12,000,000 pounds. Lima beans are extensively used as a green veg- etable, but our seed requirements for this purpose are not known. | It is of the so-called strictly garden varieties of beans that there is difficulty in producing an ample supply of seed. The exact requirements are not definitely known, but they are very large, since almost every garden in the country has 532 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. a few rows of snap beans of one variety or another. The total area of the varieties planted for seed is probably less than 200,000 acres, scattered throughout the principal bean- growing States. While sweet corn is grown for seed somewhat generally throughout the entire corn belt, the bulk of our supply comes from Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, and Ohio. It re- quires a large quantity of seed for planting the acreage for the canneries, as well as for home gardens, but data are not available as to the total number of bushels needed. Early frosts in the fall of 1917 and subsequent unfavorable weather injured the vitality of the seed and reduced the supply to a point so low as to cause concern, while only a very small stock was carried over from the crop of 1916; therefore the total supply of seed for 1918 is far from abundant. Before the present war, Europe supplied us with much seed of the cruciferous vegetables, including principally radish, turnip, cabbage, and kale. Most of our foreign radish seed, and we imported heavily, came from Germany, France, and England. Now we are even exporting small quantities to the last two countries. Most of our radish seed is grown in California, and the seed growers there have expanded their acreages of this crop very substantially. (Pl. LX XVI, fig. 1.) It was estimated that prior to 1914 we imported more than 75 per cent of the turnip seed we required. This came chiefly from Denmark, Sweden, Holland, Germany, France, and England. Most of our domestic supply is produced in the Pacific Northwest. (Pl. LX XVI, fig. 2.) On account of the large surplus stocks in the hands of the seed growers, seedsmen, and jobbers when the war began and the slowness with which the European supply became unavailable, we did not at first realize what it would mean to be dependent upon our own growers for turnip seed. The realization came early in 1917, and the advance in the wholesale price of seed was quicker and more pronounced than that of any other vegetable. The poor seed crop of the Pacific Northwest in 1917 still further increased the price, and from present indications it will be necessary for us to conserve very rigidly our stocks of turnip seed, both of the English and Swede types, until our grow- ers can gain some headway on our home and export de- mands, The Seed Supply of the Nation. 533 Denmark and Holland have grown most of our cabbage seed in the past, but now domestic production is being ex- tended, especially in the Puget Sound country and on Long Island. The possibilities of cabbage-seed production in the former section are very great. This might also be said of cauliflower, kale, and rape. Kale seed is grown in considerable quantities in our South- ern States. Rape, which is more of a forage crop than a human food, is grown extensively in Japan, as well as in Europe, and just now.most of the seed which we are import- ing comes from that country. The Japanese varieties of winter rape appear to be very much the same as the European varieties. For the fiscal year 1917, 2,285,700 pounds of rape seed were imported. Much spinach seed is required ad home gardens, market gardens and canneries. Formerly it has been secured with- out difficulty from Holland, Italy, and Greece. On account of embargoes and transportation difficulties, it recently has not been possible to get seed from Europe as freely as de- sired. In 1917 the spinach-seed acreage in California was greatly increased over previous plantings; likewise that in the Pacific Northwest; but the California crop was short, and the increased acreage failed to produce enough seed to relieve the situation caused by the difficulties surrounding importa- tions from Europe. The canners and market gardeners are taking active interest in the possibilities of the very much increased production of spinach seed along the Atlantic coast and in the Puget Sound country, as well as in California, with a view of making this country independent of foreign countries for its seed. An abundance of prickly-spinach seed can be had from Japan, but this variety is not in favor here. The growing of Bermuda onions in southern Texas and the Southwest is now .quite an important industry. The seed . for this crop comes mostly from the Canary Islands, and nearly 75,000 pounds are now required annually for plant- ing. In the spring of 1917 some apprehension was felt by the growers regarding the arrival of seed from Teneriffe in time for planting, but it arrived without undue delay. In- vestigations have shown that Bermuda-onion seed of high 534 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. quality can be produced in Arizona and New Mexico. This seed gives highly satisfactory results in the United States and also in the Bermuda Islands. The seed of other varie- ties of onion is produced abundantly, and its production can be as greatly increased as needs warrant. (Pl. LXXVILT.) Vine seeds, so called, are domestic grown, and their pro- duction is fairly well scattered over the United States. The important vine seeds are those of muskmelon, cucumber, watermelon, squash, and pumpkin. Most of the muskmelon seed comes from the Arkansas Valley in southeastern Colo- rado, Cucumber seed likewise comes from this section and from the Northeastern States. Watermelon seed comes from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Squash and pumpkin seed come from Nebraska, Wisconsin, Michigan, and other Northern and Eastern States. With the exception of squash, vine seeds are secondary products, since the crops producing them are grown for other pur- poses. The supply of seed is sufficient for our needs, as is normally the case. Until recently much carrot, beet, and parsnip seed was imported, but now our needs are fairly well supplied from our own crops, which for the most part are grown in Cali- fornia. Some seed of these vegetables, especially of carrots, is exported, but the exportable surplus is very small. Be- cause of their relatively high food value, and the fact that two years’ growth is required by them to produce seed, the seed supply of these vegetables has been watched with con- siderable interest. The shortening of the time required for seed production by transferring stecklings to Cuba and Porto Rico for winter planting has been considered, but this course is not deemed practicable as yet. Much commercial tomato seed is obtained as a by-product from the canning of tomatoes and the making of catsup and other tomato products. In some cases the reverse is true, and the seed is the main product, while the tomato pulp is sold to food manufacturers. The wholesale price of tomato seed has advanced greatly in the past year, but the cost of labor, more than the size of the tomato crop, determines the price and the quantity of seed. California produces lettuce seed, and the supply is rarely in doubt. Lettuce has little real food value, but, like radishes, @ The Seed Supply of the Nation. 535 it is found in all gardens and is on the market throughout the year. The seed requirements, therefore, are very large. A great many other vegetables, such as celery, parsley, okra, and collards, are grown, but we are able to produce enough seed of these to meet our own needs without special difficulty. The high prices that obtain for vegetable seed doubtless will stimulate the planting of a much larger acreage for seed in the future than even that of 1917, and this should not be discouraged. On the other hand, these prices will tempt inexperienced growers to engage in the industry, with a financial loss to themselves and without profit to the country. This would be a real economic waste and should be avoided. Other countries, notably Japan, are encouraging the pro- duction of vegetable seed, but as yet they have not materially affected the market here. While it is believed that the present supplies of vegetable seed will meet all needs for 1918, full consideration should be given this subject before launching campaigns for back- yard gardens. The supplies are not so great that rigid economy in their use will not be necessary, and this fact should’ be clearly in the mind of everyone, from the back- . yard amateur to the experienced market gardener. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK. Never before in the history of our country has the question of seed supply been so vitally important, and never has it been so necessary that all legitimate agencies engaged di- rectly or indirectly in the production or dissemination of seed be utilized efficiently for the national good. It is not the time to break down any feature of the great seed-industry organization, since there are no means at hand effectively to replace the tested and proved parts of the machinery. Individual interests must expect to suffer, but they must be protected to the extent of obtaining from them the greatest possible measure of efficiency. The seed supply for 1918 presents some serious difficulties. Just how well its needs will be met can not be foretold at this time, but it is beleved that producers are awake to the 536 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. seed needs of the Nation and that they ultimately will see to | it that crop production is not curtailed for lack of seed. Temporary seed shortages have developed under new economic conditions, and they may continue, but farmers and seedsmen are resourceful, and they may be expected to find ways and means to meet not only the needs of this country, but also those of other countries which may be dependent upon us. A GRAPHIC SUMMARY I a WORK ON FARM Compiled by 0. E. Baker, Agriculturist, Office of Farm Management, C.F. Brooxs, Assistant in Farm Management, and R. G. Hatnsworrn, Head Draftsman, O fice of Farm Management. OR THE basic data used in the preparation of the following maps and graphs the compilers are indebted to the Bureau of Crop Estimates and its corps of township reporters, to several instructors and extension workers in certain agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and to a number of their colleagues in the Office of Farm Management and the Bureau of Plant Industry. ‘ The collection of information concerning the dates of planting and harvesting the crops and of per- forming other farm operations was first undertaken by the Bureau of Crop Estimates (at that time Bureau of Statistics) in 1910, and the work placed under the supervision of J. R. Covert. The results of a schedule forwarded to and returned by the county representatives and other agents of that bureau were edited, tabulated, and discussed by Mr. Covert and published as Bulletin No. 85, Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture, in 1912. The demand for this bulletin, entitled “‘Seedtime and Harvest: Cereals, Flax, Cotton, and Tobacco,” was so great that it was soon out of print. Tn 1913, upon the ineeption of the project to prepare and publish an Atlas of American Agriculture, it appeared advisable to have more detailed data than were obtainable from these schedules, so with the cooperation of the Bureau of Crop Estimates and in collaboration with Mr. Covert, the Office of Farm Management prepared separate schedules for wheat, corn, potatoes, oats, cotton, grain sorghums, sugar beets, beans, tobacco, hay crops, rye, and barley, which have been forwarded from time to time by the Bureau of Crop Estimates to its list of township reporters, some 33,000 in number. It is the endeavor of that bureau to maintain one crop reporter in each township in the United States, who is selected, in so far as possible, from among the most successful and intelligent farmers in the township. The fullness and accuracy with which the schedules have been filled out is evidence of the loyalty and carefulness of these men. As evidence of the reliability of their reports it may be mentioned that the Office of Farm Management has collected independently a number of farm records of planting and harvesting crops extending back 20 to 30 years, and the average date derived from these records differed less than four days, and usually less than two days, from the mode of the dates (that is, the most frequent date) given by the township reporters in that locality. The maps showing the usual date of planting, harvesting, and performing other operations on the crops, figures 11 to 81, inclusive, except those mentioned below, are based primarily on these records received from the township reporters. Figure 13 is based largely on correspondence with the several State Experiment Stations. The small corner maps (figs. 12, 20, 32, 40, 48, 50, 52, 56, 68, 74, 78, and 82) show geographic distribution of the acreage of the several crops in 1909 according to the census of 1910, Figures 16, 24, and 36 are based on reports relating to the progress of seedtime and harvest in 1917 received through the Section Directors of the United States Weather Bureau. Figure 64, acreage of early potatoes, 1916, is based upon published estimates of the Bureau of Crop Estimates. Figures 66 and 70 are derived from United States census statistics of 1910 worked up by date of harvest zones. The data used in preparing figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were supplied by C. M. Bennett, Agriculturist, Office of Farm Management, for figure 6 by R. S. Willard, and for figure 7 by E. S. Haskell, both of the same office. Figures 8, 9, and 10 are based upon occupation statistics published in the United States census of 1910. The data used is preparing figures 83 and 85, Dates of picking Elberta peaches and Ben Davis apples, were supplied by H. P. Gould, Pomologist, Bureau of Plant Industry; while those used in pre- paring figures 87 and 89, Strawberries, picking begins, and Tomatoes, canning season opens, were con- tributed by F. J. Blair, of the Bureau of Crop Estimates. For data used in various statements in the inscriptions underneath the maps relating to labor requirements on the crops in different localities, the compilers are indebted to Prof. W. F. Handschin, of the University of Illinois, Prof. W. E. Grimes, of the Kansas Agricultural College, Prof. R. E. Karper, of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Prof. F. W. Peck, of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Prof. E. L. Currier, of the Montana Agri- cultural College, Prof. R. L. Adams, of the University of California, and to Jos. H. Arnold, C. M. Bennett, G. A. Billings, M. A. Crosby, E. S. Haskell, Byron Hunter, O. A. Juve, A. D. MeNair, L. A. Morehouse, M. B. Oates, F. D. Stevens, T. H. Summers, R. S. Washburn, and R. E. Willard, of the Office of Farm Management. Mr. Morehouse also prepared the inscriptions under figures 71 and 72, 73 and 74, 75 and 76, 77 and 78, and Mr. Arnold the inscriptions under figures 79 and 80, 81 and 82. 53 7 538 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. In preparing the maps the dates for each operation were entered from the schedules returned by the township reporters on large county outline maps of the States. The altitude reported on each schedule was indicated also. In making the general maps showing dates by isochronal lines, a strict use of the individual reports was not possible. ‘This is because there is for many crop operations a wide range of dates in the reports received from a county. Such differences are*due (1) to the physical conditions, such as tempera- ture, slope, drainage, and soils on each farm; (2) to the individual practice of the farmer, and (3) to the difiicgtl te of estimating for some crops and operations the dates in a ‘‘normal or usual season” as requested on the schedule. Therefore, where it was reasonable to do so, county averages of the reported dates were used. Such averages sufficed for most of the operations in flat regions, especially for such definite events as the beginning of wheat harvest. Three sets of conditions, however, prevented the use of averages for all maps or for all parts of a map—large differences in elevation; two or more periods of planting; and, for certain operations, an extended period during which the work can be carried on. Where the reports from different altitudes showed a well-marked topographic influence a contour map was used as an aid in drawing the isochronal lines, Where there were two or more well-defined planting periods the (lates used were the modes or the averages of the most numerous croup. Corn, spring oats, and late potatoes had to be treated im part in this way. Where the operation may be performed during an extended period the modal date was generally used, or the range in dates was shown on the map. In general, the maps show the ayer- age of the usual dates when most (not all) farmers perform the crop operation designated. The most striking feature of the maps is the northward and upward movement of spring operations and events and the south- — ward and downward progress in autumn. This movement progresses © at a rate of approximately 1 degree of latitude or 400 feet of alti- tude in four days. Local climatic influences of the Great Lakes and of the Atlantic Ocean are evident on almost every map. In opera- tions which may be performed during a long period the maps indi- cate for the most part only the effect of local competition for labor by other crops, although the underlying control of general climatic conditions is not wholly obscured. Local markets may hasten the harvest of certain crops, such as potatoes, near the large cities, These maps were prepared originally to provide the farm manage- ment and agricultural extension workers with information as to when the various crop operations occur in all sections of the country upon A Graphie Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops, 539 in farm management is so to apportion the acreage of the different crops on a farm as to equalize the seasonal requirements for labor. It is not possible to manage or operate a farm on the same basis as a manufacturing plant. In a factory the employees are protected from the weather so that work can be carried on during the winter and on rainy days in summer without change in the character of the work and with approximately uniform efficiency. But farming is done outdoors, and the farmer is limited not only by weather condi- tions but also. by the progress of the seasons, which require that practically all the crop operations, such as planting and harvesting, be done at a particular time of year. Moreover, the character of the work is constantly changing, and the labor problem is made still more difficult for the farmer to solve because of the fact that the amount of labor required to perform the different seasonal opera- tions on the crops varies widely. In the South it is the chopping out, or thinning, of cotton and the picking of cotton that require the largest amounts of labor. In the wheat regions it is harvest time when the extra labor is needed, in the fruit regions picking time. The cotton must be picked before a certain time or it will be dis- colored or lost, the wheat must be harvested or it will shatter or be damaged by weather, the fruit must be picked or it will fall and rot. In other regions the amount of plowing that can be done during a certain period in the spring limits the acreage of crops that can be sown. In some regions such operations as plowing, planting, cul- tivating, and cutting corn, seeding and harvesting winter wheat, and making hay can be so adjusted by the farmer, through appor- tioning a certain acreage to each of these three crops, that a com- paratively smooth or uniform distribution of work throughout the growing season is secured; but in other regions, particularly those where cotton, wheat, or fruit are the dominant crops, there will inevitably occur certain periods in the season when extra labor must be obtained. In picking cotton the labor of women and children can be employed, and this is true to a small extent in the picking and packing of fruit, hence the local supply of labor is generally sufficient; but in harvest- ing wheat, men are needed, some of whom must be more or less skilled or experienced, hence the largest army of transient labor assembled in the United States is to be found each summer in the wheat fields of the Central West. Prior to 1917 the corn farmer of the Middle West, and the cotton grower of the South, as well as the wheat farmer in the grain belt, had no appreciable difficulty in securing the extra labor to carry this peak load of work during these rush seasons. Recently this condition has been changed and secur- ing the supply of man labor for these crops also has become a difficult matter. 540 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. During the coming season the maps may, therefore, find imme- diate use, as some of them were used in manuscript form in 1917, in anticipating this demand for labor and planning for its mobiliza- tion, especially in the seeding and harvesting of wheat in the Central West and in the gathering and marketing of some of the perishable crops. For this use due account must be taken of the earliness or lateness of the season relative to the normal, which the map presents. In using these maps and graphs it should also be borne in mind that although the data as to dates of planting and harvesting the staple crops and as to man and horse labor per acre required for the various operations afe exact enough to enable the farmer to calculate, if desired, how many acres of each crop may be grown in a given season, it is a mistake to assume that precise adjustments can be made. It would undoubtedly be unwise for the individual farmer to attempt to draw up on this basis a schedule that would indicate the work to be performed each day throughout the spring and sum- mer. Weather conditions can not be controlled by the farm opera- tor. He might have decided in advance to cultivate corn on the afternoon of June 29, but if heavy rains occur he will be compelled to postpone the operation to a later date. A few interruptions of this character would seriously upset any theoretical schedules which might be made. This limitation, however, does not vitiate the value of the informa- _ tion presented in the maps as indicative of the seasonal labor require- ments of the country at large. A glance at the seeding dates given in the spring wheat maps, for instance, shows that in certain regions this operation begins about the first of April, that seeding becomes general about the middle of April and ends about the first of May. These average dates are based on many reports of actual practice, and although they will vary from year to year, some- times as much as a week or 10 days, it is useful, from the stand- point of labor mobilization, to know about when wheat seeding will need to be done. The wheat grower living in this region under- stands that the preliminary preparation of the land must precede planting. He must make allowance for time in which to perform these operations and crowd no large amount of other work into this period. The same suggestion will apply in the production of any other important farm crop. The dates of the various operations on the crops are in most cases not likely to change materially, but the efforts of the experiment stations and the United States Department of Agriculture may in - time alter considerably the dates when certain operations are per- formed, such, for instance, as the time of seeding winter wheat in the Mississipni Valley, south of the 39th parallel of latitude. (Com pare figs. 11 and 13.) 1 A Graphie Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops. LIST OF MAPS AND GRAPHS. SEeasonaL Distripution oF Lasor By 10-Day Periops: On a farm in the fruit and general farming belt of western New York... .. ren Oy SCN SOTO, ENE CCIE OURS oo re nn ss wos cminin cid. die ae chmane On a farm in the corn and wheat region of southwestern Illinois.......... Ral Gh WHlGMG SUNT TEL OUMCOIT IN MBIIILOR og cicie nis coc ce cnc ccavsceecvanka er a WEG Lerten aly C0Un tel APR OUN teats ees ea eid oa os ow aw os emmrews On a cotton farm in the Black Prairie of Texas.......... jon 5 take Sodan Un a.covon tart an southern Goorpias oii teh ik Sie ok. ee ce seen FARMERS AND FARM LABORERS: eT SEER AAPG sh ha Wnic cob nla bas deh cio doh avg 6M ab ao belo cie bala dese imeenenn, Sten, LUN ss. dso ack ass -5 =) aitaiel Aecek pela beatin ub OE TLULG SON IRUOT WIDONs. thease nese ees seul pers) eal ar? aK cues Winter WHeat: REO WAT ACCME DEMING io .in sta ninrenc ne hice + oetseea ns Las 28 ee PO. MMM. be, ce hewn er anes anaes Ge islet: Date for seeding which will, in the normal year, reduce or avoid injury by Hessian fly and probably give a greater yield..........-........-.----- Date when seeding is general... .......- 22.22... -- eee eee ee eee Ree wetted Bar Ver, hotest tks twos bo dob iss 2k on) ee OE TOS oem oe Rerwent. 1617. 2. 2.3.2. ht dia tals yt DO ee Date when harvest 19 general : <2: - 3: sup.eee- in: See eee Yb SS Date- when harvest ene: .ipicsc ss suk seeks hi eed Se SE ess Spring WHEAT: Date wimnaeding begine fos. Ey eS ee De eso) hee oe TeSys = ally nay tte nila et ahah dD cartel ele an og i oe. bee Ae Save velar Sweckine a9 penereh suc0 witht Sc EAE Gnd eda wb dee come Weiner? weeCimy Cities. | ee ea ee - Ber. tt oS eee ie whe Harvest Deeiie ty coeeees. oe, AM eee te eenarae Or Harvest, Wot sas)coseeer . tac eam . eee ee. feat Who Harvest is tener gn. oats taken oe gk ee ek} Sues Ween Retvenisesidecds 25° 52 22 S8bt <8 isk ews che he etal tenn me WINTER Oats: Ok DASE a eh, ee Pan aieree See Seas SeneRRe mea. LH Te i he aS, Skis Se. sae oe ee ene eS Date when harvest begins..............-.- Oe Te ee ey ee eee ee EV ern Cnt SS. a ge a Sead ee at AS SprinG Oats: a NMR MIDI Ses daaiicecs asregnje wisi dn tes ow, xe caw ek ofdeal- IS igs ain | acl alls BY Fee i MOP Poa coe Let eee oe SERGE Ee pg Paes Sage Pate whan seedip- is poneral....... -2tes0d4 oon cul ist Last enceuvat wba ck ORL ALANS. DCAD ar a. oro Gv, ww ame oil CalaewOn,. BOSD Uk ou at ese. Wien bertem Beeme. OG. 20. CE tit ek. Oe ean Meeenininpe oF harvest LO17 23. tw gon. sacwee elec Seren Bole ea URL! Date when harvest is general - .. 2.2225 520220020ee cl cece cece cee ecccecee spun wien har wens. eanlte SS 2!) SSS IBE OI Ve OO oe SO kr Corn: eee eunattiat Pepity,-« 22> conc ss scat so ree etme SME Os ERDAS i's 2) .0C dR eS OER UM CRA Coots . Di coe Jeg te sek Pate whes cotting for silage begifis. <5 ae ee ees ee ee oe ec ee Srenemnnenanon, TOG: . 2 See a ect tee eo: Date when cutting and shocking begins......................2-----eeeee Seeman mimcne Cort 18 CUL And ahocked.....--.--..-.-- oo. see Date when husking or jerking from standing stalk begins.............--.- Region where corn is jerked from standing stalks...................2eee- 541 542 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Karim Corn: ~ Page, Date When harvest DEMING <<< sdsn+ n+ ene 5) ee bs ob vices sb nace teeeeeee «668 PCTORLS, 10a. o asi cecidy se aambanbceres at be aaunie deans Gale «6668 TimorHy AND CLOVER: Date when firat cutting hemities 246 (03.0 Cros eS oo. Sond sek ola eee 569 Acreage, 1906, « . vce wlnwiasene's cabo Bide Ok eos visinsid - cx setberels Cadac 569 ALFALFA: Date wher first cutting heme: coco ooo ns «>. coer can onde bes an eee 570 Acreage, 1900... oi iccrcdeccewaeeee ieee cc ccs clscecdeceocen Een an 570 Date when second cutting begins: siisce ei L.A Pee Bee eee 571 Date when third.cutting begine. ..viicinss sed. «sparen th Aa 571 Corron: Date when planting beging...:..2:2:.5s2:ccseee belle Soe ae AMeveage. 19008 oo fs cee ee OR OT Re oT eee Date when planting is general . .. 20.5: . 222. Ae. J. ee Re Date when planting. ends. .. ...sics* sae nee «ames an eee Date when pulling or lifting Deging SF 2l. iPS. Sol Soe ee. oe bee "3 Acreage; 1900... aU. beck bata 4, IG RR ESS; A FIELD BEANS: Date when seeding hegina: 2: 2:2 sss2 05253 2 eeses tees ee ee eee Date when first cultivation begins... ::::::2::<::- 70 SIU Oa eee Date when harvest begins...:::.:¢./sics:222327.. 7 WOO eee Dry edible beans, acreage, 1909: . ..2.05. eens. iss ae) Tobacco: Date.when transplanting begins. .. . ..-.- 5646+ 00-s0+ «c+ -+scine os ob UL ee Date when topping and suckering begins............-..----+---2--s++0--- Date when cutting and housing heging..............-200-n0.0020 2 Acreage, 19090. vi bak SS OSR LA Je. Use AR a Ee ee ee i58 ELBERTA PEACH: oy Date when picking begins.....-...<-+:::::---4eeqee-as ove cee oo Peaches and nectarines, trees of all ages, approximate acreage, 1909.....-. — Ben Davis APPLE: Date when’ picking begins. 222: 3.4 45. 6: S.~ Joie. Sie Cee ee Se Apple trees of all ages, approximate acreage, 1909..........-......---.-- rT STRAWBERRIES: . | Date when pickine beping....2-.-.- 0.6... - + 30s acme ae eee ee ate Merespe. 1909.2 5: 2) SUM MSL SM Be de my. ToMATOES: c ‘al Date when canning season begins........-....------------ chip = spas

Po. s o | HORSE LABOR Le a 400 200 | oS = Be ; 2 ag «60100 1020] 1020] 1020] 1020 1020 MONTH MONTH UNEVJULY| AUG/SEPT DEC Fic. 1.—Fruit growing and ete farming are the ahibor ar gal fee of farming in west- ern New York. Theintensivefruitfarms, which are found mostly within a few miles of the shores of Lake Ontarioand Lake Erie and bordering the inland lakes, usually have only a few acres of farmcrops. Inthe general farming arealying back ofthefruit belt small to medium- sized apple orchards arefound on many farms. The man-labor requirement on these diversi- fied farmsis quite uniform throughout the growing season with the exception of the haying and harvesting period in midsummer and again during the period of fall seeding and of bean, potato, and apple harvesting. The farm for which labor distribution is shown in the graph above is in a diversified ——s region, and although an apple orchard is a common enter- em in this region, it is unusual to find an orchard so large in proportion to other enterprises. here were on this farm in the year illustrated in the graph above 40 acres of apples in full bear- ing and 2 of pears, 48 of hay, 26 of wheat, 19 of beans, 19 of oats, 15 of peas, 12 acres of corn for silage, 9 acres of rye, 7 of potatoes, 7 of pasture, and a half acre of cabbage and other vege- tables. Two men were hired by the year, another man was employed during July and August, and during the latter half of September 2 to 4 extra men were hired by the day. Dur- ing October and early November a force verse Tog 8 to 24 in number was employed in pick- ing and packing the applecrop._ The orchard had been well cared for and it was a favorable season. Severalthousand transient fruit pickers, it is estimated, are sent out each fall by labor se — Bufialo, Rochester, and Syracuse to work in the orchards and on the farms of western ew York. In the graph above and in those on the following pages, whenever a 10-day bar is separated by a white lineinto two parts the lower part represents the hours of labor on this farm and the pore of the bar above the white line represents the number of hours of labor dag in by the armer and his help on neighbors’ farms, either given in exchange for help or, In some Cases, paid for in cash by the neighbors. The records do not indicate the time when the neighbors he labor to this farmerin return, butin this and succeeding graphs undoubtedly some of the igher 10-day bars, especially those during the harvest season, when this practice of winpiaeme labor is most common, are the result in part of help received from neighbors. (Data supplie by C. M. Bennett, Agriculturist, Office of Farm Management.) 4 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, L4 / WO Aq porddns eyecq) “sxoqyStou sty TILA JOqE] SoFMeYoX OsyR OFF *JOYMIOIOCT 04 YoIETY WoT] MOsBEs O11} SULIMP PITY] WOU OA\Z JO PojSIsMOd ‘JJesMITY JOWIey O44 (‘ymoureseULyy WIe,7 JO SOTTO JO JVI OF UO! PPC UT ‘IOQUT OY} PUB “Yeo JO Tg ‘S60 JO Fg “LOD JO SLOG OFT PCIE WIZ STOUL|TT OUL ‘SIOQUSIOU SIT YJLM YIOM sasUVYOKS ‘pepodou ST MIO JOSIV] © Wo pus ‘reed oy} Aq WOU Oar} SOITY JOMLIv; OT) “AY JO Sato’ 9 TIiM 10439304 ‘yooy.m Bulids pute JOJULA doled JO YORE So1NB MOY B PUB SJVO JO SolOV Bp ‘BBRTIS . OJ IND QUAM OF YOM JO “WIOD JO saIOV ZOL POY GOA “WI VAOT OY UG “PayISMozUT ST OUIT} STY} IB PLOT {80 OY} OdBTIS IOJ 4NO ST WIOD GIO MA “TIB} ApIVS oy} ul urede pas Avy pus judy ut Ajjensn peo] yeed $}I SoyOVe] PUB IOGV] UVUL Tey} JUNOUIe Ul UTIOJIUN SSI ST 10GB] BSIOY OGL *sIOqysI9U JO 1oqR] osuUeyoOxe oY} A[}SOUL SUM OL IsNFny 03 OZ Ajn¢ Wo JOGeT B1IZxXO OY} MIeJ VAMOT 91 UD ‘ssouZ0id UT 18 SUTYySeIqy Yooys pue Jutjsearey ‘suTAvy Voy “ysnsny 1 pue Ayng jo yaed JOT OYA M00 0} ATOAT] STHIOM JO pvoy Yved oy, “oq Auep oy} qdaoxe *s0}v19 pejTu,) 94} UT SveIe [eINy;MoUZe JoyJO UI UBY} poyNq{4sTp queqziodurt ore Avy pues ureid yews oro Ajyetoodse ‘4j0q W100 oy} U[—" pUv Z ‘SOIT box TeUOsvAS 913 ‘pay ST YO0}S OAT] pure sdoso a3a 02 01 e- ‘qr@ JOqe] WeUI JO syUeUIEITM r ‘LI0/1d3S 01] OZ 04} OZO! WULYD S9OH*NYOD WHO) BI4D Layuvn @ 9015 3AM | SHUNOH f anv ¥SAH NuOD ASZAMVH || SV3HM 335 4O4 MOld $ SQ35M 409 HSJUHL SUOGHSIIN didi SHYOGHSIIN dtiH 208 aq b) 07 08 OZ O01} 0201] ozo Oz 01 | OZ OF ‘2 AON ‘AVM Udy SYA) gas; Nur [SYNOH "S100 ANT Usaqsanyynos ‘wusnf wmnib 7DWUWS PUD UsLOI ALID-OL] DUO 40QD] [D102 {[O UOIZNgGI4jsSip PoUOSdDaAY :7192Q UsOQ—'S “OIA jueae o10mm ‘sdeyied mT ve e AON| 190 [id3S AINE AVW) adv G34] Nve ozOl | 0201) Oz01 02 01 oz 01 | oz of ozo | 0z01 we i cites eb % idge. as ? poms Diy pS Sa See gms 7 008 0zo01 | 0201 | 0201 | 0201 0oz0O1 | 0OZ201/0Z201 02 01 07201 SYNOH| 530] AON|1L90]14d395S AWW UdU¥|yUWl eas | Nye }SYNOH ‘DNOT 1D44UIdd “unt finy pun paas fyjowy “wns6 WWoUs Us00 AL0D-GEE D UO LOQD] 10}02 {O UWOINGIAISIP [DUOSDI 24]9Q Us4OQ— SG “OIA 545 A Graphie Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops. (‘qweumeg “wo Aq poyddns vqeq) ‘“Surysery} WMO sIq Op 09 romrIey Oy} IOJ AIVUIOISNO ST }T WOTFOI SY} UL “IOGYSIOU V ITM IOGV] posuvyOXOS pure our} JSoAIeY JO SHIM OA SULMP SIOIOGL] JUISULIY OZ 0} OT “WONTPPe Ut “porTy JOULIVY OUT “Ivaf OY} JO Jued 107B9I3 ONY Joy porTY WoUT OW} puv IBA OY} Aq PITY WUT OUO JO poystsuod ‘J[OSUITY JOULIVJ OY} O2 UOTIIPPR UT ‘Go10j JOGB] OY “AO]][’J JOUIUINS JO Salo’ Fxg PUB ‘sdo10 ornqsed UT gg ‘OULD UT PT ‘FVOTLM UT soroR ZTE TeOA STUY UT peYy We] W0IsUT -YSBAA Wiajsva oy “Ydeis oy} uo Ivedde ou seop JOQeT STL ‘pormber 10qv] oy} JO 118 Ajavou SUTYSTULINY JoYsvIy} oy} ‘ouOp SUTYSVIY} OY} BITY OF AIVUIOYSNO ST 41 Woel sty} UT “pedojdure aoAr sOIOQv] Arp e¢ 09 1 woyar ‘OT qequio} dos oT ysnsny ‘mosves SUTYSBIYY puv SUISOAICY oy} SuLMp Jdeoxo yIOM OY) |[[@ PIP si9y}OIG Z MOTTE Same ZO Puv ‘Avy sosov 0Z ‘xv Soroe GF ‘AOTTVG SO19v 09 “S}VO JO SOLO’ 2ZT “VOM Sutids jo soroe 08z py YOryM ‘WIV] VJOYVqE oy} UG ‘oUIT} sTyy ye pormMbor OSTS Si AOTTRY “yoururns YiOM WOWUTYS’ AA W10jsvo UT ‘gould soyey xy Io Ao req ‘S}7wo JO Udy} PUB VOY JO JSIY SUTPoes oy} puv puLy o9yIjJO UOTWeIedeid oY} WOY ‘ALT Ayreo pue Judy Sump smooo ‘uor}eNp JsUoy JO yNq pozyenjusov sso] ‘poy Yved JoOTIVS Ue UOTS1 Jwoym-3uTUds oY} UT “4ysNsNy Jo Jey 104)8] OY} SuTNp smMo00 w0}4 -SUTYSE AA PUL VIONLC YON UT YOTYA ‘OUT? 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PUB JOMIIVY OY} ‘UINYSIOS JO g PUB ‘S}BO JO g *ILI09 JO OT “1101100 JO SO10B LTT PLY WOT ‘WI sexy, oy2 UG “sUTIds AjIve 04 porTys ATJUOND Ol] ST IOGB] O[NUI JO pro] Yvod oy} ‘INOS JoyIIVy sjios AABOT WO IO 4jaq, 10,09 OY} JO uorjiod W19y}0U OY} UE *SdosJO W109 puB 1:09}00 S,Iv9A 4xOU JOJ PoMoyd ST puv] OY} pue “popees ore s}v0 ‘urd OY} 07 PoyNeyY ST U0}}00 WoT “IOUT PUB [VJ OFC] OY} UT urese pus ‘popoes oie svodMoo PUB TOT}VAT}[ND sITMbeI 10d pue 104400 YJOq Tey ‘gune 02 fudy o3e] ZuLMp siM900 Joge] [MUI 10J pUvTOp 4so}V01d OL, “SYPUOUL ||P} OY} ZuLMp poxord st 107100 0y} WO UIesB pus ‘epNgyiyey ILM SuTArva ‘Aine ApIVO pus ‘oung ‘ SNILSIAMY: “wo? any | ONI ois 402 ONIL 4 NOLLOD SNINDId @ NOLO 2ANIA2 FiNVId| ONIMOd z01 felt ny yrs MuOD ONY ONILNY Id - sete! II ITT] oz 01 lozon |}OzO1 10 0201 |0z01 |02 01 | OZ 011 0201 | 02 01 | 02 0201 | 0201 }O0z01 0201 020} |0zZ01 | 020! | 02014 0201] OZ 01] OZ O1 SYNOH}'330| AON) 190 |1d3S) DN YIAINFBNOA AWA ddl | ey e@a4|'N 940] AON} 150 [idas MIOTENNT AVA} asY SUM) E34 | NYE ISSON Db L0OY usayjnos “wasvf $200 pun W409 *02]00 as0D-2EG D UO ‘spray, [fo nunig fiznjn yong “wsivf{ 9490-09T D aa AOQD] pjay {O UO1NQGWISIp WUOsSDIS °2]2Q UOJ0QO—]L “PIA Uo AOQD] ploy 7) UOUNQUASUP JDWOSDAY -712qQ U0zJOQ— 9 “DIY Yearbook of the Department of A NILVAILD yuNOH SYuNoOH 546 A Graphic Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops. 547 1910 NUMBER OCCUPATION CENSUS OF 1910. STATE .STATISTICS FARMERS EACH DOT REPRESENTS 206 Ou > On HZ = oo -_ Sz O & <> a5 = Re EO W 2 zz = EG >=2 nO rw ° Ow = 6 & Zu Ou an?) > OW © o a5 az Fie. 8.—This map is based upon the returns of the occupation census of 1910, and the state totals, which are givenin the report, have been distributed by counties according to the number of farms as given in the agricultural census of 1910. Itis noticeable that, except for the Black Prairie of Texas, the areas of greatest density are located east of the Mississippi and Wabash rivers, particularly alor the east side of the Mississippi River from Vicksburg to Cairo,in the Piedmont of Georgia and Se Carolina, in the Ohio River Valley, in southeastern Pennsylvania, and in the lake plains 0” York, Ohio, and Michigan. The total number of farmersin 1910 is given as 5,926,690. Tex with 401,148, while Georgia ranked second with 285,548, Mississippi third with 270,255, ap” fourth, having in that year 266,384 farmers. “* 548 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 1910 FARM LABORERS NUMBER OCCUPATION CENSUS OF 1910, STATE STATISTICS EACH DOT REPRESENTS 200 0 2 Qa x °o Vv Vv < ay ee) e < = ” = =x re = w BK ° a K ° z ‘2 = 2 <4 4 = 2) = A z 2 - < = a Oo we == wi I < = =< — wn ve oa ° = Fig. 9.—This map is based upon the returns of the occupation census of 1910, and the state totals, which are given in the report, have been distributed by counties partly according to the expenditure for labor, as given in the agriculture census of 1910, partly according to rural population, and partly according to information as to local employment of jabor. Therefore, the number of dots in a state is correct, according to the census, but the distribution of the dots within a State is only approximate. In the South, where the cotton = gives employment to a great number of farm laborers, the negro croppers probably have been included as farm laborers in the occupation census. Outside the cotton belt the greatest cencentration of farm laborersis found in the tobacco districts of Kentucky, Tennessee southwestern Ohio, southeastern Pennsyivania, and the Connecticut Valley; in the trucking sections of — Maryland and Delaware, of Long Island and of western New York, and in the sugar-cane region ~* Louisiana. A Graphic Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops. 549 $ 25,000 e REPRESENTS $250,000 | @ REPRESENTS $ 2,500,000 + REPRESENTS a mR Ng O a < J Ng O rf 1 ng a E a) Z Lu o x uu AGRICULTURAL CENSUS OF 1910,COUNTY STATISTICS a INCLUDES VALUE ‘OF BOARD AND ROOM FURNISHED BP CEs = Fic. 10.—The regions of greatest expenditure for labor include the belt ofintensive types of farming which extends from Baltimore to Boston, the fruit and truck region of western New York, the market corn region of central Illinois, the Elgin dairy district of northern Illinois and southeastern Wisconsin, the spring-wheat region of the Red River valley, the wheat region ofeastern Washington and Oregon, the northern Willamette Valley, and, most prominent of all, the valleys of California, where it alfalfa, small grain, truck, beans, and sugar beets are the important crops, and large amounts of labor are required at different times in the year. In the South the only areas that stand out promi- nently are the sugar-cane districts of Louisiana and the Black Prairie region of Texas. The labor of the South is paid mostly in kind or by shares of the crop, rather thanin cash. The map presents, by counties, the statistics of cash wages plus cost of board, according to the agricultural census of 1910. lture. gricu Yearbook of the Department of A 550 se se £6 “S3NIM TWNOUHDOSI 4O ONIMVEO AIGIHONd JONLILTV NI SNOILVIUVA SNIVLNNOW- ANDOU JHL AO 1S3M er NIVLYSINN ANI 40 NOILYDON SNOID3Y ONIGNNONUNS 3HL NI S3LVO 9HL NVHL 4IMYVS JV — CIVUVW JSOHL ONY i wy + a 1} Iz asnony = 12/8 me SNID3S ONIGSSS NAHM 3Lva N GE SAY S3LVWILS3 dOYND JO NvayNG JO SLN3IGNOdS3YUNOD dIHSNMOL WOUs SLYOdaY 000'27! NO G3asva N3WS9VYNVYW WV4 JO 3914407— 3HL AS G3aNVd3aud Lee ' i ‘ a fen) “la T ida >. — Se : ; - 4h De LE See \——_ LW3HM 68 YaLNIM Deas: 46 s 5 Laas Fi@s. 11 and 12.—Kansas and Nebraska have nearl United States. impor- southern ch repre- every year. enou — 1 1 and ends in Texas about eae other issouri hi y the fly in practically he Hessian fly and yet ear sochronal lines. and northeastern Mary mber 21. es shown on the map, W b her the acreage is so small as to be of In eastern Kansas, he seeding dat: o invite injury one-third the winter wheat acreage in the out September b a injury by t tsin. In this and succeeding maps the heavy d ond which eit southern Indiana, about Septe 0 avoi bey d Tennessee, t are so early as t an e of most farmers, ood start before winter se Seeding begins in central Nebraska October 1. In southwestern Illinois, roblem to seed late enough t ding begins usually diana, Kentucky, In practic see eat a g h is a serious p give the w ash line represents the boundary of the crop, no significance or else the data are insufficient to permit drawing i tant centers Illinois and sent the It to d A Graphie Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Orops. 551 tLulea! REDUCE OR AVOID INJURY BY HESSIAN FLY AND. PROBABLY GIVE A GREATER YIELD. | a4 < lW > a < = or fe) 74 TT 2” loa é e ~~ = aa iS) am > Ud < a) lu uJ 00) ta O Te uJ = : NIVLU3INN’ SNM 40 NOILYDO1 - +t tal eZ etm enna” — = od ’ i Hi tb > v s rs 4\y A Graphic Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops. s S3LVWILSZ OUD 4O NV3UNA 40 SLN3JONOdS3NNOD dIHSNMOL WOUs S1HOd3Y OOO'ZI NO G3asva a 7 - LAett Tt if ts 1a i oe yrs. } LVSHM USLNIM i: ta a~~) "t, I Pe a, th- hing res are 2 man and 10 horse orse hours, without a com- s to thrash an acre. gions t 20 or , south- in sou erm mar- ton and Oregon, all these re gus y about June 1 and in thras rn Illinois the north Along rn Washin g over in , rse hours ho n ,2 manand 8 he In southweste fi not be finished before Au harvest an acre of wheat 21 toJul neral it is , the and alsoin eas ge est ma est is to y 5. y from June fart where the harv sas is about 3 man and 4 s generalin central Oklahoma usuall rk and Michi f labor required th a combine harvester .5 man and 4.5 horse hour , With a combine | Kan eneral usuall a, Wi amount o fe) and ¥ Two weeks after rage S, tern Illinoi 25,in southern Nebraska about Jul d Oregon, ionin New In Californi ly 21 tern Washington fu ge an he ave arylanditi t a wes me amount, tern Washin icate th ania, in eas ecords ind and eastern M general about ylv in eas per acre; and Figs. 17 and 18.—Winter-wheat harvest become tral Kansas about June f the winter-wheat re e 1.5 man and 3 horse hours to harvest and 4 ern Indiana ino a 25. about the sa est is pt / eastern Penns hours bin in cen ‘S3NM TYNOYHDOSI JO ONIMVEG LIGIHONd BONLLTY NI SNOLLVINVA SNIVINNOW ANDOUN 3HL JO 1S3M; NIVLYZONN JNM JO NOILYDO1 wee iL a rt oe Me TRS wn ee S31LVWILSZ dOYD 4O Nyayna 4O SiN3GNOdSIYNNOD dIHSNMOL WOUds SLYOd34- 000'E NO G3asva INSW3S9VNYW WV4 4O 391440 BHL“AG G3N¥daud © 2 i VF ppauiede! mle te SNID3G ONIGSAS NAHM 3Lya ~ LVAHM ONITNdS Pee a ie 69 ee “6 toi sul S34Dv 0000! SAN3S34d3u est yieads, and for this reason it is gion of techs of the Min- . Along igher altitudes in the West seed- pring hroughout thes and d h wheat re The seedin rthern North Dakota and north central Minnesota fourths of the areas east of the about March 21 y begins throughout most of South Dakota and in Minnesota sout. il 11 it is beginning ys i pr pring w y does not begin until A y should be done as earl produce over three- ap only for those t ned sible to avoid rust and secure th per county in the census year 1909. Seed nnesota and at h ] 21 or even later. i , and eastern Washington Lines are drawn on ths m: ka and western Iowa usuall ing in general over 100 acres gins in northeastern Nebras in no: i the Dakotas pr. heat grown in the United States. heat belt in northern M as pos necessary to do as much plowing as possible the previous fall. t A B . 19 and 20.—Minnesota, ten da ‘ ¥ gin of the s Figs spring w g wheat be ing usuall ocky Mountains hav in e follow r R th nesota river. the mar ing 555 | | \ | | A Graphie Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops. “S3NM WWNOUHIOS! JO SNIMVHA S3LVWILS3 dOYD JO NvauNG SINSGNOdS3YYOD dIHSNMOL LIGIHONd ZONLLTY Ni SNOLLVIEVA Se aimpdan IDO0'E NO CARY SNIVLNNOW ANDOY 3H JO 1S3M r | NrvawaoNN 3NN 40 NOILYD07 Se Ry LINAWADYNVW WaV4 JO 301440 SONZJ ONIMOS AV3HM ONINdS Cor Wear Fb eats sei oe lt Udy iC | IVYANSZD SI ONIGAAS . Fras. 21 and 22.—The seedin bat 2 20 | fe ESosssaes Sod daaeae Pape SSE Ane ges £ea4ghota = steese OSS OS Oy ASH EARL EP on welts seek sess BepRaasss Oo ASB | ESeS 582s SuBaekeootw Sranngtiod eSomp Han aU Maa ek Se BLARVE 2% Aowesises 8.8 afL5oyh SBesv23se8e B*esdaaod o° EE EEEEE gu wSagose BES wA sues Sf Baws ia g<3 S65 sta Bago = 5 $56 poo RA aad fre ~ Ln) ko) Ba Asguss $4s4 ny wos fe ao. Axe sSsosd Ba OSARESS fe egge8sy = 5-5 S Seam CEB ES ASaS FAB EOnrsS scesces @ EZSS™S94%2 £2a -4238E3 Esees gees Par saa oH SsBSs5 Sscab ceo ea oh BBL to susvecas ed ZA oo’ Sesh Sscas qe fF gars RMe 2 deg — *®Lo E3 g2ieggses Berke > 2a S4SE4S5858 lture. qricu of A f the Department 0 Y earbook 556 | . =|) ZEEgeeEee “S2NTT TWNOWHIOS! JO SNUAVEG Pha irre SutcNMO , is 23 a: Tae 2 yarhOwd ZONLUAY NI SNOLLVIEVA , Wouds S1NOdIY OOO'E NO GaSVE a is SNIVLNNOM 11908 3HL 40 153M ay : eaaar cess 5 Cam IN3SWASYN Wuvs 4 NIVAUSONN BNI 40 NOLLYSOT y - . WA Gaus pods Heng a01d40 2 Ae $3 2 ae A ae g av Yy oY n | Anos AE OE | ev SS ia om | Boba asap NYO7@ LSIANVH N3HM 31VO | SO hyd Sas ry | Z\61_LVSriA_ONIUSS { q eae FESR = 2 ggcacsadsa a Yo S| Ax p Eee wogabas fae OBES nr Oy LEAD PE A =i Hp Tt ¢ ee ow 235 Bo 9S BRE pa =) j - 4% . x si - a ; rT - - - re ieee ; " 7 . j 7 lo daas nAHaShH D ASAT ISAK Hbtedertretah beard Pe an a in <—= . ssa ouksags PRESS BRT Rear SOLER Ae Pate | $25 985 BS Se \ Gute Be WNe) wali Awe ee 4—ehI A eet, earl: Bala eee8s ; 4 1 . g om+ $4 qd q if Bae Aevonge aos osaecos Zoagesaes geese sss wa ; a page 828 & bh ATLL Lg - °o ‘. aan ore Gli er OLE a wa gE Be Pega ae cage reer. ESA RSSabee S8eaubcaas pre DHOS 64% Sop ay oa aneer as EeS Soe wm diagitg aa i oP P35 aan aed Se ne eee obi eps oon ion 9ny sad oan hea Lor aap S; a sole segaepeoee | AMEE A OEE tater EE “Pony Eon Ese 1S bh eB | PesPaege sNioga 1S3AuvH NaHM Siva REeS Teaser EE aon Ks ] i en » panels | _LWaHM ONIdS BEEEEEL TE Ga ee SASaE sess nt iS Ten) “S3NM IWNOUSHDOSI JO SNIMVC ( S31YWILS3 dOND JO Nvauna. & % > os a 3 $2 7 LIQIHONd SGNLLTY NI SNOLLVINVA SS nuscerteve pitts | BS S $25 gm A SNIVINNOW ANDON 3HL 40 1S3M : oN ae | > geo o4 we i or! = NIVL83DNN SNM 40 NOWLYIO7 ye . [LNSWASWNVW WYV4 40 391550 gra 538-4 5 & BHL AG G3Yydaud aoas2% med on 0 2 ?to3ag 2 ;52 SAaseepoecs SOSoeszgsas 5 MARES Za S Seria tt S SON3 AS3ANVH N3HM 3ivO oo 8 2 ages aoa Lv3aHM ONIdS dos 2 a.m ASANsoukoao 3 B2P pn oO S a2 Sep kad y 4 pale A = | soa * ok=po ov in S qeeeaoss Da = 6. SHMS ue +) 25 eee saeg EEESs eae ~ Se assheesg 8 fal mia O° con aA ease 8 pete gatnas Ss oars easnse 33 ak Fogmn 53a 0 SUeeas SomSsersaas S nar Zo ee 8 RH 205 48 S85 pad | PqCH se Sn sere som Ss SSAMSCESE : Aug Sabo gs ag 2s “8 aa => ES a Sc ca > ot -O¢chEgS = aqrmZo Sep. 2 eee a Pe wo ..2e5 q © = 2 Be oReseusa bi S4e>e8ea9 S vi S PSone de he —R 2nne Bu3sao ei pcasoaes 2 gee Seas ~ Eos cofsees HpEadso ak &, Tas ree S Moke s 225 ito) Sout & Rok oxe oe ss waorsage r-| q SGAES en x ar Eackiseg 7 eal BE 3 98 nosUKOoew : “Az govee 25d o aka =< ad as BEb se ey SYso 3 68 Pm cl Pageaess lture. gricu Yearbook of the Department of A “S3NIT WNOUHDOS! JO ONIMVUG LISIHONd FONLILTY Ni SNOILVINVA SNNVLNNOW ANDOU 3HL 4O LS3M S3LYWILS3 dO¥D 4O NvauNa 4O SLINJONOdS3INNOD dIHSNMOL WOUs S1HOd34 00S'Y NO GaSva SON3 ONIO3Z3S SivO UaLNIM Figs. 27 and 28.—Winter oats are grown mostly where the av hou Winter ours in Oregon | plo ovember rature exceeds tember about September 21 In the South tober 21 and is over erage winter tempe Se d hours of man labor and 13 to 20 gions south ofthe Ohioand Potomac rivers and along y during October an e Ohio and Potomac valleys usually about September 1 and gin of the cotton belt seeding begins ys; and finally in northern Florida it begins about Oc In western Wash on seeding takes place usually during p and seldom require extra labor. quires in general 6 to 10 To produce an acre of winter oats requires from 10 to 20 hours of man labor. in there ng the northern mar ingt and in California mostl y a minor cro portant onl g begins in t an acre of oats re Seedin ptember and October all these sections are most harrowing, and seeding of horse or mule labor. December 15. Se rt may continue 30 to 50 da ¥ during 35 degrees, and hence are im the Pacifie coast. ends about October 1: alo oats inal 559 A Graphie Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops. rut CMe Ai ae -, Oem faut as *S3NM IVNOSKDOS! 20 ONIMVYG LIGIHONd SANLILTY Ni SNOILVINVA SNIVINNOW ANDOY SHL AO LS3M | NIVINZONN 2NI7 30 NOWLVYSO1 Ly au ae, \- : rag a | LE { aah eaerd S3iLVN1iS3 dOYND JO Nv3aune 4O SLNSGNOdS3NNOD dIHSNMOL WOU4 S1¥Od3u OOS'® NO G3aSVa mt iv a ‘ F ge aed man t fF 0009) "F 4 ly the b.J. 9/9, NBHM 3 mS re ' ' cua SEERE ABHFEEE & 92 SHS au ge cs Ease gXEQr eae Pszisesue ssc & mu HERE SOEFS mo pe oasSe awa SoS Sos6o dea "a. ea ae’ or pmo ago Fas oe oS ? f1- SESen Offs e7saAS 5 pastes ese Os oe ShORgkT aaaa°Bg Ses Sud .6$440 64 RAS 25d os Sroag eam 3 qSasga sess we S50 G2.2>.6 pas 5 Besdas sKeged Eeada oO, Be Sans ESes gsoses mo é Bg oow ORS S Soseeratag mS pabeges’ BEESoskSS lture. gricu Yearbook of the Department of A 560 S31VWILS3 dOND JO Nv3uNE 4O SLINJONOdS3YHOD dIHSNMOL WON4 SLYOd3Y OOF 91 NO G3Sva ‘S3NM TVNOUSHDOS! 4O ONIMVEO LIGIHONd JONLILTY NI SNOILVINVA SNIVLNNOW ANDOY JHL 4O sam ! NIVLYAINN ANIT 40 NOLLYDOT IN3WS9VYNVW WHV4 JO 351540 3H1 AB A9NVd3ud eet BR > O0S¢ cf 19—— £.d.9up Oe hy _— _ V5/ Hi | Gl AA ’ ] P SNID3S SNIMOS N3SHM 31va SLVO DNINdS wee pring oat belt consists of a crescent-shaped area extending from New England Om & Pagssegs osehaad oo Boss ae re: Pia hE OS 4 oF 2 = esha e $2 Qo n0ge aes be so #23e S554 Sane 5 Awe ho fe BEE OS ao E2580 8 AAAS Ae gop igeigs q os += | “Sagb ou oe Sgr sees Gsses 088 bandll on Sb at -Baa gS igsasg 48eesa74 SSeS 9°9e emezogss OL Re 5 oO BEEP 7 Sa Sou kp, of 5083'S a4tsqganq PERSE -292 Be aus g Any pes 2 4 ob b's CASearae ook age AP aso 2 oA? ee ays Boge nA Sus eig*o s303° S08 OB ad Sa g50°.8 One not eae weS osnss SD to Goagsge Bbxednson |ROeG garg, i oO aia’ sate ORNS oo : wae clhaasos CSR. aA Ssuesrag woe as a of. B S°3sgg St bo tee Pz2cneseea cs Sob S Sea. Sas SSSEGe ———— 7 is $0 “68 6 ae 108 ~ S08 — © i wD 2 be > Det TS be ’ “S3NM TWNOUHDOS! JO SNIMWEG ( S3LVWILSa dO¥D 40 NvauNG 2 a 3 ae f a 2 = bh | 40 SIN3GNOdS3YNOD dIHSNMOL om ot ong 4 | LISIHONd SONLILTY NI SNOILVRIVA Wie SO ena oad OOF'91 NO O3SVE ne oom f354 2 GNIVINNOW ANDON 3HL JO LSM it dea g £833 Bos 0 a \ * Cy i gdon*S (=) °. NIVLUZONN: SN 40 NOLLY3S07 Fe ve NIWSOVNYW Wavs JO 3d1440 =e - ga. @ Bs * | oi BHL Ag Gauvdadd sede = Sab O A‘ if : As oe era ta eo ‘ a] rt ozr eo ° = 4a my i = A Orin s aas = “yet aas 340334 8 Aram bef - = ot ‘ay Ror Saka &, r- Ba ero SSL , io) PR) eek) on bee Ba 7 ho | S Sra shasee. i=) i: 5 Sa5 4 be ~ 6 Bg BA Og S te & i Soa ean see =) Be be = Ea) = at tek ee oe BR Se 2S e en 8 ~~ 4.1 So 2 = £4 3 badass 3 baa 9. E ~ Sa ses aey © me Net ee —_ 2 Oa — an n an BB hy" S S ShssSucseg ze Obmwao eS a OS S SSRs e aan BAC Ss ee on > Sie 2 ab gees S ekhostezarss “eons 2cSt Ss ueeerbaass > $s MaSeo%o = paso eee ge tO og = 50 5 eee e25 = —— = Rowe ed $5 > aceB| S- = 5 RD og Sores nem & aon e338 ESuba pas .) as OS oS on B- a DoBsavuSs Pa ° SC PHOS on? aq Sraaka esege ay < SosSpohge = Rsl=iat als oe) wee -0- Pee oo Sm oO n So Seo en tae ga hkin ata S85 geste go SSSR ER Saas hes HsesE8°48 ofagebbes Ressgdaa'g mePrrAnwsq”rs Ay Pweacd Mal--b-- ane So pal8'as BEES cason eg sR Sera bEsGa ves s a Bot paoeedoes Souda ous oo paar eas gseaagees 5 SSF SS 8RA Segtgssza SoS ,Favarts od ea ga om ogo taeced age 4am kh wo. ~SE8e65 r=] aRaS BD gh eae ees <2 2) EE ett: S 3 yHsets goo ga Sos Wa A ~aeode, mA p2eho pid ort ent 3 a) 3 nan eSB wee SHOoDGT ° eat le oneksfasaoe wes agar whe ceaeeas BA SESS og ane" Bsgew “Op og 5 nen oO SOP eRoRzEees She Sol anae 2S EauP2IAE 2 Sstus aq SCY ones & a Estesae =e A’ au k0akao ofYaade ok be aSsadas os —orh Soong saws? (S2238h sxe sag © Haas 23 ws Rags Ces = | j sc a nA or DVo gas ssshop ©. Roce aegag BSLIS Ig way SASd@3585 Broa eEUVUS ct ey Ee ogase q com] aan 3NIM WNOYHDOS! JO ONIMVUG LISIHONd JONLULTY NI SNONLYREVA’ SNIVLNNOW —_ 3HL 40 LSaM NIVLU3DNN JNM 40 NOLLYDOT (Nees a ee yaw) . Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 564 SaLVWILS3 dOD JO NvIuNA 4O SINZGNOdS3¥4OD dIHSNMOL WOud SLMOd3ay¥ COLI NO G3asvd LINAWJZ9YNVH WUY4S 4O 391450 a34 3HL AB Oadevdaud 3A Mog d hm z gn ae ag 738 ag pe ‘= a: pecegease SESS Sy £358 P| Bal aad. 3 ated bot | 22a > EM | Boe ae See Sg884eo+a4 Pea 85 3 we ax Sd2Szes gu Pee g BSS SEE REE en WOES EES Goer Pahoa hy we oe asa g 5S Eo A ad: eee aa aae e- Aes. aE eiana BEES pee be Bag G5 a BASS ava Bowe 288g Bg anagem Bowe. a 2S sede a ead Bae ad aes” EE Lore bard owe SE eauaeay BA BCH te eS gaceseaags Sa- a> Ae ny 8 SCRSS aa | FAS at ees $2949 88788 PEEPELEELE Ecer ree t BILE S6s Bs oO : ot eet PERE ELE: "SANIT TYNOUHDOS! JO ONIMVUC LISIHONd SQNLILTY NI SNOILVINVA SNIVINNON AMDON 3HL 30 LSA NIVLUSONA sal 40 NOLLYDO7 Hy eee oP S31LVWILS3 dOYD JO Nv3IENG 4O SIN3GNOdS38YOD dIHSNMOL WOUs SLUOday OONL| NO G3Sva ae, gi6t SOTIS NYOD idly where a season in er cent in gust. Sep- {ten yitiso n for the silo while filling horse labor per acre, ng ork is now cut for iall curs during districts especi the Northern States, t have as lon ansas, and 9 p s place during Au lage oc ing cor in e usually take up si labor per acre of corn. per cent in K d putting and in dairy ; c ¥ of tl 4 her hs progressed most rap tting for sila ) of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops. 565 . Summari A Graphic . ie 4 i2/@ 4d ONTLINDS NAHM 3LVvG Gr b ! = - f i tte LTS ee inia cu belt States cutting an f silos has Records from Wisconsin indicate that cutt er cent in Minnesota, 14 d Virg ion o and northern corn ed than in the corn belt and corn does no ed that 50 per cent of the corn acreage in New Y hours of man labor and 4 hours of i 11 Ip velo stima sin, Wiscon uires the labor of several men Missouri, an q ion re ge about 4 ? t out 18 hours of man labor and 12 hours of horse dely de It is e in out the dairy .—The construct rying is more wi which to mature. 2 ee cent n Kansas This opera difficult to secure sufiicient he on the avera silo requires ab ge, 36 la Illinois. uires Fias. 41 and 4 dair Sl Through tember. the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 566 6o e S3NM WNOSHDOS! JO SONIMVEG LIGIHONd 3ONULIV Ni SNOILVINVA SNIVLNNOW AWDOY FHL JO —_ : ee T NIVLY3ONN 3NM JO NOWLVY201 L df b cy S3.vMisa dowd JO Nv3aune 4O SLN3GNOdSIYNHOD dIHSNMOL WOUd SLYOdaY OONVLI NO G3aSva INJWS9DVNVYW WYV4 JO 3914540 3HL AG Gaevdadd Yat Yy | 000P" Sig | Vldgjs- oF P | ' 1 1 ' ! “ps A ’ ) r SNID3SS ONIMDOHS GNV ONILLND NAHM 3Lva tel t —————— eC of of corn ginia during in northern Wis- tember 10 and 20. g Cost account- shoe kin, husk, and haul labor per acre. ny inia and Maryland, entire area between in the dairy States and Vir 8 York, wheat. tocut, ennessee, — out 25 hours of man and half as many hours of hout this most of Vir T uu. ngland and New ginning of cutting an laborr est Vigrinia and ard and southward it is general between Se corn is the common practice tting begins thro ginning of seeding of winter here the be ky f Missouri. shows Ww time as the be. , westw Ww éu al from Iowa eastward to New York The dotted line on the small corner map g and shocking of northeastern Kentuc In the hill lands of New E ber. reports from six States show that the amount of f ys of Septem consin and from Towa northward f corn averages ab , on the average, at the same ds and Figs. 43 and 44.—The cuttin the North and in Ohio, tember 1 and 21, and is gener P also in the eastern Ozark region 0 the last 10 da ing recor an acre 0 Se so 68 ts ““S3NM WNOYHDOSI JO ONIMVEG S24ywlisa doWD 40 nyauna 30 S GQNOdS3UNOD dIKSNM LISIHOUd SGNLILTY NI SNOILVINVA Rows S1YOdSU COIL) NO Cased SNIVANNOW ANDOY 3HL JO LSAM ——- } | ih iu =. 3NM 4O NOILYD01 Pe a as a LNAWSSVNVA WYV4 4O 391440 3HL AS O3Yvdaud 567 CA A HON Ys € a m4 & in where Dak. into several The lowed under sit, rida durin é k, N. e of corn. er acre. sismare p fur Ca ee i Vld3s \ espa Cen] etragass PeweV nL. eover--.¢ iridas IZLd3s A" ‘ Ax “i 3 1 IZ1d3S 4.74 J-Av'id3s VN EAP ip0, f= ' f ; fi quOsag. " A Graphic Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops. | SNID3E ONIMYNSr GNY ONIMSNH N3SHM ALY WLS ONIONVIS WONS C3NNIr nNyOj—~— LP op method of harvesting abor xas and Flo in of the corn belt and the cul ., to] in y records from Ind 1 Te orse! heart ofthecorn b a g nb ofh ng the northern mar The stalks are In the part of October and continues is the common rt Wayne (in centr as show 12 hours or is employed er acre. i horse labor nt seasonal la g stalk aline from Fo September s of October. 1g the latter this operation, labor and 4 to ing Alo quired for ransie ing from the standin hours of man th and west of the Southern States duri g the first 10 day Little t e, it begins durii or re an and 8 hours of ing. ng or jerk general during October. States and sou Ins 1n c ount of lab generalfrom 4 to 8 hours of m it occurs durin 6 the fall or in the spr acreage to hand] er 5 omes be: he am ion ) and bec States, ne gesin bout isa ry Salar perat gust Fics. 45 and 46.—!Iuski corn in the Southern December. States, ran “in Thiso Au the dai therei aver later Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 568 ‘S3NNM TWNOYHDOS! JO SNIMVUEG ALIGIHONd SGNLILTY NI SNOILYIEVA SNIVLNNOW Tr SHL JO sam NIVLU3ONN 3NM 40 NOILYDO1 Lim? ret ryt Y eri 4.1 ee aie os el ee 143 = ? ‘, + + 4S if a <. 4 oze) wane | o2/t! SALVWNILSI dOuD JO NvIuNG 4O SLNIGNOdS3YHOD dIHSNMOL WOUS SLNYOd3Y OOE'Z NO a3Sva | BHL AS G3uVdaud~- : oy 4 4 \ Pye ay 19 | deck tah to =~ spe ‘4 1s i ast oe ore MO me 7. SNID3G LSBZAYVH NAHM 3LVG we yiavy 46 ~ ch of it has little and cut blished mu .8 horse hours . sd oo 7 horse hours. — ey of he titer conditions. and harvest ri y pe 0-da ti western States where, owing to its ts culture is not as well esta icissitudes of rainfall over season and vi t is both harvested for seed nom toy by I In the Staked P g of 4.4man hours and 8 4 man hours and 3 I t ortant crop. It practice in i dates of and thrashin acre was 1 ein 30-day rather by esting ting t for harves i kafir corn. , farm — titu e the lon V = ines on the ma ally to the South din roduce an greatly with the size of the crop and other wiremen aratively new crop practic t has become an imp uired to i Pp is use whil vary but enforce wi req figures, however, will ple — erm nae l labor req The total labor As kafir is acom ble to its range m sie show an av esistant character, not onl ossi nt labor from outside forage. as with other sta These Fias. 47 and 48.—Kafir is confined drought r tran: for “S3NIM WWNOUHDOS! JO SNIMVEG LISIHOSd JONLILTV NI SNOILVISVA, SNIVLNQOW ANDOY SHL 3O LSAM NIVLUSONN 3NI1 JO NO! ri ie ’ sf A Graphic Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops. 569 gol Sdivwils3 dO¥d 40 Nyaune 4O SLNIGNOdS38YOD dIHSNMOL WOUd SLUOdSY OOS'¥} NO G3SVa INAWS9VNVW WY¥4 JO 3951440 SHL AS G3AuVd3ed SNID3SE ONILLND LSYi4d4 NSHM 3LVd HAO 1D GNV AHLOWIL f in the f timothy in States. . cro ‘ted. however, gin one , d neral, the average hours per acre. he be forse barn is about 8 man and 8 al ney corn and as a resuit ltit may incip ing regions of the is use it constitutes over one-half of the acreage o iod of the y the pr ear. Inthecorn belt the cut- gin oft later. In is dairy roduction the first cutting o hern mar ) he last cultivation of Little transient labor estern £ou ed with clover, or mix sown separately and din northern W of greatest ong the isconsin mes the busiest per of year. on Al border one totwo weeks Pacific northw same time as t t the r at this time out July 1 anadian hern, rake, and haul to the In the hilllands of New York an all crops, ars a ~ he C gt amount of labor required to cut Throughout the regi hy, t corn belt andin the eastern, nort imo uently oce demand for labo and curing there is a heavy and mixed ha making time beco eq r and hay- re tla usu a to two weeks Se and alon 4 ver hay f Fias. 49 and 50.—T ti of clo euttin Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 570 mH 1 ot et $e seanea tas via 7 Sauvmuiss 4049 30 NaN Eee rie | cs repeat a a ok P Breet | | SX. LNSWIOVNVW WeVs 40 391530 San bs eM q 3 NIVLUSONN 3NI1 JO NOILYDO1 “Di2'vav BHL AG G3NVdaud Pes apes 4 ag bh ——— Pay aad Aas \ z= » = go On @ q Bas aor g Ca fal i Pike fog NC £358 wie see rv Eges : LLAWA=1 AVA) 2582 SCEUCELEL Sans bi Panny mac © fore! | _ ; Lesagmad, Ged hi “ ‘ Ty? f | # Ze {00% %, T0093 ~~ *~=p-0eL ‘ j mo 7 + Sggd es tie eee eee ee ML Th - 000, Bet an a Os at eg a Lab ee oof Ge se St j apg Panne amet ; g anes aati a 7 SSE d 43° FAA Pe ee Lt ) ie eee a “4 Rae 8 Fae | Sree: ss oa ee eg i. =, ——— A | : Sac" 0 go | eet rie ae OL - : 7 i ee al } y ; ' n _ ea ee a eee = £ en Gy * ~~ Oe 3 2 e228 = git agoha iis So Ee ES ag me —ABROBK SOB L SES" 8a,° Sha we » = 34 2. = o ry 5 Es) | aS aeBOF kes o17z] yO0Ev | Saaaq 4 ot ek 4parege2ge i fa 271i lab epee se ya i eat it | SrSecgea. LAIN = IZ ANAT ee 30° a 4gd aa fen k os 1 PONE a anne” As Ba Serodg oS Cf i a2 fe daaed | faine= mS we Saba 31LVvG O83 tuk Sa 3 LIND LSYId NSHM a3 o 5% 525% BoeeG oases Sog £4258 = Pon 35 Sa A Graphie Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops. 571 $8 ss es “SSNIM TYNOSHDOSI 30 SNIMVEG LIGIHOSd 3ONLILIV Ni SNOLLVINVA SNIVINNOW ANSON 3HL JO 1SSM > a NIVLNSONN 3NIM 4O NOILYDO1 a Hon I : Fatale ay AI $0 S3LYWILS3 dOUD JO Nv3auNE 4O SLN3QNOdSSYNOD dIHSNMOL WOUd SLYOd3y OOS'¥! NO G3Sya YO. | ANSW3OVNVW Ways JO 351gg0 PO A Diz anne we Lato VOR | ie | ie Nt ar cr ' = 4 a | - i } ra BHL A@ GIYVdaYd SNIDBG ONILLND ONIHL NZWM ALvo viivatyv A Pad ' Te SNIDAG ONILLND GNODZS N3HM 3Lva For the y lighter. en seven In some of for the first crein Kansas ; bout 21 hours of man and 27 hours of horse labor in the cooler including irrigating, and 38 hours of horse labor. while as the cropis usuall lifornia six and ev a 4 0 hours ofhorselabor. ks after the first cutting. The requirement per acre andin C e average amount of labor required per a isa , e of alfalfa in the United States a second hin a month of the first cutting, y elapse. hs ma bout 8 hours of man and 1 out five to seven wee the entire rang: y somewhat less than for the first hroughout most ofits range Reports indicate that th includin lly = estit may occur wit sections of the North and East nearly ceutti genera two mont ] ns g raking and stacking, This be for 6 cuttings in California 40 hours of man labor, and stacking in Kansasis a cutting the amount is general id A third cutting of alfalfa occurs t. ? tions of the ured. ings Fies. 53 and 54.—Throughout practicall , raking, cuttings are secured. the warmersec for four cutt cutting is sec secon culture. grt Yearbook of the Department of A 572 S3LYM1LSA dOYD 40 NvauNE 40 SINAGNOdS3YYOD dIHSNMOL WOUS SLUOd3Y OOS’ NO aasva LINIWJ9OVNVYW Wes SO 391440 BHL AS Gauvd3aed xtreme southern a ouisi- cre, ae ling per a mately 57 hours of man of the cot- f man labor edding, and — abor ae and hau in central L or ) of arch in win ut 11 hours o xi Prairie of ‘Texas, lks, plo ing o urs of man labor, s of horse or mule ] te) dle of M ng the northern mar, hour t 32 lo horse labor, chop a total of appro he Black Wax and about April 21 a hat cutting sta man and 12 usually about the mid f Texas show t llint Prairie 0 horse labor, picking abou d3 hours of gins Apri about 4 hours of bout and central Georgia Records from t a . ? d 3 hours of horse labor per acre, and 14 hours of he Black on the average, out 1 hour of man an orthern Florida 8S ab quires hours of man an 7 hours of man g requir Fias. 55 and 56.—Cotton planting be central Alabama, ting Texas and in n¢ ti lantin labor and 32 hours of horse labor per acre. ana, ton belt. harrowing re to the gin 2 p c 573 A Graphie Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops. a Sep hasien = S3LVWJLSI dOYD 4O NvayunEe 4O SLN3QNOdS38YNOD dIHSNMOL WONS SLYOd3N OO0S'Y NO aasva a*3 ‘ ‘oi akgSaySs aoa — . Seki en asoe Baa § A298 Pal. Sgelsa Aur Ccogoscd be te aH + 9B, Pa Snes gn * cs a oadees Ba ogs bea S84 o88uTos= 4a SosgBeoas 33 SeSo0eE°ags 8 PaaS st oak 234 2SE=BS 32S sarge and so assasels Cn kS gab BOE eaens rods Sere? AYKS oon tL foe Sokess A3°ogs6 BS sone 4 PEP ear EeE: = pg fe P2868 SN Ron £ f1.282°S36 S$e5q 54" 08 ota eh Aaess Svekhotas 3S bod ~ESS ESS e 2Hse SrEES eae § aMassedsas yn Of6SO Sg g SEr8 5838 Bad S by 2eu5 Seq lseees8 Soacokaorey apbaseggeag £ ae BSHeoo Salm, 28H esogudeod SacSSeasee S eass aad sefopsa saguaSs Wyk Oo nh SEaE aon 9 Sbed 8 ALS q> Sse28¢9 oe | te a meee 853 ~_ — =| = 3 os ° -—) bean 150 po n in the Black Prairie of Texas, dby gu an throu Fries. 61 and 62.—The picking South Central Texas eastward about August 11. may per acre. amoun Pa Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 576 312339 — SNIVINNOW ANDO¥ 3H JO 1S3M *S3NM TVNOUHDOS! JO ONIMVUC t S3LYWULS3 dOuD JO Nv3IuNa O SIN3ONOdS3YNOD dIHSNMOL 3 S3UDY 0001 JIGIHONd JANLUTVY NI SNOILVIEVA AO ae siNodau OOO! NO daS¥G SIN3S34d34 3 : Piawaoynvn WYV4 40 301440 —..\ $094 BHL AG AIYVd3ud dOy¥D WiDsaWWNoD ‘ 91GL BOVSNOY OLVLOd ATHV H ; i we Lay 9000 4 Reset ce Be Sp aay-benyWisor pores i Puasshise een oF prof- i ba a’ pad =f SNID3E ONILNV Id NAHM 3aLva | —_s30LV10d ATEVS lf — y potatoes in central e Norfolk district not a commercial f the late perhaps better Ows p of the United States, h: hs or more, tatoes a The planting of earl palsos tato cro uth Atlantic and Gu 0 This ma Early po re se. In northern Maine and northern incides with the planting o oO d lasts for two mont leston February 1, in th part of the a rincipally in the ber an practically co a small fo the northern cities. y about April 1 lanted for home u around Char and ’ ork Cit but a few are s planting begins avout May 11 which is the commercial crop in the Northern States. developed land boat, ember or Decem ry 20 bg nd New otatoes constitute but and their commercial production is whence they are shi the progress of the season northward in the United States. both by rai lorida in Nov cins about Februa ou pped, be he district ar of New York City, a a t potato cro than lantin nr in f hi P, a temperature map, bd Fics. 63 and 64.—Early p ins in southern orida March 1 crop north bee A Graphic Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops. 577 ‘S3NM IWNOUHDOS! JO ONIMVEG LIGIHONd SGNLILTV NI SNOLLVINVA’ SNIVLNNOW i SHL AO LS3M S31¥WILS3 dOY¥D JO Nv3"NE 3O SLN3GNOdS3uxOD dIHSNMOL WOUs S1¥Od3u 000'rT NO G3asva as a ea REE eRe SNe pAINEN he S3OLVLOd AINVA £6 “6 O€ O41 Ie SNOr of O1 tt 3Nor 01 OL 4 NAF € O1 12 AVW O02 OL tt AVA Ol OL tava QC OL (2 Tinav OF OL tt Vibe Ol Wsd¥ IwOsIe LSJANYH ONINNIODE 7o Jivo O€ ANNFOL dN SSNOZ LSSAYVH AG ‘6OGI "NOILINGOd / 99 ‘Old _-LNSWS9VNYW WeV4 JO 391550 3HL AG GauVdadd Sega og S potise oe Ese, a. ge 28° SVS sg nT Ae a baS“asohs LOLAS. 4S" $086 2886 aepas6 S8onreeoha: S-—aaa- rt SEASDASooa mPasbacores fOr aAseSaev 5 rar Saxe ET cksee ges “ZcEs- cosa Soqeegyreon Ss Os p,poekoaad RSESESSSSS Cnn goo hee mas oaeherog S55 90-7 z Fu%o8 Oo: Srevagalsd SSdagcUuesls saq- mas 28 o ag 04 2 2> -ah@qgks sm M2 SSOP aLO ‘ny O Hosa ca nase 25 gar Bartegas “Oo Be S BOS o we ¢ 5 rT) Sacer ssggs nm DROOE;: Sema Sasese Saab eZssoe OP Sr karad ase emoS ~ Sew SCRASTege PaeOsssaes ESL Oo 53 ase 88 ont On 230600 28 & —SoLSeo tsa Cf -S 7 8sSe WAG BESO SS BS5 ohog tes gama toe PECL Aahenn e4=Reenkes SeSeeceessa B72 E oe ae |S onSahan? iar tal ce on? S 3 9 Od 3 bo goBassetess BSysasstan SSpFzUesn 12 3 oS a 2o © DS For L2d 8 oti as 2. ae = Seas ae >ASas $5 Br. See 29190°—yBkK 1917——-37 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 578 wy man eg ¢ wil oe re AES ies S3LYWLLS3 dO¥D 4O Nvauns 4O SLNJONOdS3NNOD dIHSNMOL WOU4 SLUYOdIH 002’¥I NO G3SvE .- st lig J dOu> za, 9161 BaDVSuNOV OlwloOd 35iv7 PAOD aS SS eae AVANT tt AWW. ie a ¥ 4 I dOUD IVIDYSWNWOD NYZHLYON |__| $301 V.i0d) é constitutes probably 95 per cent of the total potato end : Demet: ifornia, June ant- PWiae ore the ground Int chigan, ., district pl igging de di Mi p bef ? planting is general us- ? Cal February 15 g and New York, d central Wisconsin s e. except those in C the cro luntil Jantin: an Stockton putin the lace from June the dates of In the Maine, t May 15 the necessity of digging ge producing centers, In Aroostook County, limits to a period ofa few weeks not only the digging but also the planting of potatoes, akes ture an . 21 to June 1, in Michigan b] ll the lar ay d Colorado districts abou eonditions. hand, d June 11 , while digging t here is little seasonal change in tempera pr lan ew York M on the other ractically a yl otato crop, j in western In price than upon weather k cousin, and Minnesota districts nted between et ay 15, in the Minnesota an RB} i ds from March until Jul > pis vy about exten Fias. 67 and 68.—The late region t tion of the United States. ore on the mar this era all Lto Ll, ing m freezes — DATE: WHEN DIGGING iS GENERAL BASED ON 14.200 REPORTS FROM TOWNSHIP CORRESPONDENTS OF BUREAU OF CROP ESTIMATES i WEST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS “VARIATIONS IN ALTITUDE PROHIBIT DRAWING OF ISOCHRONAL LINES. i. | a a a ‘ } 97 POTATOES NORTHERN COMMERCIAL CROP foi. i | i i 105 DATE WHEN DIGGING IS GENERAL SEPTEMBER.21-30 SEPTEMBER 1121 OCTOBERTNIE FIG. 70 " OCTOBER 1121 BS Bes! @ Raa ee Se Ele oe ccm Wty ee | 2 | 2 tee = Is me emes ie a i ee me {78/2/ 0e | FZ—|52 yt — Se Igz if ae oe [ar wae ee |r) ERLE as jo | |AEGEE fe F F eo*aner 5. O 3 7.5 = 8 w—13 E |e re) OCTOBER.21.31 DY o7 3 a9 ai ens. elite 81 1 105 too 17, Fics. 69 and 70.—The digging of late potatoes in all the large producing districts,except those in California, occurs usually between September 15 and October 11. The earliest digging generally occurs around the large cities. Owing to the moderate autumn pgp mrbeey along the Lake shores in Michigan and New York digging may be delayed as late as the atter half of October. In the Wis- consin district several records indicate that plowing and preparing the ground for potatoes re uires about 9 hours of man labor and 20 hours of horse labor; planting 8 hours of man and 2 hours of horse labor, cultivating, spraying, and hoeing 17 man and 11 horse hours, harvesting 35 man and 13 horse hours, while there were spent in marketing and miscellaneous work on the crop an average of 19 man and 34 horse hours—a total of 88 hours of man and 80 of horse labor per acre. Practically all this work in the Northern States is done by the farmers with the help secured from near-by villages. uring digging time of labor ; Le car} (= SasSEsoRg SaivWiiss dowd JO Nv3una eck S38 40 SANIGNOdS3YYOD dIHSNMOL Heo” Rotas, WOU4 SLYOd3Y 00271 NO G3Sva torre geen. Oege n2oe el andes SA sak o ges SGEMSEHSY Ra aorpSon : SaTH ZEASe SI Sof ~D OD RAE na CfseaneE oa Suse 8 > Sef uasse ~ ¢ SDB SBrag: — OO” SeaAawac = BUSaERSasS3 = Sasser ess S51 2 aSsetg, S oA5woSadd i-2-5- - BSSong ne = x g2° asy ong siAdasanes Ss se OD wy f= BaP =| S NgASAIAS wh St: oO _ cHasecugda ~ in eRe | OSE Sach i.) aac AeO -nao = Db SAAS oS tue = SS DES wets an } Oa -oO =o=E-| = Songsheede 3 Te Seesnk oss = eT eg ep 2,0 Sn oe 4 Ss ine eee rity iit 8 Sa 8 ae = ee oe , t r hers “- sehalate -=4 2szv i= er [o} 4 Bgsssss g nae Bs pat -5 © Boo Og 25°98 ~ SAgsbavsag Ss 2983 gO RaE S #658 ,85or8 s Dirt HA weve Agata “s 2233 28o"g S Lesandody i 8 S Bir AA OZ OAS <. ofS aes Ss @ ao et 8B AS > Adon se yas: 2 K SEEBEE rice ~ landsssass NorpSs Mea ad gS 8 a3 o5 Ba QG. Qy ep Ssoesee -2o8 Saso8 bos ma GASB SY be ‘Saas BAS Fe i Be Bot ae Ogos’ 5am Peg > Dery 4° be e HS BO & op Dane Seeds 5SO0 A Graphic Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops, 581 | eyOVEsID “é sor S3.1YWILSa dOYD JO AvaunEe "40 SLNJGNOdSSYNYOD dIHSNMOL WOUNA SLNOd3Y 002’) NO Gasve Tot sin southern California from the 10th to the 000Sh~..._¢ 5 ere (ae In or gaged to do the blocking stricts. he sugar A fair pro- exican Fe work T rict where it 9 st Both operations d from large cities. or. h ofthe Tab gins in late September ing this labor into the di rnia is done b It be and other western mountain di **eontract aes and toppin designate ring The labor en in August y the same. operation of It is frequentl for l Colorado, final han ar beets begin Salinas valleys sug faria and roximate p 1S ” alsoin northern Utah and southern Idaho, muc hern Colorado and also in southern Califo a t X s in October in Utah, Idaho, y and labor. or “lifting uall Ohio the dates are lso performs us and in the Santa y da Michigan and and thinnin ire al nies In the Middle West laborers for the thinning are obtaine usually make the necessary arrangements arge amount of h £3. 0 the first 1 Farther northin California ortion of the hand work in sout fa Figs. 73 and 74.—Pulling, 20th of Ju bor. is done by Japanese. require compa is needed. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 582 * S3LVNILS3 dO¥D JO Nyaune (dO SLNIGNOdS3NYOD dIHSNMOL WOUd SLHOd3u 000'S NO G3SVa Bayeegsess. B4acsscdap SelbSe aes ; : a oy th bales : ’ : ! 7 Eee ¥ o° Suds og ANAWZOVNYN Huy 40 30140 Ries ages £5595 E Ad Gauvdaud “ wmeBstonushg ‘ Sy WO RSP SS oe! Po a SS 4) eS MHS Ia 0 A a ee, sm og Orr 3 boa * Sook 2 En a poo are az, 22 Ae wR n ELS aqga HAPps ag Soes mI ote ov_ge Sec Hasvesa Sod eSsaaaa Or Fy i Se q mada CIM ge Sasqqgrs des oe 6 Wa S Ee ho'd, aAapad. eyes oaks Tses5eqan8 637 3 kage od % fad C2 on 4 os Poach ot makbedaos a. 3) or on “e'd 59 PS a eos a ~ a oO gatse oH bo pug Psaes PEE ge SSonhs sans & ne EO ds A Pe gO ee ei os aeosSateaq EoRS sek shes j $046,298 92870, “docy! eos enTspaae i — OP ral Beassaegs’s ~ 2 OMS Aeon a hs f SwegPegedadg oe assets gras | 50 2545 76S > o®ogo 984i Rogises g2s8 waaag etwas BeUCR APR EOS ao “Be e~ 4qe 16 Ogee! mhpAwees er Ssgegsvos2ga ASSeobeado Hugs isa So OSs SES, reg | HHP So Pe mabe ooo es BS O8Sa6 6H S45 oo PROOMAWHH, % 2 SEE REEL: ’ S3LVNLLS3 dO’ 4O Nv3uNE Pasocd eos 4O SIN3QNOdS3NNOD dIHSNMOL ESS Eo bie : WOUS SiNOd3Y 000'S NO G3Sva Sts aa 25 a * % dl 253728 = LNAWSOVNYW Wud JO 391440 S$ SaeSesss x “BHL Ag Gauvdaud LSH Zsa a-G : SQ BEBSSo bo sBoggkoS & wen AO? SS C= Be oO 2645S a0 om Ss : Bodega a J e2e2augksgs Loner soe e Onmatae = ghar Gages: i=) ~ HO Ss tas 3 = age Cease 23's = E Sege es ‘a S 5°ngS = Sr gsazsgEs = a =e-Nel oe -bBae OFagsgsdas ABkoeg ~ aI Bg 2 4,0 © S bg 7 2 wc: 2S Prom = < 4008s _vost'f agers see > foi 408 = 176 J = SkEs2 we i sar ean oo’ ons Ar Com £&oO = Fi Bo a > D CASS oRaas 2agsagag > SEELEOSE > Bes o88S ~ re) e<5Bnead i e2osass a4 5 poor wh 8 ProSs mf aSs on 7m ~ Rees KOBE Head ° = gS, k83 o ~ SEseee ~ ~ = i af : z SelQ”c2 A 2 I 3 2 " ik i ? A a-8 = | => f ; at BAS H \ 0 SCORPLARS > wyrt y : £22828 bh = ogee bore Q age sen ~ HOS °OCS S SoHPzSvo ~ » BULPo S baa Asc a ak Sa Se x ASBSSRES sokhensod Gagne hee A$ eease ESSsS958 tion at this time. saivwiss2 do¥d 40 Nvaune 40 SLN3GNOdS38HOD dIHSNMOL WOud S14Od34 004") NO G3S¥a $nio38 ONIEINONS 9 ONIddOL INJWZOVNWW WHV4 JO 391550 - 3HL AG G3NVd3ed Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. SNID3E ONILNV IdSNVSL NSHM 3LvVd 584 in the e beds March local- the bulk June 1, about and fillersis grown however, where acco) are grown mainly on a neavy dark tob > for cigar wrappers, t begins as the transplanting prepared oe it ew York an of the tebacco is grown, are 15 to ities in A Graphic Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops. 585 oespacre. ower § HE _OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMENT BASED ON 1,700 REPORTS FROM TOWNSHIP CORRESPONDENTS OF i = = TOBACCO DATE WHEN CUTTING AND HOUSING BEGINS PREPARED BY T BUREAU OF CROP ESTIMATES _ TOBACCO ACREAGE 1909 EACH DOT REPRESENTS 1,000 ACRES Figs. 81 and 82.—Tobacco is generally — to cut and house about three months after it is trans- planted. In the Sumner district in western Florida it is cut early in June, and along the coastal plain of the Carolinas as early as July 11. In all the other sections cutting and housing takes place from about August 20 to September 10. In the Ohio River valley, where about half of the tobacco of the United States is grown, summer drouths are frequent. However if tobacco gets a good start after transplanting, it will stand practically dormant until rains come when it will speed up its growth and us y mature before frost. Whileit usually takes more labor to cut and house tobace> than the farmer and his family can supply, there is usually a sufficient amount of labor in the community for this work. Much of the tobacco in the United Statesis grown by small tenant farmers who rent 5 to 10 acres on shares for a season, practically all the work being done by the tenant and his family. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 5386 AMLSNGNI LNV1d 40 nvaune. NOILVOILSSANI WOISOTOROd 8 TVENLINDILYOH 40_33!440 JO SQHOD3Y'G0S NO G3svB INAW39VNYW WYV4 4O 391440 4 ¢ 3HL AG O2NVd3ed ; S30¥ Tv 40 $3381 ‘SININVLOZN ONY S3HOvId sor 608 bo bd ane gesa Zao axnm .2 588 Sis PSm3 2 SARA ADSE 5222 mS 7 O° pun BeoBe BacrRyOapa SNE a'o aoe HO G24 Se 8 aBoUA6O S283 8a35 gre. ss 8ag “Hor ~~ ad Ssa8oq808 SS Fy SIG RA So B BR a SS 57 Sa, bebe Pe erie ong. ah 22328 vase er esehoH Ss g> otk Shs mavapelaing woes om A Bo BR ag 8s 6 2a Rs gare £an58 29 ch gay Gees sah ERR ge eeo Ts 3) -3, 5890 aoPLOmT Las omeFrpAagss _ —_ ons 5 SR eS> assem Ses ack eso > vo bed ag = 3° ss S5h 8 S252 3 25 p we sepdezagoce 3 a8 seR "34 3 4S BPS pam Bk Gok OO 8a vem) SgcHa wo BE SE ce ® oes | aoen3 gS8cH3 “dea Spe e--s-7 | S524 232 & Fe rT PEsede BuPHERZESS Aes has Be zaga57 85 ag Zesuee8 Pel ag o0°. me, La seat BEErErE 09 S285 355hm : —————— goat ceeeene CO — AMLSNGNI LNVId 4O NV3UN cane Con “a BSsugha 3 = a | “SANM TWNOBHDIOSI 4O SNIMVUG GNOILVDILS3ANI TVDIDOTONOd ® WNLINDILNOH Snt2y o5 25223 +34 2a . LIGIHONd SONLILTV NI SNOLLVISWA by 40 301340 40 SAHOITY COL NO G3SVE Ts x, anti e 28 age aSn7 q : SNIVINNOW ANDOY 3HL 40 183M pele hae eee E2aakAs : ee g J Sidins IN3WSDVNWW WHYS JO 351350 #3 u Z ong S aap 3HL AG O3NVd3ud PEG es Som = 3 2 BS 8 tps rte = Bese seovEns HE By 23 b os Roa SE ga 5 S29v TIV 40 5230 eae 2 : 2 K = Ss See assays = a3 a: Sane 2a : C) 2s 2 Be Eee ; ac SBR eeease : Bg Bg Qn SNES s a | Bos a = fen ed eee Se S ie” S258" 955238 S 2 kiae So8h besos eS) 4 245 52255 %S = ag~ ~3 =O, ° B44 Z wes p nweQeceagey 228. aes 3 « as > J AL sSgo8R ras! S ae ee o24 SDE a] s aa oF 3s => t., g25eSaes a3 ~ ' cao gagee ass S Be 35 bed ion 5 e Boek eS eta aseoe cf o = os Ag = soe Ss ~D 2238s .3 24od Be SP sTescs S o2% oO ~ | 23°38 id . } ~ a [>] il Ses 98x Sas zag6 i og ~~ Ad s ” ~ 3 Sia as = re Sans °3 Foe aa eE ge = gabeee 52ye = >) * 333a%2882h Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 588 “S3NN TWNOYHDOSI 4O SNIMVUG LIGIHONd BONLLTY NI SNOLLVINYA SNIVLNNOW ANDOU 3HL 30 1S3M NIVAH3ONN AN 40 NOILVI07 = = = —— — SS a ieede== = \ 69 S3LVAILS3 dowd 4o nvaung © S1¥0d3ay O00L NO GaSva. AIN3SWASVYNVYW WHY4 JO 3D1440. . BHL A@ G3uvd3aud | SNioag OND Id NSHM Siva STINYSBSEMVALS. 4 bE 1o1 1 centers of commercial straw berr es, and dates are giv’ The irre ic at he Texas pi pic Delaware The map Bureau of Crop Estimates, g when pickin ng t ion are shown on the from the Atlantic coast to the Gre ch month as the dates are too om scattered growers outs.de Florida and alo y product en inside each circle showin gular lines extending reports fr r the first ofea in the eastern Maryland an d New York about June 1. ghout most of . In southern Georgia and Mississip pril 1, igan an ial growers by F. J. Blair, of * and loaned to the Office oi Farm Management. Throu ‘® ebruary in the Carolina district about early begins according to tern Mich Lines are drawn only fo drawing lines for 10-day g occurs d n begins about March 1 and Ozark districts eriods. 5 d in wes picking y, and is based upon data collecte 1from commerce principa in Ma surrounded by cirtular ll uring January an .—The gins in that district to justify ki ortant strawberry centers. be le pic ¥ Plains mark off the zones when Fias. 87 and 88 map usua the im variab coast 589 A Gravhie Summary of Seasonal Work on Farm Crops. TS ee —S,. se 68 e6é —— “S3NIT IWNOYHDOS! 4O ONIMVAG LIGIHONd SONLILIV NI SNOILVINVA SNIVINOOW ANDOS 3Hi 40 LSAM NIVLN3SONN 3NIT 40 NOILVIO7 t Bye eta Pd tate So pa wma an S3i WOUS SLYOd3SY NO ee A a Soe LNAWS9VNYW WYV4 JO 391440 sot YWILS3 sou JO NW32UNs OL S3IN3NNYD O8F SHL A@ GAkdVd3sud 4 ' ae wet ey pee eee wT. do ela hy, aoe } Se icetiediediedeniedied aS oon me he me oe - } i (apy Oe SNID3a NOSW3S ONINNVD NSHM 3LVd0 ' ! SSOLVWOL | a, eh : Y? Sgt esn-5 d he ‘ Ly fom at S324 OS SLN3S3d34 400 HOV 06913 | The ownin southern king 0 f antities ge qu “thie begin- fl ks earlier than and northwestern and Iowa. rtion ofthe United see, in western Michigan Large quantities Tennes orthern States, ur wee ecembertoJune. Lar of tomatoes are east districts women and childnen based upon data collected from p is ically to thecentral po ureau of Crop Estimates. hern Virginia w York, ghout the N the fresh state throug s two to fo insout {Ne ketsfrom De ally begin Atlantic ¢ The ma In Maryland sa other ed in Blair, lains o omatoes. bout August 1 nthlater in the lake p pment usu factories are confined pract ns a i to the northern mar onin for shi oy pickin ofthe wae asts from 6 to 10 weeks. l son begi season. domestic use or he canning y cities are em factories by The ca g season generally | loridaand Texasand shipped fresh are also grown for consumpti tomatoes for ni Fies. 89and 90.—Tomato-canning nning sea ng of t 477 from nearb canning Arkansas, and about amo cannin States. F x fa 4 iV (rio nivie ’ = = (a nm ay rl i % — Y s eden tenet nc lr tng we. ah Dibra toh ; RO Backs ; bt: iy Ge sd Seg ct “—* 3 . * pel ee Le APPENDIX. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES.’ College instruction in agriculture is given in the colleges and universities re- ceiving the benefits of the acts of Congress of July 2, 1862, August, 30, 1890, and March 4, 1907, which are now in operation in all the States and Territories except Alaska, The total number of these institutions is 69, of which 67 main- tain courses of instruction in agriculture. In 23 States and Porto Rico the agricultural colleges are departments of the State universities. In 17 States separate institutions having courses in agriculture are maintained for the col- ored race, All of the agricultural colleges for white persons and several of those for negroes offer four-year courses in agriculture and its related sciences lending to bachelor’s degrees, and many provide for graduate study. About 60 of these institutions also provide special, short, or correspondence courses in the different branches of agriculture, including agronomy, horticulture, animal husbandry, poultry raising, cheese making, dairying, sugar making, rural en- gineering, farm mechanics, and other technical subjects. The agricultural ex- periment stations, with very few exceptions, are departments of the agricul- tural colleges. The total number of persons engaged in the work of education and research in the land-grant colleges and the experiment stations in 1917 was 8.861, the number of students (white) in interior courses in the colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts, 61,972, the total number of students (white) in the whole institutions, 122,053;7 the number of students (white) in the four- year college courses in agriculture, 16,939; the total number of students in the institutions for negroes, 11,352, of whom 2,054 were enrolled in agricultural courses. With a few exceptions, each of these colleges offers free tuition to residents of the State in which it is located. In the excepted cases scholarships are open to promising and energetic students, and in all opportunities are found for some to earn part of their expenses by their own labor. The expenses are from $125 to $300 for the school year. Agricultural colleges in the United States. State or Territory. | Name of institution. Location. President. | Wilahamac.:.3.. 5 | Alabama Polytechnic Institute......... SEL DYULISIRE eras ete brass C. C. Thach. Agricultural School ofthe Tuskegee Nor- | Tuskegee Institute..| R. R. Moton.3 mal and Indusirial Institute. Agricultural and Mechanical College for | Normal............. W.S. Buchanan, egroes. Py ee ey sire of Agriculture of the University of | Tucson............. —— 4 rizona, ASKENSAS 5045 «5h College of Agriculture of the University | Fayetteville......... Martin Nelson. of Arkansas. Branch Normal College................-. Pine, By ic. c0c.a. J JGaIsh. ir: California........- College of Agriculture of the University | Berkeley............ 4 ee CS Gb bat | _ of California. , Golorade. 0. . cas in =o ees Agricultural College of Colo- | Fort Collins......... C, A. Lory. rado. Connecticut...... | Connecticut Agricultural College........ SEES ccste amend Ge cost C, L. Beach. Delaware. ........ Delaware College... 32. 2b cones ck en tesee ING WEBiet Wn. towtiekws 8. C. Mitchell. | State College for Colored Students. ...... DOW OF sei dsceteta rantie W. C. Jason. BEIONIOS 575 2 aster « - een of Deeb ois of the University | Gainesville.......... P. H. Rolfs.4 of Florida. Florida Agricultural and Mechanical | Tallahassee..,...... N. B. Young. College for Negroes. Georein:.. 2... 2... | Georgia State College of Agriculture..... 9) 012) 6 Ca A pte A. M. Soule. | Georgia State Industrial College......... | SA VONMAN 6 occ nne we R. R. Wright. | Sra | Momneee OL PIBWEE 5 Sek oo dace a akteens | Honolulu........... A. L. Dean. GHG Sects 2. - alike uf Agriculture of the University | Moseow............. E. J. Iddings.4 of idaho. 1 Including only institutions established under the land-grant act of July 2, 1862. 2 Not including students in correspondence courses and extension schools. 3 Principal, 4 Dean. 591 trial College. 2 Principal. 592 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Agricultural colleges in the United States—Continued. State or Territory. Name of institution. Location President. Silanes). 4 College of Agriculture of the University | Urbama............. E, Davenport.! | of Illinois. Tndiavs «.. wcccene Echo! of Agriculture of Purdue Univer- | La Fayette.......... J. H. Skinner.! sity. ae ee Na tt Iowa State College of Agriculture and | Ames............... R. A, Pearson. Mechanic Arts, Lavi weLeeates Kansas State Agricultural College ....... Manhattan..... -----| W. M. Jardine, Kentucky ........ The College of Agriculture of the Univer- | Lexington..........| T. P. Cooper.! sity of Kentucky The Kentucky Normal and Industrial | Frankfort........... G. P. Russell. Institute for Colored Persons. Louisiana. ....... Louisiana State University and Agricul- | Baton Rouge........ T. D. Boyd turaland Mechanical College. Seuthern University and Agricultural | Scotland Heights, | J. 8. Clark. and Mechanical College of the State of Baton Rouge. Louisiana. 1 glee I sale Coline of Agriculture of the University | Orono............... L. 8. Merrill.! of Maine. Maryland........-. Maryland State College of Agriculture...| College Park........ A. F. Woods. Princess Anne Academy, Eastern Branch | Princess Anne.......| T. H. Kiah.? of the Maryland State College of Agri- culture, Massachusetts....| Massachusetts Agricultural College’ ..... AmMboret.« 5.2 29.530 K. L. Butterfield. Massachusetts Institute of Technology *.| Boston.............. R, C, Maclaurin,. Michigan ......... Michigan Agricultural College........... East Lansing....... F. 8. Kedzie. Minnesota........ College of Agriculture of the University | University Farm, | R. W. Thatcher. of Minnesota. St. Paul. Mississippi. ...... Mists ppt Agricultural and Mechanical | Agricultural College.) W. H. Smith. ollege. Aleorn Agricultural and Mechanical Col- | Aleorn.............. L. J. Rowan. ege. Missal. .....s-2 College of Agriculture of the University | Columbia........... F. B. Mumford.! of Missouri. School of Mines and Metallurgy of the | Rolla............... aoe University of Missouri.’ Linoorn Prstitute . .... =. ins anet agence = Jefferson City......-. B, F. Allen. Montana......... MontanaState College of Agriculture and | Bozeman..........- Jas. M. Hamilton. Mechanie Arts. Nebraska. ........| College of Agriculture of the University | Lincoln............. E. A. Burnett.! of Nebraska. Nevada........... Dollege of Y= ach ga of the University | Reno...............- C. S. Knight.! of Nevada. New Hampshire..; New Hampshire College of Agriculture | Durham............ R. D. Hetzel. and the Mechanic Arts. New Jersey....... Rutgers College (the New Jersey State | New Brunswick.....| W.H.S. Demarest. ; College for the Benefit of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts). New Mexico...... New Mexico College of Agriculture and | State College........ A. D. Crile. : Mechanic Arts. Now York. «: =< << New York State College of Agriculture. .| Ithaca.............. A. R. Mann.! North Carolina...) The North Carolina State College of Agri- | West Raleigh....... W. C. Riddick. culture and Engineering. Negro Agriculturaland Technical College | Greensboro.......... J. B. Dudley. North Dakota....| North Dakota Agricultural College ...... Agricultural College.| E, F. Ladd. Qhige—- ae oe College of Agriculture of Ohio State Uni- | Columbus........... Alfred Vivian.! versity. Oklahoma........ OREO Agricultural and Mechanical | Stillwater.........-.. J. W. Cantwell. . College. Agricultural and Normal] University....| Langston........... I, E. Page. | Orceons.--4 Oregon State Agricultural College.....-. Corvallise 73252 24- 4% W. J. Kerr. Pennsylvania... . . The School of Agriculture of the Penn- | State College........ R. L. Watts.! ~ | sylvania State College. Porto Ri¢éo....... College of Agricultureand Mechanic Arts | Mayaguez.......---- R.S. Garwood.! . of the University of Porto Rico. | Rhode Island..... Rhode Island State College..............- Kingston.......----- Howard Edwards. South Carolina...| The Clemson Agricultural College of | Clemson College. .... W. M. Riggs. . South Carolina. ps State Agricultural and Mechanical Col- | Orangeburg.....-.-..- R. S. Wilkinson, lege of South Carolina. : South Dakota.:..| South DakotaState Collegeof Agriculture | Brookings......-.... E. C. Perishe. and Mechanic Arts. | Tennessee.......-. College of Agriculture, University of Ten- | Knoxville........--.- H. A. Morgan.! nessee. Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial | Nashville........... W. J. Hale State Normal School. A : WesGtioces...- 52. ag. ee and Mechanical College of | College Station...... W. B. Bizzell. exas. Prairie View State Normal and Indus- | Prairie View......-- I. M. Terrell.2 3 Does not maintain courses in agriculture. Agricultural Colleges in the United States. 593 Agricultural colleges in the United States—Continued, State or Territory. | Name of institution. Location. Presidént. Ty eae The Agricultural College of Utah........ LAGER, 00 fot ede sean E. G. Peterson. Vermiont..-...... College of Agriculture of the University | Burlington.......... J. L. Hills.! ' of Vermont, Se The Virginia Agricultural and Mechani- | Blacksburg......... | J. D. Eggleston. cal College and Polytechnic Institute. bi Hampton Normal and Agricultural | Hampton........... J. E. Gregg.2 nstitute, Washington. ..... State College of Washington............. Puller. oc"). 2 | BE. O. Holland, West Virginia... cenere of Agriculture of West Virginia | Morgantown........ | J. L. Coulter? niversity. The West Virginia Collegiate Institute ..| Institute............ Byrd Prillerman. Wisconsin........ College of Agriculture of the University | Madison............ H. L. Russell.t of Wisconsin, Wyoming........ College of Agriculture, University of | Laramie...... pee A. D. Faville.t Wyoming. 1 Dean. 2 Principal. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama (College), Auburn: J. F. Duggar. Alabama (Canebrake), Uniontown: J. M. Burgess. Alabama (Tuskegee), Tuskegee Institute: G. . Carver, Alaska, Sitka (Rampart, Kodiak, Fairbanks, and Matanuska): C. C. Georgeson.? Arizona, ‘Tucson : ————. Arkansas, Fayetteville: Martin Nelson. California, Berkeley: T. F. Hunt. Colorado, Fort Collins: C. P. Gillette. Connecticut (State), New E. H. Jenkins. Connecticut (Storrs), Storrs Delaware, Newark: Harry Hayward. Florida, Gainesville: P. H. Rolfs. Georgia, Experiment: J. D. Price. Guam :* C. W. Edwards.® ga" arse (Federal), Honolulu: J. M. West- gate. Hawaii (Sugar Planters’), Honolulu: H. P. gee. Idaho, Moscow: J. S._ Jones. Illinois, Urbana: E. Davenport. Indiana, La Fayette: C. G. Woodbury. Iowa, Ames: C. F. Curtiss. Kansas, Manhattan: W. M. Jardine. Kentucky, Lexington: T. P. Cooper. Louisiana (State), Baton L Sones ts igar), New ouisiana ugar ew oe) OT FT ay W.R. Dodson, Louisiana (North), Calhoun Louisiana (Rice), Crowley Maine, Orono: C. D. Woods. Maryland, College Park: H. J. Patterson. Massachusetts, Amherst: W. P. Brooks, Michigan, East Lansing: R. S. Shaw. Minnesota, University Farm, St. Paul: R. W. Thatcher. a es Agricultural College: E, R. oyd. eo (College), Columbia: I’. B. Mum- ord. Missouri Evans, Montana, Bozeman: F. B. Linfield. Nebraska, Lincoln: E. A. Burnett. Nevada, Reno: S. B. Doten. New Hampshire, Durham: J. C. Kendall. New Jersey (College), New BL MUsS wick 2 ne eee New Jersey (State), New Brunsqwickize i neat New Mexico, State College: Fabian Garcia. New York (State), Geneva: W. H. Jordan. New York (Cornell), Ithaca: A. R. Mann. North Carolina, Raleigh and West Raleigh: (Fruit), Mountain Grove: Paul J.G. Lipman. B. W. Kilgore. North Dakota, Agricultural College: L, Van Es.* North Dakota, Agricultural College: —-__ Ohio, Wooster: C. E. Thorne, Oklahoma, Stillwater: H. G. Knight. Oregon, Corvallis: A. B. Cordley. Pennsylvania, State College: R. L. Watts. Pennsylvania (Institute of Animal Nutri- tion), State College: H. P. Armsby. he Rico (Federal), Mayaguez: D. W. a 4 Porto Rico (Insular), Rio Pedras: E. Colén. Rhode Island, Kingston: B. L. Hartwell. South Carolina, Clemson College: H. W. Barre. South Dakota, Brookings: J. W. Wilson. Tennessee, Knoxville: H. A. Morgan. Texas, College Station: B. Youngblood. Utah, Logan: F. S. Harris. Vermont, Burlington: J. L. Hills. Virginia (College), Blacksburg: A. W. Drinkard, jr. Virginia (Truck), Norfolk: T. C. Johnson. Washington, Pullman: George Severance.4 West Virginia, Morgantown: J. L. Coulter. Wisconsin, Madison: H. L. Russell. Wyoming, Laramie: A. D. Faville. STATE OFFICIALS IN CHARGE OF AGRICULTURE. Alabama: Commissioner of Agriculture, Montgomery. Alaska: Agronomist in charge of Experi- ment Station, Sitka. Arizona: Secretary of State, Phoenix, Arkansas: Commissioner of Bureau of Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture, Little Rock. California: Secretary of the California State Agricultural Society, Sacramento. Colorado: Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, Fort Collins. Connecticut: Secretary of State Board of Agriculture, Hartford. Delaware: Secretary of State Board of Ag- riculture, Dover. 1 Agronomist in charge. ® Address : Island of Guam, via San Francisco. 29190°—yrBxk 1917 38 * Animecl husbandman in charge. Acting director. 594 Florida: Commissioner of Agriculture, Tal- lahassee. Georgia : Commissioner of Agriculture, At- lanta, Guam : charge of Experi- Board Agronomist in ment Station, Guam, Hawaii: Secretary of ‘Territorial of Agriculture, Honolulu. Idaho: Superintendent of Department of Farm Markets, Boise, Illinois;, Director of Department «af Ag- riculture, Springfield. Indiana: Secretary of State Board of Ag- riculture, Indianapolis. Iowa: Secretary of Department of Agri- culture, Des Moines, Kansas: Secretary of State Board of Agri- _ culture, Topeka, Kentucky: Commissioner of Agriculture, Frankfort. Louisiana: Commissioner of Agriculture and Immigration, Baton Rouge. Maine: Commissioner of Agriculture, gusta. : Maryland: Secretary of State Board of Ag- riculture, Kensington. Massachusetts : Secretary of State Board of Agriculture, Boston. Michigan: Secretary of State Board of Ag- riculture, Bast Lansing. Minnesota: Secretary of State, St. Paul. Mississippi : Commissioner of Agriculture and Commerce, Jackson. Missouri: Secretary of State Board of Agri- culture, Jefferson City. Montana: Commissioner of Agriculture and Publicity, Helena. Nebraska: Secretary of State Board of Ag- riculture, Lincoln, Nevada: Secretary of State, Carson City. New Hampshire: Commissioner of Agricul- ture, Concord. New Jersey: Secretary of Department of Agriculture, Trenton. Au- Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. New Mexico: State Santa Fe, New York: Commissioner of Agriculture, Albany. North Carolina: Commissioner of Agricul- ture, Raleigh. North Dakota: Commissioner of Agricul- core eee Fabos, dlenancn. fy. o: Secretary of State ard o Agricul- ture, Columbus. Oklahoma: Commissioner Oklahoma. Oregon: Secretary of State Board of Agri- culture, Salem. Pennsylvania: Secretary of Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg. Philippine Islands: Director of Agriculture, Manila. Porto Rico: Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor, San Juan, ; Rhode Island: Secretary of State Board of Agriculture, Providence. South Carolina: Commissioner of Agricul- Ware; Commerce, and Industries, Colum- via. South Dakota: Commissioner of Immigra- tion, Pierre. Tennessee: Commissioner of Agriculture, Nashville. Texas: Commissioner of Agriculture, Aus- tin. Utah: Secretary of State, Salt Lake City. Vermont : Commissioner of Agriculture, St. Albans, Virginia: Commissioner of Agriculture and Immigration, Richmond. Washington: Commissioner of Agriculture, Olympia. West Virginia: Commissioner of Agricul- ture, Charleston. Wisconsin: Commissioner of Agriculture, Madison. Wyoming: Secretary of State, Cheyenne. Land Commissioner, of Agriculture, STATE OFFICERS IN CHARGE OF COOPERATIVE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION WORK. Alabama: J. F. Duggar, Alabama Polytech- nie Institute, Auburn. Arizona: E. P. Taylor, College of Agricul- ture, University of Arizona, Tucson. Arkansas: W. C. Lassetter, College of Agri- culture, University of Arkansas, Fay- etteville. California: W. T. Clarke, College of Agri- tails University of California, Berke- ey. Colorado: H. T. French, State Agricultural College of Colorado, Fort Collins. Connecticut: H. J. Baker, Connecticut Ag- ricultural College, Storrs. Delaware: H. Hayward, Delaware College, Newark. Florida: P. H. Rolfs, College of Agricul- ture, University of Florida, Gainesville. Georgia: J. Phil Campbell, Georgia State College of Agriculture, Athens. paabss L. W. Fluharty, The Statehouse, oise, Illinois: W. F. Handschin, College of Agri- culture, University of Illinois, Urbana. Indiana: G, I, Christie, Purdue University, La Fayette. Iowa: R. K. Bliss, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Ames. Kansas: E. C. Johnson, Kansas State Agri- cultural College, Manhattan. Kentucky: Fred Mutchler, College of Agri- culture of the University of Kentucky, Lexington. Louisiana: W. R. Perkins, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Me- chanical College, Baton Rouge. Maine: L. 8. Merrill, College of Agricul- ture, University of Maine, Orono. Maryland: T. B. Symons, Maryland: State College of Agriculture, College Park, Massachusetts: W. D. Hurd, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst. Michigan: R. J. Baldwin, Michigan Agri- cultural College, East Lansing. Minnesota: A. D. Wilson, College of Agri- culture, University of Minnesota, Uni- versity Farm, St. Paul. Mississippi: E. R. Lloyd, Mississippi Agri- cultural and Mechanical College, Agri- cultural College. Missouri: A. J. Meyer, College of Agricul- ture, University of Missouri, Columbia. Montana: F. S. Cooley, Montana State Col- lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Bozeman. Nebraska: C. W. Pugsley, College of Agri- culture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Nevada: C. Norcross, College of Agri- culture, University of Nevada, Reno. New Hampshire: J. C. Kendall, New Hamp- shire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Durham. New Jersey: Alva Agee, Rutgers College, New Brunswick. New Mexico: A. C. Cooley, New Mexico Col- lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, State College. New York: A. R. Mann, New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca. * North Carolina: B. W. Kilgore, North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, West Raleigh. North Dakota: G. W. Randlett, North Da- kota Agricultural College, Agricultural Ohio: C. S. Wheeler, College of Agricul- ture, Ohio State University, Columbus. — Oklahoma: J. A. Wilson, Oklahoma ith cultural and Mechanical College, Still- water, * 4 ” : State Officials in Charge of Agriculture. 595 Oregon: O. D. Center, Oregon State Agri- | Utah: J, T. Caine, 83d, Agricultural Col- cultural College, Corvallis. lege of Utah, Logan, Pennsylvania: M. 8S. McDowell, Pennsyl- | Vermont: Thos. Bradlee, Lal gi of vania State College, State College. Vermont and State Agricultural College, Rhode Island: A. HB. Stene, Rhode Island Burlington. State College, Kingston. Virginia: J. M. Jones, Virginia Polytechnic South Carolina: W. W. Long, Clemson Institute, Blacksburg. Agricultural College of South Carolina, Washington: W. 8S. Thornber, State Col- Clemson College. lege of Washington, Pullman. South Dakota: C. Larsen, South Dakota | West Virginia: C. R, Titlow, College of State College, Brookings. Agriculture, West Virginia University, Tennessee: C, A, Keffer, College of Agri- Morgantown. culture, University of Tennessee, Knox- | Wisconsin: K. L. Hatch, College of Agri- ville. culture, University of Wisconsin, Madi- Texas: Clarence Ousley, Agricultural and son. Mechanical College of Texas, College Sta- | Wyoming: A. I. Bowman, College of Agri- tion. culture, University of Wyoming, Laramie. NATIONAL AND STATE LIVE-STOCK ASSOCIATIONS AND ALLIED ORGANIZATIONS. During the past few years numerous requests from many sources have been received by the Bureau of Animal Industry for a list of the various national and State live-stock and live-stock breeders’ associations. Owing to the fre- quency of these petitions the Animal Husbandry Division of the bureau sent letters of inquiry to State agricultural colleges, experiment stations, live-stock associations and individuals with the object of securing a list of this kind. Many replies were received to these inquiries, but it is regrettable that a con- siderable number of the letters either met with no response, were returned unclaimed or, aS was the case in a number of instances, those receiving the communication were unable to furnish definite information as to such organ- izations in their State, or to state where the desired information could be obtained. Therefore, it is not claimed that this list is complete, but that it is sufficiently large to be considered fairly representative of these classes of organizations, No effort was made to secure a list of county or community organizations, as to have included all such would make a record of too great length to be shown in a pamphlet of respectable size. Information regarding county asso- ciations can, no doubt, be secured in most cases from the several State asso- ciations. It is believed this list represents the only record of its kind that can be considered up-to-date so far, at least, as it covers the organizations named. The value and necessity for such a record should be apparent. The close linking of the live-stock industry with our national prosperity places an added value on such a record, particularly at this time. The conditions confronting the country to-day and the immense value and great importance of the live- stock industry in all its phases, together with the urgent necessity for improved and increased production are of such moment that it has been considered advisable to place this list, however incomplete it may be, before the public with the hope that its circulation will not only aid in the formation of similar associations in States where they do not now exist, but that it will be used as the means to further the efforts now being made to increase the quality and quantity of the Nation’s resources along every line here represented. In view of the fact that there are undoubtedly some State associations of which definite information was not received, the Bureau of Animal Industry will appreciate receiving notice of any that do not appear here. It will also be pleased to receive information of the organization of new State associations of the classes represented. Owing to the fact that the annual meetings of these organizations are held at different times during the year it is very probable that the names and addresses of some of the officials given will be found incorrect at the time of the distribution of this pamphlet. It will be appreciated, therefore, if any changes in the names and addresses of the officials are reported to the bureau in order that its record may be kept up-to-date. The plan adopted in listing these associations is as follows: the associations of a national character have been given at the head of the list and these are followed by the State organizations. The States are given in alphabetical order and under each State there is given first, the general State association, if such exists, which is followed by organizations of horse breeders, dairy mre Ty Es cattle breeders, sheep breeders, and swine breeders, in the order named. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 596 ~ ‘ACN ‘oppaurpqueigy |-**-*- WaseoH{ UBA "AL "UM [7 THOM. ASK) TRS 1 “FSSC RAO Ter RAR te ° oan = me Sa Be” - SP ss ae qniQ vioouy poy] “Bq “oyepsJoAeyy |--------*~* Dea sa Seay 1. se Tor sanqusageg. |" ~"- te" <5 0 Sie Mie" ee are qnio Aoyin yy, eztoig [eMOTyeN "UT ‘eULeAN’T |~"*~---xNBaOW "H SBYD |" ssuyy ‘W0z9]19V] |" poomIeR *H PIBydiy |----*tee ano e}jopuvd M\ UBIQUIN[OD [eUOTWeN “A “we *oomoaisgs js" ----*°"" Garn. 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TasBLeE 1.—Corn: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1915-1917. Area. Production. Country. . at went LT 1915 1916 1917 1915 1916 1917 NORTH AMERICA. Acr Acres. Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. United States...........- 106, 197, 000 105, 296, 000 |119, 755,000 |2, 994,793,000 |2, 566,927,000 \3, 159,494, 000 Canada: ADCAST "TAR 00 WE AT RC aN” STW ee Ta nes ee .s% Ontario. ..0i.tic.2... 237, 000 160,000 |. 2.002. 13, 860, 000 p280e; ao etl... 2. Qubhetn cst cence 16, 000 19. 000 44 0e4eisvise 508, 000 O22, OO Aes... AR Total Ontario and QUEDSGE=, ec... 253, 000 Dia; WO foekeana een 14, 368, 000 O jens DU en ete nas ENGL alten () () () 60, 000, 000 OS ao ee fate blah epee con » siege dupa ar hago UA aes eee be SOUTH AMERICA. si 5 Sreentinas ss. .2 sets sess 10, 386,000 | 9,928,000 | 8,969,000 | 338,235,000 | 161,133,000 58, 839, 000 SPS il Seeaeee 80, 000 66,000 |in. Sze, 1, 842, 000 1/600, MO). 0b 5-0 8 Mietieony,. ist ksi. dene | 787, 000 697, 000 (Q) 11, 382, 000 4, 604, 000 (1) hs nt are Eman coktareda 1... ccd bah eee ee a MAR Coll pmalete edie. i eee. EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: aie fect tae: 2 362, 000 a 2 8,050, 000 a Hungary proper..... 6, 194, 000 1 1) 180, 550, 000 1 Croatia-Slavonia..... @) @) 25, 000, 000 4 Bosnia-Herzegovina. . (1) Qa @) 7,000, 000 7 Total, Austria- URI HL US SS 2. SS LUO ELAS 28D, GUD 00D FS 0 IOSD SR ES ea aS ae ee 8 1,571,000 3 aed epee * -F 35, 000, 000 a rcs es 935, 000 812,000 738,000 | 17,104,000 Tae Reis aia i 3, 887,000 | 3,918,000 | 3,627,000] 121,824; 000 Lal soln, Ce" i Ree Ma an i Seger 1 (EYE erate Bet ea OF ZTGSOO0 he) 6G) > a homeo so Roumania............... 5,207,000 | 5,056,000 |............ 90, 405-000" yt) | Foote Bo Russia: i} ahte’ Lees ke =: Ie Russia proper........ 2, 865, 000 44,663,000 | 62,207,000 |........-.... Northern Caucasia. . - (1) £87520,0004 LG) —- vast aeedeete. oe SS ae a? a el re 63, 183, 000 asionbls, CEO PL (1) 12, 000, 000 Spail-<.:..--..- aoe a 1,154,000 29, 096, ae NTE RE ke ak eas iat be A eee ele Eien ee 594, 494, 000 ASIA, — British IO ban 52 053 oon 6, 735,000 82, 200, 000 ih ie Cele ae 157,000 4, 022, 000 Philippine Islands....... 1,069, 000 14, 753, 000 prea peat bya pane eaegenepe alas Ad Poche ve + lated book. 1p 100, 975, 000 AFRICA. papers UP TE ea ee (*) 350, 000 eV Peseuyei sys... s.-.. 1, 850, 000 39, 803, 000 Union of South Africa... 2, 740, 000 36, 607,000 ys Fo a? SE RS a 6 a ee 76, 760, 000 ' No officiat statistics. 2 Galicia and Bukowina not included. 8 Figures for 1914. 605 606 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. CORN—Continued. TABLE 1.—Corn: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1915-1917—Contd. Area, Production “aa 1915 1917 1915 1916 1917 AUSTRALASIA, | Australia: Acres. Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels, Queensland. ......... 476,000 | 348,000). cow nsennks 4, 261, 000 , 008, 000 |. .cesdeusdan x New South Wales. ... 144,000 | —.. 154,000 |............ 3, 175, 000 &, 773,000 | es,-|= 0+ nanan Z 1870. ..} 38, 647,000 | 28.3 | 1,094,255,000 | 49.4] 540,520,000 10, 673,553 | 1.0 1871. ..| 34,091,000 | 29.1 991, 898, 000 | 43.4 430, 356, 000 35,727,010 | 3.6 1872. ..| 35,527,000 | 30.8 1, 092; 719, 000 35.3 385, 736, 000 40, 154,374 | 3.7 1873. ..| 39,197,000 } 23.8 932,274,000 | 44.2 4ll, 961, 000 35, 985, 834 | 3.9 1874...}| 41,037,000 | 20.7 850,148,000 | 58.4 496, 271, 000 , 025, 3.5 1875. ..| “44, 841,000 | 29.5 | 1,321,069,000 | 36.7 | 484,675,000 | 40 47 | 41 45 | 50,910,582 | 3.9 1876. ..| 49,033,000 | 26,2 | 1, 283,828,000 | 34.0] 436,109,000 | 40 43 | 43 56 72, 652, 611 | 5&7 1877. . .| 50,369,000 | 26.7 | 1,342,558,000 | 34.8] 467,635,000] 41 | 49 | 35 | 41 87/192}110 | 6.5 1878. ..| 51,585,000 | 26.9 | 1,388,219,000 | 31.7] 440,281,000 | 30 | 32 | 33 | 36 6.3 1879. ..| 53,085,000 | 29.2 | 1,547,902, 37.5 | 580,486,000 | 39 434 | 323 | 36% 99) 572, 329 | 6.4 1879. ..| 62,369,000 | 28.1 | 1,754, 692,000 |... ..c0l.------ een nee nle wee eden eee dene eed cece cleeee reese ecleoe “- 1 No, 2 to 1908. Statistics of Oorn. 607 OORN—Continued. TABLE 3.—Corn: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States, 1849- 1917—Continued. Aver- Chicago cash price per| Domestic | Per Aver- age bushel, contract. exports, cent age form | worm value | 1 ccna} Cmcludin of Year. | Acreage. | yield} Production. | price Following | corn meal, | crop ge Tner P . Dec. 1. December. May. fiscal ’| ex- acre. bushel ———_———|.. - —~—] year es port- Dec. 1. Low.| High. Low.| High.| ningJuly 1.) ed. | a a | | fa Acres. | Bush.) Bushels. Cents. Dollars. Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cls. | Bushels. Pct 1880. ..| 62,318,000 | 27.6 | 1,717, 435,000 | 89.6 | 679,714,000 | 358 | 42 | 414| 45 | 93,649,147] 5.5 1881. ..| 64, 262,000 | 18.6 | 1,194,916, 000 | 63.6 | 759,482,000 | 5 634 | 69 | 76% | 44/3401683 | 3.7 1882. ..| 65, 660,000 | 24.6 | 1,617,025,000 | 48.5 | 783,867,000 | 494 | 61 | 534 | 56% | 41°655,653 | 2.6 1883... .| 68,302,000 | 22.7 | 1,551,067,000 | 42.4 | 658,051, 000 Fi 634 | 52h | 57 | 46,258 606 | 3.0 1884... .| 69,684,000 | 25.8 | 1,795, 528, 35.7 | 640,736,000 | 344 | 401 | 444 | 49 | 52 976,456| 2.9 1885. ..| 73,130,000 | 26.5 | 1,936,176,000 | 32.8 | 635,675,000 | 36 | 493 — 364 | 64,829,617 | 3.3 1886. ..| 75,694,000 | 22.0 | 1,665, 441,000 | 36.6 | 610,311,000 | 353, 38 | 36% | 39% | 41,368,584! 2.5 1887. . .| 72,393, C00 | 20.1 | 1,456, 161,000 | 44.4 | 646,107,000] 47 | 514 | 54 | 60 | 25,360,869! 1.7 1888. ..| 75,673,000 | 26.3 | 1,987,790,000 | 34.1] 677,562,000 | 334 | 35 a3) 352 | 70,841,673 | 3.6 1889...| 78,320,000 | 27.0 | 2,112, 892,000 | 28.3] 597,919,000 | 294 | 35 | 323 | 35 |103,418,709} 4.9 Seeeias.| 70 en Gee.) 608 10; 128, 296, ORD |. od ligs ep deine [o> oo olive nn dfasnon| pn per rfedanccasbaaweled. 1890. . .| 71,971,000 | 20.7 | 1,489,970,000 | 50.6 | 754,433,000 | 472 | 53 155 | 694 | 32,041,529 | 2.2 1891. .| 76, 205,000 | 97.0 | 2,060, 154,000 | 40.6 | 836,439,000 | 39% | 59 | 403 | 2100 | 76,602,285 | 3.7 1892. ..| 70,627,000 | 93.1 | 1,628,464,000 | 39.4 | 642,147,000 | 40 427 | 394 | 444 | 47,121,894} 2.9 1893... .| 72,036,000 | 92.5 | 1,619, 496,000 | 36.5 | 591,626,000 | 344 ; 364 | 362 | 38) | 66,499,529) 4.1 1894...) 62,582,000 | 19,4 | 1,212,770,000 | 45,7 | 554,719,000 | 443 | 474 | 473 | 554 | 28,585, 2.4 1895...) 82,076,000 | 26.2 | 2,151,139,000 | 25.3 | 544,986,000 | 25 | 262 | 274 | 294 |101,100,375 | 4.7 1896. ..| 81,027,000 | 98.2 | 2, 283,875,000 | 21.5 | 491,007,000 | 224 | 93%} 23 | 254 |178,817,417!| 7.8 1897... .| 80,095,000 | 23.8 | 1,902, 968,000 | 26.3 | 501,073,000 | 25 | 274 | 32%) 37 |212,055,543 | 11.1 1898. ..| 77,722,000 | 24.8 | 1,924,185,000}] 28,7 552,023,000 | 334 | 38 | 324 | 342 |177,255,046| 9.2 1899. ..| 82,109,000 | 25.3 | 2,078,144,000 | 30.3 | 629,210,000 | 30 | 314 | 36 | 40% |213,123,412 | 10.3 ae --| Hr Bt4, 000 Shit |, £600, SOR 00) | 2) Ae ne a sine clon ane) ces -ne ET NEB FP ea eee. CO 1900...) 88,321,000 | 25.3 | 2,105, 103,000 | 35.7 | 751,220,000 | 3 403 | 428 | 58% |181, 405,473 | 8.6 1901... 91,350,000 | 16.7 | 1,522,520,000 | 60.5 | 921,556,000 | 62 674 | 594 | 642 | 28,028,688 {| 1.8 1902. ..| 94,044,000 | 26.8 | 2,523, 648, 40.3 |1,017,017,000 | 432 | 574 | 44 | 46 | 76,639,261 | 3.0 1903 . ..| 88,092,000 | 25.5 | 2,244,177,000 | 42.5 | 952,369,000 | 41 433 | 474 | 50 | 58,222,061 | 2.6 1904. . .| 92,232,000 | 26.8 | 2,467,481,000 | 44.1 |1,087, 461,000 | 434 | 49 | 48 | 644 | 90,293,483 | 3.7 1905. ..| 94,011,000 | 28.8 | 2,707,994,000 | 41.2 |1,116, 697,000 | 42 | 504 a 50 |119,893,833 | 4.4 1906. ..| 96,738,000 | 30.3 | 2,927, 416,000 | 39.9 |1, 166,626,000 | 40 | 46 | 494 | 56 , 368,228 | 3.0 1907. . .| 99,931,000 | 25.9 | 2,592,320,000 | 51.6 /1,336,901,000 | 573 | 61% | 67$ | 82 | 55,063,860] 2.1 1908. . . 101,788, (00 | 26.2 | 2,668, 651,000 | 60.6 |1,616, 145,000 | 563 | 62} | 724 | 76 | 37,665,040} 1.4 TSS OR Ta Ee A aa TS aaa, ee as PS CO ee 1909. ..| 98,383,000 | 25.9 | 2,552,190,000 | 57.9 |1,477, 222,000 | 624 | 66 | 56 | 63 | 38,128,498 | 1.5 1910%. ./104, 035,000 | 27.7 | 2,886, 260,000 | 48.0 |1,384,817,000 | 453 | 50 | 524 | 55} | 65,614,522 | 2.3 1911. . .{105, 825,000 | 23.9 | 2,531,488,000 | 61.8 |1,565, 258, 000 70 | 764 | 824 | 41,797,291 | 1.7 1912. . .'107,083, 000 | 29.2 | 3, 124,746,000 | 48.7 |1,520,454,000 | 473} 54 | 553] 60 | 50,780,143] 1.6 1913. . 105, 820,000 | 23.1 | 2,446,988,000 | 69.1 |1,692,092,000 | 64 | 734 | 67 | 723 | 10,725,819| .4 1914. ..|103, 435, 000 | 25.8 | 2,672,804,000 | 64.4 |1, 722,070,000 | 62: | 681 | 503 | 56 | 50,668,303 | 1.9 1915.°. .|106, 197,000 | 28.2 | 2,994,793,000 | 57.5 |1,722,680,000 | 694 | 75 | 69 | 78% | 39,896,928] 1.3 1916. . .|105, 296, 000 | 24.4 4 2,566,927,000 | 88.9 |2,280,729,000 | 88 | 96 152 | 174 | 66,753,194] 2.6 1917. . ./119, 755, 000 | 26.4 | 3,159,494, 000 | 128.3 |4, 053,672,000 160 | 190 .....|......}----------+-]--.-- 1 No. 2 to 1908. 2 Coincident with “‘corner.” 3 Figures adjusted to census basis. TABLE 4.—Corn:.Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1916 and 1917. . Total value, basis Thousands of Production (thou- eg acres. sands of bushels). | Dec: 1 price (thou- State. sands of dollars). 1917 1916 1917 1916 1917 1916 ne. os. ws tana nad ae at 20 15 780 645 1,778 768 ED cars alg Ree eae 2, 450 2, 100 72,275 58,800 | 110, 581 54, 684 Se STOMP Ee a. >. Sean Spm eae 834 740 25, 020 22,570 42, 534 22, 796 as 2h ete ates See's 3s 3, 000 2, 600 60, 000 48,100 | 102, 000 52, 910 _ pee og AIRE Mies cai ia oe 2,313 2, 065 43, 947 : 84,378 36, 169 608 CORN—Continued. TABLE 4.—Corn: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1916 and 1917—Continued. Thousands of 1917 72, 000 13, 875 111, 150 77, 200 84) 050 42) 246 77, 825 33, 150 Production (thou- sands of bushels). 1916 132) 112 13, 515 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Total value, basis Dec. 1 price (thou- sands of dollars). 1917 1916 115, 200 62, 000 19, 425 11,070 204,136} 102,060 254,295 | 146,713 459, 800 252, 756 68, 478 43, 106 68, 779 55, 973 99, 69, 680 443,556 | 293,460 287, 280 118, 901 8, 018 11,353 116, 580 64, 738 299, 376 150, 072 160, 230 62, 550 148, 648 , 824 133, 380 73, 320 a 48, 768 115, 989 ; 61, 679 42,125 129, 968 134, 368 48, 730 49, 592 , 080 , 232 1,771 1,720 1,155 495 13, 300 6, 626 6, 392 2, 966 1, 642 1,078 850 493 90 42 1,057 735 2, 458 1, 406 1, 890 1,273 4,440 2,540 State. 1917 1916 CT, Se oe eee ee ee 4, 500 4, 000 Ly er eee eee eee. 925 820 Ob idwrd Abs cad ecRS « cite ht baseh om 3,950 3, 600 SINE Rie Soon dutilcee rs dieu beech ae 5, 651 5, 137 TS oe oe SERRE ooh dda 4c kiee uh ade 11, 000 0, 200 jl 8. ae! Ee Sa | ea Ge 2 1,750 1,650 WV ISANIIRI OS ent. te ccc uan oot 1,918 1, 690 TORR a can so bnks «uve cactann peak 3, 000 2, 600 SOEs fad aa. 3, 5 nL ~ .) Oaith dace be 11, 100 10, 050 IN, Sign vite ds din ons ta Sata a dhals ace 7, 200 6,775 North Daketa:.i..24 ... Boat eee 590 510 Gouth Makotesiy,..b. a 5.. 88. LI 3,350 2, 950 CL: re ae ee ae 9, 240 7,400 | a: Seyi ae See ee ee ad eo | 9,156 6, 950 ONtUORY cn cae 6 age cswe Case te oan 3, 900 3, 400 Tennesse sss..32.4 200. oe A. 3, 900 ! 3, 000 Alehbameles. 2. ..feC. cae eae | 4,825 | 3,825 Missin ies ob - 5 8655 de. (heb sb aes 4,100 3, 400 LOUIE dire cain wins + «> SARs bn Gees «bee 2,347 2, 134 ORE hs actin gras a nidld'« wigs aes 1 - Ceres ob dee 7,075 6, 800 ObiahOmersi 552 WE. Seth. 228 3, 900 3,950 Avr anneen 4 ee eee. kh ioe... 8e ek Re 2, 800 2, 550 TE Sl eS ee ee 81 74 OW WOR oe a) cet Pies Cy oh ee 33 25 COMOTAOO 0 sos acca pein and «aan « Schl 532 475 Mow: Mamioe? 25. 55.080. ee) .6 59... Be 170 125 A wtnoriee eee Fone E. eas! ee 32 22 Lot BEF TS ee Ee 2 ee 20. 13 CL CG” 2a ES ee ae ee ae i 2 1 Bde S56 $5085 5,83...) doe CP. be 22 21 Wnsiiseee oi 580. CPL Se _ 41 38 Oregomet f.).25. .. 08... Sb) Ae tee 42 40 Califoriia. nee 55. 4.05. 5 ER eR. ae 75 64 United Statess.... ses. 00 A 119,755 | 105, 296 3,159,494 | 2,566,927 | 4,053, 672 | 2,280,729 TABLE 5.—Corn: Production and distribution in the United States, 1897-1917. (000 omitted. ] Old stock on farms WOT oes ea Ba TONE ECTS Cok 0.20 lik Nel Ra aig tei tse 1. NC oe tee Wosioko2ba. Cae ee Mein od tiie ansencieeca detainee’ I REE 5 pat RES. de 29, 267 “SPER TBS al LR De Nagel 131; 210 We eens, Peeee eee 80, 246 RS 3h CR RA 82, 285 CO ie BR Od IRR Hn 119, 633 ay) 24 Seen | Been 5. Sel eee 130, 995 EET TE tan 220 NE ER we 71, 124 RR RR SPT be 79,779 552, 190 SRE cicret te . ee oer 115, 696 886, 260 Stan ee) as ak Lee 123, 824 531, 488 Bushels Bushels. 2,193, 902 782, 871 2,062,079 i 2,191,788 773, 730 2,197,431 776, 166 1,618, 345 441, 132 2, 552, 915 1,050, 653 2,375, 387 839, 053 2,547,727 954, 268 2,790, 279 1,108, 364 , 047,049 » 297, Stock on farms Mar. 1 following. 962, 429 1,047, 763 609 CORN—Continued. Statistics of Corn. c SHAN BRATS StSSl SSSR ASRS SSSSNQ RSRRE BBVSS Ses BseR]2 ae ar | CIO SMARTS SASS SSCSSH AHSSS BRIA RSAAGH BSRSS She H16T |) SSSSS SSRSNH BEdeS Riess Sosss asxsasgs #Q4s% ABaSe SAMs SS9sls =as = po -_ ~~ or, = A oa. § ecm S33 -Q16I-ZI6I SSSSH ASSAD BSHAS SSSSS LISSA HHRSS SaSea Saase SxITZ pact: ; SHSFARA ASOAGS GAVAS ASSMS NMSA HIAGH GHGS SSAGS (iB NS PY |ederaviwte] ESSSS ARSSR ASRNS SHAS NAess Meson Ns Std Sens yaa lo RSSS BSRSQ SBLLN SSRRS SSSSs BRRAA RASSS BOON SSee Baeg |e «cssecs'ch Sales eene aps Sap leSe ames ss 191, 762, 000 — ee ee ——E———— CD. sins ewrceens aa eee EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: EY gl Re “a Hungary proper...... Croatia-Slavonia. .... Bosnia-Herzegovina..|- Total Austria- FENG Y «5 cons |> cask sacranin-ohe>sperecins ere vancales 7.) A) | Re ry et = ulin 2S OPO! Pe *) 8, 000, 000 LCC a Fa ee ee SE eG AS 9 BPS] eee oe ei 46, 232,000 1° 88,247 000"). ete , Danmark oo ae ee cane 131, 000 7, 978, 000 NN oo ao tn eee 1) $196,000 | «. @) %.. eésecteounel Lg Se acre ere’ 2 776, 000 Nn ala cin cipintatin 676, 000 WARREN NS Sn ot wide 000, 000 BRMET Ch oc ns Hog wvnn's thee 541, 000 Montenegro. .........<.-- 200, 000 - Netherlands............-- 090, 000 INGRIUR Ds cioae cahietana 2545 « 285, 000 Uo a a 571;000 | 7,343,000 4.cesueeieeee. Roumania ...\cas'5. 2.005. 1,000: 78, 520; 000 | ..:02.5 eee eas ussia proper 5.......] 46,531,000 | 42,030,000 |...........-] 525,673,000 | 440,082,000 |............. reach = wi Kin nineteen Northern Caucasia. . . Total Russia, Euro- . Pe Cae RE) eR? PF & Jaanafanecavepecen|[accccceese-|) 605,904, 000 |..-..-0-----|-0+--unshe PGE ask once caters. oO Spain TOTS Se et —————— | |) | | ll ESE eye 2 i | ed a | es a ed 1 No official statistics. 2 Galicia and Bukowina not included. 3 Figures for 1914. 4 Figures for 1910. 5 Excludes territory occupied by the enemy. Statistics of Wheat. 613 WHEAT—Continued. TABLE 11,.— Wheat: Areaand production in undermentioned countries, 1915-1917——Contd. Production. Country. | a IG te A LS ea GLE ot ees 1915 1916 1917 ASIA, Acres Bushels British India}. .........: 379, 232,000 yo Sa ae Ts (?) Japanese Empire b SE oh We an ce peuves 1,227,000 | 1,302,000 | 1,269,000 26, 778, 000 26, 532, 000 POTION £0. sca dadet 17, 33 Pues owede 161, 000 (2) Chosevent..) i358 474, 000 2 5, 851, 000 (2) Totabul lee: 16. fae) pe A ner sarees | Se S Sea 32, 790, 000 REDRESS Pe ae pee Syrrey, ) OER 1 saeeT.1 16, 000, 000 Russia: Central Asia (4 Governments of)...| °5,421,000; °@) — [L............ 44, 132, 000 Siberia (4 Govern- TUBES OL) ser tedeew.|Olveat,O0UTs | MICI)ORE PD Soc. s eee 50, 308, 000 Transcaucasia (1 A Be Se Pe eG) es Pe ee Se 126, 000 Rw@eeleeastss 45. 24 3) 18s TESS OOO os. 6. ete ISL. soe La 2S 94, 566, 000 Turkey (Asia Minor only) 35, 000, 000 cba tia oe Bes ipa pains 4 Rill spe a rope oh a 557, 011, 000 AFRICA ti. Sas ae 34, 654, 000 28,979, 000 lS) 2 eee 39, 144, 000 29, 834, 000 SDN bb aioe ony ke ee 11, 023, 000 6, 963, 000 Union of South Africa... 7, 047, 000 4, 790, 000 oe Re 2) I Sa pt oe een) eee eS ee 91, S08, 000 shi sakes <0 s'as'n ult aedaaWne saa AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland.......... 2, 463, 000 New South Wales.... 36, 744, 000 WADEGTIB . 5 oct Weta sit 3 51, 162, 000 South Australia...... 43, 831, 000 Western Australia.... 16, 108, 000 Tasmania............ 492,000 Ne ee ee ee ee eee Total Australia. ... New Zealand............. at &3 b Total Australasia... 32, 531, 000 ee 2 ee RR SS Ba a ae 4, 127, 685, 000 1 Including native States. 2 No official statistics. 3 Data for 1914. TABLE 12.—Wheat: Total production of countries named in Table 11, 1891-1915. Year. Production. | Year. | Production. Production. | Year. Production. } Les Bushels. | Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 1891 2, 432, 322, 000 || 1898..... 2, 948, 305, 000 3,327, 084, 000 |} 1912..... 3, 791, 951, 000 1892 2, 481, 805, 000 |! 1899..... 2, 783, 885, 000 3, 434, 354, 000 || 1913..... 4, 127, 437, 000 1893....| 2,559,174, 000 || 1900..... 2, 610, 751, 000 3,133,965, 000 || 1914..... 3, 585, 916, 000 1894....| 2,660,557, 000 || 1901..... 2,955, 975, 000 3, 182,105, 000 || 1915..... 4, 127, 685, 000 1895....| 2,593,312, 1902..... 3, 090, 116, 000 3, 581, 519, 000 1896....| 2,506,320, 000 || 1903..... 3, 189, 813, 000 3,575, 055, 000 1897. 2, 236, 268, 000 || 1904..... 3, 163, 542, 000 3,551, 795, 000 614 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. WHEAT—Continued. TABLE 13.— Wheat: Average yield per acre in undermentioned countries, 1890-1916. States. : Russia T United (Eur pean).! United Austria.! me na y France.?| King- pee: dom.? 33.1 32.4 ww oe = 00 be £3 62 69 G0.62 222 PP Perr: NBBUICSCHOe Average: Bushels. | Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. tS (eee ce ene 13.2 8.9 24.5 Bee bax cuba wane 18.6 1. po) Dee AS See 14.1 9.7 28.9 18.0 17.5 20.5 DONG IOIE. .. oases scale cnet 14.8 10.3 31.7 20.8 18.6 19.1 Pf SON acu cancecdndesinn cece 15.5 7.7 30.3 20.3 22.5 20.2 OOF cceceent ox verric eee we 14.0 8.0 29.6 18.0 14.9 23.2 5006 ee eee ees 14.0 8.8 29.7 21.0 17.5 19.6 0000. Pe. o RR 15.4 12.5 30.5 19.9 14.1 22.0 1900.23. 8. oo ey. oe 13.9 11.2 29.6 19.2 19.8 15.9 Re a vec c an tone as Wels See 12.5 7.0 30.6 19.6 20.9 19.8 See ee OLE EEE EEE CCE ee 15.9 10.3 33.6 22.3 19.8 21.0 a we et OE 15.2 13.5 35.1 19.9 19.6 19.9 eT es aa. rr Seber e 16.6 9.4 29.6 8 22.9 13.1 18.9 Ree ok a. Pe an, te 17.0 411.6 28.6 317.8 18.4 16.6 See ene ee ee gets rare” NOR career etl ee arate en IR e EGE oo ree 16.61 cee Average (1907-1916)....... Teor 8) maeateaeints Bal | dep fete ele is sree dE geet! So 19.4 1 Bushels of 60 pounds. 2 Winchester bushels. 8 Galicia and Bukowina not included. 4 Poland not included. TABLE 14.— Wheat: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States, 1849-1917. Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated Perceneaes of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revise estimates whenever new census data are available. base is used for applying percentage Aver- spring. Domestic | Per Aver- eee Se ts in- om Acreage | 88° arm | Farm value pcg eB) Year. yield} Production. | price . flour, fiscal | cro harvested. Der D606. Epa) Les uh rte wear ex. ushe ; ginning |p Dec.1. ——_—_—__—|__—____—| Julyl jee Low. | High.) Low. | High. Bush.| Bushels. Cents.| Dollars. Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts.| Bushels. |P.ct. fl ES Sail ee 6 oe C0 ee ST Pa, RR Bl ed AIRE pel Sgt! FARE fas age Fe 7,535,901 | 7.5 ee eee ae ee eee 175,206,000 |. owas cules os oy cwerennl evens cian enpbune te «|e «odinet Onieee enn 9.9 | 152,000,000 | 152.7 | 232,110,000 | 129 | 145 | 185 | 211 | 12,646,941 | 8.3 11.6 | 212,441,000 | 145.2 | 308,387,000 | 126 | 140 | 134 | 161 | 26,323,014 | 12.4 12.1 | 224,087,000 | 108.5 | 243,033,000 | 80 88 87 96 | 29,717,201 | 13.3 A 13.6 | 260,147,000 | 76.5 | 199,025,000 | 63 76 79 92 | 53,900,780 | 20.7 his! Sei ead, Dike 887, THB, 000 \ <2 ocr ; flour, fiscal | cro per Dec.1. | necember.| | ene year hid bushel itd beginning |port- Dec. 1. July 1. ed. Low. |High.| Low. |High. Cents.| Dollars. Bushels. |\P.ct. 92.6 | 385, 248, 000 88, 600,743 | 21.3 69.8 | 342,492, 000 109, 430, 467 | 22.3 MOD oars, UUM. cca seer n eee owen | Seen un teeedl sce cool’ Veculewab vaca. a1asuse 399, 262,000 | 83.8 | 334,774,000 106,181,316 | 26.6 611,781,000 | 83.9 | 513,473,000 225,665,811 | 36.9 515,947,000 | 62.4 | 322,112,000 191, 912, 635 | 37.2 396, 132,000 | 53.8 | 213,171,000 164, 283,129 | 41.5 460, 267,000 | 49.1 | 225, 902, 000 144, 812,718 | 31.5 467,103,000 | 50.9 | 237,939,000 126, 443,968 | 27.1 427,684,000 | 72.6 | 310,598,000 145,124,972 | 33.9 530,149,000 | 80.8 | 428,547,000 217, 306, 005 | 41.0 675,149,000 | 58.2 | 392,770, 000 222, 618, 420 | 33.0 547,304,000 | 58.4 | 319,545,000 186, 096,762 | 34.0 Bab ENS, OOO, leew ae OE 4. hel EULA ah IR anf d ean swan ea Sl oehe 522,230,000 | 61.9 | 323,515,000 215,990,073 | 41.4 748,460,000 | 62.4 | 467,360,000 234,772,516 | 31.4 670, 063,000 | 63.0 | 422, 224,000 202, 905,598 | 30.3 637, 822,000 | 69.5 | 443, 025, 000 120, 727,613 | 18.9 552,400,000 | 92.4 | 510,490,000 44,112,910 | 8.0 692,979,000 | 74.8 | 518,373,000 97,609, 007 | 14.1 735, 261,000 | 66.7 | 490,333, 000 146, 700, 425 | 20.0 634,087,000 | 87.4 | 554, 437,000 163, 043, 669 | 25.7 664, 602,000 | 92.8 | 616,826,000 114, 268, 468 | 17.2 Pe BU SE ee eS a ee Cee LCA eee 6 Se 683, 379,000| 98.6 | 668, 680, 000 87, 364,318 | 12.8 635,121,000 | 88.3 | 561,051,000 69,311,760 | 10.9 621,338,000 | 87.4 | 543,063, 000 79, 689,404 | 12.8 730, 267,000 | 76.0 | 555, 280, 000 142, 879, 596 | 19.6 763,380,000 | 79.9 | 610,122, 000 145, 590, 349 | 19.1 891,017,000 | 98.6 | 878, 680,000 332, 464,975 | 37.3 025,801,000 | 91.9 | 942,303, 000 243,117,026 | 23.7 636, 318,000 | 160.3 |1,019,968,000 203, 578,699 | 32.0 650, 828, 000 | 200.9 |1,307,418,000 | 220 | 220 |......].2..2.[o 2. eet e eee elee eee 1 Figures adjusted to census basis. TABLE 15.—Winter and spring wheat: Acreage, production, and farm value Dec. 1, by States in 1917, and United States totals, 1890-1917. ee es | Aver- Winter wheat. age Acreage. | yield eee per : acre. Bushels. Spring wheat. Aver- Aver- 7 age age arm Acreage. yield ac farm| value per P rice; Dec.1 acre. | ec.l. Cts. | Dollars. | Acres. Bu. | Bushels. | Cts. | Dollars. PE Greet iss trai te fs See 11,000 14.0 154,000) 235 362, 000 esohitipwaas dpnews 3,000 20.0 60,000, 236 142, 000 RR ee ee ee ee ee ee ee es 616 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. WHEAT—Continued. TABLE 15.— Winter and spring wheat: Acreage, production, and farm value Dec, 1, by States in 1917, and United States totals, 1890-1917—Continued., Winter wheat. Spring wheat. State and Aver- Aver- - year, age age arm Acreage. | yield ag farm| value per : rice} Dec, 1 acre ec.1 Acres. | Bu. | Bushels. | Cts. | Dollars es eee 175,000} 10.5] 1,838,000] 290 | 5,330, (a saerpccone, 244,000} 8.5] 2,074,000} 290 | 6,015,000 Ohio. .cisdak 1,870,000} 22.0] 41,140,000! 204 | 83,926; 000 ie, ARETE 1,805,000} 18.5} 33,392,000) 203 | 67,786,000 1) SRR Te oe 1,600,000} 19.0} 30,400,000) 201 | 61,104,000 iin... ..- 845,000} 18.0} 15,210,000) 204 | 31,028, 000 \ 7 eee 93,000} 24.0} 2,232,000) 202 | 4,509,000 MIA fh caus 80,000} 18.0) 1,440,000) 202 2,909, 000 = ee 170,000] 17.5] .2,975,000} 199 | 5,920,000 Onset eke 1,800,000} 15.3) 27,540,000) 195 | 53,703,000 WN Teles eee Ss ore eee eee se eee S. Dak...... 120,000} 14.0) 1,680,000) 196 | 3,293,000 Nebr.......- 597,000] 12.0} 7,164,000} 195 | 13,970, 000 Kans.....4- 3,713,000} 12.3] 45,670,000} 198 | 90, 427,000 ARTE 50, 12.0} 9,000,000) 212 | 19,080,000 TAN... vas 525,000! 9.2] 4,830,000! 222 | 10,723,000 "8 aoe ieee 93,000} 10.0} 930,000] 270 | 2,511,000 Miss........ 14,000} 15.0} — 210,000} 300 630, 000 Man ae cok 1,350,000} 12.0} 16,200,000] 210 | 34,020, 000 Cirle 22 axes 3,100,000) 11.5) 35,650,000} 194 69, 161, 000 hoki Sug ce 210,000) 16.0} 3,360,000} 201 | 6,754,000 . Mont....... 5,000} 13.0} 7,865,000} 192 | 15, 101, 000 -0} 10,098, 000 4 WY 96 crus Sus 75,000} 20.0] 1,500,000} 200 , 000, 22.0} 2,706, 000 | Calo. 225 Jas: 336,000) 23.0) 7,728,000] 193 | 14,915,000 22.0 5,808, 000 7 Ns Mex: cx: 134,000} 10.0) 1,340,000} 215 2, 881, 000 69,000 18.0) 1,242,000) 215 2, 670, 000 | 10 | 33,000; 25.0 825, 000} 210 15:732, 000)... eek sleds se0l ai 34, 709,000} 13. 8/480, 553,000) 162.7/781, 906, 000/17,607,000 8.8 155,765, 000| 152. 8/238, 062, 000 CC ee 41) 308,000] 16. 3/673, 947,000] 94. 7/638) 149; 000/19, 161,000| 18. 4.351,854,000| 86. 4 304, 154, 000 Ce Sere 36, 008,000] 19. 0/684, 990, 98. 6/675, 623, 000/17, 533,000, 11. 8,206, 027,000} 98.6 203, 057/000 | 1013.24 58 '31, 699,000] 16.5/523,561,000} 82.91433,.995, 000/18, 485,000! 13.0 239,819,000] 73. 4'176, 127,000 | TOUR. .. Fon oe 26,571,000) 15. 1/399, 919,000} 80. 9323, 572, pate 243,000! 17.2330,348,000) 70.1 231) 708, 000 191) 35. 468% 29, 162,000) 14. 8 430, 656, 000} 88. 01379, 151, 000/20, 381, 000 9. 4) 190, 682, 000) 86.0 163, 912, 000 , EIT) ee ed FS "329° 000} 15. ses 142, 000} 88. 182 318, 000/18, 352,000} 11. 0.200, 979, 000) 88.9 178, 733, 000 | 15.5)419, 783, 000) 102. 4/426, 184, 000|17, 111,000} 15.4 263,646,000) 92.5242, 496, 000 14.4 437, 908, 000} 93. 7/410, 330, 000/17, 208,000} 13.2 226, 694, 000 91.1 206, 496, 000 14. 6 409, 442) 000} 88.2361, 217, 000,17,079,000) 138. 2 224° 645, 000} 86.0)193, 220; 000 16.7 492. 8ss, 000) 68. 3/336, 435, 000/17, 706,000) 13. 7|242, 373, 000) 63. 5/153, 898) 090 14. 3/428, 463, 000 17,990, 000 14.7264, 517,000 69. 3/183, 386, 000 1000... 5e 523 26, 236, 000 td ae 25, 358, 000 OS eee 25,745, 000 \ 22, 926, 000 JC 22,794, 000 eG eee ie 609, 000 See 23, 519, 000 (OE as 23, 118, 000 Oo AER SG 26, 209, 000 Lt. | ae ES oe: 27, 524, 000 i ee EE 23, 520, 000 12. 4332, 935, 000 12. 3/399, 867, 000 14.4 411, 789, 000 15. 2.458, 835, 000 13.3 350, 025, 000 1. a Be 706, 000 14. 9/382, 492, 000 14. 1/323; 616, 000 11. 8.267; 9347 000 11.6 261, 242) 000 14. 0'329, 290, 000 12. 0.278, 469, 000 13. 7/359, 416, 000 14.7/405, 116, 000 10.9/255, 374, 000 78. i 987, 000 97. 81325, 611, 000/17, 209, 000 71. 6286, 243, 000)16, 954, 000 64. 8 266, 727, 000|17, 621, 000 66. 1303, 227, 000|19; 656, 000 63. 3/221, 668, 000/16, 259, 000 63.0183, 767, 000 62. 2/237, 736, 000) 85.1, 275, 323, 000 77.0 206, 27 0, 000) 57.8,150, 944, 000) wines 022, 000! 19, 235, 000 18) 310, 000 16, 539, 000 uw 825 000 1, 438, 000 11, 364, 000 56.3 156, 720, 000,11, 511, 000 65. 1/234, 037, 000/12; 345, 000 88.0 356, 415, 000 87.5228, 362, 000 12’ 393, 000 12) 567, 000 1 Census acreage and production. 12.8 219, 464, 000 14. 0,237, 955, 000 14. 7|258, 274, 000 14. 7 289; 626, 000}. 10. 6,172, 204, 000 Roe 205° 86 11.5'130, 97 10.2117, 662 12.7156, 531, 000 16.7 206, 665, 000 11. 4/143, 890, 000 = 18.0 ~J ~~ 84. 2184, 879, 000 59. 1/101; 847, 000 53. 1/135, 778, 000 Statistics of Wheat. 617 WHEAT—Continued. TABLE 16.— Winter and spring wheat: Yield per acre in States producing both, for 10 years. WINTER WHEAT. Yield per acre (bushels). a — State. 10-year ‘908. | 1908 | 1909 | 1910 | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 1917. Wisconsin............. 20.4 | 19.5] 20.4] 20.0| 17.5] 19.5] 20.1] 21.5| 23.0] 19.0] 24.0 MEINTIOSOUS oc bc ice caaces a eee) rer | Srl eae cee 16. 2 19.5 19.5 14.0 18.0 TS RE Be > ce 20.9} 21.0| 21.6] 21.2) 197] 23.0) 23.4] 21.6| 21.5| 18.51 17.5 South Dakota......... De Mita tee oMeee ole Lee at ae AY SIREN. a oe 9.0 14.0 20.5 18.5 14.0 Nebraska.............- 17.4| 17.8| 19.4] 165] 13.8| 180] 18.6] 19.3] 18.5 | 20.0| 12.0 ee BE ee Se 13.8] 12.8| 14.5] 14.2] 108] 15.5] 13.0] 205] 12.5] 12.0] 12.3 Montana Js. ..... 3 58.5 [koe 0k 32.5 | 22.0!) 31.7| 24.5] 25.6] 23.0] 27.0] 21.5] 13.0 Wyoming............. 25.2 | 25.0] 32.5| 25.0] 26.0] 28.0] 25.0] 24.0] 26.0] 21.0] 20.0 Colorado... c..<.se-- SP aie 29.7) 23.0] 18.0] 24.5] 21.1] 25.0] 26.0] 20.0] 23.0 New Mexico..........- IDGNMEE iA 20.0 | 25.0] 20.0] 186] 25.0] 22.0] 16.5] 10.0 ae eee 21.8} 23.0| 24.0] 20.5] 20.0] 24.0] 23.0] 25.0] 25.0] 20:0] 14.0 Metads . ites e...! 26 9 10s AM 24.0 | 24.0] 23.0] 27.5] 23.0] 29.0] 26.0] 24.5| 26.0 TS a ee Se 26.9 | 30.0] 29.0] 23.7] 31.5 | 28.7] 27.4] 27.5] 29.0] 24.0] 18.0 Washington........... 25.5 | 24.5] 25.8| 20.5] 27.3 | 27.6] 27.0] 26.5] 27.6| 26.5| 21.5 SAE Te nee 92.7 | 23.2| 21:0 23.7] 22.2] 26.8] 21.4 | 22.0 | 24.0] 23.0] 20.0 United States...| 15.7] 14.4] 15.8] 15.9] 14.8] 15.1] 16.5 | 19.0] 16.3] 13.8] 15.2 SPRING WHEAT. Wisconsin............- 18.4] 17.5| 19.0] 18.7] 14.5] 185] 18.6] 17.0] 22.5] 16.6] 21.2 Minnesota............- 14.0 | 12.8]-16.8| 16:0| 10:1] 15.5| 16.2] 105] 17.0| 7.5] 17.5 OT SRS Oe 16.4 | 15.5| 14.7] 20.9] 13.8] 17.0| 17.0] 13.5] 16.7 13.0] 21.5 South Dakota......... 13 |S ee iS Po) 14 80+ 9:0) 1770-163 we Nebraska.............- 13.4} 13.0| 14.0| 13.9| 10.0] 14.1] 12.0] 11.5] 16.0] 12.5] 16.5 Se ee eee a7) 5.6) 425 1-84) 42 1''/15.0-|- 3&5 |. 1.0} 12.0.).10.5:|-. 68 Montana.............. 21.5] 24.2] 28.8] 22.0] 25.2] 23.5!] 21.5] 17.0| 26.0] 18.0! 9.0 Wyoming............. 25.1 | 25.5] 27.0| 25.0] 26.0| 29.2] 25.0| 22.0| 27.0! 22.0) 22.0 St 7 a er B22 Zh Oe 20. 2I50 4 TO Bely 24.01) 2h On 22255) 21.071 919.5.) 2o20 New Mexico........... 21.6} 25.0| 24.5] 20.0] 20.5] 22.0] 19.0] 23.0] 22.5] 21.5] 18.0 2) ta RE eee oa 27.0 | 27.5| 28.5] 25.3] 27.0] 29.2] 28.0] 25.0] 280] 25.0] 27.0 SS Ss ln aR ile 30.3 | 30.0] 28.7| 29.0] 32.5| 30.2] 31.0| 30.0] 32.0| 31.5] 28.0 op a a ee 25.3 | 25.4] 26.0| 20.4] 29.0| 28.3] 28.0] 24.0] 26.5 | 23.5] 22.0 Washington........... 18.6] 150] 20.6] 14.5] 19.5] 20.4] 19.0] 20.0] 22.2] 21.5] 13.6 Ln” OT ieee ae 17.7} 16.5| 18.7] 180] 17.7| 19.5] 19.5] 16.5] 17.0| 23.0] 11.0 United States...| 13.1 | 13.2 | — or oo rs a o © ~ i ~I i) _ Se oO — — oo _ oO _ oo oo — i) a Total value, basis Dec. 1 price (thou- sands of dollars). Production (thou- sands of bushels). 1917 1916 Mainae. ei aeth ateen os abet bon. oop Cee 252 Mergent. Vaveseek... Se eo. eS 41 NOW EL Obs Ght alte 2. . seb db bes - onc dedea 14,112 INGWiAOtHeerank sab etn s wns dake nk ekwteaen 2, 952 Penteyivania.. Ai. . <2. be iso... 5p 42,322 DOGIA WEG Gas dik sn 858 p00. cack Hewes 3,013 pe RE Oe oe eee ae 17,784 Vintasee’s. Ws MOL oo bles cba. - oO me N on —* ie] © 3%) & Sislialalaelialals re cml re Lomi wm re = i aml cami re ee te 24. 5/23. 5/25. 5/29. 7/21. 0/23. 5/25. 5/27. 0/28. 0127.0 | SGD Saal 25. 9 23. 0/25. 0/29. 3/27. 8/25. 0/24. 5/29. 0.30. 0/25. 0 Vict... 20. 6/17. 5/21. 0/23. 7/19. 5|16. 0/20. 0/22. 5/25. 0/21. 0 2A Se 18. 4)17. 3/17. 9/18. 5/17. 4/18. 5/17. 6/18. 0/20. 0/20. 0 ., SS 17. 5/18. 5|17. 0/17. 8)13. 5/18. O}17. 018, 1/18. 5/19. 0 Del: ges... 16. 2/15. 0/14. 0/17. 0/16. 7/17. 5]14. 5/20. $115. 0/15. 0 TS as 16.3 16, 4/14. 517. 4/15. 5 15. 0/13. 3 21.5)16, 1/16. 0 , ee 12. 8/11. 4/11. 2/12. 8/12. 011. 6/13, 6/14, 513, 812.7 . Fait See 13. 6/13. 0/13. 0/12. 5/11, 5/14. 5/13. 0/15. 0/15. 0/14. 5 E Ouah dress» 10. 6/10. 0 paps 10.6} 8. 9/11. 7/12. 0/10. 9/10. 5 OR 10.6} 9.0/10.0/11.0/11. 4 shieeelii| suave 10.6 8 2, 10.6} 9. 2)10.0)10.5/12.0| 9.3/12. 2/12. 1/11. 0/11. 4 Onioi ors... 16. 4/16. 0/15.916. 2/16. 0| 8. 0/18. 0,18. 5/20.3/13. 5 > Ss ee 15. 4/16. 615.3 15.6)14. 7) 8. 0/18. 5,17. 4/17. 2/12. 0 | eS See 15. 6/13. 0/17. 4/15. 0/16. 0| 8. 3/18. 7/18. 5/19. 0/11.0 Mich Ly S.2!... 17. 4|18. 0/18. 8/18. 0/18. 0/10. 0/15. 3/19. 7/21. 3/16. 6 . ee 19. 3/18. 2/19. 5.19. 3/15. 9/19. 0/19. 3/19. 1/22. 7/17. 6 mnt oo2o.... 14. 0/12. 816. 8 16. 0/10. 1/15. 5|16. 2/10. 6|17. 0} 7.6 AWE 1 ote 18. 7/17. 2/17. 0:21. 0/16. 4/19. 8/20. 6/18. 6/20. 0/16. 3 ae ee ee 13. 7/10. 0/14. 7/13. 8/15. 7/12. 5 Pea 12.3] 8.5 } oe 11. 0/11. 6/13. 7} 5.0} 8. 0/18. 0/10. 5/11. 2/18. 2) 5.5 8. Dak. ......{11. 4/12. 8/14. 1/12. 8] 4.0/14.2] 9.0) 9.1/17.1) 6.8 Nebr.{2:<.... 17. 1/17. 2|18. 8/16. 2/13. 4|17. 617. 9/18. 6/18. 3/19, 4 manses<. 13. 8/12. 6/14. 4/14. 1/10. 7/15. 5/13. 0/20. 5/12. 5/12. 0 ore ae 12. 1/11. 6)11. 8/12. 8/12. 7|10. 0/13. 6/16. 5|11.0| 9.0 i eee pa 11. 1/10. 0/10. 4/11. 7/11. 5/10. 5/12. 0/15. 5/10. 5] 9.5 oa ee 11. 2/11. 5]10. 5}12. 0/11. 5|10. 6}11. 7/13. 0/12. 0] 9.5 Miss). 2S. 14. 0/14. 5/11. 0/14. 0/12. 0/12. 0/14. 0/13. 0/20. 0/15. 0 eee a 12.8]11.0) 9.1/15.0} 9. 4/15. 0/17. 5113. 0/15. 5/11. 0 Oljant...... 12. 3/11. 6/12. 8/16.3] 8. 0/12. 8/10. 0/19. 0/11.6| 9.7 : ee ae 11. 8/10. 0/11. 4/13. 9/10. 5|10. 0/13. 0/13. 0/12. 5) 8.0 ST Baa ees 23. 0/24. 2/30. 8/22. 0/28. 7/24. 1/23. 8120. 2/26. 5/19. 3 GE ee 25. 1/25. 4/28. 7/25. 0/26. 0/28. 7/25. 0/22. 9/26. 5|21.6 Coe... 2 |... 22. 7/21. 0/29. 5/22. 3/18. 9/24. 2/21. 0/23. 8/24. 2/19. 8 N. Mex....... 21. 0/25. 0/24. 5/20. 0/22. 9/20. 9]18. 8/24. 2/22. 2/18. 6 TE, SS Sane 27. 6/26. 7/25. 0/22. 3/29. 6/30. 7/32. 0/28. 0/28. 0/29. 0 pa 23. 6/26. 5/25. 9/22. 1/22. 3/25. 7/24. 2/25. 0/25. 7/21. 2 | OP Dada’ 28. 6/30. 0/28. 7|26. 5/28. 3|29. 2/27. 7/29. 6|29. 6/28. 9 | Waker. .ics 26. 4/28. 2/27. 8/22. 6/30. 7/28. 6/27. 6/26. 2/28. 0/23. 8 | Wash... ....../21. 7/18. 8/23. 2/16. 9/22. 7/23. 5/23. 2/23. 5/25. 7/23. 7 Overs sitick (21. 2/20. 8/20. 2/22. 1/21. 0/25. 0/21. 0/20. 8/22. 2'23.0 Oe es 16. 4/14. 614. 0,18. 0/18. 0/17. 0/14. 0/17. 0/16. 0/16. 0 U. S..../14. 7/14. 0/15. 813. 9/12. 5/15. 9/15. 2/16. 6/17. 0)12. 2 Value per acre Farm price per bushel (dollars.)! (cents). | | | 10-year aver- age, 1908-1917. 5-year average, 1912-1916. 1917 235 32, 25,32. 90 236 30. 27/47. 20 210,23. 85/40. 95 213/21. 73/40. 47 205/20, 28/35. 88 208 18. 51/34. 32 207 18. 63/35. 19 216 15. 26/30. 24 217 16. 65/30. 38 234/13. 58|24.57 290/15. 71)30. 45 290 15. 52/24. 65 204/17. 48/44. 88 203 15. 89)37. 56 201/15. 84/38. 19 204/18. 55)36. 72 202/20. 08/45. 05 eee ee ee ee Se Se Ore _ 202/12. 41/35. 35 199/18. 2039. 60 195/13. 67/29. 84 16.00 9.93/27. 44 17. 79)26. 91 Ss ee ee CRE eS eee a eee ee ee Oe ee OPS ae eee ee ee (=) KXoocon Onwooo WOW OMNocnct cnoocot aocnce SSSe eyess ES 95 80. 82) 84) 145) 95; 104 95 152) ag 79. 9/98. 691. 9 160. 3/200. oi15. 15/28. 46 Si 1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1. 620 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. WHEAT—Continued. TABLE 20.— Winter and spring wheat: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1890-1918. Winter wheat. Spring wheat. Decem- Year ber of When When pre- | April. | May. | June. | har- | June. | July. |August.| har- vious vested. vested, year. P.ct, | Pct. | P.ct. | P.ct. | P.ct.| P.ct. | P.ct.| P.ct.| P. ct. es cc Su unuch wah eee 95.3 $1.0 80. 0 78.1 76. 2 91.3 94.4 83. 2 79.7 1.) eS ae ee ce PS 98. 4 96.9 97.9 96. 6 96. 2 92.6 94.1 95.5 97.2 To) ae Pee he eae 85.3 81.2 84.0 88.3 89.6 92.3 90.9 87.3 81.2 1) |, eagles = i Parlay See = are 87.4 77.4 75.4 75.5 ry Aas 86. 4 74.1 67.0 68.9 i ee ee ee ee 91.5 86.7 81.4 83, 2 83.9 88. 0 68. 4 67.1 69.9 1) RE te PE ae vce ae 89. 0 81.4 82.9 (pte 65. 8 97.8 | 102.2 95.9 94.9 De ba dais a3 <0 tub ~0Od a be 87.7 78.3 82. 4 ward 75.7 88. 2 89.0 63. 4 48.6 1114" rently tee sea AIO ele oa 85.7 63. 4 73.2 70.9 75.9 91.6 83. 6 68. 7 7.2 REE Onatue Oideeaw ae 1134 | 1324 | 1004 | 1053 | 1063 | 118 | 103 | 1134 | 106 | 114 | 106% | 1164 Jan.-June.| 113} | 156} | 1004 | 1414 | 106} | 139} | 103 | 137 | 106 | 143 | 106% | 1383 | Selyed ft kasi 1234 | 143 | 1024 | 126 | 110 | 131% | 104 | 1204 | 109 | 1364 | 107% | 132 ‘August........ 144 | 179 | 1254 | 157 | 126% | 1644 | 130 | 154%] 129 | 165 | 1278 | 16 September. ...| 168} | 1848 | 1484 | 157 | 150. | 1714 | 1443} 156 | 147 | 172 | 152 | 1678 October....... 1853 | 2094 | 1564 | 1923 | 164 | 202 | 1574 | 188 | 158 | 195 | 169% | 199% November....| 198 | 215 | 174 | 1934 | 165 | 200 | 173 | 1894 |177 | 196 | 177. | 200 December... 183 159 | 183 | 155$ | 190 | 157 | 1834 | 168 | 187 | 159% | 188§ July-Dec..| 1233 | 215 | 1023 | 1934 | 110 | 202 | 104 | 1893 | 109 | 196 | 107% | 200 1917 January....... 207 1844 | 203 | 1781 | 205 | 1783 | 1964; 183 | 206 | 175 | 199 February.....| 197 | 2204 | 1684 | 1974 | 1624 | 199 | 171 | 194% | 171 | 202 | 1668 | 193 March........| 216 | 238 | 1943 | 2138 | 1837 | 213 | 192 | 210 | 194 | 220 | 194% | 211 orils.vc cs. 223 | 292 | 215% | 306 | 2053 | 2953 | 213 | 300 | 2213 | 310 | 203 | 286 a. 2763 | 320 | 274% | 342 | 258 | 340 | 267 | 340 | 265 | 342 | 247 | 339 7 Ae (3) | (3) | 220 | 283 | 249 | 310 | 245 | 205 | 222 | 208 | 2203 | 315 Jan.-June.! 197 | 320 | 1683 | 342 | 1623 | 340 | 171 | 340 | 171 | 342 | 166% | 339 Talys Si... a ( 209 | 240 | 217 | 300 | 225 | 255 | 210 | 273 | 228% | 205 August.......-| (3) | (3) | 212 | 238 | 223 | 300 | 215 | 250 | 214 | 2573 | 215 | 305 September... 231 | 222 | 296 | 220 | 200 | 219 | 220 | 215 | 297 | 215 | 201 October....... 2299 | 229 | 222 | 994 | 290 | 220 | 217 | 219 | 215 | 215 | 215 | 215 November....| 229 | 229 | 222 | 204 | 290 | 220 | 217 | 219 | 215 | 215 | 215 | 215 December... 2299 | 299 | 299 | 224 | 290 | 220 | 217 | 219 | 215 | 215 | 215 | 215 July—Dec..| 229 231 | 209 240 | 217 | 300 | 215 | 255 | 210 | 273 | 215 | 305 1 No. 1 northern spring in 1916-17. 3 Nominal. 2 Northern club, in 1913. White, subsequent to 1913. . 622 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. WHEAT—Continued, TABLE 24.— Wheat flour: Wholesale price per barrel, 1912-1917. Chicago. High. | Low. | High. Cincinnati. Low. High. New York. St. Louis, a | a | | ne | ee | | | | ee Dolls. | Dolls. 5.45 4. 50 5.30 4.00 ae Ss g Ss a Ss Dolls. Dolls. 4.50 4.50 go Sa a ss aie RE Dolls. Dolls. 5 50 5. 20 on =& ad SS ih ve bot Orn ——E ee ee ee eed eed 6. 80 5. 60 6. 20 6. 60 5. 60 6.85 5.75 5.10 5. 65 6. 25 5.65 6.10 5.80 5.40 5. 90 5. 60 5. 00 5. 60 wm Or Suan Orn ot hs ps bt oe et oonoc NEN EN ET EH KRRRSS AAD AAS SSRSER PP PPA aSSSRR eqeowoCaoooSS OO oO OO a | | | | $s | | |W | OO i & on S “3 R a | | | | | ———_SS_SS'-|_ —Syw |s_—a—X"———S—SsSsS—_«\_orouwWwnnhnmaan@a>qE=|_OOOWOQ |— SSaanas|| Ss g RIgWSss||s ~I or Qo ogo I> on} gn ~ or RSEESES on s e — COonae RSSaARR —— |} | | | | S S — | | | | | | ————— ee Ee ——— —_—SS | —————— >> —OO—eS eee OO SSSSaR ee a | | | | TT mr | | | | | | | 5.45 5. 20 5. 40 7.00 5.35 7.60 7.50 7.25 8.00 a 8.50 7.80 9.00 . eS, a 8.65 9. 20 9.75 ee oo 8.50 7.50 9.10 July-Dec.... 8.65 5. 20 9.75 1917 IO Te ac nc a arian e 9.10 | 10.00 GDEUMEY « ss onns 4-05 8. 20 9.80 OO) Se Eee ee 8.50 | 10.20 apg | OR ae She Sl Ey 10.00 | 13.30 OS ko aS. 14.25 | 17.80 POI ak caaee — EEA & BOUIN.» - sio 6 04 LO GU iis tak conics cl ab one ne dl GBG, lens 5.00 |e ae ee PIAL OSD a ee el ER? British India. ...... 48 TR Lee No nn onimrery 607 111 Ae a TAGE: |,.,.20, Ob hanwatwnce eee Pel de wted|..... <7 2 i gee aid |... - aes ali apart Seta 74, 247 | 151,900 3, 694 5, 569 7,921 | 90,871 | 176,959 | 226, 862 _ eee 2, 221 Nt 5c widdw.s rs a Ree 2,593 i EO, ee a a Ue en ne ae D950 3 | 2 os nth lla wider te eee Bs TAD As ccald te 2/al 0 as ae Netherlands........ 53,397 1, 807 222 5 10 | 54,394 1, 830 44 Roumania.......... CAP) ae) ae ee GAO) lene ate p aieasges sos D2, NG |. «Fan 2,629 817 64 192 687 Netherlands........ 66,896 | 23,782] 27,651 2,168 30, 242 | | ie 3, 228 BEIM Cater OM a dsteh ae yee saw so sage oc. -afi- "Opens } - ~ 4,887. es. |. BEE EE 4,468 | 13,647] 11,571 1 11, 641 Swe. 2... SVs 6, 771 i ees 82 7140-1 +- 9,040 Re Le Switzerland.........| 16,558 | 17,726 | 21,971 aM SE Oe Pee see 21.971 United Kingdom... ./ 192,134 | 165,179 | 186, 425 6, 005 217, 476 Other countries..... TOO) ee |e 11, 070 | 5,882 }2........| 71,574 | “50, 243 |... 20... OR wesc a 594,998 | 428,306 |.......-.. 23,520 | 18,951 |.........| 700, 836 | 513, 586 |......... 624 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. OATS. TABLE 26.—Oats; Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1915-1917. Area, Production. Country. 1915 1916 1917 1916 1917 NORTH AMERICA, Acres. Acres, Acres, Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. United States...........- 40, 996, 000 | 41,527,000 | 43,572,000 | 1,549,030,000 | 1,251,837,000 | 1,587,286,000 Canada: New Brunswick...... 201, 000 OA a ee 5, 560, 000 6, 089, 000}... .. couebae OQneheOcsienssvaes'eaee 1, 400, 000 Rs 8D eee 42, 182, 000 4, 411,000 |< awe OCOIRRFION ge on 3, 095, 000 SOOO Nah cwtdeause ce 122, 810, 000 50,771,000 |. -cacccesmeee Manitoba........<..:- 1, 327, 000 3:444,;000-\e< .5 kes ce: , , 000 48, 430, 000 |. «2. scdewebas Saskatchewan........ S$, 201,000 |. 8.702, 000 1): so bseseaes 171, 765,000 | 163,278,000 |.....-csecse 7 | a Re Da ee Dae OOO he Sie as 102, 692, 000 103, 190, 000' |. ee C2 alee Tk aA 379, 000 rg AL 1 bbe RR bila of 14,710, 000 15. 074, 000): co3 0c ee Total Canada... 11, 425, 000 | 10,996,000 |............ §23, 684,000 “|- 410, 231,000 |}... Soe ee Merlen:ii- he oe ee ea os. Potal-civauetsowirs Ja bapecuecssfgsdasies doe es « capa ea] Sean ae 1,662,065,000 |........-..-+ SOUTH AMERICA. ATCONCINA + t. Jon noo see 2,869,000 | 2,565,000 | 2,525,000 49,397, 000 75, 280, 000 31, 781, COO Calas oes = so ts 152, 000 161, 000 () 7, 104, 000 6, 350, 000 1) CRYO nn eee ta wa 82, 000 105, 000 142, 000 933, 000 2, 283, 000 1, 926, 000 Totals ch. aes Sethe aes as ae nas poe les seer 57, 484,000'| -83,919, 000°\.. occ eee ee EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: be VISE ake! oe. Be 2 2, 663, 000 @ g (i Hungary proper...... 2, 664, 000 re) G 1 Croatia-Slavonia...... 0 Q 3 Bosnia-Herzegovina. . (a (4) C A Total Austria-Hun- 3 Belgium 3 686, 000 (1) ec (4) | ubearia! ss oes osc s- 3 379, 090 1) 1 7,372, 000 Denmark... 2.2088 tae 1, 024, 000 1, 042, 000 981, 000 42, 286, 000 Rinland esta. Gar. Production. | Year. Production. Year. Production. | Year. Prodnetion. : Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels. 1895....| 3,008, 154,000 |} 1901..... 2, 862, 615,000 || 1907..... 3, 603, 896,000 |} 1913..... 4, 697, 437, 000 1896....| 2,847,115, 000 || 1902..... 3, 626, 303, 000 || 1908..... 3, 591,012,000 || 1914..... 4, 034, $57, 000 1897....| 2,633,971, 000 |} 1903..... 3, 378, 034,000 || 1909..... 4,312, 882,000 || 1915..... 4, 362, 713, 000 1898....| 2,903,974,000 || 1904..... 3, 611, 302, 000 || 1910..... 4, 182, 410, 000 1899....| 3, 256,256,000 || 1905..... 3, 510, 167,000 || 1911..... 3, 808, 561, 000 1900....| 3, 166,002,000 || 1906..... 3, 544,961,000 || 1912..... 4, 617, 394, 000 i TABLE 28.—Oats: Average yield per acre in undermentioned countries, 1890-1916. : Russia United United Ger- : | Hungary nes Year. Euro Austria.! France.2| King- : States. Moke many.! | proper.t dom a LLC Average: Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. US Se a ae 26. 1 17.8 40.0 PAIGARIA ceils aiaha's 2 29. 8 43.6 NOOO BURP chat cc cbc. se wuae 29.3 20. 0 50. 7 29.8 30.7 31.6 44.3 AR oh ce ao in se shan 80. 5 21.8 54.7 37.5 31.9 31.0 42.9 THOG 5. « 2nd euler eevee Obs vdeo 2 31.2 15.1 55.7 34.1 34.2 27.0 43.8 TOs ois BE ae ee eeetbin ae wes wa one 23.7 19.7 58.3 35. 7 30. 0 31.8 45.1 BVO Sa Se sc eta Pees sae Fen co uetk q 25.0 20. 1 50. 2 32.0 26. 8 29. 6 43.5 ROO i 33 ie reese ak ee eon 28. 6 25. 7 59. 0 87.4 33. 8 34.1 45.9 BOLO co. See theese. ones 31.6 22.5 51,3 31.5 26.8 29. 8 44.3 3 ee ee ee ees eee 24.4 18. 6 49.6 33.7 33. § 30. 8 41.5 BUA 2 oie tk «ihe Reis db odds o = neck « 37.4 23. 6 54.1 36. 2 31.1 31.9 41.7 oh eS ee. S an ae 29. 2 26. 3 61.1 39.3 34.6 31.6 43.0 RON Sor Or tats Shits ok edb as «i> ane 29. 7 17.9 57.4 346.6 33. 2 31.0 44.0 BULGES, < sahil > dws en 5 ba 37.8 422.4 36. 2 321.6 30. 4 25. 6 44.3 yin MRE, 2 se ae Rae x Dada 5 hee Sy eRe Ny) pegs qt Sin ape ans a pee eer eee 30. 2 $2.5 Average (1907-1916) ....... Poy Ree See, BPR: Mae 30. 6 43.6 1 Bushels of 32 pounds. 3 Galicia and Bukowina not included. 2 Winchester bushels. ‘ Poland not included. 29190°—yrBxk 1917 40 626 Yearbook of the Departmeni of Agriculture. OATS—Continued. TABLE 29.—Oats: Acreage, production, value, exports, ete., in the United States, 1849-1917. Nove.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. Chicago cash price per Domestic Bees, bushel, contract. exports, tt eg : 48° | Produc- eee , Year.| Acreage. | yield tion. Tiahem heat Following fiscal ’ year par ay? year be- | Pegin- acre ——ES a eee : ning inning | July 1.3 Low.| High.| Low.|High.| July 1? y | Acres. |Bush.| Bushels. , ‘ ° Cts. | Cts.| Bushels. | Bushels. PRs ol owden, «x- since ess LG OBE OOO? oc. al cacngececssclocssc cls cuemslanpmaklen = snulaqpew assignee reed en SEN SG 178, GAB. ODOL. 5. <. ccths cwie> «= 4oiatilyisiaiy < be ob ep ulemsthanle da ealeedcus notes alae 1866. .| 8,864,000} 30.2| 268,141,000 59 78 825, 8 778, 198 1867...| 10,082,000} 27.6) 278,698,000) 44.5) 123,903,000) 52) 57%)......|..-.-- 122,554) 780,798 1868. 9, 666,000} 26.4) 254, 961, 624 481,871} 326,659 1869. .| 9,461,000} 30.5) 288,334,000 464} 534 121, 517| 2, 266,785 WOee gee edeeawdalaanees A ed Corr ry core oi Tete) etre ter 1870. .| 8,792,000) 28.1} 247,277,000 473} 51 147, 57 599, 514 1871...) 8,366,000} 30.6) 255,743, 000 349] 423) 262, 97 : 1872 9,001,000} 30.2) 271,747,000 30 34 714, 07 225, 555 1873 9,752,000} 27.7| 270,340,000 44 483 812,873} 191, 802 1874. .| 10,897,000) 22.1) 240,369,000 574} 644 504,770) 1, 500, 040 1875. .| 11,915,000} 29.7; 354,318, 000 28 314} 1,466, 121, 547 1876. .| 13,359,000} 24.0) 320, 884, 000 37 453) 2,854, 128 41, 597 1877 12,826,000) 31.7| 406,394, 000 23 27 | 3,715, 47 21, 391 1878. .| 13,176,000} 31.4] 413,579, 000 os 303) 5,452, 136 13, 395 1879. .| 12,684,000} 28.7) 363,761,000 344) 766, 489, 576 4870" “10-115 OW “26. St-E07 260 000i clon aeastecncinaan- visekcouteaeten abana | -saa\aneeops eee 1880. .| 16,188,000} 25.8} 417,885,000 36} 30) 402, 904 64,412 1881. .| 16,832,000} 24.7) 416, 481, 48 625, 690) 1, » 983 1882. .| 18,495,000} 26.4) 488, 251, 000 38 42 461,496} 815,017 1883. .| 20,325,000} 28.1) 571,302, 000 oa 341) 3,274,622} 121,069 1884. .| 21,301,000) 27.4) 583, 628, 000 34 37 | 6,203, 104 94,310 1885. .| 22,784,000) 27.6} 629, 409, 000 263; 298 7,311 149, 480 1886. .| 23,658,000} 26.4) 624, 134, 000 a 274} 1,374,685) 139,575 1887. .| 25,921,000} 25.4) 659, 618, 000 32 38 573,080} 123,817 1888. .| 26,998,000} 26.0} 701,735, 000 21% 1,191,471; 131, 501 1889. .| 27,462,000} 27.4] 751,515, 000 243) 30 | 15,107, 238 q 1889. .| 28,321,000] 28.6 1890. .| 26,431,000} 19.8] 523, 621, 000 451| 54 | 1,382,836] 41,848 1891. .| 25,582,000} 28.9/ 738,394, 000 284} 334) 10,586, 47, 782 1892 27,064,000} 24.4] 661,035, 000 282} 324 2,700, 49, 433 1893 27, 273,000} 23 638, 855, 000 324] 36} 6,290, 22 31, 759 1894. .| 27,024,000] 24.5} 662, 037, 000 274} 303} 1,708,824) 330,318 1895. .| 27,878,000} 29.6] 824, 444,000 i 18 | 193) 15, 156, 66, 602 1896. .| 27,566,000} 25.7] 707,346, 000 132, 485,000, 16 16%, 183! 37,725,083, 131, 204 1897 25, 730,000} 27. 698, 768, 000 147,975,000, 21 26 32 | 73, 880, 307 29, 1898 25,777,000} 28. 730, 907, 000 186, 405, 000) 26 24 273) 33, 534, 362 28, 098 1899. .| 26,341,000} 30.2} 796, 178, 000 933} 45,048,857 54, 576 1899. “| 89 G40; 000! 81, Gl. 94S, SBOFOOH Si, eague de ase t[oem a> -leminenatenen= Su'a's ae ME, OL Ht tetas: Saretiis oss Aedes th tah ies we «$c Re WET ROY nan tat sitie hanes Sepals ones Wihie PUREE VED. Wate notes iar nae s = anh 3 I ann ln Slee eld ned iy Bi eke Pee abr let hed eas Sher. paler ota ere rere PRM MMA EP ROUR, (Sino ciao ca se as hem cae SUM MRE RIM ALCL wk Sot: ta te ont Soe tate MBI PCHACGES on nh as SGM cc otek Ble Cis cere ee RE es ee See ee pe Soe Sh I ee ee MTGE tee RDS Cee een AE he Me Thousands of acres. — -_—— = Total value, basis Dee. 1 price (thou- sands of dollars). Production (thou- sands of bushels). | 1917 | 1916 1917 Ae 1916 | 1917 1916 - 160 4,930 5, 760 4, 190 3, 859 12 ” 532 444 447 306 80 3, 168 2, 560 2, 693 1, 664 ll "444 352 360 232 2 62 54 46 37 17 660 510 521 352 1, 206 44, 625 31, 356 33, 469 19, 441 69 2, 482 2,070 1, 737 1, 263 1, 130 41, 125 35, 030 30, 021 19) 967 4 4 128 120 100 74 47 46 1, 457 1,357 1,093 828 225 250 5, 512 5, 875 4,630 3, 701 143 140 3, 861 q 3,050 2,061 340 390 5, 780 6, 825 5, 375 5, 050 400 500 6, 000 9,000 , 000 7, 200 650 860 10, 400 16,770 12, 168 13, 248 55 60 770 900 755 639 1,775 1,717 78, 100 48,076 49, 984 25, 480 1, 820 1, 750 76, 440 52, 500 48, 157 26,775 4,700 4,470 | 244,400] 172,095| 158, 860 87, 768 1, 550 1, 423 56, 575 42, 690 36, 208 22, 626 2) 250 2, 200 99; 000 81, 400 65, 340 41,514 3, 250 3,325 | 120,250 88, 112 75, 758 41) 413 5, 250 5,100 | 246,750 | 188,700] 155,452 90, 57 1, 480 1, 290 59, 200 32, 36, 112 17,092 2, 575 2, 500 38, 625 53, 750 23,948 23, 650 1, 925 1, 850 65, 450 56, 425 39, 924 25, 956 3, 038 2,250 | 115, 444 79, 875 70, 421 37, 541 2) 284 1, 550 70, 804 36, 425 45,315 20, 034 310 300 8, 060 6, 300 6, 126 3, 780 300 260 7,350 5, 460 6, 100 3, 385 540 600 9,720 10, 500 9,914 7, 875 300 350 5, 700 6, 300 5, 358 4, 662 84 110 1, 873 2,090 1,761 1, 421 1, 425 1,500 37, 050 42,750 30, 381 26, 078 1, 150 1,160 26, 450 14, 500 19, 838 8, 265 340 350 9, 520 7, 350 7, 140 4,998 680 660 13, 600 25,080 11) 016 11, 788 263 250 9, 468 8, 750 7, 574 5, 250 293 290 11, 154 9, 570 8, 462 5,742 45 64 1, 350 1, 856 1, 134 1,244 10 9 338 384 270 100 103 4,400 4, 480 3,740 2,733 14 14 560 602 538 452 275 310 10, 450 13, 330 8,046 7,198 292 275 11, 242 14, 300 9,106 , 293 365 360 9, 125 17, 280 6, 844 8, 467 196 200 6, 860 6, 500° 5, 831 4, 680 hig 43, 572 | 41, 527 | 1,587, 286 | | 1,251, 837 | 1,061,427 | 655,928 628 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. OATS—Continued. TABLE 31.—Oats: Production and distribution in the United States, 1897-1917, [000 omitted. | Shi Old stock Total Pack on ear Year. on farms Crop. s lies Mart county Aug. 1. uppaes, follawin where &- grown, Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels. VIF Soe oe oe ee ee 71, 139 698, 768 769, 907 271, 729 204, 147 po Re ee bh 2S pers Cot he: 44, 554 730, 907 775, 461 283, 209 193, 527 |. RE Se Re Re Sh Bre oes Oe: act aes 50, 537 796, 178 846,715 290, 937 223,014 1) RS Ge cel es SE, ee Sa ees, 54, 214 809, 126 863, 340 292, 803 242, 850 DONE a Be eee eS Sy ae el ee ee 47,713 736, 809 784, 522 226, 393 143,398 VC) SS Se eae LE oe dae de Gabe Be 30, 570 987, 843 1,018, 413 364, 926 258, 438 ae a ose as «6 a, teh A gade 73, 352 784, 094 857, 446 273,708 223, 959 1 Ea ee Yh een ee eee 42,194 “ 936, 790 347, 166 261, 989 ee a eae ae pan a eae 55, 836 953, 216 1,009, 052 379, 805 277, 133 Ty, SE 6 OR eae ere rye a 67, 688 964, 905 1,032, 593 384, 461 266, 182 DOE. Ah, ann 3 3'é poe a ae wee eee 68, 258 754, 443 822,701 267, 476 210, 923 DORs. eee BS te a ee 37, 797 807, 156 844, 953 278, 847 244, 444 TOR) la ee sl eee Che eaeas 26, 323 1,007, 143 1,033, 466 365, 438 329, 255 TO 2 SS SAS te eRe J baad es 61, 420 1, 186, 341 1, 247, 761 442, 665 363, 103 BORO s 2. Jee bese... Seed Res 67,793 922, 298 990, 091 289, 988 , 958 pCi) Ee Oe ae ee eee tel eer ee 34, 872 1, 418, 337 1, 453, 209 604,216 | 438,084 (() 6 ee eae eee eee 103, 900 1,121, 768 1, 225, 668 419,476 | , 297,326 yO 7 ER ae nee See Beer 855 Sen aes ee | 62, 467 1, 141, 060 1, 203, 527 379, 369 335, 539 Re Le hh aw anh ner Pc ad 55, 607 1, 549, 030 1, 604, 637 598, 148 465, 823 OT ae en ete een ee 113, 728 1, 251, 837 1, 365, 565 394, 211 355, 092 1 1 7 GR ea Se ees ene 47, 834 1, 587, 286 1, 635,120" | ooo... Sacco rad TABLE 32.—Oats: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States. . Value Yield per acre (bushels). Farm pr i per acre 2 (dollars). State pe | Bt Sp . FS bo Ss 2 | : 5 PE | “8 = a So m N oO = Ls) Lie) m= | ma OO 3 bts) =) ~ om ™ egg leiglg|g||e/2/2|acealalala lars mS) eS ios! on! ion! al ol am a a iS Ss) Ss Pan! — a mt | Xd al See eee a eet ial Tn ne Gina Gin Gi eal ERI lean 37. 2/34. 0137. 0/42. 4}38. 5/34. 6 40. 0/41. 0/40. 0|36. 0/29. 0} 58) 55) 57) 45 ma 03/24. 65 36. 4/30. 6/31. 5)42. 8/33. 8/39. 0 35. 0/38. 0 38. 0/37. 0/38. 0} 60} 56) 58) 54 84/21. 28/31. 92 137. 8/33. 3/32. 2/41. 5/35. 0/43. 0.39. 0/42. 5/43. 0/32. 0/36. 0] 58} 52) 55) 53 85 21. 58/30. 60 134. 6/33. 0/31. 0}35. 5/35. 0/34. 0.35. 0/37. 0136. 0/32. 0/37.0} 58} 54) 56) 51 81/19. 02/29. 97 29. 3/31. 0/25. 0/35. 0)29. 0/28. fee 5 5/33. 0/27. 0/31. 0} 57} 50) 58) 50 75/15. 34/23. 25 31. 5/32. 6/27. 5/36. 8/35. 1/30. 7 28. 0/29. 0/32. 5/30. 0/33.0) 57) 55) 55) 55 79|16. 99/26. 07 32. 0/30. 1/28. 2/34. 5|29. 5)30. 8 33. 5/31. 5/40. 5/26. 0'35.0| 52) 47) 51} 45 75|15 82/26. 25 30. 4/30. 7/25. 5'37. 1/28. 5'27. 6 29. 0/29. 0/32. 5,30. 034. 0} 52! 47) 54) 48 70)15. 07/23. 80 31. 5/27. 3/26. 0/35. 2/28. 3/33. 131. 0/30. 0/38. 0/31. 0.35.0) 51) 46) 51) 44 73/15. 50/25. 55 30. 3/29. 8|25. 5/33. 8}30. i 5 30. 5/27. 0/33. 5/30. 0;32.0) 53] 51) 50) 51 78/15. 6924. 96 MGsc> | Ser oe 28. 7/25. 5/25. 4/30. olzr 0:30. oloe, 0|27. 0/34. 0/29. 5/31. 0} 53) 48) 52) 49 75/15. 13)23. 25 | A i CPAP Ee cee 21. 2/19. 1/19. 0/22. 0/20. 0,22. 2/21. 5|15. 5/25. 0/23. (24.5) 58) 52) 58) 55 84/12. 05/20. 58 Wwe With. x cate eae 23. 9}19. 0/22. 0/25. 2/22. 0 28. 0/24. 0/20. 0/29. 0/23. 0/27. 0} 56) 51} 55) 51 79/13. 18/21. 33 tl) es Cee 18. 1/16. 5/16. 5|18. 2/16. 5/18. 6/19. 5/17. 5)23. 0/17. 5/17. 0 67} 61} 65] 62 9312. 40/15. 81 ‘S(t ee eee, 19. 9/20. 0/21. 0/21. 0/20. 4/21. 5/23. 5/20. 0/19. O]18. 0)15.0) 74) 71) 71) 67 100)14. 44/15. 00 f) ~ EL ed ihe 19. 4/14. 2/19. 0/18. 2/21. 5!20. 8!22. 0/20. 0119. 5/19. 5/16. 0} 74) 68] 70} 66) 79) 117|14. 15/18. 72 Pipes 2 oh OS Lo 16. 3/16. 5/17. 0116. 2/13. 5/17. 2)18. O/18. 0/20. 0)15. 0/14. 0} 74) 70) 70} 70) 71) 98/12. 38/13. 72 1 0 ee _ -(34. 6] 2. 4/32. 5/37. 2/32. 1/44. 0/30. 2/30. 5/41. 0/28. 0/44. 0) 44) 40) 45 36| 53} 64/13. 98/28. 16 Prien sore. 2 FS 31. 8/21. 2/30. 5!35. 4/28. 7/40. 1/21. 4/28. 5/40. 0/30. 0/42.0) 42) 38} 43) 34) 51} 63/12. 26 26. 46 WAS Ss Fsk ae ak = A Lia caeal 23. 8129. 3/45. 0/38. 5|52.0| 42) 38] 44) 35) 51} 65/14. 06/33. 80 Miniy sd oto se See 33. 0/29. 7/30. 5'34. 0/28. 6!34. 9/30. 0/33. 5/42. 0/30. 0/36.5) 44) 39) 45 35| 53] 64/13. 78|23. 36 Wise: 2. dau 2 35. 4/31. 1135. 0 29. 8/29. 837. 3/36. 5/27. 0/46. 5/37. 0/44. 0} 43} 37) 43) 36) 51 66/14. 53/29. 04 WER Ss oon cess 32. 0/22. 0/33. 0:28. 7/22. 8/41. 7/37. 8/28. 0/43. 0/26. 5/37. 0} 39] 32} 40} 32) 47] 63/12. 07)/23.31 fee ees teen 135. 0/24. 3/27. 0 37. 8/25. 5/44. 2/34. 5/33. 0/40. 0 37. 0/47. 0} 39} 34| 41} 32] 48] 63/13. 55/29. 61 One Sarin ok '26. 1/19. 3/27. 0 33. 614. 8.33. 0/21. 2.21. 5/26. 0125. 0140.0’ 44] 45] 44) 38 53) 61/10: 74/24. 40 629 if Oats. Us O States—Continued : OATS—Continued. Statist Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by TaBLE 32.—Oats: 2d nor | S25 2 S8BkA RERBR RSLS aaeele eg av (S| peaches Sanese im 8 eee co eS, Se Lin Bee ee ee ee es et ae a SBN we eS Or ST pee . o —_ Cow wm =a nwoin=wr a 3 23s SRNSS RASA HASAR RSSS ASARIS 8 SS | - 3 | DSS Rt tees Se Ee = - oo i = S&S | -orercret S 2885 LESSEN SSESS SlSS. SSSE1S 8 FS or ES |feSueaviwos-¢ | SSaaa dda Soe ees sed] ‘= F S epee a rhe bel ee et et ee ee ratte ett eet et | et S rofl = & Sisezes gw Sis | N © i> | 18 eo ~ wid (~~ ti Ld > yor | SSSEX BSSSS RLTRE FEBS OBES | 2 ~ 2 C=29S Noto SI >On BQN = ‘S = TE egy ere ar miler oy ~ = | ed.» o) “38? 1 Bees 26.583 oe | Oe a ee 5 1] 34 Se COFrseo NoewrtssS ODOM wee | os oa SE re Esrdse Sis S = re) = bas ed ee . = — 3 aS og . ~ ~ Nn ss crer | ARnaS SBVSBI RBSSS SSB SSS 3 5 ALB |S | gaAwmocee mannwe loa 2 C o = |, Riketctaiel el. alatubmasas =) = A i=) CwRRONN oral on es SSSSR SSSee 2HSVeg SBSse SNRg | © m | CSSRRES FSSRER | & Poke) +16r | OD OD St SH COST VOM GSH We WO Stee ae S> a a 8 fe © TMASONM HHOCSA!SO x ii 3) SOON S2ein MMNSOn SOSH NOWDOIN , 4 Rom S Bis Hos nies es HHS 1S 5 er6r | oa ee ee | ee ~ eee ‘ BEY am wos Bee |S ~ oD a on —— 3 = ~ 7 . < | Hors ir | BSSS8 BRSES FRISR SRSE SEeE| S| E “2a [5 | geetane peas re -I0A8 Ived-(T B24 4 SQ 2nd as OSBE53S SS5R5S3 (8 rer | SSSSS BSOMS SSSSS SSCS igs 3 s caiies =BSBN AAANR NARSSR SSFS BSASiR | & '§ TG Ra ree pip tere les mies ontawte Fm tr | Soest SNSooW MOSCSCSO CHWS eee) la SI go. ioe} OS8sssS SSS =] ee EP a eS eee a ae oe a op ere o . ~ Wer] ASSRA AHSSA Adses Aes edgsls |S ce | §3H — cer | Sasiee NSOwWow SOCSCO SOSCSO eae a ee ere 2S = Pt oon. See os |e Sat > AE Ee ae ae 0 ones ‘63 rete, S Sxaisaois fe PE a: ok SSSSR ASASS ASSIS SSSR SSRIS | g 2 2nS | A | SSBBSS Rieess | 6 2 star | SHOnS SOSCSCO NOOCOSO SOOO Seas |e 5 ay re) ie eke ee Sy i eae a a or Ree eer ay, fer Ss i sMODDO aNaoow | nm a ASBA RARAS AAssS SISS FSERRIR_ | 8 Su deel Bedeeeed tvcdae 3 exer | mNinNwo SGHOOH SNMNSCO COSCO eeaala S Se ges a SSSS8S SSESRE el Le Mad ees san eee a hese =8-F = RASS ARSSR SZRSSS SSSR SSIVISIAR | s VF S83 pao beat ~~ ne» tb SASAVSOO CHANN/| wo 2 | TOTOR MOTHS BROHH HNKS ok ee oa ro ou an 5 x6 he RO BE er oe os g aot| unde casas sagdd sass edeals [3% 3 | Sesedad sedges ' —_ WTOOt WAHOH SODHS DOKRSO Sonne x fea) = ret | Srrediga SSdris SSSR SG Sass | Yd pipet laee a 5 Oo, = SO (ee i Sas SSN Nato ola Q, aha g ~Ssics BSSSks i‘) ost | Seeas ee srs HWHOSM VHON | aie la me PES < ~ none so = spe Sa er eters ara = Steck ak at Pa & A ae ation = “SASS RSASAR SASBS SSes ; SSSR 1B _ “> was bt SOOOnon mornonola a tl ageaa | SnSee Cansaecae are 5 qn 5 Baggage igi cigi iid 7) ee 2. ae ie + Ce Se a | Ue RS ee 8 os fe a) t~ | | on SRAN SSSSS ANGSS SESS FSESIS s | mee code Tors. owl arse ec ee S @ | grencen wanes |o | SRANS SSSR KASS SSR FIRS 1S ca g2 = Siddad SSRTSS | *LI6BI I ‘ese DOr~t AMSOMH MONOD HASH COROT CN ES a3 ae — | nine SSN8N R22ai Aadss ease _ssss|s_ 3 pes 1-8 geeee entre be Ee Ese 0 ee ee & = Sdéssrs séddds | SS Ss és gave 1-0 sem Ae ne Get ¢ A . . _ = i's ma 2 Le. So Ek lS, Ae te a ee a ee a | a Se ye! Bd, © Wa SRR ell LY se 2. ke I a ' Se Jace Mle | noel aad Lemme (5 we ge | od epee BMC wel eed |) fg i ee ee ae ot} > er ee. @ Ss or a, 3, A en 8 OR eS | ER i Coe te “Se on) is. oe 7. Shs is, 6%. 8 is > ve oon se qt. 6). 6: Pe Baer TE ay MDM , M o . a a & gas Ie bees eee ae ty f = ppiii: iiB igs & - * ’ . J . , . . . . ‘ ’ ‘ . . ’ ’ , | ~ ® ~ | ee sss bisge Gig: Seb! i S aPSiio igESEE ; ‘ . 4 . Ss tp ~ | 5 Badin gubSe Ande aae3 , pokneg Shass $ 4 eaB46 o4e8S 24524 esd = Saadas 5<202A 630 TaBLe 34.—Oats: OATS—Continued. Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1897-1917, Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. | dq. || | y | a. : ao } ; ang “3 Year. 4 | ae] Year. | . % | ge | Year ‘ v7 e > a oo © 5 iy Do | ra : 82 glai|s ler sSijal| eer 5 | 4 ae - a) <= |- 5 5 SF 5 ad < | P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P. ct. P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct. | P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| Pct. 1897....] 89.0 | 87.5 | 86.0} 84.6 || 1904....} 89.2 | 89.8 | 86.6 | 85.6 || 1911....| 85.7] 68.8] 65.7| 64.5 1898....| 98.0} 92.8 | 84.2 | 79.0 || 1905....| 92.9 | 92.1 | 90.8 | 90.3 || 1912 91.1 | 89.2| 90.3] 92.3 1899....] 88.7 | 90.0 | 90.8 | 87.2 |} 1906....| 85.9 | 84.0] 82.8 | 81.9 || 1913 87.0 | 76.3] 73.8] 74.0 1900....] 91.7 | 85.5 | 85.0] 82.9 || 1907....] 81.6 | 81.0] 75.6 | 65.5 || 1914 89.5 | 84.7] 79.4 | 75.8 1901... .} 85.3 | 83.7 | 73.6] 72.1 || 1908....] 92.9 | 85.7 | 76.8 | 69.7 || 1915 92.2} 93.9] 91.6] 91.1 1902....} 90.6 | 92.1 } 89.4 | 87.2 |} 1909... .| 88.7 | 88.3 | 85.5 | 83.8 | 1916 86.9 | 86.3 | 81.5] 78.0 1903....| 85.5 | 84.3 | 79.5 | 75.7 || 1910....| 91.0 | 82.2 | 81.5 | 83.3 |) 1917 88.8 | 89.4 | 87.2} 90.4 l | TABLE 35.—Oats: Wholesale price per bushel, 1912-1917. Now York.| Baltimore. ie arc Chicago rove Duluth. | Detroit. star 2 bt No. 2 No. 3 No. 2 No.3 No.3 White ( Date. | white! | white. | mixed. | Comtract.|° white. | white. | Standard. | °199 ips). Low.| High. Low,| High. Low. High. Low.) High. Low.| High. Low.) High.| Low.) High.| Low.| High. 1912. Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts.| Cts. |Dolls| Dolls Jan.Junel 533} 64] 523] 65} 50| 61| 463] 583 47| 593 sa 56%} 504| 634/1.70 | 2. 124 July-Dee. 38} 623] 373) 664) 32 55 | 3808 57 | 30% 57] 28 51} 334) 61 {1.474] 1.95 1913. Jan.-June} 363} 48] 384/ 47] 334! 433! 318] 43 a 42h 2 i 344] 443 |1. 434) 1.67 July-Dec.| 44] 50] 45| 473! 39] 471 3 433| 373| 441] 33%] 424] 41 | 454 |1.374| 1.57 1914. Jan.-June| 434 463| 394 43 oat 423} 363} 43 oot 40 | 393 45 |1.224) 1.46} July-Dee.| 43} 544) 35 | 524 334] 514] 344| 52] 3381 508] 373] 53 [1.20 | 1.60 1915. Jan.June| 533 64 613, 463} 603) 474 444} 583} 50] 62 1.40] 1.85 July—Dee.| 55 66 58 | 353) 60{ 334 313} 58] 364) 65 {1.30 1.50 1916 MELA ry Ear wee x area mere. | TBR. Scocu 484 554 554) 434) 51 434 . 324) 1.55 Web... 48h 55 53 | 413) 50] 409 1424) 1. 55 oe 443 40 46 | 42 47 | 41 -40 | 1.45 Apres... 49 493 46 | 444) 471] 43% .40] 1. ot May ial 443 505 45 | 393 494) 38} .40 | 1.57 June.....| 443 44h 403} 373] 414) 38} 50 | 1.55 Jan.-June| 444 55k 553} 378) 51 | 38} 323] 1.574 July....- 443 46 423 388| 42| 383 46 |1.50 | 1.60 Aug. 453 513 474) 41 47 | 403 . 574} 1. a . Sept....- 45 52h 483] 4431 473) 44 624] 1.72 Oct...... 51s 58 55 | 454) 533! 46 57 |1. 624] 2.00 - Nev... 2. 584 614 584, 514; 57) 513 95 | 2. ov Dec...... 55s 604 91| 4631 54] 484 00 | 2.07 July-Dee.| 443 614 91 | 388 57) 38% 604}1. 50 | 2.074 i ee hee Pees eee oe eee mead eae (hd ee ek EE Dee Jane. -3 61 70 60 | 533/ 58% 534 00 } 2. Rep...) 65 13% 623} 512 A 5l - 95 | 2. 02: Mar...... 73 76 70 | 554| 624) 574 964) 2. 22 Apr...... 75 79 74} ost 714| 67 214) 2. 95 Cs See 67 80 | 65 734, 59 74 | 61 . 60 | 2.90 Ub: 68 754 a 62 69 | 624 . 50 2. 65 Jan.-June} 61 80 744; 513) 74] 513 95 | 2.95 to) ae 76 92 864, 683) 85] 71 893/2. 25 | 2.50 7. 67 100 853 51 80 | 52 8741/2. 45 | 2.95 — Sept..... 65 664 62| 561) 61h 57% 64 |2.85 | 3.00 et s--==: 644 674 66 | 594) 61] 58% 593'2. 50 | 3.00 Nov... 5. 65 77 743| 584) 723) 59 77 |2.70 | 2.75 — Dee... . 79 87 824; 704; 808) 723 $3) 2: 700) 2 ae July-Dec. 644) 63 100 | 56 86) 51| 85] 52 80) 2.25 3.00 : : 1 No. 3 white in 1916-1917. Statistics of Oats and Barley. | 631 OATS—Continued, Taste 36.—Oats: International trade, calendar years 1911-1916. [See “‘ General note,” Table 10.] EXPORTS. [000 omitted. ] Average 1915 1916 . Average 1915 1916 Country. 1911-1913 | (prelim.) | (prelim.) a 1911-1913 | (prelim.) | (prelizm.) FROM— FROM— Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushel s. a ee * 1,296 AOEL | side dna rhp Netherlands........| 33,814 34 | 17 Arxgentina.......... 52, 754 40, 840 BG Akl) SOU UMS. «lve nechl) , Wa eiinwtancnSslenaiteieh =~ CL ee re FD RP OE EE FEB PERS el 517 TS Ea 65, 279 364 27 SR exc Kcetaeues 16, 583 18, 496 72,058 || Sweden............ ho ee hy os Ae ESE ee eee 412 324 70 || United Kingdom... 1,411 717 | 1,271 ee . ..| 2,499 titted. ao patee United States...... 12,502 | 104,549 | 105, 838 Denmark.......... 151 Pep eae Other countries. . 3,727 S061 |. ahapitnd Cy ae 433 237 ————xX~-— ——---- -- COREA x). F< Seem} 5: SO, BAD fides cui 50]. do rey'e das Total. .- tenes 234,427 | 179,974 |.........-. IMPORTS. INTO— INTO— Austria-Hungary... 9) 426 Pere SS Philippine Islands - 486 441 165 Beigigm: ... 7... 3 Ap ee eee Ce a ae ee eee 1, 43 599 4 Denmark ....-0505) 4,126 7A eee Sweden)... ./....'.. 6, 055 A Ue Dl ee J” (5 Ses 1,361 A eee Switzerland........ 12, 434 6,913 7,329 Finland............ 1, 187 157 18 || United Kingdom...! 64,755 | 59,165 48, 9865 POMC 2e=: so555-7%2 30,746 56, 610 72,324 || United States...... 5, 557 364 585 Germany .......... oe, 2 OME ea ae Seep eeeae Other countries. ... 2,417 8/046. I. -,-- 6 Sa 9,040 27, 647 38, 308 + — Netherlands........} 41,901 4,332 4, 902 ‘Potalwres.'..|//2G,047-| 168 BAe |... .-.... oo fe 698 1,096 7 BARLEY. Tasue 37.—Barley: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1915-1917. Production. Country. 1915 1916 1917 1915 1916 1917 NORTH AMERICA, Acres. Acres. Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. United States............ 7,148,000 | 7,757,000} 8,835,000 | 228,851,000 | 182,309,000 | 208,975, 000 Canada: CP Sh eee A a eee Tor New Brunswick...... 2,000 i oll Rae 48 , 000 45; 000-1 Fees Orebec. -J.0..2.5 0... 85, 000 WACO: su Nd 2, 255, 000 1,456,000 }..-......-... as ee Re 8s eae 449, 000 Ss ea a 15, 369, 000 7, 496; 000° bs 2 Seems Manitoba........... 570, 000 Pt Pe PE Per 20,644,000 | 13,729,000 |............. Saskatchewan........ 285, 000 SO(GUG0 A. 2k: Hee eas. 10, 497, 000 Fe al Gee ae AMiiite.dapet sss ses. 306, 000 7, O00-} 1 2db2t da: 11, 544, 000 9,774,000: |-............ Otiehess oS... 11, 000 10/00042 = ee 342,000 | 253 G00 1. kta ca Total Canada...... | 1,708,000 | 1,803,000 }............ 60,699,000 | 42,770,000 |............. Ce Sean Eee (+) ERY. BS See 10, 000, 000 | 9,859,000 |....... ae: SNS, LED RE BER Ss RY OE PS Oe ..| 299,550,000 | 234,938,000 |............. SOUTH AMERICA. Areentiness 355532... 397, 000 431, 000 388, 000 5, 144, 000 5, 430, 000 2,165,000 Divininhhceds cabend eens 147, 000 121, 000 (1) 3, 827, 000 45268, 000-|.. 28 es CQruguayin ss 2.228. 5, 000 10,000 13,000 40, 000 115, 000 110, 000 a i heed ntuekaes 9,011, 000 De, NET Bie 4 dd ————— 1 No official statistics. 632 Yearbook of the Depariment of Agriculture. BARLEY—Continued. TABLE 37.—Burley: Area and production im undermentioned countries, 1915-1917— Continued, Area. | Production. Country. _ (——_——_ 1915 1916 1917 | 1915 1916 191% EUROPE. | 5 Y : Austria-Hungary: Acres. Acres. Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. D0 a ee Se Oe ae 11,578, 000 (2) (2) 1 29, 733, 000 (2) (2) Hungary proper ..... 2, 830, 000 (2) (2) 56, 186, 000 (2) (2) Croatia-Slavonia . - . .. (2) (2) (2 1, 938 , 000 (7) (2) Bosnia-Herzegovina. . (2) (2) (2) 3, 000, 000 (2) (2) Total Austria- CO CR eR Ee LT Se. oe eee Bs) a BS A Sa SES a Le gy 5a aS ae i 00,857,000 Te. . wccsaht che ece ee Bete se. cokes... ws fe 884, 000 (2) ‘ 4,0 ( 000° (2) PPE nce te 3 554, 000 (2) (2) 14, 697, 000 14, 739, 000 - RIOUIABT INS oon eae ts 644, 000 633, 000 594, 000 25, 890, 000 22, 317, 000 NN, i ee ees 4273, 000 (2) 5, 000, 000 2 ON Eg ees: a 1,575,000 } 1,538,000 | 1,789,000 31, 787, 000 38, 268, 000 GUIRY. po anadicetnaes 4, 002, 000 2 114, 077, 000 2 “SSR Cer 608, 000 596, 000 469,000} 11,051,000] 11,041, 000 Notnerlands ...0 «ane. da-<< 63, 000 60, 52, 000 3, 380, 000 2, 498, 000 js aR TEE 97, 000 98, 000 97, 000 2, 682, 000 3, 415, 000 FROWUIMANIB . 545-055 s asks. 1,371,000 | 1,454,000 Mes eeer Le 28, 688, 000 30, 038, 000 Russia: Russia proper 5....... 22, 325,000 | 22,031,000 )............ 316,904,000 | 350, 223,000 Pomme. bo. 2. ees (2) (2) 3 2) (2) Northern Caucasia...| 4,400,000 (2) (2 75, 328, 000 (2) Total Russia (Eu- TODORD) <0 eee vew se BGS FeIOMO SS. ee [nner MSsoom 5 B92, 282, 000 i. 25. . 302 2. eee B — _—$—— = wr wes wer ee a a eas ee ee 2) (2) (2) 2.250, 000 (2) (2) cL R: Ra RE Lee | 3,786,000 | 3,886,000 | 4,086,000 92" 763, 000 86, 863, 000 76, 747,000 Pg Re ae a 431, 000 421, 000 438, 000 14, 254, 000 14, 621, 000 12. 2¢3, 000 : United Kingdom Breen. <>3.,<-.-2.- 1,152,000 | 1,245,000 |............ 34, 898, 000 WI sie ietene inc , 000 OTe) Cee 2, 467, 000 tS, Sea aT 149, 000 170, 000 159, 414 5, 183, 000 SS, Re, SE ee 142, 000 pT | 1 a ae 5, 828, 000 Total United King- "eae oe 1,523,000} 1,652,000 |...........- 48, 376, 000 uted: J 3s. cir. | cth ee eanganes Gb sadan cate 871, 984, 000 |..........-..- Baten” ASIA. mH | Britieh India. : ..csactuee’ 7,821,000 | 7,924,000 | 7,856,000 | 142,847,000 Shyer. 3 och. 2 aise oaiceaes (@) (+) (@) 2, 000, 000 Japanese Empire: -v RE S e 3,213,000 | 3,079,000 | 2,738,000 94, 959, 000 GIMIOSE,. 6 cae une oe. 5, 000 (@) re) 61, 000 Chermen 8. bcs tae 1, 188? 000 (1) (4) 24, 872, 000 Total Japanese Em- DG os caries ob Seles 4. AOS OO bons Sok. [ees Sees 119 892, 000 Russia: Central Asia (4 Gov- ernments of)....... 350, 000 (1) (4) 3, 278, 000 Siberia (4 Govern- oT! | are 651, 000 (1) (1) 5, 753, 000 Transcaucasia (1 Gov- ernment of)........ 2, 000 (1) @) 38, 000 - PR ree S108 BNO ia) |. Soa. ee a 9, 069, 000, MIAN ieee ed OD a tee de BD ee a 273, 808, 000 1No official statistics. 4 Data for 1910. : 2 Galicia and Bukowina not included. 6 Excludes territory occupied by the enemy. 8 Data, for 1914. 2 6 Data for 1914. Statistics of Barley. BARLEY—Continued. 633 Tasie 37.—Barley: Area and production in wudermentioned countries, 1915-1917— Continued. Area, Production. Country. os ' 1916 1917 1915 1916 1917 AFRICA Acres Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. RIN s 3 aah odceotdher 3,009,000] 2,839,000} 39,866,000] 35,969,000} 31, 461, 000 BANG S20 ce papnese otha « 439, 000 445,000 | 13,746,000} 13,161,000} 13,598,000 Tunis MS Diet, 1, 233,000 | 1,038,000] 11, 482, 000 4,914, 000 8, 267, 000 Union of South Africa... - 64; 000 57,000 | 212359; 000 (!) 1; 000; 000 Webbs wcuzcceesecstievevres cswtle avers cas aeeltecwrres seek 66,453,000 |........-2...- 54, 326, 000 AUSTRALIA. Australasia: Queensland. ......... ; Lowe ie oe eo ee SHU) La ae A New South Wales,.... 5, 000 Bf aly ERE St BEG WO hie. o':> so tane RNIN oN ww ow Genin © 62, 000 OL AW ber eee Gaeee © 4a OO Ns ade sot paae South Australia...... 66, 000 ONO ete tenadacee 3, 000; 00013220. .08he-ne Western Australia... 7, 000 10,000 |i cccresect 181, 000 |; sse2..252e0 Tasmania............ 6, 000 OO I, 0... 56S 1167000) |..1..-.,-s0sBe Total Australia... . 154, 000 170, 000 180, 000 3, 802, 000 4, 189, 000 New Zealand............. 18, 000 30, 000 30, 000 89 0, 000 "738° 000 Total Australasia...| 172,000 200,000 | 210,000 4,622,000 | 4,927, 000 Se fk ns Bee nets ones edn ae Sine e ames cadens [hpdibis Foes OOO [oc cc tawacaonnels hep chest echs 1 No official statistics. 2Census of 1911. TABLE 38.—Barley: Total production of countries named in Table 37, 1895-1915. Year. Production. Year. Bushels. 1895... . 915, 504, 000 || 1901..... be tallies 932, 100, 000 || 1902..... 1897... 864, 605, 000 |} 1903..... 1898-...|° 1, 030; 581, 000 }| 1904..... 1899.... 065, 720; 000 || 1905..... 1900.... 959, 622} 000 |} 1906..... Production, | Year Producticn. Year. | Bushels. Bushels. 1, 072, 195, 000 || 1907..... 1, 271, 237, 000 |] 1913....- i, 229° 132” 000 1908..... 1, 274° 8977 000 |] 1914..... 1) 235; 786, 000 || 1909..... 1, 458, 263,000 || 1915..... 1, 175, 784, 000 |} 1910..... 1, 388, 734, 000 1,180, 053, 000 || 1911..... 1, 373, 286, 000 1) 296, 579, 000 || 1912... 1; 466,977, 000 Production. Bushels. 1, 650, 265, 000 iG 463, 289, 000 1, 522; 732, 000 : Russia United United Ger- Hungary vs Wi ” 1 2 ne- bari States. Mea many.1 | Austria-"| Froper.i | France. es Average: Bushels. | Bushels. a Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushcls. T00—Tie ss ot eS oe 23.4 13.3 29.4 is eat oc oak 22.6 TOOT ag here netd sens 25.5 14.3 35.3 26.3 23.4 23.6 GROW ee a at. 24.6 15.7 38.0 29.1 25.0 24.6 ROGGE. so Sh ee es Set ct 28.3 13.0 35.2 26.1 26.8 20.8 OU ais se RS chs tc oe ee 23.8 14.2 38.2 27.3 23.1 24.4 Ct ee ee ee 25.1 14.2 34.9 25. 2 21.3 22.6 ja: rR SRA NS SA oe ea BS 22.5 7.9 39.5 28. 4 25.1 25. 4 OL Re: ee ee ww. CS 1€.3 34.4 24.9 19.7 23.5 ROLES 355 ant satan wakee eS oe | 21.0 14.4 37.0 a1:5 26.9 25.0 IDB rss. Te hone ee Jet en kee ink 29.7 16.2 40.7 29.7 26.9 26.1 OTB ro 5 = ee uk ese ts 23.8 18.5 41.3 29.7 27.6 24.5 pC ee a ee 25. 8 12.9 36.8 353.8 24.1 24.0 £086: sgsabth Peed fap pe hnss ote 2s oe 32.0) 414.7 28.4 | $13.8 19.7 19.7 1916; «<< Sects eS ees. ee Wks. SEA Dae ace es | canes - cad benes a 23.8 Average (1907-1916)....... 25, G4. «dep inde | Met Hae | wees sf | Te | 23.9 1 Bushels of 48 pounds. 2 Winchester bushels. 8’ Galicia and Bukowina not included. 4 Poland not included. 634 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. BARLE Y—Continued. ~~ 40.—Barley: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc,, in the United States, 1849-1917. Nore,—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage esti- Imates whenever new census data are available. ———EE— EES a = - aa Chicago cash price Aver- he | Avy- age ay el malting Domestic Tapers, erage} produc. | farm Farm exports, ae Year. | Acreage.|yield| ~ sion price value ————|fiscal year, ,2o8 per . per Dec. 1. ikaenthal Following |be Emre, acre bushel st May. uly l. | yay BIA) aa © > Say rr Low. |High.| Low. | High. Acres. |Bush.| Bushels. | Cents.| Dollars. |Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Bushels. | Bushels. TOES ccanetacck eas wottise ees e160) SON idvamulnecwecunwadaldwan eelapemee \iemanulaense alas =weweea Old anennta = Talal hd aki ih Ss 18,898, OOO). 2 icclacacecedoswalecovenlebwcachddnecel tas Sechtestaneeaniennann ba a 493,000} 22.9) 11,284,000} 70.2) 7,916,000) 59 70 85 | 100 250 Lt. ae See 1,131,000) 22.7 25, 727, 000} 70.1) 18,028,000) 150] 180] 227) 250 966 iS Saat 37,000) 24.4) 22,896,000] 109. 24,948,000; 140| 170} 149] 175 880 4869..... 1,026,000) 27.9) 28,652,000} 70.8 20, 298, 000; 74 85 50 62 597 SO F< cnclannt did otde a oom 29, TG1, O00) nskncus| ania onualeihcin| wpm a oc) avetp lex oan) dnten alciinmediin ate meneene . 1870..... 1,109,000} 23.7} 26,295,000] 79.1! 0,792,000, 68| 80 700 Cee 1,114) 000} 24.0} 26,718,000] 75.8] 20,264/000 554 64 591 $67a =. 1,397,000; 19.2} 26,846,000; 68. 18, 416, 000; 60 70 751 $0782... 1,387,000; 23.1] 32)044,000! 86.7] 27,794,000] 132| 158 189 2074, 1,581,000) 20.6} 32,552,000] 86.0] 27,998,000] 120] 1293 , 255, 063 1878... 1,790,000) 20.6; 36,909,000) 74. 27,368,000} 81 88 , 781'10, 285, 957 i 1,767,000} 21.9] 38,710,000] 63.0] 24,403,000} 633) 683 85 | 1,186,129 6, 702, 965 i ee 1,669,000} 21.4] 35,638,000} 62.5] 22,287,000} 561 64 52}| 3,921, 501| 6, 764, 228 1876 —.;: 1,790,000! 23.6| 42,246,000} 57.9] 24,454,000) 91 100 715, 536] 5,720,979 1879..... 1,681,000} 24.0] 40,283,000] 58.9] 23,714,000, 86| 92 1,128,923] 7,135, 258 1870 seem 1,998,000, 88:0) 243.,007,000|..........la--c0ecenecleeceen|~aannabp onal anne co}es'ch ns acpeenennn 1880..... 1,843,000; 24.5) 45,165,000) 66. 30, 091,000} 100} 120 95} 105 885, 246] 9,528, 616 TAS] <=: = 1,968,000) 20.9} 41,161,000) 82. 33,863,000; 101 | 107}; 100}; 100 205, 930 12? 182, 722 BERD 2,272,000} 21.5; 48,954,000} 62. 30,768,000) 79 82 80 80 433, 005, 10, 050, 687 1883... ..| 2,379,000; 21.1] 50,136,000) 58.7; 29,420,000/ 62| 67| 65| 74| 724,955] 8,596,122 1884... 2.| 2'609/000| 23.5] 61,203,000 48.7| 29,779,000; 53| 58] 65| 65| 629,130) 9,986,507 1885.....| 2,729, 21.4) 58,360,000) 56. 32, 868,000} 62 65 58 60 252, 183) 10,197,115 1886.....| 2,653,000; 22.4) 59,428,000) 53. 31,841,000) 51 54 57 57 4. 305, +300 10, 355, 594 8372. <- 2,902,000} 19.6} 56,812,000) 51. 29,464,000; 80 80 69 77 "550, 884 10, 831, 461 SPR 3: 2,996,000} 21.3] 63,884,000| 59.0] 37,672,000|......|......|....0-|---oe- 1,440,321 11; 368, 414 RAD wm. 5s 3,221,000) 24.3) 78,333,000) 41. 32,614,000) 58 ES fac eatery pate Ll 408, 311)11 7382, 545 i) ees 3,221,000} 24.8 78, 333, OO) s 5 oi hat os 2 ac Sala beds coll ob tn w= © fell > Ge iciel = pee eee = boxe ee 1890..... 3,135,000; 21.4 67, 168, 000 OG-2|-43: 1419000) 00 Hd, Bh ek 2 oem 973, 062} 5,078, 233 1891..... 3,353,000; 25.9] 86,839,000 52.4] 45,470,000|......|......]....--}...... 2,800; 075] 3,146,328 So. nan 3,400,000) 23.6} 80,097,000) 47.5) 38,026,000) 65 67 65 65 3, 035, 267 , 970, 129 1893... ... 3, 220, 000; 21.7] 69,869,000) 41.1 28, 729, 000} 52 54 55 60 5, 219) 405, 791) 061 1894..... 3, 171, Pes 19.4) 61,400,000) 44.2 27, 134, 000; 534; 554) 41 52 1, 563, 754) 2, 116, 816 1805 | 232. 3,300, 000) 26.4) 87,073,000; 33.7] 29,312,000) 33 40 25 36 | 7,680,331! 837,384 Lec 1 Saae bee 2,951,000; 23.6) 69,695,000) 32.3] 22,491,000) 22 37 244) -35 20; 030, 301) 1, 271, 787 1 2,719, 000) 24.5} 66,685,000} 37.7} 25,142,000) 253 42 36 53 i 237, 077 124) 804 1898... .. 2/583; 000) 21.6 55,792}000, 41.3} 23,064,000 40| 503! 36] 42 | 2,267,403} 110, 475 RED. . =. 2,878, 000) 25. 5 72 382,000} 40.3! 29,594,000) 35 45 36 44 |23, 661, 662 139, 757 $8095... 4,470,000) 26.8 VID G86, 000.3... <|aceonkinccncclow don clowcemelpveens|ecens =| ~e sc etna iia TOUS 5. 3 2, , 20.4) 58,926,000; 40.9) 24,075,000) 37 61 37 57 | 6,293,207) 171,004 it!) Ce 4,296,000) 25.6} 109,933,000) 45.2) 49,705,000) 56 63 64 72 | 8,714, 268 57, 406 1902.....| 4,661,000) 29.0) 134,954,000) 45.9) 61,899,000) 36 70 48 56 | 8,429,141 56, 462 1903..... 4,993,000 26.4] 131;861,000| 45.6 60,166,000/ 42| 613! 38] 59 |10,881,627, 90,708 1904... .- 5,146,000, 27.2/ 139,749,000, 42.0, 58,652,000, 38| 52] 40| 50 |10,661,655, 81, 020 7O05- ..S. 5,096,000) 26.8) 136,551,000) 40.5) 54,993,000) 37 53 42 a8 17, 729, 36 18, 049 1906... ..| 6,324,000; 28.3) 178,916,000} 41.5) 74,236,000, 44 56 66 8, 238, 842 319 i 6,448,000, 23.8) 153,597,000) 66.6} 102,290,000, 78) 102 60 7 4, 349, 078, 199,741 1908... .. 6,646, 000| 25.1| 166,756,000| 55.4| 92,442,000, 57| 6431 66| 75 | 6,580,393, 2, 1909... .. 7081000; 24.3) 170,284 O00) fo dna np teerenlcdumcelac cee aleecnifiacas<]>-t ben eet naenam Rey 1909... 7,699,000, 22.5] 173,344,000, 54.0) 93,539,000 55| 72] 50| 68 | 4,311, 1508) -eoeeeee 1910 2....) 7,743,000) 22.5) 173,832,000) 57.8) 100,426, 000; 72 90 7 | 115 9,399, 346 wmutiene Ae 1911. ...-| 7,627,000] 21.0] 160,240,000] 86.9} 139,182,000, 102] 130] 68] 132 | 1,585,242 ...... whee 1912.....| 7,530,000) 29.7} 223,824,000] ~ 50.5 112, 957, 000) 43 77 45 68 |17, 536, 703 ...<..emeb 1913.....| 7,499,000} 23.8) 178,189,000) 53.7| 95,731, sed 50 79 51 66 6, 644, ie ae - ae 7,565,000) 25.8} 194,953,000, 54.3) 105,903,000 60} 75] 743) 82 |26,754,522!..... a. 7,148,000 32.0} 228,851,000, 51.6] 118,172,000, 62] 77| 70} 83 27, 473, 160 -..0-- 1916 4 7, 757,000} 23.5] 182,309,000) 88.1] 160,646,000, 95] 125) 128] 165 16, 381, OTR? i saee P ee 8,835,000} 23.7} 208,975,000, 113. 7] 237,539,000] 125 | 163 |......]...---]-----++++-|- cane 1 Prices 1895 to 1908 for No. 3 grade. 2 Figures adjusted to census basis, Statistics of Barley. 635 BARLEY—Continued. Tasue 41.—Barley: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1917. {000 omitted. ] Farm > Farm State. Acreage. | phe value State. Acreage. | 1 peel value ‘ Dee. 1. > feed: I. Acres. | Bushels.| Dollars. Acres. | Bushels. | Dollars. Maine. ............. 7 147 W091 || Kansas............- 750 7, 500 8, 625 New Hampshire... 1 31 54 || Kentucky.......... 5 140 161 Rarmncns: . ee 4... i ro : va cng ary pahiwcdee ob - 120 | 173 Wew Y onkég. ib 2.4 StAS wt. Sowasaaeas 180 247 Pennsylvania. ..... 13 "364 "610 || Oklahoma.......... 9 162 240 Maryland.......... 6 156 203 || Montana....... sees 90 1,350 1,390 MATRIC (his ns op cb 12 360 500 || Wyoming.......... 27 783 1,018 oe Be a 40 1,320 1,568 |} Colorado. 24. ....8.5 168 5, 544 5, 766 it TENGE: See 22 671 698 || New Mexico........ 13 364 506 BUDIOIS 5 3 UK <0

ae 91.4 92.0 93. 6 BG37- Eh WOND. -vcwsrdeemens 89. 6 73.7 SOE 6 wade cones 86. 2 76.3 71.6 (yd) Pal GED Ses oe 90. 2 72% SOT... «dee k a 91.0 91.3 86.9 SAB 'W T0020. . wc ctueeeees 91.1 88.3 ong... .. 5.665. =<: 93. 6 93. 7 90, 2 O07 1 9008. ...... 4... 87.1 76.6 1008... . « 466.8. 91.5 86.8 83.4 Be} Th 3004: « |... p2eeews, 95. 5 92.6 | |) ees = a 90. 5 88.5 88.1 Oos4 )-R005. ..2 oh tose ae 94.6 94.1 SO 2 SE cds 93.7 91.5 89.5 S23 WORE a or 86.3 87.9 NOt. oc ee 93.5-;} 92.5 90.3 B04 ONT. wn ke nees doe 89.3 85. 4 Au- phn hen gust. vested, PF... | Pog 84.5 78.5 83, 1 81.2 85.4 80.5 70.0 69.8 66. 2 65.5 89. 1 88.9 74.9 73.4 85. 3 82.4 93.8 94.2 80. 0 74.6 77.9 76.3 Tape 44.—Barley: Farm price per bushel on first of each month, by geographical divisions, 1916 and 1917. : North South N. Central | N. Central South woe Atlantic Atlantic | States east | States west| Central oY ae . States. States. | of Miss. R. | of Miss. R.| States 2 ° Month 1917 | 1916 | 1917 | 1916 | 1917 | 1916 | 1917 | 1916 | 1917 | 1916 | 1917 | 1916 | 1917 | 1916 Cts. | Cts. | Cts..| Cts. | Cts..). Cts..| Cts. | -Cts..| Cés..| Cts. |_Cis..| Cts. | Cts. |, Cte. January..-...- 87.1 | 54.9 |102.7 | 75.4 | 65.0] 74.0] 98.5 | 60.7 | 78.8 | 50.5 | 81.7 | 61.4 | 93.7 59.6 February .....| 92.7 | 61.7 |109.8 74.9 | 75.0 | 72.0 |102.1 | 67.3 | 87.8 | 60.5 | 89.1 | 59.4 | 95.3) 61.7 1): 96.9 | 59.6 |106.2 | 78.6 | 90.0 | 76.0 |106.8 | 67.5 | 91.0 | 53.0 |108.0 | 64.4 |100.8 | 67.8 2 be ee 102.3 | 57.2 {114.2 | 79.2 | 90.0 | 72.0 {112.9 | 64.9 | 99.7 | 53.0 |101.0 | 63.2 |101.5 | 60.6 1 Os ee 120.1 59.6 1147. 8 ¥°78.6 |... 74.0 |125.5 | 65.4 {118.0 | 55.9 |133.3 | 63.8 |119.9 | 62.9 THING 352% ws ox 119.3 | 59.6 |159.0 | 81.5 {101.0 | 73.3 |138.8 | 66.6 {107.0 | 56.0 |124.2 | 59.4 127.4 | 62.2 DUNG Sade cna 106.6 | 59.3 |153.8 | 80.8 | 93.0 | 74.0 {125.2 | 67.1 | 99.3 | 56.0 |124.3 | 55.5 |107.6 |» 61.3 Agust...'se. <5 110 132 60 140 95 JUby-=D ee. n27-. 285 =k 55 78 110 64 e 1913. Jare—JONO «>. aes > <0 544 70 71 60 July—Dec.....,..-.-. 57 80 85 60 1914. Jan Sune scs..ks...: 60 70 79 53 a 70 80 82 514 1915. Jen Ne ono. = 2 =. 72 102 91 704 July—Dec.<<.5...--- 70 102 85 54 Statistics of Barley. 637 BARLEY—Continued. TaBLE 45.—Barley: Wholesale price per bushel, 1912-1917—Continued. Cincinnati. Chicago, Milwaukee, "Minneapolis. a San Francisco. | Fe r 100 Date. Spring malt. | OW mens | No. 3. All grades. | Feed (pert Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. 2 et ee ED 1916, Cents. | Cents. | Cents: | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. Cent $. JAMUOLYV isos Mocs c0cs 8&3 88 68 84 71 82 61 764 1274 y February ........... 89 98 64 83 68 794 Rell a a ea i 8&3 98 64 78 704 77 RM oe then a sw ee &9 98 64 83 68 794 Me amare erates 91 102 70 83 744 80 pr hg ORES LS A nt Rape 93 102 70 86 73 78 Jan.-June 83 102 64 86 68 82 aCe es Sieetainw am oe 2 93 102 68 80 70 80 To | a hep ee aa 93 136 68 115 75 113 September.......... 123 136 84 117 97 115 po dE Bh 123 132 85 123 105 123 November .......... 136 145 128 112 128 December.........-- 136 145 95 125 112 124 July-Dee 93 145 68 128 70 128 1917. BTS GL ee Be 135 155 102 134 120 129 WOMLUGEY n- = 4-.00-2= 140 155 108 130 122 129 “ita GASP 140 162 108 136 127 137 no Wad FAR Sara 153 170 116 162 138 1624 eel sepae eriaea aes 167 182 128 165 153 166 gana... 2. 2S 153 170 116 162 138 1624 Jan.—June 135 182 102 165 1203 166 MEY sae ore. ete 175 182 120 160 | ° 152 162 ty i ae, 175 185 112 150 120 152 September ........ 158 171 116 146 124 144 poner. 153 171 120 144 127 1414 November.......... 147 160 115 141 123 140 CU a 150 176 125 163 136 160 July—-Dec 147 185 112 163 120 162 TABLE 46.—Barley and malt: International trade, calendar years 1911-1916. f [See “General note,’”’ Table 10.] e EXPORTS. (000 omitted.]} Barley and malt in terms Barley. Malt. of barley. Country See Ope eC | j Average | ba 1915 1916 Axtecaitsh 1915 1916 a 1915 1916 ae -) (prelim.)/1911-1913\ (prelim. a, cose (prelim.) (prelim.) FROM— Bushels.| Bushels.| Bushels.| Bushels.| Bushels.| Bushels.| Bushels.| Bushels.| Bushels. Algerian... ts. wovel! Uagaoe MOOR aos cool. Soe ho bt was apeelvcmtes=s's 4,720 25000"|- 28. Wo Argentina.......... 917 3,440 eS EES So Oe ee eee 917 3, 440 3,104 Austria-Hungary...| 7,529 |.........]......... a eee Ae ee cg Pepe peri ee e BSS S sis ok, os ed Ore Poe eee ee os | Se ae SOOO Saigon = ccdhres count British India....... 17,129 Gy44d |..... te RE SE, 6.9 ES OS Sy ee 17, 129 Cp44BEE AS fc BUueaIs: o25 oee PES. 1 fy @oRE TAS ROpRS ~ poalites Re Saeed [es li! pete i ae Rs OP Posen so aieeoeete de Cann@ai-5.5-cfnce- 6,656 | 4,665] 9,906 15 12 81} 6,670| 4,676 9, 980 pith phe 3 592, 000 10, 000, 000 a (2) MOENCO 4.5 ci. nid. cavhd bees 2,309, 000 33, 148, 000 33, 351, 000 27, 509, 000 RJOLINODY oc ile oss 4 te Oe 15, 843, 000 360, 310, 000 (2) (2) BEY oo wn chins ohh 294, 000 4, 362, 000 5, 582, 000 4, 460, 000 Netherlands......-...... 546, 000 13, 726, 000 12, 391, 000 11, 958, 000 SEW. Lids ives 20h 48, 000 829, 000 943, 000 656, 000 Benmanias. sf.<.scdeb esd 187, 000 2,911, 000 (?) (2) Russia: Russia proper 4.....- 59, 766, 000 875,422,000 | 843,740,000 |..-..-..--.-- aE a ee (2 (2) (2) Northern Caucasia. - - 4,615, 000 (2) (?) Total. .ndkWeusaei Jie SSOGsF O00) |S. lett... |--s2-saeernee MOEDIR tf och cuts udKye ecm 800, 000 (?) (c NE ic aac aen air wn 3 at 26,102,000 | 28,782,000] 24,365,000 Cy ER de a 23,133,000] 22,929,000| 15,747,000 United Kingdom........ 1, 700, 000 |------2-2e0-- ORM tes ener net eal eine Sean thie Sab ce rp | pe ei CAL 0 1,5 Iga ana oltcy ee RI Se “ASIA Russia: Central Asia (4 Gov- ernments of)....... 2,785, 000 (2) (2) Siberia (4 Govern- ments of). :.-....- 20, 143, 000 (2) (2) Transcaucasia (1 Gov- ernment of)........ 17,000 (2) (2) Total Russia (Asi- oars 2 O45 000.1, 2b... un...) dic cee —————_————— AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland .......... 1,000 BO Nc cba ister dette New South Wales.... 36, 600 SA PONOM IE} 03.7 6 ere Vietoria: =: :22y.. 00.5: 13, 000 43 O00 1: oe ne South Australia...... 6, 000 Be AIO ih ines = = mrpecemeticee Western Australia... 3,000 364 1 RG tn Tasmania ........-.. . 9, 000 TAD ). ate ok sere Total Australia... 67, 000 127, 000 134, 000 Grand total........ Ss. Jebececeeeee[1,577, 490, 000 ee eee 1 Data for 1914. ‘4 Excludes territory occupied by the enemy. 2 No official statistics. — 5 Less than 500 acres. 3 Census of 1910. TABLE 48.—Rye: Total production of countries named in Table 47, 1895-1915. } ) Yeary/ Production. | : Production. Production. } Year. | Production. = A Bushels. 4 Bushels. 1895....| 1,468,212,000 || 1901..... 1,416, 022, 000 |} 1907..... , 538, 778, DIB... 22:2 1, 880, 387, 000 1896....| 1,499,250,000 || 1902..... 1, 647, 845, 000 |} 1908..... 1, 590, 057, 000 || 1914..... 1, 596, 882, 000 1897.... OOS... i% 1,659, 961,000 |} 1909..... 1, 747, 123, 000 |} 1915..... 1, 577, 490, 000 1898....| 1,461, 171,000 || 1904..... 1, 742, 112,000 || 1910..... 1, 673, 473, 000 1899.... 9,000 |} 1905..... 1, 495, 751, 000 || 1911..... 1, 753, 933, 000 1900....| 1,557, 634,000 || 1906..... 1, 483, 395, 000 || 1912..... 1, 886, 517, 000 640 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. RY E—Continued, TABLE 49.—Rye: Average yield per acre in undermentioned countries, 1890-1916. oOo Unitea | Russia Year “+ trip (Euro- jreland. +! States. pean). ! Average: Bushels. | Bushels. Bushels. Ree: caccuna bunesdneyun 13.9 Ie PSD Bi ON NBO. cet 25.2 Tr] Gln a's ca ecauns tem uae 15.7 11.5 27.5 TOO TOs, . ovenaddebesesene 16.3 12.5 29.9 W908 6 ett CA PH x he 16. 27.6 ee ee eS ee | 16. 27.0 Bee ee ee) ee 16. 29.2 FOUGS. cdeusuiaduy enue us es cab eces 13. 30.8 yl 2 ae ee ees See ee eS 16. 11d ee eS A eee te 15. 29.0 [oy Ded ee oe ae a 16. 30.6 Rh ins wooed gaia <= 00s om aee 16. 30.0 Peo os ccc unc ddttaewsemneey 3 29.4 RACs Se Stats et a <§ Pe oe rs chen sovamscs saebodesl. | TEECEN ba cocaley gnc law de oe polenhs y aeties san teen 29.0 ‘Averadte (1907-19016)... 2..] (4) POO. dadatedl daaee de de clateaen ont ina. see uey 29.5 1 Bushels of 56 pounds. 8 Galicia and Bukowina not included. 2 Winchester bushels. 4 Poland not included. TABLE 50.—Rye: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States, 1849-1917. Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated Mee ten of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage esti- mates whenever hew census data are available. Chicago cash price per Aver- bushel, No. 2 Domestic Aver- Bee bs on in- Acreage | 28° : arm | Farm value ey Year. ield | Production. | price Following | rye flour harvested. si oer Dee. 1. December. ie. fintal oe acre. bushel beginning Dec. 1. y peers Perr uly 1. Low. | High.| Low. | High Acres Bush Bushels Cents. Dollars. Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts Bushels © 0 epee See Eee RS B Lh, 189, 000 |o< 22222 Pes aces nse os = bleeds rc = 0 ale weak ln oe ee ee ay Beat $1,101,000 |... 05.51. aamss~~-0-+b]teneeef<-=ndeles ==> [ans sneiaeeen | 1866...... 1,548,000 | 13.5 | 20,865,000} 82.2] 17,150,000 |......]...... 142 | 150 234, 971 pes 1,689,000 | “13.7 | 23,184,000} 100.4 | 23,281,000 | 132 | 157 | 173 | 185 564, 901 1868. 1,651,000 | 13.6 | 22,505,000] 94.9 | 21,349,000 { 106} | 118 | 100 | 1153 92, 869 1960... ... 1,658,000 | 13.6 | 22,528,000} 77.0] 17,342,000] 66 | 774 | 78 | 834 199, 450 Ve re Le 10,919. 000 |.)~.-nn|eamenneaiemsiatoencsdhanse dubae=ss.¢12=> o-aneeenen u 1310-32 1,176,000} 13.2| 15,474,000| 73.2] 11,327,000] 67 | 74 | 81 | 91 87, 174 1GPh cee. 1,070,000} 14.4 | 15,366,000} 71.1] 10,928,000] 62 | 63%] 75 | 98 832, 689 th ee 1,049,000 | 14.2] 14,889,000} 67.6] 10,071,000] 575] 70 | 68%} 70 611,749! hi eae 1,150,000] 13.2] 15,142,000} 70.3] 10,638,000] 70 | 81 | 91 | 102 1, 923, 404 eae 1,117,000 | 13.4 | 14,991,000} 77.4] 11,610,000} 93 | 99$ | 103 | 1073 267, 058 1876.20 1,360,000} 13.0; 17,722,000} 67.1} 11,894,000] 67 | 68%] 613 | 703 589, 159 LL) Cae Sa 1,468,000 | 13.9 20,375, 000 61.4 12,505,000} 654] 73 70 924 2, 234, 856 1 1,413,000] 15.0] 21,170,000! 57.6| 12,202,000] 553 | 564] 54 | 60 4, 249, 684 ) ae 1,623,000 | 15.9] 25,843,000] 52.5 | 13,566,000] 44 | 443.) 47 | 52 4, 877, 821 ESOS. ee 1,625,000} 14.5 23, 639, 000 65.6 15,507,000 | 734} 81 734 | 85 2, 943, 894 1879 erceee 1, 842,000 10.8 19, 832, 000 i ee ee id Seeeeseseeagcaladcoee sl Pe setoafeaeneris Freee}? oF ove se Fae ~ a. 1,768,000 | 13.9] 24,541,000] 75.6 | 18,565,000] 82 | 913 | 115 | 118 | 1,955,155 POR. A 1,789,000} 11.6] 20,705,000} 93.3} 19,327,000] 964} 98 | 77 | 83 1, 003, 609 TRROES. ce 2,228,000; 13.4 29, 960, 000 61.5 18,439,000 | 57 58k | 62 67 2, 206, 212 1h 2,315,000] 12.1 28, 059, 000 58.1 16,301,000 | 563 | 60 604 | 624 6, 247, ts oe 9344000 | 12.2| 28,640,000; 51.9] 14,857,000] 51 | 52 | 68 | 73 | 2,974,390 ASS). 5 ee 2,129,000 | 10.2 21, 756, 000 57.9 12,595,000 | 584] 61 58 61 ec: 2,130,000] 11.5 | 24,489,000} 53.8] 13,181,000] 53 | 544 | 544 | 563 a 2, 053, 10.1 | 20,693,000} 54.5 11,283,000] 553] 614] 63 | 68 ms... 2) 365,000 | 12.0] 28,415,000] 58.8 | 16,722,000] 50 | 52 | 39 | 41% a... 27171,000} 13.1] 28,420,000| 42.3| 12,010,000] 44 | 45}| 493 | 54 | 2,280, ~ g ’ . ’ . ‘ % . Lead = Js ~ * ™ bS<) &. 8 ~ Statistics of Rye. G41 RY E—Continued. Tabie 50.—Rye: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States, 1349- 1917—Continued. es . —_—$e$_ Aver- oer Ct ish ie ric e } pe r Dom tie Aver- ago £ bushel, No, 2. ae at ‘, in- age farm = GN Om eee Year. Acreage | yield | Production. | price | Farm value Following | rye flour, harvested. | per per Dec. 1. | De cember. May. fiscal year acre. bushel SS ree a Dec. 1. Low. | High.| Low. jHigh. July 1 Acres. Bush.| Bushels. Cents. Dollars. Cts. | Cts. | Cts.| Cts. Bushels. « FG00....1. 2,142,000} 12.0 25, 807, 000 62.9 16, 230,000 | 644 | 684] 83 92 353, 263 |) 2,176,000} 14.6 31, 752, 000 77.4 247 589, 000 | 86 92 704 | 79 12, 068, 628 1892...... 2,164,000 | 12.9 27,979, 000 54.2 15, 160, 000} 46 51 504 | 62 1,493, 924 1893...... 2,038,000 | 13.0 26, 555, 000 51.3 |, 13, 612; 000 | 45 474 | 444 |) 48 249, 152 1894. ..... 1,945,000 | 13.7 26, 728, 000 50.1 13, 395, 000 | 474) 49 624 | 67 32,045 (a 1,890,000} 14.4 27, 210, 000 44.0 11,965,000 | 32 353 | 33 364 1,011, 128 1896......| 1,831,000 | 13.3 24, 369, 000 40.9 9,961,000 | 37 424 | 323] 354 8, 575, 663 1897...... 1,704,000} 16.1 27, 363, 000 44.7 12,240,000 | 453] 47 48 75 15, 562, 035 1898......| 1,643,000 | 15.6 25, 658, 000 46.3 11,875,000 | 525 | 553] 564 | 62 10, 169, 822 Bone, dh vss 1,659,000 | 14.4 23. 962, 000 51.0 12’ 214, 000 | 49 52 53 564 2 382) 012 1899...... 2, 054, 000 | 12.4 26, 569, i RAE ADEN | ES SS SRC PC |e | ee Spee ee 1900...... 1,591,000 | 15.1 23,996, 000 51.2 12,295,000 | 453 | 493] 514 | 54 2,345, 512 Se 1,988,000 | 15.3 30, 345, 000 55.7 16,910,000 | 59 653 | 544 | 58 2, 712, 077 1902...... 1,979,000 | 17.0 33, 631, 000 50. 8 17,081,000 | 48 493 | 48 504 5, 445, 273 ae 1,907,000} 15.4 29° 363, 000 54.5 15,994,000 | 503} 524] 6923] 78 "784° 068 pi iE 1,793,000 | 15.2 27, 242° 000 68.8 18, 748, 000 | 73 75 70 84 29° 749 W900. 30-5 1,730,000 | 16.5 28, 486, 000 61.1 17,414,000 | 64 68 58 62 1, 387, 826 1906.'.....<: 2,002,000 | 16.7 33, 375, 000 58.9 19,671,000 | 61 65 69 874 "769, 717 1007... feos 1,926,000 | 16.4 31, 566, 000 73.1 23,068,000 | 75 82 79 86 2, 444, 588 4908...<.5 1,948,000 | 16.4 31, 851, 000 73.6 23,455,000 | 75 7741 83 90 1, 295, 701 1909...... 2,006,000} 16.1 32, 239, a BSR EEE RE Baek) Base 9 See Se Oe eee Mee) ee ila i> ths aan 1OOB . vaiwee 2,196,000 | 13.4 29, 520, 000 71.8 21,163,000 | 72 80 74 80 242, 262 19101..... 2,185,000 | 16.0 34, 897, 000 71.5 24,953,000} 80 82 90 | 113 40,122 IOLL 0.0: 2,127,000 | 15.6 33, 119, 000 83. 2 27 557, 000 | 91 94 90 954 31, 384 IOLA Ke 2)117, 000} 16.8 35, 664, 000 66.3 23° 636, 000 | 58 64 60 64 1, 854, 738 1913...... 2,557,000 | 16.2 41, 381, 000 63.4 26, 220, 000} 61 65 62 67 2; 272, 492 les... 2,541,000 | 16.8 42,779, 000 86.5 37,018,000 | 1074 | 1124 | 115 | 122 13, 026, 778 9156S 3, 129” 000 17.3 54, 050; 000 83.4 45, 083; 000 | 944 | 983 | 964} 994 15, 250, 151 BE a 3,213,000 | 15.2 48, 862, 000} 122.1 59, 676, 000 | 130 | 151 | 200 | 240 13, 703, 527 te halen A 4,102,000 | 14.7 60, 145, 000 | 166.3 | 100, ; 025, GOON] E76; | 18S ee) casleecetnn tas 1 Figures adjusted to census basis. TABLE 51.—Rye: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1917. [000 omitted.] Farm > Farm State. Acreage. 5 ane value State. Acreage. | | Yaboaeel value : Dee. 1. : Dec, 1. Acres. | Bushels.| Dollars. Acres. | Bushels.| Dollars. Wegmans cs: . ins. 1 20 35 ||, Missouri... ..). ...... 30 441 728 Massachusetts...... 3 57 114 |} North Dakota...... 1,040 9, 880 16, 203 Connecticut........ 7 144 302 || South Dakota...... 350 5, 600 §, 680 New: SOrk is is xii% 135 2,565 4,720 || Nebraska. ......... 215 3, 354 5, 199 New Jersey........ 69 1,276 2,233 || Kansas..........0.. 76 1, 140 1, 904 Pennsylvania...... 260 4, 420 7,514 || Kentucky.......... 30 375 656 Delaware........... 1 16 28 || Tennessee.......... 12 120 234 Maryland.......... 24 384 645 || Alabama........... 4 38 102 IGE s ks > «sh eam 77 1,155 Beleee Wi, WORMRSL. ..cckqueaed 2 20 39 West Virginia...... 20 270 456 || Oklahoma.......... 9 90 153 North Carolina..... §2 520 1,040 |; Arkansas........... 2 27 40 South Carolina..... 17 170 484 || Montana........... 9 114 188 15 128 346 (igomins Bete 18 252 391 90 1, 620 2,608 || Colorado....... Ties 27 432 631 200 3, 000 4, 800 Lo ee ee 13 104 166 43 752 BET TdaiGe dis. cp cnesce 2 31 341 5,115 8,440 || Washi Rectues < 7 89 156 410 7, 585 12, 819 || Oregon............. 31 356 605 410 7, 585 12, 667 || $< —$$§_}|—______ 900 1,395 | United States.| 4,102 | 60,145 | 100, 025 29190°—-yBxK 1917——41 tease har- vested. ————EEE When June. il.| May. lure. TLEU Year. When har- vested. Y E—Centinued. ondition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1891-1918. R April.) May. | June. Yearbook of the Department of Ag 2.—Rye: € Year, 642 AMKEANPWMONSCACSC SSRRBSSEE BPOSnMOSSRAHOSCaANM is 2. @.s 19 2. 6 Seneraiecte ar eer SBSSZSSRELZSZEES : ou neo fae ep BRZSKALHALSS DBSHBZ TS oD SON ee ee SESSLER ZSZSSSESSZESEES we OP Ss ¢ =s4) 9) ee8 bo ae So es oe iN SANKAR AA 8 pti sheae Ze nas Value per acre 91 26. a (dollars).! ‘efeae ieaA-G Farm price per bushel (cents). “LI6I-8061 ‘e288 SI6L | cod ond —— ES coos. ~Minekt ae ee Yield per acre (bushels). SWMining misnowo “LI6I-806I ‘ase | SS -I9A8 1edf-NT 1 TOMAS od. dasines ko —Rye: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States. State. Dew eccccees 10 Rap Re ketene Co eee Wis... Mass. TABLE 53. 3RB SSSSB BERES RBZE2 RBSSS ages irs 6G ASKkS5 SKAK sede | ASRS SASe 7 oe oe 20 ae ¢1.'¢.. ot igesia Hr ro we StS = een. peat eS UD =H OD . «4 107, 587 FF TTF Newininn Oak d Neotherlands........ 18, 870 26 14 4 IMPORTS. INTO— | INTO— Austria-Hungary... BY eee P,P Ring Norway............ 10, 520 7, 885 7,329 Belen so esse5 2 OclO? Wcawtoavesaties setae es Filing. <2. cecccesre 5, 231 leer eS ee 8, 587 aS ee Sweden >: .-../s-.. 3, 769 1, 770 dn aka Biniann. 22) 3. 15, 47 13, 425 12,639 || Switzerland........ 729 16 42 France........----- 4) 138 36 14 || United Kingdom...| 2, 195 1,436 2,054 Germany .........-. a ee ees pe Other countries... .. 677 77 4. . seein Jimieit Oo! tere s.3. 5 721 4 1 ——_——— | ——— | - —---- Netherlands........ 31, 023 2, 232 721 Total. .......}| 107,343 20, 588 foci. ineeee BUCKWHEAT. TABLE 57.—Buckwheat: Acreage, production, and value in the United States, 1849-1917. Nore.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. Aver- | Pro- apis arm Aver- | Pro- Avg Farm Acre- | age | duc- | ,&° | value Acre- | age | duc- in value age yield | tion Dee. 1 age ield | tion Dec. 1 Year. | (thou-| “per | (thou- a sage (thou- || Year. | (thou-| “per | (thou- | PU | (thou- sands of} acre {sands of (cents sands sands of} acre {sands of (cents sands acres). | (bush- | bush- per of dol- acres). | (bush- | bush- per of dol- els). els). bushel). lars). els). els). bushel). lars). IS SE ae gooey (Se oe | 1890... 845| 14.7] 12,433 | 57.4] 7,138 an Seeman Oe ra a 7 ore Tee, eee | 2891..... 849. | 15.0 | 12,761] 57.0] 7,272 1892..... 861 | 14.11 12,143 | 51.8] 6,296 1866.....- 1,046! 21.8] 22,792! 67.6 | 15,413 |] 1893... 816! 14.9| 12,132! 58.3] 7,074 1567 ook 1,228 | 17.4 | 21,359 78.7 16, 812 1804..... 789 | 16.1| 12,668] 55.6| 7,040 1868...... 1,114 | 17.8 | 19,864 8.0] 15,4 186)... 1,029} 16.9] 17,431 | 71.9 | 12,535 || 189----- Ub ee peti 4 1859... .+-|eeseeeeelene eee 9,822 |....----|--2 00s 18)7.....| 718| 20,9| 14,997] 42.1) 6,319 1 537 | 18.3] 9,842] 70.5 | 6,937 || 1898..... 678 | 17.3] 11,722| 45.0| 6,271 ro) 414| 20.1 | 8,329] 74.5| 6,208 || 1899..... 670 | 16.6] 11,094] 55.7] 6,184 70 |. 448 | 18.1 8, 134 73.5 5,979 1899....- 807,|. 18,9;| 11, 892'|.. )¢2neee i 3... 454 | 17.3] 7,838 5.0 | 5,879 ? IB74. 00 53] 17.7] 807] 7.9] 584] oes] Sin] tke {sssioo| 503 | 8598 1875 576| 17.5 | 10,082] 62.0] 6,255 || 1902..... 805 | 18.1] 14,530| 59.6 4 , eid te 666| 14.5| 9,669| 66.6| 6,436 || 1903..... 804 | 17.7 | 14,244| 60.7] 8,651 a 650} 15.7 10, 177 | 66.9 6, 808 1904... .. 794 | 18.9] 15,008} 62.2] 9,331 ts 673 | 18.2 | 12/247] 52.6] 6,441 . 19... 640 | 20.5 113,140 | 59.8 | 7,856 |! 1909----- 7B | te) 1 SS ee AAIP->-->» B48 | ASD DE AIE treatises 2 xp + 1907.....| 800] 17.9] 14,200] 69.8] 9,975 1880). .... 823} 17.8|14,618| 59.4} 8,682 || 1908..... 803 | 19.8] 15,874| 75.6 | 12,004 To 829 | 11.4] 9.486| 86.5] 8,206 || 1909..... 834 |--20, |-17, 498 |, 30.-.| Ab ooeae 1882 ‘ea 847 13.0 11, 019 73.0 8, 039 1909..... 878 | 16.9 | 14.849} 70.1 : em ke 857 ‘9 669 ” 304 Hse] S| abe [sete] 8.5] 62s | wor] so) ms] arm | so wees...) 914| 13.8 | 12,626| 55.9} 7,057 || 1912..... 841 | 22.9] 19,249] 66.1 we...... 918| 12.9] 11,869} 54.5] 6,465 || 1913..... 805 | 17.2 | 13,833| 75.5 | 10,445 rT: 911} 11.9] 19/844] 56.5] 6,122 |} 1914..... 792 | 21.3] 16,881] 76.4 es: 913 | 13.2] 12,050| 63.3] 7,628 || 1915..... 769 | 19.6| 15,056| 78.7| 11, 1839...... 837 | 14.5 | 127110 |. 50.5} 6,113 || 1916.__.- g28 | 14.1 | 11,662| 112.7] 13, joe SL MLB AID Tt es ale ee WONT: Oe 1,006 | 17.4| 17,460 | 160.1] 27, 1 Figures adjusted to census basis. Statistics of Buckwheat. 645 BUCKWHEAT—Continued, TABLE 58.—Buckwheat: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1917. (000 omitted. Pro- | Farm + Pro- Wari ; State. ot due- value State. rong | duc- value 6°. | tion. | Dec.1. B tion. | Dec. 1. Acres. | Bush. | Dolls. Acres. Bush. Dolls. PIO A witli we nead deca 15 322 Ml) GRO. Cela bisanyadedooes 25 430 658 New Hampshire. ......... 2 38 70 Witimdlanas, ... sigh ec. duldbl 10 150 232 NOTINGUGS .« Uatwscenedssuy< 13 286 SE TOLUEI eee oe tc td edcbec 4 76 129 Massachusetts............. 2 30 DO ies Oiven eo bt sc se oo: 75 675 992 Connecticut. ...ccsp.cesess 3 52 104 || Wisconsin.............-.. 23 281 489 New York....... r alee 330 | 5,940] 9,504 || Minnesota................ 11 154 208 NGéw: JOrmey. ou iavee ss... 16 288 256 |p Idwe.t .i8.. ps0 do1. 5 Oe. 11 132 264 Pennsylvania... .........- 350 | 6,300 | 10,269 || Missouri.................. 6 90 130 Delawares.:.....ecc eee es 3 60 89 || Nebraska. ............... 2 32 4% Marylan Bist e.e ) 908 iM 220 363 Tenncsars....5. Jivs4.0-82. 4 68 102 Sr haa Selecta ara 9 4 g West Virginia............. 45 900 K 530 | United States...... 1,006 | 17,460 | 27,954 North Carolina........... 12 240 312 |) TABLE 59.—Buckwheat: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1897-1917. When When | When Year. Aug. | Sept. har- Year. Aug. | Sept. har- Year. Aug. | Sept. har- vested. vested. vested. Pscte'| Pets | Pack ice Pi Cb tlhe. ee Pict ME le ee oda ieets 94.9 95.1 90.8 || 1904... 92. 91.5 88.7 || 1911 82.9 83.8 81.4 uC ae 87.2 88.8 76.2 || 1905.. 92.6 91.8 91.6 || 1912 88. 4 91.6 89. 2 1§99..... 93. 2 75.2 TO: 3:\1 19062: = 93.2 91.2 84.9 || 1913... 85.5 75.4 65.9 ct Cae 87.9 80. 5 72.8 || 1907... 91.9 77.4 80.1 || 1914 88.8 87.1 83.3 PO aes ae 91.1 90. 9 90. 5 || 1908.. 89. 4 87.8 81.6 || 1915 92.6 88. 6 81.9 LeU Hipage 91.4 86. 4 80. 5 || 1909... 86. 4 81.0 79.5 |; 1916 87.8 78. 5 66.9 PRUs eben 93.9} 91.0 83.0 || 1910.. 87.9 82.3 Slash telece. 92.2 90. 2 74.8 Tabre 60.—Buckwheat: Yield per acre, oe per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by ta tes. : Farm price per bushel Value Yield per acre (bushels). P ( coun r acre 8) (Gollars).1 gel | ge gs State. BS: 2S ES ea ) ob 5S BS as Ho aslei@loljnialeais|/eiels lasle |x| s re |ealr SH SISISISISI/S/S/S1S/S loMala/S ein.) re S| Seal = _ See | _ be | re 5 oe | me coma _ _ Some cool CS See ea, NEG 4 | Pen Pm Pe eal a a on i a een ial veniam Nhe Ines ene Mitre cries 28, 230. 0 28. 0/32. 5/30. 0/29. 4/32. 0:29. 0,26. 0,24.0.21.5) 78] 56) 60 70 150 19. 38 32. 25 Ny SB ort szqn32 25. 8/21. 5)22. 0/31. 0/27. 3/31. 0/31. 0.26. 0.30. 0,20. 019.0] 87} 66] 70 81 183 20. 92 34. 77 Vterreioit sce 24, 2122. 0/22. 0/24. 0124. 3/30. 0/25. 0/28. 0 27.0/17.5 22.0| 87| 80] 82) 82 150 21. 02 23. 00 MarssisJe}24 3.28 18. 4|18, 0/19. 3,22. 0/21. 0/21. 0/17. 0/18. 5116. 0/16.015.0| 98) 80) 84 95 166 16. 92 24. 90 Cont. 2: S22. 18, §|18. 219. 5,19, 519. 0}20. 5 17. 0)18. 5,20. 0)19. 0,17. 3 105) 95] 95, 96 200 18. 75,34. 60 Ea eR eel on, oaa. 424 ol23, ol. 3123.84. 128. 19.0112. 018.0 87} 81| 76, 80 160 14. 83:28. 80 Be Ree aeonee 20. 6/20. 0,21. 8.21. 5/20. 0,22, 0/22. 0/21. 0,21. 019. 018.0) 87, 76) 83, 83 158 17. 59 28. 44 ac thie /19. 6|19. 2,19, 5/19. 5 21. 924. 2.18. 5,20. 5/21.0.14.0,18.0] 84) 73) 76) 78 163 15. 30}29. 34 1 RA Batre - 9130. 0,19. 8,20. 5 19. 0.16. 0.17.0,19. 0/18. 5 19.0/20.0) 81) 69} 76, 75 148 14. 61/29. 60 Wil eivids cece 18, 5 16.6)18. 520. 0,17. 5,16. 518. 5120. 0)19. 0,20. 0 86) 75, 81) 72 165 15. 02/33. 00 Teo '18. 018. 018. 016. 0/21. 5 23. 119. 420.019. 221.1] 86 80} 84) 80 150 17. 03)31. 65 W:. Varo. cds: 18. 0.22. 7 23. 0 24. 0/24. 0.21. 0 21. 5|22. 0 18. 3/20.0| 91) 78) 83! 80 170 17. 66/34. i ee oer 16. 4 19. 8 19.0 19.0117. 5 19. 3 19. 0,17. 5 17. 5)20. 0 86, 78} 83| 82 130 14. 99126. Go Ohio... - 818.521. 218. 021. 0,19.5 18. 0 24. 0|23.017. 7/17. 2) 88) 76) 76) 77, 153 16, 55/26. 32 RE oe: . 17.017. 317. 7/18. 3119. 0)18. 517. 5)14.0)18. 015, 0 87 75| 78) 80) 155 14. 55)23. 25 Thies... 4-015 is 418. 2 18. 2 20. 0:18. 1/22. 0)17.0,17.7|17.0,17.0/19.0) 100, 80} 95) 90 170,17. 08/32. 2 Mich............/14.6,13. 5,14. 3.15. 318.017.015.018. 5)14.5 11.0) 9.0) 81, 70) 71) 72 147/11. 56/13. 23 Wisd..-J.. 15.2 12. 3 14.017. 517.016. 5.17. 513.014. 0/12. 2 89 69) 76 & 174/12, 59/21. 23 Mign...}.. 44). 8 18. 2 15. 2 16. 0)18. 0.21. 0 16. 5117. 0/17. 5.15. 0)14. 0 81| 64, 70) 7, 13513. 21/18. 90 LoWa.---0---+4--)15.415. 5,15. 0 14. 9 17. 5)19. 0 14. 0)18. 3/13, 015.0120 97, 81| 77 20013. 77/24. 00 Mo............../15.3120, 121.0116. 5110. 0115. 0111. 0115. 5115. 0.14. 15.0} 101} 85} 93 144 14. 03/21. 60 Néit: . :-3:22:2<- 18.018. 0 16. 0.20. 0 16. 0/18. 0.20. 018. 5/20. 0/17.0)16.0| 97} 79} 84) 95 150 17. 05/24. CO Wie ee 17 bab ok i ok fon i 88| 75] 78] 76 150 14, 87)25. 50 U.8...... rm 519. 8 20.9 20. 5 21. 1/22. 9117. 2:21. 3119. 6/14. 1117. 4/85. 4)75. 5,70. 4.78. 7)142. 7|160. 1)15. 13.27. 79 1 Based upon farm price Dee. 1. 646 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculiure. BUCKWHEAT—Continued. TaBLe 61.—Buckwheat: Farm price per bushel on first of each month, by geographical divisions, 1916 and 1917, — = $$$ $$ { United North South N. Central N. Central South States Atlantic | Atlantic States east States west Central » States. States. of Miss. R. of Miss. R. States. Month, | 1917 1916 1917 1916 | 1917 1916 1917 | 1916 1917 | 1916 1917 1916 | Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. January.......- 117.2 81.5 | 121.3 81.6 | 100.2 82.5 | 113.1 78.1} 125.0 87.7 | 100.0 80.0 February. ....- 114. 6 80. 7 | 117.0 81.1} 100.3 81.3 | 116.7 75.6 | 127.0 93. 0 85. 0 76,0 Maroh. :.G).:;.. 124. 8 83.2 | 130.0 83.0 | 102.7 84.9 | 117.9 79.6 | 143.5 | 102.7] 100.0 74.0 AnriE . 2.28. .2-: 128. 3 83.1 | 132.7 83.5 | 114.5 81.9 | 117.4 79.0 | 149.5 | 101.0 98. 0 76.0 May. .6.866..-..1. 180.6 84.9 | 156.7 85. 2.| 127.8 |. 83.1] 138.7 84.4 | 175.0] 93.5] 121.0 74.0 PUNO s S06 ha55. % 183. 7 87.0 | 191.9 88.7 | 166.6 | 81.2] 162.3 80.0 | 175.0} 100.0 | 126.0 74.0 1 aoe Se 209. 2 1 | 210.3 94.8 | 187.6 85.6 | 180.1 90.6 | 217.5 87.0 | 150.0 77.0 UCTS 189. 3 89.0 | 193.5 90.8 | 175.9 | 83.9]179.8] 76.9 | 220.5] 91.7] 139.0 75.0 September... .. 164.3 | 86.4] 170.7] 87.1 | 150.1] 84.4] 149.4] 82.4] 183.0] 98.5] 75.0 76.0 Octoher... 25: 154.4} 90.4} 153.5] 90.8] 174.1 84.6] 144.0] 94.4] 135.0] 87.5] 101.0 80.0 November. .... 154.2 | 102.9 | 156.7 | 104.6 | 150.0 88.8 | 151.1 | 105.9 | 135.5 | 115.0] 100.0 77.0 December... ... 160.1 | 112.7 | 161.2 | 114.8] 157.8] 99.1 | 155.1 | 114.4 | 159.3} 120.4] 150.0 100.0 FLAX. TABLE 62.—Flax: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1914-1916. : [000 omitted.) Area. Production. Country. Seed. | Fiber. 1914 1915 06 tT 1914 1915 1916 1914 | 1915 1916 | — ——_ |---| SS | | | | -—________ Acres. | Acres. | Acres. |Bushels.|Bushels.|Bushels.| Pounds. | Pownds.| Pounds. United States.......... 1,645 | 1,387 | 1,474 | 13,749 | 14,080 | 14,296 }...........]..-...... | ace 7 ry ae ee 62 aay te 374 o1h'|- 8.) RS ——SSS | | _—oOeeeOS So —=—e=EeoEO=DDS>E eee eee ee _—S oO Oe OOS. s$8o—oOOeelel sO ll =——————>=—~Sy¥Ww¥VSK«K eae eeeeeeS Oe OOOO eee SS sn OS Mrooeriing oo eS fe 4,258! 4,001 | 36,928 | 45,040 | 39,289 |........-.- WIMOMUAY 3b '> ons.to3= 5 dee 2 101 44 963 588 ed cae ea ae Watabes “iat. ee 5 | 4,359| 4,045 | 37,891 | 45,628 | 39,680 |......-...-]-...--.-- al EUROPE. Austria-Hun - ; ustria. bre PE 2 44 1 2 455 237, 046 | 2 26,110 Hungary proper....- 1 1 3 255 3 29, 999 (2) Croatia-Slavonia. - - - 1 1 318 3 8, 640 Bosnia- Herzegovina 1 1 34 31,000 Total, Austria- Bravigarms i . 252.1. 20. . Qo]. 99-82 155.43 ae 732 76,685 |... .2°° 2) ee 1 No official statistics. 2 Galicia and Bukowina not included. 3 Data for 1913. Statistics of Flax. 647 FLAX—Continued. Tanxie 62.—F lax: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1914-1916—Cont’d. [000 omitted. ] Production. Country. Seed. Fiber. 1914 1915 1916 1914 1915 1916 1914 1915 1916 EUROPE—continued. Acres. | Acres. | Acres. |Bushels.|Bushels |Bushels.| Pounds. Poe Ee BS a Sea 32 1 3 1 SROMOEIO. U8. eave 2. 2 1 1 0 SO ay ye ee 46 20 15 PEORIA wun a atte dwtdere 49 53 91 i oe = * RA Se 22 21 21 INGUHOTIONGS <6 «arc rcresre 19 9) J (ees BSD PEOUINATNO enkdo tcc wie hn 21 14 20 Russia: eter proper...... 3,401 | 2,843 | 3,505 ee ae (1) ) 83 Porter Caucasia. 182 48 1 Tegales... ROR. . B 583 | (R014 se... e. Berna 4. fc... RID: - (1) Qa 1) ee 3} a | a Wes SRR aR: bec et OS ok Lb ASIA. British India &.......... 8,081 | 3,325 Russia: | | CentralAsia (4 Gov- ernments of)...... 100 83 Siberia (4 Govern- ents Ot). 53.2. 191 152 Transcaucasia (1 Government of)..| (4) (4) {Up Ne a ee es a an pene ee oe AFRICA, So cer igapene falfabans ap pape ae (1) (1) ennid pote: 011. EAT lc ek 1) OA BBO)... Joo). 9,008, vale 2. ee. 1 No official statistics. 4 Includes 2 Governments in Siberia. 2 Data for 1913. 5 Includes hemp. ® Excludes territory occupied by the enemy. 6 Including certain native States. TaBLE 63.—Flax (seed and fiber): Total production of countries named in Table 62, 1896-1914. Production. Production. Year. Year. ———— Seed. Fiber. | Seed. Fiber. ae ke Gal Bushels. Pounds. 000 | Bushels. Pounds. AOUGL 2 Jan dhdat we waitin 82,684,000 | 1,714, 205,000 || 1906................- 88,165,000 | 1,871, 723,000 Te ae oe 57,596,000 | 1, 498,054,000 || 1907............--.-- 102; 960,000] 2, 042, 390, 000 i a aR ia 72; 933,000 | 1,780,693, 000 || 1908............-.--- 100; 850,000 | 1,907; 591; 000 ISO. Ro ees eens 66, 348, 000 1 138, 763, UU gene. See 100, 820, 000 i 384” 524, 000 WOO. esis bandh bax 62; 432,000 | 1,315,931,000 || 1910...............-- 85,253,000] 913; 112; 000 re, eR en Se 72,314,000 | 1,050, 260,000 |} 1911................. 101; 339,000 | 1,011; 350; 000 TT RAE ee $3, 891,000 | 1,564,840, 000 |] 1912................. 130, 291,000 | 1; 429° 967; 000 i a Pe ae oe 110, 455, 000 1, 492, 383, 000 | | ere See 132, 477, 000 1. 384, 757, 000 BO oni ote tetadteiawes 107, 743,000 | 1,517,922, 000 |] 1914................. 94,559,000 | 1,044; 746; 000 1) he ae ea BA Ra or 100, 458,000 | 1,494, 229, 000 | 648 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. FLAX—Continued. Tasie 64.—Flaxseed: Acreage, production, value, and condition in the United States, 1849-1917. Nore.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman ere estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates Whenever new census data are available. Average Condition of growing crop. farm Average ; . Year. Acreage.| yield |Production.| Price | F a t vain Wh per acre. per ec. 1. en bushel July 1. | Aug. 1. | Sept.1.} har- Dee. 1. vested. Acres. | Bushels. wera Cents. Dollars. P.ct. | P. ct. |) Pc. wee yp) TT ee 2 ee ee PO. ees Mee eee Ses GRY ee SER TSN ERT Tl a eT A COS SE Se Se OR | eee "SS I I ee [eux 4 808 15790, 00D We. cs Tiles we ch cide ss ko venenatis. pane a Ty To. Lag eR Eek oe 7,190, OOD Wie 2. cemanlecnncp dances - 1b tiles euctnnan cache» > , | 7A DES b Hives acre. tion. ates win Dee. lL. —— eS | | anne Tnmmmeememeeeend Acres. Bushels. | Bushels. | Dollars. Dolitrs. ts a Re ae Set ac ata eg 220, 000 9.0 | 1,980, 000 2.95 | 5,811,000 1 2 ET acee epee tga AAI) pa BES 12; 000 11.0 132, 000 2.75 363, 000 Deissorrpe: + « SP8 , AM EY Se Me ae 6, 000 8.5 51, 000 2.75 140, 000 OPED Seti tat) ccf eee ae 965, 000 3.9 | 3,764, 000 3.00 | 11,292, 000 POI EM wud usc een aseasse 140, 000 7.0 980, 000 2.99 2,930, 000 NR ob osc sik ae us hae een weeeemek 5, 000 5.5 28, 000 2.50 79, 000 Ware seer ec ee 34, 000 7.0 238, 000 2.90 62, 000 1 ete eae ed eget Beane SS * 422, 000 3.0] 1,266, 000 2.95 | 3,755,000 WORE jc danes ow acurd cup peda sae eee 3, 009 6.5 20, 000 2.61 2, 100s ata NE AEE Rp, See a ee 2, 000 7.0 14, 000 2.50 35, 000 Statistics of Flax. 649 FLAX—Continued. Tasce 66.—Flaxseed: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States. shes Value Yield per acre (bushels). Farm price per bushel (cents). | per acre dio dollars) 1 Lt i c She State. om ES Bes “hy e 2S S m a5 g* see aati ech epee | 45 by 2] 00 olen H bo i oD | S88) /2/5/2 |S 12/8 |2/8 |o8 Sr | & Minn....... 9. 3/10. 6}10.0} 7.5) 8.0)10. 2} 9.0) 9.3/10.5) 8.5! 9.0} 176 295) 14 ls ROWS.5 4. ss 10. 1/10. 9} 9. 8/12. 2) 8.0)11. 5) 9.4) 9.5) 9.0)10.0)11.0) 165 275)14. 4430. 25 So pe ie 6.9} 7.0) 8.1) 8.4) 3.0} 6.0] 5.0).8.0) 8.0} 7.0] 8.5) 157 275) 9.26/23. 38 N. Dak..... 7.9) 9.0) 9.3) 3.6) 7.6} 9.7] 7.2) 8.3) 9.9)10.3) 3.9) 179 300)14.79 11.70 8S. Dak..... 8.110. 7] 9.4) 5.0) 5.3) 8.6) 7.2) 7.5)11.0) 9.3) 7.0] 175 299/13. a as 93 Nebr........ 8.0)11.0) 8.5) 8.0) 5.0) 9.5) 6.0) 7.0/11.0) 8.0) 5.5] 163 250)12. 3313.75 HAUS . oar: 6.1) 6.5) 7.0} 8.2) 3.0! 6.0] 6.0) 6.0] 5.7} 5.8) 7.0) 165 290) 8.82,20.30 Mont oi 9.0)11.5)12.0} 7.0] 7.7)12.0] 9.0/8.0 [10.5 9.5} 3.0} 174 295)14.96) 8. 85 Vovoc ss: ..: A AP 10. 0}... .|12.0) 9.9) 7.0)13.0} 7.0] 6.5} 210 POL shee 16.96 Colo........ foal’: eenle ate 7.0} 7.0} 8.0) 5.0 8.0 9.4) 6.0] 7.0} 164 250 9.35/17 50 U.S 8.2 9.6] 9.4] 5.2] 7.0] 9.8] 7.8) 8.4)10.1) 9.7) 4 ri 13.90 177. 5/119, 9/126. 0/174. a a 6\296. is 57 1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1. TaBLEe 67.—Flaxseed: Farm price per bushel, on first of each month, by geographical divisions, 1916 and 1917. piece weer, aba, Central F tates east o tates west of Far Western United States. Mississippi Mississippi States. Month. River. River. 1917 1916 1917 1916 1917 1916 1917 1916 Cents. | Cents.| Cents.| Cents. | Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents. Peary ewe re SS. Se I TS 2057 518550", 22801 = ib . 249.9] 184.7] 255.0 193.0 Mebruary.5. 200 eb esol 28 253.7 210.9 230.0 200.0 257.8 211.2 238.0 210.0 pms: Sas bite oe bee} 253.1} 202.5; 238.0; 150.0] 253.8] 204.6] 251.0 192.0 Pepin. S. Sesser ed A Ls BO 266.1 | 202.1] 270.0] 192.0] 265.8] 201.8]! 267.0 205.0 eae Dae et Sav ae re 2 300.6 | 191.8] 280.0} 198.0] 298.6} 190.9] 309.0 197.0 ae en Re i eo 208.8) l= 176554). ..22 See 180.0 | 295.3] 174.1] 313.0 191.0 BS ee ee ee ee 278.0} 163.2} 300.0} 160.0] 275.9] 164.1] 286.0 158.0 S825) | Sp al eC BF O 17841276: 0 | 161.0 | .-279.1- » 176.3 | 242.0 190.0 Senearpare se LE a the ae 302.8} 190.2] 304.0} 200.0] 306.1] 188.6| 290.0 200.0 Opwver..vesy... ee oo TE. 308.5 199.2 337.0 200.0 316.7 199.1 275.0 200.0 Wwovempers.2. feb. f Fi A es 295.9 pit rg ole 218.0 294.9 234.0 300.0 240.0 Woceiberse 4... ee. fet. Se. 2G 18) Ve DARA ah 524 Se) E 240.0 | 297.3 | 248.9] 294.0 247.8 FLAX—Continued. Yearbook of the Department of Agricul‘ure. TABLE 68.—Flaxrseed: Wholesale price per bushel, 1912-1917. 650 v 8 68 8s 8] SSSSSE 4 ||sen8ex “A set ee an Anaad ANANAN od || ded od cd od 0d faced Duluth. SaSste |e | esseSe2 | AnAaARR aes | in is U a ase N wD 1 00 woAN NH z a. 7) me aad ~ on Senne s Fd a 58 ee} gin wet a a an Aiaddadag la oe -. . . . a a * a 124s oe 7 Re Pl tele | ge Se = Fa | | . -_ S| 3 é Sa “a = re | 4 a = — re a ote *. x2) ~ = — . . . &. | o | 3 uD 2 seesen | 3 a [o0) ANADAN | A | UCDO | A * y a ANNAN 5 na ee a 2 oo oO co co + gies 2 | 2eeessex 2191S O10 minOoOO 19 & > oats) af uD wa =H i s 10 00 00 Oi iN NAAN NIN TAINO OD N oO e g- oA | —r © I1ANAN [AI ABR RRA N I | NAW A |lodedosodcs | od I a rs es ns a ae a a-ak a cclaxte ey ceecpcpteee sis) | . es res e- eee ee oe Tt rei Boe ne coe oer Se ae Cee 2 ain’ “ey 6 0 na et ee eens 2 ae et See ee fs ee ce a a ‘ yo ee is & eg a ee ee ee Be eT a se Se coetsrte 3 Ft fe of mf ee oO ue n a eo ee ee 2 eo See Le pe = es ae ees Chat oe a gd ae BE EB SN, ERS rg I, PUCCIO Rn = ER a Bat ho a - | ne inn RF =| is ky Cee es fo ey Pie Oe PIER ) ROR os os . as ls ee |. a nee ee ee O a0 $$ | —__—__|____— PODEME the» « Yeo Pe am eh Searargs 37, 535, 000 39,143,000 | 42,736,000 EUROPE, Austria-Hungary: Rubtriats oS. 41,774,000 4 285,070,000 | 4 232, 203, 000 (1) Hungary proper.......| 1,513,000 1) 195, 266,000 | 209,356,000 (1) Croatia-Slavonia...... 5 194, 000 (1) 5 21, 140, 000 (1) (1) Bosnia-Herzegovina. . . 5 67, 000 (1) 5 2,998, 000 (1) (1) Total Austria-Hun- Sit y..cry.ds00 £28 3,548, 000H/ 8. S2SCUITLGIL AR OU 04, A7ASORD. TFSSWISG 1 SL LE Bedeiieat.wos m0 - 411,000 a 5 117, 613, 000 (1) 1) PPE is covet PLS... ab} 28,000 1) 3 503, 000 a 1 earmptre S oe ICL 1151, 000 159,000 | 37,331,000] 42,349,000 | 26,629, 000 (pelts: i VA 6 181, 000 (1) 18, 736, 000 (i | eS See ae 3, 676, 000 3,222,000 | 440,652,000 | 332,788,000 | 335, 507, 000 OO get 8 ey ee ea 8, 367, 000 1) 1, 674, 377, 000 |1, 983, 161, 000 | 882,000, 009 OS) FD UE eee a. 727, 000 729,000 |’ 61, 104/000 | ’ 56,768,000 | 54,277,000 ISHRONIDENE=¢ owe eee! (1) (1) 5, 288, 000 (i is ee ee 4, 000 (1) 1, 080, 000 (a) INGLROTIOTIOS. © sor anos. 424, 000 413, 000 120, 780, 000 126,741,000 | 88,490,000 Norway...) nee: 104, 000 114,000 | 27,542,000 | 19,957,000 | 29, 189, 000 SROUINGINON Sac dice os 26, 000 35, 000 2, 654, 000 3, 765, 000 (1) MGR cp owoteh Sak cakes. 2 56, 000 (1) 1, 083, 000 865, 000 (1) Russia, European: z % “i Russia proper......... 8, 652, 000 5,879,000 | 891,579,000 | 770,709,000 | 662. 169, 000 ot ee 1 (1) (1) (@) (') (1) Northern Caucasia.... BUSOU. | or, LO WOO) Le. ease. wo «biome 17, 907, 000 EDT OO, GOOG Lst. fencet oaths Total European Russia, excluding Poland OPE) pelea 8,856,000 | 6,980,000 ]............ 909, 486,000 | 786,505,000 |............ ——— jt EDS. ots eet es Sans hae 3 331,000 3 2,173, 000 (1) (r EBUR at sents fee 688 , 000 1 76, 657, 000 (1) 1 Swaden a6 ced. ask 3S 375, 000 373, 000 63, 209; 000 78, 806, 000 54, 972,000 Gwrtzerlangd: 3. 51.7%. 137, 000 200, 000 22, 046, 000 38, 672, 000 18, 000, 000 SSS SaaS ae —— —————— 1 No official statistics. 4 Galicia and Buxowina not included. 7 Grown alone. 2 lata for 1906. 6 Data for 1913. § Grown With corn. 3 Data for 1912. 6 Data for 1910. 655 656 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. POTATOES.—Continued. TABLE /6.—Potatoes; Area and production of undermentioned countries, 1914-1916—Con. Area. Production. Country. - ~ re _—, 1914 1915 1916 1914 1915 1916 EUROPE. —continued. United Kingdom: Acres. Acres. Acres, Bushels, Bushels, Bushels. MOOI 5 556255 255 55 Se ER 436,000 | 437,000 | 400,000 | 104,804,000 ]100, 881, 000 PCTS Ie eae Bet Sele Be 152,000 | 144,000 | 130,000 40, 230,000 | 36, 291,000 IR ik Ee Bin ae SF 25,000 | 26,000] 28,000 5,445,000 | 5,821,000 freland...............----------| 583,000 | 594,000 | 586,000 | 128, 642, 000 |138, 509, 000 Total United Kingdom...... 1, 196, 000 {1,201,000 }1,144,000 | 279,121,000 |281, 502, 000 |204, 172,000 Wighal. cai sansa; - idee testes. tana 6a eee: ie 4, 365, 000/000 |.......... 2) 7. 150 20, 250 26,325 || North Dakota...... 90 3, 870 5, 031 New Hampshire.... 21 2, 247 3, 752 || South Dakota...... 80 7, 200 , 992 Vermonts.<:-..as-- 30 3, 000 4,200 || Nebraska.......... 147 12, 495 13, 370 Massachusetts... . - - - 38 4,370 7, G48 |). Roeres seh. oc acu es 78 4, 446 6, 758 Rhode Island....-. 5 675 1,181 || Kentucky.........- 70 6,720 9, 408 Connecticut ......-- 29 3, 190 5, 232 || Tennessee.........- 52 4, 888 6,159 New Vork j., 19 1, 596 3,112 || New Mexico....... ll 1, 276 2,105 IONIC. San: cee > 25 2, 275 4 664" }|, Arizona. ...a5csees 4 420 630 0s SE SS he 160 16, 000 22, 880 1) Utah. 2; ; s.tac eee 65] 1.90] .9011.05] .55]2.00] .80] 1.15] 1.65 | 3.00) 1.15] 2.25 September. ...|...... eee .95 | 2.00] 1.05] 1.50} .90} 2.10] .90] 1.30] 1.75] 2.50] 1.00] 2.00 October ....... 3.40 | 5.00 | 1.00] 1.90] 1.00] 1.50] 1.10] 1.73 | 1.25] 1.70] 1.75] 3.00] 1.25] 2.50 November... .| 4.50 | 5.25 | 1.35 | 1.85 | 1.50] 1.75 | 1.53 | 1.80 | 1.50 | 1.75 | 2.50] 3.00] 1.85] 2.40 December..... 4.25 | 5.251 1.25] 1.90 | 1.40} 1.70 | 1.38 | 1.85 | 1.65} 1.90 | 2.25] 3.00] 1.96} 2.27 July-Dec..} 3.40 | 5.25| .65] 2.00} .75|1.75] .50 2. 10 | .80 | 1.90 | 1.65 | 3.25 | 1.00] 2.50 SS OS OS OE OOO OO OOOO OO ESS SSS a ree Statistics of Potatoes. 661 POTATOES—Continued. TABLE 84.—Potatoes:; Wholesale price, 1912-1917—Continued. New York. | Chicago, |Minneapolis| St. Louis. | Cincinnati. Denver. eet Burbank Per bushel, | Per 100 livers, per 100pounds, State and Fair to Date. western, per| fancy, per | Per bushel. cot a, 180 pounds.| bushel. Pp / Low.| High.) Low.| High, Low. High. Low. High. Low.| High.| Low.|High.| Low.| High. 1917. January....... 4.75 | 7.00 | 1.60 | 2.25] 1.50 | 2.25 | 1.70 | 2.18 | 1.85 | 2.20 | 2.25 | 3.50] 2.00] 3.00 February..... 6. 00 |10. 50 | 1.90 | 3.05 | 1.80 | 2.80 | 1.98 | 2.93 | 2.15 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 5.25] 2.75] 4.10 March.....2.<« 6.75 | 9.00 | 2.00 | 2.85 | 2.10 | 3.05 | 2.13 | 2.70 | 2.45 | 3.00 | 3.50 | 5.25 | 2.75 | 4.00 fb oi Bae aepepees 7. 00 |10. 25 | 2.25 | 4.50 | 2.15 | 3.10} 2.23 | 3.28 | 2.45 | 3.35 | 3.50 | 5.75 | 2.90] 5.00

<- 00 2.25 1. 1.00 EY 1.75 2.50 2.00 Webruary ss... <<-.n0. . 50 2.25 1. . 50 bay 1.75 2. SOUR en's Soin 1S Gl 6. ee oe . 50 2.50 L. . 80 a) es eee eee Post Sires ee eee ae .50 2.75 ils . 80 he te, eee So 2.00 LC RE ee, Soe ay {) 3.00 A. .70 12R0 3-3 ee ee ee 2.00 A ee ae ee Se . 50 2.25 78 . 50 1:20-1 2. he end mnees 3 eee Jan.-June....... 1.00 3.00 1 50 1.70 1, 75 2.50 2.00 bes! si. SSL. ees 4.00 5. SOU ae I. een . 80 OOS oh 5.50 Pst. Fu). SUE sae 1.75 4.25 2 1.00 BIOOK SSK S| ...-s.<5 4.00 2 1.00 LATO) bes eco ws eee 4,25 July-Dec........ 5. 50 2 80 2.50 2.00 | 3.25 5.50 1917 te JanOary 3d: 0). Jae. 4.00. 65 ODL edb SEU] silshsth stale [eta ete oats ea Pebruary.... 3.55 dexe 5. 50 1 75 py Perera! ry See so Mares. 807 7.0 6.28 5.50 1 . 65 1 ODE | see « nihil) «idee 5. 25 artl-32.. 25! SAL. whe 6.00| 1 200 10 Q29Bi| 160k al see 5.00 Maa > Sts. Seek wae z 6.00 2 2.00 PET ee emer el pore PNeue £o > ie | ee: Bi OO: cose ll chic cheek |S e BE Ee eS Pee a a a che Ne eee ee Jan.-June....... 6.00 65 ey Sl Oe See A A & 25 Bulky £52... dikes andes $2. OO]. ch. Uape wean = afelsh SES. [UE 2 18) | rele» | mtn = 0 | = 0 wee AVISUSH 00.223. ove 8.50 1: 25 DBO Want. ie. Wee. ae ee. ES eee ee 1.2 9.00 September........-- 4.25 .50 MC7D ie. sae. ee eee 4.00 5.00 1.25 5.75 Oetoher.22 = 233. .4285 3.50 .40 RESH Wee. axeh... RSet 3.25 5.00 1.50 5.00 November. ........- 3.50 .75 1.50 . 90 1.60 1.50 5.00 . 50 4.00 Decembers.<.....c2- 6.00 1.10 2.00 . 80 1560. | as. 26% erties ee 1.00 4 00 July-Dec......-. 12.00 40 2.50 80 1.60 1.50 5.00 50 9.00 1 Pricesas quoted were per half-barrel sack of 80 pounds; barrel prices obtained by doubling same. Statistics of Hay. HAY. 665 TABLE 91.—J/ay: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States, 1849-1917. Note.—Ficures in ifalics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revise estimates whenever new census data are available. Aver- are Year. Acreage. | yield | Production. per acre. Acres Tons. Tons. BO eh cata ahha’ haben SS 18, 839, 000 DO ey a aes Re Cae 19,084, 000 eo aa 17,669,000 | 1.23 | 21,779,000 hy ee , 921,000 | 1.31 | 26,277,000 BGGHe 2) cous 21,542,000 | 1.21 | 26,142,000 ti 18,591,000 | 1.42 | 26,420,000 ne & ao aha Yh ae ae 27, 316, 000 1870......| 19,862,000 | 1.23 | 24,525,000 Of A | pec 19,009,000 | 1.17 | 22,239,000 i ne 20,319,000 | 1.17] 23,813,000 Cys ae 21,894,000 | 1.15 | 25,085,000 1874......| 21,770,000 | 1.15 | 25,134,000 aitiaae pe. 23,508,000 | 1.19 | 27,874,000 PUG: coon. 25, 283,000 | 1.22 | 30,867,000 Fe ade 25,368,000 | 1.25 | 31,629,000 Brits «cs 4 26,931,000 | 1.47 | 39,608,000 Selanne. 27,485,000 | 1.29 | 35,493,000 TAG cen a 80,631,000 | 1.15} 85,151,000 he, | ea 25, 864,000 | 1.23 | 31,925,000 eis... 30,889,000 | 1.14 | 35,135,000 yt eS 32,340,000 | 1.18 | 38,138,000 MGes cc acd 35,516,000 | 1.32 | 46,864,000 1884...... 38,572,000 | 1.26 | 48,470,000 RRS Seicc 39,850,000 | 1.12 | 44,732,000 ee 36,502,000 | 1.15 | 41,796,000 re 37,665,000 | 1.10] 41,454,000 1888...... 38,592,000 | 1.21 | 46,643,000 tr 52,949,000 | 1.26 | 66,831,000 TEGO wiocu © 52,949,000 | 1.26 | 66,831,000 18902) ses 50,713,000 | 1.19 | 60,198,000 18911. 51,044,000 | 1.19 | 60,818,000 1302-2 565: 50,853,000 | 1.18 | 59,824,000 1803.5...) 49,613,000 | 1.33 | 65,766,000 1804.7... 48,321,000 | 1.14 | 54,874,000 pS hs See 44,206,000 | 1.06 | 47,079,000 i ae 43,260,000 | 1.37 | 59,282,000 1007.0... 42,427,000 | 1.43 | 60,665,000 1808 Soe sc 42,781,000 | 1.55 | 66,377,000 1899...... 41,328,000 | 1.37 | 56,656,000 100) 5 808 48,127,000 | 1.25 | 68,828,000 2000: '55. a 39,133,000 | 1.28 | 50,111,000 (ee 39,391,000 | 1.28 | 50,591,000 pe aaa 39,825,000 | 1.50 | 59,858,000 190B tes. 3 39,934,000 | 1.54 | 61,306,000 Pl OPE 39,999,000 | 1.52 | 60,696,000 1000. es8 39,362,000 | 1.54 | 60,532,000 10062. 6, 42,476,000 | 1.35 | 57,146,000 1907...... 44,028,000 | 1.45 | 63,677,000 tae 45,970,000 | 1.52 70,050,000 1909...... 45,744,000 | 1.42 | 64,938,000 19GB oo <=: 61,041,000 | 1.85 | 68,833,000 £91082. oz 51,015,000 | 1.36] 69,378,000 "pa 48, 240,000 | 1.14] 54,916,000 TAL. no. 49,530,000 | 1.47] 72,691,000 1918. -5.<. 48,954,000 | 1.31 | 64,116,000 ee ae 49,145,000 | 1.43 | 70,071,000 IOS oan: 51,108,000 | 1.68] 85,920,000 116.05 <5 55,721,000 | 1.64] 91,192,000 1O375*. fon onl ol — m4 ec tol Pond I — _ = — & ) SPS PS | SS. | Se SS) Bd & lu ea So) Se aes Cee! 1.1510. 9010. 9511. 16)1. 00}1. 15)1. 15)1. 45)1. 35 FIC 14. 90)12. 40/11. 10 ) SO 7 PS OM 1. 13) . 92} .97)1. 25/1. OO!1. 15/1. 00/1. 45)1. 35/16. 00,17. 20/17. 00/17. 40)14. 50/12. 00 Wa ee ea 1.37|1.11)1. 25)1. 50}1 28-20 1. 35}1. 70)1. 62/13. 73,14. 50)14. 60}15. 50)12. 60/11. 50 Mass... 1. 30/1. 20}1.15)1. 25/1. 21/1. 32/1. 50)1. 56)1. 50}20. 30 21. 10}/21. 50/22. 00)19. 00/19. 90 2S Pee ae 1.23)1. 50/1. 10]1.1 Ai iS) ude 1. 35/1. 50)20. Oh UN ca ahe Pon. .... 2.5 uel eats Cath dah "ash ce at ahah ebay ded a Gabe aati | is EE. Bo 1. 25/1. 20/1. O5)1. 25/1. 14/2. 20/1. 30/1. 62/1. 46) 14. 56/15. 30,14. GO}15. 70:11. 90)15. 10 NS Fes... .0 1. 40/1. 601.2511. 5 .44/1. 30)1. 35/1. 45/1. 60/1. 45)18. 58)19. 00/19. 50119. 00,17. 60°20. 00 Ree. £8 1. 35/1. 50!1. 20/1. . 43/1. 32/1. 28/1. 40 1. 60}1. 40)15. 35 14. 90/14. 50)15. 60 13. 80.17.50 Dele... 4.0 1. 30/1. 60/1. 40/1. . 33/1. 30)1. 10 inl tale bee eet ome Vien te oe |) ee ie ae 51/1. 26/1. 15}1. 20 1. 4811. 25/15. 92/15. 20/15. 3 16. 20/14. 00)19. 90) Roe ee 1. 15/1. 30)1. 30)1. .20)1. 27} .72)1.35 1. 35)1. 16/16. 04/15. 50)17. 20)15. 70/15. 00;21. 3 Wa Via... 3... 1..24/1.45)1.25)1. .38/1.25} . 92/1. 50)1. 54|1. 27/15. 70/14. 90)17. 20)15. 00)14. 50/21. 1 eeGrs bia PF. 35}1.50)1. 38/1. 30/1. 31/1. 15}1. 85} 1.30'1. 20/16. 35/16. 50}17. 10}16. 50/17. 50/19. 70 5 ee 1. 20)1. 25/1. 23]1. .15|1. 16/1. 15|1.30) 1.301. 12/16. 9918. 70/17. 00/15. 60/16. 70)20. 60 oe 1.33}1. 75}L. 35). Ul ah ailesrhl detec okey ale ee 16. 20/20. 00 4 Ca bape ech pe 1. 29/1. 35/1. 38)1. .25/L. 35/1. 35/1. 20,1. 25/1. 10/16. 90/18. 20)17. 20)16. 00/16. 00/18. 20 Ohio... 22. .}1.36)1. 53}1. 43)1. . 36) 1.301.138 1.4/1. 57|1. 42)13.25)12. 80 3.40/12. 70} 10. 60}19. 00 fader .. 12 1. 28/1. 50)1.40)1. a ee ee 11. 00}10. 90/18. 70 (1) Viren ae Ba 1. 25)1. 53)1. 45)1. .30) . 98) . 85/1. 54/1. 45/1. 25/13. 03)14. 10]14. 40}10. 80)11. 30/20. 00 1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1. [oh oe RO SER Sees SSNRS S8kS5 BNSRY S2ran 2szzs co a Value per acre (dollars). 5-year average, 1912-1916 | 1917 REE EEE8E SS 5 Se2eeS GESRR SSERR on RRSSt 667 f Hay. HA Y—Continued. . istics O Stat n. ls 93 47 86 48 89 36 69 98 69 86 59 25 | off not | 2e5eo ASSBs ESkes SSSES Sec S882 os ag © : © 5 IwIAWdS Sisaees xstadas SANSHS SSaHs AHH [is ~ a a BAaSHHHN HSSSoad ae ie: Le i eee eee at ee GeO DERE Ee eae er ok ea SB Rl Witsetn ee Mree Ss bss _, SL6I-CI6I SAAD BOR BSR SHEESH AeSS ROMO |e - DH EON SE oa 23 | Sg OAD BUN Seance. Ree he Os ON Cee Sacer = Oem *e - % S | esse amce| Sisd desig geded duced dead dxacls | 3 38 a) Seeenck Sel aae = | s6t| RSSSR SSRER SRRSS SSS8S SRS. s stelle ~ |S |" | SS8enas Sasene , é Re el ale Ee ae 6 eee eee . . . . bd - p sygss sibt SEER Be) EPP ES-REEEEE EE Sal pee a 2 | $$88een Sazese | Nim | 5 = S3Ss8 Ssess Sssss sssss SSSS ASSES (A = S28 ~ SsddddN SHSdccHn = ro) ' OT6I Re Sirs eee OE eS ee Q, ~ fe) Std sal el cee Ce ee ee | - = | SANSS SHKrKA BVSRHS SAHA FHSS AdSA! A 3 Bas . S Sl ee oS ee om oe ee a eee 26a | | $2@Re@ seBace 4 aS oer | SESES RSZEB SSSRR SRRRS ZSSR REBAR |B > SF 1 Seiiseids wsuisuicn . = ASS6od wssisg sqdcr HSMN HAOM MS S e et ped ped oad ivad et) hd ged votiged eat SBS SSSSS S555 S557 Joes xr - 2 E z mor) Hanae ASSES SHEER SSEST RSLS SSRR|S | = | E2e | g | $8S8ses ssnens = 2 | HISSH wissrs Nngadad radee Sse B riod | 4 is Brg 4 Qe Seren Koren So) Bs or | Ease SESS Raeee See aqese Gacee Races Feces Se2e Reee |e | | Ces |g | geagnes aeagag paw Sxoes Sees Ss SIesss Sete ss See us Pea asp | Zae | & | Sxwdidgd dcddads ~ a Se er 1161-8061 SRN Wenoe ASaet Wives SSRs Sees|S | & | scev tod cameson waned . Pp 4 | esBI0AT IwIs-YT | AGKrs GSSHHH WIA ANSSS HGS WasA|A Ss pA = | SFRSRRS RAISES ; = ame sak A 1 a a ae IS a ee be al By ee Se Sele ee ic bs ch eo. sad saeiaiaie issocos S| yor | SE88S ESSER KESES ESSERE Sees Sass |= | S . | Fed qdadida sssees 2 siiviete sii A sid sini ei led oisiel |i a Cae 15 | S8S8SS8R SS8Sas8 Y —— ~ 8 = Lor) OAS a oD = 5s eter | RERSS RSS6S SASSER RARSS SHAS SSKK|S ~S | 4a8 1S | Ssaedsd vidice =5 | Steet eset Sit) See ACO AA Oe | on eS Ee eh TE te habe. Sew . : | ito) SOOO ooOooO oooo le boi ¢ | cor] See28 SSERe SEGRE SSSRN NAGS ExNe|Z| SE | 2 | g | S#8aawe aeasss Aa | L See BANNAN nnn AHANAN aise Cis ANA IA e 8 Seog = Asscccr Oisidisidis So} = | por | SESSR SREER RAGER BSSRS SRRR BRSS(S | Se | Fak | SS ~~ | = } o te, £0 we Ne ere ee Fe er Selce wer tw aes. [Laer eie anaes mt a6 16 ’ ons a | 2 Reine Siete Sees NAN Rathi eee Se DAD = SSBSSRS SBERSB E srt |e a IS AS lp erates Ce ae a = | Assssng onssng = | - | Seeiaee ae ae! ase eit andes “RARAN NTAN Ae ae & ESOeh ee Sah akon - ae cet] SE858 SSSBN RASS ANEES BSKS BR ANB|S | 8 g, | go | S8SSRS8 SISIRS 8 aces etal ol ight St atinlniet, Giminteiete -ieleteims Bape el ose IN Aicbein| aot Seo 14 | @sssrnd sda . = ceo our I> =I) o coon] 8 BES Sano = = r16r | =aAsSES FBSOS SSS388 Sa i Ss SBS “eoher ene Se cfs ™ 2x -— eo Rf B | ON a ed alii iii’ acl | & | #2@ | § | $S88Ree Beeea9 = be | oot | BSSSe BSS5R SSIES SASS8 SASS patch Tb QSeaeee Shtnae : Fa Seid eee Ae SHANA ANE waar |e = ; 2 S Ss a Ne a De) oe NE eh ol = bh eh oh eh abe ein Col eh aie © HONDAS CONDO iS fe oot | SURES EESSS BESEE SERGE Sask Base |S | S sy | ao | BASSRRS SOURSR s einiciid iii cininicd "“eivicied cisdoiai cdoicini |i £2 |" LASSSRAR ASkeen 4 soot | ESR RS S58R8 SSSS3 43888 SRES AA 8/8 S aS ~ | $eseer2 esegee ‘ teipivies —“rivibleied wiel-icieh mis EeBibie BitSbieds soedbesnl a S 2° Se aah We oe etal a gon 0 eee ee Hew | SSESS AGESA ASTER S2S5R NSIS BASE |S ale Assn. aes estieae awed | Hii AAs Be Beidnici_cisdaial aicicid |e | pine ey a) eee ee . WTiw Rae bee Wl Te ae BET eet aw Re BO ri bee : ’ S ‘8 : S soe ; : a Bee 2 v re tiie ' ba oft 2 etek’ : . > . . - : 4 ; : . Nee ta : : AE ak aed ak ael Cesk oh ch sted oll hoot Latest tac ek s ‘goes 1 tS rte 2 s Seg SOS ERR ie Be CEHOER METS i Or oper 9 = bait ‘a y8a c s Bh wee wld oe daaie eet ee! (ee b th poe aa a s dagii: (g8age Hm! 2 a Ea565 CASS. Bee ig geo Kase 32282 4 a} Beaaes SHES5S = APASS Zia esane O as By | ote . mem 255 8 28 Sse(S SSS 8 |\Seense te ASSAss : S38Sse Bu: ¢ WH | Si ged sd oa Pike be r|ladddcs|s] sddocs SAdds |S cs = Raa = a eee ee Sear | en] —_ . sie S “MOT gS 88 SS S88|| SERSES 3 (Sesser & || SSS8SSR g | Renee RQ SSS SS BH SS] Horedd| S| cdrrdd |S] Kidddd Sacseiale _ ee et Az ae ia pa ae REE i ioe st AEB Cit so BPO ME OS - a ag es B permenien B= Arie gees 2 PRR Si a ee 2 ; Bah ee ars aes 2 oe Pee ee ee yk ah. ene g Be S OOS SH 6S. ee ns oP bee ee | Ee Merona kt re te oe ae 3s S220 S50 S20 S20 SHxSa::: | s88esE m GQegrt:ts Gg sess = a aot SPT SO Sen agadu ts 4g058 SB Agscii: 8 :45858 8 : : + L> SEP EpS "= pReeses ™ Seecrhoe "> Hee oeg ” fs 83 ds dso Gesgesh gagecs Gesgesh BsS55o8 a oo BS BK SHadtas manNOZA Shadas BAIROZA 670 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. COTTON. TABLE 97,—Cotton; Area and production of undermentioned countries, 1914-1916. [Bales of 478 pounds net.] Area Production. Country. i eh Stee 7 eed 1914 1915 1916 1915 1916 y 7 NoRTH AMERICA. Acres. Acres. Acres. Bales. Bales. United States!................ 36, 832, 000 | 31,412,000 | 34, 985,000 11,192,000 | 11, 450, 000 Porto Rind. 2... <<. ccsededkt wx (?) 2 2 3739 $379 mt, Croke |. 3. get ant oo. in: (2) 2) (?) (?) (2) West Indies: British— maerhados. . 22.3. ences. 2, 985 (*) (?) 4648 4 299 Gronae@a:. 6. es (*) (*) i 4772 2 Jamon. oe: eet (*) (2) 2) 488 2 Leeward Islands. ..... (*) (*) (*) (*) 2 Se. Dueies . 2... 5. os. . (*) (*) (@ 47 2 St. Vincent......;.-.- 5, 006 (*) 3} 4791 2) Dominican Republic. .... e (*) (*) (*) ts WOME Se canes castes tows (? (*) () (*) 3 SOUTH AMERICA, a ae ee ee ee 5, 478 8, 154 9, 118 + @ ree. ee FA eS - (2) *) (*) , 000 35, 000 CS eee, ot ee! ee we 5 334 2) (*) 2) 2 Bovuadore 2.22" ee (*) (*) (?) ‘3 2 Woy 26 Ee SR Seay ee a (?) (*) | 137, 474 497, 429 4113, 472 EUROPE Bolearin: <..i35.0 23%, % 28325. 1,730 (*) (*) (*) (?) (*) oT pa aie linia ine haan 8 1, 006 946 (2) 411 384 (2) ASIA, Bertishrindia®. os. 0. Sed e- ee 24,595,000 | 17,746,000 | 21,212,000 | 4,359,000 | 3,128,000 3, 576, 000 ON tate aE ee SR ai re 219 152 . (*) Ly 0 Glee, elie ee, Geatigeest 2 (4) (?) (*) 9, 498 5, 619 R\ Dutch East Indies. ........... bs} (2) (2) 5 18, 966 (*) 2 Inda-Ching. 2:5 -2 ie 5. oe be 2) (2) (*) 4116 493 (*) Japanese Empire: Janen’:. i2t © i 4. ae 5, 887 6, 565 5, 384 4,582 4, 840 4, 216 oe Te ee 150, 738 (2) (2) 33, 322 2 » Philippine Islands. ..........- TG, S46 bee. p. as dt |} ics ene TG, 008 |... .. 0). tes cba ne Russia, Asiatic: :? ‘Transcaucasia: ..-. 2.2... 364, 460 231, 000 132, 198 132, 649 (*) Central Astg= 2 == 1,442,757 | 1,833,185 | 1,900,349 | 1,176,477 | 1,424,114 1, 101, 489 _ Tote) 0 2 4 ek oe 1,807,217 | 2,124,753} 2,131,349 | 1,308,675 | 1,556,763 |...........- aN ee Re Ae BOE (2) (*) (*) 6, 694 (2) (*) AFRICA, British Africa: Eaewas. AY oF Ot. ON in (2) 3} 2) 11,000 5, 000 8, 000 Nyasaland Protectorate’, . (2) 2 2) 7,000 8,000 7,000 East Africa Protectorate. . (2) bs} } 400 250 170 Gold: Comps: Ve, Sho ee (?) 2 ts 80 80 80 Nigeria, Northern......... (“) 2) 2) 800 1, 000 9,000 Nigeria, southern.......-. (*) 2 (2) 130 80 Uganda Protectorate... ... 3 | 2 (*) 35, 000 21,000 21, 000* Union of South Africa..... (@ (2 () 487 4243 |. s2222s0eeee Ya Pee Le ae ee 1,822,000 1,231,000 | 1,719,000 | 1,337,000 989, 000 1, 248, 000 French Africa: amemneg: 4S. et a (*) | (?) (*) 4621 $315 (Ra Guiness. Se (*) () (*) 4168 ) RE ec | ivery Coast. 22.2). 2 (2) | (2) (2) 4339 4437. |\cudeesbeene German Africa: ine rion; Soe SN! Oe (2) 8 5 10,109 (3) U0 See Pono..8. Ve te Owed. Ue () . 2) 5 2,322 i) ie Eee sc Ttalian Africa: Wrereg..22 02.5. Meet () (*) 4 378 (3)4! |... Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian)...... (2 (*) (2) 8, 000 20, 000 14, 000 OCEANIA. —— ' . @) = 7 0 iji 55 Se! SP a ee ee Oey a) A OU Ge oh eae COtC“‘(”*O 8 eae CIID os ew ‘3 ) (2) 14 13 |... .<. aeeeee Solomon Islands. ......... (2) 2) (2) 5 24 (() ee ee French: New Caledonia. ........... () (’) (?) 41,596 42,124 |. caceeeee ae 1 Linters not included. Quantity of linters produced: 856,900 bales in 1914, 931,141 bales in 1915, and | 1,330,714 bales in 1916. 2 No official statistics. ’ 3 Exports to foreign countries plus shipments to the United States. 6 Includes native States. 4 a hee 7 Census of 1902. | 5 1913 figures. 8 Includes Rhodesia. Statistics of Cotton. 671 COTTON—Continued., Taste 98.—Cotton: Total production of countries for which estimates were available, 1900-1910. Year. Production. | Year, Production. Year, Production. Bales. Bales} Bales. Beis oud ste inwckie 15, 803, 591 6) Se OL a 21005, LAD) 1008: Mee scuddeoces 23, 688, 292 Be aad denen heute. 15, $20, O48 tl 1000. |. ven a's a eee en 18, O82, O71 L000 oct. bow sews 20, 679, 334 PR os da ee we ae 17, Gat QOBIE LD W sch coe eSss Gatto 22, 1BSy LESH GLO wate deccccencs 22, 433, 269 RES os wdeapateesman Li, Ais COLI ADO! us tanctwcnoabs 18, 328, 613 1 Bales of 478 pouncs. Taste 99.—Cotton: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc.,in the United States, 1866- 191 New York closing A-ver- 7 ; prices, per pound, on s age middling upland. aoe Average farm | arm value fiscal ’ Year. Acreage. yield |Production.| price ar acme yr Dec. 1. December May of fol-| year be- P ‘ is * | lowing year.| ginning pound Fay 1 eee Low. | High. Low. | High. Acres. Pounds. Bales. Cents Dollars Cts. | Cts. | Cts. "Cts: | Bales. 1 eee 7,599, 000 oy lie ST 5 pe aed nc ace '333 342° |273 [28% | 1,322,947 BBY i... 7, 828, 000 eS RS a (ea ena W 174 30h (32% | 1,569,527 meaty 3 te 6, 799, 000 LORD BAO, OO Sits dk cho. teen 246 «6|25¢ 288 | 1, 288, 656 aS 7, 743, 000 OR ET ea a a Se ee 25 |254 Fr '234 | 1,917,117 Oe 8, 885, 000 LUGE S.C, GOWN cack. ac laancde en cop uch 15 153 jl4 ‘17% , 925, 856 ore 7, 558, 000 188 21> D6ds: GOO) [ok ee coer t eee! ‘19h [201 232 262 | 1,867,075 che eet oe 8, 483, 000 $OBr | 9, BIO AMO wml eeu cewaewse 19f 20: j194 [198 | 2,400,127 POU ei 9, 510, 000 SOT): SBOE ie alin eh les 15g 16517318 2,717, 205 jy, Man ae 11, 764, 000 Iai Oull (Oo, 041 O0UNEsGLie. cleadcbaceeeeee. 1144 144 164 16 2, 520, 838 LWibscece ss 11, 934, 000 BG en eed ae) 2 0 0 | ana oe ead pe See ee ae 13y5 [138 |114% |133 2,982, 811 BGs. caat 11, 677, 000 167.8 | 4,438, 000 9.0} 174,724,000 |122; {124 103% 112 2, 890, 738 eee -| 12, 133, 000 165-8 | ph-d70, 00a of getty) gues acs 114 [114 1108 (114s | 3, 215, 067 TARR ou 2k 12, 344, 000 191.2} 5,244,000 8.3] 194,875,000 $k 11% (13% | 3,256,746 5b as 14, 480, 000 181.0 | 5,755, 000 10.3 269, 305, 000 |122 13;%_ |114 |113 3, 644, 363 BMBOE. odet 15, 951, 000 184.5 | 6,343, 000 9.8] 289,083,000 |117 12 1075 |10% 4, 382, 009 ee 16,711, 000 $4084 bap ON, ie foe ded 11% |12§ |123, |123 | 3,480;792 eS 16, 277, 000 185.7 | 6,957, 000 9.1 | 275,513,000 |10i 10%, |10} [114 | 4,576,378 ite 5 ee ie 16, 778, 000 164.8 | 5,701,000 9.1 250,977, 000 |10% 10% |114 112 3, 725, 145 er oe 17, 440, 000 153.8 | 5,682,000 9.2} 246,575,000 }10, {11,55 |10H (11 3, 783, 319 Fe ae 18, 301, 000 164.4 | 6,575,000 8.4 | 251,775,000 | 9%; | 9% | Os | 8 | 4,116,149 US ae 18, 455, 000 169.5 | 6,446,000 8.1} 251,856,000 | 93; | 9% (103 [115% | 4,338,915 [Sy ee S 18, 641, 000 182.7 | 7,020, 000 8.5 | 290,901,000 |104 ot 948 j1 4, 528, 883 ae 19, 059, 000 180.4 | 6,941,000 8.5 | 292,139,000 | 9% 11/118; | 4,770,065 ee. 8 20, 175, 000 159.7 | 7,473,000 8.5 | 275,249,000 |10t |10% [1198 /12% | 4,943,995 BG. « iwenk 19, 512, 000 187.0 | 8,674,000 8.6 | 313,360,000 | 9%; | 9% | 8% 848 | 5,814,718 | Se 19, 059, 000 179.4 | 9,018,000 7.2 | 247,633,000 | 73 83, | 74 77s | 5,870,440 Se 15, 911, 000 209.2} 6,664, 0C0 8.3| 277,194,000] 92 [10 7% =| 71% | 4,424,230 oa ae 19, 525, 000 149.9 | 7,493, 000 7.0 | 204,983,000 | 732 | 8d, | 74 | 7% | 5,366,565 | a ; 688, 000 195.3 | 9,476,000 4.6 | 212,335,000 | 544 | 543 | 62 | 78 | 7,034,866 Wa ca 20, 185, 000 155.6 | 7,161,000 7.6 , 503, ie io ie 83 | 4,670, 453 if. ee ae 23, 273, 000 184.9 | 8,533,000 6.7 | 286,169,000 | 77, | 744 | 78 744 «| 6,207,510 jbo a eal 24, 320, 000 182.7 | 10,898, 000 6.7 | 296,816, 000 ef Se | «6s 6, |. 7,725, 572 j }. 24, 967, 000 220.6 | 11, 189,000 5.7} 315,449, 000 54 64 64 7, 575, 438 ee 24, 327, 000 183.8 | 9,345,000 7.0] 326,215,000] 74 | 7% | 9 9% | 6,252, 451 1900... 2 , 933, 000 194.4 | 10, 123, 000 9.2} 463,310,000 | 92 [10% | Sty | 8:8, | 6,718,125 a 26, 774, 000 170.0 | 9,510,000 7.0 | 334,088,000} 8 8 93 93 7,057,949 1 ae 27, 175, 000 187.3 | 10, 631, 000 7.6 | 403,718,000 | 84 10.75 {12.15 | 7,138, 284 is eee 27, 052, 000 174.3 | 9,851,000 10.5 } 516,763,000 |11.95 |14.10 |12.75 |13.90 | 6,179, 712 1WO4ees 23s. 31, 215, 000 205.9 | 13, 438, 000 9.0 603, 438,000 | 6.85 | 9.00 | 7.85 | 8.85 | 8, 678, 644 190K 3. - 27, 010, 000 186.6 | 10,575,000] 10.8} 569,791,000 |11.65 |12. 60 |11. 25 |12. 00 | 7, 268, 090 iS tt eee ee 32, 049, 000 202.5 | 13, 274, 000 9.6 | 635, 534,000 |10. 45 {11.25 |11.50 |12.90 | 9, 036, 434 19GZ -f0c5 2 29, 650, 000 179.1 | 11, 107,000 10. 4 575, 226, 000 |11. 70 |12. 20 |10. 20 /11. 50 | 7, 633, 997 i a 32, 444, 000 194.9 | 13, 242, 000 8.7 | 575,092,000 | 9.10 | 9.35 |10. 85 {11.80 | 8, 895,970 ye Oe 30, 938, 000 154.3 | 10,005,000] 13.9] 697,681,000 /14. 65 |16.15 |14. 50 |16.05 | 6,413, 416 | 32, 403, 000 170.7 | 11,609,000 14.1 | 820, 407,000 |14. 80 |15. 25 /15. 35 |16.15 | 8, 067,882 jp | aes 36, 045, 000 207.7 | 15,693,000 8.8 | 687,888,000 | 9.20 | 9. 65 |11. 30 |11. 90 |11, 070, 251 Li oe es : , 000 190.9 | 13,703, 000 11.9} 817,055,000 |12. 75 |13. 20 |11. 80 {12.10 | 9, 124, 591 RS 37,089, 000 182.0] 14,156,000] 12.2] 862,708,000 [12.50 |13.50 |12. 90 |14. 50 | 9, 521/881 ME savas 36, 832, 000 209. 2 | 16, 135, 000 6.8 | 549,036,000 | 7.25 | 7.80 | 9.50 |10.40 | 8, 807, 157 1915.......| 31, 412, 000 170.3 | 11,192,000 11.3 | 631,460,000 |11.95 [12.75 |12. 30 |13. 35 | 6, 168, 140 ‘) es 34, 985, 000 156.6 | 11, 450, 000 19.6 122, 295, 000 |16. 20 }20. 30 |19. 60 |22.10 | 6,176,134 1917 (prel.)| 33, 634, 000 155.7 | 10,949,000] 27.7 |1,517, 558, 000 |29. 85 |31. 85 |......|-. cenkgssaasenen 1 Bales of 500 pounds, gross weight. 672 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. COTTON—Continued, TasLe 100.—Cotton; Acreage harvested, by States, 1908-1917. [Thousarids of acres. ] State. 1908 1909 | 1910 1911 1912 | 1913 1914 1915 1916 19171 co ad —E ne Seas Seer ee eee Wireinta . . .< cn neces 28 25 33 43 47 47 45 Be! 42 45 North Carolina... ... 1,458 | 1,359] 1,478] 1,624] 1,545] 1,576] 1,527| 1,782] 1,451 1, 453 South Carolina.._.... 2,545 | 2,492 : 2,800 | 2,695 | 2,790] 2,861 2,516 | 2,780 2, 876 “iin et Se 4,848 | 4,674] 4,873 | 5,504] 5,335] 5,318] 5,433 | 4,825] 5,277 5, 028 (7 ye Ea 265 237 7 308 188 221 193 191 183 I re 3,591 | 3,471 | 3,560 | 4,017] 3,730] 3,760 | 4,007 | 3,340] 3,225 2, 195 Mississippi.........- 3,395 | 3,291 | 3,317] 3,340] 2,889| 3,067| 3,054] 2,735 | 3,110] 2 801 Louisiana ~ cece. 1, 550 930 975 | 1,075 929 | 1,244] 1,299 990 | 1, 250 1, 350 Tors ee 9,316 | 9,660 | 10,060 | 10,943 | 11,338 | 12,597 | 11,931 | 10,510 | 11,400 | 11,052 Arkansas........ Ss 1896... .. 97.2 92.5 80 64. 2 60.7 || 1907..... 70. 5 72.0 : 72.7 7 ae 83.5 86. 0 86.9 78.3 70.0 |} 1908..... 79.7 81.2 83.0 76.1 69.7 1898. .... 89.0 91.2 91.2 79.8 75.4 |) 1909..... 81.1 74. 6 71.9 63.7 58.5 1899... .. 85.7 87.8 84.0 68.5 62.4 || 1910..... 82.0 80. 7 75.5 72.1 65.9 1900..... 82.5 75. 8 76.0 | .68.2 67.0 if} 1911... 87.8 88. 2 89. 1 73.2 71.1 1901..... 81.5 81.1 77.2 71.4 61.4 || 1912..... 78.9 80. 4 76.5 74.8 69.6 1902... .. 95.1 84.7 81.9 64.0 58.3 |} 1913..... 79.1 81.8 79. 6 68. 2 64.1 Sa 74.1 77.1 79. 7 81.2 65.1 j} 1914..... 74.3 79. 6 76.4 78.0 73.5 1904... .. 83.0 88.0 91.6 84.1 75.8 || 1915..... 80. 0 80. 2 75. 4 69. 2 60. 8 19... -.. 77.2 77.0 74.9 72.1 7029 al6. 77.5 81.1 72.3 61.2 56. 3 1906... .. 84.6 83.3 82.9 77.3 TPG ISOS 5 3 69.5 70. 3 70.3 67.8 60.4. Statistics of Cotton. 673 COTTON—Continued. Tanir 103.—Cotton: Yield per acre, price per pound Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States, Value Yield per acre (pounds of lint), Farm price per pound er acre (cents). dollars ).1 o o o State, a : F 4 os Br et Es in 1908 | 1909 | 1910 | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 19172 a5 1913/1914|1915|1916|1917| 4 | 1917 Mh N $e gs aS Pi ae om fn 4m nm =} rr 4 (a 240} 210) 190) 212) 330 225) 310) 170/13. 6)13.1) 7. 3)11. 4/19. 4/27. alas, 31147. 26 ‘eee 2) 211) 210) 227) 315 260} 215) 187/13. 6/12. 6] 6. 9/11. 2)19. 4/27. 7/30. 70}51. 80 8. C...] 220] 219) 210) 216) 280 215} 160) 205/13. 7/12. 7) 6. 9/11. 3/19. 6)28. 4/25. 80/58. 22 ot ea 192} 190) 184) 173] 240 189} 165) 173/13. 8)12. 8) 6.911. 4/19. 9/28. 8|23. 44|49. 82 Fia....) 123] 112) 110) 110) 130 120} 105) 105,20, 6|17. 0/12. 2)14. 8/31. 0\50. 5/22. 98/53. 02 Ala....| 159] 179) 142) 160) 204 146 79) 110/13. 6/12. 7) 6. 7}11. 1/19. 5/28. A 11/30. 80 Miss...| 176] 233} 157) 182) 172 167} 125) 153/13. 9)12. 6) 6. 8/11. 5/20. 5/28. 521. 01/43. 60 A 165} 145) 130) 120} 170 165} 170) 218)13.3)11. 7} 6. 9)11. 2)19. 1/26. 7 21. 30158. 21 1) ee 163] 196) 125) 145] 186 147| 157) 135/13. 2)11. 5) 6. 8/11. 1/19. 4/26. 7/20. 05/36. 04 Ark....) 188} 215) 153) 175) 190 180} 209] 162/13. 6)11. 6) 6, 6)11. 6/19, 6/28. ai 39/45. 68 Tenn . 193} 218) 158) 207) 257 188} 206) 115/13. 5/12. 7) 6. 4/11. 3)19. 5/27. 3/24. 37)31. 40 Mo o|° 271) | 340) ° 271) 285) 860 240) 225) 175/13.1/11. 5) 6. 5)11.0)19. 0|27. 5 29. 79/48. 12 Okla...| 164} 143] 147} 200] 160 162) 154) 150/12. 8/11. 4) 6.5)11.3}19.0 26. 5 19. 42/39. 75 fo DES GT | in rr ee 335} 3590 880} 400) 275)14.1)13. 0) 7. 0/11. 2/20. 0/28. 0155. 76/77. 00 Tal 1 Goan ck Sct ak Ha Ts , PU A ee ee ee SIE > os CORA 440 3 See Ce eae vf ie | a ee 80. 61 U.S .|179. 2/194. 9/154. 3)170. 7/207. 7/190. 9|182. 0/209. 2/170. 3/156. 6155. 7/13. 5/12. 2| 6, 8/11. 3/19. 6/27. 7/21. 85/45. 12 1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1. 2 Preliminary. TaBLE 104.—Cotton: Farm price per pound on first of each month, by geographical divi- sions, 1916 and 1917. United States. South Atlantic | N. Cent. States| South Central Far Western States. west of Miss. R. States. States. Month. el Fs SNL eS le ads S| ES Ls | 1917 1916 1917 1916 1917 1916 1917 1916 1917 | 1916 Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. SRMUATY os 5655. oe Wat 11.4 Liu 11.5 18.2 10.7 17.0 cee al es eee 2 Mepruary 2os.55 2...) 16.8 A-.5 16.9 11.5 15.5 i ey 16.7 1155 BB. 0: se ee arent) We ook | A 15.9 1 16.3 11.1 16.5 9.0 15.6 gh Op! 16.0 12.0 Ye yt DE 18.0 1b5 19.2 11.6 NONd 10.6 1725 £106: |sessccnaleeeeen ee MVesetatacetes sees 18.9 R155 19.4 11.6 15.0 11.2 18.6 14 Set 33 fale Bes ee ee ee ee 20. 2 2:2 Aol 12.3 19.3 11.0 19.8 LZ 25; Ones SUR Gutettuedeewaces 24.7 12.5 25. 6 12: Ose; 11.1 24.3 p AY Sa) ee iL eeere PER ae sae akin one 24.3 12.6 24.7 12.8 22.0 12.2 24.1 1 yf Seen ge ee jes Ses September.......... 23.4 14.6 23. 4 Ae Sellice Sarees 12.0 23.4 146.63) cee: oot loostecwrs Oetoberssses «oS. 23.3 1575 23.8 15.6 4. Sul ee 23.2) 15.5 19. Biss S = Noventber. 2. ..-<... 2133 18.0 28. 2 18.4 28.0 18.0 26.9 EEO lose bee eles own December..........; 27.7 19.6 28.7 19.9 27.5 19.0] 27.2 19.5 7.9 °20.6 29190°—-rYBK 1917——43 674 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. COTTON—Continued. TaBLE 105,—Cotton: Closing price of middling upland per pound, 1912-1917, Date. Jan.-June...... July-Dec....... 1913. Jan.-June...... July-Dec....... MUCUS ees ands October New York. | New Orleans.| Memphis. | Galveston. High.| Low, | High. | Low, Savannah. | Charleston, 88 | 12 10%; | 123 ho 114 | 14 123 Low. | High. High, | Low. | High. | Low. 9.35 9 12 10. 75 10 13. 11.70 12 13 11. 90 112 | «148 12.30 12 14 7.25 6 138 7.90 72 | 10.10 8.90 8.50 | 12.60 12.05 | 12.50 11.45 | 12.10 11. 60 13.25 | 11.45 | 13.75 —— ee EO ———— eS 13. 65 13.75 15. 05 16. 25 18. 60 17. 00 13.75 16. 00 16. 00 18. 90 13. 65 BS oe: BRS ee | & 8 ee ed eed eee ed Sassss s 8 ee SS 73 84 13h 12 12} 11 12 Hy 128 11 12 12 | 123 128 | 13 1134 | 13 13 13 Bi 16 | 19 BSoe EAS oto ESE) 8 $38 _ wo Statistics of Cotton. 675 COTTON—Continued. TABLE 106.—Cotton: International trade, calendar years 1909-1916. [Expressed in bales of 500 pounds gross weight, or 478 pounds net. The figures for cotton refer to ginned and unginned cotton and linters, but not to mill waste, cotton batting, scarto (Egypt and Sudan). Wherever unginned cotton has been separately stated in the oe reports it has been reduced to ginned cotton in this statement at the ratio of 3 pounds unginned to 1 pound ginned, See “ General note,” table 85.] EXPORTS. (000 omitted. ] fa | 1915 dois pan ser 115 | 1916 Country. re- pre- ountry. 1905 pre- | (pre- at ‘ 3) lim.) i318, lim.) | lim.) From— Bales. | Bales. | Bales. Prom Bales. | Bales. | Bales. MDS Silt weeus we eeces BOR Setos. thenew ees Netherlands.............. 145 181 2 Peet vate ceteeus s & 83 24 B il Peri Riesetsss ce ee can BUG Lek awe debit, £2 Mack British India............. H06G 1. 2208 ||... cds EOS chedueae sald age) 2 87 (ee Vile EI 2 5 het 240 202 237 || United States............ 9,008 | 9,126 7, 603 UE Soesuudeas. ea ddan es 1,442 | 1,430 1,122 |} Other countries.......... 169 TSBs EY MUU ck ancenchecwewases 116 eo Jo eae oe ee BANE DA 82 Seer sGh- Jy | See Peet pee 13,965 | 13,386 |........ IMPORTS. Into— Into— Austria-Hungary......... DOG ie dacaldaen'ty oe a bee 886 641 57 pO RDB 1 o6's cada bicndwum's 2 ORME viene ass bovieié ve shad 382 660 471 oS OR a Seen pee 137 197 205i) MWOdens oe So tes Scag 93 oN eee OO ee eee 1,435 | 1,052 1,192 |) Switzerland.............. 113 147 123 SE eee Dy A IS x dle ae d's United Kingdom......... 4,164] 4,820 4,045 ORES enters 896 | 1,344 1,170 || United States............ 215 424 402 SS NE ee en 1,405 | 2,015 2,299 || Other countries.......... 319 os 08 ie ie PRRIOO, ok cic bom wants oaks So Meck ass ulascues y < | —_——. WNetherlands.............- 277 365 177 bh Gah SD Se 14,005 | 12,542 |........ 1 Year beginning Mar. 21. COTTONSEED OIL. TABLE 107.—Cottonseed oil: International trade, calendar years 1909-1916. [See ‘‘ General note,’’ Table 85.] EXPORTS. [000 omitted.] see (pt 1915 | 1916 dl] BNEE 1915 jo16 1913 Pr) 1913. lim.) | lim.) From— Gallons.|Gallons.| Gallons. From— Gallons.|Gallons.|Gallons. DI rae. Sone EPPS ORY 2] kee | Ee ae United Kingdom.........| 7,189 | 7,827 770 REIT Feige aaa 281 | 2,303] 1,972-| United States............ 38,968 | 47,016 | 25,095 Ae EE ee 476 | 1,253 418 || Other countries.......... 44 SEE bap tense WrAnGS? oAy. Gaess wenn s/c 335 160 40 peered a Netherlands.............. 52 | 4,265 26 OLA sceoe cet sa ae 48,431 | 63,249 |........ IMPORTS. | Into— Into— ee DOA dit eens desde tebe CEI, pos cy cctbaeph iced GS, 000 loeus ; 191 41907 eae ; : certain native states. Statistics of Tobacco. 677 TOBACCO—Continued. TABLE 109.—Tobacco: Total production of countries for which estimates were available, 1900-1911} Year. Production. Production, Year. | Production. 7 Pounds.. Pounds. Pounds. Ea dott awenbos 2, 201, 193,000 || 1904............. 2, 146, 641, 000 || 1908..........0<- 2, 382, 601, 000 SRL thi a woneGebicis 2, 270, 213,000 || 1905........0.. s<| :2)270, 728, 000. || 1900... sb wcccowsl 2,742, 500, 000 SE Scis occu a altus oe 2,376, 054,000 || 1006............. | 2,270,298, 000 || 1910..........0+. | 2,833,729, 000 Ot Nae Bog To 2, 401, 268, 000 || 1907... . 2.2 eee | 24001, 001, 000 |[" 1911... vice cade 2, 566, 202 , 000 1 Data for 1911 not strictly comparable with earlier years. TABLE 110.—Tobacco: Acreage, production, value, condition, ete., in the United States, 1849-1917. Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. | Aver- | Domestic | Imports Conditi Acre- | Aver- age zam exportsof| of un- : woe ee age age | Produc-| farm | y., 4 | unmanu- | manufac- Year. (000 yield | tion (000 | price (000 factured, tured, omit- per |omitted).| per fiscal year | fiscal year it- ra : ly | Aug. | Sept. ted). | acre. ound | °Mt- | peginning | beginning | JUY har- ec.1.| 4. | July1.| July 1. - | 1 vested Acres. | Lbs. Lbs. Cts. | Dolls. | Pounds. | Pounds. | P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct. Beene Palit ten cde lake n « 9 SUD. OO | ae anticte inte eas. lee SASS Soe | Pe om eas a eee ae a a DOGO S86 nou los= aes inne scene Oe eU Siena contre pe at Ace one ures sleeve delaecscelesc Bra |= SE Ph ee ee) eee a PERE de edn. ca sea «com ae eles to. fal Be osc lacceccladcwealaecocs 18782 et. 639 739.7 Rect ta) D GI AG Aen) eee el (Tn ee SES Sad Stee Se eee] [Fs a (0 ee pe Cie Tae 1880 2 38. 3s 695 702.6 NM re ce io eee. [ee Rn | Sen wcccloewecal Rocdalocdues pee cease 1808 Foe 1,101 CREE Me TES || T S o e - eiey Se e aeeee ed Pe FeaRee deo Se) | Seine DUO To ae 1,046 778.0 814, 345 6.6) 53, 661/315, 787, 782] 26, 851,253} 88.5) 82.9] 77.5 76.1 1901....... 1,039] 788.0] 818,953] 7.1) 58,283/301/0077 365| 297 428837] 86.5| 72.1] 78.2| 81.5 1902....... 1,031} 797.3] 821,824| _7.0| 57,5641368, 1847 084) 34,016,956] 85.6| 81.2] 81.5 84.1 1903....... 1,038} 786.3} 815,972| 6.8] 55,515|311, 971, 831| 31, 162’636| 95.1| 82.9| 83.4| 82.3 1004. .%...- 806 819.0] 660,461} 8.1| 53, 383/334, 302; 091| 33,288,378] 85.3| 83.91 83.7] 85.6 1905.......| 776} . 815.6] 633,034 8.5] 53,5191312,297,202| 41,195,970] 97.4| 84.11 35.1] 85.8 1006.6... . 796, 857-2| 682,429] 10.0| 68, 233/340, 742, 864| 40,898°807| 86.7| 87.2| 86.2) 84.6 i eg oe 821 850.5 698, 126 10.2} 71, 411/330, 812, 658] 35,005,131} 81.3] 82.8] 82.5 84.8 1908.......| 875| 820.2| 718,061) 10.3] 74, 130|287,900,946| 43, 123, 196| 86.6] 85.81 84.3) 84.1 i ee 1, 180 804.3 BAG SOT a cee sea « See ee ee eS Peace oc cla cldececcleseaende ae 1909....... 1,255| 816.3| 1,055,765| 10. 1| 106, 509/357, 196, 074| 46,853, 380| 80.8) 83.4| 80.2| 81.3 MOI: oci2 1, 366 807.7} 1, 103, 415 9.3] 102, 142/355, 327,072) 48, 203,288) 85.3) 78.5) 77.7 80. 2 i: i 1,013 893. 7 905, 109 9.4] 85, 210)/379, 845,320] 54,740,380} 72.6) 68.0) 71.1 80.5 1912.......| 1,296, 785.5| 962,855 10.8 104, 063/418, 796,906| 67,977, 118| 87.7| 82.8] 81.1| 81.8 ee ok a 1, 216 784. 3 953, 734 12. 8] 122, 481/449, 749, 982) 61,174,751] 82.8] 78.3) 74.5 76.6 ate eos < 1, 224 845. 7] 1,034,679 9. 8) 101, 411/348, 346, 091) 45,764,728) 66.0) 66.5) 71.4 81.8 (Coe 22 1,370, 775.4] 1,062, 237 9.1} 96, 281/443, 293, 156) 48,013,335] 85.5) 79.7] 80.7 81.9 1916.......| 1,413, 8160] 1;153,278| 14.7] 169,672/411, 598, 416| 46, 136,347| 87.6| 84.4| 85.5| 85.6 24.9) 297, 442/.....----0- cor sp wen 86.8} 88.1] 84.5 87.8 199722 cy ie 447. 827. 1/ 1, 196,451 1 Figures adjusted to census basis. TABLE 111.— Tobacco: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1917. State. Production. yo rae. State. Acreage. | Production. | F oN a Pounds. Dollars. Acres. Pounds. Dollars. New Hamp.. 167, 000 45,000 || Ohio......... 103,200 | 99,072,000 | 24,768, 000 Vermont..... 165, 000 45,000 || Indiana...... 14,800} 14,060,000} 3,374,000 Mass. oe 11, 833, 000 4,544,000 || Illinois....... 700 560, 000 106, 000 Connecticut... 29,540,000 | 11,343,000 || Wisconsin....| 48,300 45, 885, 000 8, 030, 000 New York... 3, 125, 000 688,000 || Missouri...... 3, 000 2, 820, 000 598, 000 Pennsylvania 58,100,000 | 12,201,000 || Kentucky....| 474,000 | 426,600,000 | 96,838,000 Maryland.... 22, 594, 000 4,519,000 || Tennessee....| 101,000 81,810,000 | 13,908, 000 Virginia...... 129, 500,000 | 34,318,000 || Alabama... 200 146, 000 51, 000 West Vriginia 9,040,000 | 2,712,000 || Louisiana...) 600 210, 000 74, 000 N. Carolina. 204,750,000 | 64,496,000 || Texas........ 200 134, 000 70, 000 8. Carolina... 51, 120,000 | 11,809,000 |} Arkansas..... 300 210, 000 49, 000 Georgia. ..... 1, 600, 000 912, 000 Pit Soa es Pinan ——__—_—_—. Florida....... 3,410,000 | 1,944,000 U. ad tame [1, 196, 481, 000 | 297, 442, 000 lture. gricu Yearbook of the Department of A 678 ~ wv wie ~_—~ —~ a : > ‘T ooq eotad unre wodn poseg 1 oa “a ian! — oi tan} T°2Z8} 0°9T8| F°SLL) L°ShS) E°FSL ———_—_—$—_—_——— | ——————— | | | | | | | | | | | | 19 °C0g 22°16 OF Z9T 80°L0T OF SFE | 9 “OFT are e8 | 06 STI 0¢ SSB | 02 °99T L-LeT | Steg Of FOS | 99°62 8% 661 18 1@t 6% '99T | 12 ‘StI 0O°ZST | 08°82 0O'ScS | FEES oo-0rs | 89°06 00229 | 98 '98Z OO"OLg | 8$"e9e WO'F9T | 80°82 CF'S6T | LF°S6 00 OVE | SF'S6 Og SST | OF IS OO SST | FEF 00 F66 | OL OST 00°S2Z | SO°SFT O9‘289 | SF OFE 90 “TPS 1% “Sze OS SFR | 08 692 06 ‘OS | Z9°S2Z OI6T | : Zi6t L16E jogeraae | reaf-g | r(sreqjop) aos Jod onjBA COS COMOH RAARS ~~ OON NN sS ee LT61 | Lr} 16 0°06 | O°2T | 0°02 | OL 0'8z | 0-08 0°08 | 0'% 1'Ot | £°9 L@r}s'2 0ST | OCT e'7r | 0'9 | 0°Or | 06 OST | °2 O°st | 0°6 00f | 08 0°2z | 0'& OFT | OL 0°02 | ZIT | O'ST | O'OT (O41 r'6 0°9T | ¢°8 ZI | 26 0'8t | o°6 0°22 | O'LT 0°S2 | ‘FI | O'6I | O'IT | O'LT | OI | ; 2 QI6I | SI6T eee AS6Sns Arnor AH Co~rNno mooon roeoenmno ooo _ — Aan ANTS FOOT ~rIONOoOoO WOOr SGA MARANHD SdndH Faaicow SANA on oe Be rat OD OD et et SSeS ei SoCCoOoN OMMOAOMW WOoowto Mores COSC SSisa erSge eet et ei Ne Se oe oe oe | rt OD OD St ed Seeds SSONHH BAAR m= re oowHoe “LI6I —806T asBIDAB reo A-OT ‘(syue0) punod Jed vord ure LT61 009 | or9 | o¢9 | o¢9 | 009 | os9 | 009 | OT9 | ZT9 oog | os¢ | 009 | 002 | OS9 | 009 | 09 | 008 | SFO Ock | OOF | Ose | COE | OS | OSE | OSE | OSS | LIF oog | 002 | 002 | OZ | 0OL | 00S | 009 | OSh | g6c OSL | 0@8 | O@Z | 099 | OT8 | O92 | O&Z | 008 | 99Z O18 | O16 | O9L | O82 | O88 | OTS, | CEs | SIS | OF8 006 | 002‘T| 089, | 000‘T| OOS, | OSO‘T] 88 | S28. | S76 006 | O8T‘T| O8T‘T| 062‘T! 0e%‘T| OSO‘T| OST‘T| O&T‘T) SET ‘T oss | O82 2 | 092 | 0SZ | 062 | 0S2 | ScL | 89Z ors | 006 | O92 | 008 | O16 | 088 | 096 | OOL | T98 006 | 006 | OSL | 026 | S26 | O18 | S26 | OLO | IZ8 O16 | 000‘T| 000‘T| OF8 | OF6 | O89 | OTL | 066 | 8&6 088 | 000‘T| 000‘T| 0&8 | 006 | O88 | OOL | S26 | FI6 oss | 0&2 | 092 | OOL | OT8 | O&9 | 008 | S98 | OTZ oz9 | oso | 029 | 029 | OZ | 009 | 009 | OL9 | ZE9 048 | 0@8 | 089 | O92 | OSL | OF9 | G28 | OGL | PBL os. | 099 | OLL | 009 | 008 | O84 | G22 | STB | Ze OrL, | 008 | OFL | O99 | GEL, | 069 | OTL | 8b, ose ‘t| OSh‘T| 002 ‘T| OST! OzF‘T) OOS ‘T] G86 | Sze‘T| PE ‘T 00z‘t} 008‘T) OzO‘T| Oe ST} O&e‘T) OGZ‘T| GLT‘T| GATT] E%o'T O¢e‘T| OL2‘T OST} O02 ‘T| 9¢9°T| 0&1) OS9‘T| O89‘T| 309°T OOT‘T| OS2‘T OST} O04 ‘T| Og9‘T| O€2‘T) OO9‘T| O¢9‘T| O8S'T 008 ‘t| OOL‘T OST} OO ‘T} 004 ‘T! OO9‘T] S29‘T| GEL ‘T| IZ9°T OOF ‘T] OLL‘T; OS9‘T| 002 ‘T| 002 ‘T! OBL ‘T} 002 ‘T) 008‘T| 929 ‘T *LI6T eter | ¥16r | e16r | zt6r | tr6r | or6t | 606r | 806T |g ort, rea k-0T ‘(spunod) osov sod prolz wi enigebaiae tees i. > -BUTTOIBD YyNOg -—ee eee wee ene eee eee rere ee “euT[ole) YI0 NN BRM © FOF ser Se SO RS ne Cn mres BIUISITA ISOM ae Pah Bae Brust A eee eee eee eee eee ee ee eee eee ee ee ee -*e puel AICI a= "Ew a<< age «Pea + Seaee Sr Seee < =<.clmeneeeeee ASeerte. 284 11,681 | 14, 282 |........ Netherlands... .....K.. 3,786 | 10,948 4, 760 Austria-Hungary......... Vg D2 tl a Sa Lf See PAraguby .sosevesecnncsns 21,36) | 16; 782:cceeeee Joy) ee ee See ee 59: 001 | 50,735 | 46,9463 |] Persm?.... 2 wecenancen a, Ste lewanpauete BE oi British India. ............ 28, 874 | 32.877 |........ Philippine Islands... ....| 26,018 | 24,663 | 39,655 B reeGe 2. 5.008) kiss ie) De eoes Bere Se | Re aca ee 23,283 | 6,499] 16,106 Gagien} £2.52. es Ss 4;@NB 22 § O3 Gl. . ca at United States...........- 381, 127 |435,895 | 483, 955 CIDE ES oben toon ane h en 38,035 | 38, 799 |........ Other countries.......... 94,995 | 40,956 |........ Dominican Republic... .. 22,395 | 13, 747 |........ PSs oo! Dutch East Indies. ......|163, 823 181,749 |........ Total...... oe cocvsse/928, 535 (016,585 |e eeee Grae, G22, ..W.2Lie 18, 113 | 33,232 |........ , IMPORTS. Into— Into— MOORES on tee} yes LL GO dy BAG lc cet. Th eee Re a Argentina. ..........-...- 4, 17, 644 ¢ Netherlands. ............- sa nseamenc inten 13) 7401 26 DAT J ncn ann bk 5 a See Austria-Hungary HA 2 AUS Bie Lace eee POCtUSHE |. oneec asec ce < ee ee ee ee ee re Oe ee ee ee AUG ET ie iene Sort x ogi, 1) Wola? BN BS Bl United Kingdom... .....- United States ............ 52, 768 Other counuries.......... 51 Statistics of Aypples. 681 APPLES. TapuE 116.—Apples: Production and prices, Dec. 1, by States, 1911-1917. Production (bushels, 000 omitted). Farm price per bushel (cents). State. a 44 Ee (EE DR 1915 | 1916 1917 |1911,1912)1913 1914 hau Bao 1917 fe | ROE Ta ALON Mee: 32 oe oe 2,160} 5,040} 4,617) 55) 50} 100) 53° 89 75 95 New Hampshire. ... 1, 058} 1,596) 1,035) 79) 55) 113) 53, 90 90, 120 Vermoneé, .. . s2~ <..% 972 8,312) 1,286) 78| 79) 123) 57| 94, 90, 130 Massachnsetts....... 2,655) 3,450) 2,186) 89 76) 134, 65 90 99 155 Rhode Island....... "176 261 198) 62) 82) 116) 65, 108, 107, 150 | | | } Connecticut. ........ 1,534) 1,830) 1,316) 70) 75 94° 65, 97 100 144 New. Yorkws....<... 25, 585 37, 800) 14,059) 59) 50) 95) 45, 78, 75) 1382 New Jersey.......-- 2, 331 2, 250} 2,041; 60) 72) 85) 55, 80 100, 125 Pennsylvania....... 15, 254] 18, 621| 12,150} 54] 70| 89) 50, 71) 80 126 Delaware.........-- 366 249 450) 85) 82) 117) “6 @ ‘+ 110 | Maryland..........- 2,400] 2,400] 2,525] 52| 60/100 41 63 90 97 Virginia............- 13,176] 13,299] 9,974] 74] 60) 86) 46 63, 78, 101 West Virginia. ...... 7,540) 10,032) 5,994) 71) 55) 130 49 64 76, 122 North Carolina... .. : 5,916} 7,074) 6,156} 88) 75 95) 49 75 80 114 South Carolina...... 588) 818) 126) 100) 145, 85) 117, en 155 oy. eae ae 1,875) 1,623 101 108 80, 90) 117, 120 LD Ca 17,952) 8, 601) 67| 110} 63, 55) 100 150 TTS ee See 11,648) 3,921 84) 88) 70) 53) 120 121 BOOM... «15 5 n Jy.0- 8,128) 3, 855 69] 85) 81) 75| 85, 105 California........... 4,690] 5,754 90] 117} 76] 85) 98 115 United States. |214, 020)235, 220) 145, 410|253, 200/230, 011 (204, 582 174, 608/72. 1/66. 3)98. 1/59. 4/69. 0/91. 2,122. 0 TABLE 117.—Approximate relative production of principal varieties of apples, expressed as percentages of a normal crop of all apples. = a E EI * * = * p=] . Variety. a}! jsie s qi. g /|@ 3 5 |” . = 5 8 5 * ‘=| S E = ° 2 I a = oo cI aAlais &|/3|2 Es aa Eig DISIizif# IF IF LOI/S/BeiS |e laleitois Arkansas (tammoth |P.ct|P-ct|P.t. Pot Pt ct.| P. ct |P.ct. P.ct|P_ ct Pct, Pct. P.ct.\P.ct.P. ct. P. ct Black Twig)......... OS ict, 0.3; 3.1 07 0.6; 0.0; 0.9 1.1) 0.9) 2.3) 0.3)..... 0.3 Arkansas Black........ at! Pl Spee: ; We ee 2% : " 1.5, 3.0) 3.0) 2.3) 1.1) 1.0 a 2 ee 13. 4) 34.5) 31.3. 17. 8 2. 5.8) 15.1) 17. 1.5) 2.9) .4 7.8) 12. 3.2 Bea Davi8. heh. i.e. 13.3) 9. 6.0 6.0 11.4 15.7) 13.9 8.5 7 34.2, 16.8 44. a -Y. 4. 3.9 Early Harvest (Prince’s Harvest).. . 2. . 9 09 3. 1 4. 7 3. 9 3. 7i LL 8 2. 2) 2. 8 6. 4 2. 0 . 8 . . 7 682 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. APPLES—Continued. TaBLe 117.—Approvimate relative production of principal varieties of ge expressed as percentages of a normal crop of all apples—Continued. 6 a g : d 3 ul 3 & Sy hes Variety. D si\elals * 2l@| 4 % Sig iis a -~!| j/S/a/81/814a181 8 S/Slelid@/hBlgisi4/8/2l\8!1a141% =| as vy 3) A =) © ‘d 3 a | ol o = » = Sis lzlial> | EIS iS |MIa/EIS Th P.ct|P.ct.|P.ct.|P.ct.\P.ct.|P.ct.|P.ct.|\P.ct.|P.ct.|P.ct.|P.ct.|P.ct.|P.ct.|P. ct. P.ct, Fall Pippin.....-..---- 1.7} 0.7} 1.7} 3.1) 1.8} 1.5} 1.8) 1.6 1.1) 0.4 2.4 0.7] 0.8 0.8 0.6 Fameuse (Snow)....-.- ot eS ee eet Cie or oo oon: ce ee ee GONG. acai. ssGeceeen Le 2° 3. 4 eee 8 ee ees 2 Golden Russet.......--| 1.4) 1.7) 2.0; 2.5] .3} 1. Ci ees ee eS tee a Gravenstein.........-- 2.32.8)" 0) °2.0P Vali. ao a oy 8.9 Grimes (Grimes MIOLMN YT < o505- cas 2.2; .2 .1] 2.6 2.6 4.6 5.0) f2 4.9] 3.6 1 Horse (Yellow Horse).} .9].....|:....|..... Noh ae. “Oo 50 oO BP 49 * 3. be a Jonathan..........---- 3.6, .8}| .4/ 14 1.0) 1.7] 1.8] 2.2] 9.3] 10.4 1.7 gb eet edt) Mae sim bertwig).......-- Le 0 WO 2.5 3° 30. Be 28 .3 MeIntosh (McIntosh Red) ....+.-----++++- Hy Ley oe ee |e -1 Maiden Blush...-..-..| 2.0; .3/ 1.0) 3.0) 1.5} 2.5) 4.5) 2.6] 2.3) 2.8 -4 Missouri( Missouri Pip- “pin).....-.++-++++++: + te eee Ge mel: me 74} (AED) BAER: 9 Northern Spy.....-.-- 6.1) 7.1| 13.1) 11.4, .8| 4.2) 7.7) 17.9] 1.41 1. 6 Northwestern Green- PNR aks is dunan'n= seen sor 8 dole lel ee £6) or ae 2 Oldenburg (Duchess of Oldenburg) .....-.. B962.9) 29 £0 Sea eo 8.0 EF 1 Red Astrachan........| 1.9} 3.9} 2.1) 3.5) .8| 2.1) 2.7| 28) .8 3 Red June (Carolina , Red June).-....----. Res... =) 3} 1.8) 1.3 a 36 ES ee 14 Rhode Island Green- ing (Greening). ...-... 4.7| 4.1) 14.8] 5.5] .3) 1.4) 5.7) 5.47 .sl. 2.7 Rome Beauty .....-.-- 3.1) .1) 3) 21) 1.2) 18.7) 10.8) .2) 3.8) 2. 2.4 Stayman Winesap..... 6 3 GA a Be a el eae 9 Tolman(Talman Bweet)..2,- = en wate OA ee ie he ed ae Ae alae -0 Tompkins King King of Tompkins 5) ee AS Her ATE: 14) 934l 4 Ub 4h ee Ra Es 1.1 Wealthy............ jovi 2 Bia Ea eS Oo} 1.1 12) 3.7 1.6 1.3 | White Pearmain (White Winter Pearmain).....-.-.-. Blake AMO). aM Bh ns SU Ohta 7.5 Wine. 3..cicoctees 5B. eh 4.2 8 OT Le ee <4 BS 1.4 WOM BIVGE.. nv cdec ce Oo Ba So a ce me tee 1 Yellow Bellflower...... at te ee ee ek oe ie 18.6 Yellow Newtown (Al- bermarle; Newtown Pipninis Ak kk. 1.6 .o} .2) Qe 7.0 6.3} 6.4} 8} ot 7 Yellow Transparent...) 1.5) 11) .3) 1.7) 1.5) 3.2) 2.1) 14) 2.1) 11 : York Imperial (John- son Fine Winter)....) 2. 1)..... Sl AP se aa ee ae ey 1 Other varieties........ 10.4} 7.0} 8.9} 12.8] 10.2) 13.4] 10.1] 11.0] 7.4] 8.2 2 100. 0,100. 0/100. 0/100. 0} 100. 0; 100. 0, 100. 0 po | pale aera ie 100. 0/100. 0) 100. 0) 100. 0; 100. 0 100. a 0/100. 9 Note.—In important appleproduding States not included in table, the principal varieties and their respective percentages of al sul in a normal crop are: Indiana.—Ben Davis 22.8, Baldwin 7.2, Grimes Golden 6.7, Winesap 6.7, Maiden Blush 5.8, Rome Beauty 4.4, Northern a 4.2 North Carolina.—Limbertwig 14.3, Winesap 12.2, Ben Davis 7.5, Early Harvest 7.2, Horse 7.2, Red June &.9. Tennessee.—Winesap 14.1, Ben Davis 12.2, Limbertwig 12.1, Early Harvest 8.4, Horse 6.3, Red June 5.4. Jowa.—Ben Davis 15.2, Wealthy 12.4, Jonathan 10.3, Oldenburg 8.9, Grimes Golden 4.9, Northwestern Greening 4.3. Kansas.—Ben Davis 19.4, Winesap 15.3, Jonathan 13.8, Missouri Pinan 8.6, Gano 6.0, Maiden Blush 4.3. Colorado.—Ben Davis 26.3, Jonathan 18.3, Gano 7.8, Rome Beaut 4.8, Winesap 4.1. Massachusetts —Baldwin 48.4, Rhode Island Greening 9.3, Gravenstein 5.7, McIntosh Red 5.7, Northern 34 5.1. Nebraska.—Ben Davis 21.3, Winesap 13.6, Jonathan 9.4, Wealthy 6.2, Olden- burg 5.8, Grimes Golden 4.8, Missouri pe 4.2, Gano 4.0. isconsin.—Oldenburg 14.7, Wealthy 13.7, Northwestern Greening 11.1, Fameuse (Snow) 8.0, Wolf River 7.5, Ben Davis 5.1, Golden Russet 4.2. Maryland.—Ben Davis 17.0, York Imperial 16.2, Baldwin 8.8, Winesap 7.6, Stayman Winesap 7.0, Arkansas 4.4, Early Harvest 4.2. New Jersey.—Baldwin 25.2, Ben Davis 14.5, Rome Beauty 5.0, Ear iy Harvest 4.7, Rhode Island Greening 4.3, Northern Spy 4.2. Vermont.—Baldwin 15.1, Rhode Island reening 12.8, Northern Spy 12.0, Fameuse (Snow) 8.1, McIntosh 6.1, Ben Davis 5.6, Yellow Bellflower 4.2. Connectis cut.—Baldwin 42.2, Rhode Island Greening 16.9, Golden Russet 5.2. New Hampshire-——Baldwin 51.9, Rhode Island Greening 5.9, Northern Spy 5.2, McIntosh 4.4. Jdaho.—Jonathan 21.3, Rome Beauty 16.6, Ben Davis 13.1, Gano 7.8 Winesap 4.6. Okalahoma.—Ben Davis 25.8, Missouri Pippo 12.1, Jonathan 8.2, — Winesap 8.1, Arkansas Black 5.6, Gano 4.0. Georgia.—Horse 14.3, Ben Davis 12.2, Red June 10.0, Limber- twig 8.8, Winesap 7.6, Early Harvest 6.1, Arkansas Black 1.6. y TaBLE 118.—Peaches: Production, and prices Sept. Production, bushels (000 omitted), Sa SS ee ee Statistics of Peaches. PEACHES, 165 504 State. 1911 | 1912 | 1913 |. 1914 | 1915 | 1916 New Hampshire oc sceileceut-|seeee 44 3 sal ou Massachusetts........ 97, 51] 105) 381] 152) 66 Rhode Island 29 Connecticut. ....<..s. INE WinmOltke <6 de cin cte New Jersey .......... Pennsylvania........ 1,096; 660) 922) 1,541) 2,044) 1,069 Delaware.............| 249] 521] 312) 608 842 346 Maryland............ 492} 672| 480) 1,032) 1,248) 600 TITRE am oa ciies cee 318, 1,058) 312; 911 Aa 660 West Virginia. ....... 230, 788] 132} 886) 1,164 520 North Carolina. ...... 437| 2,093] 598) 1,863) 1,955 897 South Carolina....... 649| 1,020) 405) 1,166) 864 6545 ROTI tied, cisidibic «ove 2,145] 6,175} 1,950} 5,785) 5,330) 3,510 iy sy gC a Sa oe 190} 112 188 177 119 RP iid. Ladd a» cdgm aw wie 1,735| 1,055] 931) 1,653) 2,448) 1,350 SIE d 9 a win dnp send 1,147} 185) 1,276} 1,128) 648) 888 BARUIOIN Soi . ocr ow fe 2,310 82] 1,998] 1,755) 874) 780 Michigan............. ‘ 700} 1,539] 1,247| 2,360) 2,010 PWV CR iad «ties o> idle » 0 Oe 24, 632) 472) 112 oo eee 2,700; 900] 4,320) 3,780, 3,300) 1,050 TIODISSKEs <~-.00% 040 36} 240) 210) 192) 120 30 FAB). cs -. dpe 851| 2,016} 875] 1,760| 2,442) 150 PCORCHCE Yee... gies oni 770) 1,210) 1,430} 1,980) 1,320) 880 lenmessee............ 360) 2, 820) 1,140) 2,640) 2,460) 900 a 840) 2,760! 1,140) 2,310! 2,640) 1,110 Mississippi. -......... 460) 1,800) 1,020) 1,440, 1,540} 400 Ouisiana......2....5 190} 693) 460) 356) 456) 587 OSCE bo. sdsw sw othe 1, 204) 4,140} 2,107] 1,196) 4,081] 2, 860 Oklahoma............ 656| 2,121 220| 2,408) 230 ye 2,346) 4,524! 3,120) 3,180) 5,940) 750 Oe ee 363) 1,035} 360) 1,025) 650) 405 New Mexico.......... 86 84 52} 106) 154 40 ATIZOBRs ket cccslccicess 51 54 57 60 60 56 Lae ee 208; 323) 284; 380) 212 84 ee 10 10 8 9 7 1 WORN: 25 WISE oe ona ot 81; 112 92; 120) 162 25 Washington.......... 320| 445) 446) 486) 566) 415 Lee ee 190} 292) 311] 387| 4382) 276) 250 Gelitpraing st. ce3. 40 7,41.) 9,308) 7, 150/10, 387) 9, 768)11, 733 14, 151 - United States.. 34, 88052, 343 39, 707 |54, 109|64, 097\37, Aagies: 066/122. 1102. 0)131. 6| 97.7) 80.0 15, by States, 1911-19 683 Bs Farm price per bushel (cents). } 200, 226 148, 190, 140, 160; 150, 150) 150) 128) 150) 138) 105) 155 200 155 iebiis Wacien 50k IN aca) uel Sa 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915] 1916) 1917 185 113. 0 135.9 684 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. PEARS. TaBLeE 119.—Pears: Production, and prices Nov. 15, 1911-1917. Production (bushels; 000 omited). Farm price per bushel (cents). State. | ie cere an eaeeeen oe es Smmenaten, tee mere | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1911 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 |1916| 1917 Mais 5 ott 42, 38| 32| 40 30| 36 al en Leib 198)... es New Hampshire. .... 24, «19 24 22 18 25 Oe | ee Vermont...........-- 25). 920). 090) 97] Tb oa] 44d... 100) -.eschetens 190).: Massachusetts........ 114) 71 121 98 75) 114 71. (290) = a ee 1OBl..c.¢ pbs Rig Rhode Island........ Ye vn a | Re 7) as | 7 a Bite 85| 100|..... Connecticut.........- 46 32 55 43 36 46 29| 108) 138 250)..... Peres cere Now York:: 2462 1, 886) 1,128) 2,016} 1,298) 1,375) 1,675) 1,708 55 79, 85 105 100) 140 New Jersey.......... 970| *749| 598] 7876) 596] '687| 590; 38 65 50| 59; 68| 75 Pennsylvania. ....... 646, 418| 456] 608] 494| 509] 448] 70) 100 70| 74) 90| 120 MO IWATOs. <0 so odce aes 262 315 (x) 210 228 164 294; 100) 40)..... 38 a 65 Maryland...........-. 455, 616) 224) 560) 483) 378) 525).....| 95)..... Toast 50} 70 WITPINIn wu... cress cas 122 282 68 234 261 122 194; 110 151 73 68, 100} 115 West Virginia........ 49 76 ll 72 63 42 33} 120 130 94; 100) 120) 135 North Carolina....... 52 207 58 187 150 75 150} 125 122 85 80) 100} 125 South Carolina....... 52 117 42 109 91 56 100; 100 110; 94 95; 85) 125 Geooria oo F. 6 i Bee lll 212 118} 208) 203 135 140} 100 140; 94 95, 100} 135 Wioriea. 627. ey: 88 73 58 112 104 54 46 (\-| oe: ee ee 100 Obie £25 2408. os 736 624 400 544 560 376 334 60 110 70 65) 100} 125 Padiona. 6. Ak 585 448 474 422 410 351 410 72 70 69 70, 95} 100 Tiineis: 29). ce! 499 448 422 422 496 354 456 85 88 90 70; 100} 95 Miohivan. oo. <.sse <0 829} 540) 707 840! 550) 1,007; 1,080) 60 92) 58 72; 65) 121 Weisodnsiniss>. 3252.28 18 13 22 22 23 Ps Ree i ee ee ad pees) al a2 Paws es SOs. ae el 57 60 102 84 106 63 82; 110) 105) 120; 120 81) 130) 145 Bisson 2c. et eect 148} 332 184 283} 294 164 265} 115} 85 120| 85} 980) 105) °125 Nebraska... ...2....! 10 15 13 14 18 10 14) 175) 111) 170) 147| 120)....) 175 Us ee Ce ed 70 142 63 109 133 106 140} 157; 100) 160) 110; 110 160] 170 Montiel yc, xs. «se 160 336 160 308 264 160 204) 125 100 85 78; 100} 125 Tonneasees oo NS 3b. 32 196 79 152} 195 59 75) 140 120; 100, 80) 110) 170 Ailahemnss=). dade Cy } Gees SOG... tsi Lied. eee EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: ee pea pee eres 445, 664 441,043 ( 436,252,442 | 420,479,000 @ Biingeey. 3.442 ../.. a> 65, 444 1 6 4’ 623,928 2,755, 750 1 Croatia-Slavonia ...... 751 (i () 8 292/991 (1) (1) Total Austria- Hen gar Was... . <4. ME ILOG AGEN |on0. 5 haste. + on eel Lo a ee Sees 7, 560,000 WANIOGR 3 4)5. - 5 sfabew'sle wld» 7,034 , 438 Germanyu:.....s..-..-%s- 51,227, 408 ntsc FREES Uae 15, 889, 632 United Kingdom: England 56, 812, 896 eR eet Oa ees eee © seen Ne eee ae 177, 888, 095 | ; AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Wy Ee nae Sa 107, 632 South Australia....... 4,480 | Dasmamia ns iciccsdcadk 1, 554, 560 | otal... ei. .}2. iu: 1, 666, 672 | Wremad toteds 3 Gh. adc ice. et. LE. ce 224,178, 569 | iG pa ee lr. eee 1 No official statistics. 4 Galicia and Bukowina not included. 2 Commercial movement for year beginning July 1. 6 1913 figures. 8 Census of 1910. 6 Exeludes Poland. TaBLE 121.—Hops: Total production of countries named in Table 120, 1895-1914. Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. Production. Pounds. Pounds, Pounds Pe pang eS 204, 894, 000 170,063,000 |f 1909............. 128, 173, 000 ee a Pps Been 168, 509, 000 174,457,000 | 1910............. 188, 951, 000 (Tea lie -aigiie. 189, 219, 000 178,802,000: |} 1911-............ 163, 810, 000 > RR ap he al a ty 166, 100, 000 27¢gaeO, GOONER TORB. koa oe. 224, 493, 000 ee 3 2 ae SPs 231, 563, 000 180,998, 000 |} 1913.......-..... 174, 642, 000 ae eee BS 174, 683, 000 215,923, 000: |] 1914............. 224,179,000 TOOLS Fen Wie 201, 902, 000 230, Average Tage arm Year. Acreage. yield per |Production.| price per ee acre. ound | ec. I. Acres. | Pounds. | Pounds. Cents. Dollars. 1,186.6 | 52, 986,000 11.7 | 6,203,000 1,152.5 | 50,595,000 12.0 | 6,073,000 929. 4 | 27, 788, 000 33.7 9, 363, 000 mae oe oq —— 686 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. HOPS—Continued. TaBLE 123.—Hops: Wholesale price per pound, 1912-1917. New York. Cincinnati. Chicago. San Francisco. Pacific coast,| Sacramento | Willamette Eastern Date. Choice State. Prime. good to Valley, Valley, Washington, choice. choice. choice.! choice.? | = | SN Name! he Low. | High.| Low. | High.| Low. | High.| Low. | High.| Low. High.| Low. | High. 1912. Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents. Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents Jan.—June...... 37 56 41 49 40 50 38 July-—Dec.....- 22 42 224 34 20 30 184 1913. Jan.—June...... 19 July-Dec...... 18 1914. Jan.—June...... 16 July-Dec...... ll 1915. Jan.—June.....-. 10 July-Dec...... 10 1916 January......-- 9 February ....-- 10 Mareb 5 o3ececx 10 yi] Se ee 10 a ee 10 a eee 10 Jan.—June 9 | pA OR ieee we TY RC TO) hot Ba Dee Ce 10 August 3325 JY. 10 September. ....- 7 Ootober:.-'.=5+< 13 November..... 9 December...... 9 July-Dee 8 14 7 1917 January..-....» 9 1 7 February...... 8 1 7 Marek oo os 52s. 6 10 ‘Zz CT | ae 5 9 7 BV xeccex tne <> 5 9 7 PIS Pe VELAS G5 5 9 iz Jan.—June 34 50 1l 15 10 15 5 104 7 os coe eee 34 40 3 16°F 10} 43 5 10 7 Avievst i S...-< 38 40 16 26 22 25 12 at 12 September..... 88 90 25 40 42 AG? howe ie eee October........ 78 90 40 43 33 37 30 374 324 November. .... 7 78 32 38 26 20 20 30 20 December... . - - 53 7 30 32° 24 28 20 20 224 July-Dec... 34 90 13 4a {| - 10 46 5 374 7 11912 uotations are for all grades. Called ‘‘Oregon”’ hops in 1916. 2 Called ‘“‘Washington’’ hops in 1916. Statistics of Hops and Beans. 687 HOPS—Continued. Tasie 124.—Hops: International trade, calendar years 1909-1916. {Lupulin and hopfenmehi (hop meal) are not included with hops in the data shown. See ‘‘Generalnote,”’ Table 85.) EXPORTS. [000 omitted.] Aver- ee 1916 Aver- jols 1916 Country. fie. | fimic |(Prelim- Country. S654) Min theme 1913. | mary). inary). 1913. | nary).| nary). From— From— Pounds.| Pounds,| Pounds. Pounds.\| Pounds. Pounds, Austria-Hungary......... ee eee eee La eee et ee ae 2,348 485 542 PIGII IU v0 5 SUK. Saticials 0 0 MIEN TS. nc OR EL Ss United Kingdom......... 2, 162 928 1, 206 HPOUIOO. 5c daw ERSh dence os 335 | 1,259 1,432 || United States............ 15, 416 | 20,865 13, 506 ee NN ere eee Other countries.......... 212 GCS No etbces Neqneriands.... 22.2.8. L AYO} |" Pyke low ctes wee ; Ses New Zealand............: 352 AS6(H1e Gat "Potal G55 ei te ek 62,94) | 25,527 |........ IMPORTS Into— Into— Gmotealin. .). (20.0222... E108) ot OOM RS? Vt Netherlands............-- 2,938 | 3,484 Austria-Hungary......... SY age et gb es MRE o 3 - t. ee Cte oreo 15258: oo 7 os. eee eee ee oe CONG as et av ee Swetene. dts... OT ee tae nlcotigndes MLISh: INGA. j.'5..-<05< o> 246 Lt ee eee Switzerland -..is...-Jse<- 1,257 967 itish South Africa...... 498 458 439 || United Kingdom.........| 21,028 | 22,327 MW ch cob dee tewcebe cs 1, 396 955 781 || United States............ 6,235 | 6,767 Seemeterk .<) igo. Jie... .. agen... vA... - Other countries........-- 4,123 | 2,761 os es Pe ee ‘ 102 709 a fg Se es COM EEET Yo See 63,076 | 38,956 BEANS. TABLE 125.—Beans: Area and production of undermentioned countries, 1914-1916. Area. Production. Country. 1915 1916 1914 1915 1916 NORTH AMERICA. Acres. Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Meee SLABS... -.-.---5 , 244, 111,585,000 | 110,321,000} 12,029,000 —— et ed Oooo D Wd |CoERE=ee=@O@QWDaO@O~OO— aera vm" Canada: Nova Scotia.........-.- 18, 000 15, 000 14,000 i 6, 000 6, 000 4,000 Pe SF aS 89, 000 103, 000 78, 000 PP igtar cs wens 684, 000 , 000 317, 000 he phe ks an aah Cae Cn Meniere's oe 1,914,000 abate 797, 000 724, 000 413, 000 EER oe anh oko (8) (8) (3) Tact | Se hd Sk a a ee > cena 4163 410,000 | 41,675,000 Ju. Dabo RE es 1,377, 000 5 876, 000 1,914,000 Austria-Hungary 4 Sa eee 6 8, 725, 000 (8) (3 6 393, 000 (3) (3 6 7, 865, 000 (3) (3 é 337, 000 (3) (3 6 1,760, 000 (3) | (3 / yeh Pee te aceaeeee 1 Five States. 3 No official estimates. 6 Includes other pulse. 7 Grown alone. 2 Less than 500 acres. 4 Exports. 61913 figures. 8 Grown with corn. 688 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. BEANS—Continued. TABLE 125.—Beans; Area and production of undermentioned countries, 1914-1916—Con, Piste). eo ds sas passe cps Buleerias. oss. «dees co eee DOnMark. < TS cy Gi 1, 107,000 9.7 | 10,715,000 5.10 | 54,686, 000 SSE REE Up 7 SRR a FPPC CS a 1, 832, 000 8.6 | 15,701,000 6.52 | 102,426,000 TABLE 127.—Beans: Wholesale price per bushel, 1912-1917. Boston, | Chicago. Detroit. San Francisco. Small white. Date. Pea. Pea. Pea. (per 100 Ibs.). Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. 1912 Dolls. | Dolis. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls. | Dolls. 7 | I EPS oe RE eines es 2. 55 3.05 2.35 2.98 2.32 2.70 4.00 4.75 0 TES SSS Sl eee tee a ee ao Sie 2.55 3.10 1.90 3. 20 2.15 2.70 4.00 4. 80 1913. Le Ne ES A eh SE. eee 2.35 2.60 1.25 2. 50 1. 80 2. 20 4, 50 5. 85 REM Eb pars LES Bh iy SPE A 2.15 2.40 1.15 2.25 1.75 2.05 4, 50 5. 85 1914 OTe) TE, Fa SE ea ge tb eee 2.10 2.35 1.60 2.30 1.80 2.10 4.75 5. 50 AEE EER a aa Le Be he Shes Se 2.15 3.10 1.95 3.10 1.85 2.90 4.00 6.00 1915 se TLC ol a ale ean a RO it 2.95 3. 50 2.40 3. 50 2.15 3. 20 4, 50 5.70 ES aE Se ae a er 2. 85 4.10 2. 62 4.10 2.60} 3.60] 4.50 6.40 1916. OSEET SS gpk Sg SS ot a i oe 3.95 4.10 3. 85 4.15 3. 55 3. 70 6.35 6. 40 “iTS oe ae Bea sale ge Rica a inert gah ell bk 3.90 4.10 3.55 4.15 3. 60 3.70 6.35 6. 40 oD ci IEE eRe 8 pel ce Reg pi 8 le aa aaa 3. 80 4.00 3.45 4. 60 3. 50 3. 65 6. 35 6. 40 . 7-553 7 188 133, 000 20, 700 4 OES 50005) 30S 5 14. 73 295 Lt bree 10 157 | 124,152 20, 500 49.1) 321, 008/000) coco 12. 38 248 Territory of Hawaii: 1 Li ideas aie peeing 190 | 644,663 | 123,900 42 | 5,220,000 | 245,100 12. 35 247 Lt it RS ere 180 | 592,763} 115,419 42| 4,859,424 | 246, 332 12. 20 244 iTS SS Pe 195 | 646,000 113, 200 46 | 5,185,000 | 239, 800 12. 46 249 Bee oe ee 46 183 | 612,000 112, 700 43 | 4,900,000 |......... 12. 49 250 eee 50 169 | 546,524 | 114,600 39 | 4,476,000 |......... 12. 21 244 SUGAR-—Continued. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TaBLe 133.—Sugar: Wholesale price per pound, on New York market, 1912-1917. 604 ‘; 4 | ;823 832 8f& SBRSIS /VISSRkkk/Sl] Azace os | = Est 45 od SSSSSS |S SSEcdd |S cigete ~ @.,. —_ ° = . 2 |e | 88 BRASS |B B S| See ches ced il saddae |aiesaeoets adda tle lances 3 4 | s338 3 88 88] R2L2&S3Z/3)/882282 a Mei | | Sot a A SS] SSSRKRK |X exces |X|] ok&exce Sob ob05 | of As oe a2 |g | 928 $23 2 88| seeeas|sieecese|s| ssee : :|s|seRaas |s n Pa 4 t+ on Sst MGSENMM [15 || KP SSSKS |S SSOSN S| rams Hw | j s|3.9 |3 | s25 82 83 5 SSSRR\|R|RRSBSB|R] SSR838 | 3) SVR2SS | Fz 2 $38 ea Cid + + ~~ 6S SOMBER |S | eeeeee |X CMe REh |X | Pons de | = @ — =) . S| #43 | 2 | s82 88 88 8 2xsee |e |iseaee2 |e] eesase |e iaseses |3 So 2 aa iss il ao SSSCREE [16 || reseed | So SSEKEEN 1S | KdosHHH 3 || 88 88 $28 R8| seesee (x [eesese |e] g492e3 (2 | seeese | 2 = Sf) er ee ee Pome eg eee perce pe pene ach red ee pa ee Siw eK | ] . F | &| s88 88 89 88] 299982 /8/ 298883 /3)_2 ‘i lg |seseas|3— ov Sie Siid tt cst S|] MSS | meeps pe Pat 3 Sete i]s |Rebebatabes | nN Pe 4, #2% RS ae 8s =322 . BRASSES |B 2238 : 3|siicseees le . $ | 65 13 5 66 NN ~ fom SOHO | pg se BAAS F |e | s88 88 88 BB] BSenR8e one & | 888228 Pi Sid Wis * ads SSNOHOS |S mh 4 Se ie) BAHBAGSS : ee. | 4 # =e eS 83 SR) RSSSES/S)SRS3RF/3) S83 ene BYWSRSSRS jz es8 3 £5 aa 55 55 SeAa wna 30 ds «oie 265 | 1,958,975 |° 1,941, 122 7.4 13,979,662 | © 14.01 280 ‘ ROM 16 ee ee es 235 | 1,697,356 | 1,748, 466 7.0 | 12,324, 612 13. 77 275 CTT ® \ Rae eae PO 33 68, 743 (4) 532, 882 12. 90 258 RGRBHIR: was cuncetauteh 32 102, 859 90, 787 872, 834 11. 78 236 Dy Bh Sabah oo ee ae ee 33 171, 839 105, 213 (1) 1, 302, 871 11.33 264 [pt RS ea 31 186, 680 146, 745 1, 478, 114 12. 62 252 ye st ee (?) 112, 231 78, 642 813700 |}... cnn cncteneaneeeee 3 ioe 18 Akt wee iets 31 117, 334 (1) 921, 013 |... .iceunis seaeeeeen weden: TES: «aS Rpe, Seamneps ET a 24 191, 713 86, 816 13.56 | 1, 218, 166 15. 53 315 pin hen i aa er ee 24 140, 409 71, 790 14. 83 908, 372 15. 27 309 Ob 3b ae ee eee 24 145, 462 66, 900 13. 95 922, 083 15. 59 316 Area har- United States: Refined. vested, 1S 2 eR eee eee 61 510, 172 398, 029 10.17 | 4, Of, 292 12. 61 Ub ee oe 66 599, 500 473, 877 10.68 | 5, 062, 333 11. 84 Cy SS eee 73 692, 556 555, 300 9.41 | 5, 224,377 13. 26 Tk ES) See Cae eee 71 733, 401 580, 006 9.76 | 5,659, 462 12. 96 TOTAL ip cdan sntaon ees 60 722, 054 483, 400 10.9 5, 288, 500 13. 65 $015-16 2b, shoes 67 874, 220 611, 301 10.1 | 6,150,293 14. 21 BONG-37 is nines cadets 74 820, 657 665, 308 8.90 | 5,919, 673 13. 86 1 No data, Statistics of Sugar. 699 SUGAR—Continued. TaBiE 138.—Cane and sugar production of wndermentioned countries. Average Cane used for sugar. piper Factories sugar Country and year. in opera- a - ; tion. y SRR, NS ee, eas Ses Area har- | Average | Quantity Per ton! vested. ; of cane per acre worked. used. ntina Numb Short arte nel | oe OTR eaten hr es ts a thats eee nthe Sis Short tons. Pounds. SRST ERR SR ee FS SORE. Tere 198,515 | 230,866 ]’ (2 {i} | fy 1912-13 bbe ee Se ea a ae a | 39 162, 313 232,830 | (1 0, 338, 594 re 139 WOAI1G.CBGk ssc 440 eee oe. | a7 370. a04 269. 833 ti ¢ 087 087 184 BESS 8 4 ONO OSs oe | 4 f 027, 184 Australia: | | 90.2.2 eee eee eee eeeees | 53 | 253,131 ac 00 937 22. 36 abrir 226 I9I-12..-0-.---e sees eeeeeeeeeees | 53'| 210,292 101,010 | 18.65 | 1,884, 120 223 Lsuaweeinc out wate ot os | 50 | 144,776 84, 279 15.09 | 1,271,358 228 Cuba: Culti tivated. | 1910-11... | 171 | 1,670,151! (2) | 7 a+ pastes > Geek Ceo a , = 14 ‘ MN: nck oth) oc | 172 | 2/142) 420 (2) re 90670803 307 IMD-13. 20202 171 | 277377264 | 1,340,139] (2) | 25,137,684 218 Se | 170 | 278917981 1,334,070| (2) | 25,644,949 226 Hawaii: Hi | arvested. WiraSs (es. Voy et! | yy 595,038 113, 000 42.0 | 4,774,000 249 NR aT (1) 546,524] 114,600 9 ,476, OTR a a aa ale 46 612,000 112) 700 rt | 5? aoa 000 oe; WA 2s cL. tec | 45| 646,000| 113,200 oO | Baek aap 39 ny aes, Mee eas 592, 763 115; 419 rot 2” 8507 494 m4 ; 2 ? ’ ? 2 Japan: Culti | ea ultivated. delice) |. eed etiss |. “dete |* Sat"s50 161 lis hal ee - ; 52,15 18.16 941, 550 161 Tere Ties See nee | 16 wes 33900 | anor | 0o4° 758 isp Tue ees Se ee | d } 54, 758 152 ee é “sited plantations): | Harvested 1 at ACS seh I ella 189 | 1,583,178} 321,720] 46.43 | 14,9 : : 36, 035 212 HONA2. 0c | 193 | 1,424°657| 336,021] 40.71 | 13,679, 962 208 RRS es | 191 | 1,5277584| 340,739] 45.11 | 15,370,765 199 in: j Cultivated Ts Mae area | 27 22,371 ; 1 ,371| 11,666 | 21.9 258,138 173 WOUL12. eee es eee eee ee eieee | 23 17,831 9,983] 16.5 167, 092 213 O21... 22s eee sees 21 14,585 9,844| 15,6 153, 707 190 ne Pe oa rer. ae 0) “+ Sheol ging naan emma fe ’ () oe eee () Peete: 4° 700 2, 950 16. 59 48, 937 194 boas 3 er a (Louisiana): Be a / WING. ag] Baers | tereo00 | Lo | 3)162,5r4 142 4 | , ‘y . ‘ ies a rai Soni ged te ad Wiheeet ea a ay a; o. 3,199, 000 152 ao ee ie nie a eel -ouromi tenn 135 ease : ” 000 18.0 | 4)072;000 149 1 No data. 700 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. SUGAR—Continued. TaBLe 139.—Sugar beets: Area and production of undermentioned cowntries, 1914-1916. Area. Production. Country. 1914 1915 1916 1914 1915 1916 NORTH AMERICA. Acres. Acres. Acrea, Short tons. | Short tons. | Short tons. United States.............-s.- 483, 000 611, 000 665,308 | 5,585,000} 6,511,000] 6,228,000 5 SS SE SD REC IAS 12, 000 18, 000 15, 000 109, 000 141, 000 71, 000 Webel) ie Sees 495, 000 629, 000 680,308 | 5,694,000 | 6,652,000 | 6, 299,000 eS OOOO | eo Or Occ OO —— eee Orr EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: pee has ee ne OS 1600,000 | 1435, 000 (2 17, 468, 000 (2) 2 [AE A Ra | 439, 000 266, 000 (2 4,425,000 | 2,743,000 2 Croatia-Slavonia, ......... 2) f @ 8 e 2 Bosnia-Herzegovina....... (?) 2) ? 2) 2) ‘ Total Austria-Hungary .|............ RS See | (?) | op aneda dbs neces (2) Willette tt -. cceo te... 130,000 | 109, 000 2 (2) (2) 2 Helena: = tee Oe. keel (?) (7) 2 (*) 2 2 Denmarh, 2. 5 dees: as anckeeas (2) 79, 000 77,782 | 1,066,000 910, 000 2 Ct RE FR |e ae 2, 000 2, 000 2) (2) 2 Ly RE ea ee 8 331, 000 3 208, 000 8 188, 876. | 4,135,000 | 31,663,000 | 32,105, 283 Crema es fos bes SS dee das ; 1,406,000 917, 000 (2) 18) 650, 000 (?) (2) 4) SE Re RR ice, 101, 000 123, 000 123,056 | 1,488,000} 1,639,000 1, 486, 231 1 eee eee 156, 000 140, 000 157, 262 | 2,198,000 | 1,889,000 2, 115, 093 POUIIATIG Soo de ecesakeceeeee 37, 000 34, 000 30,411 248, 204, 000 (*) Russia: ee Russia proper.........::-- 1,873,000 | 1,871,000 (2) 13, 716, 000 (?) (?) Pelende. 2-2 Fo. 325550 168-8 (?) (2) (2) (2) (?) 33 Northern Caucasia( Kuban) 10, 000 11, 000 (*) 72, 000 (*) 2) Total Russia, European.| 1,883,000 | 1,882,000 | 1,635,000 | 13, 788, 000 (?) (*) EE Bt ee SERS 79, 000 (2) 134, 212 4709, 000 (2) 829, 912 Ls Re ER Ae ae ea 80, 000 79, 000 (2) 7, 000 856, 000 (?) Swiss nd 5. fo 0ccs sce ses. 2, 000 2, 000 1,977 30, 000 28, 000 22, 046 Totele en Patdis We, vos. [Tue Time OW || Bea Eat Paes ae (Sie. | ious dbleteeaes Grand total............. | eee eas | PT a aT ee | oe EE | SS a: ee 1 Galicia and Bukowina not included. 2 No official statistics. 83 Exclusive of invaded area, in which 115,900 acres were under sugar beets in 1914. 4 Beets entered in factories up to December 31, 1914, for sugar campaign of 1914-15. TEA. TABLE 140.—Tea: International trade, calendar years 1909-1916. {‘‘Tea”’ includes tea leaves only and excludes Gust, i a aa and yerba maté. See ‘‘General note,’’ able 85. EXPORTS. [000 omitted.) re pag gis gots es Aver- aous jars ountry. q Te- re- ountry. 909- | (pre- re. oa lim.). (ifm.). 1913. | lim.). iim). From— Pounds.' Pounds.| Pounds. From— Pounds.| Pounds.| Pounds. British India............. 267, 887 |319, 864 |........ Japen.c:.<..- eee 35,823 | 41,441 | 46,273 Ceylon seuuen'e ec nawanee seas e 189, 016 eceeceeccelsseewnecee Singapore eeeeseeeseseeese 2 575 eee ee ee ee 1 oe aaa 197, 997 |233, 474 | 204, 672 || Other countries! 21222222:] 6,991 |"5,174 |-...- ese Dutch East Indies....... 46, 675 |105, 305 |......-.. a og Ee aa 23, 640 | 22,816 |........ Wotels nso socks 770, 604 |728, 074 j...... om Statistics of Tea. 701 TEA—Continued. TABLE 140.—Tea; International trade, calendar years 1909-1916—Continued. IMPORTS. Aver! 1915 | 1916 Aver! 3915 | 1916 Country. 1908. ot pre- Country. i908 Mak (pre- 1813 lim.). | lim.). 191: lim.). | lim.), . | 913 Into Pounds,|Pounds,| Pounds. Into Pounds.| Pounds. Pownds. A a oon by ale 1) 1, 040m Gormariy. .......4.-.200. A ere hE yO | 35,442 | 44, 295 |........ Netherlands.............. 11,382 | 15,678 | 18,045 Austria-Hungary ........ pe ee ek, New Zealand............. 7,542 | 9, 160 |........ British India............. S002 |. 19,101)--3.%... a Bee el TE ae ©, 448-0) dot. centes sa cabe British South Africa.....| 5,544] 6,664 OA EIN in dn cerniun mien digimon 157,704 |184,708 | 172,843 (en, Sea lapel 37,927 | 42,855 | 36,678 || Singapore................ 008 Pel: ute TT SE gS Ree ae 3,505 | 3,017 |......:. || United Kingdom......... 293,045 |317,429 | 302, 416 CRB. Se hiacera ly. sce 18,890 | 24,337 | 30,944 || United States............ 98,897 _|106, 106 | 104,767 Dutch East Indies.......| 6,742 | 16,441 |...22... Other countries..........| 34,294 | 19,789 |........ pr Be ay Cee ORD 2,806 | 6,260 5, 830 —- ——|——_-— French Indo-China....... Dy AGO E Se AAS Bei cidn indie aT ee ae ae 756, 751 |803,990 |........ | Imports from Java and Madura only. TABLE 141.—Tea: Wholesale price per pound, on New York market, 1912-1917. Foochow, fair | Formosa, fine Japan, pan- India orange | Ceylon orange to fine. to choice. fired. pekoe. pekoe. Date..- Tey Cs Se ee SEC Ra Ce MEST LS LR DEL LADUE EE Car Be Gc Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High. | Low. | High 1912 Cts Cts. Cts. Cis Cts. Cis Cts. Cts Cts Cts Jan.~June..........- 11 22? 20 39 1 21 18 25 20 26 sary—Dec............ 11 21 23 39 15 18 18 25 20 26 1913 Jan.—June........... 12 22 24 39 13} 35 184 24 18} 24 D1 0): 12 22 24 39 134 28 184 21 18} 24 1914 Jan.-June........... } 184 24 July-Dec weet nee ee eee 2 184} 26 1915. MAMET: Fil Site | I Lk, clibeis ieee sek. | eee Jan.-June........... 21 30 July—Dec...........- 24 31 1916. s ee 24 26 Menramny. . 2a. .ct~ << 26 28 ET a ia Baas ao paper 27 30 SA oEh «die oe 27 30 Peer he 27 30 (oO ae 28 30 Jan.-June....... 24 30 re 28 30 MUP kos oe 28 30 September.......... 28 30 Ocveuers 5 2. oo. - 28 30 November. ......... 28 30 [i |. 28 30 July-Dec... Z 28 30 1917 a ei Po es sae = 22% GSA Sea SSS eee See So Se 23 39 28 30 February........... 23 39 294 35 eee 23 39 34 42 ine Spada 23 39 39 53 \ Eee ee ee 28 39 51 53 Oy eee 254 60 46 43 Jan.-June....... 23 60 28 53 Slee. .c. ke. Sa | 40 60 41 50 fo 40 60 43 50 September.......... 40 60 43 50 Se 40 60 40 50 November. ........ 40 60 40 50 PTE 40 60 40 50 July-Dec........ 40 60 40 50 702 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. COFFEE. TABLE 142.—Coffee: International trade, calendar years 1909-1916, [The item of coffee comprises unhulled and hulled, roasted, ground, or otherwise nig but imitation or ‘‘surrogate’’ cotfee and chicory are excluded, See ‘General note,’’ Table 85.] EXPORTS. [000 omitted.] Count Average 1915 pg Count Average 1915 ANB Y- 1909-1913 | (prelim). ten). Ty: 1909-1913 | (prelim). From— From— Pounds. | Pownds. |Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. a A | RR ee oe Netherlands.......... - 189,288) 871,777) 147,748 1.) Sea Se 3 Se ee 1. 672, 282) 2,256, 818} 172,474 || Nicaragua...........- 19, 033 20, 134 23° O44 British India......... 78 »44l)......-. Salvador ..=.. GADGIOG Fis de tes nl wctls ae ae IMPORTS Into— Into— Austria-Hungary..... BS OF ahs 8 2 ese ae ee See See ere 189,868} 197,822)....... Mploivm Fou. sos ese as SG) Eee es 2 .--«-|| Netherlands.......-.. 707, 116 598, 236) 461, 341 Ganadal. Fo... dnunex 7,752} 22,215] 14,730| Norway.............. 55,112} 71,160} 72, 100 Denner’ i sos cinacans pe RRR RRC Re Pes SWeieh..». Sy a arg a a Se fo, / 210) rn ee doe | Beak laceabes EY 2 oe es. ey Ee (ae Switzerland............. 466 395 455 MEME one oem ce oe : iy day Maa Urge Bs 1,135 || United Kingdom........ 7,782 | 7,446 5, 927 ok eS a ee ee ae 198 yt 7 (Re Other countries......... 1, 057 SS a eae: oO ee OL Bean Pe aes | ee ae | ol has Se TS eS 940 968 754 ROURE $2 '2s- io 31,200"), Te Lee eaciccees remmeriands. Joo 02522 25. 3,998 | 1,155 6 INDIA RUBBER. TaBLeE 147.—India rubber: International trade, calendar years 1909-1916. [Figures for india rubber include “india rubber,” so called, and caoutchouc, caucho, jebe (Peru), hule (Mex ico), borracha, massaranduba, mangabeira manicobt, sorva and ectinge (Braid gomelastick (Dutch East Indies), caura, ser nambi (Venezuela). See ‘General note,” Table EXPORTS. ij [000 omitted.] if — ee over), -|. 3936 Aver- | 1915. | 1916 Country. S&, | (pre- | (pre- Country. 8. | (pre- | (pre- 1909- mn lim.) 1909- ; lim.) 1913 : 1913. ; From— Pounds.| Pounds. Pounds. From— Pounds. Pileaaal oneal oe ee ee re 7-1) St RR Seana Ce ae eee CS ee eee fk Belgium Kongo.......... 10a |. JsbDORYS = ~~. - Mexico. ...-2.-i-.. eee Vie a oe oe eee ee 20; 749 |. Feu ae Netherlands-.:...00...... 7,172 414 | SR . } oe $306 | $15144).......-. [a pee oe i EO. oer 5,030.) 7,498 |....l02! a eae 84,938 | 77,525 | 69,433 || Senegal... ..............- ey ae a (AS 2 OSES 1G.068 f. 480522),82..-.- Singapore. 20.1... leece eR ES eee | cee ee Dutch East Indies.......| 7,679 | 44 348 |........ NiCGR W300 iis chen eeids eS ee eee eee ES SS 1, 040 561 837 || Negri Sembilan.-......... 3, 995.| 18,316 |........ 7 ee 51,615. 040. 148:| 6.267 |) Perak... o.oo. been. nak (EE eo 2 ae French Guiana........... CA oy 2 Cae Bea POM 6 6 ian cing ete oes 13, 736 | 43,053 |........ French Kongo............ St, ft ee Rich ase Venezuela..............-. 772 a) Oe SE cs aie cola ener 2 a fare Other countries. ......... 28, 936 | 10,418 |........ ae 2, 293 ORS | oaad ieee —~--—- Ivory coast............... | 2700-14... eeeeeees 2 meg, 064 en saa ae IMPORTS Into— | Into— Austria-Hungary......... Da ee ee EES 19,131 | 29,761] 17,804 “Sathya 5h Le BES ea United Kingdom......... 43,141 | 33,760] 59,941 a Sve eee 3,945 | 9,731 | 986,797 || United States............ 100, 180 |221, 482 | 270, 090 ine eis ne ne' ens 32, 704 29; 317 -39, 122 || Other countries. ......... 12,424] 6,940]....... ° SEEM SG caw eco cu 2 O06 tS at Sea a sate ee oa oe ts 5,381 | 11,833 | 11,728 WRAL Stuck acne ss 302,319 |349, 733 |..... = Ne So Sa ae 10,822 GU Pies aetaie i 29190°—yrBk 1917———-45 706 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. SILK. TABLE 148.—Production of raw silk in undermentioned countries, 1912-1916, [Estimates of the Silk Merchants’ Union of Lyons, France.] Country. 1912 1915 1916 Western Europe: Pounds. Pounds, Pounds, ye ie TT 6 eee 9, 050, 000 6,349,000] 7,963,000 , DUR cass d= Sebo dask as deacon adarsus 1, 113, 000 287, 000 485, 000 Le) i. | eee 172, 000 121,000 198, 000 Yo | a re eee Ue NE 410, 000 187, 000 187,000 PIG fs Fos a anvde Soe Podko nan ene 238, 000 143,000 143, 000 Wekebe teas ge oe 10, 983, 000 7,087,000 | 8,976,000 ; —————— Levant and Central Asia: Broussa and Anatolia................. 844, 000 386, 000 Serie SUC VPENE Jo. «nan > ca nacnteds 882, 000 772,000 Other Provinces of Asiatic Turkey. ... 254, 000 143, 000 Pete Ute PITTI Oo. 252, een nara clonnacsas cast , 000 Saloniki and Adrianople............... PO ses nnn ccnnsslendencuekhactebhha saa ccsesancces Balkan States (Bulgaria, Serbia, and MRR La ocuancee -+-canccaceness 320, 000 220, 000 Greece, Saloniki,! and Crete. .........- 110, 000 243,000 Comming 4 CoA. Sou ek eee 871, 000 276, 000 Perse X DOUU s «02s oeicc = 5.5505 daaeee 500, 000 77,000 Turkestan (exports) ...........--.----- 569, 000 110, 000 | RE ee eee See * me 4, 923, 000 2,293,000 Far East: China— ‘ Exports from Shanghai............ 14,198,000 | 12,709,000 | 9,116,000 10,340,000 : Exports from Canton.........-...- 4) 983,000 | 6,063,000 | 4,233,000 5,346, | apan— Exports from Yokohama.........- 23, 957, 000 29, 431, 000 British India— Exports from Bengaland Cashmere 370, 000 249, 000 254, 000 | Indo-China— — Rapes from Saigon, Haiphong, ee eee Th Ee a” 33, 000 26, 000 7,000 bal. : Pi ves ce, ee es £ 43, 541,000 | 45, 767,000 | 34,381,000 | 42,792,000 | 45,378, 000 Wenn takel se fo. poco) 80 co 59, 447,000 | 60,230,000 | 48,986,000 | 52,172,000 | 56, 647,000 1 Prior to 1913 Turkey in Europe included the Vilayet of Saloniki, which now belongs to Greece. TaBLE 149,— Total production of raw silk in countries mentioned in Table 148, 1900-1916. Year. | Production. Year. Production. Year. Production, | . | Pounds Pounds Pounds, 1 es ee 40,724, 00057 100@ias oo taee. 3h eR BOI. co. tances 59, 447, 000 1S ee ro MWe es 7 a AT 45. fee 00 {i 3O8S% . ...-. cuncs tine , 230, WR i 41,368,000 || 1908.............-.| 58,087,000 || 1914... ...-| 48,986, 000 THORS Beh NOs Foe 39,081, GO0.)) 2000. Seu coc usee cS. 54,085,000 || 2025.........-...~.0. 52,172, 000 ae SA Sa 220 846.105. 000 || A010... 2eyecte ae” 54,002,000 || 1916 (preliminary)..| 56,647,000 100... 5 SUS. ee. 3G 41, 513,000 NOR Ses Fie SS 54, 167,000 Statistics of Wood Pulp. 707 WOOD PULP. TABLE 150.—Wood pulp: International trade, calendar years 1909-1916. {All kinds of pulp from wood have been taken for this item, but no pulp made from other fibrous sub- stances, See “ General note,’’ Table 85.) EXPORTS. [000 omitted.] ‘ Average,| 1915 1916 Average,| 1915 1916 Country. 1909-1913: | (prelim.).| (prelim.). Country. 1909-1913. | (prelim.).|(prelim.). —— SS — —EEEE——————=—eee ———_— | Sar From— Pounds. | Pownds, | Pounds. From— Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Austria-Hungary...} 205,364|........../-.......- WOME. F035 wears coed S30; C28). sos 0205 chats banenee boll T os Ci SA a ea bo by | ae sy ae Se eh Al Switzerland......... 13,072 22,877) 14,671 SR ARR He 606, 203] 728, 341,1, 117, 796 || United States....... 24,309| 40,575] 80,046 BME odode syscee's 236,881; 221,420) 223,139 || Other countries..... 75, 486 7 | Eee SEM 8 io isinw ie aed ed teed 1051910 627 | 2,499 4 ss 22} 1895 662 | 8,231 po ee Dee. 31,1913 1,412 ()) Dec. 81,1910 494 185 Dec. 31, 1895 1, 163 236 Dec. 31,1880 646 365 eee 1916 17,329 | 7,205 1912-18 18,399 | 10,653 Bolgntitcwe wesc... Dec. 31,1910 587 | 8,632 Dec. 31,1905 466 | 8,131 Dec. 31,1900 868 | 7,015 Dec. 31,1892 462 | 6,868 1 No official statistics. * Less than 500. 4 Dec. 31, 1913. 709 710 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TABLE 151.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued, PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued. Country. Date. Cattle. — Swine. | Sheep. | Goats. | Horses.) Mules. Asses. — - EEE aa ss ee (= _— caida Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- sand. | sand. | sand. | sand. | sand. | sand. | sand. | sand. ane Fe ee June 30,1917 | 5,968 ]........ 2,514 | 2,009 (1) 3, 035 Q (*) June 30,1916 | 5,017 |........ 2,815 1, 965 CG 2,991 bs u June 30,1915] 6,066 |........ 3,112] 2,039 2, 996 June 1,1911| 6,583 |........ 3,610 | 2,17 1 2,596 June 31,1901 } 6,576 |........ 2,3541°2,510|} (2 1,877 TU ae ee eet 1,734 | 2,664) (Q) 1,471 1881 | 3,615 |........ 1,208 | 3,049} @ 1,059 Denware.bi.cacheesse mem. DIT BACH. . Sac es 1,981 70 @ 638 ‘eb, 29,1916 | 2,290 }........ 1,983 255 ¢ 616 May 15,1915 | 8,417 |........ 1,919 633; Q 526 July 15,1914 2,463 |........ 2,497 5165 41 568 July 15,1909 | 2,854 |........ 1,468 727 40 $35 July 15,1903} 1,840}........ 1,467 87 39 487 July 16,1898 | 1,745 |........ 1,168} 1,074 32 449 Widiindh--- Jan. 31,1916] 2,417 |...-.... 298 |? 24,788 17 371} (8) (3) Apr. 1,1911| 2,080 |........ Pr pee 6 404) (8) (3) Aor 0, Tai ts! 3. 2d |. enc, uae PO has 5 x) wakretes aes NA dee Apr. 30, PDE Sty anes cw dae tae. a oe LUAU Cen es! |. case dss etaaalen cue Oct. i ee ob ee ts oe | re 327] (3) (4) Ay OS 1000 Os 5 Bs ye - Aci 19, 355 Q Ee ght ys Chee un , See < Oct; & WOOO), 8,257) Fedo. (Ne Pee (a 266] (3) (3) Apr., a ae Pe SS | ee cee b (ae ee 19, 827 ty a at ES Ol | gs. 3 1895. | 1,048 |........ 7 ee (A 237 | (3) 3 1891 =D ee EY 809 | 18,128 9 211 3) 2) Norway........ MGsaa Sept. 30,1916 | 1,119} (1) 221 | 1,281 230 189 1) 1 Sept. 30,1915 | 1,121] (1) 209 | 1,330 240 186 1 1 Sept. 30,1914] 1146! (1) 228 | 1,327 237 182 Ri 1 Sept. 30,1910 | 15134[{ () 334 | 1,398 288 168 | (1) 1 Sept. 30,1907 | 1,989} 4143 307 | 1,391 296 164| (1) (1) 1900 950 | 4109 165 999 215 173 | () (1) 1890 | 1,006] 4170 121 | 1,418 272 151] (Q) (1) oe i ee On 61 600 87 478 17 18 pT OA ee 37 222 50 218 9 5 rr” Ae 2 ee ae 24 214 32 183 8 4 1886 co ee 12 32 11 62 2 2 1877 cr a 3 (SE 21 1 2 Philippine Islands....| Dec. 31,1916 Dee. 31,1915 534.| 1,222] 2,521 129 644 223} (1) (1) Dee. 31,1910 270 757 | 1,682 94 441 143 1 (a Dec. 31,1902 128 641) 1,179 30 124 144 5 a3 Peo: fe sues Oct., ” 1906 703 (1) 1,111 | 3 073) 1,084 88 58 144 1870 625 | () 971 | 2,977 987 87 51 138 Roumania.......-.... April, 1916 2,938 1,382 | 7,811 301 | 1,219 (3) - 12 1911 2, 667 1,021 | 5,269 187 825 4 1907 2, 585 1,124 | 5,105 191 808 5 Dec., 1900| 2,545 | 44.| 1,709 | 5,655 233 864 1 | 7 1890 2,520 926 | 5,002 210 595 6 1884 2,376 886 | 4,655 245 533 2 Russian Empire: Russia, European 1914 | 32,704 | (2) 11,581 | 37,240] (@) | 22,529] () (2) 1913 | 31,97 1605 | 13,458 | 41, 426 873 | 22,771 6 v4 1910 | 31,315 | 4462 | 12,049 | 40,7384 857 | 21,868 5 2 1900 | 31,661 | 4350 | 11,761 | 47,628 | 1,017 | 19,744 1 2 1890 | 25,528] (1) 9,554 | 46,052 | (1) | 19,77 (3) (3) 1881 | 22,122 | (1) 9,265 | 45,522 | 1,157} 15,524] (3) (3) SEs 1914 | 2,014] (1) 452 565 | (2) 1,098] (3) (1) In |1913 | 2,011] (8) 491 683 1,116 | (3) 3 sum- 42910] 2,301] (3 612 | 1,050 9| 1,222 3) (3 mer, |1900| 2,823] (3 1,402 | 2,8 11 | 1,392) @ 1 1890 | 3,013] @ 1,499 | 3,7 (1) 1,207 ® o 1881 | 5,055| (3 706 | 3,375 10| 1,037} @ 1) Russia, Asiatic (33 governments of the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Siberia). ... 1914 | 17,334 Q 2,962 | 34,468) (1) | 11,346] (1 C 1913 | 18, 404 1 2,895 | 38,696 | 4,791 | 11,959} (@ 1 eee Dec. 31,1910 957 7 866 | 3,819| ’631 153 1 1 Dec. $1, 1905 963 7 908 | $8,160 510 174 1 1 antes pale oe UC ke eae 2,814 | 16,012 | 3,207 489 913 839 o RE yc 9 Ee 2,810 | 16,128 | 3,265 525 984 841 ge Sk 2,710 | 16,441 | 3,894 4 948 849 Dec. 31,1910 | 2,369 |........ 2,424 | 15,117 | 3,216 520 836 868 Dec. 31,1906 | 2,497 |........ ,080 | 13,481 | 2,440 440 802 744 Ey Be Bt i eae -! 1,928! 13,359! 2,534 397 768 754 1 No official statistics. * Less than 500. 2 Reindeer. « Dee. 31, 1913. 712 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Tasie 151.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued. PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued. Country. Date. Cattle. Sheep. | Goats, | Horses), a NS Le sss ———$—$ J —________ ] — —_—_— Thou- Thou- |Thou- | Thou- Thou- sand sand. | sand. | sand, sand, i) June 1,1916] 2,913 Dec. 31,1914 | 2,761 1 Dec. 31,1913 | 2,721 ¥ Dec. 31,1910 | 2,748 . Dec. 31,1905 | 2,550 (? 1900 | 2,583 Qi 1890 | 2,399 (i Switzerland. ......... Apr. 19,1916 | 1,616 1 Apr. 21,1911} 1,443 2 Apr. 20,1906 | 1,498 2 Apr. 19,1901 | 1,340 2 Turkey, European and Asiatic........- 1913 | 2,398 qa i912} (i re | 1910 1) 1 ) ; 1905 | (1) 1 ) Union of South Afriea.| Dec. 31, 1915 1) 1 Dec. 31,1913 | (2) 1 May 7,1911 | 5,797 337 ' 1904 | 3,500 142 United Kingdom: | Great Britain.....| June 4,1917 | 7,435 f June 5,1916| 7,442 1 June 4,1915 | 7,288 3 June 4,1914| 7,093 . } June 4,1913 | 6,964 1 June 4,1910 | 7,037 3 June 4,1900} 6,805 t June 4,1890]} 6,509 e June 4,1880| 5,912 Qi Troan... 604% <. June 1,1917| 4,907 229 June 1,1916| 4,970 230 June 1,1915} 4,844 227 June 1,1914| 5,052 245 June 1,1913 | 4,933 243 June 1,1910]| 4,689 241 June 1,1900| 4,609 242 , June 1,1890| 4,241 213 une 1,1880| 3,921 186 Isle of Man and Channel Is- : Gregety to) ak: nme P7916 | 7,803 S Eee ee PND hes. de dalsis a aintcaleknelnsanls wae certs © issn] nice 4 1908 8,1081........| 180 | 26,080) 20) 6566| J@iceee 1900 | 6,827 1860 | 3,632 LL —————eeeeee { 1 No official statistics 2 Reindeer. Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products, 713 TABLE 151.—Live stock in principal and other countries.—Continued. OTHER COUNTRIES. Country. Date. Cattle. gl Swine. | Sheep, | Goats. | Horses.) Mules, | Asses. , / Thou- | Thou- | Thou~ | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- sand. | sand. | sand. | sand. | sand. | sand. | sand. Azores and Madeira | Migs |... 50340005 : 1900} 89 |....... ~ 93 87 | 38 2 3 9 _ Basutoland. .......... 1911 (1) 1, 369 | (1) 88 | (1) (*) Bechuanal and Proc- Botan 20Pe sont tector eter. - on on.- 1911 () $58 4 BL Wi teat bs ic aiee BEES iiseemnee abel-e bari siete 6 errs Ta ates eet: rns e British Guiana. ...... Mar. 31,1916 | 98 |.-.-..--. 14 22 |. 15 1 2 6 2.) ae 1915] 1, 501 70 90 183 4) () (1) ee Dec. 31,1914 | 1,944 {........ 229 |. -4;545"]-....-.- 458 Ree ae MIGIGTO tei. a5 oe Shs LOTS |" S,, OSs Sheen 7il 164 526 201 139 Costa Rica........... 1GIS joo) 888]. -vae~ 5, 63 3 ay 52) (3) (3) Qubbcveseewees cscs Dee. 31,1916 | 3,962 |.......- (4) 4) +. dy 750 58 3 ipa Mar., %,1916 | | 63 |....7.. 35 282 228 1 eh peat Shear e Dutch East Indies: Java and Madura. 1913 ‘9e007 | eo (*) (*) 274) (1) (1) Other Possessions 1905 447 | (1) (1) (*) 119} (%) (1) pk Cah a e | oe ene hee aed eeeeres Om Move eC |Cemet eror st | io eee tr er. co Poet en eae East Africa Protee- i kapater fait a... Mar. 31,1915 900} (1) 4 | 6,595 | 4,020 2) @) (4) Sa ae 1916 493 515 | 9 688 263 34 17 526 Falkland Islands. .... 1915 Bidet lik (1) 691 f 4} (1) (1) Faroe Islands........- 1914 47>... bo () 112 3 1 | doettesl canes ee 1915 1 BRE 2 12 (gee tt a eee ae French Guiana. ...... 1914 Ui 3 Sean ae () 150 140 3] @) (1) French Indo-China: Annam........... 1914 215 | (‘) () ate (4) (4) (1) Cochin-China..... 1914 109 242 709 (4) (1) (1) EC TO ee ee Oe 1907 83 (1) (1) (‘) GWM: shee ed: 1913 6 (1) ) (1) (1) (1) Guatemala: 7.2... Dec. 31,1915 620 J-.---.-- 103 P16 |: cccuer aaeteee se German East Africa. . 1913 3, 994 6 ‘(> ee a) 28 German S. W. Africa.. 1913 206 8 16 | 14 Honduras... ....-..- 1914 BOO hcg tt 2 180 : 68 25 BOBIATIC. =O ties ew, 43 1914 VINE epee & iy mare ar (in ieee ic Bie Me hi OS ara 1016.| "ds. ieee aay Ser | 21 Luxemburg.......... Dec. 31,1918 ORGS? Fi 137 19 @) (1) Madagascar........... 0 Se: Fe ig Beer 11 6, 606 666 3 | 1 i ee Mar. 31,1916 5 4 9 Mauritius: s3 /.... 2: 1913 "Tr ep ike 17 2 14n@) Morocco: Mreoveri......... 3 1915-16 Sees 29 97 42 251 Masten. ...-...-« 1915-16 i). ie (1) (1) (1) (1) Newfoundland. . 1911 SOMES . «je 27 14 (@) (4) Nicaragua..........-. 1908 pi eee 12 28 6 1 Nyasaland Protector- Te ee & 28 1916 82 24 (3) (3) (8) Dy ee er 1916 WO cee cule Seer ae 15 yt PR See TONOUCKIAL An a... 3-4 1911 500 2 20 3 te a 1906 A teeet 2... 423 74 (1) ¢ 191 Sit S808... s Jan. 1,1916 | 2,3374 2,120 op ee Or ee A Re ee: 105 (1) | a Straits Settlements . -. 1914 Adige MOGil .. 2 4 113 2 (1) Qa Swaziland ............ Mar. 31,1916 100 9 1 2 oy ages See 1913 65 (1) (4) (4) (1) @) Trinidad and Tobago. 1914 yr, fp lose EE 9 5 5 @) ae je ee Apr. 30,1916 SAU Vinnie 10 $1 15 8&4 Uganda Protectorate 9 1914 845 1 678 (8) (8) (8) Venezuela. ........... 1912 | 2,004 | tees oe 1,618 177 1, 667 191 89 313 1 No official statistics. 2 Less than 500. 714 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TABLE 152.—Hides and skins: International trade, calendar years 1909-1916. [This table gives the classification as found in the original returns, and the summary statements for “All countries”? represent the total for each class only so far as it is disclosed in the original returns. The following kinds are included: Alligator, buffalo, calf, camel, cattle, deer, goat and kid, horse and colt, kangaroo, mule and ass, sheep and lamb, and all other kinds except furs, bird skins, sheepskins with wool on, skins of rabbits and hares, and tanned or partly tanned hides and skins. Number of pounds computed from stated number of hides and eI GENERAL NoTe.—Substantially the international trade of the world. It should not be ex that the world export and import totals for any year will agree. Among sources of disagreement are these: (1) Different periods of time covered in the “ year” of the various countries; (2) imports received in year subsequent to year of export; (3) want of uniformity in classification of goods among countries; (4) differ- ent practices and varying degrees of failure in recording countries of origin and ultimate destination; (5) different practices of recording reexported goods; (6) opposite methods of treating free ports; (7) cleri errors, which, it may be assumed, are not infrequent. The exports given are domestic exports, and the imports given are imports for consumption as far as it is feasible and consistent so to express the facts. While there are some inevitable omissions, on the other hand there are some duplications because of reshipments that do not appear as such in official reports. For the United Kingdom, import figures refer to imports for consumption, when available, otherwise total imports, less exports, of ‘‘foreign and colonial merchandise.” Figures for the United States include Alaska, Porto Rico, and Hawaii. EXPORTS. (000 omitted.] Expr ine country | Average, 1915 1916 Exporting country | Average, 1915 and classification. | 1909-1913.|(Prelim.)| (Prelim.) || and classification. | 1909-1913.) (Prelim.)|(Prelim.) Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Pounds. | Pownds. Argentina: Egypt Cattle, dried.....| 66,957 56, 391 47, 507 attle and camel. 7,799 5, 100 4, 667 Cattle, salted..... 145,901 | 141,641 171, 608 Sheep and goat... 2,955 2,573 2, 887 OE Ja te da canons 3 6 3 || France: Goat .cssscaddeas 4,577 5, 203 5, 639 CMT nos de gdveancae 30, 608 10, 050 6, 905 Horse, dried...... ;: (ONS sends ees 900 618 Horse, salted... . 5 Mlndcaedsaae tae j 2 et ae 593 Sheep and lamb..} 71,129] 50,705| 36,908 || Sheep............ 697 Ausiria-rluncary: (\\ '° 7 Pou * eany.. | Gi) Unekassifiersoc. 205 Wel, Gried.- sche) © “O, Cie ennesetemeaetebanes Calf, green. ...... SOB lacmesensaaipcesesece= || COM. rie eew cl | Oo, Ot lcs aan Cattle, dried. ....|°. 7,318) | -ceewsnasloneeesceee ||) “COUMOl 2S. ol) NOD SOO ts «aes are ee Cattle, green...-.- BSD lonmenssancipawscesese |}, MOBD. sous cmaccal 2) CGe che mos ann ns Goat 2. te vwackews ADY (ose e ne eens oe ae ll WEEOFSO IGS UP abces am oa Venezuela: i 716, 762 179, Ly SE SetbI@sos sce os cool) eg OeO |, Ly a Oder sso tt — Daet is: di IN, - } 383 sero oe TUE Totals 4. 1,991,133 |1,057, 490 |......... : Oe Doo IESE) | IE eae we [enema (0) be IMPORTS. Austria-Hungary: Germany—Contd. Calf, dried....... i ee ee Sheep and lamb.. 2038 Nie... Lee Calf? PTOOR h ec2 LAD LO NA SRE he ok Unclassified. ..... _ Ne Ee Hi chee ee Cattle, dried =. =. BO Oa s eica ee Una tees = Greece: Catt le, green..... te ae eee) Meee oe Unclassified. ..... 5, 770 2151. 198 382.58 ee 1250s ee: ae Italy: Horse, dried...... 1204). be eet SoS ee Galt sot te 1, 609 2,142 1, 259 Horse, green..... DON tA ae eS Cattle: 2 Pk 47, 240 72, 754 70, 447 UO AG || Ne see a os Sheap: 242). 4: 3, 735 4, O80 4,517 LC Tcl a ESO aso ec ches opal ONES eons 164. 00 69. 00 HIE) BA gee eA) ae Bayt 172. 00 77.00 Pt ceen Cem > ote e-.-- Spas 177. 00 87.00 if a fend Ne Tie See tins ne sk ‘ 1 ES SES AE eS NEE i 100. 00 RS ed te a 95. 00 <_< 1) ES eee ree aa aaa 90. 00 2 EAT ea eee 90. 00 October........ 90. 00 LG 9 a ee 85. 00 UTE ee ei ea 90. 00 iS oy | a 93. 00 ' Cavalry horses, 1916. 2 Mean of low and high quotations. 720 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, HORSES AND MULES—Continued. TaBLe 157.— Number of horses and mules received at principal live-stock markets, 1900-1917. {From reports of stock yards companies.) | Horses. Horses and mules. Year and month, 7 | To ort | Kansas t. Chicago. St. Paul.| Denver. Worth. | City. Omaha Joseph. 1900. 5. aids Hubs baal 99,010 | 26,778 | 22,691 |......... 103,308 | 59,645 | 1%, 497 469, 850 R001... Aas nee 109,353 | 15,123 | 16,545 |...;..... 96,657 | 36,391 | 22,521 425, 470 pO eee Crest 102,100} 8,162 | 24,428}; 4,872| 76,844| 42,079| 19,999 387, 1903........_.-.,----| 100,603 | 7,823 | 19,040] 10,094] 67,274 | 52,820] 29,483 406, 761 1904........----+----| 105,49 | 6,438 | 13,437 | 17,895 | 67,562 b 28, 704 468,171 ey isnt eat Ol 127,250] 5,561} 16,046 | 18,033 | 65,582 | 45,422 | 31,565 487,716 SSS « side UGS aw ae 126,979 | 9,299} 16,571 | 21,303 | 69,629 | 42,269] 28, 480 48), 923 1907.........-------| 102,055 | 14,557 | 11,059] 18,507] 62,341 | 44,020{ 26, 396, 812 eit | 92,138] 7,125 | 11,158| 12,435 | 56,335 | 39,998 | 22 875 351, 457 1909..... 91,411 | 5,632] 15,348] 20,732] 67,796 | 31,711 | 23,132 378, 233 1 ea BC 83,439 | 5,482] 15,554] 34,445 | 69,628 | 29,734 | 27,583 396, 136 1911........-....----| 104,545 | 7,709 | 18,022 | 37,361 | 84,861 | 31,771 | 42,028 496, 671 1912. ......2..-......| 92,977] 5,314] 14,918] 49,025 | 73,445 | 32,520} 38,661 470, 833 - 1913............-.--.| 99,615 | 5,203] 16,274] 56,724] 82,110] 31,580| 32,418 471, 749 1914.................| 106,282 | 5,683 | 16,957 | 47,712] 87,155 | 30, 25, 424 468, 029 Te 165,253 | 10,091 | 71,870 | 53,640 | 102,153 | 41,679 | 41, 254 756, 552 1916. | Ponvary., fo 2255-50 12, 986 377} 7,912| 4,915 | 7,886] 1,443] 2,456 63,784 February........... 15,913 | 1,010} 6,101 | 3,132] 4,735] 2,185} 2,313 , 453 ae ieee 17,469 | 1,131) 3,546 | 4,980} 5,012] 2,952] 1,515 54, 204 ys: Pee REE See 14,882 | 1,092) 2,679] 3,518} 7,073] 1,695| 1,682 47,52 SS ee aor ae 18, 240 821 | 4,704 | 6,466} 8,171 3,0°6 | 2,143 64, 276 ee ae 17,557 | 1,571} 4,517] 4,073 | 7,156] 2,338] 2,124 55, 121 ae eee 18,990} 1,510| 4,872} 12,967! 11,027] 2,177| 1,934 80, 051 Brpret bocce 237896 | 1,003] 33476| 77261| 137414] 3'152| 1°660 77, 154 September.......... 21,132) 1,195 | 5,444] 4,590] 13,349] 3,332] 2,599 78, 296 October.............| 18,952 835 | 5,299] 11,686] 17,145 2,042 | 3,920 91, 026 November.......... 14,342 910} 1,441 8,351 | 13,093] 1,731] 2,892 65, 004 December.......... 11, 090 322 | 2,809| 7,270] 15,080} 1,453] 1,968 62,015 Total, 1916....| 205,449 | 11,777 | 52,800 | 79,209 | 123,141 | 27,486 | 27,206 | 266,818; 793,886 a 1917 January .......i:... 10,788 496} 2,095] 7,322] 15,144] 1,724 | 2,625 | 24,957] 65,151 Pebrusry 65-25-24. 6,413 544| 1,701 2,763 | 14,402] 2,108; 1,978] 15,068] 44,977 La ER SERIE Se 11,111 895} 1,143] 4,203] 14,295] 3,229] 2,958] 16,874) 54,648 MA). Monee ads 7, 601 598 | 1,154] 4,420] 13,263] 2,641 1,862 | 13,370] 44,909 pe RE aid EE 7,559 465 | 1,755] 1,742] 5,379} 1,235 733 | 8,198] 27,057 bE Sk ee EEE 7, 258 476 |- 2,137] 3,793 | 2,578] 1,044 462 | 6,852] 24,600 pe a SR Bea a 8,261 553 1,305 9, 156 4,171 1, 889 821 | - 15, 659 41,915 yO EE Sea Be cate © 4, 628 405 849 | 9,312] 38,776] 1,424] 1,301] 13,963] 35,658 ~ September.......... 7, 274 1, 261 1,035 | 14,523] 10,313 5,465 | 3,43 31, 267 74,576 Pemiber .. 55. a8 11,329] 1,158] 2,551} 30,647] 13,92 6, 341 5,908 | 51,291 | 12%, 162 November. ......... 15, 823 1,704 2,014 | 18,322] 17, 861 3, 892 6,367 | 47,743 | 113,726 December.........- 9,175 | 1,404/ 2,019] 9,020] 12,765] 1.789] 5,131 | 34/595 , 898 Total, 1917....] 107,311 | 9,959 | 19,758 | 115,233 | 127,823 | 32,781 | 33,584 | 279,837 | 726,286 HORSES AND MULES—Continued., Tasie 158.—J/orses and mules; Imports, exports, and prices, 18938-1917. Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 721 Imports of horses. I xports of horses. Exports of mules, niin | steer ending Average Average Average June 30— be Value. | import paitg Value. | export — Value. | export ; price, ; price, sds price. | eae 15,451 | $2,388, 267 |$154. 57 2,967 | $718,607 |$242. 20 1,634] $210,278 | $128.69 ee care 6,166 | 1,319,572 | 214.01 5,246 | 1,108,995 | 211.40 2, 063 240,961 | 116.80 BU oink nae 13,098 | 1,055,191 | 80.56 | 13,984 | 2,209,298 | 157.99 2,515 186,452 | 74.14 yD ee 9, 991 662,591 | 66.32 25,126 | 3,530,703 | 140. 52 5,918 406,161 68. 63 STIS 6, 998 464,808 | 66.42] 39,532 | 4,769,265 | 120.64 7,473 545,331 | 72.97 ROOD sexi reest: 3, 085 414,899 | 134.49 51,150 | 6,176,569 | 120.75 8, 098 664, 789 82. 09 CO ee he; 3, 042 551,050 | 181.15] 45,778 | 5,444,342 | 118.93 6, 755 516,908 | 76.52 | ee 3,102 596, 592 | 192.32 64, 722 | 7,612,616 | 117.62 43,369 | 3,919,478 9). 38 ig foo okt 3, 785 985,738 | 260.43 | 82,250 | 8,873,845 1107.89 | 34/405 | 3,210,267 | 93.31 BEE wie ice a 5 4,832 | 1,577,234 | 326.41 103, 020 | 10,048,046 | 97.53 27,586 | 2,692,298 97. 60 Reeeas eae... 4,999 | 1,536,296 | 307.32 34,007 | 3,152,159 | 92.69 4,294 521,725 | 121.47 A ae ee 4, 726 1 460, 287 | 308.99 42) 001 | 3,189,100 | 75.93 3,658 412,971 | 112.90 ies ustivw ss 5,180 ¥ 591,083 | 307.16 34) 822 | 3,175,259 | 91.19 5, 826 645,464 | 110.79 a 6, 021 L 716, 675 | 285.11 40, 087 | 4,365,981 | 108.91 7,167 989,639 | 138.08 pA 2 A 6, 080 i 978, 105 | 325.35 33, 882 | 4,359,957 | 131.99 6, 781 850,901 | 125.48 i a 5,487 | 1,604,392 | 292. 40 19,000 | 2,612,587 | 137.50 6, 609 990,667 | 149.90 i ae ene 7,084 | 2,007,276 | 283.35 21) 616 3, 386, 617 | 156.67 3,432 472,017 | 137.53 TANT ease = 11,620 | 3,296,022 | 283.65] 28/910 | 4,081,157 | 141.17 4,512 614,094 | 136.18 ROL ges, aes 9,593 | 2,692,074 | 280.63 25, 145 3, 845, 253 | 152.92 6,585 | 1,070,051 162. 50 |) be a 6,607 | 1,923,025 | 291.06 34, 828 4 764, 815 | 136.81 4,901 732,095 | 149.30 Se 10,008 | 2,125,875 | 212.42 28,707 | 3,960,102 | 137.95 4,744 733,795 | 154.68 MOAN. eek. 33,019 | 2,605,029 | 78.89 22,776 | 3,388,819 | 148. 79 4, 883 690, 974 | 141.51 0) Sr 12,652 977,380 | 77.25 | 289,340 | 64,046,534 | 221.35 65, 788 | 12, 726, 143 | 193.44 J 15,556 | 1, 618,245 | 104.03 357,553 | 73,531,146 | 205.65 | 11, 915 22 946,312 | 205.03 cb y ee a 12, 584 ': 888, 303 | 150.06 | 278,674 59, 525, 329 | 213.60 | 136, 689 27, 800, 854 | 203.39 OY MI PD TaBLE 159.—Cattle (live): Imports, exports, and prices, 1893-1917. Imports. Exports. Year ending June 30— Average Average Number.) Value. import |Number.| Value. export price. price. SS 9 gs © ee en A ho 3, 293 $45, 682 $13.87 | 287,094 |$26, 032, 428 $90. 68 a ey SR ES Se a are 1, 592 18, 704 11.75 | 359,278 | 33, 461,922 93.14 oR pa Re ee Be eee 149, 781 765, 853 5.11 | 331,722 | 30,603, 796 92. 26 Dia Ue ei Sire ARS SER 28 tS ee Oa 217,826 | 1, 509, 856 6.93 | 372,461 | 34,560,672 92. 79 Beers « 38 32- n o- P abs ees: -> 328, 977 2; 589, 857 7.87 | 392,190 | 36,357,451 92. 70 Oo a be ae ol eS rk oe pe ae 291,589 | 2,913, 223 9.99 | 439,255 | 37,827,500 86.12 ARES RE 199,752 | 2,320,362 11.62 | 389,490 | 30,516, 833 78. 35 , a afin be i: Qe I ot el 181,006 | 2,257,694 12.47 | 397,286 | 30,635,153 77.11 Were kewe wuch Se asd, Vee bok 146, 022 1, 931, 433 13.23 | 459,218 | 37,566, 980 81.81 gL GRRE E A S Y 96,027 | 1,608, 722 16.75 | 392,884 | 29, 902, 212 76.11 od Ee BS area Sr ae 66,175 | 1,161,548 17.55 | 402,178 | 29, 848, 936 74. 22 RE is ee OS 16,056 | - 310,737 19.35 | 593,409 | 42,256, 291 71.21 aie Be SR OF ae 27, 855 458, 572 16.46 | 567,806 | 40,598,048 71. 50 UA Lie eee Ue Sl) ERE DS 18 NS 29, 019 548, 430 18.90 | 584,239 | 42,081,170 72. 03 oct a ae Cy AO i 32, 402 565, 122 17.44 | 423,051 | 34,577,392 81.73 oo pS eS Se eS ee ee 92,356 | 1,507,310 16.32 | 349,210 | 29,339,134 84. 02 BOO es ora grag x Bist si agi Eas oes vag tages 139,184 | 1,999, 422 14,37 | 207,542 | 18, 046. 976 86. 96 eee Do eee eS ee 195,938 | 2,999, 824 15.37 | 139,430 | 12,200,154 87. 50 BONA et ant SAR cal ee tte ih, 182,923 | 2,953,077 16.14 150, 100 13, 163, 920 87.70 lo aR ee ee 318,372 | 4,805,574 15.09 | 105,506 | 8,870,075 84. 07 DAR LOS BR Se ee oe ee 421,649 | 6,640,668 15.75 24,714 | 1,177,199 47.63 Sk. > Ge RE ee a 868,368 18, 696, 718 21.53 18,376 ’ 647) 288 35. 22 Uy EE I ee a ae 538,167 | 17,513,175 32. 54 5, 484 702, 847 128. 16 a ey SP aS SE Sy i 439,185 | 15,187,593 34. 58 21,666 | 2,383, 765 110. 02 EES eae ne aan ae 374,826 | 13,021, 259 34.74] 13,387 949, 503 70. 93 29190°—-rsBkK 1917——4fi 722 CATTLE—Continued. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, TaBLe 160.—Cattle: Number and value on farms in the United States, 1867-1918. Nore.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- rcentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. giving numbers as of April 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers culture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated It should also be observed that t e census of 1910, June 1. Milch cows. Other cattle. oer Price per) Parm value Price per Farm val Suiiber, | “head. = a Number. | hea Ta wT ue Jan. 1. ni Jan. 1. Bete TR 5. cc Stee hess oh ee eee 8, 349, 000 $28. 74 | $239, 947,000 | 11,731, 000 $15.79 | $185, 254, 000 pT SIRE aed eee Se 8, 692, 000 26.56 | 230,817,000 | 11,942, 000 15. 06 179, 888, 000 RS) 8 cre ek, oa vi dues ate ae 9, 248, 000 29.15 | 269,610,000 | 12,185,000 18. 73 228, 183, 000 | li die ll al tf iy be a 10, 096, 000 32.70 | 330,175,000 | 15,388, 000 18.87 | 290, 401, 000 1870, census June 1.......----- Ce ee ee 13, 668,005 1%. .nuven'nlee ee ee es i: Re ee 10, 023, 000 33.89 | 339,701,000 | 16,212, 000 20. 78 336, 860, 000 |p Se ee 2a - R 10, 304, 000 29.45 | 303,438, 000 | 16,390, 000 18. 12 296, 932, 000 | RS ten eR BAS? 10, 576, 000 26.72 | 282,559,000 | 16, 414, 000 18. 06 296, 448, 000 WIE os Sgt a haces ok birs ees ss 10, 705, 000 25.63 | 274,326,000 | 16, 218, 000 17.55 284, 706, 000 p>) a rest 5 ee 10, 907, 000 25. 7 280, 701,000 | 16,313, 000 16.91 275, 872, 000 pie ee ae A Serene, a ae 11, 085, 000 25.61 | 283,879,000 | 16,785, 000 17. 00 285, 387, 000 ae <5 aah dan +) «x pas ee 11, 261, 000 25.47 | 286,778,000 | 17,956, 000 15. 09 287, 156, 000 WE. Seago p ys =~ aaa 11, 300, 000 25.74 | 290,898, 000 | 19, 223, 000 16. 72 321, 346, 000 ic SA Coca ae TE Moye, 3s 2 3 11, 826, 000 21.71 | 256,721,000 | 21, 408, 000 15. 38 329, 254, 000 Or a en eee 12, 027, 000 23. 27 | 279, 899 000,) 21, 231,000 16. 10 341, 761, 000 1880, census June 1......-.---- 13, $45, 180 1. snes! on'=¢ ~heum meus ss emp oe 28, 488, GOD |... cemynaplyssanuh ee ane Se FOES 6 stn nis cine © > rele ee 12, 369, 000 23.95 | 296,277,000 | 20, 939, 000 17. 33 362, 862, 000 WS kanes dens Woe +-oaete eee 12, 612, 000 25. 89 | 326,489,000 | 23, 280, 000 19. 89 463, 070, 000 1. a PO caleh naneel biel Maine S neo 13, 126, 000 30.21 | 396,575,000 | 28, 046, 000 21.81 611, 549, 000 pT RRR See eer eee & ee 13, 501, 000 31.37 | 423,487,000 | 29, 046, 000 23. 52 , 229, 000 pT) Ee ree ee enate lee SS. 3 13, 905, 000 29.70 | 412,903,000 | 29, 867,000 23. 25 694, 383, 000 NOR oiveenn Wwe ku 14, 235, 000 27.40 | 389,986,000 | 31,275, 000 21.17 661, 956, 000 UR ee OS. t eae! 14, 522, 000 26.08 | 378,790,000 | 33, 512,000 19.79 | 663, 138, 000 RTE yes os A ee 14, 856, 000 24.65 | 366,252,000 | 34,378, 000 17.79 | 611, 751,000 Ce ee 15, 299, 000 23.94 | 366, 226,000 | 35,032, 000 17. 05 597, 237, 000 VL gee SR SAE 15, 953, 000 22.14 | 353,152,000 | 36, 849, 000 15. 21 , 625, 000 1890, census June 1 .-.....-.-.-<| 16,611,960 |e. 2. pecereeeen. 83,734, 188 |.....s.c00|-seeee=eeeneee st ee ee eee «eee 16, 020, 000 21.62 | 346,398,000 | 36, 876, 000 14. 76 544, 128, 000 22 eee Sane 16, 416, 000 21.40 | 351,378,000 | 37, 651, 000 15.16} 570,749, 000 EN: 5. oS... 16, 424, 000 21.75 | 357,300,000 | 35, 954, 000 15. 24 547, 882, 000 ee ee aS ee Se | 16, 487, 000 21.77 | 358,999, 000 | 36, 608, 000 14. 66 536, 790, 000 CC eee eee 16, 505, 000 21.97 | 362,602,000 | 34,364, 000 14. 06 482, 999, 000 ee se 16, 138, 000 22.55 | 363,956,000 | 32,085,000 15. 86 508, 928, 000 to. eS ee te ae 15, 942, 000 23.16 | 369,240,000 | 30, 508, 000 16. 65 507, 929, 000 (BOR... 5 ast BS ok Ss 15, 841, 000 27.45 | 434,814,000 | 29, 264, 000 20. 92 612, 297, 000 MOOR oc.) Gms al eee. See es 15, 990, 000 29.66 | 474,234, 000 | 27, 994, 000 22.7 637, 931, 000 NG SAA NSE Ee 16, 292, 000 31.60 | 514,812,000 | 27, 610, 000 24.97 | 689, 486, 000 1900, census June 1......--.---- 17, 135, 633 |....--...- ae SR ae = 50,585,777 |. 22 ence nn|-nenenecsnnes PT ESS 58 RL. Os 16, 834, 000 30.00 | 505,093,000 ; 45, 500, 000 19. 93 , O44, BOOP. 5. cb Ee ek ck ee ee 16, 697, 000 29.23 | 488,130,000 | 44, 728, 000 18.76 | 839, 126, 000 WONG: 0 Fag duh ce eee 17, 105, 000 30.21 | 516,712,000 | 44, 659, 000 18.45 | 824, 055, Mie...) ee toe pci 220, pas 17, 420, 000 29.21 | 508,841,000 | 43,629, 000 16.32 | 712,178,000 esta et danas nn casita ncn 17, 572, 000 27.44 | 482,272,000 | 43, 669, 15. 15 661, 571, 000 Bes. ~~ 5. DP oherg AG ich a ie Fes 19, 794, 000 29.44 | 582,789,000 | 47, 068, 000 15. 85 746,172,000 SORES. . =. ~9 EG ees b> Pen ae , 968, 31.00 | 645,497, 000 | 51, 566, 000 17.10 St, Oba Wes. . .... ek See hs ae are 21, 194, 000 30. 67 | 650,057,000 | 50,073, 000 16. 89 845, 938, 000 eS eee ee 21, 720, 000 32.36 | 702,945,000 | 49,379, 000 17. 49 863, 754, 000 C1 TATE Bench, Met ste Meee coe on. ait OOO bc... Sages ee ee 47,279, 000'|......-..-.]-casceaneeene 1910, census Apr. 15.........-- 20, 625, 432 35.29 | 727,802,000 | 41,178, 434 19. 07 785, 261, 000 (3) ae eres ee 20, 823, 000 39.97 | 832,209,000 | 39, 679, 000 20. 54 Wx. wd er ac te - Oee 20, 699 000 39.39 | 815,414, 000 | 37, 260, 000 21. 20 WAG. << 1-8 sc e8 «pane 20, 497, 000 45.02 | 922,783, 000 | 36, 030, 000 26. 36 | ___ ES acaeel SetanGage Cie ae 20, 737, 000 53. 94 |1, 118, 487, 000 | 35, 855, 000 31. 13 MSS... tae ft 5 le Be 21, 262, 000 55. 33 |1, 176, 338, 000 | 37, 067, 000 . 38. [J Sere ee eee ee 22, 108, 000 §3. 92 |1, 191, 955, 000 | 39, 812, 000 . 53 | | eee ee eee ae 22, 894, 000 59. 63 |1, 265, 251, 000 | 41, 689, 090 35. 92 ; a eee ee , 284, 70. 59 |1, 643, 639, 000 , 046, 40. 88 1 Estimates of numbers revised, based on census data. Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. OATTLE—Continued. 723 TABLE 161.—Cattle: Number and value on farms Jan. 1, 1917 and 1918, by States. Milch cows. Other cattle. Average Average Number Farm value Number ee a Farm value (thousands) pee ye (thousands of (inbtitands) Rian be (thousands of Jan. 1— Jan. 1 dollars) Jan.1— | Jan. 1— Jan.1— | dollars) Jan. 1— 1918 | 1917 | 1918 | 1917 1918 1917 1918 | 1917 | 1918 | 1917 1918 1917 ae 50RD PES D9 =< 170 = $75. 00/358. 00) $12,750) $9,454) 127) 112'$37.60$27.90 $4,775) $3,125 New Hampshire 102 85.00} 66. 50 8, 670 6,517 71 63| 40.00) 31. 60 2, 840 1,991 Vermont....... 295 981 76. 00) 62.50) 22,420) 17,562} 189} 172| 33.40 25.70 6, 313 4,420 Mass chusetts . 154] 160} 90.00} 75.00} 13,860} 12,000 97 88] 37.30 29.60 3,618 2, 605 Rhode Island. . 21 22) 90.00} 77.00 1, 890 1, 694 12 11} 39. : 31.30 476 344 Connecticut....} 116) 121] 85.00} 73.50 9, 860 8, 894 78 73| 41.00 30.80 3, 198 2, 248 New York ..... 1,524] 1,539) 85.00) 66.00} 129,540) 101,574] 1,005 939) 38.30 31.00 38, 492 29, 109 New Jersey .... 152 155} 90.00) 76.00 13, 680 11, 780 74 74 41.60, 34.00 3,078 2,516 Pennsylvania. . 969 980} 75.00} 62. 50 72, 000 61, 250 awd 664; 36.80 30.80 26, 386 20, 451 Delaware .....-. 43 43) 64.00) 56.00 2,752 2, 408 23 21 | a8 823 670 Maryland...... 181; 183) 69.50) 58.00; 12,580; 10,614) 134) 125) 38.90 32. 20) 5, 213 4,025 Mirpinin toes: 377| 373) 57.00) 46.50; 21,489) 17,344) 510) 486) 37.70 31.80! 19,227) 15,455 West Virginia. . 245 245) 61. 50} 53.50 15, 068 13, 108 373 369) 44.80 38.70 16, 710) 14, 280 North Carolina. 309 315) 51.00) 39.00 15, 759 12, 285 375 364) 24.80 19.40 9, 300) 7, 062 South Carolina. 193} 189) 57.50) 40.00) 11,098 7,560} 232! 215) 25.60, 18.30 "ed 3, 934 Wroarpig: 4+). 435} 418) 51.80) 37.00) 22,533) 15,466! 755! 686) 22.20 16.20 16,761, 11,113 Hionidat...\. . 145 141) 53.00) 43.00 7, 685 6, 063 891 865} 22.20. 16.50 19,780} 14,272 ich a ee 940) 950) 74.00! 60.00 69, 560 57, 000 954 900! 43.70; 36.40 41,690) 32,7 Indiana.......- 713 706| 70.00) 58.50 49,910 41,301 757 735| 45.00) 39.00 34,065) 28, 665 miiois: =... 1, 057 vee 80, 50) 68.00; 85,088) 71,876 a 1, 251) 49. 70 a 65,306, 54,168 Michigan ...... 874 865) 74.00) 61.50 64, 676 53, 198 752) 730) 35.90} 30. 20) 26, 997 22,046 Wisconsin ..... 1, 785) 1, 750) 75.00) 65.00) 133,875) 113,750 1,394) 1,340, 33.30) 29. 80, 46,420) 39, 932 Minnesota ..... 1,328] 1,302) 70.00) 58.00 92, 96 75,516 1,540, 1,400) 31.40) 26.50) 48, 356 37,100 Oe 1, 405] 1,405) 76.70) 66.50} 107,764] 93, 432) 2,919! 2,754) 47.90) 43.20 139,820| 118,973 WPISSOULT 910; 875) 69.70; 58.50) 63,427; 51,188) 1,782) 1,650 iit | 40. 90, ea 67, 485 isl | North Dakot».. 434 425, 69.00 61.50 29, 946 26, 138 650) 650) 41.60, 38. on| 27,040 24, 830 South Dakota.. 555 524 75.00) 67.00, 41,625 35, 108} 1,438} 1,250) 49.80} 43.70 71, 612 54, 625 Nebraska ...... _ 703! 676| 78.50) 68. 00) 55,186} 45, 968] 2, 803) 2,525] 49.30! 44.30| 138,188) 111, 858 eanisas . 7 - 945 900) 75.40 64.50) 71, 253 58,050) 2, 354| 2,200) 49.30) 43.10) 116,052 94, 820 Kentucky ..... 435 me 61.00 ei) 26,535) 20,691 * | 570) 39.00) 33.70} 22,659) 19,209 Tennessee. ....- 373 366) 55.00) 43.00 20,515) 15,738) 554) 528) 30. 10 25.50! 16,675) 13,464 Alabama: =~ - 433 405, 47.50) 36.50, 20, 568 14, 782 668) 534) 20. 40) 14.70 13, 627 7,850 Mississippi... . 508 475) 47.50} 38.00) 24,130 18, 050 644 575} 21.90, 16. 40 af; 10% 9, 430 Louisiana...... 324) 300) 49.50] 42.00 16,038] 12, 600 578 525] 24.20, 20.00} 13,988) 10,500 OS 1, 128 mild 57.50) 54.50, 64,860} 64, 038) 4, - oS; al fk 32.60} 160,304; 178,713 Oklahoma......| 562) 535) 67.70| 60.00! 38,047) 32,100 1,404) 1,300 43.90 38.90) 61,636) 50,570 Arkansas....... 425 405) 56.00) 44.00 23, 800 17, 820 638, 560 24.90) 19. 20 15,886 10,752 OHtEne 2. =... 179 160 83. 50 79. 00) 14,946 12, 640 980! 1,000) 56. 10) 53.10 54,978) 53,100 Wyoming...... 64 60 88.00) 81.50) 5, 632 4, 890 891! 825) 59. 10) 52.70 52, 658 43,478 Colorado......- 254) 237) 82.00) 73.50) 20,828) 17,420) 1,272) 1,200, 50. 44.70) 63,854 . New Mexico.... 88 85 72. 00) 68. 00 6, 336 5, 780 feo 1, 145) 41.90) 39.70 49, 400 45, 456 ATIZOND. ose or 87 81) 85.00) 85.00) 7,395 6, 885 1, 037) 864) 40.50) 37.30 41,998) 32, 227 pane yee ore 96 91! 73.50) 61.00) 7,056 5,551 457 408) 43. 90) 34. 90 20,062; 14, 239 Nevada.... 4... 28 26 PRiy 76. 00! 2, 380 1,976 517 470 a 39. 50 23, 937 18, 565 Feaang. 2. -. - 139 135| 73.00) 63.50) 10, 147 8, 572 488 465) 44.70) 38.60} 21,814 17, 949 Washington.. 266 263) 70.09 59. 50, 18, 620 15, 648 294) ‘280; 36.00) 30. 40) 10, 584 8, 512 Oregon it SNS 227 225) 60.00) 55.00) 13, 620 12, 375) 683; 610 39.50) 37.30 26, 978 22, 753 California... .. 597 591) 72.50) 67.00, 43, 282 39,597) 1,701) 1,636, 42.10 38.10 71, 612) 62, 332 United States. 23, 284 70.59) 59. 63 1, 643, 639, 1, 365, 251 43, 546 41,689 40.88) 35.92 f, 780, Cia 1, £07, 22, 804 ok | 724 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, CATTLE—Continued. Tasie 162.—Cattle: Wholesale price per 100 pounds, 1912-1917. — —_— —— a Chicago. Cincinnati, | St. Louis, | Kansas City, Omaha, Medium to ; Inferior to a h Good to choice Common to . Date. prime, Dan Ty DRS native steers, prime. Native beeves. Low. | High. || Low. | High. a igh, 1912. | January-—June..... i $1.75 | $9.60 $4.10 | $6.25 ‘ ; : July-December...| 2.25] 11.25 4.05 6.75 er E « 1913. January-June. .... 3. 00 9. 50 4, 65 7. 65 8. 00 9. 25 4.75 9.00 || $3.25 $8. 80 July-December...} 3.00) 10,25 4. 50 7.00 8.50 | 10.00 4.50 | 10.00 3. 00 9. 60 1914, January—June.....| 6.60 9. 75 5. 35 7. 25 8.00 9. 00 5. 20 9. 40 6. 50 9. 25 ‘July-December...} 4.85 > 11.25 4. 65 7. 25 8. 00 9. 50 4.50 | 11.35 6. 00 10. 75 1915. January—June..... 4, 25 9. 95 4.85 7. 00 2.35 9. 40 6. 00 9.75 8. 30 9.35 July-December. . . 4.00 | 13.60 4.15 7.00 8.80 | 10.40 5.50 | 10.35 9. 85 10.10 1916 JOOUALY « sxsis iss. 5. 50 9. 85 5. 00 6. 25 8. 40 9. 60 7.15 " 6. 00 8.75 February. ......-. 5. 70 9.75 5. 00 6. 40 8. 50 9. 00 6.90 . 6. 25 8. 65 Moareh.:i .ssccccce 6.75 | 10.05 5. 50 7.40 9.00 | 10.00 7.10 : 7.00 9. 40 erie. cca eho 7.25 | 10.00 6. 00 7.75 9.25 | 10.00 7.50 , 7.35 9. 50 Sy RP eee eee 7.50} 10.90 6. 25 9. 25 9.55 | 10.35 7.50 d 7. 65 10, 65 mag Se Sat ch. 7:18] -1%.50 6. 25 8. 50 10.60 | 11.35 8.00 F 7.25 11.00 Jan.—June 5.50 | 11.50 |} 5.00] 9.25 |) 8.40 | 11.35 || 6.90 6.00} 11.00 Sedyd: ic vox wes 4 6.00| 11.30 || 6.00; 8.00|/ 9.60| 11.00|| 7.75 6.75 | 10.40 WOR OBIS. Seite ek aus 6.00 | 11.50 6. 00 7.50 9.20 | 10.50 7.75 6. 50 10. 60 September........ 5.60} 11.50 5.75 7.25 j| 10.35 | 10.85 9. 50 6. 50 10. 85 Metober. vss we. - 5.50] » 11.65 5. 50 7.00 10.60 | 11.15 (Oy 6. 50 11.10 November. ....... | 5.65] 12.40 5. 50 7.35 9. 00 9.85 6. 00 6. 50 11.10 December.......-.- 6.25 |} 13.00 6. 00 1.99 8.00 |} 11.50 6. 00 7. 00 11.50 July-Dee. . -| 5. 50 13. 00 5. 50 8. 00 8.090 11. 50 6. 00 6. 50 11. 50 1917. | | SONUGTY « ses 1st =) 6.75 | .11.95 6.00 | 10.25 10.00 | 10.75 6. 50 February. .......- — 6.60} 12.25 |] 6.00] 11.25 |) 10.00] 11.00]] 6.50 IMATOD. ..sa% deus oe 6.25 | 12.90 6.50] 11.25 10,25 | 321.25 6. 50 os) a a ae 7.65 | 13.40 7,00 }.41, 75 10,25 | 11.50 6. 50 Se oe eee ee 8. 25 13.70 7. 50 12. 50 10.25'| . 32.25 9.00 SUDO S505 Sas cass 3a 7.90 | 13.90 7.50 | 12.85 11.00 | 12.25 9. 00 Jan.-June. . 5. 7D 13.90 6. 00 12. 85 10. 00 12. 25 6. 50 1) ae eae 6. 50 14.15 6. 50 12. 25 11. 25 13.75 9.75 ATIPUSE. «cata ware < ce 6.15 | 16.50 6.50 | 13.00 11.25 | 14.00 9.75 September........ 6.25 | 17.90 6.50 | 14.50 11.75.) 15.50 10. 00 Oetoperiiua. Gest. s 6.50 | 17.60 6.00 | 14.00 12.75 | 15.50 10. 00 November. ....... 6.50 | 17.60 6.00 | 13.35 10.50 | 16.50 10. 00 December......... 6.65 | 16.00 5.00 | 13.50 10.00 | 16.00 9. 25 July-Dec... 6.15 | 17.90 5.00 | 14.50 10.00 | 16.50 ) 9. 25 Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. TABLE 163.—Butter: Date. 1912. 1913. JGRUAFY-JU0G. So... ck even July-December........... 1914. January-June. ......2.... July-December........... 1915. January-June... 2... July-December........... Oe BUIPUS tare eck Ro October - BUTTER AND EGGS. Elgin. | Chicago. Creamery, || Creamery, extra. extra. Low. —_——— Cts. 40 354 Cts. 40 37 36 36 High || Low.|High Cincinnati. [ Milwaukee. Creamery, extra. Cts. 42} 39 40 394 394 38 Wholesale price per pound, 1912-1917. R New York. | Boston, — Creamery, || Creamery, | Creamery fancy. extra. extra. je ow ah | Low. High Low. |High. Low. Cts. 26 26 726 Y earbook of the Department of Agriculture. BUTTER AND EGGS—Continued. TaBLe 164.—Butter: International trade, calendar years 1909-1916. [Butter includes all butter made from milk, melted and renovated butter, but does not include margarine, cocoa butter, or ghee. See ‘ General note,’’ Table 152. ) EXPORTS. [000 omitted.) Average, 1915 1916 Average, 1915 1916 Country. 1909-1913.| (prelim.) | (prelim.) Country. wid (prelim.) | (prelim.) From— Pounds, | Pounds. | Pounds, From— Pounds, | Pounds, | Pounds, Argentina, .......-- 6, 934 10, 192 12,502 || Netherlands........ 75, 133 93, 352 78, 997 Austrotie-. 3.2.2 77,859 Ly bs a ee a New Zealand....... 38, 761 47, 086°|>~ cceceee Austria-Hungary... eo il ak sp iy | Seal Ui al NOP WEY =. «ces > ane > 3, 137 3, 607 1,022 Belgium........... oe OC ae aie! | anaes Sate Ly “Re ERS 150, 294 | 119° 359 22 Ganade oS... 3,973 8,593 7,787 || Sweden............ 45,870 |. 252: 2. ee Denmark......-..-- POO Vac tarcs ccticescne teu United States...... 4,125 17,941 26, 561 (1G Sealey Me 26, 337 20,015 8,960 || Other countries. ... 4,811 5 ORL les ae eee ange. 40,769 | 50,381 21, 04 ee Germany .........-. (iy ee 4 bap Total.....-...|. €89,203 | 304,357 ene ae ae 7,870 7,488 792 IMPORTS Into— Into— Austria-Hungary... Ges tt oe ab. oe apes Gormany...2..$%s.. va 3 Me ee ee ~ {oa Belgium... . ....<.-. 24 DAA. fas thee. ol Re Moetharlenda a eee 4,987 905 992 | eee re 4,551 732 YAO }}, Feusaias es. 25. Boviand 33....5. 2s 2,370 4,916 3 Total.......-..| 674,223 | 471,070 [200 ee Wranes. 5-5. cn. 13,713}. 1,711 761 1Java and Madura only. I — Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. BUTTER AND EGGS—Continued., ‘ 727 TaBLE 165.—Butter: Average price received by farmers on first of each month, by States, 1917. Butter, cents per pound. | . iby State and division. : | a a E 3 & . an r= rs) S ° 2 5 Gis E Ble) 44 le) 8] & a fe a < a mB | 5 <4 na } z ja) WIR. cd ch bc oo ecb Ora. x 37 38 39 39 39 41 39 38 42 47 47 47 New Hampshire. .......... 40 37 40 39 44 44 44 43 44 48 48 49 WebmGnu.. 006.2... Lae. 2. 40 40 41 40 45 43 40 41 44 47 50 48 Massachusetts.............. 42 39 4] 41 47 46 46 47 46 48 49 49 Fehode Island ;......) js. «i 42| 41 40 43 50 46 | 47 47 46 50 50 49 Monnecuicutss¢. ... cb Fo0. ec 40 39 39 39 47 46 45 46 47 47 50 49 TAC tS e aRa S l 39 39 41 41 42 42 40 40 43 47 47 48 IO SELSBY 2G0.. 2... Soe. 41 41 44 44 46 46 44 44 46 47 49 49 Pennsylvania.............. 39 39 39 38 40 40 38 38 42 44 47 48 MOIWOTO 2-455. «. = katt Se 40 BS] Sete he 35 45 45 40 42 48 47 45 50 CO ee eae 34 35 37 33 36 34 33 34 36 37 40 42 MIS iene kc. ee. 31 31 32 32 34 32 31 31 32 35 37 39 Wrest Virginia. .... +. io0;.9) 32 32 32 30 33 32 31 32 33 37 39 41 North Carolina. =~... ge. 5: 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 35 36 39 South Carolina. ............ 32 32 33 32 39 35 35 35 37 39 40 41 Seowla. 2 fash 2... eas. ae 31 29 30 29 33 33 33 31 33 35 38 40 oe De SS Se BP 41 39 41 42 45 44 40 42 41 43 47 45 7 (derailed 2 SS Eo ae 34 33 34 32 36 34 32 33 35 38 40 42 Doric kg ES IR ae eae eae 32 31 31 31 33 32 32 31 33 37 39 40 LAS Cee Sy Ba 34 32 33 32 35 34 33 34 35 38 40 40 MAIN PAN 2 & 82h). dare 36 35 35 35 BY 36 33 34 38 40 42 44 Measconsin, sel! oF 4880. ae 38 38 40 39 41 40 37 38 40 43 43 44 gimmnesotal so 2205.8 So 55. 36 38 38 37 40 38 35 37 39 41 44 43 Powe... ha oo eee 35 35 36 85 38 a 34 35 37 4 43 44 CSRn TS Ba eae 30 30 30 30 33 31 29 30 BL 34 36 37 North Dakota..-...-.22:¢- 02 36 35 34 31 36 35 34 33 35 37 39 40 Saito Dakota. <2. 4: dee os 36 34 34 33 38 35 34 33 37 40 42 43 WeDtasea Sf 8252 Sengelne 33 30 31 30 35 34 31 32 34 38 40 40 weanisns..-( 40.2222) 42963 22 32 31 31 31 34 33 31 32 34 37 39 40 MODE. SD 2.2. -2-k 0k. 28 26 27 28 27 29 27 27 27 28 31 32 33 Paice se eee 26 25 26 26 27 26 26 25 27 30 31 33 Aga eiia: 222 es) lease 27 25 26 27 29 28 29 28 29 30 32 34 MSEEeuES one scat tert. 29 28 28 28 30 29 29 29] . 28 31 32 36 LEU UE SSN ieee oe edie eats 33 33 33 33 35 34 34 34 34 35 37 39 LT 30 28 28 28 31 29 29 30 31 34 36 37 banonia 2 of feel ct ters 30 30 29 30 32 29 30 31 31 33 37 39 Soo 38122. eh fae ge ge apa 30 28 28 23° 30 29 28 27 28 30 34 35 Le UDTEES Cel ade ee 40 38 38 37 43 43 36 36 41 42 45 45 iin fr CELE CLE TOO a eel gale 40 39 38 38 42 42 38 40 43 46 51 50 te? tes cee ar 37 34 34 33 38 7 35 36 40 42 44 45 New mexico. oo 72 )-8s25>.- 38 37 39 38 42 40 39 43 40 44 46 47 MITRE Po eo ce tek ese 41 42 45 39 43 45 46 ly hal See es 45 48 49 pn te a ae re See SON Se oe 35 35 35 36 38 37 36 36 42 41 45 45 PANBEM ee oto. . J cee ek 38 42 42 39 44 44 46 44 50 46 49 54 LY ty tS pa Re Ae oat etd 37 36 37 38 40 38 36 38 43 46 46 49 i (CO Sid eee 39 39 39 40 44 39 39 40 44 48 49 50 “Cnt 4 oF ie len adel Raa ia 38 36 37 36 39 38 37 39 43 45 49 48 Lo Se ee 35 38 40 36 37 36 38 42 43 46 47 47 United States.......- 34.0 | 33.5 | 34.1 | 33.5 | 36.1 | 35.0 | 33.5 | 34.0 | 36.1 | 38.9} 40.9 41.9 Meorel Atlagisic. == 22.5.5: 39.1 | 39.0 | 40.1 | 39.6 | 41.7 | 41.7 | 39.7 | 39.7 | 42.9 | 46.0 | 47.5 48.0 Geet Atieantin oo oes 31.6 | 31.3 | 32.0 | 31.0 | 33.8 | 32.6 | 32.1 | 32.1 | 33.3 | 36.21 38.2 40. 2 N. Central E. Miss. R.....- 34.7 |-33.7 | 34.4 | 33.5 | 36.3 | 35.0 | 33.2 1 33.8 | 36.0] 39.0] 40.7 42.0 N. Central W. Miss. R..... 33.6 | 33.2 | 33.5 | 32.8 | 36.3 | 34.8 | 32.4 | 33.3 | 35.3 | 38.2] 40.6 41.1 or 8 rine: | ee 28.4 | 27.4 | 27.7 | 27.7 | 29.8 | 28.3 | 28.3 | 28.3 | 29.1 | 31.71 33.6 35.3 ee ee 36.8 | 37.2 | 38.2 | 36.5.] 39.1 | 37.6 | 37.6 | 39.8 | 42.8 | 45.2] 47.2 47.5 a a ee 728 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. BUTTER AND EGGS—Continued. TaBLE 166.—Butter: Receipts at seven leading markets in the United States, 1891-1917. {From Board of Trade, Chamber of Commerce, and Merchants’ Exchange reports. ] [000 omitted.] Mil- St Sanie ae Fran-| Total5 | Cincin- Boston, | Chicago. | yankee, isco, cities. nati. Year. Averages: Pounds. | Pounds.| Pownds. | Pownds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Packages. 1891-1895. .......- | 40,955 145, 225 3,996 13, 944 15,240 | 219,360 88 1896-1900. .......- | 60,790 | 232,289 5,096 14, 582 14,476 | 317,233 157 1901-1905......... | 57,716 | 245,203 7,164| 14,685} 15,026] 339,794 177 1906-1910......... | 66,612 | 286,518 8,001 17, 903 13,581 | 392,615 169 1) Ee eee eR < | 57,500 | 253, 809 5,590 | 13,477] 14,972] 345,348 2,040 | a 54,574 | 219,233 7,290 14,573 14,801} 310,471 1,983 |), ee ee ee 54,347 | 232,032 6, 857 14, 080 13,570 | 320,886 2,113 Ty ORE SS 55,435 | 249,024 7,993 | 15,727] 14,336] 342,515 2,170 Te Ee. cdkey -c ue 66,725 | 271,915 8,091 | 15,566] 17,450 | 379,747 2, 355 RSS aoe ae See 65,152 | 248, 648 8,209 | 13,198 9,282 | 366,635 2,242 BRE os... Hiss shee | 63,589 | 263,715 8,219 | 13,453] 17,359] 344,489 2,113 oN he RM 0 | 69,813 | 316,695 8,798} 18,614] 13,833 | 427,783 2,175 OS et RR CR 88 65,054 | 284,547 7,458 | 21,086} 14,486 | 392,631 , 250 TO RS iE ah hill By = 69,421 | 318, 986 7,319 | 23,163] 13,994] 432,883 2,257 tes ee 63,874 | 334,932 8,632 | 24,839] 21,118 | 453,395 2, 405 3! 1b) ae, OP ae Pista Sh 71,609 | 287,799 6,927 20, 399 24,887 | 411,621 2,433 (TR aera cl 2 th 71,703 | 286, 220 9,415 | 24,686] 23,027] 415,051 , 522 OS Wy ithe ie eel Sal: 73,028 | 311,557 9,716 | 24,614| 22,421 | 441,336 2, 505 1 See ates See ie 82,082 | 344,879 8,679 21, 264 28,349 | 485,253 2,741 Eel ie ai 5 eect cia he 79,305 | 359,195 7,976 16,445 28,029 | 490,950 2,918 1) See sae? Sipe tametlg 2-2 69,168 | 323,100 6,116 16,996 25,032 | 440,412 2,575 —————_——SSXh— eS hie be etn a ee ee 1917.1 Januerd....2.-.-.-. =: 2,835 | 18,803 305 1,335 1,388 | 24,667 170 February............ 3,808 | 16,593 399 1,251 1,668} 23,719 162 OO ote td caain = ee 3,543 17,999 465 1,474 2,378 25, 859 160 NE = Bea can Bi 4,516 17,994 431 1,377 3,045 27,364 7 169 1 ne eee eae 5,512 25,049 528 1,718 3,359 36, 160 4 223 PHO Bova codadnes ote 11,753 43 , 863 740 2,371 2,685 61,413 3 328 iy] y ye Seren Ee ae ee 12,041 53, 034 679 1,298 1,857 68,910 4 323 YG | ea RE Sh ge ial 7,891 39, 337 601 1,152 1,731 50,713 1 294 September. ........-.. 5,560 29 , 232 592 1,196 1,626 38, 206 3 240 Sewher..~ss00- 4-5 os 5,531 26,889 514 1,538 1,729 36, 200 6 225 November.......--.. 3,263 | 17,537 440 1,443 2,011 | 24,694 4 143 December........- ee 2,914 16,770 422 845 1,557 22,507 6 140 1 Figures for 1917 were furnished by the Bureau of Markets. 2 Cincinnati, 1917, excludes “‘ through’’ movement. Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products, 729 BUTTER AND EGGS—Continued, Tas Le 167.—Eggs: Average price received by farmers on first of each month, by States, 1917. | Eggs, cents per dozen, ~ ean Vision, ¥ ba ay z £ B pie |e1E| ei é Bi) & 1 8 | cua o 6 oo A < 4 ot 2 “ vA o) Zz ia DEBIT Be iis ve niles» nn COT. 2d 46 43 43 31 34 37 35 38 46 50 51 56 New Hampshiro..........- 49 46 42 31 39 39 39 43 49 51 52 60 WMArTIOODS. o dwit. «ods» 1. Boa. bE « 45 42 44 29 33 36 36 37 44 46 48 49 Massachusetts, <5 . -\.cs0'. os 58 49 47 34 40 43 43 47 55 58 65 65 Rhode Island...... Mss oes 56 49 47 33 41 42 41 42 48 58 61 60 CIMACCICD bass: vase 5 J. Se 52 51 45 30 36 42 39 45 54 56 62 70 SOEUR wise ok sp wins ses 48 45 43 31 34 36 36 38 46 | 50 50 56 DMB Wal BISSy 524 week. .. 222. 2 49 50 46 32 35 37 29 42 47 50 55 60 Pennsylvania. ............- 44 42 40 28 33 34 34 36 40 44 47 51 POGIAWHIG: ii. Soa. of i. ns 43 SO i: ia. 30 32 37 32 38 38 45 50 55 PROrpIenes ouks L5% «i S. e 41 38 35 27 30 32 30 32 35 39 40 48 NY a i i re Res i 37 35 33 24 29 30 30 29 32 38 40 44 WoestiVirginin. <92-.'. 220.28 41 37 36 24 31 31 32 33 33 38 42 44 North CORPORA S75. Su Fou. 32 31 29 21 25 27 28 26 29 35 38 40 South Carolina............. 34 31 29 22 25 28 29 27 30} 35 41 4t TRBORD Ie! eat | |: eee De 34 29 30 21 26 28 27 27 31 36 41 43 MMONIM, 22) j—23 26 184 30 22 26 19 2h 264 34 September. ....... 254 303 |, 21 313 24 28 21 27 31 35 October.-......... 30 324 ||” 254 35h 28 31 22 30 324 37 November. ....... 31} 393 28 43 31 39 27 38 354 46 December. ........ 37 41 31 47 36 38 33 38 41k 47 July-Dec...... 213 41 173 47 22 39 19 38 || Be) Se 1917 iat oe ie. 6 = a OE a eae 363 49 30 53 36 42 33 44 39 53 nme 29 45 29 50 28 42 29 42 33 49 eee bibs 26 31 22 31 254 294 25% 31 281 35 ea la an 29} 36 273 34 28h 35 30 354 32 | 3 Ee eae 31 354 28 344 304 334 ah 6 35 334 | 37h 1: eho iia 283 35 26 35 27k 33° || 28 35 30 | 374 Jan.-June... 26 49 22 53 254 42 | 254 | 44 | 283 | 53 eS) 303 |, 334 20 35 26 293 201 | 38 34 36 Masts... 304 373 20 39 26 35 304 38 34 42 September. ....... 36 30 41 34 37 364 38 39 | 42 eeu... : 36 39 33 50 34 37 36 ° 38 39 | 43 November. ....... 38 49 36 50 38 43% 38 45 41 56 December......... 46 57 37 57 43| 651 44 55 51} 62 Tuly-Dee.... 30} | 57 | 20 | 57 | 26 | 51 | | 34 62 732 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. CHEESE. Tasie 170,—Cheese: International trade, calendar years 1909-1916. (Cheese includes all cheese made from milk; “ cottage cheese,’’ of course, is included. See “ General note,” Table 152.] EXPORTS. [000 omitted.} ~ Average, 1915 | 191 | Average,| 1915 116 Country. 1909-1913. (Prelim,) | (Prelim) | Country. 1909-1913. |(Prelim,) | (Prelim.) ed (ness fd mad From— Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds, From— Pounds. Bulearia. .c..--:- we BF Fl ee SS lS Se TAMER die woneadake 7,011 SOON, c= stm: 50, 360, 000 2.14 107, 961, 000 Apr. 15.....| 52,447, 861 4.12 | 216,030, 000 Uo! eS eee Se 48, 322, 000 1.91 OD 444 MOON, LOU os was at oes 53, 633, 000 3.91 | 209, 535, 000 Tel .. 2 44, 759, 000 2. 01 89, 873, 000 || 1912.........-. §2, 362, 000 3.46 | 181, 170,000 Pe ens 43, 545, 000 2.05 SU, B80, ‘0008 ir TONS. Coco. sae we 51, 482, 000 3. 94 219, ieee. . £ Se F © 42, 599, 000 2, 13 Gtr G40. 000i) 1914. oo te 49, 719, 000 4.02 | 200, 045, 000 eS ee Ab. 44, 336, 000 2:27 |) 200) G60; O00} E TONG. so. oo 49, 956, 000 4.50 | 224, 687,000 1890, census, TOG. Sess nee 48, 625, 000 5.17 | 251, 594, 000 June lt... - Lae, 7 el RN Serene) | GUN. 22'S eT |Past, Soa ree 47, 616, 000 7.13 | 339, 529, 000 11.82 | 577,867, 000 ae ae | 43, 431, 000 2.50 | 108, 397, 000 | RE ok ce hue es 48, 900, 000 1 Estimates of numbers revised based on census data. ‘ Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 735 SHEEP AND WOOL—Continued. TaBLE 173.—Sheep: Number and value on farms Jan. 1, 1917 and 1918, by States. Farm value (thou- Number (thou- Average price per sands) Jan, 1— head Jan. 1— a ee dollars) State. j 1918 1917 1918 1917 1918 1917 NS Be a er ree): ee eed eee 163 157 $9.40 $6. 30 $1, 532 $989 SEG STMIRIMOSED., ... 4.5 enlsae~ ce at» Stre 37 35 10. 60 6. 70 392 234 pi OE eS ere Se 106 100 11. 60 7.30 1, 230 730 pO OT Oe ree ee 28 25 10. 30 6. 70 288 168 be PS SS Sa ee, eee 6 5 9.50 7. 20 57 36 RINNE Gow... 1a as faces Stem .-- . 20 18 11. 40 7.60 228 137 TR sR re... aia Se te oie EE a6 840 800 13. 20 8. 40 11, 088 6, 720 RUN OR SR Se eee 26 29 10. 90 7. 20 283 9 a Be SYNS5 TB CAR Bi a 8S ais 913 830 11. 70 7.10 10, 682 5, 893 SN Bos Ss es eee 10 8 9. 00 5.90 90, 47 0 ET BN CRS I Pe a 2, 2, 234 223 9. 80 6. 60 2, 293 1, 472 bey SS PRR CE a 686 686} . 10.50 6. 50 7, 203 4, 459 Wyeee Virpetate Osc 2). 905 00%. ee. 751 715 11. 20 6. 60 8,411 4,719 SERED EDESPIA, a> 2X. wk ode eas bates... 137 140 6. 60 3.90 904 546 UE a ee ee 31 30 4. 60 3. 20 143 96 oe ESD Seer eee ee eee 144 150 4. 20 2. 80 605 420 RN eee > et) ed ls 120 119 3.40 2.7 408 321 iiaahores tt. lo dtu eis. od uee oe ose. 3, 091 2, 944 11. 60 7.20 35, 856 21, 197 flee BO Od AS I Rd 998 950 12. 80 8. 20 12,774 7, 790 EES iu wh POA Te wn ow 4d Sap bate HES oars - 988 898 12. 90 8. 20 12, 745 7, 364 TN RA Se 1S 1, 926 1, 834 12. 60 7. 80 24, 268 14, 305 oh TE ORE a cee ne ee 651 5 11. 90 7.50 7, 747 4, 838 SR ene 2 Se a ae 568 541 11. 80 7. 60 6, 702 4,112 i Se Bg, RR ee |e aah 1, 224 1, 200 13. 80 8. 80 16, 891 10, 560 sir y Bg BRS eae 2 0 2 1, 466 1,370 12. 90 67 18,911 10, 549 gre WOROtR. 8. cee eae ae Se Bee 252 240 11. 80 7.40 2,974 1,776 RM! ols Ea A ee oN 750 625 11. 60 7.40 8, 700 4, 625 CS anc Ee ee ee os 408 381 11. 00 7. 50 4, 488 2, 858 a afi ately ORR atm 95 a a Ra 418 348 12. 00 7. 60 5, 016 2, 645 Kentucky....-. et: Fait tepals 1, 270 1, 155 11. 20 7.10 14, 224 8, 200 Ls eer: SOR Mae ca SEEN 606 600 8. 60 5. 80 5, 212 3, 480 OS ESRI spat i ite salts bees 131 121 4.50 3.20 590 387 0 EE Sa eee ee 174 193 4.50 3. 00 783 579 ela = TE ot ited ane CRD 209 240 4.10 2. 90 57 696 Lot tsp tg baie iia apt 2 Sea acrn apes 2, 188 2, 328 7.50 4. 40 16, 410 10, 243 area ate EE eho Be Reon poy fe Pape 208 104 11. 30 6. 30 2,350 655 UPR DRS ies Sas SS ee nn ein ee ee 149 124 7.10 3. 90 1, 058 484 Montana Bee peter etenrs eto ee Se ors PS tt 3, 045 3, 500 12. 60 7.10 38, 367 24, 850 | Se te ann 4, 100 4, 100 13. 60 7.60| 55,7 31, 160 eel pe aS ie a So 4 Ie a 2, 086 1, 950 12. 60 7.50 26, 284 14, 625 ee ee ee = a eens ae oe 3, 135 3, 300 10. 00 5. 80 31, 350 19, 140 see LL ni i Clee le A le ae 1, 550 1, 632 10. 40 6. 30 16, 120 10, 282 eee ae peer SS n ba a 2,340 2, 089 13. 60 7.90 31, 824 16, 503 hos 1 SARS So i Ae 9 1, 630 1, 455 13. 90 8. 20 22, 657 11, 931 Yc ee Pee a See ee 3, 202 3,170 13. 30 8. 20 42, 587 25, 994 0 FEL AECy C SR EE aguas a ene hs ke ea 661 585 11. 40 7. 10 7, 535 4, 154 Sirmigitmen tee set: 52 2a). key, 2). | 2, 448 2, 400 12. 10 8.10 | 29, 621 19, 440 SES Re Ee ee Ae eee | 2,776 2,524 11.30 6.70} 31,369; 16,911 ia a ‘Tted States... 5.522.405... | 48,900 | 47, 616 | 11.82 | 7.13 | 577, 867 | 339,529 736 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. SHEEP AND WOOL—Continued, TABLE 174.—Sheep: Imports, exports, and prices, 1893-1917. Imports. | Exports. Year ending June 30— Average ‘ Number.| Value. import xport. price. price. eee fe pee Sy ae yy ye 8 459, 484 | $1,682,977 $3. 66 $3.39 en ee eee ne ees a Te 242, 568 788, 181 3.25 6,29 eee eee Se ee pe 291, 461 682, 615 2.34 6.48 1 EE Pps Poin h 322, 692 853, 530 2.65 6. 26 BOO? 5 x sch Sis voce ce RE een oc PR x 405,633 | 1,019, 668 2.51 6.27 (hr ee: 2S ee 392,314 | 1,106,322 2.82 | 199,690 | 1,213, 886 6.08 BOO: és Sth, SE OPER thlca ove tee dale» 345, 911 1, 200, O81 3.47 | 143, 286 853, 555 5. 96 Ba. {EVN ck toe. ss bas ie 381,792 | 1,365, 026 3.58 | 125,772 733,477 5. 83 eat se” ob oe A Soy 3 SS ee 331,488 | 1,236, 277 3.73 | 297,925 | 1,933,000 6.49 . es i's Sees ae Gntale = + «5 dv ges > 266, 953 956, 710 3.58 , 358,720} 1,940, 060 5.41 ee eee: Oe Pee 301,623 | 1,036,934 3.44 | 176,961 | 1,067,860 6.03 BO. cost ee eae ed... Lene. 238, 094 815, 289 3.42 | 301,313 | 1,954, 604 6.49 a RS RAS Fe me oe 186, 942 704, 721 3.77 | 268,365 | 1,687,321 6.29 SONG. 6 2b ap te eae pee 240,747 | 1,020,359 4.24] 142,690 804, 090 5. 64 WOOT oan oes dds 20s Soa ORL. .-.) Mae ne 224,798 | 1,120,425 4.98 | 135,344 750, 242 5. 54 BOOB. . 6k aus Cl Re... a 224,765 | 1,082,606 4.82 | 101,000 589, 285 +e TO ine vue Mata co cE Ge 3 =» BOS 102, 663 502, 640 4.90 67, 656 365, 155 40 er ee a eee ee 126, 152 696, 879 5. 52 44, 517 209, 000 4.69 OT ee Ee PORE ft. ee ee , 455 377, 625 7.06 | 121,491 636, 272 5.24 I Sea Pai Fe ee ee 23, 588 157, 257 6.67 | 157, 263 626, 985 3.99 Osh. cn Ss ea... ee 15, 428 90, 021 5.83 | 187, 132 605, 725 3.24 7 IR i ee ae Pe ee 223, 719 532, 404 2.38 | 152,600 534, 543 3.50 Obs 25-5 Se Sh ee... hee 153, 317 533, 967 3.48 47, 213 182, 278 3. 86 SS ee ek eee , 659 917, 502 3.89 52, 278 231, 535 4.43 7 SES ST ee ee eee! 160, 422 856, 645 5. 34 58, 752 367,477 6.25 Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products, 737 SHEEP AND WOOL—Continued, TABLE 175.—Sheep: Wholesale price per 100 pounds, 1912-1917. Chicago, Cincinnati, | St. Louis. Kansas City. | Omaha. ee: Ee | ees — |} - ~ Date. Native. Good to extra. | atti Native.! Western, j ae 28 f A ae ae ee = ieee fats Low. | High Low. | High. || Low. | High. || Low. | High. || Low. | High. 1912. | Jan.-June......... $2.50 | $7.50 $3.00 | $5.50 Pe UUs! Sie OU #O.00,! Mee..00' lk o> oar] cues July-Deo:......... | 2.00! 5.65 2.85! 4.00 3.75! 5.00 S8e | 730 heer eee 1913. | Jan.-June......... | 2.50] 7.90 3.60 | 7.00 4.75 | 7.25 2.75 $3.75 | $8.15 July-Deo:.......5: / 2.00} 6.00 3.25] 4.50 4.00 | 5.00 2. 00 2.75 6.75 1914 Jan.—June......... | 2.00} 7.00 |} 4.10] 6.15 || 5.00! 6.50]] 2.50 5.00 7.50 July—Dee.......... | 2.00} 6.50 4.00 | 5.35 4.50 | 5.75 2.25 4. 80 8.00 1915 Jan.June......... | 2.50] 10.65|} 4.10] 875 ]} 5.25 | 8.50 || 4.50 4.00 7.00 July-Dec.......... | 2.00] 875 |} 4.50] 8.75 5.25 | 6.00 4.00 4.00 4.50 1916 | | ae Januery........-... | 3.00] 825 |) 5.50] 6.85 6.50 | 7.50 5.00 6. 25 9.15 February........- 4.00] 875 || 5.75 | 7.75 7.50 | 8.00 6.50 7.00 9. 85 Tes rs 4.00} 9.00 || 6.50] 8.00 8.00| 8.50|] 6.50 7.50} 10.50 = eee ee 3.50] 9.25 || 6.50] 8.00 8.50] 8.85]! 7.00 8.00 | 10.25 i ER Be | 2.50] 10.00 |} 6.50] 8.50 8.351 8.75 || 7.00 6.50 | 11.00 ot eae 2.50} 9.00 |} 6.00] 7.25 7.25 | 7.75 || 6.35 6.75 8.75 Jan.—June... 2.50} 10.00}} 5.50] 8.50] 6.50] 8.85}; 5.00 6.25 | 11.00 Rebexc de) 3.00| 850|| 5.50| 7.00|| 7.25| 7.25|| 6.75 6.50| 8.25 7 gaa a 2.50} 8.25 5.00 | 7.00 7.25| 7.25) 6.5 6.25 8.25 September........ 3.00 | 8.50 5.00 6.75 || 7.00] 7.25 || 6.00 6. 25 8.50 October........... 3.00] 8.56 5.50] 6.75 7.00] 7.25 6. 00 6. 50 8.50 November........ 3.25 | 9.00 5.50 | 7.00 5.50 | 9.00 6. 00 6.251 10.00 December........- 3.50] 10.25} 6.00] 850 6.75] 9.25 || 7.25 6.75} 11.75 July-Dec....| 2.50} 10.25 || 5.00| 8.50]| 5.50] 9.2 6.00 6.25] 11.75 1917 January ........-.. 7.00} 13.50 || 7.50 .00| 10.25 || 7.75 13.00 February......... 9.00 | 13.85 8.00 ; 10.50 | 11.25 7.75 13. 50 March.............| 8.50 | 14.35 9.00 | 11. 11.50 | 12.00 |} 10.00 13.75 oT Eee 8.50 | 15.50} 10.00} 11. 12.00} 12.00 |] 10.00 14. 50 May..... 11.75 | 19.00 8.50} 12. 13.50 | 14.00 || 12.00 16. 00 ap! eta 8.00 | 17.50 7.50 ’ .75 | 13.50 9.00 13. 75 Jan.-June...| 7.00} 19.00 || 7.50 .00 | 14.00 7.75 16. 00 Sukpiel........2}' 72760). 14.00 ||". ona 9.25 || 8.00| 11. 13.75 ee 2 7.75 | 13.50 7.50 9. 50 8.00 : 9.00} 12.50 September........ 8.90 | 14.25 9. 50 11.00 9.00 10.50} 13.85 a RS hel 9.00| 14.35 || 9.50 11.50 || 9.50] 14.75 || 9.50] 13.75 November ........ 9.00 | 14.65 9. 50 12.00 10.00 | 14.10 10. 50 14. 25 December......... 9.00} 14.50 9.50 11.50 |} 10.50| 14.75 |} 10.50] 14.25 July-Dec....| 7.75] 14.65 || 6.50 12. 00 8.00 | 15.5 80.00 | 14.25 1 Not including lambs for 1912 and 1917. 29190°—-yrBxk 1917———47 738 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. SHEEP AND WOOL—Continued. TABLE 176.— Wool: Product by States, 1916 and 1917. {Estimate of U. 8. Department of Agriculture. ] Price per pound. i Wool produc- Fleeces Weight per \ (000 omitted). Sacer tion (000 al 1917 1916 1917 1916 1917 1916 |Apr. 15.,Oct. 15.;Apr. 15.|Oct. 15, | a A) ie eel I ee ae) Cents Number| Number Pounds. Pounds. Pouwnds.| Pounds.) Cents. | Cents. | Cents. ‘ Pein! 3%) SS St 131 6.6 6.5 833 850 42 66 33 37 New Hampshire... . 28 6.7 6.6 183 185 47 Oi 2 ie Vermont... <...ss<- 77 7.3 7.5 597 580 45 65 36 Massachusetts....... 18 6.5 7.0 119 TDR, is «make ales’ 0 ae wa bese ail eee Rhode Island....... 5 6.2 5.0 2a-| | Bbclus cc deceleedeccasl =... oe Connecticut .......- 14 5.5 5.5 | 75 TB | once caktlideececclleen eee Waw York... 25.0 530 6.8 6.7 | 3,514| 3,550 45 65 35 New Jersey .......-. 16 5.2 5.0 80 | ene dsneldb- esis slsunsanneeeeen Pennsylvania. ...... 650 6.5 6.5 | 4,225 4,225 42 62 33 Delaware.«..-<-s=... 8 650 7.0 6.8 | 4,332 | 4,420 42 61 34 TIONS oe ve. eae 514 7.9 7.5 a 3, 855 37 58 32 Wisconsin..........-. 330 7.9 7.6 | 2,636] 2,510 41 62 32 Minnesota... ........ 385 7.8 7.0 | 2,964] 2,695 37 50 28 ye ie ee 641 Ve 7.6 | 4,875 | 4,875 39 56 30 UE sae = te ats 680 7.0 6.8 | 4,810} 4,625 37 60 31 Total ‘aai0 Virginia... Sp pee 380 4.6 5.0 1, 862 1, 900 42 65 35 North Carolina. ...-. 133 3.8 4.3 570 36 55 29 South Carolina....-. 25 4.0 3.8 95 95 29 46 28 Genrbia.~ te nn 165 2.9 3-0 455 495 28 49 27 Minvicg. soo. ans. lil 2.8 3.1 355 EP init ge Lay. gi eth so 27 Alanema. 5 100 aS" 3.5 350 350 26 38 24 Mississippi. ...)--.< 135 aos 4.0 491 540 27 37 24 invrisiorna. ©. ..2e Vee 159 3.6 Soe 560 590 27 36 18 ARAN Oo. Jef 80 4.5 4.4 350 350 28 21 Tennessee.......---- 4295! 4.2} 4.4| 1,776] 1,870 35 50 28 Total Kansas. ..... We 4 191 7.6 | 7.2 Wabraska.....4,...- 256 ras 8.0 South Dakota....... 512 ao 7.5 North Dakota....... 192 7.4 7.5 Montana.........-.. 3,071 7.6 7.8 Wyoming..........- 3, 705 8.2 8.5 dane .t i oe 1,974 76 (Pe: Washington......... 594 8.4 8.0 RWUNON, S252 o) ates tne 1, 610 8.2 8.1 ee 1,740 7.0 6.4 PONV OMI so cena 1,397 7.3 7.5 as ae A 2,053 7.6 7.2 Colorado: <=... 25. 1,378 6.4 6.0 ANG, S82 897 6.5 6.5} 5,831:)..5,950| 87 |.....:0c) 2aeeeeee New Mexico.........| 3,176 5.8 aie Worne 9 eae 1,435 7.0 70 Oklahomsa.........-. 77 6.5 6.7 PROGR se 24, 258 7.30 7. 23 |177, 036 |176, 530 38. 0 52.1 United States .| 34,900 | 35, 182 sy SSG ee Oe pets OUR SR 41 CPR te) epee 000 vedecsvalmeccxea cles ceeeeaeal ge RY BO Recnneia. PERE Ne cian CIN |IIUC Stutistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. — 739 SHEEP AND WOOL—Continued. TaBLe 177.—Wool: Wholesale price per pound in Boston, '1912-1917. Kentucky, Ohio half Ohio Michigan Ohio fine, uarter Ohio XX blood lai unwashed. lood, washed.’ || combing, cg ; pol ya 8 Date. unwashed.,! washed. , : : sella SORE | eee eee ee see ee Low. |High.|} Low. |High.|| Low. |High.|| Low. eae Low. |High.|| Low. |High. 1912. Cts. | Cts. || Cts. | Cts. || Cts. | Cts. || Cts. | Cts. || Cts. | Cts. || Cte. | Cts. January-June ........... 21) 238 224 | 29 28 30 26 30 30 35 19 22 July-December ......... 22| 25 274 | 33 30 | 33 284 | 31 33 35 201-1128 . 1913. January-June ........... 20 | 24 24 32 27 32 23 29 27 34 19 23 July-December ......... 20} 21 234 | 26 25 30 23 25 26 28 19 20 1914. January-June .......... 20} 25 234 | 27 254 | 29 23 28 26 32 19 July-December ......... 23 | 26 26 29 27 314 || 27 30 28 32 22 23 1915. January-June ........... 23 | 29 29 | 39 29 | 34 29 | 38 30 37 || 22 | 26 July-December .....-... 25| 274 || 36 | 393 || 32 | 324 {| 323 / 36 334 | 36 |) 231 27% 1916 ia | Senriergs.. .802.. Dh... 26| 29°|| 38 | 39 324 | 33 a2 | ||.3 36 || 25| 264 Matra. 229..0.24.. 28/ 30 || 39 | 40 || 33 | 33 34 |- 36 36 36 || 26] 27 Siar Oo. 62... tek. - 29] 31 39 | 40 33 | 33 a6. | 87 36 40 ||} 26] 28 Marita. 186 .. eL.. 30| 31 39 | 40 || 34 | 35 36 | 37 37 40 27 |) 12g eee 0 2 28... cl... 30| 31 39 | 40 || 34 | 35 36 | 37 37 38 || -.2%4- ee ee ee 30 | 31 39 | 41 34 | 35 36 | 38 37 38 ] 27... Ree January-June ..... 26 | 31 38 41 324 | 35 | 32 38 354 40 1 25 28 Waly. iJe0...0 220... sk.. 30| 31 41 | 44 35 | 36 37 | 39 3 40 || 27} 28 Mnpastee 107... 30| 31 44 | 44 35 | 37 39 | 39 39 40 || 27| 28 September............... 30 | 31 43 | 44 36 | 37 39 | 40 39 Al. || 97 eae Wetubers. 0) 2c... 1. 31 | 34 43 | 44 36 | 36 |) 39) | 42 40 42}, 29| 31 November...........-.-- 34.| 35 44 | 46 37. | 40 || 42 | 44 40 45 || 31] 33 December. ........-.-.-- 35| 38 || 45 | 50 || 40 | 47 || 43 | 46 || 45 | 52 || 32| 37 July-December 30| 38 || 41 | 50 || 35 | 47 || 37 | 46 || 38 | 52|| 27| 237 1917 ‘Sigg: aed a eal ee ee | ae es tS a Pamasrys 5 04... 58... 38| 40 || 50 | 52 46 | 50 || 45 | 48 52 53 371 39 February. ....).....:2... 42| 44 51 | 56 50 | 55 47 | 54 54 60 ||} 39] 42 _ en a a 44| 46 57 | 58 || 53 | 55 53 | 53 58 60 41| 44 Se ae 0 Ga 45| 48 || 58 | 60 || 53 | 57 53 | 584 || 54 62 || 43 | 45 “Fis eee 48 | 51 60 | 65 56 | 58 || 57 | 63 62 66 45| 48 eS aE ae 53| 58 || 65 | 76 || 60 | 68 || 62 | 71 67 82 || 49] 57 January-June ..... 38 | 68 || 50 | 76 || 46 | 68 || 45 | 7 || 52 | 2 || 37| 57 iy od AG... Ol... oi. 57| 58 || 75 | 76 7 | 7 || 7m | 72 || 80 |. 92\| 56] 57 ARPUSVerk, 2 2) ~.\ S03. bt | 64 75 77 68 77 71 76 80 83 56 62 September.............-- 62 | 66 76 | 77 75 | 77 76 | 77 82 83 60] 62 Weteemeiet 2-1...) 0... 65 | 66 76 | 77 75 | 80 || 76 | 77 82 85 || 60] 62 November.............-- 65 | 67 eo || 7 | 7 | 76 | 78 82 85 60| 62 Pecembete 2). 4 65| 67 || 76 | 7 || 76 | 7 75 | 78 || 82 85 || 61] 64 July-December....| 57} 67 || 75 | 77 67 | 80 || 71 | 78 80 85 | 56 | 64 1 Indiana quarter blood unwashed, 1912 and 1913. 740 SHEEP AND WOOL—Continued. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture TaBLE 177.—Wool; Wholesale price per pound in Boston, 1912-1917—-Continued, Date. 1912. January-June ....-......- July-December.......... 1913. January-June..........-. July-December.........- 1914. January-June ..........- July-December. ........- 1915. January-June ..........- July-December. ......... September... 2... 32. 03-. Ostohere. <2... 3.62: TOMAR Ye «de fOe v= dn ie Pevruaty.. <2 0cn5 ereneen dee.» « 27 25 29 31 33 1915. EID Ye ORM tpt mate Retrnce on si = SAE 4) aes 8 aky AT OUR LO Otew. Rab awaete ns ek nee tee is ies nie gio} 1916. MEME Se wot. ie Sales coaskiee sa ore et ee PERM ee ciiea bade deck atl Oe eh. octet eee eee resi nde seeds, ire Qik pt agin: 208k AE RCT eer ane od gr ot Sele AE hepatic IRE $o-Sans RRS N Aelg” e SEE SE pega ee eet ei INR ne teas oie = © eats tesa tne = Baek So pipe ae ane ie VREUAT YS UMG.S Saad. = nascent hom Ree etoreets = LS RBPRE ROS ER ty RENE S S US: AR PDS PUR 5! A ce MR TES eR ESOS © a ee ape Capen Ss oS SEY PAP LeMDONes Lick = esa sec tc wee Blain oe Beene beat OL RUIN en eee anne we Os Sains oe a Sei ee Oat oe II OGORMIaAE® Pe Nee ~Me cee oe ew wc 4 sO en ood ee OS eR PORCE 165 apse ges Oo URL ee ee cee epee her} We EEE ge ae a ee a es 1917 SPRTEMLELT I ee I ere EI ee Skits a PRA S gw eco NN 2 PG rd a wi ae ons ce one Rite MR ah ele cei ge aoe kath dics et oh oe «Roarton 2 ESET ERR 8 Sele Ss Oe eS Se ee en ba ine ea sr ed UME ase Ie nts aie to i eee SUC ES U eo 0G Ae ee a et ee eo 75 Lo REE oS eee re ae 75 80 ES en eS ee 80 80 SS IMEMN to ae et eee ek eo oars co eee me 80 83 rs ES ENGL 3 BES ee eRe 2 ee ee 83 85 STEN CORT 2g a a 2S Sogn A 83 85 Se A Re By RE Se he oe a ne 83 85 SE ee ee 75 85 1 One-fourth to three-eighths unwashed, 1912-1914, 742 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. SHEEP AND WOOL—Continued. / TasLe 179.— Wool; International trade, calendar years 1909-1916. {“Wool” in this table includes: Washed, unwashed, scoured, and pulled wool; slipe, sheep’s wool on skins (total weight of wool and skins taken); and all other animal fibers included in United States classification of wool. The following items have been considered as not within this classification: Corded, combed, and dyed wool; flocks, goatskins with hair on, mill waste, noils,and tops. See “General note,” Table 152.) EXPORTS. {000 omitted. ]} Average, 1915 1916 Average, 1915 1916 County. 1909-1913.| (prelim.) | (prelim.) County. 1909-1913. (prelim.) | (prelim.) From— From— Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds, Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Dy!) eee ee 19, 871 945008 |. we. wae New Zealand...... 194,801 | 200,102 |.......... Argentina........-. 328,204 | 259,415] 259,387 || Persia.............. 10, 023 6, 157 7, 403 Australia.......... 676,679 | 408,631 |.......... Pere e: 5 et seth es rat 9,937 |: 18,007 [22s Belgium........... eT eee eae Reeeis. a: 5 - cots 99. 406 4.. ...20% deel eel oe British India.....-.. 56, 496 GO 004 fi dha. . Grainy... i... . oe 28, 505 12, 220 11, 669 British South Africa) 164,644 | 186,331 153,772 || United Kingdom...| 42, 027 32, 151 13, 403 Cae. . 8c sees te 28, 223 AL | ee Uremsy: - 25255225 139, 178 83, G8 T-senseucce China Sores uses t a. 42, 684 55, 868 44,980 |} Other countries....| 67, 233 18, 606 :| desc ueeas Wesned $2322: 563,.-.. 84,973 | 11, 755 22,157 Se Germany.........- GATES | cokicgetens tte teen vie Co ad 2, 190, 899 |1, 403, 829 |........ “eh Netherlands....... 26, 362 97 154 IMPORTS. Into— + Into— , Austria. POM Pare... |. Ones inc ce ee ll sectroeace ves FUUSSta oe = es 106, 184 Belem. ....0.. 35 SOD IRGT |. 2 ade ale eats ss Se Sweden, “oon 7, 267 British India. ...... ay a RT a Switzerland........ 11,211 Gatads.<5:.:..-.& 7,794! 16,611 19,918 || United Kingdom...|_ 550,931 Wranos. te. 6.5 5 oe 601,628 | 144, 631 172,314 || United States...... 203, 298 Germanys: ..+~..7: oo ae Be Other countries....} 58, 275 Japan. 1-5: >. : 58: 10223 | 52,771 40, 758 bev eae Netherlands. ...... 31,991 | 15,715 12, 698 Total. ~:~ va. 2, 458, 820 Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 743 SWINE. TABLE 180.—Swine: Number and value on farms in the United States, 1867-1918. Norr.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri- culture. Estimates of members are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage estimates whenever new census data are available. It should also be observed that the census of 1910, ving numbers as of Apr. 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers une 1. Price per Price per Farm value Farm value Jan. 1— Number. sheadl Jan. 1. Number. Pies Jan 1, EOE ches Maen: 24, 694, 000 $4. 03 $99, 637, 000 $241, 031, 000 Sea Sak mans 24, 317, 000 3.29 79,976, 000 295, 426, 000 bo ane See’ 23,316, 000 4.65 108, 431, 000 270, 385, 000 (hoy) ROSES ea 26, 751, 000 5. 80 155, 108, 000 219, 501, 000 1870, census, 186, 530, 000 June l..... PR a ee ery 166, 273, 000 ee 29, 458, 000 5. 61 165, 312, 000 174, 351, 000 RSet wen = 31, 796, 000 4.01 127, 453, 000 170, 110, 000 Rey pec Satlaiaey 32, 632, 000 3. 67 119, 632, 000 185, 472, 000 1 La Se BAS Hee td 30, 861, 000 3.98 122, 695, 000 bo PRS, 2 Wenoland 28, 062, 000 4,80 Laue get, OGG. es ONES Ls) Oe, Goa, OLD cae an coc eee 15 RR See 25, 727, 000 6. 00 154, 251, 090 353, 012, 000 Ay eine Mie 28, 077, 000 5. 66 158, 873, 000 342, 121, 000 ROPGL.'. c Sep rae 32, 262, 000 4.85 156, 577, 000 364, 974, 000 Cy ae »--.-| 34, 766, 000 3.18 110, 508, 000 289, 225, 000 reo [pe ecto Hite 34, 034, 000 4, 28 145, 782, 000 283, 255, 000 1880,° census, 321, 803, 000 June 1s... lis OG Ugh OU) | 2 ae rece cege hot gta eee cI 417, 791, 000 Jo GS Pebebed 36, 248, 000 4.70 170, 535, 000 339, 030, 000 cose a Ne al 44, 122, 000 5.97 263, 543, 000 354, 794, 000 J Ree ees 43, 270, 000 6,75 rors WS Fo ea 0 J PS) ee ee (<7 AE 0 et || (ee ee Let SAR Tale 44, 201, 000 5. 57 246, 301, 000 oe EEE Bend 45, 143, 000 5. 02 226, 402, 000 533, 309, 000 j hole 2 SR Heady 46, 092, 000 4, 26 196, 570, 000 615, 170, 000 iS ete” Benet 44, 613, 000 4.48 200, 043, 000 523, 328, 000 Cas eM Added 44,347, 000 4.98 220, 811, 000 603, 109, 000 hse! Sapam Acai 50, 302, 000 5. 79 291, 307, 000 612, 951, 000 Re ak | 51, 603, 000 4.72 243, 418, 000 637, 479, 000 1890, census, 569, 573, 000 June l_...- ‘Fig! I) Css | colar ER Sit,» 792, 898, 000 SARE To 48 , 50, 625, 000 4.15 210, 194, 000 1, 392, 276, 000 1 Estimates of numbers revised, based on census data. 744 Y earbook of the Department of Agriculture, SWINE—Continued. TasBie 181.—Swine: Number and value on farms Jan. 1, 1917 and 1918, by States. Farm value (thou- sands of do. ). Jan. 1— Number (thou- | Average price per sands) Jan. 1— head Jan. 1— State. 1918 Maing)... is ch. dst etitiiat< ovens os $23. 00 300 New Hampahire .«'..s505.knc sawn ed 25. 00 400 Vermont... etter eee eee 22. 20 664 Massachmantts oor a a ee 23. 00 599 FE TENN Oo. Se, ct Aenean be oe ee 25. 00 400 AIOE | Co os died mar - 26.00 1, 664 4 NN NE eee ie cee So a Guan p 6 23. 60 19, 871 A ES. back cok wea Reen anguraiae bk's <> =s 26. 20 4, 559 2,771 NT ee tet ee an ocak s «oh we 22. 30 28, 789 16, 319 PS ess < eileen ueatiease <6 i= 17.00 1, 088 6 DOP CIOIES < ontcce codes ek thas i<> sauces ames 16.00 6, 208 4, 128 RIN oh ee, eee 13. 90 15, 360 9,412 Wek Wirsinte(2toce + tee ee ee es 16. 00 » 752 3, 800 PROPER CLONE ns ae et oa ataans avon ce 17.10 ; 065 - POULT Came oe 3. een. coms ieee ene 15. 50 COON crag oes os wet paper ge pee Ss ee 14.50 Re ce ea in Seen See eee 10. 60 0 aR tae! RE le Sh Pe re hs dL Sis aa oe Tha ae en 20. 50 caries 2 8 en eee a ee 20. 20 LV Laas) fT jeg IRIS BR saat SER, Sa Ee ae 8 Sale 22.00 Lots ESTs pen Race Slates basa! a ales Mle Saleen, leaps 19. 80 OPS TS ee ee a eo ERR ae ae ee ay 22.30 bE) aS a Re Rene a eee > 2 Aaa at 23. 50 WORN Ae es ae mee 2 a caine ata ete nots 8 oo 18. 50 WER CE ROER so.) > eee eee 20. 80 BOOED SEK OG oo cas 2 < okle cate ene als Rom ee 23.50 IO DENS ss Ecce neg «+ onc aims els ote 24.40 BETO TE vk ae EE Sn pe en ele ree Se Bele ated 21.00 We GEICO Soc2odasneeacdeddnwebese skeen cas 14. 50 TTONRORSAG: 5 os cn steceeees Per- > Per- I — Con- centage |! Fiscal year ] papers Con- centage rocessed demned. con- : ~wodessed demned, con- P ’ demned, I pte eg demned, A } 1 Pounds. Pounds. 4, 464, 213, 208 | 14, 874, 587 OVSS* ||) TOUS. sn acasen 7,094, 809, 809 | 18, 851, 930 A § 5, 958, 298, 364 | 43, 344, 206 ai a he See 7, 033,295,975 | 19, 135, 469 a7 6, 791, 437, 032 | 24,679, 754 he 0 aaa 7, 533,070,002 | 18,780, 122 . 25 6, 223, 964, 593 | 19, 031, 808 SB Me er ck cs 7,474, 242,192 | 17,897, 367 24 6, 934, 233, 214 | 21,073, 577 GON Colinas ee ans 7, 663,633,957 | 19,857,270 . 26 7, 279, 558, 956 | 18, 096, 587 . 25 The principal items in Table 185, in the order of magnitude, are: Cured pork, lard, lard substitute, sausage, and oleo products. The list includes a large number of less important items. It should be understood that the above products are entirely separate and additional to the carcass inspection at time of slaughter. They are, in fact, reinspections of such portions of the carcass as have subsequently undergone some process of manufacture. TABLE 186.—Quantity of meat and meat food products imported, and quantity and per- centage condemned or refused entry, 1914 to 1917. Total C Refused wtp pete: ; ota on- efuse condemne Fiscal year. imported. demned. | entry. or refused entry. Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. Per cent. 197, 389, 348 O15 S50! |; . Steed 0. 28 245, 023,437 | 2,020,291 | 70,454 85 110, 514, 476 298, 276 113, 907 od 29, 138, 996 382,160 | 14,611 1.36 MISCELLANEOUS DATA. TABLE 187.—Estimated value of farm products, 1879-1917. [Based on prices at the farm.] Crops. Animals and animal products. Total, gross. Percent- Percent- Value age of Value age of total. total CECE Oa 7, ee S212 SLO 98 lla oa cipeisis 5 Slate wean ates ne al ekees ee oa eas bore Oe eee TODO TCEIMIEE YS 5 pesca 2 See 2 cist ees BAGO LOT SHO. || cratwat tae oboete Semen lan se stele Srsere | rae ae aE Re ae a ee ee RN e Oe init caine ae ek CRO 3, 960, 821,685 | $2,519, 082, 592 63.6 | $1,441, 739, 093 36.4 COUT DPSS ae 2 ae a es Ae a Ce 4,338, 945,829 | 2,759, 569, 547 63.6 | 1,579,376, 282 36.4 NED oe siiic nom ou cio ew eles & 4,717,069,973 | 2,998,704, 412 63.6 | 1,718, 365,561 86.4 be en ee ee ee ee 5,009, 595,006 | 3,191,941, 763 63.7 | 1,817, 653,243 36.3 1 al ee Sec yo 5, 302,120,039 | 3,385,179, 114 63.8 | 1,916, 940,925 36. 2 CUE AR SC go ee 5, 594,645,072 | 3,578, 416, 465 64.0 | 2,016, 228, 607 36.0 PO eh ee SS oe eh 5, 887,170,104 | 3,771, 653, 816 64.1 | 2,115, 516,288 35.9 _ a eee 6, 121,778,001 | 3,981,675, 866 65.0 | 2,140, 102,135 35.0 Li ep eS a en ee 6, 273, 997,362 | 4,012, 652,758 64.0 | 2,261, 344, 604 36.0 ee Ayah SoS ees 6, 764, 210,423 | 4,263, 134, 353 63.0 | 2,501, 076,070 37.0 Ce URS ek ene Se 7,487, 988,622 | 4,761,111, 839 63.6 | 2,726, 876, 783 36.4 MENG eR ee ie catia nace ie pace d's 7, 890, 625,522 | 5,098, 292, 549 64.6 | 2,792, 332,973 35.4 MIMD MOTMLE oo Sige. saainowcctme ce 8,558, 161,223 | 5,487, 161,223 64.1 | 38,071,000, 000 35.9 A ESS a eee 9, 037,390, 744 | 5,486, 373, 550 60.7 | 3,551, 017, 194 39.3 | Ue Sa Sy. Oe ee 8, 819,174,959 | 5,562, 058, 150 63.1 | 3,257,116, 809 36.9 RRO E te rare a eee vince cece ws e's 9, 342,790,149 | 5,842, 220, 449 62.5 | 3,500, 569, 700 37.5 Deters). 9, 849,512,511 | 6,132, 758, 962 62.3 | 3,716, 753,549 37.7 UL ase a ee ee 9, 894, 960,531 | 6,111, 684, 020 61.8 | 3,783, 276,511 38. 2 re SURG cai. pea ws nae eons 10, 775, 490,412 | 6,907, 186, 742 64.1 | 3,868, 303, 670 35.9 o> ee et eee 13, 406, 364,011 | 9,054, 458, 922 67.5 | 4,351, 905, 089 32.5 Set (OPOMMUMArY)....-......-+-0. 19, 443,849,381 | 13,610, 462,782 70.0 | 5,833,386,599 30.0 748 Y earbook of the Department of Agriculture, TaBLe 188.— Tonnage carried. on railways in the United States, 1914-1916. Year ending June 30— Product. 1915 1916 FARM PRODUCTS. , Animal matter: Short tons. Short tons. | Short tons. ADDBAR. NGG 5.3.) acer cece Gane tr donee ah reece eee Sans 14, 811, 000 15, 021, 432 16, 963, 922 Packing-house products— Dremetl' M008 «... 5 cach Sane be denne des sedans dndeees vex. 2, 283, 000 2, 503,317 2, 656, 235 Hides: (ineluding leather): (lo 22 so PE oe ew, 1, 081, 000 1, 149, 930 1, 400, 858 Other packing-house products...............--------- 2,375, 000 2, 540, 376 2,774, 708 Total packing-house products.............-..---..-- 5, 739, 000 6, 193, 623 6, 831, 801 Poultry (including game and fish)..................------ 915, 000 861, 670 1, 016, 484 Wooluss. USA. AME ihe ve AES rey eo tt ae 409, 000 370, 426 503, 248 Other animal astiers2... .. 6050. cc cos dog dates tees 5, 264, 000 4, 212, 584 4, 629, 143 Total auimal. matter ..i5%625 66.0 SIG I BURGER 27, 138, 000 26,659, 735 29, 944, 598 Vegetable matter: eee eee ee een AME ee eee 4,141,000 5, 012, 705 4,052,241 PVUHL MEE VORMGRDIE. CA... s coccca theses cane teeceee reas 16, 795, 000 17, 898, 288 18, 192, 063 Grain and grain products— PRIN. oss, os «ans bas holed ee Sant eee ania ee 46, 015, 000 57, 686, 16¢ Grain products— WOE eapidn nina docaiatiwans beeen pen aaaieaaed 9, 697, 000 10, 472, 225 rere wri) WON. ks Bs 6's. Ske wcaaul oe ie as oes wales 7, 824, 000 , 992, 496 Total grain and grain products...................--- 63,536,000 | 71,080,194] 76, 150, 886 OSE Sean © DE Rees Ser ee re ee ken Coe en SRS 7,312, 879 Nn ee ee ee Pe Re a ee | 3,917, 381 EORMOIO aos wat chan Oye twas wa eis ee co te la Gb nae coe whe g , 085, Other vegetable mattersas. 5, . 2. .cocaaeeke. ec Ss. 8, 988, 002 Total-vegetable mabherd. 5. 15.855. 588- 20. 6 ok ses nee | 106,126,000 | 116, 767, 035 119, 699, 295 Total farm. productant: . 110, Jee addWas ince cnduesss ee 133, 264,000 | 143,426,770 | 149, 643,893 OTHER FREIGHT. , Products Of miv6s: . .<. cae coss « 729,575,000 | 537,805,000 73.7 | 44,446,000 6.1 0 PUD At igen Baie 187,145,000 | 15,144,000 8.1 2,, 557, 000 1.4 re eee 46, 189, 000 40, 875, 000 88. 5 1, 962, 000 4.2 EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: MR oot 2s. .3k tna 74,132,000 | 69,939,000 94.3] 26,272,000 35.4 Panini...) 3st 80,272,000} 77,225,000 96.2 | 35,178,000 43.8 Total Austria-Hungary 154,404,000 | 147,164,000 95.3 61, 450, 000 39.8 —————— ee | SS ee ton ea ees 7, 278, 000 6, 443, 000 88.5 3, 582, 000 49. 2 = see ai ieee 23,807,000 | 18,959, 000 79.6 8,574, 000 36,0 Lo Se ee ee 9, 629, 000 9, 078, 000 94.3 6, 376, 000 66. 2 oe eee Pw SO a 2, ee ae 3,875, 000 4.7 a a a ae 130,854,000 | 123, 642, 000 94.5| 59,124,000 45.2 oo) oo as ee 133,594,000 | 126,401,000 94.6 63, 689, 000 47.7 LS a ee Le eee ee 70,839,000 | 65, 164, 000 92.0 | 33,815,000 47.7 PALEOM DUNE it: THE. 3 see 639, 000 616, 000 96. 4 300, 000 46.9 INGLHSLIANGS 5... -.....$.... 8, 057, 000 7, 258, 000 90.1 2, 210, 000 27.4 Mormneried oor t....-.) uae 79,810,000 | 22,942,000 28.7 1, 830, 000 2.3 ‘yoy SS See Ciel 22,018,000 | 17,281, 000 78.5 5,777, 000 26. 2 Bowmenia {cco .cg..-.-. 26h 32,167,000 | 24,645, 000 76.6 | 14,829,000 46.1 Russia, European.......-.-.- 1, 278, 203,000 } 698, 902, 000 54.7 | 245,755,000 19.2 Berblipseoiice: pr... 220 11, 936, 000 6, 246, 000 52.3 2, 534, 000 rie pean. derkles ....b Jak 124,666,000 | 112, 665,000 90.4 | 41, 264,000 33.1 peor S202 CS be... + JSR 110, 667, 000 65, 196, 000 58.9 9, 144, 000 8.3 Switzerland‘4...........-.... 10, 211, 000 7, 635, 000 74.8 | 605, 000 5.9 United Kingdom: Great Britain........... 56,802,000 | 47,737,000 84.0 | 14,587,000 25.7 SS ted ane Wei 20,350,000 | 18, 789, 000 3 3, 275, 000 16.1 Total United Kingdom 77,152,000 | 66,526,000 86.2 | 17,862,000 | 23. 2 ASIA. Se 615, 695,000 | 465,706, 000 75.6 | 264,858, 000 43.0 eS a ae 8, 858, 000 1,972, 000 22.3 1, 884, 000 21.3 Japan..... VSR See? 94,495,000 | 74,180,000 78.5 | 17,639,000 18.7 Russia, Asiatic.......-..... 4, 028,001,000 | 715,838,000 17.8 | 33,860,000 8 AFRICA. | SS 124,976,000 | 50,846,000 40.7 | 11,434,000 9.1 _ aR 222, 390, 000 5, 486, 000 2.5 5, 457, 000 2.5 See 30,888,000 | 22, 239, 000 72.0 6, 919, 000 22.4 Union of South Africa....... 302, 827, 000 3, 569, 000 1.2| 3,385,000 1.1 OCEANIA. OS PY ee 1, 903, 664,000 | 119,942,000 6.3} 14,987,000 8 New Zealand............... 469,000 | 57,310,000 86.2 6, 955, 000 10.5 Total, 36 countries.....!..........| 15,071, 209,000 |4, 591, 691, 000 30.5 1,313, 832, 000 8.7 1 Includes besides cultivated land, also natural meadows and pastures, forests, woodlots, and landt, devoted to cultivated trees and shrubs. 2 Includes fallow lands; also artificial grass lands. : s ge figure for ‘‘productive land”’ in Chile excludes marshes, heaths, and productive but uncared-for ands. 4 The figure for “‘cultivated land”’ in Switzerland excludes artificial meadows and pastures. 752 Tasie 192.—National forests: Timber disposed of, quantity, 1912 to 1917. Item. I'vree timber given: Number of users........-. Timber cut..........M ft Waloe.. eres. oo: dolls Timber sales: amber 33. eS Quantity... -M ft.. Price per thousand board feet (average).....dolls.. Grazing: Number of permits........ Kinds of stoeck— 3 1 ae Sie es 2 No.. Goes isso 5.3. No (2 Ss ee No Orns © re er No CT ee ee No PROtRIS as es en Wiel tie cers cra 61,480 || Washington: —— Oneal = Sot eh. oe Oregon: CO TT 1 7 ne opie TIRES Yee! = - ESE EE TSN oT IE 1,021, 461 |, COIVUGr cd cctxceadnusiescesunnianee PO TTT Op a pee ag el 793, 044 || ETRE Sn ee : ANTI OT Re ete Sun als ay 1, 292, 423 ORATIOGMY go 0 cnncucnuscnucneee TTT TS tl paige Bip eae GRE Se SER 884, 494 Oly mpIG. oF av ottes'uw aacoas USES EES PENIVIEUN ES oes! on ec an cana wi 4,401 FRaimion. 2 oo. on acs oe ann nae Gee NN NTR te a oval on 5 ae 1, 057, 682 @ Pnodualmie: |... co- sess oneacueen | Minam...... AIRE RS Recto 430, 757 NF asDington. 6 «ccs E & Miscellaneous Data, 755 TABLE 194.—Grazing allowances for national forests, 1917. Number of stock authorized. Yearlong rates (cents). Sore Cattle and Sh 1 Sh attle anc eep an eep horses. Swine. ponte Cattle. | Horses. | Swine. and goats. District 1: US) + 6,050 jiul.ic.... — 95,800 68 85 51 17 TIGRTOOOUN:. ccacuacsessce + 5,000 BOO ER DOLO00) [OS ek cc olaveuncetcelecmsce cadinsaepaa=tel Beaverhead............. BG 520U) |Geeae oe «2 ae 115 B00) Gace. das olan nc. aeerelesmeche DRA ene cae PULOITDOLs ca ahesscuanes met SO COUL ete cine we fe ae UO) 1 Sela Ol Ua ain e'w'nn wis |e enna o's OREN awe ROI OR a a a cool eins ehite MS UUUL Wea abe se 10, 000 60 75 45 15 ae Se sn MN ES Pewban itn + 25,000 68 85 51 17 CARP WELOM. cs cscs seus va ste De hUU) \Weaaeens ae — 25,000 60 75 45 15 Coeur d’Alene.........- pSexbU0s | SoS srsazes 25,000 68 85 51 7 Sl pee pep Be = LBIS00M eee we =e + Pa NUTS | eimtae, btasiioin ict w'n'e ewdial ne &| © aie ve w eperetall als A PPOBTIOUROG So cdaWUsc. ben 155,700! |ecekies = ..s OL OUU) [Ocha ay ol Dela worgih a| cme eal thea wine ee eB BbO eeu kals- « 5,000 60 75 45 15 SSS ea 8.500 1OO0. 801.26 + 60,500 68 85 51 17 Ue Ohya ae e Fos ia se ly ag fs | ea 8 ee i eee) PrP ee Ce aS Se re + 20,500 |... de... a ELSA Ue Sata sis il ten awuppaslonmesneask|eee new ace® VEN ei eee IS UUUE |e a aie.n os 11,500 60 75 45 15 BOOUUMOLE: 2c neencene fe 2, O00) becuse... 8 Stee LO OOO! rem ties ae 81405 pon oan ne laicinminn ticles Ree ea mm owe Lewis and Clark........ + 8.200: Teva kd. 2%} — 31,000 68 85 51 17 EST” St SR Ber PS ae 600! io. fae... ee Oe a ee i cel oo. wc al eomedl bee bens ane je Seer “= 23) GUU! idk. cite» 2 — 133,100 75 94 56. 25 18.7 (OE See eee SP AD ADO CO Somos > + 22,000 68 85 51 17 NE EOOORS vs cdabee nce. 6 + 15,300 jue .vc-... UO A (RP COU ae ne nae nd femme nnn [Adewesgeen Fone Oreille... cc. ...-. We ABU tite Bao... — 31,500 60 75 45 15 Benes Sie - 2-5-4025... Hjaa0i ook ets... TO. DOUn COSS eats al)... «den {loacdacae aloes os dels SESE era cae 6, 500) og is. - 4 2,800 68 85 51 17 PPUMIGLaennonestek sce see _- BOO! |e ae — 41,650 60 75 45 15 +211, 300 | SUS Reo (1) Ti aes ae aR ain Spliee District 2 ve 0) ast Re ay —= 12,250) |G0e. iad. . 2 — 18,000 68 85 51 17 Battlement !............ AAS LOO Wale Oe wie al 'Smiatarevein gage 4S, 2 see pea (2 earn See SB | 2s pee 1 eller RSS 20100 jOOs. sue. 3 — 102,300 75 94 56. 25 18.75 259 U0 cB Il pei ae re + 21,100 AAO OEE os azz 68 85 51 17 SRA ah oe toa ce nt Fp 218, 450) eG ee 5 G2 BOO) ds «bl oo lack «ecco a] aonema ia bie eee GID GOD hive macccen esac od Oo (NN) == LOO DOD! Stes s a. see | Socuw te ossl-omnanen ol eee SOMO rence s aaa aca FeO ZOOURIFERD Lecce Site acc casey Eps tsee o|aamecumaec|iecmeme eel eee mem ee MITA hee ncte arc cee ee AZ N00 ee Sede See: | ed ee mane A | CR ORs ganna oe <= 30,800) [O22 . £3...3 10,000; |B oo ES) oc ca caielp = ~~ dea a TEEN y Cy Give aie a4 Seema STS LO S50} I. Baa Al Ree ac ee |e ae cis ites cake Sara | aniniowene Charen ies LED ats a ae ae 25400) (Sst es. 2 1205000) G06 23 oe Ss oe cca wilwen RAO S eee HOly: Crass =. a scveccses 11,000} oo cooeases SL OOOH ree eee uo cael oe nc an ooee|p e= aceeeee I ais == 11, 400) [Ba8 eu 2: Pee Tt liflieole. + 2 2 Ga aga arene! Aegon s Medicine Bow.......... 805100 | accwrcesns POON TESST OORT va os wane) mat eames wal aes ce sene MICMIPRIN 6 oo somes aaee _ That) | RS ee = AAA) | Pa Ris ay die ERR 3 1 BCs a are JA ye 26 Oe Minnoesota......55.....- ZsOEEN |. ata cas- iti, Se CORR ROS tui oo .| tanccbouh blmemmas 4 Reena 36 vad Monterima............. + 34,900 |.......... ge) ae oe | ee ee) ARIE «£7 | ee a WODFASKAL noc cokes 13 00D! (Utes cars thene Sue cies 90 113 67.5 22.5 = ee AP 47,800) [092086 2 + 20,500 68 85 Blive ytd 17 Rio Grande. 23 HOO! [tee eecs isc eee OUT tA. Ae sees | suo a ahaa permet wm eet Poewse Boutin so. 501-4 = 36,3001 .b.-..- SONOS DOr Ce 8 ae ol ra weba rn cleanse Olea aera ee San Isabel ete £15,000) [Pes 3 Ba. = Feel OMA ENS Be aloe 6 aod do deme oe ~ Spohn ee San Juan a RUS oe ae Ax nd ep IO LEU We ee Miike bt aa as stom eentererinct c= Se Shoshone! mruee FOO! (0G. 05 ss. oot MapabO Beat ote ace ca its comet eee Saepmss ssh cset- POs 2... 31125800) |)0 weeeweie ASO)! |S Sores. [eine bia Phe Lowchen Uncompahgre.......... et 2OURDO! hie te mare tou. OO. C00) e ee a . Beery eee Jove ete eee cette ee eee Washakie?...2.2....... Seta 100 | é:.--2 ee CD 1 | (a aa ae ee, Fe PS CPS: ae) Ss SRE White River............ — 37,500 |......---- + 35,000 |.......... |leseus aera hcca dios LOOM Je es +505,975 | 2,500 |+1,439, 250 |.........- ae aS Se =— ————_ = = District 3: [Ue ee + 15,500} + 200 |— 9,000 60 75 45 15 MpehOecees oc0c ces cece: + 40,500 100 GR BOD recre ntl. ral see lacs a PA Acer gd OS SRE ee ee aie S00) 10-4, 1500-1" EAT GOO (Ai a Seb eel dow e vans ce] kw se celek[nueehprake Chisloshwasiec 55255. 12,000 — 200 DEQOOi Bee ee tae sce eos biG aes te he oe ce cl pe ee + 45,000 250'\= . OG,000 oes s ee eee, Jen neeeceee|ooscsenees Gorensdes: 34.02.25 -% Pe 26,700) la wwas = ~ 2 _ A000) (Arb oo aces ace. benscninie th ORE Cee se ate ve Se ee | ae + 19,500 100 1,350 PV... inad vabue Cee id eee a Ee Se + 48,500| — 225 |+ 144,000 |.......... Netenns deel nnvde JiR even. ONT RE SS © ae + 59,000 | + 400 12,500 |P.0.---. eye EPERE I) «|» Waa OS Ae es a + 10,000 500 1S, 00G rs sees Sol ceca edeacalenrce pees seen en ee ee ae 9,500 "2f550e.--¢ oe. AO, SOR EGS SE isasewenss Lew. corte 1 Term applications previously approved effective till expiration of period. 756 TaBie 194.—Grazing allowances for national forests, 1917—Continued, Forest. District 3:—Continued, meee eet eet eee PO a he JWT Os? ae, See ae el MOU OP Oo csneius acinar’ Ro ants cen can OO ee Se COVECT ES eee ol Sees Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Number of stock authorized. Yearlong rates (cents). Cattle and Sheep and Shee horses | Swine. rts hy Cattle. | Horses. | Swine. |..4 pe ; eed ee, 3 locoveducccleceen teaenannE ome ye a eee meme A ee Dae we . 74,500 |... cdo cnlececccececlwowsltenanaaaa TE ae 100 |. none cciel cc ceccece's|Owewe ele aeanaaaa ies, FO: 700 ee ee 4 Pte ty | wwe we SSE _ a 885, 950 i ereerne Goines stein 94 56. 25 85 51 eeeenveneeeet, F&F “yy VVMY Lleeweenrettenieaseee "5 er eh ee weeoenrrrrte 94 56. 25 Ne caeecieh MOU UO POT Oe nat 85 |. 51 eee re ee iS a were eee ee 85 51 te ater a s 94 56. 25 te Bree 85 51 sakecuuras beavoesiscbge +s. as ssc -0ee geen sae O ae ie BGP ATIN CC Ly cence eee Bee jrerrecerceen | cere ereees “—* a A ip te rl Eee ee a Pa ee jottreeeeee pic sn ama ecoeeconce| B09 UUU [eww cewcens |4°"""* =" <4 ee weeeween ee ( DUS, UUU [2-22 e ee ee el ewe ee ee ewe [ore See ee caausJoces|icass0cceeleereenn aa an Gee ee a, ot ei Me evetes 4 | 50.25, 185 a 0 OO | fekaees a5} 51 Peg! Sete | Meat arya: 94| 56.25 (bie 5044---.20,b00) faa. 1 OB | 1... 1i3 |" 62.5, pane @eeeeeeecee| | 38MM HV [Leeeeeceeeeeisceeeee0@ 88° rs eeananeeeece 100| 60 a ee 94| 56.25 Tae eee 113 | 67.5 100 | 60 eer ane 106 | 63.75 100 |- 60 113 | 67.5 04] 56.25 113 | 67.5 Li eee 88 | 62 Soleus re eee? 100} 60 Ceara 94| 56.25 Pes Ving 100 | 60 94) 56.25 Miscellaneous Data. TaBLE 194.—Grazing allowances for national forests, 1917—Continued, Number of stock authorized. Horses. Yearlong rates (cents). 157 : Shee Swine. land pout. Forest. Cait! ' - ' vattle anc = eep anc ’ horses. Swine. goats, Cattle. District 6—Continued. ea | UEAFOU) IU reatate one — 82,000 ENOPEN «on ewes we ts f ABE SOO on waa Se «0 90,000 | RAPP EMIIAG bo.c wn ad ancenn ne 78 DY [PE et | Spee a re BEES ius o's ns a Wed dvrn'e = By GUN lchaaie weer Ae ES 4 ENS As iia veunen Samay cis.cexinass oo 7 S40 weet h te wi SUS Wie) SR 4, 100 1, 000 POISIB WG aie kc dw clcecceus « — a AMO) | ole eaiceiubtes ROOdUBUAIO Sr ccc cees cc ltaenc seraaa ata ee cree ere pO a Bee LUD | crate Siena a os MORODUUE ot cies ccwn wG cw oe + 400 al See cued ie i af D1, 000) loss cece WW SSHINCTON' ccc ccs tess ZOO awee eases WHAM Seat ove e on chau A ale, LOUN eee des ue Wenatchee. .<.0.......- 4+ DE ici ave odie 0 oC a ae BS LOU SOO Meio ne wae + 186,140 | — 1,050 District 7: PEMRMISAS ooo c ce pwen scsi 15, 000 22, 000 OOS EE SS ee Sar 6, 000 3, 000 BRERA oho cae ek owe tw 8, 500 12, 800 yO REY SL ee ANGS0 Seesmic 21s |eu goes sane 34,130 | 37,800 Purchase areas: SMILGB cence nnn — 500 400 Geormidices 2. ses rcster. 860 430 Massanutten. oc. aside. a Sab 3.5. 5808-2 Monongahela..........- 400 40 Mount Mitchell......... 600 100 Nantalialas sac. secu.) -- 400 200 Natural Bridge......... AON epee acc Sat eie’ all eae wails OE en ee oe SOU MSR ore see Shoe ol ee eee eens POPOMIAGH bs ws cce Suisu: + ZOOM aeons areas c pavatiman |. coset Sor... 310 360 Shenandoah .:....<...+ + 2, 200 100 PIERO Peake: wis... 500 150 White Mountain....... CUS Ree ees Oa eae eee eee ee Waeae TOD... cc ndbeay s- a 300 150 7,450 | — 1,930 de) a Ck 1, 852, 999 59, 535 Meiats, 19145 o.06c5. 1,891,119 | 65, 645 Totals, 1915..........- 1,983,775 | 64,040 Motals,1916..........- 2,008,675 | 58,990 etata, 1917_5..45.--. 2,120,145 | 54,680 | 8,400,155 |......... Increase or decrease in 291/- over 1916)2-.~ - + 111,470 | — 4,310 |— 197,534 |......... 197, 534 | i Note.—The symbols (+) or (—) indicate, respectively, that there was an increase or decrease in 1917 compared with 1916. The figures themselves refer to actual numbers of stock authorized in 1917. *¢ “oe ee a) Pt oe lars 2 ep Te tie we? xD pps tiaGarerets ‘ > od" 4 S 4 i , ‘ oe way ye he ? a ji oy +7! ‘@ a = he On 1 - a ~~ @ ‘ - ¥ 7 1 ad IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.' TABLE 195.—Agricultural imports of the United States during the 3 years ending June 30, 1917. (Compiled from reports of the foreign commerce and navigation of the United States, U. 8S. Department of Commerce.] Year ending June 30— Article imported. 1915 1916 1917 (preliminary). ’ Value. Quantity. Value. Value. Quantity. 439,185 |$15, 187,593 374,826 | $13,021,259 439,185 | 15,187,593 | 374,826 | 13,021,259 | | / i $659, 022 | 2,684 | $1,056,033 538,167 |$17,513,175 ¢ 538,167 | 17,513,175 14 +020 959, 223 | 9, 900 $32,270 15,556 | 1,618,245 | 12, 584 | 1, 888,303 Sigs ercscs number. . 153,317 | 533,967 235, 659 | 917, 502 | 160,422| 856,645 Total sheep. -..do.._. 153,317 | 533, 967 235,659} 917,502 | 160, 422 856, 645 iotaniminainctori|...©..| Seo|... | Bie] Be epee ee | he Ve ee PS fi ee 723,1% oe eee ee /g.600,079 |_--_..__---- 16, 602, 859 | 439,541 | 2,146,380 | 594,209 {__ 2,685, 982 | 894,318 Dairy products: a * ee 523, 573 192, 767 “ eE -BSe 14,431.514| 4,465,633 a 743,519 666, 267 pt caanige 1,746, 446 Total dairy products _|-.-.:....--.-| 14.704, 277 }.............] 9,928,919 |........-.... | 7,071,113 eo a oe dozens..| 3,046,631 438, 760 732,566, 110,638| 1,110,322 | 268, 236 Egg yolks or frozen G ' ee ae 8, 571, 758 798,129 6,021,672 921,502 | 10,317,774 1, 732, 948 Feathers and downs, crude: OE eee ES Ciba ee S55 Sd. 12188, 170 ws. 4. Se OS el 534,921 Sg See Vel EES ae ey —} es es 7) eee eee | 944, 205 Fibers, animal: ; Silk— ' Cocooms......- ‘ 35,114 | 197,073 142, 743 62, 056 4,95 Raw, or as reeled from | cocoon . . pounds - - 80,531,785 | 33,070,902 |119, 484,223 | 33,868,885 | 156,085, 49 fie ae eats do.-.-. | 2, 568, 658 | 8, 657,322 | 4, 706,689 6,420, 482 4,431, 164 Total silk......do....| 31,052,674 83, 130, 557 | "$3,130,557 | 41 _41,925,297 | 124, 333, 655 124, 333, 655 | 40,351,423 14, 33,655 | 40,351,423 | 160, 571, 808 ! Forest products come within the scope of the Department of Agriculture and are therefore included in alphabetical order in these tables. ; Included in “‘ All other, including fowls.” . 759 760 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TaBLe 195.—Agricultural sangerts Nd the Be yore State during the 3 years ending — ne 80, 1917—C ontinu | Year ending June 30-— | 1916 Article imported. 1915 1917 (preliminary). Quantity. Value. Quantity. rrr fr | Value. Quantity. ANIMAL MATTER—Ccontd. Fibers, animal—Contd. Wool, and hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, and like animals— Class 1, clothing, SE pounds. . Class 2, combing .do.... Class 3, carpet....do.... Hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, etc..pounds.. 222,017, 420 |$52, 008, 509 15, 054, 694 | 3, 735, 158 65, 709, 752 | 10, 865, 475 403, 121, 585 |$112,145,657 | 279, 481, 501 |$101, 502, 941 13, 292,160 | 3,916,708 | 17,055,953 | 6,723, 737 109, 268, 999 | 23/955; 236 | 67;672,671 | 19,814,386 5,301,563 | 1,633,426] 9,145,278 | 2,403,133 | 8,162,093 | 3,096, 106 308, 083, 429 | 68, 242, 568 | 534, 828, 022 |142, 420, 734 | 372,372, 218 | 131, 137, 170 ———— ee ee a Total wool. .... do.... Total animal fibers, ae Maer pounds. .| 339, 136, 103 |151, 373, 125 | 576, 753,319 |266, 754, 389 | 412, 723,641 | 291, 708, 978 Cc : pounds 2, 714, 229 816, 521 501, 509 1, 114, 667 359, O76 * SgeRe ae 0.. 8, 705, 147 824, 136 . 2173033 | 6, 265, 597 ; CT at eee gallons 303, 965 124, 843 97, 461 427, 650 289, 317 —— ee ee | ee dd _=———————_—SS eee OES E=e=S=eeee eee Packing-house products: Rilnod aries .<.% .. ogee et 2 O97, MOGs ote ost Sau 196, 600 389, 455 BOn0s, Cleaned 6 i 247, 400 L 458, 629 paaieeal ANG reeds: 6... ah. Ab. ks 771, 628 Pas OM dens sso reer eistcsshetcs sc +. 511, 682 DOW LW.OOd, 11.60.82. Sat Ee Re 37, 402, 889 Wood pulp— Chemical— Bleached.long tons.. 100,555 | 5, 256, 724 Unbleached .do.... 300,114 | 11, 483, 268 Mechanical..... aod: *: 187,253 | 3,141,119 Total wood pulp, long tons......... 587,922 | 19, 881, 111 “Total: forest prod- SaoeeUrdse .oecpisene ss es 8s 28 165, 849, 493 Fruits: Fresh or dried— Bananas. ....bunches..| 41,091,585 | 13,512, 960 Currants... ... pounds 30, 350,527 | 1, 209, 273 7 She ae 0 ..| 24, 949, 374 420, 203 ee TE PERE 20,779, 730 | 1,024, 495 Grapes..... cubic “ht 1,323,928 } 1,523, 547 Lemons...... MOUNGSS4 |G. es... 3, 730, 075 Olives........gallons..| 3,622,275 | 1, 607, 903 Oranges. =... -pounds:.|ss:.=--...... 50, 022 eee ee a 1,309, 750 Raisins....... pounds..} 2,808, 806 238, 958 (Le eae it | eee ee 1 431, 242 Total fresh or.dried...|............. 26, 058, 428 Prepared or preserved....|........-..-- 1, 022,971 EAOGh INU s- aoe eesal seeeesk ott 27,081, 399 Grain and grain products: Grain— to Seas bushels 9, 897,939 | 6,083,385 7 eee do.. 630, 722 290, 180 WRN sist eis. do.. 426, 469 469, 847 Total grain....do....| 10,955,130 6, 843, 412 Year ending June 30— 1917 (preliminary ). Quantity. Value. $693, 673 2, 888, 615 684. 562 ———— | — — —_ |E | tess 4, 266, 850 1, 270, 348 1,175,180 "766, ” 286 ly 924, 139 24, 509, 908 2, 280, 656 4, 568, 340 730, 158 32, 089, 062 36, 754, 704 25, 373, 029 31, 075, 424 7, 153, 250 1916 Quantity. Value. 14, 369 $740, 488 39, 855 | 2, 781, 372 Fn: We 489, 247 usteeniies: 4, 011, 107 150,401 | 1,417, 859 1, 218, 416 eer ok 771, 823 | 2, 207, 223 1; 769, 333 & 593, 696 i SE aa 709, 696 eae 29, 641, 942 627,290 | 3, 959, 732 164,714 | 1,282, 658 187,006 | 1, 131,359 Uettasadaiey 1, 720, 816 mp eeiet PH hk 793, 692 i, Sa Wee 44, 682, 007 55,760 | 3,025,941 264, 882 | 10, 693, 736 186,406 | 3,148,173 507,048 | 16, 867, 850 RATION Says 252, 851, 305 | 12, 106, 158 1, 382, 839 547, 433 315, 831 703, 274 2, 062, 030 47, 767 381, 601 270, 107 699, 475 34, 661, 179 10, 476, 534 25, 485, 361 16, 479, 733 1, 402, 446 4, 285, 282 1, 295, 957 1, 307, 884 1, 171, 052 689, 234 47, 200, 676 4,723, 371 30, 720, 219 7,018, 404 42, 461,994 322, 694, 497 12, 724, 198 1, 056, 525 =——San=|_ —_—_—_—_—_—_——_—_| _ ———_—_—_—_S=S|_ _ a ————__S=S4 | ——————e—— 5, 208, 497 665, 314 5, 703, 078 11, 576, 889 2, 865, 003 302, 547 5, 789, 321 24, 138, 817 1, 488, 529 473, 476 41, 900, 498 Raed anes is Ete ace Ma Se BNR ES 8,956,871 | 27,167,760 | 764 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TABLE 195.—Agricultural imports of the United States during the 3 years ending June 80, 1917—Continued. Year ending June 30— Article imported. Quantity. Value. Quantity. VEGETABLE MATTER—COD, Grain and grain products— con, Grain products— Bread and biscuit......|........--.--| $266,079 |............. $213; 400 | deci Ueeneate Macaroni, vermicelli, ete.........pounds..| 56,542,480 | 3,061, 337 1, 525, 695 Meal and flour— Wheat flour, barrels .. 1, 689, 418 NE cre sweeten on lkawewnewsin'yp<} “ay COtytmetieioav eur eae Dy SES ATE | eee ole samieas < Total grain prod- 1S eae’ oat. Sh RRR gS aie B Gia Wee ee ee 6; 680, 280 (lost Stee Total grain and pw a 12. BS. SHOU cons ocr cue LS. GS7, 0 tone ee eee 1S) pe ae eae long tons. . 20, 187 228, 906 679, 412 12 65, ee ee ae pounds..| 11,651,332 | 2,778,735 144, 627 incites |. $a yok do. # , 975, 1, 596, 978 8, 235, 670 Licorice root........- do....} 65,958,501 | 1,252,989 | 41,003,295 |} 1,609, 571 Liquors, alcoholic: Et i ty VA Dot cat ama ihe Mi fe el! the Distilled spirits— Brandy ....proof galls... 400,203 | 1,035, 562 536, 342 Cordials, liqueurs, etc., 1, 576, 481 Mpool Pes Jos... . ke 408, 090 858, 599 330, 452 794, 553 357, 311 Serr proof galls... 742, 439 717,131 805, 749 749, 775 263, 520 RW IMSRY 25.3. 24. - O....[ 1,327,759 | 2,641,617 1,742,197 | 3,677, 662 1, 676, 151 1S eae do.... 411, 236 317, 413 538, 759 433, 098 397, Total distilled spirits, proof galls.......... 3, 289,727 | 5,570,322 3,953,499 | 7,231, 569 3, 115, 483 Malt liquors— Bottled....... gallons. . 799, 946 768, 893 872, 402 850, 913 632, 064 Unbottled....... do...:| 2,551,158 818, 505 1, 740, 333 605, 980 1, 608, 113 Total malt liquors, C1 ore ele 3,351,104 | 1,587,398 2,612,735 | 1,456, 893 Wines— Champagne and other sparkling...doz. qts.. 114,630 | 2,004, 680 206,210 | 3,532,022 Still wines— Bottled.doz. quarts... 626, 865 | 2, 273,916 546,119 | 2,197,311 534, 402 Unbottled..gallons..| 3,860,273 | 1,968,587 | 3,455,756 | 2,267,561 | 3,167, 400 Totalstill wines . .w.). _™_"“d_—E——S| FOO Oe 5 441, 910 oO Oe Oe CO_OCOCO3OoOON COO | : ——— ddl 9,743, 024 727, 494 14, 627, 742 712, 433 2, 058, 732 487, 021 11,181,301 | 1,354; 257 27,180,748 | 1, 193, 364 7; 806, 012 339, 811 13,058,518 | 3,713,340 25, 666,844 | 2, 497,454 oe ae 1, 566, 737 phate tt 32, 865, 014 52, 671, 866 654, 871 166, 172 55, 564 79, 223,398 | 9, 132, 095 13,703,126 | 1,039, 080 110, 808 76, 530 6,864,116 | 4,046, 132 3,026,188 | 2,036, 592 651,018 615, 350 7,533,149 | 10, 502,671 36,074,059 | 3,316,417 1, 857, 038 197, 237 1, 084, 905 645, 090 162,690,235 | 11,410, 606 Wags SN 474, 390 Ls) ca ee 43, 547, 754 Tae ae 33, 302 449, 735 373, 933 x Re 3, 038, 177 ee | 3, 445, 412 ceo) RRA 46, 993, 166 86,812 | 843, 418 a ee eee eee 766 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TapLe 195.—Agricultural imports of the United States during the 3 years ending June 80, 1917—Continued. Year ending June 30— 1916 Article imported. 1915 1917 (preliminary). Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. he ff VEGETABLE MATTER—CON., Rice, rice meal, ete.: Rice— y Cleaned....... pounds..| 112, 118,326 | $2,655,739 | 121,023, 906 | $2,867,453 | 97,453,036 | $2,735,702 Uncleaned, including paddy ...... pounds..} 90,241,834 | 2,340,968 | 87,671,332 | 2,215,278 | 80,865, 798 2, 290, 173 Rice flour, rice meal, and broken rice, NEI cn cance ae es 74, 831,312 | 1,307,509 | 55, 628, 767 1,010, 885 | 37,730,024 Total rice, etc. pounds.........| 277,191,472 | 6,304,216 | 264,324,005 | 6, 093, 611 Sago, tapioca, etc...........|.------------| 1,434,219 |......+...--- 9, 226, O07) ts. 2k = eee Seeds: Castor beans or seeds, based sessasesnae-s 924,604 | 998,577 | 1,071, 963. | 1, 555, 899 ‘lover— 7 a eee pounds..| 8,749,757 | 1,072,468 | 33,476,401 | 4,918,171 5, 971, 267 Oeher 83. 2tee do....| 15,406,954 | 1,162,810 8, 363, 360 822,572 | 12,200, 892 Flaxseed or linseed, BUNnO IS os, pbb ts6 «55 2 10, 666, 215 | 13,374,536 | 14,679,233 | 20,220,921 | 12,398, 988 Grass seed,n.e.s-pounds..| 34, 690, 259 8, 790, 920 698, 630 9, 187, 613 Sugar beet......... do....| 15,882, 661 9,042,490 | 1,080,788 | 14,469,774 RURIOR 6) iia do Swe cas cunGubalensdinekqnn< st |~ tt) O0hg OOM la nhin mele enilonion 42260270 |... .wanveeeeee Poba) SOPGE os ue ckacyen|aa> woe eeees 23,054; 820.1. ncahiowan nes 0, B71; 700 |..-conseceaes Spices: nground— Cassia, or cassia vera, WOUNGSs oe eke ws s chs 5, 786, 324 357, 071 9, 707, 982 623, 478 8, 744, 044 Ginger root, not pre- served ...... pounds..| 3,127,722 150, 515 7,322, 399 540, 007 2, 590, 279 Pepper, black or white, WTS ctw’ ox «EE» 30, 267,384 | 3,086,782 | 37,389,324 | 4,505,380 | 23,961, 966 Other. 2.252. pounds. . 6, 438 51: Se ee nes ae Me i | i | | POUMAS. Joie xsenee 39, 187,868 | 3,594,755 | 54,419,705 | 5,668,865 | 35,296, 289 4, 620, 857 Grown: .s.5. 25 pounds..| 20,902,214 | 2,332,604 | 28,098,084 | 3,279,864 | 23,220, 288 3, 123, 286 Total spices....do....| 60, 090, 082 | 5,927,359 | 82,517,789 | 8,948,729 | 58,516,577 7, 744, 143 Spirits, distilled. (See Liquors, alcoholic.) Shereahy \...iodkn os pounds..| 138, 233, 388 343, 805 | 2,467,038 | 123, 838 | 20, 647, 893 973, 530 = = ——————— eee ' ° ™ Sugar and molasses: Molasses......... gallons..| 70, 839,623 | 1,963,505 | 85,716,673 | 3,775,894 | 110, 237,888 | 10, 946, 57. Sugar— ; f Raw— 7 12 ee pounds. . 877, 623 29, 386 2,050 174 28, 847 1,443 a eae do. . . .|5,418,630,482 |173, 837, 646 |5,631,272,766 |208, 572, 890 |5,329,587,360 | 230, 574, 21 Maple sugar and a sirup......pounds.. 1, 473, 762 125, 571 1, 886, 933 196, 335 8, 129, 647 ) i | rs | | 208, 769, 399 |5,332,745,854 Total raw..do. -. .|5,420,981,867 |173, 992, 603 |5,633,161,749 a a a | a eeSS.-oO Clee ee | ee | Total sugar and ; WVOISSSOS 6 Seals ees fee oe POs OOO, RULE Rat ahs aimee 212. 545, 208) i 2..28 Jae 7 a lla | |sBFekRneeewnee—e—————————— | PRG Pin aie Site oe pounds..| 96, 987,942 | 17,512,619 | 109, 865, 935 | 20, 599, 857 | 108, 364, 410 4, 794, 542 200, 115 7, 975, 343 Tea, waste., etc., for manu- facturing........ pounds..| 4,280, 456 Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 767 TABLE 195.—Agricultural imports of the United States during the 3 years ending June 80, 1917-——Continued. Year ending June 30— Article imported. 1915 1916 1917 (preliminary). Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. VEGETABLE MATTER—CONn. poe a eaf— Wrapper...... ounds..| 7,241,178 | $9, 267,044 5, 070, 308 | $7, 246, 942 3,941,936 | $5, 298, 995 Filler and other leaf, DOUMOSe tse st. t eee 38, 568, 035 | 17, 893,526 | 43,007,648 | 17,382,253 | 42,194,411 20, 182, 984 Total — tobacco, >rpoOunNGs.<.. st... 45, 809, 213 | 27,160,570 | 48,077,956 | 24,629,195 | 46,136,347 | 25,481,979 Vanilla beans.....pounds.. 888,569 | 1,863,515 | 914,386 | 1,697, 543 799,893 | 1,662,578 EEE oo Vegetables: Fresh and dried— x ; Beans. .......bushels.. 905,647 | 1,461,917 662,759 | 1,288, 034 3, 747,993 | 12,137,048 TIONS ta ra 2dG. 322 829, 177 657, 374 815, 872 749, 150 1, 757, 948 1, 820, 396 Peas, dried... -:..d0: ... 546,903 | 1,305, 633 940,321 | 2,868, 683 1, 163, 021 3, 035, 052 Potatoeses 5.2.2. GOEseet 270, 942 274, 915 209, 532 331, 814 3, 079, 025 4, 705, 812 LUD ge A Ee ee eee | ge Ly SOO) LOD Mew ees one 1,907,879) \as ks ieee ee 2,668, 321 Total fresh and dried.|............. AL Ie i aap 4 at, £45,000" Pa vaucgdiee. 24, 366, 629 (as Prepared or preserved— ushrooms...pounds. . 6, 195, 819 885, 653 4,313, 095 985, 408 4, 384, 788 1, 463, 164 PIG IOS ATIC SRUCES 2 eat So Shescs SSO OTe ee oa eee BSUS 048i lean sce nee oe 1, 179. 959 Ge ok SE I ek ed og Dy Boks DOOM hee eon eh DIGS, Sat oe Lean ees 2,141, 137 Total prepared or pre- BONVeu css. cote bP chel ae oecck he ook POS! FA) | Sal ATR 3665, Roar |i eaten s yee 4.784, 260 Totalvegetables: 2. 2| cet. eee LAC ES) |Meaer Sac UC oJ 34,5 eS a 29, 150, 889 WinGearwes. 5222 gallons... 249, 645 73, 361 234, 396 76, 308 203, 504 88, 037 Wax, vegetable...pounds..| 5,634,809 | 1,012,402 9, 727,312 | 1,580, 530 7, 216, 103 1, 739, 199 td owe ) (See Liquors, alco- olic. | Total vegetable mat- ter, including forest PIOMUGiSss ooo ek Oe aloe ek cdo 739;800, 490: wee ce boos. 0595525, 804 cre Pes Se |1,166,032,420 Total vegetable mat- ter, excluding forest UOC LS ace Cte ect cc: See 14, QOL MOG Lee... 5 Peete 705, 697, 589 |eeeeeereee eee 843 , 337, 923 Total agricultural im- ports, including for- MSU PTOAUCtS roe. SLs eds et 4,076;085; 788) 22 oo. 2s eet 16449500, 135) 05-2 2-252 ane 1,726,495,728 Total agricultural im: ports,excluding for- Rep moducts..- oo) sedis sce O10, 790, 28001>. ... 2a. ae paler upsets '1,403,801,231 768 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TaBLe 196,.—Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 3 years end- ing June 30, 1917. Ss Year ending June 30— Article exported. 1915 1916 1917 (preliminary). Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. ANIMAL MATTER. Animals, live: re 1 i eee number. . 5, 484 $702, 847 21,287 | $2,378, 248 Erarees.. . 2) ie: X GOs ss 289° 340 | 64, 046, 534 357,553 | 73,531, 146 Wiles oo o5...2 2530 do-... 65, 788 12, 726, 143 111,915 | 22,960,312 Sheen. 3.555 €0..=: 47,213 ” 182° 278 52,278 231, 535 Swine ).2 sent es do. 7,799 93, 067 22,048 238, 718 Others (including fowls). . Ao Re Pee A OUT ts oe annkcncene SO: y a ee 2 otal live animals: .cc}. -.-sseccsaas 1, ODS, 686 )'\ 3s sadas paeats 90,67) DORs. cues ce aan Beeswax........-- pounds. . 181, 328 57,971 147,772 48, 252 Dairy products: Botter..; 022 24 do....| 9,850,704 | 2,392,480] 13,487,481 | 3,590,105 | 26,835,092 8,749,170 ag weeeee------G0....| 55,362,917 | 8,463,174] 44,394,301 | 7,430,089 | 66,087,213 | 15,244,364 Condensed....... do....| 37,235,627 | 3,066,642 | 159,577,620 | 12,712,952 | 259,102,213 | 25,129, 983 Other, including cream.|......-....-. SS BOS BAe eee 524 O20 |... wenn ane 283, 467 Total dairy products, PARIS os acne gh eens tee teaats pF Oy, i eee yy Sy iy. eee eee 49, 406, 984 (I Fes ee dozens..| 20,784,424 | 5,003,764 6, 134, 441 7,570, 411 oe eS | Fs See S 981 a Sees asec ean 210, 255 |. ci tanedeies 1 EROS 6 ooo th a wo tela ae cee en ee nts oe POO > eee ie taeee 3b S00 id P< = Fibers, animal: Silk waste...... pounds. . 32, 285 WhOOljcm: étessectcx do....| 8,158,300 8, 190, 585 8, 403 76, 596 54,017 2,216,187 | 4,418,915 | 2,264,320 2,224,590 | 4,495,511 | 2,318,337} 2,170,132 298,136 | 4,946,228] 531,329] 4,048,104 Honey..------ 1 che BRM WE OLS Cd PS) 9 ee ood 989; 482 4. cnc naeae SS ee eee OEE 2, 148, 350 Packing-house products: Beef— Canned......- pounds..} 75,243,261 | 11,973,530 | 50,803,765 | 9,439,066 | 67,576,725 Cured or pickled.do....| 31,874,743 | 3,382,670 | 38,114,682 | 4,034,195 | 58, 693, 667 1S Gh ee do....| 170, 440,934 | 21,731,633 | 231,214,000 | 28,885,999 | 197,181,101 Oils—oleo oil. ...do....| 80,481,946 | 9,341,188 | 102,645,914 | 12, 469) 115 | 67,113,421 Oleomargarine. . 00, 5, 252) 183 617, 035 5, 426, 221 640; 480 5, 651, 267 Sit a oe d0.<- 20, 239, 988 | 1,386,445] 16,288,743] 1, 326, 472 | 15,256, 844 48, 432, 501 Total beef. .... do....| 383, 533,055 444, 493,325 | 56,795,327 | 411,473, 025 Bones, and manufactures J EO bs can ane anak 67,000: |. scecewnaeee Grease, grease scraps, and all soap stock— PULOOS GEN Se Seat cre tena ee ee Br ee es canteen ena 3, 004, 496 [> ooo ecwee BART RhOUKs. oor cco ae oe baein enhanc aiane @. 200-O80 ho aoa aawewaects 3,100, O08 | sn=ascemeeaee Oe ee ee ate ne a Pee eens 3408 1S Ts aus Sune 2; 088, B88 | oi cascaseeee ee ee ee el SS OO ee OO eee Co Hides and skins, other than furs— Calfskins....-pounds..}| 1,074,529 248, 547 1,574,369 469, 632 1,374, 038 Cattle hides.....do....| 21,135,730 | 4,013,172 | 1372847190 | 2,9387925] 7) 434,961 ie do.... 605, 054 67, 798 266, 743 34) 481 "179, 704 Cer... oe do....| 2,117,867 356,207 | 1,966,717 4327208 | 1,077,332 ee —» | Total,........d0....| 24,933,180} 4,685,724 | 17,092,019 | 3,875,251 | 10,066,035 Hoofs, horns, and horn tips, strips, ‘and waste..|_............ A (yo tl ra a Ae OT, GhS Tone cc teaeueee Lard compounds, RRM = 5 lon wks o Exes 69,980,614 | 6,045,752 | 52,843,311 | 5,147,434 Meat, canned, TR Rt ee a ne see apm na tee, he Ponce acanares 2 835, 1d a > Mutton......... pounds..| 3,877,413 448, 221 5, 552, 918 696, 882 3,195,576 Oils, animal, n. a. s., OT heal ae aera * 559,197} 405, 635 655,587 | 492,964 430, 566 ooo eee 0000 | a“eeeees—sSsaoaoaoaoaoo) eenanana————Soas ee Canned....... pounds..| 4,644,418 | 745,928 | _ 9,610,732 | 1,815,586 | _ 5, 898, 126 Imports and Exports of Agricultural Producis. 769 TABLE 196.—Agricvltural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 8 years end- ing June 80, 1917—Continued. Year ending June 30- 1916 Article exported. 1915 1917 (preliminary). | Value. Quantity. Value. | Quantity. | Value. iia | re Quantity. ANIMAL MATTER—contd. Packing- house products— Continued. Pork—C tinued. Cured— Bacon...... pounds..| 346,718,227) 47,326,129, 579,808,786/ 78,615,616, 667,156,06! 117,251,683 Hams and shoulders, PGMS. ok 203,701,114) 29,049,931] 282,208,611). 40,303,022) 266,655,5/1| 50,474,041 Salted or pickled, POUDGH. 6S os FN. 45, 655, 574 4,911,307 63, 460, 713 6, 752, 356 47, O1; 21 6,942,186 Toval cured, pounds........| 596,0'4,915) 81, 287, 367) 925,478,110) 126,170,904) 980, 81. 263 174, 657, 7, 910 pe: ee Gos... : 3, 908, 192 473, soi), 63,005,524) 7,523, 408 50, 420, 275 8, 875, 0 013 Ler. Seatac OAs. 475, 531, 908} 52, 440, 133 427, 011, 338 47, 634,276 444° Te 321| 77,012, 830 Lard, neutral....do.... 26, 021, 054 3, 022° 32 1 34° 426, 590, 4, 046, 397 Wi, 548,.59) 3,164,172 Oils—lard oil. .gallons. . 184, 019 "421° 969 "309; 836 331, 269 322, 813 UMAR POMC... 2...) Je eee . o2c ON, eS, OSL BTL So... TS NS 5 OO, O07) Sb oto is saree wie | 265, 658, 343 Sausage and _ sausage ie meats— Canned ....... pounds 6, 823,085} 1,269,866| 6,294,950} 1,311,320 Othetus.2388- dol... 8,590,236] 1,732,231] 9,134,471) 2,441,510 Sausage casings....do.... 14, 708, 893] 2)867,681| 6,117,560, 1,741,959 Staarin : 5 2280.4... dos. $3 , 083, 13, 062; 247; +1,461,661} 12,936,357} 1,798,317 Pe ae a ee Te eae ec! ae HORS Spooks. «cores om 3, 960, 566 Total packing-house ; Ne) a Pee ea a eee Py | i 364, 956, 849 Poutieyinitgame:.....1..|... ccs! 1,187 7l_:..2.-.0---. Pi niaoal2... - dealt 1, 327, 348 Silk waste. (See Fibers, animal.) Wool. (See Fibers, ani- mal.) Tetal animal matter..|. «.«..»--..«.:| 319; 381/358). ............. S14 SEI eITT |= 2 585 2s ee | 515,712,770 —————— oo eee ooo eee Oa"*"*"“e———eeeeeSSW_ &UOOR—EeR0z2PQW50$—Tleleaee Ss . VEGETABLE MATTER. Breadstufis. (See Grain and grain products.) Broom corn..... long tons. . 3, 698 454, 749 3, 218) 684, 673 Cocoa, ground or prepared, a >: 2 apiece Ein ey oleh AetrnStmi (Agate <7: [yA eile empenes PUGR Gains .tb ssh i ls. 3,451, 518 Coffee: Green orraw..-pounds..| 49,177,146 Roasted or prepared, 35,333,483] 5,361,055] 42,970 erm) 6. 6, 412, 486 —|—______ TE mate hihi 2, 421, 664 1,860, 800) 378,268} 2,151,226 436, 519 Total coffee....do.... 51,598, 810 37, 194,283) 5, 739, 323 ~~ 45, 121,8 121, 8071 6, 849, 005 Rp ] 4,247 2; 311. ales.... , . 7 Sea Island ecee {pounds y 484, 465 { i. BL, a 483, 184 943, 864! 458, 728 Bles..... 5, 6 60 5, 470, 150 Upland........ ounds \372, 068, 490 {o. 058, a zr 364,710, 37849 925 4 16, is 518, 530, 999 . ales... - 627, 474, 704 ong Te pounds..| 112, 844, 971 iit 3,605, 01714 195, 598" 052} See sig 236,974, 152|f 74, 110, 815 Total cotton...do...... 4,403,578,499| 376, 217,972) 3,084,070, 125) 374, 186, 1247 3,088,067,205| 543, 100, 542 Flavoring extracts and fruit : EO oreo SU apne |E€_WwOQOSaSQ0"S5—50oOn~X—SOX— Ee er eye CET i ne fre tr El Cree ere Eee 1, 050; 900 fecwcsoee ee 9-900 MAS Fo oP eee (oS ee ee ane DAO MN Fs cs. dace 40; 700; 4a |... 3-5 <2 1 Not stated. | | | | es aoa §-_ O00 —ooooos*$=~=~ oS — 00. ooo F aa Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 771 Taste 196.—Agricultural exports of the United States during the 8 years ending June 80, 1917—Continued. Year ending June 30— Article exported. 1916 | 1917 (preliminary). ————— — _ | — Quantity. Value. | Quantity. Value. Quantity. VEGETABLE MATTER—COn. — roducts—Contd. —Continued. Timber— Hewn........ M feet 163, 106 9, 628 252, 576 214, 267 Sawed— Pitch pine...do.... 2, 785, 379 175,763 | 3,473,686 3, 369, 566 oner. cies ks G03... 229, 491 15, 814 340, 345 628, 762 Total timber, he eS ae 3,177,976 201,205 | 4,066,607 4,212, 595 All other, including PRSOUL aL ok epics cll eB rien a a pte.” ae ee 164, 532 203, 532 J I: Eile eh da RE So ey AO tee Ba 45,916, 047 46, 419, 429 Wood alcohol....gallons..| 944, 374 438,846 | 1,472,258 857, 161 646, 939 Wood pulp..... pounds..| 18,838, 400 369, 969 135,994 | 1,703,374 2,018, 974 Total forest products.|...........-. 7,000, Sau [koe i dena 68, 155,479 68, 889, 484 Fruits: Fresh or dried— Apples, dried. pounds... 3,270,658 | 16,219,174 | 1,304,224 | 10,530,474 803, 617 Apples, fresh. .barrels..| 2,351,501 | 8,087,466 | 1,466,321 | 5,518,772 | 1,739,997! 7,978,536 Apricots, dried, Wad hoe. cc 23, 764,342 | 2,241,061 | 23,939,790 | 2,168,808] 9,843,719 | 1,298,176 1S SERS ES) Bias eat CA reel 535,479 |.....-.-. oy cat -& PBDI bes caxeaz ads 28 823, 974 TOONS. ...>..~ boxes 122,914 372, 781 175, 070 493,919 174, 938 626, 270 Oranges......... do....| 1,759,405 | 3,851,013 | 1,575,042 | 3,690,080 | 1,850,692] 4,397,120 Peaches, dried, EIS noted 5m) o'4 what 14, 464, 655 834,813 | 13,739, 342 893, 587 8, 187, 588 603, 620 oi RS Fillet ide sen bag tae eae hg Cease Et 2 BORE Bee 1, 356, 259 runes........pounds 43,478,892 | 3,274,197 | 57,422,827 | 3,975,396 | 59,645,141 4,934, 329 1) Reel aed O....| 24,845,414 | 1,718,547 | 75,014,753 | 5,407,219 | 51,992,514 4,409, 639 PS teteg ea at IC let Se aE Alig ed TR a es: aa Shale 3g Gel, 100 PIL 3,610, 365 Total fresh or dried...|............. 27,895,961 |...........-. os, 044, 398't)... xhusoyey | 30, 841, 905 Preserved— | SN > stein feces oo nh hone 6, G08, 108 Isa crecest ees 7,000, 00L |. 20. -o- ses | 6,137,695 _ J eae ee ig ee eee ye | ee ce 978, 5654) . SPURS 2S 1 673, 560 Meus teser ven. be hs. Oe Cos, Sri... +... 8, 028, 629 | SBE DEEPER | 6, 811, 255 Total fruits...........|.... eacapeoree 34,229,906 |.........-.-. anewreasl |. .........0. | 37, 653, 160 Ginseng........... pounds. . 103, 184 919, 931 256,082 | 1,597,508 198,483 | 1,386, 208 Glucose and grape sugar: Glucose. ........ pounds. .| 125,434,878 | 3,103,561 | 148,523,098 | 3,772,860 | 170,025,606 | 5,960, 586 Grape sugar....... do....| 33,027,630 781,672 ; 37,883,084 962,101 | 44,997, 709 1, 400, 645 Grain and grain products Grain— Barley........ bushels. .| 26, 754,522 | 18,184,079 | 27,473,160 | 20,663,533 | 16,381,077 | 19,027,032 Buckwheat...... ot |. 413, 643 396, 987 515, 304 481, 014 260, 098 350, 587 Ss epee do....| 48,786,291 | 39,339,064 | 38,217,012 | 30,780,887 | 64,720,742 | 72,497,204 7 ple do....| 96,809,551 | 57,469,964 | 95,918,884 | 47,985,790 | 88,944,401 | 55,034,981 Be cee ee a do....| 12,544, 888 | 14, 733,409 | 14,532,437 | 15,374,499 | 13,260,043 | 21,694,666 heat...........do....| 259, 642, 533 |333, 552,226 | 173,274,015 |215, 532,681 | 149, 837,427 | 298, 179, 725 — Se C—O Total grain.....do....] 444,951,428 |463,675, 729 | 349,930, 812 330, 818, 404 | 333, 403,788 | 466,784, 195 eee eee a __ S—sSsSsSo (aaa ireure_w_e“=«$#umaea—— ee —0—SS.eaqaqanqoooa a | Grain products— Bran and middlings, ii iat 11, 426 329, 425 14,613 432, 288 7,427 | 279,617 1 Long tons (2,240 pounds). 772 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Taste 196.—Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 3 years ending June 30, 1917—Continued. Year ending June 36— Article exported. 1915 1916 1917 (preli — } = —_ —— | Quantity. | Value. Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. —_ aia Oth = tie : VEGETABLE MATTER—€on. Grain and grain products— 7 Continued. Grain products—Cont’d. Breadstuff prepa- : rations— Bread and biscuit, pol) ee ee 11, 687, 452 $702,509 | 11,403,079 $787,685 | 11,743,095 PS gat se i Ral it lel NR pas 4,308, 899 |....-n2-000-. | 5,074,983 Total breadstuff | Do 0 a SS RP Sel eee eet Bae | 5, 862, 668 Distillers’ and brewers’ grains and malt sprouts. ...long tons. . 7,590 177, 987 1,633 47,448 SS ee bushels..| 2,153,060 | 2,301,535 3,682,248 | 3,881,700 Meal and flour— Corn meal...barrels.. 470,503 | 1,923,214 419,979 | 1,601,258 Oatmeal....pounds..| 68,394,979 | 2,416,068 | 54,748,747 i 885, 622 | 110,911, ae Rye flour... .barrels.. 80,315 416, 182 119,619 ” 646, 941 Wheat flour...do....| 16,182,765 | 94,869,343 | 15,520,669 | 87, 337, 805 Total meal and GOW: Boas Se. 5 Se at a os <5 OG, 624, 800.) sca. a. > -war 91, 471, 626 Mill feed . .. .long tons... 25, 459 787, 048 25, 602 801, 054 PIP ORDGE. nn cae n EN Coe Ge es >> 1-045, S00. 1- ats > gs 5es «= 1, 293, 091 Total grain products.|....--..----- '109, 275, 606 |....-+--+-++- ne: ft ab 789, 875 Total grain and grain | a OC ee As SoS ee lon, oe, 3 ee ae ae male 608, 279 Pe Ca aera long tons.. 105, 508 | 1,980, 297 178,336 | 3,267,028 LO a eee pounds..| 16,210,443 3, 948, 020 | 22,409,818 | 4,386,929 Lard compounds. (See Meat and meat products.) Liquors, aleoholic: Distilled spirits— Alcohol, including co- logne’ Spirits, proof PS oe ee 200, 455 108,985 | 24,433,243 | 8,784,742 Rum....proof gallons..| 1,240,804 | 1,588,552 1,586,900 | 1,887,307 Whisky— Bourbon.......do.... 34, 823 69, 497 88, 802 113, 863 Ls") een, ea do.. 86, 564 168, 386 124, 700 208, 879 Total whisky do... 121, 387 237, 883 213, 502 322, 742 Cilia. can do... 30, 152 46, 599 | 50, 259 67, 595 Total distilled spirits, proof gallons. ...... 1,592,798 | 1,982,019 | 26,283,904 | 11,062,386 Malt liquors— p Bottled ..dozen ease 696,690 | 1,010,222 674, 745 969, 071 Unbottied..... gallons. . 245, 494 71, 890 328; 229 95, 556 Total malt liquors....|.....-2---.-- 8 pea aiget | 1, 064, 627 Wie8 dite gallons 819,310 332, 369 1, 133, 274 450, 598 Total alcoholic liq- 7) ean: NO apes ei he ene Aaa RS 1 (Sa I 12,577, 611 Malt. (See Grain and grain products.) Malt liquors. (See Liq- uors, alcoholic.) minary). Value. $1, 115, 359 ) Imports and Exports of Agriculiural Produets. 773 TABLE 196.—Agricultural exports of the United States during the 3 years ending June 80, 1917—Continued. Year ending June 30— Article exported, 1915 1916 1917 (preliminary). Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. i ee | ot Sar Poe eee z a ) -_ VEGETABLE MATTER—CON. Malt sprouts. (See Grain and grain products.) INDIESORY. BUGCIEEA £ - oon 5= SIS OE Gh. SR STZOjMIG EP ok 2 ok $204 (071 WoO Se dw ot $219, 618 i | ee | a Nuts: 7 Peanuts. ...-.-- pounds...) 5,875,076 325,725 | 8, 669, 430 450,765 | 22,413,297 | 1,336,638 Me sig. n hire KGS UL. oh WK SELES dee S77 nO ite t..). i. AE TD Ne Sin iv oi woo] 404, 399 Petal weirs ict. Sail A 0F . e TGS, MIDs Sis bho S42 2 ON i EE ae 1,741, 037 Oil cake and oil-cake meal: : ore hha d masses pounds..| 45,026, 125 798,206 | 18,996, 490 297,041 | 15,739,812 289, 793 ottonseed: “gO Sor] aeersee ane | ‘atara’ oad | 762500907 | 17 100,478 | 28572077316 | _5°286° 001 Pathe... 425.252. 0...-| 256,365, 12 4 ; ; 5, 297, ¢ Flaxseed or linseed -do..--| 52477947 434 | 9,048; 061 | 640,916, 196 | 11,935, 129 | 536,976,419 | 10, 252,355 Qier 5. nih: do...-| 9,900,878 126,414 | 28,876,367 410,166 | 21,558,676 398, 681 Petal. 23 ¢..is. do. ...|2,058,786,452 | 28,879,051 |1,746,010,622 | 28,561,303 |1,724,434,598 | 31,286, 840, Oils, vegetable: Fixed or expressed— io ee ee pounds..| 17,789,635 | 1,302,159 | 8, 967, 826 770,076 | 8,779,760 998, 105 Cottonseed:......do..-.| 318,366,525 | 21,872,948 | 266,512,057 | 22,658,610 | 158,985,642 | 19,878, 658 Linseed ....... gallons..} 1,212,133 660, 089 714, 120 478,231 | 1,201,746 | 1,117,855 Siiier . 1 toe oes os. 3 Oe. te | 5 08, BARE hehe 2 2,380 (Pi .ob. a... 22 3,003, 875 Total fixed or ex- | | prcssmd. cap2.. 2 eels Ree. se Qik OB4 OAS e907 >.) Fa 96; 108 :M10 |... ede 24, 998, 493 Volatile, or essential— Peppermint . . pounds.. 184,981 384, 593 154, 096 323, 070 100, 332 218, 627 Other ee ae ee ee 706 ORT 1). . #20508 Sule 1, 062, 899 Total volatile, or es- | | "SRO: Biss ear aialier Saat AL (ie eee ee 1; O28, 107. Yee es. - | 1,281, 526 ee oe OOS Total vegetable oils. .|............- 95, SOL WABs| be ucaexent 2 Bi, 16D IG |. = soe. ‘26, 280, 019 Rice, rice meal, etc.: ep Ee agro Se 75,448,635 | 3,158,335 | 120,695,213 | 4,942,373 | 180,484,685 | 9, 501, 602 ice ran, mea an polish... ces ve pounds..| 2,031, 430 15,541 | 1,272,252 10,371 750 14 SSS | apa ge OES TPE Te a Be 7 es ae le ae 556 erates Aa anes Saee 28 AB ee one | 4, 953, GOL) |er old s2seue- 9, 502, 172 Roots, herbs, and barks, | SS ER : oe arenes Oe MYO, GO Ween ona cee 768, 977, |.07 Didesage 852, 251 Seeds: f | oo a wnae ) — 6,314, 439 94,237 | 2,475,907 37,811 | 1,001,369 35, 434 axsee or insee A ee Tae 4,145 9, 748 2,614 6, 501 1,020 3, 684 Grass and clover seed— ; Clover... ....-.... pounds..| 9,750,064 | 1,563,304 7,116,220 | 1,294,944 5, 886, 943 1, 092, 525 Timothy........do....| 17,333,144 | 1,153,066 | 13,610,257 | 1,038,301 | 15,139,913 937, 820 icant ts do.) «4,342 926 451,595 | 3,613,026 401,925 | 5, 665,547 701, 101 i a Total grass and clo- | ver seed...pounds..| 31,426,134 | 3,167,965 | 24,339,503 | 2,735,170 | 26, 692, 403 2, 731, 446 All other seeds........... “ee [<6 Acer at 750,026 |.......-. ct pk eee Total seeds........... ae | 9,861,008 |... sea nasees S| ee 4, 001, 723 oe Eee ene Senin 96,207 |.t. Aectncees 2. 2 era 287, 484 Spirits, distilled. (See | Liquors, alcoholic. 774 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TaBLe 196.—Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 3 years ending June 30, 1917—Continued. Year ending June 30— 1917 (preliminary). Article exported. 1915 1916 Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. —————— |e c—s —____] —____.._._ VEGETABLE MATTER—COn. Btareh. ..0ix> susie pounds. .| 107, 036,638 | $2,939,453 | 210,185,192 | $5,576,914 | 146,424,342 | $4,721,567 Stearin, vegetable....do....| 1,324,011 144,850} 1,455,341 158,481 | 1,321,773 179, 092 BStraw........-.. long tons... 260 4,914 980 10, 989 , 098 12,951 Sugar, molasses, and sirup: 2 Bel ae BS 8 ae co ha Molasses......... gallons..| 1, 148, 741 145,274] 4,387,369 524,861} 2,892,061 443, 112 ainep went eee neee ees do..--| 11,439,133 | 1,653,495 | 10,031,693 | 2,107,068 | 10,328,023} 4,090,150 ugar— efined....... pounds... 549,007,411 | 25,615,016 |1,630,150,863 | 79,390, 147 |1,248,840,336 | 77, 090, 608 Total sugar, molas- ses, and sirup...-.-|............. 97/418, ZEB ol h. .0s Jd, BR ORS O76 Wie senrs 81, 623, 870 TO | | rr Orr eee Sl=«_~—Ea eT eee Tobacco: RAE owned: -pounds..| 347,997,276 | 44,479,890 | 436, 466,512 | 53,014,852 | 406,425,777 | 59, 787, 266 Stems and trimmings, pounds, 2.3 ,2-5,22... 2 348, 815 13,939 | 6,826, 644 350,343 | 5,172, 639 166, 973 Total....... pounds. .| 348,346,091 | 44,493,829 | 443, 203,156 | 53,365,195 | 411,598,416 | 59,954,239 Vegetables: Fresh or dried— Beans and peas, bushels: 200.26; Liu 1,214,281 | 3,638,526 | 1,760,383 | 5,914,198 | 2,164,943 | 10,427,742 Onions. ...... bushels. . 727, 983 602, 585 563, 739 578, 792 409, 301 749, 959 Potatoes......... do....| 3,135,474 | 2,345,731] 4,017,760 | 3,485,740] 2,489,001 | 3,514,379 Total fresh or dried, bushels...........--| 5,077,738 | 6,586,842 | 6,341,882 | 9,978,730] 5,063,245 | 14, 692,080 Prepared or preserved— Manned. 625 ten d- SUR RE... 1 808 BAG, Ls... Ie @, 520, G04 Face. Ee 4, 765, 136 Pickles and sauces. ..-.|...:......... OIOOIG Bik... . oc. pa ey Se 821,151 a a b OO4ED boc ccccccrcs: SOFT RIE. bac cecneceeae 2,012, 343 Total prepared or PROUT UODS 556 UT: CSS ee ee ee oe: ae 7, 598, 630 Total vegetables......)............. 10,818: 15k aces ers os £5; O8B;419 |. 3.052. coueae 22,290,710 Vinegar........... gallons. . 106, 708 17, 731 225, 162 33, 635 284, 837 48, 896 Wines. (See Liquors, alco- holic.) 5. Pee ere ee ey ME es a eee oe ee ARS Sy | 49 eee eee 1,021, 651 Total vegetable mat- ter, including forest proguots.... 2. th ob. 2. } 2090 10OV7S8i 2: 5.3 eh es 1,171,875; 758 Ges. ae e 1,523,026,421 Total vegetable mat- ter, excluding forest BOO stn th scl. 2. <<. «bak ee 1,156,556,249)............. 1,103, 720,273)... .....+-.-2< Total agricultural ex- ports, inchiding for- Ost prodetesc sadiile esi oes 2 R28 AN BA soc on 11;586,226,0290).......2..-0 Total agricultural ex- orts, excluding Oreste Droducts. . |. 21}5 293.4... $25]1475:087, GOT Sct t,t eee 15185071 450) 8... <-...0% Imports and Pxports of Agricultural Products. 775 TaBLE 197.—Voreign trade of the United States in agricultural products, 1852-1917. [Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Agricultural exports.’ Domestic. Year ending June 30— Percent- Total. age of all exports. Average: 1852-1856............ $164, 895, 146 80.9 Ly Ss 215, 708, 845 81.1 1862-1866 ............ , 865, 75.7 ng Re ee 250,713,058 76.9 Peiaste76 Us cee Cr! 396, 666, 397 78. 5 ESTI—-LGSE CUe LUE 591, 350, 518 80. 4 Dees Oe See Ot 557, 472, 922 76.3 bE he 573, 286, 616 74.7 eo es eee 638, 748, 318 73.0 a fo le Rs Shee 827, 566, 147 65.9 1902-1906............ 879, 541, 247 59.5 10G7=101E Sit eek. 975, 398, 554 53.9 MOE sete haa ee ps 951, 628, 331 65. 2 ULES al aE ay A a oe Sige 857, 113, 533 63. 2 PO rt te... 5 ee ERE 878, 480, 557 63.1 UAL ye Raraeesiey ersee Gees 859, 160, 264 59.9 PURO ss 5.4 BOG EE 826, 904, 777 55. 4 Cio ee ae eae pape te ap 976, 047, 104 56. 8 wee... 2 ROR oe 5° 1, 054, 405, 416 56. 9 TEED) 20 LOE RE 1,017,396, 404 | 55. 5 ae. os BORE 903, 238, 122 | Bp. 1 Pe bo oe See ee 871, 158, 425 | 50. 9 PS o8 Bee 1,030, 794, 402 | 51.2 MO wosate. SL SE eG 1,050, 627,131 | 48.4 (LU) A ee ieee 2 Se 2 a 1, 123, 651, 985 46.3 iC, SEE Se ees Ba 1, 113, 973, 635 47.8 ES eS eae ee 1, 475, 937, 607 54.3 PelOee Stes.) JOE ee ee 1,518, 071, 450 35. 5 1917 (preliminary) ...... 1, 969, 849, 707 31.6 Foreign. $8, 059, 875 10, 173, 833 9, 287, 669 8, 538, 101 , 853, 247 8, 631, 780 11, 293, 045 10, 308, 306 13, 505, 343 12) 625, 036 12, 316, 525 10, 856, 259 11, 613, 519 10, 298, 514 9, 584,934 14, 469, 627 14, 664, 548 12, 107, 656 15, 029, 444 17, 729, 462 420, 077 Total. $77, 847, 158 121,018, 143 122) 221) 547 179, 774, 000 263) 155, 573 266, 383, 702 311, 707, 564 366, 950, 109 398, 332, 043 376, 549, 697 487, 881, 038 634, 570, 734 391, 931, 051 413,744, 557 456, 199, 325 461, 434, 851 553, 851, 214 554, 175, 242 626, 836, 808 539, 690, 121 638, 612, 692 687, 509, 115 680, 204, 932 783, 457, 471 815, 300, 510 924, 247, 116 910, 786, 289 42) 087, 535 |1, 189, 704, 830 11, 171,518 |1, 403, 801, 231 1 Not including forest products. < Agricultural im ports.’ Percent- age of all imports. RSSESS SESSRS NWNHOWO HOW OnN- ———_=__ +570, 990, 325 4-453, 677, 282 +435, 786, 575 +410, 350, 439 +285, 370, 088 +432, 728, 121 +439, 182, 127 +488, 004, 797 +274, 210, 364 +198, 118, 937 +365, 254, 018 +279, 277,316 +323, 380, 919 +207, 456, 481 +599, 571, 395 +370, 454, 155 +577, 219, 994 SaaS COR fPOOPRTI NNINANIND AWMNIOD BEESEAE ERRSH All values are gold.) Excess of agricultural exports (+) or of imports (—). 4-895, 107, 863 +104, 864, 535 + 35,931, 662 + 79, 477, 159 +142, 364, 071 +333, 598, 596 +255, 105, 821 4213, 318, 835 +248, 862, 766 +461, 977, 989 +403, 582, 501 +352, 954, 048 TABLE 198.— Value of principal groups of farm and forest products exported from and imported into the United States, 1915-1917. [Compiled from reports on the Foreign Commerce of the United States.] Exports (domestic merchandise). Article. 1915 1916 FARM PRODUCTS. ANIMAL MATTER. Sot $77, 953,686 | $99,671, 296 Dairy products......... 14,265,879 | 24,257, 572 eee eats See 5,003, 764 6, 134, 441 Feathers and downs, (EE Se patel Spelt pe 281, 806 312,113 Fibers, animal: ee aR 8, 403 54,017 repels Sian Repel cmap 2, 216, 187 2, 264, 320 Packing-house prod- . OEE ee 217, 904, 852 | 279,053, 697 Other animal matter....} 1,746,781 | 2,603,721 Total animal matter .| 319,381,358 | 414,351,177 | 515,712,770 | 336,785, 283 | 484,007, 241 Year ending June 30— 1917 (prel.), $89, 382, 954 49, 406, 984 7,570, 411 368, 862 13,418 1, 230, 296 364, 956, 849 2, 782, 996 1915 $22, 279, 081 14, 704, 277 438, 760 2, 502, 623 83, 130, 557 68, 242, 568 142, 484, 247 3,003, 170 Imports. $18, 649, 079 9, 828, 919 110, 638 2,721, 151 124, 333, 655 142, 420, 734 183, 611, 351 2,331,714 1917 (prel.). $16, 602, 859 7,071, 113 268, 286 1,479, 216 160, 571, 808 131, 137, 170 239, 129, 197 4, 203, 659 560, 463, 308 i a | fa _————>) eS SS eee eee eee 776 TaBLe 198.— Value of principal imported into the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. [Compiled from reports on the Foreign Commerce of the United States.) Exports (domestic merchandise). Imports, Article. Year ending June 30-- 1915 1916 1917 (prel.). 1915 1916 FARM PRoODUCTS—C 1). VEGETABLE MATTER, ‘Avools OF wine leeks oth ee) ee EE | sed ee TE Me waw eb $3,094,380 | $5,306, 246 Cocoa and chocolate... .. $1, 634) 166 | $1,668,657 | $3,451,518 | 23,478,156 | 35,804, 242 Coffee n25:0. TSR. 7,302,605 | 5,739,323 | 6,849,005 | 106,765,644 | 115,485,970 Gotten sec... ee... 376, 217,972 | 374,186, 247 | 543,100,542 | 23,208,960 | 40, 150,342 Fibers, v egetable, OY EEE ee 8 SOs Metered Feit eros + 40,420,017 | 59, 460,062 ae. eee ee ee 34,229,906 | 36,072,951 | 37,653,160 | 27,081,390 | 23,285, 829 Ginseng. 22 Foe)... 919,931 1,597, 508 i 386, ye en ere Glucose and grape sugar.| 3,885, 233 4,734, 961 7861, 232 iit Ped. Ce ec ee ae ee Grain and grain products) 572,951,335 | 434,608,279 | 585,601,908 | 12,518,356 | 15,637,360 3 Sm OR eee 1, 980, 297 3, 267, 028 1,685, 836 , 906 679, 412 PIODE saat cea, cae ee tees 3, 948, 020 4,386, 929 775, 621 2,778, 735 144, 627 NEO Sa. LR es hE EG oe cates ee pee cleus cot ccc one 1,596, 978 8, 235, 670 EAcories Foot.) 6.23. ..... | Wachee [5 Ja ee ee ee > 1, 252, 989 1,609, 571 Liquors, alcoholic....... 3,396,500 | 12,577,611 | 20,875,950 | 13,404,903 | 16, 685,356 Nursery stock (plants, Erees,-te.) 5... .- 170, 218 203, 671 219,618 3,751, 550 3, 689, 364 oe ee cad 703, 211 892, 277 1,741,037 | 16,830,982 | 21,172,417 Oil cake and oil cake ee oe Cee 28,879,051 | 28,561,303 | 31,286, 840 219, 635 408, 808 Oil, vegetable..........- 25,831,745 | 27,165,026 | 26,280,019 | 24,781,279 | 33,933,054 Opium, redo, |. 25. . 22. Ae blee ofp Se se Rees |b oe ee vet n awe 2,445,005 879, 699 Rice, rice flour, meal, and broken rice....... 3,178,998 4,953, 601 9, 502, 172 6, 304, 216 6,093, 611 Sago; taploca,jctet: . ... ) 525. Sh Pe RR RI. ee 1, 434, 219 2; 226, 697 7 Cp Ss ey ee 3,861,064 | 3,538,508 | 4,001,723 | 23,054,820 | 33,571,760 Boleeser: i. ee eo 76, 297 "250; 827 287 , 484 5, 927, 359 8, 948, 729 i yo eee ot 2,939, 453 5, 576, 914 4,721, 567 343, 805 ” 123’ 838 Sugar, molasses, and BO ess 2. ash ds Sie sow 27, 413, 785 82, 022, 076 81,623, 870 | 175,956,108 | 212, 545, 293 ESE RT See ae ee) Te) eae eT ee Se oe oo eee peers ae 17, 512, 619 20} 599; 857 Tobecen:. . stapes... 44; 493, 829 |" "53,365,195 |’ 59,954, 239°] 27; 1607570 | 24,629) 195 Vanilla: DOSMS 5. ~+ 2554+ ~cfadnc ses secneGhawns Gastron een laeab ake a oeeke x 863, 515 1, 697, 543 OS ee ee 10,813,151 | 15,952,412 | 22,290,710 9,329,732] 10,811,393 War VOHOtsble le foe. fobs aceeccs si xn clea shows bande lee ebook emacs 1,012, 402 , 080, 530 Other vegetable matter..| 1,429, 482 2,398, 969 3, 486, 679 243, 817 301, 114 Total vegetable mat- OSS ae a eee 1,156,556,249 |1,103,720,273 |1,454,136,937 | 574,001,006 | 705, 697, 589° 843, 337, 923 Totalfarm products .|1,475,937,607 |1,518,071,450 |1,969,849,707 “910,786, 289 |1,189,704, $30. 1, 403, 801, 231 FARM PRODUCTS. Cork wood-or oorkbarkity. ¢ <5. us Goss Glo woes ts eues 2,762, 895 3, 134, 884 Dyewoods, and extracts OB sain ccbinnn nan cece cabithe cease ets ater voor e ra ceneemee aS 1, 142,031 4, 289, 247 India robber: Aer 250 5 ter: ie tog ceee Levee fhBh cas 83, 030, 269 | 158, 586, 193 Gums, other than india Cg ae a8 payee al pares Iregeied R ts OME ary rtp art 15,210,150 | 14, 827, 537 Naval stores: 225. -i2..2 2 11,127,239 | 13,503,607 | 15,607,311 , 102 8, 18) ba nes materials, n.e.s.| 2, 247, 881 6,026,474 | | 3,958, 480 5, 343, 263 8, 837, 297 Voo Cabinet-ramsamed oo. 0 ote SR ee ee eee 4,271,775 4,011, 107 Lamber.3.<0..0.2- 229- 34,010,121 | 40,709,336 | 41,010,653 23’ 507, 591 | 29,641, 942 Pulp W000 as. Se4- or... a -_™~ oe a oe. oe E wee eegssee suse! B28ues2 BABES BRBSS SSSZEER SEERA REEEA 1 Includes canned, fresh, salted or pickled pork, lard, neutral lard, bacon and hams. Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 779 TABLE 199.—Zxports of selected domestic agricultural products, 1852-1917—Continued., —_— — vt fpeithie sa, : Glucose eat acag) IS phteg ear ending ard com- cake anc oil coke anc . June 30— pounds. Cotton. ae ry oil cake oil-cake Prunes. Tobacco. gar. meal. meal, Average: Pounds Pounds. Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds. Pounds. Mo tho wae a ai e's a0 Ss TEAL 14... an « <]\s www ab onkestaSltecd anavGiibind nls b> eames Mae 140, 183, 800 ily SS Eo Oe os 125, 715, NRE a tr hall en le oak Mlltbai kins ce acedw eal etwas ataete 167,710, 800 Seeeieeee <2)... 220s cee A a eee Pitt cer opsiRindentctrenerestiweereew ewes 140, 207, 850 DR LTRs ui) dest miaaun me .« te. trib aly clus. dgwaiaiitastnsccatee « olonec dade cde ce 194, 753, 537 oe Gl pee ail Me re ke te ee 241, $48, 410 LE nhl w adastalees os ere te Pe ne he ee gar 266, 315, 190 Oe ee eee ON et Ss BO) rs a a ees ae 237, 941, 913 pi Soh a ee 2, 439, 650, 456 27 686, ORE sn an el cok & aie aidicate sales ox ath Seid 259, 248, 361 ORI Ng ty 2,736, 655, 351 125, 574, RUE ST ive dul Oe UES Duis te T5024 228.05. ..s fue oe 5, 042, 683 33, 326, 030 | 22,693,713 | 17,362,197 OV OF. | Se O02 O04) 2614 067 it2, 3.) He 2,479,220 | 33,439,565 | 29,504,592 | 23,459,728 OE eS ae Be i ae 4 ee See 3,255,861 | 33,151,396 | 25,208,248 | 18, 765, 408 woe Bot ARE 828, 793 780 458 155... {ode te 2,579,705 | 30,843,735 | 34,304,951 | 16,837,819 mia: Je. i Ak. 1, 432 BOO.) BS NO. eS. ow) es 4,554,549 | 32,033,177 | 34,073,608 | 19, 284,868 1) a eae , 564, 506 7. Sas / lee 2,808, 30,350,527 | 24,949,374 | 20,779,730 1511 Cte a i 2,146, 380 B15 BA ieS. |. eo. 1, 024, 29 25,373,029 | 31,075, 424 7, 153, 250 NONys. 35..c ae. 2,685,982 | 1, 757, O66... Oe 1, 850, 21 10, 476,534 | 25,485,361 | 16,479,733 Hides and skins, other than furs. Macaroni, Y di yateaipey: ear ending and a June 30— Other than similar Lemons. Oranges. | Walnuts. Cattle Goat. cattle and prepara- goat. tions Average Pounds Pounds Pounds. Pounds Pounds. Pounds Pounds. 1808-1008 . 3818) 0 26e25..c > 68; 052,.973.| 91,178, B11. |. conneisccnc'es| dis mena n’n nie)leirn' Suet oma penee en 1902-1906. . .| 126,995,011 | 93,674,819 | 115, 952,418 |............. 153, 160, 863 | 41, 104, 544.).........05 1907-1911... .| 178,681,537 | 94,329,840 | 143,351,321 | 99,724,072 | 153, 343, 434 12, 0389; 790 | 30, 980, 661 Na et LT —an ne eeeee Gone ReES SEES EEE ci) ae 120,174, 624..1.-78;-745,; 906-1 Foe GOO GET hoe wars en genre 148, 514,614 | 50,332,914 |... -cevome - 1) ee ee 148, 627,907 | 88,038,516 | 89,457,680 |............. 164, 075, 309 52, 742, 476 |... sauna 5 1's ACY pee 131, 644,325 | 85,114,070 | 102,340,303 | 28,787,821 | 152, 004, 213 ” 872, 070 | 12, 362, 567 i) ee a 85,370,168 | 86,338,547 | 103,024,752 | 40, 224, 202 171, 923° 221 35, 893, 260 23, 670, 761 RE a Ui ty 5 97) 803,571 | 126, 893,934 | 58,441,080 139, 084, 321 | 28, 880,575 | 21, 684, 104 11) i ae 156, 155, 300 | 111,079,391 | 158,045,419 | 77,926,029 | 138,717, 252 | 31,134,341 | 24,917,028 — 152) cal elie fe 134, 671, 020 | 101, 201, 596 135, 111) 199 87, 720, 730 | 157, 859, 906 | 21, 267,346 | 32, 597, 592 TNS See ccke ns 98,353,249 | 63, 640, 758 120, 770, 918 97, 233, 708 | 178,490, 003 | 18,397,429 | 28,887,110 0) eee Se 192’ 252, O83 | 104, 048, 244 148, 253, 998 85, 114,003 | 135,183,550 | 8, 435, 873 | 26, 157, 703 WONT 8. oct ae 318, 003; 538 115, 844, 758 174, 770, 732 | 113,772,801 | 160, 214, 785 4, 676, 118 | 33, 641, 466 1 Sa a i As 150, 127,796 | 86,913,842 | 137,849,757 | 114,779,116 | 134,968,924 | 7,672,186 | 33, 619, 434 1, Sa aR Ge 251,012,513 | 95,340,703 | 191, 414, 882 108, 231, 028 | 145, 639,396 | 7, 628,662 | 37, 213, 674 U0 eee Pe , 042, 96, 250, 305 207; 903, 995 106, 500, 752 | 151, 416,412 | 12, 252,960 | 26, 662,441 13 Oe 279, 963,488 | 84,759,428 196, 347, Y ile eo RA al aS a a 87,195,728 © 1121, aetna ere 334,341,417 | 66, 547, 163 137, 439, FS | title O40. S80 las aa sh Game ucalanentanadaee 33, 445, 838 ties ene ee | 434,177,771 | 100, 657, 021 208° 835, OG) V2P 780: Ce eet ee ae steers 36, 858, 934 57 if sow Na, 386, 600, 028 | 105, 640,307 | 207, 967, 162 BAT BoNEy tones onan a artdcnarine --+--| 38, 725, 362 Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 783 TABLE 201.—Foreign trade of the United States in forest products, 1852-1917. [Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Exports. Year ending June 30— Domestic. 63, 199, 348 76, 975, 431 92, 948, 705 90, 362, 073 72, 442, 454 85, 030, 230 103, 038, 892 MER. 6) 24S 5. 4 SIS OL UE 108, 122, 254 124, 835, 784 Foreign. $694, 037 962, 142 798, 076 690, 748 959, 862 552, 514 1, 417, 226 1, 442, 760 Imports. $3, 256, 302 6, 942, 211 8, 511, 370 14, 812, 576 19, 728, 458 22, 006, 227 34, 252, 753 39, 647, 287 45, 091, 081 52, 326, 879 79, 885, 457 137, 051, 471 57, 143, 650 59, 187, 049 71, 478, 022 79, 619, 296 92, 680, 555 96, 462, 364 122, 420, 776 97, 733, 092 123, 920, 126 178, 871, 797 162, 311, 565 172, 523, 465 180, 502, 444 155, 261, 300 165, 849, 493 252, 851, 305 322, 694, 497 All values are gold.) Excess of exports (+) or of impo Lib i-e+ i a PS 861, 825 3, 874, 400 8, 130, 535 12, 143, 798 14, 107, 346 3, 082, 742 12, 450, 566 41,798, 545 1, 824, 703 6, 649, 214 9, 878, 681 5, 356, 155 25, 691, 110 14, 677, 672 23, 971, 740 2, 800, 622 46, 494, 862 84, 039, 686 51, 685, 819 57, 987, 868 —242, 633, 495 784 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. | TABLE 202.—Exports of selected domestic forest products, 1852-1917. {Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Where figures are lacking, either there were no exports or they were not separately classified for publication. ) ee ee, eS Eee Lumber. Year ending June 30— Boards, Shooks, deals, and | other than .planks.! box. Average: M feet. Number. $883-1856....2. 2. 129, 499 1857-1861....<..- 205, 476}: ves... 2 1862-1866. ......- ay eT 1867-1871. ......- TSR) 0" | echo. 4. . 1983-1876... ... 405. Ti Sa ae PS 1877-1881... . 222. 303, 114 1882-1886. ....... 433, 963 1837-1891. ....... 531, 755 593, 054 1892-1896. ......- 616, 090 435, 581 1897-1901. ....... 957, 218 668, 797 1902-1906. ......- 212, 476 765, 215 1907-1911. ....... 1, 649, 203 925, 828 BONNE es eben 1, 101, 815 714, 651 BORO t=. 1 TO 942, 814 788, 241 LC) Si ae ee ee 1, 065, 771 566, 205 1004 .2.41.<-... 20% 1, 426, 784 533, 182 NOSE Jon =. b o55. , 283, 872, 192 900622 Ah =... BE 1,343,607 | 1,066, 253 GOTH 24 <4. ISS. 1, 623, 964 803, 346 1 (|, eee See 1, 548, 130 900, 812 ees te. Be. 1, 357, 822 977, 376 (100 Seles eS et 1, 684, 489 928, 197 SOLDER 22 3 RS 2,031,608 | 1, 019, 411 (C1. se 2 Ee AG 2,306,680 | 1,161,591 TOLSs ot =. ES. 2, 550, 308 L 710, 095 HOM A -=. J. SUR 2, 405, 296 ” 867; 80 ee aes 1, 129, 205 620, 043 ORG oon ae coe 1,177,331 611, 556 io) Cee oe 28 1,044,999 | 10, 070; 343 Staves. ee ee ee ee 57, 586, 378 51, 120, 17) 61; 696, 949 52) 583,016 49) 783, 71 2 ? 599 624 535 64, 162, 89, 005, 7 , ” 268 2 7 39, 57, 61) , 162 , 005 , 150 297 537, 610 455, 882 Timber. Spirits of Rosin. turpentine. Barrels 552, 210 664, 206 69, 314 491,774 t ra Eas: sae 1,289,869 | 9,301,894 | 13,701,663 |......... | 1, 533, 834 218, 796 2, 006, 427 263, 641 2,477, 696 5, 146 428,755 2, 453, 280 3, 968 508, 212 2, 355, 3, 406 479, 776 2 20,240,851 | 4,624,698 | 533,920 2 19,177,788 | 5,388,439 | 412,750 2 16, 378, 787 | 3,291,498 | 530, 659 2 17, 202° 808 | 3,788,740 | 558,690 2 15, 894) 813 | 3,856,623 | 486,411 2, 438 15,981,253 | 3,517,046 | 552,548 2, 560, 96 15, 854,676 | 3,278,110 | 600,865 2,712,732 | 19,532,583 | 4,883,506 | 463,440 2,170,177 | 17,502,028 | 2,950,528 | 383,309 2,144,318 | 15,587,737 | 3,245,196 | 451,721 2, 189, 607 14, 817; 751 "White 499, 547 eet. 2,474,460 | 19,599, 241 31,067 | 406,954 2,806,046 | 21,093, 597 34,502 | 477,135 2,417,950 | 18,900, 704 29,859 | 411,307 1, 372,316 9, 464, 120 6,118 | 167,671 1,571,279 | 9,310, 268 9,628 | 191,577 1, 634, 430 8. 833, 972 7,615 | 177,074 | 1Including ‘‘Joists and scantling’’ prior to 1884. TaBLe 203.—IJmports of selected forest products, Year ending June 30— 29190°—-rBK 1917——_50 Camphor, India crude, rubber. Pounds Pounds. 213, 720 2, 85 CUA han tenn tn cuses 1, G58 O08 oon . 3. Rrance ...'... 3. Netherlands... United King- Other countries ‘Pokal: 222... Lard, neutral— Germany......-. Netherlands... . Other countries Candida ss fo. Newfoundland and Labrador A King- TT ge ep eae Other countries VEGETABLE MATTER. Cotton: Austria-Hungary.. nited Kingdom... Other countries . . - - 29, 323, 786 45, 543, 085 Quantity. | 1915 Pounds. Pounds. 5, 110, 170 5, 737, 181 i 082; 930 10, 025, 242 13, 733, 773 13, 360, 139 197,353 | 44) 712° 253 1, 718, 481 8, 284, 647 132, 819, 680 | 201, 042, 923 29,301,865 | 63,555, 842 193, 964,252 | 346, 718, 227 4, 080, 669 6, 596, 068 4, 006, 649 1, 514, 602 5, 637, &29 6, 842, 425 146, 007, 141 179, 376, 833 6, 149, 503 9. 371, 186 165, 881,791 | 203, 701,114 ———SSo 15, 915, 380 5, 128, 630 15, 995, 669 7, 721, 616 49, 609, 751 45° 349, 283 5, 307, 986 32) 172, 876 146, 208, 598 3, 878, 433 5, 958,983 4) 123’ 209 3, 294’ 437 3,191,515 43, 469,536 | 22,245, 433 164, 632,676 | 189,349, 874 31, 064,776 | 162,371,039 481, 457, 792 6, 309, 792 312, 933 13, 174; 294 9, 847, 645 9,839,700 | 15,860, 476 12,825,741 | 8, 500, 049 4,090,780 | 3,874; 892 7,911,743 | 5, 244, 462 5,571,720| 6,534,240 15,143,101 | 21,501) 931 , 1, 959, 874, 664 475, 531, 908 26, 021, 054 45, 655, 574 784, 825, 141 | Per cent of total. Year ending June 30— 1917 | e .| 1917 1916 beat 1914 | 1915 | 1916 |r) Pounds. Pounds. Perct.|Perct.|Perct.| Perct. 60,160,749 | 65,219,598 | 2.6] 1.7 | 10.4 9. 39, 590,591 | 118,709,847 | 5.7] 2.9] 6.8| 17.8 13,543,082 | 1479147902 | 7.1| 3.9] 2.3 2.3 52,501,448 | 77,035,622} .1112.9| 9.1] 11.5 12) 846,176 | 10,625,101} .9] 2.4] 2.2 1.6 339, 341, 069 | 346, 684, 804 | 68.5 | 58.0| 58.5] 52.0 61,825,671 | 33,966,187 | 15.1 | 18.2 | 10.7 5.1 579, 808, 786 | 667, 156, 061 |100. 0 |100.0 00.0 sy ee ae 2.5 2,673,658 | 5,616,090 | 2.4 11,493,464 | 9,867,826 | 3.4 251, 025, 755 | 217, 434,561 | 88.0 14, 223, 129] 33,737,104 | 3.7 282, 208, 611 | 266,655, 581 |100. 0 70, 132,156 | 96,761,185 | 3.3 16.4] 21.8 6,330,140] 5,375,768 | 3.3 1.5 1.2 53,811,784 | 48,732,924 | 10.3 12.6] 11.0 42° 2827 883 | 54,967, 832 ah 1 9.9| 12.4 EE en et NE ee 4 PERRES Kn Se 3,487,719 | 4,981,846 | 1.2 26 4.1 8) 736,712 | 13,261,559] .7 2.0 3.0 13,281,671 | 20)446,110 | 9.0 3.1 4.6 192, 075, 591 | 178,128,614 | 34.2 45.0} 40.0 36, 872,682 | 22)131,683 | 6.5 8.7 4.9 427, 011,338 | 444, 787,521 |100. 0 100. 0 SIE men A oa yt 21.5 at eeeeeee 9,059,503 | 2,657,914 | 44.9 25, 367,087 | 14,890, 345 | 33.6 34, 426,590 | 17,548,259 |100.0 17,835,273 | 16,929,411 | 28.2 ; 7,846,918 | 7,700,421 | 9.0 . 7,070,090} 6,262,085 | 17.4 13,124,077 | 6,058,672 | 12.2 17, 5847355 | 10,051,032 | 33.2 63, 460, 713 47,001, 622 |100. 0 3.2 3.0 4| Tee $i). ia 2} 8.6 4 a 8 8 _ 5 6.4 8] 46.9 i 6.0 Imports and Exports of Agriculutral Products. TABLE 208.—Destination of principal farm 1914-1917—Continued. 791 products exported from the United States, Article, and coun- try to which con- signed. VEGETABLE MATTER— continued. Fruits: Apples, dried— Sen ys. i... 5. Netherlands... ... Other countries. . Co rey — fresh— SLMAaNYs.2% . 254s United Kingdom. Othercountries. . MUGS oat de ibs Germany.......|. Netherlands.....- United Kingdom. Othercountries. . pe oh ee ee ae Canmelasets, 0. ines. Othercountries. . Totals. 2 Scie Prunes— Garand... <.s...: Branca. boy: . Germany: cos... United Kingdom. Ll ajr: fire 5 Retin Fruits, canned— United Kingdom. Othercountries. . Jo SC a Eg Glucose and grape sugar: United Kingdom... Other countries. . .. WOM cs abadae< Grain and grain prod- ucts: United Kingdom. Other countries. . Pounds. 17, 645, 697 9, 147, 104 6, 773, 359 33, 566, 160 Barrels. 168, 792 827, 028 510, 749 a i | 1, 466, 321 2,064, 471 4, 473, 534 3,948, 509 .| 17,401,692 Quantity. 42, 589, 169 Barrels. 1, 747, 396 604) 105 2,351, 501 Pounds. 1,911, 296 289, 850 1, 285, 632 9,017, 358 11, 260, 206 23, 764, 342 Pounds. 1, 878, 251 14, 340, 923 16, 219, 174 Barrels. 874, 587 501, 734 | Pounds. 2,570, 491 | Per cent of total. Year ending June 30— nd eed ee ee —— a | ——s 69, 813, 711 Dollars. 3,182,051 1,681, 895 4, 863, 946 Pounds. 162,715, 262 36, 815, 612 199, 530, 874 12, 873, 372 4, 113, 701 5, 536, 731 10, 983, 060 1, 839, 830 1, 759, 405 Pounds. 9,321, 355 1,129, 323 10, 368,576 22’ 658, 538 43, 478, 892 Dollars. 4,924, 824 1, 139, 941 6, 064, 765 Pounds. 131, 751, 252 26, 711, 256 158, 462, 508 1,587, 420 15, 875, 674 es 14, 967, 084 25,728,577 57, 422, 827 Dollars. 5,284, 344 1, 765, 717 7,050, 061 Pounds. 145, 862, 104 40, 544,078 186, 406, 182 Oe es ee 1917 ‘ 1917 (prel.) 1914 1915 1916 (prel.) Pounds. ry ae ft Bees ae 187,286 | 27.3 | 12.2| 11.6 1.8 10, 343,188 | 20.1 | 87.5 | 88.4| 98.2 10, 530, 474 |100.0 |100.0 |100.0| 100.0 Barrels. 13%... 2b BL, 1,147,412 | 54.9] 74.3| 59.6 | 65.9 592,585 | 33.9) 25.7| 40.4; 34.1 1,739,997 |100.0 |100.0 {100.0 | 100.0 Pounds. 5,754,643 | 17.7] 8.0|10.7] 58.5 2 EbOLS bs reese 345,031 | 11.9] 5.4] 10.6 3.5 614,139 | 25.7] 37.9 | 24.2 6.2 3,129,906 | 22.6] 47.51 54.5] 31.8 9, 843,719 |100.0 |100.0 |100.0 | 100.0 Bores. - 1,725,432 | 95.7] 95.6 | 94.6] 93.2 125,260} 4.3] 4.4] 5.4 6.8 1, 850, 692 |100.0 |100.0 |100.0 | 100.0 Pounds. 11,112,227] 18.3 21.4] 20.7] 186 23,852,707 | 19.4| 2.6] 85] 40.0 re ee) ee ees 10, 765,070 | 16.0 | 23.8] 26.1| 18.0 13,915,137 | 21.4] 52.2] 44.7| 23.4 59,645, 141 |100.0 |100.0 |100.0| 100.0 Dollars. 3,627,823 | 65.4] 81.2] 75.0] 59.1 2,509,872 | 34.6] 18.8] 25.0] 40.9 6, 137, 695 |100. 0 |100.0 |100.0 } -100.0 Pounds. 160,716,035 | 81.5 | 83.1| 73.2] 74.7 54,307,280 | 18.5] 16.9] 21.8| 25.3 215,023,315 |100.0 |100.0 |100.0 | 100.0 wet Bushels. 581,371} 0.6| 0.2|...... .9 15,724,738 | 49.5| 17.01 17.2] 243 2,819,278 | 25.7] 4.6] 8.5 4.4 7,075, 254 .9 | 24.9 0.9 .0 2, 530, 699 7,923, 706 24; 493, 817 3,571, 879 2, 850, 252 222 ’ , 48, 786, 291 38, 217, 012 64, 720, 742 2, 682, 919 6, 244, 732 21, 802, S18 31, 441, 667 2, 698, 044 4, 714, 836 16, 253, 282 Oe 13, 746, 512 792 TaBLe 208.—Destination of principal farm con 1914-1917—Co Article, and coun- try to which con- signed. VEGETABLE MATTER— continued. Grain and grain prod- ucts—Continued. Wheat—Contd. Netherlands... .-. - United Kingdom Other countries. . ee “See wee ww wee etree eee te eee eee ee a eee eee ved Kingdom. Other countries - - United om... Oil cake and oil-cake meal: Cottonseed— Gemmany........ Netherlands. ..... United Kingdom. Other countries . . Linseed or flax- seed— Belgium France United Kingdom. Other countries - . ote 6 3} <3. Oils, vegetable: Cottonseed— Argentina. ....... Bee eee ~e eee eee es met ee ee eee po EG? eae | Quantity. Year ending } Yearbook of the Department of Agricluture. oducts exported from the United States, tinued. a / Per cent of total. June 30— | ; . 1917 1914 | 1915 1916 (prel.) Bushels. Bushels. Bushels 306, 376 296, 581 5A, 19,949,519 | -31, 551,992 19, 127,675 | 21 27,961,348 | 65,911, 501 67, 982, 120 | 30 8,829,838} 37,243,577 25, 260, 381 92, 393,775 259, 642, 533 173, 274,015 | 149,837,427 |100.0 {100.0 }1 Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. 748, 612 707, 705 301,614] 6.3 122, 752 110, 938 77,115 | 1.0 136, 374 13, 273 y 1.2 892,705 924, 989 2; 124, 562 1,016,675 | 7.6 429, 354 BE Sep eee %@! .2).2 176, 485 oS a a ae 15) . /2 icc 3 112, 620 221, 455 127,458 | 1.8 1, 141, 095 626,978 356, 263 61,800 | 9.7 : 68, 54,475 4,083 | 6.7 958 , 063 1,725, 807 219, 644 591,182 | 8.1 236, 902 303, 792 885, 371 76,089 | 2.0 2, 809, 800 4,156, 097 3, 145, 030 015,882 | 23.8 3, 167, 784 7,388, 196 9, 217, 957 , 660, 801 | 26.7 11,821,461 | 16,182,765 | 15,520,669 | 11,942,505 |100. 0 [100.0 |100.0 Pounds. Pounds Pounds. Pounds. 1, 214, 028 1, 071, 601 626, 126 801, 162 22,219,620 | 13,823,889} 19,703, 283 823, 654 829, 248 1,314,953 "080,409 | 3, 250,060 16, 210, 443 22, 409, 818 4, 874, 876 19, 685, 564 Bek A ha he nic saxtegnncation stl coe aan alee 347, 584,172 |1, 067,161,664 | 812,720,685 | 673,151, 482 240, 348, 664 819, 250 f.. .... nnasecheccccccanacechO) laienaneeeue 22,310,420} 15,469,040 4,818,400 | 23, 231, 880 131, 292,496 | 173,948,786 | 105,360,887 | 218, 200, 451 33) 752,936 | 215,443,175 | 134;321'597 | 235,575, 878 799, 974, 252 |1, 479, 065, 015 |1, 057, 221, 569 |1,150,159,691 [1 339, GBT, GRO | ~ 26, O82 71S foo cco ih ew ccccececeh O09) BL bn 20, 671, 619 1,375, 773 13,100 | 4,408,251] 3.2] .3{...... 266, 792,954 | 431,248'843 | 445,707,867 | 292; 984, 477 t , 829, 656 5, 532,292 | 86, 400, 787 13,621,494 | 42) 408, 444 | 169,662, 937 | 153, 182, 904 662, 868,639 | 524,794,434 | 640, 916,196 | 536,976,419 14, 989, 927 17,314,259 9,275, 577 2, 853, 997 4, 211, 198 TO dOe |. cawebameapeon;acceneuenemane| (Sua foes + asta 3, 452, 229 BL GAB. |. . cemacceydasl- asd-ungunsss| |b. @ [cee] eee 25, 493, 039 20, 578, 973 35, 420,571 | 40, 907, 725 13.3 8, 268, 808 8, 425, 210 33,500, 328 3, 321, 730 12.6 7, 682, 622 OD. SIL. |. .cacomsmnecil> osdanaessien«| 4, © geil ae 14, 015, 326 15, 782, 234 9, 424, 790 * 229, 267 a0 6, 219, 064 4, 821,390 2,674, 740 926, 809 1.0 26, 994, 772 90, 979, 466 56, 981,676 | 28,034, 879 (21.4 6, 985, 490 26, 442, 259 1, 055, 33, 591, 436 11:7 4, 947, 994 BB4, FAD |... avincin wisacela-s.cumecana-p lS. ©). «ikl 31,071,865 | 84,378,878 | 32,112,143 | 14,172,497 12.0 38, 630, 745 49, 144, 0385 , 066, 604 | 34, 87,383 | 21.0 192,963,079 | 318,366,525 525 | 266, 512, 057 _—————S | —<—<_q_— '—_———— ——— Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 793 TaBLE 208.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States, 1914-1917—Continued. Quantity. | Per cent of total. . ee eS. “ty to sos nl Year ending June 30— 1917 1917 1915 1916 (prel.) | 1914 | 1915 ne 1916 | (orel.) age A VEGETABLE MATTER— continued Tobacco, leaf, stems, | BS Be rimmings: Bag Pounds. Pounds. pao Peret. Perct.| Perct. PIRMERe Cees c dul CERRO Tg OUs | | ELLOLZ SOD [ow geCb vies wcloucgdvewec ces 2 6@ Pesecedls oo okee British Africa. ..... 4) 655,691 7,820,355 | 10,410,254 | 1.5} 1.3| 18] 2.5 British Oceania.... 9, 042, 967 9, 759, 812 | 15,527,467 | 2.9| 2.6) 2.2 | 3.8 RIM citsded cu ak bo 17, 688, 562 16, ee a 15,275, 422 3.9 4.6| 4.2 3.9 ink > ke.) 4.55.5. 11, 9 3,478 8, 908, 84 9,887,842] 2.5| LO) 2.0 2.4 France Tee 54, 915,178 37, 710, 975 82,977,894 | 70,514/607 12.2 | 10.8 18.7 | 17.1 OEMS < «cewwsvee Dy URS, OU teenie terre wtpseters ss. - see : PETE AES eo] STO E Italy Le aiOs. J. ghld, 24,279, 246 41,000, 738 | 45, 587,226 | 10.0 | 7.0) 9.3) iit et ie OOD 3, 110, 55 1,158,083 | 3,449,974]. £0. pee 8 Netherlands. .--.-- 21, 223, 43 56, 928, 306 55, 128,217 | 6.3} 61) 128) 13.4 = eR ing 9 0, 692, 3. .0| 2.2 2.6 nited Kingdom... 189, 345,349 | 150,639,054 | 122) 725,357 | 38.9| 54 4| 34.0] 29.8 Other countries. . . . 28,186,284 | 55,699,784 | 52,399,941 | 7.6] 81/126] 128 Total. io. Jd.2- 348,346,091 | 443,293,156 | 411,598,416 |100.0 |100.0 100.0} 100.0 FOREST PRODUCTS. Naval stores: Rosin— Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. Argentina eet 143, 407 97,306 120, 287 4.2 10.4 | 6.2 7.4 I ER rere IE ca es eo [ oe ck dawewacns(-2=< seus aceae PE [ew ucceleensapaacaae BRT. ow BOL GONE |i. rosa eheter cle «ans tee eeee 496°). 5.8 iba 22k Cee Pp Te 105, 529 132,545 147, 462 | 4.1| 7.7] 8.4 9.0 Canada Ace “4 113 120, 146 172, 578 32 5.4 7.6] 10.6 Sent vaste tee tas) || » «|. BS SOE oo ees eee eee 3. 601 oe eee oo aah ue 94,217 117, 740 54,9271 4.5] 6.9] 7.5| 3.4 Ne erlands Mniged 48, 883 18,175 720 10.2 3.6 1.2 0.0 ussia, European. 5, 447 0, 537 74,080 | 6. A} 4.5 United Kingdom. 500, 545 557, 611 668, 893 | 20.9 | 36.5] 35.5] 40.9 Other countries. . 266, 577 457,219 395,483 | 6.6|19.4| 291] 24.2 oo 2, 417, 950 1, 372, 316 1,571,279 | 1,634, 430 |100.0 /100.0 100.0 | 100.0 Turpentine, spirits of Gallons. Gallons. Gallons Gallons. Belgium. ........ 1, 027, 355 ERC. > 8 Re GRU RS as We Soe ee ee oe British Oceania 499, 248 708, 843 590, 760 753,637 | 2.7} 7.5} 6.3 8.5 Canada = Ses 1, 114, 863 ae 912 1,026,768 | 1,098, 126 8 9.7 }1L0] 124 ermany........ 3,275, 929 0 3g ie ee ol ee 7 |) BY A eee Netherlands. ..... 4° 393, 902 625,736 442, 682 66,892 | 23.2] 6.6| 4.8 "3 United Kingdom.| 7, 109, 851 5, 338, 724 5,561,957 | 5,330,100 | 37.6 | 56.4] 59.7| 60.3 Other countries..| 1, 479, 556 1,562,611 1,688,101 | 1,585,217| 7.9/16.5|18.2] 18.0 1c | Sp Ra 18, 900, 704 9, 464, 120 9,310,268 | 8,833,972 100 0 100.0 |100.0 100.0 Wood: veel. Asal oaras eais, planks, joists, and scant- Mft. Mft. Mft. Mft. Argentina...... 208, 177 66, 754 86, 895 44,533} 86| 5.9] 7.4 4.3 Belgium. ...... 62, 772 GT AR Se EE es RE). seers Ce a 38, 125 10,370 8, 116 $3411.16) .O1 27 3 British Oceania 293, 009 187, 439 150, 717 101; 961 | 12.1 | 16.5 | 12.8 9.8 Canada ape 434, 399 182, 734 140, 715 182,630 | 18.0] 16.1] 12.0] 17.5 Central A meri- can States and British Honduras... 81, 251 45,777 49,357 58,752 | 3.4] 4.0] 4.2 5.6 ae a dd ed See! 122, 938 : 7 72, 8 | 14. ‘ France......... 39, 563 6, 145 12; 722 25, 892 1.6 Bloke 2.5 Germany ...... 69, 852 fs ee er ee fy Se: SO Whi cct 53, 623 20; 662 40, 831 11,355 | 22] 1.8) 3.5 1.1 Mexico. ........ 69, 111 31, 296 45, 626 46,840 | 2.9| 28] 3.9 4.5 Netherlands... 120, 661 17, 218 3,039 we! 5.0! web Bao le 794 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TaBsLe 208.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States, 1914-1917—Continued. Article, and coun- try to which con- signed. FOREST PRODUCTS, W ood—Continued. Lumber—Contd. Boards, ete.— Continued. Philippine Is- lands Sete Timber, hewn and sawed— Canada? oo. . Je Sesee Prange 25... od. United Bingdoss” = Other countries... .. Quantity. | Per cent of total. Year ending June 30— 1917 1917 1914 1915 1916 (prel.) | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | (prety M. ft. M. ft. M. ft. M.ft. — |Perct.|Perct.|Perct.| Per et. 22, 485 6, 623 4, 833 1,987; .9| .6| .4 332, 457 260, 098 275, 961 140, 230 | 13.8 | 22.9 | 23.4 361, 901 139, 082 153, 097 233, 734 | 14.9 | 12.2 | 12.9 2, 417, 439 1, 135, 212 1,177,331 | 1,044,999 |100. 0 {100.0 |100. 0 37, 846 12, 812 10,069} 8.6| 89] 64 5.5 32, 047 2, 85 14,892 | 7.3] 3.6] 1.4 8.1 W000) ~ GAOT badeceusveresh bs aspasn eas 4.01 1.3 essen 65,314 29, 946 17,684} 14.8} 148]149| 96 57,776 9, 964 1,961 | 13.1 | 3.9] 5.0 11 186, 906 117, 221 89,714 | 42.4 | 57.1| 58.3] 48.6 43,771 28, 403 50,369 | 9.8|10.4]14.0| 27.1 441, 166 173, 789 201, 205 184, 689 [100.0 {100.0 {100.0 | 100.0 TABLE 209.—Origin of principal farm products imported into the United States, Article, and coun- try to which con- signed, aw ANIMAL MATTER. Cattle: Dairy products: Cheese, including substitutes— ai animal: Other countries. . Total. .kicils. ce 1914-1917. Quantity. Per cent of total. Year ending June 30— - 1917 1917 1914 1915 1916 (prel.) 1914 | 1915 | 1916 (prel.) Number Number. Number. Number. |Perct.|Perct.|Perct.| Per ct. 625, 253 343, 809 197,788 183, 827 | 72.0 | 64.2 | 45.0 49.0 243,115 194, 358 241, 397 190,999 | 28.0 | 35.8 | 55.0 51.0 868, 368 538, 167 429, 185 374,826 |100. 0 |100. 0 1100.0} 100.0 4, 435 3,515 6, 250 6,348 | 13.4 50.4 1,171 235 110 170%} 3as5 1.4 27,413 8, 902 9,196 6,066 | 83.1 48.2 33, 019 | 12, 652 15, 556 12,584 |100.0 |100.0 1100.0} 100.0 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 5, 418, 904 3, 554, 297 2,321, 543 1,937,341 | &5 : 26, 453, 826 25, 662; 362 16, 084, 058 8, 482,290 | 41.5 : 22, 490, 006 14, 766, 682 9,514, 008 1, 640, 656 5.3 ts 9, 421, 577 6, 155, 179 2°168,390 | 2,421,227] 14.7 | 12.2 63, 784, 313 50, 138, 520 | 30, 087,999 | 14,481,514 |100.0 |100.0 {100.0 5, 926, 745 5;097, 169 7,419, 616 7,006,700 | 20.7 1. 997; 428 2) 610; 570 2 545, 845 ” 467, 405 | 7.0 20; 196, 212 18, 217, 083 22,914,898 | 26, 341) 833 | 70.6 "474, 287 106, 103 190, 543 52, 947] 1.7 , 28, 594, 672 26, 030, 925 | 33,070,902 | 33,8 8,885 {100.0 |100.0 0 7 Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. TABLE 209.—Origin of principal farm products imported into the United States, Article, and coun- try to which con- signed. 1914 ANIMAL MATTER—Con, Tibers, animal—Con- tinu Wool, class 1— Pounds. Argentina batade --| 30,959, 660 Australia, Com- monwealth of..| 28,757,714 Be i Oe oe ee 4° 581, 419 shat] bast te om. Uruguay.........] 7,972,159 Other countries. . 7, 883, 34/ Total. ..........| 125,088,761 W jake class 2— ana United Kingdom. Other countries. . Tey Ee eae Wool, class 3— NS: cn. c eck = ao rey East In- Russia, (Asiatic and European Turke Ey ee United Kingdom. Other countries. . Eee Loe ees Fi Packing-house prod- ucis: Hides and skins, other than furs— Calf skins— Germany Neier ena. ad Russia (Euro- Other countries Netherlands. a a Russia (Euro- eee ewww . 4, 542, 139 12° 301, 661 ? ? 18, 839, 698 5, 452, 526 102, 003, 313 Bes aad oo 33 ioe | Co Ww 338 u_ wwe wee ve we g 2 _ em OR Or Or RSS eS ERE: BESEeske 4,099, 899 25, 823, 332 1914-1917—Continued. Quantity. 1915 14, 612, 703 33, 653, 710 222, 017, 420 5, 094, 660 8,607, 28 1, 352; 396 15, 054, 694 10, 509, 249 859, 121 35, 455, 392 3, 891, 929 65, 709, 752 978, 751 4, 441, 310 =" -_ oo eo aS wueuuwuuww & Ss _ wo fon hs HESES REESE SER Base > 8 RA, & 37, 386, 432 | ar ; 279,963,488 | 834, BAL, 417 | 434,177,771. 386, 600,028 | 1916 Pounds. 110, 085, 992 157, 433, 859 16, 697, 578 30, 188, 711 8,941, 506 79, 773, 939 403, 121, 585 4,930, 170 4, 135, 963 4, 226,027 13, 292, 160 14, 670, 272 3, 025, 191 44° 192° 310 18, 100, 148 109, 268, 999 44, 264, 421 795 | Ver cent of total. Year ending June 30— 1917 (prel.) Pounds. 187, 078, 443 802, 618 9, 116,546 “17,055, 953 15, 075, 173 428, 661 25, 448, 769 2,795, 512 23, 924, 556 67,672, 671 /100. 0 2,752, 316 2) 437, 902 es 39, 150, 035 46,336, 195 Soe _ i) 3 Bs 60, 257,719 io] _ N cokwes Rs MANCONTO Of 1914 | 1915 8 BY = 00 =S — it Ces 100.0 |1 5 —) 24.1 | 33.8 | 37.1 65.3 | 57.2 | 31.1 1916 1917 (prel.) 10.6] 9.0] 31.8 100.0 |100. 0 5.3 | 16.0] 13.4 2.3.1. 1.34.42 29.3 | 54.0 | 40.4 Bel 251 awa. 7 5.2 48.8) | Si. oe 21.7 | 15.6 | 23.8 13.6| 5.8] 16.6 1100.0 |100.0 RR AC be eee ter | - 2.01.71 oe 7.0] 16.1] 12.5 2o: 8 1 6.7 ieee 14.6! 9.0| 13.6 2.09 Sate ee 21.0 | 54.2 | 66.7 100.0 |100.0 |100.0 28.5 | 33.9] 34.4] 30.8 2.6 Ui8iO Abe She. os 1.2] 69|13.7| 12.9 16.6] 10.0] 6.3 6.0 1.8] 2.5] 25 4.0 2.0] 4.6] 3.7 3.5 1.61. .7.0es 4.1 681.241 ae bo 1.840.340 Bae. of lick. DS lecoune e 11.9] 13.0] 9.9 £8 1.5) .9| 1.0 1.3 SD aie Yeas Oe . 4.0} 1.9] 15 9 4.8} 6.5] 10.0 9.9 18] 21] 1.7 2.1 9.2] 10.9] 10.1] 15.5 796 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. TaBLe 209.—Origin of principal farm products imported into the United States, 1914-1917—Continued. Quantity. | Per cent of total. . mace i, a ig | Year ending June 30— signed. WEEREREH RELERTS WE HSGIS: GO Bee. © mr = 1917 1917 1914 1915 1916 (prel.) | 1924 | 1915) 1916) (re) ANIMAL MATTER—Con., Packing-house prod- ucts—Continued. Hides and skins, other than fur. Goatskins— Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. |Perct.|Perct.|Perct|.Perct. ae 3, 595, 909 2, 291, 012 4,151, 509 3, 499, 925 4.2) 3.4) 41 3.3 J. Oe 2,817,948 1, 440, 984 6, 913; 422 if 001; 130. '3.3.|.-225) "69 6.6 Argentina. ..... 3, 470, 013 3, 738, 020 6, 337, 138 5, 566, 223 4.) 5.6] 6.3 5.3 Brasil. 20 ic enec 4,191, 124 4, 260, 495 6, 919, 497 4 601, 848 4.9 6.4] 6.9 4.4 Chinas i °t 7,304, 761 7, 897, 387 15. 084; 600 21 340, 353 8.6 | 11.9 | 15.0 20. 2 East Indies..... 35,831,857 | 28,651)497 | 40,877,117 | 46, 196, 646 | 42.3 | 43.1] 40.6| 43.7 Myo ee 2,171, 224 1, 891, 445 971, 848 1, 046, 413 2.6 |. .2.8 1.0 1.0 Mexico......... 4,010, 150 3, 507, 940 3, 833, 616 4,642,396 | 4.7] 5.3] 3.8 4.4 Russia (Euro- pi) eee 5, 131, 075 E: GHB STARE. wags nes cenneslass sebeaeuene 6.1.1.-2:3 l.cseeneeeeee . br de King- EBs. Bee. 5, 281, 468 4, 089, 212 5, 936, 113 2,181,600 | 6.2] 6.1] 5.9 2.1 Other. countries 10, 953, 899 7, 223, 017 9, 632, 161 9, 563, 773 | 13.0] 10.9] 9.5 9.0 Whithle tc oe. 84, 759, 428 66, 547, 163 100, 657,021 | 105,640,307 |100.0 |100.0 |100.0 100.0 Sheepskins— ee ST i 7 ce i ia ‘e7;«, Argentina. ..... 3, 874, 944 8, 689, 826 13, 30° 025 | 22,698,632 | 5.5 | 14.8 | 13.1 23.7 Brag. jo #. i. 1, 582, 333 i 384) 888 3, 257, 445 2, 326, 475 2.3 2.4 by 2.4 British Oceania 9, 848, 498 1 007, 719 14, 653, 153 3, 630, 411 |} 14.1 | 18.7 | 14.4 3.8 Cannda.. -....2- 3, 678, 117 4 102; 461 3, 105, 951 2, 699, 873° | 5.2) 20. em 2.8 ee ge 2, 221, 769 ” 323, 209 2, 089, 161 L 362, 700.) 3.2 | L4. se 1.4 Russia (E pean). 4.22. 9, 158, 287 826, 898 ye ee ee eae 13... || ..3.40ha Goleree . United King- MOM cen cote 26, 384, 892 22, 616, 881 33, 287,127 | 17,148,994 | 37.7 | 38.5 | 32.8 17.9 Other countries 13, 327, 985 9, 267, 656 31, 735, 579 45, 863,504 | 18.9 | 15.8 | 31.3 48.0 Total.........| 70,076,825 58,719,538 | 101,459,281 | 95,730,598 |100.0 |100.0 |100.0 | 100.0 VEGETABLE MATTER. am crude: A ee SERRE een 25, 870, 186 19, 708, 616 45,657,401 | 51,461,624 | 14.7 | 10.2 | 18.8 15.2 British West Indies} 44,062,426 40,728, 851 39,933,405 | 54, 203,374 | 25.0 | 21.2 | 16.4 16.0 Dominican Re- DHOUCe. o.oo 26, 782, 966 46, 620, 464 48,990,707 | 61,443,869 | 15.2 | 24.2 | 20.1 18.1 RiGuad or 5 sets 26, 319, 735 33, 418, 752 315 913,350 67, 227° 698 | 14.9 | 17.4 | 13.1 19.9 Portugal 3.9 17,738, 638 3. 516, 655 7,531, 924 16, 191; 624} 10.1] 1.8] 3.1 4.8 United Kingdom .. 12, 903, 640 21° 062? 767 13, 408, 058 11) 650, 811 | -7.8 1 10") 668 3.4 Other countries....| 22,590,055 27; 250; 529 55,797, 094 76, 474) 876 | 12.8 | 14.2 | 23.0 22.6 otal st ae ncsce 176, 267,646 | 192,306,634 | 243,231,939 338, 653, 876 ‘100.0. 0 |100.0 {100.0 | 100.0 Brasil pat te a 743,113,500 | 773,400,315 | 849,405,925 | 907,237,562 | 74.2 | 69.1 | 70.7 68.7 Central American States and Brit- ish Honduras....| 40,202,480 75,350, 258 95,565,305 | 127,059,741 | 4.0] 6.7] 80 9.6 Colombia..........} 91,830,513 | 111,077,449 | 109,363,456 | 150,591,659 | 9.2] 9.9] 91 11.4 East Indies.......-. 8, 673, 941 11,354, 631 » 208, 133 4,024, 243 eh tO D> - Moxtea.20 22 OSs 2 49, 385, 504 52, 706, 120 49,832,801 | 54,908,223 | 4.9] 47] 4.1 4.2 Netherlands........ 5, 811, 934 ie 583, 672 50, 896 150, 000 .6 «1 1058 .0 Venezuela........-- 49, 953, 478 72, 463, 140 73; 405, 301 | 58,050,584 | 5.0 6.5 11.6.4 4.4 West Indies and Bermuda. ....... 4,711, 269 16, 230, 552 10, 832, 182 8, 463, 883 D| ae 9 -6 Other countries. ... 7, 845, 698 4,524,387 6, 389, 886 9,384, 907 .9 .6 .6 8 4 Pot) wk oe oa 5% 1,001, 528, 317 1 vie. 690, 524 |1, 201,104,485 /1,319,870,802 |100.0 |100.0 |100.0 ~ 100.0 Fibers, vegetable: Wet tt ee ; Cotton— Egypt Be fee ere 63,668,055 | 117,596,646 | 171,528,669 | 88,772,585 | 51.6 | 63. cle! dee Pes Oe 6, 455,946 5, 262, 394 , 934, 448 5, 885, 836 &. Dt Uoited Kingdom. 2? 557, O41 3, 417, 851 14, 227,785 13; 817, (44) (2b hok Other countries. . 50, 665, 857 58, 927, 688 42,110, 160 38, 585, 470 | 41.1] 31. Totatuos =: w.e--| 123,346,899 | 185,204,579 | 232,801,062 | 147,061,635 |100.0 |100. Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 797 ' Taste 209.—Origin of principal. farm products imported into the United States, 1914-1917—Continued. Quantity. Per cent of total. — ee a ee Article, and coun- | try to which con- Year ending June 30 signed. | | | 1914 1914 | 1915 | 1916 a VEGETABLE MATTER— continued, | Fibers, vegetable— / Continued. Flax— ; ; \Perct,|Perct.\Perct.\Per ct. Belginm......... 122 200 Rese ee ae 12.8} 2.6 ce. Paess Re Russia, European, ‘ 27.7 | 2) 0.3 United Kingdom. 51.4 | 80.3 | 46.5 Other countries. . 8.1] 9.9 | 16.9 Mbstal . 2... 100.0 |100.0 |100. 0 a SS Jute and jute butts— British East In- ORS Ws osha tics wae ol 95.0 | 96.8 | 92.1 5.0 a: 2 7.9 Mobal 6A ? 7,079, 260 641, 029 556, 560 48, 279, 674 4, 000, 789 "131, 995, 742 M feet. 12, 888 23, 356 10, 381 18, 289 5, 556 70, 470 892, 833 36, 040 928, 873 Pounds. 524, 251, 441 149, 171, 214 181, 255, 024 265, 457, 874 18, 591, 642 Quantity. 1915 Pounds. 1, 902, 370 48, 753, 670 10, 171, 761 172, 068, 428 M feet. 6,9 ? 17,955 8,119 5, 918 3, 392 42, 325 908, 663 30, 659 939, 322 Pounds. 660, 656, 640 83; 119, 680 200, 934, 720 1916 Pounds. 54, 968, 227 1,313, 454 125, 532, 067 509, 675 72; 459, 408 6, 957, 563 267,775, 557 M feet. 6 ? 1, 180, 018 38, 050 1, 218, 068 115, 978, 240 225, 955, 520 2) 618, 560 Year ending June 30— Per cent of total. 1917 1917 (prel.) 1914 | 1915 | 1916 (orb) Pounds oes Perct.|Perct.| Per ct. 56,818,966 | 30.8 | 28.3] 20.5] 17.0 1,347,931| .4| .5| .5 4 181, 431,578 | 12.6 | 16,2] 46.9] 54.4 616,772) 2.0| .4|- .2 2 Oe ar TE A ERD ee 28 1468606} 8 | Lb) 12 4 3,719,703 | .4| 2.4] 1.0 1.1 78,742,217 | 36.6 | 43.7] 27.1] 23.6 9,207,908 | 3.0] 5.9] 2.6 2.9 333, 373,711 |100.0 |100.0 |100.0 | 100.0 M feet. 12,530 | 18.3 | 16.4|17.3] 29.3 12,701 | 33.1! 42.4 | 26.2} 29.7 8,229 | 14.7|19.2| 21.2] 19.2 1,360 | 26.0 | 14.0 | 18.2 3.2 7,960| 7.9} 80]17.1| 186 42,780 |100.0 |100.0 |100.0 | 100.0 1,155,916 | 96.1 | 96.7 | 96.9| 98.4 19,264| 3.9.) 3.3| 3.1 1.6 1,175,180 |100.0 |100.0 |100.0 | 100.0 Pounds. ; 992, 617,920 | 46.0 | 50.2] 69.6| 63.4 a: SaaS S356. 3) Ort ee 99,957,760 | 15.9 | 15.3 | 10.2 6.4 458, 805, 760 | 23.3] 26.6|19.9| 29.3 15,442,560| 1.7] 1.6] .3 9 100.0 |100.0 | 100.0 i . @ > ¢ ih gin” 4 INDEX. Page. Ore Cenk eeee TOe ON eg to a Le es ee Accounts— ; Pe eg BG org vg oat DRONA IAS et Se 153-168 eg ag 2, ap anenae ia gs py A 167 primruive methods, examples uu L_ =~ i eed hn bee 154 simple, of farm happenings and money transactions___..._.-_-___- 154-155 ee en SNEpEE Wh TIC OOCUC Ot ns iro ee a el tat ee a we 181 Africa— a oe dg: Cicely em an pet phe a Ae hE 3 RS 429 Pe TANI NOURI STROSS ea A sl tn pee 431 South, wool production, per cent of world’s total, 1916_------_-___~ 405 Agent, pig-club, work in organization of clubs_____-_--__-----_--------- 382 Agents, avoidance of frequent changes by shippers____--__-_--_--------- 325 Agricultural— Serrano OLeo Nee Outkast 14 ener a nited” Slates, taste ees eae 591-593 Demisions. in Southern sonata eee 148-149 Experiment Stations, location and directors_______-_______------ 593-594 extension, cooperation of sheep specialists with States, 1917 _------~- 319 extension, cooperative, State officials list___.____________-_-_-____- 594-595 meee 11)" WOOL COUMUNION: ser eee bee ee 751 products— Exports Aid isipOris, Hieiispe ee 759-799 selected: exports: and Iiiporis, eos elt. ee TTT-782 Lrade 1Bternetiona) Toor iets eee ee ee ee 775 Agriculture— American— 20s. BEoject ~ARG* “prepawmmetrs wee eS 65, 537 weed probiem.,.articie, Dy sis is. OC same ee 205-215 Department— bureaus and offices, work, 1917, brief review_____________-____ 63-100 cooperation with Mississippi State Agricultural College_____ 305-306 cooperation with other departments_____-__-______ 21, 26, 42, 48-51, 72 Brea nese. te cos Ne ea ee ee PL Ae 7 er reas an) Wat emer Peneg =o ii. 2 ee ee ee 13 [ee are SClSION, OL, IDSCCE Pest penn.) ayo 195 extension, cooperative work with beef cattle in South_______----~ 332-340 persons engaged in, male and female, number; world countries______~_ 750 Secretary, request of seedsmen for seed-labeling data________-___ 501-503 State.cicinis, lists: Zor -Onited - States. aoe fas See 593-595 war contercnces..in spring of AQL (ns ew 12-14, 16, 43 Airplanes, wood drying work, cooperation of Forest Service__--------- §2 Alabama— mountain region suitable for cheesemaking, map.__________________ 147 nips. acnencial effects... it Jac ne SOE SOEs Ie 374, 376 Aten, forest arpes, national, June..30; 1007 2 753 RGR ROR EB,. BU USE ICR aie ere ee ee ee ARMA PRS 772 Alfalfa— CO ge a ae Ree SEMEN EE eel SRP aetna! AS 570 cuttings, Grst and.second, dates, Mapes. vs. cee JA ECL 570, 571 difficulties of seed production, and dependence upon seedsmen_____— 509—510 UMMA, SEENON 5 aoa epnrcanldeaaateaiaseabigh aie aane pissed Bibs eats nner eee 521 29190°—ysx 1917——51 $02 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Algeria— Page. MORIN NUM Rs desc ccemecemdeuswnsen cee eee 431 number of sheep, 1887, 1912_____ ee ee, Te ee 402 wheat acresiige, 1000-16017... ee 759-761 Animals— beef, in cotton belt, decrease, 1900-1914, and increase, 1914-1917_____ 327 condemnation at slaughter, 1907-1917, numbers_______________-___ 746 disegses, control ‘work-_...=5_- Bt ones ize eee 34-35, 73 hide producing, in important producing countries, discussion______ 425-4382 live— exports, . Statistics... ono eee Be eee 768 imports, statistics... a ry ta ee ee 759 number inspected at meat establishments____________-_--_-- __-_- 746 predatory, control work: JOWQ.3. -4) 32.4. ot, tee ee 90-91 slaughter and ‘inspection, Tecords.. —) sie be eee 74 transportation, tonnage on railways 1914-1916_____._-_- >_> 748 value, 1879-1917 (with animal products)_...__ srr nn ee TAT Ant, Argentine— control :studies__.....- el Ne ei ed 90, 186 introduction and ravages: in Soeuthiw oi. os ee ee ee 90, 186 Antitrust laws, exemption of nonstock cooperative associations_______ 391-392 Appalachian forest— areas, and White Mountains. ._..2c32:2 522ikll 4) aia elena 754 lands .murchases, 1917___..______2__. Pio Stier 81° Appendix, agricultural data including statistics of principal crops____—- 591-799 Apple— Ben Davis, picking dates, M@Bicisescets—-cot ld he eh se mwaecot, injury to fruit..>._.._._ Ra Nei jet aie Apples— morea re: 3010. 82. ee op i ‘ei Cold "REOPR Ges. ne er ee 364, 365 exports— 1852-1917 =... ey gt tapos bop font eae 1914-1917, destination: 4.550055) bie cient Is Soe petri SERS oe Ee a Seiwa ee Sriveian Tern ee ee ee production, 1917, estimate___________.__-__-pe__ Se ee oar a gtatisties, production-and prices..__-=- +. .6. 54525 3 ee ee 681-682 — varictics, production by States.....___--- eee 681-682 Index. 803 Apricots— exports— Page. RO et) i i |e Sr eee eT TOL statistics... . ore oye eee ee tl ids cect oe ot 771 Are furnace method of nitrogen fixation, types of furnace ~~ _ 148-145 Argentina— cattle, numbers decrease and reasons. ~~~ i erst 429-430 horses, number sjukis gesuuee Wa. se dias ge ciel ts bie sh J. pn 432 sheep, number, 1888, 1914.........._____- Ne oe ee — 402 wheat— po eA EL ET 58 9 Sf Slee) A ewer st les Lo tusb leu, ae ne sreetinentnetine wicdeame a SRE AT5 production, 1909-1917...---.--...---___ Jn Loin 14353 sda f oe wool— | Orprieieeeoy bss wiliceudetda ale thle oe el ewe, 413 production, per cent of world’s total, 1901—-190G______-- 404-405 Is ST UC RA TIGR SOON IN IG hee ity segs aes SR EAS ag is ne 90, 186 Reon imDerta, 1860-1017... aide — seen ee A Li xe 761, 780 Arizona— Bermuda onion seed, qualityad soe sic bit hoe eset baw ele 534 RNa OES UES, TAGE LOIIG A. ch UNINC, Chie BO bc ge gc tc ni 753 ° prairie dog extermination_____________ hiatal a ales a Aa, Se at Re alla es ook 23 Arkansas— torres: rend, national, June dO, IOUT. oe eae sare ae 753 IRE SS CICS ao sn Sed ati eaths eae a geeeemee 178, 179, 180 pig clubs, improvement of swine industry in State_____________ _.. 375, 376 epley. inusikmelon, SCG. BrOWING).. — ite ts co gateness tase Lape ciple abhi 534 Belnoton. laboratory,. work in ‘nitrogen fixation..- cnc+-a..41-5ece ain 146 Army horses, breeding, article by H. H. Reese__________---__~--_-_-~ 341-356 eee worses. Army Tequirements. 22.28 .,teeseg tae be 348-349 Ashes— , tl SEA 6” Rl et pc 5 EG again ea hae Neaicheee Saat td , 284 DERE WOOG. WOlUC BS EOTTINZer SOUTER oe bn, nee teeeeslne 254 Asia, wool production, 1916, per cent of world’s total___.___________-____ 405 I Be eer eR Be oe a 437 Stunner, 1 WOrld, Dy COUDLTICS._... =. ee 709-713 Associations— cooperative— PS ORAS es at Tig te CE) pe A eli ek Oe lh Mian TRA SA |. th SpE ah iy 393 DTEe Rien Liou. steps and tories - ot oN ee eee ee 388-392 Peers. WiLL SiO WithOUL CADILEL Silene ook et ae 391-392 Atlas, American agriculture, project and preparation__________________ 65, 537 maanosonerm nitrogen, fixation methods.-_—-7 > <==" 27 1438-146 ‘Australia— a SSR aR Raa Reali stented ene ale Dee Acasa pal lg wae eck Sy I Nie at ado 429 sheep— St SG A A OS J eae eee peep hae ich a 402-403 ey ht pani al Ne ale lh acai Ett grt ite, Degen ig Kip Joa leer ch 430 wheat— nn eee 463 Giper te iourte, 190e1 OL = ee en eee 475 GUC LICn, aoe Tore 2 eSer ese tesr terns aes See ee 470 PYOGuCtiON: COnUtONs GiCCUNRe 6 seek oe eee ieee 467 wool— NOT os ec ia nen enn ee fits SF a a eR ee 413 production, per cent of world’s total______------_----------- 404, 405 Austria— wheat— deren ge; POC rei er La Be Jeo 464 earners; | SSG Een nn rn a eee cee cai 476 production, ‘1S0R-1O16 so ne Le ee lle 471 Aviation Service, cooperation of Weather Bureau__--~-~--~---~~----_--- 72 Baby-beef clubs, organization in South, and growth and work, 1914-1916_ — 335 Back, E. A., article on “ Danger of introducing fruit flies in the United Retails thes 95 ee eB EOE as nce ke nen abe 185-196 Bacon-and-ham clubs, for home curing of meats_—-~~-..----------~--+---- 378 Bag limit in hunting, need for preservation of waterfowl_--------~------ 202 804 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Page, Batrey, H. 8., and J, A. Le CLero, article on “ The peanut, a great Ameri- ED Sa es ee eee TT ae 289-801 Baker, O. E., C. F. Brooks, and R. G. Hainsworra, article, “A graphic summary of seasonable work on farm crops ”__-_----- _-_-__-----___- 537-589 Batu, J. S., article on “ Value of records to the farmer ”___-__________- 153-168 Baltimore, loss from rats in city,. annus ts el 245 Banana fruit fly, distribution and menace to banana trade_____________ 191 Bananas— imports— ; PC Sy a, a en ee a T97 atatistics oo oo ee ee 763 Banding, trees, for control of gipsy and brown-tail moths ________-__-_-__ 90 Bankers, usefulness by support of Mississippi dairy industry___.-__--~ 809 Barium carbonate, use against rats, preparation and management___ 250-251 Bark, tanning extracts, exports, statistics __._.________-_________-_-__--___ 769 Barley— acreage, production, value, exports, ete... 2 aa eas 634-639 acreage with seeding rate, 1916-1917__.._._.__ = ee 506-507 distribution and importance, various States________-__-______-_-_-- 506-507 exports— and imports —-22<- 5s e erorsee se o UN e e ee 637-638 StRRAtICS Fo ng a ee 771 leaf rust, oeeurrenece, note =. <2 2484 Boe A ee 485 loss Trem smuUte 2.3 cee ee es ss ae SLE ee 483-484 prices, wholesale and farm ): CUSUINy Solin oo je OSCE ee 635-637 statistics, including acreage, yield, values, exports, prices, ete_____ 631-638 stripe rust; losses from, note... 60 Se in 2 ee See ee 481 use and vwalue-for heyece 2 ht eee eee 5OT world ‘crop, statistics 222-2622 LSE a See 631-632 Barn rat. See Rat, brown. Bese goods, origin and use as fertiliser. = 22 ee eee 143 Kusic sive.source and’ values: 22 28 ee Pee et. de) SS eee 259 Basket, standard, and container act, regulations, work of solicitor______ 64 BASseEttT, C. E., and O. B. JESNESS, article on ‘ Cooperative marketing— where? when? liow oe ee ee eee 385-393 BASseEtTt, C. E., article on ‘**‘ Teamwork between the farmer and his Plo) AOS | tas een e ee Ee ee Ania Dae EN aR Ere Re 321-325 Bean, soy. See Soy bean. Beans— acrehze, production; value; nnd prices... ee 687-689 meomand and production. ooh ee ee eee 530-531 CNY. GCTORBG; TOD Fe Oe Ee eerie 583 field, seeding and harvesting dates, maps__..___----_--_--_-_-_--_ 582, 583 PmIBOFTH, CBTRETOLICR 2 oe eS cto oats =a 767 prices, wholesale ends farny 16 ok ere 689 statistics; acreage, yield, value and prices ____-)-.-.2___-2______ 687-689 velvet— acreage in cotton belt, 1917, increase over 1046 Be i 524 use: and value for meat —._ =. aeos ees eee 525 world crop; Statistics. 50-20 U7 2a ee ee ee 687-688 Beef— animals— in cotton belt, decrease, 1900-1904, and increase, 1914-1917______ 327 production in corn belt, 190% i sjee es ne ee 65 cattle— cooperative experimental work, Alabama, 1904-1913________-___ 331 experiments in South, data distribution as bulletins___.__-____- ' $382 growth of industry in. South... 225 en es eee 327-340 industry, inauguration in South, 1904, and growth, 1913-1917_ 331-340 number in cotton-belt States, 1900-1917, estimates______-____----_ 328 selling age in cotton belt, 1900-1914, and in 1917___---_--______ as work of specialists and county agents in South, 1915-1917____ 332-333 _ exports— A eT ei TTT 1914-1917, destination 21.10) ees eed—-det et Et ee 789 statistics... _lwolseteu 3. cS iopeeaepceg dees eet set ak ee ; 768 Index, 805 Page Beehive coking oven, wastes__..-___ gota brik, Sudesh is _ 41° 258 Beekeeping— careful management needful for success__.---___ 397, 398 exactions of industry, and needs for study and information Uyevipe 1G | 400 perenne, Work Tor. icc eee Les de eas, Dol & 87, 90 industry, possibilities and abedailuserit. Abdul) Sine celosca dk ee loss percentage by winter deaths and colony weakenings__________ 898, 899 methods, and value in sugar conservation___.-___.________________ 395-400 Beeswax— imports— Dea i MARTE EIS 9 Beg 2 SOC ES OS ee a ee 2 TSS 782 PURINE eee eee tee ae ee i ee eo) at es 759 Beet seed— Tee TAOOORDIET canes wa te weed. GU Ul cel sue ii 11 oC A ck ah le es eee ee Se a nce: Oe er eee 534 ee: TeucCuniper,. CONGEOL. nisin anenweeeni eae me ot ou &9 DPE IMDOE: COULTOL WOE Kenn cnck wena ee 88, 89 Beets, sugar— RI ANI nae Ja lec, See le EE EN tk Ste ES a fe 581 growing in various States, yield per acre, ete__.________-__ 456-458 thinning. and harvesting, dates, ‘maps... JDL LUSS2 ULL ek 580, 581 Pe UL a ig il IRE Rk Ge A 0 re Cee oe od ere Ee er A so 46 seed— Hapores; Statisuree tus fi) isl) bes See eas tah Serle tial 766 production in United States, prejudice and objections______ 498, 499 supply, effect of European war, and home production______~_ 527, 528 fer Ta KITTS SUPA. BLATISUICS... oo oe ee he a eae 692 Belgium wheat— acreage, 1909-1915_________ eee SNP NeeOT i WItat hes Maite $i ga stat) Sy mete eC) 464 MEETS. ADU LON fee ee ne a te ete ale LE ag cs | 476 TONE AR OU OS 1, ce cree ie on Le eee aes eee AT71 Bett, W. B., article on ‘‘ Cooperative campaigns for the control of ground amie, prairie dogs,..and, jack rabbits... 2Lg.cUS oo ee 225-233 Belladonna growing for drug market, and demand____________________ 172, 173 Bennett, C. M., work on data for farm crops graphic summary______-__~_ 537 Bermuda— grass, use, comparison with value production in Arizona____________ 514 Cnwnh seed. sources, and possibilities... 25. 22. See ae ee 533, 534 Berries, unsuitable for shipment, and unjust criticism, example_______ 821, 322 Biological Survey Bureau: cooperative work in rodent extermination_______________________ 227-233 CO ES 002 YE ee eee ee ee Ome Stik ome ais Mea (ees = 4.4 coe eee 90-92 ET PRR ye ee i i inl 0 ie Se lye ER ae eee hs ee 91 Birkeland-Eyde furnace and process for nitrogen fixation ______________ 144 Bird— hunting, objectionable habits, and restrictions suggested__________ 201-203 reservations for protection of waterfowl, need___________________ 203-204 Birds— breeding grounds of waterfowl, Great Plains, protection, article by pare 4; Oberhoiser 207 ie eh fu eee loti ye. oles 197-204 Garnet LO: Crops, Suc. COT ets i OSE ie aie Se ete oe bea 91 Beery, law. — EER Ss a tie eer 92 protection— during emigration and wintering, necessity__________________ 201-202 oc ee te ee OREO” ee Dc Eats ee i: ee EN Tae” 91 Peervauons .for Caren] 220 7b S1 iS) leh seit ie Be eh Oe Cs 91 Wintering grounds, protection, Need) /5i0 Uo 240s. Jee ce 202 Biscuit— baking-powder, use of peanut flour, recipe__._________-__-__-__-_- 297 Een -DGn Le (\POCC reo aa eed See dc a ee ee 294 [erwee., intvary to..dairy product@....0u 325-3 ake eh 206 “Black death,” plague of Europe, transmission by rats___~----------- 235-236 Black— Pac, GeScrinu0n Gud GeCUrrenGen UC Sia eee os 238 rust, cereal, economic, importance... Jules eel luke 484 806 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Page. Blair, F. J., work on data for farm crops graphic summary_—_- ~___--_~ 537 Blanching peanuts,. practices... 6 . t eeeee 292 Blast furnace, by-products, utilization._.____ A dicey tantere rh rd tee oi clea ed 258-260 Blister rust, white-pine, spread by certain wedi. [oe et bo ee ad 207 Blood, dried, composition and value as fertilizer____.____-__-_-__-__-_ 142 Bluegrass, Kentucky and Canada, production centers, harvesting methods, MO cn ee el ees ee i ee i a ee ee eee 512 Boll weevil— control, work of Entomology Bureatt...—........_......~....... ee 88 infestation in Mississippi, 1908, and decrease in cotton produc- 1 | ee er eee I ye 303-304 invasion in Texas, 1892, and spread to other States, 1892-1917____ 329-330 prosperity as successor, relation of dairy cow_____-_-__________ 303-310 relation to peanut production in South... -~~-~_-~- so tt ed 298 Bollworm, pink— appearance in Texas, and control._..._..om0qe0b--kbie eee 56-60, 71 @udrantine 3. i a new ee bt eet eee 58, 59, 71 Bone phosphate of lime, composition and grades____________-__-_______ 179 Bones— asiieource of phosphoric acid c<.s seus jwlels ces ete-ausiiec ula 178 sreatment for fertilizer... esos ecie ia cttees! bo eee 256 Bounty system, cost, and failure in extermination of rodents____.________ 225-226 wheat, measures for increasing production in European countries____ 473 Boykin, L. E., and J. E. PENNYBACKER, article on ‘‘ Federal aid to high- Ns TEL ss Pes es os ere ere er ke ee Mee 127-138 Boys— clubs, enrollment and emergency work__________________-__-_-_-____ 22-23, 73 uiihsation as farm Isborers...........—-s9<<00 > —o eo ee ee eee 41-42 Beanax: imports, statieticgu....-...-_______-. = a ae ee 764 ca thle: membetesizces Biers) aieionce. cise sense 3 3D 4s ee ee 429 nimber of sheep, 1014s) nhs 8 eer bon Bee Ee ee ere 403 Bread— exports: stat ities) oie og) hc aes oe di te ee 772 peanut— composition, comparison with wheat bread_-_-_----_--_-______ 297 Petine 9. Si ee ie Be as 296 Breeders— live stock— j associations, list, National and State... _........__-__._______ 595-603 idea) Weg Te Qe |, Le Coors) OOO Breeding— dairy cattle for increasing butter-fat production________________~- 360-361 grounds, waterfowl essential requipemven teed ie: bike Bi td ee ee 200-201 Great Plains, protection, article by Harry C. Oberholser____-- 197-204 hogs,’ ‘nigsétub. projectsse2 302 3. 3 two ae et Fe ee 371, 372 horses for United States Army, article by H. H. Reese_____--_-_--_ 341-356 Breeds, hogs, standardizing, results of pig-club work__-------------~-- 374-376 Brick roads, surface construction and traffic suitable____.__._______-_-~- 273, 275 Briefs, solicitor’s, on bills relating to department. Bristles, imports, statisticse.<2- 200 ties ee Se se 2 ee 760 | Brome-grass, seed production, disappointing results, ete_._.____-__----~-- 513-514 Bromus inermis. See Brome-grass. Brooks, C. F., O. E. Baker, and R. G. HAINSWORTH, article “A graphic summary of seasonal work on f4Fm cRepa’” 2:0 destiese ABS ee 527-589 Broom corn, production, acreage, and seed selection_____-_-_-_----------- 529 Brown FREDERICK W., article on “The sources of our nitrogenous fer- Pilizere i. thee ss be ie th a oe a 139-146 Brown rat. See Rat, brown. Brown-tail moth, :controk work; 100%iveens oe ke she ete ee 90 Rrownles:fneanut- reeiie._.__ a ee ee ee 294 Bubonic plague, introduction into seaport towns by rats__------------ 247-248 © Bucher. procesa.of nitrogen. fixation_.__—_— 444) eee -ee9n-ae 146 Index. 807 Buckwheat— Page. acreage, production, value, exports, ete.__._--_-_-__+_----_------ 644-646 distribution, acreage in United States and by States, 1916, 1917 -___- :, 608 flour value for food, demand, ete. ~~~. tout dis Tee 2 1) BOS hulls, use and demand as packing for Duteh bulbs. ar Pes Sie" 508 prices te ty {| ee: ee aes aaa NONE aso Ske Bae ee ....-...--.. 644-646 statistics, including acreage, yield, values, prices, etc_..-_1.-.._ 644-846 Beer enGuvenue OS GleOen Were ClOD. ok oe eee een eee ee 508 Buffalo— hides— consumnpuon in. United States... i ree ne LiL ee imporus Wo Wee eaten ee ORANG TOR ee ho) i dori voeie a Buffaloes, number in world, by countries____----_-__-.-________-___-. 709-713 Buildings— PUP eRe CSL ODS oie ee ek a Peers SS | 98 Sern es. CLPCCULONS oii. 6 apt een At ee L PPaeey wie 240-241 regulations for exclusion of rats, need___-___-_-~ BTS es bers _ 244-247 ULE NOL ES) LOTUS ECS ans is kd so ele en einer es hs 764 Bulgaria— RUAALOCS.. UMDCIS soo hotad. ne eee Bk ee od or Lett et 432 wheat— BETAS. “lBUe— let re. oi mua ee Ores rae 464 SERIES, | DO PRREN a cg hse te sa all wih sla a ey a Se 476 production, 1900-1046. 03 oc Yestbe bits ee: 2 ois olla 471 Baal associations, numbers and results.ce suelo bus) set ee 73-74 Bulls— improved breeds, effect on dairy industry in Mississippi___-_--_--~_~ 306-308 serub, early use in cotton belt, and later use of pure-breds__________ 329 Mem covers, use and value as cover CropS.— 2.52 eslizitai2. 20ers Cee 520 Burma bean, description and .caution..__-~:.-.21bh. je 6 Steen _ mele 530-531 Butter— " go10 Storage for transgportatiopnial a...) ues egal. ado bes 25k 364 exports— and imports,, 1909-1916, by. countriesss-. cesses Sere cet ee 726 4914-1917, destinations 2 oct thet es Leb toate cis, hi 789 SE CCN oe np Pe Oe 768 Pee ices: oY. THOS S00) ba ewe oo ee esas Sh De 727 Menarts, “StAtiSliCs — > cuca cee FA i = gi te) et ey 759 presence of growth-determining substance, note___________________ 300 prices at principal markets; T91T2-1017.- > 2siteit se cee eer) 725 receipts..at principal..markets; 1891-191f s:s.2- age Yo eaiedee itk 728 Butter fat— Ne CROOIne Tie Dy J.C. MCDOWELL. oo. 2 2 A ee 857-362 vield increase, relation to income and feed cost_________________ 357-360 By-laws, cooperative organization, care in framing_____________________ 393 Cabbage seed, foreign grown, and domestic production________________ 533 Calcium arsenate, substitute for lead arsenate, production______________ 88 Calfskins— ecnsumopion 10 United : States... 2s oo ee 442 Sepotie: te Mee imtoo one ina een Gu 440, 441 impotie into Uniced ‘States. 2 20 nettealieeh | ee 435-436, 437 RN Nt fa ie lg hl ce mt de le Oi 2 rosie Pe 433 gupply, OF United: States... tt deals aegis 489 See also Skins; Hides. California— bounties on rodents-paid “inc19lGes sete ewe fee eu 225 compeinns Tor’ regent, exterminauon. oo a el 230, 232 forest areas, national,.June 80, JOT Tcatise. Jain fl al ypeobtnwin 753 ipeees caused DY Trodents...-° Wee hi te eee eh 2°26 vegetable seed— I CO an a Sat a Sn en tng gs Seen gies abl Shoe ne A a ay lal gc ll lt yeh tn eit lp apy See 6 pcseeets Sateen oe 530, 531 wheat growing decrease on account of weeds_____-_____-_ 210 808 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Calves— Page, condemnation at slaughter, number________ ewer dies 1S aera es ee) et | 746 inepectian at slaughter, mumbere. ois) Ut oe oye eau oIts 746 pure bred and baby-beef, organization and work, ‘boys’ elubasil 2228 335 Camphor— d growing experiments in Florida___.._.....____..._-____ AS. Saris intports statistics .2-- cols ee eR eee Canada— blue grass, use as adulterant for Kentucky blue grass, and harvest- ing and thrashing methods________ ‘ ee 512 Cattle, WOMDOF ii cee ce kiecemat MS) Dy I. Beno eae 429 POWER, DUDE cnncqvemiecincnrntntctetceetttneieeeer IE DIZ _O10E Gs 432 sheep number,. 1891,. 1901, 1908,..3914, 1937....-2.. 8 2 I See 403 waterfowl, breeding grounds___________ eg EDOWE Afb, 198, 200-201, 202 weed lawe, efeckivenott 25. tn ee 21 wheat— acreage, 1900-1017 We ieee, BO eee 463 exports, 1900-1916 _. ee 2 es 30) ee 475 production, :19090--10)7. oo eu ected eee 470 production, conditions affecting._........_.-_...... 4 eee Canals, irrigation, injury by water weeds_.............- SUL 207-208 Canary Islands, source of Bermuda onion seed_______________ 533 Gener. nosuet: “recings (8 oo ei eta eee eee 2A A US |) oe 295 Cane, sugar— Louisiana, failure to ripen, and effect on sugar yield ee ohh vee 455-456 production of sugar in Louisiana and Hawaii__~___________________ Canker, citrus, GUGQPAntine® qn ee ee 70-71 Cannabis, growing in South for drug market: 2.0.20 0) _ Sf" 2s 171 Canned— fruit, exports, statistics________ SIT) Ta 0) 8 OU SL Sele 771 waeetables, exports, -statistics......... 0000) 2105 Dee ae 774 Canning— fruits and vegetables, department publicity campaigns_____________ 25-26 tomatoes. dated. mani! 8 ee ee 589 Capital stock, farmers’ organizations, advantages, and limits____-_ _-__ 391, 392 Carbide-calcium production and use in nitrogen fixation______________ 145, 146 Gefrot seed,.sources and. possibilities... =. 2-s-2s2c--52-3 See 534 Cash— accounts for far mers, daily record and summary__--__________-__ 155~159 records, Summary for year, usefulness to farmer_________________ 157-159 Gastor: beans,.imports, statistics.....:i'2-2)%)_ ORT ee ee 766 Cates, H. R., article on ‘* The weed problem of American agriculture ”_ 205-215 Cats, nee.on Larm,: Obilections....... <6 n e eee 243 Cattle— ss beef— cooperative experimental work, Alabama, 1904—-1913____________ 331 erowth.of indusire-iti conth 6 ee 327-340 number in cotton-belt States, 1900-1917, estimates______________ 328 breeders’ associations in several States___________-_------------~-- 597--6038 condemnation at. slaughter, numbers u.i COU MEIER soe LL - ams us hana prices at prince ipal markets, SRR Oo ee i ee ed (24 production in South, early conditions, breed, ete_.....___________ 828-329 pure-bred, sales in South, places, numbers, and prices, 1903-1917__. 835-339 Reema Air VG IAOC COAG 4 EPO WW Cah rd oe ah a ln teh gts Sabi ie nie ales ide: 429 Smeets "UO? EAMAUTAELI DY POOTPUR ERC OUN Si oh tie kl RS a — inn Sects 427 tick— eradication in South, progress, 1906-1917___________ 34-35, 73, 339-340 See also Tick. transters to avold feed SRGFIRGCG4. ask i ees 33-34, 36 Cattlemen’s Association, Southern, oificers_______-_ 596 Cement— ee ~DOLAGH. EOCmBerN, 1 TIObC 0s 8 eee 177 SUSE.) DOLHSIN Mer reer OUNMr tk eT ta i ote 260-262 Census— we ENB eS Be Ngo i ts ts Tr a re ry i a ae mee 425 emt. with indica teem of Changer. j400; le at as oe el 428 Central powers— : wheat— s Cree Ree tee ea LL RE cule ee, | ee exports gi -anporis, JO08=1914. ee 476 producwonm, enects of War, motes!) oe 2 ee ules 468—469 production of allied countries, 1909-1916__________ omer 5s Ta 471 Cereal— diseases and the food supply, article by Harry B. Humphrey_____~ 481-495 ee wanes. losses. from, e€tt_ sto sites Eee ee Selina. 484-486 De CIearee: GOSGOS, PROM.) ObC i ie te ee a 483-484 Cereals— increase and improvement, variety tests, etc_______________________ 75 BS a OT aS Se I el eA ral AN Oy BY Be 481, 483-496 production— ITU iy eerie ee Bo er ery = See oF ee 9 MRS ST RSC pike 2: Ma GE Tes STs ae Paes SPOR LE ee ee eRe Rey TS 45, 46 fe Improvement. tiimiriahnce. 6. obo) 3 ee) ce 494495 seed growing and saving by farmers for own use, list_-___---____~- 504-509 Cheese— ReeneeMa MICE GUID SLI LIES ei ary tl SS et a 37 exports— fo 1 7) = Sa SE eS Se eee See Se T77 and imports, by countries, 1909—-1916__.___-________-__-___.___- 732 EN as ha a ee se Spee 768 teclULes. eatablushment, North Caronna._.. oe ee 150 imports— Ey ei he RES as EI i TES ALE RI Me e ODN f Eade 02 |: ae TSO NE i AI nn 6 olin tect agec einen ee ein! lite 794 I Ree i oh lig ee pate ha eS ol 759 production— in North Carolina, demand and. profit._.__.___.____-.------=1s 151-152 jutroduction 4m-south, special eforis___._._._____ ta 37-38 s0y-bean, nature, preparation,.and use....._._-_______- 2 ini 109 Cheese making— cooperative plan, introduction, North Carolina__-__-~----------~--~--- 149 Southern mountain farms, article by C. F. Doane and A. J. Reed _ 147-152 Chemicals, use in weed control, limited advantage __- ~~~ Ue ete 3 213 Chemistry Bureau, work, extension, and summary, 1917__----- 17, 44, 49, 82-85 Cherry worms, caused by native fruit fly____-_------------------------ 187 SLO Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Chestnut blight, introduction and ravages______________ Chickens— farm prices, by months and by States feeding economical - ratiots. 2 ee ee eee eee Ohicie,- imports, statistics. 2 eee eee Children— labor, utilization in cotton picking, fruit picking, ete__________ school, use of women’s rest rooms under supervision_____-____ Chile— nitrate felds, extent and wee. ee eee. ee wheat— ’ acreage, 1900-1087 .~— 2-. °F en Re ET RL ee exports and imports: To0o-19tge2 Ces ee ae ee production, 25CG- se ee eee ee ee ES ee China,: soy bean, -food.-use,- importance.__—_--22. 2 eee Chocolate, imports, .statistice_______-.-...-- ee eee Cholera. hog, control work, 1017...) eee Chosen, soy bean, food use, importance______-_-___ Cinchona bark, imports, .statistics._....-. -_- -. = ee eee Cities, loss from rats, estimates for various cities__.___-___________ Citrus canker— Cantrell. work —..... 3 eee eee quarentine.... 2 in ct ee ee ee eee Claims, land, National Forests, work of solicitor____________________ Clayton Act, protection of nonstock cooperative organizations_____ Clover— red, seed use, production, and importation, 1915-1916___________ seed— effect of high prices on sales, 1917, 1918__________________ imports, 1914—191T, -origin..._.._..... Imaports, . statistics... .. =. LL Se ee market .center. at.‘Toledo, Ohiowii 102 Ji ob rae Sones DY COG sei ee ee i ee ee eee red, machinery need in production__._-._ red, States producing bulk of crop, and market center______ Clovers, varieties, description, value, etec_______-~-__-_-_-__--__-- Club— shipments of meat, improved methods_____-___-____-_____-__ work, young people, factor of character building______-__-_-___ Clubs— beef .6and pig, encouragement... eee boys’ and girls’, membership and emergency work__-----~-~---~~-- community, organization for emergency work___-~------------- pig, and the swine industry, article by J. D. MeVean women, work in establishing rest rooms___-_-----------------_ Coal— ashes, Tertilizer value__...__ ee, eee ae coking for blast furnace, waste, value for fertilizer_____-____-_~ Cocoa— and chocolate, imports, 1852-1997 22))_ cel vie sl eee exports, .siahstics 8 Se eS eee imports— GE yy |, i ne a ene Ree eRe eat CRT ee ee eee Goeconut-oll. imports, statistics —- ee ee ee Geconuts, . ininorts, . statistics eee Coffee— exports— and. imsports._._.. eon leis Ao cet ars Pais gtatistieg is See ee ee ees imports— WBRO OTT ee ee) dd i se ig Eee Oe ee TO14>SOTT, Jomtien ae Od hog ee rere lh ost eg te re ea statinties pda Naat Re ee, Bae prices wholesale, New York and New Orleans___--------------- statistics, exports and prices.....- 34) 33552 ee See oon < es ee eee sae ~. 140-141 ee J oe 2 Os __ 891-392 517-518 == ae oe ee al Index. ' Sil Coke— Page. burning, nitrogen, recovery as by-product ~~~ ~ ~~ ee 2a 177 by-product, ammonium sulphate, value_.._-..-.---~------------..-- 141 production, beehive Process, WasbeGen. «ses neil Lies gudales 258 Ooking oven by-product, recovery of wastes____._--.~--.--s----u._-- sah io. - Se Cold storage— commercial, comparison of results with ordinary refrigerators..._. 368-369 costs, increase with lateness of season ———— sieijuesen ast <5 sitll melee bbls . 867-368 development, factors leading to__..----__. pL ae See 563-364 holdings, monthly decrease___..____- re ee Pe ee ee Oe ee 367 Ee MR yO NR OT: a re A Aaa Aer Pen 366-367, 369 investigations by chemists of Agriculture Department ~~~ ~~~ 368—369 service in the conservation of foodstuffs, article by I. C. Franklin. 363-370 oe ee a Ry ONC Cl a a i ee enn. ai mee aE 364 a ee ah ag Eb grec a Tb Tl 6) | RR a SP 365-366 MRR eS a es Sek GN ce oe OM Ec ARAN las arin oe as cha e Srignnh end 367-369 See also Storage, cold. Colleges, agricultural— SOEUR TOR TROOEL AER “S01 Sem CR ULE VV COE Ii cage pe ah Bene Rice ines an bhatt Peep 381-383 ORR lt OD ok) ap le PR aE oi iS EEE AN EE 591-593 SEPERATE LUCSEL BER WELL CORRLOHT BOCA ee calc ae as ees ep te gh eh ae db 13 work on data for farm crop graphic summary____-________________ 537 SEDIGE: SULVCRLIPH LIONS, CMOUIINULY SSURCO Us ee 85 Colorado— TORE, TerCas, DRIOM Wut er felt. ee eee 753 Grand Junction, women’s rest room, management, and use___ 218, 221, 223 oo ake SS ba a ooo ald Me hea OR St EO AES CIALIS 226 oy Ea MD RM no to) | Rl Ri elaine Si 28 a RRO 1A. AD et ee aS RTXUNOO To a eR a ee a Vous, raising for Army, “Government. terms; etc____--_=-- 341-356 Commission merchants— necessity and advantage to shipper of personal acquaintance, with__ 324 sales agents for farmer, much criticism undeserved__________.___ 321-322 Commission transactions, lack of information cause of misunderstandings. 321 Composts, making from kitchen and garden wastes__________________ 283-284 Concentrates, feeding to dairy cows, precautions____________________ 361, 362 Concrete roads, surface construction and traffic suitable______ ____ VS Biseee Conservation— Seerdtl EOC CTS GATED TOO nn te te Eee ere erate eee ee 24-25 fertilizer materials from minor sources, article by C. C. Fletcher__ 283-288 foodstuffs, service of cold storage, article by I. C. Franklin________ 363-37 DeRLOSts,- Pig-JuneIne, educational -valiein = et 380 Convicts, road camps, studies and experimental work ______-____________ 97 Cooking, use of peanuts and peanut oil, recipes______________________ 291-301 Cooperation— Pepehral.in“conieel .of rodents... ee 227, 233 OC ofa gh NOt a ec ee eee SLO SUA TEE 392 Wits GOREEUCEIOR) \ BU COBUL ONG ane cea ates Shee 238-247 succesafal,obsetaclon Hola = 71! 2ilOn ti Aye tOr) Ad ee 386-388 Texas with Agriculture Department in bollworm control___________ 59 i Ck | a a ce Te AMO. 215 Cooperative— agricultural extension work, State officers, list, United States_____ 591-595 association, organization, steps and forms__-__-__-_____________ 388-392 campaigns for control of ground squirrels, ete., article by W. B. Belle a. ee Le Ce ig ie Go Se et 225-233 marketing— objects and methods, article by C. E. Bassett and O. B. Jesness 385-393 See also Marketing associations. Capel, insporteastatitiese sce bree ie sre a a i he 762 yore; imports, atatisticrs. 220 Zocor ley eet ma Lee 765 Berk ‘wood, imports, catatistidett ste seenvellet ie eon) colicin 762 Corn— acreage— 1917, bushels of seed planted and selection methods___--_-__~- 5OS—509 Dioduetions( walle, @EDORUE) Cit so ee ee ee 606-611 812 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Corn—Continued— belt— Page. cattle handling, change from breeding to feeding, note______-_~- 427 labor, seasonal distribution, graphs__...-.-_-----_------------ 544 soy bean as crop___._--------------------------------------- 103 clubs, predecessor of the pig club_..----.-..------------------<=--- 383 crop in Southern States, 1917__----_-_-~_-_-___----2----_-------== 39 cultivation and harvesting, labor requirements____--_-__-------- 539, 540 cutting— and. shocking dates, Me) 22eSecso es a ener eee 566 for silage, datel; Mans epee ae eee 565 exports— gE yy A Cag pe i 8 eS a al cel a Ns IE gl i aR ry 778 and: imnerte cee ee ee peer gerne ——a ee 611 1014-1917. cdemtination —. oe ee este T91L be tabhee finds 9 te ree tye ee een eae 771 husking and jerking dates, map. -~-_~~-~~_-- ere nea 567 imports, statistics________-__--------------------------+--—----=~ 763 inspection under the grain standards act_----------~------------- 54-55 memes from “emt. so 3 eS ee ee ee 484 planting dates; man. 228s ee eer eae 564 prices; wholesale and farm __~_--__ nn creer 609-611 production, 1917, estimate_______-__----------------------------—. 45 seed, production and demand, discussion_-~--------------~--------- 532 sirup. See Glucose. statistics, including acreage, yield, values, exports, prices, etc____ 605-611 superiority as cereal for money value and total production_____- 508-509 world “crop, statisticg i. oo a ee eae ae 605-606 yield, reduction by weeds__-_-_.-_--------------+----------------- 205 Corn-oi1 cake and meal, exports 1902—-1917_______-_----_----+-..--_--3-- 779 Cost records, farm, methods of keeping, and usefulness__----------~- 162-167 Cotton— acreage, production, value, exports, .etc_._.--..~—---+----+=++-«s 670-675 belt— labor, seasonal distribution, graphs.-.-~.+2--.---++5-<+-ss+s4 546 peanut industry, note_.4.4--.-+- sna ere 298 soy bean as crop, advantages_____---------------------------- 103 boll weevil, origin, and ravages in Southern States___-__-_----~---- 186, 193 control of pink bollworm, zone project_-__------------------------ 59 crop failure, and financial depression in South, boll-weevil invasion, 1909-1014 ~. ee rp eee o ee ee 330 crops, estimates, accuracy__.----~-~-=---+5-=+--4=4--+=<+=-=--h==4-s6 93 exports— TOO TONT SoU ee BNE ee en 779 and: imyports2 2 Jest ee 8 Sie SL Leh ee ee 675 1914-1977, destination 2. = f= eae nh oe eae eee 790 statistics ... 3. ee ee see eee 769 futures act, regulations, preparation by Solicitor_________.------- 64 growing extension..-.-+--14-L----s55--- ase 4-225 bs ss- ee 76 imports— 1904-9017. onan! t 30 =~ 569 o> homer bos = a 791 Statisthos. tou i.) bel bare ies eer er orn baer pes ger ge 769 long-staple, uses and demand —-_--+------+_-+----------+----+------- 526 picking; -labor_.-s=- 24-- eben ibee- eeee Se -eeben se SSeS 539 planting, chopping out, and picking, dates, maps_----------------- 572-575 prices: wholesale and farm.--- 2-2-2222 ae 673-674 seed— production and uses_...-.--__Scclie aes eu lelish! aan Se 525-526 selection, quality, and:purity, demand for automobile tires, ete__ 526 statistics, including acreage, yield, values, prices, ete____-_-------~-- 670-675 transportation, tonnage on railways, 1914-1916________------------- 748 use and value as wool substitute, effect of war conditions_________ 423-424 | world crop, sratistics._. °c 2. on ee 670-671 Cotton-oil mills, use in manufacture of peanut oil, note__-____----------- 122 Index. 813 Cottonseed— Page. Came anu mea, Gkports, Subusuce.._.. ..- ee eee eee TT meals— source of nitrogenous fertilizer ---- | Oe ee we ee eee une itt Teruimers, itive: Amount ee ee ee ee vaiue as feeding stam aac Tertiicer.._..._ 2 ee eee ee oil— ee jt 7 Mie Cpls bs ik Rt te Sil ed angi fatal a ian lee eb Pe RT!) i Srporar Gun ene aio as ae he. nda yp 675 Gxporcs, 2ere—te.s, Geenmation. ~ Oe Oe shits Liv 792 ee ee WE ek oe et ete Sh eal dale ct Ra el Al ty liter 773 Se rane tree ie nent eA at ei | 765 oil cake and meal, exports— aa ge es a seiner wnat tenet aa st le Be raphe! ae lA dd RE y Sapelidaphe saiee E- 779 2 cee 2 UPB Lo st Patent acral tee say valle i lA dail ean liats 5S 792 products— TO RC, Tere PONE ee ee eee Ss es 58, 71 fa oe RM A yaa Be tee na at lp ie a he BO 83 County agents— OT gis yah lh ag ake nealing een ee amg i ERS I ey AA ts ta, na tna 21, 25, 95 Ue PeaE Us OLD TULL Oe OLSEN i te ee 376-378 Covert, J. R., work in collection of data of “ Seedtime and harvest ”_____ 537 Cowpen, value as crop, COMMAS: Wat Guy Wem © 02 Poe 104 Cowpeas, acreage in South, harvesting and thrashing methods___________ * O23 Cows— dairy— bringing hates in wake of boll weevil, article by L. A. Hig- 8 ORR BERR Se BRR RI UR. BE BAe neg ORME 5 topical So. 303-310 care and feeatnd, improved conditions in Mississippi_____—___ 306-307 Boeetion, hrecame, ane \,ecdine ee ee ee ee 2 a 357-362 in Mississippi, herd improvements a Warn a, j____ '306-308 profitable, food cost and income, relations, study_____--___._-_-_-_ 357-360 testing association, organization, and work of tester___-__-___ 361-3862 testing associations— MUMINCLS “REL TESOL. 5a 5 ete Ls oe Seeger eek 7. records study of DULTer Tat gna ieomie ee 357-360 NENT ENET AOE ny) CEU PSE aS ea ae ee ee 759 Creameries, establishment, and spread in Mississippi of dairy industry__ 305, 309-310 Crimson clover, value as fertilizer, seed requirements, etc_____________ 519 Crop— Estimates Bureau— pS gf 2 pt te I ahaa Bt dN elle eT Se NES PON NARI 17, 92-94 work on data for farm crops graphic summary________________ 537 SpE ere POMISILAD Ye ay 93 Ek RIN ne cengtl anne ee colon 210, 212 oe gh tS TUBES eC | «SR a A nS eel a a eT gee SLs 92 Crops— drug-plant, production in the United States, article by W. W. Stock- EE ee AR Ce ee MEO SRY IIR OEY ~ 169-176 farm— seasonal work, graphic summary, article by O. E. Baker, C. F. WPOORS, BC Eh. Gy EAU a sn oirnd eek sees bh ced baie es ech ie on 537-589 seeding and harvest Gales, Maps... et a 547-589 value, 1879-1917, based on farm prices..u.: =... TAZ Co EL be” ER eee ane a el elated ult ane al el 2) sone Oe PRPS 9 planting and harvesting, data collection________...____1.-__ 537 DOr TIOn, CRUIDIR TRS, TOG ecu ee = J eee - es 4546 various kinds, abandonment in Mississippi for lack of markets__.__ 304-305 SPAIN, SMOUSURUCOCRA ORE: C0 OYUN a ee 208 Crucifers, seed, sources, supply, and production, discussion____________ 532 Cuba: sugar— production, 1915-1916, 1916-1917 sot) soe So ts eh ee 450 shipments, Key West to Habana, service, establishment _______ 450-451 root vegetables, seed-growing possibilities_____ veiabdasptlpectes.sseseth— ete 534 ee aa UP ee a OR Be Ae gy ee 534 814 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Page, Curing meats at home, work of ham-and-bacon clubs_..--_______- -_-_-_- 378 Ourlewe, breeding grounds, Great. Plains ........ 2. 199 Current plants, GUAPRNUING a ahee sie césetiechle biecscece ee 70 Gurranta,. imports, etatistict. os is testace ee ee ee 763, 782 Cyanamid process for fixing atmospheric nitrogen_____________ 145 Dairy— cattle breeding for increasing butter-fat production______________ 360-361 cows— butter-fat production, average for cow-testing associations, and for United States co a en Stee hte Lee 360 feed, peanut “Weak Warte ee eee $3 numbers, .1917,.inerease since 1918_....... ee eee 46 sélection, breeding. and feeding 357-362 division, Agriculture Department, dairy cow studies in Mississippi Pret des 1) oo) | i ee ean aen mr eS Lehr Oe ee 305-306 farmer’s income, relation to butter-fat production___________-_-___ 357-362 industry— educational campaign, meetings, school studies, milk testing, tc... in. Migsissinpl ee ee eee 307-308 moral and financial support of Mississippi bankers____________- 309 responsibility for financial prosperity in Mississippi, examples. 307-309 products— PY ATC) of 6 M1 Cy - eR Od das Ee aR era E a Co 768 imports, 1914-1917, origin «... ot ee eee 794 TOOL, BED TUBEIOG ee kent ens cache ari kee 759 Rroduction and ‘conservation - ne ee 37-38 MON. IVBEIONG |. OFICGI en eee eee 596 Dairying— ; TOTUNYS DY RCTS ACC ee 206 improvement, work of Animal Industry Bureau___________-___-______ 73 methods, North Carolina, improvement, cooperative work ___~__--_~ 150-151 Deirymens ‘stHHotlatlors 2 = on ee 597-603 Dakotas lake regions, breeding grounds for waterfowl, description_____ 199-200 rates. -tranorts hehehe eee 782 Defense, National Council, women’s work. ee ee eee 25 Delaware, bogs. “iheress6. TOT ee ee 376 Denmark: . TOME-TROM THATS: VOOR Yn Se eee 236 SOUTCE. OF CObUGEO Bede ee ee ee 533 wheat— acreage, 1909—-1917__._________-__- oe Se 464 TTP OR ES. : FOOD BORO ann a ae an re es or an ee 475 nroduceon, “1000-1011. oe ee ee ee 471 Piahetica. soy neane ee food for 32 2 a ee eee 107 Diary, usefulness to farmer as record of events and cash accounts___ 155-157 Dietary studice; States” Relation Service. eee 95 Digitalis, growing or collecting for drug market___________________=____ 172 Diseases— watret. contre! -work=~-2s 222563 ee ee ee 384-35, 73 gipey; noth, use in control work..-- ------) ee ee 90 plant, control work of Plant Industry Bureau______-______-_-__ 31, 75, 77-78 Disinfectants, investigation by insecticide board________________________ 69-70 Doane, C. F., and A. J. REEp, article on ‘*‘ Cheesemaking brings prosperity to farmors.of: southernh- mountaing "uit Be eee er ee 147-152 — Dogs— rat; -valne onthe farm —.=-.-~ 200 OO Es eae ae SU eee 242 sheep - enemy, control. oe i SI, BO 36 sheep enemy, hindrances, and need of legislation against_________ 317, 318 Dogskins— : consumption ‘in UnitedStatesiu "osu ons viggie 21 OR ee ee 443 Teer is SE Sie SS a oS Sa ee 438 Drainage— : farm. lands, work.of Roads’ Office... U2) "> UNS Sh nea 97-98 — Foed, Note oo) biiiite) Whore yo 19S eR OF SOT FOVL See 270 — Dried soy beans, production and food use_______-___-_--_--§-§ 107 Driveways, weed control by use of chemicals_____-__________-_____-___- 213 © ET OE EG? ee CP iu AIL ol eee Drug gardens for school of pharmacy establishment__ law, enforcement by Chemistry Bureau. 202 _. market, importance to growing drug plants. _~ plants— growing, haphazard eesti pikdaninblies production in the United States, article by W. Eehgs, crisis precipliated by warwcule bei. dee le al ah 169 Drying, fruit, and potatoes, studies__._._._.___..______ ; * eG: 84 Ducks, wild, breeding grounds, Great Plains. ~~~ i __.._' 198, 199 Digsi-Eurnace, fertilizer value Lois see wey os. soleus aul 260 mixtures for plants, investigations____._________________________ 1°69, 70 Dyes, manufacture studies, Chemistry Bureau. ~~~ ~~ ___- __- eal Borat of 85 peewooeds,..imports,.. statistios wise ee ed ip t_ be nigel FR Earth road, surface, methods of construction and traffic suitable__..__ 271, 274 Earthnut. See Peanut. Edueation, agricultural, work of States Relations Service ~~ ________ 95 Educational— exhibits, value to adults and children____..~_________________ _.. 379-380 organizations, assistance in developing cooperation. ~~~ -__~______ 388 Hlectricity use in fixation of atmospheric nitrogen ~~~ 143-146 meee provection ‘and’ winter féedingsit. Ose. 2 Le cel 92 Eggs— Cold -meorage, Tor -tTaANSporta HOR ceri aes a 364, 365 early spring, keeping qualities in cold storage_________________»__ + / 369 Sepores, « statistics. oon. oS Be Pi de DEUS Le 768 farm prices, by months and by States, 1917... ~~~ == Lewwliteles_.eddan ae Bemuing Inethods: in. the: past... 2 Ae AE oe 366, 369 MpOrLA. Biatisticss oi Re ea) $B. ete Der eit Oe patking, work of Chemistry ‘Bureau... lw seus. tee 44 Prices at principal: markets, by month@n.swca 2 ee ot ee cee 731 receipts at principal markets, 1891—1917_.__..)-_-. _- 730 Egypt, wheat moreere) [eeu -te ULE eee 282. JO ee ee Se a 463 Seas rolly 20006591 Get. 2 a Se dc poke seated ete te ewten ne 475 az premuction.! £900—-19U FT sen, CERO Arie SB tobe ee 470 Engineers— district, appointment under Federal aid roads act, list of names and Beeson 2k FR Ree as SCT Je oa SU 136 forest— Shlistment for“war ‘nervloe sy. so. 2 30uben 2tb be ate bods 80 organization by Forest Service for war work____------___-____ 50-51 England, colonies, wheat exports and imports, 1909—-1916________________ 475 Ensilage. See Silage. Entente— allied nations, wheat imports and exports, 1909-1916______________ 475 allies; wheat: situation, diseussioncl i) 2out lide 2 ee eas 478-480 wheat production— of allied. countries, 1900-1917... ele i ie of atom ed 470 in- allied. countries, effect of ‘war 2202s bei Ll de ee itfony 463-467 Entomologists, work in Insecticide Board____-----_~- Entomology Bureau, work, insect control, 1917__~--- Jo Lisi, EE Uy HIG .. 82-83 Jui bps of _ 170-173 173-174 W. Stockberger_- 169-176 feoloh 31-32 2, 50, TO, 86-90 Equipment for women’s rest rooms, simplicity and durability__-----~~ 219-220 Europe, wool production, 1916, per cent of world’s total_____.______-_~_- 405 European countries, belligerent, decline in number of sheep, note___-_~ 404 Evans, ANNE M., article on “ Rest rooms for women in marketing eemters oi. oe ee ere sesouiel aie oe 217-224 Ewes, increase on eastern farms by purchase of lambs in Wents io = 318 Exhibits— educational, value to adults and children _____---------~-----~-_- 379-380 from pig-club members at State fairs._..__..-.------_- isu the: 383-384 omce works It 1917, foans, and stmmary.—....---_.-_-- ee 65-67 816 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Page Rrpenditures, labor, 1900, map Jo. =.. ee Le 549 Experiment Stations— agricultural, United States: Netuscss sasseluis be Sele <3) perees hy 593 Southern States, cooperation with Animal Industry Bureau in cattle experiments........ 2s a es eae 331-340 work— State, need of demonstration work in sheep husbandry __--__-----~~ 319 increase ad resultésasieis cee bot. Lec ele 94 on data for farm crops, graphic summary _~-_---.---------_~ 537 ixplosives, manufacture, need of fixed nitrogen___.__.___.__-_-_-_---_--~-_ 139, 141 Exports— agricultural products, statistics (with imports)~--_-_--.-------~- 768-794 butter, 1909-1916, by countries to which consigned ___-__._-_-__---~-~ 726 cattle, number and value, 1808-1917....242 ~~ see ll eed so esc 721 cheese, by countries from which consigned, 1909-1916__.__-_--__- 732 domestic wool, chief countries exporting.-_.-_--__-_---_--_--_---~ 412-414 farm and forest products, 1914-1917, origin-_------__--u24_-_-- 789-794 forest: products, selected, 1852-1917____......_...._._ aaa 784 hides and skins— by countries from which -consigned._...-.....--2yues eben 714-715 Giscussion 2 ao. SunltGlS. Bee eee le ee eee 434439 from: UWhited Statesis uu less el et eee 440-442 horses and mules, 1893-1917, number and value______------------- 721 shiep, 1893-1017 _ 2c clesebi gi scewelees eens 736 wheat, by countries, 1900-1016... <8 wets bs ara eee 475-476 wool by countries to which consigned, 1909-1916____________--__-_~-- 742 ner eapita 20). eit egeereet ae ee 415 percentage of production, supply, and consumption-—-__--__~_ 415-416 Expositions, 1917, dairy show, and soils products___-__------=--~----== 66 Extension, agricultural— cooperation ‘In pig-club work... --.—.2f-e0 > eee 881, 382 State officers, list for United States........2.._...s2seedese— 594-595 work in food administration.= + S2s2se ele 17, 18-19, 21, 95 Fairs, exhibits loaned by department, 1917__------------------------- 66 * Wallen” hides and skins, meaning of words. ~-—-=—>+. ese 433 Fariey, F. W., article on “ Growth of the beef-cattle industry in the Seri ie tS ee oo ie = oe es le ad ee 3827-340 -Farm— accounting, fundamental principles_____.__....__._._......-5..... 158-154 actounts..walue-: to farmer... sic-beists dd ore eeeeeoeen ee 153-168 costs records, methods of keeping, and usefulness__--~--------~-- 162-167 crops— production methods, studies for promotion of economy —_---~-~- 65 seasonal work, graphic summary, article by O. E. Baker, C. F. Brooks, and Ri: G. Hainsworth: = o-2t->. ---__.4.-sengiteoe See 547-587 diversified, New York, seasonal distribution of labor, graph____-~~ 543 labor supply, cooperation of departments___--------------~~---- 41—438, 65 lands, drainage, work of Roads Office...+1-~+.---+-.--+--~--L+--2s 97-98 management— office work in 1917, review. ra see ee problem of labor distribution during year__-----~----------- 588-539 produce— “last resort” shipments, need for notice to commission mer- chant. ih aire peer oct ere ie ee ve eee marketing, avoidance of self-competition, example___-------- 323-824 products— eonservation. cise er) se jot Ye iol aoe eee 24-25 exports and imports, 1915-1917, valuation-_______-__--------- 775-776 from Hawaii and Porto Rico, shipments to United States, 1915-_ WOOT he ee eg Oe eee principal,.exports, 1914-1917, destination_______-_------~---.- 789-793 principal, exports to specified countries, 1915-1917__----------- Index. 817 Farm—Continued— produets—Continued. Page. principal, imports from specified countries, 1915-1917__----_--. 786 principal, imports, 1914-1917, origin._...._......---.__-_--_. 794-799 shipments to Hawaii and Porto Rico, 1915-1917 --.---- ee 788 value, 1879-1917, based on farm prices. —_. ape T47 ratproofing, summeublonas 2) 5 ee iden! Siete ees te 238-244 eT mam). EEE AE Le ane ee sb 6,354, depineteedd. 65 women, rest rooms at marketing CoD het. dave aliocuiascalseenaeeeeee work, seasonal distribution graphs and ms: Aps__-- oat bQialedl.ideasseeeee Farmer, teamwork between him and his agent-_____----__-___--_----~ 321-825 Farmers— associations with and without capital stock... ~~~ 391-392 Bulletins, food production, issue in 1917 ___--__~_- wrescenee eB SY 68 diary, usefulness as records and cash accounts ___-_________---_-- 155-157 horse breeding for Army; a0 Vania getesuse wenn i. ee es 355-356 Boree reaming for Army, Gere, ClC jee Le 345 number, 1910, distribution by States, map____-.-_-_-_--_--_-_---_~_~-- 547 organizations— Gevenipmieiis eel ne ree, pee a il Pant hath din oe 07 war meeting in Washington, April, 1917-..2-2/--_--_-__--_-___- 13-14 recotds vwaiue, 6rcie bien. 6: Belo 153-168 response to suggestions of department____________-_-_- i. 45-48, 60 southern mountains, cheesemaking, article by C. Fr. ‘Doane and ne ES POET, Bods ea: SPREE RET Oe ZIRT RSIS Fe Steen epee eee Se ERaeONT FO ¥ env 147-152 Farming— . general, labor seasonable distribution, graph__.---------__-_---_--_--~- 543 intensive, sheep-raising possibilities, comparison of United States mplile: iia ti ERE et rel ra yey eae 317-318 requisition. of labor by govermunemts. 22-22 Lt. ee 474 Warins, sheep ‘raising; ‘early increase aidsiune..—....2--.-424...+-~.- 318-320 Peathers,; importa: whe tithes 0s et es eee ee eH — een 759 Federal aid road act— administration, organization, and procedure_______------_-----_-- 133-138 appropriation Gnd purpowetlaioss 4 erage se. + 129 mfoOvisions and operation._._._... =) 3 se li ee 130-131 Federal aid to highways, article ‘by J. E. Pennybacker and L. E. Boy- Pepe tee erin orti rinen wilh Of hom rote 2 al 127-188 Feed— dairy, cost and relation to butter-fat yield and income____--_---~~~ 357-360 hog, whey from cheese factories, demand and value_____-_-_-___-_~-_ 151 Bentrots; nue. nd values .4 see. cee ee sl 123-125 at beans,. Gees! snd. valuetoec- 2) Shed cig rea tee 103-104, 106 G@eilied “fertilizer USe__.- 12 2 ee ee 187 native. enecie@sn 14222 -5e Le ees ee ee oT) oles 187 spread, Instances and methods... 22 ee es 194-195 Fruit fly— Mediterranean— distribution and injury. to fruiteicee 20 Ho ei beep 188-189 introduction, Australia_________~ diet pee VOMEIOULS Pewee 194 Mezxitean,- injuries te fruit..—__.....0st 26 Sea See 190 Natal, development into important pest_________________________ 192-193 olive, distribution and character of injury___------___-_-__---__-_---_ 189 Queensland, injury to fruits in Austfalia and India______i_____ 192 West Indian, injury to fruits and danger of introduction___________ 191 Fruit— ‘region, labor, seasonal distribution, graph_-------___---__--_--- 2 543 transportation, tonnage on railways, 1914-1916 (with vegetables) —_ 748 yield; reduction by : weeds. 2220/5 2 Sh ee eee eee 205 Fruits— attacked by Mediterranean fruit fly, list_-_____-----_----------Ls-4 189 conservation, -work ‘of ‘department . oe ie ee 25-26 exports— $914~1917,--orieinic > 25550 1 Bere ee ee eee T97 UT a ee 771 imports— 1? 1944-9017. -origin.- - 0 SO LOT eri) OLE eee T97 otatintberc +: Gis apt CO Se a: Oe see See 763 inmection, Markets Bure@usse:tstia: st 2202 Usse a eee eee 29 ripening, chemical - changes, -studies....-—- = 2 eee 84 Fungicide and Insecticide Board, work in 1917__----_-_---___--_-------L2 69-70 Faneicides, investigations_2- &<26~20 2. ee ee eee 69-70 Fur production, increase and development of industry___-_------------- 91 Furnace, electric, use in manufacture of phosphatic fertilizer____-_--___ 183 Furnaces— blast, slag, value as phosphatic fertilizer_——.-.----___-__-i2_2L-le 182 electric, various types, use for nitrogen fixation-__._._____-_-_-__-_- 143-145 Gadwall, breeding ground, Great Plains___------ sg----- 9-0-0 -------- 198, 199 Gamiiles.” IMpPorts; “BtAEISEI cepacia e ee 762 Game— BITS ER TS CS MOOT TIC ICC ees eo eee eee a a pee 92 VesERTALIONS. G8Pe. 22S. SB 8 ee ete ee 91-92 supply conservation, conditions essential to_-------------------- 200-203 - Gardening, home, stimulation, publications, ete___-_------------------~--- 23, 78 Gardens, drug, for schools of pharmacy, establishment and use___---~~ 175-176 Se BD lola MMs CC Ld |, : aan a nate eg ae eee kere ee Sabie ae 760 Georgia— cotton and grain farm, labor, seasonal distribution, graph_-_-_----_- 546 py Bagge 7 Re 2 CR ST pe aE a Shae 547 mountain region suitable for cheese making, map_----------------- 147 POR No Os tf * ze R SE AE NAarcs 376, 378, 383 Georgia-Florida fair, exhibits from pig-club members_------------------ 383 Germany— Page. BOOS TPO TAU, GORENG wieiiewtccc cee cen encneeeennna ae baeeoueee 236 wheat— acreage,” 19000-I1016LEL wei 1eito us RL a A importa): LB0O=1O1 Gre ew tedthemie in tes chente JOY PI Os 476 production, q00e-8eNGH.. fi 4) sed alot ue JiL 28h so Bos Ginseng— cet Wee te EE, ee “ tbc tdi nee growing oG@mimercially, NOten 6... 2 ee sn. tu sIL2 Wiis 170 Gipsy moth, control work, 1917, tree banding, etc_._.._-______-_------- 90 Girls’ clubs, enrollment and emergency work __-___-----_-__-_--_-_--____ 23, 73 Glucose— exports— ae cee aah hs i a mh, ae cs oe oh awe Se 779 $4192 7,.destination. .. Bi0e 400 ee bk oe ak ee Bresette. Su Ve ULL Le. ee SAE ee spas dG satus 771 production and value, 1914, and exports, 1917.-___---__---------_- 459—460 eee Aimnporta, Btatistics..2 iol ee Se A Se 750 ee IMCHL. USE. INCTCABC 5 nares EE LU EU O,. °.4ae Goats— condemnation at slaughter, number. .._.--_...--.-.--~_-~--.--_-__- 746 grazing in— g National Forests, numbers, 191L¢oe2ule2eboleiw2 ei el es 81 National Forests, numbers, 1912-1917, rates, etc_______- 752, T55—T57 inspection ‘at. slatighter, number. so ed 746 numbers— ine Agonist, (BAZ: AGit, Ores eww diwe ete 431-432 i Tinited, States eee a hered gl bein a ee ee a OEE o 428 in-world, by countries... 2.2- 22..2.ul. ASL Is) eA OTR Silos s 709-713 Goatskins— Sersumption, in. United States_.222—......<=-.-. sue es 442 fports. inte Dahte@ States 2. iu out ti 9 228 Deer, sep 436, 437 ptiees! edie i aii Sis is sae ee er edu LU So pse eS 445 PEO UN Sa Ch ee SO SOE IS OS Lite eRe 433 sopply-of United States... +. A Jess) BU See 439 Goldenseal, growing commercially, note____---__--- je 22 eee 170 Goober. See Peanut. Reecveia piavnts: quarantine? “99 25 ote eel eee TL Ee 70 Gophers, extermination in North Dakota, cooperative campaign____~_~ 228-230 Gould, H. P., work on data for farm crops, graphic summary____________ 537 Grain— ' ‘ exports— 19t4—19tTy. destination: 2e2s0- i WE vik i es iO ae ee 791 ae oi te: ll REE RRR AD I De Rs ns cae EC A ee RE a 771 growing— a a on ee le ee Lh 40 eh 5 dpehll Sk AMR AE Sa a es Salil aR aR le Al 2 38-41, 75 cote dg 0 ERS 2 ae eS ees Re! FS aa) E 763 imepeciore: Rcenmsie: ang “Work. 22 ee ee TE eee 54-55 moth, Atigoumois, control-.studiess..- <2 2 So La 89 products— re UO oe hi tcthininn e bem 2 ore ee eee 771-772 pki gs SR a lt ok eee ae ee eNOS: 5) iy hee he + eek oh 764 standards act— : NRG ia ee i a ts gical bn ce nen npn ee 54-56 regulations, preparation. by.-solicitor.2 2.2.1.2 ois Aa 64 statistics, including acreage, yield, values, exports, prices, ete_____ 605-654 transportation, tonnage on railways, 1914-1916_______________~_____ 748 7hld, .TOOCCUGR-DY. -WCGQB ic vince meee eee Es A 205, 206 Grains— feeding to: dairy cows, proes@aitoness 30 Uk ee ea ae ek 361, 362 sowing in TAT, Beneere. Loti, Gece Uee a 48 Grape— See Uae, I na eee 88 sugar— exports, 1882-1917______________ an AE ea RR Le Nip eee 779 exports, 1914-1917, deStination____---___s__------------~------ 791 822 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Grape—Continued— sugar—Continued— Page. exnorts...statintie®..i ecco ie Re cbs ane 771 production and value, 1914, and exports, 1917___--___--------_ 459-460 Granes, imports, statisticn......mown Ge ris sh ecncicnaiibeniatieniaaias ene 745 number— and value on.farms,’ 1867—1018 2210200 J ee oe eee 743 and value ou ‘farms. by States... SS ee 744 pure-bred, demand, as result of pig-club work__----------~-- 374-376, 377 raising increase, campaign and club work___------~-------------~---- 33, 73 otatiotion 2ih:i aot fe ot ie oe cle Se Ses eee 7438-745 See also Swine. Helland, source of: vegetable seed. oceeeeeetereee - 533 HoumMeEs, GEORGE K.— article on ‘“ Hides and skins: Production, foreign trade, supply, and consumption ” 22 2 ee ee EE EO ee es a article on “ Wool: Production, foreign trade, supply, and consump- Wie eer a ee te ap a ee ae 401424 Home economics— expert, cooperation with Council of National Defense_______------~- 25 Office, work on rations for Coast Guard Service___----------------- 49 Home-gardening stimulation, publications, ete_____-------------------- 23, 78 Homemade peanut butter, manufacture, cost and value_____-_----------- 120; ; Honey— amount used each: winter for. bee colony.{__.....-.. . —,.- 396 rec: ‘qaninal -prednuction —-- = en eee eee 395-396 tiporte sta tiovies 2... ~ 22. wee eee 760 losses annualy* by swarming: of beess22 2c oe eee ee 399 production— gad eat egdtvaternt; 1000 0.1 so ee eee eee 459 inérease; campaien, ‘results: ho ee eee 87, 90 iscrense: “work -of ‘wpecintints 8 or SL eee 32 surplus— for sale or use, annual production per colony, ete__-_------~-- 397-398 necessity fér storage room. Se! oe ee ee ee 899—400 tse and vatde as suger enbetitute..00 Ss ee 395—400 waste prevention by education of beekeepers__-------_------------- 400 Hoover, Herbert, appointment in control of food supplies____--------- 15-16 Hops— exports— DE an wri a a i i a a wn ee ee 779 PAG Ro 15] 9 7: aon LC a Dagan Tend a AS Sada ae ss iat 687 4974-1917" ‘destina tilt. Se ee ee eee 792 REITER, TRON Ta a nn a a ee 781 1. Bee. Woolesiie and farms 6 oe sp le ie a Set 685-686 statistics, including acreage, production, value, exports, prices, etc_ 685-687 OUD CL CUCU, “SAAR ETON ie a Ne ee 685 Horse hides— (RRIERIT TOU SP ET ELCeO “SVR PER i ee nn ae ois fmrts” it voiced Steen a ae 436, 437 Se rr) 5. peels lec Oe ee pA aE 446 sources of supply for United States_.-._~ 432 Horse labor, seasonal distribution on farms, graphs_---------------- 543-545 Horse markets, range of prices, 1900—-1917__--__-------_---- a mit aoe =F 719 i ia . Index. 825 Horses— Army— Page. purchase by War Department, 1917 Q.nnincdmecmae abietans 350-353 remount, breeding, relation to agriculture... 355-356 PURILT OMIIO Sets kee ke ot tre EY HEIN” 348-349 breeders’ associations in several States_......___________ 597-603 breeding-—— for Army— rovernment encouragement, plans, and work ~~~ ~~ 341-348 ee ee a eee oe eee Seen ee 354-355 for United States Army, article by H. H. Sinolas 1. cannes 341-356 community breeding, advantages___.______________ A pe 354 exports— aes CTE ae ee ee ee Oe 789 ce byl RE Re ee ene ar a ae eae Ae eee 768 grazing in National Forests— oo LU, shag: Aig 1 ly aS ARES Pe ae SE TS ee eo ge ee Ot Oe Oa 81 mumvers, 1912-1917, rates, 191'7_. 2.22 SE 752, 755-757 imports— Sxpores and priees; 2900-101 4.63 — ti wien hi eek we 721 De ie ae PN a I ag ad ORS SS ET ee oe enn a 794 CRE a I SEE aS SORES On Se eee aR Se ee OR SS Fae 759 numbers— ahd prices Dy Statesi, TOae * TORR is ee ee oe ded 718 gad varuc on faims, f801~1O16. oe eae epee ane stn 717 BP WOTlG, DY COTITEITCS 2. kee te gs, ae = ake 709-713 receipts at live-stock markets, 1900-1917___2___-4___ ~~ 720 Horticultural Board, Federal, work, exclusion of plant pests__ 185, 186, 195-196 House rat, most destructive animal in the world, article by David E. - Es EE PRR er pers Cy eee ee ae oe: Sig One eee ee ere ean 235-251 Zeaanenold. accounts; Value: te.fa DMC ha - 45s og aie tee ee 167 Houston, D. F., report as Secretary of Agriculture, 1917_-___-____-~-~-- 9-61 Howard, L. O., efforts to prevent introduction of insects pests_.________ 185 Hulls, buckwheat, use and demand as packing for Dutch bulbs_-_____-__~- 508 HUMPHREY, Harry B., article on “ Cereal diseases and the National food cee etoee OE Oe OG Veer OE See Saar ees, 481-495 Hungary, wheat— oo ET Ce re EP ern SS TT ae ASE ay 464 oy iets Mh tS Bah ES a BE a ee) ee ee eee 476 PORVG@CURON, ~ Pom EO 8 2 SE Ee a ee er ae oe ok En ae 471 Hunting birds, objectionable habits, and restrictions suggested________ 201-203 Hyacinth, water, injury to irrigation canals___________-__-_-_-__-_-__- 207-208 Idaho— Campeiens for rodent extermination: ice) 4 hs eet es: + 5 230, 232 TROIS TO! CODON ciate a cscs pt ert ee ee re ob a Lae 178 Tilinois— ; corn and small-grain farm, labor, seasonal distribution, graph__---_ 44 production center for redtop grass seed~.—~~~~---+-~~_ nseea ane 511-512 Importations, cotton products, from Mexico, restrictions______--_-----_~- 58, 71 Imports— agricultural products, statistics (with exports) —~-----_.-_-------~ 759-799 butter, by countries; to which consigned! Oh oos_ seesaw estates 726 Garis, 1893-1817, nuiber’ and’ value... es eet Toe cheese, by countries to which consigned, 1909-1916____._____--__-_ 732 farm and fruit products, 1914-1917, origin_-__----------_-------~- 794-799 forest products, selected, 1852-1017? =. 1.22 22 ese 785 es etic Siti oe ee ss lh bie — poe ete 434-449 by countcies-te- which consignedsico. ==. SSS 715-716 United States... wos aviserniiies +e Rete -S4ietts 435 liorses, 1898-1917, number and value_.—._.~...~_.~.-.._._.-_..._. 721 gheer. © 1INOS-1O2R Tot os) th eee tise eee eon 736 soy-bean’ products, 1910-1917 .3o- = 3s==-= 5 ~~ = =~ tien fee BST b | wheat, by countries to which consigned, 1909-1916_____-___----~- 475A76 826 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Imports—Continued— wool— Page. 1966-7016. ve -COuntTr iat ee ee ee ee eee 742 principal countries_____ al, tn th a gb faethe United Stites 2 ee | eer eee enee ion area eee oe 409-411 Income— dairy farmer, relation to butter-fat production ___._-__-____________ 357-362 increase from dairy cow, proportion to butter-fat increase________ 357-360 India— DI IOGE, “HURIDST Re = eee ee oe ne taps rag ane 432 CATE, NUMDCPR ee ee ee ee tere 429 goats. “TrOmber’ +o Re ee ee Tere ee eee 431 wheat— acrenne. 00e = ee eee eee 463 export “1008 nr ee eee 475 production. 3900-1917... oe ee 470 Indiana, pig clubs, champion, work and results-_-_--_-_-_+ + 3 378 Tameco.’ porte, “seatistics..- ——~ —---_- SS eee 207 powder, manufacture of, investigations_-=--__----___-_=-_+~_ 69 Insecticide and Fungicide Board, work in 1917__-___--____-_-____-______ 69-70 Insects— “ control’ ‘work ‘by’ 'Batomolory Berean 22!) 6) S20 eee 31-32 development into pests after introduction into new country__-~-~~~ 192-193* injurious to agriculture, prevention and control______-_-_--__-_--_ 17 truck crops, Stadt es ee een ee ee 89 Inspection— Ton animelsexport ‘and ‘imports seer ee eee ee ee 74 fruits ‘and ‘vegetables, Markets Bure@u2..-14) °° eS See 29 meat— Wederal. statistica:-°->--- 3 8-982 eee eee T45-T47 Fecera,”-101 Te 2 Se ee ee ee 74 Thspectors, grain, licensing and. work.~--=22--+--=—=-+=5"-—_ eee 54-55 Interstate— Commerce ii aT 6 eee eee ee ee eee a ee 92 shipments of seed, national law to control, advantage______-_---~-- 214 Inventory, annual, uses for farmers... a ee 159-161 Iowa— bounties of rodents peld: in-1916. 0 ee eee oo eee 225 grain and hay farm, labor, seasonal distribution, graph____----~---- 544 Traer, women’s rest room and library__---_------------_---------- 218 Tron— industry, wastes— utilization for “TErtiisere) 02 E926 Mk ge eA 258-260 ores, source of phosphoric acid___-_-__---_--__-----------=+----__= 182 Irrigation studies and experiments_____~-_-~----~-------~------------- 97 Italy— wheat— ; eerenge, 1909-TOPT SU ea eet. SET G2. See imports, 1909-1916... 2" Sess 28 Sai me ee eee ee production, 1909-1917, effect of war, ete_-------------------- Ivory, vegetable, imports, statistics___-------------------------~------- Jack rabbits, extermination, cooperative work_--~~-~~--~~-~-~----------- Japan— | clover. See Lespedeza. rape seed production___------------------------------------------ soy bean, food use, importance_-_-_-—----------- 4 bb ee ee vegetable seed growing_----------------~-------------------------- Indew. 827 Page. JesNess, 0. B., and C, B, Bassert, article on “ Cooperative marketing— mhere? when? DoW?) aicesslandwwosculs doe eledeial Jo Josie. | 385-393 ed. 20. WW. OPIN tOr OL DIS CU DB. go nicteeg ewer ees DO ees: 385 Judging pigs, contest, educational value___....__-_--___-__--- sarin 380 Jute, imports— RT tS EE Se ee Oe ee | 781 BASEL T, OU corneas telah Gti hh eA BOD 797 oh i ee eee ee Oy Pe T ere eee site hrs bitsy mes | 761 Kafir— Sie Me RM Le 7 ee a a cc one ee ae cere 568 a TS SANE Se isch. eae i telat Dey Aetinectien antigen thee etnies ty me L-Saieins deenns hed 568 importance as grain sorghum, distribution, seed production, and use 0 ETE, SSS PS OF LS eee ee Te OO Wn De a er ane Os 514-515 UAT TA MMMERE CORE RODE, COU ANCL ROOD acetates me mn ip gn fel 83 IEIIEIGE, SBCITIOCO S020 ii ates eos co ke 0 SAT ES eee 533 Kangaroo skins— Deemretion: in Wnited Bin CeR ics 5 ne ees tec nase 443 Fp RES AS Si RS ee es 438 Dee: LOSSES “CRUSEG: DY) TOGCO EG a. c.qk enced — pts e ~ediapineiaes— ee ee — 226 eepes want, potash SOBLCE; BOC. 2K pees perce dps — faut eee — eesti 177 Kentucky— bluegrass, production, harvesting and thrashing methods, ete__----~ 512 bom production and market, control. ce 526-527 mountain region suitable for cheesemaking, map a ee oy eee ere 147 mmasnnate deposits: 224 —oi ot phi et age ee} spe 178, 179 pig-club work, effect on swine industry of State_--_-.----------- 374-376 Kilbourn-Scott furnace process of nitrogen fixation. ORT 8 ET 144 Kitchen wastes, ultilization as fertilizer... +. 4----L + - nee) A ee 123-125 pests, control, and meat production increase..__._._.._....._2 redistribution to avoid. feed siidrtapeiO iO) Hirst Jee ie eae 33-34, 36 SrOtiStS nes ce ncacmene 20. 2 ee ee T09-T47 Living standard, improvement, as result of successful cheese factories___ Louisiana— peppers, growing for dius Marketi tS ese oe ee pig clubs, improvement of swine industry of State___--_---_----_--_- 376, 383 rice yields diminished by weed growth--=-----------+1-+L------_~- State Fair, fat. hog exhibits from pig clubs._...~_..---=_.-_.__---— aS sugar cane, failure to ripen, and effect on sugar yield__-____-______ 455-456 Sugar production— number mills, description, improved machinery, etc., ue ee Po EY os a | a ae enmmmemren, |: 27k x eT MET Eee at Bey Index. . 829 Lumber— exports— Page. SN IE cada os een ahi abtpmicks ig Jo ad boned ofckn A! enigtimchnbech eilbede wept Deal rnecscilead 784 1914-1917, destination. __. ibe cide etek pw cin ab steele ah pbtalatcd t-te Raul = ee SI SE ey Seer, i Se ey LFS NS ae gee ee 770 imports PAGED icc ts eae - So oe ie ey ae PS ee 1914-1917, or igin OR ye crite i bi sot di ta acai the anetithiadeedy 799 TE sy I OE ee Be LY POE DESL, Sebi 763 Get ant OGM SrrOmrmr EOP UOT oe Tees 82 Lumbering wastes, sources of fertilizer____...--_-- rey ee mee 254 Lunches, serving at women’s rest rooms, utility.-___________-_________ 223-224 Luxemburg— SP Oe a OE Cr i i ehtsle nice Ae WHEAT DEOGUCCIOMs AGOGO KLIN crac erence tine ose cee 471 Macadam roads, surface construction and traffic suitable__.~--- 278, 275 eee, Imports, 1905-1 OU ik techie) eg el 782 peaeeeecar, cattle, numbers Increase cn boss obese ee ee 429 Maggot— BG, TIO WCU ices 1 eee diedins eee 140 importation from Chile,-40te mnogo 8 a ee 140 Nitric oxide, formation by arc-fixation process_______-------------~-- 143-145 Nitrogen— abundance, . cost: -apddmmem: {Fe ee TEE Oe eee 139 atmospheric; Raintion apethods_ 2 ee Ee a a 143-146 depnenits;-.186, ane: extent..2.22 2 ot ecceese te eeeceeecems 140-141 fixation— procesacs;’ improvement) oc eS ae 178 work, cooperation with Ordnance Bureau____----------------~ 85 importance as fertilizer, and in manufacture of explosives________-~ 177 recovery— from industrial wastes, amount and sources____-------------~- 263 from packing-house wastes, practices and possibilities_______ 255-256 methods - 2 =<2- -cacscasssetecessetscescesccessssses eee 177 Nitrogenous fertilizers— ; by-product of iron and steel industry_________-_-_-___-~~ ee 258 ecottonseed- meal.- value.... 2 2 EE LEE eee 262 production from industrial. wastes__________-___---_-~--= 189-260, 262-263 sources, article by -Fyeaiertek #W:i Brown. 6 ees 139-146 North America, wool production, 1916, per cent of world’s total_____-_-_- 405 North Carolina— cheese factories— . establishment «and ;ameréase22 2 Oe eae introduction: and: -gesultesei. acs ek 3 ee ee 149-152 farm, cash and cost records, summary, examples___-__-----_-~ 157-158, 164 meat-curmmiwork and«contests._._..._._ _ _._____.__.-.. eee . 878 mountain district suitable for cheesemaking, map_____-_-____-_-___ !” 147 Salisbury, women’s rest-rooml_\ {i JU) 2 ob) ae North Dakota forest*arens, National: June.30,. 1917... eee 753 grain farm, labor, seasonal distribution, graph___-~---------______ 545 legses ,camsea «by rodients-2=.- <> ----=- 5 ee eee 226 Rolette County, bird reservation, private, ideal conditions__________ 203 wheat yield diminished by weed growth_______.___________________- 210 Northeastern States, cucumber seed growing______-_-___-_____--___-___ 534 Norway— rat. See Rat, brown. w aereage, ~1900-190T ~ 22. wh ee ee 464 imporist » 19008016 -¢ == pared tend con ae pee EE eee 475 production, 1909-1917 ___________ G2 chs cee WAAIEMS | ee 471 worl om sitroren- fixation~ >... 2st te ee 144 WMursery stock, imports; statistics........... 223 Eee 764 Nut grass injury to farm lands in South, and control___-_-_--__--__-_~- 207, 211 Nut oi; Chinese; imports, etatistics.eoc Ue ae? ee i oS eee 765 — Nuts— expontemietiotics.22 ibn, feo ah ee ee wey 4 A 4 773 imports— . 1914-1917, Opbe ity < oe eee se ee Et ene ee eS ee abatigtliesde<«- twivcu-.-abetivee tik Ub SHUG JRO bee ne OAKLEY, R. A., article on “ The seed supply of the Nation” Oat grass, toll meadow, distribution, and small importance Outwieni, cxperte, etatimtics---5-. 20 ae ee Oe ee Oats— acreage— ; bushela:sown sind seeding rate, 1997.0... ose eee nroduction,. value, exports, etc....-")- eee Index. §33 Oats—Continued— Page. crown rust, nature and investigations.___........._.__________-____ 455 exports—— GR) Rak, + ers enicdaki aj cpie iin dee cai ns arc duoc co ee a ee op ene ee eee meee APT Gee RL Nt aie STU a 6 | DATVORE. GAUGE TOR ved etter amie en meen lie eR arE _.__.. 559, 562, 563 ee et ne ne es didi Wed c ee a SUL CECSE pee 483 planting Insel) 10 POUR. ae ks ew eee ed Ses Dee OE os 39 ge Me oT) production, 1917, estimate __—___ stariarearts ok See pee sa he PY OR LAR A | 45 proportion of spring and fall sowing __- pics A Re ed ok gh ca a Me das 5OT GOOGIRE HIGIOG., ERB NGs Gane Seiwa seen keene eee ect iusi lus. BOey ee Cen Se eee Pee eee ee 560 statistics, including acreage, yield, values, exports, prices, ete_____ 624-631 id eee LO Wine. DGIGBs oo iee ke ic Relea eat ee nc 209 TC EU BURN RCS 2c oahu eee eS 624-625 OBERHOLSER, Harry C., article on “The Great Plains waterfowl breeding grounds and their protection ” ee ns ALS | | Ea A BA 197-204 Oceania (including Australia and New Zealand), wool production, 1916, mer seen) Or world 8 totaly 20/6 ob ed ft ee ee eee a 405 Ohio, Norwalk, women’s rest room, description and usSe______--___-_-__ 220, 221 Oil— cake— and oil cake meal, exports and. imports.________._.-__-__--.__ 704 coe OBES) Ee a a ye bi), 2 | =: See es ee PA 792 NITIBIOCU, CS POLES SENG RIOT si ers te 675 es Value and. price, HOWi sents ote I ee 25T net,-Chinese, - imports, -Stabieeles! wee 2 ee 765 peanut— character and yield by different processes of extraction ame FP! 298-299 REIN UNE TIP ee ee 297-3801 manufacture, processes and practices_____-__------___-__-_---_ 120-123 pntemetlotn,~ 1D Ge per ncereeen gers a ek Ob 290 DIOUMCLION Ot isrneine, 1912... ee oe a 290 RebGs,..26ntusof - 807 -BCOD. 2.00 eee bee DU et 101-102 soy bean— naiure...production, amd sess St ae 104-105 DEOEBLLOD. ARG » FAMIG nrc ect a St 104-105 Oils— essential— ETO POR cee aire te SE 773 eR i be eo nC ee BD ~ SPR oR 765 vegetable— Stporin..to14—191T, destination... 5-22 ee 792 EPCRA am BGOUGL GNC ose ke ee 773 Besoin o24--101 7, origin ttt Se Oe oe ee T9T Bie BeIeS 3 ee I SLE SL eee 765 Oklahoma— Gout mae me crop members. _____________ ite a eee 384 [ae nreee., Metional, June.o0, 1917 020.2 Le ee eee 753 NS Se SS enone = oN 231 Zions 1eee., ~ Looms, Sanousnment.___ __. ~~. ae 217-219 O’Laughlin, John Callan, work in food conservation_________-____-_-__--~- 25 Olive— fruit fly, distribution and character of injury___-----_-_-_---------- 189 oil, imports— Meter eo ot i ee eae 781 1914-1017, origin.....___....--...----~---~--~-~~-~ 15a T9T ite gS a a Sayan re eee 765 Olives— ES C5 ens eae Pe pee nee Saint LEAbE he" Sine ML opetn oe) STS 763 ene ee SRE OY i a a i es. 189 Onions— ‘Bermuda, seed, sources, and possibilities.__.__._--_....-------_- 533-534 ieeris, 109)—1917 i a a i cee 782 wild, injury to dairy products__----------~-~-~--~------L-++-_---<-- 206 29190°—ysK 1917——53 834 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Page. Open-water shooting, objections in hunting waterfowl______-_-_------~- 202 Opinions, legal, preparation by Solicitor__-_--__.-------------------~- 64 Opium— crude, Imports, 1859-1017. nnncnicsienenesenees<=~cmgiannteatbeaanaaniices 781 imports, 1914-1917, origin_.____-_------------ -- -3<<<--<9=<+-<===== 798 Orange maggot, same as Mexican fruit fly________-----------------—--- 190 Oranges— exports— 1914-1917, destination, .. .ncstemenn ase 3 = sses ewes ei 791 pe Val) As, a eee renee emi EES ree ee ee ee 771 iamarts, 1901-1917. .csmneseuswneren meres 963 enn eee 782 Orchard grass, seed production, various Staces, importation from New Zealand, CtC.- acniien cetera ee ie ee i ee ee 513 Oregon— breeding places for waterfowl, note______-_-_----—----~-~-..-+—-=----- 197 campaigns for rodent oxtermination. o-.a- aisles ones Eee 230, 232 exhibit from pig-club members______.----=<==. v5.23 yp aia. Se a ee ake 114-116 URC a 8c ter 4 ages eee on ah hte ok ee oe Oe 78 NR i IR eR = oe ee oo a ee 765 oil— ee nt OOS 5a ee ah ee OVER Se 298 py galt). ot) a esr See Lene PS 290 roasted— Incas, alice varieties ‘wseien 2 Wo, eto 8 ee 118 pepperation- G00 food: Use 24.6 tw 21h esd) be hae ce eee, 291 Meee, Penuirements,. 1918i2 (5045 eth ht oo ee 525 shelling and cleaning plants, location and need___________________ 116 Spegieny. yield sof shelley} “mats: teyione re ke 117 BE ey a ae Fo CELE ace af dh ee Se Sad Te as ee 291 yield— of shelled nuts per ton, different varieties___._._._._._._.__._______ 117-118 ae 2 ee ee eee eect ee SO meee SY 290 Pears— sa) SEES 2 ee a ee eee Te 771 DE A EET en Se Oe Os 2 ee Eee ee PLE 684 ia RR SEAN ee ek ee 46 eo § se Sp tse Oa Le is ee wees eee A 684 Peas— oe ogc tta tlhe): aes OS ne coc ee eee nees De 690 a Mell. value Tor 700g ang. prain._..._._.__._____ a 523 dried, importations and undesirableness for seeding purposes______ 523 Pesce, ecrenge: Sad | Predgenen:«.._. . a. eee 690 TURRET Go (cua Eat OE Sel ae a ae aes ee Clon AER 690 PENNYBACKER, J. E., and L. E. Boyxrn, article on “ Federal aid to high- a TENSE Se RSE RR A SE eS Ben! a tn 127-1388 STE POA 1G ge ni i gpa ieee 766 Peppers, growing in South for drug and spice market_-_-__-____--__--_ pel lg a ee ns Car anny. Rape 5S 25-26 an meneine, i National Morests, 1917... -..-..-.-~._..-.. a 81 Pests— - insect, danger increasing with importance of tropical countries______ 193 _nciion in United States, danger ----- ee 185-196 Pharmacy schools, drug gardens, establishment and use__-_--_---___~_ 175-176 ee eine Dulealoes, Tumbers.___...... «jes ees 432 836 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Page. Philippines, sugar production, 1911-1915, 1915-1916__________________ 450, 453 Puricures, E. F., article on ““A wasted sugar supply ’_-_______ = =, eee: 395-400 Phosphate— aetn” wanna. eee ett 25 Ae 2 Hehe ee 181 rock— eemposition and gredes.........-2 05 tee eee 179 mining methods and. coutiiui 412i C2 ee eae eee 179-180 our greatest fertilizer asset, article by Wm. H. Waggaman____ 177-185 production, 1015, 1016.22 ee oe 178 Phosphates— available, manufacturing methods_ _____-___________~_ 5, Sa eee 181-183 production without sulphuric acid, methods____________-_-_-_-------- 182 Phosphatic fertilizer, production from industrial wastes______._.____-__ 258-260 Phosphoric acid— recovery from industrial wastes, amount and sources_______-----~- 263 resources in United. States... .. <2. ses See 178-179 vorntiliseation. .....:. 5 ee ee eee eee 182-183 Wweere 1 MmmMmine ONSTAtiOnsE...... coeds eee ue eee 180-181 Phosphorite— ° deposits, location and mining methods_____._____-_--__-__-------~ 178-181 See also Phosphate rock. Pig clubs— and the swine industry, article by J. D. MeVean__________-____- 371-384 enroliment and present status... —-—~4_ = 2 8 Toi. Dewees 383-3884 Management, cooperation of Department and States_______-_-------~ 381 origination.in Louisiana... ee Sa eee 383 projects and bases of prize awards in contests_________-____-_---- 371-372 Stimulation of -pork - productions:.<..<2.2U2l2U Ve eee 377-378 Pig-club agent, work in organization of clubs____--------------------- 382, 383 Pigskins— > consumption, in United States... -----_-___-_ See 443 imports =... cssos2ocecsssreerasssscccassss SE See 4388 Pindar. See Peanut. Pine. white, blister-rust control_-—.—-.....__-.._-_._ -_ = = eee 77-78 Pineapple fruit fly, distribution, and menace to pineapple growing______ 191 Pines, five-leaved, quarantine for blister rust_____________------------_- 70 Pinto bean, acreage and adaptability to dry lands_____-__-_---_--_------~- 581 Pittsburch: Joss from. rats, annwati olor oat ces eee 245 Plans, building, distribution by Roads Office___________.____-__-------- 98 Plant— / breeding, function and cooperative work, Agriculture Department and State experiment statioge. 0! 200) 2) ne) wa a eee 501 Industry Bureau; work, 1617 ——- =~ 31, 38-41, 44, 70, 74-79 nathologist. workin, Insecticide Board__.__- -.____ _________ =< ee 70 quarantine law— amendment, 1917, and administration_______________---__-_---- 70-71 enactment and. enforcement_._....==.=.- 250002! ~ i e 185-187, 195 wastes. utilization -for. fertilizer... - "52.0 ahis Ol Ca ee ee 262-263 Plants, diseases, control work of Plant Industry Bureau___-~~--~-~- 31, 75, T7—-7T8 roms; -amporte, 3887-1900. — = - = -.2.s-..52-20cn.c 2 eee ee eee 782 Poisoning— rate. -suggestions and caution 2.) lc vt See serps 248, 249-251 rodents, coonerative campaigns and their results__________-_--_- 227-232 Poisons, -use against rats, management____________-_---_-----_---_--- 249-251 Pop-commmale, receipe 22) = OO a, ee ese oe oe ee 295 Population— increase, relation to cold-storage requirements_________--------_- 363, 364 rural; -verious countries... 20) 0 4 UP Si. ne ee United -Gte tet: See = - oes ot 4 ei tL ee ee Pork— exports— Serene ite > ETN Ts PC Se TOS ene Witte -2 eno sew ee a es LS) Ah Sie Se 768-769 Henrrut-fattened, -quanityl) 2500 ldots) eet ss bby Sees ee Inde. 837 Pork—Continued— production— Page. ee ne mere ee ey 123 stimulation by pig-club work uw _ SE So ae ee ES 377-378 products, exports, 1914-1917, destination. ccc os dite ee 790 Porto Rico— farm products, shipments to United States, 1915-1917 ___________ 788 forest areas, National, June 80, 1917__.__._______________ eT. ae 753 root vegetables, seed- growing possibilities. _- 534 shipments of farm and forest products from United St: ites, -1915-1917_ 788 sugar production, 1911-1915, 1916-1917, acreage, yield, value, ete__ 450, 452 BOGE ROGGS, (UMS Gf Cente (in Road. ACh. ici cb tii cew enon seen 136 eg AE OT ER ES |) a a ce ee eee Sts eas Cee 45, 68 Potash— by-product— Pen cerment . indieirys ie oar tes ooo eo 260-262 OF @icotin man ufactureseds iD wee et ee ss 262 escape from cement plants, volume and percentage of recovery, oT WN a a ee ee Ee ee eee. ee i) fertilizers, production from industrial wastes____________ 254-255, 260-262 manufacture— TOT NATH WOOO. WRETCA 8 Bert e Feri oe 254-255 Wek, OF. Solis (urea...) etotiv otio ie erie e 85-86 recovery from— cement plants, proportion to barrel of cement__.___________ 261 industrial wastes, amount and sources_________.______________ 263 Spmmces: In. United States ies ee ei eb ee fl ees LTE Potato— growing increase, work, 1917... 220i) Jest ieee ei pa 78 Bilnee, .entile Soon Valen. dO eh SL aie eS 84 Potatoes— acreage— fs Oe ee i ee ee eae eee OL Le ee 576, 578 preoguction;: value, exports; ete sinew lett o/s eos, 657-661 BRNOPEVRTION O02) SEGQ SUPVEY 203-204 Rest rooms— Dneacios, Ine Be PRUa! COSL. Suc oo ee ee 220-222 well-managed, Help -t6 -Lavml- WOMB sense ee 223-224 women’s, in marketing centers, article by Anne M. Evans_______ 217-224 Rhodes grass, value increase on Gulf coast, seed importation from Aus- BI Batt i a i aS i a ct cy hg, Wa 31d 8 SOP 514 mmonesia,cattic-ralsing- ticrease..22-<222-—-.2) Ie! IRL ago r> pcre 429 Rice— acreage, -production,-value, ete. < 215422.) Joo BOIS ene 652-654 crops, Louisiana, reduction by weed growth_______________-____ 210 exports— LBO2—-1G1 2 sce sccsstasssassossasssessssc.=- ESI ee T79 ang - bmpertss scn252- 2202255 2e2 ci fess ean SIRO Ss ee 654 OA ese re ee 773 imports— MRI = xsi Ss ee ea car ee eee Oe ar 781 Statighes cc < ne ccsee tenga wd tee ee tA a 766 Aa a RAC Uy, SETH CR oo pa el a) A EEE 84 prices,- wholesale. and. fave == ao. - 08+24-45= 2-252 n 3 653-654 statistics, including acreage, yield, values, exports, prices, ete ______ 651-654 supply, pounds sown, acreage, and seeding rate, 1916_______-_- 5OT—5O8 MGCL GOD, GtAUSHOS .a- 2 ecmese see Bee ee yt ee 651-654 eens, 2c, chemical changes, Studies... 84 Road— act, Federal-aid— CPpcCVAs) F's gs {) : Sh a ee ee ee ee a ee eee ne eS Oe ERS 53-54, 64 regulations and State laws, work of Solieitor___.._.____.________ 64 , See also Federal-aid road act. UI S CREM a Sg iat ke ee Suc Seale ee er 53, 64 Roads— construction and maintenance— meet! COOperetiOn -_ .. 26) tt eS eee 129-131 naaerrederal-aid -road- act-2-=-------- 56455552. 134-135 ame conerruction of Various types... = ee 2 203 grades, relation to topography, discussion___..____-________ 279-280 nine COUGMIOTO TIONG «24 <2 sot, Sn ee ere 265 National Forests, cooperative construction__-_-_~---._ = 81 rae gh UNIIAT WS eee 95-97 eee eeeorn in- road: act... - 22-1 Se eee 136 Paes urier lb ederal-aid road act... 452 53 Seopa construction, maintenance, tonnage haul, ete., growth and mag- WRN S952 i ee a ee ee ee 127-128 design, article by Charles H. Moorefield2o. 22 sc. = ere oe 81 ee 27-138 Federal projects, types, location, traffic, and cost per mile____ 266-270 840 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Roads—Continued— Page. side slopes, predeé....c wccoulcies duct. c lea Je sictiaic brite. % 280-281 surface types, descriptions and selection_____________- Jews Bea types—— econonnie: Compe Yr imONGcwitésios sed oi sO ek et a 276-277 efficiency for various classes of traffic__....__.__-____________ 274-275 width, considerations, discussion____________________ yt —-maw Sbtmeie Moasting DOANUtE, TOMPCPOtUl Ocqs ccm wnewn blade ee te * Zee 291 Rochdale plan of organization, origin and principles____~_ 25.4 Si See 392 Rock, phosphate— our greatest fertilizer asset, article by William H, Waggaman____ 177-1838 See also Phosphate rock, Rodekohr, Arthur, pig-club champion, methods and results__________-__~ 373 Rodents— control, cooperative campaigns, article by W. B. Bell_____--____--_ 225-233 losses caused in various States, estimates._._..._..._.______-___- 226-227 native, conditions on farms and damages dome______________-____ 225-227 noxious, contro! ‘atudies_........-.-.... ate 6 eee eee 90-91 poisoning, cooperative campaigns and their results_______~_______ 227-232 Boof rat, description and occurrences) an a ee 2 eee 238 Root vegetables, seed production, possibilities__._._.___._._.______-_______-_~ 534 Rosin— exports— SVS i eee es. ae ae ee 784 and importeio6 ig se wi a a ee ie a eee 704 3014-1017, deetination.c<—csson-dis sc Ghecsacl soles. eee 793 OES LIS ee ane ee aielietoscah-xirs-e>eidecisentee ae T70 statistics, exports and imports... .~—..-6t ecole See eee TO4 Ross, Wiriiui1aM H., article on “ Fertilizers from industrial wastes ”’___ 253-263 Retatien crops; enemy tO weeds... > 5225 ioe has ekbe ee ee 210, 212 Roumania wheat— geremce, TH00S1O1T 335. oS a a ee 464 exports. 1900-191G._... 2 een s+ 35+ eee 476 production, 29000-1017. 24) 3 ets. Ss. ae ee 471 Rubber— exports and tenmorte 20s ne ee 705 imports— ft Bb oe aa Cee ee ad Fh is | eee Meee SS 785 1014-1917, origin__.........-_._._. spe eee eee 799 SUMEIBUIOR ) 2. eh ee a ee ee a el el ee 705, 762 Bam exports... statistios 5.2564. densest Joe odes dep eee 772 Rural labor, organization, importance in war emergency____-_--------- 43 Ruralpopulation, various . countries... sees ae ee 749 Russia— Cattle; “mummers 24 Fie ist o . oe Sets, aes) Se eS eee 430 oats, TBDOIS... oun wee a SS ee eee 431 ores... Womberss" ee ee i ee 432 dheen, mumbers, decknen 62 9... atten enh ie See eeléek 4038-404, 431 source Of ‘sugaT-Deet Beeda! 5. a bei hh Laeelel sete eee 527 wheat— ee UE 8 jy a SPT Se Se 463 exports, 1900-1916..." a es ee ee eee 475 production— NU on en et 470, 472 mlteot: of ower 254 Oa ie ce a at og eet 466 wool production, per cent of world’s total, 1901-1903, 1910-1917_-..,.. 406 Rust, white pine blister— CUTE a ee 77-78 rece aL. 1) a OSS AE IES RP Se Py te ES 70 imc Capegla varrelias. tOBBeES 160M, ClC_......_ + -mseno--nce seen 484-486 Rye— arpease production, value, exports, etc___._.__.__.__-_.__ =... ee 640-644 exports— os EET Y Tice 2 detec ol Sil las SS le Seth AR we RT heetienciceae 644 OS a Sc i a a sckenasiaaiadicta on 771 planting ce. i i a a a ee Ne Se find REPEC e002 A 29 memeGec WiMDIOGRIG MN POEM ee ee 642-644 Rye—Continued— a proGuction, 1017, cetmai cists n0s4~ di narsieesions-paiietie tibet 45 seed— importance of care in handling by seedsmen_ ~~ HOG shortage, influence on acreage sown, 1917..._-__-_-_- HOG statistics, including acreage, yield, values, exports, prices, ete ___ 638-644 use and value for food, forage, and manure__...________________. HOG use in interchange with wheat, European demand, etc... ~~~. HOG WOLKE CEI, LEON, aiden tea siht natinniene bank intidh ites dbaitansebeeeli 638-640 Rye-grass, Italian and perennial, seed importation per annum, Chieti ue 513 Saddle horses, Army requirements___-..------ se Paar Ts A | a a a a an, Seer oe ee ee 170 RU TEPCIIE AS POLI U REACT, «Sal ned erest chert dnea phils ant bs ans aids — cianbehateieni hada cthagee elle 766 Salad— Greeeinees, Preperauon With DEANUS Olle ce 299 ORs Ber Eg go Sn oe on os ee a ae me pore Trt ee 294 pease y TOOd, SUurTace GONAITUChION...... £ihie o.oo ee a 272 Sandwich filling, peanut preparation, recipe._......._.._..___________ 292-293 Sanitary facilities essential to women’s rest rooms____-__--_-- ---_- 220 BL Ce Oy, OC EN RU ATG TI i eesti dec ann b ts Aina asset cok 109-110 Sausage— See Sie Ce oe 9 ES ea ene ei ty ena anne eens Ms 769 an Ch i ae oe a, | a, See ey a Die 294 Sawdust, hardwood, source of potash fertilizer_._.________.u_____ 254 Scale insects, introduction, disastrous effects___.____ i | atte ites, sds eeeeh ae 185, 186 Schoenherr furnace, process of nitrogen fixation.____.___.______-________ 144 Schools, pharmacy, drug gardens establishment and use_________-_-_-_- 175-176 Sea food, bulletin publication by Chemistry Bureau_____-______-________ S4 Seaports, introduction of plagues by rats, precautions____.____________ 247-248 Secretary of Agriculture — ORGAO POET SUITUNI TE neces nts eens aly tein Tee eee Bo 64-71 p= 10 os Ne ek Ls (i nn a Piet Aen ppee a eat aa A mem LATER 9-61 ~- Seed— alfalfa— seeding requirements, probabilities for 1918____.______________ 522 States producing, seeding requirements, importations, 1916, i fee a aE RNa IN PO RES ES EPO Turkestan grown, inferiority, and warning against_____________ 522 alsike-clover— seeding requirements, 1909, 1915-1917__________________._____ 518 States producing, price, supply for 1918..._....._._-.._.-.. 518-519 barley, bushels sown, acreage, and seeding rate, 1916—-1917________ 506-507 breeding, value of experiments by commercial agencies___________ 491-501 buckwheat— bushels sown, seeding rate, and acreage sown, 1916, 1917______-_ 508 eg ere Peer es Pes I me Ee) | a ee seer ae See 508 bur clover— See ee tine THE CHOOS. a hh cece ee ee 520 States producing, seeding requirements, 1909 ___.___-_.-_______ 520 Canada field peas, acreage, seeding requirements, production, and im- Co a ie at a ae nae SS TES A ALT SEE: yes 523 Pee, eer ce If CONLEO!L OL Weeds... ~~. a ee 212 cleaning, BvVomnees 11 CONLTO), OF, WEEUS 2)... ee 535, 536 sorghum— unthrashed, feeding to live stock on farms_________________-____ 515 varieties, pounds sown per annum, and use rate________________ 515 soy beans— frost injury, and conservation necessity___*~___________________ 524 seeding reauirements, TOTS.) he es er ee 524 soring vetchimports, nrice, and vale S20 fe alt) JES eee 522 spring wheat, Agriculture Department cooperation in securing, for droucht-strieken Seecvion. - ee ee ee ee ee ee 505-506 Sudan grass, insufficient supply to meet demand______-____-_»_-___ 516 sugar beet— production in United States, probabilities, and States producing. 528 PO CHIOM ATICRO II i A 8 i ee 76 POISING: DeCerat we ~ 5.008 ri nm be ONE ee a eee ae ee 11 seeding requirements, 1918, and probable acreage____________ 527-528 supply— ofthe Nation,;yarticle by R. A. Oakley. ee 497-536 United States, effect of European war, studies_______________ 497-499 sweet clover, States producing, harvesting methods________________ 521 sweet isorehum, conservation necessity o-oo Te A 516 peoctel Wy vy Meat LS) 1 nC eee OV emE cares Sree. Sb oo Reeser), Be ge" TT timothy— copmmercialization = probanuitics ee 511 PUN rere ee ie 511 harvesting, ‘and trashing methods. 2 3 se ee 511 pounds sown annually in United States__..-________- 510-511 Cin! 6 2, panei Pe oe OUR bee TA Saale ia ne) ee Oa OTR ARE TIS 669 relation of production to price of timothy hay_-____.-s.______ 511 Treutment: fomopreveme 00 SN ee 31, 75 velvet beans, seeding requirements, 1918___.____________________.- 525 Index. 843 Seed—Continued— wheat— Page. price fixing and Government inspection....-------------__e 5OD—5OG scarcity and high price, responsibility for smallness of acreage SOW It IML... eee dete! sl etl a) el ieee te 8 DOD white clover, States producing, seeding requirements, importations, ro) Ney ae ea a SA Side lade wl. 19-820 Seed-control, State laws, and authorization ‘to P resident. Liisi.) see 501-503 Seed-importation act, Congressional enactment, provisions, and value. 501 Seeding— TIGIG, . ORR. COC ST i ew dle ee til eee Se rebt ee ee 582 cE ae ee ee ee es Tes see a! or each tse 558, 560, 561 gt ee eT a —e wm mom anita DOO) BGLS Hie, Soo Seeds— breeding and growing, importance of experience______________ 499-501 gid) ts i re hea eee Se ote eT a ee es) eS vt?) domestic production, objections being overcome _ ~~~ 498-499 European production for United States, causes influencing__._... 498—499 ee os Eo rn <7 TT a ee ehh eee ee ee 773 grass, production and conditions influencing .__.-__-_-_-__ 510-517 PVGUERCULAIAS. 1 EUDONC TM LACED» TOC Ee a ee cies nel 499 imports— : AeA, PORE i ie he etal: Bethets oo) olsen ieee 798 a aes ee. Gal Sais eee ee 766 Mmupire,. cause 01 spread: of -WeeGS. 2. i eee 212 imterchange to prevent, shortage. «0... eee ae be ie 40 low-grade, weed-seed mixtures, and adulterants, inefliciency of im- eee eRe) ES): er ne oe a ees | ea eee SS hepess ce | 499 NSTON’S SUNDIY, SLALIStICAl CAER, SOUR OC ai aiane Bia einige ob thn leek 497 planting and sowing annually in United States, total tonnage______ 497 procuring, storing, and furnishing to farmers______________________ 17 vegetable— effect of war on prices, production and supply___--_-_______ 529-530 Sources and production, Giscussion-i2. 225 0018 -- e 529-532 Seedsmen, experienced, accomplishments in seed improvement and pro- Si i ae i ae ea ee ee 499-501 Self-feeders, use by pig-club champion, results obtained________________ 73 Serbia— Soe OS, a ae eet ee 476 erponcuon, 1930-1911 | nica else ties seeing ust, oul eu elt 271 OTe Se a a a a a oT eres coe. 464 Sewer rat. See Rat, brown. Sheep— and intensive farming, article by F. R. Marshall_________-______ 311-320 breeders’ associations in several States_________________--_______ 597-603 See racic, IN CNUMeravions..__. + 25 ie ee ee 427-428 clubs, boys’ value in study of sheep habits and care______________ 316-317 maemnamen. 2 slaughter, nNumbO@Pss.jacieeteel i 2) ooh bo Be 746 Tot 2OCke. Se DADSION OVStAC! CB. ee teh eee 316-317 imports— Peroris wun prices, 1805—1917_____...._-._._._ os. eee ee ee 736 0 a ae Te ee 759 grazing, National Forests— Vk 9 Sa nnn eemncnress SS AMSG be) 6 PEE 81 wearers, Itc iol’, rates, e6@.2. 202.645) ssebedeee e 752, T55—-T5T increase, unfavorable comparison with wool-consumption demands. 401-402 industry— decline in western range States, and increase in farm States___ 311 Increase, 1918, over 1917, probabilities__.._.....__. = 2 ssi __ 320 spec ee enwenter.. numbers... _ ela — ae 746 killing by dogs, inadequacy of cempenes ion, and need of better legis- VG NE Os er | 317, 318 S44 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Sheep—Continued— Page, losses Caused by poisonous weeds on ranges, 1916 cee mwwe wren 20T numbers— and value’ on farma@.ic. ou toate ori Babs Clie 734, 735 and variation in number in United States__......___ sss 427-428 Argentina, Australia, India, Africa, ete_____ ae bee (aeey ss!) WL) 430-432, in..WOrld, Dip COMMER OU ihe ei ee le ce oe 401—404, TO9-713 on farms, United States, census reports and estimates, 1840-1918 ___—s-—- 402 prices— ; and wool, 1867-1938 qo scii 8 a ss ee 421-422 principal markets, 19123-10172. . FU Pe eee 84 soy bean, value comparison with other crops____________________ 103-104 Silk— imports— NRGT 191 See te he ae teary) ee 780 TOEE-2OT Forlorn les eh a Oe 794 Statistics 222. oc ses Bt) ONL Bee) Se ee 759 yew, world - pro@uction..---2-<..-b<.- tea) a ee 706 Silos— erection -and-use in ‘Mississippi,-1012 i ly he Dh ee 306 recommendation to Mississippi farmers, and early opposition__-_____~ 3806 Sirup— cane / production, 1900-5. 2. -9-22 114-2 SAN ON eee 459 exports, ‘statisties._. 0S. = ee Bn eens oe 774 See also Glucose. Sirups— preparation. Chemistry Bureau~ worke. 2203.24 io) eo Uh 84 preparation methods, work of Chemistry Bureau____~-----------_-~-- +4 Sisal grass— ' imports— © NOR PE ie wcee on ce ALTA oI 8k RI SPIE Sanh eh ye oT. oe 781 41914-3997. . Origin 6 os) SE a ote hes Bs 2 797 re CIS ery oe eS eed ee ie BO a ib es Re ee eee 761 Skins— ‘ consumption— . . Percentnee OF TrOGeCtion = 2 on ee ee ee 444 TERE CCH Ce hn ties my pr eee su. 442-445 - Index. 815 Skins—Continued— exports— Page. statistics.__§.... ‘ ; Sere: bs teers St: ae 768 Uiited. States. o. sshices us. shins wm sol eee 440-—ee imports— pT 9 ES 7 by ne a oe PS oY AE eae oe -Js.42ch SSeS TS 1914-1917, origin... ___-- _.__. 795, 796 ee OR I a =. scree 760 international movement, remarks ~~~ -—_- phincsidh sb ecntvatiieeel 439 pigs, deer, and alligator, note bales Soa Mi had) a Ane Pek ee 434 prices, course in United States. ......-..<=.--_-_---. _...._._. 445-446 production, discussion... 2 ie PROTESTS ee production, foreign trade, supply, and consumption (with hides), Oe og gd On gi OFS Ce ha EE Sr aS en < 425-446 See also Hides. Slag— Gereeturneace, Utilization. oo ee SOT Ned nk, UI 259 BerCe Of DOUSDINOLIC HCl... = pee aie ee 178, 182-183 Slaughterhouse— wastes— pownce-o€: fertilingt >) 6S ee ae SS 255 wee ane Walmer Fert rn ee See Se 142 oe pn Mig. ceed enedentniete tah aL 2 EPS oe lied! fos |, SAS MR Lee 484 Smuts— cereal control measures and work _..__--------------- ». SA A ee 486-490 Geren), Varieties, losses. LrOil, CtC oe ee, nee 483-484 prevention, work of specialists, Plant Industry Bureau____--_---~~- 31, 75 mms BLOCH, exports, NimiietiCe: | 2% - ois 2 ct Os a oe 768 Social organizations, assistance in developing cooperation_________-_____~ 388 Soda nitrate. See Nitrate sodium. 2 Sodium nitrate. See Nitrate sodium. nt eereree shore ys en rs ee SRB ee be OP Se ee 85 ONT gg SCRE Te de hs 2, aT an 1938 . 27 Se 104 Soils Bureau— laboratory -work on nitrogen ‘fixation. =2 2225 oro ats Ee 146 ce a ene oan ee ae et on re ee ee eee 85-86 Soja bean. See Soy bean. Sire work 1 1017, SUimmary 2s es ee 64-65 Se. cer ener orn Nef a i SS ee ee 284 Sorghums— grain, value in dry-land agriculture, seed use for year, and rate___ 514-515 varieties, value for forage in Great Plains region----_-------~--~-~ 514-516 South Africa, British— seep, numbers, 1904, 19132=5--22--=-~-----2=--++5+---==-2=52==—— 403 M@Ul @£ DOT... se a a nt ee 413 South America, wool production, 1916, per cent of world’s total_-___-_-_- 405 South Carolina— cannabis and peppers, growing for drug market-------------~.-__-- 171 phosphate Geposite_- <= - --------- __ 178, 179, 180 South, conditions favoring cattle industry__-~~--~~--~--------~-------- 330-331 South Dakota— cooperative campaign against ground squirrels___--------------~~ 227-230 forest areas, national, June 30, 1917_-----------------------+-=---- 753 prairie dog extermination__-_-_~___------------------------------- 231 South— growth of beef-cattle industry____------------------------------ 327-340 peanut growing and industries___------------------------- ad 113-125 Southern mountain district suitable for cheese making, description.___ 147-149 Southern States— food production increase _----__---_--~------------ i is 6 Oooo special efforts to increase food production_----~~---~---~--._--~_~-~ 10-11 swine industry improvement by pig-club work__----~- 374-376, 378, 379, 383 watermelon-seed production _-._---_--~- ne ete ante nae 534 Soy bean— advantages as crop __--------------------------------------4-+--- 102 historical notes, commercial importance, etc_-------~------------ 101-102 introduction, cultivation and uses in United States__..-.--------~- 102-111 $46 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Soy bean—Continued— oil, imports— Page. 3034-1037, OF1g0D 8 sila clestheteniamee geass as OS TOT ld) i, ee eee Te ee ee Ee TS atimetnkess, tilt as ae uses in Orient, value and extent __________ ast ee od 2 hi cecil 101 varieties for food and for fornge.if) 2 Se tte ee 103 | a a ce ae en NM re 103 Soy beans— acreage in 1917, and number of States producing_________________ 523-524 dried, production and 1000 . UEC s mesemetintinn eee bts he ee 107 green, food Use, TOCIDOR nib i ee i ot ee 108 proposed export from Manchuria, and influence on demand and [Og 5, Ee ae ee Se ee ee 524 Soy sauce— industry, magnitude in' Janan and China... - e S 110 FOCIDS: DM EMPC CI Te oes aie went eee 109-110 Soya bean, See Soy bean. Soy-bean— cheese, nature, preparation and use ..............--~. =.=... ieee 109 industry— in the United States, article by W. J. Morse____-___-___--___ 101-111 MOGGIDITITION 8 a ei ee ee ee nee eee ee 110-111 milk, nature, preparation and food uses___________..--.-.-..<. 108-109 AE OLR, 1: Ry ic TT Ei a ee com ieee 111 sproute,: feod use, preparation. 2... xb et Sicha eee 110 Spain— gonte: DUOMO oh ees tg TU, PS a Ore 431 wheat— SOTGRSS TOC LOE ne seats ceded lenin ic d ash ottetedainns +25 abit 463 See MD 10) See ns as ames ea eee PY Se) 469 dpnmorts, -2O0B— 100 Gand ts oF ot eee ee C ee 475 production, \1900-JONT.. us 34262 2 3 Lt eee See 471 Spanish peanuts— composition, comparison with Virginia type_____-__--___---_-_-_=___ 291 le emer Smee ETN ee. 291 Sharrew club, value of work, note... ee 243 Sinices. -inopor ts, :stetisblesscas 6s. se ie ee 766 Spinach— mrickiy..seed ‘pawing: J ADAD. <= — iss wee ee 533 seed, requirements, sources, and possibilities__._._._._______-_-_-_-__-__-- 533 Sprays, materials for..investigations ease ern eee 67 Spring-wheat seed, cooperation in securing for drought-stricken section, price eine: ete. ee 505-506 Ganill, use ages ehise eo eee eee 251 Stallions— donations to Government for Army remount breeding__----_____~ 344-345 Government, breeding records .-=— 2 ee ee 349-350 Inferior, :ecfiiect: We Pim ees hWnd 353 remount-breeding work, assignment to various localities_________- 345-348 sires for Army horses, descriptions of Government-owned animals_ 342-345 Standards— mrs Bhs, iG Y uePENn. CHUNEROSETLLC: NETIC a re eee 484 mea INCAE . SYGOEITATOSS. GAEL NUON nn 490-494 Index. 847 Page. Sting, O. C., article on “ The world’s supply of wheat "’.......------- 461-480 Stock— judging, work by young people__ ws nse ibd tpi Secstiapdle cxsitelilansei san sheen ti 380 men, horse raising for Army, terms, etc___- nieve - STOCKBERGER, W. W., article-on “ Production of drug-plant crops in the AL. «OCI esi dees it caecisaigh ge canadien este oe dereeciess ACO-LIO Storage houses, United States capacity increase since 1587 cb tienleteteaaierds 364 Strawberries— Pi | a 4 inh caicopape al 588 el aie as he GS sh: ee a BPR Ee ‘saniiiagindsTaengithie as lealeaaaala 588 Stripe rust— ee gh eg RRS 2 ras I Scie pi aN a PESO A ET Ke ERG big y 2s | 4 ah RE SR eS el aN Pe ee a a Strychnin, use against rats, preparation and management____ Saosin tana 250 Sudan grass, popularity, comparison with Johnson grass_____--_-____- 516 Sugar, beet— . Ce tele opm css Mon i Be) a Le Ene WS ae» seen eo ed 691 production, growth, and distribution of industry __-_----------~~- 456-458 See also Beets, sugar. Sugar— consumption— THOTEB SC, DEAL bee, LAT aha cree oceanside vb ip pnahneennttnsel tae 448 United States, 1911-1915, and per capita and family use___-- 447, 448 cost per year, average family, comparison with flour and potatoes. 447-448 domestic and foreign, production and supply sources, 1911—1915___ 449-450 exports— 1 ES (9 i eS One TELE Eye OAT OST aE 779 8 0 a 5, aS NILE se AAR 1 3k od 3 y RE 695 RA) 8 is i i iL SARE S ENS SRS RE ERS. YTS Ree STS eee 774 family consumption, comparison with flour and potatoes__________ 447, 448 grape, production and value, 1914, exports, 1917_------_-_-_-----_-~ 459460 imports— Bot So rar a eae ie Cael! Ns on te Pera 2B. a RR REE Cy Sea 781 ie Sak AI a Os | © RR Rt SL aR IIE ep eee RR a cheacedae a gelesen 798 LP hs Li a Sec Bea Al PGR LIM AN ane PERS EE aie AMR NE PETS 766 OES SR UN he ote al Co ee Soe kee a Seen = neo 448, 459 mills, increase and improvement in Louisiana, and nuimber, 1545, ope i RR EER ls FE io ne PE: aE Ra Nap >: 448-449 Braces, woorceale, in New. Tork, JUt2-ii 7 694 production, exports, and prices, United States and dependencies___ 691—700 refineries, distribution in United States, capacity, and production___ 458 statistics, production, exports, and prices____---------~- {oe cee 691-700 supply— eerameeret, OE PUPIL COUT POLO UCL CONN no a me 459460 United States, article by Frank Andrews___—--~--------_-~--~ 447-460 ee TR SY se at a ee ees Re 895—100 transportation, tonnage on railways, 1914-1916______-__-___-_-_-_____ 748 ETON), SERTAS LION Lio i ae 696-700 See also Honey. Sulphuric acid, use in manufacture of acid phosphate____--_----_-----~-- 181 Swarming, bee colonies, prevention and control for honey increase__ ~~~ 399 Sweden— ~ wheat— ; ee See EE ee Se 464 eS el Re ARR ee I) ES Soe ABE 2 Pe Ena 475 a 5 ll a ad A ES es ae pa Ie 471 Sweet clover, species, value, demand increase, distribution, ete__._-___- 520-521 Sweet potatoes— a de ae a PSS SF Lee ae 662-664 ee I eee 663-664 Po ian!) ig lee cgi” i nes byermneen ST Ss 46 statistics, including acreage, production, value, prices, ete_--_---~ 662-664 Sweet sorghum, distribution, cerservation of seed, etec__._._-._.--------- 515-516 Swine Growers’ Association, National, officers_____--------------+-_-_- 596 Swine— industry and pig clubs, article by J. D. McVean___--------------- 3871-384 pe ECM oy hOB Mio: |) ee ae ae sa 709-713 S48 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. Swine—Continued— Page. specialist, work in organization of pig clubs ______~ TS oe ee 381 Ot 0, a ee ee re aa eS 743-745 Switzerland— wheat— across, ' 1000-1R1T... .. 2. Se ee Se lic ae 463 inmmorts; 1000-1016. <2 = = oe ee ere weap ng ee 475 production, ‘TR0O—10ll ee eee ae ie eee 471 Tankage— composition, and use as feed and fertilizer____ ns ee eee use as hog feed, increase In-BRentacky2. eS eee 374 Tanning’ material,’ koports: Steatietiote 22S ore a eee 762 Tea— exports: and price et ee eee 700-701 imports— (Sy Qe Sr Se Sere ase eh 781 901421017; (Orit ee a eee 798 A218 Se weds tth, © Bl aia ae ek Ba a EE ea 766 prices, wholesale, on New York markets_.._..___"=_-_* __-<_- eee TOL statistics. experte and ‘prices... 2-1. See ee JTOO-TOL Teal bréeding srounds, Great. Pleing=.- oe es ee eee 198, 199 Teamwork between the farmer and his agent______-__-__~- LAN an 321-325 ‘Tertis ‘breeding grounds: Great Pining | ee eee 199, 200 Testing dairy cows, work of cow-testing associations__________-___-___~_ 361-362 eats, lumber, in’ Foreéti Products Leboratory——_-- 2. - ee 82 Texas— cattle-breeding reputation, change of breeds, ete__---._--_--_---_-_-_ 328-329 eotton farm, labor, seasonal distribution, graph ~__---------_----- 546 El Paso, International Farm Congress, and exhibits___.__-__.__-_---~ 66 farmers * number, TOeth Tomi ee ees 5AT pig-club work to reestablish swine industry__----_--____-_-__________ 375 pink bollworm introduction and ;ravages______________________- 56-57, 59 Textiles, cleaning mamas, studies... > eee 95 Tenatitry, Tarm, studi =o eee a eee 65 Tennessee— Enorvilics (wowed el rest rook: wa ce eee 219 mountain region suitable for cheese making, map___-_--_-__-_-_-___-_- 147 TIOREITINCUD URE eee ices ie eran 178, 179, 180: Thistles, seed introduction, and damages caused by_----------------- 211, 213 THompson, H. C., article on “ Present status of the peanut industry ”’_ 113-125 Thrashing peanuts, practices and suggestions_______________________— 115-116 Tick, cattle— eradication in South; progress, 1906-1917. ee ee 339-340 eradication: “Wik, DTUrr ei eee 34-35, 73 whisen cost of trope, licremes ly Weeds nn eae aes 206 Timber— eut, National Woretigs 100 en eee eee 80 exports— TORT ee ee et re eee ee 784 FOE S—191 T. Cr eee 794 Prue Ln gi ie ie i tat Rs atte teats Aap a PhP ee a ay ER tS 771 National Forests, use and sales, 1912-1917__-------- RSA OS AE TE os 752 Timothy— ar Uieter Darvest Cates, “ie ae eee growth for hay grass, acreage alone, and with clover mixtures_____ seed— Hii 2 iis iat MMi acon aeae bp teal a wind a lasiane( ae oo On asi i et oe eee Peroni wer tn. ee he Se 38S—41, 75 world ;eatimetes, 1900-1016 i 461 regions, labor, Seasonal distribution, graphs___-__-_-_-_-__-__-_--_--~-~- 545 seed— amount required for 1917, acreage, and rate per acre____--__~~- 504 1918, influence of weather conditions, 1916-1917______________- - fies seeding and harvesting, labor requirements______----___--_-_-~~ 539, 540 spring— cooperation in securing seed for spring-wheat belt, price fixing, ee ee eee a ee ee 5 ee a, a ne ee. 5D4, 555 standards, promulgation, use, and results____________.-=..----_~_- 54, 55 statistics, including acreage, yield, values, exports, prices, etc___. 612-623 ee ge Ry 1) a ee Sr 484 supply and distribution 1908-1917 . 05... spt 477AT8 trade. international, effect of war__....- +5: 206, so5 ss ee ee 475478 winter seeding dates, Mape..._- ei a Eee 590-551 World -crop, statistics... ....isasaueennalbteesex> nase 612-613 world’s supply, article by 0..C. Stine...242) <<. ee 461480 Whey, value as feed for hogs and increased demand___________-_-----~-~- 151 Whisky— CX TOCYON, * OL aE ee atid este sss eb eee 772 imports, Stati stots oct as) ccngetirewe 3th pee ne onsite oe ene 764 Waite clover, value. OP. le Wii ois te sei ee Se ss eee 519-520 White Mountain forest areas, and Appalachian______-____-_-_-_-----~--- 754 Whitman, Walter, pig-club champion, results of work_________--------- 378 Wit, ‘bacterial, .qucuiahel-somiteh <= sh es tigi se V7 Wines, imports, statistics. 2 ee ee ee ne. eee ee 764 Women— clubs, workin’ éétablishing rest ‘rooms... .......... L252) es 217-219 labor utilization in cotton picking, fruit picking, ete_____-__-_---+_--. 539 rest rooms in marketing centers, articles by Anne M. Evans__-_-_-_~- 217-224 work as war cmergoney, agentes... 3 ee 21 wrk. in food conservatite. 2.) 38 ec ct el eee 21, 24-25 Wood— exports— 19%4=101T, destitiation..< =e Sa ee 793-794 soir ei ie =k Fk I en oe ae T70-771 imports— 4014-907 origin. 3 2 oe eee Rae 799 tek tiebleg 2 ee eS a, te eee 762-763 Wood pulp— erports and iroperte statistics... 5 eee TOT imports— WR OIT oe lh a oe eth pene 785 9914-0077; Dele cots Ss es cea eee 799 iis ee eweeeene eae ease 763 Woodland products, marketing studies______._._-__.---_--___-----____---..- §2 Index. 853 Wool— Page. me aT ws TION ics carcy vain snow eng ust och ens le adiaim eunecbieinandieieiaem at ee 408 domestic, exports, and countries exporting._......-----___-_-_--_- 412-416 exports— and imports, 1909-1916, by countries_................--.______ 742 POR RNID cates cis a bes civndaeeachsnoine do cn thera ir head ena d'be Soot heliatmninseneec eee eet . —-— farm production, conditions governing, income source from sheep -” ER sas es ln a _....-. 8138-814 « foreign trade, consumption, pounds, per capita of production and i plies tke SCOR ee Se mae Growers Association, National, officers... . sine Soe 506 ai Se ew, Ni a ee nse oe Oe Sane 597-603 j imports— ( 0 RS Se Se er eee Lane TSO ET To eR a 6 Ee ee eR noms eras 795 percentage of production and supply_-___-_-u-.---___--_---_.__ 411 eta GL Es bg (a ee ony Ms SC 408S—1409 PI chic Ss ceathctaso saltisinahn socials oes Saeco mile Mt alicia el eS an a nasncin 760 surplus over exports, percentage of production and consump- a oe clas sn a oc ace eo Svan ed IP nied 416-417 (Api sg et: Se A wea Lk NTS cel ee eee 409-411 in hands of dealers and manufacturers, Dee, 31, 1917 ____ RL. 422-423 influence of war prices on production____-____-----_____-___~ mp National supply, 1875-1884, 1905-1914, 1915, 1916_____ he ia an iscsi 412 ee CMR UDR TEL ESUCAUDURE cnc Ss ca it es ted cet ees Ali th ti kienton an eee ge 412 prices— Bnd “sheen, 1A Clie ko ee eee a ee 421-422 at principal markets, 1912-1917, by months___________-____-__- 738-741 production— , any prices. by States, 1GiG—1i Ges... 66 cents rf BRT eencese 07 SUDDL 650 a ee eee 407-408 PiLGG tr Wear GONGIT ONG: oh ace ee eee isin ee teen nt 423-424 foreign trade, supply, and consumption, article by George K. CC” i oneness. ee LA ens ee ee ev 401-424 DED Papitese. PepvigtiOn. « 6c) os ee es oe 407 United States; various dates,-1840-fOlt.. 2... 2. 406 transportation, tonnage on railways, 1914—-1916____________________ 748 use and value in conservation of body heat, comparison with cotton_ 401 ge oe i ce apa ee). AUR SRC tak Sete 406-407 world “production, 1901-1906, 1908-1916, estimates, and decline, CMOS os 28 OE i a Sree en nae men Pe TEN es Wyoming— ee, areas. Mational, June 30. 1917 23... en ee eee 753 Ree Oued Wy POOCHTS: 26 ok 22 ER le a ees eee eh Re O. 178 Draerie-og Extermination... ..--+.--..-_- ee eee ee 231 0) Sag MB een |, eh Se a ee eee a SANS SS 774 O S U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 21 Yearbook of agriculture A35 1917 cop.3 Biological & Medical] Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET seen saeesnetertnessnen se idee sania UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY hs <0 and ints 4 psi is S a r