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JAMES WILSON

Secretary of Agriculture
» 16897-1913 @
Born August 161835 ~ Died August'26,1920

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‘ UNITED STATES
( DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

YEARBOOK 1920

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1921

Organization of U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Corrected to March 10, 1921.

Secretary of Agriculture, HENRY C. WALLACE.

Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, E. D. Batt.

Administrative Assistant, H. F. Firts.

Private Secretary to the Secretary, W. A. Jump.

Solicitor, RoperT W. WILLIAMs.

Director of Information, Hartan SMITH.

Chief Clerk, R. M. REEsE.

Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics, Henry C. TAYLor,
Chief.

Weather Bureau, CHARLES F. Marvin, Chief.

Bureau of Animal Industry, JoHN R. MouLeER, Chief.

Bureau of Plant Industry, Wim.1am A. Tay or, Plant Physiologist and
Pathologist, and Chief.

Forest Service, WILLIAM B, GREELEY, Forester and Chief.

Bureau of Chemistry, Carn L. AtsBErRG, Chemist and Chief.

Bureau of Soils, Mitton WHITNEY, Soil Physicist and Chief.

Bureau of Entomology, L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief.

Bureau of Biological Survey, EDwarp W. NELson, Biologist and Chief.

Division of Accounts and Disbursements, A. ZAPPONE, Chief and Dis-
bursing Clerk.

Division of Publications—including Press Service, Offices of Exhibits,
Motion Pictures, ete—Joun L. Copss, Jr., Chief.

Bureau of Crop Estimates, L. M. Estasroox, Statistician and Chief.

States Relations Service, A. C. True, Director.

Bureau of Public Roads, THomas H. MACDONALD, Chief.

Bureau of Markets, GEorGE Livineston, Chief.

Insecticide and Fungicide Board, J. K. Haywoop, Chairman,

Federal Horticultural Board, C. L. MAriarr, Chairman,

Librarian, CLARTBEL R. BARNETT,

ae L. C. Everarp, S

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Corps

_—

MORE COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE.

AN A NATION we have always stood on our own feet
and felt ourselves masters of our own destiny. Our
immense and varied natural resources have enabled us to °
maintain this position and have justified this feeling. It is
largely because of our confidence in the sufficiency and per-
manency of these resources that we have been in the past and
are now able to look the future calmly in the eye and go on
our way steadily improving the quality of our national life.
We have always been able to look beyond the frontier of cul-
tivation to new and untouched fields ready to supply the
landless farmer with a homestead and to meet the growing
demands of the country for food, clothing, and shelter. That
untouched reserve has about disappeared. We have another
reserve, however, as vast as that which lay before the
pioneers in the old days. It is the grain and meat, the wool
and the wood, the thousand and one other products of field
and forest that we can add to our store by applying more in-
tensively on the farm and in the forest the scientific prin-
ciples and methods that come forth from laboratory, sample
plot, and experimental farm. As the days go by we learn
more and more the underlying causes of success in agricul-
ture, we perfect methods for applying the new discoveries,
we reduce more and more the element of chance and guess-
work, we grow in knowledge of how to get more and better
crops from the land and how to market them where they will
do the most good. The answer to the problem of both pro-
ducer and consumer lies in the extension of our efforts in
these directions, in the use and distribution of what we have
on the basis of more complete knowledge, and in putting the
idle land to work and making all the land work to better
purpose. In times of short crops the chief concern is whether
production can be stimulated sufficiently to supply the na-
tion’s needs; when the crop is long, marketing becomes the
paramount question. Temporary causes for these conditions
and temporary remedies to meet the crises produced will
5

6 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

probably never be eliminated. In the long run, however,
more complete knowledge of production and marketing,
emanating from scientific and unbiased agencies, will goa
long way toweel solving the problems of producer and con-
sumer alike. The key with which to open the door to better ae
conditions may take any one of a number of forms, but it
must be cast chiefly from the metal of Agricultural Science

LG: Heel

CONTENTS.

fanemwvedr in-Acriculture: 2-8) 22 EH. T. Meredith
European Corn Borer in American Corn_______ W. R. Walton
seience Seeks the Farmer____________________ L. C. Everard
Home Demonstration Bears Fruit in the South_O. B. Martin
Ola Powell
iMmnmmmerour Markets) Ole Pes oe ee W. A. Wheeler
Frank George
Smmamtcratne Nationa s = 222 s8 1 go he epee W. B. Greeley
Conserving Our Wild Animals and Birds_______ EB. A. Goldman
PemeaLasites and, Thumps -2-- ~~. ._-____.— B. H,. Ransom
Sueakins of the Weather_______- = J.W. Smith
Marnethe Irrigation Harmer _______=-.-____-__.- Samuel Fortier
Papepuorus im Mertilizer 22° 2 W. H. Waggaman
imi ang the Remedy_-2---—___--____ J. R. Mohler
Killing Boll Weevils with Poison Dust_________ B. R. Coad
Hariiernely from. the’ Birds... > W.L. McAtee
Helping Landless Farmers to Own Farms______ L. C. Gray
Hontines Down istock Killers__.__-__~________-. W.. B. Bell
Pieweost Of a Bushel of Wheat —_________. -_ _.— F.W. Peck
How the Public Forests are Handled__________ H. A. Smith
from scrips to Quality Stock .-________2_- D.S. Burch
Diba So ane ed el A ee a H.S. Fairbank
Hismwdren of standardization_____________-__ H.W. Samson
Bemaaecour rotash 2 12) et W. Ross
Flowering and Fruiting of Plants as Controlled
PeeebenethiOL Day... sss W. W. Garner
H. A. Allard
Cows That Make the Income Climb____________ J.C. McDowell
Pere eerenste SOUL SUTVEY 22. C. H. Seaton
Gumtturto. the Hodents___________________.___ W.B. Bell
aiune Wood Waste to Work=________________ S. T. Dana
Sherrer shipmen. Hrnest Kelly
Pease warm Mamilies..._.__._______--§______ Helen W. Atwater
Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs Enrich Country life_____ C. B. Smith
G. E. Farrell
The Farmer’s Interest in Foreign Markets____- BE. G. Montgomery

C. L. Luedtke
c

Page.

OS i ee on
= tai thks Pare sas cm ao

8 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. ie

Appendix: ;
Agricultural Colleges in the United States__---___ ee
Agricultural Experiment Stations____-_-_----------- ea 50"

: . State Officers in Charge of Cooperative “Agticnléaral: Exten-

sion Works To eee
State Officials in Charge of -Agriculture__- sa
State Forestry Departments, Forestry | Extension Specialists,
and Forest Schools =. 1 ae
Live-Stock AbepcGiahons = 2 ee a
_. Statistics of Grain Crops, 1920... oa ae
Statistics of Crops Other Than Grain Crops___.=-----__ ae
Lave Stock" 19202202 * 3 Se ee
Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products_____-_-4. 4
Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics _-_-_._--_-_-----__ ee
Mndex 220" 5s). _b_ Bake aan ee eee
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‘ a7

THE SECRETARYS REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT

Wasuineton, D. C., November 15, 1920.

Smr: The farmers of America have again justified the
faith of the Nation in their ability to meet its requirements
of food, feed, and raw materials for clothing. They have
produced this year, in the face of enormous difficulties, the
largest harvest in the history of American agriculture, with
a single exception. The combined yield of the 10 principal
crops is 13 per cent above the average for the five years pre-
ceding the outbreak of the World War.

The corn crop of 3,199,000,000 bushels is unprecedented,
representing more than four-fifths of the world’s production.
The sweet-potato crop of 106,000,000 bushels is the largest
ever produced and far in excess of that of any other year
except 1919. The rice crop of 52,000,000 bushels is one-
fourth greater than the largest crop ever before harvested.
The tobacco crop of 1,476,000,000 pounds considerably ex-
ceeds any previous yield. The sugar-beet crop is more than
one-third larger than the largest ever before recorded. The
grain sorghum crop of 149,000,000 bushels is 18 per cent
above that of 1919, which was itself a record crop. The
potato crop of 421,000,000 bushels has been exceeded only
once, and then by a very narrow margin. The oat crop of
1,444,000,000 bushels has been exceeded only three times, and
the tame hay crop of 88,000,000 tons only twice. The apple
crop of 236,000,000 bushels has been exceeded only once, in

9

10 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

1914. The yields of wheat, barley, buckwheat, peaches, pea-
nuts, edible dried beans, flaxseed, and cotton are slightly be-
low the average, but they, nevertheless, represent an enormous
volume in the aggregate. The number of all classes of live
stock on farms, although less than the number in 1919, ex-
ceeds by 18,214,000 the average for the five years preceding
the outbreak of the European war.

Many Obstacles Encountered.

These remarkable results were achieved under conditions
which were decidedly disheartening at planting time. The
farmers were confronted with an unusual number of ob-
stacles, and many of them were formidable. The spring was
late and cold and wet, threatening to restrict the crop acre-
age and making it uncertain whether seed would rot in the
ground or whether those which germinated would reach ma-
turity. In only 4 years of the last 37 was the progress of
plowing, up to May 1, so backward as in 1920. With this
initial handicap and with the prevailing uncertainty regard-
ing weather conditions during the growing season, the
farmers were discouraged. They saw no hope of a reduc-
tion in the prices of fertilizers, machinery, and supplies,
which had increased greatly since 1914. In addition, the
labor supply was approximately 37 per cent short, and
wages had risen to such a point in 1919 that the farmers were
appalled at the thought of paying still higher wages in 1920.
Many of the men who entered the military and naval services
and war industries did not return to farm work. Wages in
all industries, in trade and in transportation, increased so
rapidly that their lure became irresistible to many laborers
who had thus far remained on the farm, and they, too, were
carried with the current to urban centers. Altogether, in the
spring of 1920 the American farmers were confronted with
the most difficult situation they had ever experienced.

The accompanying tables show at a glance the results of the
year’s agricultural operations, so far as the statistics are
availble, and indicate also the extent to which farm products
have entered into our foreign trade.

11

Report of the Secretary.

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16 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Estimated production of meat and wool.

[The figures are in round thousands, i. e., 000 omitted.]

Product. 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1914 1909

Beef! ..Ibs..| 7,000,000 | 7,422,000 | 8,465,000 | 7,384,007 | 6,670,938 | 6,078,908 | 8, 138,000
Pork !..do.-.| 9,000,000 /11,388,000 |11, 248,000 | 8,450,148 10,587, 765 | 8,768,532 | 8, 199, 000
Mutton and

goat!.lbs..| 600,000 635, 000 537,000 491,205 633, 969 739, 401 615, 000

Total.do...|16, 600, 000 |19, 445,000 |20, 250, 000 |16, 325, 360 17, 892, 672 |15, 586, 841 |16, 952, 000

W oo! (in- | | y
cluding
pulled
wool).lbs..| 307,366 313, 160 298, 870 281,892 | 288, 490
i / he
1 Estimated for 1914-1919 by the Bureau of Animal Industry. Figures for meat production
for 1920 are tentative estimates based upon 1919 production and a compazison of slaughter
under Federal inspection for 7 months of 1920 with the corresponding 7 months in 1919.

290,192 | 289, 420

Number of live stock on farms on Jan. 1, 1910-1920.

[The figures are in round thousands, i. e., 000 omitted.]

Kind 1920 191 1917 | 1916 | 1915 914 —
ind. 2 1919 918 1914 | average
| 1910-1914

| | |, |

‘umber. |Number.|Number. |Number. |Number. |Number. |Number.

Horses.....----- 21,210 | 21,159] 21,195 | 20,962] 20,430
Mules ;.. ace 4,723| 4,593| 4,479] 4,449] 4,346
Milk cows....... 22,894 | 22,108 | 21,262| 20,737] 20,676
Other cattle... 41,689 | 39,812 | 37,067] 35,855 | 38,000
Alleattle....... 64,583 | 61,920] 58,329| 56,692| 58,676
Sheep...........- 47,616 | 48,625 | 49,956 | 49,719| 51,929
Swine. -..-.d5.. 67,503 | 67,766 | 64,618 | 58,933 | 61,865

Report of the Secretary. 17
Confronted with Falling Market.

After the farmers had completed their planting and har-
vesting operations, after they had met and solved the prob-
lems of production, they found themselves face to face with a
falling market. As a result, a situation has been brought
about which may have serious consequences, immediate and
remote, to our agriculture and to the Nation.

During all the months when the farmers were cultivating
their crops, paying for labor and supplies at unusually high
rates, the prices of agricultural commodities generally re-
mained high. In midsummer, when the farmers’ period of
outlay was nearly at an end and their income period was
about to begin, a sharp decline occurred in the prices of
practically all farm products. Covering nearly everything
the farmers had to sell, it did not materially affect the
articles they had to buy. For labor and materials used in
harvesting they were compelled to pay prices substantially
as high as those prevailing during planting and cultivation.

Shrinkage of Values.

The year’s output, produced at an abnormally high cost,
is worth, at current prices, $3,000,000,000 less than .the
smaller crop of 1919 and $1,000,000,000 less than the still
smaller crop of 1918. In other words, it is estimated that
the total farm value of all crops produced in 1920 is $13,300,-
000,000, compared with $16,000,000,000 in 1919, $14,800,000,-
000 in 1918, and $13,500,000,000 in 1917. Live stock and its
products also declined to such an extent as to cause serious
losses to producers. The best estimate that can now be made
indicates that the total value of animal products in 1920 is
$8,757,000,000, or about $200,000,000 less than in 1919.
There is probably no other industry or business that could
suffer a similar experience and avoid insolvency.

Relative Prices of All Crops.

It is interesting, in this connection, to note the relative
prices during the year of all crops grown in the United
States. On March 1 they were 22 per cent higher than on

30702°—yrnx 1920-——243**

18 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

the same date last year; on April 1, 23 per cent; on May 1,
23 per cent; on June 1, 24 per cent; on July 1, 21 per cent;
on August 1, they were the same as on August 1 a year ago;
on September 1, they were 7 per cent Jower than a year ago;
on October 1, 14 per cent lower; and on November 1, 28 per
cent lower. The prices of all crops on November 1 were 33
per cent below those prevailing when the farmer planted and
bore the cost of production.

The situation may be presented in another way, using corn,
cotton, and wool as examples. The corn crop totals 3,199,-
000,000 bushels. At November 1 prices the farmers would
receive for it approximately $1,500,000,000 less than what
it would bring on the basis of prices prevailing in November
a year ago. The cotton crop aggregates 12,123,000 bales.
At existing prices it would lack more than $1,000,000,000 of
bringing as much as it would have brought at 1919 prices.
The wool clip, including pulled wool, amounts to 307,366,000
pounds. At prices prevailing in October, 1919, it would
have brought $153,683,000, but this year, on the basis of cur-
rent prices, it would bring $84,525,650, a reduction of about
$69,000,000.

This means that the farmers of the United States, as a
whole, are not receiving adequate returns for their efforts.
It means also that the very foundation of our Nation—the
stability of our agriculture—is threatened, and that every-
thing possible must be done to prevent, or at least to lessen
the effect of, the recurrence of conditions under which large
numbers of farmers conduct their operations at a loss. The
farmer must have, under ordinary conditions, a reasonable
prospect of a fair return for his labor and the use of his
capital. The science, the art, and the business of agriculture
can not thrive unless he is suitably and profitably paid for
the products of his farm—unless he receives compensation
sufficient to enable him to continue to produce and to main-
tain for himself and his family satisfactory standards of
living.

No Single Solution for Situation.

A sober national thought with regard to the importance,
the absolute necessity, of a sustained agriculture in this
country is imperative. ‘There is, perhaps, no single solution
for the situation which the farmers are now facing, but there

——

Report-of the Secretary. 19

are many steps which can and should be taken to place our
agriculture on a more satisfactory basis and to stabilize the
business of farming, not in the interest of the farmers alone
but in the interest of the Nation as a whole. The matter is
of such tremendous importance to our entire population that
it should be recognized everywhere as a national problem
and dealt with as such.

We must adopt every feasible means to enable the farmer
to adjust himself to changes in economic conditions such as
have recently occurred. It ought to be a fact that, when the
farms of the country produce abundantly, the consuming
public will be liberally supplied with food at reasonable
prices, the farmer taking his profit because of large produc-
tion and the consumer receiving his increment of benefit
from having available an adequate supply at a reasonable
cost. In general, we should expect it to be true that the
farmer’s ‘condition is improved in direct proportion to the
number of bushels of wheat or corn or the number of bales
of cotton he produces. It frequently happens, however, that,
when all farmers have extraordinarily good crops during the
same year, low prices leave him worse off than he has been in
other years with short crops and high prices. One thing
that would help to remedy this is some means of carrying
over to periods of low production, wherever feasible, the
surplus from years of high production. More attention to
marketing and the development of the latent consumption
demand in years of large supply also would be helpful.

Study of World Conditions.

The Department of Agriculture has been fully alive to
the existing situation and has been keeping in close touch
with market conditions, ready at all times to render any
feasible aid in reducing the losses suffered by farmers on
account of the price declines. The drop in the price of
wheat was especially sharp and it was charged, in many
quarters, that this was due to manipulation, control, or other
artificial causes, as well as to the importation of Canadian
wheat into this country. You, Mr. President, therefore,
asked the Federal Trade Commission immediately to ascer-
tain whether there was any basis for this charge, and I

20 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

understand that the commission is actively at work on the
problem. At the same time, you requested the Department
of Agriculture to obtain all available information regarding
the world supply of and demand for wheat, including the
importation of Canadian wheat and its probable effect on

Alaska Is Rich in Natural Resources.

The Department of Agriculture is giving attention to increasing crops, build-
ing up reindeer herds for meat, perpetuating the fur industry, and above all
to the development of the timber resources on the Alaskan National Forests.

the domestic market, and the department has proceeded
vigorously with this task. Recognizing, also, that the de-
pressed market situation was due, in part at least, to condi-
tions following the World War and to the lack of buying
power and decreased consumption in European countries,

Report of the Secretary. 21

a committee was appointed in the department to canvass
the entire agricultural situation with the view of collecting
all available data having any bearing upon it. These data
will enable us to see more clearly the problems that lie
ahead of us. As soon as the material can be brought together
and put in satisfactory shape, it will be published in order
that farmers may be in position to determine what the trend
in the future is likely to be and what they may do to adjust
their -operations next spring to world conditions. In this
work, the department has had the cooperation of a com-
mittee representing the agricultural colleges and experi-
ment stations and also of representatives of farmers’ organi-
zations,

Marketing Work Should Be Expanded.

We must see to it that the road between the producer and
the consumer is open and direct and that the farmers have a
free and competitive market in which to dispose of their
products. We must omit no effort to improve our marketing
machinery and practices and to furnish necessary market in-
formation to the farmer so that he may take full advantage
of modern business methods in the distribution of his com-
modities. The Bureau of Markets, created in 1913, is de-
voting its attention to the solution of the many complex
problems arising in connection with the marketing of farm
products. It is dealing, first of all, with several fundamental
steps which are essential to constructive work in this great
undeveloped field. These include particularly the accumu-
lation of fundamental data regarding marketing processes
and costs; the dissemination of accurate, disinterested
market information; the elimination, wherever practicable,
of waste and unnecessary marketing expenses; the develop-
ment of standards for the grading of farm products and the
standardization of containers; the promotion. of efficiency
in the storing, handling, and shipping of farm products; and
the regulation of marketing machinery in order to prevent
any abuses or sharp practices that may exist. Work along
these lines is being prosecuted as vigorously as possible with
the available funds and facilities, and provision has been
made in the estimates, to be submitted to the Congress at its

22 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

next session, for its further development during the next
fiscal year. If the necessary appropriation is granted, spe-
cial emphasis will be placed upon studies relating to the
costs of marketing and the systematic collection and dissemi-
nation of statistics regarding the production and supply of,
and demand for, agricultural products in foreign countries.

Costs of Marketing.

For some time it has been evident that reliable data re-
garding the costs of marketing should be gathered in order
to supplement similar data concerning the costs of produc-
tion. In fact, such data are essential to the correct under-
standing of our marketing processes and are fundamental
to the development of plans for their improvement and the
elimination of lost motion and unnccessary expenses. We
should be able to indicate, with a fair degree of accuracy, the
proportion of the consumer’s price received by the producer
and the proportion received by various marketing agencies.
Studies with reference to the cost of marketing live stock,
grain, milk, and potatoes are now under way, and it is highly
desirable that they be extended, as rapidly as possible, to in-
clude other staple agricultural commodities.

Cooperative Marketing.

The question of cooperation now occupies a prominent
place in the public mind. High distributing costs have
stimulated and increased the demand for greater efficiency
in marketing. Producers everywhere are outspoken in their
dissatisfaction with present marketing costs, which appear
to exact an unduly large share of the price paid by the con-
sumer. In their effort to reduce marketing expenses, pro-
ducers are turning in many cases toward cooperative market-
ing. The distribution of farm products through cooperative
organizations undoubtedly affords an opportunity for
farmers to make more effective use of market information,
to properly grade and market their products in commercial
quantities, to find larger outlets, and to reduce costs and in-
crease efficiency by shortening the channel between pro-
ducers and consumers. In addition to more or less localized
efforts, organizations of growers of wheat, cotton, and live

Report of the Secretary. 23

stock have recently projected movements for the develop-
ment of cooperative marketing on a broad scale.

The department recognizes fully the importance of the
cooperative movement and its potentialities for good in the
general marketing scheme, conducts investigations relating
to its status and progress, and gives assistance to specific
groups of producers who request help in the organization
and operation of cooperative enterprises. This work should
be extended and developed.

Foreign-Market Information.

Comparatively little systematic attention has been given
to the development of foreign markets for farm products, or
to obtaining and making available prompt, comprehensive,
and dependable information with reference to the produc-
tion, supply, and prices of, and demand for, agricultural
commodities in the different parts of the world. While the
Bureau of Markets has developed, to the extent permitted
by available funds, a very efficient market-reporting service
for the United States, no similar machinery for collecting
and disseminating foreign-market information has been
provided. The foreign markets division of the bureau is
endeavoring to keep in close touch with conditions abroad,
but it has neither the personnel nor the facilities for meeting
the demands made upon it. It is highly essential that defi-
nite provision be made for the building up of this branch
of the department’s work, in order that it may be in positiou
* to render effective service to producers, farm organizations,
and others. Since May, 1918, an agricultural trade com-
missioner has been stationed in the United Kingdom to study
the markets for agricultural products in Europe and to make
timely reports for the information of American producers
and exporters. The work of this commissioner has conclu-
sively demonstrated the desirability of stationing additional
commissioners at strategic points in the various markets of
the world. Plans already have been developed for the es-
tablishment of an office in Buenos Aires to aid in promoting
our trade with South America in purebred live stock.

The establishment of a world market-reporting service
will not interfere in any way with the activities of the In-

24 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

ternational Institute of Agriculture at Rome, but, on the
contrary, will effectively supplement them. The reports is-
sued by the institute are based largely on the official esti-
mates of the various adhering Governments, but many of
them are incomplete or are received too late to be of imme-
diate practical service to producers and others in this coun-
try. They are, nevertheless, highly useful for historical and
comparative purposes. The work of the institute was
greatly interfered with during the war, but, following the
meeting of the general assembly in Rome on November 3, it
is anticipated that it will resume active operations. After
the death of Mr. Dayid Lubin, the delegate of the United
States, this country was without representation at the insti-
tute for nearly two years. This was due to the fact that the
amount allowed for salary and expenses, $3,600 per annum,
made it impossible to secure a man with the right sort of
training and experience who would be willing to undertake
the work permanently. At the suggestion of this depart-
ment, the Secretary of State has recommended that the sal-
ary of the delegate be increased to $7,500 per annum, and
that provision be made for the payment of his traveling and
miscellaneous expenses and for the employment of a secre-
tary.
Combine Marketing and Crop-Estimating Work.

I have recommended in the estimates to the Congress that
authority be given to consolidate the Bureau of Crop Esti-
mates and the Bureau of Markets. I have been influenced.
to take this course by a number of important considerations.
The first is that each of the bureaus, in accomplishing the
important work with which it is charged, needs the addi-
tional strength that could be brought to it by some portion
of the machinery of the other. In the second place, the
legal duties of the two overlap in some directions, and there
is a natural and inevitable tendency for each bureau to
duplicate a portion of the other’s work. This tendency
would be eliminated by the proposed consolidation, and con-
fusion in the public mind as to the division of work be-
tween the two bureaus would be avoided. Furthermore,
crop and market reports could be published together, and
farmers and business men would have all the facts in one

Report of the Secretary. 25

document. The leased telegraph wires of the Bureau of
Markets could be utilized for transmitting crop information
to Washington and for its prompt dissemination. In some
States, the branch offices of the two bureaus could be brought
together in the same quarters, and frequently the same crop
and live-stock specialists could serve both bureaus, not only
in this country but abroad. The operating forces of the two
organizations could be combined, as well as the duplicating
and mailing services and the staffs dealing with the purchase,
custody, distribution, and utilization of supplies. Specialists
working along statistical and economic lines in both bureaus
could be brought together in a statistical research division to
handle statistics of production, consumption, imports and
exports, surpluses and deficiencies, and farm and market
prices of agricultural products for all countries. In short,
the proposed consolidation is in line with good administra-
tion and efficiency in the public service and should be put
into effect without delay.

Crop and Live-Stock Reporting Service.

No problem can be satisfactorily considered, nor can any
business be permanently successful, without accurate and
complete statistics. Agriculture is the greatest business and
the most fundamentally important industry in the United
States, not only because of the amount of capital invested,
the number of people employed, and the new wealth created
annually, but because it supplies the Nation’s food, fur-
nishes vast quantities of raw materials for the manufacture
of clothing and other necessary commodities, and contributes
largely to the export trade of the country.

The Bureau of Crop Estimates, through more than half
a century of experience, has developed and perfected methods
for ascertaining and verifying many of the essential statis-
tical facts of farm production. It is operating during the
present fiscal year under the serious handicap of inadequate
funds and reduced personnel, in the face of a constantly in-
creasing demand for the services it is designed to render.
Its appropriations were reduced by $53,000 at the last session
of the Congress, necessitating the discontinuance of the spe-
cial reporting service for cotton, tobacco, rice, potatoes,

26 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
i g ;

truck, and fruit crops. Not only should this service be re-
stored, but, as the demand for agricultural statistics, espe-
cially in connection with marketing problems, is steadily in-
creasing, the time has come when an expansion of the ma-_
chinery of the bureau is urgently needed. The data col-
lected by the 1920 census will soon be available as bases for
crop and live-stock estimates during the next 10 years, and
the expansion should be provided for without delay. The
crop and live-stock reporting service should be greatly en-

Press Representatives Waiting for the Release of a Crop Report.

larged; farm surpluses should be ascertained periodically,
and essential data should be published more promptly and
in such form that they may be readily understood and
utilized. Estimates of the funds required to enable the de-
partment to accomplish these purposes will be submitted to
the Congress.

Supervision of Live-Stock Markets.
The supervision of the live-stock markets, authorized by

the President’s proclamations of June 18 and September 6,
1918, issued under the provisions of the food-control act of

Report of the Secretary. 27

August 10, 1917, has been continued by the Bureau of
Markets, but the work has been greatly handicapped by the
lack of funds. Definite proof was obtained that certain
firms were exacting overcharges in the feed accounts of their
shippers, and they were given an opportunity to refund the
overcharges. Some did so, but six of them sought and ob-
tained from the district court at Chicago an order re-
straining the Secretary of Agriculture from revoking their
licenses. These cases are still pending, and further action
on all similar cases involving such overcharges is necessarily
deferred, awaiting the decision of the court.

In July and August, 1920, commission men in Chicago,
Kansas City, Omaha, and East St. Louis put into effect new
schedules of commission rates, providing increases ranging
as high as 25 per cent on cattle, calves, hogs, sheep, and goats
shipped in car lots by single owners. After careful con-
sideration of the evidence and data in the possession of the
department, the conclusion was reached that these increased
rates were unjust and not warranted by trade conditions.
Orders. were issued, therefore, to all commission men in the
cities named to refrain from exacting the increased rates or
charges. They not only did not comply with the orders, but
some of them instituted suits in the Federal courts to re-
strain the department and the United States attorneys from
proceeding against them for failure to do so. Temporary
restraining orders were granted by the courts and dates were
set for the Government to be heard. At the hearings in
Chicago and Kansas City, the department cooperated with
the United States attorney in the argument of the legal ques-
tions involved, and the whole matter is now before the courts
for determination. At Kansas City, under an order of the
court, the commission men are depositing with the clerk of
the court, to abide the results of the litigation, all receipts
by them which represent the difference between the com-
missions they were ordered to discontinue and those found
to be just and reasonable. A similar practice is being fol-
lowed at Omaha and East St. Louis.

Another order was issued by the department in August,
1920, declaring the rates charged by the commission men at
Chicago, Kansas City, Omaha, and East St. Louis for han-
dling car lots having more than one owner to be unjust, un-

28 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

reasonable, discriminatory, and unfair, and substituting a
different and equitable schedule of rates. This action was
taken on the basis of information in the possession of the
department and after a hearing held in Chicago on April 12
and 13, 1920, at which seven commission firms operating un-
der Federal licenses appeared. The order of the department
was complied with at Chicago and the lower rates made
effective there, but it is being contested at the other points
in conjunction with the suits involving the rates for single-
owner shipments.

Farm Management and Farm Economics.

The economic problems of argicultural production have
long been uppermost in the minds of American farmers.
They are pressing for solution and their importance has been
sharply emphasized by the recent price declines. In spite of
many handicaps, the Office of Farm Management and Farm
Economics is dealing actively with these problems, giving spe-
cial attention to matters relating to cost of production and
farm organization, farm labor, farm finance, land economies,
including land settlement and colonization, and the social side
of rural life. Following the reorganization of the office in
1919, there was submitted to the Congress a revised estimate
calling for additional funds for the development of its
activities along the lines recommended by the committee on
reorganization. The Congress, however, did not take favor-
able action on the proposal and no increase was granted.
The recommendation was renewed in the estimates of the de-
partment for the fiscal year 1921, but the Congress again
failed to provide the amount suggested, although it did
grant a small increase over the appropriation for the fiscal
year 1920.

In the estimates for the next fiscal year, I am recommending
that an adequate sum be made available to the Office of Farm
Management and Farm Economics for the prosecution and
development of the important projects upon which it is
engaged. I am recommending, also, that the name of the
office be changed to “ Bureau” of Farm Management and
Farm Economics. If the necessary appropriation is granted,

= ote,

Report of the Secretary. 29

it 1s proposed to expand materially the studies of the cost of
producing farm products and also to develop the other lines
of work under way. .

Cost of Production.

Several valuable contributions to the available data re-
garding the cost of producing farm products, particularly
cotton, wheat, and beef cattle, already have been made.
There has been a constant demand from the public generally,
but more especially from farmers and farm organizations,
for the results of these studies, and it has been repeatedly
urged. that they should be extended and others undertaken.
There is urgent need of cost studies with reference to such
crops as corn, oats, sugar beets, beans, rice, etc., and there is
equal need of adequate and comprehensive studies relating
to the organization of various types of farms and ranches.

Such studies furnish the farmer information which en-
ables him to reduce expenses or otherwise to increase his
profits. If he makes full use of it, he will be in position to
adjust his opérations from time to time to those enterprises
which will yield a satisfactory profit, to add to his individual
income, and, ultimately, to influence the prosperity of his
community. Cost studies also inform the general public
regarding the cost of producing farm products and should
tend to bring about a more general realization on the part
of the consumer of the necessity of paying prices which will
adequately reward the farmer and secure the necessary sup-
ples in the markets.

The Farm Labor Problem.

The seriousness of the farm labor problem is everywhere
realized. It has been present in more or less acute form for
more than a decade and failure to recognize its complexity
has resulted in many unwise attempts to solve it. Thorough-
going scientific study of the whole problem is needed as a
basis of action, but such a study has been impossible up to
this time because of the lack of funds. During the present
fiscal year, only $5,000 is available for the purpose. While

30 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

this sum is entirely inadequate to cover the whole field, a
promising beginning has been made and sufficient funds
should be provided fer the prosecution of the work on a more
comprehensive basis.

Farm Finance.

The financial problems of the farm have become more and
more involved, until to-day they rank in importance with
the financial problems of commercial industries. While an
excellent beginning has been made in the study of farm-
mortgage credit, farm insurance, and personal credit, suf-
ficient funds are not available to deal adequately with many
matters about which information is needed, including the
methods employed and results obtained by farmers in at-
tempts to improve their credit through united and cooper-
ative action; life insurance in relation to farm finance, cov-
ering the use of life insurance contracts as a means of im-
proving the credit of the farmer; methods of taxation as
they affect agriculture; crop and live stock insurance, the
need of such protection and the agencies offering it; and the
place of accident and liability insurance in farming opera-
tions.

The possibilities of well-directed cooperative effort among
farmers are well illustrated by what has been done in the
field of mutual fire insurance. There are at present nearly
2,000 farmers’ mutual fire insurance companies in the United
States, with outstanding risks aggregating $6,000,000,000.
This enormous volume is carried at an average cost, for
the country as a whole, of only 25 cents per $100 per year,
and, in individual cases, companies of this kind have fur-
nished high-class protection to their members for half a cen-
tury or more at a cost of less than 10 cents per $100 per year.
This result has been achieved, in part, by the elimination of
unnecessary expenses of operation, of the so-called moral
hazard, and of many of the physical hazards involved in
farm risks.

While the department has rendered much assistance in
connection with this form of cooperation, through the prep-
aration of a suggested classification of farm risks and suit-
able record forms which embody the methods and practices

Report of the Secretary. 31

that have proved to be most efficient in conserving farm
property and in reducing the cost of insurance, a great deal
remains to be done. In many States, cooperation for in-
surance and credit purposes is as yet little understood or
practiced.

Personal Credit.

It is generally recognized that one of the problems de-
manding special attention at this time is that of short-time
personal credit for farmers. In the case of a man who
has paid for his farm, the supplying of personal credit
raises, as a rule, no serious question. In the case of the renter,
however, and of the young farmer who is just starting out
as an owner, the question of short-time credit is a difficult
one. In such cases, credit can and should be based, to a
considerable extent, upon character and productive ability.
To deny credit to the honest, ambitious, and energetic farmer
because he has little tangible security to offer is to lessen the
productivity of available capital and to discourage a man
who, in the future, should be a land-owning farmer. While
the bankers are, in many cases, showing a commendable
interest, the need is for a system which will enable the man
without collateral to secure funds for productive agricultural
enterprises. Without doubt, this important problem should
receive careful consideration, and every feasible effort should
be made to aid the farmer in obtaining the necessary per-
sonal credit.

The Problem of Farm Ownership.

Closely related to the credit question is the problem of
land ownership, to the solution of which national thought
will, of necessity, be directed during the years that lie im-
mediately ahead. It involves the conditions upon which men
may own the land they till; upon which young men and
women, marrying and embarking upon their careers, may
acquire homes where their families may be reared, edu-
cated, and brought to maturity in the essentials of good
citizenship. With the passing of the great public domain,
and with it our free lands, the problem has taken on added
importance, and to-day represents one of the gravest social
and economic questions with which the Nation has to deal.

32 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Considerable work already has been done in this field,
but it has not yet been adequately covered. Careful studies
are being made of the methods of renting farm land and of
improving tenant contracts, which at present are frequently
inadequate. They encourage in many instances soil deple-
tion, which, if not corrected, will, in the long run, seriously
affect our production. They also encourage itinerancy on
the part of tenants and constitute a barrier to community
social betterment. The causes of tenancy and what it means
to the country must be placed squarely before the American
public so that its importance may be generally recognized.
If this is to be done, studies of a thoroughgoing nature must
be initiated and carried to completion.

Price of Farm Lands.

The price of farm lands is one of the important factors
in the problem of farm ownership. It is estimated that
between March, 1919, and March, 1920, the increase in the
selling price of farm land and improvements was 21.1 per
cent. In the last five years the increase has been 65 per cent.
Although the data for the census of 1920 are not yet avail-
able, it seems probable that, while the average price of farm
land and improvements per acre increased only 20 per cent
during the 40 years from 1860 to 1900, the price in 1920 is
two and one-half times that of 1910 and five times that of
20 years ago.

In some sections, the net return on the purchase price
of farm lands is considerably less than the ordinary rate
of return on first mortgages and similar investments. The
rental rate of cash leases, also, is frequently less than half
the rate of return on mortgages. Studies made by the de-
partment indicate that, in certain regions, the recent advance
in the price of land has still further aggravated this condi-
tion. Such a situation is unfortunate, for it increases the
difficulties of a tenant who is seeking to become an owner.
If he borrows a considerable part of the purchase price of
a farm at from 5 to 7 per cent and then finds that the invest-
ment will earn little more than 3 per cent, it will be impos-
sible, in many instances, for him to discharge the debt.

While the increase in land prices is, to some extent, a re-
flection of the general upward movement in the level of com-

- EEE

Report of the Secretary. 33

modity prices, it must be regarded, in part, as an indication
of the increasing scarcity of land available for agricultural
use. This scarcity is not statistically apparent, for, in addi-
tion to the area of improved land used for crops, pasture, and
other farming purposes (exclusive of range land), there is
nearly an equal area that is potentially available after clear-
ing, drainage, irrigation, or for utilization by dry-farming
methods. With local exceptions here and there, however,
this land is either inferior to that now in use or can be made
available for farming only through heavy outlays for im-
provement.

Area Expanded During the War.

War conditions stimulated an expansion of the area de-
voted to crops, estimated at 10.1 per cent from 1914 to 1918,
or an increase of 3.4 per cent in the per capita acreage. This
was effected by utilizing pasture land for crop production
and by bringing into use other uncultivated areas. The ex-
pansion was particularly marked in the case of small grains.
Since the armistice, there has been a reduction in crop acre-
age. From 1919 to 1920 there was a decline of 5.4 per cent
in the acreage of 20 principal crops. Apparently, the reduc-
tion has been brought about by returning the land to pas-
tures and by discontinuing the use of the low-grade areas
which were temporarily utilized.

These changes should be instructive to those who would
reduce the prices of farm products by bringing into use large
areas of new land. It is clear that, if prices had been extraor-
dinarily remunerative to the farmer compared with the re-
turns on capital and labor in industry, we would not witness
this reduction of the acreage in cultivation, but, on the con-
trary, a continued enlargement of it. While war conditions
temporarily increased the net cash income of the farmer and
stimulated a temporary expansion of the crop area, this was
due in large measure to the response of the farmers to the
insistent call for more food, particularly wheat and rye, the
principal bread grains. It is of no small significance that
the contraction in acreage has been most extreme in the case
of these crops, estimated at 31.5 per cent for winter wheat,
16.5 per cent for spring wheat, and 22.6 per cent for rye.

30702°—yeK 1920——3

34 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Much loose thinking and many wrong conclusions are
based on false impressions concerning the profitableness of
farming. The increase in farm profits during the war was
inevitably transitory. Moreover, measured in purchasing
power, they shrank rapidly as a result of the rise in general
commodity prices. Owing to the highly competitive charac-
ter of his business and the lack of organization, the farmer
has had no effective means of preventing the impairment of
his profits; his only recourse has been to migrate to the city
and change his occupation, a course actually followed -by
many. In the light of these facts and the fear of a con-
tinued decline of profits, it is clear why the tendency to ex-
pand the crop area has been suddenly reversed.

Land Settlement and Colonization.

While present conditions do not seem to justify a policy
of encouraging and stimulating the extension of the farm
area, it must be recognized that some new land is continu-
ally being brought into cultivation in certain regions. Moved
by the spirit of adventure characteristic of Americans, by
the desire to rise from the status of tenancy to the more in-
dependent status of farm ownership, by propagaiuda which
portrays to city people in alluring fashion the attractiveness
of country life, and particularly by the effective advertising
and skillful salesmanship of various kinds of private land
settlement agencies, men may be expected to try their for-
tunes in the development of raw farm land, even in periods
when conditions do not favor agricultural expansion and
when the net migration to cities is above the normal. It is
of the highest importance that these men be enabled to em-
bark in such undertakings with the greatest possible assur-
ance of success, for the failure of one is likely to result in
the discouragement of many.

In an earlier period of our history, the development of
new agricultural areas was largely the result of the initiative
of individuals. At present, it is, to a considerable extent,
under the guidance of private agencies engaged in promoting
the settlement and sale of land for profit. Whether the
methods employed by some of these enterprises are such that
private profit is not incompatible with the rendering of im-

Report of the Secretary. 35

portant service in facilitating the wise selection of land,
in providing suitable arrangements for credit, and in creat-
ing conditions favorable to the success of the settlers, can
be determined only by comprehensive investigation. During
the past year the department has begun a study of the prob-
lem. On account of its magnitude, final conclusions may
not be available for some time, but enough progress has been
made to reveal the fact that numerous agencies, whose
volume of business is very great, are preying on the impulse
to acquire farm land, and that the results in misdirected
investment of capital, futile labor through years of unavail-
ing struggle against hopeless odds, and consequent discour-
agement and despair, are too serious to be ignored. The com-
fortable doctrine of leaving the buyer to take care of him-
self has been discarded in many phases of our national life.
Surely, in the settlement and development of land, the buyer
should at least have full and complete information for his
guidance.

It appears that under existing conditions we should not
attempt to stimulate unduly the normal rate of settlement,
but rather to guide and protect the normal movement along
lines which will insure a reasonable degree of success in the
development of new lands with a minimum of wasted capital
and human effort. It yet remains to be determined whether
this purpose can best be accomplished by governmental ac-
tion, by private enterprise with comprehensive attempts to
educate both land-settlement agencies and prospective set-
tlers in the methods most favorable to success, or by private
agencies systematically regulated,

Life on the Farm.

Life on the farm and in the rural community gives rise to
problems the solution of which is of vital importance to
American agriculture and American civilization. It has
been demonstrated that these problems are susceptible of
scientific investigation. Valuable studies already have been
made by the Office of Farm Management and Farm Eco-
nomics, and they should be enlarged and others instituted,
including especially studies relating to the human aspect of

36 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

tenancy and lJandlordism, migration from farm life, popula-
tion groups, and community planning.

In our country, agriculture, manufacture, transportation,
merchandising, and professional service—strong competitors
with one another for both capital and workers—are all ex-
pected to hold their own. The history of agriculture seems
to show, however, that farming is in periodic danger of
losing its grip on both capital and workmen and of allow-
ing them to slip away into city industries. Statesmen have
always viewed with alarm the tip of the scales from farming
to industry and from country life to urban life. When the
farm loses its balance to the city, the Nation is threatened
with a food shortage or with dependence upon foreign coun-
tries for essential foodstuffs. But the shortage of food is
not the only danger. When American agriculture begins to
lose ground, the political stability of the Nation is en-
dangered.

Shift from Country to Cities.

The returns from the 1920 census are not yet sufficiently
complete to make a full statement of what has occurred dur-
ing the last decade in the shifting of populations between
city and country. The reports on somewhat more than one-
third of the counties of the United States, however, indicate
an actual reduction in the rural population in many counties
of New England and New York, in some parts of the South,
and in the heart of the corn belt. Some of them lost in rural
population during the preceding decade, while others are
losing for the first time now. On the other hand, many
rural counties in the Northwest, the West, the South, and
the coast States have been gaining.

There is every reason to believe that the same causes which
account for a relatively decreasing agricultural population
in former decades have been at work during the past 10
years. The increased standards of living of the American
people as a whole have caused a great expansion in all indus-
tries centering in cities; and the industrial bid for workers,
accelerated by conditions during and immediately following
the war, has been a strong magnet exerting a pull upon work-
ers in agriculture.

Report of the Secretary. 37

The following table shows the percentage of the total num-
ber of persons employed in all American occupations who
were engaged in agriculture from 1820 to 1910:

spe tela. hele ra Rents: tet TP adabe adel eyed tk Ped 87.1
ierss yee es SS TEP) PAE PTL Aes Yio ey ry! 77.5
2 ORS eee 272 (ath paige we ee ee 47.5
Tye a asin gl hl pens as etc ee, be hs ee en a oe 44. 4
cS ee Se i a ee oo oa oe a 39. 2
MU se 3 5 Ss ere See ee oe es eae eee 35. 7
CDM reat Ree SE ek ee oe ee eee PS

We may expect for 1920 a lower percentage than for 1910;
in fact, it will not be surprising if the complete returns show
that only 30 per cent of our workers are farmers. It is true,
of course, that increased efficiency in farming operations,
resulting from the use of new and better machinery and the
application of scientific knowledge, has consistently lowered
the demand for labor in certain kinds of farm work, and that
the labor thus released has been the first to yield to the call of
the city. It is a well-known fact, also, that Army life and
its accompanying set of new associations detached from
farming and from rural life a considerable number of farm
youth. Whether this loss is a permanent one no one can
say, but, in any event, it must be considered unusual.

The Real Concern of America.

The real concern in America over the movement of rural
population to urban centers is whether those who remain in
agriculture after the normal contribution to the city are the
strong, intelligent, well-seasoned families, in which the best
traditions of agriculture and citizenship have been lodged
from generation to generation. The present universal cry
of “keep the boy on the farm” can and should be expanded
into a great public sentiment for making country life more
attractive in every way. Neither force nor exhortation will
keep people in the rural districts if they are to be deprived
of the benefits of modern social, educational, and other op-
portunities. But when farming is made profitable and when
the better things of life are steadily brought, in increasing
measure, to the rural community, so that farm families need
not give up farming in order to satisfy their desires for the

38 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

best that modern civilization affords, the great motives
which lead youth and middle age to leave the country dis-
tricts will be removed. In order to assure a continuance of
the best strains of farm people in agriculture, there can be
no relaxation of the present movements for a better country
life, economic, social, and educational.

Better Country Life Will Keep the Boy on the Farm.

The Hazards of Agricultural Production.

Given a sound basis of distribution, the curtailment of the
so-called hazards of production—plant and animal diseases,
insect pests, predatory animals, and rodents—with resulting
increased yields per acre and reduced costs of production,
will go far toward insuring a just measure of prosperity to
the producer, with a fair scale of prices to the consumer. If
the increasing population of the Nation is to be fed from the
available farm lands in the United States, the efforts to re-
duce or eliminate such hazards must be prosecuted more
vigorously in the future than ever before, and the funda-

Report of the Secretary. 39

mental research work which constitutes the basis of these
efforts must have proper appreciation and support.

Plant Diseases.

The toll exacted by plant diseases is appalling. Every
season, and in substantially every important producing
region, they constitute a heavy handicap on crop production.
When it is remembered that the cost of producing diseased
and healthy crops, up to the time of harvest, is practically
the same, it is clear that plant diseases are a grievous and
dangerous overload on our agriculture. It has been esti-
mated that in 1919 field diseases were responsible for the loss
of approximately 190,000,000 bushels of wheat, of 78,000,000
bushels of oats, of 200,000,000 bushels of corn, of 86,000,000
bushels of potatoes, of 58,000,000 bushels of sweet potatoes,
of 18,000,000 bushels of apples, and of 1,742,000 bales of cot-
ton. The department for many years has been doing every-
thing possible to reduce these and other losses, and excellent
results have been secured in many directions.

One of the most significant activities now under way is
the effort to reduce the tremendous losses from wheat rust,
aggregating in some years as much as 200,000,000. bushels.
Scientific investigation has proved that the fungus which is
responsible for the disease gets its start in the spring on the
common barberry plant, and a vigorous campaign, therefore,
is being conducted, in cooperation with the various States,
to eliminate such plants. More than 4,600,000 barberry
bushes have been located, and of these 3,500,000 or more have
been destroyed. Progress also has been made in developing
a method for controlling wheat scab, which caused in 1919

“ the loss of nearly 60,000,000 bushels of wheat; a convenient
method of testing seed corn for germination and of eliminat-
ing disease infection before planting has been devised; and
much has been accomplished in working out practical con-
trol measures for other injurious plant diseases.

Insects.

The work of controlling insect outbreaks has presented
many difficult and complex problems. The task, begun in
1917, of exterminating the pink bollworm, which experts in

40 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

this and other countries regard as probably the most de-
structive pest of cotton, gave promise of success; but a new
and serious situation has been presented by the discovery of
the insect in a district in Louisiana not heretofore known to
be infested and by its reappearance in southeastern Texas.
The efforts to eradicate the pest are being prosecuted as
vigorously as possible, but they are necessarily handicapped
by the failure of the State of Texas to establish and enforce
noncotton zones in the infested areas. Whether eradication
can be accomplished in the circumstances is problematical,
but, nevertheless, no steps should be omitted to prevent the

A Cloud of Calcium Arsenate Dust to Kill Boll Weevils.

additional drain on the South’s most important money crop
which the spread of the pink bollworm to other sections of
the cotton belt would involve.

The boll weevil causes enormous damage to the cotton
crop. But the department’s experts, after many years of
painstaking experiments, have now found a_ successful
method of controlling the pest by dusting the plants with
calcium arsenate. As a result, the manufacture and sale of
this product has reached very large proportions. Through
its enforcement of the insecticide and fungicide act, the pur-
pose of which is to insure a high standard of purity and efli-
ciency in insecticides and fungicides used in combating plant
diseases and insects, the department is keeping off the market

Report of the Secretary. 41

a great many tons of calcium arsenate of poor grade which,
if used, not only would fail to control the boll weevil but
would seriously damage the cotton plants.

The Corn Borer.

The campaign against the corn borer, a dangerous enemy
of corn, is actively under way. The insect, so far as now
known, is apparently confined in this country to New Eng-
land, New York, and a township in Pennsylvania, and every-
thing possible must be done to prevent its spread to the
great corn belt of the Middle West. Two infested areas
have been discovered recently in Ontario, Canada, one of
them just across the lake from Buffalo and the other extend-
ing for 50 miles in either direction from St. Thomas. These
areas, comprising approximately 12,000 square miles, con-
stitute what is probably the worst infestation in North
America at the present time. The officials of the Bureau
of Entomology and the Federal Horticultural Board have
been in consultation with the Canadian entomologists, and
will cooperate with them, so far as possible under existing
law, in the effort to prevent the spread of the insect into the
United States at points far removed from the present infes-
tation in this country.

The Gipsy Moth in New Jersey.

For years the department has successfully prevented the
westward spread of the gipsy and brown-tail moths, great
enemies of orchards and forests as well as of shade trees. It
has been discovered recently, however, that a large area in
New Jersey is infested by the gipsy moth, which apparently
was brought in from Europe years ago, and that trees from
this area have been shipped to a number of points, thus
indicating the possible occurrence of the insect in other
sections of the country. The Congress will be requested,
at its next session, to appropriate sufficient funds to under-
take the extermination of the pest in New Jersey, and, in
the meantime, all shipments of trees from the infested area
are being followed up as closely as possible in order to deter-
mine the other points at which the insect may have become
established,

42 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Emergency Fund to Combat Insect Outbreaks.

Every year demands are made upon the department, as in
the case of the gipsy moth in New Jersey, for assistance in —
dealing with sudden and serious outbreaks of injurious in-
sects which often cause damage amounting to millions of
dollars. Asa rule, no funds are available for this purpose,
and the department, therefore, is unable to take prompt and
effective steps to eliminate the pests or to prevent their
spread. If repressive measures were immediately under-
taken, it might be possible to completely exterminate them;
otherwise, the outbreaks may get entirely out of hand and
make necessary greatly increased expenditures, not to eradi-
cate but merely to control them. It would be highly de-
sirable, therefore, to provide a special appropriation, in the
nature of an insurance fund, which could be used to meet
emergencies of this sort, and a recommendation to this effect
has been incorporated in the estimates.

Predatory Animals and Rodents.

The systematic campaign to curtail the losses caused by
predatory animals and prairie dogs, ground squirrels, and
similar rodents on the western ranges has been continued.
It has been estimated that these pests destroy annually more
than $300,000,000 worth of live stock, crops, and range grass.
The hunters in the service of the department killed more
than 25,000 predatory animals last year, and perhaps an
equal number were destroyed by poisoning campaigns, re-
sulting in a saving to the live-stock industry of more than
$6,000,000. It may be added that, since the work was begun
in 1915, the skins of the animals destroyed have been sold
and the net proceeds, aggregating more than $240,000,
turned into the Treasury.

Live-Stock Diseases.

Much headway has been made by the department toward
the eradication or control of live-stock diseases. The cam-
paign against tuberculosis in cattle, begun three years ago,
has aroused increasing interest among live-stock owners and

Report of the Secretary. 43

State officials and has received their active support. On June
30, 1920, 3,370 herds, approximately three times the num-
ber at the beginning of the fiscal year, were officially accred-
ited as free from tuberculosis. In addition, 16,599 herds
have successfully passed one test. A total of 695,364 animals
were examined during the year, resulting in the slaughter of
28,616 reactors. Applications for the testing of herds, how-
ever, have continued to accumulate more rapidly than they
could be handled with the available force of veterinarians.
Near the end of the fiscal year 4,740 herds were on the wait-
ing list to be tested.

Tuberculosis is one of the greatest menaces to the live-
stock industry of America. The elimination of the constant
losses caused by it would materially reduce the hazards of
the industry and would tend to place it on a more stable
basis. The rapidity with which the disease can be stamped
out depends upon the amount of money appropriated for
the work. The more money that is available in the imme-
diate future, the more quickly will the losses be reduced and
the larger will be the areas freed from the scourge.

Considerable progress has been made in the control of hog
cholera, the greatest limiting factor in swine production. It
has been estimated that, as the result of the activities of the
Department of Agriculture and of its cooperating agencies
in combating this disease, a saving amounting to $41,000,000
annually is effected. There were formerly 140 veterinarians
assigned to this work, but the number has been reduced to 54
because of a curtailment in funds. The swine industry is one
of the most important branches of our agriculture, and it is
highly essential that the losses from cholera be kept at the
lowest possible figure. The force engaged in the work has
never been sufficiently large to cope adequately with the dis-
ease and the reduction of funds has aggravated the situation.

The eradication of the cattle tick in the South continues to
progress, the results in the different sections depending
largely upon State, county, and local support. Fifty thou-
sand five hundred and fifty-five square miles have been re-
leased this year from Federal quarantine, making a total of
509,080 square miles since the work was begun in 1906,

44 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

In addition to the task of suppressing animal diseases in
this country, the department is responsible for the protec-
tion of the live-stock industry against the introduction of
nearly a score of serious foreign live-stock diseases. One
of the most infectious and dangerous of these is foot-and-
mouth disease, which exists nowhere in the United States at
the present time, but is a constant menace because of the
facility with which it may be carried by animals, hides, and
various live-stock products. The importance of prompt
action in eliminating any centers of infection whenever they
develop emphasizes the necessity of providing an adequate
“insurance” fund, available for immediate use. Such a
fund, to be used only in case of actual outbreaks, has been
carried in the Agricultural appropriation act for several
years. The appropriation was reduced by $950,000 at the
last session of Congress, leaving an amount which is en-
tirely inadequate to cope with serious outbreaks. While,
through good fortune, no outbreak has thus far occurred
during the current fiscal year, it would certainly be the
part of wisdom to make liberal provision for dealing with
this dangerous disease whenever it appears, and the depart-
ment, therefore, has recommended in its estimates for the
fiscal year 1922 that the appropriation be restored to its
former figure.

Improvement of Crop and Live-Stock Production.

The elimination or control of insects and diseases affecting
both plants and animals, as well as of other limiting factors,
is highly essential if we are to maintain our present agri-
cultural production. But to increase the efficiency of our
farms still further requires, among other things, the de-
velopment of superior plants, the improvement of cultural
methods and practices, and the breeding of better animals.

The development of improved crop plants, through breed-
ing, selection, and in other ways, has almost limitless possi-
bilities and has received a great deal of attention both from
the Department of Agriculture and the State experiment sta-
tions. It is exceedingly difficult to state accurately, in terms
of dollars and cents, the value of fundamental work of this

Report of the Secretary. 45

sort, but unquestionably it is tremendous. The efforts to de-
velop improved varieties of corn, which have been under way
for 20 years or more, have probably increased production by
one-fourth. Improved wheats have added greatly to the
wheat yield, and it is only necessary to mention Marquis,
Kanred, Early Baart, and the new wheats of the Washington
Experiment Station to realize their importance. Better pota-
toes have been a great factor in the production of the crop,
and new varieties at present under test indicate that they
mark a notable advance. The development of early velvet
beans multiplied the acreage tenfold in three years, and
high-yielding superior lint cottons, such as Meade, Acala,
Durango, Trice, and Columbia, are of inestimable value.
The recently developed Victor cowpea is far superior to any
previously known. Similar, but perhaps less striking, re-
sults have been secured with most of our important crop
plants, and illustrate clearly what will, without doubt, con-
tinue to be a fruitful field of activity for a large corps of
investigators.

Valuable New Plants Introduced.

A somewhat similar line of work is the search for and
introduction, acclimatization, and adaptation of new crop
plants. Some of the results in this field are spectacular.
indeed almost romantic. Alfalfa, a native of Central Asia,
brought into the Western States in about 1854, has become in
a generation almost the basic crop of the West. The
sorghums are the basis of the great agricultural develop-
ment of the semiarid Southwest. Japanese rices, secured in
1899, were the foundation of the great rice industry of
Louisiana and Texas. The Washington Navel orange, intro-
duced from Brazil in 1872, makes up the bulk of the Cali-
fornia orange industry, producing a crop valued at approxi-
mately $16,000,000 a year. Durum wheat, introduced in
1899 from Russia, now produces a crop worth $50,000,000
annually. Egyptian cotton, brought in by scientists of the
department in 1901, has become the basis of a long-staple cot-
ton industry in the Southwest valued at $6,000,000 in 1917,
$11,000,000 in 1918, and $20,000,000 in 1919. The culture
of dates in California and Arizona is already a thriving busi-

46 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Great California Orchards
from a Tree Introduced
by the Department.

ness, which is expanding rapidly and will, in the near future,
have impressive value. Sudan grass, introduced in 1909
from Egypt, is now worth over $10,000,000 annually.
Feterita, secured in 1906 from Egypt, produced in 1918 a
crop valued at $16,000,000. Over 1,000 varieties of soy beans
have been introduced from China and other parts of the
Orient. From these the experts of the department have,
after careful tests, selected eight of the best varieties, which
are now largely cultivated and are an important element in
the very rapid increase in soy-bean production. Peruvian
alfalfa, introduced in 1899, is by far the most productive
and valuable variety for the Southwest.

The Search for Grasses.

Scientists are convinced that there are still great possibil-
ities in the search for new crops, especially for plants that

ae

Report of the Secretary. 47

are cultivated little, if at all, in their native countries. Per-
haps this is most strikingly exhibited in grasses, many of
which have been introduced accidentally. Thus bluegrass,
white clover, redtop, timothy, and many others which came
originally from Europe make up nearly all the grass lands
of the north; and Bermuda grass from India, carpet grass
from the West Indies, Dallis grass from Argentina, and
lespedeza from Asia have performed a similar réle in the
South. California’s pastures consist mainly of species. from
the Mediterranean region, such as alfilaria, bur clover, wild
oats, wild barley, and numerous others. There are undoubt-
edly in Central Asia many species which, if properly selected
and introduced, will add greatly to the carrying capacity of
the western ranges, aside from what can be accomplished by
rational range management. From this region came alfalfa
and sweet clover, both important in the West. There is
every reason to believe, also, that good grasses and legumes
can be found for the cutover lands of the South, and thus
prepare the way for the further development of the live-
stock industry in that section. It is impossible to bring in
new grasses or other valuable crop plants from remote and
almost inaccessible parts of the world without sending prop-
erly trained explorers, and larger funds for this work are
needed.
Improved Cultural Methods and Practices.

Better tillage and rotations, more rational irrigation, jadi-
cious fertilizing, the greater use of legumes, and proper at-
tention to farm layout, distribution of labor, choice and care
of farm machinery, and timeliness of operations, all these
make for larger yields and consequently reduced costs of
production, Our scientific understanding of these matters
is far from adequate. Recently it has been discovered that
prompt plowing under of the wheat stubble will completely
destroy the Hessian fly and the joint-worm, both serious
enemies of wheat. This points to the desirability of a radical
change in the ordinary corn-belt rotations. On the otier
hand, until a rotation that is as good or better can be de-
veloped by field investigations, it is manifestly unwise to
urge a change. The best rotations are organized around one
or more legume crops. It is altogether likely that the failure

48 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. .

to secure the full benefits of improved varieties of corn in the
corn belt, in spite of increased use of fertilizers, is associated
with the steady decline of the acreage of red clover. The
restoration of red clover to its former acreage, or the finding
of some other satisfactory legume, is of outstanding impor-
tance to the Middle West. Unfortunately, the facilities of
the department for carrying out these long and costly imves-
tigations to develop better rotations are wholly inadequate.

Effect of Daylight on Plant Growth.

A striking and important discovery, made recently by the
department, is that plants are remarkably sensitive to changes
in the duration of the daylight period, even when all other
factors are kept constant. It now seems probable that all
regular periodic changes.in plants, such as time of blooming,
fall of the leaf, the resting period, etc., are naturally regu-
lated by the duration of daily light. This discovery ex-
plains many plant reactions that have long puzzled investi-

gators, such as the totally different behavior of a plant in ~

widely different latitudes. Thus, by regulating the length
of daily illumination, violets can be made everblooming and
poinsettias can be forced to bloom in midsummer. The dis-
covery undoubtedly will be of much value in greenhouse cul-
ture, and furnishes the explanation of a number of plant re-
actions that occur in the field. Hereafter, it must be taken
into account in all accurate experimentation with plants.

Improved Types of Live Stock.

The breeding and development of improved types of ani-
mals offers possibilities at least equal to those involved in the
breeding and selection of better crop plants. The campaign
now under way for “ Better Sires—Better Stock” is pro-
ducing excellent results. Its purpose is to bring about the
elimination of scrub stock from our herds, thus increasing
their producing capacity. It costs as much to raise a poor
animal as it does a good one, and more to keep it, so that
better live stock makes for increased production and greater
profits. The improvement which can be made in a herd with
a pure-bred male is startling. If a pure-bred sire is kept
throughout, the first generation would be one-half pure

Report of the Secretary. 49

blood, the second three-fourths, the third seven-eighths, the
fourth fifteen-sixteenths, and the fifth thirty-one thirty-
seconds, or practically pure bred.

A concrete example of the importance of quality may
readily be estimated from the slaughter records of animals.
In converting cattle into beef, for example, the present aver-
age dressing percentage is 533. Poor breeding, without
doubt, is a prime cause of this low percentage. Suppose our
efforts to improve cattle should, within a reasonable time,
raise the general dressing average only 14 per cent—that is,
to 55 per cent—what would be the resulting increase in
beef? On the basis of a total annual production of 7,000,000,-
000 pounds, which is the average dressed-beef production for
the last two years, the increase would be 200,000,000 pounds
a year. “This is far from being a negligible quantity ; in fact,
it just equals our average annual exports of beef products
for the last 10 years, including, of course, the war period.

Build Up Our Dairy Herds.

Pure-bred or grade dairy cows frequently earn for their
owners from 25 to 100 per cent more than the returns re-
ceived from scrubs. In a typical case, heifers sired by pure-
bred bulls surpassed their dams, which were ordinary cows,
by 64 per cent in milk production and 52 per cent in butter
fat. The second generation produced more than twice as
much butter fat and milk as the original animals. The
United States holds sixth place among 14 prominent coun-
tries in the average yield of milk per dairy cow, being ex-
celled by the Netherlands, Switzerland, Denmark, Germany,
and Canada. Our ability to produce scores of cows which
yield more than 20,000 pounds of milk a year is ample proof
that our national production of less than 4,000 pounds per
year per animal is, in the last analysis, a reflection of inat-
tention and average lack of applied skill. The dairy cow is
a good exaniple—probably the best—because her production
is so readily measured and because there is so much uniform
evidence in various countries. But the same principle and
similar facts apply with equal force to horses, hogs, sheep,
poultry, and other farm animals.

30702°—yBK 1920——4+5**

50 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

The experimental and other work of the department, hay-
ing for its purpose the development and improvement of our
live stock, covers a wide range., including dairy farming,
hog raising, horse breeding, beef production, sheep raising,
poultry production, methods of feeding under regional con-
ditions, and the general principles of breeding and heredity.
This work is of fundamental importance and should be fur-
ther developed.

Utilization of Surplus and Waste Products.

Along with the work of controlling diseases and insect
‘pests, of introducing and developing better plants, of work-
ing out improved cultural methods and practices, it is essen-
tial that processes be worked out for converting perishable
farm products into commodities which can be carried from
the season of plenty to the season when they are actually
needed. The fact that they can not now be so carried fre-
quently results in the marketing at one time of larger quan-
tities than can be disposed of profitably, and demoralization
of the market follows, with consequent loss to the farmers.
Industries founded upon the utilization of surplus farm
products would be of tremendous value in meeting this
problem.

The Bureau of Chemistry has accomplished some impor-
tant results along this line in recent years. On the basis of
its investigations, for example, there has been developed a
citrus by-products industry for the utilization of cull and
surplus oranges and lemons. It has also discovered a feasible
method of utilizing corncobs, which always have been a waste
product, so that their entire content can now be made into
highly useful articles. The experts of the bureau have pro-
duced from corncobs a large yield of adhesive suitable for
pasting container box board. After this is removed, a con-
siderable quantity of a lower grade product can be made,
and the residue is practically pure cellulose, which can be
used in the manufacture of a number of commodities, includ-
ing a good quality of paper when mixed with a suitable
quantity of wood pulp. After the processes for recovering
all these articles had been worked out, it was discovered that
a considerable quantity of a very valuable chemical—fur-

Report of the Secretary. 51

fural—was formed, and methods of recovering it have been
developed. Furfural is a basic intermediary in dye manu-
facture and, in addition, has great possibilities as a solvent
and a substitute for formaldehyde in the manufacture of
plastics. Many other similar lines of investigation are ac-
tively under way, but these two illustrations clearly indicate
what can be done toward opening up new industrial outlets
for agricultural products.

Office of Development Work.

It has been found, however, that the benefits of the im-
portant discoveries made by the scientists of the Bureau
of Chemistry are not always fully realized. The difficulty
is that of bringing about their commercial development. In
order to meet this situation, there has been established in
the bureau an Office of Development Work, the function of
which is to aid in bringing the discoveries to- the attention
of business men and others. When new processes have passed
the experimental laboratory stage, it becomes the duty of
this new office, which is conducted by engineers rather than
chemists, to investigate their commercial value and the cost
and method of placing them on a commercial production
basis. Efforts then will be made to inform manufacturers
and business men regarding the opportunities for them to
develop facilities for the utilization of the discoveries, so
that the people of the country may secure full benefit of
them.

The Agricultural Extension System.

The broad development of the national system of coopera-
tive extension work in agriculture and home economics under
the provisions of the act of May 8, 1914 (Smith-Lever Act),
is one of the most notable events in agriculture in recent
years. When this act went into effect, approximately 900
counties had the services of an agricultural agent and 275
the services of a home demonstration agent. There are now
2,000 agricultural agents and 800 home demonstration agents,
in addition to 300 county leaders of boys’ and girls’ club
work. Perhaps the most striking evidence that farmers
are heartily supporting the extension service is found in

52 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

the fact that this year the contributions from county sources
alone aggregate $4,780,000, compared with $780,000 in 1914.

There are still 650 rural counties which have no agricul-
tural agents, 1,800 are without home demonstration agents,
and only a small proportion of the farm boys and girls are
being reached through the club work. The desirability of
completing this great system of practical education as
rapidly as conditions warrant can not be questioned. There
has been a great increase in the cost of travel, supplies, and,
in fact, of everything required in the operation of the sys-
tem, since the Smith-Lever Act was passed, and an increase
of available funds each year for a number of years will be
necessary if we are to reach the goal within a reasonable

time.
Work in Behalf of Farm Women.

With the spread of extension work among farm women, it
has become increasingly necessary to have definite informa-
tion regarding their needs and wishes, in order that the ex-
tension forces may cooperate effectively with them. The
States Relations Service, therefore, undertook to make a sur-
vey, through the home demonstration agents, of 10,000 farm
homes in the northern and western States. The results of
the survey have been compiled and published. In brief,
they show that, while there has been considerable progress
in lightening the burdens of farm women and making the’
farm home life more satisfactory and attractive, through the
introduction of labor-saving devices, improvement of farm
sanitation, free mail delivery, telephones, automobiles, and
the like, very much more needs to be done before the mass of
farm women will have even the advantages now possessed by
a limited number. .

Wherever it has been in operation, the system of county
home demonstration agents has proved to be the most help-
ful agency dealing with the problems of the farm home.
It should be expanded, therefore, as rapidly as funds and
facilities permit. Country life has many advantages, but
they can not be sufficiently enjoyed without constant im-
provement in the living arrangements on the farms. We
can not afford to delay bringing assistance to the farm
women in solving their present pressing problems.

eT ee eae

Report of the Secretary. . 53
Home Economics.
In order that the home demonstration agents may render

the most effective service, there must be a constant addition
to the fund of scientifically ascertained and tested knowledge

-in the field of home economics. So far, research along this

line has proceeded slowly and in a small way. The Office of
Home Economics of the department is the largest single
organization devoted to such work and has made many im-
portant contributions to our knowledge on home economics
subjects. It can not prosecute its activities on an adequate
scale, however, because of the lack of funds. ‘The success of
our newly established system of vocational education in home
economics, provided for by the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917,
as well as of the home demonstration work, depends in no
small measure upon the maintenance of adequate agencies

for home economics research.

Publication and Information Work.

The organic act creating the Department of Agriculture
not only directs it to “ acquire” useful information on sub-
jects connected with agriculture in the most general and com-
prehensive sense of the word, but also to “ diffuse ” such
information among the people of the United States. To
meet this responsibility, increased attention has been given
to the strengthening of the publication and information
activities of the department. The first step involved the
consolidation, in the Division of Publications, of all publi-
cation and information functions serving the department as
a whole. This necessitated the transfer of the Office of In-
formation, the Office of Exhibits, and the Office of Motion
Pictures from the Office of the Secretary, combining under
one administrative head these three related activities with
those of editing, printing, and distribution. The next step
was the designation of a Director of Information, whose
duty it would be to exercise general supervision over all the
publication and information activities of the department,
both in Washington and in the field, and to bring about the
closer correlation of such activities in the various bureaus
with those of the Division of Publications. The advan-

54 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

tages of this reorganization are apparent not only in more
efficient administration and supervision but in the more com-
plete coordination and concentration of effort.

The department is in a better position than ever before to
serve the public in this important field of its work. The
responsibility resting upon it is clear. It is its duty to keep”
the public informed regarding the results of its investiga-
tions and experiments and the administration of the various
regulatory statutes entrusted to it for enforcement. Under
existing conditions, however,:it is compelled to reservoir
much valuable information which should be made available
to the public. At one time during the past year, there were
267 important manuscripts which it was necessary to with-
hold from publication because of the lack of funds for print-
ing. A deficiency appropriation relieved this situation some-
what, but there are still on hand many valuable manuscripts
which can not be published. This situation should not be
permitted to continue, as criticism is frequently made that
the results of investigations, in many instances, are published
too late to be of the greatest service. Some of these manu-
scripts represent the life work of capable, practical, scientific
men, and we should not fail to give the public promptly the
benefits of their years of labor.

Distribution of Farmers’ Bulletins.

Furthermore, the department is falling far short of meet-
ing the demands for its publications. The law provides that
one-fifth of the number of Farmers’ Bulletins printed shall
be available to the department, while the Congress is allowed
four-fifths for distribution by its Members. The department
has intimate knowledge of the needs of the country for agri-
cultural information, and it has also an effective field organi-
zation capable of distributing its publications where they
will serve the most useful purpose. It would seem desirable,
therefore, to change the present arrangement so as to charge
the department with the distribution of Farmers’ Bulletins
to the sections where the information they contain is most
needed and desired.

heport of the Secretary. 55
The Agricultural Experiment Stations.

In many of the States the institutions for agricultural re-
search which are maintained by Federal and State funds
are seriously hampered by existing conditions. Their ap-
propriations have not been increased sufficiently to meet
present economic requirements, their expert forces are being
depleted by attractive offers from commercial and other
concerns, and it is increasingly difficult to fill the vacancies
thus created with equally competent men and women. With
the increased cost of services, labor, equipment, and supplies
it has been impossible for them to maintain their prewar
status in the field of research.

The situation is serious enough to deserve careful atten-
tion of all those interested in the progress of our agriculture.
The research work of the stations, like that of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, is fundamental. Unless there comes
from these institutions a steady and abundant flow of new
knowledge which can be utilized to meet pressing problems,
agricultural advancement will slow down and our system
of agricultural education, through colleges, schools, and the
extension service, will deteriorate.

Nitrogen and Potash.

The European war emphasized the fact that no effort
should be spared to establish national independence in the
production of fertilizer materials. This is especially true
in the case of nitrogen, which is not only a valuable fertilizer
ingredient, but an essential element in the manufacture of
munitions. Of all the nations involved in the war, Germany
alone had a sufficient nitrate supply within her borders,
but England, France, and Italy are now rapidly perfecting
plans to make themselves equally secure in this respect. In-
creased interest has been manifested in this country also in
the study of methods for fixing atmospheric nitrogen, and
the Department of Agriculture, through the Bureau of Soils,
has actively cooperated with the War Department in this
important field. The production of ammonium sulphate
from by-product coke ovens and gas plants has greatly in-
creased, but not sufficiently to meet the demand for fixed
nitrogen.

56 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

The nitrogen fixation plant at Muscle Shoals, Ala., com-
pleted shortly before the armistice, offers a hope for an inde-
pendent source of nitrogen for fertilizer use in time of peace.
This plant is prepared to make calcium cyanamid, or, by some
additions, to manufacture ammonium sulphate. With modi-
fications, also, it may be equipped for the preparation of
highly concentrated fertilizer materials which will be free
from filler, and therefore result in a considerable saving to
the consumer in freight charges. The plant is still idle,
awaiting the necessary authority from the Congress for its
operation. It is hoped that the matter will receive considera-
tion at the next session of the Congress, and that the requi-
site authorization will be granted without further delay, in
order that the Nation may escape, once for all, from depend-
ence upon foreign nitrate fields, and that an adequate supply
of nitrogen may be developed, both as a protection in times
of national stress and to meet the growing demand for this
valuable product for fertilizer purposes.

Potash from Kelp and Other Sources.

The experimental kelp plant at Summerland, Calif., the
purpose of which is to demonstrate the practicability of ex-
tracting potash and useful by-products from the giant kelps,
is in active operation and valuable results are being secured.
Unquestionably, it will be possible, when the best methods
have been worked out, to develop a potash industry on the
Pacific coast capable of supplying a considerable part of the
Nation’s needs.

Two processes for the recovery of potash from certain
rocks have recently been developed by the Bureau of Soils,
and both are being utilized in commercial practice. The
87,000 tons of potash annually lost from flues and stacks of
cement plants are still, in the main, going to waste. Only
about 1 per cent was recovered in 1919. A similar situation ex-
ists with reference to the collection of potash from blast fur-
naces. The department is now making a survey of this situa-
tion, and preliminary results show that the dust from blast
furnaces is higher in potash content than the cement dust and
that it can probably be recovered more economically. The
potash that escapes from these two sources would, if col-

Report of the Secretary. 57

lected in marketable form, go a long way toward meeting
the normal potash requirements of the country. There is
ample justification, therefore, for the appropriation of suffi-
cient funds adequately to study those phases of the problem
which properly come within the scope of this department’s
activities.

Meteorology.

Meteorology is coming into wider application in agricul-
ture, commerce, and navigation, and the rapid development
of aeronautics has opened up for it a very broad field. Asa
result, greatly increased demands, which it has been difficult,
and in many cases impossible, to meet, have been made upon
the Weather Bureau. The growth of the Nation places upon
the bureau new obligations, and appropriate recommenda-
tions have been included in the estimates for the strengthen-
ing of its work, especially its studies in aid of aeronautics,
so that it may be in position to meet the responsibilities im-
posed upon it by law.

The Progress of Highway Construction.

It required a great national catastrophe to awaken the
American public to the inadequacy of our transportation
facilities and to the fact that we must depend largely upon
our highways, in conjunction with motor vehicles, when a
sudden expansion in transportation is essential. Our ex-
periences during the last three years have clearly demon-
strated that the failure earlier to inaugurate a sound road
improvement program has retarded the effective develop-
ment of one of our most vital national requirements. The
use of the motor vehicle for highway transportation has in-
creased tremendously within a short period. In 1906 only
48,000 motor vehicles were registered in the United States.
By 1914 the number had risen to 1,700,000, while the regis-
trations now total nearly 8,000,000, exclusive of motor cycles.
The actual vehicle-mile use of our roads, it is estimated, has
increased more than 500 per cent in strictly agriculfural com-
munities and more than 1,000 per cent near the larger centers
of population. These figures indicate the extent to which
community and short-haul transportation will be served by
better highways.

58 Y earbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Great Highway Program Under Way.

The Federal-aid road act of 1916, as amended, has resulted
in putting in motion a great program of highway develop-
ment, nation wide in its extent. The original act ap-
propriated $75,000,000, extending over a five-year period, for
the construction of rural post roads in cooperation with the
States, and $1,000,000 a year for a period of 10 years for the
building of roads within or adjacent to the national forests.
It soon became apparent, however, that the sums appor-
tioned to the various States on the basis prescribed by the
act would not be sufficient to provide for the building of any
considerable mileage of the more durable types of roadways
such as the traffic conditions in a large number of the States
demanded. After the signing of the armistice, the feeling
was prevalent that there might be a period of business
inactivity leading to a surplus of available labor -and that
a large program of road construction would be very helpful
in meeting the situation. The Congress, therefore, acting
upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Agriculture,
amended the act, in February, 1919, by providing an ad-
ditional appropriation of $200,000,000 for rural post roads—
and $9,000,000 for national forest projects, and by broaden-
ing a number of its provisions.

Projects Approved and Completed.

In view of the abnormal conditions which have prevailed
since the summer of 1916, the progress that has been made
in placing a large highway improvement program under
way is surprisingly good. In the three years, 1917, 1918, and
1919, there were approved 677 projects, calling for the con-
struction of 5,790 miles of road and involving a total cost
of $56,418,673, of which the Federal share was $23,931,618.
During the fiscal year 1920, 1,670 projects submitted by the
States, involving the improvement of 16,670 miles and a
total allotment of $109,830,366 of Federal funds, were ap-
proved. At the end of the year, 14,940 miles of Federal-aid
roads, on which $103,925,094 of Federal funds had been
allotted, were under consideration and in various stages of
completion, while 1,677 miles had been entirely completed.

Report of the Secretary. 59

Preliminary engineering investigations have been made on
4,003 miles of forest roads and construction has been com-
pleted, or is in progress, on 1,300 miles.

Construction Difficulties.

The work of actual construction has suffered from several
causes, which varied in intensity in the different States.
They include: (1) The difficulty of securing transportation
facilities for road materials. During the season of 1920 the
assignment of open-top cars for transporting coal resulted
in tying up and slowing down many of the highway projects
under construction. (2) The lack of materials, particularly
cement, steel, and culvert pipe. In general, the short supply
of sand, gravel, crushed stone, and other similar materials has
been due to transportation difficulties rather than to a shovt-
age of production. (3) The lack of available contractors
and labor. This condition was not general, however, and was
partially caused by the unwillingness of contractors to un-
dertake new contracts rather than to an actual lack of
sufficient organizations. (4) Difficulties experienced in dis-
posing of road bonds. This situation existed only in cer-
tain States and was due largely to the advance in interest
rates generally after the rates for the bonds had been fixed.

There have been other difficulties, but these are perhaps
the most important, and it is clear that they relate to matters
over which the Federal and State highway departments have
had little or no control. It has become more and more ap-
parent that the physical tasks involved in the building of
highways are so great that, for a considerable period, prog-
ress will be greatly hampered by economic limitations. On
the other hand, it is equally apparent that the rate of prog-
ress will be accelerated as conditions gradually become more
normal. Even under the existing handicaps, a large mileage
of highways is being completed. All details of engineering
and administrative procedure which have been responsible
for any slowing up of the work have been carefully studied,
and, as far as practicable, changes designed to eliminate the
causes have been made. As a result, the preliminary opera-
tions can now be carried on much more rapidly than the
actual construction.

60 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Advisory Board of Highway Officials.

In order to provide for the full correlation of the work of
the department and of the State highway agencies, the ad-
visory board has been enlarged to include all the members of
the executive committee and the officers of the Association |
of State Highway Officials. There is thus available to the
department, in formulating administrative policies, the ad-
vice and experience of the State executives in actual charge
of highway work, representing all parts of the country. The
board functions through correspondence and periodical meet-
ings with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Chief of the
Bureau of Public Roads. One very vital question now under
consideration by it relates to the classification of highways
into groups or systems of like importance. This matter is
fundamental to the future of highway development. Only
through a carefully prepared building plan can the work of
the several highway agencies, from year to year, be placed
on a systematic basis, a basis that will provide systems of
highways so developed and connected that all classes of
traffic will be adequately served. We can not ignore the fact
that the actual construction of highways will be limited by
physical factors for some years to come, and it seems clear
that the only sound policy to follow, in the circumstances, is
that of building roads in the order of their economic im-
portance.

Highways, as a general rule, are local institutions, and
they must, first of all, carry the traffic originating in the im-
mediate vicinity. Their normal function, therefore, is the
short haul, connecting producing areas with rail shipping
points and near-by markets. But we should classify our
highways, and then follow the classification persistently, to
the end that, as the principal roads in each State are com-
pleted, they will connect with those of contiguous States and
thus automatically become links in a national system which
will serve all parts of the country. In working out such a
classification, due consideration must be given to the mili-
tary needs, and provision, therefore, has been made for
cooperation with the War Department in making an exten-
sive study to determine the roads which are needed to meet
them.

Report of the Secretary. 61

Technical Problems to Be Solved.

With the great increase in the number of vehicles using
our highways, and particularly with the greater weight of
the traffic units which they are now expected to carry, many
technical problems in highway construction have arisen.
The solution of these problems is essential to the wise ex-
penditure of the large sums that have been provided for
construction operations. They can only be solved by pains-
taking and thorough investigations and studies. Plans have
been worked out, therefore, for the prosecution of the neces-
sary research work, in cooperation with the National Re-
search Council and with educational institutions which have
the requisite facilities.

Provision for Five-Year Program.

The rapid improvement in the organization of the Federal
and State highway departments, the development of ade-
quate road legislation in the various States, the response of
the States in making funds available to meet the Federal
apportionments, and the progress of construction work dur-
ing a period beset with every possible discouraging condition
and limitation have clearly demonstrated the soundness
of the existing Federal aid plan. Future legislation should
not disturb the principles embodied in the act of 1916,
which have been tried out and found to be so satisfactory,
and only those changes should be made which experience
has clearly shown to be desirable.

The period covered by the original act, as amended, will
terminate with the close of the present fiscal year. Imme-
diate consideration, therefore, should be given to plans for
its extension. In order that there may be no halting in the
work, it is hoped that the Congress will, at its next session,
provide additional funds, to be expended under the terms
of existing legislation with certain modifications, at the rate
of $100,000,000 a year for a period of five years, beginning
with July 1, 1921. The principal modifications in mind
relate to the problem confronting the Western States in
highway work because of the existence in many of them of
large areas of public lands, and to the maintenance of Fed-

62 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

eral aid roads by the State highway agencies rather than by
the counties. The Association of State Highway Officials,
at its meeting in December, 1919, unanimously approved
the continuance of the present plan of Federal participation
in road building with these and other modifications.

The fact that the present appropriation may not be en-
tirely expended by June 30, 1921, does not lessen the neces-
sity of immediate action. Both the Federal and State high-
way departments should know, as promptly as possible, the
program for the next five years, in order that the work may
be adequately planned and the engineering and administra-
tive details carefully executed. Forty of the State legisla-
tures will be in session this winter, when it will be necessary
for them to make the requisite provision for meeting future
Federal apportionments. From every standpoint, therefore,
it is essential that legislation for the continuance of the pro-
gram now under way be promptly enacted.

National Forest Roads.

Provision should be made also for the continued building,
on an adequate scale, of roads within or adjacent to the
national forests. The forest road systems are very closely
related to those of the States, and the major forest projects
form important links in essential State and interstate high-
ways. There are approximately 15,000 miles of roads within
the forests which connect with State and county highway
systems. The building of forest roads, therefore, is an im-
portant part of the general road development plan of the
West, both within and without the forest areas. In addi-
tion, the transportation of forest products, the protection
and administration of the forests themselves, and their utili-
zation for recreational purposes are all dependent upon the
construction and maintenance of serviceable roads.

The Forestry Problem.

The time has arrived when increased attention to a sound
and comprehensive forestry policy is imperative. Forest
depletion has reached a dangerous and critical point. As
cutting advances, much of the land which should continue to
produce ample quantities of timber for our domestic needs,

Report of the Secretary. 63

and also a balance for export, either grows inferior or par-
tial crops, or sinks to a condition of virtual waste. The cause
is neglect and should be removed. It can be removed only
by public action.

Cooperation With the States.

The broad question of timber supplies and permanent for-
ests is a national one. It can not be handled piecemeal by
uncorrelated local agencies. Neither can it be handled
through an inflexible system imposed without regard to local
conditions. ‘The recognized police powers of the several
States should be brought into play to stop forest fires and
prevent the devastation of privately owned forest land. At
the same time, the Federal Government should take an active
part in aiding the forest activities of the States, in standard-
izing technical requirements as between the States, and in ex-
tending the national forests. But the public should not be
expected to bear the entire burden. Responsibility rests
upon the forest owner to comply with equitable requirements
_ designed to keep employed in growing timber lands which
are not needed for agriculture. .

The Congress will be asked to provide an appropriation
sufficiently large to permit the department to cooperate ef-
fectively with all the States which are prepared to work
with it in preventing and controlling forest fires and other
causes of devastation. It will be requested, also, to provide
funds for the reforestation of devastated lands within the
national forests, and for additions to them through further
land purchases and through exchanges of national forest
areas or timber for private lands of equal values.

Forest Experiment Stations Needed.

Full productiveness of our forests can not be secured with-
out full information regarding the means of controlling their
growth. Unfortunately, at a time when better knowledge
is particularly urgent, the machinery for obtaining it has
been seriously curtailed as the result of decreased appropria-
tions. One consequence of this has been the virtual abandon-
ment of the forest experiment stations in the West, at which
many of the most important investigations were centered.

64. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

The number of these stations should be increased, not re-
duced. They are as necessary to forestry as the agricultural
experiment stations are to progress in agriculture, and there
should be at least one station in each of the main forest re-
gions of the country. Economic studies dealing with the
prospective requirements of the various industries, and, in
general, with the demands which the forests of the country
should be prepared to meet, also are essential. In the face
of enforced curtailments in the use of wood, due to the de-
pletion of present supplies, it is as important to study meth-
ods of economically and effectively using what we have as it
is to learn how to grow more wood. Work along all these
lines should be greatly enlarged and the necessary funds
should be provided for the purpose.

In administering the national forests, the department has
been carrying on an expanding business through a period of
rapidly rising prices with an almost stationary appropri-
ation. This has made it necessary to practice the most rigid
economy. It is impossible to handle the forests efficiently
on the basis of the prewar appropriations, and the protec-
tion and development of these resources should not be re-
stricted for lack of men to handle the work involved.

National Forests and National Parks.

For many years the movement for setting aside from the
public domain permanent reservations of wild lands as na-
tional heritages failed to recognize any substantial difference
between national parks and national forests. As regulated
use of the timber and grazing resources of the forests de-
veloped in importance, however, a clear distinction of fields
began to appear. The forests, in the nature of the case, must
always have an important value as recreation grounds, and
must be administered with definite provision for recreational
use along with the development and use of their material
resources. Areas of scenic grandeur or natural wonders
which are exceptional in character should be incorporated in
national parks, but for every area of this sort there are lit-
erally hundreds of mountain peaks, lakes, or beautiful can-
yons within the forests which do not justify their designa-
tion as parks.

Leport of the Secretary. 65

This situation must be recognized in seeking a sound basis
for determining What areas should be incorporated in na-
tional parks. If their primary public utility arises from
economic resources for which, sooner or later, there will be
a legitimate demand, they should not be embraced in parks.
As our Western States expand in population and industry,
it will not be possible to withhold the parks from demands
for water power, for irrigation, and, indeed, for timber
and forage, unless they are limited to areas in which the
beauties and wonders of nature are, in reality, so dominating
that they justify prohibition of conflicting forms of use.
Above all, the national conception of our great parks as areas
so fine and wonderful that they belong to the whole country
should not be cheapened by making them simply a means
for local development or advertisement.

Nor should we build up, under the name of national parks,
public properties which are open to various forms of com-
mercial exploitation and which are, in fact, merely national
forests under a different designation. -Areas whose domi-
nant public values are economic do not belong in the parks.
They should remain or be placed in the national forests if
they serve the primary functions of the forests—the produc-
tion of timber or the protection of watersheds. On the other
hand, the economic service rendered by the forests should be
no bar to the administration of small areas at many points
within them for public recreational purposes or for the pro-
tection of their natural beauty. There is a growing demand
for summer-home sites, for public camp grounds, for the de-
velopment of community recreation areas in the forests, and
for other forms of recreational use. To meet this demand,
there should be more specific provision than has yet been
made for the administration of the recreation resources.

Grazing Fees.

Grazing at present is the principal source of money return
_to the Government from the national forests. Since 1915
the grazing fees have been doubled, with the view of making
them commensurate with current rental rates for neighbor-
ing private lands of the same character. When the existing
rates were established, the users of the range understood that

30702°—ysx 1920

5

66 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Counting Sheep Onto a National Forest Range.

A careful count is made of the live stock that grazes on National Forest
ranges. As many stock are allowed on each range unit as will utilize all the
forage without injuring the range.

they would remain in effect for five years and many of the
grazing permits were issued for this period. The value of
the grazing privilege on many ranges subsequently ad-
vanced, and a considerable sentiment in favor of an immedi-
ate further increase in the fees developed. The good faith
of the Government would be impaired by such a course.
Furthermore, to advance the fees at the present time would
add to the instability of the national forest live-stock in-
dustry which has been brought about by existing market
conditions, and would be neither just nor good public policy.
No policy has been laid down by the Congress for the
guidance cf the department in the exercise of the admin-
istrative discretion, with which it has been vested for 15
_ years, to determine the conditions under which the use of
the range may be permitted. If the Congress desires to pre-
scribe such a policy, it should not take effect until after 1923,
when the existing leases will expire. Even in the absence
of legislation, the department will make a classification of
the ranges and fix a new scale of charges, to be imposed in
1924, under which the fees will represent the actual grazing

Report of the Secretary. 67

value of the particular portion of the range used by each
permittee or group of permittees. Before the new scale is
determined, an opportunity will be given the local associa-
tions of national forest range users to submit any data re-
garding the fairness of the proposed fees which they may
desire to present.

The Development of Alaska.

The Department of Agriculture, in common with a num-
ber of other departments, has very definite responsibilities
in connection with Alaskan development. It is endeavoring,
for example, to increase the production of crops and live
stock; it has experts in the field investigating the possibility
of building up the reindeer herds into an important source
of meat supply; it is giving attention to the perpetuation of
the fur industry. But its chief responsibility at the present
time is in ‘connection with the administration of the national
forests in Alaska.

The location of pulp mills in these forests would aid
greatly in solving the problem of our future supplies of
newsprint. Under regulated use, the Tongass National
Forest alone can probably produce forever 1,500,000 tons of
newsprint yearly, along with ample quantities of timber
for local purposes. By far the most valuable timber in
Alaska is that which fringes its western seaboard, the north-
ward extension of the coast forests of Washington and
British Columbia. Practically all this coastal area is owned
by the Government. It is under national forest administra-
tion, and timber from it is already playing an important
part in the industrial development of the Territory. Every
sawmill on the coast from Ketchikan to Seward obtains its
supply from the national forests. These mills furnish nearly
all the lumber used in the region, and forest administration
is intimately related to every form of industry and to every
community in the coastal area.

Responsibility of the Forest Service.

Because of this relation, a peculiar responsibility rests on
the Forest Service in Alaska. To fulfill it effectively under
a system of long-range administration is impossible. The

68 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

public resources in Alaska can be properly managed only by
lodging authority in men cn the ground to act without wait-
ing to consult distant superiors, and the Forest Service has
consistently followed this policy. There is close cooperation
between the Forest Service and the Territorial government,
and the animating purpose of the forest officers is to make
the forests serve the welfare of Alaska. .
The greatest need of Alaska is for the investment of capi-
tal in enterprises for the development of resources which can
be developed in no other way. The pulpwood supplies of the
coast forests offer the best immediate opening for capital.
To the task of securing their utilization on a large scale, the
energies of the Forest Service are now being directed, with
every promise of success. One large sale has already been
closed and others are in prospect. Through such enterprises
the population of the Territory will be built up, its wealth
increased, and other forms of development stimulated.

Amendments to Existing Legislation.

In the early history of the Department of Agriculture its
work was directed largely along the lines of research and
education. In recent years, its activities have been expanded
to include the administration of various regulatory laws re-
lating for the most part, directly or indirectly, to agricul-
tural commodities or operations. Some of them, such as the
meat-inspection act, and to some extent the food and drugs
act, are designed to protect the public health. Others have
for their object the protection of the live-stock industry by
controlling or prohibiting the shipment of diseased animals
in interstate commerce, the prevention of the entry into this
country or the spread of injurious insects and plant diseases,
or the conservation of our game birds and animals. Still
others are intended to facilitate the marketing of farm
products or to prevent abuses in the preparation and ship-
ment of foods, drugs, insecticides, and fungicides, and of
virus, serums, and toxins for combating animal diseases.
Long experience in the administration of these laws indi-
cates that many of them should be strengthened if they are
to serve most effectively their original purposes and to meet
new situations which have arisen since they were placed on

Report of the Secretary. 69

the statute books. Appropriate recommendations regarding
the necessary amendments will be submitted to the Congress
at its next session; I will merely outline them here.

The Meat-Inspection Act.

The meat-inspection act has been in operation 14 years
and certain changes in it are clearly desirable. Authority
should be given to require that carcasses and parts of
carcasses, meats, and meat food products shall bear labels
which will correctly indicate their kind and character. An
amendment to this effect would go far toward preventing
fraud and deception, because purchasers would then have
exact information as to what they buy. The existing doubt
as to whether the law applies to shipments from a State to a
Territory or to the District of Columbia, or vice versa,
should be removed. In order to maintain a prosecution for
the shipment of unsound meat, under the act as it now stands,
it 1s necessary for the Government to show knowledge on
the part of the shipper as to its unwholesomenegs at the time
he offers the product for shipment in interstate commerce.
This requirement should be eliminated.

On account of the peculiar construction of section 21 of
the act, there is some question as to whether the prohibition
contained in it regarding the interstate transportation of
unwholesome meat and meat products applies only to farm-
ers, retail butchers, and retail dealers. There is also doubt
as to whether the element of sale is necessary in order to
constitute an offense under this section. These ambiguities
should be corrected, and amendments should be inserted
which would effectively prohibit the interstate shipment for
food purposes of articles which become unsound subsequent
to inspection, as well as traffic in unsound meats by persons
who conduct their own transportation.

Specific authority should be provided for the withdrawal
of inspection from establishments which violate any of the
regulations promulgated for the enforcement of the act,
since the conditions prescribed by them are necessary to in-
sure the wholesomeness of meat and meat food products
designed for interstate shipment. Wherever the words * In-
spected and Passed” and “ Inspected and Condemned” ap-

70 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

pear in the statute they should be changed to read “U.S.
Passed” and “U. S. Condemned,” respectively, in order to
distinguish the Federal inspection marks from those of
State and municipal authorities; and wider discretion re-
garding the disposition of fats and meat food products con-
demned for causes other than disease should be given, so as
to permit their utilization for industrial purposes under
proper regulations. The department also should be author-
ized to follow and reinspect products bearing the Federal
mark of inspection after they have left the official establish-
ments in which they were first examined and to cancel the
marks if it is found that the continuance of their use would
be misleading or an instrumentality of deception or fraud;
and paragraph 545 of the tariff act of October 3, 1913, which
now prohibits the importation of the classes of meat covered
by the meat-inspection act except under conditions pre-
scribed by the department, but which provides no penalty
for its violation, should be reenacted as a part of the meat-
inspection act, thus bringing it under the general penalty
provisions. Other amendments of equal importance should
be made, and a full statement of them will be presented to
the Congress.

The Virus-Serum-Toxin Act.

In the case of the virus-serum-toxin act, a number of
amendments are desirable in order more eifectively to pre-
vent the preparation and shipment in interstate and foreign
commerce of virus, serums, and toxins which are worthless
or contaminated. The law should be extended to cover ar-
ticles which enter foreign commerce, and definite provision
should be made for the destruction of worthless, contami-
nated, dangerous, or harmful products. Specific authority
should be given to withhold the issuance of licenses to per-
sons who refuse to permit inspection of their establishments,
or to conduct them in accordance with the regulations, and
a violation of the regulations at any time should be declared
to be sufficient cause for the revocation or suspension of a
license. It would be desirable, also, to provide that a license
may be suspended temporarily, in critical cases, without the
necessity of affording an opportunity for a hearing, and that

EE

Y

Report of the Secretary. 71

all containers must bear the name of the product, the date
of its manufacture, and such marks or labels as will clearly
identify it and indicate its potency. The counterfeiting or
falsifying of identification marks prescribed by the regula-
tions should be prohibited; the shipment of samples of virus,
serums, toxins, etc., intended for scientific purposes should
be permitted under properly controlled conditions; and the
acceptance of any money or gift by an inspector connected
with the enforcement of the act, or the giving or offering of
anything of value to an inspector by a licensee, should be
made a criminal offense, punishable by fine or imprisonment.

The Food and Drugs Act.

In order to secure the more effective and efficient enforce-
ment of the food and drugs act, the department should be
specifically authorized to establish standards of strength,
quality, and purity for the articles subject to its provisions,
and ample power should be given it to enforce compliance
with these standards. The term “ drugs,” as defined in the
act, should be broadened to include specifically all cosmetics,
toilet preparations, face creams, hair dyes, and antifat and
antilean remedies; and all drugs containing methyl alcohol,
for internal or external use, should be deemed to be adul-
terated, although the use of methyl alcohol in their prepara-
tion should be permitted, provided it is completely elimi-
nated from the finished products. The list of habit-forming
drugs set forth in the second paragraph of section 8 is incom-
plete and should be extended to include, by name, a number
of dangerous substances commonly found in drug prepara-
tions; or, as an alternative, a definite requirement should be
incorporated in the law that all habit-forming or poisonous
drugs, or their derivatives, must be declared on the labels or
packages. Virulent poisons should be brought within the
scope of the act, and authority should be given to determine,
from time to time, what substances shall be regarded as viru-
lent poisons. The department should have power to inspect
establishments in which foods or drugs are prepared for
interstate or foreign commerce, or for sale in the District of
Columbia or the Territories, in order to ascertain whether
the articles are adulterated or misbranded; and the mis-

72 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

branding provisions of the act should be extended to food
containers so made or shaped as to be likely to deceive or
mislead the purchaser as to the quantity, quality, size, or
origin of their contents.

The Insecticide and Fungicide Act.

The insecticide and fungicide act should be amended in
several particulars. A substantial minimum fine should be
provided, because, in the absence of any stated minimum,
fines are sometimes so small that offenders consider prosecu-
tion as a matter of small moment. Certain inconsistencies
in the definitions of the two words “ fungicide” and “ in-
secticide ” should be cleared up, and the doubt as to whether
“ fungicide ” was intended to include disinfectants and anti-
septics should be removed. The term “misbranded ” should
be extended to cover false and misleading statements, de-
signs, etc., in the circulars or in the advertising matter ac-
companying packages of insecticides and fungicides, as well
as the statements upon the package or label itself, and the
misbranding provisions should be made clearly applicable
to inert substances which do not of themselves, or in combi-
nation with other ingredients of the particular article, pre-
- vent, destroy, or repel insects or fungi.

The Grain-Standards Act.

The act prohibits (section 4), under penalty, the interstate
shipment of grain by grade from or to an inspection point
unless it has been inspected and graded by a licensed in-
spector. It also forbids (section 5), but without a penalty,
the representation of any grain as of a grade other than that
shown in the certificate issued under the act. As a result,
a person who ships or sells grain by grade without the re-
quired inspection and grading is guilty of a criminal offense,
while one who comphes with the inspection requirement but
misrepresents the grade, thereby defrauding his customer, is
not. The only punishment in the latter case is the business
injury resulting from the publication of the facts by the de-
partment. It seems clear, in the circumstances, that the
penalty provided by section 9 of the act should be extended
to cover misrepresentation of grades, including the altera-

Report of the Secretary. 73

tion of official certificates. Specific authority also should
be given for the publication of the findings of the department
relating to false grading.

Under the act as it now stands, appeals respecting the
grade of grain can be taken or referred to the Secretary of
Agriculture only where the grain involved has entered
interstate commerce. This restriction should be removed
so that all persons dealing in grain who desire to avail
themselves of the provisions of the act may be permitted
to do so; and the present requirement that all interested
parties other than those joining in an appeal must be named
as respondents in the complaint should be omitted. The
accurate determination of an appeal depends solely upon
a proper examination of the grain, accompanied by tests
of correct and representative samples, and such safeguards
have been thrown around the collection of samples and
the conduct of tests that the right to be heard does not aid
in the determination of the true grade in any way.

Food Products Inspection Law.

The food products inspection law at present is limited in its
operation to products shipped in interstate commerce. This
limitation should be removed. The service authorized by
law is wholly permissive and in no way regulatory or man-
datory and therefore does not interfere with the rights of
any citizen. It tends to facilitate the distribution and mar-
keting of farm products, since it hastens the settlement of
disputes as to their quality and condition upon arrival in
the market, and any shipper should be permitted to take
advantage of it. It would be desirable also to amend the
law so that inspections may be made at points that can be
conveniently reached from important central markets.

The Warehouse Act.

Section 15 of the warehouse act requires the inspection and
grading of grain, flaxseed, or any other “ fungible” agricul-
tural product covered by the act. Some grains, particularly
corn and flaxseed, are not always stored as fungible products.
It is customary, in certain parts of the country, to store grain
in bags, or in special compartments or bins, which preserve

74. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

its identity so that the identical grain may be returned to
the owner when it is taken from storage. In many such
cases, sampling and grading are entirely unnecessary from
the standpoint of the owner. He merely wishes to be assured
that the place of storage is suitable, that the warehouseman
is reliable, that the warehouse is being operated under the
disinterested inspection and supervision of the Federal Gov-
ernment, and that he is further protected against the loss
of his property by the warehouseman’s bond. Whether he
desires to incur the expense of inspection or grading is a
matter for him to determine. It seems desirable, in the cir-
cumstances, to amend the act so that the grading of grain
stored in bags or in special bins or compartments which pre-
serve its identity will not be required unless desired by the
depositor. This amendment would not weaken the act in
any way, but would merely meet the expressed wishes of
producers in certain sections of the country. In short, it
would extend to the grain grower the same privilege that the
producer of corn, wool, or tobacco already has under its
terms.
The Plant Quarantine Act.

The plant quarantine act of August 20, 1912, needs amend-
ment in one important particular. At present, it is difficult
for employees of the Federal Horticultural Board, which is
responsible for the administration of the law under the di-
rection of the Secretary of Agriculture, to prevent the move-
ment of infected and infested plants and plant products
from one State to another when they are carried in private
conveyances. The employees of the board, therefore, should
be authorized to examine vehicles and other means of trans-
portation not now covered by the terms of the act when there
is good reason to suspect that they are being used for the
movement of products in violation of the law and the regu-
lations issued under it.

The Lacey Act.

The Lacey Act (secs. 242 and 243 of the Penal Code), which
relates to the interstate shipment by common carriers of
wild animals or birds, should be amended so as to cover the
transportation not only by common carriers but by any

Report of the Secretary. 75

means whatever of live as well as dead animals and birds,
and so as to require that packages containing game be clearly
and plainly marked with a statement of the number and
kinds of animals or birds therein. Provision should be
made also for the more effective enforcement of the act, and
duly designated employees of the department should be
authorized to make arrests for violations committed in their
presence, to serve warrants issued by the courts, and to
seize wild animals and birds which are being illegally trans-
ported.

Administration of Wild-Life- Reservations.

From time to time, by act of Congress and Executive
orders, large tracts of land have been reserved as breeding
grounds, ranges, and refuges for wild animals and birds.
The administration of these reservations is committed to the
Department of Agriculture. Section 84 of the Penal Code
forbids hunting on the bird reservations, except in accord-
ance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Agri-
culture. There is no statute, however, making it an offense
to trespass on the refuges for wild animals, and no law
which authorizes the department to administer the reserva-
tions for purposes other than the protection of the birds and
animals. Neither is there any authority conferred by law
upon the wardens of the reservations to arrest persons tres-
passing upon them. Authority similar to that contained in
the act of June 4, 1897, with reference to the administration
of the national forests, should be given the department to
regulate the occupancy and use of the reservations, so that
they may be devoted to all proper and lawful purposes
consistent with the preservation and protection of the birds
and animals thereon, and power to properly police them
should be vested in the wardens.

Protection of Officers from Violence.

There is now no provision for the punishment of persons
who oppose, resist, or assault employees of the Forest Service
and the Bureau of Biological Survey in the performance of
their duties relating to the administration of the national
forests and wild-life reservations and the protection of mi-
gratory birds. These employees frequently discharge their

76 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

duties under hazardous conditions. The lack of any Federal
law for their protection is generally known and, in several
instances, has encouraged or provoked wholly unwarranted
acts of physical violence upon them. Furthermore, the ab-
sence of such protection breeds contempt of the authority
conferred by law upon the department to enforce the statutes
intrusted to it for administration. Section 62 of the Penal
Code accords protection to the employees of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, and by a simple amendment it may be made
applicable to employees of the Forest Service and of the
Bureau of Biological Survey.

Authority to Obtain Information.

A number of the statutes administered by the department
require the obtaining of information, both for the purpose of
properly administering them and of submitting reports to
- Congress upon which it may base further legislation, but the
department can now obtain this information only as the per-
sons possessing it volunteer to give it. Authority should be
conferred upon the department to compel the furnishing of
such information, under proper safeguards, and to permit
its duly designated representatives to administer oaths and
to examine witnesses in connection therewith.

New Legislation.

Aside from the revision or amendment of existing statutes,
experience has demonstrated the desirability of new legisla-
tion along several lines, including the following:

Pure Seeds.

The importation into the United States of forage and like
seeds is regulated by the seed importation act of August
24, 1912, but there is now no law to prevent the adulteration
or misbranding of seeds shipped from one State to another.
While it is not clear that Federal regulation of interstate
commerce in seeds would be practicable, it is clear that the
enlargement of the department’s authority and funds for
testing and other investigational work, accompanied by full
publicity, would produce valuable results. It has been
suggested in the estimates, therefore, that authority be given
to determine the purity, viability, and trueness to variety

Report of the Secretary. 77

of seeds obtained in the open market and to publish the
names of the persons responsible for the shipment or sale
of those which are found to be adulterated and misbranded
according to the standards established by the department.

Feeds and Fertilizers and Naval Stores.

The need for legislation to insure the purity and whole-
someness of commercial feeds intended for domestic animals
and poultry has been apparent for many years. While the
food and drugs act is applicable to such feeds, it has been
_ impossible under its proyisions to prevent some of the worst
forms of adulteration and misbranding. This matter should
receive careful consideration, and a comprehensive law
which will prevent the shipment in interstate and foreign
commerce of worthless, adulterated, or misbranded feeds
should be enacted as promptly as possible. In framing the
measure, it would be highly desirable to give the department
authority to establish standards which will adequately pro-
tect the purchaser against articles that have little or no feed-
ing value.

There is need also of similar legislation dealing with the
adulteration, debasement, and false labeling of fertilizers

and naval stores.
Roads.

Provision should be made, at the next session of the Con-
gress, for the continuance of the highway program along
the lines recommended on pages 61 and 62.

Marketing of Live.Stock.

Many measures designed to regulate and control establish-
ments engaged in the handling of live stock and in the
manufacture and preparation of meat and meat food prod-
ucts have been under public discussion. Several bills deal-
ing with the problems involyed are now pending in the
Congress and are in various stages of consideration. Un-
doubtedly, it would be desirable, not only in the interest
of the producer but of the consumer as well, to enact legis-
lation which would make it impossible for those dealing
in live stock and its products to exercise undue control over
marketing facilities or to impose unfair or unreasonable
charges for their services.

78 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
The Need of New Buildings.

Immediate consideration should be given to improving
the housing conditions of the department in Washington.
The existing situation makes for waste and inefficiency in
many directions. Forty-two buildings or parts of buildings,
including both Government owned and rented structures, are
now occupied for office, laboratory, storage, and other pur-
poses. They are in widely scattered locations, many of them
considerable distances away from the administration build-
ing, and several are antiquated, unsuitable, and nonfireproof.
The cost of maintenance, upkeep, and operation under such
conditions is unavoidably large and will grow year by year.

Recently some branches of the department, at the direction
of the Public Buildings Commission, which has full control
over the allotment of all space occupied by the Government
departments in Washington, have been placed in the tem-
porary frame structures erected during the war. It is diffi-
cult to conceive of any type of buildings more inflammable
than these. The property and records of the Government
in them are exposed to serious fire hazard at all times, to
say nothing of possible loss of life in the event of fire. For
what length of time it will be necessary to occupy these
buildings has not been indicated, but to continue to use them
indefinitely is, in my opinion, iihtrary to ae best interests
of the cevenieicak

No other department of the Government in Washington is
as inadequately and unsatisfactorily housed as is the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and immediate attention should be
given to the development and execution of a building pro-
gram for it. The first step should be the construction of the
long-deferred central building between laboratories A and
B along the lines of the original designs, which are still in
the files of the department, the acquisition of the land and
buildings in one of the squares lying immediately south of the
department’s reservation, and the erection thereon of a mod- -
ern fireproof structure of plain though pleasing appearance.
This would make it possible to bring the scattered units of
the department closer together, to relinquish many buildings
which are remotely located, unsuitable for offices and non-—
fireproof, and to effect a large annual saving in rentals.

Report of the Secretary. 79
The Problem of Personnel.

In any discussion of what the department has done during
the year, it must be borne in mind that every item of progress
was accomplished under serious difficulties. Rapid advances
in the costs of supplies and equipment, materials, and servy-
ices, and an abnormal turnover in personnel have presented
many problems. Increased costs have resulted in the forced
curtailment of many lines of work, and the inability to pay
adequate compensation has made it impossible to establish
and maintain satisfactory personnel standards.

The department is charged with duties that are extremely
varied and of the utmost importance. It is conducting fun-
damental research in every phase of crop and live-stock pro-
duction and marketing, and it is actively studying the broad
economic problems in the field of agriculture. It is super-
vising the expenditure of the Federal funds which have made
possible the inauguration and execution of the greatest road-
building program ever undertaken in the history of the
world. It is administering the national forests, which com-
prise within their boundaries 155,000,000 acres of land, and
it is enforcing more than 30 regulatory laws, all of them of
great importance to the people of the country. It can not
hope to maintain these and other activities on a satisfactory
basis, or to render the most effective service, without an
adequate force of well-trained men and women. And it
must not only be prepared to discharge, in full measure, its
present responsibilities, but it must look to the future.
Some of the most fundamental and difficult problems in
agriculture still lie ahead of us, and the planning and execu-
tion of experiments and investigations for their solution, as
well as the development of the necessary machinery for con-
ducting vigorous campaigns to eliminate the pests and dis-
eases which are handicapping production in eyery direction
and in every section of the country, depend for their success
upon the ability of the department to secure and retain the
highest type of scientific and administrative officers.

Abnormal Turnover.

The turnover in personnel has reached an alarming stage.
Highly trained and experienced specialists and administra-
tors are leaving the service for salaries two, three, and four

80 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

times as much as the department can pay them, and many
of them can not be replaced at anything lke the compensa-
tion that can be offered under existing limitations. We have
a record of the salaries received in outside employment by 528
of the scientific and technical employees who left the depart-
ment during the fiscal year 1920. This record shows that
383 of these employees are receiving from other public in-
stitutions and commercial concerns compensation ranging
from $500 to $7,000 more than they were paid by the depart-
ment.

It is understood, of course, that the Government can not
meet commercial competition. The scientific and technical
men of the department do not themselves expect it. As a
general rule they are willing to accept less in order that they
may remain in strictly scientific work, but they certainly
should be paid salaries sufficient to keep themselves and their
families in reasonable comfort. Otherwise, the depart-
ment’s force will continue to be drained of many of its most
efficient workers. It can not be subjected to this steady
draft upon its trained personnel without serious impairment
of the service, nor can it utilize the funds appropriated by
the Congress most effectively with a constantly disintegrat-
ing organization and an increasing percentage of new and
relatively inexperienced personnel.

Importance of Research.

The department should be in position to retain its scientific
and technical workers over long periods. From the stand-
point of the public service, a man once embarked upon an
important field of investigation should remain there if he is
capable and efficient. If he leaves to accept other employ-
ment, he carries with him much of the information he has
acquired in the progress of his work, information which
enriches him in experience, but which can not possibly be
put on record. A new man,,continuing the work, must, in
many instances, go over a considerable part of the field
already covered before he reaches the point where his pred-
ecessor left off.

We are at a stage of our agricultural progress where fun-
damental research and investigation are more essential than
ever before. We are confronted to-day with serious prob-
lems of the most pressing nature about which we know rela-

Report of the Secretary. 81

tively little. No one acquainted with the situation will deny
that it would be the part of wisdom to concentrate the best
brains of the country on these problems and to provide ade-
quate facilities for carrying on the work in the most compre-
hensive manner. .

Since 1914 there has been no increase in the limitation on
the maximum amount that may be paid to scientific and
technical workers. It has been impossible, therefore, for
the department to adjust their compensation to accord with
the great change in economic conditions which has taken
place during the»past six years. This situation should be
corrected without delay, and I have therefore recommended
in the estimates to the Congress that the existing limitation
be increased to $6,500. I have also recommended that pro-
vision be made for increasing the salaries of the chiefs of
bureaus and divisions, all of whom have large and difficult
tasks to perform and are decidedly underpaid. Their pres-
ent compensation is considerably less than that received by
officers of similar rank in other agricultural institutions and
in other branches of the Government service, to say nothing
of salaries paid by commercial concerns. I can not too
strongly urge that these recommendations be adopted.

The personnel difficulties which the department has expe-
rienced are not confined to the scientific and technical work-
ers. They have extended also to the clerical and mechanical

‘employees who, in large part, are carried on statutory rolls,
which means that promotions can be made only as vacan-
cies occur. This has resulted in a serious situation. I have
suggested in the estimates some changes in the statutory
rolls which, while they will not solve the problem, will afford
temporary relief until such time as the Congress acts in the
matter of reclassification of the salaries of Government em-
ployees generally.

Directors of Scientific and Regulatory Work.

With the growth and development of the work of the
department along research and regulatory lines, it is highly
essential that definite provision be made for the closer
coordination of these activities through a central agency.
Only in this way can the most effective results be obtained.
Every effort also should be made to bring about a further

30702°—ysK 1920——6+7**

82 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

correlation of the research and regulatory activities with
those of the appropriate State agencies. The department has
no adequate machinery at this time for accomplishing these
purposes. I am suggesting in the estimates, therefore, that
the Secretary of Agriculture be authorized to appoint a di-
rector of scientific work and a director of regulatory work,
at $7,500 per annum each, who will devote their attention not
only to the development and coordination of the research
and regulatory activities of the various branches of the
department but will also work out and put into execution
plans for their further coordination with similar lines of
work in the various States. It is proposed that these direc-
tors shall not be subject to removal except for cause. The
reason for this is obvious. In an institution such as the De-
partment of Agriculture stability of tenure is absolutely
essential if the best results are to be secured.

Funds for 1922.

The estimates of the Department of Agriculture for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1922, aggregate $41,989,384, rep-
resenting an increase of $10,276,600 over the appropriation
for the current year. Of this increase, $950,000 for com-
bating foot-and-mouth disease, $100,000 for fighting and
preventing forest fires, and $100,000 for the control of
emergency insect infestations, amounting in all to $1,150,000,
are merely insurance funds and will be used only in case of
necessity. Each and every item in the estimates has been
carefully canvassed, and the amount suggested represents the
minimum that, in my opinion, should be provided for the
maintenance and prosecution of the work of the department.
It. should be borne in mind, in this connection, that the
appropriation for the regular work of the department dur-
ing the fiscal year 1921 was reduced by $2,186,977, the
total amount provided representing a reduction of nearly
$6,000,000 below the sum recommended in the estimates for
that year.

If the increase proposed is allowed, it will be possible to
restore to their former status and to develop properly the
important activities which have been discontinued or seri-
ously curtailed because of the lack of funds. It will be possi-
ble also for the department to pay better compensation to its

Report of the Secretary. 83

earnest and efficient workers—provided, of course, the pres-
ent limitations on salaries are increased as recommended—
and thus to check, in part at least, the abnormal turnover in
personnel ; and, lastly, the department will be placed in posi-
tion to attack important agricultural problems which are
pressing for solution, to enforce more completely the regula-
tory laws intrusted to it for administration, and to provide
for the more effective administration and protection of our
great national forest properties.

Agricultural Agencies Expected to Help.

Our great agricultural industry is in the midst of a difficult
and trying period. It is confronted with numerous and com-
plex problems, and the people of the country are rightfully
expecting the agricultural agencies of the Nation—the Fed-
eral Department of Agriculture, the State agricultural col-
leges and experiment stations, and the State departments of
agriculture—to render increasingly important service in
working out ways and means of solving them. These in-
stitutions can not hope to measure up to their responsibilities
in this respect unless they are properly equipped and are
placed in position to secure and retain the services of the
best trained men and women in America.

A review of the activities of the department during the
past year clearly indicates not only that it will be unable
to give proper study and attention to the new and vital
matters of national concern now demanding its attention
and action, but that it can not even maintain its present
standard of service to American agriculture, and through
agriculture to the people of the country, without more ade-
quate support. Unless a considerably increased appropri-
ation is granted for the next fiscal year it will be impos-
sible for this great organization to deal effectively with
the problems before it, and it will be compelled in many
vital projects to mark time. I recognize full well the neces-
sity for economy in governmental expenditures, especially
in view of the great financial burdens thrust upon us by the
war and the present unsettled conditions; but, in my opin-
ion, it is not true economy to fail to provide the necessary
facilities and personnel for this productive branch of the
Government, which is returning to the Nation many fold, in

84 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

terms of wealth created or saved, the expenditures made
by it.

I have already discussed briefly the personnel situation in
the department, but I wish to reemphasize it here. Im-
portant units are in danger of going to pieces because of the
lack of funds to prosecute the work at hand or because pres-
ent limitations on salaries make it impossible to maintain a
sufficient personnel to conduct their operations effectively.
This is no exaggeration. In one of the most important
bureaus—one dealing with serious economic problems—8 of
the 16 divisions are without directing heads because the
vacancies could not be filled at the available salaries. One-
half of the work of the bureau is now without adequate
leadership. A similar situation exists in many other bureaus
of the department, and unless it is shortly remedied stagna-
tion will be the inevitable result. Hope of early justice
in the matter of salaries and better equipment for work have
encouraged many men and women to stay with the depart-
ment so far, but they can not be held indefinitely if they are
to meet with repeated disappointments.

IT am confident that no citizen of this country, in private
or public life, who has an understanding of the work of the
department, of the handicaps under which our present-day
agriculture is laboring, and of the national problems in-
volved in maintaining supplies of food and raw materials
sufficient for our constantly increasing population, will fail
to give his sympathetic support to measures which promise
increased strength to the Nation in its most basic industry,
the foundation of all other industries—agriculture.

Respectfully,

E. T. Merepirn,
Secretary of Agriculture.

Tue PrResIpENT.

By W. R. WALTon,

Entomologist in Charge, Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations,
Bureau of Entomology.

NEW BROOM makes a clean sweep, but it may serve
.sometimes to carry a pest into the house. The Euro-
pean corn borer, which sailed into this country like a stow-
away, hidden in the heart of broom corn from across the
water, has now settled down in America, probably to stay.
Tt extends its infestation over a widely broken belt of terri-
tory, from the coast of Massachusetts and New Hampshire
on the east through east-central and western New York
(fig. 1) to a point beyond St. Thomas in western Ontario,
Canada. The total area inhabited by the pest within the
United 'States is about 4,500 square miles, and in Canada it
is probably not less than 3,000 square miles.

This insect is apparently a native of central Europe or
Asia; at least it has long been known as a harmful insect in
those portions of the globe. In Italy, Austria, and France
it has been considered for many years a serious enemy of
the maize or Indian corn plant. Maize seems to be its pre-
ferred food plant at present, although, as this plant is of
American origin, its native or original host must have been
some similar species, probably some one of the larger Asiatic
or European grasses or grasslike plants. The insect seems
to be able to subsist upon almost all herbaceous plants, and
in this country has already been recorded as feeding on no

85

86 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

less than 167 kinds of plants, both wild and cultivated.
Among the more important of these from an economic stand-
point are corn of many varieties, celery, beans, beets, and
rhubarb. Corn is the crop that sustains by far the greatest
commercial damage (fig. 2), although recently the insect has
been found to infest celery in the Boston region so seriously
as to prevent its certification for shipment to the most profit-
able market. This pest also infests such commercially im-
portant flowering plants as gladioli, cosmos, hollyhocks,

I'ic. 1.—Known distribution of the European corn borer in the United
States, on November 1, 1920.

hardy chrysanthemums (fig. 2), and asters, while dahlias
are very seriously injured where infestation is unusually
heavy and these highly ornamental plants are grown in
proximity to corn. A few woody plants, such as elder and
raspberry, are occasionally found infested.

Getting Past the Customhouse.

When the corn borer was first discovered in eastern Massa-
chusetts during the summer of 1917, it was supposed that it
had entered the country hidden in the stems of raw hemp,

European Corn Borer in American Corn. 87

eh
a
|

In Corn and Chrysanthemum.

Fic. 2.—A, Typical infestation of an ear of flint field corn by the European
corn borer; the white, powdery material is a combination of mold and
castings of the insect. B, Chrysanthemum, with caterpillar of the Euro-
pean corn borer within the stems at lower end.

88 Jearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

which is one of its numerous food plants in Europe. A
large cordage factory in the center of the area first found to
be infested was known to have used hemp imported from
countries in which the insect was numerous. This theory
subsequently was weakened by the discovery that the hemp
underwent a severe process called “ retting ” before it was ex-
ported to this country, which would destroy almost certainly
any insect inhabitant of the plant thus treated. The hemp
theory soon gave way upon the discovery that broom corn,
which is badly infested by the pest in the old country, had
been imported and used by factories located near the foci of
infestation in both Massachusetts and New York, and cus-
toms records were unearthed showing that at least 10,000
tons of such material had entered the United States from in-
fested countries during the period 1909-1914, and that this
corn had been widely distributed throughout many States
where corn is grown. The supposition that the insect was
introduced in this manner received confirmation by the in-
terception, in February, 1920, by Federal inspectors, of two
large shipments of broom corn from Italy containing many
live specimens of corn-borer caterpillars hidden within the
parts of the stalk attached to the brush. Before these ship-
ments were permitted to enter the country they were thor-
oughly sterilized by the introduction of live steam under
cover, after it had been demonstrated that sterilization could
not be effected by the ordinary methods of fumigation, ex-
cept at the expense of incredible labor and extreme cost. In
point of fact the European corn borer seems to be a most
hardy and tenacious creature, and this doubtless influenced
the entomologist who named the group to which it belongs
“ Pyrausta,” a fabulous insect of Grecian mythology.
‘*So in the fire, in burning furnace, springs

The fly Pyrausta with flaming wings;

Without the fire it dies; in it it joys;

Living in that which all things else destroys.”

—Du Bartas,
The reader will wonder perhaps, since the Government

maintains a corps of inspectors to examine all importations
of such character, why the original infestation was not pre-
vented in a similar manner, but this is easily explained by

European Corn Borer in American Corn. 89

the fact that this inspection service was not authorized by law
until 1913, or several years subsequent to the probable intro-
duction of the pest. It is true, moreover, that, even where an
efficient corps of trained inspectors is employed, it is impossi-
ble for them to examine every shred of each plant, bale, or
bundle so thoroughly as to prevent the entry of at least a few
insects. For this reason the Federal Horticultural Board is
extending supervision, as rapidly as available funds permit,
to the importation of all plants or plant products which are
deemed likely to convey insect or other pests dangerous to
agriculture from foreign countries into the United States.
Most of the insect pests of foreign origin now inhabiting the
United States have entered the country through the avenues
of commerce, and in view of the great damage inflicted on
American agriculture by such introduced insects as the San
Jose scale, the gipsy moth, the alfalfa weevil, the pink boll-
worm, and, last but not least, the Hessian fly, the necessity
for some such action seems perfectly obvious.

How can an injurious insect like the corn borer exist in
the United States for so long a period as from seven to eight
years without detection? The answer to this natural and
highly pertinent question is not difficult to find.

Assuming that several adults of the corn borer, male and
female, succeeded in emerging from their hiding places in
the stalks of broom corn in a given locality, only a few of
these might find their way to growing corn or other plants
suitable for the deposition of the eggs. Others might die
without the opportunity of mating, while practically all of
them would be exposed to innumerable perils from preda-
cious enemies such as birds, predatory insects, etc. Thus
in the beginning an exceedingly slight infestation would
result. Moreover, it seems to be a well-established habit
of the pest to refrain at first from seriously attacking the
ears of the corn, and to confine its work chiefly to the tassel
and upper portions of the stalk. Then, as it becomes more
abundant, it works lower down in the stalks, finally attack-
ing the ears and even entering the rootstocks wherever heavy
infestation occurs. Thus it may easily be seen that, as a
result of these peculiar habits, the insect might be present
in a corn-growing center for a very considerable time with-
out materially reducing the crop or attracting the attention

90 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

of the farmer, who is not inclined to look for trouble or
to complain of an insect pest until it appears in numbers
sufficient materially to reduce the yield. Undoubtedly this
is just what occurred in the case of the European corn borer.
The insect was first discovered in the summer of 1917 by
Mr. Stewart Vinal, an entomological investigator who had
been assigned by the Massachusetts State Agricultural Ex-
periment Station to aid the market gardeners of the environs
of Boston in the suppression of insect pests attacking garden
crops. Although gardeners had noticed the caterpillar (fig.
3) in sweet corn for several years, it had not, up to that time,
interfered seriously with either the yield or the sale of that
toothsome article of produce. Mr. Vinal recognized almost
immediately the importance of his discovery, and the State
authorities quickly enlisted the aid of the Federal Bureau
of Entomology in an investigation of-the pest. An account
of these activities is given farther on in this article.

An Innocent-Looking Moth.

The adult or parent of the corn borer is a rather pretty
and innocent-looking little moth or miller that flits about
in the twilight, or early hours of the night (see fig. 4). As
a rhymester has put it:

“Little moth on velvet wing,
Such an airy, fairy thing;
How can you so guileless look,
Yet rob the farmer’s pocketbook?”

It is not like many other night-flying moths which are
strongly attracted to light, but, on the contrary, is seldom
seen except as the insect is flushed from the grass and weeds
as one walks through the fields, where it occurs in consid-
erable numbers at certain seasons of the year. The female
moth is pale yellow in color, with smoky, irregular lines on
its wings, and measures about an inch in expanse, while the
male is slightly smaller and is pale smoky brown, with pale
yellow spots on both front and hind wings. In eastern Mas-
sachusetts this little pest has two generations annually; that
is to say, it “ breeds” twice each year. The first “ hatching”
or “brood” of moths lays an average of 386 eggs each, and
the second 550, so if we assume that they were equally di-

:

European Corn Borer in American Corn. 91

j
;
J

’

;

7

1s4 ti biX +

*

Caterpillar and Eggs.

Fig. 3.—A, Stalk of celery with side cut away to show eaterpillar of corn
borer within. B, Cluster of eggs of European corn borer on blade of corn.
C, Caterpillars of the European corn borer in three stages of growth.

92 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

vided as to sex, and all survived, the progeny or children of
one pair of moths would amount to 53,075 insects at the end
of one year, while in two years their numbers would amount
to no less than 2.816,406,625 worms. Fortunately, however,
as in the case of most other insects, many enemies and other
restrictive and destructive influences intervene, otherwise
we should soon be compelled to give up eating our natural
aliments and subsist upon corn-borer caterpillar “en cas-
serole,” “a la Maryland,” or in some other form for the rest
of our lives, or so long as we could stand it.

A Caterpillar With a Prodigious Appetite.

But to proceed with the natural history of the pest: In
the moth stage the insect is not in the least injurious, as it
takes no solid food, probably sipping the nectar from flower-
ing plants as it flies about on its nefarious trade of de-
positing eggs where they will do the corn grower the most
harm. These eggs (fig. 3) are flat and laid in little groups
of from 15 to 20 on the leaves of corn and other plants.
They are carefully placed in overlapping rows like the
shingles on a building, and hatch in about one week after
they are laid. When the little worm emerges from the egg,
instead of beginning its career with a hearty meal from the
corn plant upon which it was born, it follows the curious
habit of many related insects in devouring a goodly por-
tion of the shell of the egg from which it was hatched. No
one has seen fit to explain just why these baby caterpillars
should begin their diet with a course of eggshell; perhaps
this is by way of a relish or appetizer, just as one eats an
olive, or as, in historic times, one partook of a cocktail. Or,
again, the shell may be of service in sharpening the insect’s
mandibles in the same way that a favorite young fruit tree
too often serves a thomas cat in sharpening his claws. Be
that as it may, the caterpillar very soon develops a pro-
digious appetite for corn, and after beginning to feed it
eats and eats, for weeks on end, only stopping long enough
to change its clothes when these become too small for it.
This insect literally becomes too large for its skin, which it
sheds in about the same way as a snake. During this proc-
ess it takes no food, but devotes all its attention and energies
to the business of peeling off its old skin, including even

European Corn Borer in American Corn, 93

_its claws and bristles. This event occurs five times dur-
ing the existence of the caterpillar. Soon after the fifth
molt the insect becomes full grown and, at that time, is
about an inch long and one-eighth of an inch thick. The
head of the caterpillar (fig. 3) is dark brown or black, while
the upper surface of the body or back varies from dark
brown to pink. The underside, or belly, of the worm is flesh
colored and without markings of any kind. This boring
caterpillar bears no distinctive markings by which the
ordinary observer might hope to recognize it, and even
highly trained experts have at times been temporarily at a
loss to distinguish the caterpillar from its nearest relatives
inhabiting the same plants. These close relatives are several,
but none of them, so far as known, is injurious to agriculture
in any appreciable degree. In point of fact, some of them
doubtless are beneficial, as they feed on the common weeds.

After about six weeks, when the caterpillar has fed to re-
pletion and is full grown, it becomes stationary, shrinks
slightly in length, sheds its skin for the sixth time, and
transforms into a light-brown, shuttle-shaped object about
three-fourths of an inch long. This is known as the
pupa or resting stage of the insect. After the lapse of
about two weeks the skin or shell of the pupa splits and
the moth emerges. As the adult insect issues from its pupal
envelope it is anything but a beautiful object—dull in color
and bedraggled in appearance, with its wings crumpled up
in little knots above the shoulders. It crawls to some safe
perch, however, and in the course of an hour or two has as-
sumed the graceful shape and pleasing colors which dis-
tinguish the species. Very soon it is able to mate, lay its
eggs, and thus begin all over again the process of develop-
ment described above.

This life history, or cycle, is repeated twice each year in
the vicinity of Boston, Mass., the caterpillar produced by the
second brood of moths spending the winter in its burrows
within the plants upon which it has fed. Elsewhere in
America, however, it is believed to undergo but one genera-
tion during the year. Such is the case in both eastern and
western New York, although climatic and other conditions
there apparently do not differ materially from those prevail-
ing in eastern Massachusetts.

94 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

ee ee ee

Corn Borer Injury to Various Plants.

Fic. 4.—Top at left: Larvae and pup in cornstalks, and young tassel attacked
by the insect. Male and female moths drawn on same scale as the corn.
Top center: A female moth with cluster of eggs on a section of corn leaf,
on a considerably larger scale. Top right: Mature tassel showing typical
injuries by caterpillar (the broken tassel stem is often the most noticeable
evidence of the presence of the insect during the early summer months).
Center : External and internal views of injuries inflicted on two ears of sweet
corn. Lower half of the plate: Snap beans, beets, and celery attacked by
the borer, cornstalk containing caterpillars, corn stubbles cut away to show
how the caterpillars hide themselves in the fall, winter, and early spring
months, “ smartweed,” which is a favorite food at times, ‘‘ barnyard grass,”
which in Massachusetts is often heavily infested, and “ cocklebur” plant, a
weed that often serves as a breeding place for the pest,

European Corn Borer in American Corn, 95
By Rail and Wing.

Although the adult moth flies readily, it is not what might
be called a strong flier. Compared, for instance, with the
cotton moth, the army worm moths, and other robust mem-
bers of that family, some of which are known to fly for hun-
dreds of miles, the moth of the corn borer has rather feeble
powers of flight. The longest flight that has actually been
recorded under experimental conditions is about 3,900 feet.
Under favorable conditions, however, the moth might be car-
ried for much longer distances and perhaps for many miles.
Investigations during 1920 have made it plainly apparent
that this spread by flight, or natural spread, as it is termed,
is a comparatively slow process, although it can not be pre-
vented. The means of distribution of the pest most greatly
to be feared is its carriage by human agency; that is to say,
by its shipment for distances, perhaps, of hundreds or even
thousands of miles in crops such as corn, celery, rhubarb, or
cut flowers. There is also grave danger of its being in-
cluded in the material used for packing, such as cornstalks,
corn leaves, or husks, and many other dried plants, as hay,
for instance, containing large weed stems, etc.; and the
quarantine measures which are being enforced by the Bureau
of Entomology and the Federal Horticultural Board are
aimed at preventing, so far as may be possible, the transpor-
tation of such dangerously infested material from the in-
fested regions to portions of the country where the insect is
believed not to exist. Especially vigorous efforts are being
made to prevent such movement of the pest into the great
corn-belt States of the Middle West.

Besides corn, the caterpillars feed also on many other cul-
tivated plants (fig. 4) to a very considerable extent, wherever
infestation is heavy. Of the plants thus infested, celery (fig.
3) is perhaps the most important from a commercial stand-
point. Many hundreds of acres are planted to this crop in
that part of Massachusetts most seriously infested by the in-
sect, and the heavy infestation of this crop may therefore
mean a serious loss to the large interests involved. During
the summer of 1919 celery was observed to be infested princi-
pally in the outer leaves and stems, in which case the insect
was easily detected, but at present it has been found to bore

96 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

directly into the heart of the plant in many instances, and
thus render celery one of the most dangerous means of arti-
ficial distribution for this pest. This fact has made it neces-
sary for the inspectors to refuse certification, for shipment
outside of the infested area, to growers whose crops were
found to be most heavily infested. Rhubarb, or pieplant, is
another product of the garden which recently has become of
importance as a means of spread, but in the case of this plant
inspection and certification usually are possible because the
stems are separated in preparing the vegetable for market.

These plants are mentioned especially to illustrate how
such comparatively unimportant products may harbor and
distribute an insect which is of prime importance to a fun-
damental crop such as Indian corn. It is in relation to corn,
of course, that the insect is being most seriously considered
by entomologists and others most deeply concerned in con-
trolling or restricting the ravages of the pest. We will show
presently that the extermination of this new and injurious
pest is beyond the pale of possibility, and the next impor-
tant question is: How can it be repressed and restricted in
order to minimize the damage it can do?

Hard to Kill.

The first thought naturally is: We will poison it. This
method has been tried without success, principally because the
corn borer feeds within the stalks and ears of the plant, and
can not be reached by the poison. Various cultural methods
have also been tried without materially beneficial results.

The weak link in the chain of the creature’s existence is
the fact that it spends the late fall, winter, and early spring
months as a caterpillar within the stems, rootstocks, and
stubble of the plants upon which it has fed during the pre-
vious summer. Thus it seems obvious that if these could be
destroyed or so treated as to kill the insects contained therein
the desired results would be accomplished. Many cater-
pillars remain all winter in corn stubble in the fields (fig. 5),
either in the stump of the stalk or in the rootstock below
the ground, although the majority of them are concealed
within the stalks or ears of the corn, even in the cobs. It
has been found that the conversion of corn into ensilage de-

European Corn Borer in American Corn. 97

stroys all the worms contained therein, and for this reason
growers within the infested regions are advised to adopt this
method of disposal for their crops. Of course this method
does not dispose of the insects remaining in the stubble, and

A, Stubble of corn with
caterpillar in its winter
burrow in the rootstock.

B, The work of
the borer on stalks
of Swiss chard.

lig. 5—Work of the European corn borer.

for this reason corn stubble in infested territory should be
cut at or as close to the surface of the soil as possible in
order to remove as many caterpillars as possible from the
fields. Where stalks and cobs are not made into ensilage

some other effective method of disposal must be adopted if
30702°—yExK 1920-——7

98 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

this pest is to be successfully combated, and the only one
that can be recommended at present is burning this material
during the late winter, early spring, or sooner if the stalks
are dry enough not to require excessive amounts of fuel to
ignite them. In heavily infested regions the stems of coarse
weeds and other plants should be treated in a similar manner.

In addition to the methods of artificial control mentioned
above, the department is making every effort to introduce
from continental Europe the natural enemies of the corn
borer. An expert in this line has been in France for more
than a year and has established a laboratory there, and large
shipments of the insect parasites of the pest already have
begun to arrive in this country.

The chief of the Federal Bureau of Entomology has lately
been overseas, where he secured the cooperation of several
of the most prominent European entomologists in this move-
ment. He reports that although the pest is widely distrib-
uted in those portions of Europe where corn is grown in con-
siderable quantities, it evidently is held well in check by its
native insect parasites. This augurs well for the enterprise,
but, of course, the process of parasite establishment is slow,
and several years must elapse before the results of these
efforts can be known. The department is engaged, at the
present writing; in cleaning up by mechanical means, such as
burning and crushing infested material, an area of intense
infestation in extreme western New York, in an effort to
reduce the likelihood of both natural and artificial spread of
the insect to the corn-belt region. For this purpose the spe-
cial machinery mentioned hereafter is being utilized. (See
figs. 6 and 7.)

Government-Control Measures.

Upon the discovery of the pest in the summer of 1917 the
Department of Agriculture was called upon to assist in an
investigation of the insect in order to obtain information
upon which to base efforts at control or possible eradication.

No fund is set aside by Congress to meet emergencies that
may arise through the introduction of plant pests, but the
Bureau of Entomology responded as well as it was able in
the circumstances by establishing, in the spring of 1918, a

European Corn Borer in American Corn. 99

Control Measures.

Fig. 6.—Abeve: Warning banner at the edge of infested territory to prevent
automobiles carrying irfested plants into uninfested territory. selow :
Destroying the corn borer by burning over infested weeds and grasses. Fuel
oil is delivered to the nozzles of the burner at a pressure of 400 pounds to
the square inch, creating a flame of intense heat directed toward the
ground. The machine burns a strip about 15 feet wide.

small field force and laboratory in the center of the infesta-
tion at Arlington, Mass. Here, in cooperation with the
Massachusetts State Agricultural College, were conducted
investigations upon which was based the Farmers’ Bulletin
(No. 1046) which was issued the following April. At the

>

100 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

time that publication was prepared, the area infested was
known to be at least 320 square miles in extent and the in-
juries caused by the insect to sweet corn indicated strongly
that it might prove to be a corn pest of real if not of great
importance. Realizing that a more thorough investigation
should be made, the Secretary of Agriculture requested of
Congress in September, 1918, the sum of $25,000 for this pur-
pose. In the meantime entomologists and agriculturists
throughout the corn-growing regions of the country had be-
come thoroughly and possibly unduly alarmed over the situ-
ation. A committee of State entomologists and other in-
terested persons appeared before Congress requesting, in em-
phatic terms, an immediate appropriation of at least $500,000

i
a AGRICULTURE
FS OMILOGY
mm Contpol~ °

Fic: 7.—Special crushing machine used for treating green plants containing
the borer. When infested plants are too green to burn readily they are run
through the large corrugated rollers. These apply a pressure of about 40
tons, thus crushing all the insects contained therein.

for the purpose of exterminating the pest. The Sixty-fifth
Congress expired without taking final action on either re-
quest. The department did not approve the request for the
larger appropriation for purposes of extermination because
it was convinced that this was impossible. The insect had
become firmly established over a territory of several hun-
dred square miles, embracing not only the city of Boston
but many of its environs, and had demonstrated its ability to

ee ee ee ee ee ee

et alti tt es tempol

PS 8 rte wpe

European Corn Borer in American Corn. 101

subsist on a great variety of wild and cultivated plants. It
was realized that to afford even a fair chance of extermina-
tion the expenditure of not thousands but millions of dollars
would be necessary, and, as a mere incident to this expense,
the reduction of the whole infested region to a desert must
ensue. In other words, unlimited funds and unrestricted
authority would be necessary as a preliminary to the possible
success of such a campaign, which, of course, was absurd.
The department further contended that before any very large
sums were expended for attempts at extermination, the area
of possible infestation should be delimited, at the same time
pointing out the fact that no thorough scouting work for this
purpose had yet been attempted. The wisdom of this stand
was demonstrated in a striking way by the subsequent dis-
covery of several additional extensive areas of long-standing
infestation, remote from the original infested territory,
which made it obvious that, had the large appropriations
been expended for extermination within the areas first dis-
covered, this money would have been largely, although per-
haps not wholly, wasted.

Striking a Hard Blow.

The department had recognized from the first the potential
_ danger of the corn borer as a pest to Indian corn, and when
in the early part of 1919 a very considerable new area of
infestation was discovered in east-central New York, indi-
cating that the pest was much more widespread than had at
first been supposed, it acted promptly by requesting the
Sixty-sixth Congress to appropriate $500,000 for immediate
use in repressive work against the pest. The sum of $250,000
was provided and became available July 24, 1919. With
this sum in hand, the first adequate control and regulatory
work of the department with this insect was begun. A large
force of inspectors and scouts was thrown into the field, ren-
dering fully effective the Federal quarantine which had been
in force since August, 1918, and soon making available in-
formation upon which was based the subsequent extension of
the quarantine regulations. Machinery was designed and
built for the purpose of treating the most intensely infested
areas with fire, steam, and other agents in order to retard
or restrict the natural spread of the pest as much as possible.
At the same time the research or experimental work to de-

102 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

termine the habits and natural history of the insect was

pushed forward as rapidly as circumstances would permit.
The newly discovered area of infestation in east-central New
York was thoroughly explored and determined to be at least
500 square miles in extent. It is believed to have existed for
at least seven or eight years and to have originated from a
broom factory located near Schenectady.

The excitement caused by the discovery of the insect in
New York culminated in a meeting of the National Associa-
tion of Commissioners of Agriculture at Albany, N. Y., Au-
gust 28,1919. The direct result of this meeting was a reso-
lution urging Congress to appropriate $2,000,000 to carry
on a combat with the corn borer. Believing that this demand
largely exceeded the immediate needs of the work in hand,
the department recommended an appropriation of $500,000
and Congress responded by providing the sum of $400,000,
to be immediately available, and the present activities are
being conducted with this money. Most of this is being ex-
pended in scouting operations and the enforcement of the
quarantine regulations in the five States of the Union where
the insect is known to occur. This work is a task of greater
magnitude than is realized by the general public, involving
as it does the employment of 200 or more inspectors during a
large part of the year, distributed throughout most of the
northern States. Some idea of the work involved may be
conveyed when we say that more than 18,000 certificates of
inspection were prepared and issued in a single day recently
in the Boston area alone.

What It Means to the Corn Grower.

After reading all that has been said thus far, the corn
grower may remark to himself: “This is all very well”
(and if he is good-natured he may add “ and interesting ”),
“but just what is this bug going to do to my corn? What is
it going to cost?” Very good; let’s look this incubus straight
between the eyes.

In a field-corn growing region where the insect has almost
certainly been present for approximately 10 years it oc-
casions a direct loss of about 24 per cent of the kernels of all
the ears. There is in addition to this an indefinite amount
of indirect loss due to defective nutrition of the ears caused

European Corn Borer in American Corn, 103

by the boring of the worms in the stalks as well as by break-
age of the stalks, but none of these injuries has been serious
enough to prevent the production of an excellent crop of
corn in any field examined. This statement applies only to
a region where the pest breeds but once a year, but it seems
likely that the insect would have two breeding periods, or
generations, throughout the southern half of the corn belt in
the United States. To allow for this difference, suppose we
more than double our estimate of the possible loss and as-
sume that it might reach 7 per cent of the grain in two-
thirds of the crop, That would mean an enormous loss in
money with a crop such as was produced in 1920 of more
than 3,000,000,000 bushels. At a possible market price of
85 cents per bushel this loss would reach the enormous figure
of $119,000,000.

But wait just a minute; we have disregarded entirely for
the moment the fact that the losses upon which our esti-
mates were based have occurred in a region where the pest
has been permitted to multiply unrestrained for a period of
10 years. This can not happen in the corn-belt States, now
that we know the habits of the corn borer, and for this reason
the losses which it could inflict undoubtedly would be greatly
reduced by the methods of combat already described. In
view of these considerations, it certainly does not appear
that the pest would be able, in any case, to destroy the crop
of any progressive farmer.

No Decisive Victory for the Pest.

At least one man of science has gone into public print with
the statement that if the pest is not eradicated “ the corn in-
dustry, together with everything that depends on it, is
doomed in North America,” etc. This gloomy statement
must be regarded as pure hyperbole, and in case the reader
has been frightened by this or similar visions, let the follow-
ing thought strengthen his wavering soul. Wo introduced
imsect pest ever has destroyed any important agricultural
industry in America. The San Jose scale caused great losses
to the deciduous fruit industry for many years, but it has
been largely instrumental in the production of better fruit
and in securing better prices for that fruit. The Mexican

104 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

cotton boll weevil has done great damage to the cotton crop
of this country for a very considerable period, but cotton is
still a major crop in the infested regions, and at least one
community has erected a monument to the boll weevil as a
benefactor, in forcing diversified farming upon a region that
was sorely in need of this innovation. The Hessian fly,
which came here late in the eighteenth century, is the worst
insect pest with which our wheat growers have to contend,
taking a toll of 10 per cent of the crop, but it has not pre-
vented us from becoming one of the two greatest wheat-pro-
ducing nations on the globe, and no pesky caterpillar from
overseas is going to be permitted to deal a knock-out blow
to that greatest of all American agricultural institutions, the
corn crop—“ not so you can notice it!” But, as with the
older pests, so with this new one, we shall be compelled to
fight long and hard.

The Male Moth,

+ CaN acRICULTURAL” EEE if :

: ALMANAC’ | & — | FEEDING b
Ri bk GARBAGE i
joan” 70" 7

SCIENCE SEEKS
PTHE'FARMER:

By L. C. EvERaArp,
Chief Editor, Division of Publications.

OMETHING IS WANTING TO SCIENCE UNTIL
IT HAS BEEN HUMANITZED, said Emerson. That
was long ago, before the development of the Department of
Agriculture. Were he here to-day he would probably say
that something is wanting to agricultural science until it
puts on its overalls and gets out between the plow handles.
And the scientists of the department would agree with him;
for though they may in their laboratories surround their
work with a cloud of hard words and harder ideas like a
smoke screen around a battleship, they realize that their
investigations and discoveries are made for the sake of man-
kind, and acquire their chief value when the veil of techni-
eality is torn away. Cyclonic action means something to the
farmer when translated into terms of rain or snow or fair
weather. And scientific study of the life history of Ascaris
lumbricoides (see page 175) becomes a blessing to him when
a way has been found to apply the knowledge so as to save
his pigs.

What the Date of peices

~~@--

ULL 1 nit

A PURE BRED BULL
= EVERY FARM

Exhibits, Publications, Demonstrations on the Farm and in the Home,
106

a

Bulletins, Photographs, Drawings, Movies.

107

108 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Agricultural science begins really to function only when
it reaches the farm. And in America it reaches every farm
whose gate is not closed against it. The results of thousands
of great scientific researches and of thousands of studies in
the practical application of these results to farming can be
had for the asking. Farmers’ Bulletins, easy to read and at
the same time reliable and accurate, give the answer to all
kinds of puzzling questions, not only about field and orchard,
poultry and live stock, marketing of produce, and many an-
other angle of the farm business, but about making the farm
home a pleasanter place to live in and the children more
robust and healthy and contented.

Many of the department specialists are not only scientists;
they are also farmers. They know what the farmer is up
against, and when a new method of doing a thing is found or
an old method is improved they can tell him how to make it
work. They are constantly seeking ways to fit new discoveries
and developments into standard farming practice. And
working alongside them, to put the information in the most
convenient form, are the experts in writing, printing, pic-
tures, and exhibits of the Division of Publications. A great
fund of farm facts locked up in the files in Washington
would not be of much help. They must be got into the field to
produce results, and to get them there the facts are put up in
various kinds of packages—bulletins, press stories, pictures,
posters, models, and movies—whatever will most economi-

cally and at the same time most effectively carry the scientific
studies of the department to the farmer and enable him to
convert them into farm practice.

The department is constantly working to find out wae the
farmer’s everyday problems are and constantly seeking ways
to reach him with the answer. It is not unusual now for him
to find a home-demonstration agent in his kitchen or meet the
county agent at his gate. These are salesmen of science and
the wares they have to offer are the combined knowledge and
experience of the army of scientists and practical agricul-
turists of the State colleges and the department. And their
terms are easy, for service is what they sell, and all the
farmer has to pay is the time he takes to learn what the
service is. Through them the other methods of distributing

Science Seeks the Farmer. 109

farming facts are made more effective. Many ways are
found of getting all kinds of helpful information to the
farmer. When he goes to town he may find a movie scheduled
in the schoolhouse, showing just how to dust his cotton, or dip
his cattle, or build his poultry pens. If he attends a meeting
at the town hall he may see a department poster telling of
some important discovery in farm practice or warning him of
some danger to his crops from insects or disease and telling
how to meet it. At the State fair he may find under the big
sign “Department of Agriculture Exhibit” samples and
models of crops and devices he never saw before and may see
actual demonstrations that will help him with his own farm
work. Even when he reads his county paper or his farm
journal the department is with him, for from its press service
goes out to all the farm press of the country news of the latest
doings in. agricultural science and advancement. Agricul-
tural science not only seeks the farmer but it finds him.
And the farmer is becoming more and more expert in using
this scientific knowledge when it gets to him. The reward
is not his alone; the Nation reaps a harvest in more meat
from farms and ranges, more crops from the fields, and
better all-round development of its agricultural resources.

Prints of the Department of Agriculture

Farmers’ Bulletins

More than 500 primers, each containing practical suggestions and
information about some activity connected with the farm or home.
Department Bulletins

Bulletins containing new information obtained by the scientific staff
through research and investigation. ; ~

Circulars

Leaflets issued to meet some emergency or to publish particular
information needed immediately by industry or agriculture.

Soil Surveys

Descriptions of the soils of the country, by counties or other
selected areas, based on careful, scientific surveys and accompanied
by large detailed soil maps in color.

Journal of Agricultural Research

A semimonthly scientific journal which furnishes a point of. contact
between the investigative staff of the department and scientists all over
the world.

Experiment Station Record

Abstracts of new publications on agriculture and related subjects,
published monthly.

Weekly News Letter

News of the latest developments in agricultural work and in the
aims and policies of the Department of Agriculure.

Market Reporter
A weekly report on market quotations, supplies, and movement of
farm products.

Monthly Crop Reporter

Official estimates of crop conditions and crop yields.

Weather Reports
Many series of reports on weather conditions, the Monthly Weather
Review, climatology, snow and ice bulletins, climate and crop bulletins.

Public Roads

Information, chiefly technical, on the principles of road construction
and the development of road building, published monthly.

Service and Regulatory Announcements

Notices of decisions and other official information regarding the
various laws administered by the department.

Yearbook
A report of the operations of the department, articles on agricul-
tural subjects, and complete tables of agricultural statistics.

110

I HOME DEMONSTRATION | ; ‘y
BEARS FRUIT##SOUTH | %
Tae Sb

By O. B. Martin, Assistant in Charge Demonstration Club Work, and
Ota PoweELL, Assistant in Home Demonstration Work, Office of
Batension Work in the South, States Relations Service.

UCCESSFUL demonstration work begins at home. It

develops from there.

Home demonstration work began in 1910 with 47 girls
growing one plant—the tomato—in their home gardens.
They learned more about plant life than they could have
done by starting with a dozen vegetables. By the time
50,000 girls grew tomatoes in their tenth-acre gardens, their
families and neighbors had absorbed more information about
vegetables than they had ever acquired before. Some know]l-
edge, skill, and initiative are available in every community,
and there is always need to extend good practices already in
use. Suggestions and direction stir them to activity, and
the results are cumulative and far-reaching. The same edu-
cational process followed canning of the product. Natu-
rally the mothers had an interest in their daughters’ training
and took a hand.

A decade of achievement by girls and women on the farm-
stead furnishes a perspective most valuable. From the one
vegetable they have gone through the garden, orchard, poul-
try yard, barnyard, kitchen, house, and household to the
front lawn. The first home demonstration agents were told
that it was their mission “to develop the resources, increase
the harvests, improve the landscapes, brighten the homes, and
flood the people with knowledge about helpful things.”

lil

112 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

There were many simple processes to be gradually worked
out before coming to the last objective. The deluge of
knowledge weuld have been disastrous out of season.

The growing of tomatoes caused requests to come from
the people themselves for help in growing a variety of other
vegetables. Second-year girls wanted to extend their activi-
ties and their knowledge, so they put part of their plats in
peppers, okra, sweet corn, or other crop suitable in combina-
tions with tomatoes. Third-year and fourth-year club mem-
bers went farther along the same lines, and also tried out
new crops like New Zealand spinach, chayotes, and dasheens,
until the perennial garden idea was developed wherein long-
lived vegetables, berries, and small fruits were grown. In-
terest in the perennial garden serves as a magnet to draw
the girl back to the old home. It also furnishes an incentive
for her family to maintain a living memorial to her while
she is away at high school or college. The fruits of her
plantings are harvested and enjoyed between school sessions
and a quantity preserved for sale or home use during the
winter months.

While the home demonstration agents had a simple method
of approach, and while they had the workers take one step
at a time, the larger purposes were kept continually in mind.
It was their early and persistent aim to place country life
upon “a higher plane of profit, comfort, culture, influence,
and power.” These practical pioneers realized that there is
a proper order of procedure. The steps to this evolution
can not be interchanged. Comfort and culture must follow,
not precede, profit. Earning comes first. After the first
step is taken the others come easier.

Learning by Doing.

Those who followed the approved plan of work made
signal successes; those who, from preconceived notions, tried
to spread much miscellaneous knowledge first, failed. In
other words, the agents who started with the idea of getting
girls and women to make simple, profitable object lessons,
and then guided them on in constantly advancing stages,
have established a new field of service which opens and un-
folds in its possibilities for good. One of the Virginia
women agents, at the close of her first year’s work, in 1913,

Home Demonstration Bears Frit. 113

saw the point and gave an excellent definition when she said
in a weekly field report:
After all, this canning-club work means that we are to
get a girl to do something worth while, have it approved
by those she loves, and then lead on to greater things.

The club girls did the first utilization work so well that
many thought that canning was their only interest and pur-
pose. It became a national object lesson. They adopted a
brand and label based upon the club emblem. Their motto
is, “To make the best better,” and the four H’s on their
badge stand for the improvement of the head, hand, heart,
and health. The 4-H brand, therefore, must have real sig-
nificance because it calls for increasing purpose and excel-
lence based upon determination and perseverance. Plain
tomatoes were canned so well that the most expert judges
pronounced them equal or superior to the best commercial
brands. In many counties canned tomatoes were sold in car-
load lots, and the output was of considerable value. But the
object was not to compete with the canning factories; the de-
velopment went farther. The tomato had other market and
pantry possibilities, so soups, ketchups, pastes, and other de-
licious products were canned and bottled. Then, as other
vegetables were planted and studied one by one, the same
standard was applied in their manufacture and conservation.

Here it is worth while to comment that these girls demon-
strated to thousands that much work previously done in the
cities should be done on the farms, as a matter of con-
servation of human resources and a contribution to the main-
tenance of balance between rural and urban civilizations,
in this way keeping some of the manufacturing and business
profits in the country and giving farmers and their families
more to engage their minds and hands than the simple
production of raw material. This means an increase in
farm profits in the farm homes.

Dr, Seaman A. Knapp, the founder of the demonstration
work, told those most interested at the beginning that the
club members “ could make a garden and raise the fruits and
poultry to support the family if they would.” He said:

It might brown their skins and soil their hands, but it
would help them to do something and to know something.
It would aid the fanrily pocketbook and help the family
50702°—yBK 1920-8 + 9**

114. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

character. There is no sufficient reason why every
American family should not own a good home and have
a snug sum laid by for a rainy day, except laziness,
lack of thrift, or possible sickness, and nine-tenths of -
all sickness is due to malnutrition, which is another
name for ignorance.

To trace the accompanying results of the constantly grow-
ing and enlarging activities of home demonstration history
is to follow events romantic in their attractiveness and vital
in their educational power and value. The girls were not
given pedagogic lessons on sanitation, health, and nutrition,
but scrupulous cleanliness was required in carrying on club
work. In thousands of cases the jars and cans of whole-
some fruits and vegetables in the pantries drove the patent
medicines from the shelves and the pill boxes from the man-
tels. It is no reflection on science to say that the girls learned
and taught more nutrition than is possible from academic
lessons on calories, enzymes, and vitamines, It is true that
they learn these things afterwards, for they develop desires
for knowledge and motives for service. Every girl who
makes a food demonstration is a center of influence and a
potent teacher, on the general principle that one example is
better than a thousand arguments. Every demonstrator is
akso a health and sanitation officer for her State and Nation.

There is something appropriate for physical, mental, and
spiritual development in the cultivation, utilization, and
study of plants and animals by growing boys and girls.
Nature’s fundamental lessons can best be learned in youth.
The club member learns by doing and grows by achieve-
ment. The child bristles with interrogation points, and most
of them ask about the wonders of nature. How sad is the
picture when the eye is not trained to see, the hand to form,
and the mind to know the living resources so abundantly
furnished everywhere !

Doing It Well.

After three or four years’ work with a few vegetables,
additional suggestion or instruction was not required to get
a great campaign of demonstrations started to save surplus
fruits and other vegetables. It simply came forth from
every quarter. People usually enjoy the doing of things they
have learned to do well.

TIlome Demonstration Bears Fruit. 115

The girls had learned to put up vegetables in the most
attractive standard packs, both singly and in combinations.
They had commenced to grow additional vegetables and in-
troduce new ones for their standard mixtures. Many of
them grew pimiento peppers. The club members in one
county alone sold several thousand dollars worth of fresh
peppers, seed, and canned pepper products in a year. Such
demonstrations furnish the best medium for the introduc-
tion of new crops. This pepper, which helped to make
Spain famous for salads, has come into the diet in some

To Save Labor in the Home.

sections far more rapidly than the tomato did when it was
a newcomer there. Additional zest was added to packing
other vegetables and also to the preparation of them for
serving, because it was found that these peppers were so
suitable for use in garnishing various attractive products.
The beautiful exhibits of relishes and chutneys, as well as
the highly colored packs of the pimientos themselves, in-
creased their popularity rapidly.

In the fruit work, also, the important thing was the estab-
lishment of a high standard. When a beautiful economic
pack of peaches won $10 at a fair and was carried around by
the agent in her instruction work, it was copied as a work of
art. Then there was emulation and rivalry in making simi-

116 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

lar packs of berries, cherries, pears, figs, guavas, and all
other fruits of the orchard and vineyard. The girls and
their methers realized as few people do that skillful and
artistic standardization of product, container, and label goes
a long way toward solving the problems of marketing.
Second-year and third-year club girls showed the effects
of training when they came to convert the fruits into jellies, _
jams, marmalades, conserves, fruit macedoines, juices, and
preserves. Such an array of color and sweetness had not
been seen in their homes and communities before. They
searched the bulletins and books for further information
about hydrometers, pectin, and microorganisms. They
hunted in the gardens and the forests for plants and leaves
suitable for flavor and seasoning. They were part of a moy-
ing force which expands and develops as it goes. Thorough-
ness in handling a single fruit is well illustrated in the mak-
ing of jelly, marmalade, butter, paste, and juice from the
muscadine grape. Every product must come up to the stand-
ard before it is entitled to the brand label. Thus the differ-
ent fruits are reduced to a common denominator and it is

“ the best.”
Instruction on the Side.

At this stage of club progress, opportunities for incidental
and supplementary instruction, instruction on the side so to
speak, were seized upon by the agents. Cleanliness and sani-
tation are mandatory; so the kitchen was often cleaned up
and the house screened, with homemade flytraps at the door,
in order that the output might be high class. Sometimes
running water was provided to facilitate the work in hand.
This is a better line of approach for getting results even in
home sanitation than the lecture method. These club mem-
bers have motives which impel. They wish to excel for
their own sakes. They improve their equipment because of
a need that is realized. It is one thing to give a class of
girls a lesson in sewing. It is a different thing to have a club
meeting cut out and make a club cap, apron, or uniform.
This much sewing by girls leads to the making of pennants,
emblems, banners, hats, and clothing. New interest is
aroused in dressmaking and millinery among the women.

The agent who helps a few women make fireless cookers
and then has them come to the club and demonstrate the best

a“
Home Demonstration Bears Frut. 117

methods of cooking several vegetables out of their daughters’
gardens, or out of the supply which they have canned, stored,
dried, or brined, soon has many other women and girls
wanting to do the same thing. A South Carolina agent out-
lined the demonstration method when she wrote in her field
report somewhat as follows:
I have done nothing for the past three weeks except

direct and coach 87 girls in the making of Dixie Relish.

I notice, however, that hundreds of women are making it,

too. The editor of the county paper wrote a column in

his paper about it. Indeed the whole atmosphere seems

to be filled with the aroma of Dixie Relish.

A simple recipe was sent out from headquarters, and that
was the way it was used in hundreds of counties. This
kind of campaign gets somewhere. However much people
may dislike joining in drives that include lecturing, urging,
and scolding, they do not object to propaganda based upon
the accomplishments of the members of their own families.

About the time when adult women on the farms began
to demand a definite part in the home demonstration work
it was noticed that there was more of a tendency toward
stability and permanence in the girls’ clubs. The active
partnership of the mothers anchored the activities and the
incidental results more and more in the homes. The can-
ning created a revolution in the manufacture of canners,
cans, jars, and labor-saving appliances. The mothers used
the equipment in their daily tasks in the kitchen, when it
was not being used in canning. Steam-pressure canners
became pressure cookers. Inventive minds began to give
thought to kitchen utensils and conveniences for saving
time and labor there. This means reformation in kitchens.
Pantries became places to which mothers could point with
pride. This development in itself called for constant im-
provement in arrangement, equipment, and efficiency.

Mothers and Daughters Get Together.

As the home is the fundamental unit of all organized
society, so home enterprise comes before community ac-
tivities. It is a mistake to try to organize the community
without fundamental preparation among its members.
Women who have backed up the girls’ clubs and demanded

118 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

aid in their own demonstration activities are the best ma-
terial for organized club work in both large and small
groups. They cooperate readily. They have something
to tell. They are anxious to learn. Their interest in club
meetings is keen when profitable, progressive, and useful
object lessons put on by themselves and their neighbors are
under consideration.

The supervisory forces in different places reported simul-
taneously that club girls were ready to take up poultry. By
a similar coincidence adult women, after some egg-grading

A Poultry Club at Work.

practice, formed egg circles in counties widely removed from
each other, but where excellent advanced work had been done
by the girls and the home demonstration agents. The part-
nership of the mothers then became close and vital. The
club girl wanted standardbred chickens so that she might
win some of the generous prizes offered by public-spirited
business men. The mothers wanted the same kind of
poultry, so that the eggs might be uniform with those
brought by other members of the egg circle. It meant more
money for all of them. In many counties, mongrel chickens
have been eliminated by this cooperative effort.

This was not all. The girls furnished vegetables, the
women the chicken, and Creole Chicken was demonstrated

Ott i ly deities

Home Demonstration Bears Frutt. 119

as many times as Dixie Relish had been. Large numbers
of culled hens and surplus roosters were canned for future
use.

Meat for Dinner.

The most significant outgrowth of this use of poultry was
a demand for the conservation of other meats. Clubs of
women asked agents to demonstrate the canning of beef,
pork, mutton, fish, and game. Out on the plains they canned
jack rabbits and “ bunny sausage ” and put the 4-H brand
upon them. By this time the county home demonstration
agent began to realize that she was the public dietitian
and that her qualifications must constantly improve. She
was asked about the proper combinations of various vege-
tables, fruits, and meats.

Working with meat has fostered the club idea. Groups
of women have come together to help a neighbor can whole
steers or hogs. They want expert demonstration in cutting
up the carcasses properly. They soon find a need for
recipes for using or saving the by-products. Then the home
demonstration agent is ready with definite plans for mak-
ing roasts, sausage, meat loaf, liver paste, headcheese, scrap-
ple, and soups.

Individual demonstrators who have attained excellence in
preparing meat products systematically market them under
their own farm names. They have their own labels printed
and proceed to build up reputations and trade accordingly.

Several hundred demonstration agents and clubs where
the climatic conditions are favorable have put the home cur-
ing of meat into their programs. Much good instruction
has been given in cooking cured hams, from one to three
years old, according to certain fine old Colonial methods, and
yet nobody says it was a cooking school or class. A member
oceasionally invites the others in her club to come to her
home. She and her daughter want to impress the visiting
members with their skill and efficiency. They serve a well-
cooked cured ham with all proper accessories of vegetables,
fruits, and home-made bread and butter, seasonings, and
garnishes. Who is able to define or measure the amount of
helpful knowledge imparted or exchanged upon such an
occasion ¢

120 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Help from Specialists.

As the various phases of this work grew, and as the num-
bers of people in it increased, it was found that the super-
visory force could not keep pace with the demands for tests
and experiments, and also with the advance of science appli-
cable to all the products which were being utilized. Hence
specialists were called upon for assistance, not only in meat
work, but also in horticulture, poultry raising, beekeeping,
and other lines in which the girls and women have an ever-
increasing interest. Specialists in home science are not so
numerous as they are in farm science; but then Congress
passed appropriations for the establishment of agricultural
colleges nearly 50 years before the cooperative agricultural
extension act came into existence.

Better Bread.

The extension forces specially charged with home activi- —
ties took advantage of the conditions and needs incident to
war times to give nation-wide object lessons in the making _
of better breads. Light and quick breads were made in
thousands of homes and club meetings. Modifications were
made, because corn, rice, rye, potato, and other materials
were substituted for wheat in bread making. Contests for
the honor of making the best bread in the club, or im the
county, were held in all parts of the country. The winning
club members worked for weeks in their home baking, to
be able to display a perfect product. Fifteen-year-old girls
who were not accustomed to giving much help in the kitchen
took burdens off their mothers and gained valuable skill and
knowledge in these operations. Public bread-judging con-
tests, at which the club members and demonstrators not only
judged the breads but gave talks on how they made them,
were an important part of this far-reaching campaign.
More and better work was done with pastries, pies, puddings,
cake, and other articles of food in which flour and meal were
important ingredients.

The home demonstration agents in this campaign, as
well as in all similar ones, took advantage of the interest
aroused to promote the making and use of time and labor
saving devices and utensils, such as kitchen cabinets, bread
mixers, measuring cups, standard pans, better ovens, and

Home Demonstration Bears Fruit. 121

other conveniences which have a tendency to introduce sys-
tem and efficiency into the work of the kitchen. These things
have been built or bought by thousands of club members
in order that the bread work might be well and thoroughly
done.

Milk.

No more difficult task has been undertaken in extension
work than the handling of milk and its products. Making
butter by proper dairy methods, in most homes, requires
great care and attention. The agents who have really re-
formed butter making in their counties have carefully se-
lected a few demonstrators and patiently helped them indi-
vidually until success was assured. Afterwards these women
and girls became the examples and inspiration of the others.
Each one became a nucleus for the extension of this work in
her community. The demonstrations were more often con-
ducted in the homes. Successful butter makers found. bet-
ter butter profitable, and this item appears conspicuously
in many reports of increased incomes from the enterprises of
the farm homes. The making of cottage cheese frequently
followed the butter work.

In some communities, the interest aroused along these
lines resulted in the sale of milk and cream, and in all sec-
tions the use of milk in the diet increased. Campaigns
for more family cows have been waged in many counties, and
agents have reported, as a result of their work, thousands
of family cows on farms where there were no cows before.
The slogan is, “ Keep the home cow milking.” Propaganda
has been promoted for more milk in the family diet, and the
mothers follow the advice of the home demonstration agents
beeause they have confidence in them as a result of what
has been accomplished in previous work.

Educational milk exhibits at community, county, and
State fairs have aided greatly in milk campaigns. It is more
logical to approach the question of child feeding through
milk demonstrations than it is to lecture mothers on infant
feeding. The whole plan of the demonstration work has
been evolved upon the theory that the people are to utilize
the material resources about them in making impressive and
instructive examples for their neighbors. It is just as wrong
for an agent to go to a mother and tell her that she has

122 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

come to teach her how to feed her baby as it is to tell her
that she has come to teach her how to cook. The agents
have saved the lives and improved the health of the babies
without using crude and untactful methods of approach.

During the influenza epidemic, the public often looked
to the home demonstration agent to organize the forces and
conduct the relief activities, because of her ability to pre-
scribe proper diet and distribute it to afflicted ones every-
where. The agents did not take the places of the doctors
or nurses, but they made the efforts of these public servants
much more effective.

Home Conveniences.

At every step taken in this system of education it has
been noticed that the workers appreciate the use of better
devices and facilities for their work. Fathers and brothers
also take the greatest interest in making such equipment
whenever they have enough mechanical skill. Talent of this
kind has been improved by use. The making of home con-
veniences has become a feature in the program. The girls
and women themselves have learned to use hammers, saws,
squares, and chisels. This is no small achievement in itself.
Thousands of fireless cookers, iceless refrigerators, kitchen
cabinets, tables, wheel trays, ironing boards, woodboxes, but-
ter molds, shower baths, and other useful things have been
made.

Let it not be inferred that the making of such things at
home has prevented the purchase of the best available equip-
ment. It has had the opposite effect. In many cases it has
shown the need and created the desire for more useful and
better things. Having made a profit out of their energy
and thrift, they were anxious to use some of their earnings
for comfort. The installation of home waterworks comes
more easily when the need of running water is felt in con-
nection with profitable canning, or butter making, than it
does where the farmer is importuned to pay all the expenses
of it from his crop or live-stock returns. Electric outfits
for light and power are introduced more rapidly where
churns, washing machines, meat grinders, fruit-juice mills,
and sewing machines can be attached and made to pay big
dividends in the saving as well as the making of money.

Home Demonstration Bears Fruit. 123

The profit feature may reveal itself in thrift and economy.
By and by it will be more fully realized that such things
reduce drudgery and increase the opportunities for intel-
lectual activity on the part of the farm family.

Better Homes.

The foregoing program of work having brought the
women agents into the homes, their help is now being sought
in home arrangement, equipment, construction, and beauti-
fication. In the tenth year of the history of home demonstra-
tion work practically every county home demonstration
agent reported that home improvement is one of the things
in which her club members are most interested and in which
they are seeking help. This work divides naturally into
two parts: First, that which has to do with the house itself,
such as remodeling, building, and equipping with labor-
saving conveniences and suitable furnishings; and, second,
that which deals with plantings in the surrounding grounds
and the general improvement of the farmstead.

Members of girls’ clubs have become interested in refur-
nishing their own rooms, refinishing or even making the fur-
niture needed. Impetus has been given by exhibits of such

-work at county and State fairs. State fairs have included
club girls’ rooms as a part of the home demonstration ex-
hibits. Women demonstrators are constantly asking for help
in the rearrangement of kitchens and in the purchase of new
furnishings for the home. Much work has been done also
in renewing old furniture and in refinishing floors and
brightening walls. The sewing done by the members of the
girls’ clubs revived interest in making rugs, baskets, cur-
tains, spreads, luncheon sets, and table runners. It paved
the way also for many “clothes clinics” where the women
made over old clothing, and this promoted thrift and in-
dustry. Home millinery became the vogue, and much money
was saved and great skill developed in making hats. Com-
munity meetings are held at which the results of their work
are displayed, and suitable garments for each member of the
family are shown on living models.

Many demonstrators who felt that it was not possible to
make many noticeable changes in the house itself, have
nevertheless been interested in planting trees and shrubs for

124 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

the beautification of the ground surrounding the house. In
every case the use of native material was encouraged, keep-
ing in mind a succession of flowers and beautiful foliage.
Nurserymen cooperated by offering plantings as prizes or
as part of special club offers of orchard stock. Such work
can not help but make great changes in the beauty of the
farm homes during the next few years.

The average home demonstration agent can look over a
kitchen and replan its arrangement so as to save steps; she
can survey a site and suggest a suitable house. The time has
arrived when she must become a landscape artist. Many
agents can already lay out a farmstead and make it sym-
metrical and beautiful. Any of them is able to change a
front yard into a lawn. The goal that les ahead is a condi-
tion such as the founder of the demonstration work described
when he said:

The farm must be a place of beauty, so attractive that
every passing stranger inquires, ‘Who lives in that
lovely home?” The house is of minor consideration—
the gorgeous setting of trees and shrubbery holds the eye.

He longed for such a condition, because he said:

It is also realized that the great force that readjusts
the world originates in the home. Home conditions will
ultimately mold the man’s life.

Thus these readjustment forces commenced at the bot-
tom and marched ever onward and upward. A decade has
developed a cycle, but the work is still only well begun.
Recruits come in every year and begin with the rudiments.
Experienced ones take advanced steps in every direction,
while those just starting have the advantage of an immense
amount of others’ experience and the brightening light of
science focused upon their problems.

Millions in Results.

The annual tabulation of results shows an enrollment of
hundreds of thousands of women and girls. The containers
of canned, dried, preserved, cured, and brined products and
the pounds of fresh products grown and put up by these
workers from the gardens, orchards, vineyards, poultry
yards, and farms are measured in millions. Better kitchen
and labor-saving devices acquired through the influence of
the work are reported in thousands, while such equipment

The Agent on the Road—Then and Now.

as waterworks, lighting and heating systems, washing ma-
chines, sewing machines, pictures, draperies, rugs, and other
furnishings are also reported in thousands. New homes, re-
built and rearranged, homes, with their beautiful lawns and
harmonious farmsteads, are told in columns of five figures.
There has been a growth of the group idea because of the
common purposes; there are now thousands of clubs and an
evolution of community organizations, based upon such a
foundation as gives promise of a better national life and a
fuller civilization.

126 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
The Home Demonstration Agent.

But what about the pioneer agents who inaugurated and
established a new system of education like this? What kind
of profession have they and their worthy successors given
to the world? Travelers from abroad declare it is different
from the itinerant teaching of other countries, because it 1s
based upon the theory of object lessons by the people them-
selves, in their homes and on their own farms. The agents
proceeded upon the well-defined belief that it was not so
much what they could do themselves as what they could get
other people to do that would constitute value and service.
They knew that what a person hears he may doubt, what he
sees he may possibly doubt, but what he does himself he ean |
not doubt. The work carried conviction first to the thou-
sands who did it, and afterwards to the millions who*saw
the concrete examples of it. The qualifications, as mani-
fested by these devoted servants themselves, as they have
moved about among the people, are difficult of definition be-
cause they are still growing. Suffice it to say that thus far
they have developed a composite picture and in it is revealed
at least some of the equipment and abilities of all of the fol-
lowing: Coach, trainer, and guide; gardener, orchardist, and
farmer: cook, seamstress, and dietitian; carpenter, cabinet-
maker, and mechanic; missionary, sanitarian, and health
officer: chorist, colporteur, and recreationist; ambassador,
diplomat, and financier: and florist, architect, and artist.

Standard Paeks.

» KNOW
1 AS Se

MARKETS

By W. A. WHEELER,
Specialist in Market Information, and
FRANK GeEorGE, Assistant in Market Information.

GRICULTURAL market reports were published as
early as 1800, but it was not until 1858 that market
reports were issued by an agency whose sole interest in the
markets was to gather and disseminate news. The author of
this new departure was a young New York printer who be-
lieved that if he himself collected market information and
presented it from an unbiased viewpoint he could secure a
sufficient number of subscribers to make the service a paying
proposition. A number of produce dealers were canvassed
for subscriptions, and in 1858 the first weekly edition of the
publication was issued. The demand for the reports became

Hy kg YOU WANT to sell your potato crop?

Do you want to buy large quantities of eggs and butter?

Are you on either the buying or selling end of the market
for fruits, vegetables, live stock and meats, grain, hay, feed,
cotton, or wool?

If so, what you need is accurate market information fur-
nished by an unbiased agency.

Widespread market information of this kind helps all
concerned—producers, distributers, consumers.

The Bureau of Markets reports on every commodity that
constitutes an important part of the Nation’s food and
clothing supplies.

128 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

so great that beginning in 1882 the journal was made a daily
publication.

It is quite a span from 1858 to 1910, but this was the era
of the development of scientific and intensive agricultural —
production methods. The sales end of the farm business was
something about which the farmer admitted he knew little.
His job was finished when he grew the crops. The selling of
them was a matter that took care of itself in the natural
course of things. But about 1910 the farmer began to give
thought to distribution problems. He became dissatisfied
with existing selling methods and sought to improve them.
Consumers, too, became concerned with the methods of dis-
tributing agricultural products, and the universal interest
that was manifested culminated in 1913 in the authorization
by Congress of the formation of what is now the Federal
Bureau of Markets under the direction of the Department of
Agriculture.

The marketing experts on the Bureau of Markets staff
recognized from the first that the prompt reporting of
national market information to producers, dealers, and con-
sumers all over the country was one of the prerequisites of
any improvement in marketing methods. Immediate work
was begun toward that end, and in the spring of 1915 an
experimental market news reporting service on perishable
products was established. Market reporters were placed in
the field and at consuming centers and daily reports were
issued upon the movement and prices of a few agricultural
products. Farmers and distributers everywhere acclaimed
the service a boon to the produce business and upon every
hand the Bureau of Markets was urged to expand the scope
of its reportorial activities. Then, further authorized by
Congress, the bureau established a permanent market news
reporting service. Twenty-six temporary field stations were
opened and city branch offices located in 10 large cities.
The number of marketing specialists in the field and at
market centers was increased, and reports upon potatoes,
tomatoes, apples, peaches, and a few other commodities were
issued daily.

From that small beginning—the daily issuance of mimeo-
graphed market reports upon a few commodities to 50,000
subscribers—the Bureau of Markets news reporting services

Know Your Markets. 129

have been developed to the point where to-day they embrace
the reporting of market conditions in connection with 15
leading fruits and vegetables; all classes of live stock and
meats at the country’s principal live-stock and fresh-meat
markets; all grades and varieties of hay, feed, and seed;
dairy and poultry products at primary and consuming
markets; wheat, corn, barley, oats, and rye at the four lead-
ing grain exchanges; cotton at 10 designated spot cotton
markets and 2 future contracts markets; and other farm com-

There is a Commission Row in Every City.

For size and for volume of business transacted none compares with Chicago's
South Water Street.

modities, such 2s wool, hides, and skins, as necessity demands.
Foreign markets are also reported, representatives being lo-
cated in Europe and South America for that purpose.

It Pays to Know Where the Need Is.

The chief function of agricultural market information is
to regulate the flow of farm supplies to meet the demand.
An understocked market in one place and an overstocked
market somewhere else is hardly conducive to the best eco-

nomic and financial welfare of the Nation, and with abundant
380702°—yxsxk 1920——_9

130 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

supplies in the aggregate there is no good reason why such
a condition should exist. Just how the dissemination of
market news helps to prevent such a situation and directly
benefits the farmer, the stockman, the distributer, and the
consumer is amply demonstrated by a simple marketing
transaction recently brought to the attention of the Bureau of
Markets.

A certain Maryland farmer had always shipped his
produce to Baltimore. His father had invariably traded in —
that market, and it had never occurred to the son to market
his crops anywhere else. But a county agent was able finally
to persuade him to study national market conditions, and the
farmer subscribed to the market news service of the Bureau
of Markets. He found that at that particular time the sup-
plies of potatoes in the Philadelphia market were low, and
learned that even with higher transportation costs to Phila-
delphia his net profit would be larger than if he shipped to
Baltimore. He acted accordingly and secured an additional
$150 of profit.

While that single shipment may not have reduced con-
siderably the price of potatoes in Philadelphia, unquestion-
ably it helped to place supplies more nearly in line with de-
mand, and, had other Baltimore shippers followed a similar
course, prices in Philadelphia would have been placed upon
an equable basis with those in Baltimore. On the other hand,
to have sent the potatoes to Baltimore at a time when the
market was overstocked would have glutted that market and
unduly depressed prices there.

The narration of this incident is not intended as an in-
vidious comparison of the two markets, but simply to give a
concrete illustration of the value of market information. At
another time the situation might be reversed; Philadelphia
might have an abundance of potatoes and Baltimore need
some, a condition that would be immediately revealed in the
Bureau of Markets reports.

Apply the principles involved in the foregoing transaction
to the hundreds of thousands of marketing transactions that
take place every day, whether in connection with fruits,
vegetables, live stock, or other farm products, and the ad-
vantages secured by the dissemination of market information
are plainly apparent. In the case in point the farmer’s bank

Know Your Markets. 13

account was increased by $150, transportation and distribu-
tion agencies were legitimately employed, consumers were
benefited, and the community in which the farmer lived was
made financially stronger. Thousands of farmers and stock-
men now use national market information as a guide to
marketing their products. When all producers do so, much
will have been accomplished toward establishing a system
of distribution to meet efficiently our national requirements.

Interviewing the Jobbers.

Most of the produce arriving at New York City is sold to jobbers at the piers
of the railroad companies. The omnipresent market reporter is second from
the right.

The Bureau of Markets has in the United States 73 branch
offices located at 46 large market centers, 16 of which are
directly connected with the Washington office and with each
other by some 4,500 miles of leased telegraph wires. Market-
ing experts keep in constant touch with market conditions
in the field and at consuming centers and at least 15,000
responsible individuals, firms, and railroads—yoluntary re-
porters—render reports to the bureau regularly upon the
marketing of farm products. Mimeographed reports are
still sent to producers and the trade direct, but by the use of
the telegraph and the press and latterly of the wireless,

132 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

these and the other reports sent out by the Bureau of Markets
are received by not less than 15,000,000 potential readers.

b The Market Reporter.

The medium through which the Bureau of Markets reports
in popular, narrative style the combined results of all its
market-reporting activities in connection with leading farm
products throughout the United States is The Market Re-
porter. This paper is a 16-page weekly publication contain-
ing market reviews upon fruits and vegetables, live stock
and meats, dairy and poultry products, grain, hay, feed and
seed, cotton and wool, and general foreign markets informa-
tion. The Market Reporter has been in existence since Jan-
uary 1, 1920, and is the direct outgrowth of earlier publica-
tions issued by the Bureau of Markets in more limited fields.
On July 1, 1920, the distribution of the publication was
placed upon an “ individual-request” basis, and since that
date its circulation has jumped more than 100 per cent, 33,000
individual subscribers having specifically requested that the
publication be sent to them regularly.

The articles upon market conditions published in The
Market Reporter are prepared by some of the most expert
marketing specialists in the United States. These articles
deal with supply and demand, transportation, marketing
practices and credits, and the multitude of other factors that
control the marketing of farm products. Comprehensive
weekly and monthly summaries of movement, marketing, and
prices of specified commodities are published, as well as
tabulated statistics that are accompanied by interpretative
text, in an effort to present the figures in a form convenient
for comparative studies through successive issues and
volumes.

Producers, distributers, and students of agriculture have
come to regard The Market Reporter as an authoritative
guide in the field of distribution. From the standpoint of
marketing the products of their farms, producers have found
the articles printed in The Market Reporter of great value.
One letter received recently from a farmer in the West
stated that the information pertaining to market prices and
conditions secured through its columns would be the means

Know Your Markets. 133

of saving thousands of dollars to the farmers in his neighbor-
hood each year. A similar instance of saving reported to the
bureau is that of a farmers’ exchange in New Jersey which
wrote that as a result of reading in The Market Reporter “a
very interesting article covering the cottonseed meal situa-
tion, stating that stocks were heavy and giving other interest-
ing data, we decided to wait with the placing of our order
and bought part of our requirements last week, which meant
a saving to us of something like $2,000 on 10 carloads.”

The “ Marketgram ” Service.

To be of greatest value market information must be re-
ceived by the producer as soon as possible after the close of
the markets. With that end in view the Bureau of Markets
maintains a special telegraphic market-reporting service to
producers direct, the producers paying only the telegraph
tolls. Then there are the “C. N. D.” services of the
commercial telegraph companies, whereby a producer may
receive Bureau of Markets live-stock reports at stated in-
tervals during the day upon payment of a telegraph fee to
the telegraph companies. The bureau’s mimeographed re-
ports sent by telegraph to its branch offices and thence by
mail to producers are usually received upon the morning fol-
lowing the day’s business.

A recent departure in the field of market reporting is the
publication of weekly summaries of market conditions at the

134 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

important producing and consuming centers. In a single
report, only 1,000 words in length, are summarized national
market conditions and prices on fruits and vegetables, live
stock and meats, grain, hay, feed, and seed, dairy products,
and cotton. These reports, known as “ Marketgrams,” are
compiled from telegrams received at the Washington office
of the Bureau of Markets from hundreds of regular and vol-
untary reporters, and treat of trend of conditions and prices, ~
briefly and concisely presenting to the reader, almost at a
glance, a picture of the entire marketing situation. No
statistical data are given in these reports beyond important
changes in the week’s range of prices.

“ Marketgrams” are issued on Monday, Wednesday,
Thursday, Friday, and Saturday of each week and cover
the markets for the preceding seven days. At 5 o’clock on
the days of issue the reports are dispatched over the leased
telegraph wires of the Bureau of Markets to its branch
offices and thence released immediately to farm papers and
other publications which have requested them. More than
5,000 such publications, with a combined circulation of at
least 10,000,000 readers, receive and publish the reports,
several foreign-language newspapers being among the sub-
scribers. Any newspaper or farm journal that is not now
publishing the “ Marketgrams” would probably be glad to
arrange to do so if its readers requested the service.

The Wireless Service.

Although there are thousands of subscribers to these serv-
ices, they represent but a small proportion of all the agri-
cultural producers in the United States. The aspiration of
the Bureau of Markets is promptly to place daily national
market information in the hands of a// producers, and it is
now experimenting with the wireless to determine the prac-
ticability of utilizing that medium of dispatch.

Through the cooperation of the United States Bureau of
Standards the Bureau of Markets recently made arrange-
ments for sending “ Daily Radio Marketgrams” from the
Washington radio station of the Bureau of Standards. These
reports are 600 words in length and give daily market condi-
tions and prices with regard to live stock and meats, grains,

Know Your Markets. 135

hay, feed and seed, fruits and vegetables, and dairy products.
The Chicago live-stock and fresh-meat markets are reported
as well as three eastern fresh-meat markets. Of grain, prices
and conditions at the Chicago, Minneapolis, Kansas City, and
Winnipeg markets are given. The fruit and vegetable in-
formation is obtained in a manner similar to that employed
in the case of the “ Marketgrams.” Of hay, feed, and seeds,
conditions and prices at the principal eastern markets are

A Temporary Lull on the Kansas City Board of Trade.

A moment hence and collars may wilt and buttons begin to fly.

reported, and of dairy products the New York butter market
and the Wisconsin primary markets are quoted.

The “ Daily Radio Marketgrams” are wirelessed at 5 p.m.
each business day, and are received by hundreds of amateur
wireless operators within a 200-mile radius of Washington.
These operators relay the information to farmers, farmers’
organizations, shippers’ organizations, newspapers, and others
concerned with the marketing of farm products. Certain
newspapers have installed wireless equipment to receive the

reports direct and other newspapers are making similar

136 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

arrangements. A number of producers and newspapers have
made arrangements with wireless operators for the receipt
of the information, and several public institutions such as
State bureaus of markets and high schools are regularly
receiving the reports with their own equipment. In conduct-
ing the experiment the Bureau of Markets has the benefit
of the experience and advice of some of the Nation’s fore-
most wireless experts, and marketing agencies everywhere
are watching the work with great interest.

Commodity Reports.

The reportorial activities of the Bureau of Markets, which
make these composite services possible, are separated into sec-
tions according to the various branches of agricultural pro-
duction. - Thus, the fruit and vegetable division has its own
staff of experts who report upon market conditions on fruits
and vegetables only. The same is true of live stock and
meats, dairy products, hay, feed and seed, cotton and wool,
and foreign marketing conditions. Each section issues de-

tailed daily, weekly, and monthly reports that are sent to”

producers, distributers, press associations, and newspapers
specifically interested in the particular commodities covered,
and separate mailing and telegraph lists are maintained at
the Washington and at the branch offices for this purpose.
The Bureau of Markets also issues reports upon the market-
ing of honey, peanuts, and a number of other farm products.

Fruits and Vegetables.

Of the news reporting services, the reporting of the fruit
and vegetable and the live-stock and meat markets is the
most comprehensive. In 1918 the fruit and vegetable divi-
sion had 32 permanent market stations and 71 temporary
field stations located in 40 States. Thirty-eight farm com-
modities were reported upon and 23,000,000 daily buHetins
issued to some 125,000 producers, shippers, and produce deal-
ers. But by reason of curtailments of congressional appro-
priations for this work, the fruit and vegetable market re-
porting activities were subsequently contracted, and during
the past year the number of permanent market stations was
14 and of temporary field stations 42. The number of sub-

r
?
4

Know Your Markets. 137

scribers for the daily reports totaled 75,000, with a propor-
tionate reduction in the number of reports issued.

Market experts in the field and at consuming markets ren-
der daily reports of conditions and prices to the several
branch offices, which telegraph the information to the Wash-
ington office. The Washington office then summarizes the
news and the same morning dispatches the summarized re-
port to the various offices by telegraph, whence copies are
mailed to producers and members of the trade direct. Ata
number of market stations valuable local service is also given
by reporting to producers and distributers upon a much

Produce Market Reporters Must Be on the Job Early to Get a Line on
the Day’s Business and Prices.

wider range of commodities than it is possible to include in
the national news service. These local reports indicate the
daily supplies on the particular market, local jobbing prices,
and sometimes retail prices. At the more important market
stations a special telephonic and telegraphic service is main-
tained for the purpose of furnishing members of the trade
with information more quickly than through the mimeo-
graphed bulletins. The subscribers pay the telegraph charges
of this service, and the fact that the number of subscribers
is constantly increasing attests its value and popularity.

138 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Local newspapers also print in their market columns extracts
from these reports, and in this way a large number of readers
who are not specifically interested in receiving the detailed
reports distributed by mail are reached.

During the period of important car-lot movement in the
leading producing sections throughout the country, daily
market reports are sent by telegraph to growers and shippers
in the localities concerned, the receivers paying the telegraph

Putting the News on the Wire.

A staff of expert telegraphers at Washington dispatches daily market reports
over 4,500 miles of leased telegraph wires to 16 branch offices.

tolls. These telegraphic reports give shipping-point infor-
mation from competing sections in comparison with local
f. o. b. reports and include reliable information regarding
supplies and prices in important markets. With such infor-
mation the producer knows precisely when and where to
ship his products, a service that is obviously of value from
both an economic and financial viewpoint.

A crop and market review of fruits and vegetables that is
largely a summary of the information given in the daily
reports is issued once a week. This report shows the price
ranges and general market tendencies at shipping points and

Know Your Markets. 139

in consuming centers, and treats of the car-lot movement of
the various commodities to the markets. Two hundred local
voluntary correspondents and a number of State reporting
agencies also report crop conditions in their particular terri-
tories, which information is summarized and made a part
of the weekly review. The review is prepared at the Wash-
ington office, sent over the leased telegraph wires to all
branch offices, and 5,500 copies distributed among producers,
shippers, transportation officials, and members of the trade.
Copies are sent to daily newspapers and trade journals also.

By an arrangement with 474 transportation lines, includ-
ing steam and electric roads, boat lines, and express com-
panies, the Bureau of Markets receives daily reports of car-
lot movements of 36 important crops. During the fall, when
car-lot movements are at their height, as many as 300 tele-
graphie reports of this nature are received daily. In the
lighter seasons of the year the reports are not so numerous,
but for a 12-months period the average number of daily re-
ports from these sources is about 175. Not only are the ship-
ments reported by States of origin, but all primary destina-
tions are reported as well, a feature that very greatly in-
creases the value of the reports, especially to the field stations
issuing market information in producing sections. This in-
formation is dispatched over the leased-wire circuits before 9
o'clock each day and thence relayed from the branch offices
to producers, shippers, and others interested. A weekly
summary of car-lot shipments is also sent to a special list
of subscribers composed largely of transportation officials,
members of the trade, educational institutions, and others
interested in such statistics.

A weekly article featuring the leading news developments
of the fruit and vegetable market is also issued on Friday
afternoons and distributed to press agencies through the
press service of the Department of Agriculture. This review
is prepared for general readers and is used by numerous im-
portant newspapers that do not publish the more technical
market reviews. A monthly review is similarly prepared,
going to about 50 periodicals and press associations, and ap-
pearing in newspapers having an aggregate circulation of
600,000 readers.

140 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Live Stock and Meats.

Ten million potential readers receive the Bureau of Mar-
kets live-stock and meat reports every day. This vast circu-
lation is obtained by means of mimeographed reports sent

to producers direct, the daily newspapers, the commercial
news services of the commercial telegraph companies, and the
dispatch of the market news by “ticker” service out of
Chicago.

The various press associations place a high value upon
the accuracy and unbiased nature of the bureau’s reports,
and every day a 110-word live-stock report prepared by the
bureau is dispatched from each of the five leading live-stock
markets to thousands of newspapers over the leased-wire
circuits of these associations. The commercial telegraph
companies have a special market reporting service known as
the “C. N. D.”—Commercial News Department—service
whereby current market information on live stock, grain, and
other commodities may be had by subscribers at stated hours
during the day upon payment of a small monthly charge.
Before the Bureau of Markets reported the live-stock and
wholesale meat markets the telegraph companies obtained
their information from various individuals, many of whom |
were biased by reason of having assumed a position in the
market. These companies now receive the market news from
the Bureau of Markets, and, during the past three years,
thousands of additional names have been placed upon the sub-
scription lists of the “ C. N. D.” services.

The subscription lists for the mimeographed reports con-
tain some 10,000 names of producers, cooperative organiza-
tions, dealers, commission men, meat packers, and others. To
insure prompt delivery of these reports their preparation
and issuance are timed so as to catch the fast mail trains.

To make possible the service outlined above, which mem-
bers of the trade affirm is the best service of its kind yet
available, the live stock and meats division maintains eight
branch offices in the eight largest live-stock and fresh-meat
centers of the United States. At Chicago, Kansas City,
Omaha, St. Paul, the National Stock Yards in Illinois, New
York, Boston, and Philadelphia trained market reporters
and telegraphers are located and at stated periods each morn-

Know Your Markets. 141

ing designated reports of market conditions are released.
These branch offices are connected with each other and with
the Washington office by leased telegraph wires, approxi-
mately 2,375 miles of wire in all, extending from Boston
in the east to South St. Paul in the north and Kansas City
and East St. Louis in the south, thus linking five of the
Jargest live-stock markets and four of the greatest meat-
consuming centers in the country.

Part of the Chicago Stockyards.

More than $3,000,000 of business is transacted at the Chicago live-stock
yards every day. The man ‘on the fence” is reporting a sale for Uncle
Sam’s nieces and nephews.

Each office has one or more bulletin boards located in con-
spicuous places about the market and upon these boards the
day’s market news at all the markets is bulletined as fast
as it comes over the leased telegraph wires. Producers,
shippers, traders, and consumers consult these boards con-
stantly and are kept informed of movements, prices, and
general trade conditions in the particular kind of live stock
or dressed meat in which they are interested.

The Chicago live-stock market is by far the most important
live-stock center in the world. Here an average of $3,000,000

142 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

of business is transacted every business day and, except for
temporary local conditions, prices at most of the other live-
stock markets throughout the United States are based largely
upon the prices prevailing at this market. :

At 4.30 a. m. every day, at the Chicago office, a representa-
tive of the Bureau of Markets telephones the office of every
railroad entering Chicago and receives a statement of the
number of cars of each kind of live stock near enough to ©
Chicago to arrive during the trading day. To this total is
added the number of carloads that arrived during the night.
With this information and his knowledge of the kinds of
live stock shipped from different sections of the country at
different seasons and of the number of animals usually
loaded in a car, the bureau’s representative is able to esti-
mate accurately the number of animals of each kind that
will reach the market that day in time to be offered for sale.
Inasmuch as the day’s trading is based very largely upon
this estimate, it is essential that it be as accurate as possible.
The report on the estimated receipts must be ready for
release at 6 a. m., central time, and is of special interest to
eastern buyers who wish to place orders for stock.

Prior to the time the bureau began making these estimates
the trade had to depend on reports released by individuals,
who often were interested in buying or selling live stock and
whose information was limited. The fact that often widely
varying estimates were released simultaneously by different
individuals, thereby confusing the trade, indicated the neces-
sity of having the estimates made by an unbiased ageny such
as the Bureau of Markets which has authority to obtain the
information needed on which to base the estimates. In
making its estimates the bureau is greatly indebted to the
officials of the railroads entering the markets for their hearty
cooperation in furnishing information.

Through the cooperation of the railroad officials, the
bureau has been able also to perfect arrangements whereby
an advance estimate of the following day’s receipts can be
released shortly after the noon hour. This estimate, while
not always as accurate as the report released at 6 a. m. the
day the animals are due, is of great value to shippers and
others. The accuracy of both estimates is constantly im-
proving, as indicated by the steadily decreasing variation

Know Your Markets. 143

between the estimated and actual receipts. A second esti-
mate of receipts is released at 7 a. m., and incorporates any
changes or additions subsequently reported by the railroads.

As buyers and sellers are in the market ready for business
before 8 a. m., the bureau’s reporters must be on the job be-
fore that hour to get the opening sales and observe the
market trend so that the “ opening hog market ” report may
be placed on the wire by 8.30. Bureau representatives cover
the cattle market, hog market, and sheep and lamb markets.
These men must be not only trained market reporters, but
good judges of live stock, able to determine at a glance the
various classes and grades of the animals that are sold.

At 9.10 a. m., the “ hog flash,” a brief report on the condi-
tion of the hog market at that hour, is sent out. At 10.30
a. m., a detailed report that gives market and trade condi-
tions in the cattle, hog, and sheep markets, together with
complete estimated receipts and detailed quotations on va-
rious classes and grades of each species, is dispatched. The
closing wire for the day is released between noon and 2 p. m.,
and contains information as to any changes which may have
taken place after 10.30 a.m. In addition, brief summaries
of the day’s trading are prepared for the press associations,
to be sent to the afternoon and morning newspapers.

Dairy and Poultry Products.

Daily and weekly butter and cheese market reports, daily
egg and dressed-poultry market reports, and monthly export.
cold-storage, and condensed-milk reports are sent direct to
some 13,000 persons and firms in the dairy and poultry prod-
ucts business. A number of creameries and cheese factories
sell their products exclusively on the basis of the prices set
forth in these reports. Wholesalers and jobbers find the
reports useful in keeping informed of general trade condi-
tions, and dairymen who study dairy marketing conditions
throughout the country state that the monthly report of
prices paid to milk producers is of great value to them.

The division of dairy and poultry products has branch
offices at New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, San
Francisco, Minneapolis, and Fond du Lac, Wis. By a co-
operative arrangement with railroad, steamship, and other
transportation officials, each of the four eastern branch offices

144. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

obtains by telephone each morning statements of receipts of
butter, cheese, eggs, and dressed poultry for the preceding
24 hours. Each branch office also each morning secures a
preliminary report of the quantities to be delivered for un-
loading that day, a service that is of especial value to the
trade in the immediate markets. Daily reports of the quan-
tities of butter, cheese, eggs, and dressed poultry received
in cold storage, the quantities delivered, and the quantities
remaining in storage are similarly obtained, the composite
report representing the cold-storage movement in more than
45 of the largest warehouses in the United States.

Trained market reporters are located in the: markets and
each day obtain statements of quantities of butter, eggs, and
cheese stocks on hand, more than 150 firms providing this
information in New York alone. Reports of current trading
stocks of cheese holdings at country warehouses in Wisconsin
as well as stocks on dealers’ floors in the distributing markets
are also secured. All wholesale prices reported are of actual
sales in the markets, this information being obtained by the
reporters at the close of each day’s trading. Price reports
on cheese at Wisconsin primary markets are handled by mail
from the Fond du Lac office. The several branch offices, save
San Francisco, are connected by leased telegraph wires, and
as soon as the reports are prepared they are dispatched
over these lines for immediate distribution.

In addition to the cooperation of dealers and wholesalers,
more than 300 milk dealers’ and milk producers’ organiza-
tions located in more than 100 of the principal cities of the
United States inform the division of the prices obtained for
milk, which has made it possible to issue a monthly milk-price
report that is used by milk producers everywhere to ascer-
tain the general price trend. The monthly condensed-milk
report is compiled from information obtained from about
350 condensed-milk manufacturers. Similarly, the quarterly
production report is the result of direct cooperation Mics
10,000 firms manufacturing dairy products.

Not only do sellers of dairy and poultry products use the
reports, but large buyers, such as hotels, restaurants, and
public institutions, use them as a check against prices. A

Know Your Markets. 145

recent instance of this is of a well-known educational insti-
tution which uses large quantities of butter in its dining
halls. The college became dissatisfied with its arrangement
with a butter firm that furnished the supplies, and consulted
the Bureau of Markets. As a result the institution incor-
porated in its purchasing contract a clause providing for
settlements on the basis of Bureau of Markets reports and
Bureau of Markets inspection, and the arrangement has
worked out to the satisfaction of both parties.

Cotton.

In December, 1919, the cotton division began a cotton
quotation service for the purpose of keeping cotton growers
informed of general conditions and prices at the spot cot-
ton and future contracts markets. Weekly bulletins are
issued at Charlotte, Atlanta, New Orleans, Memphis, and
Dallas to some 1,500 subscribers. The information con-
tained in these reports is reported to the representatives
_of the Bureau of Markets by reliable agencies, and the prices
set forth are generally on the basis of official cotton standards
as provided in the United States cotton futures act. The
reports state the daily prices for the various grades of spot
cotton, the daily prices of future contracts at the New Or-
leans and New York markets, prices of staple cotton, and
prices of cotton seed. Each report also invariably contains
information of a general character, including approved
methods of preparation of cotton for marketing. Among
the subscribers for these reports are cotton growers, dealers,
cotton-goods manufacturers, banks, and even shoe manufac-
turers.

An illuminating instance of the salutary effect of the re-
porting of the cotton markets by an unbiased agency oc-
curred recently. At Little Rock the price of spot cotton was
considerably lower than the price at Memphis. The sellers
at Little Rock did not know this and were selling at the
lower figure. But when the current market report of the
Memphis office of the Bureau of Markets was received at
Little Rock, the price of spot cotton on the Little Rock mar-
ket advanced sufficiently to place the two markets on a
parity and more closely in line with current values.

30702°—yrzK 1920——10 + 11**

146 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Wide Scope of Market News.

The Bureau of Markets endeavors, with the facilities at
its command, to cover the markets upon every farm com-
modity which constitutes an important part of the Nation’s
food and clothing supplies. This service is maintained for
the express benefit of producers, distributers, and consumers.
Never before has there been so great a demand for accurate,
timely, and comprehensive information regarding agricul-
tural markets. Individuals, organizations, and institutions
concerned with production and distribution are constantly
calling upon the Bureau of Markets for market information.
Farmers’ organizations—national, State, county, and local—
all have come to appreciate the necessity for accurate market
news, and are persistently requesting information, both do-
mestic and foreign, that will aid them in marketing their
crops. They have come to recognize that it is impossible for
them either to sell or to buy farm products intelligently with-
out having accurate market information furnished by an un-
biased agency. In the endeavor to meet these demands the
Bureau of Markets strives not only for accuracy and com-
pleteness in assembling market information, but for its
prompt, widespread, and efficient distribution.

By W. B. GREELEY, Forester, Forest Service.

T HAS often been thought that the days of the log cabin
and open hearth represent the period in our national
development when a liberal supply of wood was most neces-
sary; or if not the earliest pioneer days, the time of rapid
settlement when new land was being brought under the plow,
farmsteads constructed, and new towns appearing on the map.
The countries of Europe whose social and industrial develop-
ment runs some centuries back of our own use but one-third
or one-half as much wood per capita as the people of the
United States; and at first blush this would indicate that the
older we get as a nation the less dependent will we be upon
our forests. But this rule does not fit the American people.
The older our States and communities grow, the more timber
will they require in one form or another if social and indus-
trial progress are to keep pace with age.

Recently I had a wonderful glimpse of the citrus belt of
Florida} representing as highly developed agriculture as one
would find in the world. I saw square miles of recently
planted orchards stretching over the rolling hills of the
Florida Peninsula. To market the present citrus crop takes
13 million boxes yearly, and each box requires 54 board feet
of wood. I learned that within five years over 20 million
boxes and within ten years over 40 million boxes will be re-
quired every year to put the southern citrus crop upon the

147

148 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

market, wholly apart from the quantities of lumber needed in
farm improvements. One of the serious problems of both the
citrus and truck industries in Florida, which certainly do not
represent pioneer agriculture, is a supply of wood in the fu- —
ture sufficient to market their products.

We Want More Wood.

The average well-kept farm in the upper Mississippi
Valley uses 2,000 board feet of lumber every year for repairs
and improvements. This yearly use of lumber represents
probably the minimum requirement of efficient twentieth
century agriculture. Turn to our manufacturing communi-
ties. Industrial centers like Pittsburgh, Chicago, or St.
Louis consume from two to four times as much lumber per

The largest owner of timberlands,
the largest user of timber, is the
farmer.

Wood means more to him than to
anyone else.

Tt will pay him to put his idle land
to work growing timber.

capita as the country at large. To maintain our railway
systems requires 125 million wooden crossties every year, and
the more railroads we build the larger does this permanent
requirement become. And our use of paper, which is made
largely from wood, has grown by leaps and bounds. In
1880 the average person in the United States used.about 30
pounds of paper every year; to-day the average American
uses 125 pounds every year.

Many substitutes for wood in one use or another have been
devised, and yet the aggregate demands of the country for
timber are growing all the time. More wood is used in houses
than before the discovery of concrete. More wood is used
in constructing railway cars than before the steel car or car
constructed partly of steel was developed. And constantly
new chemical or mechanical processes are being developed in

Wood for the Nation. 149

the utilization of wood, which enlarge its range of utility and
increase demands for the raw material.

A Comfortable House and the Morning Paper.

The United States produces over half of the entire lumber
cut of the world, and uses 95 per cent of that amount right
here at home. The difference between this country and the
countries of continental Europe in the use of wood is not
the difference between a young nation and old nations; it is
the difference between a country with high standards of liv-
ing and rapid industrial growth and countries of low stand-
ards of living and industrial conditions largely fixed and
unchanging. Picture an average rural section in France,
such as American soldiers have seen many times, where a
new structure of any kind is a rare sight, and mean, moss-
covered stone buildings of the time of Jeanne d’Arc must
serve the needs of the French farmer of to-day. With all its
beauty and picturesqueness, you carry away an impres-
sion of economic decadence, of low standards of living and
inefficient methods of farming under which life is possible
only by frugality and restrictions on comfort unknown to the
masses of the American people. Compare this picture with
the average rural section in New York or Minnesota or Iowa,
and you will understand the difference between a country
where wood has been plentiful and a country where wood is
classed almost with the luxuries.

Abundant and widely distributed forests have meant to
the United States comfortable homes for the masses of our
people beyond the standards of any other nation on earth.
They have placed newspapers and magazines on the average
family table. They have contributed largely to living and
social and industrial conditions which make for democracy
and constructive energy—rather than the discontent, the
limitations on opportunity, and the destructive social forces
bred by conditions of life that are mean and hard and com-
fortless.

The aftermath of the war has brought home very sharply
the menace to American prosperity and standards of living
threatened by inadequate supplies of timber. The country is
short to-day 1,250,000 homes. This shortage is a direct out-
growth of the scarcity and: high cost of lumber, together with
other building materials, during a period of about three

150 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

years. The lack of dwellings resulting even from this tem-
porary shortage is a serious problem, involving exorbitant
rents, overcrowding, lowered standards of living, and a weak-
ening of the family influence. Make the lumber prices of
1920. permanent and one can readily appreciate what the
home conditions of the American people will become in a
couple of decades.

In 1919 and 1920 the lumber normally used in farm im-

provements in the upper Mississippi Valley reached such a
cost that the construction of new farm buildings fell off one-
half and the repair of farm improvements fell off one-third
from the normal use of lumber in that region. Project such
a shortage over 25 years, resulting from a permanent scarcity
of timber rather than a temporary condition of the lumber
market, and the injury to living conditions in rural America
and the efficiency of our agriculture will be serious.

Reaping Where We Have Not Sown.

These are days when the whole world, more or less, is
taking stock. A crisis like the great war often brings home
forcibly weak points which were not appreciated during the
easier years of peace. And one of these weak points is that
while we are preeminent in thé world as a nation of wood
users, we are not a nation of wood growers. We are begin-
ning to feel the full effect of the prodigality with which we
have used up our virgin forests without replacing them.

Three-fifths of the forests which sheltered America’s
aboriginal inhabitants are gone. From the remnant we are
now cutting yearly at least four times as much wood as is
being grown. We are even cutting trees too small for the
bawraill more rapidly than they are being produced. The
American sawmill has moved over the face of the land, clean-
ing up one forest region after another. About 5 per cent of
the virgin forests of the New England States is left. In 1850
New York held first rank among the States as a lumber pro-
ducer; to-day she imports probably 90 per cent of the forest
products required by her own people and industries. In 1860
Pennsylvania stood first in the cut of lumber and exported
large quantities to her sister States. The lumber cut in Penn-
sylvania now is less than the requirements of the Pittsburgh
territory alone. By 1892 the Lake States had become the
great lumber camp of the country; to-day their cut has

Wood for the Nation. 151

dropped to a single billion feet, and of their vast pine forests
about 2 per cent is left.

There are not many more chapters in this story. The pine
belt of the Southern States is now our greatest source of
lumber, but that region has also passed its peak and all the
evidence goes to show that within another 10 or 12 years the
Southern States will have little lumber for export. Fifty
per cent of the timber yet standing is in three States border-

The Source of Many Comfortable Homes.

Abundant and widely distributed forests have meant to the United States
comfortable homes for the masses of our people beyond the standards of any
other nation on earth.
ing the Pacific Ocean. The westward movement of forest
industries is becoming more accelerated every year; and
every year constantly greater quantities of lumber are being
hauled 2,000 or 3,000 miles from the sawmill to its consumer.

The average freight charge on lumber to-day amounts to
more than the lumber itself cost 30 years ago.

Use Plenty and Grow Plenty.

It is fruitless to decry this generous use of our forests
which has contributed so largely to the growth and commer-

152 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

cial leadership of the United States. The exhaustion of our
timber supply is coming about not because we have used our
forests freely but because we have failed to use our timber-
growing land. The problem in a nutshell is the enormous

Sand and Brush.

All that is left of a great pine forest in the Lake States.

area of forest land which has been so logged and so burned
that it is producing little or nothing. We have over 80
million acres, an area greater than all the forests of France,
Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Spain,

ee es Sa te ee te De ee ee

~
hus

et ae

i Rad.
~*~

Wood for the Nation. 153

and Portugal, which has been denuded to the point of abso-
lute idleness so far as the production of any timber of com-
mercial value is concerned. We have other enormous areas
of cut-over land now growing but a fraction of the amount
of timber which they might produce. And we are adding to
these areas of idle or largely idle land from 10 to 15 million
acres every year, as destructive logging and still more de-
structive burning progress.

The United States contains some 465 million acres of for-
est land of all sorts, timbered, cut-over, and burned. Most
of this will always be forest land. Its area is ample to grow
all of the wood needed for our own use and for our export
trade if it can be kept at work growing trees. The forest
problem of the United States is primarily the problem of
millions of idle acres. If steady work and steady production
constitute the lasting and effective cure of the economic evils
of the world, let us not overlook the national loss we are now
suffering through the idleness of a large part of our land

' which might be growing timber. Idle acres of timber-grow-
-ing land may mean just as great a loss to the economic sta-

bility of this country as idle farms or idle factories.

In other words, if we are to remain a nation of wood users
we must become a nation of wood growers. This is peculiarly
a national problem. There is no commodity in which our
different States are more dependent upon one another than
the products of the forest. Our most densely populated in-
dustrial States like Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachu-
setts import from 60 to 90 per cent of the timber which they
use. One of our most highly developed agricultural sections,
in the Middle West, imports almost 100 per cent of the timber
which it uses. Half a dozen States supply the whole country
with paper. The beehive of wood manufactures in the vi-
einity of Chicago, Milwaukee, and Detroit would have to
close down in a few weeks were their lumber supply from
Southern and Western States cut off. In other words, timber
supply is coming to the fore like our coal supply, like the de-
velopment. of agriculture, like our interstate transportation
system, like our marine transport, as an economic problem
affecting all interests and sections, as a problem which must
be viewed from the national standpoint and dealt with from
the national standpoint. We will get nowhere if we conceive
of it as a problem of this or that particular locality.

154 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
We Can Not Leave It Alone.

Nor can we solve this problem by the old economic theory
of leave it alone. Considerable reforestation comes about by
chance. Areas in the South Atlantic States are now yielding

The Last Great Commercial Forest.

Three-fifths of the virgin timber of the United States is gone. Half of
what is left is in the three States bordering the Pacific Ocean,

their third cut of saw timber in spite of the prevalance of
fires and other destructive agencies. Considerable reforesta-
tion is coming about through the intelligent action of land-
owners. There are not a few holdings in our north woods

seh SA oy i lai a Me

a

Wood for the Nation. 155

which have produced yields of saw timber and pulpwood
through three generations of owners. Year after year the
planting of denuded lands is increasing. It is safe to say
that 12 or 15 million young forest trees are planted annually
in the New England States and probably as many more in
the Middle Atlantic and Central States.

Such instances of reforestation through private initiative
are indeed encouraging and should receive every reasonable
form of public assistance. But weighed in the balance
against our national needs for timber, the production of wood
by voluntary private effort is hopelessly inadequate and will
remain so for a long time to come. It takes a long time to
grow merchantable timber, and the vast public interests at
stake can not, under a real national conception of the problem,
be left to the turn of profit or loss or the business policy of
the individual. We must devise some plan-wise system of re-
forestation, with enough public participation and assistance
to make it effective, which will keep not an isolated spot here
and there but our hundreds of millions of acres of forest
land at work growing timber.

An obvious way of doing this is through the extension of
publicly-owned forests. The National Forests now embrace
156 million acres, chiefly in the Western States. They are
to-day the largest element of stability in our whole timber-
supply situation because their timber will never be cut faster
than it is grown. Several of the States have taken admirable
steps in the same direction. New York owns nearly 2 million
acres of State forests and State Parks, and Pennsylvania
over 1 million acres of State forests under management.
Massachusetts recently initiated a plan for the purchase and
immediate planting of 100,000 acres of denuded forest lands
within her borders. From every standpoint, not alone of
economic needs but of conserving wild life and affording
greater opportunities for recreation and health to the masses
of our people, a large extension in public forest ownership,
both State and National, is desirable. It is manifestly im-
possible, however, for the public to acquire all of the forest
lands in the country. Four-fifths of our forests are now in
private ownership, and in the nature of things a large pro-
portion will necessarily remain in private ownership. Our
future wood supply will be far from adequate unless some
definite provision is made for keeping private woodlands in

156 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

the continuous production of timber, on some basis equitable
to their owners.

We have been very loath in the United States, with its
abundant natural resources, to place any restrictions upon
the freedom of the individual in using his own property. We
have scarcely gone beyond restraints essential to prevent an
actual menace to one’s neighbors, like a fire trap in a thickly
settled city, or a source of disease, or failure to exterminate
noxious insects and plants.

The time has come to go a step further in our conception
of the rights of the individual as compared with the interests
of the people as a whole. Lands which contain important
natural resources can no longer be viewed as merely the
property of their owners, with no obligation to the welfare
of the country at large. Rather should they be regarded, i
a sense, as public utilities.

Put the Idle Land to Work.

By some means or other we must see to it that forest lands
not needed for agriculture are not allowed to lie idle but are
kept at work growing timber. Obviously regulations im-
posed upon timber lands must be reasonable and equitable to
the owner; the owner of the land can not do it all. The public
must aid him in overcoming the hazard of forest fires, which
often makes the growing of trees a precarious venture. The
public must recognize that the present methods of taxing
growing forests in many regions are equivalent to taxing a
farm crop twice a week during the growing season and may
largely eat up the value of the timber before it is grown to
marketable size. With the fire hazard reduced to an insur-
able risk, with the taxes on growing forests adjusted to a
crop which requires 40 or 50 seasons to mature, we may right-
fully insist that every owner of forest lands shall keep his
land continuously in timber growth and there will be no
practical reason why the owner of the land can not comply.
The new principle which must be part of any adequate plan
for nation-wide reforestation is this—require the forest owner
to grow trees but give him fair and reasonable help in doing it.

At many points this great national problem touches the
interests of the American farmer. Agriculture is the largest
wood-using industry of the United States. Nearly 50 per
cent of all the wood which the country requires is used on its

Wood for the Nation. 157

farms, for buildings and improvements, for barrels, boxes,
and other containers required in marketing crops, for cord-
wood, fencing material, and so on. Probably no other
American industry would feel so quickly or suffer so severely
from a continued shortage of timber.

And, on the other side, the farmers of the country taken
together are its largest timber owners. Farm woodlots the
country over reach the enormous total of 191 million acres,

Fire has ruined the
forest and the land now
lies idle and unpro-
ductive.

Destructive lumbering has
ruined the slopes. A forest
cover would help to regu-
late water run-off and
would supply timber.

Idle Acres.

There is enough idle cut-over and burned-over land in the United States to
grow all the timber we need. The answer to the forestry problem is not to
use less timber, but to protect what we have and to grow more.

-more than all the great holdings of commercial timberlands.
In the States east of the Great Plains, 45 per cent of all the
forests and 40 per cent of the merchantable timber form a
part of farm holdings.

The farmer is proverbially the most independent of us all
in the matter of foodstuffs; he might be equally independent
in the matter of wood if his timber-growing lands were
utilized with the same care and study as his orchards or grain
fields. The woodlot has not figured largely in the develop-

158 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

ment of scientific agriculture; often it has been regarded as
wild land not yet reclaimed. Seldom has it been viewed as a
permanent and productive part of the farm, to b2 taken seri-
ously. The farmers of the country need to check the cords of
wood or feet of timber which their woodlots are growing
just as they would check the bushels of wheat which their
fields are producing, and then improve the yields of their
woodlots with the same intelligence and care that they apply
to other crops, wherever the character of the land makes a
permanent woodlot desirable.

The farmers of the United States are at one and the same
time the largest consumers of forest products and the largest
owners of forest lands. They have the most permanent inter-
est in a systematic national plan of reforestation. They will
find profit in taking their own woodlots out of the slacker
class, and they may well take a hand in bringing about a
common-sense plan of reforestation based upon necessary and
equitable public control.

CONSERVING OUR
WILD ANIMALS

foo 6 !CUMAND'BIRDS =

By Epwarp A, GorpMAN,

Assistant Biologist, in Charge of Biological Investigations,
Bureau of Biological Survey.

HE conservation of wild animals and birds is not a

mere fad indulged in by those who have only a senti-
mental interest in the subject. It has a much greater im-
portance, due to values difficult to measure but none the less
real. Wild game especially is often of direct economic value
to the PaBapitants of a region, not ‘only as food but also
because of the expenditures of hunters and others attracted
by its presence; and the recreational and educational advan-
tages arising from an abundance of. wild life in general are
incalculable.

Millions of Hunters.

Many valuable forms of wild life have disappeared within
recent years, or are now being threatened with extinction by
the changing conditions brought about by man, especially
by the general encroachment on their haunts accompanying
his progressive settlement of the country, along with his too
indiscriminate use of gun and trap. Modern firearms, in-
cluding repeating or automatic shotguns and rifles, give
the hunter an immense new advantage over the game. The
automobile, better roads, extension of rapid transit, and
finally the airplane, enable the hunter quickly to reach the
most isolated places and have greatly reduced the natural
seclusion so essential to the general welfare of many game

30702°—21 159

160 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

animals. Furthermore, the game laws, in many cases still
defective, are the more easily evaded through the use of
these means of conveyance.

Some conception of the extent to which shooting is carried
on may be gathered from reports received through State
game commissions, which indicate that the number of
licensed hunters in the United States in 1919 was 3,598,268.
To this number may be added at least 1,500,000, representing
those who, hunting on their own lands under the laws of
certain States, require no license, and others who indulge in
this sport illegally. This makes an impressive grand total
of more than 5,000,000 who go out with the gun every season.

Conservation Based on Facts.

Much information has been accumulated concerning the
various forms of animal life, but there is a steadily increas-
ing demand for more exact knowledge of all the conditions
affecting them, as a prerequisite to the solution of many
problems almost vital in their bearing upon human welfare.

The research work of the Biological Survey, involving de-

tailed investigation of the life habits and distribution of

native wild animals afd birds in relation to their environ-
ment, supplies the information necessary as a basis for many
activities along special lines relating to agriculture, and for
the formulation of Federal game legislation and suggestions
for adoption in State game laws and regulations.

To maintain the game supply, and at the same time to pro-
vide if possible fair sport for the increasing number of hunt-
ers that may confidently be expected, is one task before us.
Fortunately appreciation of the value of our wild life and
recognition of the importance of conserving beneficial and
harmless species, especially of birds and mammals, have be-
come more general during recent years, and the demand more
insistent for the protection of game. Through the efforts of
game protective associations and individual conservationists,
a more enlightened public opinion is resulting in better Fed-
eral and State laws and measures for their enforcement.
Much remains to be done, however, to enlist the interest and
local aid of the people everywhere, as without their coopera-
tion the conservation of wild life becomes extremely difficult,
if not impossible.

wr

Conserving Our Wild Animals and Birds. 161

BI347M; Bi9628; BI81S6
Bird Reservations and Their Occupants.

A, Mallard and pintail ducks on the Ward-Mclihenny Bird Reserve, Louisiana
(photograph by H. K. Job, used by permission of the National Association of
Audubon Societies); B, brown pelican, from photograph taken on Pelican
Island, Florida, the first of the national bird reservations, established March
14, 1903; ©, white pelicans and cormorants on the Klamath Lake National
Bird Reservation, Oregon.

It has been the practice in many States to issue hunting
licenses for the open season to all applicants, with too little
regard for the available game supply of any particular area.
The hunters may far outnumber the animals hunted within a
given section, and under such conditions the extinction of
big game especially is inevitable. With the disappearance
of many of the kinds which favor the rougher, more inac-
cessible places little frequented by domestic stock, the utiliza-
tion of available forage is less complete, and valvable natural

30702°—vBK 1920——11

162. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

resources are wasted. The Biological Survey advocates a
limited license plan, based on annual estimates of game con-
ditions in each district. This means that the number of big-
game licenses issued for a given area in one season would
depend upon the number of game animals which it has been
determined in advance can be spared. Proper administra-
tion of this sort should conserve game in the greatest numbers -
consistent with the reasonable demands for local grazing an
other interests and obviate the necessity for establishing per-
ennial closed seasons, except on areas being restocked.

The Friendless Snake.

In one particular direction any sentiment in favor of con-
servation is slow to develop. The snakes have few friends.
And no doubt this is excusable, though it results from lack
of information. The popular prejudice against snakes, be-—
ginning with the story of the Garden of Eden and persisting
throughptit our historical period, has been fostered largely —
by the potential power of certain species to cause death
through venomous bites. But the poisonous kinds are rela-
tively few. While some snakes are known to be injurious,
information concerning many species indicates that they are
not only harmless but even beneficial and fill an important
place in maintaining the natural balance. When people gen-
erally can distinguish between the dangerous or injurious
and the harmless species, the indiscriminate killing so often
indulged in will cease.

Protecting Migratory Birds.

Game birds are recognized as one of the most valuable of
our natural resources. Most of the ducks, geese, and other
waterfowl traverse thousands of miles in their migrations —
from the breeding grounds in the far north to their winter
habitats in the south. On the way they stop to rest and to —
feed at many places, where they were formerly subjected in —
both spring and fall to such systematic slaughter by hunters
that their numbers were alarmingly diminished. The band-
ing of birds, a feature of migration work now being de-
veloped by the Biological Survey in cooperation with many
interested ornithologists, to secure exact information about

7

Conserving Our Wild Animals and Birds. 163

the movements of individual birds, has produced data that
furnish some idea of the rate at which ducks are killed off
by shooting. Of 240 black ducks, mallards, and blue-winged
teals banded near Toronto, Ontario, between September 2
and November 10, 1920, about 10 per cent had been killed
before December 23 of the same year. The bands were
returned from localities extending in a general line south
through the Mississippi Valley to near the Gulf coast, with
outlying continental records as far east as the coast of North
Carolina, the extreme being one from the island of Trinidad,
British West Indies.

The end of waterfowl shooting as a permanent sport to
be indulged in on a large scale seemed in 1913 almost in
sight, owing to the depleted numbers of the birds. The
problem was obviously international in scope, and the efforts
of far-sighted conservationists in the United States and
Canada finally resulted in what is known as the migratory-
bird treaty, under which all migrant birds receive certain
protection in both countries. The constitutionality of the
migratory-bird treaty act was passed upon by the Supreme
Court of the United States and sustained in a decision ren-
dered April 19, 1920, a date which will doubtless become
memorable in the history of wild-bird conservation in Amer-
ica. The most important features of the act prohibit spring
shooting and the sale of migratory game birds everywhere
in the United States.

The Biological Survey is charged with the administration

of the treaty act and the regulations adopted under it, and

although the number of Federal wardens that it has been
possible to employ for the purpose has left much to be de-
sired, gratifying results are already apparent. The active

‘cooperation of many States and various game protective

associations and individuals is tending to bring State game
laws into conformity with the Federal regulations; and in
this and in many other ways is contributing to the effective-
ness of the work.

Hundreds of reports from widely separated parts of the
country indicate that migratory wild fowl are now steadily
increasing, their numbers being unusually large, especially
in the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern States, in Novem-
ber and December, 1920. An example of the extent to which

164 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

hunting under controlled conditions may be indulged in ap-
inant without disastrous results is shown by the pub- —
lished report of the State Game and Fish Commission of

Minnesota for the 1919 season. Of the 76,335 licensed small- —
game hunters in the State, 45,936 submitted returns indi- —
cating that 1,098,167 ducks, mainly scaups, mallards, and —
blue-winged teals, were shot, while the total of waterfowl —
killed by them alone was 1,282.881. The estimated total o
ducks alone killed by small-game hunters was 1,804,900. As
each duck may be considered to have a food value of 75 cents, _
the return from those reported killed was over $800,000. —
The great value of such game to the country is thus clearly —

indies Owing to their comparative freedom frem mo- —
lestation in the spring, ducks and geese are said to linger and _
breed in many places where they had not bred for —
previous to the passage of the F ederal law.

One of the most important breeding areas for migrate
game birds in North America is in the delta of the Athabaska ©
River in Canada. Investigations were made by the Biologi- _
cal Survey during the summer of 1920 of the large marshy _
areas which here afford conditions favorable for the nesting
of vast numbers of the waterfowl that migrate to the United _

Swans and Canvasback Ducks.

Swans feeding under protection, without which their existence is threatened; Mf
Potomac River near Widewater, Virginia, March, 1916.

Conserving Our Wild Animals and Birds. 165

States or pass through to countries to the southward. This
work resulted in the securing of much information required
in the proper administration of the migratory-bird treaty act.

Since large numbers of our ducks and other migratory
waterfowl pass the winter in countries south of the United
States, some of the plovers and other shorebirds reaching
as far as Argentina and Patagonia, it has been suggested that
migratory-bird treaties similar to that with Great Britain
be negotiated with various Latin-American countries. In
Mexico migratory game birds are known to have been
slaughtered for market on a large scale, but conditions in
that country have not favored international measures for the
protection of birds. The rapid agricultural development
now taking place in southern South America may be ex-
pected to affect adversely our migratory birds during their
sojourn in that region. To secure the information required
preliminary to the suggested step, an assistant biologist of
the Biological Survey was sent to Argentina and adjacent
countries to observe the arrival of waterfowl during their
southward migration in the summer of 1920 and to continue
his studies of the conditions affecting these birds in various
localities until they return northward in the spring of 1921.
The data obtained will fill a great gap in our knowledge of
the life histories of many migratory species and will suggest
appropriate measures for their protection.

Aside from indiscriminate shooting, now fortunately
checked under the treaty act, an important factor in the re-
duction in numbers of waterfowl has doubtless been the cur-
tailment, through drainage, of valuable breeding grounds.
With the more complete settlement of our country and the
transformation of many marshy areas into farm lands, espe-
cially in the Western States and Canada, water birds are
driven from their accustomed breeding places. These marsh
lands, commonly adjoining small bodies of open water, also
afford absolutely necessary resting places and feeding
grounds for many migratory birds in general, and their
preservation wherever possible has become a matter of prime
importance. Many such areas are drained under the er-
roneous impression that their value is enhanced thereby,
when as a matter of fact they could be made to yield a larger
return if maintained during the open season as private or

Marsh Attractive to Wild Fowl.

Dead Dog Lake, North Dakota, typical of many areas throughout the
United States which should be preserved as refuges for the breeding water-
fowl and for the hosts of visiting migrants spring and fall. Nest and eggs
of coot in the foreground.

public shooting and fishing grounds, and, where there is
sufficient cover, for the production of such valuable fur-bear-
ing animals as muskrats, beavers, minks, skunks, and rae-
coons. Beavers, through the building of houses and dams
which tend to check erosion and to equalize the flow of
streams, are active conservators of water. A natural ice
supply may also be harvested from undrained marshes, and
the underground water level may be more nearly stabilized.
the latter an important consideration, especially in regions
subject to long summer droughts. °

Big-Game and Bird Reservations.

Appreciation of the value of big game and bird life as a
public asset has resulted in the creation of many national
wild-life reservations in charge of the Biological Survey.
Four of those already established are big-game preserves, 70
are devoted to birds alone, and one is used for both big game
and birds. In addition, the Survey is interested, in coopera-
tion with the Forest Service, the National Park Service,
State game commissions, and other organizations, in prob-
lems affecting game on the public domain.

The national bird reservations, distributed irregularly
from Florida to Alaska and Hawaii, with warden service at
some of the most important places, protect from molestation

ee
—

Conserving Our Wild Animals and Birds. 167

heron rookeries and the nesting sites of thousands of peli-
cans, gulls, terns, ducks, and other waterfowl. The heron
rookeries include some of the principal remaining breeding
places in the United States of the beautiful egret and the
dainty snowy heron, both of which have been persecuted
almost to the point of extinction for their nuptial plumes,
formerly widely used in millinery under the name of
aigrettes. !

The big-game reservations administered by the Biological
Survey in Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota, North Dakota,
and Nebraska afford protection to limited numbers of buffalo,
elk, antelope, and deer. Of these the most notable is the
National Bison Range, at Moiese, Mont., where the buffalo
herd now numbers about 335 head. This important rem-
nant of the former great herds is exceeded in point of size

Bis467; Bi2i32

Buffalo on the National Bison Range.
A, Superb specimen of the former monarchs of the plains; B, part of the
herd of 335 buffalo on their range in Montana, where they are protected by
the Iederal Government.

168 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

by only two others in the United States, the largest under
Government control being the Yellowstone Park herd.
Perhaps the most interesting and important of the big-
game reservations is the Winter Elk Refuge, in Jackson
Hole, Wyo. The Jackson Hole region, a southern extension
of the wonderland including the Yellowstone National Park,
is traversed by the Snake River, which winds its way in

graceful curves through a valley hemmed in by mountains,

Elk on Their Winter Refuge, Wyoming.

A, Feeding hay to elk during the severe winter of 1919-20, in Jackson Hole,
Wyoming; B, part of the herd of 3,500 on the refuge in March, 1920, The
winter care thus provided by the Government is preserving from otherwise
sure extermination the remnant of the countless numbers of these, the most
majestic of deer.

g

Conserving Our Wild Animals and Birds. 169

the serrated Teton Range towering iike a wall on the western
side. Upon the success attending the administration of this
refuge largely depends the permanence of the so-called
southern group of elk, now numbering about 12,000 head
and comprising the largest section of the Wyoming, or Yel-
lowstone, elk herd. Especial interest attaches to the elk of

‘the Yellowstone Park region, as they constitute the only

really large herds of big game remaining in the United
States; and these are mere remnants of the former herds
whose general range was measured by the full width of the
continent, from Maine to California. Until recently a north-
em group, ranging in summer mainly within the Yellow-
stone National Park and migrating northward, was regarded
as the larger, but it suffered greatly from the adverse condi-
tions of the winter of 1919-20, and in all probability will
never again attain its former numbers.

The elk comprising the southern group are widely scat-
tered in summer at high elevations in the southern part of

Yellowstone National Park and in the mountains of the

Teton, Bridger, and Wyoming National Forests. With the
first heavy snowfall in early winter they descend or migrate
to lower levels, and formerly passed out into the open val-
leys, where the snow was light and forage abundant. With
the coming of settlers, however, their winter range became
more and more restricted. Many were killed, and the sur-
vivors have been forced to winter in the Snake River drain-
age, thousands congregating in the path of their former
migration, in the vicinity of the winter refuge mentioned.
Following a prolonged summer drought which curtailed
the growth of forage throughout the region, the winter of
1919-20 was unusually long and severe. In addition to the
stock of hay on hand at the Winter Elk Refuge, the State
of Wyoming provided about 500 tons of hay and a carload of
cottonseed-oil cake. An emergency purchase of 573 tons of
hay by the Biological Survey in January, because of condi-
tions which it was foreseen would become desperate, pre-
vented disaster to the herd. Several thousand elk frequently
congregate on the feeding ground, where they crowd close
about the wagons from which the hay is distributed, and the
spectacle thus presented is one long to be remembered by
the fortunate visitor to the place. The cottonseed-oil cake

170 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

proved to be a particularly attractive ration, and the ordi-
narily shy, retiring animals quickly formed the habit of ad-
vancing with confidence to take pieces from the hands, and
in some instances even from the lips, of those in attendance.
Summer range and forage for elk are still plentiful, but ad-
ditional lands adjoining the present winter refuge are ur-
gently needed to furnish an adequate supply of winter feed
and insure the permanence of the largest remaining herd of
these splendid game animals, the most majestic of all deer.

820600

Elk “Asking for” Cottonseed-Oil Cake.

Crowding eagerly about the sled these normally wild animals readily take
cottonseed cake from the hands. Their too close approach has somewhat
alarmed the young lady assisting in the feeding. Leek Ranch, near Jackson
Hole, Wyoming, March, 1920.

In addition to the conservation of existing big game, the
restocking of certain areas over which game has disappeared
is a measure of obvious importance. Mountain sheep, espe-
cially, should be restored to many rugged mountainous areas
where they have recently become extinct. What may be ac-
complished in this line is exemplified by the recent introduc-
tion on the Sitgreaves National Forest, in Arizona, of elk
from the Yellowstone. Native elk went the way of the buf-
falo and became extinct in Arizona more than 30 years ago,

Conserving Our Wild Animals and Birds. 171

As a result of the transplanting of 80 animals in 1913
through the cooperation of several Elk lodges, the Bio-
logical Survey, the Forest Service, and the National Park
Service, the elk now on the forest are estimated to num-
ber between 400 and 500 head. Owing to the general
absence of agricultural interests with which elk are apt to
conflict, this former range is admirably adapted for restock-
ing with elk. A proposed refuge to be established before
any hunting is permitted is now under consideration. Under

Bs00mM

Mountain Sheep Feeding.

Natural haunts in Yellowstone National Park. These splendid game
animals are now extinct in many mountainous areas which should be
restocked. (From photograph by M. I. Skinner.)

proper administration the elk may be expected to spread
gradually to adjoining parts of the Mogollon Plateau and
become a splendid addition to the game resources of the
State and Nation.

Big Game and Fur Bearers of Alaska.

Conditions are more primitive in the Territory of Alaska,
where the Biological Survey has within the year been
charged with important and pressing problems, including
consideration of the future of the great caribou herds.
These animals, numbering tens of thousands, are preyed
upon by the packs of wolves which follow them in their
annual migrations, and the advent of man has become a
very serious factor in their diminution. A most promising

“=<

172 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

line of activity associated with the caribou is the promotion
of the reindeer industry. It is believed that by crossing the
reindeer with the larger native caribou a superior and yet
tractable breed may be secured. Reindeer, the domesticated
Siberian caribou, were first introduced into Alaska in 1892,
and, fostered by the Bureau of Education, thriving herds
have been built up and now aggregate about 200,000 head.
These animals give promise of going far to make up any
future shortage in our meat supply, and their management —
will result in the utilization of millions of acres of northern

Alaskan Reindeer Herd.

Reindeer were first introduced from Siberia in 1892 to provide food and
transportation for the natives of Alaska. The thriving herds now promise to
supplement the meat supply not only of Alaska but of the States as well.
(Photograph by Lomen Brothers.)

lands largely overgrown with a lichen known as reindeer
moss, one of the principal plants naturally fed upon by these
animals, especially in winter. Investigations that will lead
to improved grazing administration and herd management
are now in progress.

Other Alaskan game animals now engaging the attention
of conservationists are the native deer and the big bears,
The deer of southeastern Alaska have been indiscriminately
killed by natives and are now threatened with extinction,
but it is hoped that measures may be taken to save them.

Bi6065; Bio23M; B20891

The Beaver and Its Conservation Work.

A, Beaver dam, pond, and “house” on branch of Mountain Creek, Yellow-
stone National Park; B, beaver, from drawing by Ernest Thompson Seton;
C, close-up view of beaver dam, on Horse Creek, Rainier National Forest,
Washington. The beaver is a conservator of water. The dam is built in
order to maintain submerged entrances to the house, the interior of which
is above the water level.

The great brown bears of Alaska, some of the largest in
the world, are classed as game animals, but owing chiefly to
their aggressiveness opinions differ as to whether they should
be afforded any protection.

The conservation of land fur-bearing animals is, if pos-
sible, more difficult than that of most game. Fur bearers of
Alaska, particularly foxes and martens, have been seriously
depleted in numbers during the past fow seasons, owing to

174. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

the apparent periodical scarcity of certain of the birds and
the rabbits upon which these animals normally feed, and
to the fact that high prices paid for fur have greatly stimu-
lated trapping activities. The former circumstance affords
another example of the complicated relationships existing
in nature. Plans for the better protection of fur-bearing
animals are being formulated and executed, and less per-
sistent trapping due to falling prices for the fur is favoring
the increase of fur bearers in Alaska. Fur farming, par-
ticularly fox farming, seems destined to become an im-
portant industry in Alaska as well as in the various States.
The conservation of land fur-bearing animals, upon which a
trade representing many millions of dollars is based, is re-
ceiving the especial attention of the Biological Survey, with
the object of fostering the rearing of these animals in semi-
domestication or under partially controlled conditions. Ex-
periments and practical studies, some in Alaska, but most of
them in the States, have been initiated regarding foxes,
fishers, martens, minks, skunks, raccoons, beavers, and musk-
rats.

The conservation of wild animal life, intimately bound
up with the conservation of natural resources in general,
has become a necessity. The alternative would transform
our country into a land as barren of natural interest as some
of the waste parts of the Old World and stripped of ma-
terial assets which should contribute immeasurably to our
wealth, comfort, and well-being.

mG PARASITES

maIND THUMPS -

_By B. H. Ransom,

Chief, Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry.

TEN DAY TOUR through the body, from the intestine
to the lungs and back again, is the strange trip taken
during its early life by the common intestinal roundworm
of the pig. The recent discovery of this habit of the young
parasite has led to another interesting discovery, that if
many of the worms go on their travels at the same time, the
result to the animal whose lungs are thus invaded is often
disastrous. The roundworm in question, which bears the
name of Ascaris lumbricoides, is one of the most injurious
parasites of pigs and has long been recognized by swine
breeders as a troublesome pest, causing digestive troubles,
interfering with growth, and impairing health, especially in
young animals. It is also of common occurrence in human
beings, particularly children.

Eggs Hard to Spoil.

The adult worms (fig. 1, 4) livein the small intestine. The
female, measuring when full grown a foot or more in length,
produces millions of eggs of microscopic size, which pass out

of the body of the infested pig or human being in the

.
/
@
"i

a

neve wo+

intestinal excreta. These eggs are provided with thick, im-
permeable shells and are endowed with remarkable vitality,
so that they can withstand severe cold, dryness, and most
chemical disinfectants. They have been known to remain
alive as long as five years.

When the eggs reach the outer world they are in an
early stage of development and are not infectious if taken

175

176 Yearbook of thé Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Ascaris lumbricoides,

ic. 1.—A, Adult intestinal worms of the pig. Larger one, female; smaller
one, male. About one-half natural size. B, Eggs in early stages of develop-
ment. Magnified 150 times. C, Eggs containing embryonic worms. Magni-

fied 150 times.

into the body of a pig or a human being (fig. 1,2). Ina few
weeks, however, if temperature and moisture conditions are
favorable, a tiny worm develops within the eggshell, and the
egg becomes infectious (fig. 1,C). If the egg should then be
swallowed it hatches after reaching the small intestine, and
the young worm is ready for its 10-day journey.

Pig Parasites and Thumps. 177
Taking a Trip and Growing.

Formerly it was supposed that the worm after hatching
simply settled down in the intestine and continued its de-
velopment, but as a result of recent investigations by Lieut.
Col. Stewart, of the Indian Medical Service, by Prof. Yo-

_ shida, of Geake University, Japan, and by Mr. Foster and
_ the writer, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, it is now
_ known that the young parasite makes a circular tour—a sort
of home-seeker’s trip—through the body of the pig. After
hatching, the young worm, which at this time measures less
than one one-hundredth of an inch in length, promptly
leaves the intestine, gets into the blood vessels, anda is carried
first to the liver and then to the lungs (he. 2), passing
through the heart on the way. In the lungs it spends a
number of days, but soon passes up the windpipe into the
pharynx and then down the esophagus or gullet into the
stomach and at last into the small intestine. This journey

i The Parasite in a Lung.

: Fic. 2.—Young intestinal worm in lung one week after infection. Highly
magnified,
30702°—yxrx 1920——12-4 18**

‘
&

178 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

from the intestine to the lungs and again into the intestine
usually requires about 10 days. Meanwhile the worm has
grown considerably, and when it leaves the lungs and re-
turns to the intestine it is nearly ten times as long as when
it first hatched, although it is still too small to be seen with-
out a microscope, and has yet to undergo an enormous
growth before it is fully developed. It reaches maturity in
about two and one-half months, including the time spent on —
its journey to the lungs and back again into the intestine. —

“ Thumps.”

In passing through the lungs the young worms cause small
hemorrhages, and if numerous they give rise to pneumonia,
which may prove fatal. Moreover, it has been observed
that pigs which survive the stage of lung infection often
fail to grow and develop properly, and remain small, stunted,
and unprofitable (fig. 3). The symptoms shown by pigs
whose lungs have been invaded by these worms are com-
monly Inown as “ thumps.” There are other causes. of
“thumps,” which is a term loosely applied to almost any
condition in pigs in which there is difficult breathing, but
invasion of the lungs by young intestinal roundworms is one —
of the most frequent causes. Similar disturbances of respira-
tion occur in human beings in the early stage of roundworm
infection, and it is probable that some of the obscure lung
troubles of children will be found to have the same basis as
parasitic “thumps” in pigs.-

' Pigs as they become older become more resistant to infee-
tidh i the intestinal roundworm and also are less likely to
suffer ser iously from the lung stage of the parasite.

How to Prevent Losses.

The newly discovered facts that have been mentioned not
only show that the common intestinal roundworm is a more
dangerous parasite than formerly supposed, but also help to
show how the damage it does may be avoided.

Because of its great prevalence among hogs, and because
its eggs in hog yards and pastures are so long-lived, com- —
plete eradication of the parasite is a difficult matter and not
likely to be accomplished on most farms. It is readily pos-—

be

Pig Parasites and T humps. 179

sible, however, to manage in such a way as to eliminate the
serious losses that often occur as a result of Ascaris infec-
tion. In short, the problem resolves itself largely into that
of proper protection to young pigs until they have reached
an age at which they are no longer likely to suffer serious
injury even though they become infected.

Accordingly, clean and sanitary farrowing pens should be
provided, into which the sows are placed a few days before
farrowing. Mud and dirt from long-used hog yards and
wallows, likely to be heavily laden with infectious Ascaris

Growth Is Stunted by Parasites.

Fig. 3.—A, Three pigs about 4 months old from the same herd. The two small
pigs, weighing 12 and 15 pounds each, show the effects of severe Ascaris
infestation. The large pig, which has escaped serious injury by Ascaris,
weighs 90 pounds. B, Three pigs from the same litter, about 4 months old.
When a few weeks old the small pig in the middle was artificially infected
with Ascaris eggs, as a result of which it passed through an attack of
thumps. Originally of about the same weight as either of the other two,
this pig, though kept with the others on the same feed, failed to grow as
well. At the time the picture was taken the small pig weighed 45 pounds
and the large pigs 100 pounds each.

180 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

eggs, should be cleaned from the skin, especially from the ~
udder, before the sows enter the farrowing pens.

From the farrowing pens the sows and pigs are trans-
ferred to fields or pastures that are as free as possible from
infection, and until the pigs are about 3 months old they
are rigidly excluded from permanent hog yards and pastures
and other places likely to be badly contaminabadl — a
droppings of hogs.

Essentially ine plan consists in providing a clean place
for farrowing and in excluding young pigs from polluted
pens and pastures. It has been tried with excellent results
on a number of farms in the Middle West. On some of
them, where formerly a considerable percentage of the pig
crop was lost, there have been practically no losses since this
simple plan of sanitation was adopted. From the expe-
rience gained in the practical tests that have been made of
improving the sanitary conditions under which pigs are
reared, based upon our newer knowledge of the intestinal
roundworm, it is evident that with comparatively little effort,
understandingly applied, on the part of the swine raisers,
tremendous savings can be made in the pork production of
the Nation, and added security given to an industry from
which already much of the hazard has been removed by the
application of the results of investigation of other swine
diseases.

Thus, in this instance, as in many others, scientific research
has pointed the way toward the elimination of destructive
waste from disease among live stock as well as among human
beings, and has again demonstrated its importance as a factor
in agricultural progress.

gs

‘ f met She © ee he a ti ‘aye
\. is ( gis pee GaN os

"SPEAKING OF THE WEATHER

By J. WARREN SMITH,
Meteorologist, Weather Bureai.

“Well, Duncombe, how will be the Weather?”
“Sir, it looks cloudy altogether,
And coming across our Houghton Green,
I stopped and talked with old Frank Beane.
While we stood there, sir, old Jan Swain
Went by and said he knowed ‘’twould rain’;
The next that came was Master Hunt,
And he declared he knew it wouldn’t.
And then I met with Farmer Blow;
He plainly said he didn’t know—
So, sir, when doctors disagree,
Who’s to decide it, you or me?”

. a THERE any place in this country where the first and

often the chief subject of conversation wherever neigh-
bors meet is not the weather? Perhaps in those regions
where the sun shines during most days, and where rain sel-
dom falls; but assuredly not where the change from fair to
foul is frequent and where the mercury has to run far up
and down the glass to keep up with the changes of tem-
perature.

With farmers the topic is a favorite one, and the reason is
plain and practical. An extra quarter of an inch of rain at
the right time may add thousands of bushels to the corn
planter’s harvest; a few degrees lower temperature may put
a lot of extra money into the potato grower’s pocket. The
way the wind blows is sometimes more important than the
cost of farm labor. Crop yields are controlled by the amount
of sunshine, rainfall, and heat received, and all farm opera-
tions are fostered’or hindered by the prevailing weather.

181

182. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

The weather is a source of anxiety from the time of prepa-
ration of the soil for seed until the last harvest is gathered.
And even then the producer’s worry is not over, because the
weather may hinder the movement of his wagon or truck
to the freight station, or of the train or boat or truck fleet
to the large centers of distribution.

When the meteorological work of the Army Signal Corps

was transferred to the Weather Bureau, Department of

Agriculture, on July 1, 1891, the duties of the service were
designated “for the benefit of agriculture, commerce, and
navigation.” As such a large percentage of commerce and
navigation consists of products from farms and orchards,
the agriculturist is vitally interested in all phases of the
work of the Weather Bureau.

The Weather Twice a Day.

Every morning and evening at 8 o’clock (75th meridian
time) work speeds up at 200 different weather stations in
the United States as observations are made of the wind and
weather, air pressure and temperature, clouds, humidity, and
rainfall during the preceding 12 hours. Within 5 minutes
after these observations are made, a telegraph message, in
code, giving all the essential weather facts, is filed at each
local telegraph office, and by an ingenious “ circuit ” system,
is transmitted within 30 minutes after the instruments are
read to the central office at Washington and to about 180
other important Weather Bureau offices in various parts of
the country.

Trained men take these telegrams as fast as they come
into the district forecaster’s office and chart the information
they contain on outline maps of the United States, so that by
the time the last message is received the forecaster has a
complete picture of the weather as recorded at practically
the same moment over the entire United States. In addi-
tion, reports are received from stations in the West Indies,
northern South America, Central America, Canada, Alaska,
Bermuda, the Azores, and from a few places in Europe and
Asia. No other country covers so wide a territory in the
daily information spread before the weather forecaster.
With this information and with the maps made 12, 24, 36, and

Speaking of the Weather. 183

ID the weather man “hit it” to-day? Well,
maybe not to-day, but did you know that the
daily forecasts are 88.4 per cent accurate?

And that no big storms have occurred along
the coasts and Great Lakes for years without
warnings 12 to 24 hours in advance?

How are the roads to market to-day, muddy,
snow-filled, frozen, washouts, or good?

Is the temperature down the line safe for
shipping produce to-day?

Will next week be good haying weather?

Will the orchard heaters be needed to-night?

How high is the river to-day?

Will it be safe to spray to-morrow?

I want to cut my seed crop to-morrow: How
*bout it, Mr. Weather Man?

The Weather Bureau has the answer. Its fore-
casts are scientific—not superstitions or guess-
work.

This article tells how the Weather Bureau
serves you right.

48 hours before, the forecaster can trace the movements of
storms, cold or hot waves, fair weather areas, and the like, as
they move across the country.

Twice-daily weather forecasts are made by the district
forecasters at Washington, Chicago, Denver, New Orleans,
and San Francisco for each State in the groups of States
surrounding their stations. The morning forecasts are made
at about 9 a. m. (eastern time), and cover the probable con-
ditions for the next 36 hours. These forecasts are promptly
telegraphed to about 1,600 distributing points, whence they
are further disseminated by telegraph, telephone, wireless,
and mail. They reach nearly 100,000 addresses by mail, and
are available to more than 5,500,000 telephone subscribers
within one hour after the time of issue. These are the fore-
casts that are published in the afternoon newspapers, and
they aid a multitude of people to prepare for favorable or un-
favorable weather during the coming night and following
day.

fang thousands of persons never think of starting out on
a trip, or of taking up any important work, without first
consulting the daily weather forecast. Shippers of perish-

184 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

able products in most of our important cities delay their
daily shipments until they know from the forecast what tem-
perature to expect, and can judge how to prepare their goods
for it. High temperatures are detrimental to certain com-
modities, and low temperatures may harm or destroy others.
During the harvesting season, especially, a large number
of farmers use these forecasts in planning their work for the
afternoon or next day.

* 03
- CLEARO PARTLY CLOUDY@ CLOUDY® RAINR SNOWS

Fic. 1.—A typical winter storm central over southern Iowa, December 15, 1893.
The lines pass through points of equal pressure. The arrows fly with the
wind and show that it blows spirally inward toward areas of low pressure,
and outward from areas of high pressure.

Figures 1 and 2 show typical weather maps for two suc-
cessive days and illustrate the usual movement of weather
changes toward the East in this latitude. The twice-daily
maps are the basis of all weather forecasts. Evening fore-
‘asts are made at about 9 p. m., covering the next two days,
and are published in the morning papers throughout the
country.

Will It Be Fair and Warm Next Week?

Is it going to be cool and rainy next week or warm and
dry? Or will it be a period of showers and sunshine? Such
questions and kindred ones are often in the mind of the

ee ee

¥

Speaking of the Weather. 185

_ farmer as he plans his work for the week ahead during the
growing season. He is concerned with the general state of
the weather in this case rather than what will happen in the
next 36 hours. For instance, will it be a particularly favor-
uble time to cultivate certain crops? The right answer may
mean both easier and better cultivation and in turn more
money in the farm pocketbook.

Forecasts are made each Saturday for the six days begin-
ning the following Monday. They are made for nine sepa-

Fic. 2.—Twenty-four hours later than figure 1, December 16, 1893. The storm
center has moved to the lower Lake region. The dotted temperature lines
are shown on this map and indicate the influence of wind direction on the
temperature.

rate districts and, necessarily, are couched in general terms.
They are immediately telegraphed to certain designated
centers, where they are further disseminated by telegraph,
telephone, mail, and through the press.

Flying Weather.

For many years the daily weather forecasts have been
made for activities on the surface of the land and for the
benefit of those who travel the surface of the waters. The
Tecent phenomenal development of the navigation of the air
now makes it imperative that the condition and movement

186 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

of the atmosphere above the land and water be anticipated;
so the Weather Bureau issues twice-daily forecasts of “ fly-
ing” weather for 13 aviation zones in the United States.
These give visibility, kind and height of clouds, wind at
various elevations, and other information to help the aero-
naut lay his course and choose his altitude.

Observations on which forecasts of upper-air conditions
are based are made twice daily at 25 pilot-balloon stations, —
and once daily at 6 kite stations. The reports from pilot-
balloon observations show the wind direction and velocity,
not only at the surface of the ground but at 250, 500, 1,000,
1,500, 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 meters above the surface. They
also give the height and movement of clouds. The kite sta-
tions show pressure, humidity, and temperature at various
elevations, in addition to wind direction and velocity. Oc-
casionally observations show a wind at a moderate elevation
blowing in exactly the opposite direction from that near the
surface. The aerial mail going from New York to Chicago,
for example, may find a favorable wind from the east at
500 meters elevation, while at the same time the mail from
Chicago to New York may find a high west wind at 1,500
meters. |

Fire Weather.

Another comparatively new feature of the work of the
Weather Bureau is the forecasting of conditions favorable
for the inception and spread of forest fires, so that forest
officers may make plans ahead for a hard fight against this
enemy of the forest.

Keeping Ahead of the Frost.

One cold night is sometimes enough to ruin a crop of
fruit worth thousands of dollars. In such a case the
orchardist is not content in these days to fold his hands and
let the weather have its way. He recognizes, to be sure, that
one can not warm up all outdoors; but it is possible to warm
up a considerable slice of outdoors, enough to save his fruit,
and so he invests in heaters and relies on the Weather Bureau
to tell him when to stoke up. The protection of fruit, truck,
tobacco, and alfalfa seed from late spring or early fall frosts
is receiving more and more attention and the Weather Bureau

Speaking of the Weather. 187

is doing its part in regions where the endeavor is made to
protect crops from cold by issuing detailed and definite frost
warnings and minimum temperature forecasts.

The protection of citrus fruits against winter cold is neces-
sary and highly profitable in most sections where these
crops are grown.
The annual fruit
crop in the Pomona
district of southern
California is val-
ued at fully $17,-
000,000, and the
saving in one year
by orchard heating
may be not less than
$1,000,000. In one
40-acre orange
grove at Clare-
mont, Calif., there
was an_ estimated
loss by low tem-
perature of $10,000
worth of fruit in
the two seasons
prior to 1913, and
$25,000 worth of
fruit in 1913. In
addition, so many
of the trees were so
severely damaged

that they bore
greatly reduced Fic. 3.—Tall-stack, down-draft oil heaters in a

- 5 citrus orchard. These burn with very little
crops during the smoke. The lower part of the stack becomes red

next several years. hot when in operation.

The orchard was fully equipped with oil heaters in November
and December, 1913, at a total expense of $3,067, and the loss
by frost since that time, including ihe severe season of
1918-19, has been negligible. The average annual cost for
heating per acre for the four years following installation,
including the interest on the investment, was $26.56, or only
4 per cent of the loss sustained in the year previous to the
installation of the heaters.

188 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

The cost of protection on a 220-acre lemon orchard in
southern California for the six years from 1913 to 1918, in-
clusive, was $13.15 per acre. This included labor, oil, depre-
ciation, and interest on the equipment. The lemon crop from
this grove in 1913, a season when the citrus crop in many
parts of southern California was practically a total loss and
thousands of trees were killed outright, brought $734,318
f. o. b. California, or an average of $3,338 per acre. If the
heating was instrumental in saving only one-fourth of the
crop in 1913, this saving would pay the entire expense of
heating for over 60 years.

lic. 4.—The California Oil Heater in an Orange Grove.

The value of the citrus crop in California for the year
ending August 31, 1920, is estimated to be $81,200,000. There
are few sections of the State not subject to frost damage
some time during most winters; hence, forecasts of damaging
temperatures are of vital importance to its fruit industry.

The Weather Bureau has had a special representative in
the Pomona district for several winters to study the tem-
perature distribution, air drainage, other weather conditions,
and the results of heating, so that more detailed and exact
minimum temperature forecasts could be made. This official
has performed similar duties in the deciduous orchards in
the Rogue River Valley in Oregon, with results shown in
the following quotation from a letter from Medford: “ This

ane

Speaking of the Weather. 189

work has saved our fruit growers literally hundreds of thou-
sands of dollars worth of fruit.”

Cold Waves and Heavy Snow.

Warnings of sudden and destructive falls in temperature
are issued from 24 to 48 hours in advance of the drop in
temperature, and the information is widely disseminated by
telegraph, telephone, mail, and flag display. The warnings

A Popular Type of Oil Orchard Heater in Operation.

Fic. 5.—The burning surface can be regulated by the sliding cover. About
100 to the acre should be used on severe nights.

issued for a single cold wave of exceptional severity and

extent resulted in saving over $3,500,000 through the pro-

tection of property from injury or destruction.

When cold-wave warnings are issued, transportation com-
panies protect goods in transit; florists and warehouse and
greenhouse men take necessary precautions; water pipes are
protected in towns and cities; cement work is delayed or
eared for, and winter truck and citrus fruits are protected.

Heavy snow warnings aid railroad, interurban, and city
officials to take extra precaution to keep the interruption of

190 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

traffic at a minimum; stock are kept near shelter and the
feeding sheds; extra effort is made in adyance to keep motor-
truck roads open; and all outside work is governed accord-_
ingly. Large hardware firms take steps to ascertain whether
the distributing houses have a sufficient stock of snow shovels,
and the like, on hand.

Blizzards on the Ranges.

The stock growers over the great range States of the West
are vitally interested in cold waves, heavy snows, high winds,
and storms locally known as “blizzards.” The Weather
Bureau recognizes this and issues warnings of these unfavor-
able conditions. for stock. These warnings are widely dis-
tributed by telegraph and telephone to large centers, but
the further dissemination must devolve on the people in-
terested. The problem has been largely solved in the State
of Missouri by telegraphing the warnings to one central
point in each county, at which place arrangements are made
to telephone information of the warnings to each community
interested. When a warning is received the cattle or sheep
men on the great western ranges arrange to graze their stock
near shelter, or in such a direction from shelter that the
stock will drift toward it when the anticipated wind comes.

A modification of this service is the sheep-shearing and
lambing forecasts and warnings. In early shearing and
lambing districts shearing is delayed, or newly shorn sheep
and ewes with young lambs are kept near suitable shelter,
such as coulees, where they will receive protection from the
wind when cold rains are expected.

Fruit Pests and Rainy Weather.

The value of the western New York apple crop averages
about $12,000,000 a year, and the value of other fruit in the
district is $6,000,000. The importance of protection from
insect and fungous diseases in this district by spraying is
well shown by the results of one test case, where by spray-
ing at the proper time the value of the crop was increased
$126 per acre, while the expense of spraying was only $6.77
per acre. It is estimated that $500,000 are spent in spray-
ing each year, with a resulting increase in the value of the
fruit of $6,000,000.

Speaking of the Weather. 191

It has been found that to protect against apple-scab, as
well as other fungous diseases, the spray must be applied be-
fore a spell of rainy weather. Because of the size of many
of the orchards, it takes from two to three days to apply the
spray. Spray specialists were called in to advise the or-
chardists when to apply the different sprays, and they, in
turn, called on the Weather Bureau for forecasts of spells
of rainy weather far enough in advance to apply the spray
during the fair weather intervening. As the regular daily
weather forecasts are made for only 36 to 48 hours in ad-
vance, it became necessary for the bureau to inaugurate a
special forecast service for fruit spraying. In 1919 a spe-
cial representative of the bureau was located at Rochester,
N. Y., near the center of the fruit-growing district. This
official kept in touch with the advance of the season and con-
ferred with the spray specialists, while the special weather
forecasts were made by the district forecaster at Washington,
D.C. As funds were not available for tue detail of a special
representative of the bureau in 1920, the duties were assigned
to the official in charge of the Weather Bureau office at
Rochester, to whom the forecasts were telegraphed each even-
ing. The spraying specialists located in Rochester conferred
with this official on receipt of the forecasts, and whenever
rain was forecast instructions were given to start spraying.
A complete system for the immediate distribution of these
warnings was inaugurated, so that practically every fruit
grower in Six or seven counties received them early the next
morning, and could at once start his campaign against fruit
diseases. The plan was so successful that it was carried into
the Hudson Valley fruit district of New York, and into
lower Michigan, in 1920.

The fruit growers of the Yakima Valley of Washington,
where damage by codling moth amounted to $2,000,000 in
1918, and other fruit growers, are asking for a similar serv-
ice. This is a new demand on the Weather Bureau which
will be met as fast as the appropriations allow.

River and Flood Warnings.

The flood-warning system of the Weather Bureau is of
long standing in the large river valleys: and it is not unusual
to predict river heights in the lower Mississippi Valley to

"at
WY a

192 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

within a few tenths of a foot several weeks in advance. The
flood warnings may be only a few days or hours in advance
in some of the smaller valleys, but these allow for the drivy-
ing out of stock, the protection of merchandise, or the moy-
ing of people to places of safety.

During the unprecedented flood in Ohio in March, 1913,
the wires went down so quickly after the excessive rains
started that warnings could be given little distribution in~
the western portion of the State, and many lives were lost
in Dayton, Hamilton, Columbus, Delaware, and other cities.
A warning reached the Muskingum Valley, however, in the
eastern portion of the State, and only two lives were lost at
Zanesville, where the river was over 15 feet higher than ever
before known; no lives were lost in the valley south of that
city.

Alfalfa Harvest Forecasts and Seed Warnings.

Forecasts of weacher favorable for alfalfa harvest are
widely distributed in the West, particularly in Oklahoma,
where 2,000 or more growers receive the forecasts through the

Fic. 6.—The Flooding of Agricultural Territory During Periods of
High Water.

Speaking of the Weather. - 193

local agents of the Extension Service. A much more exten-
sive distribution of this information is possible in many
districts.

A rather limited, but important, frost-warning service for
alfalfa-seed growers is in operation in Utah. Seed is largely
grown from the second crop, and if the season is late the
harvest and fall frost periods come close together. As the
seed crop increases in value at the rate of about $5 a day for
each acre of seed when nearing maturity, the growers let the
seed stand as long as possible. When temperatures low
enough to cause damage are predicted by the Weather
Bureau, it is not unusual for the seed growers to run their
cutting machines most of the night.

In two sections of Millard County, Utah, in the fall of
1918, fully 500 acres of seed were cut after receipt of the
warnings, at an average saving of $20 to $30 per acre. Re-
ports from two growers stated that they had saved not less
than $2,000 by information furnished by the Weather
Bureau as to frost.

Sugar-Cane Harvest.

A similar condition obtains in the lower Mississippi Val-
ley. The sugar content of the cane increases rapidly in the
late fall, and cane is left standing until warnings of damag-
ing temperatures are received; then every available man is
set to windrowing cane, and hundreds of thousands of dol-
lars worth of cane may be cut in the 24 hours following the
receipt of a cold-wave warning.

Rain and Raisin Drying.

_ In the great raisin-grape growing district in central Cali-
fornia, the drying is done in trays in the open air. Great
loss would result if rain should fall on the partially dried
fruit; hence when rain is expected the, information is imme-
diately spread throughout the valley by telephone and tele-
graph, and every available person is set to stacking the trays.
The schools may be closed and the children be pressed into
“Service, and woe betide the unfortunate hobo caught in the
district who has a disinclination to get acquainted with work.
30702°—yBk 1920-——13

194 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Mountain Snowfall.

Mountain snowfall stations are maintained in the western
mountains in cooperation with the Forest Service, and make —
it possible to show the accumulation of snow for spring and ~
summer irrigation in the agricultural valleys.

Storm and Hurricane Warnings.

Scores of other instances might be mentioned of the use
made of the regular and special forecasts and warnings
issued by the Weather Bureau, that show the far-reaching
value of this information that so many people have come to
take as a matter of course.

The warnings of storms and hurricanes along the coast
must not be overlooked, however, as this service is probably
the most important from a money and life-saving point of
view in operation by any Government bureau.

Storm warnings are displayed in every port and harbor
of any considerable importance along the Atlantic, Pacific,
and Gulf coasts, as well as along the shores of the Great
Lakes. This warning service is so nearly perfect that
scarcely a storm of marked intensity has occurred for years
for which ample warning has not been given from 12 to 24
hours in advance.

The sailings of the immense number of vessels engaged in
our ocean and lake traffic are largely determined by these
“warnings, and those displayed for a single hurricane are
known to have detained in port on our Atlantic coast vessels
valued, with their cargoes, at over $30,000,000.

An increased number of reports from West Indian sta-
tions and from ocean craft of all kinds, and the hoped-for
inauguration of a number of aerological stations in the
Tropics, will make it possible to follow the tracks of the
terrible tropical hurricanes more closely, and determine
further in advance just where they will strike the coast line.

Special Reports for Cotton and Cereal Regions.

In addition to the weather maps, and forecasts and warn-
ings, the Weather Bureau maintains a daily reporting
service, especially in the interests of agriculture.

Speaking of the Weather. 195

Reports of the rainfall and highest and lowest temper-
atures during the preceding 24 hours are telegraphed each
morning during the growing season from 187 special sta-
tions in the 16 principal grain States. Daily bulletins,
giving the data in detail in the immediate district, and a
general summary of the weather over the whole area, are
published at 19 different points.

This service is maintained for the benefit of those inter-
ested in the cereal crops in the United States and gives
each day accurate information as to prevailing weather
throughout the sections where these crops are principally
grown.

A similar service is maintained in the interest of the
cotton growers in the South. Reports are received each
morning from about 200 different points in the 11 principal
cotton States, and daily bulletins are issued at 26 central
points. These give exact information of the temperature
and rainfall in all parts of the cotton belt during the pre-
ceding 24 hours.

Highways Weather Service.

In the winter of 1917-18, when the war made necessary the
inauguration of extensive motor truck lines, the Weather
Bureau began reports of snowfall, and snow probability,
along the Lincoln Highway east of Pittsburgh. This was
found so valuable that requests came from other districts,
not alone for reports in winter but in the summer as well;
hence, what was expected to be a winter service over limited
areas has developed into an important all-the-year service
over a large part of the country. Prompt information as to
the effect of rain on the great highways, in the Middle West
especially, is of the greatest value to automobilists and motor
truck operators, but of no less value to the farmer who
wishes to get his crops to market. A lack of available funds
has made it impossible to extend this very popular highways
service as rapidly as desired, although bulletins are being
issued at about 50 stations in 30 States.

Weekly Weather and Crop Reports.

A report is published each Wednesday at New Orleans,
La., which shows the weather during the preceding week, in

~

196 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

detail, and its effect on crops and farm operations in the >
South. A similar bulletin is issued at Chicago covering the
principal grain-growing States. At the same time bulletins
are published in each State covering the weather and -
effect in that State.

The National Weather and Crop Bulletin is published at

the Central Office, covering the whole United States. It
shows the temperature, rainfall, and sunshine, by means of
charts, during the week ending Tuesday, and their effect on
all the principal crops in every part of the country. By
following these reports from week to week, it is easy to see
when the weather has been favorable or unfavorable for re
development or farm work.

Similar bulletins in the a grazing districts of the
West show whether ranges are snow-covered, where the rain-
fall has been ample, or deficient, and whether the ranges are
in good or poor condition.

Studying the Air and Sunlight.

No sciences make real progress unless research is carried
along with routine work. The science of meteorology needs
to develop several lines of research to make its work of the
most value to agriculture, navigation. and commerce.

Soon we must add to our knowledge of the physics and
dynamics of the upper air to aid in making aviation fore-
casts, as well as to improve the regular daily forecasts for
other interests. Some of the aerological stations use kites
that carry meteorological instruments to heights of from 1
- to 3 miles usually, although, in a few cases, an altitude of
over 4 miles has been attained.

Rubber pilot-balloons are used to determine wind direc-
tion and velocity at moderate elevations above the earth.
When observations of pressure, temperature, and moisture,
in addition to wind, at very great heights are desired, how-
ever, they are made by sounding balloons, carrying light
meteorological instruments. It is not uncommon for these
balloons to reach heights well above 10 miles, and they have
gone slightly higher than » miles above the surface of the

earth.

It is known that the temperature falls fairly steadily to
70° or 80° F. below zero at about 8 miles, while at greater

Speaking of the Weather. 197

heights there is very little variation in temperature; that
the pressure at 20 miles is only about one-sixteenth of what it
is at the surface of the ocean, and that the wind velocity is
sometimes 100 to 200 miles per hour at no very great eleva-
tion; one record of 185 miles was recently observed at
slightly above 4 miles.

This is a line of investigation demanding no great ex-
penditure of money, but very promising in results. A com-
plete knowledge of shifting and variable great air currents,
the differences in the moisture content of the upper air, and
the variations in temperature promises to aid materially in
aviation and daily weather forecasts.

All life on our earth, and likewise all weather changes,
are dependent on energy received from the sun. The rate
at which this energy is received varies with geographical
position, with the season of the year, and from day to day,
with the state of the atmosphere. In other words, the in-
tensity of sunshine, as well as its duration, varies with
geographical position, and from day to day.

The most noticeable effects of the variations in solar radia-
tion are the zonal and seasonal variations in air temperature
and in vegetation; and these latter are closely associated
with human existence and comfort.

Delicate apparatus is maintained by the Weather Bureau
at a number of points to measure and record the intensity
of the radiation received from the sun. The correlation of
these records with the development of plant and animal life,
as well as with weather changes, remains to be worked out.

Investigations are conducted in certain arid and semiarid
regions of the West for the purpose of determining the loss
of storage water by evaporation. These results are of direct
value to engineers in planning city water supply systems and
water and irrigation reservoirs.

“

The Climate.

The Climatological Division of the Weather Bureau has
a vast accumulation of data for showing the climate in all
parts of the country. These data are from the regular
Weather Bureau stations, some of which have been in opera-
tion nearly 50 years, as well as from some 5,000 cooperative

198 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

or voluntary observers. Some of the latter represent more
than 50 years of careful, conscientious effort on the part of
men whose ambition has been to determine the climate of
their locations.

The outfit of a cooperative observer consists of a rain
gauge and standard thermometers, as shown by figure 7.
From the data accumulated, engineers can determine the
probable water supply and possible power over watersheds;
the farmer can determine the average temperature and pre-
cipitation, as well as the probable frost dates in their rela-
tion to types of farming and farm operations; prospective
purchasers need not be in ignorance of climatic conditions
in (to them) new ventures; and the investigator can de-
termine the climatic distribution of crops, and the effect of
the weather on their yield.

Bulletins are published each month showing the precipi-
tation and highest and lowest temperatures at each station
every day of the month, as well as the total precipitation
and the temperature averages and their
comparison with the normals for the
month,

Climate and Crops.

The climate determines
the distribution of vegeta-
tion, types of farming, and
proper farm operations.
These factors have been
studied, and the whole
globe can be divided into
broad general bands, or dis-
tricts, where particular
crops dominate, because of
climatic conditions. It is
climate, for example, that
causes over 75 per cent of
the cultivated land in the
Southern States to be given
to intertilled crops, while
over 90 per cent of the culti-

lic. 7.—A cooperative weather ob- z
server's equipment: Maximum and vated land in the Northwest
minimum thermometers in a lattice- is devoted to broadeast
work shelter, and a standard 8-inch
rain gauge, crops.

Speaking of the Weather. 199

Climate is responsible for a harvest value of $10 to over
$20 per acre from crops in parts of the Mississippi and
Missouri Valleys, as compared with less than 10 cents per
acre over large areas in the far Southwest.

Weather and Crops.

While the effect of climate on plant distribution has long
been known, the effect of current weather in varying the
yield of crops is a study of recent development. That yield
is affected by weather is, of course, well recognized, but’ it

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Ic. 8.—The effect of the rainfall for the month of July alone on the ayerage
yield of corn in Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri during each year from
1888 to 1919, inclusive.

has not been thought possible until recently to select one
weather factor from the many that affect crop development,
and to show its influence on the yield.

Recent studies have demonstrated that this is possible,
however, and have shown that most crops have a compara-
tively short critical period when favorable weather will cause
a large yield, and unfavorable weather a small yield, largely
without regard to earlier or later conditions.

With corn, for example, rainfall is the meteorological fac-
tor of greatest importance in varying this yield, and the
critical period of growth is at about the time of blossoming.
The relation of the rainfall during the month of July alone
to the yield of corn in the four greatest corn-producing
States is shown in figure 8.

200 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

In Ohio alone, in a period of 60 years, an average increase
of one-fourth inch in rain in July, at the critical rainfall

period, caused an average increase in the yield of corn of —

6,000,000 bushels, while a one-half inch increase in rain made
an average increase in the yield of over 15,000,000 bushels.
A more detailed study in this State showed that the most
important 30 days from a rainfall point of view is from July
15 to August 15, while the most critical 10 days is from Au-
gust 1 to 10. .
On the other hand, temperature has a greater influence
than rainfall in varying the yield of potatoes in Ohio. July
is the critical calendar month, and it must be cool for best
results. In a period of 54 years, with each average decrease

: es Se a a: Te Be SS
be Ne ee ee ee eee

Fic. 9.—Relation between the total rainfall in May and June and the yield
of spring wheat in North Dakota. :

of 1.6° in the mean temperature for the month of July the
yield of potatoes increased, on the average, 6.3 bushels per
acre, or a total of 1,096,200 bushels.

In the State of New Jersey, during a period of 33 years,
the yield of potatoes averaged 25 bushels an acre greater
when July was appreciably cooler than when it was consid-
erably warmer than the average, which means a variation in
yield for the State of over 2,000,000 bushels.

The yield of spring wheat in North Dakota is influenced
largely by the rainfall in May and June, as is shown by
figure 9. In general, however, the most critical period for
small grains is when the berry is in the milk or dough stage.
Hot and dry weather at this time will reduce the yield of
high-class seed very materially.

Studies of this character frequently bring out unusual and
unlooked-for results. Figure 10, for example, makes plain

Speaking of the Weather. 201

that a heavy snowfall in March is very detrimental to winter
wheat in northwestern Ohio. This is contrary to the usual
opinion of the effect of a late snowfall on winter wheat, but
the evidence of the chart seems conclusive.

A full knowledge of the effect of the different weather
factors on the development of crops, and especially of the
most critical stage of development, and the factor having the
greatest influence in varying the yield, would be of almost
untold value to the farmers and other business men in this
country.

Wi Al Bone Lia
rte latte ee Pb eS las
SASS Bee wae aseae

lic. 10.—Relation between the total snowfall for the month of March, at
Wauseon, Ohio, and the yield of winter wheat in Fulton County, Ohio.
Wauseon is near the center of the county,

The Weather Bureau has made a sufficient start in this
direction, with the small funds and few men available for
the work, to show its tremendous possibilities. To carry the
study along properly, however, agricultural meteorological
stations should be established at all the experiment stations
in the country, where detailed records could be kept of
meteorological and crop development factors over a period
of years.

When this is done and the new science of agricultural
meteorology is developed, we believe it will be possible to

202 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

convert rainfall into terms of dollars and cents, and tem- |
perature and sunshine into the ability to buy more machinery ~
for farm development, more complete equipment for the

housewife, and better education for our sons and daughters.

Does It Pay to Talk About the Weather?

The total appropriation for the Weather Bureau during
1919 was $1,880,210. A very conservative estimate of the
returns to interests directly relating to agriculture, includ-.
ing horticulture, forestry, etc., is placed at $17,580,000, while
the estimated return to cmnmacecs, navigation, and other in-
terests is $56,000,000. As the marketing of crops is depend-
ent to such an extent on commerce and navigation, at least
one-fourth of the last named amount should be credited to
the return to farmers. This makes the total appropriation
for the Weather Bureau return to agriculture alone, at a
most conservative estimate, fully 1,680 per cent, and to at
interests not less than 3,913 per cent.

With THE

IRRIGATION FARME

By SAMUEL FORTIER,
Chief of the Division of Irrigation Investigations,
Bureau of Public Roads.

HE distinguishing feature of the climate of the far

western States is its low rainfall. Over the greater
part of this extensive territory the annual precipitation in
normal years is less than 15 inches and over large areas it 1s
less than 10 inches. The exceptions to this rule are to be
found mainly on the higher ranges of mountains, which in-
tercept moisture-laden winds and where there is a larger
precipitation, chiefly in the form of snow. This snow, when
lodged and compacted in deep mountain recesses, forms the
chief source of water supply for irrigation.

If the snow which falls on the elevated ranges melted
gradually so as to maintain a fairly equable stream flow dur-
ing the irrigation season, much larger areas could be watered.
Actually, the bulk of the snow melts quickly and the re-
sultant run-off creates floods which carry large quantities of
valuable water to the sea. In consequence there is a wide sea-
sonal fluctuation in the natural flow of streams. For in-
stance, the maximum flow of the South Platte River at Den-
ver, Colo., is over 24,000 second-feet, while the minimum
flow is 40 second-feet. That of the Rio Grande at Del
Norte, Colo., is 14,000 second-feet in flood periods and
70 second-feet in low-water periods. The Salt River at
Granite Reef, Ariz., has been known to carry 143,000 second-

203

204 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

feet, but 300 second-feet is the minmum. The Sacramento
River at Red Bluff, Calif., carries 254,000 second-feet in
flood as compared with a minimum flow of 4,000 second-feet
in midsummer.

The greater part of the land of the western States is uti-
lized chiefly for grazing purposes. The arable lands of the
Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast States constitute, it is
believed, less than one-fourth of the total area. A part of ©
these arable lands is irrigated, another part is farmed dry,
while the remainder is still in its natural condition and is
used chiefly for grazing. As closely as it can be estimated,
the area at present irrigated in this country is, in round
numbers, 18,000,000 acres, and the area for which water is
available throughout the 17 western States does not exceed
50,000,000 acres, or less than 5 per cent of the total area. It
follows that more tlian one-third of the total area of western
lands susceptible of irrigation has already been reclaimed,
that in a broader sense the revenue to be ultimately derived
from irrigated products will be largely dependent upon eco-
nomical use of water, and that the utilization of the limited
water supply sets a fixed limit to further production under
irrigation. It likewise follows that if only 5 acres out of
every 100 acres can be ultimately irrigated, owing to the lack
of water, a premium will be placed om the relatively small
areas for which water is available. Such lands will be
called upon to produce sufficient forage to feed range stock
during severe storms in winter; and when droughts occur
and dry-land crops partially fail, the crops grown on irri-
gated fields will constitute the farmer’s main dependence.
At present the trend is in this direction. In recent years the
farmers of the West have depended more on their irrigated
holdings. The prevalence of droughts, the small average
yearly returns from dry farming, the high prices of many
irrigated products, and the scarcity of labor have exerted
more or less influence in causing farmers to concentrate their
efforts to a greater degree on relatively small irrigated tracts
and to bring these to the highest state of production. This,
in turn, has created a greater demand for water, increased
its value, enhanced the price of irrigated land, and awakened
a desire to lessen the waste of water by the adoption of bet-
ter appliances and by more skillful use.

With the Irrigation Farmer. 205

Two Kinds of Irrigation Farmers.

The irrigators of the West may be classed in two groups,
those under Government projects and those under private
irrigation enterprises. The reclamation act, under which
Government projects have been built, provided, as first
passed, for the repayment of the cost of the water right in
not more than 10 yearly installments. This was found to
be impracticable, and by an amendment passed in 1914 the
period of paying for a water right was extended to 20 years.
In no case is any interest charged. The interest exemption
is important. The interest at 4 per cent per annum on de-
ferred payments, if compounded annually, would amount to
over 80 per cent of the construction charge. Furthermore,
several years intervene, on an average, between the time of
construction and settlement. If the interest for this period
were similarly computed and added, it would increase the
total charge to over 100 per cent. In other words, the
United States grants a bonus to all settlers on projects oper-
ating under the reclamation act, equaling, if not exceeding,
the construction cost of the works by the exemption of all
interest charges on deferred payments. Over 400,000 people
living on or dependent on Government reclamation projects
are at present receiving the benefits of these liberal terms.
They pay no interest whatever on an expenditure of nearly
$125,000,000 made by the Federal Government in their behalf.

The Nation has not been so liberal in dealing with the
second group, those under private irrigation enterprises, and
yet this class constitutes more than 90 per cent of the total.
Before the war Congress granted to the Department of Agri-
culture, for the investigation of irrigation problems, an
annual appropriation of $102,440, but this amount has since
been reduced, and for the current year it is $62,440. When
this fund is distributed over the 17 western States, not to
speak of the irrigation of rice in the Gulf States and the
irrigation of truck crops along the Atlantic coast, the amount
available for any one State is quite small. In many cases,
however, Federal funds are augmented by State funds under
cooperative agreements. Before the war, when a larger ap-
propriation was available, it was possible to contribute dollar
for dollar with the States cooperating. Since the funds for

206 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

this purpose were reduced, it is seldom that this can be done,
but several States and State institutions, rather than abandon
the cooperative investigations, are now contributing more
than is allotted by the Department of Agriculture.

The Need of Stored Water.

In the irrigation of over 16,000,000 acres under private
enterprises of one kind or another little storage has been —
provided. The greater part of the canal systems are depend-
ent on the natural flow of the streams for their water sup-
plies. During periods of high water large quantities are
diverted and wastefully used, while in July, August, and
September, when the most profitable crops require the largest
amount of water, little is available. In many localities in
the West the storage of a relatively small quantity of water
to tide the farmers over the low-water period would result
in a doubling of the area irrigated and a like increase in the
profits obtained. The reasons that so few dams have been
built to impound irrigation water are mainly the cost of
such structures and the difficulties encountered in financing
them.

Under private enterprises large numbers of independent
canals and ditches divert water from the same stream, re-
sulting in low efficiency and much waste. None of these small
enterprises is financially able to build the usual type of stor-
age dam costing up into the millions of dollars. It is seldom
that a number of such enterprises, when cooperating, can
undertake a work of such magnitude. About the only feasi-
ble solution of a problem of this kind is to induce all the
water users on a stream to merge their interests in a single
organization, such as an irrigation district, and in this way
provide sufficient security to float long-term bonds with
which to obtain money to build the necessary storage works.
In work of this kind the human problem is the most difficult
to handle. When hundreds, and in many cases thousands, of
farmers must be persuaded to cooperate and come within the
jurisdiction of a single governing body, it is difficult for local
men, on account of animosities of long standing, to unite
diverse interests. Such a task, as recent experiences have
demonstrated, is much less difficult when undertaken by a
representative of the Federal Government, The Govern-

With the Irrigation Farmer. 207

ment engineer is not supposed to know anything of local fac-
tions, jealousies, and disputes. He has no private interests
to serve, and his best efforts are devoted to improving the
condition of the community as a whole. A small amount of
money expended in helping communities to make the right
kind of start in this direction and in exercising a general
supervision over their organization, management, and con-
struction could not but result in lasting benefit to the irriga-
tion farmers.

Community Irrigation Interests.

There has been no time since the present irrigation work
of the Department of Agriculture was organized 21 years
ago when community irrigation activity has been so great
as at present. The seed of cooperation early planted by the
irrigation pioneers of Utah, Colorado, and California has
brought forth an abundant harvest of cooperative and
mutual irrigation companies and irrigation districts. The
principle of ownership and control by irrigators of the water
and works upon which their agriculture depends has thus
become so firmly established as to be a fixed western irriga-
tion institution. In one way or another the specialists of
the Division of Irrigation Investigations of the Bureau of
Public Roads have studied at close range the organization
and operation of nearly every important community irriga-
tion enterprise in the country, and to a considerable propor-
tion of these enterprises, particularly of the irrigation dis-
tricts, they have rendered substantial help. Possibly even
more important than the help rendered to individual irriga-
tion districts has been the help rendered in revising and es-
tablishing our present body of irrigation-district laws. This
has largely had to do with encouraging the strengthening
of State supervision over the organization and the financial
‘Management of districts, which in turn has made at least
home markets for irrigation district securities that but a
decade back, because of early mistakes under noncontrol and
nonsupervision by the States, were hardly salable at all.

In Utah the irrigation district problem is the consolida-
tion into more efficient single systems of the numerous in-
dependent, wasteful, often paralleling ditches, shovel-built
in early days by the sturdy followers of Brigham Young.

208 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

To cite only one instance, engineers of the Bureau of Public
Roads are helping the farmers about Ogden in the formation
of a single irrigation district of 93,000 acres within which
over 40 independent systems, operating under 149 separate
and distinct water rights, now furnish irrigation water.
Through lack of storage of flood waters much of this area
now receives water only in the early summer, much of it has

Modern Machines for Extensive Work.

Excavator at work on a trench for tile on a drainage district in Wyoming,

none at all, and much of it is so overirrigated in months of —
plenty and so affected by seepage from leaky ditches as to be |

unsuitable, until reclaimed. Specialists of the bureau have
a thorough knowledge of the resources and latent wealth of
this locality and, in conjunction with representatives of- thie
State engineer’s oflice, the Utah Agricultural College, and
the local farm bureau, are awakening the interest of the com-
munity in the utilization, through united effort, of these
neglected opportunities.

The more important present irrigation district movements
in California are a little different from those in Utah just

vine! sit 5

j
i

a tee iT) ee eT

A ALLL AT Ra Sa LN) emai ae ome

PR eh cal ie

ee is Hi

With the Irrigation Farmer. 209

described. They involve in some instances a similar consoli-
dation of present smaller systems; but, more important, they
involve cooperation in storage construction on a larger scale
than heretofore attempted by community irrigation enter-
prises in this country. A representative of the Department
of Agriculture has recently ascertained that the six Cali-
fornia major irrigation districts now actively constructing
or planning new or additional irrigation works expect to
require more than $100,000,000 for construction purposes
during the next five years. In fact, the total reported as
needed in the next’5 to 10 years by existing California
irrigation districts and those far enough along in their
organization plans to make them of live present interest is
$174,000,000. While all of the expenditures now under con-
sideration are not likely to be made within the next decade,
the mere statement ‘of the amount shows the present impor-
tance of the community irrigation movement in this State
and suggests the call that comes to the Division of Irrigation
Investigations.

The Drainage of Water-Logged Lands.

Community action is likewise necessary in the drainage of
wet lands. It is seldom that the individual farmer can find,
at a reasonable cost, an outlet for waste water. He must as
a rule cast in his lot with his neighbors and with all those
whose lands are being damaged. Thus the drainage district
is very similar to the irrigation district in form of organi-
zation, but differs from it in the object to be attained.

No census has ever been taken of the extent of irrigated
lands needing to be drained, and, if attempted, such a cen-
sus would be difficult to take on account of the large number
of classes under which water-logged lands might be listed.
It is perhaps not far from the truth to state that 10 per cent
of the irrigated lands have been rendered well-nigh worth-
less through water-logging and the rise of alkali, and that a
larger percentage of the remainder is being more or less in-
jured from these causes. A community having a large per-
centage of what formerly constituted its most productive
lands rapidly becoming practically worthless is in a pitiable
condition. Without organization, money, or a knowledge of

30702°—ypxk 1920 149

210 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

the remedies to be applied, they are apt to stagnate. It is at
this stage of proceedings that the drainage engineer of the
Department of Agriculture can render the most effective
service. By making a technical examination of the lands
needing drainage as well as those menaced by a rising water
table, estimating the cost, and outlining a drainage district
and its organization, he can usually at small cost start such
communities on the road to prosperity by pointing out what
is needed, helping them to organize and exercising a general

Getting the Land Ready.

The tractor replaces a four-horse team in throwing up borders on land
previously leveled.

oversight over the construction of a drainage system. Such
supervision is being exercised to-day with satisfactory re-
sults in a dozen Western States, and might be greatly ex-
tended if more funds were available.

The Preparation of Land for Irrigation.

After a water supply has been provided and conveyed to
the highest corner of each farm, a large amount of labor
and money have to be expended in grubbing out sagebrush,
plowing, leveling, and grading the surface of fields, build-
ing the necessary supply and field ditches with their ae-
companying structures; in short, preparing the land for

is,

With the Irrigation Farmer. 211

efficient irrigation and profitable crops. The manner in
which this work is done determines in a large measure the
profits derived from irrigation farming. It pays to prepare
the surface of fields in a thorough manner. Measured in
capital invested for the betterment of the irrigated farm,
the difference between a field poorly prepared and one well
prepared would not exceed, as a rule, $12 an acre. The in-
terest on this investment at current rates would be about $1
a year. The benefits to be derived from this investment,
which costs $1 per acre per annum, would consist in larger
yields, a better quality of crops, a reduction in the waste of
water, labor saved in irrigating, lessening the risk of water-
logging soil, and enhancing the value of the farm.

Efforts have been made to adapt the methods used to local
conditions. At least nine standard methods have been devel-
oped and put in practice for the preparation of land and the
application of water. It is no easy task to choose the right
one, and any assistance offered to water users either in the
form of published reports or advice bearing on this subject
is not only gladly received but put to good use.

Soil Moisture.

Soil moisture is that form of moisture held in the soil by
capillarity and available for plant use. The popular concep-
tion is that this moisture may move around in the soil quite
freely and somewhat rapidly. Especially is it thought to
move upward to the soil surface freely and from considerable
distances. Experimental work by the Division of Irrigation
Investigations upon the capillary movement of soil moisture
from a wet or damp soil to a dry soil has demonstrated that
the popular idea is erroneous. This work showed that the
lateral movement of soil moisture by capillarity during a
period of 30 days through a distance of 6 inches in a loam
soil was less than half enough to support an alfalfa crop.
During the same period of time, moisture did not move from
the wet soil 18 inches laterally into the dry soil. Barley
plants, the roots of which were confined within a space 6
inches square, within a body of wet soil, thrived for about 30
days, then began to wilt, and within two weeks more were all
but dead for lack of moisture. Analysis of the soil showed
plenty of moisture at 2 inches from the roots.

212 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

The upward movement of soil moisture is not so rapid or
extensive as the lateral movement. Numerous experiments
gave results tending to show that the downward movement
of soil moisture by capillarity over a period of 30 days was
approximately one and three-fourths times as far, and that
twice as much moisture moved down as up. Gravity is work-

Testing Movement of Soil Moisture.

Isometric view of open flume connected by wick to supply tank from which
soil obtained moisture.

ing all the time upon soil moisture, tending to pull it down
below the plant roots. The experiments have demonstrated
that capillary moisture is influenced greatly by gravity and
that soil moisture, once below the root zone, is all but en-
tirely lost in so far as nourishing plants is concerned. Nu-
merous tests have shown that capillarity will not move it
through even a few inches rapidly enough or in sufficient —
quantity to grow and mature a grain crop or support an —
alfalfa hay crop.

With the Irrigation Farmer. 213

The capillary movement of soil moisture from a body of
free water into a body of dry soil differs only in degree from
the movement of moisture from a wet soil into a dry soil.
The upward movement of the moisture in a loam soil from
ground water will be farther in one day than it would be in
30 days from a body of wet soil and the quantity of moisture
moved would be even relatively greater. Ina very fine loam
soil of high capillary power it was found that if barley roots
did not reach within less than 40 inches of the ground water,
the plants would not mature. Sufficient moisture would not
reach the roots to satisfy the plants’ needs.

The downward movement of moisture by capillarity, when
the source of moisture is free water, may extend indefinitely
in distance and may be relatively quite large in quantity.
In fact, bogs may be formed in this way.

The experiments indicate that gravity is a very potent
factor in soil-moisture movement and that one great value of
eapillarity is to hold the moisture and cause its relatively
slow transference from one soil particle to another.

Irrigation Water from Underground Sources.

Water for irrigation from underground sources may be
obtained from springs, flowing wells, or pumped wells. The
irrigated area in the 17 western States in 1909 was reported
at about 13,750,000 acres. Of this total, the surface-water
supply irrigated an area of about 13,056,000 acres, spring-fed
supplies about 200,000 acres, flowing wells about 140,000
acres, and pumped wells approximately 300,000 acres. It is
thus evident that at that time pumped-well water was the
second greatest source of supply for irrigation. At the
present time there are no authentic data published showing
the changed aggregate or the proportion of each.of the above
classifications, but the data obtained in the cooperation this
division has extended to various outside agencies indicate a
rate of development of irrigation from pumped-well supplies
far exceeding that of any of the other three classifications.
In California, which has done most in making use of under-
ground water, records show that in 1909 there were 9,297
pumping plants in operation, irrigating 277,000 acres. In
1914, this number had increased to 24,589 plants, and to-day
it is estimated that there are 30,000 pumping plants, ir-
rigating between 750,000 and 800,000 acres. New Mexico

214 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

probably follows, with Utah, Colorado, Nevada, and Ari-
zona showing rapid increase in development, though not in
proportion to that of California. With proper encourage-
ment and assistance, there are vast possibilities in the ex-
tension of irrigated areas from pumped supplies. Only
about four years of extensive research in Utah has resulted
in the sinking of wells in Cache Valley, Utah Valley, Uinta
Basin, and in southern and southeastern Utah, with the de-
velopment of the underground water of that State only
begun. There are possibly more appeals from farmers for
assistance and more requests for information on this subject
addressed to the Department of Agriculture than on any
other pertaining to irrigation. Cooperative agreements with
6 of the 17 western States include work on underground
water supply, study, and development, and there are peti-
tions from other States for such aid.

Furthermore, there are areas in several of these States
where water applied from surface sources has percolated
through the soil of the higher lands and water-logged the
lands of the lower levels. Pumping from wells or trenches
sunk on these lower areas not only lowers the water table
of the water-logged lands and therefore reclaims them, but
in addition furnishes water for higher lands supplied from
the surface water system.

The Distribution of Irrigation Water.

As has been pointed out, the bulk of the water supply for
the irrigated farms falls upon elevated ranges. If uncontrolled
this water would flow down natural channels unutilized and
eventually would be lost in the ocean or would evaporate.
For its utilization laws are passed, regulations formulated,
administrative officers appointed, and water courts created.
So important has legislation regarding water become in
many of the western States that a large part of the laws on
the statute books relate to this subject. Much money has
likewise been expended in building diversion works and
channels. If the main canals and laterals built to convey
irrigation water in this country were placed end to end, they
would encircle the globe six times. Some of these structures
and canals are well designed and built, but the large ma-
jority are mere makeshifts.

With the Irrigation Farmer. 215

As an aid to the proper control and distribution of irriga-
tion water, the engineers of the Division of Irrigation Inves-
tigations have sought to improve the laws relating to the
control of public waters, render State administrative sys-
tems more effective, determine the water requirements of
different types of soils, design better structures, and increase
the carrying capacity and efficiency of channels. In investi-
gations of this character the main object sought has been to
benefit the many rather than the few. The data collected re-
garding the service which water performs in irrigating crops
and the quantities of water which should be allotted to
definite tracts of land have been widely disseminated, and all
are at liberty to make free use of this information. The same
is true of the results of experiments to ascertain the carrying
capacities of canals, pipes, and other conduits. All conduits
should be large enough to satisfy the requirements of the

lands they serve. On the other hand, all money expended in
making conduits larger than necessary is wasted. Although
the farmer may have no part in making these highly tech-
nical adjustments, he is always an interested party, since he
pays the bills. At first thought it would appear that water
has been conveyed from place to place for so long a time that
all the fundamental facts relating to flow have become known
to hydraulic science. While this is true in a degree, the new
materials used and the new types of conduits which have
been devised and introduced into general practice during the
past two or three decades have rendered many of the old for-
mule obsolete.

Transmission losses in earthen channels being one of the
largest sources of waste, the use of concrete has recently been
investigated with a view of making a stronger, more uniform
and more serviceable pipe of this material. A cooperative
arrangement was entered into with the State engineer of
California and the California Concrete Pipe Association, by
which the materials used in making pipe have been carefully
investigated, the proportions of the several ingredients, in-
cluding water, standardized, and numerous specimens and
joints of pipe tested. As a result the weak, porous, and im-
properly made pipe can no longer be classed as good pipe,
and a much higher standard has been adopted for all pipe
made by the association.

216 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
~The Economical Use of Water.

In many of the western States fertile raw land is cheap
and abundant, but water is valuable and scanty. This fact
can not be too often reiterated or too strongly impressed
upon all. Asa result of long-continued and carefully con-
ducted experiments the amount of water which different
crops require under any given set of conditions of soil and
climate has been fairly accurately determined, but much re-
mains to be done in conveying water to the place of use with
the least possible loss and in spreading it over the surface of
soil so as to minimize the losses due to evaporation and deep
percolation. Notwithstanding all the improvements brought
about in the past 20 years, it is doubtless still true that on
the average for every 3 gallons of water diverted from
streams only 1 gallon serves to nourish plant growth.
Were it possible to convey and use water in irrigation with
the same degree of efficiency that electric current is trans-
mitted and applied the water now used and wasted might
serve double the present area. Here, too, the activities of
the Division of Irrigation Investigations are accomplishing
beneficial results. The demonstration in all the larger irri-
gated centers that larger yields and a better quality of crops
can be grown with a medium rather than an excessive amount ~
of water is leading farmers to realize that the use of too
much water is a detriment in that it water-logs their soil,
causes the alkali to rise, and otherwise injuriously affects
both crops and soil. However, the waste of water is not
wholly due to the farmer’s carelessness or lack of skill. It
arises from absorption and percolation losses in canal sys-
tems, in too liberal allowances granted by judges in issuing
decrees, and in defective State laws and administrative
systems.

PHOSPHORUS
FERTILIZER

By Witt1AmM H. WAGGAMAN,
Scientist, Bureau of Soils.

N eminent scientist, in emphasizing the importance of
phosphorus and its compounds, once said, “ No phos-
phorus, no brain.”

While it is true that this element is actually contained in
the tissues of the brain, he might very well have added, “ No
phosphoric acid, no bone, no flesh, no food, no life,” for this
compound of phosphorus enters into the structure of plants,
animals, and men, and upon it we depend for our very
existence.

The use of phosphatic materials as fertilizers goes back so
far that no one knows when their agricultural value was
first discovered. Practically all of the fertilizers of ancient
times contained phosphoric acid as one of their ingredients,
and such materials were used with considerable effectiveness
long before their composition was recognized. Manure and
animal refuse, bones, fish, and guano were among the earliest
fertilizers known. All of these contain phosphoric acid, and
in some it is the predominating ingredient. When science
taught us the nature of phosphoric acid and the part it plays
in crop production we began to use other sources, until now
we are supplying it to crops from the animal, vegetable, and
mineral kingdoms.

Not only is phosphoric acid essential to the growth of
plants, but it plays a more important role than any other fer-

217

218 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

tilizer material in the maturing, fruiting, and ripening of
crops. This, coupled with the fact that many soils are actu-
ally deficient in phosphoric acid, has caused it to be used as
the basis or backbone of nearly all mixed fertilizers.

Greatest Phosphate Deposits in the World.

By far the greatest quantity of phosphoric acid used in
fertilizers is derived from the mineral phosphates, and the
United States is particularly fortunate in having larger de-
posits of this mineral than any other nation. As in the case
of many of our other now highly prized possessions, how-
ever, the nature and value of phosphate rock was not recog-
nized until relatively recent times. The phosphates of South
Carolina, the first important deposits of the mineral ex-
ploited in this country, were not discovered until 1862, and
it was a considerable number of years later before mining

operations were conducted on a large scale. The-discovery

in Florida of phosphate rock of a considerably higher grade
soon attracted capital to that field, and later the same min-
eral was discovered in Tennessee, then in Arkansas and Ken-
tucky, and finally huge bodies of the rock were found under-
lying vast areas in Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana.
These latter deposits are so enormous that they exceed in
tonnage all of our other known phosphate fields combined,
and according to the latest estimates of the United States
Geological Survey contain more than 6,000,000,000 tons of
high-grade rock and many times this amount of lower-grade
phosphates.

Not only does the United States possess the greatest phos-
phate deposits in the world, but our production of this basic
fertilizer material exceeds that of any other nation. Besides
supplying our own ever-growing demands, we have been
aiding materially in maintaining the crop-producing power
of European and Asiatic soils by our phosphate exports.
These exports prior to the war amounted to from 500,000
to 1,000,000 tons annually.

While a considerable tonnage of phosphate rock is finely
ground and applied to the field without other treatment, the
vast bulk of the rock produced for agricultural purposes is
treated with sulphuric acid and manufactured into what is

“©

Phosphorus in Fertilizer. 219

known as acid phosphate, a fertilizer material readily solu-
ble in water and quickly available to crops. Acid phosphate
is the basis of practically all mixed fertilizers, and hence
most of the world’s output of sulphuric acid is used in its
production.

Throwing Fertilizer on the Dump Heaps.

Tt is the history of practically every industry that crude
and rule-of-thumb methods of manufacture are employed

Mining Our Basic Fertilizer Ingredient.

A phosphate mine in Florida, the State which supplies the bulk of the phos-
phate rock used for fertilizer purposes.

for a long period before scientific knowledge and thorough
acquaintance with the processes involved bring about the
changes necessary to put production upon the most sound
and economic basis. The fertilizer industry is no exception
to this rule, and the production of phosphoric acid for fer-
tilizer, from the time the rock is mined until it is mixed and
bagged for application to the field, is gradually becoming
recognized as involving some of the crudest and most waste-
ful methods known to any industry. It is logical, perhaps,
that we should be wasteful as long as we have in sight such
immense quantities of high-grade material readily and
cheaply obtained ; but the time has now come when the cream

i A

220 | Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

of the more accessible deposits of phosphate rock in the East
has been skimmed, and, while the vast phosphate deposits in
the West are still practically untouched, they are so far from
the fertilizer market that their exploitation presents a seri-
ous economic problem. Moreover, both labor and transpor-
tation charges have soared to unprecedented heights; so we
are coming to realize that more careful methods of mining
and handling phosphate rock with due regard to the conser-
vation of these deposits must be practiced, and that scientific

Latest Method of Producing Phosphoric Acid.

A small furnace at Arlington Farm, Va., in which mixtures of , phosphate
rock, sand, and coke are smelted at high temperatures and the phosphorie acid
distilled off and collected.

methods of manufacturing a finished product sufficiently
high grade or concentrated to withstand heavy transporta-
tion charges must be applied in the phosphate industry.
One of the greatest examples of colossal waste of a mar-
ketable mineral is found in the Florida phosphate fields,
which have had an average annual production of 2,000,000
tons of rock for the past decade. In order to put out a high-
grade marketable product, the phosphate is put through an
elaborate washing and screening process, during which in

Statik a ut

ect

aN taper 4 y,',

3°

0 it ali ty as Na

———

Phosphorus in Fertilizer. 221

some instances two-thirds of the phosphate is washed out
upon the dumps, with a loss of several million tons each year.
Of course, it has been argued that this can not be regarded
as waste until some economic means has been devised of sepa-
rating the mineral from its impurities, but when the losses
entailed are compared with those occurring in the mining

_ and smelting of metalliferous ores they appear little short of

ms

scandalous. Metallurgical practice, for instance, has now
reached such perfection that old dump heaps and tailings
containing only a fraction of 1 per cent of a metallic element
are being worked over with economic success. It seems,
therefore, almost criminal that material containing from
12 to 18 per cent of a marketable ingredient, even though
this ingredient may be relatively low priced, should be heed-
lessly thrown away.

Paying Freight on Filler.

But this is not all. After the high-grade rock has been
recovered it is shipped long distances to the fertilizer fac-
tories, where it is treated with an equal weight (approxi-
mately) of sulphuric acid and manufactured into acid phos-
phate. The average grade of acid phosphate put upon the
market contains 16 per cent of phosphoric acid, or about one-
half of that contained in the original rock. This compara-
tively low-grade product is again shipped, and frequently
long distances, either to fertilizer-mixing plants or to the
farmer. Freight, labor, and handling charges are being con-
tinually paid upon 84 per cent and more of natural or arti-
ficial filler contained in the product, and by the time it
reaches the consumer these charges have amounted to a very
tidy sum. Were it not such a serious matter the present
procedure would appear ludicrous, and to one engaged in
some other manufacturing line and unacquainted w ith the
fertilizer business the methods employed in the latter indus-
try appear highly inefficient, to say the least. The manu-
facturer of iron or steel, for example, could hardly conceive
of a condition where his finished product would contain less
of the marketable ingredient than the ore from which it was
derived, and to ship and reship material from place to place
while the percentage of its valuable ingredient was con-

222 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Collecting Phosphoric Acid Fumes.

The Cottrell electrical precipitator, orig-
inally devised to abate the smoke and fume
nuisance and now being used in the indus-
tries for saving yaluable by-products.

stantly being decreased
would seem at first
sight little short of in-
dustrial suicide. Yet
such is the condition
prevailing to-day in
the phosphate industry,
an industry which is
the backbone of the fer-
tilizer business and the
basis of the agricul-
tural wealth of a con-
siderable portion of the
eastern and southern
States.

It is recognized that
concentrated phosphatic
fertilizers must be con-
siderably diluted before
they can be safely ap-
plied to crops, but it is
a needless and foolish
practice purposely to
manufacture low-grade
goods far from the
points of consumption,
when the filler or dilut-
ing agent can just as
well be incorporated in
the fertilizer almost at
the farmer’s door.

The Dawn of a New
Era.

A change, however,
is slowly but surely tak-
ing place in fertilizer
manufacture, and the
promise is held forth
that in the not far dis-

a ee ci

bt pad ge

may

ae ’

Phosphorus in Fertilizer. 223

tant future crude methods of mining and manufacturing
phosphates will give place to efficient and scientific practices
which will enable us to market phosphoric acid with the
least possible waste of time, money, and material. A number
of concerns are producing what is known as double acid
phosphate, a product containing from 45 to 50 per cent of
phosphoric acid instead of the 16 per cent contained in the
ordinary acid phosphate of commerce. At least one concern
has placed on the market a compound of ammonia and phos-
phoric acid which is sufficiently rich in these two fertilizer
elements to permit its shipment to far distant points.

The United States Department of Agriculture, through
its fertilizer division in the Bureau of ‘Soils, has shown that
the great losses of phosphate entailed in mining Florida
rock may be at least partially eliminated by mixing the
“yun-of-mine” phosphate with sand and coke, and smelting
the mass in either an electric or a fuel-fed furnace. In these
processes the phosphoric acid is driven off as a fume and
may be readily collected in concentrated form. While the
mechanical and chemical details have not all been solved,
the work has reached the stage where these processes hold
out great promise of commercial success and bid fair to
prolong the life of our phosphate deposits for an almost in-
definite period.

The change from rule-of-thumb to scientific methods of
manufacture is at the beginning very slow, particularly
where capital is tied up in factories and equipment which
are producing, and producing profitably. But when this
change once starts it goes steadily on, and with each step
in advance the movement gathers impetus. This forward
movement in the manufacture of phosphatic fertilizers has
undoubtedly begun, and it is being hastened by necessity.
The day has gone by when we can say “ Let well enough
alone.” Rather the true American industrial slogan is and
_ should be “ Only the best is well enough.”

ILLIONS OF TONS of phosphate are thrown
on the dump heap every year.

Phosphoric acid is the backbone of nearly all
mixed fertilizers;

And the cost and supply of fertilizer affects crop
production, the farmer’s income, and everybody’s
comfort and food supply.

The lumber industry has had a lot of advertising
for the wasteful methods it has used in cutting
down the forests;

The phosphate industry is not so well advertised
in that respect, but the losses entailed in preparing
a high-grade phosphate rock for the market are
even greater and more serious than in the lumber
industry; for we can replant our forests, but when
our phosphate deposits are exhausted they can not
be replenished. i

The United States has the greatest phosphate
deposits in the world, but the cream of the deposits
in the East has been skimmed and the deposits in
the West are so far from the fertilizer market
that their exploitation presents a serious economic
problem.

Scientific methods, in place of the old rule-of-
thumb ways of mining and manufacturing, will
give a more economical product and will prolong
the life of our phosphate deposits for an almost
indefinite period.

UNTS-

AND THE
REMEDY

By JoHN R. MOoOHLTER,
Chief, Bureau of Animal Industry.

EED RUNTS among farm animals be accepted as a
necessary evil, or can they be prevented? The ex-
perience of several hundred practical stockmen and breeders
who answered a questionnaire on this subject shows that
runtiness is largely preventable. It reveals, on the other
hand, that a great many live-stock owners who were con-
sulted in the matter regarded the problem as baffling. In
some cases they frankly admitted lack of knowledge on the
cause of runty live stock, but expressed a desire to obtain the
facts if possible.

Remarkabie Differences in Growth.

Animals raised under varying conditions often show great
differences in size, appearance, and rapidity of growth. For
instance, a bull nearly 3 years old received at the stockyards
in Kosciusko, Miss., last year weighed only 300 pounds. In
contrast another bull examined by a department specialist in
northern Illinois weighed 2,150 pounds as a 2-year-old. The
younger bull weighed seven times as much as the older one.
Here was a difference not to be explained by any one cause,
and in seeking a combination of causes one soon reaches the
place where facts are few and opinions are varied. This
paper contains the results of a preliminary inquiry on the
subject.

The live-stock owners whom she Bureau of Animal Indus-
try consulted regarding the runt problem represented a class

30702°—yBK 1920——_15 #* 295

226 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

of practical farmers whose live stock probably is somewhat
better managed than the general average for the United
States. A large majority of the stockmen owned cattle offi-
cially accredited as free from tuberculosis. Others were co-
operating with the department in the “ Better Sires—Better
Stock” campaign, a national educational movement to im-
prove the average quality of live stock in the country. Yet
even on farms of this class, reports indicated that runty ani-

A Good Steer and a Runt.

A year-old Aberdeen-Angus steer (the large one) and a 34-year-old Piney-
Woods steer. Poor breeding is the principal reason of runtiness in this case,
with parasites and a variety of other factors as contributing causes.

mals constituted 7 per cent of the total. In connection with
this proportion the reports showed that the financial returns

on these farms would be increased 13 per cent if runts were
absent. This was the average of 535 replies.

Runts by the Million.

Considering that the figures refer to a superior class of
farms, they must be regarded as conservative for the country
at large, especially since the »~ - :age includes farms reporting
an entire absence (zero per cent) of runts. But even 7 per

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Runts—and the Remedy. 227

cent of runty stock is a figure that looms large when applied
to the live-stock industry of the country. Seven per cent of
approximately 200 million domestic animals means 14 million

head, exclusive of feathered stock.

Runtiness, of course, is a general term involving various
degrees and may signify either a greatly or moderately
stunted growth. Besides, it usually results from a combina-
tion of several causes, seldom just one alone. The term

An Assembly of Runty Live Stock.

a

Reports of the Department of Agriculture indicate that fully 7 per cent of
farm animals in the country are of inferior development and that returns from
live stock would increase 13 per cent if runts were absent.

runt, as here used, signifies an animal considerably under-
sized or lacking in development as compared with normal
animals.

A total of 846 opinions on the class of stock in which most
runts appear gave hogs the doubtful distinction of being
first; in fact, this was the opinion of more than two-thirds
of the live-stock owners. This conclusion received support
also from those who reported the percentage of runty animals
on their farms. Whereas the general average of runts for
all classes was 7 per cent, reports on hogs alone showed 10.1
per cent of runts. For sheep the figure was 7 per cent, for
poultry 6.5 per cent, and for cattle 3.9 per cent.

228 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Breeding and Feeding the Chief Causes.

Seven main causes and 16 contributing ones explain why

animals either are born runty or become runty afterwards. |
Inferior breeding and inadequate or unsuitable feed head the |

list. The lec MS following give the consensus of cpa on
this subject for 783 farms:

Principal causes of runts.

Cause. Per cent.
Inferior reed ing a aaa ee 31.6
Inadequate or unsuitable feed_________-________ 30. 4
Parasites. ‘and insect pests___.._=3 = = 15. 1
Lack of adequate housing and care___-__-__--__-_. 12.4
Gontagious .diseases=2 6" So aa es eee 4.9
x posures <2 Se ee ee Ae os Se 2.9
Accident -=. uo ee ee eee ee 120:
Other, causes.) _ 3 SS ee eee BY’

Total 2 es ee ee eee 100. 0

The “ other causes ” included inbreeding, breeding imma-
ture animals, excessively large litters (swine), poor condi-
tion of dam, overcrowding at feed, digestive troubles, lack
of exercise, weaning too early, unkindness, and a variety of
minor causes.

Weaning Time a Critical Period.

The importance of giving live stock suitable care early in
life and especially around weaning time is shown by opinions
on the time when runtiness appears. More than 85 per cent
of runty animals become so between birth and shortly after
weaning. Nine hundred and twenty-nine opinions on this
subject indicate that 4.4 per cent of runtiness appears at
birth, 50.7 in infancy or before weaning, 35.7 shortly after
weaning, 7.7 in the early part of life generally, and 1.5 at any
time. Many of the replies specifically mentioned hogs and
cattle, the great majority indicating that pigs become runty
before weaning and calves shortly after weaning. Weaning
time or thereabouts is undoubtedly the critical period in the
life of a farm animal.

-

. | ands

Runts—and the Remedy. ° 229
Ways to Prevent Runts.

Opinions on the best methods of preventing runts appear
below. The list represents, in a sense, methods of overcom-
ing the principal causes of runts already given.

Methods of preventing runts.

Per cent.

Pamper: id, “acguate Teed Ts" tae eer se arr 31.9
Rene CCU Os 2 nk ae dese eee Se 24.3
Good care and systematic attention______________ 18. 3
Peer iousing and sanitation=“. $e * 9. 4
Care of dan®before birth of young_____-_________ apy
Control of parasites (worms, lice, etc.) -~------_- sy
Mat: I SGr se ess Soe aN
i TET alae 1S ee es SO ek ee 5: 7
DGS ATE y o oe am a s © Se 100. 0

It is noticeable that whereas inferior breeding occupies
first position as the chief cause of runty live stock, proper
and adequate feed is first as a preventive method. Supple-
mentary comments on methods of prevention explain why
this is so. “Although inferior breeding causes most runts,”
one breeder stated, “breeding alone will not prevent runts.
You can stunt the best-bred animal by improper or insuffi-
cient feed.” In this connection another stockman advised,
“Study your animals before mating. Do not use inferior
stock. Be sure they are free from disease. Then give the
‘eorncrib cross’ and runts will be scarce.”

The first five items in the foregoing table received particu-
lar comment by persons who reported success in reducing the
proportion of undersized animals on their farms. “ Better
breeding, better feeding, and housing,” declared one stock-
man, “ have been my aim, and I have reduced my runts from
40 to 10 per cent within three years. I discovered that I lost
money on nine-tenths of the runts I raised to normal size
and with the others I just barely broke even. Breed and feed
make the animal every time.”

Another breeder, who stated that he had no runts whatever,
explained, “ We have eliminated runts by raising nothing but
purebred stock.” “We quit the scrub business long ago,”
still another remarked. “When everyone quits raising

230 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

scrubs the runts will gradually quit. But so many people
say ‘Oh, it’s a hog or a calf. What’s the difference so the
service fees are cheap?’ Poor, blind people!”

A North Carolina farmer says of reducing runts, “ I always
try to use a better sire than the dam and in that way get better
offspring not only in cattle but in chickens.” A stockman

A Runty Bull.

Age, about 3 years; weight, 300 pounds; breeding, scrub. Inferior breeding
and poor feeding are the two chief causes of runts.

who emphasizes the value of skillful feeding advises, “ Con-

tinue correct and nourishing feed until the animal is a year
old and then don’t stop.”

A comment which sums up the general sentiment on the
prevention of runts comes from a Virginia stockman who
says: “In 10 years of farming I have not had a runt born
either of horses, cattle, or hogs. All my sires have been reg-
istered and this with good care and feeding may be the
reason.”

;
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ee

. . & View

Runts—and the Remedy. 231
To Raise or Not to Raise Runts.

Does it pay to raise runts to market size? This question
resulted in 74 per cent of negative opinions. On the other
hand, 26 per cent advised raising runts under certain condi-
tions. Such conditions involved an abundance of cheap feed,
favorable markets, and especially the practicability of raising
well-bred animals even if undersized. Whether to raise or

Little Pigs and Big Ones Feeding Together.

A practice which helps to cause runts. Give the young stock a fair chance
to eat and exercise.

not to raise runty stock necessarily is a matter for the owner’s
judgment, and as a basis for such judgment a number of com-
ments are of interest.

A hog grower who points out the value of an abundance
of milk as a feed states: “I have given away runty pigs to
persons who had skim milk to spare and they beat my best
ones at 12 months old.” Commenting on the size of pigs at
birth, another breeder states that although “pigs may be
small at birth, if otherwise all right they will grow as well as
their larger brothers.”

“Tn the case of inherited runtiness due to inferior breed-
ing,” an experienced stockman states, “it does not pay to
raise the animal; but other cases, due to lack of proper feed,

———————

le

232 Yearbook of. the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

may be raised with a profit.” An Ohio hog grower, in dis-
cussing runtiness due to parasites, tells of a pig which he
bought as a runt for 50 cents and which weighed 287 pounds
when 9 months old. In speaking of the purchase, he ex-
plained: “I thought the pig would die before I got it home.
However, I took a tub of warm water and plenty of soap and
an old scrub brush and gave that pig a good bath. I did this
again a week later. It had a pen to itself and soon began to
grow. The pig was 8 weeks old when I got it and when sold

A Litter of Ten, All Husky.

Good care of the dam before farrowing and afterwards helps to prevent
undersized, unthrifty live stock.

at 9 months it weighed 287 pounds. I have tried the same
methods since then with good results, but some pigs take more
scrubbing than others.”

A Tennessee live-stock owner states: “ Well-bred runts
make fairly good animals, mongrels never.” One of the most
striking comments is the case of a registered Aberdeen-Angus
calf that was “ badly stunted on account of the mother’s not
giving sufficient milk. But with proper care,” the owner
adds, “this calf did very well later. I showed him at the
State fair at Helena, Mont., in 1918, and he carried off the
blue ribbon in his class.”

‘eben ena “x

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Se ee ee

Runts—and the Remedy. 233

A Vermont farmer tells of a colt which at 4 months old

was very poor and undersized. “I gave it skim milk for

some six months,” he added, “ and it grew into a better built
and heavier horse than either parent.”

A comment which forms a general basis for deciding
whether to raise a runt comes from a Virginia farmer. His
conclusion is this: “ Being born small generally has little
effect on the size of an animal at maturity if it has proper
nourishment from birth to maturity. But to develop into a
high-class animal it must have good breeding back of it, and
to do this we must use purebred sires that are good indi-
viduals with strong constitutions.”

Profits in Reducing Runts.

When: ‘asked to give their opinion on the extent to which
their financial returns would be increased if runts were ab-
sent, 535 live-stock owners mentioned figures varying from
1 per cent to more than 100 per cent. The average was 13.1
per cent. More than 20 per cent of those expressing an
opinion reported that their returns would be increased one-
fifth if they could solve the runt question. Several stock-
men urged with emphasis a more liberal feeding policy on
live-stock farms, and pointed out that use feeding is
nearly always aipretitable: “T find I can not cheat the ani-
mal without cheating myself,” says a Maine farmer.

Another New England live-stock owner explains that for-
merly his financial loss from runts was approximately 25 per
cent, “ as they not only run you into debt but detract from the
appearance of the good stock. In my experience of 45 years,”
he adds, “ I am sure that any breeder can eliminate the runt to
a practical absence. I have had practically none in the last
25 years.”

Can Runts Be Reduced? Yes.

The reduction of the proportion of runty live stock on
farms in general was considered practicable by a large ma-
jority of those expressing an opinion. However, less than
three-fourths of those who had answered the various other
questions made any reply as to the possibility of runt reduc-
tion, and many stated their inability to answer. Such re-

234 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

quests as “I would like information along this line,” and “If
I knew how to prevent runts I would do so,” explain the
reasons for the partial replies. However, of 511 persons
who answered the question 89 per cent believed runts could
be reduced, 10 per cent more made a similar answer, with the
qualification that reduction, though possible, was not always
profitable. Only 1 per cent said “ No.” Many giving affirm-
ative answers supported their opinions with evidence.

An Excellent Type of Sire.

Sires like this are improving the size and quality of live stock in the South.
This purebred Hereford bull, used in Mississippi, weighed 1,800 pounds in
good breeding condition,

A Utah farmer, in warning against the danger of inbreed-
ing, said, “ When I was a boy my father bought a bull. He
kept that bull for 10 years. The calves became smaller and
runty. Finally he sold the bull and got another, and every
two years now we get new bulls. We have improved our
stock and have no runts.”

Another stockman declared, “ Since going into the pure-
bred business and having learned to feed well, I have had no
runts. Previously my loss was at least one-fifth.” Various
sidelights on this question indicated that the presence of one
or even several runty pigs in a litter was a regular occurrence
and was practically unpreventable. But in contrast to this

alain. ll

re

men.

Runts—and the Remedy. 235

opinion some reported an ability to obtain good-sized litters
in which the pigs were uniform in size, all making normal
growth. .

A South Carolina breeder of registered Poland-China
swine states, “ We have not had a runty pig in two years and
some sows have from 9 to 11 pigs each. We give them good
pasture on alfalfa and good range.”

A Nebraska Duroc-Jersey breeder prevents runts in large
litters by weaning the strongest pigs at 6 weeks old, thus giv-
ing the others a better chance. A Virginia dairyman states,
“By bringing a purebred and fine, large, healthy Holstein bull
into my herd the calves almost doubled in weight at birth.”
From Pulaski County, Va., where the “ Better Sires—Better
Stock ” movement has made noteworthy progress, a live-stock
owner writes, “ Over 300 farmers in this county have pledged
themselves to breed to nothing but purebred sires of any kind
and have distributed good bulls over the county. In three
years our cattle have improved from 50 to 75 per cent. The
same can be said of sheep, hogs, and poultry. Don’t breed
runts and you won’t have them.”

Runts in Poultry.

Inbreeding and poor matings, as a cause, are the principal
factors distinguishing runtiness in feathered stock from that
in other farm animals. The following list of causes and

» methods of prevention contains the views of 474 poultry

owners:
Principal causes of runts in poultry.

Per cent.

CO a 1T..9
inpresain= and poor matings__________________—_ 3.
Peer preemie: SLOCK.—_— ub |
Merisiess Cspecially Vice oe oe 12. 4
Sa ses lan Die ES a Sa ee gr cg 11,4
Ta a a ea ee ee 10
2 VEC ST) Sa ne ae so es a, earn 2 6.5
a a a rr es nes teers 5.9
mineise (roup, Giarrhea, etc.) ______.~___-__ Pi yas 153;
Seewatetty -Or-ChiCKkS. 2 ee StS Sy |
Mareaunte spoon repessi or iio ee 3.4
Gs! A ee 2 ee eee 100. 0

The importance of hatching early occupies a more promi-
nent position among the comments than the figures for late

236 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

hatching in the table indicate. While but a small proportion
of poultrymen, it appears, are familiar with the advantages
of early hatching, those who do hatch early find it a distinct
benefit. For instance, one farmer states, “ Last year all of
my chickens hatched after the 1st of June were runts. Those
before that were normal and were laying in October. The
same feed and care were given to each.”

A Result of Good Breeding.

A standardbred Rhode Island Red hen, weight 63 pounds. To obtain
growthy birds that begin laying in the fall, breed well, hatch early, and feed
well. In addition, provide comfortable, sanitary quarters.

Still another adds, “ When I get my chicks hatched in
April and May I do not have runts in my flock.” Further
along this line another poultryman estimates that one-third
of late hatches are runty. “To prevent this,” he adds, “hatch
no chicks later than May 1.”

Another farmer states: “I have purebred Barred Rocks
and rarely ever have a runt, unless I try to hatch in June or

re

Runts—and the Remedy. 237

July.” The warnings against inbreeding likewise are of in-
terest. “ We have no runts in our poultry,” is the statement
of a Virginia farmer, who adds, “ We buy purebred cocks
from a different strain every year.” “Keep purebred fowls
and change the sire every year,” is the injunction of another
poultryman, which is typical of similar experiences.

Experiments Support Breeders’ Opinions.

The benefits of early hatching reported by farmers tally
with the results of the experiments which the Bureau of
Animal Industry has conducted. In these experiments the
early-hatched chicks showed a marked superiority over those
purposely hatched late to observe the effects. There was a
noticeably steady degradation in size and type of the late
chicks as compared with those hatched early.

With some of the larger animals early births are likewise
important. The March pig if “ pushed along” can be sold
by Christmas time. Of course, care must be taken with early
births to give better attention than if the young come after
grass is good and the weather is milder. Yet, if properly
cared for, the young animal will make more rapid progress
at the opening of spring. There is a similar benefit with

lambs. Late lambs, for example, go on the market in compe-

tition with the western run. Instead of being born early and

_ put on the market at from 4 to 6 months of age in well-
finished, plump, attractive condition, the average farm lamb

is sold at from 6 to 8 months. It has lost ‘ts baby fat and
is little better than a poor feeder. The effect of putting this
class of lamb on the market is to reduce the popularity of
lamb as a food compared with other meats, and it unquestion-
ably injures the reputation of lamb from the farm States as
compared with western lamb.

With beef cattle early calving is important on the range in
order to have the calves weaned before fall storms and to have
them of good size before they are sold to go to the Corn Belt
for further feeding.

From these sidelights the reader will see that the questions
of runtiness and of good live-stock management are closely
related. Both are tied up with economic factors of great
importance.

238 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Principles of Growth.

The experiences contributed by persons cooperating with —
the Bureau of Animal Industry in pointing out the cause and
prevention of runty live stock support certain general princi-

ples that have to do with animal growth. These principles
embody also the observations of experts in animal husbandry
and genetics.

Methods of dealing with runty live stock also may indicate
the best course to take in dealing with unthrifty young ani-
mals in general. This matter is fully as important as that of
actual runts, since the conditions that retard the growth and
vigor of stock already below normal may naturally be ex-
pected to affect other animals on the farm. Here are the
principles of growth to keep in mind:

1. Every animal has in the first part of its life a natural
growing period. This varies from a few months in the case of
birds (and most small creatures) to more than a year with cat-
tle, horses, and other large animals. After the natural grow-
mg time expires, the animal’s capacity for growth practically
stops; hence the importance of obtaining the desired develop-
ment during the early period of life, when an animal is
capable of growing.

2. Heredity is an important element in an animal's ability
to grow rapidly and to reach the desired size. Well-bred beef
steers frequently attain a weight exceeding 1,000 pounds

within 18 months, whereas scrubs of light-weight ancestry —

can not be expected ever to reach 1,000 pounds in weight,
even though given the same feed and care. The same natural
laws that cause a turkey to grow larger than a chicken affect
the size of individuals in the same species and even the same
class or variety.

3. Interference with the nervous system and the vital
organs is a serious drain on the vitality of an animal. Hogs
infested with lice, for instance, make poorer gains than those
free from such parasites. A heifer bred before reaching
maturity may be permanently stunted by the extra demands
of the young calf on her system. There is an exception, how-
ever, in the effect of castration on growth. A capon grows
more rapidly and reaches greater size than a rooster, and with

—;,

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Runts—and the Remedy. 239

‘most meat animals skillful castration appears to increase
rather than retard growth.

4. Nutrition, of course, is a prime factor in the question of
runty live stock. The proper nutrition of young stock begins
with the feeding of the pregnant mother. After the animal
is born its proper nutrition involves not only the quantity
of feed, but likewise the palatability, quality, and proper
combination. There must be no interruption of feeding, since
periods of semistarvation, most common in winter, may pre-
vent an animal from reaching its normal size. The question
of feeding live stock includes the very important matter of
watering.

5. Fatigue, exposure, and overcrowding may retard
growth. Physical deformity and certain mental factors,
such as timidity or sluggishness, likewise may interfere with
the ability of an animal to obtain the necessary feed, espe-

cially in competition with other stock that is normal, alert,

and aggressive.

STOP PRODUCING RUNTS

Runts are usually the result of —
Inferior breeding
Inadequate or unsuitable feed
Disease, parasites, and insect pests
Lack of adequate housing and care

To prevent runts—
Use quality stock for breeding
Feed well with suitable feed, especially dur-
ing the natural growing period of early life
Guard against parasites and diseases
Provide comfortable and sanitary housing
Give proper attention, care, and kindness

. : ‘
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A
a
a

QLLING BOLL WEEVILS
. WITH POISON DUST

By. B. R. Coap,
Entomologist, Southern Field Crop Investigations,
Bureau of Entomology.

AN the cotton boll weevil be controlled profitably? If
you are a cotton raiser there is hardly anything you
would rather know. An affirmative answer to the question,
eagerly sought ever since the weevil invaded this country,
has at last been found. The weevil can be controlled by
means of a calcium arsenate dust, if the dust is applied at the
right season, at the right intervals, and in the right way.
This may sound hard, but it isn’t. All it means is that the
job must be done right. It is no good to build a house and
leave the roof off; if you are not going to make a complete
job, it will not pay to start.

The method now recommended by the Department of Ag-
riculture for poisoning the weevils is the outgrowth of a
long series of experiments... The first announcement of suc-
cess in weevil poisoning was made by Prof. Wilmon Newell
and Mr. G. D. Smith as a result of experiments conducted
with powdered lead arsenate in Louisiana during the season
of 1908. The farmers, however, did not adopt this method,
and experiments conducted by the Department of Agricul-
ture during the next few years gave such variable results
that definite recommendations could not be made regarding
it. But as a result of technical experiments by the author in
1913-14, the problem was attacked from a new angle; in new
field tests the poison used and the methods of application were
changed, and striking results were obtained. More ex-

30702°—yBx 1920——_16#* 2941

242 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

haustive studies followed these experiments, and it was found
possible by poisoning to reduce the number of weevils suf-
ficiently to keep them under control. It was also found, how-
ever, that this control usually did not last long after the pois-
oning was stopped, and, furthermore, that the weevils were
merely reduced in number—never exterminated. Applica-
tions of poison made early in the season, with the view of
killing the hibernated individuals and thus preventing their
multiplication, were not profitable, and far better results
were obtained by poisoning later in the season. Apparently
enough weevils survived the early-season treatment to keep
up the infestation. The poisoning period was therefore de-
ferred to a time, later in the season, when the plants are fruit-
ing more heavily and are better able to take advantage of a
short period of protection.

Free Fruiting of Cotton Favors Poisoning.

The cotton plant puts on much more fruit than it can
mature, and about 60 per cent of the squares which are put
on are shed. This shedding varies as the plant develops,
starting with a fairly light shed early in the season and
increasing until it reaches the point where all new fruit is
shed. Up to a certain point, shedding due to boll-weevil
injury merely takes the place of this natural shedding, and
thus a certain amount of weevil activity can be permitted
without any loss of crop.

With these facts in view, the poisoning of the weevils is
begun just before they become abundant enough to offset
this natural shedding of the plant, and is continued long
enough for the cotton plants to put on a crop of bolls and
develop them beyond the danger of weevil injury. Then
poisoning is stopped and the weevils are allowed to multiply
unchecked.

The most serious obstacle to bringing about the general
adoption of such a system of poisoning is the difficulty of
giving explicit instructions regarding the best time for start-
ing and for stopping poisoning. Arbitrary rules can not be
established. Conditions vary from field to field and from
season to season. Probably it will never be possible to give
instructions for poisoning which will not leave much to the

Killing Boll Weevils With Poison Dust. 243

discretion of the individual; but continued use and the adop-
tion of local practices which most nearly fit local conditions
will overcome this drawback in a measure.

Increasing Success with Dusting.

The fact having been established that weevil control was
possible, it became necessary to make it both profitable and
practicable under farming conditions. This has meant devel-
opment of the methods of dusting and improvement of the
material utilized.

From 1915 until 1917 the department’s experiments con-
sisted entirely of small-plat tests of different methods of
poisoning, the results in each case being ascertained by care-
ful comparison with those in plats of unpoisoned cotton.
These experiments resulted in rapid improvement in dusting
methods until uniform gains of from 250 to 1,000 pounds of
seed cotton per acre were obtained from the tests.

The first really practical work on an extensive scale was
undertaken in 1917, when several hundred acres of cotton
on one plantation were poisoned late in the season with
profitable results. This experience led several owners of
large cotton plantations to undertake poisoning work on
their entire properties in 1918, the work being supervised
by experts of the Department of Agriculture. During that
season about 35,000 acres were included in the experimental
work, and the results on the whole were profitable.

Following the success of 1918, the department issued its
first publication on poisoning, which aroused interest among
the farmers in several localities. As a result some 3,000,000
pounds of poison were used for weevil control during the
summer of 1919, the work of the department during that
season involving about 75,000 acres. Again results were
favorable and interest in the poisoning spread rapidly among
cotton growers.

Dust Every Four Days.

In the earlier work poison was applied every seven days,
but it has since been determined that an interval of approxi-
mately four days is much better. As the primary aim in
poisoning is to keep the cotton thoroughly poisoned from the
first application until the weevils are under control, weather-
ing and plant growth make it necessary to repeat the applica-

244 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

tions about every four days. The poison reaches only the adult
weevil and has no effect on the immature stages, protected
as these are within the squares and bolls. These would pro-
duce weevils daily for about two weeks after the first applica-
tion was made, even if no eggs were laid after the first appli-_
cation. When the applications are seven days apart a suffi-
cient number of weevils emerge, escape poisoning, and lay
their eggs to perpetuate the infestation; but by keeping the ~

Cart Duster in Operation in Cotton Field.

This machine will cover about 25 to 30 acres during a night’s operation and
can be allotted from 75 to 100 acres of cotton for the season.

cotton continuously poisoned it is possible not only to kill the
adults present when the first application is made but also
to destroy the majority of their progeny.

It is generally found in the field that about three applica-
tions at the short-time interval of four days will reduce the
number of weevils below the point of danger.

Raise a Cloud of Dust, and Let It Settle.

Any attempt to blow the poison directly onto all portions
of the cotton plant is out of the question. Fortunately, how-
ever, this is neither necessary nor desirable. Technical
studies indicate that most of the weevils are poisoned not
through their feeding but through their habit of drinking
moisture from the surface of the plant. Therefore the

>
4

|
|
.

j

ite

Killing Boll Weevils With Poison Dust. 245

weevils will be killed if the fine powder is caused to settle
on all portions of the cotton plant that may retain moisture,
and this is accomplished by the dust-cloud method of appli-
cation. The poison is blown out in such a manner as to form
a dense cloud of dust, which drifts through the plant and
covers all exposed surfaces.

Night Applications Best.

Practically all poisoning work must be done at night. The
plants are unusually moist at this time and thus retain the
poison better; furthermore, atmospheric conditions at night
are such that the dust cloud will remain over the plants and
settle upon them, whereas during the day it is likely to rise
above them and drift away. On occasional days, of course,
the plants are moist and the air is calm, but as a rule satis-
factory dusting conditions occur only at night.

Use Calcium Arsenate.

At the outset of the work powdered arsenate of lead was
utilized for poisoning. As the grades of this arsenical which
were then standard did not give the requisite degree of weevil
control, an improved grade was prepared. This gave fair
results, but it was still not thoroughly satisfactory.

Calcium arsenate was then tried and was found to be far
more poisonous to the weevil than any form of lead arsenate,
a better material for dusting, and far cheaper. The calcium
arsenate first used, however, burned the cotton plants seri-
ously, owing to the presence of too much water-soluble
arsenic oxid. Improved methods of manufacture have elimi-
nated this difficulty. Calcium arsenate containing different
proportions of total arsenic were tested, and it was found
that the product containing from 40 to 42 per cent total
arsenic pentoxid gave very satisfactory weevil control and
could be made so as not to contain too much water-soluble
arsenic.

It is important that the material have the right physical
properties, especially those which make possible the best dust
cloud with the least possible material. Eventually a material
bulking 80 to 100 cubic inches per pound was selected as
most satisfactory for this work.

246 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Getting a Good Dust.

Prior to 1918 only one manufacturer was producing cal-
cium arsenate, and this in very limited quantities. In 1919
about a dozen more manufacturers undertook its production,
and in 1920 the number was increased to at least 25. Unfor-
tunately, calcium arsenate proved not so easy to manufacture
as Was anticipated; and with so many new producers making
it the quality of the product was naturally exceedingly
variable, especially since it might be unsuitable in three dif-
ferent ways: First, it might contain too much water-soluble
arsenic and thus injure the cotton plant; second, it might not
contain sufficient total arsenic to control the weevil; third, the
physical properties might be such that it could not be satis-
factorily dusted on the cotton plant.

To give the farmers as much protection as possible, all
purchasers of calcium arsenate have been invited to send
samples to the department, at Tallulah, La., for analysis.
More than 2,000 samples have been analyzed, and the farmers
have been advised as to whether their material was sat-
isfactory for use for boll-weevil control. In addition, the
Federal Insecticide and Fungicide Board has devoted con-
siderable attention to sampling the larger shipments of cal-
cium arsenate, and wherever these have been found to be
made up of unsuitable material they have been seized and
condemned. On the whole, this has resulted in a fairly
thorough degree of protection to the farmers, and much
calcium arsenate which could not have been used safely has
been eliminated from the market, although on several oc-
casions unsatisfactory material was used before it was pos-
sible to detect it. It is hoped that this difficulty will soon
cease to exist, and the improved quality of the material sold
during the latter part of the season of 1920 indicates that
the majority of the manufacturers have now had sufficient.
experience in the making of this chemical to turn out a very
satisfactory product. Owing to the rapid development of
this industry, however, the material on the market still re-
quires careful inspection.

Dusting Machines.

Suitable machinery for dusting is highly important. The
original plat tests were conducted with hand “ guns,” but as

Killing Boll Weevils With Poison Dust. 247

soon as practical control work was started it became necessary
to have equipment of larger capacity. The first machines
used were adaptations of types then on the market, but it was
soon found that they were unsatisfactory and it became nec-
essary for the department to organize a mechanical branch.
This was done by the Bureau of Entomology and the Divi-
sion of Rural Engineering of the Bureau of Public Roads
working together.

On account of the large area under treatment at that time,
the first machine developed was a gasoline-power duster. Gas
engines proved unsatisfactory, however, owing to night
operation and the quality of labor available for running
these machines. Another difficulty at that time lay in the
feeding of these machines, for it was found impossible to
dust an acre of cotton with less than about 15 pounds of ma-
terial. Improved feeding devices were therefore developed,
capable of delivering any desired quantity of material per
acre, and thus permitting the use of the desirable dosage of
5 to 7 pounds per acre.

To avoid the use of the gas engine, experimental models of
machines which derive their power from the wheels were
built and found to be very satisfactory. Blue prints showing
all details of construction of a machine of this type were
furnished all interested manufacturers. As a result several
hundred machines of this type were distributed during 1920,
and at present a half dozen or more manufacturers are build-
ing machines based on this design.

Hand guns, on the whole, have proved decidedly unsuited
to extensive weevil-poisoning work. Notwithstanding every
effort to improve existing models, the hand gun has two great
drawbacks—laboriousness of operation and lack of durabil-
ity. Of course such machines will always be of use on very
small areas or where, owing to stumps, roughness of ground,
or other conditions, the operation of a larger machine is im-
possible.

Following the development of the cart duster, the need of
a smaller and cheaper machine became very apparent, and
during the 1920 season the department worked on the devel-
opment of a one-mule type of machine which will meet the
needs of small farmers. It is expected that this machine will
be comparatively cheap and will dust about 50 acres of cotton

248 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

during the season. Experimental models of such a machine
have proved satisfactory, and several manufacturers are be-
coming interested in its construction for the 1921 season.

In addition to these standard types of machines, several
other models are now being developed. For example, at the
suggestion of the department some manufacturers have un-
dertaken the construction of a two-row machine to be carried
on mule back. Other designs include machines modeled
somewhat on the order of the hand gun but carried by two
men; and still ethers will undoubtedly be forthoomaa soon,
as is desirable.

All machines designed and developed by the depasbasnall
engineers have been covered by patents dedicated to the

public. These designs are then available for any manu-_

facturer or individual who cares to utilize them.

The mechanics of the department have also served in an
advisory capacity for manufacturers engaged 1 in the produc-
tion of dusting machines and have assisted in every way pos-
sible in making these designs satisfactory. In the same
manner the farmers have been assisted by advice regarding
the best type of*machines for the conditions under wlsich
each man is trying to poison.

Poisoning Schedules for Each Locality

In the interest of the:best experimental work, all the ear-
ler experiments were conducted in one distrieks the Mis-
sissippi Delta. This was unfortunate in a way, for although
detailed information could be given regarding the poisoning
methods best adapted to that district, these methods do not
necessarily apply in other localities. The work has therefore
been extended as rapidly as possible and substations estab-
lished in many representative districts throughout the cotton
belt. The simultaneous collection of data at many points,
at each of which conditions differ radically from those else-
where, will permit the preparation of schedules for poisoning
more nearly adapted to each locality. At each of these sta-
tions plat tests of weevil control were conducted during the
1920 season, largely with the view of determining the margin
of profit for operation at these different points. It is already
apparent that profitable gains from poisoning may be looked
for in the Alabama black belt, southern Louisiana, eastern
Georgia, and southern South Carolina.

e

Killing Boll Weevils With Poison Dust. 249

Yields of Poisoned and Unpoisoned Cotton.

Above: Dividing line between poisoned and unpoisoned cotton in check-plat
work conducted near Tallulah, La., during the season of 1920. Neither plat
has been picked. The poisoned plat produced over 500 pounds of seed cotton
per acre more than the unpoisoned plat.

Below: Piles of cotton showing difference between yield of poisoned and un-
poisoned cotton in commercial poisoning work in the Mississippi Delta during
1920. This farmer left 3 acres of a 10-acre cut unpoisoned, and the piles were
picked from a quarter acre each of the poisoned and unpoisoned cotton. The
increase of seed cotton per acre due to poisoning was over 900 pounds.

250 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Success and Failure in 1920.

The large-scale poisoning work under the supervision of
the department was still further extended during the sea-
son of 1920, especially to embrace additional districts. Sea-_
sonal conditions made the experiments of that year particu-
larly interesting. The mild winter of 1919-20 permitted
the emergence of an unusually large crop of hibernated
weevils in the spring of 1920. Following this, the excessive
and frequent rains which were almost universal caused a
rapid multiplication of weevils. In addition, the spring of
1920 was so unfavorable to planting that the cotton crop was —
from two to four weeks late. These conditions combined
produced an unusually heavy damage by the weevil, probably
the heaviest in the history of its activity in this country, a
fact which gave large margins for gains from the poisoning
work, though this advantage was more or less offset by the
difficulty of operation in the face of the almost incessant
rains. On the whole, the conditions were decidedly against
poisoning, yet the gains from poisoning were more general
than ever before, and these gains as a rule were larger than
usual.

During this season 10,000,000 or more pounds of calcium
arsenate was sold for cotton dusting. Evidently a large
number of farmers attempted poisoning. Their operations
extended from southern Texas to South Carolina, but only in
separate localities or sections, poisoning being a recent devel-
opment and still unknown to a majority of the cotton
farmers.

Early in the season it became apparent that the suitable
dusting machines would fall far short of the number re-
quired. As a result many farmers bought calcium arsenate
with little or no likelihood of being able to obtain machines
for applying it. Furthermore the shortage of other machines
gave a great opening for the sale of hand guns, which were
available in rather large numbers. The only types of
machines to be had were the hand guns and the large cart
dusters. The latter were selling at from $300 to $500 and
were therefore out of reach of the farmer who planted less
than 100 acres of cotton; consequently many farmers tried
hand guns on entirely too large a scale. Not more than

Killing Boll Weevils With Poison Dust. 251

8 acres of cotton can be treated throughout the season with
a hand gun. Furthermore, owing to the inadequate supply
of labor and the reluctance of plantation hands to operate
these guns for any length of time, it is ordinarily impracti-
cable to use them on more than 25 acres in one organization.
In spite of this, many farmers purchased one hand gun for
40 acres or more of cotton, and in other cases several hand
guns were purchased for very large areas. Naturally, many
failures resulted.

A survey has been made to determine the degree of success
attained by the farmers in the different districts, and also
to determine the cause of the failures. The results are inter-
esting. In many districts success was general, in some a few
individuals succeeded while the rest failed, and in others
weevil poisoning was almost invariably a failure. vd

Reasons for Failure.

A careful scrutiny of the methods of application used
showed that an unfortunately large number of farmers had
in no way approximated the recommended methods. In
many cases they had applied the poison only once, in others
they had tried two applications from a fortnight to a month
apart. Other farmers, with hand guns, attempted to dust
areas so large that it was impossible to cover them, and so
gave it up in disgust. The one saving feature of the situation
was that in practically every case in which recommended
methods of application were used the results were at least
fairly satisfactory.

The failure of many farmers to follow the proper method
in dusting seems to have been due usually to lack of informa-
tion, or at least to lack of correct information. Poisoning,
when done as recommended, is an expensive operation, but
some salesmen have tended to minimize its cost and its diffi-
culties. For instance, if the salesman had an idea that the
farmer would not try poisoning if told that it would be nec-
essary for him to make three or more applications, he would
affirm that one application would control the weevil. If the
farmer showed disinclination to buy mere than one hand gun
he was often informed that this would quite suffice for treat-
ing whatever area he had in cotton, whether 10 acres or 50
acres.

252 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

These conditions, of course, will be remedied rapidly, but —
unfortunately they have served unwarrantably to discourage
many men and undoubtedly have led to a number of losses.
Fortunately the smaller machine adapted for the small
farmer will be available for use in a short time, so that it will —
no longer be necessary for him to depend upon hand guns.

Many failures were evidently caused by the use of unsuit-
able calcium arsenate. In some cases the total arsenic con-
tent was so low that it would not kill enough weevils to
secure control. Furthermore, a considerable quantity of cal-
cium arsenate sold to the farmers was sandy or granular, not
ground finely enough, so that instead of drifting through

and remaining on the cotton plants it failed to adhere and —

fell to the ground. With such material it was almost im-
possible to secure any weevil control.

One important cause of failure is carelessness of opera-
tion. All publications on weevil poisoning have thoroughly
explained the fact that the operation is useless unless thor-
oughly done; and since the method is so entirely new to the
laborer, it is futile to hope for satisfactory results from equip-
ment turned over to tenants for operation without any in-
struction or supervision.

Some farmers, having made one or two applications of
poison 6n the cotton and, upon examination, finding live
weevils still present, have become discouraged, inferring that
the work was useless, and have discontinued it. No matter
how poisoning is conducted, it is always possible to find live
weevils in the field, and their presence in no way precludes
obtaining a full crop of cotton and a very good ay from
the poisoning operations.

Do it Right or Not at All.

To recapitulate, the results of poisoning in 1920 were ex-
ceedingly variable. While there were many failures, there
were many more successes, and on the whole the experience
of the season showed more plainly than ever that it is pos-
sible to control the weevil if the work is done properly. It
emphasizes the repeated advice of the department, “Do it
right or not at all.”

—

— a a

eGulls-e ff

following «plow
icking u

Pifalea Coe:

By W. L. McATEEr,

Assistant Biologist in Economic Ornithology,
Bureau of Biological Survey.

IRDS hunting insects and worms in an orchard may
not buzz so much as the proverbial bee, but just the same
they are mighty bisy. One who has seen them at it during
the season when they are rearing their young can have no
doubt about their being a great help to the orchardist.
They are active everywhere: flickers, blackbirds, robins, and
thrashers seek their insect prey on or near the ground; wood-
peckers, nuthatches, titmice, and chickadees closely search the
trunks and limbs of trees; vireos and warblers scan the leaves
and probe the flowers; and flycatchers and swallows sweep
their prey from the air itself. Every few minutes all day
long the hungry young must be fed; and that they are well
fed their rapid growth attests. The quantity of insects they
and their parents consume is enormous. Not only orchards
benefit by the good work of birds, but gardens, berry patches,
and plowed and newly sown fields as well. While fields
actually grown to tall crops are less freely visited, all crops
are helped to some extent, and practically every farm pest
has its bird enemies.
To learn exactly how and to what extent birds are aids to
agriculture, horticulture, and forestry, the Biological Survey
has been making a scientific study of their food habits ever

y 253

254 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 192

since its establishment in 1885. Its investigations are carried
on in both the field and laboratory. All that can be learned
out of doors by direct observation and by study of the avail-

MONTHLY

AVERAGE
Y YY YW, 7 Ss = W)

Yy
Yy

a

IM

WV \\
NN NS \\

VECETASLE FOOD

bias eisH oe

B945M; B796M
How the Feeding Habits of Birds are Studied.

The stomach content, the tale of what the bird eats, is analyzed under the
binocular microscope in the laboratory, other equipment of which includes
stomach-analysis cards, filter, dissecting instruments, containers, and other
paraphernalia as shown in the upper picture. From the 80,000 cards now on
file in the Biological Survey, each representing the analysis of one bird stom-
ach, it is possible to chart the food of any species investigated. The lower
picture is such a chart of the monthly and average annual food of the common
crow. The relative proportions are seen at a glance.

able food supply is valuable, but there is a surer way of find-
ing out what a bird eats, namely, to look into its stomach.
It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the nature of the
food and feeding habits of birds is such that it is impos-

e

aw
aa

be

Farm Help From the Birds. 255

sible to arrive at definite results by direct observation. On
the other hand, the examination in the laboratory of the con-
tents of the stomach gives information that is definite, exact,
and indisputable.

In the laboratory of the Biological Survey, the method of
examining the stomach content of a bird consists of washing
all material into a white-lined tray, separating the larger
particles on white blotters, catching the more finely ground
food on a bolting cloth, transferring this to blotters, and
finally identifying the component parts of the whole under
a microscope. Identification is facilitated by comparison
with collections of seeds, fruits, insects, snails, and bones
of birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, in fact of all
classes of objects eaten by birds. <A card prepared for each
stomach contains a full inventory of food items and their
relative percentages by bulk, and when a sufficient number
of these index cards have been accumulated for any species
of bird, the percentages of the principal items of food for
each month are calculated, and the average for the season or
year istaken. These are the figures quoted in official reports
on the food of birds.

From the percentages and the economic value of the food
items, the utility of a bird can be closely estimated. The
Biological Survey is then able to recommend how it should
be treated. Exhaustive accounts of the economic relations
of more than 200 species of American birds have been pub-
lished by the Survey, and some description given of the
status of no fewer than 500 species.

In the United States are found more than 800 distinct
kinds of birds of 69 families, of which 20 families are classed
as waterfowl, 7 as shorebirds, 4 as upland game birds, 5
as birds of prey, and 33 as land birds. In general, the
smaller land birds are of greatest interest to the farmer and
orchardist. Of the larger birds, however, the upland game
birds, the hawks, and the owls deserve notice.

Upland Game Birds.

The upland game birds comprise such familiar groups as
the quail, grouse, ptarmigan, wild turkeys, wild pigeons, and
doves. The last two, while usually harmless, sometimes dam-
age crops to an extent which requires that they be controlled,

256 Jearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

and economically they deserve less consideration than the
turkey, quail, and grouse. These three kinds of birds have
feeding habits which are helpful to agriculture. .They may
be hunted, but their numbers should not be reduced below —
the normal population for each type of country.

Birds of Prey.

The birds of prey include the carrion-feeding vultures, the ©
fiercely rapacious hawks and eagles, the fish-loving osprey,
and owls of various habits. The vultures, of which our fa-
miliar black and turkey buzzards are examples, are carrion
feeders and will disappear from communities where all
offal is properly disposed of, but in some localities they have
still plenty of work to do. The charge that they are instru-
mental in distributing hog cholera and other live-stock dis-
eases is based chiefly on suspicion. It is not true that they
disseminate the germs of these diseases in their droppings,
and the fact seems to be that buzzards, if a factor in spread-
ing stock ills, are a minor one.

Hawks and owls, though not closely related, may be con-
sidered together on account of the similarity of their feed-
ing habits. Feeding chiefly upon living animals smaller
than themselves, naturally they sometimes prey upon some
of the domesticated kinds, particularly poultry. This has
given them a bad reputation with farmers, so long estab-
lished as to amount to traditional prejudice. Scientific in-
vestigation of their habits shows that only a few species of
hawks and only one owl feed chiefly, or even largely, upon
birds, and therefore to any great extent upon poultry. The
birds of prey regarded as chiefly injurious include the
sharp-shinned, Cooper, and duck hawks, the goshawk, and
the great horned owl. The bird hawks fly swiftly over trees —
and bushes and make sudden darts upon their prey, and
from this behavior and their color, three of the species are
often known as blue darters. The chiefly beneficial hawks
differ in flight from the darting hawks, either soaring at a
considerable height or hovering over places where they are
seeking prey. The great horned owl, which, like most of its
relatives, feeds at night, gets only poultry that is improperly
exposed, and when prevented from doing this, its habits are
largely beneficial.

Farm Help From the Birds. 257
Useful Hawks and Owls.

' The remaining species of hawks and owls, more than 50
in all, have useful habits. They feed on a great variety of
rodents and have a tremendous effect in controlling the num-
bers of these pests.
Their staple food

86775;
B799M

The Barn Owl
and Its Food.
A, Barn owls
in their roost;
B, barn-owl pel-
lets, rolled up
5 from the indi-
gestible portion of the food and ejected; C, contents of 592 pellets investi-
gated—1,058 skulls of pocket gophers, rats, and mice. Most owls are valuable
aids to the farmer in their destruction of numerous harmful small animals.

consists for the most part of meadow mice, but it includes

also many other destructive rodents, such as rabbits, ground

squirrels, prairie dogs, pocket gophers, and house rats and

mice. The barn owl is one of the most useful of the birds of

this group. Its food is easily studied by examination of the
30702°—xBx 1920-——17 + 18**

258 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

pellets, made of the hair and bones of its victims, which ac-
cumulate about its roost. These indigestibles are ejected
habitually by all birds of prey, but are scattered too widely
for collection and study except by species having restricted
roosting sites. In 675 barn-owl pellets collected in Wash-
ington, D. C., were found the remains of 1,119 meadow
mice, 452 house mice, and 134 house
rats, together with a sufficient number
of other small mammals to make an

B789M; B798M

The Woodpecker and Its Helpful Work.

A, Hairy woodpecker, one of the 24 species of birds of this large family,
most of which are highly beneficial (photo by C. F. Stone); B, example of
work of woodpeckers—their bills are specially fitted to dig out wood-boring
larve from deep in the trees.

average of almost three to the pellet, and probably to the
meal. In 592 pellets collected in California there were found
skulls and other traces of 261 pocket gophers, 74 field mice,
184 pocket mice, 144 deer mice, 50 harvest mice, 230 kangaroo
rats, and 215 house mice. These items make it clear that the
barn owl is constantly doing work of great value to agricul-
ture. Its services are typical of those of hawks and owls in
general. Owls as a group have long been persecuted by
man, but never has persecution been more unjust. The
hawks and owls are not the only sufferers, however, for
when their numbers are greatly reduced in any community,

eh 20 on eee ed ae ee ee

hil

ae

ny

Ge Chigt pew

aiken sail

Farm ILelp From the Birds. 259

farmers will be forcibly reminded of the fact by a great in-
erease in the number of destructive rodents.

Cuckoos and Woodpeckers.

While many of the birds of prey, game birds, and wild
fowl have distinct economic value, we must turn to the
characteristic land birds to find whole families that are almost
uniformly beneficial and for large numbers of species prac-
tically perfect from the economic point of view. Among
the most praiseworthy birds are the cuckoos. The most
widely distributed species, the yellow-billed and black-billed
cuckoos, usually keep out of sight, but are well known by
their strange notes, which have earned them the name “ rain
crow.” The cuckoos feed very largely on caterpillars, and
subsist to a larger extent than most of our birds on the hairy
and spiny kinds. One stomach contained 250 tent cater-
pillars and another 217 fall web-worms. The cuckoos are
fond also of grasshoppers, sawfly larve, plant bugs, and
other injurious insects.

The large and important woodpecker family includes 24
species in the United States, most of them highly beneficial.
They are the chief defenders of trees against insect attack,
most of them being specialized to feed upon wood-boring
larvee, pests preyed upon by few other birds. From a third
to two-thirds of the entire food of several species consists
of wood-boring insects. From 10 to 80 per cent of the annual
diet of various species is made up of ants, which are almost
uniformly injurious. The flickers, or “ yellow-hammers,”
especially are assiduous destroyers of ants, one of these birds
being known to have taken more than 5,000 at a single meal.

Nighthawks and Hummingbirds.

A group of birds, which, though diverse in appearance,
are related in essential characters, includes the chuck-will’s-
widows, whip-poor-wills, poor-wills, nighthawks, swifts, and
hummingbirds. All are almost strictly insect eaters and
consequently beneficial. The larger ones feed extensively
upon leaf-chafers, the larve of which, including the well-
known white grubs, are very destructive. The nighthawks

260 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

take considerable of the same sort of food, but, in common
with the swifts, capture a great variety of small insects,
more than 50 different kinds having been found in single
stomachs, represented in some cases by thousands of in-
dividuals. The hummingbirds devour minute insects which
they find in flowers or catch on the wing, and do not subsist
to so large an extent as ordinarily supposed upon the nectar
of flowers.

B989M
The Nighthawk, an Extremely Valuable Insect Destroyer.

This bird, often wantonly shot, scoops its prey out of the air, and more than
50 different kinds of insects, representing thousands of individuals, have
been found in single stomachs. (Photograph by Lewis IF. Hall.)

Flycatchers.

One of our families of birds gets its popular name “ fly-
‘atcher ” from the insect-eating nature of its species, 31 of
which live in the United States, including such birds as the
spectacular scissor-tail, the bold, dashing kingbird, and the
more quiet and domestic phoebe. On the average, 95 per cent
of the food of these birds has been found to consist of in-
sects. The rose-chafer, a species not only destructive to
vegetation, but known to be poisonous to chickens and
pheasants, is freely eaten by the kingbird. Several fly-
catchers have the reputation of eating hive bees to an in-
jurious extent, but it has been shown that they take mostly
drones, and furthermore, that they eat enough enemies of
bees, as robberflies, to pay for all the domestic bees they take.

Farm Help From the Birds. 261
Jays, Crows, and Ravens.

The jays, crows, and ravens have always been severely

_ eriticized, and it must be admitted that on the whole the

criticism is justified. About the best that can be said for

birds of this family is that on the average they do about as -

much good as harm. It would seem a good policy to accord
them the same treatment long given the common crow—the
crow is not especially persecuted, neither is it protected.
Thus while the birds are allowed to exist in reasonable num-
bers for the sake of the good they do, the way is left open for
aggressive measures against them when necessary. In the
case of this family, as of all destructive birds, damage
usually is the result of overabundance.

Blackbirds.

_ The damage done by the blackbirds is conspicuously the
result of over-population. One of the most characteristic hab-
its of these birds is flocking, and some of their gatherings are
enormous. In their winter home along the Gulf coast flocks
of blackbirds at a distance look like great clouds or rolling
balls of dense smoke. Fortunately, at the time these birds
are assembled in these armies there is nothing for them to
damage, and their flocks are much smaller at the season when
grain from the milk stage to maturity is exposed to their
attack. Nevertheless, the damage sometimes is serious, and
protection of these species is not recommended. In the same
family with the blackbirds, however, are such birds as orioles
and meadowlarks, and these do much more good than harm.

Sparrows.
p

The great sparrow family, comprising almost a hundred
species in the United States, as a whole shows a good eco-
nomic record. The introduced English sparrow, usually a
nuisance and often injurious, is, it must be remembered, but
one of this large family, and its habits are by no means
characteristic of the native species. The sparrows, or finches,
are essentially seed eaters, but they consume also a fair pro-
portion of insects, and in general must be regarded as bene-
ficial. Certain species at times take too many buds, and a
few others occasionally damage grain, but these practices are
exceptions which may be met by local control.

262 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Other Insect Eaters.

The tanagers and swallows are almost exclusively bene-
ficial, the latter especially being tireless destroyers of a
great variety of insects. They course systematically over

BEM
B723M

Caring for the Brood.

Upper view, robin on
nest—a bird universally
known and almost every-
where beloved, sometimes
too attentive to culti-
vated fruits. (Photo-
graph by F. A. Kinsey.)

Lower view, tree swal-
low at nest box, bringing a cranberry moth to its young (photograph by E. H.
Forbush) ; swallows are tireless destroyers of a great variety of injurious
insects.

tr eee aS

fields and gardens, over land and water, and gather up un-
told numbers of the small pests that are a constant menace to
our comfort and prosperity.

If soft plumage and harmonious colors were the criteria
of bird worth, the cedar waxwing would stand near the top.
Economically, however, it is in the doubtful, even the very
doubtful, class. It is too fond of flowers, buds, and fruits,
especially cherries, and it consorts in such large flocks while

~

Farm [Help From the Birds. 263

gratifying these tastes that the interests of mankind suffer
considerably.

The butcher birds, or shrikes, which have the curious habit
of hanging part of their prey upon thorns, in crotches, or in
other suitable places, destroy some other birds, but on the
whole are beneficial.

About 10 kinds of the smooth green-coated vireos and 55
kinds of warblers of varied and brilliant but neat plumages
constitute the especial guardians of the foliage of our trees.
All day long these little birds are scanning twig and branch
and limb, snapping up the caterpillars, scale insects, plant
lice, and the like, which collectively are so great a drain upon
the vitality of arboreal vegetation. There are millions of
warblers and vireos in North America, and the aggregate
destruction of insects by them is beyond conception.

Allied in service to the warblers are the bark-climbing
creepers, the industrious and inquisitive nuthatches, the rest-
less and active chickadees and titmice, and the tree-scanning
kinglets and gnatcatchers, of which groups there are in the
United States more than 25 species. They either pursue
their prey chiefly among foliage, as do the warblers, or sup-
plement this work by seeking insects on the bark of trees and
in crevices and cavities everywhere. Some of the smaller of
these birds are especially meritorious for their destruction
of the eggs of insects.

Mockingbirds, catbirds, and thrashers are distinguished
by unusual ability as songsters. Economically considered,
all are rather too fond of cultivated fruits, but as a rule they
do more good than harm, and experience shows that despite
the damage they inflict these birds are usually desired in the
vicinity of homes and even invited there for the sake of their
songs.

Closely related to the mockers and thrashers are the wrens,
of which we have 11 species. These little birds are inces-
santly active, tireless, and good singers, almost wholly insec-
tivorous, and consequently beneficial toa high degree. About
the only complaint made against them is that the familiar
house ‘wren interferes with the nests and eggs of other birds.

Only one family of small land birds remains to be men-
tioned, namely, that including the thrushes, robins, and blue-
birds. The thrushes are characteristic woodland species, and

264 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

while not of great economic importance are for the most
part commendable in their relation to man. Robins and
bluebirds are the most familiar species about our homes, and
so beloved are they that they are almost immune from perse-
cution. The bluebirds strictly deserve this high considera-
tion, but the robins take a large toll from cultivated fruits,
and probably are too numerous in many localities.

Combined Attacks on Insect Pests.

To understand the economic value of birds, not only
must the feeding habits of species and families be known,
but also the collective effect of birds upon pests and crops.
Most of their damage results from local over-abundance
either of one species or of a number of species of similar
feeding habits, and it is inflicted chiefly upon fruit and
grain crops. The produce of small numbers of fruit trees
especially is liable to severe damage where there is an
abundance of fruit-eating birds. In orchards of commer-
cial size damage is less often noticed. Preventive measures
are of some avail; but aggressive action is sometimes nec-
essary against birds that persistently destroy fruit crops
or grain. Grain fields are not often severely damaged by
birds under modern conditions, except on lands near breed-
ing grounds of bird colonies, populous roosts, or in the
migration route of gregarious species. The blackbirds are
the most notorious offenders in this respect, and flocks of
them at times are so large that it seems there must be a
blackbird for every plant in the grain field.

If birds by their united effort are potent to accomplish
great harm, they are for the same reason able to do great
good in the destruction of insect pests. Fortunately, many
more species are helpful than harmful. Unusual outbreaks
of pests upon which birds can feed are always attended by
gatherings of the bird clans. In no instance has this been
more evident than in the field-mouse plague which occurred
in the Humboldt River region, Nevada, in 1907-8, during
which the damage to crops was placed at $250,000 in a season.
Gulls, hawks, and owls flocked to the scene, and all birds
able to live upon mice practically took no other food.
The birds, it was estimated, destroyed about 900,000 of these
field mice each month.

~%

Farm Help From the Birds. 265

The way in which birds concentrate when an ‘outbreak of
an injurious insect occurs is illustrated in the.case of the
alfalfa weevil, a destructive pest accidentally introduced into
the region about Great Salt Lake. In two summers’ investi-
gations in Utah 45 species of birds were found to attack
the weevil. The killdeer was one of the most active of these,

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One Meal of a Brewer Blackbird.

The graphic record of a single bird for destruction of alfalfa weevils. These
injurious insects formed 96 per cent of the food of this individual and num-
bered 442, chiefly in the larval stage; three adult weevils and remains of other
insects in the stomach are shown at the bottom of the picture.

making alfalfa weevils a third of its food during part of the
summer; one stomach contained no fewer than 383 indi-
viduals, 376 in the larval stage. The record for numbers—
442 in one stomach—was held by the Brewer blackbird, an
abundant species in Utah. A surprising discovery was that
as a species the English sparrow was the most effective
enemy of this insect; alfalfa weevils formed about a third
of the food upon which its young were reared, and it was
estimated that the number fed to growing English sparrows
on a typical Utah farm was about 500,000. To this must be
added the number eaten by the adult sparrows, which made

266 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

of them about a fifth of their food. Most of the common
birds of northeastern Utah were depending upon alfalfa
weevils for almost a sixth of their entire food, and the de- —
struction of these pests by this warfare is almost beyond
conception.

The good work of birds in preying upon another weeyil |
pest, the cotton boll weevil, must not be overlooked. Sixty-
six kinds of birds are known to feed upon this formidable
cotton destroyer, probably the most effective being the orioles,
which actually remove the boll weevils from the place where
damage begins—that is, the squares, or flower buds, of the
cotton plants—and the swallows, which feed upon the weevils
when in flight and seeking to extend their range. No fewer
than 41 boll weevils were found in a single stomach of the

Bullock oriole, and large numbers are habitually taken by _

all species of swallows; every one of a series of 35 eaves”
swallows had eaten them, the largest number in any stomach
being 48, and the average 19.

Another serious agricultural pest that is freely eaten by
birds is the wheat aphis, or green bug. On a 200-acre farm
in North Carolina, where wheat, rye, and oats were severely
attacked by green bugs, it was found that birds were very
effective in destroying the pests. The outbreak was at its
height during the migration season of such birds as the gold-
finch and the vesper and chipping sparrows, which with
other species on the farm numbered more than 3,000 individ-
uals, It was found that these birds were destroying green
bugs at the rate of nearly a million a day, and on days when
additional flocks of migrants were present this destruction
was doubled. During the season such numbers of birds
flocked to the grain fields that the aphis infestation was re-
duced by an incalculable number.

A classic instance of the concentration of bird attack upon
an army of insect invaders occurred during the severe out-
breaks of the Rocky Mountain locusts between 1865 and 1877.
So numerous were these voracious pests that many places
visited by them were denuded of every green thing. A thor-
ough investigation was made of the relation of birds to the
outbreak, and it was found that practically every species,
from the largest birds of prey to the tiny hummingbirds,

Farm Help From the Birds. 267

from ducks and other aquatic fowl to typical bird denizens
of the dry plains, turned to feeding upon locusts. In fact,
most birds gorged themselves with this abundant supply of
food, and in so doing were the means in numerous cases of
saving crops from destruction.

Terrific Daily Warfare.

Conspicuous and important as are the activities of birds in
gathering at the scene and taking part in the suppression
of insect outbreaks, probably their every-day services in con-
suming insects of all kinds, thus holding down the whole
tide of insect life, are of greater significance. No one who
has observed the ceaseless activity of birds in feeding their
young can doubt that the destruction of insects in this way is
enormous. The house wren brings food to its young about
once every two minutes all day long. Not many birds equal
this record, but the average rate probably is one feeding to
every 5 to 8 minutes. When one watches the parent birds
hurrying out to forage, returning with a beak or mouth and
gullet full of insects for the nestlings, and repeating this
process every few minutes—when he observes that all the
birds about are engaged in the same business, scouring
ground, grass, trunks, branches, and foliage, the wonder is
that any insects escape. Only their marvelous powers of re-
production enable them to survive this terrific warfare.

Not only at the nesting season but all through the year
birds carry on an intense predatory campaign against the
insect hosts. Hardly an agricultural pest exists but has
numerous effective bird enemies. For instance, 25 kinds of
birds are known to feed upon the clover weevil, and a like
number on the potato beetle, 36 on the codling moth, 46 on
the gipsy moth, 49 on horseflies, 67 on billbugs, 85 on
clover-root borers, 98 on cutworms, 120 on leaf hoppers, and
168 on wireworms. These are but illustrations of the pre-
vailing. beneficial activities of birds; the list might be ex-
tended indefinitely.

The usefulness of birds in their destruction of crop pests,
especially by concerted action in such cases, makes the subject
of the total value of birds to the country very interesting.
One of the principal factors for arriving at a valuation of

268 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

these services is the number of birds in the country. All
bird enumerations agree in setting two birds per acre as the
average for at least the eastern half of the United States.
On parts of this area many more are present, the number
varying to a maximum of 59 pairs to the acre, and in part,
at least, making up for the admittedly smaller number of
birds in the West. On this basis, it is probable that there
are 3,800,000,000 breeding birds in the United States, most
of which are more or less insectivorous. Without doubt an
equal number of migrants pass through the United States
to their breeding grounds in the vast expanses of the Do-
minion of Canada and Alaska. On their northward and
return journeys together, therefore, they spend on the aver-
age two months apiece in the United States. This means an
effective augmentation of our insect-eating birds by a third.
The total number of birds that prey upon our crop pests each
season, therefore, probably is more than 4,500,000,000. In
addition, all the native breeding birds rear one or more
broods of young, which during the period of their growth
consume an enormous quantity of insects. The size alone of
this feathered army is beyond real conception, but since
each individual in it may destroy a hundred or even many
hundreds of insects daily, how enormously more difficult to
realize is the total destruction of the insects and other
animals making up their food. The great value of this sery-
ice in terms of crop improvement demands that the people
of the United States constantly bear in mind the welfare of
their bird allies.

Our Attitude Toward the Birds.

The subject of bird protection has received great. atten-
tion in the United States, and as the result of proof by the
Biological Survey of the value of birds and of prolonged
campaigning for bird protection by the American Ornithol-
ogists’ Union and the National Association of Audubon
Societies, the American Ornithologists’ Union model law for
the protection of birds has been adopted by 40 of the 48
States of the Union. The migratory-bird treaty act, put-
ting into force a treaty with Great Britain for the protec-
tion of migratory birds, supplements and reenforces the State
legislation. So far as desirable laws are concerned, the
United States leads the world in bird protection.

Pr are ee) ere Sa

Sat et a A eG, Ope Pte 4S

Farm Help From the Birds. 269

It remains only for public opinion to back the law at every
point, and for citizens to put into effect every practicable
measure for the increase and conservation of bird life. Ex-
perience has shown that efforts to attract birds and increase
their numbers are rewarded by very encouraging results.
The essentials of bird attraction are the suppression of ene-
mies and the provision of water, food, and nesting sites.
From the normal number of one pair of birds to the acre
under natural conditions, bird-attraction methods' have in-

;

NEv.

S.DAK

Yyy
Yip

C797M

Spread of Sentiment for Protecting Birds.

The shaded area shows the States that have adopted the American Orni-
thologists’ Union model law for the protection of birds.

creased the number in certain areas to 10, 27, 40, and even
59 pairs. Areas inhabited by so large bird populations are
practically immune from the destructiveness of insects.

Aside from the economic advantage of an increased num-
ber of birds, the esthetic phase of bird attraction must not
be overlooked. Nearly every one enjoys watching birds.
Birds typify life, beauty, and sprightly activity, and the
songs of many of them are a source of great pleasure. Their
presence in numbers means increase in all these forms of
enjoyment.

Material increase in the numbers of birds admittedly is
a two-sided problem: Some birds of negative value should

1 Publications giving details of methods of attracting birds may be obtained
upon application to the Department of Agriculture.

270 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

not be increased, while others, not now noticeably destruc-
tive, may become so when they are more abundant. On
the other hand, there is no doubt that the majority of birds
are more beneficial than injurious and that by increasing
their numbers we shall do

ourselves and our country a

valuable service.

Bs05M; BEsIM
B725M

Means of Attracting Birds.

Bird baths or drinking fountains, food, and nesting sites are the essentials
for increasing the numbers of birds in a locality. Areas inhabited by large
numbers of birds are practically immune from the ravages of insects. (Upper
photos by F, E. Barker and Carl Purple, respectively ; lower, by bb. H. Forbush.)

~ ar

5, HELPING LANDLESS FARMERS ____
: TO OWN FARMS _—

By. C. 'GRAy.
Economist in Charge of Land Economics.

P TO about 30 years ago the man who desired to become

the owner of a farm could still obtain land of good
quality by homesteading. By 1890, however, good free lan«l
in humid regions was becoming scarce. After that some
good farm land formerly held in Indian reservations was
opened to settlement. The opening of Oklahoma in 1888 and
subsequently was the most notable instance, and the scramble
for land was a striking indication of how scarce good free
land had become. Following 1900 the land available for
homesteading consisted largely of dry-farming land. At
the present time there is practically no land suitable for
ordinary farming to be acquired by homesteading. Semiarid
lands adapted only to grazing, or to grazing with some inci-
dental cropping in favored spots, is all that remains of the
opportunity to obtain free land.

Farms Cost a Fortune.

For some time after 1890 it was possible to purchase good
farm land at nominal cost from the States, railways, or other
large holders of land, as well as from individual landowners.
In the past 20 years, however, a veritable revolution in land
values has practically eliminated purchase as an easy method
of becoming the owner of a good farm. In 1900 the average
value per acre of farm land and improvements was $19.81.
It doubled during the next decade. And it is estimated that
since 1910 the increase has been nearly threefold, so that in

271

272 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

1920 the estimated value per acre of land and improvements
was $99.24. The changes since 1850 in the average value of
land in the United States are shown in figure 1.

Considering the large areas of poor land included in farms,
the average of practically $100 an acre for all the farms of
the United States means that really good farm land is valued
at $200 an acre and upward. Perhaps there are few districts
where such land does not sell for from $200 to $500 an acre.
At $300 an acre a 160-acre farm involves an investment of

DOLLAR
PER
ACRE

S|) AVERAGE VALUE IN DOLLARS PER ACRE

10

i GG
*BASED ON DATA OBTAINED FROM BUREAU OF CROP ESTIMATES
LANO VALUE DATA FROM THE 1920 CENSUS 1S NOT YET AVAILABLE

Land Values.

I'ic. 1.—Changes in average value of land in United States, 1850-1920,

nearly $50,000, in addition to the capital needed for operation.
In short, the ownership of a good farm and its equipment
involves a considerable fortune.

How Difficult Is It for the Landless to Become Farm
Owners?

In the past there has been a constant movement of tenants
into the class of farm owners. The door of opportunity
has been kept open. (See fig. 2.) Having in mind the radi-
cal change in land values pointed out above, we may well
ask, What are the present opportunities for tenants and
other landless farmers, as well as for various land-hungry
city people with small capital, to become farm owners, and
what can be done to make easier the process of climbing the
agricultural ladder to farm ownership? This is one of a

S Rede el GN PR VAT gale om

Loy te I icf

he

Helping Landless Farmers to Own Farms. 273

number of problems important to the future progress of
American agriculture being systematically studied by the

OWNERS

PERCENTAGE OF FARMERS IN EACH AGE GROUP
1910, 1900 AND 1890
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Farm Owners.

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to age.
recently established Division of Land Economics in the Office

of Farm Management and Farm Economics.
30702°—yBxK 1920——-18

274 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Broadly speaking, the would-be farmer may choose
between two kinds of farming—pioneer or self-sufficiency
farming and commercial farming. The former requires

but little initial capital, for the land is usually cheap and

can be bought on very easy terms, while the equipment
usually employed in the first few years after settlement
is not extensive. Probably from $1,500 to $3,000 may be con-
sidered as the amount necessary to begin to be a landowning
pioneer farmer in these days of high prices, although some
farmers make a start on less by spending a good deal of time
working for others. While this kind of farming requires but
a comparatively small initial investment it usually promises
also but small money returns for a number of years.

If the farmer does not make too serious mistakes in
selecting and purchasing the land and in the methods of
improving it, he may expect to make a living, not in-
frequently attended by considerable hardships and priva-
tions, and to have the opportunity of investing his surplus
labor in the gradual improvement of the farm. In course
of time, moreover, he may benefit more or less from the
gradual upbuilding of the community.

Becoming a farmer in regions of commercial agriculture
involves the advantage of a considerable money income from
the farm even in the first years. Generally, although not
everywhere, commercial farming is carried on in com-
munities in which there are advantages of developed roads
and other forms of communication, schools, churches, and
neighborhood social life. To offset these advantages the
financial demands on the new farmer are likely to be greater
both for initial capital required and for annual expenses
for operation.

How Much Capital?

The amount of capital required for commercial farming
varies greatly according to type of farming, section of the
country, quality of the land, and size of farms. For some
kinds of “specialty” farming such as trucking and poultry
raising, comparatively little land may be required. How-
ever, this is offset somewhat by the relatively large expense
for improvements and equipment. Moreover, the market for

.’

Helping Landless Farmers to Own Farms. 275

many agricultural specialties is comparatively narrow and
easily glutted, so that such types of farming can not be ex-
pected to provide opportunity for a large number of new
farmers.

One can, of course, reduce the amount of capital required
for general farming by purchasing a farm smaller than the
prevailing size in the community, but this is ‘ordinarily
hazardous, because the farm may not be large enough for
efficiency. One way out of the difficulty is to buy a small im-
proved farm and rent additional land from neighbors until
sufficient capital is available to purchase more land. Many
indications point to this as an advantageous arrangement for
the man of small capital.

In the South and east of the Alleghanies in the North,
land suitable for commercial agriculture is, generally speak-
ing, cheaper than in the North Central States. The same is
true of the great area of dry-farming lands stretching from
about the 97th meridian to the Rocky Mountains. In the
irrigated districts of the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast
regions, as well as in the humid areas of these regions, land
is comparatively high in value.

In the choicer sections of the corn belt and in the dairy
regions of southern Wisconsin and Minnesota, a farm of
normal size represents a total investment of from $50,000 to
$100,000. The investment in the better farms of the winter
wheat and spring wheat belts ranges from $30,000 to $50,000.
An apple orchard of normal size in western New York in-
volves a capital of $25,000 to $30,000. In the cotton belt
farms of average size operated by owners represent an in-
vestment of $5,000 to $15,000. Many small poultry and truck
farms in the North Atlantic States involve a capital of less
than $5,000.

These few representative figures will make it easier to
appreciate what the tenant or other landless farmer must
undertake when he sets out to buy a farm, for in most cases
he must buy it if he wants to own a farm. Some tenants, of
course, may be expected to become farm owners by inherit-
ance, gift, or marriage, but such data as are available in-
dicate that the number is small in proportion either to the
total number of tenants or to the total number of farms to
be acquired.

276 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Will the Farm Income Help Pay for the Farm?

What then are some of the conditions that affect the
chances of tenants and other landless persons to purchase
farms? The first important condition is the relationship of
the income of the farm to the value of the land. In many
sections of the United States the value of farm land has risen
so high that the annual return is a very small percentage of
the total value—much smaller than the ordinary return on
sound investments such as bonds or first mortgages. This is
true whether the return is in the form of cash rent or in the
form of profits attributable to the use of the land by the
owner after paying expenses and allowing a fair return for
interest on other capital and for the owner’s time.

Let us take cash rent for example, for share rent usually
involves return to the owner for contributing supervision
and sharing the risk of price changes and poor crops, as well
as for supplying the use of the land. Numerous surveys show
that the cash rent of farm land is not more than from 2 to 3
per cent of the value of the land in the great majority of
areas in the corn belt. In a recent study of farm-land values
in Iowa it was found that the average return in a very favor-
able year for the land operated by landowners was only 3.5.
per cent, and this included return for the risk involved in
farming.

This condition is attributed to a number of causes, one of
the most important of which is the fact that land has been
rising rapidly for the past quarter of a century and men buy
land not only as an investment but also as a speculation, pay-
ing something more than the investment value because of
the expected increase in value. Other reasons for the rela-
tively high value of farm land as compared with its annual
earning power are the tendency for many farmers and re-
tired farmers to invest in land without considering the rela-
tive advantages of other methods of investment, also the fact
that the farm yields benefits and satisfactions as a home, as
well as a money income.

To what extent this condition is general throughout the
United States it is difficult at present to say. The Division
of Land Economies is engaged in assembling comprehensive
information on this point, for it is recognized that the point

* =

Helping Landless Farmers to Own Farms. 277

is vital. When farmers must pay from 6 per cent to 10 per
cent for borrowed money to buy land that will yield only
3 per cent it is obvious that the problem of buying a farm
largely on credit to be repaid out of the proceeds of farming
becomes exceedingly difficult. The tenant who can rent land
for 2 per cent of its value is discouraged from purchasing
when his own or borrowed money is worth 6 per cent or
more, and he is inclined to leave the field to the speculator
who can afford to consider the future increase in value as
well as the present return. If we are to reduce to an im-
portant extent the present high percentage of tenant farmers,
we must know more about the causes of the tendency to over-
value land and the methods necessary to correct this tendency.

Less Than Nothing to Live On.

How far these conditions have already made it difficult to
pay for a farm out of its earnings in a reasonably short time
is indicated by a recent summary of the results of 26 farm-
management surveys in different parts of the United States.’
It was shown that if a man tried to buy a farm of average
value and pay for it on the amortization plan out of the
average net income of the farm, together with interest at
current rates in the community, there would be less than
nothing left to live on in 13 out of the 26 communities sur-
veyed. In other words, even making no allowance for any
money for living expenses there would be less than enough
to make the annual payments on interest and principal, the
deficits ranging from $28 to as much as $722. In 8 of the
remaining communities, after meeting the annual payment
for interest and principal, there would be left less than $200
for annual living expenses. Only in three communities was
the remainder for living above $300.

It is possible, of course, to draw too gloomy a view from
these facts, for there are a number of conditions which make
them appear less serious. In the first place, the value of
unpaid family living has been deducted as a part of farm
expenses. On the average this may add from $100 to $200
to the means available for paying for a farm. Interest on
operating capital has been deducted as an expense, and this

1**Can Farms of the United States Pay for Themselves,” by George Stewart,
Journal of Farm Economics, October, 1920.

278 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

interest may serve to supplement the amount available for —
expense of living and meeting annual payments. The figures
are based on the average net returns in the several communi-
ties, whereas it is obvious that the more efficient farmers will
earn returns above the average. Finally, the average farmer
does not try to pay for the entire value of a farm out of its
income, but usually has a part of the purchase price at the
beginning. This, of course, greatly reduces the annual pay-
ment to cover interest and principal.

Initial Payment.

With given credit facilities the size of the initial payment
will be larger for farms of high total value than for farms of
low total value. Much also depends on how high a propor-
tion of the purchase price is required under existing arrange-
ments of credit and on the ability of the tenant to accumulate
this amount in a reasonable time.

How much a tenant will put up for a first payment
depends to some extent on how much wealth he has. In a
recent local study made in one of the most productive dis-
tricts of the corn belt it was found that the average net
worth of tenants was $9,552. In that district the average
amount of capital invested by farm owners in farm land,
improvements, and operating equipment was $88,404 in
August, 1919. In a somewhat less fertile section of the
same State the average net worth of tenants was $3,415,
while the average amount of farm capital in farms operated
by owners was $44,080. In a recent study of tenaney in
the fertile black land region of east central Texas it was
found that the average net worth of tenants who rent for
a half share of the crop (“croppers”) is $715, while tenants
renting for a third of the grain and a fourth of the cotton
have an average net worth of $3,124. The average farm
capital investment in land and equipment for the farms
studied in this district is about $15,000.

The young man who has made good as a tenant is often
able to buy a farm in the neighborhood where he is known,
on a land contract with a very small initial payment and
with a long period in which to pay the remainder. In areas
where they are many well-to-do farmers wishing to retire

Helping Landless Farmers to Own Farms. 279

and leave their money in the land, this unorganized credit
is an important factor in aiding tenant farmers to become
owners. Where there are farm profits from which to save,
credit is the institution which enables the tenant to acquire
ownership of land in the areas of high land values long
before he has earned enough to pay the whole price of the
farm.

What Help Does the Farm-Loan System Provide?

When the Federal farm-loan act was under consideration
it was hoped that it would prove an important aid to tenants
and other landless persons in acquiring farm land. As finally
drafted, however, the provisions of the act were made ex-
tremely conservative for the purpose of rendering the se-
curity back of each loan as safe as possible. The act pro-
vides that the loan shall not exceed 50 per cent of the value of
the land and 20 per cent of the value of improvements. Re-
cent studies show that the average loan is only 37 per cent
of the total value of land and improvements conservatively
appraised. However, persons borrowing specifically to buy
land have obtained an average of about 43 per cent of the
total value of land and improvements.

In a study recently made by the Division of Land Econom-
ics it was found that only about 13 per cent of the total loans
made by the farm-loan banks were for the purpose of buying
land, although the percentage appears to be increasing to
some extent. Of those borrowing to buy land about two-
thirds already own other farm land. A little over one-third
of those borrowing from the farm-loan system to buy land
are tenants. As loans by the Federal land banks comprise
only about 8 per cent of the estimated mortgage indebted-
ness and 8 per cent of the new mortgage loans made in a
single year, it is apparent that these banks have not yet be-
come an agency of paramount importance in promoting farm
ownership.*

1It is true that a larger percentage of the loans approved by Federal
Joint stock banks have been for the first purchase of farm land (26.5 per
cent). However, the total loans approved by these banks up to January 1,

1920, amounted to less than a fifth of the loans made by the Federal land
banks.

280 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Second Mortgages.

In view of the fact that on the average only 43 per cent
of the purchase price is obtained from the Federal farm-loan
system, we may well ask how the would-be farm owner is to
finance the remainder of the purchase price. Those who
have borrowed on second mortgages in addition to loans on
first mortgages through the farm-loan system have largely
obtained their loans from the sellers of the land. This was
true of 78 per cent of the sales involving second mortgages.
Many of these sellers were relatives of the purchasers. For
the most part the terms of second mortgages were more liberal
in cases where the seller became the mortgagee. Leaving out
of account the motives that prompt relatives to give un-
usually favorable credit terms, it is a well-established prac-
tice for sellers of land to make favorable terms in considera-
tion of the profits or other advantages gained from making
the sale.

These facts point to the conclusion that there is little com-
mercial machinery for the making of loans on second mort-
gages, and that such mortgages are now handled largely by
persons who make the loans, not primarily for investment
purposes, but rather from some other motive. However, the
making of loans on second-mortgage security where the first
mortgage is held by the Federal farm-loan banks is likely to
be more satisfactory from an investment standpoint than is
the case when the second mortgage is preceded by a first
mortgage held by private persons or agencies under the usual
terms. There are a number of reasons for this. The first
mortgage under the Federal farm-loan system runs for a
long period, 344 years, and during that time there is little
danger of foreclosure. Moreover, the comparatively small
annual payments on the principal of the first mortgage leave
the borrower substantially free to pay off the principal of
the second mortgage. If the loan is made for the purpose of
buying land, the first and second mortgages are likely to be
made at the same time. This makes it possible to base both
loans on the same appraisal, thus economizing expenses and
giving the lender on second mortgage the assurance of a con-
servative appraisement of the security of hrs loan.

It is probable, however, that even these more favorable
conditions for the making of second-mortgage loans will not

Helping Landless Farmers to Own Farms. 281

attract private capital in large quantities to this form of
investment because of the general distrust of second-mort-
gage loans and the consequent lack of an open market for
such loans. On the other hand, the importance of promoting
rural home ownership would seem to justify making some
kind of provision for such loans.

Small Additional Credit Needed.

As compared with the total requirements for farm-mort-
gage credit the additional credit to be supplied would be
relatively small. A large proportion of the annual demand
for loans is for the refunding of old indebtedness, for mak-
ing improvements, extending the scope of farm operations,
investing in other businesses, or purchasing land in addition
to that already owned. In the study referred to it was found
that of the 13 per cent borrowing from the Federal farm-
loan banks to buy land, two-thirds already owned farm
land. Moreover, of those landless persons borrowing to pur-
chase a farm a considerable number are doubtless able to
finance the deal by the employment of first-mortgage credit
alone. It would also be desirable to restrict the benefits of
such a system to those who could demonstrate sufficient ex-
perience and other personal qualities to insure the probability
of reasonable success as farmers, and also to those who pos-
sess no other important tangible assets that may be made
the basis of credit except what is to be invested in the farm.
Since the farm-loan system provides a means by which an
average of upward of 40 per cent of the value of an improved
farm may be obtained on first-mortgage credit, it is only
necessary to supply an additional 30 or 35 per cent of the
purchase price in aid of landless persons with small capital
seeking to become owners.

A Necessary Limitation.

This additional credit should be supplied only in cases
where the first mortgage is held by the Federal farm-loan
system, thereby removing the danger that exists when the
first mortgage and second mortgage are held by different
parties. However, the two loans should not be merged in a
single mortgage. It is not desirable to impair the investment

282 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

reputation of Federal farm-loan bonds by including loans
made on a less conservative basis, and such impairment would
occur even though the less conservative loans were but a small
per cent of the total. Again, it is probably desirable to en-
courage a reasonably early repayment of the margin of in-
debtedness in excess of that based on first mortgages under
the Federal farm-loan system. Finally, it is only fair to

compel those who require the additional margin of credit to — '

pay a higher rate because of the greater element of risk
rather than to distribute these extra charges among all bor-
rowers, including those borrowing on a conservative margin
of security.

Ordinarily the first-mortgage loan is made on security so
ample that there is little likelihood of loss on any individual
mortgage. This is rendered necessary by the practice of
reselling mortgages or using them as security for bond is-
sues. But it would be possible to lend on a less conservative
basis, taking the risk of loss on some loans and distributing
this loss as an extra charge over the total number of loans of
this class, according to the principle of insurance. The
amount of the charge would necessarily depend on the mar-
gin of credit granted. That is, it would be greater if the
margin were 80 per cent than if it were only 75 per cent, etc.
How high such charges should be above the basic interest
rates on first mortgages is a problem on which the Division
of Land Economics and the Division of Farm Credits are
attempting to throw additional light.

New Lands.

For the man who does not care to shoulder the heavy
burden of land values and the accompanying load of in-
debtedness involved in purchasing lands in well-developed
agricultural areas, there is the alternative of migrating to
some undeveloped region. ‘

A half century ago such a pioneer could have for the
taking rich prairie lands or fertile woodlands in regions of
ample rainfall and reasonably satisfactory conditions of
temperature. This opportunity no longer exists. A study of
our land resources indicates that probably a billion acres,
or more than double the improved acreage in 1910, can

Helping Landless Farmers to Own Farms. 283

never be used for crops. There remains probably about
370 million acres of potentially arable land yet to be
developed. However, a large part of this area, probably
nearly one-half, consists of woodland or wet land already
included in farms. Practically all of the 370 million acres
comprises lands that have heretofore been avoided by those
seeking farms, because of natural disadvantages. Thus, it
is estimated that 200 million acres consists of cut-over or
timbered land that must be cleared of trees, stumps, or small
growth. Perhaps one-half of this is now in farms. Of
the remainder a large part is light sandy soil of compar-
atively small agricultural value. There are approximately
60 million acres of swamps and other wet lands. Much of
this is characterized by rich soils, but there are large areas
of peat bogs unsuited to agricultural uses. It is estimated
that probably 30 million acres of land may yet be reclaimed
by irrigation. It is possible also that there may be some
extension of area by dry-farming methods, although the
most available lands for this use are probably now in farms.
Finally, there is approximately 50 million acres of land
in the Eastern States classed as “ Improved land other than
woodland” and consisting largely of unused fields, stony
upland pastures in hilly regions, and waste lands. A large
part of this area is already included in farms.

Some of the above-mentioned disadvantages are removable
by drainage, irrigation, and clearing, but the expenditure
of capital may be prohibitive, even if the soil and climate
are potentially suitable to agriculture. Certain areas of
wet lands must not only be drained and protected from over-
flow, but also cleared of a heavy growth of stumps and under-
brush. Although the soils are potentially rich and the rain-
fall ample, the cost of development into farms may be justi-
fied only in periods when prices of farm products, and con-
sequently land values, are relatively high. On the other
hand, there are large areas of light sandy lands that can be
developed and equipped for farming purposes at relatively
small expense, but the prospective yields are too small, except
in periods of high prices for agricultural products, to cover
the expense of cultivation, including the application of large
quantities of fertilizers.

284 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

The rapid rise in prices of farm products of the war period
tended to stimulate interest in these undeveloped areas; but
parallel to this rise of prices occurred the rapid increase in
the costs of rendering such lands available for use. More-
over, the possibility that the prices of farm products, as well
as the prices of other things, may subsequently be lower than
at present has emphasized the importance of conservatism in
investing large sums of money in reclamation and clearing
at the present high level of cost.

What Do the Settler’s Chances of Success Depend Upon?

No more important problem confronts the Nation than the
proper development of these unused areas, and it seems de-
sirable to make clear some of its important aspects.

In the first place, it is highly important to determine the
proper rate of development. It is obvious that this enormous
area can not and should not be brought into use in a short
time. If the rate of development should be too rapid it
would imperil the success of those settling the lands as well
as the prosperity of agriculture as a whole. It is important
that the process of development be based on a wise selection
of areas immediately to be developed, the less suitable areas
being reserved until the demand for agricultural products
justifies their development.

It is essential that the methods employed in developing and
settling these areas be such as to give the settler a reasonable
chance of success. This involves intelligent adjustment by
the settler to the conditions of the region—the selection of
economical methods of clearing the land, a suitable type of
improvements in the early years of settlement, the proper
selection of farm enterprises, methods of farming best suited -
to conditions of soil and climate, etc. In part, however, the
settler’s chance of success depends on the conditions under
which he is brought to the region and placed on the land;
and nowadays these conditions are largely determined by the
agency which induces him to buy the land. A half century
ago migration to new lands was largely spontaneous. At
present it is largely induced and directed by the numerous
private agencies of various kinds, operating mainly for
profit, which are interested in the sale of undeveloped lands,

Helping Landless Farmers to Own Farms. 285
Difficulty of Picking a Farm on New Land.

Those seeking a career on the land should receive such
direction as will insure a maximum opportunity for suc-
cess, and should be protected from those individuals and
agencies which seek to exploit this land hunger.

Numerous inquiries received by the Division of Land Eco-
nomics indicate that considerable numbers of persons want
to get farms somewhere but have little idea of geographic
conditions in different sections of the country and of their
relative advantages and disadvantages for farming. This
ignorance is equally characteristic of large numbers of buy-
ers in the selection of the farm after they have decided on the
section in which they desire to settle. Even persons with
considerable farming experience are likely to be incapable of
wise selection in a region essentially different from that with
which they are familiar. Thus thousands of farmers from
the corn belt have purchased land because the soil looked
black and rich, without recognizing the menace of alkali or
the uncertainties of water rights. Other thousands have
bought useless peat lands for the same reason.

If experienced farmers find difficulty in making a wise
selection in new and undeveloped regions, how much more
is this the case with people who have not had farming ex-
perience! It seems probable that the largest class of buyers
who purchase farms from land companies in the cut-over
lands of the Great Lake States consists of laborers from the
copper and iron mines and lumber camps of the region. The
next largest class comes from Chicago, Milwaukee, and St.
Paul, and some of the smaller cities of the region. Many of
these are wage earners from the steel mills of Chicago seek-
ing to escape the stress and strain of industrial labor by in-
vesting their small savings in land. Many of them have had
little or no farming experience.

Land Sharks.

The prospective buyer’s ignorance of fundamental condi-
tions provides the peculiar opportunity of the exploiting land
company. An enormous business has developed in various
parts of the country for the purpose of profiting by this con-
dition. Sometimes it takes the form of selling substantially

286 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

worthless land at what appears to be a low price. Sometimes
the company is selling good land, but at prices far in advance
of its normal value.

It is basic to a proper understanding of the problem to
recognize the fact that the methods of advertising and selling
are substantially free from specific misrepresentation. It
is a fundamental policy of large land companies to avoid
statements that can involve the company in a lawsuit and
particularly that will incur the danger of prosecution for
misuse of the mails. Occasionally a slip occurs on the part
of some overeager salesman or advertising agent, but such oe-
currences are merely incidental, and, for the most part, avoid-
ance of specific misrepresentation is held to be a cardinal
principle of land salesmanship. Such a policy is justified
not only on grounds of safety, but because it is recognized
that specific misrepresentation is a clumsy tool not needed in
overcoming the inertia, timidity, or suspiciousness of the
prospective buyer. By the employment of ambiguous
phrases, half truths, skillful omission, and subtle suggestions,
the buyer may be led to form the desired impression. What
can be more innocent than printing pictures of well-equipped
farms in the same county in which the land company is sell-
ing land, leaving the buyer to assume that the company’s
land is of the same kind? Indeed, it must be recognized that
misrepresentation of facts even by suggestion is not so preva-
lent as the creation of exaggerated impressions.

The Policy of “Let the Buyer Beware.” j

Tt is but fair to recognize that among land companies there
are all degrees of variation as to honesty of intention. With-
out doubt comparatively few are consciously pursuing what
they consider to be dishonest methods. “Good salesman-
ship ” in the business world involves creating a favorable im-
pression on the minds of prospective buyers, and, provided
no specific misrepresentations are made, few salesmen con-
sider themselves obligated to reveal the weak points as well
as the strong points of the goods sold. Especially if the arti-
cle sold is of fair to good quality the salesman suffers no
qualms of conscience if his salesmanship results in a sale at a
price somewhat above the normal value. To admit this is
not to condone the large volume of land sales made with the
deliberate intention of selling land of inferior quality at an
excessively high price with the expectation that the buyer

Ilelping Landless Farmers to Own Farms. 287

in despair will ultimately allow the contract to lapse, leav-
ing the company free to sell the land to the next victim. It
is merely to admit the fact that many companies may be and
are doing an entirely legitimate business according to the
usual standards of business, and that the serious results are
due to the fact that the land is sold at a price above that
which the normal value of the land justifies; a price so high
that the settler has but a slim chance to make a financial suc-
cess of his enterprise. Even when this is true, the company
may not be
making an
excessively
large profit,
for the high
margin of
gross profit

Hardship At-
tends the
Policy of
“Let the
Buyer Be-
ware,”

“Fic. 3.—A, Type of farmstead found in the cutover districts of the Lake
States. The family living here has to carry water three-fourths of a mile.
PB, Wome of a settler who has built two houses in the cutover country—the
first on land that belonged to some one else, where he had been inadvertently
located by a land company. For time and labor wasted in building and
clearing he was permitted to buy this second farm at a “ reduced price.”
on the land may be more than absorbed by heavy development
costs, advertising and selling expenses, or carrying charges.

Settlers moved by the impulse to become land-owning
farmers are being induced by thousands to invest painfully
accumulated savings, to waste years of labor, and frequently
to endure severe hardships in undertakings which offer but
doubtful chances of success, with the consequent discourage-
ment and disillusionment of themselves, as well as of others
who might be considering a career on the land.

288 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. -

It is of vital concern to the Nation that-this movement to
the land be not only not impeded, but that it be guided and
directed in such a manner as to establish a stable agricultural
industry in these newly developing areas.

It is necessary not only to make possible the intelligent
selection of the farm at a reasonable price, but also to pro-
vide other important conditions of success. The proper
selection of settlers, the size of the tract to be purchased,
the amount of cleared land and the initial improvements
to begin on, the equipment required in the early years of
settlement, the amount of capital, the terms of credit, faéili-
ties for direction and guidance of the settler after settle- ,
ment, community improvements and cooperation are being
studied by the Division of Land Economics. |

A National Policy of Land Settlement.

In stimulating and directing the process of developing |
and settling on reserve agricultural areas, four courses are-
possible, if we leave out of consideration the policy of allow- |
ing private agencies a free hand. (1) The State and Fed-
eral Governments might undertake the task of regulating
private land-selling agencies. (2) The State and Iederal
Governments might leave the work to private initiative, but ~
rely on a policy of courageous publicity not only to prevent
abuses but also to stimulate the employment of the most —
successful methods. (3) The States or the Nation might
possibly supplement such a policy of education by under-
taking on a moderate scale the operation of colonization en-
terprises for experimental and demonstration purposes. (4) _
Finally, the States or the Federal Government might under-
take on a comprehensive scale the task of developing and
colonizing new agricultural areas.

It must be acknowledged that it is yet an open question
which of these four policies is likely to be best suited to
conditions in the United States. When more information
concerning the problem has been assembled it is probable
that the line of procedure will be more apparent. The
policy followed in the past with respect to the settlement of
our undeveloped regions is not longer to be tolerated. It
is imperative that a policy be formulated which will pro-
vide for adequate development of the unoceupied lands on
a basis favorable to the success and stability of the settlers.

= STOCK KILLERS

BY OW. 5: BELT,
Assistant Biologist in Economic Investigations,
Bureau of Biological Survey.

OLVES, coyotes, bobcats, mountain lions, bears, and

their kind have slaughtered their prey from pre-
historic times. Sometimes they pulled down victims in
plenty, sometimes their pickings were lean—until the advent
.of civilized man. In man’s introduced herds of cattle, sheep,
goats, colts, and other domestic stock, the original rangers
of the country found a readily available supply of food to
be preyed upon day after day and night after night. What
more natural than for the hungry wolf to draw upon the
ever-replenished reservoir discovered in the stock corral
or on the open range?

The nature of the business on which the predatory kind
were engaged was no secret, of course, and gun, trap, and

_ poison were resorted to by the early ranchers, each man for
himself, with now and then a community hunt as the needs
were more or less pressing. Learning that they had to con-
tend with protectors of their new-found food supply, the
prowlers became more and more wary in approach and kill,
until what originated in a mere matter of satisfying a crav-
ing for food has developed into a war to the death.

Uncle Sam, tired of a drain on his resources of from
$20,000,000 to $80,000,000 every year through the slaughter
of domestic stock by predatory animals, now keeps con-

30702°—ynxK 1920-——19 + 20** 289

290 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

stantly in the field a force of hunters who are instructed to
wipe out these nonproducers. In their place, and safe from
their depredations, it is the aim to populate the range coun-
try with flocks and herds, and in this way to lower the cost

FM: BI9757; BI9746

locks and Herds Now Protected from Predatory Animals,

{, Goats, hardy and valuable introductions to southwestern pastures,
formerly were a prey of wolves, coyotes, and bobeats (photograph from
Farm Management). 3B, Cattle, as a substitute on western ranges for
buffalo, deer, elk, and antelope, were equally acceptable to wolves and other
predatory animals. C, Sheep raising was a precarious undertaking so long
as coyotes were at large. Cooperative campaigns against the stock killers
have greatly reduced their depredations and have increased correspondingly
the yield of wool, hides, and meat.

Hunting Down Stock Killers. 291

of production of live stock and of the meat that goes upon
the family table.

Losses of live stock from ravages of predatory animals are
among the most spectacular and exasperating of those suf-
fered by the stockman. Disease may decimate his flocks and
herds, or drought or wintry storms may result in the starva-
tion or death of numbers of valuable animals. None of these
disasters, however, arouses such resentment and determina-
tion to settle the score as arises in the heart of the ranchman
when wolves or other stock destroyers enter corrals or oper-
ate on the open range, maiming and killing his cattle or
other domestic stock.

The average destruction by these animals is estimated to
be for each wolf and mountain lion about $1,000 worth of
live stock annually; each coyote and bobcat, $50 worth; and
each stock-killing bear $500 worth. Statistics may leave the
stockman unmoved and uninterested, but a vivid, lasting im-
pression is made when he finds one of his own valuable steers
pulled down by a wolf, one of his colts struck down by a
mouatain lion, the scattered carcasses of several of his sheep
killed by coyotes for sheer lust of killing, or a valuable cow
maimed or with skull crushed by a blow from the powerful
paw of a grizzly.

Since the beginning the hand of the stockman has been
raised against predatory animals; and every known means at
his disposal—guards, guns, traps, poisons, bounties, and in-
closures—have been employed to secure the protection of his
flocks or herds from their depredations. Individual efforts
have been supplemented of late years by organized endeavor
through stockmen’s associations and the securing of State
and county legislation.

The Government Takes a Hand.

Careful field studies of the abundance, habits, and relation-
ship of predatory animals to the live-stock industry had been
made by the Biological Survey of the United States Depart-
ment of Agricu!ture for many years. Men with keen insight
into animal psychology and the ways and motives of wild
creatures had sought out improved methods of luring them
to destruction when their presence was detrimental to the
live-stock business. The first demonstrations and experi-
ments for the control of wolves and coyotes were conducted

292 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

during the year 1914-15 in Colorado, Nevada, Texas, Idaho,
Oregon, and other western States. In eastern Oregon and
northern Nevada, where rabies prevailed among coyotes at
that time, a considerable number of hunters were employed
to assist in destroying the coyotes in the hope of eradicating
this disease.

Depredations upon live stock continued to be so serious

4

and the means of protection then employed afforded so little —

real relief to the stock-raising industry that in 1915 stock-
men took up the matter with their representatives in Con-
gress with the view of obtaining the aid of the Federal
Government. On July 1, 1915, the first appropriation—
$125,000—resulted, specifically providing Federal funds to
assist in organizing campaigns against predatory animals on
national forests and other public lands and to correlate and
direct the many agencies at work on the problem along the
most effective and economical lines. This had as its object
making distinct and permanent headway in relieving the
stockmen from the serious drain caused by predatory animals
upon the productive capacity of the great western ranges.
The Biological Survey then undertook to build up the
necessary field organization. The principal western live-
stock producing States where the need appeared most urgent

were formed into eight predatory-animal districts, each in

charge of a predatory-animal inspector. The hunters em-
ployed devoted their entire time to the work, and were not
permitted to receive bounties from any source. The skins of
all animals having fur value taken by the hunters became
the property of the Government and were sent in to the De-
partment and sold at public auction, the receipts being
turned into the United States Treasury.

Methods of Combat.

Three methods of destroying predatory animals were
followed at this time—shooting, trapping, and poisoning.
During the first year 424 wolves, 9 mountain lions, 11,890
coyotes, and 1,564 bobcats were accounted for. Extended
trapping and poisoning campaigns were carried on, but the
above numbers do not take into consideration animals killed
by poison unless the bodies were actually recovered and the
skins or scalps secured. Demonstrations and experiments

were carried on in localities other than on national forests _

Hunting Down Stock Killers. 293

and public lands, where predatory animals were causing
heavy losses of live stock. Great added impetus and in-
tensity of purpose were given this work by the appearance,
spread, and dread destructiveness of rabies, which gained a
foothold, particularly among coyotes and wild cats, in south-
western Idaho. To effect the suppression of rabies among
wild animals Congress provided an emergency appropria-
tion of $75,000, which became available March 4, 1916.

Suppression of Rabies.

Special work for the suppression of rabies, made possible
through the emergency appropriation, was conducted under
the supervision, organization, and methods that were fol-
lowed in the regular predatory-animal operations. The
alarming increase of rabies among wild animals, particularly
coyotes, was attended with danger to live stock and also to
human beings. The seriousness of the outbreak is indi-
cated by the fact that during the year the State authorities
of Nevada treated more than 60 persons who were bitten by
either wild or domestic animals. So great was the dread in-
spired by the presence of these maddened wild animals that
children were accompanied to school by armed guards.
Driven by their rabid blindness, coyotes entered the yards of
dwellings, attacking dogs, cats, human occupants, or any
object they might encounter; they entered feed lots and
snapped and infected cattle, sheep, and other domestic ani-
mals; and also attacked pedestrians, horsemen, and automo-
biles on the public highways. The destruction of live stock
was enormous. Im a feed lot at Winnemucca, Nev., a single
rabid coyote caused the loss of 27 steers. The State of
Nevada promptly appropriated $30,000 to cooperate with
the Survey in waging a campaign against the pests in that
State. The work was prosecuted vigorously through trap-
ping and extended poisoning operations, the spread of the
disease was materially checked, and plans were further de-
veloped for its limitation and ultimate suppression.

The movements of live stock between their summer and
winter pasture ranges, with accompanying movements of
dogs and predatory animals, made possible an extension of
the disease into the contiguous territory of eastern Oregon,
southern Idaho, northern California, the western half of
Utah, and even into eastern Washington. Cattle and sheep

B1I7406; BI7393

Results of Rabies Among Coyotes.

During the first year of the rabies epizootic, over $500,000 worth of live
stock were killed by infected predatory animals in Nevada alone—in one feed
lot 27 steers were killed by a single rabid coyote. Inset picture: Head of
coyote found decorated with porcupine quills—evidence of an unusual en-
counter, but illustrating the characteristic blind fury of rabid coyotes. The
spread of the disease has been checked by the Biological Survey’s cooperative
campaigns.
were destroyed in large numbers through this extension of
the disease, and at least 1,500 persons were bitten by rabid
animals. .A few cases of rabies were reported in Montana
and Wyoming, but prompt action resulted in stamping it
out in these localities before it could gain a foothold.. The
measures employed by the Biological Survey in Nevada
were applied in the States mentioned, and with the coopera-
tion of the local authorities further spread of the disease was
effectually stopped. The measures for the control and
eradication of this dread disease are now so well under-
stood that the occasional sporadic outbreaks are promptly
met and stamped out by detailing specially trained men to
each locality.

The Kill.
The following typical cases of losses are illustrative of
the destructiveness of predatory animals and of the im-
portance of operations for their control: In Colorado a

ne

i oe. eo oe

ee ae ayy

ms.

Hunting Down Stock Kiilers. 295

single wolf took a toll of nearly $3,090 worth of cattle in
one year. In Texas two wolves killed 72 sheep, valued at
$9 each, during a period of two weeks. One wolf ia New
Mexico killed 25 head of cattle in two months; while an-
other was reported by stockmen of the same State to have
killed 150 cattle, valued at not less than $5,000, during six
months preceding his capture by a Survey hunter. In
Wyoming two male wolves were killed, which during one
month had destroyed 150 sheep and 7 colts; another pair
were reported to have killed about $4,000 worth of stock
during the year preceding their capture; while another,
captured in June, had killed 30 head of cattle during the
preceding spring. The county agricultural agent at Coal-
ville, Utah, reported that wolves had taken 20 per cent of
the year’s calf crop in that section. A wolf taken in New
Mexico was known to have killed during the preceding five
months 20 yearling steers, 9 calves, 1 cow, 15 sheep, and a
valuable sheep dog. In two weeks at Ozona, Tex., two
wolves killed 76 sheep.

In Oregon four coyotes in two nights killed 15 purebred
rams valued at $20 each. One flock in Morgan County,
Utah, was attacked by three coyotes and $500 worth of sheep
were killed in an hour. Near Antonito, Colo., 67 ewes, val-
ued at about $1,000, became separated from the rest of: the
herd and two days later all were found killed by coyotes.

One bobeat in Texas killed over $300 worth of Angora
goats; and another taken at Ozona, Tex., in a month had
killed on a single ranch 53 rams, 1 ewe, and 1 goat. In New
Mexico a Biological Survey hunter killed a grizzly bear
which had killed 32 head of cattle during the spring and was
Jmown to have killed 50 cattle the previous year. In
Arizona, while following the trail of a mountain lion which
was later killed, one of the Department’s hunters found the
bodies of nine head of cattle which had been killed by this
animal.

After a personal investigation in 1917, the president of the
State Agricultural College of New Mexico reported that
34,350 cattle, 165,000 sheep, and 850 horses are killed annu-
ally by predatory animals in that State, these losses amount-
ing to $2,715,250. This involves the loss of 16,000,000
pounds of meat and about 1,320,000 pounds of wool.

296 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
“ Getting” the Chief Offenders.

Whenever especially destructive animals are reported,
exceptionally skilled hunters are detailed to capture them. |
The success that has attended this plan of procedure is
evidenced in a great addition to the meat output of the
ranges and in the active support of local stockmen.

The effectiveness of the plan of organization for “ getting”
the most destructive individuals is well illustrated by the

BI659M; BI704M; BI9735

The Portion of Coyote and Wolf—Trap and Poison,

A, Trapped coyote—more than 250,000 of his ilk have been exccounted for
in five years by Federal and cooperating hunters. 3B, The $10,000 * Split
Rock ” wolf—trapped in 1920, thus ending a tribute exacted of at least 50
head of cattle annually. C, Expert Biological Survey hunter distributing
poisoned baits to rid the range of the wily coyote.

Hunting Down Stock Killers. 297

recent success of a Biological Survey hunter in dispatching
the notorious “ Custer wolf,’ as it had come to be known.
This animal had ranged in a territory about 40 by 65 miles
in extent in the vicinity of Custer, S. Dak. During the six
or seven years that he is known to have patrolled this terri-
tory stockmen who suffered from his depredations estimated
that he had killed at least $25,000 worth of cattle. His kill-
ings were particularly exasperating, owing tothe number of
stock slaughtered at times when he appeared to go on a kill-
ing debauch, and to the savage mutilation of others—many
cows having been killed for the sole purpose of devouring
their unborn calves. Because of this and of the reputation
which the animal gained for supernatural cunning in eluding
hunters and avoiding skillfully placed traps and temptingly
prepared poison baits, unusual efforts had been made by
sportsmen to “get him.” Stockmen, driven to desperation,
offered increasingly large bounties, until there was a price
of $500 on his head. Still he escaped.

Some ranchers gave up hope and said they must board the
outlaw until he died a natural death. Others, more san-
guine, appealed to the local predatory animal inspector of
the Biological Survey for the detail of a hunter, and one of
the best trappers and shots in the service was sent on this
mission. During several weeks of hide and seek the wolf
displayed his uncanny cunning but finally placed his front
foot squarely in a trap baited with scent material obtained
from another notorious wolf that had been taken by the
predatory animal inspector at Split Rock, Wyo. As he
dashed away, the trap drag caught firmly on a tree, but the
swivel snapped. tragging the heavy trap with him, the
wolf traveled a distance of 3 miles before the hunter, close on

‘his trail, got a shot at 300 yards and ended his career of de-
struction. Many wolves of similar cunning have been taken
by Biological Survey hunters, but this animal was one of
the most difficult to capture.

The death of the Custer wolf was hailed with delight by
stockmen throughout the region where the depredations had
occurred, and has added impetus to a movement for coopera-

_ tion with the Department in order to meet more adequately

the needs of the live-stock industry.

298 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Present Fighting Organization.
During the fiscal year 1920 a force varying from 300 to q

400 skilled hunters was employed under the direction of dis-. _

trict inspectors of the Biological Survey. The work is now
organized into 13 districts, each with a trained inspector in
charge, as follows:

1. Arizona. 8. North Dakota and
2. California. South Dakota.
3. Colorado. 9. Oregon.

4. Idaho. 10. Texas.

5. Montana. 11. Utah:

6. Nevada. 12. Washington.

7. New Mexico. 13. Wyoming.

The hunters of the various districts are paid in part from
the Federal Treasury and in part from cooperative funds
supplied by State appropriations and from contributions
from live-stock organizations and individuals. The amount
thus provided by cooperators in the year 1920-21 totaled
$272,509. There has been a steady, consistent increase in the
funds provided by State appropriations, by stockmen’s as-
sociations, and by individuals for cooperation with the De-
partment in this work, as the direct benefits derived from the
systematically organized operations became evident. Present
prospects indicate that the cooperative funds will be ma-
terially increased for the ensuing year,

Study and experimentation by experts have resulted in
great improvement in the methods and practices employed
in eradicating predatory animals. The poisoning cam-
paigns have increased in number and have been more effec-
tively organized each succeeding year. Their success has
been such that in” many areas stock growers are urging
their application during the appropriate season. These
campaigns have been followed by a marked decrease in the
number of coyotes in the sections poisoned, with a corre-
sponding decrease in the losses of sheep, cattle, pigs, colts,
and poultry. Reports from stockmen indicate that on
many ranges and lambing grounds the former heavy annual
losses have become negligible or have been entirely elimi-
nated.

ee

we

ee

Hunting Down Stock Killers. 299
Killers Killed.

The following statement shows, by States, the number
of true predatory animals—the chief live-stock destroyers—
which have been killed and their skins or scalps secured from
the time the work was initiated, July 1, 1915, to June 30,
1920, a period of five fiscal years. The table does not in-
clude the large number of animals poisoned, as no complete
record can be obtained of those that travel so far before
the poison takes effect that they can not be located in time
to secure skin or scalp. The large numbers of coyote
carcasses found by stockmen while riding the range follow-
ing poisoning operations afford strong evidence in support
of the estimate which has been made by the Biological Survey
that the animals thus destroyed equal in number the total
of all those killed by other means and included in this
table.

Predatory animals destroyed in Biological Survey and cooperative
campaigns from the initiation of the work, July 1, 1915, to June 30,
1920 (not including animals poisoned).

|

True predatory animals killed. Year
coopera-

States. Bobcats | Moun- work

| Bears.| and Coyotes. tain Wolves. | Total. was
| lynxes. lions. begun. *
i 17 695 3, 711 182 146 4,751 1919
Arkansas...........- |S -2eaSe (Po | pasesrece= (Sosseecese 17 29 None.
California........... 10 | 796 3, 961 De eee. ARS 4753 1919
Golorado.:..'....2;.) 22 372 5,447 35 109 5, 985 1918
Pee ee Ee ie Sk. 3: 34 1,323 12, 747 9 75 14,188 None.
PLOMCATIA np. - 26 360 Bedoya nee wos cin 287 5, 875 1918
Nevada.......--..-. 3 4,268 | 23, 286 21 4] 27,582 1916
New Mexico........- 82 1, 237 6,056 | 141 385 7,901 1918
North Dakota. ...... . Se es o By (4 Swe = Seat Ep aes 337 | 1920
Oklahoma........... USES SERE 9 wee ek. | 73 90| None.
Oregon...........--- be fen 54 1,742| 8,594 41 | 16 | 10,444 | 1920
South Dakota....... 1 58 72 (a ee ee 23 876 None.
J Poi ot terete Pei 1,763 | 10,321 | G6} 1,283] 13,373 1918
LS ae 22 2,141 14,509 69 | 142] 16,883 1918
Washington. ........ 23 254 | 8, 362 | Seduce. bo |. 8,641 1918
Wivoming- i... .{../.. 26 | 344 | 6,011 | 8 | 376 | 6, 765 1918
Mobals: Stel) te | 317 | 15,374 109,346 |. 540 2036 | 128. Sisk ee tees

* The date refers to the fiscal year ended June 30in each case.

300 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Money in the National Pocket.

The sale of skins taken by the Federal hunters has enabled
the Biological Survey to turn in to the United States Treas-
ury in the five years ended June 30, 1920, $240,423.63. Esti-
mates based on information supplied during the last year by
farmers and stockmen indicate that the destruction of the ap-
proximately 50,000 predatory animals under the direction of
the Survey resulted in a saving of live stock for the year
valued at about $6,000,000, calculated on prices prevailing

BI7391

Kvidence That Uncle Sam’s Hunters Get Results.

ach hunter reports his day’s catch and sends to the Biological Survey
inspector in charge the pelts or scalps of all animals taken. The salvage of
skins having fur value, which are sold at public auction, has already netted
the United States Treasury over $240,000.
during the period. The killing of these long-lived predatory
animals also results in a saving which is cumulative from
year to year. Elimination of predatory animals is saving on
the pasture ranges for development to marketable age a
great number of cattle, sheep, colts, pigs, and poultry, which
formerly fell prey to these animals. This work has so en-
couraged the live-stock men that they are adding to their
flocks and herds as forage for additional animals is provided
by the eradication of such range-destroying rodents as prai-
rie dogs, ground squirrels, and related pests.

CMe COST OFA
BUSHELoP WHEAT

By. W. PECK
Farm Beonomist, Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics.

OW MUCH does it cost to produce a bushel of wheat ¢

This question sounds innocent enough. Viewed casu-
ally, it does not seem especially difficult. One unac-
quainted with the uncertainties of farming, and particu-
larly of grain farming, might fancy the farmer figuring
out the answer, extempore, on a shingle, as the city dweller
might figure up his coal bill on his cuff. As a matter of
fact, however, the question is both difficult and important.
Of all knotty problems of economics there are few that are
more puzzling. In a certain sense, too, it is an insoluble
problem, for the conditions of production are so variable
that it is not possible to cite any one figure as the cost of
a bushel of wheat in a given region.

What About the Average?

Tt is quite possible, of course, to figure out the average
cost of a bushel of wheat for a given region—or for the
whole country, or even the world, for that matter—provided
the necessary data on cost of seed and labor, use of land,
etc., are available, but after such an average is found it is
a sort of statistical white elephant. The average does not
serve the purpose it is popularly supposed to serve in estab-
lishing the right relation between costs and prices.

The average person—that elusive individual whom no one
has ever met, because, like the average cost of wheat, he is

301

302 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

a mere abstraction—may be evoked at this juncture to ask |

the natural question : .
“Why will it not do to use 2 average as the measure
of the cost of producing wheat?’

Why the Average May Be Misleading.

The answer to this question must be framed with an eye
to the fact that the public mind is prejudiced in favor of
the average as a statistical yardstick, since it has been so
largely used as such. If the average cost were set up as a
standard, we would have merely a 50 per cent standard,
since the average tends to divide the figures into two groups
of about equal size, so that about half the farms concerned
show up as producing wheat at a cost above the average
and half at a cost below the average. On this basis, if the

average cost should determine the price, about half the

farmers would be producing at a loss. When the price of
a commodity goes so low that production is a fifty-fifty
gamble, the tendency for many of the producers is to quit
and go to raising some other crop that promises a better
chance of profit. The result may be underproduction and
a period of higher prices.

Ranges of Costs.

One needs only to glance at an array of actual cost figures
to see that the average cost is but one of many costs that
must be taken into consideration. During the past year the
Office of Farm Management and Farm Economies has gath-

ered cost figures on the 1919 wheat crop from 481 farms

located in the six great wheat-growing States of the Middle
West—Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Minnesota, and the two
Dakotas (284 farms in the winter-wheat area, covering
42.714 acres and producing over 635,000 bushels of wheat,
and 197 farms in the spring-wheat area, covering 42,847 acres
and producing over 362,000 bushels of wheat). A trained in-
vestigator visited the farms and obtained from each farmer’s
records, or from his knowledge of his business, the facts nee-
essary for making a close estimate of the cost of growing

wheat on that farm. The average cost per bushel was found

to be $2.15. You are asked to consider this average in con-

i

The Cost of a Bushel of Wheat. 303

nection with the following figures showing ranges in cost
that entered into the making of the average:

Winter wheat:
Average net cost per acre, $27.80.
Range in net cost per acre, $10.55 to $50.23.
8 per cent of the acreage was grown at from $10 to $20 per acre.
39 per cent at from $20 to $30 per acre.
40 per cent at from $30 to $40 per acre.
13 per cent at over $40 per acre.
Average net cost per bushel, $1.87.
Range in net cost per bushel, $1 to $8.20.
183 per cent of the wheat cost from $1 to $1.50 per bushel.
454 per cent from $1.50 to $2 per bushel.
243 per cent from $2 to $2.50 per bushel.
114 per cent at over $2.50 per bushel.
Spring wheat:
Average net cost per acre, $22.40.
Range in net cost per acre, $12.98 to $47.84.
23 per cent of acreage was grown at from $12 to $20 per acre.
45 per cent at from $20 to $25 per acre.
25 per cent at from $25 to $30 per acre.
7 per cent at over $30.
Average net cost per bushel, $2.65.
Range in net cost per bushel, $1.10 to $14.40.
3.2 per cent of wheat cost from $1.10 to $1.50 per bushel.
21.3 per cent from $1.50 to $2 per bushel.
29.4 per cent from $2 to $2.50 per bushel.
22.8 per cent from $2.50 to $3 per bushel.
22.3 per cent at over $3 per bushel.

What Makes the Cost.

The principal items of operating expense in producing
wheat are: Man labor, horse labor, seed, twine, fertilizer,
thrashing, taxes and insurance, machinery, abandoned acre-
age, and overhead expense. The one item of cost that in
accounting practice can not be called operating expense is
interest on the land, or land rental. One of the important

_ objects of the cost studies is to bring out the relative profit- .

ableness of the various farm enterprises. When the farm-
er’s labor, capital, and land can be used for alternative pur-
poses, and when various amounts of labor, capital, and
land are required for crop production, the inclusion of inter-
est or land rent as a cost is very important.

In the winter-wheat area the charge for the use of land
was a little less than one-third of the total cost, man and

304 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

VARIATION IN NET COST PER BUSHEL OF WINTER WHEAT
i BASED ON 284 RECORDS
1919

a wach ORPPEPTIS og don OF RECORDS

SSE ERRRRRREREe
WW

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horse labor about one-third, “ materials” expense about one-
tenth, and other expenses one-fourth. Without including ~
land rent as a cost, man and horse labor constituted one-half
of the cost, materials one-sixth, and other expenses about one- —
third of the total.

The Cost of a Bushel of Wheat. 305

VARIATION IN NET COST PER BUSHEL OF SPRING WHEAT

BASED ON 197 RECORDS
1919

PC oe ee ot ay theta

ZI

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WWD
Te YT

NET COST
PER RS co aoe als ie
$1.10

1.20

1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2.50
2.60
270
2.60
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
3.60
3.70
3.80
3.90

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In the spring-wheat area land rent constituted about one-
fourth, labor one-third, materials one-sixth, and “ other ex-
penses ” one-fourth of tie total cost. Excluding land rent
as a cost, labor constituted two-fifths, materials one-fourth,
and other expenses one-third of the total cost.

30702°—yBxK 1920 20

306 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Low Yields Mean High Cost.

The range in cost per acre was much narrower than in
cost per bushel because of the wide variation in yields due
to weather conditions or to disease and parasites. A yield
per acre below that anticipated when the crop was sown
means a relatively high cost per bushel. This is true where
the acre cost is low as well as where it is high. It was
found that on the spring-wheat farms those who received
yields of from 5 to 10 bushels per acre had costs 100 per
cent greater per bushel than those who obtained from 15—
to 20 bushels, while their acre costs were only 24 per cent
less. Similar results were noted in the winter-wheat area.

The wide variation and the range of yield per acre are.
indicated by the following figures:

Variation in yield and cost of production of wheat.

tem. Cost per aere. ba brea
WINTER WHEAT.
Average yield per acre, 14.9 bushels. ...........----.---------- $27. 80 $1. 87
Range in yield per acre, 1.5 to 28 bushels. -........------------ 10.55 to 50.23 | 1.00 to 8.20 —
4 farms, or 1 per cent, obtained less than 5 busheis per acre -- -- 16. 27 5.14
39 farms, or 14 per cent, from 5 to 10 bushels per acre. - -.--.--- 21. 29 2.63
69 farms, or 24 per cent, from 10 to 15 bushels per acre-. ...---- 25. 99 2.04
101 farms, or 36 per cent, from 15 to 20 bushels per acre. -..-.-- 30. 51 1.77
65 farms, or 23 per cent, from 20 to 25 bushels per acre....-.-.-- 32. 86 1.53
6 farms, or 2 per cent, more than 25 bushels per acre. .......--- 39264 1.47
SPRING WHEAT.
Average yield per acre, 8.4 bushels -..........---.-------.----- | 22. 40 2.65
Range in yield per acre, 3.5 to 20.8 bushels...............-..--- | 12.98 to 47.84 | 1.10 to 14.00
29 farms, or 15 per cent, obtained less than 5 bushels per acre. . 19.01 5.21
112 farms, or 57 per cent, obtained from 5 to 10 bushels per acre. 22.07 2.98
51 farms, or 20 per cent, from 10 to 15 bushels per acre -......-.. 24.27 2.08
5 farms, or 2 per cent, more than 15 bushels per acre ........... 23. 73 1,48

Another Way of Measuring Cost.

A more stable measure of crop costs than dollars is found
in quantities of labor, seed, twine, and fertilizer required
per acre. By knowing these it is possible to estimate the
cost per acre from year to year in a very satisfactory manner.

It was found on the winter-wheat farms surveyed that the
average number of man-hours required per acre was 10, with
a range of from 5.4 to 27.4. For the horse labor the aver-

The Cost of a Bushel of Wheat. 307

age requirement was 24.8 hours per acre, with a range of
from 15.9 to 61.6. Estimating the machinery cost by the
number of horse-hours required to produce an acre of winter
wheat, it was found that this item amounted to 7} cents per
hour of horse labor. In the spring-wheat area fewer hours
of both man and horse labor were required. On the average,
but 7.4 man-hours were required, with a range of from 3.6 to
19.1. The average horse labor required was 22.1 hours, with
a range of 13.4 to 45.8. The machinery cost on the spring-
wheat farms amounted to 8 cents per hour of horse labor.

There was little variation in the quantity of seed used per
acre. The range for the winter-wheat farms was 0.8 to 1.4
bushels, with an average of 1.1 bushels, and for the spring
wheat farms 1.2 to 1.4, with an average of 1.3.

There was also a relatively small variation in the use of
twine per acre. In the winter-wheat area the average acre
requirement was 2.8 pounds, with a range of 2.3 to 3.7.
On the spring-wheat farms the average was 2 pounds per
acre, with a range of 1.3 to 2.2.

These are concrete examples of basic requirements. There
is need of much more study along this line, that we may ac-
cumulate a mass of fundamental figures for use in estimating

future costs.
The Bulk Line.

It will be seen, in the light of the foregoing data, that it
is not possible to give an off-hand answer to the question of
the cost of a bushel of wheat. It is possible, however, to
present cost figures that will be of great value to individual
farmers in reorganizing their lines of production, in re-
ducing certain items of cost, and in testing the efficiency
of their operations. From the consumer’s standpoint cost
figures show problems of the producers and emphasize the
importance of a price which will maintain a continuous and
steady supply of food.

The Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics
tries to present its cost figures so that a complete picture of
the range of individual costs can be obtained at a glance.
From the presentation of a range of costs of any product at
various cost intervals it will appear that an adequate pro-
duction will not be forthcoming if the price at which the
crop is sold approximately represents the average cost.

308 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Usually 40 to 50 per cent of the production is produced at
costs above the average. It follows that one must consider
the cost that is representative of the “ bulk” of the produc-
tion of a given product in order to arrive at a cost figure
that approximates what the price should be to maintain the
industry on a proper basis. This consideration has led to
the development of the “bulk-line” theory of cost in its
relation to price, which has assumed an important place in
the field of economic research.

The “ bulk-line” theory is a modification and attempt at
practical application of the “marginal cost” theory. For
purposes of convenience the “ bulk line” has sometimes been
drawn to include 85 per cent of the production, but this is an
arbitrary figure. In reality the position of the bulk line
varies with different commodities and from time to time
according to the alertness with which farmers adjust their
production to market conditions. The “ bulk-line” cost cor-
responds to the long-time average price which is essential to
stimulate the production of that quantity of the product
which the market demands. (See charts.)

Our studies thus far made of cotton, winter-wheat, and
sugar-beet costs show that the price received by the pro-
ducers in 1918 and 1919 approximated a “ bulk-line” cost of
from 75 to 80 per cent of the product produced on those
farms.

Merely a Beginning.

It should be borne in mind that all the figures thus far
available on cost of production represent merely the first
efforts of research along this important line. Certain State
colleges have conducted investigations in cost of production,
and the Federal department has tabulated cost data on wheat,
cotton, tobacco, fruit, sugar beets, and live-stock products;
but many more data than are yet available for these crops and
other farm enterprises should be gathered, analyzed, and in-
terpreted to bring out existing facts in the cost problem.

HOW the PUBLIC
FORESTS ARE
S) LAN DLED »\=

By Herpsert A. SMITH,

Assistant Forester in Charge of Public Relations, Forest Service.

F YOU go into almost any city west of the Great Plains
and pick up the telephone book, the chances are you
will find a number entered in it for the “ Forest Service.”
And if you go to the address recorded with the number you
will probably arrive at an office building in the business part
of the town, within which somewhere is a glass door carrying
the name of a National Forest.

There are such offices in Seattle, Portland, and Los Angeles:
in Denver and Salt Lake; in Missoula, Mont., and in Phoenix,
Ariz. Also there are National Forest headquarters in dozens
of little places of which you may never bave heard. There
is Austin, Nev., an old and almost deserted mining camp,
reached by 109 miles of narrow-gauge railroad on which
trains run three times a week; and Widtsoe, Utah, a hamlet
of about 15 houses, 60 miles from a railroad; and Kanab, in
‘the same State, 135 miles from the nearest railroad, and often
virtually cut off from the world. And so on, a hundred and
forty-odd of them in the West, all told. and in all kinds of
places.

Fifteen years ago almost all the Forest headquarters were
in little settlements or out-of-the-way towns close to the For-

309

310 Jearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

ests themselves. But for the better service of the public it
has been necessary to move them, where possible, to more ac-
cessible points. For the forest supervisor is first and fore-
most a business man, the local manager of an important en-
terprise—the handling of some million acres of land perma-
nently devoted to the advancement of the general welfare.

His duties as manager are partly those of an executive in
charge of a property which must be protected, developed, and
improved. But they are also very largely those of a sales
manager. What he is engaged in selling, however, is some-
thing more than the things that bring in money to the Goy-
ernment. It is service—to the individual, the community,
and the Nation.

Let us go in through the glass door and have a look at the
supervisor. We can expect to find a man between 30 and 45
years old—probably Jean. and certainly with a complexion
that sun and wind have colored; an outdoor man, yet an office
man, too; surrounded by files, with a stenographer to help
handle h's mail, and probably a clerk or two more—though
he is quite capable on occasion of pounding out his own type-
writing, after the fashion of the self-taught ; and with a store-
room handy somewhere, either on the premises or in quarters
not far away, in which is a varied equipment of Government
property—from shovels and axes to surveying instruments,
and from blank forms for timber-sale records to telephone
wire and split tree insulators.

The School of the Woods.

The supervisor may or may not be a college graduate
who has prepared for his profession as would an engineer
or a student of agriculture at a State university; but he is
always a graduate of the school of the woods. Over one-third
of the 152 supervisors have been through a_ professional
school of forestry. But all should be counted technical men,”
for to be qualified for the'r jobs they have had to learn
through years of service the practice of forestry, as it is ap-
plied on the National Forests.

Before finding out just what this means, we may profitably
note what sort of business goes on in the supervisor’s office.
On his desk is his morning’s mail—perhaps 50 or 60 letters,

"

&:

TTow the Public Forests are Handled. 311

if it does not happen to be a busy time. Some are from peo-
ple whose homes are within or near the Forests and who have
written for a permit to cut some “free use ” timber, for fuel,
fencing, or lumber, or who want summer employment as fire

Opening the Way to the Back Country.

To fight fire, to get out timber, to open the way to the traveler and the
settler, Forest Service officers are constantly at work pushing forward roads
and trails into the wilderness.

guards, or who are not satisfied with the way the local ranger
is dealing with them. For we must remember that our gen-
eral sales manager for the Forest, in the person of the super-
visor, is not the man who does most of the actual “ selling.”
The men in first-hand contact with the local public are the

312 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

A Ranger Station.

The Forest Service believes in doing business on the ground, and much of
the Forest business is in the hands of the ranger, who is in direct contact with
the local public.

forest rangers—a goodly body, all in the classified civil serv-
ice and therefore selected on the basis of proved qualifications.

The forest ranger has almost become famous, collectively
speaking, in the West, and even in the East. That is partly
because he is a somewhat picturesque and romantic figure as
well as a highly useful citizen and public officer. He is, in-
deed, in a sense the keystone of the Forest Service arch; all
the rest of the administrative organization leads up to him,
and he is the final unit that completes the system.

Illiterate and Angry.

Since the rangers are the actual “salesmen ” of service to
the local public, if they don’t mind their p’s and q’s the super-
visor quickly hears of it—and verv likely also if they do,
Here is a letter on the supervisor’s desk, for instance, breath-
ing fury. The writer is illiterate, but voluminous, after the
fashion of the man whose grievance rankles within him. The
ranger, it seems, hds been marking timber to be cut by a lum-
ber company, and has marked some on the letter writer’s
group of mining claims. The charge may be true—even a
woodsman may sometimes miss the evidences of location that

asin

A Forest Ranger.

A somewhat romantic and picturesque figure as well as a highly useful citizen
and public officer.

the mining laws require. On the other hand, the claims may
prove to have been illegally staked out after the timber sale
was made, at a place where they will be most in the way or
will include some of the choicest stand, for the thrifty purpose
of being bought out.

Here is a letter asking the supervisor to attend a meeting
of local citizens, at which will come up some road project re-
quiring Forest Service cooperation. Other letters are from
points outside the State. An eastern sportsman wants to
know where he will find good camping and fishing, and by
what trails he can get there, and what the State fish and game
laws are; or perhaps an officer of a paper-manufacturing
company is inquiring about the suitability of some large body
of timber for the supply of a pulp mill; or there is an appli-
cation from a deluded would-be settler who imagines that the
wild, rough, high-lying mountain lands typical of the Na-
tional Forests need only to be cleared to become like the
farms of the East, and who supposes the supervisor can
practically hand him out a homestead by return mail.

Other letters come without having to pay postage—official
letters, from the supervisor’s subordinates, or from the dis-
trict forester’s office. If the latter, they contain instructions,

314 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

or approval of plans submitted, or perhaps word that the
supervisor is to be ready on a certain day to take an expert
on timber operations, or grazing, or road building out on an
inspection trip. The inspection will be made by one of the
specialists attached to the district forester’s staff—or possibly
by the district forester, or by one of the assistant foresters
from Washington, or even the Forester himself, the “ Big
Chief” in the eyes of all his field men. For the Forest
Service organization does not set up two classes of men, one
to sit at office desks and criticize paper reports and generally
obstruct and bedevil the field work, and the other to try to
get things done on the ground.

The field and office men serve turn-and-turn-about. The
supervisor has, if necessary, a deputy supervisor, who changes
places with him; when one is at the desk the other is in the
woods. In the district offices, into which head up the adminis-
tration of some 20 individual Forests, no branch of the work
is supposed ever to come to a standstill for lack of some one

V

Breaking Camp.

By Pack Train.

To reach the back country with supplies for fire fighters or to make a
timber reconnaissance the pack train is often the Forest officer's only prac-_
ticable means of transportation.

=]

How the Public Forests are Handled. 315

to handle it; yet every administrative officer must spend a
large part of his time in seeing just what has happened, in
his particular line of activity, on the ground and in the woods.

The Supervisor Knows.

But we have let our attention wander from the supervisor.
He is talking with a little group of substantial looking, typi-
cal western men—three cattlemen who have come to protest
because they have been told they will have to allow some
sheep to feed, jointly with their cattle, on the part of the For-
est range they have been using. “We won’t have sheep
around. Cattle won’t feed where sheep have been.” The
supervisor listens patiently. But we soon see that he knows
his facts, and has not made up his mind without good reason.
“There is feed there that is going to waste. Your cattle
won't eat it, but sheep will. It isn’t true that sheep on the
range spoil it for cattle. That is an exploded idea. Our tests
have proved the contrary. Why.up in ie

But we need not listen further to the argument. The cat-
tlemen will yield in the end. Of course, they can appeal
from the decision of the supervisor, if they wish, to the dis-
trict forester, and, if their grievance is important enough,
to the Forester, and as the court of last resort, to the Secre-
tary of Agriculture himself. But appeals are not very nu-
merous, for generally speaking the forest supervisor is able
to make the other fellow see that he is right. He has a big
advantage, for one thing, because of the esteem in which he
is held locally for his fairness, capacity, and leadership.

National Forests Have Become Popular.

Now the cattlemen have gone, and the supervisor is ready
to talk with us. We begin to ask him what the western pub-
he generally thinks of this National Forest business. There
used to be a great deal of criticism of it. The supervisor
smiles. He has been through all that—began as a ranger in
the days when a forest officer in that country couldn’t go
to a dance without having it made quite obvious to him that
his room was preferred to his company.

If we could get the supervisor to talk with us long enough
(the best way would be to ride with him for three or four days

316 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

as he travels over the Forest on his official business) what he
would say might boil down into something like this:

Much of the early opposition to the National Forests was
based on the feeling that the system was un-American. It
was held that private enterprise could develop to best ad-
vantage the great resources involved. On general princi-
ples, the average American has a healthy dislike of too much
government; and further, experience gives him good warrant
for skepticism of our ability to get public business taken care
of both cheaply and well... But the National Forests have be-
come popular. Western public opinion expresses itself vigor-
ously from time to time in their favor. Any attempt to take
the back track and abolish the forests would certainly call
forth bitter opposition. The way in which the business con-
nected with their administration is handled, the quality of
their personnel, and the cooperative and beneficial relation-
ships maintained with local communities and community in-
terests are a standing subject of comment and praise. The
evidence is overwhelming that, in the eyes of the West, the
National Forest enterprise has made good.

The National Forests have for their primary purposes tim-
ber production and the control of run-off. In the words of
the law, they are “to furnish a continuous supply of timber
for the use and necessities of citizens of the United States.”
The same act specified also that they may be established “ to
improve and protect the forest” and “for the purpose of
securing favorable conditions of water flows.” But they are
to be open to the public “ for all proper and lawful purposes ;”
and one of the objects of their establishment is to “ regulate
their occupancy and use.” In short, they are to serve the inter-
ests of the people in the broadest fashion.

All Kinds of Range.

When the Forest Service took charge of the Forests in
1905 the most pressing administrative problem was what to
do about grazing. Unregulated grazing was proving seri-
ously injurious both to the growth of timber and to water
supplies, and the range itself was fast losing productive
capacity. Many persons advocated entirely closing the For-

Tlow the Public Forests are Handled. 317

ests to the grazing at least of sheep. No one would think of
suggesting such a policy now.

‘The timber is still too far distant from local markets and
means of transportation to the general markets of the country
to have come into full demand. The West has not grown
up to it. But the pasturage is fully utilized, under methods
which safeguard the tree growth, hold in check erosion,
prevent interference with the purity and regularity of
streams, and are bringing back the depleted ranges to their
full productive power.

Within the National Forests, reaching as they do from
Mexico to Canada, from almost sea level to the summer snow
banks, and from the desert to the well-watered mountain
meadows where the first cattle grazed knee-deep in luxuriant
verdure, the widest diversity of conditions exists. There is
natural sheep range, natural cattle range, and natural goat
range; there is range on which it takes 50 acres of land to
support a cow, and range which at its best might carry 80
head of cattle to the quarter section through the summer
season; there is winter range, summer range, and yearlong
range; there is range on land where the tree growth is no
more than scattered brush valuable only for water protection,
range on denuded foothills and mountain slopes, in dense
brush, in open parks, in timber that grows wide-spaced and
high-crowned so that one may see through it for a mile, and
in timber so dense that sheep can scarcely penetrate it.

But this is only the beginning. When grazing commences,
a disturbing factor is introduced. More than 5,000 different
species of range plants have been identified. The live stock
have their preferences, and feed most eagerly on certain se-
lections from nature’s varied bill of fare. Their choice
changes as the advancing season alters the menu—as early
plants mature and later ones spring up. The grazing animals
may crop the seeds, for their concentrated food value, or the
tender foliage of an earlier stage of growth. Their hoofs
trample, cut, pack. They may loosen, or compact, the soil:
they may facilitate or almost wholly prevent reforestation ;
but always there is an effect on the forage crop. Broadly
speaking, the more valuable plants tend to disappear, less
valuable or worthless plants to gain ground, and the vegeta-
tion to thin out.

318 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

To prevent this deterioration and make the best use of the
range calls first of all for knowledge of the actual conditions
on each range unit. Is its carrying capacity on the decline?
Ifso, why? Because the stock come on too early in the season,
or stay on too late? Because they graze too much on certain
parts of the range? Can they be better distributed by a dif-
ferent method of salting, by new water development, by drift
fences, or by some other change in the method of handhng?

Some Ranges Are Best for Cattle.

The goal of range management on the National Forests is the best use of all
the forage by the number and kind of animals best suited to each kind of range.

Or must the number be decreased or the grazing season short-
ened? Again, the range may be depleted because of past
overgrazing, so that although not now declining it is much
below par. How can it be restored to normal productivity
with least disturbance to those dependent on continuous use
of the area? Or would it perhaps do better if used by a
different class of stock—by cattle instead of sheep, or vice
versa.

How the Public Forests are Handled. 319
Science and Practice on the Range.

The whole system of grazing is directed by grazing ex-
perts—men who combine practical knowledge of the range
live-stock industry with scientific training. The local forest
officers work under and with them to apply the methods
which the experts prescribe. The condition of each range is
closely watched, and reported annually. Decision is then
made how many stock can safely be admitted the next sea-
son, and whether the plan of management can be bettered.
If reductions are necessary, they are made with as little dis-
turbance of the business of those using the range as possible ;
for the best interests of the country at large require a live-
stock industry that is reasonably stable.

Range Control Keeps the Live-Stock Business Going.

Protection of the range against overgrazing has in itself
been a great stabilizing factor; live-stock men in the West
now recognize that but for the system of grazing control ap-
plied on the National Forests, most of them would long ago
have had to go out of business for lack of forage. But sta-
bility requires not only that the forage keep on growing; it
requires also that those who wish to put their money into
live stock shall have reasonable assurance that they will not
suddenly be put off the range. Otherwise the business would
be highly speculative, haphazard, and hand-to-mouth.

When the forest supervisor gets in his applications for use
of the range, the chances are that they call for permits for
more stock than the number fixed. Some of the users of the
previous year wish to expand their business. New men have
come in, developed ranches near the Forest, and want to share
in the grazing privilege. How can stability be reconciled
with further development? And how be fair to those already
in the business while giving a square deal to new men equally
entitled to the benefits of the public resource ?

The forest officer is not embarrassed when confronted with
such a quandary. To him it is no quandary at all; the regu-
lations tell him just what he should do. No permanent
monopoly of the forest ranges by a favored few is allowed;
the big man must make room for the small, within reasonable

320 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

limits. A carefully worked out system of preferences makes
the whole matter simple. . The reductions required of.the |
larger owners are made on a sliding scale which operates to” 2 ©
curtail the number of stock allowed them gradually and with:
out unnecessary hardship. Preference is given to citizens. se:
over aliens, to those regularly engaged in the business ins
that locality over transients, to owners of improved ranch
property over stockmen who. have not such property, to. =<
ranch owners who are e actually residents of their ranches over, ¢
nonresident owners. ~ - “rs
The near-by home builder AY moderate means. who raises 1%
cattle or sheep in connection with other farming, who needs’
to use-the public range for summer _pasturage, aia who has
no other good way to get his hay or grain to market than to
send it on the hoof, is given the highest preference. What he
does not require, others in graduated order are welcome to
utilize—and more than welcome. To open feeding grounds
for them roads and bridges are built, driveways located, and
the remotest corners of the Forests ransacked in the search
for new grazing areas. Meanwhile intensive study is being | f
given to ways of increasing the forage yield and the effective-—
ness of its utilization.

Prize Winners Off the Range.

It has become common for live stock from the National
Forest ranges to top the market in the fall, win prizes at live-
stock shows, and go straight to the packers instead of being
sold for “ finishing ” as farm feeding stock. Not scrub stock
but high-grade, heavy, well-conditioned animals have become
the rule. At the same time the number of animals grazed on
the Forests has been steadily rising. On the average the
carrying capacity of the range has been increased by some-
thing like 30 per cent in the 16 years since the Forest Service
took charge of them. It is not strange that western cattle
and sheep industries have been converted from opposition to
enthusiastic advocacy of regulated grazing by the Forest
Service. |

For a Stay-at-Home Lumber Industry.

When we turn from the range to the timber, certain paral-
lels are disclosed. Here also protection of the public against

-

How the Public Forests are Handled. 321

monopolistic control is a part of the policy. The law requires
that when National Forest timber is sold for commercial use
its fair market value must be obtained. The timber is sold on
the stump for not less than the appraised value; and every
effort is made to secure competitive bids in all commercial]
sales. Large sales are extensively advertised, and before a
contract is awarded all possible opportunity is given pros-
pective purchasers to become familiar with the logging chance
in question. But the right is reserved, and on occasion exer-
cised, to reject the
highest bid if its
acceptance might
lead to the mo-
nopolistic control
of local markets,
or if on other
grounds the pub-
lic interests might
be unfavorably
affected. As a

Using and Growing Timber on the National Forests.

Mature trees, marked in advance by Forest officers, are cut without waste;
brush is piled to reduce the fire havard; and a good stand of thrifty young
trees is left to grow for future use.

30702°—rsK 1920——21**

322 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.”

further protection
against monopoly
it is distinctly the
policy to make sales
in such a way that
competition of
manufacturers for
a given market will
be developed. At
the same time, sta-
bility of manufac-
turing enterprises
is provided for by
holding for estab-
lished operators a
supply .of timber
adequate to meet
their needs for a
term of years; while
the cut is limited to
what the forests can

Minutes Count. permanently pro-

A glimpse of distant smoke, a quick calculation duce as a sustained
to ‘‘spot”’ the fire, a word over the wire to ranger yield. In place of
headquarters, and the fight is on. =

a nomadic industry,
gutting the country and moving on te new fields of devasta-
tion, is substituted one that is meant to continue as long as
trees grow and water runs.

This imposes a task for the expert in silviculture, very
much like that imposed on the grazing expert. When the
Forest Service took the Forests in charge there was scarcely
the beginning of a science of forestry in this country. Lum-
bering interferes with the forest growth in much the same
way that grazing interferes with the forage growth. To
use the resource so that it would not be impoverished, but im-
proved, was the vital matter.

Laboriously and step by step, the technical practice of
forestry has been worked out. Every cutting has become an
object lesson and source of new knowledge. Field observa-
tions have been supplemented by carefully planned intensive
work at experiment stations. Lack of adequate funds has

How the Public Forests are Handled. 323

made it impossible to prosecute the experimental studies with
the vigor that was needed to build up, as rapidly as it was
called for, the basic knowledge of forestry, and curtailed ap-
propriations for the support of this work have recently
compelled the virtual closing of most of the stations; but in
spite of such obstacles, progress of a notable character has
been made.
Fixe.

Just as the range had been badly abused before the Na-
tional Forests were created, the timber had been ravaged by
fire. Forest fires had set their mark on the western forests
even before the first white settlement of the country began.
These early fires were sometimes of Indian origin, but were
largely caused by lightning. As the whites moved in, fires
became more frequent. There was little sense of a personal
responsibility for protection of the forest resources. Hunt-
ers and trappers, prospectors, sheep herders and cowboys,
lumbermen, settlers, railroads, and recreation seekers all
contributed to increase the danger.

-There were many great fires. The earliest explorers ran
into some of them. In the West the forests normally face
each year a dry season. Frequently the summer drought is
severe and _ pro-
longed. Electrical
storms, with little
or no rain, are com-
mon, and one such
storm may start
from a dozen to
thirty fires within
an hour or two,
These lghtning
fires are most com-
mon in the high
mountains, where
their control is

: A Smoke.
made difficult by The smoke from a burning forest is visible
remoteness and in- many miles away and gives the lookout on the

Se peak his first warning of the fire.
accessibility. They

may burn for days and sometimes for weeks before an ade-
quate force of fire-fighters can reach them.

324 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

The great fires left extensive areas of desolation. Less
spectacular but no less harmful were the thousands of small
fires that burned each its few acres of heavy timber or ran
unchecked over the surface, killing mainly seedlings and
young growth. The oftener surface fires run through timber
the thinner the stand becomes. The old trees are left without
a normal crop of young trees coming on to take their place,
and a depleted, impoverished, and in the end very likely a
ruined forest is the consequence.

Fires not only interfere with the production of timber, but
also impair, and may destroy, the capacity of the forest to
protect watersheds. The first task imposed on the Forest
Service when, in 1905, it was placed in charge of the Na-
tional Forests was to devise and apply effective methods of
holding down the fire damage.

A Tough Job.

The task was immense. ‘There was nothing to pattern by,
and worse than nothing in the way of a field organization to
work with. “Political” appointees had been the rule, al-
most to the time when the “ forest reserves ” were transferred
to the care of the Forest Service; for the field force had not
been put in the elassified civil service until December, 1904.
Public sentiment with regard to the reserves was at best in-
clined to be indifferent, if not suspicious; in many regions it
was strongly hostile. The business methods in vogue were
archaic and cumbersome; the organization ill-adapted to its
tasks; the personnel neither commanding nor on the whole
deserving public confidence. With regard to forest fires, the
prevailing sentiment in the West was that they could neither
be prevented nor effectively controlled, and a large part of
the population saw no reason why they should be. Settlers
set fires to clear land, and let them run; miners set them to
make prospecting easier; sheepmen and cattlemen set them
to get more forage. Congressional appropriations for the
protection of the “reserves” were grossly inadequate. In
short, there was neither the machinery for fire control, nor
knowledge how to bring control about, nor funds for bringing
it about, nor any great public desire that it be brought about.

How the Public Forests are Handled. 325

And every summer, from the Pacific to the Great Plains, a
large part of the country was dim with haze or shrouded in
smoke.

With notable swiftness the whole situation began to
change. Crooked and inefficient job holders were hunted out
of the inherited field force; business methods were vigorously
overhauled and organization was improved; the technic of
fire suppression was learned in the hard school of experience;
an aggressive campaign of public education was waged.
While 16 years, has not sufficed to bring about complete

Backing Up the Fire Fighters.
Equipment and supplies are sent forward by pack train from the base camp to
the fire lines.
protection to the public forests against the fire hazard, the
gains made are of a profound and revolutionary character.
Essentially the battle has been won; what remains is to
press the victory home.

The National Forest protective force knows how to handle
fires and is competently organized. It has suffered from too
frequent changes in personnel, due to inadequate pay, and
the force is still in many regions too small. But the greatest
deficiency is in the equipment of the Forests with what is
necessary to detect and get to the fires quickly, so that they
can be put out while still small. More lookout stations, tele-

326 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

phone lines, and especially more roads and trails are badly
needed. The outlay required for so huge an aggregate area
is, of course, too great to enable these improvements to be
supplied all at one time. Each year sees their construction
carried farther.

Getting the Public to Help.

Perhaps the most notable single achievement has been the
conversion of western public sentiment with regard to fires.
Fifteen years ago most of the sentiment against fires was in
the East. To-day it is in the West. The value of the strong
western support of the policy of protection, and of the readi-
ness of the public to cooperate both in preventing fires and
in putting them out, is beyond estimate. This is due partly
to the demonstration by the Forest Service that the fire losses
can be held down and to the beneficial results that have fol-
lowed, but it is largely due also to the unremitting campaign
of education that has been waged by every available means.
This campaign must be nation-wide if the country is to have
adequate permanent forests.

Throughout a large part of the West, and in the National
Forests that are strung along the Appalachian Mountain sys-
tem from Georgia to Maine, the problem of protection is now
well in hand. In the three Pacific Coast States, however, and
in northern Idaho and western Montana, the conditions are
much less satisfactory. This is the portion of the country in
which the worst fires occur. It is also the part of the country
in which is concentrated one-half of our remaining stand of
timber.

All the conditions that make fire control difficult are in
these regions accentuated and combined, so that the problem
of protection is presented in its most acute form. The sum-
mers are usually so dry that for months the surface litter and
vegetation are like tinder; the timber stand is of conifers;
the country is very mountainous and broken, little settled, un-
developed, and lacking in means of communication and trans-
portation; lightning storms are common and severe; the areas
to be protected are immense; and the funds available for pro-
tecting the Forests are exceedingly inadequate. Here are the
last great strongholds of the arch enemy. What is the pros-
pect for their reduction ¢

How the Public Forests are Handled. 327

Perhaps that can
be accomplished
only by the method
of slow siege. Sea-
son by season, the
roads and _ trails,
lookout stations,
telephone lines, and
similar permanent
equipment will be
earried farther
into the mountains
and increased in
number. Thus the
approaches will be
driven forward,
the outposts
strengthened, and
the foe weakened
and pressed back.

The men employed National Forest Timber is Used.
in constructing Mature timber on the National Forests is placed
th ese improve is on the market and bids are accepted from re-

é 2 sponsible operators. The trees to be removed are
ments will furnish marked in advance and the cut is limited to what
potential fire- the Forest can produce permanently as a _ sus-

tained yield.

fighting forces
close to the advance line. Ahead of them will be the scouts
and skirmishers—“ smoke-chasers,” patrolmen, lookout-men
holding their lonely vigils on commanding peaks and turning
in the alarm when their telescopes bring to view the tell-tale
smoke banners of the enemy. Behind the front-line men there
will gradually press in potential supporting columns—log-
ging crews come to harvest the ripe timber for sawmill or
pulp, miners opening a new camp, ranchers here and there in
the mountain valleys, railroad construction crews, little settle-
ments, villages, towns. Dangerous old burns covered with
“ jackstraw ” dead-and-down timber will be made innocuous,
either by fire lines run about and through them, by utilization,
or, if there is no better way, by letting fire take its final toll
and utterly consume the débris. Sheep and cattle will be got

328 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

into portions of the forests now inaccessible to them, to eat off
the forage before it becomes fuel to spread the flames, and
sometimes to create fire lines through their driveways, or to
trample down and break the smaller fallen wood. And as
the interests of the public in the Forests increase through
economic development, there will be more and more forest
officers on the ground, more and more money appropriated to
hire guards, a more and more vigorous pushing of improve-
ment work. Progress will be at an accelerating rate; it will
gain by its own momentum, and conquer the last ground with
arush. It is the first step that is hardest to take, and there-
fore really counts most—and already there are many steps
behind.

Sound Science and the Spirit of Public Service.

There is much else that would have to be told to make the
story of how the National Forests are handled anything like
complete. It would be necessary to tell of their growing use
for recreational purposes; of their relation to the mining in-
dustry, which may freely develop their mineral wealth and
ebtain from them both wood and water essential to mining
operations; of their relation to many other industries, and
how their management is shaped with a view to making all in-
dustries dependent on them stable and permanent. But the
essence of the whole matter may after all be summed up in a
very few words.

On February 1, 1905, the Secretary of Agriculture, James
Wilson, addressed a letter to the Chief of the Forest Service,
which said in part:

In the administration of the forest reserves it must be
clearly borne in mind that all land is to be devoted to its
most productive use for the permanent good of the whole
people and not for the temporary benefit of individuals
er companies. All the resources of forest reserves are for
use, and this use must be brought about in a thoroughly
prompt and businesslike manner, under such restrictions

only as will insure the permanence of these resources.
= a ca

You will see to it that the water, wood,.and forage of -
the reserves are conserved and wisely used for the benefit
of the home builder first of all, upon whom depends the
best permanent use of lands and resources alike. The con-_
tinued prosperity of the agricultural, lumbering, mining,
and live-stock interests is directly dependent upon a per-

Tow the Public Forests are Handled. 329

manent and accessible supply of water, wood, aud forage,
as well as upon the present and future use of these re-
sources under businesslike regulations enforced with
promptness, effectiveness, und common sense. In the
management of each reserve local questions will be de-
cided upon local grounds; the dominant industry will be
considered first, but with as little restriction to minor in-
dustries as may be possible; sudden changes in industrial
conditions will be avoided by gradual adjustment after
due notice, and where conflicting interests must be recon-
ciled the question will always be decided from the stand-
point of the greatest good to the greatest number in the
long run,

These were the principles which the Forest Service was
instructed to put into effect when it took charge of the Na-
tional Forests 16 years ago. They have never been changed.
To the extent that they have been faithfully carried out, the
Forest Service has been successful. For that measure of
success it is indebted to the fact that, as a unit of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, it has been able to bring to its varied
tasks the methods and spirit of agricultural science (of which
forestry is a part) and to apply them in the service of the
public interest. Under no other department of the Govern-
ment could it have accomplished its tasks with equal success.
It can continue to serve the public with thorough efficiency
only so long as its work continues to be guided by the same
combination of sound science and the spirit of public service.
Forestry must be applied by foresters and its kinship with
agriculture should never be forgotten.

Scientific methods of
management enable

National Forest ranges

to Brow more forage
o for millions of = ;

Encolinent Blank Fer “Better Stres—Better Stock” Crusady

el

SCRUBSTO
QUALITY
maroc K .

By D. S. -_BuRcH,
Hditor, Bureau of Animal Industry.

HEN you start to improve live stock by grading up

with purebred sires you will not stop with merely

the sires, nor will you limit yourself entirely to the grading

process. You-will acquire some purebred females and be-

come, in a degree, a breeder of purebred live stock as well

as conducting the grading-up process with the other females.

More than that, you will acquire several times as many pure-
bred females as you have males.

These results happened on more than 3,200 farms in the
United States where purebred sires are used. Moreover, the
statements hold true for all classes of live stock.

In the case of cattle the owner of a purebred bull acquires
on an average seven purebred cows besides his other cows
that are not purebred. With swine and sheep for every
purebred male used there are about eight purebred females;
and with poultry the proportion is 1 to 13. For horses the
ratio is not so large—one stallion to only two mares—yet
the principle of getting purebred dams to go with purebred
sires still holds good.

Better Stock of All Kinds.

These figures represent the experiences of 3,243 live-stock
owners who are cooperating with their State agricultural
colleges and with the United States Department of Agricul-
ture in the “ Better Sires—Better Stock” campaign. This

331

332

ee ee es

te

en et i a i ee ee ee ee ee, ee i ne ae ere oro

amy

bt

From Scrubs to Quality Stock. 333

is an educational movement to improve the quality of live
stock in the United States by the use of good purebred
sires. It involves the pledge of a live-stock owner to use
such sires for all classes of live stock kept, and upon receipt
of this pledge, together with the blank on which is listed
the number of animals kept for breeding, the department
issues a suitable emblem of recognition.

The principal part which the various agricultural col-
leges and the Department of Agriculture play in the better-
sires drive is to give out information showing the benefits
which purebred sires bring. Whatever action live-stock,
owners themselves take is a matter prompted by their own
best judgment. It is their judgment, their decision, and
their ultimate action which are the basis for the figures
already given. The noticeably large use of purebred females
is an unexpected result of the better-sires movement and
contributes largely to its success.

The trend toward better live stock is shown in a striking
way by the total figures representing enrollment in the bet-
ter-sires campaign for slightly over a year.

What the Pictures Show.

A. Viney Woods Rooter and Her Litter of Three.
Although some swine raisers, especially in the prominent swine-raising
States, have never scen a typical razorback, other swine raisers have
net seen well-bred swine of good type.

BR. Purebred Profit Makers.

An unusually excellent pair of Hampshires with a litter so lively that
the camera could searcely ‘ cateh’”’ them.

C. Plenty of Ventilation—Little Comfort.

Poor housing interferes with animal comfort, tends to lower produc-
tion, and may also harbor livestock diseases. Better returns from
herds headed by purebred sires generally make possible a better class of
farm buildings,

D, Good Live Stock Barns Good Quarters.
Light, ventilation, sanitation, and-plenty of economical feed—all these
combined with good breeding cause live stock to be most profitable to
owners.

334 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Quality of live stock used for breeding by purebred-sire owners.
[Based on reports of 3,243 persons enrolled ins ela eee Stock’ campaign Jan. 1

Males eet een ~ ** “| Tetal
Ql ee
pure- | Pure- Cross-

bred). bred: Grade. ¢

Kind.

Larger animals (including ‘ | :
cattle, horses, asses, swine,
sheep, and goats)..........- 8,021 | 50,213 | 72,546 | 22,203 | 3,849 | 148,811 | 156,832

Poultry (including chickens,
turkeys, geese, ducks, and | j
guinea fowls)..............- | 12,346 | 159,149 | 52,584 | 10,043 | 4,000 | 225,776 | 238, 122

SS

Total animals and poul- .
iY pues eee 20,367 | 209,362 | 125,130 | 32,246 | 7,849 | 374,587 | 394,954

In the case of poultry, which are more prolific, more than two-thirds of the females kept by
purebred-sire users are of pure breeding.

These summaries, in the judgment of specialists in the
Bureau of Animal Industry, show the esteem in which farm-
ers of the country are holding purebred live stock. At the
beginning of the “ Better Sires—Better Stock” campaign a
large proportion of the discussion concerning the merits of
purebreds originated in the department, but now, like a
returning tide, the favorable opinions and reports of success
which attend the use of well-bred live stock are rolling in.

Another Page of Live Stock Contrasts.

A. A Serub Cow.

There is seldom any uniformity in scrub stock. About the only things
they have in common are 4 legs, 2 horns, a hide, and a tail.

B. One Result of Tick Kradication.

Purebred Hereford cattle in Mississippi. Only a few years ago the
State was tick infested. Good breeding stock combined with the control
of pests and disease makes possible a great live-stock empire in the |
South,

C, Where Breeding Means Power.

A purebred Percheron stallion. Sires of this kind result in vigorous,
growthy animals.

D. Handicapped by Inferior Breeding.

Voorly bred horses like this one are less valuable for work and bring
Jess at sales than those having purebred ancestors,

336 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

These match up so closely with the figures already given
that they should interest live-stock owners throughout the
country regardless of the kind and quality kept.

What Purebred-Sire Users Say.

A breeder in Nevada remarks, “ My steers (from purebred
sires) will weigh 100 pounds more at 2 years old than a
scrub at 3.” “If I had $3,000 to start a herd of good cattle,”
declares a North Carolina dairyman, “I would put at least
50 per cent in a bull. I claim to have the best bull in the
State and am looking forward to his offspring. Get a bet-
ter sire.”

“Use big, vigorous sires and feed well,” another breeder
urges. ns scrub can’t be expected to produce growthy off-
spring.”

“A first-class animal can not be produced ee a good
sire,” remarks a Florida stockman, “but I would urge also
better dams. You have never seen a real high-class animal
that didn’t have a good dam.” ee

A Pennsylvania dair yman who is a member of a coopera-
tive bull association states in a letter to the department,
“T have been a member of the Grove City Holstein-Friesian
Bull Association for three years. It is one of the best in-
vestments a small breeder can make. I do not believe I
would ever have started in purebred stock had I not be-

—And This Stock Also Tells a Story.

A, Barred Plymouth Rock Cock of Good Type.

Poultry of pure breeding and conforming to recognized standards for
their breed are known as standardbred fowls, the highest type.

B. The Kind not to Use.

The mixed heredity of a bird like this mongrel means a mixed lot of
chickens unlike in appearance and unable to transmit good qualities to
offspring. ;

C. A Serub Ewe.

This native ewe bas undesirable qualities s9 common in poorly bred
Nye stock. The humped back, long legs, and light growth of wool are
in striking contrast with the conformation of well-bred sheep.

D. Good Breeding Means More than “ Blood.”

In sheep it means more wool, better wool, more meat, better meat,
faster growth, greater vigor, and increased profits.

os]

30702°—yBK 1920——22** 337

338 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

longed to the association. I now own three purebred fe-
males and sold one bull calf to almost pay for my interest
in the association.”

A swine breeder in Washington State tells of breeding an
ordinary sow belonging to a near-by farmer to his own
purebred boar. “Out of the litter,” he adds, “the farmer —
raised hogs that took first and second prize and junior cham-
pion at the State fair.”

“To understand how to breed and how to feed,” declares
a Utah farmer, “ will greatly improve the standard of our
live stock.” .

“Use purebred stock, at least purebred sires” is a similar
comment from a stockman, who adds, “ keep less stock, give
them better care, and make twice as much money.”

The comments just given illustrate the appreciation of a
superior quality of stock by persons who depend on domestic
animals for a large part of their livelihood.

Ratio of Sires and Dams.

Developments in the better-sires movement have resulted
likewise in figures showing the relative number of purebred
males and of all females (including purebred, crossbred,
grade, and scrub) kept for breeding purposes. These ratios
are based on approximately 400,000 head of stock listed with
the United States Department of Agriculture:

Cattlei j:..-- 2. et ee 1 bull to 17.5 cows.
Horses: = =.=.) 1 stallion to 17.2 mares.
Swine lh acest oe ee 1 boar to 11.1 sows.
Sheep..—==— =. see = 1 _ ee 1 ram to 32.2 ewes.
Goats See 1 buck to 23.9 does.
WO WS ee Soe oe: 1 rooster to 23.9 hens.
Other poultry, geese, ducks, tur-

keys, etc. (average) ~—----__-_ 1 male to 10.6 females.

These figures, representing the proportion of males to
females on more than 3,200 farms throughout the country,
show the importance of placing stress on quality in sires.
In practically all cases a sire is the parent of a much larger
number of offspring than the average female animal. Yet
the tendency, clearly shown by the records of the “ Better
Sires—Better Stock” campaign, to recognize the value of
good dams is likewise sound and practical. This tendency
is a basis for even more rapid live-stock improvement than
the use of purebred sires alone would bring.

3y H. S. FarRBank,
Senior Highway Engineer, Bureau of Public Roads.

O*” of the advantages of Heaven, according to Milton,
is a “broad and ample road.” The farmer who has
to haul half-loads of produce because of the mud between
his fields and the market, or the automobilist who has to pull
out of a hole by means of a rope passed around a roadside
tree, is excusable if he is tempted to envy the disembodied
spirit traveling luxuriously along Milton’s star-paved high-
way. He may even wish himself there audibly and in no
uncertain tones. But the reason for this feeling is rapidly
passing away. We have entered a new era, in which the
bad road is giving way to the good, and the good road is
being pushed forward into places where no roads have ever
been before. Everywhere in the United States good roads
have come to be regarded as indispensable to the welfare of
the community. State and Federal Governments are cooper-
ating in a great nation-wide endeavor to change the country
thoroughfare from “a rough, a weary road” to a smooth,
well-graded, well-kept highway. In the year 1921 alone the
Bureau of Public Roads will be responsible for the expendi-
ture of $100,000,000 of the Government’s money, and more
than an equal amount appropriated by the States.

It is an interesting commentary upon the growth of the
“ood roads” movement that the Office of Public Road In-
quiry, which was the name by which the Bureau of Public

339

340 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Roads was first known, was created mm 1893 with an annual
appropriation of $10,000—nearly enough to build a quarter
of a mile of modern highway. But it established itself in the
front of the fight for better roads, the work grew, and its
supporters have multiplied a thousandfold. For more than
a score of years its role was that of the searcher after knowl-
edge. The testing and research work which it carried on
duting this period laid the foundation of the structure of
modern highway engineering, and much of the testing ap-
paratus which is now used the world over to measure the
value of road materials was developed during this fruitful
period.
Sand and Clay.

Offhand, sand-clay doesn’t sound very promising when you
ask about the road ahead. But if you know what the
Bureau of Public Roads has done with these materials you
will take heart. Until the possibilities of this type of con-
struction became known the public roads of a large section
of the Southern States had never been improved. Its dis-
covery and development marked the first impulse toward
rural development in that region; and from 1900 to 1912
hundreds of thousands of square yards were built under the
direct supervision of Public Roads engineers sent out to
assist local county and district road authorities.

Every other type of road construction adaptable to rural
conditions was carefully studied and the simplest and best
methods of constructing them were taught to the local road ©
builders of counties all over the United States.

The Automobile Brings New Troubles.

When the automobile came to demand a further improve-
ment in the character of the roads which were being built,
the testing division of the Bureau of Public Roads did more
than any other single agency to develop the intelligent use
of asphalts and tars with which to settle the clouds of dust
raised by the new vehicle. The bituminous materials which
solved this problem had never before been used in road con-
struction. In chemical composition they are extremely com-
plex and variable, and no one knew what composition was
needed for any particular highway use. The adjustment. of

Roads. 341

these materials to their new use and the standardization of
manufacturing processes was a work which is comparable
to the development of such basic structural materials as steel
and cement.

The development of these materials definitely solved the
problems of the dust nuisance and of surface wear. Though
the traffic which uses our roads has increased from five to
ten fold in the last decade, the highway builder still finds
no difficulty in building roads which are practically dustless
and which are scarcely perceptibly worn down by the pas-
sage of the hundreds of thousands of vehicles which use them
each year.

But the engineers have not been permitted to rest content
with these achievements. A type of vehicle has come into
use almost in a day which is so different from any other
vehicle that has ever traveled the highways as to require the
most fundamental alterations in standards of road construc-
tion. This vehicle—the motor truck—carries twice as much
freight at a single load as ever has been hauled by road
before. Formerly the heavier loads were drawn by plodding
horses at the pace of 3 miles an hour, but these marvelous
vehicles can go five times as fast. Their great weight and
speed have taught us that roads which formerly were thought
to be smooth are full of small depressions and inequalities of
surface. The trucks, as they rumble over the small elevations
and fall into the adjoining depressions, deliver great ham-
mer-like blows, the effect of which upon the roads is greater
far than the weight of the vehicle and its load. Anyone who
has stood near by as one of the huge Army trucks was pass-
ing, and has felt the road quiver under the punishment of its
solid rubber tires, can appreciate the tremendous destructive
force which they exert.

They do not greatly wear the surface of the roads, but they
do a damage which is far worse. Roads which were built
for the traffic of five short years ago are literally shattered to
pieces by the herculean blows of their wheels. The deteriora-
tion is not, as formerly, a product of many vehicles and long
‘periods, but may result from the passage of a single heavy
vehicle, in the same way that a bridge will collapse under a
load which is too heavy for it. To prevent this damage is
the new highway problem.

342 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Defense Against Motor-Truck Impact.

The blows a motor truck delivers to a road, like the shells
a big gun hurls into a fortress, can be withstood only if the
force of the impact is accurately known in advance and
adequately provided for. The first move in solving the prob-
lem of road building for motor-truck traffic was to find out
how much force the truck puts into a blow.

Researches conducted at the Arlington Experimental
Farm near Washington have given highway engineers the

Measuring Motor Truck Impact at the Arlington Experimental Farm.

basis for the design of highway surfaces which will with-
stand the impact of motor trucks, by measuring the inten-
sity of the blows delivered. It has been found, for example,
that a 5-ton truck equipped with solid rubber tires and
traveling at a speed of 15 miles per hour, striking a surface
depression only one-quarter inch in depth, delivers a blow
to the road equivalent to four times its actual weight.
Carrying the research a step farther, it has been found that
the intensity of the blow delivered is enormously reduced by
the use of pneumatic instead of solid rubber tires.

Having measured the intensity of the blows of the truck
wheels, and having developed entirely new apparatus by

%
‘

Roads. 343

which such measurements can be made by others, the Bureau
of Public Roads is now proceeding to examine, in detail, the
effects of the trucks upon different types of roads, expecting
in this way to be able to propose definite new standards of
construction to replace those which have been outgrown.
How important these researches are may be judged from the
fact that the president of the American Association of State
Highway Officials, a body composed of the leading highway
engineers of the country, referred to them recently as the
outstanding accomplishment of the year. The cost to the
people of the United States was about one-hundredth of 1
per cent of the amount of money that was spent for road
construction in the country during the year.

A Tremendous Job.

To know what kind of roads ought to be built is very im-
portant. But actually to build them throughout a country
like the United States is another thing. A long step toward
the first goal has been made at small expense by a small force
of earnest men. To do the second requires an army of men
and a pile of money. The Federal aid and national forest
road work constitutes the greatest program of road con-
struction ever undertaken under single control in the history
of the world. The appropriations now available provide
for the construction of roads which will cost nearly twice as
much as the Panama Canal.

The law under which this great work has been conducted
since July 11, 1916, is known as the Federal-aid road act.
As the name of the act implies, the roads constructed under
it are not built by the Federal Government alone, but by the
States and the Government in cooperation. The framers of
the law recognized the success which had crowned the efforts
of the States with highway departments to supervise the con-
struction of their roads, and one of the principal provisions
of the law was designed to encourage the formation of ade-
quate highway departments in all the States. The duty of
actual supervision of the construction of the Federal-aid
roads is laid upon the highway departments of the States,
and no State can receive aid under the law unless it has such
a department adequate in the opinion of the Secretary of
Agriculture to perform the functions expected of it.

344 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Far-Reaching Results.

To this requirement of the law are due some of its most -
far-reaching results. In order to comply with it, 17 States,
which previously had either no State department at all or
departments insufficiently equipped to perform necessary
functions, have been led to establish adequate departments
of the State government to care for the important work of
highway construction. In one year after the passage of the
act more constructive highway legislation was placed on the
State statute books than had ever before been enacted in a
similar period in the history of the country; and a condition |
was brought about which otherwise would net have been
reached in less than 5 or 10 years.

The insistence of the Government upon the construction
of Federal-aid roads under the supervision of the State de-.
partments has resulted in placing a much larger part of the
road work of the country under skilled engineering super-
vision. Thus, in 1915, the year before the act was passed,
only 30 per cent of the money spent for roads and bridges
in the United States was expended under the supervision of
State highway departments. In 1921 the State departments
will exercise control over fully 80 per cent. In this respect
the act has exerted a powerful influence for economy and
efficiency in the administration of the road work of the
country.

The funds appropriated by the act may be used only for
the construction of roads, the duty of maintaining them
after they are constructed being laid upon the States. As a
means of enforcing proper maintenance the law gives the
Government authority to withhold future allotments of
Federal aid in case any road constructed is not maintained
in a manner satisfactory to the Secretary of Agriculture.

The amount of aid which may be granted to any one piece
of construction is limited to 50 per cent of the cost of the
labor and material employed, and to $20,000 per mile, exclu-
sive of bridges of more than 20 feet clear span.

The Money.

The original act with its amendment appropriates a total
of $275,000,000 for Federal-aid roads and $19,000,000 for

Roads. 345

A, A concrete road near
Easton, Ta.

B,. This road in Texas
is not as expensive as the
Pennsylvania road, but it
will serve its purpose just
as well.

Federal-Aid Roads Are Built to Carry the Trafic.

the construction of roads and trails in the national forests.
The amount appropriated for aided roads by the original
act was $75,000,000, and this amount was made available
in five annual installments beginning in July, 1916, with
$5,000,000 and increasing by $5,000,000 annually to July,
1920. This method of appropriating the money was adopted
to give the States an opportunity to expand their organiza-
tions and handle the greatly increased funds.

Only the allotments for the first two years were appro-
priated according to this original schedule, however, because
in February, 1919, the Congress appropriated $200,000,000
additional, which it made available concurrently with the
first. appropriation, $50,000,000 for the fiscal year 1919, and
$75,000,000 for each of the two years 1920 and 1921. This

346 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

made the total appropriations for these years, $65,000,000
for 1919, $95,000,000 for 1920, and $100,000,000 for 1921.

The method of appropriating the money by years is clearly
shown in the following table, which also shows how the
$19,000,000 for forest roads was appropriated.

Method of appropriating Federal-aid and forest-road funds by fiscal
years, beginning July 1, 1916. ;

Federal-aid funds. Forest-road funds.

_—$———— ;
Fiscal year. | 1916 —-1919 1916 1919

| appropria- | appropria- Total. appropria- | appropria- _ Total.

tion. tion. tion. tion.
1987? 5 eo ae L. sdevcemm sees $5,000,000 | $1,000,000 |..........-- $1, 000, 000
oT, ae ae | 10,000,000 |.........---. 10,000,000 | 1,000,000 |............ 1, 000, 000
eee ee | 15,000,000 | $50,000,000 | 65,000,000 | 1,000,000 | $3,000,000 | 4, 000, 000
Ween Seo | 20,000,000 | 75,000,000 | 95,000,000 | 1,000,000 | 3,000,000 | 4, 000, 000
11'S) eA We | 25,000,000 | 75,000,000 | 100,000,000 | 1,000,000 | 3,000,000 | 4, 000, 000
1922). eee | SS eel Ok Se eal Pe E E52 1000; 000:|:-. —ateees 1, 000, 000
ieee eee, Se eee 1, C0000 |.< 21. eee 1, 000, 000
MAES cee | Ste RAs So Pee mE (gnrenen ere orm, 1,000,000 |........--.. 1, 000, 000
YORE: «octets st ee oleae 1,000; 000 "|<. u< 460P.ke 1,000, 000
14: See Dae aes ee | 1,000, O00 lsc: “See 1,000, 000

Total..... 75,000,000 | 200,000,000 | 275,000,000 | 10,000,000 | 9,000,000 | 19, 000, 000

Three per cent of these annual amounts may be deducted
by the Secretary of Agriculture to pay for the administra-
tion by the Federal Government, after which the balance is
divided among the States. The division or apportionment is
made in accordance with a rule laid down by the act itself—
a rule so ingeniously devised as to make sure that there can
be no unfairness in the distribution of the money. Accord-
ing to this rule each State gets a part of each annual allot-
ment which bears to the total allotment the same ratio as the
area, population, and mileage of rural delivery and star
postal routes in the State bears to the total of these factors
for the United States as a whole. The diagram on the next
page shows the total amount allotted to each State for the
whole 5-year period covered by the acts.

How It Is Done.

The administration of those vast sums, of course, calls for
a large organization. That the organization can never be
overdeveloped, however, is assured by the 3 per cent limita-

toads. 347

tion on administrative funds. As the Federal funds must be
met by at least an equal appropriation of State money, the
allowance is really only 14 per cent of the whole fund ad-
ministered.

Instead of centralizing all authority in Washington, the
United States has been divided into 13 districts, with a dis-

CALIFORNIA
COLORADO .._4..----

MARYLAND ____ a
MASSACHUSETTS. ...__
MICHIGAN

NEBRASKA...

NEVADA ____

NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSZY.._..-.....
NEW MEXICG

SOUTH CAROLINA.._._..
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE

TEXAS. _..

UTAH__.__
VERMONT...

WEST VIRGINIA ._____. =a
WISCONSIN

MILLIONS OF DOLLARS

Federal Aid Apportioned to the States to July 1, 1920, Inclusive,

trict engineer in charge of each, who is authorized to deal
directly with the State departments in his district. Where
the work is sufficiently heavy to warrant it, one or more
resident engineers have been placed in a State. By thus
decentralizing the organization, much closer relations can be
maintained with the State departments than it would be
possible to bring about through a single remote organization
located in Washington. And as the district engineers are
authorized to approve plans submitted by the States, a great

348 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

deal of time is saved which would otherwise be lost in send-
ing plans and documents back and forth to Washington.

The central organization at Washington is comparatively
small, consisting only of the chief of bureau and chief engi-
neer and a staff of reviewing engineers maintained to co-
ordinate the work of the various districts and to act as a
check upon the district offices.

According to recent reports, over half of the projects han-
dled are passed by the district offices in an average of five

Federal-Aid Districts and District Headquarters.

days. Greater delay at this stage is generally due to che
necessity for careful investigation to determine whether the
road proposed is of sufficient importance to warrant the
expenditure of Federal money upon it. When these doubt-
ful points are cleared up the prompt passage of the project
to approval by the Secretary of Agriculture is practically
assured, as 90 per cent of all projects received at Washington
are passed by the Bureau of Public Roads in an average of
four days.

The Progress of the Work.

Up to December 31, 1920, 3,630 projects involving a total
of 35,045 miles of road had been approved by the Secretary
of Agriculture. The preliminary estimate of cost upon these
projects was $473,852.216.96, of which $198,966,230.37 will

‘Roads. 349

be approved as. Federal aid. On the same date 817 projects
representing 4,302 miles had been entirely completed, and
2,034 additional projects were in various stages of construc-
tion. The projects that were under construction include
17,219 miles, and they were reported as being 45 per cent
completed on December 31.

Including the aid allotted to the projects entirely com-
pleted and that allotted to the completed portions of projects
under construction, the work which had been done up to the
end of the calendar year involved $83,000,000 of Federal aid,
and the total-cost of this completed work has been estimated
at $193,000,000.

The accompanying diagram shows graphically the prin-
cipal steps in the expenditure of the Federal appropriations.

278

250
FEOERAL AID APPORTIONED
225 FEGERAL AID IN APFROVED PROJECTS
—=---—— FEQERALAI IN PROJECT AGREEMENTS

—-—- FEOERALAID IN COMPLETED WORK

MILLIONS OF DOLLARS

© rn © ae Soerat, 3
Fe a 2 2a 2 2 & 3 2
as a = so = =e ae = = =
> > +
he Sse ent ty a! 2% lg, ee
—
5 Fa a =>) 72 iS os > 7

Federal-Aid Progress.

The heavy stepped line indicates the annual allotments to the States, in-
ereasing in amount from $4,850,000 ($5,000,000 less 3 per cent) the first
year to $97,000,000 for the fiscal year 1921, the total amount allctted during
the five years being $266,750,000.

The solid line next to the right shows the amount of Federal aid allotted to
projects approved by the Secretary of Agriculture. The dotted extension
beyond December 31, 1920, indicates that by December 31, 1922, the Secre-
tary of Agriculture will probably have approved enough projects to absorb
the whole Federal appropriation now available.

The dashed line shows the amount of Federal aid involved in the projects for
which formal cooperative agreements had bcen entered into at any time.
The last line—the dotted line—indicates the amount of Federal money in-

volved in the work completed at any given stage.

350 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Character of Federal-Aid Roads.

No effort has been made to encourage the construction of
any particular type of road. Though there have been those
who have urged that no roads should be constructed except of
the highest and most expensive types, the legal require-
ment that the roads shall be “substantial in character” has
not been thus interpreted.

It has been recognized that the heavy and expensive con-.
struction which is necessary in New York, Massachusetts,
and Pennsylvania is not suitable or necessary for the less
exacting traffic of Nevada, Idaho, and the Dakotas. A num-
ber of other considerations have influenced the choice of
type in many cases. It is frequently found that suitable
local materials are so much less costly than better materials
imported from a distance that the construction of a lower
class of work with the local material is justifiable; and as it is
important to develop material sources throughout the coun-
try on as large a scale as possible, approval of the use of
local materials is not infrequently given for the purpose of
encouraging local production.. There are also peculiar con-
ditions affecting the methods of construction. For example,
in parts of the far west the entire absence of water along a
right-of-way and the expense of piping an adequate supply
for 20 or 30 miles often make it necessary to approve a type
of construction which can be built without the use of large
quantities of water.

With these and other similar conditions in mind, the
initial decision as to the type of a particular road is made
by the State highway department. Its decision is reviewed
by the Bureau of Public Roads after an independent study
of the conditions, and the type of road finally decided upon
is that type which in the judgment of the engineers of the
State department and of the Bureau of Public Roads is the
most suitable under the circumstances,

The types of road selected and constructed in this manner
have included practically all the well-known forms of con-
struction from earth to concrete, brick, and bituminous con-
crete. The lower types—earth, sand-clay, and gravel—pre-
dominate in mileage, including about 66 per cent of all the

Roads. 351

road constructed. The intermediate types—water-bound and
bituminous macadam, ete.—constitute about 7 per cent of
the mileage, and the higher types involve about 24 per cent.

In point of cost the order is reversed. The higher types,
including cement concrete, brick, and bituminous concrete,
which account for only 24 per cent of the mileage, have called
for 60 per cent of the money. The earth, sand-clay, and
gravel roads, which make up 66 per cent of the mileage, have’
used only about one-quarter of the money.

In Wisconsin the Federal Money is Going Into Such Works As This
Road and Bridge,

Forest Roads.

Tn addition to the administration of the Federal-aid work,
the Bureau of Public Roads is also responsible for the con-
struction of roads and trails in the national forests, for which
$19,000,000 have been appropriated by Congress.

In this work the Bureau of Public Roads cooperates with
the Forest Service. Within the national forests are approxi-
mately 15,000 miles of roads which form connecting links for
State and county highway systems. As the States have no
jurisdiction over these roads Uncle Sam must see that they
are kept in good condition.

The improvement of these roads and the construction of a
supplementary system of roads and trails for purposes of

352 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

fire protection constitute the national forest road project.
The importance of the work is enhanced because of the fact
that the forest areas all lie along the mountain summits and,
therefore, contain the passes through which the important
trunk highways must cross the mountain ranges. The trans-
portation of forest products, the protection and administra-
tion of the forests themselves, and the utilization of these
national areas for recreational purposes are all dependent
upon these roads.

|
!
|:
|

THE-MARCH-OF i

| STANDARDIZATION be

OEE,

a: Fa St eras = * —

By Harorp W. SAmson,
Specialist in Standardization, Burcau of Markets.

HE reform wave struck the produce business along with
the refrigerator car. That was about 40 years ago.
Then it was that the thrifty grower turned his attention to
educating the appetite of the Nation to demand strawberries
in January and lettuce the year round, and the great dis-
tributing centers began to draw their supplies from the four
corners of the country. The personal contact which to a
large extent had existed between buyer and seller was broken,
and distribution problems became intricate. The inevitable
result was an attempt to smooth out the many difficulties in-
cident to doing business at long range by improved methods
of grading and by the development of a common language.
Stern necessity is a great teacher, and the records show that
the instances are few and far between where “ the mother of
invention ” has not been the counselor and friend who has
pressed the adoption of definite standards upon the unwilling
industry. But she has been faithful to the trust; and al-
though much remains to be done, those who have watched
the march are viewing the present situation with a feeling
of satisfaction and are looking to the future with a lively
hope. The producers and dealers are awake, and it is only
a question of time before there will be a general adoption of
uniform grades. Every branch of industry has sooner or
30702°—ysBK 1920———23%% 353

354 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

later recognized the fact that progress must: come through
the proper application of the basic principle of standardi-
zation. ;
The history of cotton standardization dates back to 1793,
when Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, and the rapid
increase in production stimulated the demand for standards
of quality. There has been a gradual extension of trading

U. S. Middling Cotton.

The Department of Agriculture has standardized nine grades of cotton.
Middling is the basic grade on which future contracts are based. The higher
and lower grades are sold on the basis of so many points on-or off middling.
on the basis of grade since that time, but not until six years
ago were the official cotton standards of the United States
promulgated under the provisions of the United States cot-
ton futures act. The use of these standards is now compul-
sory in the settlement of future contracts on the exchanges
in the case of delivery of cotton thereunder, and they are
also used as a basis for quotation in all the spot markets of
the country.

The March of Standardization. 355

The grain trade went along for years with no official
grades. It is true that most of the leading grain-producing
States had grades, and where such State standards were not
in effect boards of trade and chambers of commerce adopted
their own grades and controlled the grading of incoming
and outgoing shipments. But too many standards are little
better than none at all, and the greatest confusion and dis-
satisfaction reigned. The demand for uniform standards
was practically universal, coming not only from farmers,
grain societies, exchanges, and manufacturers in our own
country, but from buyers from foreign countries, where
American grain was falling into disrepute solely on account
of our unsatisfactory grading practices. In 1916 public
sentiment on this subject had crystallized sufficiently to in-
duce Congress to pass the United States grain standards act,
one of the principal objects of which was the preparation of
a single set of standards for American grain. Federal grades
for wheat, oats, and shelled corn have been established
already, and similar grades will soon be ready for rye, barley,
grain sorghums, milled rice, and flax. The common language
is to this extent an accomplished fact.

These examples could easily be multiplied, but it is the
same story in reviewing the history of marketing agricul-
tural products, no matter what the commodity may be—live
stock or eggs, wool or hay. Eventually there will be uniform
standards, and that means national standards, for State
boundaries have long since been obliterated in our national
scheme of distribution.

Potatoes Get in Line.

It was in 1915 that the Bureau of Markets first inaugurated
an experimental telegraphic market news service on fruits
and vegetables, and in so doing brought the fact home to the
shipper that it is very difficult to report current prices unless
they are based on definite standards of pack and quality.
Potatoes may be $2 a bushel in Chicago, $3 in New York, and
$2.50 in Cleveland, but unless the grade of these potatoes
is known there is no means of determining which market is
giving the shipper the best returns.

A force of investigators was therefore assigned to the task
of formulating suitable grades for perishables; and on ac-

356 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

count of their great importance as a staple food, potatoes were
selected as one of the crops to receive first consideration. By
the time the United States entered the World War these in-
vestigations had established the practicability of marketing
potatoes by grade, and had placed the department in a posi-
tion to make definite recommendations as to what the grades
should be.

It is fortunate that this was true; for the summer of 1917
presented the prospect of a record-breaking crop, and with
the transportation facilities of the country seriously over-
taxed it became a problem as to how this supply was to be
stored and moved into the markets in quantities which could
be absorbed. A glut would have cost producers. enormous
losses and discouraged production at a most critical period.
In order to relieve the financial needs the Federal Reserve
Board authorized its member banks to make loans against
warehouse receipts for potatoes when properly graded,
packed, stored, and insured. The board set forth in a letter
to the United States Food Administration that under these
conditions potatoes constituted a readily marketable, non-
perishable staple within the meaning of the regulation re-
lating to commodity paper. Immediately following this
ruling the Department of Agriculture and the Food Admin-
istration jointly recommended the U. S. grades, the use of
which, on January 31, 1918, became compulsory as far as the
licensees of the latter organization were concerned. This
ruling continued in effect until after the signing of the
armistice.

About this time also a food products inspection service
was organized by the Bureau of Markets, with offices in the
larger markets of the country. Its inspectors were disinter-
ested parties who could paint a word picture which would
enable the arbitrators of the United States Food Administra-
tion to make proper adjustments. Their certificates also fur-
nished a basis for settlements between shippers and receivers
in cases of disputes over quality or condition.

Here again the U.S. potato grades stepped into prominence
and enabled the inspectors to determine accurately what
shipments complied with the prescribed standards and what
did not. The result was gratifying to reputable shippers and
dealers alike. One prominent broker said; “It is much

The March of Standardization. 357

easier to do business on a definite basis, and dealers do not
hesitate to make purchases and to give bank guaranties, since
they realize that in case the shipper does not live up to his
contract the purchaser can secure fair dealing through the.
Bureau of Markets inspection service.” Of course, it worked
both ways, as will appear in the following letter from a ship-
per: “Am pleased with your report on car of potatoes
I C 59782. This car left here in fine condition, being one of
the best cars I ever loaded. There was no excuse whatever
for Smith to kick about accepting this car.” The develop-
ment of standard grades has made such service possible.

Hamper of Well-Graded U. S. No. 1 Potatoes.

The U. 8. potato grades are now generally recognized throughout the country.

Thus it was that the U. S. potato grades became so well es-
tablished during the war that thereafter they were used by
the trade voluntarily. To-day these grades are the official
standard in nine States which represent 25 per cent of the
total production of the country, and in addition to this terri-
tory they are used voluntarily in practically every other im-
portant producing section. When one considers the chaotic
condition which prevailed prior to 1916 there is certainly
room for encouragement in reviewing the work of the past
four years.

358 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Onions and Others.

It was again the development of a telegraphic market news
service at Laredo, Tex., in the spring of 1916 that turned the
attention of the Department of Agriculture to the grading of

3ermuda onions. Growers and members of the trade had
already given the subject much attention, but had not
secured uniformity. .Two seasons were spent in study-
ing the grading and packing methods, the market de-

U. S. No. 1
Sweet Po-
tatoes Like
These Find a Ready
Market.
mands and preferences, and in the comparison of the
prices and movement of graded and ungraded stock. It
takes a lot of time and figuring to find out where the “ Dou-
bles.” “ Bottle Necks,” “Seed Stems,” and “ Pinks” belong
and then to write out in plain language just what the ship-
pers should put in the package. When the work was finished
the recommendations of the department were promulgated
as the official standard for inspection by the Texas State
Legislature, and by this act two-thirds of the Bermuda-onion
crop of the country was required to be packed on this basis.

The March of Standardization. 309

The remainder of the crop is grown in California and
Louisiana, and the former State has already signified its in-
tention of adopting the same standard for the coming year.

A recitation of the particular circumstances which led to
the development of grades for other crops would be in many
respects a repetition of the progress of potato and Bermuda-
onion standardization. Onion growers in the North and
sweet-potato growers in the South have also felt the need of
similar standards for their products; and the Department of
Agriculture, with their cooperation, has prepared and recom-
mended grades. The general success which has attended their
use has enlisted the interest of growers of other products, anc
those who are in the best position to know realize that this
work will never cease until the entire list of farm products is
included. Much has already been done in a preliminary way
on cabbage, celery, lettuce, asparagus, and tomatoes; and
tentative standards are now being discussed with the trade.
Thus the same sound business principle is being applied to
crops which heretofore have been considered as more or less
impossible subjects for standardization.

The development of grades for fruit has progressed along
somewhat different lines. I*or many years shippers located
on the Pacific coast have graded their fruits and vegetables,
and at present there are no products more carefully graded
as to quality and size than northwestern apples and Cali-
fornia citrus fruits. This development was literally forced
on these sections, for it was impossible for them to pay the
high freight rates to distant markets and compete with prod-
ucts grown at near-by points without carefully selecting their
stock for appearance and carrying qualities. The rigid in-
spection provided by the shipping organizations, many of
which are run on a cooperative basis, has also been a great
factor in securing uniformity. The results which have
been obtained have been so striking that the growers in most
of these States have written these grades into the State laws
in order to protect the good name of their industry.

Apples in the Barrel.

In the case of barreled apples the changing of the trade
practices of many years’ standing has been a slow process.
What has been accomplished is the result of the untiring

360 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

zeal of public-spirited men, leaders in their industry, who
have pressed the adoption of grading laws, and of the in-
fluence of trade organizations and horticultural societies.
The first definite move to remedy the situation by legisla-
tion was the introduction in Congress of the present apple-
grading law, commonly known as the Sulzer law. The pas-
sage of this act served to awaken public sentiment in favor

A Good Commercial Pack of U. 8S. No. 1 Rome Beauties.

The use of modern packing house equipment is bringing about a great improve-
ment in the grades,

of providing a standard which would eliminate fraudulent
and deceptive packing, stabilize the market, and stimulate
better methods of production; but its provisions were wholly
permissive, and there was no apropriation for its enforce-
ment,

So much difficulty was experienced in harmonizing the
conflicting opinions of the various producing sections that

The March of Standardization. 361

the Department, working in close cooperation with progres-
sive men in all branches of the industry, prepared a proposed
Jaw which was introduced in the legislatures of the apple-
producing States. So many unnecessary modifications were
made to fit local conditions that the result has been anything
but satisfactory. To-day there are some 15 State apple-
grading laws differing in many important details and in
some instances inconsistent with good commercial practice.
Not only that, but there is no uniformity of interpretation nor
of enforcement. _When a buyer finds 10 different kinds of
graded apples on his market he is inclined to lose heart: and
resort to his former practice of opening the barrel and tak-
ing a look before parting with his money.

Standardization legislation is now being attempted along
sounder lines. Some recent State marketing laws provide
departments with authority to establish and enforce official
grades. These grades may be modified at any time without
resort to the legislative bodies for amendatory action. Even
if the regulations of the various States should conflict, there
is always opportunity for the marketing officials to smooth
out their differences in conference or for all to accept the
recommendations of the Federal Government.

The Department of Agriculture has studied barreled-apple
grading since 1916 and now is ready to recommend a stand-
ard which can be used by all producing sections.

Making it Easy to Get a Square Deal.

Standardization of the containers for fruits and vege-
tables is intimately connected with standardization of the
products themselves. In the interest of a square deal, the ca-
pacity of shipping packages should be definitely fixed in
sizes readily distinguishable from each other. In the old
days the only way to determine the capacity of an apple bar-
rel was to measure it, for each grower used hisown judgment
about size, and if he had no apple barrels he used flour or
sugar barrels instead. This placed a premium on dishonesty,
and the “ short measure ” dealer thrived. In 1915 the stand-
ard barrel law was passed by Congress, and in one year the
motley array of deceptive and nonstandard fruit and vege-
table barrels was replaced with a single series which met all
the needs of the trade. Then the Department turned its at-

362 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

tention to the question of grape baskets, berry boxes, and
small till baskets. The situation was even worse than in the
case of barrels, for the sizes were based on standards of both
weight and measure. About all a customer could say when
he bought a quart of berries was that he had a quart more or
less. The standard container act took care of that, and now |
there are three standard sizes of grape baskets, 2, 4, and 12
quarts; and berry boxes and till baskets are made in definite
subdivisions and multiples of the dry-measure quart.

So far, so good. But there are in common use to-day about
40 styles of cabbage crates, 30 styles of lettuce crates or boxes,
20 styles of celery crates, 50 styles and sizes of hampers, 15
styles and sizes of round stave baskets, and market baskets
varying in size from 1 quart to 24 quarts. A. relatively few
sizes would satisfy the demands of the trade. After several
_ years’ study the bureau has recommended standards for the
last three types of packages in this list, and these standards

are contained in legislation pending in Congress. The
short-measure package is doomed.

The year 1920 finds the agricultural districts harvesting
bountiful crops, but never in the history of the produce busi-
ness have the marketing problems been so numerous or so
difficult. The national trade organizations are analyzing
their trade customs more carefully than ever before and the
leading thinkers are pointing the way to opportunities for
increased efficiency. Associations of shippers, brokers, and
jobbers are putting down in black and white their ideas of
business ethics for the guidance of their members; trade
terms likely to be variously interpreted are being defined,
and arbitration committees are planning bureaus for the
settlement of disputes. These are healthy activities and they
all lead straight to the development of uniform grades.

Unjustifiable rejection of shipments on account of a
declining market is the shipper’s nightmare, just as en-
forced acceptance of poorly graded products is the bugbear
of the receiver. The answer to the whole problem is definite,
practical grades. When shippers furnish products of stand-
ard quality and receivers are willing to enter into contracts
on that basis, the business of marketing farm produets will
have reached the goal toward which it is marching.

GETTING
+ OUR +

POTASH

By Witiiam H. Ross, Scientist, Bureau of Soils.

HE growth of all crops depends on the soil and the

weather. The weather we always have with us; some-
times it is good, sometimes it is bad, and sometimes it is
only fair; but in whatever state we find it we must learn
to be content, for we can not change it. It is different with
the soil. By faulty cultivation it is possible to make a good
soil bad and, conversely, by proper treatment, to make a
poor soil fertile.

A soil may be unproductive for many reasons, but the most
frequent cause is an inadequate supply of the elements essen-
tial for plant growth, one of the most important of which is
potassium. This element, probably better known under the
trade name of potash, plays a very important role in the life
processes of the plant. When it is lacking the leaves of the
plant are brown and unhealthy and the stems become weak
and brittle.

There is no substitute for potash as a food for plants. An
adequate supply of it in an available form is absolutely neces-
sary for the production of crops of desirable yield and
quality. It enables plants to withstand more effectively the
attacks of fungous diseases: it produces fleshy fruits of fine
flavor and texture: and it supplies a food element absolutely
essential to normal growth.

A suitable system of cultivation will serve in some soils
to maintain a supply of potash for the crops; but where the
natural supply in the soil is insufficient it is necessary to
apply potash from outside sources. Even where there is an

363

364 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

abundance of insoluble potash materials in the soil, it has
been found profitable in many cases to apply soluble potash
salts.

Sources of Potash.

The principal ultimate source of all potash salts is a class”
of igneous rocks known as the feldspar group. By exposure
to water and atmospheric agencies these rocks are decom-
posed and the potash is leached out and is deposited in the
soil or carried by streams to the ocean or to inland depres-
sions. When the water into which the potash has been car-
ried evaporates, soluble deposits are formed. The potash
liberated from disintegrated rocks is also taken up and stored
in plants and may be recovered again when the plant is
burned or otherwise treated. There are thus three distinct
sources from which potash is obtained: Rocks, salty lakes
or soluble deposits, and plant materials. .

Plentiful, but——

Potash is one of the most widespread and abundant con-
stituents of the earth’s surface. The tremendous amount in
the United States in various forms can be indicated best by
a comparison with phosphate. Uncle Sam is said to have the
greatest phosphate deposits in the world, but his potash hold-
ings are twenty times as great. These holdings, however, are
so widespread and of such low concentration that no deposits
anywhere are known to average much over 10 per cent.
Furthermore, though some of the combinations in which
potash occurs are soluble, the great bulk are not soluble in
water—or even in acids.

From the Rocks.

The principal rocks containing potash are feldspar, mica,
greensand, leucite, and alunite. The last three are found only
in certain localities; the first two are widespread. With the
exception of alunite all contain silica as well as potash and
are therefore often spoken of as potash silicates.

A great many attempts have been made, both in this coun-
try and abroad, to use these mineral rocks directly as fertiliz-
ers but without very marked success. Some soils respond to

Getting Our Potash. 365

applications of these minerals, particularly greensand, but
owing to their low solubility the results obtained as a rule
were scarcely sufficient to justify the expense. It was soon

A, Cottrell precipitator
installed at one of the
cement plants for the cel-
lection of potash-bearing
dust. Precipitator not op-
erating ; fumes escaping.

B, Same precipitator,.in
eperation; potash being
collected.

Potash from Rock.

recognized that much better results might be expected if the
minerals were first treated in some way to render the potash
soluble before applying it as a fertilizer. Many processes

366 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

have been proposed for decomposing the potash silicates, but
the amount of potash that has actually been produced from
this source is still very small. The reason for this is entirely

Collecting and Bagging Cement Dust.
{, Dust dropping from precipitator into bags. B, Close-up view of precipt
tator, showing pipes in which the dust is deposited.
an economic one. Many of the processes that have been de-
vised are comparatively simple, and several of them make it
possible to bring about a quantitative separation of the pot-

Getting Our Potash. 367

ash. If the percentage of potash in feldspar, for example,
approached that of phosphoric acid in phosphate rock, the
potash problem would long since have been solved. It un-
fortunately happens, however, that the potash in all silicates
is comparatively low, and no mine-run rock has been found
anywhere that contains as high a percentage of potash as the
deposits of Germany and France in which the potash is al-
ready soluble.

It would seem, therefore, that the extraction and recovery
of potash from silicate rocks at a price that will compete with
the foreign product does not offer much promise, unless the
potash is recovered as a by-product in some industry in which
these rocks are used as raw materials. It is in this way that
most of the potash so far obtained from this source has been
prepared. reader

A study that was made of this subject a few years ago by
the Bureau of Soils indicated that the most promising meth-
ods for recovering potash from the silicate rocks consist in
igniting the rock with lime, as in the manufacture of cement,
or in digesting the rock with lime and water under pressure.
In the first process the potash is volatilized and passes from
the kilns in the process of burning, while in the second it
passes into solution during the digestion. In both cases the
residue is suited for the manufacture of cement or other
building material. At the present time these two processes
are both being developed on a commercial scale, and of the
numerous methods that were tested out during the war these
are the only ones, so far as is known, that are now being
operated. ;

The process of digesting the potash silicates with lime and
steam under pressure has been given special attention by the
Bureau of Soils, and it has been found possible with pressure,
such as can readily be maintained in the industries, to bring
about a very high percentage extraction of potash. This
process is now being developed on a large scale for the treat-
ment of greensand with the object of producing bricks and
other building material in addition to potash, and there is
every reason to believe that this will prove a_ profitable
though limited source of potash in proportion as a market is
found for the other products.

368 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
From Cement Kilns and Blast Furnaces.

In the survey that was made of the cement industry by the
Bureau of Soils it was found that the total potash that
escapes from all the plants of the country amounts to about
87,000 tons annually. The maximum actually collected in
any one year (1917) amounted to 1,621 tons, which was 5
per cent of the total produced in this country from all
sources. In 1919 the production from cement plants dropped
to 1,250 tons. The decrease was due to unforeseen difficulties
which developed in some of the plants in collecting the
potash and in:preparing it in a marketable condition. The
potash volatilized from some plants was too small in amount
to be profitably recovered. In other plants, where the loss
of potash was greater, such a quantity of dust was collected
with the potash that there was relatively too little potash to
justify leaching the material, or shipping it for direct use
as a fertilizer. This might be remedied (1) by increasing
the proportion of potash volatilized; (2) by increasing the
efficiency of the process used for its recovery; (3) by reducing
the dust that escapes with it; or (4) by bringing about a
mechanical separation of the potash and the dust during
the process of collection. Very discouraging results have
frequently been obtained in attempts at improvement in
these directions. Progress, however, has continued to be
made, and recent developments give assurance that the diffi-
culties in the way are not insurmountable, but simply require
time and attention for their satisfactory solution.

Potash silicates are not intentionally used in the blast-
furnace industry, but are associated in varying amounts
with the ore, coke, and limestone used in the charge. In the
process of smelting, the lime reacts with the silicates as in the
burning of cement, the potash is volatilized and escapes from
the furnaces, and the residue or slag is sometimes used in ce-
ment manufacture. Potash may, therefore, be recovered from
blast furnaces, and the situation with regard to its recovery
in this industry is very similar to that outlined for the
cement industry. A survey of this industry corresponding
to that which was made for cement plants is now being made
by the Bureau of Soils. The results obtained in this work
and in large-scale experiments now being made at two plants

;
:
,

Getting Our Potash. 369

in this country go to show that the percentage of potash in
the dust that escapes from some blast furnaces is higher than
that contained in the richest cement dust. However, success
here is not dependent alone on the quantity that might be
collected. The gases that escape from a blast furnace are
combustible and after being freed from dust are used as fuel.
In the present wet system for purifying the gases the potash
is lost. Large-scale experiments are now being made on the
purification of the gases by a dry system in which the potash
is recovered with the rest of the dust. If it is demonstrated
that the dry process is superior to the wet, then potash will
be recovered in all plants in which the new process is in-
stalled. It is thus possible that potash at a comparatively
low cost may yet be recovered from these furnaces.

From the Salty Lakes.

The soluble salts of potash possess a very salty, disagree-
able taste and readily dissolve in water. If a natural deposit
is not salty to the taste it does not contain sufficient potash
to make it a profitable source. The converse does not hold
true, however, for there are other materials which are salty,
and when a salty deposit is found a chemical analysis is neces-
sary to determine its value.

Since soluble potash deposits are formed by the evapora-
tion of water in which the potash was originally contained,
large deposits of this kind are located only where a large
volume of water has had an opportunity to concentrate.
This occurs in fresh water lakes which have no outlet or
where some unusual geological formation has inclosed a body
of sea water so that it has ultimately evaporated and depos-
ited the salts which it contained.

The world’s largest known potash deposit, that which
occurs in Germany and Alsace, is supposed to have been
formed in the way last mentioned. According to the ac-
cepted view, a large arm of the sea at some period of former
times was shut off from the rest of the ocean by a bar of such
peculiar formation that the sea water flowed into the bay at
high tide but could not flow out. As the water evaporated,
more and more was added at each successive high tide until,
when the isolation of the bay had become complete, a deposit

30702°—ypBxk 1920 “24

370 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

of potash and other salts was formed which extended over
an area of many square miles and varied to a maximum of
5,000 feet in depth: In the course of time this was covered
over with earth and vegetation, and not until 1857 was it
recognized that the deposit contained a fertilizer material
in the form of potash salts. The richness and extent of the

Potash from Salty Lakes.

A, Potash salts obtained from brine at Searles Lake, Calif. &, Pipe line
through which brine is conveyed from the lake to the plant for evaporation
and recovery of potash. C, Brine pouring into reservoir at plant.

deposit soon made it the principal source of the world’s
supply of potash, and this position it still maintains.

A number of relatively small potash deposits occur in this
country, but unlike the European deposits all have been
formed apparently by the evaporation of what was originally
fresh lake water. The most important of these are in western
Nebraska: at Searles Lake, Calif., and in the Salduro Marsh,
Utah.

Getting Our Potash. 371

These deposits may all be said to represent a geological
process that has not yet been completed, inasmuch as the
lakes from which the deposits were formed have not yet been
evaporated to dryness, but have simply been reduced in each
case to a potash-bearing brine of varying concentration. In
western Nebraska the brine is distributed in a number of
pockets, the largest of which is known as Jesse Lake. When
the brine of this lake is evaporated it yields a product con-
taining about 25 per cent of potash. The recoyery of the
potash is therefore a very simple process and consists in
pumping the brine from the lakes, concentrating in special
evaporators to about 33 per cent solids, and finally drying in
rotary kilns.

The production of potash from these lakes during the five
years, 1915-1919, exceeded that from any other source in this
country and amounted to 43 per cent of the total. The future
of the industry will largely depend on the outcome of ex-
perimental work now under way. The product recovered at
present consists of a mixture of several salts. By making a
separation of the salts it would be possible to produce several
materials of value instead of one, and a number of processes
with this end in view are now being investigated. It is
recognized, too, that the cost of concentrating the brine might
be greatly reduced by applying solar evaporation, and as the
concentration of the brine as it occurs in the lakes is greatest
during the dry season, it is possible that the industry may yet
develop into a seasonal one.

The deposit at Searles Lake is the largest known deposit
of soluble salts in this country. It resembles those of
Nebraska in that the potash is contained in a brine; but the
association of salts is different. In the former the potash
occurs as the chloride and in the latter as the carbonate and
sulphate. The salts in the brine of Searles Lake are also
characterized by the presence of a relatively high percentage
of a soluble salt called borax. This has been shown to be
injurious to crops when applied in fertilizers, and the re-
covery of the potash for fertilizer therefore involves not
only evaporation of the brine but also purification of the
potash by crystallization of the recovered salt. <A satis-
factory process seems to have been developed for this pur-

pose, and the borax in the product that is now placed on

372 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

the market amounts to less than 0.5 per cent—a proportion
well below the danger point.

From Plant Materials.

The earliest potash materials to be used as fertilizers were
plant ashes and kelp. These were frequently applied to the
soil long before it was recognized that their fertilizing value
was due to the potash which they contained. It is now known
that all organic materials contain potash, and the quantity
present in parts of many plants is much in excess of any other
mineral constituent.

The potash in some organic materials is low, but in others
the quantity present is sufficient to justify its recovery as a
by-product when these materials are used in the industries.
The most important of these sources of potash are sugar
beets, wood, wool, kelp, and tobacco. With the exception of
‘kelp, none of these products are primarily treated for the
production of potash, and only the wastes resulting from
their use in the industries are utilized in this way. The total
amount of potash that is contained in these wastes is very
large, but it unfortunately happens that these wastes are
frequently too widely distributed to admit of the economic
recovery of the potash. This is best illustrated in the case
of the wood wastes. According to estimates that have been
made by the Forest Service, the total potash in the ash of the
wood burned as waste, together with that used as fuel,
amounts to upward of 140,090 tons annually. About 80 per
cent of the wood that goes into firewood is used on farms, and
it is known that a portion of the ashes is applied as a fertil-
izer, but owing to the wide area over which wood is burned
the greater part of the ash is not recoverable, and it is for this
reason that the maximum annual production of potash from
this source, under the stimulation of the high prices that
prevailed during the war, amounted to only about 600 tons.

Other organic materials, such as kelp and sugar residues,
are more localized in their distribution than wood ashes, and
during the war these served as important sources of potash.
The principal item of expense in the recovery of the potash
from these materials has to do with the necessary evapora-
tion of a relatively large volume of water. This is well illus-

Getting Our Potash. 373

trated in the preparation of potash salts as a by-product of
beet sugar. It is estimated that the total potash in an aver-
age crop of sugar beets in the United States is about 20,000
tons. In the process of manufacture the potash remains in
solution and is found in the final molasses. A portion of the
nolasses is used as feed for stock and the potash values in
this case are recovered in proportion as the manurial values

The Giant Kelp of the Pacific Coast.

An organic source of potash. The Bureau of Soils is now obtaining potash
from kelp in its plant at Summerland, Calif. During the war kelp was one
of the most important sources of potash in this country.

from the feeding operations are utilized. A second portion
is used in alcohol production, and the still residues con-
taining the potash are concentrated and used as potash fer-
tilizers. The remaining portion, amounting to about half of
the total, is subjected to a treatment known as the Steffens
precipitation process, by which the greater part of the sugar
still contained in the molasses is precipitated. The filtrate,
which is called Steffens waste water, contains the potash,
and this may then be recovered by evaporating the solution.
In 1919 the production of potash from molasses distillery

374 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

waste amounted to 2,792 tons and from Steffens waste water
3,616 tons. The sugar industry thus came next to the saline
lakes as a source of potash during 1919, but owing to the
cost of concentrating the potash it is doubtful if any further
increase in yield of potash will be obtained from this in-
dustry unless the waste waters are found to yield other prod-
ucts of value in addition to the potash.

Kelp differs from the other organic sources of potash in
that most of the potash occurs in the plant in the same form

Bureau of Soils Potash Plant at Summerland, Calif.

An experimental plant developed to handle 100 tons of wet kelp a day and
to produce therefrom 2 tons of potash salts, 1,500 pounds of kelp char, and
other by-products.

as it is found in sea water and in many mineral deposits.
It also differs from the other organic sources in that
potash is the principal product for which the material
is harvested. The commercial treatment of kelp for the
production of potash salts began in 1915. In 1917 the
quantity that was obtained from this source increased to
3,572 tons and in 1918 to 4,804 tons. Shortly after the sign-
ing of the armistice, however, all plants working in this field
ceased operations, as it was apparently recognized that the
processes used would not prove economical under normal con-
ditions. As this result was anticipated, an investigation was

Getting Our Potash. 375

undertaken by the Bureau of Soils in 1917, under special
authorization of Congress, with a view to the possible devel-
opment of a process that would yield products of sufficient
value to place the industry on a permanent basis.

The process to which special attention has been given con-
sists in subjecting the dried kelp to destructive distillation.
By this treatment such products as ammonia, oils, creosote,
and pitch are volatilized, while potash salts, iodine, and
active carbon are recovered from the residue. This investi-
gation is stillin progress, but the results already obtained
give promise that the different products that can be recovered
in this way will yield sufficient revenue to enable the main
product, potash salts, to be marketed successfully in competi-
tion with foreign sources.

In Case of Emergency.

The production of American potash increased from 1,090
tons in 1915 to a maximum of 54,803 tons in 1918 and then
dropped to 30,899 tons in 1919 and to 48,625 tons in
1920. Of the total of 177,000 tons produced during this
six-year period, 10 per cent was obtained from insoluble
‘potash deposits, 70 per cent from soluble deposits, and 20 per
cent from organic materials. The average annual importa-
tion for the six-year period preceding the war amounted to
230,000 tons. This dropped to a minimum of 7,885 tons in
1916, but increased again to about 200,000 tons in 1920, or
more than the total produced in this country during the
period of the war. Thus, notwithstanding the interest that
has been taken in the matter, and the estimated expenditure
of $50,000,000 in capital, we have as yet fallen far short of
meeting our potash requirements. It is well to emphasize,
however, that the time and effort that have been given to the
subject have not been lost. It is possible that potash will
shortly be imported more cheaply than it can be produced
from most American sources, but the processes that have
been developed during the last few years give assurance that
in the case of future necessity it can be produced in unlim-
ited quantity as occasion demands,

376 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

The value of the 177,000 tons produced in the United
States during the war is estimated at $58,000,000, or about
$46,000,000 in excess of the prewar price. These values and
the large importation of 1920 would thus seem to indicate
the necessity of further investigations on potash recovery if
the cost of domestic production is to compete with that from
foreign sources. The importance of this work might well
be emphasized, even should it lead to no further advantage
than to reduce expenditures in a future emergency.

HOWERING2#7E RUITING

CONTROLLED
BY THE
LENGTH

OF’ DAY

By W. W. Garner, Physiologist in Charge, and H. A. ALLarpv, Physiolo-
gist, Tobacco and Plant-Nutrition Investigations, Bureau of Plant
Industry.

NE of the most characteristic features of plant growth
outside the Tropics is the marked tendency shown by
various species to flower and fruit only at certain periods
of the year. This behavior is so constant that certain plants
come to be closely identified with each of the seasons, in the
same way as the coming and going of migratory birds in
spring and fall. In midwinter the blossoms of cyclamen,
freesia, the brilliant color of poinsettia, and the fruits or
berries of ardisia, all are reminders of the season; in spring
we expect to see the unfolded blossoms of forsythia, wild
violet, crocus, redbud, dogwood, and other typical plants;
as summer approaches, poppy, rhododendron, iris, and col-
umbine begin flowering; in the autumn salvia, aster, cosmos,
dahlia, and chrysanthemum herald the approaching end of
the open growing season.

The thought at once suggests itself that the underlying
cause or causes of flowering or fruiting occurring only at a
particular season must be purely internal, else the vagaries of
the weather and other variable external conditions would
seriously upset the regular cycle. It is true, of course, that
plants can flower and fruit successfully only within certain
limits of temperature and moisture supply, and it has long
been known, also, that hight is indispensable. Thus, plant de-

377

378 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

velopment may be retarded in the spring by cool weather,
and at times drought or excessive rainfall may interfere, but,
in general, flower and fruit are produced regularly in their
seasons in spite of these temporary disturbances. The ripen-
ing of seeds as a sequel to flowering is obviously of great
importance to many plants, in that it affords the only means
of avoiding extermination. We might easily conclude from
this that the plant’s entire activities are directed toward this
means of propagation, all preliminary growth and develop-
ment of root, stem, and leaf being incidental. This view,
however, is not correct. The plant merely inherits the ca-
pacity to flower and fruit in response to certain favorable
external conditions. It is: both interesting and practically
important, therefore, to determine these conditions.

While marked regularity in the time of flowering and
fruiting is the rule in plants so long as they are grown in
any particular locality in temperate regions, transferring
plants from one region to another may greatly change their
habits. A species which flowers and fruits readily in one
region may become sterile in another, or, in some instances,
the time of flowering may be changed from spring to fall, or
vice versa. Again, plants behaving as annuals in one region
may become biennials in another. These changes in the be-
havior of plants when grown outside their native regions
furnish strong evidence that external conditions control the
processes of flowering and fruiting and also suggest the pos-
sibility of artificial control,

Does Change in Temperature Account for Seasonal
Flowering and Fruiting?

We instinctively think of temperature as the outstanding
external factor causing one season to differ from another in
its effects on plants. In particular, we associate the opening
of spring flowers with moderate temperatures, following the
chill of winter. Likewise, as the characteristic flowers of
autumn make their appearance we have been inclined to
assign decrease in temperature as the cause, mainly perhaps
for the reason that there has seemed to be no other obvious
cause for the flowering of these plants. Temperature un-
questionably is a very important factor in plant develop-
ment, and plants differ widely in their temperature require-

Flowering of Plants and the Length of Day. 379

ments. Nevertheless, change in temperature fails to explain
why plants flower and fruit at certain periods; that is to say,
even though the appropriate temperatures are provided out
of the regular flowering and fruiting season, as a rule the
flower and fruit fail to appear except in their usual seasons.
For example, common iris, which flowers in May and June,
will not blossom under ordinary conditions when grown in
the greenhouse in winter, even under the same temperature
conditions that prevail in early summer. Again, one variety
of soy beans will regularly begin to flower in June of each
year, a second variety in July, and a third in August, when
all are planted on the same date. There are no temperature
differences during the summer months which could explain
these differences in time of flowering; and, since “ internal
causes” alone can not be accepted as furnishing a satisfac-
tory explanation, some external factor other than temper-
ature must be responsible.

The ordinary varieties of cosmos regularly flower in the
fall in northern latitudes if they are planted in the spring or
summer. If grown in a warm greenhouse during the winter
months the plants also flower readily, so that the cooler
weather of fall is not a necessary condition. If successive
plantings of cosmos are made in the greenhouse during the
late winter and early spring months, maintaining a uniform
temperature throughout, the plantings made after a certain
date will fail to blossom promptly, but, on the contrary, will
continue to grow till the following fall, thus flowering at
the usual season for this species. This curious reversal of
behavior with advance of the season can not be attributed
to change in temperature. Some other factor is responsible
for the failure of cosmos to blossom during the summer
months. In this respect the behavior of cosmos is just the
opposite of that observed in iris.

Certain varieties of soy beans change their behavior in a
peculiar manner with advance of the summer season. The
variety known as Biloxi, for example, when planted early
in the spring in the latitude of Washington, D. C., con-
tinues to grow throughout the summer, flowering in Sep-
tember. The plants maintain growth without flowering for
15 to 18 weeks, attaining a height of 5 feet or more. As
the dates of successive plantings are moved forward through

380 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

the months of June and July, however, there is a marked
tendency for the plants to cut short the period of growth
which precedes flowering. This means, of course, that
there is a tendency to flower at approximately the same
time of year regardless of the date of planting. As a neces-
sary consequence, the size of the plants at the time of
flowering is reduced in proportion to the delay in planting.
This behavior is well shown in figure 1, for all plantings.
had flowered when photographed. Like cosmos, the Biloxi
soy beans show a marked tendency to flower at a definite
season of the year, and if planted early they wait, as it were,

Soy Beans Planted at Regular Intervals during the Summer,

Fic. 1—From left to right: Plantings were made at intervals of three to five
days, beginning July 14. All plantings had flowered and growth had almost
ceased when photographed September 8. The progressive decrease in vege-
tative development as the dates of planting become later and later is very
striking.

till this season arrives. It is easy to see the advantage

which a plant has in being able to shorten the growing period

which must precede flowering if, for any reason, the plant
gets a late start. In such a case the chances of successfully
maturing seed before frost and thus avoiding extermina-
tion in a given region are greatly increased, and the pro-
duction of seed constitutes the plant’s method of perpetuat-
ing itself in the face of the destructive action of cold. It
is important, however, to make a distinction between ad-
vantage and cause with respect to time of flowering. The

Biloxi soy beans by curtailing the period of vegetative activ-

ity when beginning growth late in the season are actually

able to forestall the arrival of cold weather; hence, low

Flowering of Plants and the Length of Day. 381

temperature can not be considered as a cause of this be-
havior. The response of the soy beans to the advance of
the season begins before there is any deerease in temperature.

Effect of Shortening the Duration of Daylight.

It is perfectly clear that the time of flowering and fruiting
of many plants is inseparably linked in some way with
the advance of the season, and necessarily there must be
some external factor which maintains this relationship.

With temperature eliminated, there remains one change
from season to season which proceeds with great regularity,
namely, the change in length of day and night. At Wash-
ington, D. C., the time between sunrise and sunset ranges
from nearly 15 hours in late June to about 9} hours at Christ-
mas. To determine whether this change in the length of day
is a cause of regularity in the time of flowering and fruiting,
a series of experiments was made in which a number of
plants were darkened for a portion of the day during the
long days of summer. The results obtained were remarkable.
The plants no longer persisted in their usual habit of defer-
ring the flowering period till a particular time of the year
had been reached. The normal seasonal periodicity was com-
pletely broken up. The experiments included a large variety
of plants both wild and cultivated, and it was found that the
reaction to differences in the length of the day is of very wide
occurrence.

The method followed in these tests is very simple. A
“dark house” was so constructed as to admit air freely at the
bottom and allow its escape at the top, without the admission
of daylight. For convenience a series of small steel tracks
leading into the dark house was provided, and on these tracks
were mounted a number of trucks with steel wheels capable
of supporting the containers in which the plants were grown.
With this equipment it was a simple matter to transfer the
plants into and out of the dark house at regular intervals
each day. For example, if it were desired to give a particular
lot of plants eight hours of light each day the truck bearing
these plants would be rolled into the dark house at, say, 4
o’clock in the afternoon each day and rolled out into the open
air again at 8 o’clock the following morning. The outfit

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Flowering of Plants and the Length of Day. 383

used in the experiments is well shown in figure 2. For com-
parison, in each test a second lot of plants, known as “ con-
trol” plants, was grown under exactly the same conditions
as those to which the darkened plants were exposed, except
that the control plants were exposed to light throughout the
day.

The response of the plants to this artificial shortening of
the daylight period was prompt and clean cut. Biloxi soy
beans which germinated May 17 were allowed to receive
seven hours of light daily, beginning May 20. These plants
were in blossom in 26 days, whereas a similar lot of plants ex-
posed to ight throughout the day required 110 days to flower.
This variety of soy beans, which ordinarily flowers in Sep-
tember, even though planted in May, was forced into blossom
in June, simply by shortening the daylight period. In fur-
ther tests it was found that a daylight period of 12 hours was
as effective as the 7-hour period in forcing the flowering of
the soy beans. It is easily seen, therefore, why this variety
of soy beans ordinarily does not flower till September, for it
is at that time that the length of the day is reduced to 12
hours.

An experiment was made with another variety of soy beans
known as Peking at the same time and in the same way as
with the Biloxi. In this case the plants receiving 7 hours
of light daily flowered in 21 days, while those exposed to
light for the entire day required 62 days to reach the blos-
soming stage. This is fully in accord with the fact that the
Peking regularly blossoms in the field in July, two months
in advance of the Biloxi. The Peking, therefore, is capable
of flowering under a considerably longer day than the maxi-
mum day length which will cause the Biloxi to blossom.

A common wild aster which ordinarily flowers in Septem-
ber was found to behave in the same manner as the Biloxi
soy beans when exposed to a shortened daylight period.
When exposed to 7 hours of light daily the aster was in
bloom in 36 days, as against 122 days when exposed to light
for the entire day. A variety of Lima bean imported from
Peru which ordinarily does not flower till late in the fall at
Washington, D. C., was caused to blossom in 28 days by re-
ducing the daily light period to 7 hours. The common rag-
weed behaved in a similar manner.

384 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Fic. 3.—-A, Cosmos requires
eomparatively short days in
* order to flower. These
plants were grown in the
greenhouse during the short
days of winter. The plants
on the left received electric
Hight after sunset, so as to
prolong the daily light pe-
riod, and thus were pre-
yented from blossoming.
This explains why cosmos
does not flower during the
summer months, the days
being too long.

Some Effects of Short Daylight Periods.

ric. 4.—B, Forcing flowering and fruiting in soy beans by shortening the day-
light period. The plants on the left were exposed to the full day length of
summer, while those on the right received only 10 hours of light each day,
all other conditions being the same. Many plants will not flower and fruit
when the, days are long.

Fic. 5.—C, Chrysanthemums are made to flower in summer by shortening the
daylight period. ‘The plant in blossom on the left was allowed to receive
only 10 hours of light daily, beginning May 12, and the first blossoms opened
July 17. The plant on the right, receiving light during the whole day, did
net flower till fall.

Flowering of Plants and the Length of Day. 385

One scarcely expects to see chrysanthemums in bloom in
‘midsummer but, as is indicated in figure 5, these typical fall-
flowering plants are readily made to flower in summer by
shortening the length of the daily light period. Late-flower-
ing varieties of dahlia are readily forced into blossom during
the summer by reducing the length of the daily light expo-
sure to 10 hours or less. A highly colored specimen of poin-
settia, the plant so typical of the Christmas season, was de-
veloped in August by reducing the daily light period to 10
hours.

In the light of these experiments there is no longer any
element of mystery concerning the fact that when plantings
of cosmos are made at successive dates in early spring a point
is reached at which the plantings suddenly swing over from
flowering in the spring to flowering in the fall. Cosmos be-
gins to flower in the fall when the length of day has decreased
to about 12 hours (sunrise to sunset) and, in the same way, it
is no longer able to flower in the spring after the days become
much in excess of 12 hours in length.

There is, then, a large group of plants, including most of
the so-called summer annuals, which regularly flower after
midsummer as a result of decrease in the length of the day.
While relatively short days favor flowering and fruiting in
these plants, long days are more favorable to rapid and ex-
tensive vegetative development. Some of these plants, there-
fore, if they receive the full benefit of the long days of sum-
mer, may reach giant proportions before being brought into
the flowering condition. Thus, we can understand why it is
that when the farmer plants some crops too early, there is a
tendency toward excessive development of leaf and stem with
little flowering or fruiting. Late planting, on the other hand,
may lead to dwarfing in growth but abundant flowering and
fruiting. Again, it is easily seen why carrying some plants
into northern latitudes causes very rank growth, with a ten-
dency toward barrenness, since the length of the day in
summer increases as we go northward. Plants in this group
differ widely as to the extent to which the longest summer
days must be shortened to induce flowering, with the result
that some flower in July while others may not flower till
November. Even the latest of these are readily forced into
flowering and fruiting during the hottest part of the summer

30702°—ysk 1920 25%*

386 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

simply by shortening the daylight period, so that there is no
reason for considering the cooler weather of fall as a factor
of importance.

Effect of Darkening Plants in the Middle of the Day.

Fic. 6.—A, The Biloxi soy beans in box on the right were exposed to light from
daylight to 10 a. m. and from 2 p. m. to dark, in all 9 to 10 hours daily.
The plants in the box on the left were exposed to light from 6 a. m. to
6 p. m., 12 hours daily. The 4-hour period of darkness in the middle of
the day was not effective in hastening flowering and the ripening of seed,
although the plants thereby received less than 12 hours of light daily.

Red Clover Flowers under the Influence of Long Days.

Fic. 7.—8, The plants in the can on the left were exposed to the light for only
10 hours daily, while those in the can on the right were exposed throughout
the day during the spring and early summer. Long days favor flowering in
this type of plant. The prostrate habit of growth during the short days
of winter is characteristic of this group of plants.

A modification of the method of shortening the daily light
period used in the above-mentioned experiments gave some-
what surprising results. Instead of giving Biloxi soy beans

a

EE ——— EE

Flowering of Plants and. the Length of Pay. 387

a single exposure to light each day, they were transferred into
the dark house at 10 o’clock in the morning and returned to
the light at 2 o’clock in the afternoon. As is shown in figure
6, the midday period of darkening was almost without effect
in hastening flowering, although the two daily light periods
aggregated considerably less than 12 hours in duration.

Another important feature of the effect of shortening the
daylight period should be mentioned. Just as many plants
may be forced into flowering by artificially shortening the
daylight period, so also is the ripening of the fruit or seed
greatly hastened. Thus, in a test with Peking soy beans, two
similar lots of plants were grown under natural summer con-
ditions of daylight till flowering had taken place and very
small seed pods could be seen. At this stage one lot of plants
was darkened for a portion of the day, so that they received
only 74 hours of light daily, while the second lot continued
to receive light during the entire day. The result of the
test is indicated in figure 8. Six weeks after flowering, the
leaves were falling from the plants which received the short-
ened light exposure, and some of the seed pods were fully
ripe. The plants under the natural length of day did not
mature their seed till several weeks later. Several other
plants have responded in a similar manner to artificial short-
ening of the daylight period.

Some Plants Require Long Days for Successful Flower-
ing and Fruiting.

In striking contrast with the group of plants already dis-
cussed is a second group regularly flowering in late
spring and early summer. It is obvious that these plants do
not require short days to reach the flowering stage. On
the contrary, it has been found that short days prevent,
or at least greatly delay, flowering and fruiting. To this
class of plants belong the so-called winter annuals; also many
of our common vegetables. The radish has given some
interesting results which are fairly typical for the group.
The ordinary varieties of radish when planted in the spring
first produce a thickened edible root and somewhat later
develop a flowering stem, which in due season matures seed.
Thus the Scarlet Globe variety, planted May 15, began to
blossom June 21 when exposed to the natural length of day.

388 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

A similar planting, made at the same time, but allowed
to receive only 7 hours of light daily, grew slowly and

The Length of the Day is a Controlling Factor in the Ripening of
Seeds and Fruits.

ric. 8. 1, Peking soy beans which were exposed to light during the entire
day in summer till flowering had taken place, but thereafter were allowed
to receive only 74 hours of light daily. 3B, Peking soy beans exposed to

light during the whole day throughout the test. The two lots of plants are
of the same age and were treated exactly alike except as to the length of
the daily light exposure after flowering had taken place.
formed no flowering stem. Under the shortened daylight
period the roots of the radishes continued to enlarge slowly

Flowering of Plants and the Length of Day. 389

throughout the summer, with a corresponding increase in
size of the rosettes of leaves surmounting the roots. One
of the plants which was transferred to the greenhouse in the
fall continued its slow growth through the winter months.
Finally, as the days lengthened in early spring this plant
was able to send up a flowering stem and perished after seed
formation was completed. Thus the radish, which ordinarily
is a typical annual, was made to behave as a biennial. The
radish furnishes a case in which flowering may be prevented
for a more or less indefinite period by shortening the daily
period of illumination, in contrast. to the group of plants
previously considered, which are prevented from flowering
by long days and are forced into flowering by shortening the
daylight period.

The behavior of the radish is in no sense exceptional.
Failure to send up a flowering stem during the short days
of winter and early spring is a characteristic feature of
many hardy plants which maintain more or less vegetative
activity at those seasons of the year. The tendency is to-
ward a prostrate type of growth, with free stooling or a
rosette form of leaf development. As the longer days of
spring come on, the character of growth changes, and
upright-growing stems appear, in preparation for flowering
and fruiting. Our small grains belong to this class of
plants. Red clover furnishes a good illustration of this be-
havior, as may be seen by referring to figure 7. By allowing
the test plants to receive only 10 hours of lght daily, the
prostrate nonflowering type of development was continued
long after a corresponding lot of plants which were exposed
to light all day had developed upright stems and had
successfully flowered and fruited. Likewise, the common
evening primrose transplanted from the field in early spring
continued the prostrate rosette type of development for
several weeks when allowed a daylight period of only 10
hours, whereas similar plants exposed to light throughout the
day quickly developed tall, erect flowering stems.

Under ordinary conditions spinach can not be grown sue-
cessfully for table use during the summer months, because it
quickly goes to seed instead of forming the desired rosette
of large leaves. This behavior has been generally attributed
to high temperature. It is quite true that within suitable

390 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

limits an increase in temperature, as a rule, speeds up plant
development. Nevertheless, experiments have shown that
spinach will produce an excellent rosette in summer if the
light period is reduced to 8 or 10 hours. Under these condi-
tions the flowering stems are unable to form, or, at least, their
appearance is greatly delayed.

Tubers of the groundnut (Apios) planted on March 11 sent
up shoots which appeared above the ground on April 6. By
April 20 flower buds were showing on all these plants. On
one lot which was exposed to light all day, the first open
blossoms appeared June 1, and flowering continued till late
in August. On a second lot which received only 10 hours
of light each day, beginning May 20, only one or two blos-
soms were able to open, the other flower buds dropping off.
Thus, in spite of the fact that the flower buds had been laid
down before the daylight period was shortened, these buds
were unable to unfold under the new conditions.

The above examples illustrate the fact that there is a
large group of plants which are brought into the flowering
and fruiting stages of development because of the increase
in length of day as spring advances into summer. As a
matter of convenience in discussing flowering and fruiting
activities, this group may be spoken of as “ long-day plants,”
in contrast with the group previously discussed, which are
forced into flowering and fruiting by the shortening of
the days in fall and therefore may be called “short-day
plants.” While as a whole there are sharp contrasts be-
tween the two groups, there are many plants which per-
haps may be regarded as occupying an intermediate posi-
tion. There is, in fact, no hard and fast line between these
two classes of plants. There are some plants, indeed, for
which it is possible to provide a daylight period too long,
on the one hand, and too short, on the other, to induce
flowering and fruiting.

It has already been pointed out that while the short-day
plants are diverted toward the flowering and fruiting, or
reproductive, stage of development by shortening the day-
light period, the rate and amount of vegetative growth, on
the other hand, are increased in proportion to the lengthen-
ing of the daylight period. In the case of the long-day
plants the reproductive stage is induced by a lengthening of

Flowering of Plants and the Length of Day. 391

the daily period of illumination, so that vegetative growth is
necessarily restricted more or less through the influence of
long days. This refers more particularly, however, to the
final size attained by the plant rather than to the rate of
growth. For example, as already has been detailed, long-
continued exposure to a short day length eventually pro-
duced a radish of exceptionally large size, but it required
nearly nine months to accomplish this result. The rate of
growth was less than when the radish is exposed to the light
for the whole day in summer. It is true, however, that there
are plants whose rate of growth is less during the longest
days of summer than during the days of spring and fall,
which are of intermediate length.

How Length of Day Controls Everflowering and
Everbearing.

In temperate regions most plants have a comparatively
short period of flowering and fruiting each year, though
plants differ in the length of this period. In some cases, how-
ever, this period of reproductive activity continues through
several months, and plants behaving in this manner are
known as everbloomers or everbearers. In the preceding
discussion the fact is brought out that most plants tend to
continue the purely vegetative form of development as long
as the days are of a certain length, while under another
length of day vegetative development quickly gives way to
flowering and fruiting. Not all plants are equally sensitive,
however, to changes in the length of day. With these two
fundamental facts in mind it is easy to understand the rela-
tion of the length of day to the condition in plants known as
everblooming or everbearing. If Biloxi soy beans or cosmos
plants are subjected to an artificially shortened period of day-
light of 9 or 10 hours in midsummer the purely vegetative
form of activity is promptly checked and flowering and fruit-
ing quickly follows. Subjecting Biloxi soy beans to a some-
what longer daylight period of 12 hours in midsummer has
resulted in a considerably larger stature for the plants, and
blossoming has been considerably delayed. Furthermore,
lengthening the daylight period from 10 hours to 12 hours
has markedly slowed down the rate of development of the

392 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

pods, and consequently the ripening of the seed. in other
words, we have been working in the direction of vegetative
activity and to a greater or less degree away from the con-
dition of free and rapid flowering, ripening of seed, and
final death of the plants. This suggests the possibility of a
nice balance or adjustment between the vegetative and the
reproductive phases of development which would express
itself in more or less prolonged everblooming and everbear-
ing tendencies. From this viewpoint the everflowering
tendency simply means the ability to continue both vegeta-
tive and reproductive activities more or less successfully
together.

Two features of the relationship between length of day and.
everblooming are of special importance, namely, (1) the -
occurrence in different latitudes of the proper range in length
of day continuing over a sufficiently long season and (2)
differences among plants in their sensibility to changes in
length of day. In the case of those plants which are readily
changed from the vegetative to the reproductive form of
activity by a change in the length of the day, the proper
intermediate length of day favorable to both forms of activ-
ity must persist over a sufficiently long period if we may
expect the everblooming habit to appear. As one advances
from the poles toward the equator both the seasonal and the
daily changes in length of day decrease till at the equator a
fixed-day length of 12 hours prevails the year round. In ex-
treme northerly or southerly latitudes, on the other hand,
there is a constant and relatively rapid change in length of
day. It is clear that under these latter conditions the ten-
dency would be for plants to be swept rather rapidly through
the particular range in day length which would permit the
vegetative and reproductive activities to proceed simulta-
neously. Therefore, there would be little opportunity for the
everblooming habit to develop in far northerly or southerly
regions, even during the open growing season. In these
regions everflowering would be confined mostly to those
plants which happen not to be particularly sensitive to
changes in the length of déy. For plants having a daylight
requirement for both growth and flowering ranging around
12 hours, conditions at the equator would be ideal for the de-
velopment of the everflowering habit. As a matter of fact,

Flowering of Plants and the Length of Day. 393

everflowering is a characteristic feature of plant life in the
Tropics, and this form of reproductive activity steadily be-
comes less prominent as we advance toward the poles. In
temperate regions comparatively few plants can be regarded
as typical everbloomers.

By suitable control of the daylight period the explanation
of everflowering offered above can be directly tested. With
a daily light period intermediate between that required to
induce free flowering and that which favors vegetative de-
velopment exclusively a given plant should continue to
flower for a more or less indefinite length of time so long
as the light period is held constant. For example, one of
our common wild violets (Viola papilionacea) after a brief
period of winter dormancy renews its activity in early spring
by unfolding new leaves. A little later the familiar blue
spring blossoms make their appearance. As the longer days
of May and June come on vegetative activity is increased,
there is greater development of foliage leaves, and the char-
acteristic blue blossoms disappear. Obviously, these plants
are approaching a strictly vegetative form of activity. In
reality, however, flowering in the botanical sense does not
cease, for in place of the showy spring blossom a peculiar
type of flower is produced beneath the leaves which does not
open, though it produces seeds. This appears to be a case of
fine adjustment to day length, for evidently the peculiar
summer type of flowers represents a stage nearer the purely
vegetative condition than does the richly colored spring blos-
som. Now, when these plants were allowed to receive only
about § hours of light daily they continued to produce only
the blue spring type of blossom and made but little vegeta-
tive growth. Surprising as it may seem, by this method the
plants were kept in bloom constantly from March till No-
vember, with a minimum growth. Flowering finally ceased
only because the daylight in December fell below the mini-
mum requirement, so that the plants were forced into dor-
mancy.

But, by keeping the plant under a daylight exposure in
excess of 12 hours, it is possible, also, to maintain this violet
for an indefinite period in the more nearly vegetative con-
dition of midsummer, in which the inconspicuous, nonopen-

394. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

ing type of flower is formed. As will be explained later,
this may be done by the use of artificial hght after sunset
to prolong the daily light period. Thus, in the broadest
sense, this plant is in blossom from early spring till late
fail under the natural range in length of day in our latitude.
Considering either of its two alternative forms of blossom-
ing separately, however, the violet behaves as a true ever-
bloomer only when, by artificial means, the appropriate
length of the daylight period is held approximately constant.
Thus, two distinct types of everblooming are possible in
this violet, involving the formation of different sorts of
blossoms, and both types of everblooming can be produced
at will by artificially regulating the daily lght period.
This plant furnishes a striking example of the marvelously
fine balance between vegetative and reproductive activities
which the length of the day controls.

Other plants have shown similar tendencies toward ever-
flowering when exposed to a suitable, fixed illumination
period. In fact, under these conditions there is a ten-
dency in plants generally to become everbloomers. Under
natural conditions, however, the seasonal change in day
length in our latitude is such that only a few of our plants
show a pronounced type of everblooming. A number of
our common weeds, including the ubiquitous chickweed
and the dead nettle (Lamium), are of this class. These
plants continue to grow and to flower more or less_per-
sistently throughout the winter in the warm greenhouse,
and likewise in the field throughout the summer. Such
plants stand out conspicuously as essentially different in this
behavior from the majority of our plants, which have their
definite floral seasons.

Electric Light to Prolong the Daily Light Period.

In summer the daily light period is readily shortened by
use of dark chambers, into which the plants are placed for
a portion of the day. In this way various plants may be
forced into flowering and fruiting out of their natural sea-
son, or plants normally flowering and fruiting in summer
may be prevented from doing so. On the other hand,
to initiate flowering out of season in long-day plants
during the short days of winter, or to prevent its occurrence

Flowering of Plants and the Length of Day. 395

in short-day plants, it would be necessary to lengthen the
daily period of illumination. With this in view, a green-
house was fitted with a series of 40-watt electric lights,
evenly distributed overhead, so that an average intensity of
about 3 to 5 candlepower was obtained immediately above
the soil surface. The electric light was used from sunset
till about midnight each day. The intensity of the light
used seems insignificant in comparison with daylight, which
on clear days in winter may reach as high as 5,000 foot
candles or more.* Yet some striking results were obtained.
For comparison, plants were grown in a similar greenhouse
without the use of electric light.

As a general proposition, the long-day plants, so called,
should tend to remain in the purely vegetative condition
in the “control” house without electric hght and hasten
toward reproductive activity in the electrically lighted house.
Short-day plants, on the contrary, should flower readily in
the contre] house and assume a purely vegetative form in
the illuminated house. In the control house cosmos has in-
variably flowered, showing reproductive tendencies when
very small. Flowering actually took place within 50 to 60
days from germination. In the illuminated house the plants
grew vigorously, greatly exceeding the control plants in
stature, and showed no indications of flowering, months after
the controls had flowered. These plants were removed from
the illuminated greenhouse in June and placed out of doors,
where they received only the normal daylight of the long
summer days. Under these conditions the plants remained in
the actively growing, sterile, vegetative stage and did not
flower till they had reached a height of 15 feet in October,
when they were finally forced into the reproductive stage by
the natural decrease in day length.

Various species of beggar-ticks (Bidens), comprising some
of our best known and most persistent weeds in moist, rich
bottom lands, have shown a behavior similar to that of cos-
mos. In response to the short winter days, these have quickly
flowered in the control house when only a few inches high,
and flowering in turn has been promptly followed by the de-
cline and death of the plants. This is just the way these
plants behave when subjected to an artificially shortened
daylight duration of 9 to 10 hours in midsummer. In the

396 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

greenhouse where the daily duration of light had been arti-
ficially lengthened by electric illumination the plants be-
haved just as they have done during the midsummer period
of longest days—i. e., grew to great stature, with no indica-
tions of flowering. To make these results even more striking,
plants of various ages and statures were from time to time
transferred from the illuminated house to the control house,
where they at once came under the influence of the relatively
very short daylight duration of the winter time. Within a
few weeks flowering was initiated simultaneously on all the
branches, and decline and death of the plant ultimately fol-
lowed. This is just what happens in summer time when out-
of-door plants are suddenly subjected to artificially short-
ened daylight periods of 9 to 10 hours’ duration.

In the control house, where no electric light was used, the
Peking and Biloxi varieties of soy beans, although produc-
ing only a dwarfed growth, flowered in the characteristic
winter manner, 1. e., with the production of poorly developed
blossoms. This is also the behavior of these plants when
grown under the influence of artificially shortened daylight
in summer time. In the illuminated house, on the other hand,
vegetative growth was favored and the-plants reached an
unusually large stature without flowering, thus showing a
general similarity to their summer behavior when the days
are long.

In the above plants the purely vegetative development is
favored by long days, and flowering is initiated when the
days have been sufficiently shortened. We will now consider
the behavior of iris, which flowers during the long days of
May and June. Plants taken from the field in autumn
started into growth at once and flowered within 55 to 60
days in the house where electric illumination was used from
sunset till midnight to supplement the short daylight period
of the winter season. In the control house the plants re-
mained practically dormant vegetatively until March or
April, since they showed practically no growth, and flowers
did not appear till June. In spite of the warm temperatures
in the control greenhouse, this plant was unable to flower
in winter because the days were too short. In the same way
the common goldenrod, which regularly begins flowering in

Flowering of Plants and the Length of Day. 397

June, was readily forced into flowering in winter by the use
of the electric light, whereas without electric light no flower-
ing stem was formed, even after an exposure of several
months to short-day conditions. Spinach planted in the
house provided with electric light on November 1 was in
bloom in six weeks, while in the control house the plants re-
mained in the rosette stage throughout the winter.

The above examples are enough to show that artificial ight
of low intensity used to prolong the daily illumination period
during the short days of winter effectively prevents many
short-day plants from flowering and is equally effective in
forcing long-day plants into flowering and fruiting. In
other words, comparatively weak artificial light used as
a supplement to daylight of short duration during the winter
will produce much the same effects as the daylight of long
duration in summer.

In the above-mentioned tests the electric light was sup-
plied by 34 tungsten filament lights of 40 watts each evenly
distributed beneath the glass roof of a greenhouse 50 feet
long, 20 feet wide, and 12 feet high to the ridge. While the
average intensity of 3 to 5 foot candles thus obtained was
sufficient for many plants, it was found that others require
higher intensities. The number of hours of artificial light
needed after sunset, of course, depends on the particular
plant concerned, since each variety and species has its own
requirements as to duration of the light period. Naturally,
the best indication of this requirement is the prevailing
length of day at the regular season of flowering for the plant
under consideration.

Practical Uses of the Discovery.

The experiments briefly discussed in this paper have
opened a wide field for experimentation and study. The full
‘ significance of the discovery that the activities of plants are
profoundly influenced by seasonal change in the length of
day can not be understood until the field has been more fully
explored. At present it is possible only to indicate broadly
some of the directions in which it seems most likely that
practical application of the principles involved can be made.

398 Yearbook. of the Department of Agriculture, 1920..

A correct interpretation of the effects of length of day
upon the plants will be a great aid in reaching a better under-
standing of the causes which limit the natural habitat of
most plants, a problem which has been a difficult one to
solve. To the farmer, the facts which have been established
will strongly emphasize the importance of accurately know-
ing the correct season for planting each of his crops in order
to secure the highest returns. Under some conditions a dif-
ference of no more than 10 days ijn time of planting would
definitely direct the plant’s activities toward either the purely
vegetative or the reproductive form of development, as the
case may be. Now, in one case the farmer may be chiefly
concerned with extensive vegetative growth, while in another
he may be interested primarily in flower, fruit, or seed
development. Of course, much has already been learned
empirically as to the proper time of planting various crops,
but recognition of the importance of the relative lengths of
day and night as a factor in a measure reopens the question.

The plant breeder should be able to gain a better insight
into some of his problems, such as securing for any particular
region earlier or later varieties, more fruitful or larger
growing forms, and improved everbloomers and everbearers.
In the same way the problem of extending the northern or
southern ranges of crop plants may be more clearly defined.
In many cases breeding work can be hastened through arti-
ficial control of light duration, which will make it_ possible
to work more or less independently of natural conditions of
day length, both as to time of year and as to geographical
location of the worker. It often happens that plant breeders
are unable to make crosses between certain plants because
of differences in time of flowering of the two parental types.
In such instances artificial control of the daily light period
should be of great value, for in this way the date of flower-
ing can be accurately controlled. The plant introducer will
have at his command a more adequate basis for analyzing
the factors which determine whether any particular plant
is adapted to a new region. Moreover, in special cases it
may be possible to introduce successfully new plants through
artificial control of light conditions or by taking fuller
advantage of seasonal differences in length of day.

Flowering of Plants and the Length of Day. 399

Solution of the Problem of Seed Production in the Maryland Mam-
moth Tobacco.

Fic. 9.—A, The plant at the left, which was grown in the greenhouse in
winter, shows the characteristic behavior of the Mammoth tobacco when
propagated under a short day length. The plant at the right was grown
under exactly the same conditions except that the daylight period was
lengthened by the use of the electric light, and flowering thus prevented.

' The plant does not flower in the field in Maryland because the days are
too long.

B, A crop of Maryland Mammoth tobacco estimated to yield 2,000 pounds or
more per acre. Under the influence of the long summer days exceptionally
large yields may be obtained with this variety in southern Maryland, but
the plants normally fail to mature seed. The seed may be readily obtained
by growing the plants in southern Florida in winter, thus exposing them
to short days.

400 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Within suitable limits of temperature and other important
factors in plant growth, there would seem to be no reason
why almost any plant may not be made to flower and fruit
at any season of the year and in any region. By shortening
the daily light period through the use of dark chambers
or lengthening it by means of artificial light, reproductive
activities may be induced almost at will. With proper
knowledge of the specific requirements of each plant, there-
fore, the florist should be able to force flowering at any
desired time of the year. It has been possible to secure
excellent flowering specimens of iris in midwinter and
chrysanthemum, poinsettia, and other plants in summer by
utilizing these principles. In the same way wild violets
have been kept in the everblooming stage as long as 9 months.
The principles involved are so simple that anyone interested
in plants can easily obtain instructive and convincing results.

In conclusion, it may be of interest to cite a specific
instance in which the day-length effect has been applied to
the solution of a practical problem in tobacco culture.
Several years ago a new type of tobacco was discovered in
southern Maryland. Under suitable conditions this type
grows to an unusually large size, the plant in some cases
producing more than 100 leaves; hence the name Maryland
Mammoth by which this variety is known. Because of its
high yielding capacity this variety has been grown with
great success in southern Maryland. An excellent crop of
Mammoth tobacco is shown in figure 9. <A peculiarity of
this tobacco is that either it does not flower at all in the
field in Maryland or flowering occurs so late in the season
that the seed does not mature. Farmers, therefore, can not
obtain seed by the usual methods. It was found, however,
that Mammoth tobacco flowers very readily in the green-
house under the natural day length of winter, whereas
artificial lengthening of the daily light period of winter
prevents flowering, as shown in figure 9. The plant does
not flower in the field in Maryland, because the summer
days are too long. The problem of securing seed is easily
met by growing the plants in southern Florida during the
winter, for under these conditions the Mammoth flowers
and fruits much the same as the ordinary varieties of tobacco,

FG

=. cows &
se THAT MAKE THE &
INCOME CLIMB

By J. C. McDoweE 1,
Dairy Husbandman, Dairy Division, Bureaw of Animal Industry.

AST SUMMER, while visiting the Eastern Pan Handle
Cow-Testing Association in West Virginia, I saw a
fine young herd of registered dairy cattle. As I stepped
into the clean, well-lighted, well-built dairy barn the owner
said to me: “It’s between me, these cows, and the sheriff.
Because my capital is limited my cows have got to pay; if
they don’t the sheriff will sell me out. My cows must pay
and to make sure they will I must know their individual
records. That’s why I belong to the cow-testing associa-
tion.”

That man’s cows are paying because he knows their rec-
ords and feeds according to production.

Hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of feed are con-
sumed annually by our dairy cows. The net income is large
or small, according to the way that feed is used. When pro-
duction is increased through feeding and breeding, the in-
come rapidly expands, yet a few real scrubs on any dairy
farm will deflate the net income.

In this country 5,000,000 farmers furnish feed and
for 23,000,000 dairy cows. Because of low-producing dairy
cows a large part of that feed is wasted. Weighing out

30702°—yBKx 1920——26** 401

402 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

expensive feeds to a low-producing cow is like shoveling
costly coal into the fire box of a leaky boiler; and the farmer
who keeps such cows is seldom bothered with an income tax.
Like a factory, the dairy cow transforms raw materials—
silage, hay, and concentrates—into the finished product—
milk. In that way she furnishes a market for our feeds.
Whether that market will be good or bad depends in part
upon the way the cow is fed and in part upon the cow.
Her Name is “ Fruit-_
cake.”

She gives as much as a quart
a day—when she has it,

4 Inferior Cows of Mixed Breeding.

The farmer who keeps such cows is seldom bothered by an income tax.
Selling Feeds to the Cow.

There is no better way to market the feeds grown on the
farm than to feed them to a high-producing herd of dairy
cows. The cow takes corn silage, grain, and clover hay
and converts them into a product for which there always
is a ready sale. It is much easier to send the butterfat to
the creamery than to haul the hay to town. Yes; and in the
long run it is generally much more profitable, because it
keeps the soil fertility at home. Instead of selling hay and

EE

Cows that Make the Income Climb. 403

grain that may go to enrich the soil in some far-distant
State, or in a foreign country, the wise dairy farmer markets
such products through high-producing dairy cows.

In selling feeds to dairy cows the farmer has a wide
choice of markets—bad, good, and very good. Few men dis-
criminate closely enough between these markets. If a wheat
buyer offers a cent or two a bushel more than other buyers
he gets our wheat; if a wool buyer offers half a cent a pound

Let Dairy Cows
Market Your
Pasturage.,

Ilere is one
place where the
farmer has the
market ‘largely
under his control.

Live Stock Main-
tains Soil Fer-
tility.

Keeping dairy
cows keeps the
richness of the
land at home.

more for our wool we sell our wool to him; but if one cow
returns $3 from a dollar’s worth of feed and another only
2, we scarcely notice it. Here is a difference of a dollar
every time each of these two cows eats a dollar’s worth of
feed, and frequently within a year this difference is enough
to buy a hundred-dollar Victory bond. I believe much more
attention would be given to a choice of cows if we would
think of them as markets for our labor and for corn silage,
concentrates, and clover hay. Here is one place where the
farmer has the market largely under his control.

404 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Room for Improvement.

According to careful estimates, the average dairy cow
in the United States produces annually about 4,000 pounds
ef milk and 160 pounds of butterfat. According to 40,000
yearly individual cow records just tabulated by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, the average cow-testing association
cow produces 5,980 pounds of milk and 246 pounds of butter-
fat a year. The world’s records are 37,381.4 pounds of milk
and 1,205.09 pounds of butterfat. The average dairy cow
seems to have plenty of room for improvement.

Record Keeping Easy.

The keeping of individual cow records is easy. To test
a half dozen samples of milk for butterfat requires about
half an hour, and the weighing of the milk, the estimating
of the weight of the roughage, and the weighing of the
concentrates require but little time. The testing of a com-
posite sample of each cow’s milk from two consecutive milk-
ings once a month furnishes the figures from which the
yearly production records can be computed. Any man com-
petent to care for a dairy herd can easily learn to make
the butterfat test and to keep feed and production records.

In Old Virginia.

A dairyman in Virginia says that when he began testing
for production he had a herd of 31 cows. There being no
cow-testing association in his neighborhood at that time,
he did the work and kept the records himself. After weigh-
ing and testing the milk for a few weeks he reduced the
number of cows to 26. These he fed according to known
production and obtained a higher total yield than had for-
merly been obtained from the larger herd. Before the end
of the year he reduced the number of cows’ to 20, and the
20 produced more than the 31.

Through rigid culling and feeding according to produc-
tion the herd was finally reduced to 10 well-bred, well-fed
cows, and the 10 produced almost as much milk and butter-
fat as the 20. Since then the herd has gradually been in-
creased in numbers until to-day it consists of 20 cows, and

r

Cows that Make the Income Climb. 405

the 20 produce annually more than twice as much milk and
butterfat and many times as much net profit as was pro-
duced by the old original herd of 31 cows.

Cow Testing Worth While.

Is cow testing worth while? Ask the dairyman who has
recently joined a cow-testing association and he will seldom
answer “No.” Ask the dairyman who has seen the profits
of his herd more than doubled through the work of the asso-
ciation and he will never answer “No.” Ask the breeder
of high-class, purebred dairy cows after he has sold a bull
calf from a record cow for a thousand dollars, and he will
always answer “ Yes.’

Cow testing 1 is not worth while to its dairyman who makes
no use of the records and who continues the doubtful prac-
tices of former years, but cow testing is worth while to the
dairyman who desires to feed and breed according to known
production. In dairy-herd improvement, knowledge alone
is nothing, but knowledge followed by intelligent action
is everything. To the man who belongs to a cow-testing
association, who studies the individual records of his dairy
cows, and who selects, feeds, and breeds according to these
records, cow testing is and always will be well worth while.

It Pays to Know.

The dairyman who knows the records of his cows is usu-
ally the owner of a herd that yields a profit. The relation
between production records and profits is quite evident. but
it is not so easy to see a relation between profits and the
owner’s knowledge of such facts as age of cow and date of
freshening. Certainly a cow does not give more milk and
butterfat because the owner knows her age and date of
freshening, yet it is undoubtedly true that the man who
knows these things is generally a better dairyman and gives
his cattle better care than the man who keeps no records of
his cows. From the department’s study of 40,000 yearly
individual cow records it is quite clear that the dairyman
who does not know such facts is usually the owner of cows
whose production and profits are below average.

In the White River Junction (Vermont) Cow-Testing
Association the cows whose ages were not known averaged

406 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

552 pounds of milk below those whose ages were known. In
butterfat production they were 27 pounds below and in
income over cost of feed they were $10.78 below the average
of those whose ages were on record.

In the Lenawee County (Michigan) Cow-Testing Asso-
ciation the records of the 33 cows whose owners did not know

Feed According to Production.

Weighing out the proper rations requires but
little time.

Careful Selection Increases her Efficiency.

Like a factory the dairy cow transforms raw materials into the finished
product—milk,

the date of freshening were relatively low all along the line.
In milk production their average for the year was 2,536
pounds below the average of the others. In butterfat pro-
duction they were 79 pounds below, and in income over cost
of feed they were $37.06 below the average of those cows
whose owners knew the dates of freshening. Evidently in
dairying for dollars it pays to have a fairly complete knowl-
edge of the records of our cows,

ee EEEEEEEEEEEEEEOEOEOEOEeeo

a

A gre eee ee ai ee a ct i it i

Cows that Make the Income Climb. 407

Ten Years of Progress.

The United States Department of Agriculture now has
figures that give 10 years of progress in the first cow-test-
ing association organized in the United States, the Newaygo

280

270

7 260

a

2

= 250

2

eal

iS)

n 240

Ss

=|

5

°

F950 ]
Years. Lb 2 3 & 5 6 Z 8 9 10

The Evidence.

Ten years of progress in the first cow-testing association in the United
States, Newaygo County, Michigan. See how butterfat production climbed in
the herds of this association.

County (Michigan) Association. The first year the average
production of milk was 5,354 pounds; the tenth year it was
6,637 pounds. The chart shows the yearly change in average
production of butterfat per cow. The gain was quite rapid
until average production of butterfat had reached a rela-
tively high level. From that time on it was not so easy to
make great gains, yet at no time was there a falling back to
the low levels of former years. The first year the average
production of butterfat was 215 pounds, the sixth year it was
270 pounds, and the tenth year it was 276 pounds.

This is not a wonderful gain, but it is a gain that is well
worth while. Figures from other associations are sometimes
more striking, but we do not yet have figures for so long a

408 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

period from any other cow-testing association. Successful
though it was, the work of the Newaygo association was
stopped by the war before the end of the eleventh year. At
the end of the tenth month of the eleventh year the tester,
who was then keeping the association records, resigned to go
into the Army and fight on European battlefields.

“ Goldie.”

Before a certain Missouri farmer joined the cow-testing
association he owned a good herd in which was an old
crippled cow named “Goldie.” At that very time the
owner was trying to sell her for $75. To his great surprise
the milk scales and Babcock test not only placed poor old
crippled Goldie at the head of the herd but at the head of
the whole association. Her yearly production as shown by
the records was 9,300 pounds of milk and 526 pounds of
butterfat, and her yearly earning over cost of feed was $267.

Goldie belonged to a herd whose average yearly butterfat
production was 360 pounds, yet in production of butterfat
she was almost 50 per cent above the average of the herd.
In production of butterfat she was more than 200 per cent
above the average dairy cow of this country. Among the
cows on test in the 468 cow-testing associations there are
many like Goldie. The true production records furnished by
cow-testing associations have prevented the sale of a large
number of unassuming but fairly high-producing cows.

A and Z.

In a certain association 511 cows were on test. Mr. A
owned 16 cows whose average butterfat production was 306
pounds. Mr. Z owned 91 cows whose average was 155
pounds. For Mr. A’s herd the average income over cost of
feed was $75, and for Mr. Z’s herd, 64 cents. The average -
cow in the herd belonging to Mr. A produced more income
over cost of feed than all of the 91 cows in the herd belong-
ing to Mr. Z. It would require 117 cows like those in Z’s
herd to produce as much income over cost of feed as was
produced by the average cow in A’s herd. Evidently Mr.
A is dairying for dollars, but it is not quite so clear why
Mr. Z is in the dairy business.

Cows that Make the Income Climb. 409
Building Through Breeding.

There are several ways of improving a dairy herd. Elimi-
nation of low producers increases average production, de-
creases total production, and usually increases net profit.
Better feeding of the cows we now have increases average
production, increases total production, and may increase net
profit. Use of better sires increases average production, in-
creases total production, and always increases net profit.

Better Sires Increase Herd Production.

Six daughters of this bull averaged in one year 1,695 pounds more milk and
93 pounds more fat than their dams.

All dairy-herd improvement due to better breeding tends
to increase profit to the producer and to decrease cost to
the consumer. It is one of the ways by which the world
may become richer without decreasing the prosperity of any
individual in it. Therefore, as I see it, the breeders of
good dairy cattle are among the world’s greatest benefactors.

Well-formed, registered bulls from proved sires and ad-
vanced-registry dams are usually fit to head even high-pro-
ducing dairy herds. When such bulls have proved sons
and advanced-registry daughters, their value becomes ex-
ceedingly great because of the certainty that they will trans-
mit to the offspring, in large measure, the high-producing

410 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

qualities of the ancestors. So far as possible only such
bulls should be chosen to head herds of selected, high-pro-
ducing, registered dairy cattle. In ordinary dairy practice,
however, the bull goes to the block before the production
records of his daughters are available. In that way many
excellent bulls are lost to the dairy business every year.

Dams and Daughters.

A few years ago a Wisconsin farmer sold his registered
Holstein bull to the local butcher. At the time the bull was
sold no records had been made by any of the daughters.
Within one year 11 of the daughters freshened at the ages
of 2 and 3. Records of milk and butterfat production were
kept and to the farmer’s astonishment the average milk
production was 15,047 pounds and the average butterfat
production 571 pounds.

Long before these records were available the bull was dead
and his hide converted into leather. Because there were
no records a $5,000 bull was sold for $50. The cow-testing
association tests the dams and daughters; the bull associa-
tion makes it possible to keep a bull until his daughters are
tested. These associations would have saved that bull.

Every dairy herd should be carefully selected. Every
carefully selected herd should be headed by a good bull. A
good bull gets productive daughters. Such daughters
greatly excel their dams. The dams may be selected scrubs,
the daughters become productive grades, and the grand-
daughters high grades of very large production. Such
intelligent, constructive breeding takes place in every well-
managed cooperative bull association. The bull association
combines low investment, light’ expense, and large profit.

A scrub dairy cow is almost worthless because she yields
no profit. A scrub dairy bull is worse than worthless be-
cause he quickly drags the remainder of the herd down to his
low level. In a year a scrub cow produced 146.8 pounds of
butterfat. Her daughter, sired by a scrub bull, produced
126.3 pounds of butterfat, and the granddaughter, sired by
the same serub, produced 99.7 pounds of butterfat. Cali-
fornia Gretel, a Toggenburg goat, produced almost as much,

Cows that Make the Income Climb. 411
“ Looked Bad for Billy.”

The registered Guernsey bull, Imp. Primrose’s Billy of
Waddington, was at the head of a grade Guernsey herd in
the Leon Valley (Wisconsin) Cow-Testing Association. After
he had been in the herd a couple of years it was decided to
send him to the butcher to prevent inbreeding. “For a
time,” as the tester reported, “things looked bad for Billy,
as he was headed straight for the block.” Just in the nick
of time six of his daughters furnished records at the ages
of 2 and 3. Figured to maturity the average production
of the daughters was 7,886 pounds of milk and 397 pounds of
butterfat. The average production of their dams was 5,968
pounds of milk and 292 pounds of butterfat. The cow-
testing association records saved Billy’s life, and he is now at
the head of a purebred Guernsey herd. —

Looking Forward.

Ever since dairy records were first available it has been a
common custom to rate the value of a dairy bull according
to the records of his ancestors. That is all very well so far
as it goes, but the thoughtful dairyman is just beginning to
look in the opposite direction and to rate the value of a
dairy bull according to the records of his daughters. Jn the
past, bulls have been in great demand if they had proved
sires and advanced-registry dams. Such bulls may or may
not have the power to transmit the high-producing qualities
of their ancestors. In future times a bull will be in great
demand if he has proved sons and advanced-registry daugh-
ters, especially if the daughters have records much above
the records of high-producing dams.

We have made considerable progress in dairying by select-
ing for breeding purposes thé descendants of high producers,
but we can never make the most rapid progress until we
begin to look forward as well as backward. The records of
the first ten daughters determine with a high degree of cer-
tainty the true value of a dairy bull, and it is doubtful
whether any bull, regardless of his breeding, should head
any well-bred herd until a number of his daughters have
been tested and their records compared with the records of
their dams. When all dairy bulls are required to pass

412 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

through a probationary period before they are allowed to
head a dairy herd, when only proved sires are allowed to
become the sires of many daughters, and when the best of
these sires are used to their full capacity, then, and not
until then, may we look for a tremendous advance in the
economical production of our dairy herds.

We now have the machinery to carry out this plan. The
cow-testing association, at little cost, keeps the records of
dams and daughters, and the bull association makes it pos-
sible to keep a good dairy sire for ten or twelve years, or as
long as he is fit for service without the dangers of inbreeding.

Profits Made Certain.

Of all the enterprises of the farm none lends itself more
readily than dairynig to the keeping of records, and there
is no other farm enterprise in which the lack of records is
more fatal to success. With the Babcock test, the milk
scales, the feed scales, and a working knowledge of the multi-
plication table, dairying need never be conducted at a loss.

The cow that produces enough to buy her feed and pay a
satisfactory profit is the kind to be kept if we are dairying
for dollars. Such a cow makes the dairy business interest-
ing, adds to the profits of farming, and lifts agriculture to
high and still higher levels. May her tribe increase.

= PES
ee

= :

7 Hi Gar 4 Hi ssa i i

By CHARLES H. SEATON,

Rditor, Bureau of Soils.

OWARD the close of the nineteenth century the Depart-

ment of Agriculture embarked. upon the serious study
of the soils of the country. Up to that time work upon this
subject had been sporadic and general, and the results of a
character ill suited for use as a basis either for scientific
research or for application to the practical needs of agri-
culture.

It was proposed now to change all this—to proceed in a
thorough, systematic way to map, name, and classify the
different soils of the country; to show their extent and their
relation to one another, to existing agriculture, and to the
possibilities of agricultural changes and extension. It was
proposed also to investigate, in properly equipped labora-
tories, the physical and chemical properties of soils.

Upon this undertaking the Division, now the Bureau, of
Soils embarked. The sea it was to sail was uncharted; none
before had gone far upon it; there was little or no precedent
to follow.

But there is no room here to dwell upon the interesting
period of constructive development—the period when meth-
ods were devised and tested by experiment, when system was

413

414 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

evolved and perfected. The space can better be used to de-
scribe briefiy the work as it is carried on at present, to state
broadly the things achieved in nearly a quarter century of
consistent endeavor, the various practical applications to
which the results lend themselves, and the ideals toward
which it is believed agriculture will move more rapidly and
more certainly when the facts gathered have been thor-
oughly digested and made an integral part of agricultural
knowledge.
Soil Maps. “

A number of Government agencies make maps. The
United States Geological Survey has for years been engaged
in surveys, principally of mineralized sections of the country,
and has published many maps intended primarily for the
mining industry and for the engineer. The Coast and Geo-
detic Survey has charted the coast lines for the benefit of
mariners. The General Land Office has mapped the public
domain in its work of patenting homestead and other Federal
land grants. The soil maps issued by the Department of
Agriculture conflict with none of these, being designed for a
distinct purpose—the furtherance of agriculture.

In the surveying of soils use is made of the maps issued
by other branches of the Government whenever possible, se
that there will not be duplication of effort and needless ex-
penditure of funds, but where no suitable Government, State, —
or privately published map is in existence the soil surveyors
construct base maps as well as plot the soils. The base maps
so prepared are placed at the disposal of the other map-
making agencies and are the means of saving much time and
effort to these other branches of the Government service.

A soil map thus consists of a base, showing the salient
natural features of an area, and the towns, houses, roads,
railroads, and other artificial features, upon which base are
outlined and colored the various areas of the different types
of soil. Ordinarily the survey covers a single county. A
surveying party, consisting usually of two men, visits every
part of the chosen area, tracing and locating the soil bound-
aries, taking samples of the soil and of the subsoil to a
depth of 3 feet in the East and to 6 feet in the far West, and
identifying the various types of soil, so far as may be done

Uses of the Soil Survey. 415

from field examination. This work is revised by inspectors,
who visit the areas from time to time, and is finally passed
upon by a committee of correlation, who make certain that
each soil is properly named, so that the same soils in different
parts of the country shall not bear different names, and thus
defeat the object of classification.

There are in the United States 3,043 counties. Detailed
surveys have been completed in 926 counties.1. The total
extent of these surveys, 547,733 square miles, is equal to the
combined areas of Great Britain and Ireland, France, and
the German Empire before the World War. In addition to
the area surveyed in detail, about an equal extent of country
has been covered by reconnoissance maps, the two together
representing one-third the area of continental United States,
and very much more than one-third of the arable lands of
the Nation.

Thus there has been accumulated by the department in
a quarter century a vast store of facts concerning our soil
resources—the number of different soils, their location, dis-
tribution, and extent, their origin, and their physical char-
acteristics in both surface and subsoil. Concurrent with the
compilation of such facts has been the collection of data
relating to the use of soils, to productiveness, to soil adapta-
tion, or the peculiar fitness of soils of certain types to cer-
tain crops or to certain definite crop qualities.

While admitting the value of accumulated knowledge on
whatever subject, ihe reader will want to know in just what

ways the country is benefiting from the results of soil work,
and what good may be expected to flow from it in the future.
Some of the benefits are obvious, direct, and immediate;
some are less obvious and indirect, though of greater impor-
tance.

Buying Farm Lands.

Among the more obvious ways in which the results of the
soil survey are of practical value is their use by corpora-
tions, colonization societies, and individuals in locating and
purchasing farm lands. It may be that a definite type of
agriculture has been determined upon. Where can lands

1A few areas, each covering only a part of a county or parts of several
counties, have been included in this count.

416 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

best suited to that type be found? Upon what soils can rice
growing be-safely and profitably undertaken, or the produc-
tion of tobacco of the various kinds be followed, or the
raising of hogs with alfalfa pasture as a feature in their
management be engaged in?’ Perhaps you would establish
a commercial peach orchard in Georgia, embark upon the
growing of long-staple cotton in South Carolina, or spe-
cialize in the production of asparagus, peppers, tomatoes for
canning, or lima beans in New Jersey. The results of the soil
survey will help you to select suitable land. Or when farmer
John Doe decides to sell his fat and high-priced acres in
the corn belt and reinvest in cheaper lands in a milder climate,
he will find a soil survey report a very helpful thing to carry
with him on his inspection trip. The records of the depart-
ment show a steadily increasing number of persons using its
soil publications in this way. Anything that aids in a safe
and sane movement back to the farm in these days when the
shift toward the city preponderates stands in a position to
benefit the Nation.

‘Lands and Loans.

The basis for the evaluation of farm lands and the founda-
tion of the wealth of agricultural communities is the produc-
tiveness of the soil. It is therefore not surprising that con-
cerns interested in the placing of farm loans, in the handling
of rural mortgage securities, or in the financing of indus-
trial enterprises depending upon the soil for their raw ma-
terials should find in the information afforded by the soil-
survey publications a valuable aid to their business. A dis-
tant banker may find it well worth while to substantiate the
favorable opinion of his local agent as to lending $10,000 to
Mr. B, with his farm situated 1 mile from Beeville as se-
curity. A glance at a soil map may do this, or it may not—
depending upon what it shows. Mr. B’s farm may be com-
posed entirely of the Hagerstown silt loam, one of the very
best soils in the East, with a value in normal times running
from $100 to $300 an acre, which, with other known facts,
would make the security ample, or his farm may be com-
posed of the Norfolk sand and undrained Portsmouth soils
in an indeveloped part of the Coastal Plain, in which case,
even if there were 1,500 acres, the local agent’s favorable

Uses of the Soil Survey. 417

report would require, to say the least, careful explanation.
This illustration will suffice to indicate how the facts
gathered by the soil survey are of value to financial business.

A Basis for Agricultural Advancement.

These are a few of the more obvious ways in which use
is made of the facts gathered by the soil survey. The value
of such use, while large and of growing importance, is over-
shadowed by the present and prospective value of a less
obvious and, ag regards the ultimate beneficiaries—the
farmer and the general public—less direct use. This is the
use of the scientific data concerning soils by scientific work-
ers in all the varied lines of endeavor looking to the improve-
ment of agriculture.

At the time the Government began the soil survey the
known facts relating to the country’s soils were tor the most
part general, and the accumulated soil knowledge not only
meager but a jumbled and chaotic mass, without system or
the value which orderly arrangement gives. Take the ques-
tion of soil texture, for instance. The differentiation of
soils on the basis of their mechanical composition was woe-
fully incomplete, depended upon empirical methods, and
thus varied widely with the judgment of the individual.
Soils were sandy soils, loams, or clays, and what constituted
one or another class merely a matter of opinion. Compare
this with the present classification of soils on the basis of
texture into 12 distinct classes, scientifically determined, and
uniformly appled to soils throughout the country, so that
a fine sand in Maine is the same as a fine sand in Oregon. and
a silt loam is a silt loam, and a clay a clay, no matter in what
part of the country it may occur.

Take the question of the extent and relative importance
of soils. No one at the time referred to knew which were
the great soils of the country. Many knew where wide areas
of productive lands occurred, where the production of the
great staple crops was concentrated, but until the soils had
been identified and measured ideas as to their rank and im-
portance were hazy in the extreme.

This is only a small part of the story, but enough to
indicate the change that has taken place in our knowledge
ef the soils. It needs no argument to convince one that

30702°—yekK 1920 27 **

418 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

the influence of the standardization of soil types upon crop
experiments and the application of the results of such ex-
periments is fundamental and of the greatest moment.

In carrying on the soil survey the department is working
in cooperation with the experiment stations or other publie
agencies in more than 20 States. This cooperation is most
intimate, the several States contributing in men and money
equally with the Federal Government. In this way the re-
sults of the work are brought home to the leading agri-
cultural investigators in all parts of the country and are be-
coming a part of the equipment of the most powerful agency
existing in the Nation for the advancement of agriculture.

Time was when it was considered sufficient to have a
central experiment station in a State, there to carry on
variety, fertilizer, and cultural tests on one type, or at
least two or three types, of soil, and to advise farmers in
all parts of the State, located on widely different types of
soils, on the basis of the results achieved on the one type
at the central station. The general inadequacy of this sys-
tem is now recognized by nearly all, if not all, the station
workers, and more and more of the stations are providing in
one way or another for the tying of results to the important
soils of the States. ,

Take one instance, that of North Carolina. In this State
test farms have been established on the more important soils
in different parts of its confines, and a farmer on a certain
soil is advised on the basis of results of tests on that soil.
A separate edition of the soil survey report also: is issued,
in which experimental results on the several soils of a
county are added to the text of the Federal report. Other
States are following up the soil survey in various ways and
correlating the results of their work with soil conditions.
This refinement is made possible by the knowledge gained
in the soil survey. It and other refinements to follow make
for increased production, greater profits to the farmer, and
cheaper food and clothing for the consumer.

Soil as a Factor in Crop Production.

One of the results of the soil survey has been to emphasize
the importance of the soil as a factor in crop production,
to immeasurably raise this importance in the estimation of

Uses of the Soil Survey. 419

those who study the problems in which the soil enters. It
- has long been recognized in a general way that definite rela-
tionships exist between the character of the soil and the yield
and quality of its plant products, and this has been sub-
stantiated by much concrete evidence. Standarization of
-soil characters and much finer distinctions between soils than
were possible before have shown that these relationships are
much more delicate than would be supposed. Thus the
bright tobacco produced on the Durham fine sandy loam is
superior to that from the Norfolk fine sandy loam, for the
purpose intended, the manufacture of pipe tobaccos and ciga-
rettes. Yet these soils are texturally the same, occur in the
same districts, and therefore under similar climatic influ-
ences, and are similarly well drained. Again, Wilder?
found that in the same district in New York certain soils
would produce a green Rhode Island Greening and certain
other soils a yellow Rhode Island Greening. The two types
of Greening finding favor in different markets, it would be
clearly of advantage to the orchardist to know beforehand
what soil to select in setting out his trees. Wilder also
found that the best soils for the Greening were not the
best soils for the Baldwin or certain other varieties, though
in the common practice of the orchardists such distinction
-in their plantings was exceedingly rare, and naturally, for
the facts were not known to them. Instances of this close
relation between soil type and quality of product could be
multiplied almost without end; but the object is attained if
the instances cited carry the suggestion of an almost un-
limited field for future use of the facts gathered and to be
gathered by the survey and scientific study of the soil—the
suggestion that finer and finer distinction may be made in the
practical use of soils, in the selection of crops, in the breeding
of new crop varieties to fit important soils, and in the adjust-
ment of our basic agricultural industries, as well as special
industries, to the soils on which they are most certain best to
flourish.

~

*Henry J. Wilder in an unpublished manuscript, The Apple Soils of New
York.

Cleaning
Manzanilla:
=seeds ©
Guatemala

new plants in
the mountains
of China

—=Guatemala ©

'
avocados for seed
fre

Avocado budwood
brought 125 miles

on muleback to the

= railroad =o
b
Bose

.

ferent custom$e

Tn Africa, beehives

hang like Fruit

from *« trees
o

Sometimes the plant explorers

in Africa run into an anthille

Department Of Agriculture Explorers
scour the world For new plants and seeds

420

IBY> WB BEL,
Assistant Biologist in Heonomic Investigations,
Bureau of Biological Survey.

O ELIMINATE a crop-production loss of 500,000,000

a year, due to rodents, looks like a staggering under-
taking. When a leak is detected in a corporation, mill, or
factory and a means of prevention is found, it is possible to
issue orders putting improved practice into effect forthwith.
Not so in the case of losses caused by rodent pests: you can
not order the rodents to stop eating.

The magnitude of the task is measured by the length
and breadth of the whole of the United States, and its exe-
cution requires not only action by Federal and State officials,
but the voluntary cooperation of hundreds of thousands of
people who must be enlisted in the movement. <A great
educational campaign must be conducted to fix public atten-
tion upon the need, to give assurance as to the practical
character of the methods to be employed, and to obtain con-
certed action by private, State, and Federal agencies. Plans
and means of organization must be provided, trained and
experienced leadership secured, cooperation of great num-
bers of people effected, legislation enacted, financial sup-
port furnished, and special supplies procured and laid down
at the point of use.

The actual carrying forward of this work has afforded a
fine instance not only of willingness to cooperate but of co-

421

422 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

operation put into effective, harmonious, and widely corre-
lated action on a large scale, involving many thousands of
farmers and stockmen, their organizations, and county,
State, and Federal officials.

Some idea of the seriousness of the losses suffered annu-
ally from the native rodents, including prairie dogs, ground

Bi9705

Results of Prairie-Dog Activities.

A close-up view showing detail of work of prairie dogs on a heavily infested
area. All valuable forage grasses, including their root systems, had been com-
pletely destroyed, leaving only a few scattering clumps of weeds and wire
grass. Not less than 100,000,000 acres of range and agricultural lands are
infested by prairie dogs, these animals selecting the most productive valleys
and bench lands for their devastating activities. After poison treatment, 55
dead prairie dogs were counted on the area in the illustration.

squirrels, pocket gophers, and jack rabbits, may be obtained
from the following estimates submitted during the fiscal
year 1917 by certain State directors of agricultural exten-
sion: Montana, $15,000,000 to $20,000,000; North Dakota,
$6,000,000 to $9,000,000; Kansas, $12,000,000; Colorado,
$2,000,000; California, $20,000,000 ; Wyoming, 15 per cent of
all crops; Nevada, 10 to 15 per cent of all crops, or $1,000,000 ;
New Mexico, $1,200,000 loss to crops and double this amount
to range. In a single county of Virginia, losses of or-

Death to the Rodents. 423

chard trees from depredations of pine mice from 1915 to
1917 were estimated at not less than $200,000. Similarly
heavy losses were disclosed in other States as attention was
directed to these direct causes of decreased production. It is
estimated that native rodents cause a loss of $150,000,000 a
year in the United States in cultivated crops and a similar
loss in forage on the pasture ranges, making a total loss of
$300,000,000 a year from this source.

i : 620742; 820743
Effect of Prairie Dogs on Range Production.

Upper view, an area which has not yet been invaded by prairie dogs, showing
the natural stand of grama grass, one of the most valuable range forage plants.
Lower view, from photograph taken at the same time of a near-by area in-
vaded by prairie dogs. Here these pests have completely destroyed all valuable
forage grasses, reducing the stock-carrying capacity to zero.

424 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Eating Up the Margin of Profit. -

For many years farmers and stockmen, in numerous in-
stances driven to the verge of desperation by constantly
recurring losses, endeavored to clear their holdings of rodent
pests, only to find their methods ineffective or their lands
constantly reinfested by animals coming in from adjacent
Government lands or from those of their less thrifty and en-
ergetic neighbors. Large sums were expended by States,
counties, and townships for bounties, only to disclose that,
while their treasuries were greatly depleted: the animal pests
persisted in practically undiminished numbers. Manufac-
turers and dealers in commercial poison preparations were
reaping a constantly increasing harvest through the sale of
their products, while the farmer saw his crop returns con-
stantly reduced by the inroads of rodent pests.

The Biological Survey received many urgent appeals. for
help from the far-western States, the cry being that if the
rodents could not be controlled the people would have to
abandon their ranches. In many instances it was apparent
that the portion of the crop eaten by the rodents represented
the difference between a comfortable profit and a distinct
loss on the year’s enterprise. A profit of 10 per cent on a
given business turnover is usually accounted a fair return.
On the farms of western States prairie dogs, ground squir-
rels, pocket gophers, jack rabbits, and similar rodent pests
were commonly cutting down the crop yields 10, 20, and 30
per cent, and-in many instances were destroying the entire
stand.

When farmers became aware of the extent of these losses
they were eager to learn how to obtain permanent relief.
When Department specialists and county agents had gone
out into the grain fields and demonstrated beyond question
the amount of loss involved, by measuring off the area of a
given crop and the part that had been destroyed by rodents,
the farmers began to see the importance of having this mar-
gin placed on the credit side of the farm account book or in
their bank, instead of having it consumed for the immediate
requirements of these myriads of small raiders or stored as
fat for their subsistence while indulging in their long hiber-
nation sleep.

Death to the Rodents. 425

620730; B20729

Destructive Activity of Prairie Dogs on Cultivated Crops.

At left, field of oats, showing normal production at harvest time; at right, a
contrasting view of a portion of the same fieid invaded by prairie dogs. Where
the prairie dogs have attacked the crop, nothing is left to harvest. Corn,
wheat, oats, rye, barley, feterita, and alfalfa are among the valuable grain and
hay crops of the United States which prairie dogs, ground squirrels, pocket

gophers, jack rabbits, and similar rodent pests destroy to the extent of
$150,000,000 annually.

As long as stockmen could merely move on to fresh pas-
tures with their flocks and herds and there was abundance
for all comers, there was little concern over the greut
stretches of fertile range lands denuded and made unpro-
ductive by the hosts of rodents feeding undisturbed upon
them. With increasing settlement of the country, larger
numbers of live stock, keener competition for the more pro-
ductive ranges, and reduced areas of free Government
pasture lands, stockmen began to cast about for means of
maintaining their live-stock production. When it became
apparent that the carrying capacity of their pasture ranges

426 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

was being reduced from 10 to 50 per cent or more by the
prairie dogs and ground squirrels, which occupied the most
fertile and favorably situated valleys and bench lands, denud-
ing them of grass and render-
ing them useless for pasturage
purposes, it became evident that
eradication of these animals was
the most practical way of provid-
ing additional forage to maintain
and increase flocks and herds.

Fortunately, positive evidence
that the carrying capacity of pas-
ture ranges could be greatly in-
creased by this means was at
hand. Large areas of Govern-
ment lands, cleared of rodents by
Biological Survey field parties,
had shown quick recovery of for-
age grasses and a marked increase
in the number of cattle and sheep
that could be carried on them.
Smaller demonstration plots,
which had been established under
similar conditions to illustrate the
difference in productivity between
infested and cleared areas, showed
grass knee high on the land where
rodents had been destroyed and
reinvasion prevented, as con-
trasted with grass cropped close
to the ground on land imme-
diately adjoining, where the ro-
dents had been left in their usual
numbers.

Typical Grass Specimens from
Experimental Plots.

A, The best samples found in the inclosure
where the prairie-dog population was ner-
mal. 3B, Sample of normal production in
adjacent plot, where prairie dogs had been
eradicated and reinfestation prevented.

Death to the Rodents. 427
Going After the Rodents.

Up to and including the year 1916 the Biological Survey
had worked largely on field investigation of damage caused
by prairie dogs, ground squirrels, pocket gophers, jack rab-
bits, field mice, and related pests, together with study and ex-
perimentation to determine effective methods for their con-
trol or eradication in localities where they were proving
seriously destructive of crops and range grasses.

Field-party operations against prairie dogs had been con-
ducted on 15 national forests in Arizona, Colorado, Mon-
tana, New Mexico, Utah, and Oklahoma, on the Crow In-

BI9696

Biological Survey Field Party Distributing Poisoned Grain
to Destroy Rodent Pests.
Over 132,000 men working afoot and on horseback in cooperative campaigns
distributed 1,610 tons of poisoned grain on more than 32,000,000 acres of

range and farm land during the year 1920. The resulting destruction of
prairie dogs and ground squirrels effected a saving of $11,000,000.

dian Reservation in Montana, the Fort Sill Military Reser-
vation in Oklahoma, and on considerable areas of public
lands in Wyoming. Similar operations against ground
squirrels had been undertaken on the California and Sequoia
National Forests, and other forests in Modoc, Monterey,
Kern, and Santa Barbara Counties, Calif.; on a small area
in the vicinity of Sopris, Colo.; and on the Fort Totten In-
dian Reservation, N. Dak. A small amount of work had
been done against pocket gophers on the Sequoia and Tahoe
National Forests, Calif.; the Nebraska National Forest,
Nebr.; and the Ochoco National Forest, Oreg. Some dem-
onstrations had also been given to show farmers and stock-

428 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

men how to protect crops and hay from destruction by jack
rabbits.

During 1916, 1,356,429 acres of Government lands were
given original treatment for the eradication of prairie dogs,
and 164,755 acres, previously poisoned, were given a second
treatment to complete the work; 208,950 acres were treated
for the destruction of ground squirrels; and 7,770 acres for
the extermination of pocket gophers. Some demonstration
work also was done to enable farmers and ranchmen to apply
on their own lands the methods which the Biological Survey

BigsTi2

Results of Poison Properly Prepared and Distributed.

Pile of 1,872 prairie dogs, picked up on 3820 acres after poison was dis-
tributed by men working according to directions of the Biological Survey.
A large percentage of animals killed were not collected, as they entered the
burrows before the poison could act. The grass required to feed these animals
is sufficient for the maintenance of several head of cattle or sheep. Results
such as this have convinced stockmen and farmers that this work is practical
and worth while as a means of increasing production,

had found most effective in eradicating rodent pests on Fed-
eral lands. Demonstrations were given and campaigns or-
ganized to combat jack rabbits in infested farming commu-
nities of southern Idaho, central and eastern Oregon, south-
western Utah, northern Nevada, western Texas, and in
smaller areas in California. Extermination of rodents that
destroy seeds and nursery stock on areas being reforested
had been completed on the Black Hills National Forest,
S. Dak., and the Florida National Forest, Fla. Experiments
to devise eradication methods had been conducted on the
above planting areas and on the Converse Experiment Sta-

Death to the Rodents. 429

tion of California. Improved methods for controlling pine
mice, wood rats, and other seed-eating rodents also were
developed.

B18593; B18598

Ground-Squirrel Work in Grain Fields,

The upper view is of a field of oats, showing along the border the usual
results of ground-squirrel activity in destroying the growing crop before cradi-
eation work was undertaken. A loss of 10 to 30 per cent of a field of grain
occurred commonly before the cooperative campaigns were launched. The lower
yiew is from a photograph of a field adjoining, where damage was prevented
by poisoning the ground squirrels on the planted area and on adjacent fields
of pasture land. Here it was possible to harvest a full crop from the entire
area planted.

Cooperation.

During the spring of 1916 the extended poisoning cam-
paigns undertaken in North Dakota against ground squir-
rels—locally known as “ gophers *—had the cooperation of
the experiment station and extension service of the agricul-

430 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

tural college. The operations included demonstration of the
most effective methods of destroying these pests in farming
communities and the organization of systematic township
and county campaigns. These animals were reported as
causing crop losses aggregating from six to nine million dol-
lars annually in the State. In this campaign the then enor-
mous quantity of five-eighths of a ton of strychnine was
used. This was prepared and applied to grain bait under
supervision of Department of Agriculture and State experts
according to methods determined through extended field ex-
periments previously conducted by the Biological Survey
and the State experiment station.

This work, organized in seven counties, was the beginning
of systematic cooperative campaigns to clear of rodent pests
great areas, involving Federal, State, and private lands, in
which the costs were paid by the respective owners. The
organized movement has gone forward with remarkably
rapid strides because it has met a very important need in a
practical, effective, and economical way.

These campaigns demonstrated that losses from rodent
pests not only constitute an entirely unnecessary drain upon
the productive capacity of the farms and stock ranges, but
that they may be permanently eliminated at a cost which is
but a small fraction of the damage occasioned during a single
year. Where the expense for labor and poisoned materials is
included, the cost of this work usually ranges between 4 and
10 cents an acre, depending on the kinds of animals and their
abundance. Where the farmers and stockmen utilize the
services of their regular farm and ranch help in distributing
the poisoned grain on their land no increased cost of opera-
tion is involved except the cash outlay for poison supplies,
which usually amounts to only 1 or 2 cents an acre.

By 1917 the time was ripe for correlating all rodent eradi-
cation activities in accordance with a unified but compre-
hensive plan. Work under the plan outlined by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture for the organization of cooperative
campaigns for the control of ground squirrels, prairie dogs,
and jack rabbits (Yearbook Separate No. 724, 1917) was
already progressing favorably in several States, and requests
were received from officials and farmers to extend the service
to include other States. Added stimulus was given the move-

Death to the Rodents. 431

ment by the world appeal to the United States at this time
for cereal and meat products. Cutting off losses of grain
crops (lue to rodent depredations, thus making possible the
harvesting of the entire crop, was a most direct, practical,
and economical way of increasing the available supply of
grain. Farmers were prompt to recognize this and to join in
the movement, as its effectiveness and value were demon-
strated by Department specialists and county agents. Stock-
men were quick also to see that the saving of alfalfa and
range grasses from being eaten and uprooted by rodents af-
forded an immediate means of carrying and finishing for
market greater numbers of cattle and sheep, thus increasing
the urgently needed supply of meat, hides, and wool. With
the enthusiastic and hearty cooperation of extension direc-
tors, county agents, State officials, farmers, and stockmen, the
‘work has been extended until now it embraces thoroughly
organized aggressive campaigns in 16 western States.

Four Tons of Strychnine for Prairie Dogs
and Ground Squirrels.

The extent of operations at the present time is indicated
by the fact that in cooperative undertakings during the past
year Biological Survey field men have guided farmers and
stockmen in the destruction of prairie dogs and ground
squirrels on over 18,000,000 acres of farm and range lands,
and have re-treated 14,672,000 acres in follow-up work to
complete eradication. The Survey parties, aided by labor
contributed by cooperating farmers, have destroyed most
of the prairie dogs and ground squirrels on approximately
1,000,000 acres of the public domain. More than 4,500,000
acres of public lands have already been largely freed from
prairie dogs, and this work at the present time is closely
correlated with the cooperative campaigns on private lands.
Over 132,000 farmers and stockmen joined in this work, and
1,610 tons of poisoned grain were distributed on infested
lands. This required the purchase, preparation, and use of
over 4 tons of strychnine.

The estimated saving in crops and range grasses, based
largely on statements of farmers and stockmen themselves,
amounts to more than $11,000,000 for the past season. Farm-
ers report in many cases a crop return of $15 to $20 for each

432 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

dollar invested in the work, and a very marked increase in
the stock-carrying capacity of the ranges. This may be illus-
trated by a recent statement that on 90,000 acres cleared of
prairie dogs in Arizona, increased forage has been raised
sufficient to feed an extra head of cattle to every 20 acres, or
from 20 to 30 head on each section of land. The forester in
charge of the Santa Rita Range Reserve, in New Mexico, re-
ports that 2,305 acres, previously of little value because prac-
tically all of the forage was consumed by prairie dogs, have
been partially restored for grazing purposes, and that when
the work is completed this range will carry 75 to 100 addi-.
tional stock annually.
Acreage treated with poisoned baits for the eradication of prairie dogs
and ground squirrels in Federal and cooperative campaigns, by -
States and fiseal years.*

Acreage treated.
State. peeeia ee
1916 1917 | 1918 19191920

Ati 25 tas 278,540 | 384,980 263,990) 420, 710 427, 048
Caleta oe ek 184,960 | 170,953 | 8,382,900 ) 3,282,224) 1,070,814
Ciharalie ys: $1507.25. 7. 22.234 | 40, 904 41,642 159, 110 795,433 769, 480
dain. rs na SY, et pe SAO, OP EEE 277,751 | 737,433 240, 252
Mapas, 2220. 5 £2 5. FU | ya. eles slate yee eat 21,325
Mantertrs:<< Tite? 2 Eee ‘ 73,576 82,755 | 3,681,673 | 4,541,400 | 6,926, 944
lt Ene ooeER TEs. ee eee ee preeeee Cette we: OME 75, 275
Wette o A ee hoe ees pd, 50? ee 5,000! 12-9, {eS 161, 231
New Mexico...........--.---- | 177,010 95,435 | 1,167,094 951, 618 607, 156
North Dakota............ .... 4,960,160 | 4,537,600 | 5,487,580 4,000,000 | 5, 991,275
OMisbnmie, 5055-2 5 1st heeee te ie oer Bock. eecaee 8, 600 80, 543
es RA hE 5,390! 13,000 | 717,600 724,000 317, 850
South Dakota .VoL2. 256" =. BABE [LSC Ie. eek 600, 000 1,310, 200
Tendo. ae 107, 293,).).2s.2.e.: 8.000. |......2....57s ae
Winks =.¥.s 3 eisk ee Ee: Phere PE ets 4,255 317,960 589, 756
Washington.....-....-....--. bacon hie p80 ies, Seeeanee 303, 200 498, 644
Wyoming. =. 0.4) 9k 340, 790 | 442,647! 717,189 404, 628 135, 200
ets ae oe 6,220,994 | 5, 769,012 | 15,897,072 | 17,037,206 | 19, 222, 993

1 The year in each case ends with June 30.

Pocket Gophers Take the Bait.

Success has attended similar lines of campaign for the de-
struction of pocket gophers, chiefly in Kansas, Nebraska,
Idaho, Oregon, New Mexico, and Arizona. Reports have
been received from many farmers that it was possible to

Death to the Rodents. 433

P13936

Pocket-Gopher Mounds in Cultivated Field.

While burrowing underground, pocket gophers cut off the roots of alfalfa
and other growing crops and of orchard trees, and pile up great mounds of
dirt on the surface. These mounds cover up and destroy much of the crop,
damage machinery used in harvesting, and interfere with its efficient operation.

destroy as many as 95 per cent of these animals through a
single application of the poisoned bait. Pocket gophers
occur in all States west of the Mississippi River and are par-
ticularly destructive to alfalfa, grazing lands, hay meadows,
and root crops. A stand of alfalfa is often entirely ruined
through the cutting off of the main branches of the root sys-
tem. The quantity of hay that can be harvested is reduced
both by this depletion of the stand and through being buried
by the great mounds of dirt which are thrown up by pocket
gophers. These mounds also interfere seriously with the
operation of the harvesting machinery.

In addition to the direct damage caused by pocket gophers,
their burrows frequently serve as an outlet for water from
irrigation ditches. The flow of water through these small
openings enlarges them, and breaks occur that result in
serious loss of water and the flooding and destruction of
crops. Such washouts also entail large expenditures in re-
pairs. Burrows distributed over the irrigated areas also
admit water when irrigation is in progress, frequently result-
ing in the washing of deep gullies on sloping land and also
interfering seriously with the proper distribution of the
available water supply. A striking instance of the breaking
of a canal bank, due to a pocket-gopher burrow, occurred in
the Farmers’ Cooperative Canal Co. project of Canyon

30702°—yBK 1920——28**

434 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

County, Idaho, in May, 1919. The canal is 26 miles long and
draws 18,000 inches of water, which is used in supplying
about 30,000 acres of land. To repair this break cost the com-
pany $5,000, and during the interval before repairs could be
completed drought caused a loss of 25 per cent of the hay
crop, for the growth of which the irrigation water was in-
tended. Important campaigns are now in progress in irri-
gated sections with a view to overcoming such losses.

A Costly Pocket-Gopher Burrow.

Break in bank of irrigation canal caused by pocket gopher. Besides a bill of
$5,000 for repairs, 25 per cent of the hay crop on 30,000 acres was lost,
owing to lack of water, occasioned by the break, at a critical time during the
growing period.

Getting Jack Rabbits With Poison and Drives.

Where jack rabbits are abundant they are responsible for
heavy losses of farm crops and range grasses. Many in-
stances have occurred where entire fields of grain were cut
down and absolutely destroyed by these animals, and farmers
stated that it would be necessary to abandon their farms un-
less the ravages could be stopped. During the summer jack
rabbits frequently gather in great numbers in grain and al-
falfa fields. Under such conditions they may completely
devastate great areas of growing grain or eat out the crowns

Death to the Rodents. 435

of the young alfalfa, thus preventing its proper growth.
During the winter season they congregate about stacks of
hay and grain, feeding upon supplies intended for the sub-
sistence of live stock. Their inroads are so serious that a
stack is frequently entirely undermined, topples over, and
becomes practically a complete loss. They oftentimes seri-

B17378; BI255M

Poison anc Drives Get Results Against Jack Rabbits.

Farmers and stockmen, tired of seeing growing crops and stacked hay de-
stroyed by jack rabbits, appealed to their Government for assistance. The
systematic distribution of poison and the conduct of organized drives have
accounted for many thousands of jack rabbits and have afforded practically
complete protection from their depredations in localities where the work was
undertaken.

ously interfere with the introduction of new and profitable
crops, as in the case of lettuce and long-staple cotton in Ari-
zona, and peanuts in Oklahoma, and, by gnawing the bark
from the trees, seriously damage orchards.

In Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washing-
ton, campaigns for the control of jack rabbits, organized

436 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

on a considerable scale, were conducted under the leadership
of Biological Survey field representatives in cooperation
with local agencies. The animals were destroyed through
the use of poison and also by driving them between con-
verging fences into inclosures where they were killed. In
Idaho a total of 40,000 rabbits were killed in Minidoka
County; and an average of 400 rabbits for each ounce of
strychnine used was reported in Lincoln County. Two
farmers in Gooding County reported killing 1,000 jack rab-
bits with each ounce of strychnine. The organized drive
also accounted for great numbers. Seven drives conducted
in Bingham County, Idaho, netted 15,728 rabbits. Other
notable kills through county drives in the State were 5,500
rabbits in Gooding County, 17,800 in Jerome, 20,000 in Lin-
coln, and 19,000 in Minidoka. One drive in Washington
County resulted in killing 10,000 animals.

Practically complete protection of crops was effected dur-
ing the season of 1920, according to reports received from

BITOEM

Damage to Orchards by Rodents.

Roots of orchard trees are cut off and trees killed by pocket gophers and pine
mice; the bark is gnawed from the trunk by jack rabbits, cottontails, and
meadow mice; and nuts and fruits are frequently eaten and destroyed by
ground squirrels, two of which are here pictured, poisoned at their burrow at
the root of an orchard tree.

Death to the Rodents. 437

farmers in localities where these campaigns were conducted.
Owing to the high price prevailing for skins, a large num-
ber from the killed animals were cured and marketed. In
many instances the carcasses of rabbits killed in drives were
also collected and shipped to city markets to be disposed of
for human consumption. In other cases they were utilized
as feed for poultry and swine.

Biél7M

Some “ Good” Rats from a City Market.

Rats are notorious destroyers of food products in all stages, from the plant-
ing of the fields to harvest, storage, or use on the farm, in transit to market,
at terminal elevators, mills, and warehouses, at the distributing points, and in
the pantry of the ultimate purchaser. They not only destroy but contaminate
and pollute food products with filth and disease-producing organisms. The rat
has been designated as “the most destructive animal in the world” and it
fully deserves this invidious distinction. It has no redeeming traits to com-
pensate for its disgusting depredations. Starvation, poison, trap, and exclu-
sion should be its portion everywhere.

Thirty Thousand Rat Tails.

The Biological Survey has developed effective, practical,
and economical measures for the control of house rats and
mice, introduced pests which annually destroy $200,000,000
worth of crops and stored products in the United States.
This sum does not take into account the large amounts ex-
pended in efforts to combat them. Recommended methods of

438 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

operating against these pests are by means of poisoning and
trapping and the rat-proof construction of buildings. An
extended educational campaign has been conducted during
the past four years in order to acquaint the public with the
serious drain on the Nation’s food resources through depre-
dations of house rats. Demonstrations have been given of
methods of poisoning and trapping the animals, and plans
for community organization against them have been pre-

sented and put into operation at many points. As a result,

many State officials, municipal organizations, and publiec-
spirited citizens have taken up the work of organizing cam-
paigns, and great numbers of the rodents have been de-
stroyed. A campaign recently waged against rats in a small
town in Virginia resulted in 30,000 tails being turned in as
evidence of its success. Substantial progress has also been
made throughout the country in rat-proofing existing build-
ings where ca and feed products are stored and in intro-
daca rat-proof features into buildings now being planned
and constructed: The enormous movement vequited for an
effective fight against these pests, which are both a source of
economic loss and a menace to health, appears to be grad-
ually taking shape and steadily but surely getting under way.

Financial Support.

The most convincing evidence that campaigns against
rodent pests are getting the desired results lies in the fact
that when the Biological Survey began the work no funds
were being supplied by the States to help, except for an ap-
propriation of $3,500 in North Dakota. During the fiscal
year 1920 funds expended by cooperating State and county
organizations and by individuals amounted to $849,000.
Present prospects indicate that this will be materially in-
creased from year to year, and the operations are being
pressed with unabated vigor and enthusiasm. Most of the
States where campaigns are in progress have already en-
acted legislation making provision for financing and organ-
izing the work in cooperation with the Biological Survey.

By SaAMvuEL T. DANA,

Forest Heonomist, Forest Service.

IG BUSINESS is not in the habit of opening its pocket-
book to demonstrate its appreciation of Government
activities. The exception that proves the rule occurred at
Madison, Wis., in July, 1920, when lumbermen, timber manu-
facturers, and wood users generally assembled from near
and far to celebrate 10 years of service by the Forest Prod-
ucts Laboratory, established in 1910 by the Forest Service in
cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. For the first
time in history a group of industries, on their own initiative
and at their own expense, arranged an elaborate meeting for
the sole purpose of indorsing the scientific work of a Goy-
ernment institution. Why? Because of the service that
institution is rendering through investigations aimed at
making the most of our wood supply.

The End of the Trail.

General recognition of the need for such investigations is
very recent. Thirty, twenty, even ten, years ago they would
have been scoffed at in many, perhaps most, parts of the very
industries now urging their expansion. So long as our tim-
ber supplies were regarded as inexhaustible, interest in their
most efficient utilization was decidedly feeble. It is not
human nature to make the most of the things we have in
abundance. “Easy come, easy go,” is true alike of indi-
viduals and of nations.

Prophets of a day of reckoning have been crying in the
wilderness for many years. To-day the increased prices and

439

440 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

growing scarcity of forest products resulting from the steady
depletion of one forest region after another are driving home
their message. The pinch on our pocketbooks is at last
beginning to convince even those not versed in higher
mathematics that it is a physical impossibility to continue
indefinitely removing from the forest three or four times
the material grown. Year after year we have cut, burned,

WHAT BECOMES OF THE WOOD /N A FOREST Utilization of the lumber in
FOREST </00%
aad

S typical industries

Lumber —————————

CSS Finiahes Proguor

[ast] eewny roves |

Seasoned Unplored iumoer
Jom

pe [ew oe

Utilization of the lumber in
5 typicol industries
I3.5%
een
cm = Fin/sned Product

sz | en Tae aed
rex [ oweerex
=

why
peek | Aernire are |
[eax | vencies 027% |

Seasoned Urplared Lumber
wISK

WHAT BECOMES OF THE WOOD IN A LOG Utilization of the lumberin
—————— SS 600 205 S typical i
Lumber

Finished Product

a

[ex | __reniees 205k]

poe ne
weave”

WHAT BECOMES OF THE WOOD IN FINAL MANUFACTURE
(5 TYPICAL INDUSTRIES )
POUGM LUMBER (OO % t=

Foctory Weste finianed Product US OCPARTWENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
pity Trodee 6% OFFICE OF FOREST PRODUCTS
WASHINGTON OC APRIL 27,1920

Cor Construction 83%

Furniture 75%

Venicles 75 fo

and otherwise destroyed our forests without providing for
their replacement, until at last the end of the trail through
the virgin forests is in sight.

Two Ways Out.

There are two ways, and only two, in which we can con-
tinue to meet our wood requirements. One of these is to
grow more wood; the other is to use more effectively what
we have. We must see that our remaining 137,000,000 acres
ef virgin forests are cut in such a way as to maintain the
productivity of the land, and that our 81,000,000 acres of
wholly idle and 235,000,000 acres of partially idle forest
lands are put to work. At the same time we must see that

Putting Wood Waste to Work. 44]

more than a third or a fourth of the 24 billion cubic feet of
wood removed from the forest each year is actually put to
some beneficial use.

It is a curious fact that until a comparatively few years
ago almost no thoroughgoing study was made of a material

ahi

i
4 :
oe
4

Through the Microscope.

Studies of the structure and identification of various kinds of woods and
the microscopic examination of defects for incipient decay constitute an im-
portant part of investigations in forest products. The panels in the hack-
ground show how various woods look when magnified from 50 to 250 times
their natural size,

442 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

that is so widely used and enters into our daily life in so
many different ways as does wood. Highly paid chemists
and engineers were employed to investigate steel, and con-
crete, and oil, and rubber, and a hundred other products, but
wood was apparently taken for granted. Yet wood, being
more complex, more variable, and less efficiently utilized than
any of these, was actually in greater need of investigation.
This need has always been recognized by the Forest Service,
but not until the establishment of the Forest Products Labo-
ratory was it possible to undertake the work in an effective
way. Since then the progress that has been made consti-
tutes a fascinating story of achievement in a hitherto almost
unexplored field.

New Woods for Old.

Ten years ago, when John Jones wanted anything made
of wood, from an ax handle to a barn, he went on the
general principle that what was good enough for his grand-
father was good enough for him. As a result several mil-
lion John Joneses, including architects, builders, vehicle
manufacturers, and other wood users, wasted an amazing
amount of perfectly good material that might have been
saved by the equally effective use of less valuable species,
lower grades, or smaller sizes. Perhaps this did not matter
much so long as high-class material was abundant. More-
over, if any unusually farsighted member of the Jones family
had wanted to practice thrift he would have had difficulty in
doing so, since adequate information as to the properties of
the various woods was decidedly lacking.

To-day the tables are turned. The better woods are now
so scarce and so high priced that if John Jones continues to
use them as indiscriminately as in the past he is likely some
fine morning to find himself bankrupt, while his neighbor,
Bill Smith, is prospering. The difference is that Smith has
had the good sense to make use of the information now avail-
able as a result of over half a million tests on 149 kinds of
native woods. These make it possible to substitute knowledge
for guesswork in utilizing wood for the thousand purposes in
which its strength, elasticity, toughness, and other mechani-
cal properties play an important part.

Putting Wood Waste to Work. 443

In the building trades alone, grading rules based on the
discovery that the strength of southern yellow pine and
Douglas fir varies directly with the relative amounts of
springwood and summerwood now make it possible to secure
the same strength as before from structural timbers with
the use of about 20 per cent less material. If universally
used, these rules would bring about an annual saving of
approximately $40,000,000, of which it is estimated that
some $4,000,000 is now saved each year. An additional
saving of perhaps $2,000,000 is being effected by the substi-
tution for more valuable species of cheaper woods, the suit-
ability of which has been demonstrated by mechanical tests.

Millions of feet of hickory, the standard wood for handles
and spokes, have been wasted because of the general belief
that the red heartwood was inferior in quality to the white
sapwood. Exhaustive tests proved that this prejudice is un-
founded and that weight for weight sound heartwood is fully
as strong and tough as the sapwood. This discovery not
only increased materially the available supply of hickory, but
converted the large amounts of heartwood formerly wasted
in the woods and at the mill from a liability into an asset.
Verily, the trash of one generation is the treasure of the next.

Speeding Up Nature.

Equally astonishing results have been obtained in the
artificial seasoning of timber. Dame Nature’s method of
removing water from wood by air drying is slow, wasteful,
and expensive. Previous generations, to be sure, have had
to put up with it, but in these days when subways, airplanes,
and wireless are abolishing time and distance no one can
afford to wait scveral years for a piece of dry wood. So
man has speeded up nature by the use of dry kilns. These
have now been perfected to the point where some 35 of the
more important woods in common use. such as Douglas fir,
southern yellow pine, spruce, gum, and oak, can be dried
in much less time and with greatly reduced losses. Already
the new methods are saving some $5,000,000 a year, with the
prospect of a very much wider future usefulness. Here is
a field where haste, properly directed, does not mean waste.

During the war certain woods, such as spruce for airplane
wing beams, walnut for gunstocks and airplane propellers,

444 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

A. Propellers in
the Mniking.

B. Gluing Up
Plywood.

Cc. Uncle
Sam Speed-
1 ae 0 9)
Nature.

A, Airplane propellers are made by gluing together several boards and then
carving out the propeller by hand. Many studies have been made to determine
the most satisfactory kinds of wood to use, proper manufacturing conditions,
and methods of rendering the finished product waterproof.

B. Mechanical glue spreader of the type commonly used at the Naval aircraft
factories in the manufacture of plywood wing ribs and other airplane parts.

C. Prior to the war from one to two years of air drying was regarded as nec-
essary for the production of satisfactory spruce and Douglas fir stock for wing
beams. Investigations by the Forest Products Laboratory proved that equally
good stock could be produced in a specially devised dry kiln in from 20 to 40
days. ‘This is the first load of Douglas fir wing beams coming from a battery
of 24 such kilns erected by the Spruce Production Division of the Army at
Vancouver Barracks, Wash. At the time of the armistice these kilns were
turning out 40,000 board feet a day of high-grade stock for the United States
and its allies.

Putting Wood Waste to Work. 445

and oak for heavy vehicles and artillery wheels, were indis-
pensable in supplying the boys in France and on the high
seas with the munitions of war. Air-dried stocks of these
woods were not to be had. Improved methods of kiln dry-
ing, therefore, had to be devised and put into operation if
the Army and Navy were not to be seriously crippled. So

B. Simple ap-
paratus for end
treatment.

A. Hot-bath end treatment followed
by cold bath of the whole post.

Pickling Posts.

The amount of wood destroyed each year is approximately equal to the loss
from forest fires. This decay, much of which takes place in the 900,000,000
posts used on farms and elsewhere throughout the country, is to a large extent
preventable by the use of preservative treatment. Could such treatment be
applied to all wood used under conditions where it is subject to decay, it is
estimated that the annual saving- would amount to some 6,000,000,000 board
feet, or nearly a fifth of the total lumber cut.

successfully was this done that in the case of spruce and
Douglas fir, for which one or two years of air drying had
previously been regarded as necessary, satisfactory stock for
airplane wing beams was produced in from 20 to 40 days
in kilns devised by the Forest Products Laboratory. At the
time of the armistice a battery of 24 such kilns at the Gov-

446 Yearbook of the Department of Agviculture, 1920.

ernment cut-up plant at Vancouver Barracks, Wash., was
turning out daily 40,000 board feet of high-grade stock. In
speaking of the results secured, the officer in command of
the plant said, “ This material is perfect in appearance and

A, Rougher Than A Stevedore.

This revolving drum was devised by the Forest Products Laboratory to
test the strength and general suitability of boxes and crates for the shipment
of such materials as canned goods, fresh fruits and vegetables, clothing,
munitions of war, and
manufactured products of
all sorts. Hazards and
guides are so arranged
on the inside faces that
as the drum revolves the
boxes are subjected to
the same kind of hard
knocks and drops that
they would receive in
actual transportation and
other rough handling.

B. Building Better
Boxes.

3

ES peteey
“yp Fe ca

These two boxes,
used for the shipment
of six-inch trench
mortar shells, have
been subjected to the
same number of tum-
bles in the box test-
ing machine. The
box at the right is a
redesign by the
Torest Products Lab-
oratory of the one
at the left. It not
only withstands more satisfactorily an equal amount of rough handling, but
saves from 15 to 21 per cent in shipping space and 82 per cent in lumber
required, and is much easier to pack and unpack,

i ee a

L
2
‘
f
7
‘
{
¥

Putting Wood Waste to Work. 447

the strength tests made by our technical department show
that the kiln-dried lumber retains its full strength as com-
pared to the strength of the most carefully air-seasoned stock.
The drying is so successful that we have had no cullage
at all.”

Kiln drying of walnut for gunstocks and airplane pro-
pellers in some cases reduced the loss of material from 60 to 2
per cent, and in others shortened the time required by
approximately one-third. Incidentally, the efficiency of air-
plane propellers, one of the chief defects of which was their
tendency to change shape as a result of absorbing moisture,
was greatly increased by devising an aluminum-leaf coating
which was practically 100 per cent waterproof. Three-inch
green oak for heavy wagons and artillery wheels, which the
War Department had previously insisted must be air dried
for at least two years, was successfully conditioned in 90 to
100 days. Moreover, better stock was secured with noticeably
less waste. Thus three large plants using the Forest Service
system had negligible losses as compared with those in plants
using other methods, where the losses ranged from 10 to 100
per cent.

Defying Decay.

Wood-destroying fungi are less spectacular than forest
fires but none the less deadly. How many realize that the
drain upon the forests caused by the necessity of replacing
decayed railroad ties, mine timbers, poles, posts, piling,
bridge timbers, and other material used under exposed con-
ditions equals the loss due to fires?) The remedy is to defy
the decay-producing organisms by treating the wood with
creosote, zinc chloride, sodium fluoride, or other good pre-
servative.

A single example will indicate the possibilities in this
direction. The average life of an untreated railroad tie is
about 74 years; of a properly treated tie approximately 15
years. If all of the 85,000,000 railroad ties at present un-
treated were treated, an annual saving of 14 billion board feet
would be effected. Could similar treatment be extended to
all wood used under conditions where it is subject to decay,
the annual saving would rise to some 6 billion board feet, or
nearly a fifth of the total lumber cut.

448 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

CEN UTE

ieee, 3
:

|

:

:

Teeehetetiatenha eee
,

Putting Wood Waste to Work, 449

A. When Will It Break? |

The strength and elasticity of different kinds of wood under
continuously applied loads are determined by static bending
tests. The variation between species is illustrated by the fact
that small, clear pieces of air-dry white pine will bear a maximum
load of only 9,600 pounds per square inch as against 16,700
pounds for longleaf pine. Similar pieces of mockernut hickory
are so elastic that they will recover their form immediately upon
the removal of a load of 13,500 pounds per square inch, while
basswood will not do so beyond a maximum load of 7,300 pounds.

B. Bliminating Guesswork.

During the war methods were developed whereby the strength
of airplane struts could be determined by actual tests. It was
found that the maximum load could be applied without injury
to the strut, which would resume its shape immediately upon
removal of the pressure. Many struts tested in this way sup-
ported a load of from 5,000 to 6,000 pounds, with a defiection
of from one to two inches at the center.

©. Smokeless Powder from Wood.

The suitability of wood pulp for the production of nitrocellu-
lose has been conclusively demonstrated. All of these samples
except the 16-inch naval-gun powder were made from wood pulp
which met satisfactorily all the chemical tests for purity and
stability.

D. The Latest in Shoe Lasts.

Shoe lasts built up by the gluing together of several thin
laminations promise to replace largely those turned from solid
blocks of wood. It ordinarily requires about two years to air-
season the solid blocks. The laminated lasts made from one-
inch waste stock are easily dried and have given excellent service
under the most trying conditions. Satisfactory results have also
been obtained from built-up articles such as bowling pins and
wagon axles, bolsters, hubs, and poles.

30702°—yxBk 1920——29**

450 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

While it would be Utopian to expect human nature to
attain such perfection, it is not unreasonable to look forward
to a sufficiently wide use of preservative processes to save
several billion board feet of timber a year. This is particu-
larly true because further investigations are leading both
to greater efficiency and to decreased cost of treatment.
Thus it is estimated that recent decreases in cost of treatment
resulting from improved processes have effected an annual
saving of $625,000 on the very small proportion of material
now treated.

Consider the Humble Box.

In the construction of various products made of wood we
are unbelievably wasteful and inefficient. Consider, for ex-
ample, the toll exacted by so commonplace and apparently
simple an article as the humble box. About 15 per cent of
the annual lumber cut of the country now goes into the mak-
ing of boxes and crates, the vast majority of which are un-
satisfactory in shape, size, strength, or some other important
respect. The net result is a formidable waste of material
and an appalling loss due to breakage. It is difficult to esti-
mate what this loss means to the farmers and manufacturers
of the country, practically all of whose products are shipped
in wooden (or fiber, which is derived from wood) containers
of one sort or another. We do know, however, that in 1919
the railroads paid over $100,000,000 for goods lost and
damaged in shipment as a result of faulty containers, and
that these constituted but a small part of the total loss.

Tests of thousands of containers made with a revolving
drum devised by the Forest Products Laboratory have made
possible improved designs which increase strength, decrease
cost, or save shipping space. One of the interesting results
has been to dispel the erroneous impression that some kinds
of wood are so superior to all others for making serviceable
boxes that their exclusive use should be specified. In point
of fact the kind of wood is less important than the method
of nailing; so much so, indeed, that the poorest species when
properly nailed is superior to the best species when im-
properly nailed. An excellent illustration of the importance
of nailing is afforded by tests of apple boxes made of western
yellow pine, in which an increase in the number of nails per

Putting Wood Waste to Work. 451

nailing edge from 4 to 6 almost doubled the amount of rough
handling the boxes would stand before failure occurred in
the tops and bottoms.

During the war specifications prepared largely by the
Laboratory and adopted by the War Department made pos-
sible the use of some 40 kinds of wood in place of white pine
alone, permitted thinner material, allowed greater latitude
in design and construction, saved from 10 to 40 per cent in
cargo space, and reduced losses in certain containers on their
arrival in France by 85 per cent. The adoption of improved
specifications by several large associations has saved at least
a million dollars annually. One association alone which uses
150,000,000 boxes a year for canned goods reports that 60 per
cent of its boxes can now be made more efficiently with less
lumber. At a saving of approximately 1 cent a box this
means an annual saving of $900,000 in addition to the de-
creased amount of lumber necessary.

Here is the statement from a company using about 200,000
boxes a year, which translates Franklin’s old couplet—

A penny saved is twopence dear;
A pin a day’s a groat a year—

into modern industrial prose: “ There would be a saving
on nails by using 4d. slims instead of 4d. regular of about
$350; there would be also be a saving of 1 pound per box in
weight on which we would have to pay the freight as we
shipped out our goods, which would make another indirect
saving of about $400. * * * It is safe to say that we
can save approximately $3,000 on account of adopting the
box as recommended.”

“Think Naught a Trifle.”

Striking examples of poor utilization are also afforded
by the group of industries using small-dimension stock, such
as those manufacturing handles, spokes, chairs, furniture,
toys, and agricultural implements. There is probably not
one of these in which at least an equally good product could
not be produced with from 10 to 50 per cent less material. A
manufacturer of hickory handles has stated that it sometimes
requires 2 tons of lumber to produce 400 pounds of handles.
Since only a third of the tree gets into the form of lumber,

452 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

this means that barely more than 3 per cent of the material
in the tree is actually utilized in the finished product. In
the furniture industry from 40 to 60 per cent of the raw
lumber is frequently wasted.

These wastes are largely due to the present practice of
cutting small-dimension stock from lumber rather than di-
rect from the log, and to the fact that sizes are not stand-
ardized. Closer utilization of the material now used and an
interchange of material between the various industries would
result in a tremendous saving.. Some optimists have esti-
mated that all requirements for small-dimension stock could
be met from timber now wasted. This would mean an an-
nual saving of some 5 or 6 billion board feet and a corre-
spondingly reduced. drain upon the forests. Such a pros-
pect tempts one to paraphrase the words of the poet: |

Think naught a trifle, though it small appear;
What once was wasté now maketh profit clear.

Using all but the Knot Hole.

A golden opportunity for the utilization of what is now
- classed as low-grade and waste material-is offered by “ built-
up” construction. This consists merely in gluing or other-
wise fastening together a number of small pieces of wood in
such a way as to build up an article ordinarily made of a
single piece of solid wood. Thus there are now under test
shoe lasts, hat blocks, bowling pins, baseball bats, wagon
bolsters, wheel hubs, and other wooden products that have
been put together in just this way. The new process not only
uses less wood but actually permits the salvaging of material
now consigned to the scrap heap. Furthermore, there is no
apparent reason why the same principle should not be ex-
tended to the building up of larger materials, such as
structural timbers.

Here is a possible means of stopping in large part the big-
gest leak in the entire field of wood utilization. Of the wood
in the forest some 25 per cent is now lost in the woods, 40
per cent at the mill, 5 per cent in seasoning, and from 5 to
10 per cent in converting the raw lumber into the finished
product. Moreover, the replacement of our magnificent vir-
gin forests by small-sized, poorly formed, often defective,
second-growth trees is making it increasingly difficult to

Putting Wood Waste to Work. 453

secure high-grade material. The problem is to find some
way of utilizing the 75 per cent now wasted and of making
the low-grade material from our inferior second-growth for-
ests do the work for which high-grade material has hereto-
fore been regarded as indispensable. Built-up construction,
by making possible the use of odds and ends cut from low-
erade lumber, slabs, edgings, and other material now wasted,
may furnish the answer.

Genesis of an Artillery Wheel.

The rims for artillery wheels are made-by bending heavy planks, usually
of oak or hickory, after steaming to soften the wood, to a semicircular shape.
After bending there is a difference of nearly a foot between the inside and
outside semicircumference of a plank 3g inches thick used for a 56-inch artil-
lery wheel rim, which indicates the strain on the wood. During the war im-
proved methods of bending were developed whereby the loss of material, which
in many cases had run as high as 50 per cent or more, was considerably
reduced.

One of the striking things about built-up products is that
if properly made they are not only fully as serviceable as
similar articles made of solid wood, but that the glued joints
are ordinarily stronger than the wood itself. Their chief
weakness lies in the fact that when they are subjected to
constant immersion in water or to alternate drying and wet-
ting, they must be made of waterproof glue, a thing that
does not yet exist. During the war marked progress was

454 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

made in the improvement of glues and in the manufacture
of water-resistant plywood, as a result of which the War
Department was able to save $6,000,000 in the purchase of
_ this material. But the ideal glue is still to be found; and
so it happens, curiously enough, that in perfecting built-up, or
“layer cake,” construction the investigation which just now
seems most essential does not have to do with the wood itself,
but with the material by which the different pieces of wood
are held together.

When is Wood not Wood?

All who read the daily paper will think immediately of
one answer. But there are many others. For wood is a
complex chemical substance from which a host of other
chemical products can be obtained. The more we know
about it the more nearly limitless seem the possibilities in
this direction. Already products derived from wood are
being used in the manufacture of such important and widely
diversified articles as news and writing paper, linoleum,
artificial silk, gunpowder, paints, varnishes, soaps, inks,
celluloid, sausage casings, acetylene, chloroform, and iodo-
form. The time may indeed come when wood will be less
sought as such than as a source of various chemical deriva-
tives.

Where Our Paper Comes From.

At present the most conspicuous of these derivatives is
paper, 90 per cent of which is manufactured from wood.
The paper industry employs 110,000 persons, has an annual
output valued at $850,000,000, and consumes each year some
6,000,000 cords of wood, the product of more than a million
acres of forest. Over 60 per cent of this is spruce and the
great bulk of the remainder hemlock, balsam, and poplar.
Nearly all of the wood pulp thus comes from four kinds of
wood, and chiefly one, with a corresponding drain upon the -
forests of these species.

Tests on the suitability of some 50 species of American
woods for the production of chemical pulp and: of some 25
species for mechanical pulp have shown to what other woods
we can turn as the supply of those now in use gradually be-

Putting Wood Waste to Work. 455

comes exhausted. In fact, the practicability of substitution
has already been demonstrated by actually printing news-
papers on stock made of some of the more promising species.
Improved methods for the cooking of chemical pulp have
also been devised which have resulted in a reduction of 30
per cent in the steam used in cooking and made it easier to
recover the soda used in the process. New methods have
been devised for producing ground wood pulp with a reduc-
tion of 15 per cent in the manufacturing waste.

In the wrapping-paper field, methods for utilizing the
southern yellow pines, hitherto regarded as unsuitable for
the commercial production of paper pulp, have been de-
veloped and the industry established. What this means in
the way of increased production is indicated by the fact that
one of the largest lumber companies in the South is now turn-
ing its woods and mill waste into paper pulp at the rate of
some 60 tons per day. During the past year marked prog-
ress has been made in working out methods to enable the use
of the southern pines, such as shortleaf, in mixture with
hardwoods, such as red gum, for the production of book
paper, and one large manufacturer of book paper is taking
steps to introduce the methods in his mill.

All of this work has tended in the direction of forest con-
servation by opening up new sources of supply, introducing
more efficient methods of manufacture, and developing a
market for material previously wasted. Studies are under
way looking toward a further saving of material with an
estimated value of $16,000,000 now lost through the decay
of pulp wood and wood pulp while in storage. Another
means of decreasing the drain upon the forests for wood
pulp lies in the utilization for paper pulp of hull fiber and
second-cut cotton linters. It has been demonstrated that
these products, which were previously of little value and of
which some 200,000 tons a year are available. can be made
into high-grade paper. Several large plants for the utiliza-
tion of this material have been established with a potential
daily production of 300 tons, having a sale value of
$15,000,000.

456 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Wood Alcohol Valuable—But not as a Beverage.

Wood alcohol is a chemical wood product which is not to
be scoffed at in spite of the fact that it will not pass muster
as a beverage. It is in fact indispensable in various chemi-
cal industries, and has so far been produced only by the
destructive distillation of wood. A companion product of
the distillation is acetate of lime, from which are derived

acetic acid, acetone, acetic ether, and other substances used —

extensively in numerous chemical manufactures. The resi-
due from the distillation consists of charcoal, which is valu-
able not only as a fuel but in the smelting of iron, tin, and
copper, in the manufacture of gunpowder, as an insulating
material, as a clarifier in sugar refineries, and for other pur-
poses. From the standpoint of our wood supply these prod-
ucts are important not only because of their intrinsic value
but because they afford a profitable means of utilizing low-
grade and waste material, such as small and crooked trees,
limb wood, and slabs.

For many years birch, beech, and maple have been the
standard species for hardwood distillation, and have often
been regarded as the only ones suitable for the purpose. In-
vestigations have proved that this is not true and that many
other hardwoods, such as oak, gum, elm, ash, and hickory,
can be successfully used. Moreover, the crude methods of
distillation previously in use have been greatly improved.
For example, by controlling the temperature in the distilla-
tion process it proved possible to increase the yield of wood
alcohol and acetate of lime by from 10 to 15 per cent without
extending the time of distillation and with a decrease in the
amount of fuel required. The importance of this discovery,
which means an annual saving of $400,000, was keenly felt
during the war, when acetone, one of the materials in urgent
demand for military purposes, was almost impossible to
secure in sufficient quantity. More recently increased yields
of wood alcohol running as high as 50 per cent have been
obtained by the simple device of adding a cheap chemical,
such as sodium carbonate, to the wood, in the form of chips
or sawdust briquettes, prior to its distillation.

Quite different products are obtained in the distillation of
resinous woods, particularly longleaf pine, depending on the

ee ee ee eee ee.

Putting Wood Waste to Work. 457

methods used. The destructive distillation process gives
wood turpentine, tar oils, tar pitch, and charcoal, while the
extraction or solvent process gives wood turpentine, pine oil,
and resin. Stumps and “lightwood” are the materials
which have been largely used by these processes, since only
very resinous wood is suitable. Through standardization
and refinement, both of the process and its products, assist-
ance has been given to the industry, which uses waste wood
as a raw material.

Keeping Up Our Spirits—of Turpentine.

The naval-stores industry, the annual products of which
still exceed $40,000,000 in value and constitute approximately
80 per cent of the total world production, is commonly re-
garded as a dying industry in the United States. Its life
can be saved only by perpetuating the forests, but it can be
prolonged by devising methods of tapping which will give
larger yields with less injury to the tree. A marked ad-
vance in this direction, with an annual saving of $4,000,000,
came when investigations led to the substitution of the
modern cup and gutter system for the old box system. Under
the new system 20 per cent more gum can be obtained, the
deterioration of the timber is much less, and the danger
from fire is greatly decreased. More recent investigations
are proving the possibility of further modifying present
methods so as to prolong the life of the trees, thus giving
still larger total yields both of naval stores and of lumber.

Feeding Cattle on Sawdust.

Everyone has heard of the farmer who fed his cow on
sawdust and had just about concluded that the experiment
Was a success when the cow died. To-day that selfsame
farmer might repeat the experiment with less fatal results.
Only in place of the common sawmill variety of sawdust,
which still is and probably always will be highly indigestible,
he would use what the chemists call “ hydrolyzed ” sawdust.
By this they mean sawdust that has been cooked with a weak
acid in such a way as to convert a part of its cellulose into
sugar. Although this sugar is not sweet like cane or beet
sugar, it has good nutritive properties which would ap-

458 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

parently make possible its substitution in part, at least, for
other carbohydrate foods. Here are the ingredients neces-
sary for preparing the new feed: Sawdust, dilute sulphuric
acid, hot water, and lime.

Mix the sawdust and acid. Cook for 15 to 20 minutes
under a steam pressure of 115 pounds per square inch. Ex-
tract the sugars now contained in the solution by washing

Sawdust for Stock Feed.

When sawdust is cooked with weak sulphuric acid, part of the cellulose in
the wood is turned into sugar. By boiling this sugar solution down to a thick
molasses and mixing it with the dried residue, a bran-like product is obtained
which gives promise of having considerable value as a stock feed. In some
preliminary feeding experiments in which it was substituted in part for
barley, the cattle not only maintained their production of milk and butter fat
but gained slightly in weight.

with hot water. Neutralize the sulphuric acid with lime
and filter or allow to settle. Evaporate the sugar solution
under reduced pressure to a thick molasses. Partially dry
the sawdust residue. Add the molasses, stir thoroughly,
and dry the mixture to a moisture content of not more than
12 per cent.

Putting Wood Waste to Work. 459

We Must Stop Wasting Two-Thirds of Our Wood.

One of the Leaks (above) : Only 30 per cent of the wood in a forest is at
present converted into lumber. Some 25 per cent of the remainder consists of
woods waste in the form of small and defective trees, tops, limbs, and stumps.
Small dimension stock, built-up construction, and wood distillation offer pos
sible uses for a considerable part of this,

Potential Alcohol (below): Fuel for running our automobiles may soon
come in large part from mill waste such as this. From 20 to 25 gallons of
ethyl, or ‘“ grain,” alcohol can be obtained from a ton of dry coniferous wood
by treating it with dilute sulphuric acid and then fermenting the resulting
sugar solution. It is estimated that some 300,000,000 gallons of aleohol a
year could be produced from material now wasted at the mill.

460 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

When white-pine sawdust is treated in this way the sugars
in the final product average from 14 to 18 per cent of the
dry wood, and this proportion can probably be increased.
Similar results can doubtless be obtained from any of the
nonresinous and perhaps some of the more resinous conifer-
ous woods, but hardwoods give much smaller yields of sugar.
The hydrolyzed sawdust, which somewhat resembles bran
in general appearance, may not sound particularly appetiz-
ing to human beings, but is apparently eaten with relish by
cattle. Moreover, when substituted in part for barley at
the rate of 2 pounds of hydrolyzed sawdust to 1 pound of
barley, it seems to agree with them. In some preliminary
feeding experiments in which, in addition to alfalfa hay
and corn silage, the cattle were given a concentrate mixture
consisting of about 25 parts of hydrolyzed sawdust, 30 parts
of barley, 30 parts of wheat bran, and 15 parts of linseed
meal, they not only maintained their production of milk and
butter fat, but gained slightly in weight.

Considerable further investigation is necessary before hy-
drolyzed sawdust can be placed on the market as one of
the standard stock feeds. Enough has already been done,
however, to indicate the possibilities in this direction. Saw-
dust, which now claims 13 per cent of the wood in the log,
has long been regarded as one of the most hopeless of our
wood wastes. Just think what it would mean, particularly
in regions such as the Pacific Northwest, where carbohy-
drate feeds are scarce and sawdust abundant, to be able to
convert it into beef!

Wood Waste for Motor Fuels.

Perhaps a still more promising outlet for sawdust and
other forms of mill waste lies in converting them into ethyl,
or “grain,” alcohol. The process for doing this resembles
closely that for manufacturing hydrolyzed sawdust up to
the point where the sugar solution is boiled down to a mo-
lasses. Here a new step intervenes, namely, the fermenta-
tion of the sugars through the addition of yeast, the growth
of which has been started in molasses. After the fermenta-
tion is complete the alcohol is separated from the rest of

Putting Wood Waste to Work. 461

the solution by distillation. From 20 to 25 gallons of 95
per cent alcohol can be obtained from a ton of dry coniferous
wood, such as Douglas fir or southern yellow pine. This
is more than can be obtained from a ton of sugar cane con-
taining 75 per cent juice of which 14 per cent is fermentable.
As in the case of hydrolyzed sawdust, the yield from hard-
woods is much less, but may perhaps be increased-as a result
of further investigations.

No great stretch of the imagination is required to look
forward to the day when ethyl alcohol derived from wood
will be one of our important motor fuels. Already, as the
supply of gasoline is becoming more restricted, alcohol,
which is a more efficient fuel, is beginning to be used in
small proportions as a substitute. Present sources of sup-
ply, of which cane and beet molasses are the most important,
are utterly inadequate to meet the enormous prospective de-
mand without turning to grains, potatoes, or other starch-
containing materials commonly used as food.

Wood offers a way out. Thus, it is estimated that from
material now wasted at the mill some 300,000,000 gallons of
aleohol could be produced annually. While this falls far
short of the consumption of gasoline, it compares favorably
with the amount available from the world’s present produc-
tion of blackstrap molasses, and could be increased many
times by utilizing small, inferior second-growth trees and
low-grade material now used for other purposes. Indeed it
is well within the realm of the possible that the time will
come when one of the specific purposes for which trees are
grown will be the production of alcohol. Who knows but
that some day we shall rely upon successive crops of trees to
act as the medium through which the sun’s energy is con-
verted into power for running our automobiles?

Dreams That Come True.

The results that have been achieved in 10 short years of
research in the field of forest products open the way to
future achievements which require the imagination of a
Jules Verne to do them justice. The $30,000,000 which
wood-using industries are already saving each year through
the partial application of information now available is in-

462 Yeurbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

significant in comparison with the possibilities. What has
so far been accomplished in putting our wood waste to work
and in bringing about the more effective utilization of ma-
terial already used constitutes but a beginning. We have,
however, gone far enough to vision dimly some of the infinite
possibilities that lie ahead. We can be confident that what
to-day is but a dream, to-morrow will be a reality. Scien-
tific investigations in the field of forest products have already
done much to promote forest conservation by pointing to
ways and means of making one tree do the work of two.
He would be a rash individual who would venture to
prophesy how much further they may go in helping us to
make the most of our dwindling wood supply.

he

By Ernest KELLY,
In Charge Market Milk Investigations, Dairy Division,
Bureau of Animal Industry.

NCLE SAM is constantly on the alert to better his naval
forces. This is manifested by bigger guns, better arma-
ment, and improved personnel. The “ man behind the gun ”
is a big factor; but bigger yet is the directing genius that
plans and guides. Officers of the Navy must possess a super-
lative degree of brain and brawn, courage, sinew, and clear-
headedness. Of course, young Americans destined for such
important duties are most carefully selected. They have to
pass stringent mental tests and must be absolutely sound in
wind and limb. So they go to the Naval Academy picked
men from the city and the farm, the mountain and the plain.
After all the trouble and expense of selecting and training
these candidates it would be downright negligent of Uncle
Sam to let them become undernourished or weakened in any
way; for a sick man is an inefficient man mentally as well as
physically. It is not surprising, then, that specialists are con-
stantly at work to determine the purity and efficiency of all
that the young midshipmen put into their stomachs.

Typhoid Fever—Then New Plans.

Nearly 11 years ago, in the fall of 1910, an outbreak of
typhoid fever occurred at the Naval Academy. The Secre-
tary of the Navy appointed a medical board which, after
‘areful investigation, reported that the infection came

463

464 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. —

through the milk supply. At that time the academy was
using about 150 gallons of milk daily. The supply was
irregular and came from scattered dairies. This outbreak,
coming like a bolt from a clear sky, convinced Paymaster
Samuel Bryan, who was then midshipmen’s storekeeper and
commissary officer, that the only proper course was the erec-
tion of a modern sanitary dairy, owned and operated by the
academy.

Accordingly, every effort was made to obtain funds for the
project, and by January, 1911, $25,000 had been set aside for
the purpose, and work on the dairy was commenced. It
took some stretching to make $25,000 purchase 100 cows and
erect up-to-date cattle barns, feed barn, silos, milk house, ete.,
but it was done.

The Navy did not waste any time. Paymaster Bryan
called on the Dairy Division of the Department of Agricul-
ture for help. Blue prints were prepared; land was sur-
veyed; and in October, 1911, only 10 months after work was
begun, the cows were chewing their cuds in their new sani-
tary homes and a stream of pure milk was flowing to the
midshipmen’s “ mess.”

It’s an old, familiar saying that “ great oaks from little
acorns grow;” and it held true in the case of the Naval
Academy dairy. From the beginning the success of this
enterprise was assured; but soon there was a fiy in the oint-
ment. The milk was so good that it would not supply the
demand. Furthermore, the land occupied by the dairy was
needed by the academy for other purposes; so, literally, the
institution had to “ tear down its barns and build greater.”

The New Naval Academy Dairy.

Congress agreed to advance $255,000 for a larger plant.
Several farms, aggregating 864 acres, were purchased at
Gambrills, Md., about 12 miles from Annapolis on the
trolley line connecting that city with Baltimore and Wash-
ington. Work on the buildings began July 1, 1914, and
the first milk was shipped from the new dairy on April
1, 1915.

At present the Naval Academy dairy is in full operation
and has the appearance of a small village. Some of the
old farm buildings were left on the back part of the farm,

Milk for Midshipmen. 465

Fig. 2.—Cows are Housed in Hollow-Tile Stables, with Concrete

-~

Floors and Plenty of Light and Air.
30702°—yBk 1920 30%*

466 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Fie. 3.—Cattle and Barn are Kept Scrupulously Clean.

lic. 4.—The Milk House is of Sanitary Construction.

Milk for Midshipmen. 467

where dry cows and young stock are kept. On a high
knoll near the car line stand the new buildings.

The milking herd is housed in five 50-cow milking barns,
which are built of hollow tile, plastered inside and stuccoed
outside. These barns are sanitary in every respect, with
concrete floors and gutters, an abundance of windows, and
improved ventilating systems. The cows are well bedded
and stand on cork-brick platforms.

The milk house, which stands in front of the row of
cow barns, is also built of hollow tile, with plastered walls
and concrete floors. It contains an office, boiler room, wash
room, milk room, refrigerator, sterilizer, and laundry. The
equipment consists of a complete refrigerating plant and all
modern apparatus essential to the proper handling of milk.
Other buildings in the group are a maternity barn, a calf
barn, a horse barn, a bull barn, a feed barn (under con-
struction), five concrete silos of 180 tons’ capacity each, a
pump house, a dairy house, and a men’s house.

What about the man power necessary to run such an
enterprise? On an average 18 men are employed at farm
work the year round, and 24 men are used in the dairy
‘itself to feed and milk the cows and care for the milk. The
single men live in a spacious dormitory and mess house; the
superintendent, herdsman, and married employees occupy
18 cottages on the grounds.

The Herd is Tuberculin Tested.

At present there are 223 cows on the farm, 170 of which
are in milk. All are Holsteins, mostly typy grades which
have been carefully selected in the big dairy districts of
Ohio and New York. Forty-one registered animals have
been added to the herd. Of course, the sires are all pure-
breds, for the men in charge have an eye to the future.
Every animal is tuberculin tested before it is purchased and
is retested after arrival at the farm. Government experts
carefully watch the health of the herd.

The 170 cows now milked are producing 500 gallons of
milk daily for about 1,850 midshipmen. But Uncle Sam
made the dairy hustle during the war, for at one time 3,080
people were receiving milk, and the records show that on
one day 850 gallons were shipped to the academy.

468 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Water—But Not in the Milk.

Milk and water should not be mixed; but no good dairy
can get along without an abundant supply of pure water.
To meet this need, two wells were drilled, capable of de-
livering each minute 82 gallons of excellent water which
flows into a concrete reservoir having a capacity of 114,000
gallons. A fire pump in connection with this water system
gives protection against fire, though the buildings are as
near fireproof as possible. So much for equipment; but

Fic. 5.—The Milk is Cooled in This Separate Room.

that’s only part of the story of clean milk. - Plenty of run-
ning water makes it possible to scrub the barns and milk
house daily, so that everything is spick and span. The cows
are groomed, and just before milking time their udders,
teats, and flanks are thoroughly washed with clean water.
Then the attendants, clad in clean, white suits, attach the
milking machines which draw the milk into sterilized pails.
From the barns the milk is hurried to the milk house, where
it is immediately chilled until nearly ice-cold, to prevent
the growth of bacteria. It is then placed in clean cans and
loaded on the trolley, which takes it to the big refrigerator
at the academy “ mess hall.”

Mitk for Midsh ipme n. 469

Special attention is paid to the milk pails, cans, milking
machines, cooler, and everything that comes into contact
with the milk. Every piece of apparatus is scrubbed with
warm water and washing powder. Then it is rinsed and
placed in the big steam sterilizer, where it is subjected to the
action of live steam for half an hour.

30 (OC |WOUDECIAN.FEBIMAR|APRILIAYAJUNELJULY. AUGISEPT.

GYR AVERAGE BEFORE ORIRY WAS
INSTALLED, OCT, 1, /908,70 OCT. 1/911. Game
: Sd,
s *

Ace

A)
H

)
ie)

G

SS
9

'

9

SYRAVERAGCE AFTER DAIRY WAS INSTALLED
OCT: 4,491, 70 OCT: 4, | OIF:

PERCENTAGE OF SICK DAYS.
Q

S)

10)

Fic. 6—Chart Showing Decrease of Gastrointestinal Disorders at
Naval Academy.

“All very well,” you may say, “but has it been worth
while?” Your question would be answered if you could
see those clear-eyed, husky midshipmen at mealtime. They
have all the milk they will drink twice a day and three times
in summer. It is an exceedingly popular part of the cliet.

Sick Days Decrease.

The authorities at the academy are well pleased with the
results. Gastrointestinal disorders used to be of fairly fre-
quent occurrence; now they are so infrequent as to be negli-

470 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

gible. Whether this is due to more milk, better milk, or other
factors, no one can positively tell; but there is more than a
strong presumption that good milk is the explanation.

From 1902 to 1910, before the dairy was begun, there was
an average of 574 sick days a year from gastrointestinal dis-
orders among the midshipmen. A “sick day” means one
man sick for one day. By 1918, with about three times as
many men at the academy, there were only 203 sick days.

Whatever the cause of this improvement, pure milk for
midshipmen is here to stay, for the authorities are convinced
that better health and efficiency accompany the cow and her
product.

By Heten W. ATWATER,

Office of Home Economics, States Relations Service.

ARM DIETS in the United States are as varied as the

farms and farming people. Popular ideas about them
are almost as varied, and are usually made up of a curious
jumble of fact and fancy. Vague recollections of his school
history mixed with stock newspaper jokes have given one
man the impression that farmers in New England live chiefly
on baked beans and fish cakes, with the addition of five or
six kinds of pie for breakfast. Another has a hazy idea that
in the Southeastern States farm families revel daily in fried
chicken, candied sweet potatoes, and mysterious delicacies
known as corn pone, gumbo, and Lady Baltimore cake, or
else subsist entirely on pork and corn meal with a little black-
strap molasses in their coffee. One will tell you that Ameri-
can farm women are the best cooks in the world, and the next
that American farmers all have indigestion because their
wives make such soggy bread.

In the midst of all this variety and confusion it might seem
useless to attempt definite or general statements. Neverthe-
less, we have two reliable sources of information, one the ac-
curate observation of persons who really know conditions,
and the other studies of the food actually used in typical
farm families. From these together it is possible at least to
say whether our farm population in general is adequately fed,
and how their food compares in amount, attractiveness, and
cost with that eaten by the Nation as a whole.

471

472 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Different Food in Different. Places.

What any family eats depends on what it has to choose
from, what its members happen to like and dislike, and what
it can afford. Before the days of quick transportation and
cold storage the choice in perishable food materials was lim-
ited to what could be grown and kept near by; and even in
the matter of staples, local products were much more im-
portant than at present. The farther a family was from a
large trading center, the more it relied on home-grown
foods; and until two or three generations ago, farm families
were almost self-sufficient in the matter of food supplies, ex-
cept for such things as sugar, spices, and other imported
luxuries. As a result all our people, and particularly our
farming people, had a much less varied diet than at present.
This was especially true in winter. The many kinds of
bread, pies, preserves, and pickles which appeared on old-
fashioned tables show how the housekeepers tried to give
variety to the meals by using the same materials in different
combinations.

Local differences in diet were also caused by the differences
in the traditions of the various nationalities that have settled
in this country. For example, much the same kinds of food
can be produced throughout the Middle Atlantic States, but
the early “ Pennsylvania Dutch” settlers tried to use Ameri-
can materials as they had used similar ones in Germany, and
thus the dishes typical of their sections came to be quite
different from those of their neighbors from England and
Holland.

Why the Differences Are Disappearing.

Though people are usually more conservative about what
they like to eat than about most other things, these regional
differences are rapidly decreasing. We take it as a matter of
course that in any small town and at reasonable prices we
should find bananas from the West Indies, lemons and or-
anges from Florida or California, canned corn from Maine,
sweet potatoes from New Jersey, cheese from Wisconsin,
maple sirup from Vermont, flour from Minnesota, and crack-
ers and breakfast foods made almost anywhere. Fish, which
used to be considered out of the question unless one lived

Food for Farm Families. 473

near the water, can now be frozen and shipped to any dis-
tance, and since it remains good until it is thawed, any farm
housekeeper who can buy it still frozen from a good fish
market and slowly thaw it at home can have it as easily as a
woman in town. Gradually, too, the dishes peculiar to one
group or one region find their way into the rest of the coun-
try. Indian succotash, Dutch crullers, Italian macaroni,
German sauerkraut, and Spanish pimiento are some of our
common foods whose names betray their various origins.

The adoption of new foods and dishes perhaps goes on
more rapidly in towns, where people of different habits and
experiences are more often thrown together, but farm fami-
lies are no longer as isolated as they used to be, and every-
where local differences are becoming less and less marked.
The State of New Mexico recently furnished an example of
how such changes may be hastened when it issued some
recipes for dishes that have long been used by its Mexican
farmers and that the others in the State are now coming to
enjoy.

The food conservation campaign during the war did much
toward lessening our food prejudices and nationalizing our
tastes in food. Then it was a patriotic duty to try new foods
and dishes, and some of them proved too good to forget.
Exchanging recipes has always been a favorite diversion
among housekeepers, and the bulletins and leaflets dis-
tributed by the Food Administration and the home demon-
stration agents brought the whole country into the game.
Southern recipes for corn breads were everywhere eagerly
tried on “ wheatless” days, while French soups, Italian
rissoto, and Hungarian goulash helped to make a little meat
goalong way. Since then some of the workers in the Ameri-
canization movement have seen that to get our different
racial groups to enjoy the good things from each other’s
tables helps to make them feel more at home together; and
those who deal directly with the housekeepers are trying not
only to make newcomers learn the advantages of such typical
American customs as the use of breakfast cereals, but also
to get Americans to copy some of their new neighbors’ ways,
such as obtaining inexpensive and nutritious variety by the
skillful use of different cheeses, flavoring vegetables, and
salad greens.

474 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Is Farm or City Diet More Attractive?

Farm diets are sometimes spoken of as less varied and at-
tractive than those in cities. This may have been the case in
years gone by, but there is no reason for it now, if there ever
was. City and farm are nearly on a par as regards stapie
groceries, package goods, and canned goods, for a generous
variety of these is carried in almost every town or can be
ordered by mail. The advantage may even be with the farm
housekeepers, because more of them have suitable storage
space and so can save money by buying such supplies in
quantity. It is easier for city housekeepers to buy out-of-
season fruits and vegetables, fresh meats, and bakeshop
goods, or to get supplies for some sudden need, but some of
these advantages are not so great as they seem. Compara-
tively few people can afford fresh strawberries in January,
even though they may be on sale around the corner; the cakes
and cookies now put up in air-tight packages and sold by
grocers or by mail are quite as appetizing and very likely
more sanitary than those found in many city bakeshops;
and emergency marketing, though convenient, is usually ex-
pensive. It is doubtful whether the farm woman envies the
city woman her easy marketing more than the city woman
envies the farm woman her new-laid eggs, her abundance of
milk and cream, her freshly picked fruits and vegetables, and
her stores of preserves, pickles, and jellies, all grown at home
and put up according to favorite family recipes. One hears
occasionally of dairy farms where the housewife buys butter
for home use and seldom has cream for her table, or of fruit
farms where the family contents itself with the culls, but
such a state of things arouses about as much general sym-
pathy as the proverbial shoemaker with his barefooted
children.

The Food Actually Eaten by Farm Families.

Many of these general points about farm diets are brought
out in studies recently made by the Office of Home Econom-
ics in cooperation with the Bureau of Markets to show the
food actually eaten in typical American homes. There are
500 studies in all, made in 41 States among people of 16 na-
tional stocks. They have been placed in 16 different groups,

Food for Farm Families. 475

according to the occupation of the bread winner, and among
them are 73 farm families from different parts of the country
and representing many types of agriculture. The yearly in-
comes among the other groups varied from $754 to $2,924,
with an average of $1,905. -The incomes of the farm fam-
ilies were not given because of the difficulty in estimating
costs and values, but it seems safe to assume that the general
economic condition among the farm families was similar to
that of the general average. As regards the size of families,
farm families showed more adults, but hardly more than
half as many children as the average of the 500 families.

These studies bear out the general impression that on the
average the farmers’ families have an abundant diet, with
enough different kinds of food to insure their obtaining all
the substances necessary to keep them in health. In mere
matter of total weight of food, the farm families stand well
at the head, receiving 19 pounds per day, while the average
for all the families is only 144 pounds.

Animal foods appear to be used more freely on the farms,
making up 38.3 per cent of the farm diets as compared with
35.6 per cent for the general average. This difference, how-
ever, appears to be due chiefly to the fact that larger quanti-
ties of milk are consumed on the farms.

Meat.

The average proportion of meat is much the same on the
farms as in the general average, and among all the groups
the differences seem to depend chiefly on the income. Both
the cost and quantity of meat are smallest in the group of
families where the wage earners were mothers and the yearly
income was only $754, and both increase fairly regularly
as one passes to the groups with more comfortable income.
Among farm families the meat eaten was reckoned as worth
9 cents per man per day, while among the 500 families it
was worth 8.8 cents, a difference too small to be significant.
The average weight of the meat used per man per day was
5.4 ounces on the farms and 4.9 ounces in all the families.
This shows a more generous use of meat than has been found
by similar studies in European countries. There are no
accurate or complete figures for other parts of the world,
but careful observers have given fairly reliable ideas of

476 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

general customs. Most Asiatics appear to use meat less
freely than Americans. The heaviest meat eaters in the
world are probably found on the great cattle and sheep
ranches of the Southern Hemisphere. Except for them our
American farmers seem to be as generously supplied with
meat as any class of people and undoubtedly use as much as
is needed for health and variety.

The studies do not show what proportion of the meat was
from beef, mutton, pork, poultry, or game, but everyone
knows that pork products and poultry have long been the
commonest kinds in most rural regions, and the majority of
farm families probably still depend chiefly on the pigs and
chickens that they can raise at home at less cost than they can
buy other meats from a butcher.

Eggs.

Oddly enough, eggs appear not to be more generally used
in farm families than among our people at large. The low-
income families naturally bought very few; but in practi-
cally all of the town groups where the income came up to the
general average for the 500 studies, eggs were more abun-
dantly supplied than among the farmers. This will seem sur-
prising to many city housekeepers, who consider plenty of
good eggs one of the greatest helps in serving appetizing,
wholesome meals and who, although they understand the in-
creased cost of production, will probably wonder if people in
the country always appreciate their blessings.

Dairy Products.

The situation is different as regards dairy products. The
average farm family used 17.7 ounces of milk per man per
day, but the average for all 500 families is only 13.9 ounces.
This difference represents about half a cupful a day, and
amounts to a little more than 4 quarts a week for the family.
There were fewer children in the average of the farm homes,
which makes the use of milk by adults and in cooking ap-
pear even more generous. The butter used in farm homes
was 1.3 ounces per man per day, and in the general average
1 ounce, a difference equal to about 6 ounces a week for the
family. No separate figures are available for cream and
cheese, but in a week the farm family used 3} pounds of both

Food for Farm Families. 477

together where the average family used only 14 pounds. The

free use of dairy products is now considered one of the safest

ways of assuring a healthful diet, especially for children,

and in this respect the farm diets showed a decided advan-
~ tage over most of the other groups.

Cooking Fats.

Lard and other animal cooking fats were used about twice
as freely in the farm homes as in the average family, the
figures being, respectively, 21 and 10 ounces per family per
week. On the other hand, the average family used slightly
more vegetable and mixed fats for cooking and table pur-
poses but not enough to make up for its more restricted use
of animal fats. These differences are probably due in part
to the fact that animal fats are produced on the farm and
therefore are less expensive there than in the city markets.

Cereal Foods.

Between 12 and 13 ounces of cereal products per man per
day were used both by farm families and by the general
average, but they made up a smaller proportion of the total
farm diet because other foodstuffs were more abundantly
used. This amount is equivalent to about a pound of bread,
or a combination of 8 or 9 medium-sized slices of bread, a
cupful of cooked oatmeal, a generous serving of macaroni,
and 14 cups of flour used in cakes, pies, and general cookery.

The figures do not show how wheat, corn, oats, rye, rice,
and other cereals. compare in popularity among the different
groups, but it is generally known that wheat is the most im-
portant grain for bread making and general cooking. Corn
breads are popular everywhere, but except in the Southern
States they are used only occasionally for the sake of variety.
Wheat bread is the staple. “Quick” breads made of wheat
flour are also used for variety, but in most parts of the coun-
try people seem to prefer the texture, flavor, and keeping
qualities of yeast-raised breads. Thanks tothe good, uniform
quality of bread made in large factories and delivered to
many grocery stores even in small towns, home baking is no
longer the absolute necessity it used to be, and many farm
wives now buy bread regularly. In some cases the ready-
made bread costs a little more, but where time and labor are

478 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

scarce the convenience is often worth the extra price. In
the Southeastern States “ quick” breads are still often pre-
ferred to yeast-raised kinds, even when made with wheat
flour.

Sugar.

The amount of sugar and sirup used is an item which
varies more with the income than with the locality or occu-
pation. The farm families used 3.3 ounces per man per day
for table and cooking purposes, a fraction of an ounce more
than the general average. As these studies were all made
when the price of sugar was high, it is probable that the
figures represent less than normal consumption.

Vegetables and Fruits.

Vegetables and fruits, like eggs and dairy products, are
among the foods in which rural families might be expected
to have the advantage over those in town, and these studies
show this to be the case. The average farm family used
20.6 ounces of vegetables per man per day, as against 15.9
ounces of vegetables in the general average, a difference of
30 per cent. Their use of fruits was also slightly greater—
9.4 ounces as compared with 8.5 ounces.

Fruits and vegetables serve much the same dietary pur-
poses; and considering the two together, we find that the
farm families surpassed all the other occupational groups
and ran about 25 per cent above the average. Unfortunately,
there are no figures to show the proportions of different types
of vegetables and fruits used, but the records indicate that
there was a relatively large proportion of starchy vegetables
and a relatively small one of green and succulent kinds. This
contributed more to economy than to pleasant variety and
healthfulness, for some of the substances that make vege-
tables and fruits particularly valuable to the body are better
supplied by the more expensive leaf and fruit forms than
by the cheaper potatoes and root vegetables.

Is the Food Sufficient?

With human beings, as with farm animals, we judge
whether a ration is adequate not merely by the amount
of food it contains but by the nutrients and energy which it

Food for Farm Families. 479

furnishes. We must also take into account the needs of dif-
ferent individuals, and see how nearly the food they receive
corresponds to the generally accepted requirement for per-
sons of their age, sex, and occupation or muscular activity.
In studying family diets, the usual way is to reckon how the
total food needs of all the members correspond to those of a
man in the prime of life doing moderately active muscular
work, and then to calculate how the food supplied cor-
responds to the food needed by such a man. Another publi-
cation of this department describes how such calculations
are made. The food needs of each of the 500 families here
studied were on the average equivalent to those of 3.6 such
men, and the farmers’ families to those of 4 men. The
standard food requirement, for food actually eaten, of
such a man has been set at 80 to 90 grams of protein and
3,150 calories of energy per day, and is generous enough to
allow a fair margin of safety. Among the 500 families the
protein averaged 96 grams and the energy 3,225 calories.
This means that these families were receiving about one-
tenth more protein than the standard called for and were
also well supplied with energy. Among the 73 farm families
the figures were 101 grams of protein and 3,540 calories of
energy. That is, they were receiving about one-fifth more
protein and one-eighth more energy than the standard. The
only occupational group that appears more generously nour-
ished is that of day laborers, who received 105 grams of pro-
tein and 3,560 calories of energy.

Besides total protein and energy, there are several other
things to consider in judging how well a diet meets the needs
of its users. Most important among these are the kind of
protein, the amount of mineral matters, especially of calcium
(lime) and iron, the presence of newly discovered substances
called vitamines, the bulk and the attractiveness of the diet.

Not all kinds of protein are now believed to be equally
useful in building up the body, those of animal origin, es-
pecially those from milk, eggs, and meat, doing the work
more completely than those from most plants. The generous
use of meat and the very generous use of milk among the

1U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bulletin 142, “ Principles of Nutrition and
Nutritive Value of Foods.”

480 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

farm families leaves no doubt that these people were getting
protein adequate in kind as well as amount.

The calcium (lime) in ordinary diets is supplied chiefly by
milk, and here again the farm families are out of danger.

Tron comes chiefly from meats, eggs, the outer layer of cere-
als, and certain fruits and vegetables, especially leaf vege-
tables. Probably most of the farm families studied were
obtaining enough,-but a freer use of green vegetables and
fruits would give:a wider margin of safety.

The nature of vitamines is not yet thoroughly understood,
nor have they been accurately measured or even separated out
from food materials, but it is generally accepted that at least
three kinds are necessary to maintain health and growth.
Without going into details, we may say that the best way to
guard against a lack of vitamines is. to include in the diet
an abundance of whole milk (or’such milk products as.con-
tain milk fat), eggs, and a variety of fruits and vegetables.
It seems probable that most of the farm diets in ‘these studies
meet this condition; whether all the 500 studied do so is not
so sure.

Bulk is commonly said to make the food pass properly
through the digestive tract, and is supplied chiefly by the cel-
lulose in fruits and vegetables and in the outer coatings of
the cereal grains. Diets made up largely of meats, fine flour
and meals, fats, sugar, potatoes and other starchy vegetables
are likely to lack bulk as well as some vitamines, and may
lead to constipation and all its attendant dangers. Many of
the diets here studied probably provided enough roughage,
but observation shows that the so-called “meat-bread-
potato” type of diet is a common one, and also that consti-
pation is a common complaint. It seems doubly unfortunate
that such a state of things should be found among the
families that have the best opportunities for growing fruits
and vegetables at home. |

Ways of Cooking and Serving.

In most of the 73 farm diets there was enough variety in
the food materials to make possible very appetizing meals;
whether the food was equally well cooked and attractively
served the studies do not show, and we can judge of it only

‘Food for Farm Families. ake 48]

by general knowledge. There is no doubt that many of the
best cooks in the country are found on our farms,,and that
no meals are better than the best of those served in American
farm homes. On the other hand, extension workers and
others who have first-hand knowledge of rural conditions
report that in many cases the bread is heavy, the few vege-
tables used are not cooked or seasoned so as to bring out
their good texture and flavor, good meat is made unpalat-
able by poor cooking, and there is great monotony in the
meals.

The fact that almost twice as much cooking fat was used
by the farm families as by the general average confirms the
impression that some farm housewives are inclined to cook
too many foods by frying. This is an excellent method for
certain things, and almost everyone enjoys the flavor ef deli-
cately browned fat in its proper place, but a diet in which
many of the foods are greasy and others have lost their good
natural flavor under that of scorched fat is neither attractive
nor wholesome. One of the greatest services which the home
demonstration and girls’ club movements are rendering is to
arrange for the skillful housewives in a community to show
how they cook the good things for which their tables are
famous.

A little formality of a simple and suitable kind makes
meals more attractive. Cleanliness in connection with food
and everything in the kitchen and at the table is as necessary
for sanitary reasons as it is in the dairy, and no one should
ever handle food or come to the table without washing the
hands. Moreover, such simple conventions as neatly set
tables, courteous ways of passing food, and quiet, tidy habits
of eating are almost everywhere followed because they have
proved the easiest means of showing consideration for others.
Extension workers find that the women in the home-demon-
stration work and the girls in club work are eager to learn
simple, easy ways of making meals attractive as well as
wholesome.

; Cost of Farm Diets.

In determining the cost of food in the studies, the home-
grown materials were valued at current retail prices. This
puts the farm diets on the same price basis as the others,

30702°—yex 1920——31**

482 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

-but. it probably makes them appear more costly than they
really were, for in many cases a considerable proportion of
the food was obtained practically as a by-product of the
general farm business and cost the users very little extra
material or labor. Calculated in this way, the average cost
of the farm diets was 45 cents per man per day, or 1 cent
less than the average for the 500 families. The cost per farm
family per year is figured at $660 and is $60 larger than that
for the general average, because the farm families included
more adults and therefore used more food. Assuming that
the average income for the farm families was the same as
for the others, the value of food materials used in the farm
home was 35 per cent of the income as against 32 per cent in
the general average.

it this connection it is interesting to peanane that the
proportion of the farm diet grown at home has been esti-
mated as follows: Meat. exclusive of poultry, 75 per cent;
poultry and eggs, 100 per cent; dairy products, 85 per cent;
vegetables, 80 per cent; fruits, 60 per cent. Assuming that
these figures hold good for the farm diets here studied, the
foods grown at home furnished about one-third of the energy
of the diet, and their money value was about six-tenths that
of the total food.

When we consider cost in connection with nutritive value,
we find that the farm diets furnished about 2} grams of
protein and 78 calories of energy for 1 cent, while the average
for the 500 studies shows only about 2 grams of protein and
70 calories of energy. The only occupational groups who
got better nutritive value for their money were the three with
the lowest incomes. Their diets, like most low-priced ones,
contained unusually large proportions of cereals and were
hardly varied enough for either enjoyment or healthfulness.
Among the families who could allow themselves some choice,
those of laboring men were the only ones with “ heartier”
diets than the farm families, that is, diets in which meats,
fats, and cereals played a large part. The professional fami-
lies, on the other hand, were more inclined to pay for dairy
products and for different kinds of vegetables and fruits,
materials that add to the healthful and agreeable variety of
the diet but are relatively expensive sources of protein and

ss

Food for Farm Families. 483

energy. These foods are the ones that in many cases can be
obtained on the farm at less cost than ordinary market prices,
and thus pleasant and wholesome variety often costs farm
families less than it does the rest of our population.

It must not be understood that all farm families or regions
in the United States correspond to the average of these
studies. Unfortunately, there are everywhere individual
families that do not get as much food as they should, and
there are very likely some that live better than is necessary,
too well perhaps for their own good, but probably the ex-
tremes are less marked among rural people than in cities. It
is usually cheaper to grow food in the country than to buy it
in town, and so a farm family is in less danger of not getting
enough to eat.

Importance of Providing the Right Kinds of Food.

There may be danger of not getting the right kinds of
food, and this may happen through ignorance as well as
through poverty. A good example of farm diets abundant
in quantity but restricted in kind was found in studies made
15 or 20 years ago in a remote mountain district of the South-
east. Here the food supplied 20 per cent more energy than
the standard calls for and the protein, 82 grams per man per
day, would have been sufficient if it had been of the right
kind. The diet, however, was made up chiefly of pork, corn
meal, and wheat flour, with occasionally a very little milk,
butter, sugar, cabbage, onion, potatoes, and wild berries in
addition. Eighty-three per cent of the protein came from
vegetable foods, chiefly cereals. The chances are, therefore,
that these diets were not adequate as regards protein, min-
eral matter, vitamines, or bulk, though they were more than
sufficient in energy. The people were among the economi-

-eally backward groups of our rural population; and while

no special sickness was reported, they were said to grow old
fast. Recently pellagra has been found to be especially
prevalent among people living under similar conditions, and
the restricted diet is undoubtedly a contributing cause if, in-
deed, it is not the principal cause of this very serious disease.
Such families fortunately represent an extreme condition.

484 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
~ American Farm Families Well and Cheaply Fed.

Fortunately, too, with better means of getting about there
“is less chance of such conditions arising or lasting. Every
year it is easier to obtain a variety of foods, and every year,
thanks to schools and colleges and extension workers, more
people understand what foods are needed to make an
adequate, wholesome, and attractive diet. In spite of excep-
tions among individual families here and there, and among
larger groups in some regions, the farm families whose dret
was recently studied probably give a fairly true picture of
farm diets in the United States. The energy furnished is
more than enough, and the protein is sufficient in amount
and variety. Calcium is well supplied by the generous use
of milk. There is also probably a fair proportion of iron,
vitamines, and indigestible bulk, though the margin of safety
for these would be greater with more eggs, coarse cereals, and
a greater variety of vegetables and fruits, especially more
green vegetables. With possibly a freer use of these food
materials and with attractive ways of cooking and serving,
there can be no doubt that the food eaten on the average
American farm is abundant, wholesome, and varied enough
for health and enjoyment. Common observation and accu-
rate studies all indicate that, in general, no large group of
the population is better nourished or secures its food so
cheaply as the farm families of the United States.

| BOYS and GIRLS CLUBS
ENRICH COUNTRY LIFE

By C. B. Smirn, Chief, and Grorce E. Farrert, In Charge of Boys’
and Girls’ Club Work, Office of Extension Work North and West,
States Relations Service.

6¢ CAN NOT BEGIN TO TELL how much help club

work has been to me. It not only gave me credit for
a semester’s work in clothing, but also created my desire for
a college education,” wrote a Kansas club girl who was per-
mitted to take a final examination for the first semester in
college on the strength of her three years’ experience in club
work. Club work often leads boys and girls to seek a fuller
knowledge of agriculture and stimulates an ambition to se-
cure a broader education. Of those taking the regular
course in agriculture and home economics in the State col-
leges last year over 1,800 were boys and girls who ha d been in
club work, while over 3,300 club boys and girls took short
courses at the colleges, 730 having scholarships won through
their club work.

The daughter of a Bohemian baker in Westfield, Mass.,
the oldest of a large family of children, found her first op-
portunity through club work. First, she learned to can at
the canning center. Then she bought equipment and canned
at home evenings, after working all day behind the counter
in the bakery and helping her mother with the younger
children. A second and third year she continued this home-
canning work, branching out by canning for several neigh-

485

486 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

bors and in this way earning money which was her very own.
In her second year, she wished to learn more and joined a
garment-making club. At 17, she first learned how to sew,
but within a year we find her with such skill that she is teach-
ing her friends how to make their own dresses. Still her out-
look on life grew, and she began to plan ways and means of
getting enough together to go to Massachusetts Agricul-
tural College for a course in home economics. One of the
red-letter days of her life was the day she actually enrolled
as a student at the college.

The great advantage of working with boys and girls is
that whatever you do is only a beginning—a take-off so to
speak, from which they leap forward to greater things. A
broader education is only one of these things: in countless
other ways the club work of the farm boys and girls is work-
ing toward the improvement of rural life.

Through club work, boys and girls are led to realize the
possibilities of farm life and to look upon it as worthy of
their best thought and effort and as offering opportunities
for success and happiness second to no other occupation.
How it helps to keep the boys on the farm is indicated by the
experience of a Wisconsin boy who joined the calf club and
raised a prize-winning Holstein calf. To use his own words,
“Club work has completely changed my life plan, as my
parents always encouraged me to get a mechanical education,
thinking that I am best fitted for that. I thought so myself
until I became interested in club work and found out what I
could do.”

During the past LO years there have been numerous and
striking examples of improvements in farm life and practice
brought about through the influence of this work.

Crop production has been materially improved in many
parts of the country through demonstrations carried on by
club members. Corn clubs have probably had a wider in-
fluence than any other in this respect. There is evidence
that the results of corn-club demonstrations are being ac-
cepted and put into practice by farmers generally in com-
munities where the most successful demonstrations are made.
R. A. Moore, corn extension specialist of the University of
Wisconsin, states that he is convinced that the high yield of
corn in recent years in Wisconsin, as compared with several

Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs. 487

other corn States, is due largely to the fact that boys’ and
girls’ club members in that State have for 10 years been pro-
ducing high-grade seed and distributing it to farmers
throughout the State. One corn-club boy in Minnesota, al-
though he is only 16, has developed a regular seed-corn bus-
iness, has built and owns a fine seed-corn house, and expects
to sell this year 500 bushels of seed corn. For several years
corn-club members in Colorado have been making demon-
strations in corn growing and have been selling seed from
registered fields, with the result that there has been a marked

A Demonstration in Corn Growing.

improvement in corn production. It is reported that Colo-
rado farmers are willing to pay practically twice as much
for registered seed grown by club members as for ordinary
seed corn.

The First Purebred on the Farm.

In introducing purebred live stock into communities where
scrubs have largely prevailed, and in weeding out unprofit-
able animals from the farm herds, as well as in improving
methods of feeding and caring for stock, the club members
have accomplished some notable results. Thousands of pure-

488 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

bred animals have beén introduced as a result of the club
work with baby beeves, dairy animals, sheep, and swine.
Some 33,000 club members are now engaged in such work in
the Northern and Western States.

A, Learning How to Judge as Well as Feed; B, Preparing for the Show.

Of 174 entries by club members at the Iowa State Fair in
the baby-beef class, 121 were sold at auction and 2 by private
sale. The 123 calves weighed 124,220 pounds and sold at an
average price of $18.30 per hundredweight. Iowa State Col-
lege purchased two of the calves for $650.

Club work with dairy calves is carried on in 23 of the
Northern and Western States, and has two main purposes,

Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs. 489

namely, the introduction of better stock and the demonstra-
tion of the best methods of feeding and care for maximum
milk production. This has in many cases led to the general
introduction in the community of systematic milk testing
and keeping of records of feed and of milk production. In
some instances club members as a group have brought in
registered sires or joined bull circles, and in some communi-
ties members have joined or formed cow-testing associa--
tions, of which farmers generally have also become members.
The introduction of better stock and better methods which
has thus been brought about is laying a foundation for
permanent future improvement.

In many instances the club animal has been the first
purebred on the farm, and it has been the interest of the
boy or girl that has won the farmer over to purebreds entirely
and has made him more kindly disposed toward community
movements and associations for the introduction of better
stock. It is a matter of actual record that during 1920 over
5,000 farmers were led to replace scrub pigs with purebreds
as a result of the pig-club work, and this figure is undoubt-
edly an inadequate index of the influence the club work is
exerting in this direction. It is especially significant that
in many communities the club members are supplying much
of the purebred stock bought by the farmers.

As a result of poultry club work purebred fowls have been
introduced on many farms that had previously known only
scrub chickens, and thousands of unproductive fowls have
been culled from the flocks. In many communities club work
has been responsible for establishing the practice of raising
only one breed, thus simplifying production problems and
establishing a better reputation and market for the com-
munity product. In 1920, 3,000 poultry-club members in the
Northern and Western States introduced 38,000 purebred
fowls on their home farms, culled 1,200 flocks, and raised
155,000 chickens. Club work not only helps to keep the
country boy on the farm, but even reaches out and leads the
city boy back to the land. One city boy who went into the
poultry-club work made such a success of it that he deter-
mined to go regularly into the business. “I owe all my suc-
cess in the poultry business,” he says, “and what I may ac-

490 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

complish in the future, largely to the boys’ and girls’ club
work, for it has started me on the road to success.”

One of the far-reaching effects of club work has been
its influence in extending the practice of home canning. The
farm diet has been materially improved through this impor-
tant contribution to the winter food supply of the home.

A, The Garment-Making Club in Action; B, A Bread Club Demonstra-
tion Team,

The average cash income on the farm is relatively low, and
therefore any increase in the cost of clothing becomes a
heavy tax on the family budget, making home sewing in-
creasingly necessary. In 1920, 30,000 girls in the Northern
and Western States were organized in sewing clubs in which
they learn not only to sew but to use commercial patterns

Boys’ and Girls’? Clubs. 491

and to select suitable fabrics. They produced 63,100 gar-
ments for themselves and for members of their families, and,
in addition, more than one-third of them did all the family
mending. They also organized demonstration teams, and
during the year gave 897 demonstrations in garment making
before 36,485 people. Through these demonstrations they
created a widespread interest in home sewing and showed
how simple it is. Their work convinced many mothers that
what seemed to be a difficult problem was really quite easy
when attacked in the right way. These teams gave style
shows, demonstrating not only the proper garments for the
growing girl, but the shape of shoes one should wear as well.

The Bankers Take an Interest.

Property ownership is a powerful incentive to the best
effort, and creates a sense of business responsibility that
is of the utmost value to the prospective citizen. A survey
~ conducted at the International Live Stock Exposition at
Chicago in 1920 showed that 253 club members taking part
in demonstrations at the exposition were worth $300,000.
Their average holdings were about $1,200, representing live
stock, savings, and investments acquired over a period of
from three to six years through strict attention to business
and to the use of the best known practices. This accumu-
lation of resources has not escaped the watchful eye of
the banker, who is always ready to loan money for use
in productive enterprises and to assist in community develop-
ment. In 1920 the bankers of the Northern and Western
States loaned $900,000 to the young business men and women
of the clubs. Not a single case of a club member failing
to meet his obligations in a businesslike manner has come to
our attention.

Social and Community Development.

Club work not only promotes individual thrift and skill,
but has also had a marked influence in the social develop-
ment of the club members. Meetings, songs, yells, games,
and the like, as part of the group activities of the clubs,
have appealed especially to young people and have tended
to increase their interest in demonstration work, as well
as. to promote. their social development . and. welfare.

492 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Parades, festivals; displays, pageantry, fairs, and games have
been valuable supplementary features of club work, and
have had an important influence in stimulating interest
among boys and girls and in making them active club
members. A realization of the importance of the work they
are doing in giving public demonstrations, the organization
of a definite program of work, and the keeping of accurate
records and reports have done much to make young people
feel that they are
essential to the life
of a community
and are making
definite contribu-
tions to its wel-
fare. In 1920 club
members held 1,736
achievement day
meetings and 98
club camps, and
made more than
95,500 club ex-
hibits.
In the Northern
and Western States
club work is rap-
idly becoming a
regular feature of
the county exten-
sion program, and
in the organization
of counties and
communities for
extension work the
part that boys and girls can take in helping to meet
the problems that arise is now generally recognized and ~
provided for. For example, suppose that in a certain
community one or more of the following problems develop:
The wheat yield is low, the potato crop is unprofitable, the
hens lay only one-fifth of the time, living conditions do not
compare favorably with those of the city home, there is much
hard work and little social life or recreation in the com-

A Club Boy and His Pig.

Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs. 493

munity, and the young men and women of the community
are leaving for the city in large numbers. In_ planning
a community program of extension work the problem of
low wheat yield may be assigned to certain farmers who
undertake to demonstrate the value of late fall planting and
using an improved variety; other farmers take up demon-
strations in the better handling of the potato crop, treating
the seed for scab prevention, and cultivating the crop accord-
ing to the most improved methods suggested by scientific
investigation. In this connection, however, the question
may arise as to whether some of the boys of the community
might not be competent and willing to assist in the demon-
stration work, thus greatly increasing the number of demon-
strations and the reliability of the results. A potato club is
organized and the boys take up the demonstrational work as
enthusiastically as their fathers, treating seed and practicing
better methods of cultivation, spraying, and seed selection.
In the same way both boys and girls are enrolled in poultry
clubs to supplement the demonstrations their mothers are
carrying on in profitable poultry production, and take an
active part in promoting such work. Thus a foundation is
laid for holding the interest of the young people in the com-
munity by establishing closer ties of interest between parents
and children and uniting them in the work of solving the
economic and social problems of the community as a whole.

Clubs Make a Big Place for Themselves.

Boys’ and girls’ club work has come to be recognized as
of such consequence that in the Northern and Western States
_ 200 counties now employ county club‘agents to work with the
communities in developing demonstration work among
young people. In such counties a budget of from $3,000 to
$4,000 is appropriated to carry on the work annually. The
club enrollment in these counties is from 400 to 1,000 mem-
bers, and the earnings of the club work amount on an aver-
age to $40 a year per member.

The fact that in 1920 over 216,000 boys and girls between
the ages of 10 and 18 years were engaged in club work and
were seeking through their membership in about 14,000
local clubs to improve agricultural and home economics prac-

494 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

tices in their communities and reaching and influencing
through this means over a million persons, indicates that
club activities have become an important part of extension
work and community life. The actual financial output of
these clubs in 1920 was something over $4,600,000, which is
an indication of the sound business basis upon which this
work has been established. When we realize that the club

Poultry Club Members Starting Home After a Club Meeting.

membership in the Northern States which was only 23,000
in 1915 had increased to over 216,000 in 1920, some idea may
be gained of the popularity of this work and of the possibili-
ties it offers for the future.

From an economic standpoint club work has more than
paid its way in actual money returns, and, in addition, has
trained in leadership and broadened in social outlook hun-
dreds and thousands of boys and girls who will soon con-
stitute a considerable portion of the adult rural citizenship
of the country and be a controlling influence in American
farm life.

THE FARMERS INTEREST IN
FOREIGN MARKETS

By E. G. Montcomery, Specialist in Foreign Markets, and C. L,
LurptKe, Assistant in Market Information, Bureau of Markets.

WORLD MARKET is a comparatively reliable and

stable market, since it is a broad market. Such a mar-
ket is especially advantageous to the farmer, who can not vary
his production to meet current needs in the same way that
a manufacturing plant can. He plans from one to two years
ahead, with the result that an acreage that produces enough
in poor seasons yields a large surplus in good years. This
variation is largely beyond his control. To meet this varia-
tion in local supply, agriculture, more than any other in-
dustry, needs a world market with all facilities in trans-
portation, warehousing, and business organizations to move
the surplus to the regions where it can be consumed. The
effect of a surplus on a narrow market is illustrated by
a perishable crop like peaches, which can not be given very
wide distribution. A surplus in one section means as a rule
low prices and often no market for at least a part of the
crop.

The World Market Determines the Price.

The sharp decline in the prices of grain, wool, and other
agricultural commodities during the last half of 1920 has
focused the attention of the country on the marketing prob-
lems of the American farmer. It has accentuated the need
for a more accurate knowledge of the influences that deter-

495

496 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

mine the prices and movements of farm products and of.

how these influences may be controlled, if possible, by the

producer. It has also emphasized the necessity for develop- »

ing and maintaining a foreign market for our surplus farm
products. The farmer is feeling the need of world-market
information. )

The development and maintenance of a foreign market
is'in a measure subject to the same influences that control
domestic prices and movements of agricultural products.
It is the knowledge of these influences that may be said
to constitute the basis for world-trade information. Specu-
lation thrives under uncertainty. Concentration in the
hands of a few of information regarding production and
consumption in all of the principal countries of the world
gives the few who are informed an opportunity to speculate.
The widespread knowledge of facts collected through a
reliable and unbiased source reduces speculation—even makes

it impossible. The producers in most countries have relied
entirely upon local conditions and as a result have suffered

untold losses from low prices and lack of demand for their
products. A hundred years ago, with primitive methods
of transportation and general dependence of each com-
munity or country on local supply, this may have been all
right. To-day, however, when the wheat or cotton of Ar-
gentina or Egypt can be laid down in New York within a
comparatively short time, the farmer needs to be guided
not by the crop in his own township, or even county or State,
but by the supply and demand in the country at large and
even abroad.

A World Price Level.

The progress made during the past century in the methods
of communication, transportation, and food preservation
have made possible the exchange of commodities between
producer and consumer removed from each other thousands
of miles. The law of supply and demand has thus become
world-wide in its operation and effect. As a closer study of
the subject will reveal, the prices of agricultural products

are controlled by a world price level in which the supply,

and demand for a particular commodity is reflected in the

a

——

The Farmer’s Interest in Foreign Markets. 497

price not alone at the place where the demand is strongest
but in other producing and consuming centers as well.
This is particularly true in the case of grain, where we
have a price level with its base at Liverpool, which is the
highest price-level point, becoming lower as you approach
the producing center. The difference between the two
points represents the cost of transportation and handling.
If any wheat port on the Atlantic, the Baltic Sea, or the
Mediterranean gets out of line 3 or 4 cents on the price of

Grain on Its Way from Western Fields to Foreign Markets.

wheat, within 24 hours or less cargoes will be diverted to
that port by wireless. As on almost any day in the year
there are from 30 to 80 million bushels of wheat afloat and
a good part of this can be diverted by cable or wireless, the
price level can be kept at a very steady point.

The same thing will be found true in the case of wool,
cotton, and other commodities. The determining factor is
the world supply and the world demand. It may not look
that way to the farmer who is unable to reconcile low prices
with poor crops in his locality, or even his entire State.

30702°—yBK 1920——32##

498 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

But the fact to remember is that it is not the condition of
the crop in one or several States but the whole potential
supply of wheat or other commodity in the world that de-
termines the price level.

The most difficult thing to ascertain is the demand, for
after all it is demand that influences and determines prices.
It is what you or I or someone else will pay for lemons that
finally determines the price of lemons. It is what some-
body will pay for wheat that decides the price of wheat.
In the long run and to a certain degree, the cost of produc-
tion determines price over a period of 10, 20, or 50 years,
but does not determine it in a particular year or at a par-
ticular place.

There are two kinds of price fluctuations to be considered :
First, steady upward or downward trends which should cor-
respond to changes in world price levels and are controlled
in general by the world supply and demand. Some of these
trends last for months, others for years. Second, short
movements from day to day or week to week are influenced by
domestic conditions or sudden changes in foreign countries.
These short-time fluctuations are very annoying, as it is often
difficult to discover any real reason for them. The long-
time variations are eventually of greater importance, espe-
cially long-term periods of high or low prices.

If the general world conditions that affect supply and de-
mand could be foreseen it would be possible to regulate stock
raising or wheat production on a better basis. At present
we are practically blind as to the future. A few years of
fair prices may stimulate thousands of farmers to equip
fo~ live-stock raising, to be followed then by years of low
prices which may mean a hard struggle, discouragement,
and heavy losses.

Forecasting the World Market.

Is it possible to establish a forecast of the world market,
and how? It can be done only through a thorough, con-
tinuous study of all the great producing areas and the
problems that confront the producer in each community
and a study of the great consuming countries of the world.
At present there is only one great consuming world market.
That is western Europe. All other sections of the world,

. Ye —e oe

The Farmer's Interest in Foreign Markets. 499

like China or India, produce their own supplies or do not
enter into foreign trade in grain or live stock, or else, like
South America and Australasia, they produce a surplus.
For such study, then, we can arrange the countries in three
groups: (a) Consuming or importing countries; (b) sur-
plus or exporting countries; and (¢) countries that do not
enter into world trade in farm products. The world price
level is determined by conditions in the first two groups;
that is, the amount of surplus to be exported and the de-
mand for the surplus.

Surplus for Export.

The United States is no longer a large surplus producer
of meat products. We still export some pork products, we
just about consume our beef products, and we import some
mutton. However, our prices are controlled by potential
supplies in surplus countries that may ship meats here if
our price is above that of Europe or other consuming centers.
We are directly concerned by the surplus production of
South America and Australasia because we are on the trade
routes between these countries and Europe.

South America has a great undeveloped prairie region,
varying from humid to semiarid and in about the same
state of development as our own great stock region west
of the Missouri River some 50 years ago. The same is true
of Australia and South Africa. The rate at which these
regions develop in stock raising, transportation facilities,
and packing-house plants has a direct bearing on the future
prices of live stock in the United States. There is also
the great undeveloped region in Manchuria and Siberia, a
yast prairie region, almost as large as Canada, and practi-
cally undeveloped. Our live-stock growers should have care-
fully prepared and regular reports on the development of
these regions, considering their handicaps as well as advan-
tages and some forecast as to their probable future. Present
surpluses influence the current market and information on
such surpluses should be always available.

The relative development and supply of different kinds of
live stock, such as sheep, cattle, or swine, should be con-
sidered. For example, if for the next 20 years the world

500 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

is likely to have large surpluses of sheep from these coun-
tries, but probably no competition in swine, owing to lack
of grain feed, this should be made known as a guide in our
own live-stock policy. In the same way we might find
strong prospective competition for grass-fed cattle, but pos-
sibly httle competition for grain-fed stock. This again
would have a bearing on the kind of cattle production to be
promoted in our own country. Other influencing factors
come readily to mind, such as the kind of farmers in the

Loading Cotton for Export at Gulfport, Miss.
Cotton is the biggest export crop of the United States. The exports of cotton
in 1920 amounted to $1,136,468,916.
surplus countries, the industrial development of the coun-
try, increasing home consumption, or the effect of wars or
political policies, etc., all of which combined will influence
the surplus meat production.

Some World Market Information.

While the Bureau of Markets has developed to the extent
permitted by available funds an efficient market reporting
service for the United States, no similar machinery for col-
lecting foreign market information has been provided. The

The Farmer’s Interest in Foreign Markets. 501

foreign+markets division of the bureau is endeavoring to
keep in close touch with conditions abroad, in cooperation
with other Government agencies engaged in the collection
of foreign trade information. The work of this division is
carried on principally in Washington, with an agricultural
trade commissioner in London and another in Buenos Aires.
The information collected is published from time to time
in The Market Reporter, the official marketing publication
of the Department of Agriculture. Information is also
given out in the extensive correspondence conducted by the
division of foreign markets.

The investigational work conducted by the clivision of
foreign markets consists of specific studies concerning the
marketing of agricultural products abroad, including grain
and grain products, seeds, vegetable oils, oil cakes, live stock
and meats, dairy products, fresh fruits and vegetables, honey.
leaf tobacco, wool, cotton, and other textile fibers. In the
prosecution of this work it is the practice to utilize to the
fullest possible extent the consular agents of the Depart-
ment of State, as well as the commercial attachés and trade
commissioners of the Department of Commerce. In some
cases especially qualified representatives have been sent to
the foreign field to make first-hand studies of conditions.
In 1917 a preliminary study was made of the general agri-
cultural market conditions in Europe. This was followed
by specific investigations, of which the following are typical
examples:

In the latter part of 1917 a special investigator was as-
signed to visit the Far East to study possibilities for Ameri-
can fruit. During 1918 another investigator was sent to
Australia and New Zealand to look into the market condi-
tions for fruit, live stock, meat, dairy preducts, and wool.
In the spring of 1919 an investigation was made of the live-
stock, meat, and dairy industries of Europe to secure the
fullest possible information regarding the probable demands
for American live stock, dairy products, and meats during
the readjustment period. Reports of the results of these
investigations have been published under the titles of “ Aus-
tralia and New Zealand as Markets for American Fruit.”
(Department Cireular 145), “ Markets for American Fruits
in China, with Recommendations for American Shippers ”

.

502 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

(Department Circular 146), and “ Live Stock Conditions in
Europe” (Separate 821, Yearbook of the Department of
Agriculture, 1919).

In May, 1919, and again in June, 1920, special investi-
gators were detailed to make a study of the possibilities of
marketing American purebred live stock in South America.
To aid them in promoting interest in American live stock in
South America, an illustrated pamphlet was printed in Span-
ish and Portuguese. This pamphlet contains pertinent facts
relative to American purebred live stock and will serve as an
accurate guide for South Americans in forming trade con-
tacts in the United States. A preliminary report on the

Purebred Holstein Dairy Herd.

South America is a promising field for American purebred live stock. As
a result of contacts established by representatives of the Bureau of Markets,
business amounting to over $400,000 was transacted up to June 30, 1920.

investigations conducted in 1919, entitled “ Selling Purebred
Stock to South America,” was published in the 1919 Year-
book of the Department of Agriculture, and is obtainable as
Yearbook Separate 818.

In May, 1919, an agricultural trade commissioner was as-
signed to the United Kingdom to study at first-hand the con-
ditions in the agricultural markets of that country and to
report promptly by letter or cable timely information and
suggestions for the assistance of American agricultural in-
dustries and exporters. He is also making systematic studies
of the markets for specific products and working in close
cooperation with representatives of the Department of State
and the Department of Commerce.

.

The Farmer’s Interest in Foreign Markets. 503
More Needed.

The Department of Agriculture is no doubt best qualified
to collect and disseminate information on the world markets
for agricultural products, since it alone possesses the requi-
site contact with the agricultural interests of the country.
But with present facilities the department can not make any-
thing like a complete enough job of it. The organization
for collecting market information would need to be greatly
expanded and ways developed of helping the farmers to
apply the results. If the funds were available for these
developments there are many ways in which the farmer’s
marketing problems could be made easier of solution. For
instance, if the world wheat situation could be clearly put
before him from month to month it would greatly assist
him in so regulating his production and marketing as to
secure a maximum return for his efforts. Accurate informa-
tion would also stabilize the price, as many of the- wide
fluctuations are no doubt due to rumors and misinformation
that should have no place in a large conservative business.

te Tiust f+

nn
i

——
Iti.

p “es
tureeu

?

APPENDIX.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES.'

College instruction in agriculture is given.in the colleges and universities receiving
the benefits of the acts of Congress of July 2, 1862, August 30, 1890, and March 4,
1907, which are now in operation in all the States and Territories except Alaska.
The total number of these institutions is 69, of which 67 maintain courses of instruc-
tion in agriculture. In 24 States and Porto Rico and Hawaii the agricultural colleges
are departments of the State universities. In 17 States separate institutions having
courses in agriculture are maintained for negroes. All of the agricultural colleges
for white persons and several of those for negroes offer four-year courses in agri-
culture and its related sciences leading to bachelor’s degrees, and many provide
for graduate study. About 60 of these institutions also provide special, short, or
correspondence courses in the different branches of agriculture, including agronomy,
horticulture, animal husbandry, poultry raising, cheese making, dairying, sugar
making, rural engineering, farm mechanics, and other technical subjects. The
agritultural experiment stations, with very few exceptions, are departments of the
agricultural colleges. All of the colleges have extension services for conducting
cooperative extension work in agriculture and home economics in accordance with
the act of Congress of May 8, 1914. With a few exceptions, each of the land-grant
colleges offers free tuition to residents of the State in which it is located. In the
excepted cases scholarships are open to promising and energetic students, and in
all opportunities are found for some to earn part of their expenses by their own labor.
The expenses are from $125 to $300 for the school year.

]

Agricultural colleges in the United States.

State or Territory. Name of institution. Location. President.

Alabama.......-.. Alabama Polytechnic Institute.......... BU oc ad Ste Spright Dowell.
Agricultural School of the Tuskegee No1- | Tuskegee Institute..| R. R. Moton.?
maland Industrial Institute.

ural and Mechanical College for | Normal...........-- W.S. Buchanan.
egroes.
W440 71) 1). ae of Agriculture of the University | Tucson............-. D. W. Working.*
of Arizona.
Arkansas.......-.. Cols Sot Agriculture of the University | Fayetteyille.........| Bradford Knarp.®
of Arkansas.
Branch Normal College................. Ping Blot ooo. scat J. G. Ish, jr.
California.........| College of Agriculture of the University | Berkeley............ T. F. Hunt.’
of California.
Colorado......... were te Agricultural College of Colo- | Fort Collins........- C. A. Lory.
rado.
Connecticut ...... Connecticut Agricultural College. ....... Ln as i ce aig C. L. Beach.
Delaware......-. PEIIOCIR WATG:CONCER. nck an unndigwee denne ING EYE 8 ac ete iene Walter Hullihen.
State College for Colored Students....... DOVER roms ee” W.C. Jason.
Wiorida sbspet eh. oer 4 or peetenlinrs of the University | Gainesville.......... P. H. Rolfs.8
of Florida.
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical | Tallahassee......... N. B. Young.
College for Negroes.
Georgia...44..5- << Georgia State College of Agriculture..... Athens..............| A. M. Soule.
Georgia State Industrial College.......-.. | Savannah..........- R. R. Wright
PAA WAL oy cs. 05 345 University of Hawaii. .................-- | Honolulu...........} A. L. Dean.
1 Including only institutions established under the land-grant act of July 2, 1862.
2 Principal. 3 Dean.

30702°—21 505

506 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.,

Agricultural colleges in the United States—Continued.

State or Territory. | Name of institution. | Location. President.
idaho s-e---= 4 ! ee ge “al Agriculture of the University | Moscow .-.........--- E. J. Iddings.!
of Idaho.
Tilingis.-.2-.<:-.- ee of Agriculture of the University | Urbana.......--.... E. Davenport.
0 nois.
Indiana...........| School of Agriculture of Purdue Univer- | La Fayette.......... J. H. Skinner.!
sity.
TW. eee Sook Iowa State College of Agriculture and | Ames-..-......-.-..-- R. A. Pearson.
Mechanic Arts.
Wancas, 2.03. 2-2 Kansas State Agricultural College... ...- Manhattan. ........- W. M. Jardine.
Kentucky..-....- The eer of Agriculture of the Univer- | Lexington........... T. P. Cooper.t
sity of Kentucky.
The Kentucky Normal and Industrial |} Frankfort........... G. P. Russell. :
Institute for Colored Persons.
Louisiana.........| Louisiana State University and Agricul- | University Station, | T. D. Boyd.
turaland Mechanical College. Baton Rouge.
Southern University and Agricultural | Scotlandville........ J. S. Clark.
and Mechanica] College of the State of
Louisiana.
Meine! 27° 22 Mapes of Agriculture of the University | Orono..........--... L. S. Merrill.t
of Maine.
Maryland...-..... University of Maryland................. College Park........ A. F. Woods.
Princess Anne Academy. .........---.-- Princess Anne.......| T. H. Kiah.2
Massachusetts --...| Massachusetts Agricultural College... ..- Ambhorst2ic. S143) K. L. Butterfield.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3..| Cambridge-.-........ Elihu Thompson.#
Michigan ........- Michigan Agricultural College........-.- East Lansing........| F. S. Kedzie.
Minnesota. ......- Department of Agriculture of the Uni-| University Farm, | R. W. Thatcher.
versity of Minnesota. St. Paul.
Mississippi-.-....... rg Agriculturaland Mechanical | Agricultura] College.| D.C. Hull.
ollege.
Ase Agriculturaland MechanicalCol- | Aleorn...........-.. L. J. Rowan.
ege.
Missouri.........- College of Agriculture of the University | Columbia. -.......... F. B. Mumford.!
of Missouri. :
School of Mines and Metallurgy of the | Rolla................ A. L. McRae.s
University of Missouri.3 : '
Lincoln Institute. 2206 . 32n. sessile: Jefferson City. ...... Clement Richardson,
Montana.........- Montana State College of Agriculture | Bozeman Alfred Atkinson.
and Mechanic Arts.
Nebraska: .-...... College of Agriculture of the University | Lincoln............-
of Nebraska.
Nevada...-....... College of Agriculture of the University | Reno.............-..
of Nevada.
New Hampshire. .| New Hampshire College of Agriculture | Durham............
and the Mechanic Arts.
New Jersey......- StateCollege of Agricultureand Mechan- | New Brunswick

ic Arts of Rutgers College and the
State University of New Jersey.

New Mexico...... New Mexico College of Agriculture and | State College........ R. W. Clothier.
Mechanic Arts.
Naw YOrk:s.s<ss 2 New York State College of Agriculture | Ithaca............... A. R. Mann.!
at Cornell University.
North Carolina...| The North Carolina Staté College of Ag- | West Raleigh....--. W.C. Riddick.
ricultureand Engineering.
Negro Agriculturaland TechnicalCollege.| Greensboro.........- J. B. Dudley.
North Dakota....| North Dakota Agricultural College. ..... Agricultural College.| E. F. Ladd.
ORIG. ssc seneeee ss College of Agriculture of Ohio State Uni- | Columbus..-.......... Alfred Vivian.!
versity.
Oklahoma........ Soe Agriculturaland Mechanical | Stillwater-........... J. W. Cantwell.
ollege.
Colored Agricultural and Normal] Uni- | Langston.........-.- J. M. Marquess.
versity.
Oregon’... -%s- <5 -: Oregon Agricultural College............. CRO ORIIN an So ae span W. J. Kerr.
Pennsylvania.....| The School of Agriculture of the Penn- | State College........ R. L. Watts."
sylvania State College.
Porto Rico....... College of Agricultureand Mechanic Arts| Mayaguez..........- C. E. Horne.!
of the University of Porto Rico.
Rhode Island..... Rhode Island State College.............-. WRAaTiPeeeh.. Gacccenee Howard Edwards.
South Carolina..| The Clemson Agricultural College of | Clemson College. .... W. M. Riggs.
South Carolina. 1
State Agriculturaland Mechanical Col- | Orangeburg... ..----- R. 8. Wilkinson. {
lege of South Carolina.
South Dakota....| South Dakota State College of Agricul- | Brookings....-...---. W. E. Johnson.

tureand Mechanic Arts.
Tennessee........| College of Agriculture, University of Ten-| Knoxville...........| H. A. Morgan. ‘
nessee,

Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial} Nashville..........- W. J. Hale.
State Normal] School.
1 Dean. « Acting Director.
2 Principal. 6 Director,

3 Does not maintain courses in agriculture,

—— a

- Agricultural Experiment Stations.

507
Agricultural colleges in the United States—Continued.
State or Territory. Name of institution. Location. President.
PIPEASs.lo52-<<--- oe and Mechanical College of | College Station.....-. | W.B. Bizzell.
exas. |
Prairie View State Normal and Indus- | Prairie View. ......- | J. G. Osborne.!
trial College. |
a The Agricultural College of Utah......-.. Logan: sye22 tae. | E. G. Peterson.
Vermont......... College of Agriculture of the University | Burlington.......... J. L. Hills.?
of Vermont.
Wireinis). 525.....- The Virginia Agricultural and Mechani- | Blacksburg.-...-....-| J. A. Burruss.
cal College and Polytechnic Institute.
The Hampton Normal and Agricultural | Hampton.-........-.-. J. E. Gregg.!
Institute. |
Washington...... State canes of Washington..-........... PUUMIaN see ese eee | E. O. Holland.
West Virginia - -.. ree of Agriculture of West Virginia | Morgantown......... J. L. Coulter.?
niversity.
The West Virginia Collegiate Institute. ..| Institute..........-- J. W. Davis.
Wisconsin ........ College of Agriculture of the University | Madison..........-..- H. L. Russell.?
of Wisconsin.
Wyoming...-...>.| College of Agriculture, University of | Laramie............. | / A. D. Faville.?
Wyoming.
1 Principal. 2 Dean.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Alabama eonee) Auburn: J. F. Dyeee
Alabama (Cane rake), Uniontown: J. M. Burgess.
Alabama (Tuskegee), Tuskegee Institute: G. W.

Carver.
Alaska, Sitka (branch stations at Rampart, Kodiak,
Fairbanks, and Matanuska): C. C. Georgeson.!
Arizona, Tucson: D. W. waking,
Arkansas, Fayetteville: Bradford Knapp.
California, Berkeley: C. M. Haring.
Colorado, Fort Collins: C. P. Gillette.
Connecticut (State), New
Fn ote E. H. Jenkins.
Connecticut (Storrs), Storrs
Deja ware, Newark: C. A. McCue.
Florida, Gainesville: P. H. Rolfs.
Georgia, Experiment: H. P. Stuckey.
Guam ?: C. W. Edwards.’
Hawaii (Federal), Honolulu: J. M. wear
Hawaii (Sugar Planters’), Horolulu: H. P. Agee.
Idaho, Moscow: E. J. Iddings.
lliinois, Urbana: E. Davenport.
Indiana, La Fayette: G.I. Christie.
Towa, Ames: C. F. Curtiss.
Kansas, Manhattan: F. D. Farrell.
Kentucky, Lexington: T. F. Cooper.

Louisiana—
(State), University Station,
—— ee a
, Ne Orieans. sae aie W. H. Dalrymple.
North Louisiana), Calhoun -
Rice), Crowley.............
aine, Orono: J. M. Bartlett.‘

Maryland, College Park: J. H. Patterson.

Messachusetts, Amherst: S. B. Haskell.

Michigan, East Lansing: R. S. Shaw.

Minnesota, University Farm, St. Paul: R. W.
Thatcher.

Mississippi, Agricultural College: J. R. Ricks.

1 Agronomist in charge.
2 Address: Island of Guam, via San Francisco.

Missouri (College), Columbia: F. B. Mumford.
Missouri (Fruit), Mountain Grove: F. W. Faurot.
Montana, Bozeman: F. B. Linfield.

Nebraska, Lincoln: E, A. Burnett.

Nevada, Reno: 8. B. Doten.

New Hampshire, Durham: J. C. Kendall.

New Jersey (College), New Bruns-

J.G. Lipman.

nA eis 2 weap ais lr = tee aaa ea

New Mexico, State College: Fabian Garcia.

New York (State) Geneva: W. H. Jordan.

New York (Cornell) Ithaca: A. R. Mann.

North Carolina, Raleigh and West Raleigh: B. W.
Kilgore.

Neth Dakota, Agricultural College: P. F. Trew-

ridge.

Ohio, Wocster: C. E. Thorne.

Oklahoma, Stillwater: H. G. Knight.

Oregon, Ccrvallis: J. T. Jardine.

Pennsylvania, State College: R, L. Watts.

Pennsylvania (Institute of Animal Nuiritior),
State College: H. P. Armsby.

Porto Rico (Federal), Mayaguez: D. W. May.!

Pcrto Rico (Insular), Rio Piedras: E. D. Colén.

Rhode Island, Kingston: B. L. Hartwell.

South Carolina, Clemson College: H. W. Barre.

South Dakota, Brookings: J. W. Wilson.

Tennessee, Knoxville: H, A. Morgan.

Texas, College Station: B. Youngblood.

Utah, Logan: F.S. Harris.

Vermont, Burlington: J. L. Hills.

Virginia at Blacksburg: A. W. Drinkard, jr.

Virginia (Truck), Norfolk: T. C. Johrson.

Virgin Islands, St. Croix: Longfield Smith.

Washington, Pullman: E. C. Johnson.

West Virginia, Morgantown: J. L. Coulter.

Wisconsin, Madison: H. L. Russell.

| Wyoming, Laramie: A. D. Faville.

® Animal husbandman in charge.
4 Acting director.

508

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

STATE OFFICERS IN CHARGE OF COOPERATIVE AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION WORK.

Alabama: L. N. Dunean, Alabama Polytechnic
Institute, Auburn.

Arizona: W. M. Cook, College of Agriculture,
University of Arizona, Tucson.

Arkansas: M. T. Payne, Southern Trust Build-
ing, Little Rock.

California: B. H. Crocheron, College of Agriculture,
University of California, Berkeley.

Colorado: H. T. French, State Agricultural College
of Colorado, Fort Collins.

Connecticut: H.J. Baker, Connecticut Agrieultural
College, Storrs.

Delaware: C. A. McCue, Delaware College, Newark.

Florida: P. H. Rolfs, College of Agriculture, Uni-
versity of Florida, Gainesville.

Georgia: J. Phil Campbell, Georgia State College
of Agriculture, Athens.

Jdaho: L. W. Fluharty, The Statehouse, Boise.

Illinois: E. Davenport, College of Agriculture,
University of Illinois, Urbana.

Indiana: G. I. Christie, Purdue University, La
Fayette.

Iowa: R. K. Bliss, lowa State College of Agricul-
ture and Mechanic Arts, Ames. —

Kansas: Harry Umberger, Kansas State Agricul-
tural College, Manhattan.

Kentucky: T. P. Cooper, College of Agriculture,
University of Kentucky; Lexington.

Louisiana: W. R. Perkins, Louisiana State Uni-
versity and Agricultural and Mechanical College,
University Station, Baton Rouge.

Maine: L. S. Merrill, College of Agriculture, Uni-
versity of Maine, Orono. __

Maryland: T.B. Symons, University of Maryland,
College Park.

Massachusetts: J. D. Willard, Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College, Amherst.

Michigan: R. J. Baldwin, Michigan Agricultural
College, East Lansing.

Minnesota: A. D. Wilson, Department of Agri-
culture, University of Minnesota, University
Farm, St. Paul.

Mississippi: R.S. Wilson, Mississippi Agricultural
and Mechanical College, Agricultural College.

Missouri: P. H. Ross,! College of Agriculture, Uni-
versity of Missouri, Columbia.

Montana: F. S. Cooley, Montana State College of
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Bozeman.

Nebraska: W. H. Brokaw, College of Agriculture,
University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

Nevada: C. A. Norcross, College of Agriculture,
University of Nevada, Reno.

New Hampshire: J. C. Kendall, New Hampshire
College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts,
Durham.

New Jersey: L. A. Clinton, Rutgers College and
the State University of New Jersey, New Bruns-

wick.

New Mexico: C. F. Monroe, New Mexico College
of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, State College.

New York: A. R. Mann, New York State College
of Agriculture, Ithaca.

North Carolina: B. W. Kilgore, North Carolina
State College of Agriculture and Engineering,
West Raleigh.

North Dakota: G. W. Randlett, North Dakota
Agricultural College, Agricultural College.

Ohio: H. C. Ramsower, College of Agriculture,
Ohio State University, Columbus.

Oklahoma: J. A. Wilson, Oklahoma Agricultural
and Mechanical College, Stillwater.

Oregon: P. V. Maris, Oregon Agricultural College,

pompous M. S. McDowell, Pennsylvania
ennsylvania: . S. MeDow i
State College, State College. :

Rhode Island: A. E. Stene, Rhode Island State

College, Kingston.
South Carolina: W. W. Long, Clemson tural
College of South Carolina, Clemson College.
South Dakota: W. F. Kumlein,! South Dakota
Tomcoe Ck. Kote Cael ie Agriculture,
ennessee: C. A. Keffer, ege 0
University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Texas: T. O. Walton, Agricultural and Mechanical
College of Texas, College Station.
Utah: R. J. Evans, Agricultural College of Utah,

Logan.
Vermont: Thomas Bradlee, University of Vermont
; and —F A - Siw coe Le
Jirginia: J. R. Hutcheson, Virginia ytechnie
Institute, Blacksburg.
Washington: S. B. Nelson, State College of Wash-
Weat Virginia: ‘NT, Frame, College of Agricul
est Virginia: N. T. me
ture, West Virgini University, Morgantown.
Wisconsin: H. L. Russell, ege of Agriculture,
ES game ppp an geen ape
‘yoming: A. E. Bowman of Agriculture,
University of Wyoming, tate

STATE OFFICIALS IN CHARGE OF AGRICULTURE.

Alabama: Commissioner of Agriculture, Mont-

omery.

Aneanie Dean, College of Agriculture, Tucson.

Arkansas: Commissioner of Bureau of Mines, Manu-
factures, and Agriculture, Little Rock.

California: Director of Agriculture, Sacramento.

Colorado: Commissioner, Colorado State Board of
Immigration, Denver.

Connecticut: President, State Board of Agriculture,
Hartford.

Delaware: President, State Board of Agriculture,
Dover.

Florida: Commissioner of Agriculture, Tallahassee.

Georgia: Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta.

Idaho: Commissioner of Agriculture, Boise.

Illinois: Director of Department of Agriculture,
Springfield.

Indiana: President, State Board of Agriculture, In-
dianapolis.

Iowa: President, Department of Agriculture, Des
Moines.

Kansas: President, State Board of Agriculture, To-
peka.

Kentucky: Commissioner of Agriculture, Frank-
fort.

Louisiana: Commissioner of Agriculture and Immi-
gration, Baton Rouge.

Maine: C oner of Agriculture, Augusta.

Maryland: Executive offices, State Board of Ag-
riculture, Kensington.
Massachusetts: Commissioner of Agriculture, Bos-
ton.
Michigan: President, Michigan AgriculturalCollege,
Fast Lansing.
Minnesota: Commissioner of Agriculture, St. Paul.
Mississippi: Commissioner of Agriculture and Com-
merce, Jackson.
Missouri: President, State Board of Agriculture,
Jefferson City.
Montana: Commissioner of Agriculture and Pub-
licity , Helena. f-
Nebraska: Secretary, Department of Agriculture,
incoln.
Nevada: Dean, College of aa on gg Reno.
mew, Hempare: Commissioner of Agriculture,
oncord.
New Jersey: Secretary of Department of Agricul-
ture, Trenton.
New Mexico: President, New Mexico College of Ag-
riculture and Mechanile Arts, State College.
New York: Commissioner of Agriculture, Albany.
— ; ——— Commissioner of Agriculture,
aleigh.
North Dakota: Commissioner of Agriculture and
Labor, Bismarck.
Ohio: Secretary of Agriculture, Columbus.

1 Acting director.

|
.
‘
:
;
.

—_

Se

Dye ay

State Officers in Charge of Extension Work.

Oklahoma: President, State Board of Agriculture,
Oklahoma City.

Oregon: President, Oregon Agricultural College,
Corvallis. ,

Pennsylvania: Secretary of Agriculture, Harris-

burg.

Rhode Island: Secretary of State Board of Agricul-
ture, Providence.

South Carolina: Commissioner of Agriculture, Com-
merce, and Industries, Columbia.

South Dakota: Commissioner of Immigration,
Pierre.

ee Commissioner of Agriculture, Nash-
ville.

509

Texas: Commissioner of Agriculture, Austin.

Utah: President, Agricultural College of Utah,
Logan.

Vermont: Commissioner of Agriculture, Montpelier.

Virginia: Commissioner of Agriculture and Immi-
gration, Richmond.

Washington: Commissioner of Agriculture, Olym-
pia.

West Virginia: Commissioner of
Charleston.

Wisconsin: Commissioner of Agriculture, Madison.

May Goa Commissioner of Immigration,
CSheyenne.

Agriculture,

STATE FORESTRY DEPARTMENTS, FORESTRY EXTENSION SPECIALISTS,
AND FOREST SCHOOLS, TO WHICH INQUIRIES SHOULD BE MADE
CONCERNING THE HANDLING OF FARM WOODLAND PROBLEMS IN

THE RESPECTIVE STATES.

State Office or officer, and address.
Alabama.........- State commissioner of Conservation, Montgomery, Ala.
California.......... State forester, Sacramento, Calif
Coloradoz......... State forester, Fort Collins, Colo.

Connecticut ....-..| State forester, New Haven, Conn.
Georeiaee se: 3: =. Forestry department, Georgia State College of Agriculture, Athens, Ga.
Idaho...... ideo ace se University of Idaho School of Forestry, Moscow, Idaho.
EVENS oe on as oa of State forester, Indianapolis, Ind.
erties hoe. 6. Es! State forestry commission, Des Moines, Iowa.

Forestry department, Iowa State College of Agriculture, Ames, Towa.
LGC 6 A ees State forester, Manhattan, Kans.2
Kentucky -.-...... Commissioner of agriculture, labor, and statisties, Frankfort, Ky.)
Louisiana--.-...-.. Superintendent of forestry, conservation commission, New Orleans, La.
LD ee aS Forestry department, University of Maine, Orono, Me.!
Maryland.-........ State forester, Baltimore, Md.1
Massachusetts. .... State forester, Boston, Mass.1
Michigan’. .=.-.'.. .-; Forestry department, Michigan Agricultural College, East Lansing, Mich.
Minnesota........- State forester, St. Paul, Minn.
eINsOGr?.. =~ ->.j2- Professor of forestry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

Montana...........| University of Montana, School of Forestry, Missoula, Mont.

New Hampshire...| State forester, Concord, N. H.1

New Jersey..-:--...| State forester, Trenton, N. J.
2 Sa Superintendent of forests, conservation commission, Albany, N. Y.!
North Carolina....| Forester, State geological and economic survey, Chapel Hill, N.C.

Forest extension specialist, North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts,

West Raleigh, N.C.

North Dakota.....| State forester, Bottineau, N. Dak.1
INOS caecte win os- 02 State forester, Wooster, Ohio.1
DOnerane sso... Oregon Agricultural College, School of Forestry, Corvallis, Oreg.
Pennsylvania...... Commissioner of forestry, Harrisburg, Pa.! é
Rhode Island...... Commissioner of forestry, Chepachet, R. I.
Tennessee Forester, State geological survey, Nashville, Tenn.
Wh ne ee = ae State forester, College Station, Tex.
Vermont ......-..-| Chief forester, Montpelier, Vt.1
SVINCUTRO a2 s:2,c050 State forester, University, Va.1
Washington.....-.. State College of Washington, Pullman, Wash.

: University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
Wisconsin ......-... | Conservation commission, Madison, Wis.!

1 Planting stock distributed free or practically at cost to residents of the State.

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

510

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512

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528

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530

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STHNO MM 910) | °* “TOMO DONT “ay AN |=" ose een merc YWOM WO [7-7 “<(iominey “Si -. ansve'y aAt}00901g ,SIoddTYS yooIg OAT] SBXOL
‘SURG! |e * uMOIg, yjourargy |" **** €°U ‘18 XOg ‘WWIOM WOT |----*-** BPUOUIIG TSC a ee ee ee eee qnyig e11989 Aosso pf SBXOT,
MBIEOIOO (| ase GUAOTH rT Nese s eee Te owed |°"""""" yoy bocelays (WORT CLT [gin hia es UONBMossy ,SIOpdoIg oN pus yous svxoy,
tOfesuy dup) es lea St rate (0) (hp footer ie KIL YOM 310 |" BY Mel= (o> (oh e fe peleg Wal > a fee garetts aes diate hk le eee UOT{VIOOSS VY PAOJOIOJ] SVXOT,

*SBXOL

STASOIMUE OS ne ee WH W'M | JO'W pus ‘y ‘uoTeIg os0T[0D |*"*" ">" * RINE Uno UOTIBIOOSSY SIO poi snsuy-ud9epseq VY SBXOT
“OUrupy| sso = eRe AT Ase Sa este Seine aS epee nee ae ws sto See alee BEA oS SBXOT, JO UOTJBTOOSS y ,SIOsTeY yor pus dosyg

ro) Fo) |
opoltayy “a7 . M “SBodL PCI) BI leer eset el ose 2 Sai SOE NI IRE RS SEE I OT TOE ect r wWoT]BIOOss Y (SIOSTRY yeon Ri0osuy AOTIBA $000 J
SSOUQUSED| <3" > SUB OOIM aan ones yee os age soaganry |/-°="--°"* SOOT ‘oaw re UOTYBIOOSS V ,SLOPodI | PsOjoIo FT o~puByue
‘seed, [ott nog Ty fcc “supe |i TSW OO [ SbXO J, JO QUI) ,SIOPIIg UvISO,J-UIaISTOH

“SVXGL
‘aaxowyy [toes tes xouy ‘q¢y fc See Ane denise ntatealsdedae das pees ccamsh sh eenl ew Seek wed omcp LUOTRPOSSY ,SAOPaarg WIOYIOY oossauueg,
“aT LA YSBN ‘ANUVA V SBTTBC e08T ee *STAIO JY * OT ai eee eee eee ees “TH supnidg Se qeqdure, “0an ent eee seee “""""="1OTPBIO0SS V ,S1O PIO FT Aasio (' dSSeUUD J,
a *OT[TA XO see wee tee e eee ete lew wee wee sateen we wee wee tate ee tleweee re ee ala wenn uoNRoss Vy (SIO po1g snauy-uveepseg ¥ eossouud y,
“OTTTAYSCN Re acme fenee ney sf ERAT EIS SIS ISELIN RD NON Gf “**qpaqdurey souere[O “**""""""=-T1OTVBIOOSS V ,SIOPIII_ Joog oossouud y, O[PPIA,

“AASSAaNNGL

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

532

“RTVRAA BITBAL [727 Te PE es cane saennaSbAenlepethe|> seen paappeannveneaans shen) Sasa seas seo
: “O[BpUoT | i gl FO ean a a ete uoysuyty | eseiM “a Uyor |" *” WOT}ETOossy ,Siopeolgy Aasuions) oy839 WOITUTYSE AM.
raueyods “Ga a | Sia all: Sa ae oats a hag udpooy |" "8 TOSTIM “WW "D |" MOTIBIOOSSY BOIS PANT Pog Nd WoISUTYSE A
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"OIA da Seam ak ORAHTie LL CEMISCH LS. AVS eRe O08 ee 6 OP id cUENOBUATY ‘ROBE doysia “ULM. weet eweee WOT} BOSSY Sis pooig, ute qS]O wopsUTYsSe MA
Sy oe Ret SOU UNe R EWS CRAIN Se See Oe OES ASG BAe Os ee stTeqeyo jroscetss preToos "Vy “Lr soteeeeess**"=-TOISTTYSBAA JO TOT} BOSSY peiun
. wenn secercee wro0.1yshNnv ‘ a e Vv aubkouseocenqodasessescasneeseode bec eoayaunessienessaen sa=s|p cesses eandss\ 00 eT ee TOTBossy $,ue) a18I¢
dns uOles ak hOt Os Mae ems Nahe eh Soo ge eh Ar em oA ee S usa, [.-senserennnesensuctecss|pcensseat het 1006 Ae aaa nee oe
“Hope ee ee wea *seyO wee ew ewer eeeeeeeeee WOJSSUTATT, | i SoTUN ‘d rf ee WOT }BPOsSsSy Sie pooig: ps0jale Hy qsaanqVion

‘NOLONIHSVM
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OTAUIIBY, |” DICMOM TY |e ees qser0,q ALoqpoo AA | °° 7°" CORTE. BE, [ee TOT EPOSsY S$, WOULAITEC 9787S BIUTSITA
*Finqsyoo poly wee UIAPTeg . fo) yuely a ne suetcled wate na tae ERE ES |. «nat 580,55 MEMES SAP ON STORRS RAS SSO ee eee qny CELL) Sesser BIuTaITA
-sdutadg eperTD |°-°""" ueueypng, Mich Sighs PP RARE SAAB SIAR EE WOLJBOOSSY (Suopoolg s -ueepleq ¥ Bruit A
“goysoyout A |" 10989 “O a Ree eRe N AIR RIND aig # Leer lh UI gin SAAR TE Ne WOTZBPOSs ¥ Siopoolg, wioqyoys AOTTEA yeopueueys
‘oyAssoyeynoW |" -"*” SGROTSOEL ene PERE » SE aera WOTBWOSS VY YOOIS OAT peg Wd mweysurpyooy
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“VINIDUIA
i os eR EAA NS pe ee ne Ee
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“Kotte |" °*2 =" ono i i ake hie cena uoyssourmm¢ |" S10%014) 2 3m Chev ere eapeme Meee quo UBISOTJ-UTOIs|!OH }WOULIG A
‘oygoprByy |-t "°°" SRULET Le een wee eh eee wopuurg |" °° “uoyduped AA | woTeposs Vy SIepeetg LesureN{) }UOTLIO A
* proyuretd weeewcseee UTC NW Ree day (RSS AeA NEN ARAN Se NS" ONR T Cae cenelh UWOT}BIOOSS ¥ $, WOULAITe Cd quomle A
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aa CoS aera bo rh allah epenntnsts = = anette nein es
‘ssouppy “£1B40109g ‘ssoippV “queppelg “MOFJETOOSse JO GUTEN

ee ae

* ‘“DNOWUGA
“ponutjuog—SNOLLVIOOSSV WOOLS-AAIT ALVLS

‘panuyaop—SNOILVIOOSSV MOOLS*AArT

533

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‘auueAoyy |*°*"** UI TUNS GOTH Sey |e 8: sas awe a eases OnNON eae 71s (> 0 fad vil be paper a al cian UOT} BOSSY ,SIOMOI) OIG Sura04 A
“DNINOAM

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*‘Onlielg tng | ""=5°°° "=" yuoYy “WA AOTUCO TST AS << s ao DISPOO MAK [°° Asso =*seRese uoT}BPOSsy ,Slepsoig deayg uTsTOOST MA
“BOOAY |*"°*° pooAepug *O*T |*"* puog 189M |*"""""**""" MOY oe cl ee ee WOTPBIOOSSY -S1OPIII [[Od Por WISUOdSTM
° *Jeyseoue’y |°**"""** uosqog oTing, |*~ Joyseoue’y |*""** esnoyeloW *W Wt |" HOTJBIOOSSY ,S1OPoolg BUTYO-PUB[Og UISUOIST MA
“ “uos!peyy | -surydoyy * Ay Moupuy TAODUOT? |" 5° -- 3s" TORTIO‘T 247° AA. '|°S* 2s Ses UOTJBOSSY S1OPIIIG YOO 4g GAIT UTSUODSTM
~ ‘eT epuesoy |--***” WOS10}0q SOLIBYO ONC T OO [°° <* 72 WIG) Ve ARCs one ethene UOT{BPOOSSY ,Slopsolg AVSIOL UTSMODST AA,
4) “mos ey ee eeesecece JOT 9) “1 Ow ecescatrecscesessocune T1leysze eecencua den poom yi op eeeesceccessseces UOT} BIO0ssy Siopoolg? asloy UISUOOST A
= romAARyy [on MOPGOTTOR Uti inees Ses soar esas wuoidg yng |*******"- += Denes | cia om oe UOYBPOssy ,S1OPEE UTOIS[OH UISUODST AA
3 “eupeYy |-*-"*"-- IBDGOTGOS tet cee ete eee YWOMTBM |---*** wosdunoyy "AM *O |" *** MOTBPOssy ,Slopsol_ 9[948O P1OJa1O}{ UISUODST AA
S *Sujumoqg |*-**~- WWBYOVOWT’ AA “AA es JoJUeD puUBTyoIY | --** uomleg "Ty "Vy |"~* MONBPpOSsyY ,Siopsdig OULMg sITYSdUIe FY UPSUOOST MA
~) SIRGOAMIOCI |; . Rome ARIE ie eke eae ee eoyBuUNeM | --***** 9J99 .O “HH “W | UoTepossy Siopeoig omg AeSsJef-OOIN(] UISUODST AA
4 “HOSUR Y WOT |" PAVyOIME *O Med js elepuesoy | --*- WOSisjOy OBEN Tt oe ster WOT} BOSSY S,WeUTA ITEC UTSUOOST MA.
x POTTANea ne |< *“OONG Bay ety a=" Seo ewe woes WVUEASey | °°" =ss2 = JOYSTy Soules j--*-**** MOTPBPOSSY ,SIOPIel g 94TY AA -104S9YO UTSMOOST MA
See re i ay qynours{d --->=>+ 9gtam. Aruey{ meeeeseese=*=*-TOTVBIOPOT -SIOONPOIg OSdOY() UISUODST AA
re *UOSIPBA |"**"**** yoolp AeuoH |*********** SIOAY “'T “WW |" UoTyeIoossy ,S1Opee1g 91198 SSIMG WMOIG UISMOOST A
3 “SqTTea JOATY Ov, a 7 (a ee er es Ome Yy teen ew ewe weg ueq 29 ee ee OT] BOSSY Sispooig ormgsiAy UISUMOOST A
J SUONIDELVG|) 7 CRUG KL OEE) ala ee ee es Seen Jeyseoue’y |-**"-*** yorq[ey oye | -**- UOTIBTOOSSY ,S1Opsolg Susu y-UVeplOg Vy UISMOOSTMA,
” Ce ee se. erry TOSTpRV ee ee es bs Surpeoiq esi0y jo quourjiredep ‘mOTy R14 1 ey uoTle3s

“OOVNBA
B: Ate erotic sane eddie, aeniy |tn ere a ee strettaefoceecueeetaeeeneeeeeneee|ececceeeneerenes woTseyoossy ,sreonpo1g ATW eaAneMT
Mes “WOsTpRyY ‘Surpying Jeeworg |*-***"*- °° pik moth YyNOg |= - Pate SES Slee ates ce WOTJVPOSSY SIOpPed1g UBISETIJ-UTO4STOH
~ SIOGRA ALS see Bets Will ee ee eo a oe pregusieyy | 1e}10g ssoy *f |**""~ UOTPBOOSSY ,SIOpooig. Aosuiens) UISMOOST AA [8.19UE—

“NISNOOSIM
A

“SaMQstme'y | **** JOTTAHONT “HY [ett erlaspunoyy te: 90101d FTO “VW | *“UOTFBIOOSsV ,SIOPoolg WIOYIIOYS BIUIBITA 180M
“UOJSELIBYO | °° TUTGOIRAAN IE “ABO ice a” ose” Aa sik odespig | UOSsplAvd “g SNIARTT |“ WOIYBIOOSSY ,SIOMOID [OO A\ pues doayg BIuIsirA 3894
“Sanqs OM wate wees 3 “ee 4st) ‘9 "g ee er ee rr er ee ere Pr) ie OT} eOssy SIopeoig deeys BIUIZITA 4Sa Ay
: UM0j}Ue LOW rr ABSOATT . Vv ‘O er ry op Ss err op Ce ey woTyBossy 400g OAI'T BIUISITA 4SOM
“moTouBs ee ee MOT “A OTN daichii EL Starla S.mqsyre[o we enee e104) W PpIeAo es mOTe~WOssy Siopoo1g plojolo yy BIUISITA 4SOM.
“SUTOOuTL AL, ores uuemsoy ‘oO med | wn teee ee ek? Pas Cr oe ee Soe ee es uolRDossy Slepeolg olTysAy BIUISITA. qSOM
“SumooyM ‘1 WRUIAB A 1047 AL | “04M ‘SUIpy Mg, Youqynuryos |= - >= ** Teapreg af | BIOTSIIA 180M JO UONePOssy WBISoTIYy-UTeIS;OH

“VINIDOULA Leda

P F : : *
me i ie i i i i es

TABLE 1.—Corn: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920.
AREA.

Country.

NORTH AMERICA.

STATISTICS OF GRAIN CROPS, 1920.

CORN.

|
eee, | aid 1915
!

1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000

1916

1,000

acres. | acres. acres. acres. acres. acres,
United States......... 104, 229 | 103, 435 106, 197 105, 296 100,072 | 104,601
Canada:
Ongarie 5. . ocak 291 | 239
Quebet-s 37 + af) — 280 Sy epee i,
Total Canada. -- 315 | 256
Masienss*) 2225-5. ese 11, 554 24,748 ol. sr 92,765 |. ce) 93,874 22 eee
Matal 2.28. as 156, 008 | 028 ce cek el slam ee eaees|aeme re se ee eee pee
SOUTH AMERICA. a
Argentina: -<: - = ..3 8, 128 10, 260 8, 184
Ciille.2 1) 2s ee A 56 59}. 80] ~66]. °- 49) . © GS) 3 Ghee
Uracuay.<.. £.2.~= 551 | 692
Totals: --..2....] SFR 34 10, 467 | eee
EUROPE. a <r
AVIREFIS Sonos te esas 3761 4469) °° 5497) 8362)" Ti} ols, eee ae
Hungary proper ?..... 6, 038 G 220 OS hee oo en cele dae core eel eeee 71,
Croatia Slavonia #..... ee eee Peopere ae Peed pecs eres ae
Bosnia Herzegovina 3.. BIS | weet as dette toe bolle 20 on oe ee See
Bolearin®: =. 2. os ad 1, 544 1,571 71,392 71,419
Cretho-Blovakia<. ... 250245 & oa eases ae at ale ae See eee oe ae 8 36 292 ;
France & 2. 50 .6<.% 1, 155 1, 128 736 792 q
liaty_.2.. oooh, Te SS 3, 931 3, 894 , 3, 709 3, a
Jnra-Sldvia .:.\ 262 e 1: 3.8 ee tee ee cee le ee 3, 018 |
Portipah. << 2 3d SE ee sO ee 600 |.=... 3.8 32S) eo eee | Aso oem :
Roumania?........... 5, 143 5, 104 106,751 | 17,330 1
Russia proper 3....... 3, 173 3,186 |. 2,707 |. © 22,885. fo. se el Soe nel oe :
Northern Caucasia 3... 750 834 7
SE ee a TAA Yo 2.3. oof ok sg in fun Se oe oe |e - |e
ee ee tes Br 1, 134 1,137
Spaeeereiniites | ci... 5 )-~' ea
Cw See 5 Re Pes rad .
ASIA. tari tn Cae
British India........-. 6, 340 6, 146
TP ee eee eee 130 141
Philippine Islands. ... 992 1, O41
OSES Sak acto ae 7, 462 7, 328
AFRICA — i. ool a Meno fT eT eee
Pl. eee eee 34 GRila-s TInt ie
ys ee a ee ee 43 44
Egypt CNS, es 1, 857 1, 889 f
MOP OCO0. c5 eqiduey sca clove eaaleeee ear eek
Union of South Afcies : |... ju. aces tas tess
Tote s.<chc~.2t Ba aa Se oe
AUSTRALASIA. ae VL os <a —\) = 2 l= = ia cna |
Australia: 5
Queensland ....... 143 157 ;
New South Wales. 190 157 ;
Af” 18 18
Western Australia |.......... (2
South Australia... 1 (12)
DOtAR Ba des 23 a0h 352 | 332 |
—_—.|Vs ——SF eS Oe eee oes SSS
New Zealand......... 10 | 6/ -. .&).. ° Bl ee SORES SE Siise 7 See
Total Australasia .! 362 | 338 | 3 x 207 |..-+--s=
Grand total ...... | Tr 3 Cee | dawn aificecgcscu=t.fvep eatAoneay a: ne knamnoaea | ie i
1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where 7 New boundaries. 7
five-year statistics were not available. 8 Moravia only. 1
1 Unofficial. ® Includes Bessarabia, but excludes Dobrudja.
4 Old boundaries. 10 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, and Buko a ae ’
4 Excludes Galicia and Bukowina. 1 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, Bukowina, and
6 Includes Galicia and Bukowina; excludes Goritz Transylvania. é
and Gradisca. 14 Less than 500 acres. ;
¢ Includes Galicia; excludes Bukowina, Goritz, é
and Gradisca.

534

ee 4

—_

Statistics of Corn. 535

CORN—Continued.
TaBie 1.—Corn: Area and production in uwndermentioned countries, 1909-1920—Contd.
PRODUCTION.
Average} K |
Country. 1909-1913,| 1914 1915 1916 1917 | 1918 1919 1920
Norte america. | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000
| bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels.
United States......... 2, 708, 334 |2, 672, 804 |2, 994, 793 |2, 566, 927 |3, 065, 233 2, 502, 665 (2, 858, 509 |3, 232, 367
Canada: mie. eo
(utario-...,..---- | 17,436 | 13,410] 13,860 5, 960 5,960 13,015] 15,152] 12,915
GiEHEC=----.-----2 736 514 508 322 1, 303 1, 190 1,788 | 1,420
Cis Ci) te ees ee Le ee Cle Oe ae (ea ae A a en ae en a Beccetee
a 18,178 | 13,924) 14,368 6, 282 7,763 | 14,205| 16,940| 14,335
ae 164,657 | 78,443 | 60,000] 132,823 |.......... ee f- 22: be
Dia 2, 891, 169 |2, 765, 171 |3, 069, 161 |2, 706,032 |.......... 2, 592, 855 |.......... heen a
Rroontins............. | 174,502 | 263,135 | 338,235 | 161,133} 58,839 170,660 | 240,144 258, 636
Li 1, 390 1, 505 i 1, 570 1,338 | 1,446 1, 702 1,689
hy 6, 027 7,142 | 11,382 4, 604 6,815 | 7,086 6, 574 2, 784
Wotaleg......2 181,919 | 271,782 | 351,459 | 167,307] 66,992 179,192 | 248,420 | 263,159
EUROPE _ TWh oP aaee SS SS SSS Eee
iin ae 214,536 | 210,771 | 28,050 1.......--- 2, 810 2, 291 PB a 3g eee
Hungary proper 2..._. ena, Oc Ue lanl 7 2, S05 Mea BO OnOt a PS oel ee okt SED ee slo cae eewee 448, 319
Croatia Slavonia?2_..__ 24, 873 25, 000 O00 U eee . So SC ee ons 4 lag < cdonalec sateocde cee ceo
Bosnia Herzegovina 2.. 5
Jilen tr
Czecho-Slovakia
France ?........
UE
Jugo-Slavia......-.---
LS iii a re
Roumania 2..........-

Russia proper ?
Northern Caucasia ?. . .

yuh ae Se
chute. aa ee
Switzerland...........
ic) Fl a
ASIA
British India..........
Uf
Philippine Islands. ...
OC eae 98,323 | 100, 449
AFRICA
AUBCMMAMMNes cu oe. 32. 461 350
Coo >: b Soo ee a
ih 64, 220 73, 191
Voie Co) |S SS ee eee: (eee
Union of South Africa 20 ONE LE.) | eee
Gtele ce. 202.2... CNOA £1) ie en a
AUSTRALASIA. ee a
Australia:
Queensland. -..... 3, 280 3, 915
New South Wales 6, 091 4, 453
Valor 887 801
Western Australia. 1 2
South Australia... 5 2
i Se 10, 264 9, 173
New Zealand.......... 493 312
Vi 7 ae ae a 10, 757 9, 485

1 Five-year average, except in a few cases
five-year statistics were unavailable.

2 Old boundaries.

8 Excludes Galicia and Bukowina.

4 New boundaries.

102, 055

118,265} 110,992 111,628

Sit bes Baie es eee 3 236 253
D8 £682 IC are ae lea OER 257 197
73, 956 65, 485 CeO OS ar Gy ae See ee Se
Me ne enya ret Syl4ai)) BO60|....¢-20-] Boe
36, 607 | 26,304 | 36,516 | 45,143 | 41,201 | 42° 966
|
4, 261 2,003 3,019 4,188
3,175| 3,773 4, 333 3, 500
1, 018 1, 000 1,172 1, 153
(%) (°) 1 1
16 1 1
8,455 | 6,792 8,526 | 8,843] 6,912 |.........
284 340 | 274 368 et ee.
8, 739 7,132| 8,800| 9,211 vee
ER E> oe ae Ere ee
—_ —E — —————
where & Moravia only.

6 Excludes Alsace-Lorraine.

7 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, and Bukowina.
8 Former Kingdom and Bessarabia.

9 Less than 500 bushels.

ee ert TT, ee Ai, ee a

F 5888 .(|8 i
g $8588 | gs be : i
E SRERS 4 iat
Seotated ae , BAPem loro ANAND BORD :
is | S | £ | ¥idsldeigs saaote sriehs ;
< Met
Seer er etre are fee toe 7
> a a Fea a rec PRY Pee rs ee
sa, BA mm 22 a3 8 ™ pe Ghee: ple pe ba
AS a A ec ae : a saisia Naass Adds fii:
3 WY) g| 288888 f= | ee | “and
3 S| 2 | SH9NB52 fF | 4g | geeelesore orece
S| ®t acces | § 4 &
2 i i acres ce E | Gawelaanon noone
5 ve a ae a a $ | S4dd|sdaas danas
= 8 2/8! gegeid | § | # | 3
4 a i Ls Bay oot el ool od st ey RQ
2 2 iS Ripelacee =————=—=—=—=>= § be goes sien a Ger as
e 1d) _ | 288888 | § | gee | $22 [azesa f2e82
5 5 3 | 3 idgeeey| 5 | a2
>." Q 3 3 ea a Q, ma 2, a ‘
RSs |g sRRSese | wy Z| Gewa|moaun aacan wnoco
2 * ogd EiaTGS selaeeg - sais SRRaN didde adade
> g | 3 aa} ial | soe Le pele
: Sssaax | S tit
feos m | _SRBBEE be
' a | g| 888888.) ¢£ ig!
tee (ge
a |3\ afgueee J | Ss ‘<i
a afotatetater “4 m a
a ares 2% PEE
eee koe ghia
io @| iiiii |. #255
~
iB 222225 be

? Bushels of 56 pounds.

1 Excludes Poland.

fran
;

Statistics of Uorn.

CORN—Continued.

1849-1920.

| Chicago cash price per

537

TaBLe 4.—Corn: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States,

Nore,— Figures in i#alics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri-
culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated
published acreage of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage esti-
mates whenever new census data are available.

ercentages of increase or decrease to the

| Aver- | bushel, contract. Domestic | Per
Aver-| proaue- | 28¢ Farm | exports, | Taiperia cent
Acreage | age tion | farm | value | including | “ay | of
Year.| (000 |yield| (og9 | Price} Dee. 1 | December,| Flowing | corn meal,| "54" | crop
omitted)| per | omitted). |, Pe (000 ‘| May. fiscal |, Y°3r | ex-
acre. #)- ‘bushel| omitted). | year begin- | pestauing port-
Dec. 1. ning July1.. °™Y ed.
|Low.| High.|Low.| High.

Acres. |Bush.| Bushels. | Cenis.| Dollars. ct. Cts. | Cts.| Cts Bushels. | Bushels. |P. ct.
Sar ie aaa li TL REY A Ne) Pe See) a ae iia PR Sa Ee ay Fee el Sano 75002, BOOB ae 1.3
_ - ee ee SO. a ERS Rea RRs ae ima 4.248991 ~"""49190 | .5
1866..| 34,307 | 25.3 | 967,946 | 47.4| 411,451 | 33 | 62 |64 | 79 | 16,026,947, 34,970] 1.8
1867..| 32,520 | 23.6 768, 320 | 57.0 437,770 | 61 65 | 61 71 12, 493, 522 | 49, 922 1.6
1868..| 34,887 | 26.0 906,527 | 46.8 424,057 | 38 58 | 44 51 8, 286, 665 89, 809 a0
1869._| 37,103 | 23.6 | 74,320] 59.8| 522,551 56 | 67 173 | 85 | 2'140,487| ssigs%0| 2
DS nae aT CTI) I ea a eee eee] DNS ge Se Leen eal Beg SES ae
1870..| 38,647 | 28.3 | 1,094,255 | 49.4 540,520 41 | 59 | 46 52 | 10,673, 553 111,080 | 1.0
1871..} 34,091 | 29.1 991,898 | 43.4 430, 356 | 36 39 | 38 43 | 35,727,010 58,568 | 3.6
1872..| 35,527 | 30.8 | 1,092,719 | 35.3 385, 736 | 27 28 | 34 39 | 40,154,374 61,536 | 3.7
1873..| 39,197 | 23.8 932,274 | 44.2 411,961 | 40 | 49 | 49 59 | 35, 985, 834 76, 003 3.9
1874..| 41,037 | 20.7| 850,148 | 584| 496,271 | 64 | 76 | 53 | 67 | 30,025,036/ 38098 3.5

H : | } ' ;
1s75..| 44,841 | 20.5 | 1,821, 069 | 36.7 | 484,675 | 40 | 47 | 41 | 45 | 50,910,532| 51,796 | 3.9
1876..| 49,033 | 26.2 | 1) 283/828 | 34.0 | 436,109 40 | 43 | 43 | 56 | 72,652,611) 30,902, 5.7
-1877._| 50,369 | 26.7 | 1,342'558 | 34.8| 467,635 | 41 | 49 | 35 | 41 | 87192110] 13,423) 6.5
1878..| 51,585 | 26.9 1,388,219 | 31.7 440, 281 | 30 32. | 33 36 | 87, 884, 892 33,869 6.3
1879..} 53,085 | 29.2 | 1,547,902 | 37.5 580,486 | 39 | 434 | 322 | 36% | 99,572,329 58,876 6.4
1879._| 62,379 | 28.1 | 1,764,592 |....... ee be Heo shes SHB AK Berean hy ae ae eas
1880..| 62,318 | 27.6 | 1,717,435 | 39.6 | 679,714 | 358 | 42 | 413 | 45 | 93,648, 147 | 75,155 | 5.5
1881..| 64,262 | 12.6 | 1,194'916 | 63.6| 759,482 | 581 | 633 | 69 | 767 | 44,340,683 | 69,621 | 3.7
—3882._| 65,660 | 24.6 | 1,617,025 | 485 783, 867 | 492 | 61 | 532 | 56% | 41,655, 653 25,989 | 2.6
1883._| 68,302 | 22.7 1, 551, 067 | 42.4 658,051 | 544 | 633 | 524 | 57° | 46,258, 606 4804} 3.0
1884_. 684 | 25.8 | 1,795,528 | 35.7 640, 736 | 343 404 | 443 | 49 52, 876, 456 4,507 | 2.9

| } |
1885..| 73,130 | 26.5 | 1,936,176 | 32.8, 635,675 | 36 | 423 | 342] 363 | 64,820,617} 16,104-| 3.3

75, 694 | 22.0 | 1,665,441 |. 36.6| 610,311 | 35 | 38 | 362 | 398 | 41,368,584 | 30,536 | 25
1887_.| 72,393 | 20.1 | 1,456,161 | 44.4| 646,107 | 47, | 512 | 54 | 60. | 25,360,869 | 37,493 1.7
1888_..| 75,673 | 26.3 | 1,987,790 | 34.1 677, 562 | 334 | 35% | 332 | 35% | 70, 841,673 2,401 3.6
1889__| 78,320 | 27.0 | 2,112,892 | 28.3 597,919 | 293 | 35 | 323 | 35 (103,418, 709 1,62 | 49
1889. .| 72,088 | 29.4 2,122,828 |....... SSR Sake aap URE as ee aR ee nde stets | wees
iseo..! 71,971 | 90.7 | 1,489,970 | 50.6| 754,433 | 479 | 53 | 55 | 693 | 32, 041, 529 | 2,11! 22
1891..; 76,205 | 27.0 | 2,060,154 | 40.6 836, 439 | 39 | 59 | 40% 7100 | 76,602, 285 15,290 | 3.7
1892_.| 70,627 | 23.1 | 1,628,464 | 39.4 642,147 | 40 42% | 394 | 444 | 47,121, 894 1,881 | 29
1893..| 72,036 | 22.5 | 1,619,496 | 36.5 591,626 | 344 | 364 | 362 | 38} , 489, 529 2,199, 4.1
1894..| 62,582 | 19.4 | 1,212,770 | 45.7 554,719 | 443 | 474 | 473 | 554 | 28, 585, 405 16,575 | 2.4

| |

_ 1895..| 82,076 | 26.2 | 2,151,139 | 25.3 | 544,986 | 25 | 263 | 273 | 29% [101,100,375 4,338 4.7
- -1896..| 81,027 | 28.2 | 2,283'875 | 21.5} 491,007 | 224 | 233 | 23° | 254 |178,817,417 6,284 | 7.8
1897..| 80,095 | 23.8 | 1,902,968 | 26.3 501,073 | 25 27% | 323 | 37 |212, 055, 543 3,417 111
7898_.| 77,722 | 24.8 | 1,924,185 | 28.7 552, 023 | 334! 38 | 324 | 348 |177, 255, 046 4,171 | 9.2
1899..| 82,109 | 25.3 | 2'078,144 | 30.3 | 629,210 | 30 | 31% | 36 | 404 (2137123) 412 2) 480 | 10.3
—4899_.| 94,914 | 28.1 | 2,666,324 |....... | Pie nae to a ae UNG eee inn fe ie Se ee cces xabbiaet aceaaven | Lee

-
1900..| $3,321 | 25.3 | 2,105,103 | 35.7 | 751,220 | 354 | 403 | 42§ | 583 |181, 405, 473 5,169} &6
-3901..| 91/350 | 16.7 | 1/522'520 | 60.5 | 9217556 | 624 | 673 | 59% ead 28) 028,688 | 18, 278 | 18
1902..| 94,044 | 26.8 | 2,523,648 | 40.3 | 1,017,017 | 43 574 | 44 46 | 76,639, 261 40,919 | 3.0
~ 4903.-| 88,002 | 25.5 | 2,244,177 | 42.5 | 952,969 | 41 | 433 | 472 | 50 | 58,222,061| 16,633 | 26
“3904. .| 92,232 | 26.8 | 2'467,481 | 44.1 | 1,087,461 | 434. | 49 | 48 | 643 | 90,203,483 | 15, 443 | 3.7
1905..| 94,011 | 28.8 | 2,707,994 | 41.2 | 1,116,697 | 42 | 50} | 474 | 50 [|119,893,833| 10,127: 44
1906._| 96,738 | 30.3 | 2'927,416 | 39.9 | 1,166/626 | 40 | 46 404 56 | 86,368,228| 10,818| 3.0
_ 1907..| 99,9381 | 25.9 | 2,592, 3 51.6 | 1,336,901 | 574 | 614 | 67 82 | 55, 063, 860 20,312 | 2.1
1908. -] 101, 788 | 26. 2 | 2,668,651 | 60.6 | 1,616,145 | 56s | 624 | 724 | 76 | 37,665,040 | 258,085 | 1.4
EET, C02 OIG: |< ~ | - ce'ar ee a no lc coe slew een owes c [ace anu |lcccccccecasleccecatcave J-----
1909.-| 98; 383 | 96.9 | #7 652, 190 57.9" |°i; 477; 292°) 624 66 156 163" “1°38; 198; 498°) 222222222 17208

1 No. 2 to 1908. 2 Coincident with ‘‘corner.”’

538 Y earbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
CORN—Continued.

TaBLe 4.—Corn: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States,
1849-1920—Continued.

Chicago cash price per

Aver- bushel, contract. Domestic mais
Aver- age Farm exports,

Acreage| age Amedne rm | value | includin —
Year.| (000 | yield (000 price |} Dec.1 ondenteed Following | corn meal, ear

omitted)| per omitted). |, Per (000 ‘| May. fiscal year .

acre. * |bushel| omitted). year begin- July 1
Dec. 1. Tel ae SB a 7.
Low.| High.|Low.| High.

Acres. |Bush.| Bushels. | Cents.| Dollars. | Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts. | Bushels. | Bushels.
19101.| 104,035 | 27.7 | 2,886,260 | 48.0 | 1,384,817 | 453 | 50 | 522 | 55} | 65,614,522 |..-........
1911..| 105, 825 | 23.9 | 2,531,488 | 61.8 | 1,565, 258 | 68 70 iat 823 | 41, 797, 291 53, 425
1912. .| 107, 083 | 29.2 | 3,124,746 | 48.7 | 1,520,454 | 473 | 54 | 55 50,780, 143 | 903, 062
1913_.| 105, 820 | 23.1 | 2,446,988 | 69.1 | 1,692,092 734 | 67 724 | 10, 725, 819 |12, 367, 369
1914..| 103,435 | 25.8 | 2,672,804 | 64.4 | 1,722'070 | 624 | 68% | 503 50, 668, 303 | 9, 897, 939
1915..| 106,197 | 28.2 | 2,994,793 | 57.5 | 1,722,680 | 694 | 75 | 69 7 39, 896, 928 | 5, 208, 497
1916..| 105,296 | 24.4 | 2,566,927} 8&9 | 2,280,729| 88 | 96 |152 | 174 | 66,753,294 | 2, 267, 209
1917. .| 116, 730 | 26.3 | 3,065, 233 | 127.9 | 3,920,228 |160 | 190 150 | 170 | 49,073, 263 | 3, 196, 420
1918. .| 104, 467 | 24.0 | 2,502,665 | 136.5 | 3,416,240 |135 | 155 {1604 | 185 | 23,018,822 | 3,311,211
1919..| 100,072 | 28.6 | 2,858,509 | 134.7 | 3,851,741 '142 | 160 [189 | 217 | 16,707,447 |10, 229, 249
1920..| 104,601 | 30.9 | 3,232,367 | 67.7 | 2,189, 721 | 70} | 86 ||...0.]-. .22-]cc-: 2. poe ee

1 Figures adjusted to census basis.

TABLE 5.—Corn: Revised acreage, production, and farm value, 1879, and 1889-1909.

NotEe.—This revision for 1879 and 1889-1909 consists (1) in using the Department of A ulture’s esti-
mates of average yield per acre to compute, from census acreage, the total production, (2) in adjusting the
Department’s estimates of acreage for each year so as to be consistent with the following as well as the pre-
fallen census acreage, and (3) in recomputing total farm value from these revised production figures.

| gp ben
| Average ‘arm Farm value
Year. | Acreage. ie!d per Production. price per
acre, bushel cee ah |
Dec. 1. f
Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Cents Dollars.
USI. Sects a x ap lb esre On ae we ae 62, 869, 000 29. 2 1, 823, 163, 000 37.1 676, 251, 000
BONO S Sk Son 0.0 xk hed See ee 5 Is 72, 088, 000 27.7 1, 998, 648, 000 27.4 546, His 000
ROMP > £388, Oo 3 Cake abe Mey ae keen | 70, 390, 000 20. 7 1, 460, 406, 000 50. 0 729, 647, 000
WN sores, :.) Algs ask Se ee | 74} 496, 000 27.6 | — 2,055, $23, 000 39.7 816, 917, 000
Tp pia pak alate See Titers | 72, 610, 000 23.6 1, 713, 688, 000 38.8 664, 390, 000
pt. | SE a aa ERS Sop Ee Sa: | 74, 434, 000 22.9 1, 707, 572, 000 35.9 612, 998, 000 .
BOD4 . hE} Dhow po a a SI ase ed 69, 396, 000 19.3 1, 339, 680, 000 45.1 604, 523,000
MRD. Sede Seco a > fe ee cee op one 85, 567, 000 27.0 2, 310, 952, 000 25.0 578, 408, 000 -
1G, and. veces id Ate tit aR ae 86, 560, 000 28.9 2, 503, 484, 000 21.3 532, 884,000
S07) 5255: 68 2c nt Hey 20h Md ate 88, 127, 000 24.3 | 2, 144, 553, 000 26.0 558, 309,000
BROS don eutabedde tenclcddUgey eines a 88, 304, 000 25. 6 | 2, 261, 119, 000 28. 4 642, 747, 000 1
;
PE eee ee ee 94, 914, 000 25.9 2, 454, 626, 000 29.9 734, 917, 000
RO is idS a dix cinco Sige weblion 's ae 95, 042, 000 26.4 / 2, 505, 148, 000 35. 1 878, 243, 000
SMO) wittas A son Ws ed das ebi~ Ohh 94, 636, 000 17.0 1, 607, 288, 000 60.0 954, 543, 000
MOMs SUis Seo ctx 5 deb eale’s seera die 95, 517, 000 27.4 | 2, 620, 699, 000 40.0 1, 048, 735, 000
1 ep NE Fie aes 6 Salad 90, 661, 000 25.8 | 2,339, 417,000 42.1 984, 173, 000
NGO, Ghd ode nok a sce Ue sitebe> teas 93, 340, 000 27.0 | 2, 520, 682, 000 43.7 1, 101, 430, 000
AWOG., Ja 'bo.dau cnn wakes ele pie we aes 93, 573, 000 29.3 ) 2, 744, 329, 000 40.7 1, 116, 817, 000
IQ0G. ciacetricc «<< stk deat Peds se 93, 643, 000 30.9 2, 895, 822, 000 39.2 1, 135, 969, 000
LOOT... d didnt n n'ev oD Ana ee sgn ee 94, 971, 000 26. 5 | 2, 512, 065, 000 50. 9 1, 277, 607, 000
MOOG. iin. 3403 «0k cede ds ates Sa 95, 603, 000 26.6) 2, 544, 957, 000 60.0 | 1,527,679, 000
(000) osetia bic rtardinee tics 98, 883, 000 26.1 | 2, 572, 336, 000 58.6 1, 507, 185, 000

a

TaBLe §.—Corn: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1919 and 1920

per <

Lime Se eer ee

Statistics of Corn.

CORN—Continued.

Thousands of acres.

Production (thousands |

of bushels).
State.
1920 1919 1920 1919
Acres Acres. Bush. Bush.

OG Cs Sac 5 5 226 300

New Hampshire.............. 9 ll 405 512

Oe 25 22 1,175 1, 034

Massachusetts...............-2 21 26 840 1, 508

PPC ASIBTION So... ene 8 8 320 360

Donnecticnt.................-. 44 50 1, 804 2, 900
2 OL a 795 | 820 32, 595 35, 260

Oo Oc) a 260 260 11, 440 10, 400

OMCISVIVANIS..-.2.2.220.-.-0- 1, 490 1, 536 67, 050 72, 192
| eae 190 195 7, 125 5, 850 |

|

oe 670 680 25, 795 27, 880

Yonica 9s 1, 670 1, 670 50, 100 46, 760

West Virginia............ 650 650 22, 100 22, 100

North Carolina. . 2, 784 2, 800 64, 032 53, 200

2, 230 | 2, 270 42, 370 36, 320

5, 100 | 4, 820 76, 500 69, 890

780 | 830 10, 530 12, 450

3, 735 3, 668 162, 099 161, 392

4, 545 4, 500 184, 072 166, 500

8, 652 8, 400 294, 168 294, 000

1, 625 1, 625 65, 000 65, 000

1, 960 1, 845 86, 044 86, 715

3, 150 2, 900 118, 125 116, 000

10, 300 10, 000 473, 800 416, 000

6, 215 5, 650 198, 880 152, 550

711 508 17, 064 16, 764

3, 520 3, 200 105, 600 91, 200

ie 7, 030 255, 528 184, 186

5, 190 4, 100 137, 535 62, 320

Es 3, 300 100, 650 82, 500

Tennessee........ es cta osie po 3, 325 3, 300 93, 100 70, 620

| ELL Pe 2 A eee ea 4, 277 4, 334 67, 149 62, 843

WVSOS 170 9) ae rr 3, 980 3, 980 63, 680 59, 700

SNE a 1, 906 1, 850 36, 595 32, 375

(lh... eh ae 6, 700 6, 500 174, 200 195, 000

(OLS io ae 3, 190 2, 900 89, 320 69, 600

PANMASEDES eas seen oe sic an’ - 0 2, 360 2, 407 224 43, 326

Look i re 179 128 3, 580 1, 728

OGL Le a 65 50 1, 560 800

CP Tal Gis Sake eae eee 843 704 17, 450 11, 757

PNB WeMOKICO. ... occ iwc e cece 270 243 7, 155 7, 290

Oe ee 28 30 644 900

ot 24 18 521 324

Ae neo so ce ca nioese 1 1 33 30

UL 45 35 1, 800 1, 225

MPRRGIMPTON. 0 ccs. c cece eee 78 78 2, 808 2, 808

Ly ee A ee 46 45 1, 426 1,170

COALS a Ss eee | 90 90 3, 150 2, 970
\ —— ae

Wnited States........... | 104, 601 100, 072 | 3, 232,367 | 2, 858, 509

539

Total value, basis Dec.

1 price (thousands of
dollars).

1920 1919
Dolls. Dolls.
289 585
587 870
1, 480 1, 810
1, 050 2, 594
576 670
2, 526 5, 220
37, 810 532
9, 724 15, 912
67, 050 106, 122
5, 344 8, 482
20, 894 39, 032
50, 100 79, 024
25, 636 36, 244
72, 356 98, 420
49, 149 71, 550
80, 325 111, 824
10, 530 17, 430
110, 227 195, 284
108, 602 208, 125
173, 559 382, 200
53, 300 89, 7
66, 254 108, 394
60, 244 139, 200
222; 686 499, 200
127, 283 210, 519
12, 286 23, 470
44, 352 108, 528
104, 766 224, 707
60, 515 87, 248
82, 533 127, 875
80, 997 110, 873
65, 806 99, 920
64, 954 $5, 520
31, 106 48, 562
146, 328 230, 100
48, 233 88, 392
53, 567 71, 055
2, 864 2, 851
874 1, 320
12, 215 16, 695
7, 870 11, 008
1, 095 1, 800
782 486
53 42
1, 800 2, 021
3, 510 5, 195
1, 854 1, 814
3, 780 5, 316
2,189,721 | 3, 851, 741

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

540

CORN—Continued.

Production and distribution

1 897. —] 920.

the United States,

wm

Corn:

TABLE 7.—

[000 omitted, except in percentage columns.]

Crop.

Old stock

on farms

Propor-

tion mer-
chant-

Quantity. | Quality.

Nov. 1.

able. -

be 859 282 gnare o5ean 993:
i20eG2 Seda edaes Wess Gee!
Pict il ia 38888 fe
“atid sales Gee = 29598 2858
aegaee douse sgged datsz sige
Qf PaaS Gofal al salafotal odefolos
dded | ceeded Eddee dade as |
ae: :
Pdduue ddssa desis dived dada
5
a
88388 Gag 8e888 £2885 A888
seaceN SHEEN aeuge Agee ZEN
Qe AAT MATT otofatal odafetos
8 RHaas SSEBS BRgeg zeae
$ adede aed gases sid¢
$85 $2552 52552 S255 5225

TaBLE 8.—Corn (merchantable): Total corn crop and portion of merchantable slat,

1883-1920.

eee geeee seeee sees
geey GES SHEEE S2Es
‘gaees 82823 S2S5N 2228

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doit 6d SSssss SOgrr i ~ oat a

Ss z S . S395 28805 _ Somes -§3388 23558 Sens sane SARS 2283 a
Ss rc) uot | Saga Sides eheae s44e¢ didss santa desda “aes ads assals
= =) = SOSCSS SCOMNH HOMSONH HOMMH —ausee Snose wtoon Sess sae
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2] s SS ashi gt | saece aay Sosownw SHO Sonoe ooocon os SOOSS SoSnm Rhooos Sooo So00 > a
E |g |“) edged suite dees diode duced sngee aoced duds diag dada le

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} 4 nr) Sees seeee ened sees Sgage SeAgs guade Seeded Ades dees is |e

Se * . - * - m
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‘OZ6I-I16I ‘exe SASS QRH H SANS Speee s Dinars Ba WANAD HNOnOW anol g

° av iso | $3994 said sedis Siads ‘ adage donee gadde saa a | 5

i |) REA C seit ae ihe Miners oe REG ee MNS. Gee ee Ulery: 5. (ei mole hea Viste eee Eee CgiCe. ee ke ke iN ieee A Det ee Boe 8 a

> : 1h: phd COE CM Seer UEC ge RRL Se kT AMS pe a) oS ON i@n wot 9 sR Coun gue ao Baby ge ie Caeebaue a Mee’ ied
2 tet! ae ie Rv, ae eke. tos CRE & wate’ Gh AeA CON Ie.. CMM cat ane le ee. och seo Soe a ke

| 3 Lbs ae Bee meee Gps pie Lele e spy by wets ARMM 28h. Damme Syrah tot Mn Reel bBo 3

= ce in ees: Lied dis 292: S435 dad cs Cee , aes a

4 < 1 : el uo) Noah ‘aoe | BR. . 4B Nw cal

é dasda S23e8 Seezc ed38d Gfdis cosae edad S2553 2582 2283

‘ bing i
Ce a ee ee a ee ae eee ee a ae Se ee ae ee

Oct.

; rea

Year.

ae

Aug. Sept.) Oct.

ited States, on first of months named, 1900-1920. —

‘ Sept-, es Year. =

CORN—Continued.

Condition of crop, Un

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

yr earros

ARERR SZR
Prager m

4 | atReee ae

BPANCHArO

EB | q@adsees

1914-3.
1915....
1956-22
pL UW ee ©
NGIBL
191925
;

HoVeyrac
aRERSEB3
BAHOAM IH

A ZECKRRS ©
deeumecn

a BAATSRE

bho aha thar tat ha

a RRLBEBB

35
; yanonaan
ARBRRZZLE

POmrowa

A AZBARZALZSE

Birmowrmoo

a BRRLES &

B13 e319 sh st e719

S

= -

7
*

shld

Per cent of year’s sales.

OO tt ape a

pt pa OD et SH st

1915-16 1914-15 1919-20

sold monthly by

farmers of United States (millions of

bushels).

151.5

140.5

1919-20)1918-19 Kae

TABLE 12.—Corn: Monthly marketings by farmers, 1914-1920.
Estimated amount

Date.

TABLE 10.—Corn

542

Average. .-..-...

TaBLe 11.—Corn: Farm price, cents per bushel, on first of each month, 1911-1920.

Month.

July 1-..

AaA onnS

orien sae
“——

NOMND pt pc
id hoses Ooi

~Onrhy Ron
eons royce

NORCO Aogew

ove AY see

TOT DPiOAH
re

2SRR RRER

BB88 RSS

BBRR SSR SRER

RAS RLS
HRBN S358

aANRN BSSER

August... <......
September. -
let ll
November. ....
December.
January...

Sao oo ae

-0 ) 100.0

-0 | 100

| 100.0 | 100

February... .

485 100.0

2 |

o I BN ROS NOS! |
*)
Sa OL] ~AEBS RRBK BRR|R
“paos st ai aH
dATIOIJIOd | Aon x ‘oa
‘sed | Srieitiet cicigqgee aa [ag

Pe
[paruy | PS

>_>
“cA “) nine Cited an et he coe ‘
swodiwosr | EASTS Amat aan] a
| asmas «| WhegeRea egricieg area | cg
Tp jutid | a?
one, | Uagen aaog gaa[s
“Ho [BIOL | QAMRM ARRBA ANAT

PHAM Ata AOR | 19
Hats a Mel bay Hear H

*SuLI0Ig |

“eeAre

Statistics of Corn.
CORN—Continued

‘anystour | BRARV AAS oowlo
PATSSOOMOT (MA, OU etic et St Sirs co bedi sH
“oINystour BRIM SHAM HRS! cp
wuePNEed | ASRAAA WRAY RAS

TaBLeE 13.—Corn; Extent and causes of yearly crop losses, 1909-1919.

Pe he ee

RR RE nah RRS Be

: SWRITO Aly teehee’ 186 h@

ui Bet yeh siege Or aay a
Fs eo aoe be b 0 Bu nes

S Rats ce il a. c& ©

~ ge OR He rd Bole

' aphids cab eben t pges a
2358 S258 as8

Oe ees Tl

1 Less than 0.05 per cent.

ee eee ee ee eee ee.

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

544

Oi Maclin, (pala lM ik amet il Ha

“0261 “99CT oy ‘OGL “990 ‘OVA ‘UBNdATS ‘6161, °190 04 “ABW ‘Moped wyasore ;
“06-6161 ‘M0 Ont & —— *6I6T ‘POX Z "ON « “6I6T “IU Burmuydaq ‘moras g ON 1

gis‘ | 9o'b |_ 99% | ¥'L1T |_eet | #99 | T'9et | ger ee ee

99'S | TOL | &8 ™% |8'08 | 8 PLL | 98 ie ‘ Joqure.eq,
98 | 899 |8°96 | OOF | 16 | 8's i 16 oe POOL 1 TE 1 200T “) Egor | fort” | He: (neers Joquieaon
LOL | 98 | 9°6OT | #201 | 96 | #°I6 8 8°66 201 8 | T'LIT ¢°SIT de A be aes 40q0190
9%'2 | 9'8cr | IST | SOL | PIP | TOL | O@t | O°SEL| HOT att S°9eT | OST | SIT | f°Lhr StL Peet |)- Gets os ener Joqureidag
elt | WI eae GLI | OST | P'89T | 6OT | OPE | G*sST | LOL | LHL | ¥‘I9T Z'9L1 ay pee ieee ectes qysnany
$'09T |_89T_|_6bT | 991 | est | OST | €'6gT | fest _ OPT) 920L |e $ H. ete ee or ee sjor
O'SLT |_ 81% | OST | 8°PLT | SIS | LeT_| 9'OLT | LIZ ee £'SST_| Erez | 6¢r =| eun¢-Auvnuer
Q°L81 | 002 | LAT | 8'66T | LOZ | S8T | 9°68T | F102 | OT | O'S8T roar ee 61Z ser | eee cc or
o'o0z | ez | ost | 9'poc| giz | est |0‘00e| zIz | est | O'Z6r F UE) Tien ee fe oe. ee Ae
SPT | SZT | TAT | Z'S2t | O8T | Got | 9'2LT} Ost | ¥99L | O'9ZT 9 Ver | Feet | GBT fon stn eon indy
O'soT | 99T | SST | L°2Or| Sot | got | 9'0OT| 69T | OST | L‘t9T T'6LT | est | ROL |" 86 7o*o*e ole yy
Cea m ROIS ta op Or eee S'eor | SOL | LOT | ORME | OOT | ket | T'IST G99 | CLT | 6ST Torereresss "Sapna
62ST | 9ST | Oot | Test | oor | OST | O'soT | For | abt | O'SST 6Sor | kezt | ETT eae
——— —_——_—— —{) —- ______. =—_— F—— _____}
6'SOT | 80% | GET | 8°OLT] OF% | OPT | 9°9OE | O12 | eet | 6°LOT 8 "EST | ¥oez | Feet IR pag, Ss
PLOT | 9ST | Sor | LOL | SBT | SE | S°L9T | Heer | 22t | 6 '8eT S'elT | 002 | 00T | pre mri
f°69T | 96 | SPT | SOOT | LST | Get | 8ST | ORT | O8T | L"sST vOLI | joo OFT |""**"*sequiesed-Ajar
6°LOT | OBT | SPT | B’SZT | GTZ | OSt | £°89T | SBT | OST | oZoT £ "IST | OST ee
ge'e | €'eOT | 8% | TOT | 8°1IZ| OFZ | IST | G°96T | 98% | OOT | O'S6T TTS | She | WOT [°° ***“sequteveq-AIn¢
90°% | O'TET | Fozt | HO | O'9ET | FOLT | ZOT | 6°TET OLT | ¥€6 | 9 '8eT HT! oT tes Cr ‘aenuesr
GL 'T 0° | ZIT iat ¥'06 | TIT | 84 | 0°06 9 “101 | Ozt | #88 °°" **sequraseq~Amr
OL‘t 8°SL | ¥6L TL |2°9L | 62 69 «| L°GL cos | kee =| t6L SC ine Avenues
OP *T 6°PL a) 9 OSL | 28 ¢ $°3L 8 ‘28 / Sd fe 772i tS taequresed -Ayn¢
LT 9°9L | O8 OL | BRE: (|) 188 9 19°92 9s LL ys ‘enue
y
#29‘ oc. | 88 | feo | P'8L | 98 | Feo | ee 1% IL = |******“soqutesoq-4yar
19'T WL00 |) PZ zo 6| #09 | Fen 09 =| 6% 6°SL | tes oo | at ae
f19'T | 9'%L | 28 | HO [ott #82 | t09 | OTL | HL | 09 | BL ‘se | @ fest “Requiwed-Sne
ae co | yb 6lOwY | 9 | fob | Gog 88s | 99 | fos ounr-dzenues
"90 | "90 | "80 | ‘0 | *9O | “8 | “90 “AD | "1D | “HO “e16l
‘IOAYV | “QSTET | ‘MOT | ‘JOA Y | YSTET | “MOT MAY, | wae *MO'T | “AY | ‘Usp | M07 )
“(spunod “8 ON «}08IU0D “poxyur Z “ON ‘moped Z “ON ‘eq

Oot 40d) OTM

‘oospUBI yy UBg

— Ye

“410.1407 “os MOTO “‘yeuupUTD -eI0WH IS "YIOX AON

*smmo'y “49

I*sueded [BloeurUOD 04) popdarog]

‘OB6I-STET “jaysng 40d aod opvsojoy At *moQ—'pL FIV

~~.

Dh Loe ee

Statistics of Corn. 545

CORN—Continued.

Tasie 15.—Corn (including meal): International trade, calendar years 1909-1919.'

[The item maicena or maizenca is included as “‘Corn and cornmeal.’’]

GENERAL NOTE.—Substantially the international trade of the world. It should not be expected that the
world export and import totals for any year willagree. Among sources of disagreement are these: (1) Dif-
ferent periods of time covered in the ‘‘year”’ of the various countries; (2) imports received in year subse-
quent to year of export; (3) want of uniformity in classification of goods among countries; (4) different

ractices and varying degrees of failure in recording countries of origin and ultimate destination; (4) dif-
erent practices ofrecording reexported goods; (6) opposite methods of treating free ports; (7) clerical errors,
which, it may be assumed, are not infrequent.

The exports given are domestic exports, and the aperte given are imports for consumption as far as it is
feasible and consistent so to express the facts. While there are some inevitable omissions, on the other
hand there are some duplications because of reshipments that do not appear as such in official reports.
For the United Kingdom import figures refer to imports for consumption when available, otherwise total

imports, less exports, of “foreign and colonial merchandise.” Figures for the United States include Alaska,
Porto Rico, and Hawaii.
EXPORTS.
| |
‘ E A e = . |
Country. 1900-1913" | 1914 1915 1916 1917 | 1918 1919
From— 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000
bushels. bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels.
Armentina Pe eee coat | 115, 749 170,490 | 113,143 | 35,194] 26,171 97, 851
ustria-Hungary . . - =| JV Ne pose ein fale ke Sat Sel ASE ey Fe Bei Bin Sle A empl ap
i a be Fag Ll REE BS eee eee Ree eeeiee ee eae 612
British South Africa-........ 4115 6,930 | 6,748 | 11,284| 13,507 13, 582
LAT iy a) a es BS Uh) OSE fo: Be Poe ee he eae as ow Ce 3 Pe OS eit ae ie
ee ..---*-2%*-- sae B = 808 (e (a fl Pate 38
CL BRECON Ree. 5 IBS Ge ee a Al ee 2 ees 26
SE eee 30, 034 53 IN reas FS aR fe Fore
Mrnted states-c---.5.2........- 45, O54: 50, = 55,237 | 57,011 | 47,059 16, 002
Jo a ea 1 1 aii 4 Ma BR Eee 83
Other countries...............-- 10, 452 11,588 | 9,593] 7,970] 5,349 | patent :
ee 271,026 | 229,829} 240,185 184, 832 | 111,464 | 92, 086 frronganse:
IMPORTS.
|
Tnto— | |
Austria-Hungary DE PL] f hy Eee cee ee | a Ie 2 fa, SS Os Vibert eo ie
ium I In Se BN |e ee oe See heel a ee eo eee | 1,48
British South Africa 52 340 132 196 56 86
Can 8,347] 10,980 8, 832 8,101 | 11,757 6, 459
a sam | ats] ame ee) Mes fo
SS a aa ae ” 687 EN 3 oe "44 &] caveae 2
Eapuice 44 16,331 | 17,582] 28,379 6, 349 6, 748 6, 921
oc Ea SRE Gy a (pa Fa | ee es be cS! Raa 2a Lmeongy
ee | id an cen Steed mend LO
Netherlands.................--- 29580 | 25,674 | 43,338 | 27,514 8, 528 346 9, 635
ON Eee ee eae 1,079 1, 672 1, 925 1, 889 1, 305 2:591.4- -- 2
eres Seed Be Bes 3,105 471 as 693 Sabha sa5 | Ry eee
NR eerie ican ercnnnc es 35 _ 576 53 (3) IR ee ae . proce. xa Ai ea a
a arena Te. Pee pene San Tae | peel bate
Srpdadet ere. 2.) Je... : 1, 476 2, 19% 2 2, 02: , 212 4 3,1
oS ae 3, 987 3, 068 4 461 4 767 3, 241 652 5,274
United Kingdom..........-.... 82,976 | 75,499] 92,226] 68,759] 53,802] 32,275 38, 987
Wnibed Stakes... <s2.-------< 1,226] 15,821 6, 499 2,155 1, 654 1, 990 11, 213
Other countries. ................ | 3,495 4,866 5, 003 4,241 1,983 oh ace
a | er | | ES | |
LO Ee a eet 270,991 | 182,455 | 237,744 | 177,143| 109,364 71,676 |..........
| |

1 Does not include statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war period,
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics ofimports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-

parable during that period.
2 Less than 500 bushels.

30702°—yBx 1920——35™*

546 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

WHEAT.

TaBLeE 16.—Wheat: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920.
AREA.

Av 1917 1918

Camere 1909-1912. 1915 r
era
NorTH AMERICA. | 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 1,000
acres. acres. acres. acres. acres.
United States....... 47, 097 60, 469 45,089 | 59, 181 57,192
(SSS SS Se SS SSS SS SS SS
Canada: | ie
Qirepee---- 5... 70 222
Ontario 2020-22: { 850 1, 1,030
Manitoba -.-....-. 2, 861 rs 2,706
Saskatchewan. . 894 8, 10, 061
ATberie <... e 1, 201 2,1 - 4, 074
Ohare. =: eae 139
Total. £235 =. 9, 945 15, 109 18, 232
Yn re TER C8
——
Total North
America. --:..
| ——=———
SOUTH AMERICA. |
noises
Argentina......-.--.- : 5 14, 957
Chile. s-44 case seinen ‘ ee a Le
BITUPUBY 225-22 <- > ae- 3
Total_..----::-- errs A

i ie Ae TEE 10, 357
1 333 299

Germany ?......-..-. 7 3,573
PO ae Oe ie ES oe S44 101, 045 936 }. 2...
Italy ...-.. eae I 10, 556

United Kingdom:
Wengistids «+ -sscs<
WW SIGE ire cos codon

1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where ® Excludes Macedonia,

five-year statistics were unavailable, ‘o Excludes eastern Macedonia.
2 Old boundaries. Excludes Dobrudja.
+ Galicia and Bukowina not included. 2 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, and Bukowina.
‘Includes Galicia, but excludes Bukowina, Gor- | ™ Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, Bukowina, and
itz, and Gradisca. apg ee =
6 New boundaries. 4 Winter wheat, 5 governments only.
6 Bohemia and Moravia only. % Includes Congress Poland, Western Galicia,
7 Excludes Alsace-Lorraine, ‘ Eastern Galicia, and Posen.

$1914. 16 Unofficial.

ve 4 1 Re

SS eee ee

oe

Statistics of Wheat. oe 547
WHEAT—Continued.
TasiE 16.—Wheat: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920—Con,
AREA—Continued.
wei aha is Sty 1 ae Si re
Country. etter, 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 | 1919 | 1920
ents ——s
ASIA. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 1,000
acres acres. acres. acres. acres. acres. acres. acres.
British India 2........| 29,114] 28,475] 32,475 | 30,320| 32,940| 35,487 | 23,797 29, 975
vo EE OS SOOT RTE a EL) eee | eee er meer} ee
Japanese Empire: |
eoavan....- peers. 1,179 1,174 1, 227 1, 304 1,393 | 1,390] 1,355 | 1, 335
' Formosa..-.-...- 14 16 16 14 tt bet eee Rene paergeets
Chosen (Korea) - . 369 474 499 520 Ca Le a ae eee Senge epee
Cloetuiye: See eee Bee galley 3 jster cee a heaecrtcse ete eee etd eee
Russia: |
Central Asia * (4
f° overnments) - - 3, 767 5, 501 5401 VES eee OSes CS Aes Pee res coe
Siberia? (4 gov- |
ernments)....-- 5,987 | 7, 981 ET ZT Maat ose iafe Sato a ae Oe ee sw nin biel a en ee 2] 8 Se
Transcaucasia 3 (1
government)... 10 | il TOA SS see oh) ee oes ene SEG. i sop ese c= = eee
Total Russia..| 9,764 | 13, 443 | is fiSs Pd AMES | pe ats ek ee Se xonarae.
Turkey (Asiatic).....|.......... pen Wek i ae Gee pages eee res earns
Total Asia....- apeaigee nse | Sen ie | Lo eS Cpe ee pera
AFRICA. |
a. 5 ee 3, 371 3, 368 3, 209 3, 272 3, 222 3,186 | 2, 800 2, 647
SS eee 1,311 1,301 1,592 1, 447 1,116 1, 286 | 1,323 1,190
paedetss te ht 1, 193 1,010 1112 1) 482 1,310} 1.413 1; 400 1/211
Union of South Africa|.........- 725 725 785 755 | 925 | 953 801
Motes ss: Z 5, 875 6, 404 6, 638 6, 986 6, 403 6, 810 6, 476 5, 849
AUSTRALASIA
Australia: |
Queensland...... 95 132 127 94 228 128 22 37
New South Wales 2, 025 3, 205 2,758 4,189 | 3,807 3, 329 2, 410 1, 451
Vactoria* <7. --..- 2,105 2,566 | 2) 3,680} 3,126 2, 690 2) 214 1,918
’ South Australia..| 1, 993 2,268 —- 2,502 2,739 | 2,778 2,356 2) 186 1, 922
Western Aus-
tree Sos. eo, = 544 | 1, 097 1,376 1,734) 1,567 1,250 1, 145 1,075
Tasmania........ 36 | 18 24 49 28 12 10
(OLE Sa ap ae ed BS eee cee te oo oer te 1 |.-......-- Ie. es ke.
SLO ok 2 6,798 | 9,286 | 9,651 | 12,485 | 11,535 | 9,775 7,990 6, 413
New Zealand......... 258 167 230 329 | 218 | -281 208 193
Total Austral- | MA | /
Baines. 7, 056 9, 453 9,881 | 12,814 | 11,753 | 10,056 8,198 | 6, 606
Grand total....| 249,593 |.-....-..- ape Hess rae a ed pein Alt tiny «Pe jah he EMS ES. Te
'
PRODUCTION.
: l
NORTH AMERICA. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels..| bushels. | bushels. | bushels.
United States........ 686,691 | 891,017 |1,025, 801 | 636,318 | 636,655 | 921,438 | 934,265} 787,128
Canada: |
Quebec: :........ 1, 168 1, 411 960 3, 884 6,308 | 4, 206 | 3, 775
Ontario... 18,633 | 17,658} 30,252 | 17,931 16,318 | 15,241 |} 20,698| 22,973
Manitoba. ....... 53,174 | 38,605 | 69,337] 29,667| 41,040] 48,191 | 40,975 37, 542
Saskatchewan....| 97,954} 73,494] 224,312) 147,559 | 117,921} 92,493 | 89,994 | 113,135
aiperta.......-.. , 783 | 28,859] 66,538 | 65, 0: 52,992] 23,752 | 34,575 83, 461
OCC 1, 407 1, 674 1, 692 1, 57 1, 588 3,090 2,812 2, 303
Motels: 2- P'S 197,119 | 161,280} 393,543 | 262,781 | 233,743 | 189,075 | 193, 260 263, 189
Brexio: 2. eee 9, 995 4,389 i Te ae Bete. 410,470 | 414,239 414,951
Total... 888, 805 1,056,686 |, 425,845 | Pa. 4) ae 1,120, 983 [1, 141, 764 | 1, 005, 268

1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where ae statistics were cehierretials:
2 Includes some native States.

8 Old boundaries.
4 Unofficial.

548 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

WHEAT—Continued.

Taser 16.—Wheat: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920— Con:
PRODUCTION—Continued. :

{ | | ; |
Country. apres 1914 | 1915 i916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 1920
ee eee ees Met | ee
| |
SOUTH AMERICA. 1,000 | 1,000
: — ) —
Argentina. -.........-} 169,166 | 17. ,
Pe ai cn 19,000 | 20, 184 e:
rapinys---2— 36. 3, 596 9, 867 ‘
Totals. 22.25 191, 762
EUROPE. |
ANSETID 2 2 Sse os 427,811
Hungary proper ?....| 156,523 | 105,237 | 152,934 }..........) 6115, 530 |... .... 22.) 2... cece
Belgium. 2 2 ...+s2255),. 14,6839), 13,973) - S008] <=. 2285
Bulgaria Se >
Gzecho-Slovakia.. «.<22}é..2 2. Wea sos. sae cba a~ seas cee Seok ee ae eee 14,
Denmarg:- eres 5,
Wittland. 2229 22c< 25%
renee srs 5 Se 5 ore
Alsace-Lorraine......| -. .8,009 | 6,700}. 5,508 |..........]..........] 2,952 |) 4, GROnt eee
Germany 2... -~ - ...... § 81,791 7
Greece: . 22225 bi TLL, 505: | 5 ess
Rial to952 139,999 | 183, 294
FUSS Slaw 5 355-38 oozes caw Seater es ota ewan eee akeed aeomergene nace
Luxemburg.......... 1S |} . . SO]; -387'|) 87%) “SSB ile» oh Ol2 |... eee
Netherlands... ......
Norwsye2-2.2.<i5.hz
Portugal.............| 8683 | 10,000] 6,571 | 7.3434 . 5,560) 8,262)|..... yo ooeeeeeeee
b ania?..........] 8,679 | 49,270 | 89,241 | = 78,520 j..........
ussia proper ?_.._.. ‘
pland..2 Metre. 2. F4 OAD (1d <b om oan eae ade = meh Sind cope + baie doe sae caeee ee ;
Serbia 7...’ cae... che. 14, 7754". 9,000 es 10; OOD tee es Stee ee
“1 A ee 142, 674
Sweden:: s7yyer 524 6, 864
Switzerland.......... 4, 556
United Kingdom
England... ....... | 56,411 57,397
BIOR.ES 625383 1,117 1, 726 232°
Scotland......... 2,345 2,510 080
Ireland [2.3 ....-: 1, 608 4,717 402
\
BOG. levi oss 61, 481 898
Total Europe. . 1, 806, 104
ASIA. ae
British India 1*....... 350, 736 |
STR cei esinwrnis' 2, 286 | /
Japanese Empire: ; |
SOME 2 inset 25,274 | 22,975 | 26,778 | 30,047
Formosa. ........ 173 195 161 138
Chosen (Korea). . 4, 871 5, 848 6, 146 6, 387
OL a Sag noah gah 16,000 | 14,000! 16,000|..........
Russia: iz y | iw
Central Asia 2? (4 ) ;
overnments) . . 29,292 | 68,448 44, 132 |
Siberia 2 (4 gov-
ernments)...... 54, 737 / 104, 088
Transcaucasia 2 ;
a government). | 110 | 82 126
Total Russia...| $4,139 | 172, 568 | 94, 566 :
Turkey (Asiatic)..... / 35, 000 ee | S|) eee .
Total Adie.....f1 BM, 4IDhe oh .-<cther coe acacrle Om aoe faba EE een fete meee a |
) Five-year average, except in a few cases where 91914. 7
five-year statistics were unavailable. © Excludes Macedonia.
2 Old boundaries. '! Excludes Eastern Macedonia.
* Excludes Galicia and Bukowina. 12 Excludes Dobrudja.
4 Includes Galicia and excludes Bukowina, QGoritz, 8 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, and Bukowi ia.
and Gradisea. 14 Former Kingdom and Bessarabia.
® Unofficial. _ Includes Congress Poland, Eastern and Western
© New boundaries. Galicia, and Posen.
7 Bohemia and Moravia only. 1€ Includes some Dative states.

* Excludes Alsace- Lorraine. swat

Bias. A i Ver eee. as a

Statistics of Wheat. 549

WHEAT—Continued.

TaBrie 16.— Wheat: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920-——Con.
PRODUCTION—Continued.

Country. aoe mee? | 1914 1920
AFRICA 1,000 1,000 1,000
; bushels. | bushels. f : , , - | bushels.
pereae su U UL 33, 071 30 5 13, 902
Egypt ees UL... 34, 000 27, 246
es. 6, 063 4, 766
Union of South Africa 4, 620 6, 630

MOtAlse 2-422 77,754 52, 544

AUSTRALASIA.

Australia:
Queenland....... 1, 250 287
New South Wales| 26,717 4,297

ictoria.......... 27, 656 14, 858
South Australia..| 22, 843 14,947
Western Austra-

Ute = 5 a Ee 5, 671 12, 270
Tasmania ......-.. 806 141
Ree oon tac) Sul ots nc lonnse one 1

YEAS clas © acre 84, 943 46, 801

New Zealand......... 7, 885 8} 4,100
Total Austral-
Boi 2... 92, $28 50, 901
meet b- |85578) 947 Ue. an -\os22.. oe; uss. -oe--|.-. 02h | pawns. E | aS: econ
1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where five-year statistics were unavailable.
TaBLEe 17.—Wheat: World production so far as reported, 1891-1916.
ra :
Year.. Production. Year. Production. Year. | Production. | Year. | Production.
: | ©
Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels.
1891...... 2, 432, 322, 000 |} 1898....] 2, 948, 305, 000 |} 1905....] °3,327,084,000 || 1912...., 3, 791; 951, 000
1892...... , 481, 805,000 || 1899....] 2,783, 885,000 | 1906....] 3,434, 354, 000 1913....! 4,127, 437, 000
ee 2, 559, 174, 000 || 1900....] 2,610,751, 000 || 1907....] 3,133, 965, 000 1914....| 3,585, 916, 000
894...... 2, 660, 557,000 |] 1901....] 2,955, 975,000 || 1908....] 3, 182,105,000 || 1915.... 4, 127, 685, 000
ie 2, 593, 312, 000 |} 1902....] 3,090,116, 000 |} 1909....} 3,581, 519,000 {| 1916....! 3, 701, 333, 000
1896...... , 320, 000 |} 1903....} 3,189, 813, 000 |} 1910....] 3,575,055, 000 ||......... oeeereee i
1897...... 2, 236, 268, 000 || 1904. 3, 163, 542, 000 || 1911....} 3,551,795, 000 ||......... |--seseneeterees

TABLE 18,—Wheat: Average yield per acre in undermentioned countries, 1890-1920.
|

| :
Unitea | Russia | Ger.

i]
ly | United
Year. Reebeaty | (euade- , | Austria); 7 UNEaTY) France.2| King-
States. pean).1 many. Lpruper- | om:?

he EE ate a Oe as es) a ee Ee ey,
Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels:
8

8.9 24.5 16. 2 18. 6 | 31.2

9.7 28. 9 18.0 5 20.5 33.1

10. 3 31.7 20.8 19,1 32. 4

Rs 30. 3 20. 20. 2 | 34.8

8.0 29. 6 18, 23. 2 | 35. 1

8.8 29.7 21, 19. 6 | 33. 4

12.5 30. 5 19, 22.0 | 35.0

11.2 29. 6 19. 15.9 31.4

7.0 30. 6 19. 19. 8 | 34.0

10. 3 33. 6 22. 21.0 | 30.0

13.5 35. 1 19, 19. 9 32.7

9. 4 29. 6 22. 18.9 33.8

11.6 28. 6 17. 16. 6 32.7

10. 4 28. 0 13.8 16.5 30.0
Cees eae Oecd Sees Jee. 113.8 31.5
eee RES rE Wee, a 20. 8 33.3
[OSE 0s DOS 55004 CESSES Ooh oo eee 15.9 29.2

! Busheis of 60 pounds. * Winchester bushels.

.

Acreage | 4 vor! E
i ge |
fon age | Produc- | farm | wen
Year. ‘ yield | tion (000 price |
, (000 itted). | Dee. 1 (000
omit- | Per | omutted). | per | omitted).
| ted). | 2¢Te-| bushel
< : | Dec. 1.)
2 =at es =
| Acres. |Bush.| Bushels. | Cents.| Dollars.
ro a Rae ile ES | 100, 486 |
id Wiggle SED EE EES | 173,108 |
'
1866..| 15,424] 9.9; 152,000) 152.7 232,110
1867..| 18,322 | 11.6 | 212,441 | 145.2) 308, 387
1868..| 18,460 | 12.1 | 224,037 | 108.5 | 243, 033
1869... 19,181 | 13.6) 260,147; 76.5 | 199,025
en ae \NSBY, 24B NOC BE Pete ae
1870..| 18,993 | 12.4] 235,885 | 94.4 | 222,767
1871..| 19,944 | 11.6} 230,722/ 114.5 | 264,076
1872... 20,858 | 12.0 | 249,997 | 111.4 | 278,522
1873... 22,172| 12.7} 281,255 | 106.9 | 300,670
1874.., 24,967 | 12.3; 308,103 | 86.3 265, 881
1875..| 26,382 | 11.1 j{ 292,136 | 89.5 261,397
1876..| 27,627 | 10.5 | 289,356 | 97.0} 280,743
1877... 26,278 | 13.9] 364,194 | 105.7) 385, 089
1878... 32,109] 13.1] 420,122] 77.6! 325,814
1879.. 32,546 | 13.8] 448,757! 110.8 497,030
1879... 36,430 | 18.0} 459, 483 |
1880.. 37,987 | 13.1} 498,550; 95.1 474, 202
1881.. 37,709 10.2 383,280 119.2| 456, 880
1882.. 37,067 | 13.6, 504,185 884) 445, 602
1883..| 36,456 | 11.6 421,086; 91.1} 383,649
1884..| 39,476 | 13.0! 512,765 | 64.5) 330,862
1885..| 34,189] 10.4{ 357,112! 77.1| 275,320
1886..' 36,806|12.4| 457,218; 68.7)| 314,226
1887.. 37,642|12.1| 456,329] 68.1 310,613
1888.. 37,336 | 11.1] 415,868] 92.6 | 385, 248
. 1889.. 38,124| 12.9} 490,560] 69.8 342, 492
1889.. 33,680} 18.9} 468,374 }....... Bees oe oe
1890... 36,087 | 11.1} 399,262) 83.8 | 334,774
1891... 39,917| 15.3] 611,781 | 83.9) 513, 473
1892.. 38,554 | 13.4; 515,947| 62.4| 322,112
1893..| 34,629 | 11.4 306,132 | 53.8 | 213, 171
1894..| 34,882 | 13.2 | 460,267, 49.1) 225,902
1895..| 34,047] 13.7! 467,103 | 50.9/| 237,939
1896..| 34,619| 12.4 | 427,684 | 72.6| 310, 598
1897..| 39,465 | 13.4] 530,149] 80.8] 428,547
1898..| 44,055 | 15.3] 675,149] 582) 392,770
1899..| 44,593 | 12.3] 547,304) 58.4/ 319, 545
1899..| 52,589 | 12.6 | 658. 534
1900..| 42,495 | 12.3] 522,230) 61.9! 323,515
1901..| 49,896 | 15.0] 748,460 | 62.4 467, 360
1902..| 46,202 | 14.5] 670,063 | 63.0 422, 224
1903..| 49,465 | 12.9] 637,822) 69.5. 443, 025
1904..| 44,075 | 12.5 552,400 | 92.4) 510,490
1905..| 47,854 | 14.5] 692,979| 74.8| 518,373
1906..| 47,306 | 15.5) 735,261 | 66.7{ 490, 333
1907..| 45,211] 14.0] 634,087] 87.4! 554, 43
1908..| 47,557] 14.0] 664,602 | 92.8) 616, 826
1909..| 46,723 | 15.8] 737, 189
1909..| 44,262 | i6.4 685, 579 | 98.6 668, 680
1910!.| 45,681 | 13.9 | 635,121; 8&3 561,051
1911..| 49,543] 12.5] 621,338} 87.4/ 543, 063
1912..| 45,814] 15.9] 730,267} 76.0) 555, 280
1913..| 50,184] 15.2] 763,380} 79.9/| 610, 122
1914..| 53,541 | 16.6 | 891,017} 986 878, 680
1915..| 60,469 | 17.0 | 1,025,801 | 91.9 942, 303
1916..| 52,316 | 12.2] 636,318 | 160, 3 | 1,019, 968
1917..| 45,089] 14.1] 636,655 | 200, 8 | 1,278, 112
1918..| 59,181] 15.6] 921,438 | 204, 2 | 1,881, 826
1919..| 72,308] 12.9] 934, 265 | 215, 1 | 2,009, 407
1920..| 57,192 | 13.8] ° 787,128 144. 3 | 1,135, 806

550 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
WHEAT—Continued.
TasBLe 19.—Wheat: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States,
1849-1920.

Note.— Figures in #alics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of
culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated
the published acreage of the preceding year, except that a revis

estimates whenever new census data are available.

| Aver-

1 Figures adjusted to census basis.

Chicago cash price per |

ercentages of increase or decrease
base is used for applying percentage

to

|

4
q
‘
{

bushel, No. 1 north- Panera Per
ern spring. . i j cent
ee including be a &
Following flour, fiscal ear crop
December. May year ) php BEE, 6
———_-- |- ———- July 1 8 | July 1 Pa ft
Low.) High.|Low. High. . =
Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts. | Bushels. | Bushels. P.ct.
7,535, 901. |. Jose eee 75
17, 213, 133 | 1,565,791 | 9.9
129 | 145 |185 | 211 | 12,646,941 | 3,092,400 | 8&3
126 | 140 |134 | 161 | 26,323,014 | 2,014,328 | 12.4
80 } 88 | 87 | 96 | 29,717,201 | 1,830, 393 | 13.3
63 | 76 | 79 92 | 53,900,780 | 1,285,976 | 20.7
91 | 98 |113 | 120 | 52,574,111 | 867,489 | 22.3
107 | 111 [120 | 143 | 38,995,755 | 2,410,738 | 16.9
97 | 108 |112 | 122 | 52,014,715 | 1,841, 049 | 20.8
96 | 106 [105 114 | 91,510,398 | 2,116,777 | 32.5
7 83 |78 | 94 | 72,912,817| ‘367,987 | 23.7
82 | 91 | 89 100 | 74,750,682 | 1,664,138 | 25.6
104 | 117 |130 | 172 | 57,043,936} 366,061 | 19.7
103 | 108 | 98 113 | 92,141,626 | 1,390,713 | 25.3
81 | 84 | 91 | 102 |150, 502,506 | 2,074,321 | 35.8
122 | 1334 11124 | 119 !180, 304, 181 | “488, 687 | 40.2
j '
! 93 1093 101 112§ 186,321,514 | 212,600 | 37.4
1242 | 129 123 140 121,892,389 | 865, 467 | 3L.8
O1k | mt 108 1138147, 811, 316 | 1,087,011 | 29.3
948 | 994/85 949 111,534,182] ° 32) 474 | 26.5
69} | 768 858 — 90$ |132, 570,366 | 212,312 | 25.9
823 | 89 | 24 79 | 94,565,793 | 388,415 | 26.5
75k | 793 | 153, 804,969 | 282,400 | 33.6
754 | 794 | 814 119, 625,344 | 594, 860 | 26.2
96% | 1054 | 774 | 954 | 88,600,743 | 135, 851 | 21.3
76% | 804 89} | 100 (109, 430,467| 162,546 | 22.3
| #2 | 981 | 1084 108,181,316 | S83, $90 26.6
89 | 934 | 80 225, 665, 811 | 2, 462, 365 | 36.9
694 | 73 | 68t 764 191,912,635 | 968, 125 | 37.2
59 | 644 a3 Oo} 164, 283,129 | 1, 182, 864 | 41.5
5 633 | 858 144, 812,718 | 1, 438,399 | 31.5
533 | 643 si ef 126, 443, 968 | 2,116, 303 | 27.1
74h | 93h OS | OTE 145, 124, 972 | 1, 544, 242 | 33.9
92 | 109 117 | 185 217,306, 005 | 2,058, 938 | 41.0
623 | 70 | 6sp | 794 222’ 618, 420 | 1,875, 173 | 33.0
64 | 694 | 633 | 674 186,096,762] 320,194 | 34.0
| ’ :
693 | 748 | 70 | 75h 215, 990,073 | 603,101 | 41.4
73 a | 728 | 764 '234' 772,516 | 120,502 | 31.4
714 | 774|7 80% 202, 905, 598 | 1,080, 128 | 30.3 }
774 | 87 | 874 | 1014 120,727,613 | 217, 682 } 18.9 |
115 | 122 | 894 | 113f | 44,112) 910 | 3,286,189} 80
824 90 80k} 874 | 97,609,007 | 261,908 | 14.1 ¢
baie. EROS Pi 84 | 106 146,700,425 | 590, 092 | 20.0
ep | i eocleeeee|ees=«+(163, 043,660 | 519, 785 | 25.7
106) | 112 1264 | 137/114, 268, 468 | 456, 940 | 17.2
106-1193 100 | 1194 | 87,364,318 | 815,617 | 12.8 :
104 | 110 | 98 | 106 | 69,311,760 | 1,146, 558 | 10.9
105 | 110 115 | 122 | 79,689, 404 | 3,413, 626 | 12.8 5
85 | 90} | 904 | 96 |142, 879, 596 | 1,282, 039 | 19.6
894 | 93 | 96 | 100 (145,590, 349 | 2,383,537 | 19.1 :
115 | 131 141 | 164} /332, 464,975 | 715, 360 | 37.8 a
106 | 128) 116 | 126 |243, 117,026 | 7,187,650 | 23.7
1554 | 190 (258 | 340 |208, 573,928 |24,924, 985 | 32.0
220° | 220 (220 | 220 132, 578, 633 |31, 215, 213 | 20.8
220 | 220 245 | 280 |287) 401,579 |11,288,501 | 312
280 | 325 |205 | 345 |219, 861,308 | 5, 495,516 | 23.5
Fa eS ina BRA Week piss oc 9 bine aey anil ere
— - = — —— a

Statistics of Wheat. «> 551
WHEAT—Continued.
Tasie 20.— Wheat: Revised acreage, production, and farm value, 1879, and 1889-1909.

[See head note of Table 5.]

| | Average
Average | farm a
Acreage har- . A | Farm value
Year. - yield Production. | price per
vested. per acre. bust Dec. 1.
| | .Dec.1. |
|
| ;
Acres. Bushels Bushels. Cents. Dollars.
Peper >= 55525-5552 = 2 35, 430, 000 14.1 496, 435, 000 110. 6 519, 219,000
a | 83} 580,000 12.9| 434,383,000 69.5 301, 869, 000
lo + A eee see / 34, 048, 000 iH gl 378,097, 000 83.3 315, 112, 000
LS Se, | 87, 826, 000 15.5| 584,504,000| 83.4| 487,463,000
Reppeeeeees prt re: 39, 552, 000 13.3 | 527,986,000 | 62. 2 | 328, 329, 000
Se 37,934,000 11.3| 427,553,000 53.5 228, 599, 000
Wentet Sco s22 2505-5... ------2- | 39; 425/000 13.1] 516,485,000, 48.9) 252, 709, 000
i. | 40,848; 000 13.9| 569,456,000} 50.3 | 286,539,000
ne eye ae eee | 43, 916, 000 12.4 | 544, 193, 000 | 7.7 |} 390, 346, 000
- S e oR egeennnees ane 46,046, 000 13.3 610, 254” 000 80.9 493/683' 000
Se ee eee if 51, 007, 000 15.1 772,163,000 | 58. 2 449, 022, 000
1 OSes 52, 589, 000 12.1 636,051,000} 58.6 372, 982,000
flop! Se 51,387, 000 11.7 602, 708, 000 | 62.0 | 373,578, 000
ta SE ed ee 52, 473, 000 15.0 789, 538, 000 | 62.6 | 494,096, 000
Ee es 49, 649, 000 14.6 724, 528, 000 63.0} 456,530; 000
51, 632, 000 12.9| 664,543,000} 69.5 461, 605, 000
47, 825, 000 12.5} 596,375,000; 92.4 551, 128, 000
49, 389, 000 14.7| 726,384,000| 74.6; 5427119, 000
47; 800; 000 15.8| 757,195,000 66.2| 501,355,000
45,116, 000 14.1 637, 981, 000 86. 5 | 552, 074, 000
45, 970, 000 14.0| 6443656, 000 92. 2 594” 092) 000
44, 262, 000 15.8| 700,4347000| 98.4 689, 108"000

TABLE 21.—Winter and spring wheat: Acreage (sown and harvested), production, and
farm value Dec. 1, by States in 1920, and United States totals, 1890-1919.

[000 omitted, except in yield and price columns.)

Winter wheat. | Spring wheat.
Acte- £
State. | age | Acre- | Aver ver! Total rt Aver! ‘Total
sown | age aA Produc- eee farm | Acre- yiel "| Produe-| bee farm
in ae har- see tion tice value age. per tion. ries value
fall, vested.| core ec.1,| Dec: 1- acre. Dec. 1.| Dee-1-

Bush.| Bush. Cts. | Dollars.| Acres: Bush. Bush. Cts. | Dollars.

7| 22.7 159 | 230 366

11] 19.0 209 | 200 418
22.3 | 10,258 | 175 17, 952 40] 18.5 740 | 175 1,295
16.0} 1,520 | 205 GF pita Me OS ee Ses) ere pee ae
16.6 | 24,900 | 170 42, 330 24] 16.0 384} 170 | 653
17.0] 2,040 | 171 oy Se ee PS, nd ie a
17.0] 11,390 | 165 Re 20, 1h RECS Be a | ail coe ae
12.5 | 11,425 | 180 HOB. LeeES 4h: BE Soh PORN HS ce ee
12.5] 4,250} 190 CH. Se BERS De ikike be
11.7] 8,471 | 210 BIH ek ATS SD Tee 2 a Sab oe
11.0] 1,760 | 255 ae LA AL.|) Gor ck | See oe Betenks pasate
10.0| 2,110 | 240 Bb Dee tee ML Se ew ein -ofh DOl lad eae
12.7] 28,308 | 165 46, 708 30] 13.0 390 | 165 644
12.0] 23,400 | 167 39, 078 10} 14.0 140 | 167 234
15.2 | 35,720 | 161 57,509 300} 16.5] 4,950 | 161 7,970
15.5 | 13,795 | 168 23,176 48} 10.0 480} 168 | 806
22.0} 2,002} 154 , 083 250} 12.6] 3,150] 154 | 4,851
19.6 | 1,176 | 130 1,529] 2,941] 9.5] 27,910] 130 | 36,322
19.7] 8,491 | 141 11, 972 400} 11.3} 4,590/135 | 6,102
12.5! 32,500! 160 52, 000 17! 13.0 2211160 | 344

552 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

WHEAT—Continued.

TABLE 21.— Winter and spring wheai: Acreage (sown and harvested), production, and =
farm value Dec. 1, by States in 1920, and United States totals, 1890-1919—Continued.

) Winter wheat. Spring wheat. ~
; i = + —
} | J
Acre- ;
State. age | Acre- apie z Av ie Total | Aver- | ; Aver! Total
sown _ age Bs: q Predue- — arm | Aere- | Vela Produc- Peas farm
in pre | _har- = | tion rice | Value | age. | YOO | tion. rice | Value
“Son de cae aere PC Bee. 1 Dee--%: Fe | ec.l Dect, be

Acres. | Acres. | Bush.| Bush. Cts “ 7
Bde Arve edd ey FORE Fae FTE Es Ee 9.0} 68,400 | 130
56 14.5 | 812 | 115 9.0} 25,470 | 115 :
3,335 | 17.4! 58,029 | 131 9.5| 2,451 | 131 3,21 .
8,886 | 15.4 | 136,843 | 130 12.5 130 a
550°|-10/2-| 5,610.) 191 |<}, 10,785 |... eee eee ee
: ws ;
494 }"°9-54) 4,008 1 196° hy Soe | 2 eee eae ee a «
68| 9.6| - 653|230 | 12502|........\.22222 peo ' eb | aoe as
10} 10.0) TOU V213> | as | aes chief :
1, Soya doO4).-.25; 9254-372 > dhe MAO. 2.15. eee ;
2,800}. 16.0,| 46,240) 135 |. 62,424 |....... [2.2.2 eccdie |
6) OS 32074 190) hee |. eee .
300 | 13.0} 3,900} 128 ~ 11. °
69 | 20.0} 1,380 | 135 20.
950 | 181] 17,195 | 135 19.
225 | 19.0; 4,275 | 140 20.0
36] 24.0 $64.) 262. “| 2,968 |. occ Lh ee
156 | 15.9] 2,340] 153 24.
3] 25.0} 75 | 180 23.
400 | 20.0] 8,000 24,
828 | 24.3] 20,120 ll.
791 | 22.2] 17,560 16.9 :
650° || 14.0 ]...9,100 1.180... 1. 16380) |-.-2<..]. Sen een eee
149.3 | 862,341 10.8 |
210. 9 1,538 8.8 230.1 | 471,115
206.3 [1,165,995 16.2 200.9 | 715, 831
202. 8 4 12.5 | 223, 754 | 197.0 | 440,875
162.7 8.8 | 155, 765 | 152.8 | 238, 062 7
94.7 18.4 | 351,854] 86.41 308159
: ‘ 98. 6 11.8 | 206,027} 98.6 } 203, 057
31,699 | 16.5 | 523,561 | $2.9 13.0 | 239,819 | 73.4 | 176, 127
26,571 | 15.1 | 399,919] $0.9 17.2 | 330,348 | 70.1 | 231, 708
29,162 | 14.8 | 430,656} 88.0 9.4 | 190,682 | 86.0 | 163, 912
27,329 | 15.9] 434,142 | 88.1 11.0 | 200,979 | 88.9 | 178, 783
£7,151 | 15.5 | 419,733 | 102.4 15.4 | 263,646 | 92.5 | 242, 496
30,349 | 14.4 | 437,908 | 93.7 13.2 | 226,693 | 91.1 | 206, 496
28,132] 14.6 | 409,442] 88.2 13.2 | 224,645 | 86.0 | 193,220
25,600 | 16.7 | 492,888 | 68.3 13.7 | 242,373 | 63.5 | 153, 898
29,864] 14.3 | 423,463] 78.2 14.7 | 264,517 | 69.3 | 188, 386
26, 866 | 12.4 | 332,935 | 97.8 12.8 84.2 | 184,
32,511 | 12.3 | 399,867] 71.6 14.0 65.9 | 156,
28,581 | 14.4 | 411,789! 64.8 14.7 60,2 | 155, 4!
30,240} 15.2 | 458,835 | 66.1 14.7 56.7 | 164,133
26, 236 | 13.3 | 350,025| 63.3 10.6 59.1 | 101, 847
25,358 | 11,5 | 291,706] 63.0 13.3 53.1 i
25,745 | 14.9 | 382,492 | 62.2 16.0 53.0
22,926 | 14.1 | 323,616 | 85.1 12.5 74.2 | 153,
22,794 | 11.8 | 267,934] 77.0 13.5 65.3 | 104,
22,609 | 11.6 | 261,242] 57.8 18.0 42.3 | 86,905
oe
23,519 | 14.0 | 329,290] 49.8 11,5 47,2 | 61, 880
23,118 | 12.0 | 278,469] 56.3 10.2 48.0! 56,
26,209 | 13.7 | 359,416 | 65.1 12.7 56,3 8%
27,524 | 14.7] 405,116 | $8.0 16.7 76.0 | 157,
23, 520 |. 10.9 | 256,374} 87.5 11.4 77,4 | 111,491

) Census acreage (harvested) and production.

553

Yield per acre (bushels).

Yield per acre, in States producing both, for 10
years.

WINTER WHEAT.

Statistics of Wheat.
WHEAT—Continued.

.

Pasre 22.—Winter and spring wheat:

a
4
£
:

moron Ooo 10 1D HHO onmoo oOomnN oD nooo. wOmnmMooe onwneo otonm ocooonon i” a !
PR PESPO OS RRS EE Er as i ac cf ST TES Dn Bl aly BSats Shes sods sss exis iS
a i |
SCMOSSD MDOHD SCHMN ONOM OMsANAl|o COOMN NtmINIn CHMO OCHOO movoaln
pha aor ape ah 4 Ree tee eee eet al RE eee cones SE nee net ne Noe
Aroor Diom od Of <H OD AD SARS RVSaR a) IWIN AS amADAaO DOnms Lf <i <i =H mon a
Aretetre reer Se I oe Bae | wre Son mein 5 nl Sn oe oe soa ee d Mrs leas
COSCON SONOMA CHAR O1OD SCOMO|~A COMSCHm SCrOoowe OSOMONM CHOD COMol|A
Re eh en oe re Secs he deveined Gate eeet eo | ie sch otis" cal nat cic [ele sesh Meee ban ee cheat’ aiasias ek ee
SSana aRSRS Sasn Assess RASS 1S Roag SA Sita el ee ee cue ce | ee
So :o18)o SOOMM SONG CcCoo C014 | AF oOo se TT) ~NIn nO onoo oooo cowoco |]
ST OA eT ee SCO at, A ar eo AS” ee Bape. at et bee
BRA coats teen atest Sleara | tax ae ‘Ra Sasa? Asoo gases dade ia
Ne ce isdbabae oon 191SOM CONS wows | oo tt bs toot minnSo Onno weno |m
SESE ey oe aad Aan ae eee) tae net ee ee i cams ahr deh la Aart N, Sead lige
ee 8 ee th HOO!!”dlCUCCOCMOUMANLMASM6h h6UNOOO UM HOI CO.lCUd|lUC(“<‘i‘(‘HHCCt th lt ll ’ C eal ior)
epee eben ast fe Pe Sf | AAR lS Deter Det ar ejse Sede dada | *
: at :
Une een aes Sa SCA Ce ait WE ee ch See Le bt ely eee em le
tee 8k) toimn i pene COSO COMO |m tite) npem } eeGoo Como onno]=
. . . . SS. aed ce Dale . . c . . ’ ee ey Se . . . - . . . . na . . . oa
e . . ’ Pl .
Spin oh cupie se: 1g Sheets ti Saeed OURS RSIS aaa ]s ‘ ‘ rie : Ute ‘ SSAR SAQR SRAS/S
yt Wet an os ; aah
BS A ete eee : ; Pre ee 7
Ei i Sis aia i
Pitt: nowo : ommo oooo onwmolo x tees fom + Sneoo ONoo COON]
’ ’ . ‘ . . . . ‘ Wi od AS Sipetioten t'E . . . . . . . - . . . - .
. WAS tc . . . PT}
iiilf ines i Saad dda asada | g | fifi! jsse: onan adsidd dase |x
WaLtOnNre ghces 2 ;
“or era A Uae ey)
ee ej
Pibit teat $ cxoow onwo onow [io ~ tries tone + comm cooo Soon [so
i eet A Ae Se eS ealeee e, Rody ShoPe Se eA he sahetleges :
“i neeie RSR: PHABRQ ASR RARA]S 5 aetna iy ‘SSR PCQMRA ANA Masai S
foresees ‘ ; Dap eereey
Prarens : : q es AR oe
ees wees aa ma he iad ea
CAE Aa ad tS) c 1O1n19 o:n00 (Ooo )]r Ay es ee Oe #11 ; Aniow aAaooNn CUO <H uD N
Ret tb Heoet abe eH RRM RES Ee eRe Bree ete oe Aa | A n avy 6 0g dime, tok vole eer nes ON URS SARa |
arene ent
aes ee 5 7 ; ides ode < -
Misti wes Sa) < on fomm GOooO SMA | w ‘ : : ‘ : 119 100 : SCONN SCHNS HOwWwr |] +
Ar iheobeisine seattle he tanta Came ee ee 2 ; he See rare tsi Eee eles
: . ah “ P Hid ~ on~
Seer iG ee aes ean |= PY hp ieee) a ee
a ee He dae
aE seme a ; fy abl ae
Vey tmp $f atON onem oman |o tebe lete b OoNro aeto mew [6
Tee teutals teen ABest tatatan ar etn eees Teh | oie reg See Scie tis sete elek et ate lat
af WaURC pa Gah ce coe TR a RRO SEN Sy AR OS ap at AM aa ont 2) SEA re aries CoCorD ML amet ested Rint cal Re eet ot eat | Pad
Oy eeerhore a 5 ' 0 ee ee x t. 5
er he i, ee ‘ . 7 . ’ ts . ‘ ’ . ' . . . ‘ ' ' | ’ ‘ ’ ’ . . . ' . . . ’ . ‘ . ’ ‘ . . . . . .
Seton poms vier NES. edeeetrrem et Ey peT m TA PATER GAP TEM BRE Re © GutCt ee eens Ret ceteris Se o> oF
se edie uae CS, oe Pearman te, teen ERIE rede, oat a Roa keer Bobs Oe SA CY Sipe aa oe, eae
. Chal PRU . . Rane . . ’ hw) . . . ’ . te Cle dy x ’ e e+e ‘ . fo Fs 8. errs : en . . : x! :
POR eS er IS tlh tee ate rr att oe Pops Bae PR my begs ee epee oe Suge Whidha a NAL eek eae Le eA) WIE cy ant Keon Oe aly RE
. . . ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ' ' ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ' ’ 8 20 IS ' . . ' ’ ’ ’ ‘ ’ . . ’ ’ ’ . . . . . ‘ . .
th BEI A ATR BSW RO Fl Uk Pa it Re Sol ad ever gh as SE 0 0, A BME, A gs
e Se ee 0 of oe BR oo Oe es Marya | alone scores ake or, ie peace © OMe clr © © ots Sipe sph
2 By og PS SSS), TE Gh MM oe a ee gn de wae on pe gan «Ea CR Jae CEG, SNS AS ee eRe Ree ee ae A el
7 Ce ei AIC re ts els Ey gr iden Bs ieee flow Ayre oh: ig Hl Nias Saye as wl Saat aaa pti ee lent
2 HES! tv goin sat ats apiancarcyie pinnae a ct crete cee Se Pea ea
’ ’ oT ’ * ~@ . +d 7 . . . >
> Mert eae i ae Fa eames abe BB Pis gigi Be ig BS: Lik: F
Ort halle Bo at Boor as & Om tae ao + . : ves
mache 25212 898 Ge: g2g6 ° we iie B32 {2 aags Bea: gees °
eaSS2 g558% 2545 Sbbg 849% pasSe 2558) 25é5 Sea fa%
® a5 37.5 B. Cj Pr O o = vos =i gég S BSz Ls E
ZzuOdR SPSSS gazes BSzD zseo ZaOSR =FaSsS n2Zha Ze ZeEO
ee. - =

ee ee Oe —— - |

0
;
.
4
j
j
;
j
r

Dee.
af

)-

otal value, basis
rice (

1
dol

ure, 1920.

Production (thousands T
of bushels).

WHEAT—Continued. —
TaBLe 23.—Wheat: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1919 and 1920.

Thousands of acres.

Yearbook of the Department of A

State.

554

1920

1919

1920

1919

1920

8 38888 Rese

South Carolina. -

— ie =

“rea gnats

uli site

jae Se et Ooo ate

RSEES BAsez

ARE2 SHEE S228 322N9

aa o NN ENaw aw
Piifi Pili: @giii firs:
a ter igh fitch amity iatet tg
cidd 22g ig S4G59 Jae ie
BGs #835 sagas EEE
EEE gaged Eseae 3245
SOogs SeSss zaziig adsao

RG23 Sane

om

gOS sere”

S822 2828

aA nn on

NS oo © ws oF

SR2a Sees

ee

wt Se ow

agRg 9248

in TT Rh Sa Ree: eet Cee e 4)

Now: Mexico 2. 220i. 27.225

RMOMUNE otter Con Sa ea be
Cmoradps* i te 1 ies ate

js i al sf oped Bal 2 Ae Be
WU astanptos: | eer Paes dee
Orage 2. So5 onet aay nena eee
California 251 2325. Sa ata ee

Nevada. ....

United States ...........

—S Ul ee eee

=

~

j Statistics of Wheat. = 555

WHEAT—Continued.
Tasie 24.—Wheat: Production and distribution in the United States, 1897-1920.
{000 omitted, except in weight and quality columns.]

ios | Stock on | Shipped

~ pis ee Total farms a

Sears Tae a Weight ‘ supplies. | Mar.1. | “oy ae

“Bee Quantity. per Quality. following | grown
bushel. :

Bushels.| Bushels. | Pounds. | Per cent.| Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels.

Uo. ets 23, 347 530, 149 BT; 15|i- 31 553,496 | 121,320| 269, 126
Lo) ALAR Ser 17, 839 675, 149 57.7 87.9 692,988 | 198, 056 398, 882
“See 64, 061 547, 304 56.9 83.7 611,365 | 158,746 | 305,020
‘ ole 50, 900 522, 230 56.3 87.8 573,130 | 128,098 | 281,372
Oy, 30, 552° 748, 460 57.5 88. 8 779,012 | 173,353 | 372,717
th tt) 52, 437 670, 063 HiaGrite. ote | 72, 500 | 164,047 | 388,554
_Séé-: 42, 540 637, 822 Died |saeccbosee 680,362 | 132, 608 369, 582
‘lie. <i i 36, 634 552, 400 ar oem ee 589,034 | 111,055] 302,771
RRR tice Soa aes - 24, 257 692, 979 DOsO a= coke fap 717,236 | 158, 403 404, 092
[loot = a 46, 053 735, 261 a Sl eee 781,314 | 206,642 497, 253
Som ae ey ares, 54, 853 634, 087 58. 2 89.9 688,940 | 148, 721 367, 607
eee 33, 797 664, 602 58.3 89.4 698,399 | 143,692 | 393, 435
ES eee 15, 062 683, 379 57.9 90. 4 698,441 | 159,100 414, 166
“Dl 2 1A aa 35, 680 635, 121 58.5 93.1 670,801 | 162,705 | 352’ 906
eee 34, O71 621, 338 57.8 88.3 655,409 | 122,041 | 348,739
23, 876 730, 267 58. 3 90. 0 754,143 | 156,471 449, S81
; 35, 515 763, 380 58. 7 93. 2 798,895 | 151,795 411, 733
32, 236 891, 017 58. 0 89.7 923,253 | 152,903 | 541, 193
28,972 | 1,025, 801 57.9 88.4] 1,054,773 | 244, 448 633, 380
. 74,731 636, 318 57.1 87.0 711,049 | 100,650 | 361,088
-- J) Ned geet ge 15, 611 636, 655 58.5 92. 4 652,266 | 107,745 325, 500
0 =i eee 8, 063 921, 438 58. 8 93. 1 929,501 | 128, 703 541, 666
j iia 19,261 934,265 56.3 82.1 953,526 | 164,624 | 563,687
' (Jo = sae 47, 620 787,128 57.4 838. 9 834,748 |...-..-... fesse 2 -seh
| |
;
; TABLE 25.—Wheat: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States.
|
i |
: Value
F Farm price per bushel
Yield per acre (bushels. ) (cents). Gar ic
BS AS S
State. eS os es
OT Ci) 2s
Fh ex cc —
3 35 53
Pasa ais eleisjeie rslSisei/si/a)s {sla
2aSlajajslalelalela|Sl[oeie |S) )/8/8 [=
Co ee ee ee ee ee ee 7 a — a fad =
Me-..._.. ./23. 0)21. 0/23. 5)25. 5)27. 0/28. 0/27. 0/14. 0/22, 0/18. 8:22.7| 164) 187) 235, 237) 220) 230/41. 6552. 21
t 23. 8/27. 8|25. 0/24. 5/29. 0/30. 0/25. 0/20. 0/22. 0/16. 0.19. 0 156} 165) 236 231) 227) 20041. 5438.06
- -j20. 6/19. 5|16. 0/20. 022. 5/25. 0/21. 0/21. 0:18. 2/21. 3.22.0) 148} 168) 210; 215) 215) 17537. 9138.50
oy ee a 18. 2:17. 4/18. 517. 6)18. 0/20. 0/20. 0/19. 0,17. 0/18. 0/16. 0) 152) 164) 213, 215) 220) 205/34. 1232. 80
17. at le 3h O18. 1/18, 5)19. 017. 5:17. 0/17. i 6] 145) 162) 205) 214; 216) 170/32, ba 22
15. 8/16. 7/17. 5 14. 5)20. 5'15. 0/15. 1 16. 5/13. 012. 0)17.0 147) 162) 208) 222) 213) 171/25. 88.29. 07
16. 0/15. 5,15. 0/13, 3/21. 5/16, 1/16. 0/17. 0,15. 513. 517.0) 146) 171 207) 219) 215) 165 28, 48 28. 05
12. 8/12. 0,11. 6/13, 6/14. 5/13. 8,12. 7/13. 12, O)11. 8)12.5) 151) 165) 216) 219} 224) 180 23. 33 22.50
W. Va... ./13. 8/11. 5/14. 5/13. 0/15. 0/15. O14. 5/14. 0114, 2/13. 5/12. 5; 153) 160) 217) 221) 220) 19026. 17.23.75
0. 1/10. 6} 8.9) 11. si 010. wife is 7.0) 7. 911.7 6 176; 234) 230) 233) 21017. 8924.57
/ |
é 10 9/11. 4) 9. 2/12. 3,11. 5.10. $10. 6/10. 5)11 0/10. 5/11.0) 191) 189]; 290) 260) 258) 255 24. 2128. 05
Ga........|10. 7/12. 0) 9. 3/12. 2:12. 111. O11. 4| 8. 5/10. 2)10. 5}10. 0) 186) 186) 290) 266; 263) 240 22. 96/24. 00
i 16. 7/16. 0} 8. 0/18. 0/18. 5/20. 3:13. 5/22. 019.018. 9)12.7| 145! 169) 204! 212) 212) 16533. 83/20. 96
5. 4/14. 7| 8. 0/18, 5)17. 417. 2/12. 0/18. 521. 014. 9)12.0) 143) 169) 203) 208) 210) 16730. 07/20. 04
6. 3/16. 0} 8. 3/18. 7/18. 5,19. 0.11. 018, AG ie et 141 165 ie 208, 210) 16130. ii
Mich... --. 6. 818. 0,10, 0/15. 3/19. 7/21. 316. alin 0/14. 219.6)15.2) 144 167) 204 209) 210) 16831. 36:25. 54
abe =i. 18.915. 919. O19. 3/19. 1/22. 7/17. 6/22, 3/24. 2:13, 4/15. 1) 139) 160) 202) 205) 215) 15434. 64/23. 25
Seo /13. 410, 1/15. 5/16. 2/10. 6/17. 0} 7. 6/17. 5/20. 9] 9.4) 9.7] 188 162) 202) 204! 250) 13025. 8212.61
Towa...... 18. 0.16, 4/19. 8/20. 6/18, 6/20. 0/16. 3/19. 9/18, 9/14. 2/15. 7) 1382 156; 199) 200) 200) 139 29, 73,21. 82
J 114. 2.15. 7|12. 5/17. 1)17. 0/12. 3) 8 5/15. 3/17. 2/13, 5/12. 5| 139 165] 195, 205; 209) 160 23. 88/20. 00
1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1.

; by Staics— i:

(cents).

Farm price per bushel

per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre

ce .-
Continued.

WHEAT—Continued.

Yield per acre (bushels).

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

556
TaBLe 25.— Wheat: Yield per acre, pri

“616I-GI6T

| fadeioae reak-¢

s

x =
pond =
oa oa
= -

ws ©
=
o
=

“OZ6I-T16I ‘ade

-18A8 TeeA-+)7

0261

‘U@oI-L16T ‘one
Jove wead-OT

State.

19. 86
onths

144, 3/24. 60,

150} 215) 210 ono

i]
|

240

,

200) 203) 241

210) +205) 1
oui] 20!
194) 235)
189) 212

195; 202
206

210) +240

198
192
200
193
193

201

United States, on first of m

140} 180
145) 182) 201
152} 200! 216) 204

150
150
152
146
143

|

{

129) 145
138

0} 164

2) 127

3} 139
121
128
128

13 8/135. 8,160. 3/200. 8/204. 2/215, 1

0

G) 146

0

5) 144) 163
3} 129) 161
4, 128

0
1
8
2
5
6
7

GAGS6S sacaa dd
SunDdMD MOOWS 3
Gator ae
Sonsee SotM HON Oe
Sri cict. otef
ASOSon GANS
oouide 6

718, 7/2
15. 0116. 5/14. 0} 143

Condition of crop,

named, 1899-1920.

]

. 5/14

19.8

0)12. 2/14. 1:15, 612. 9

5.
4

SSAA SHeie CSAs Sk

MOCO wWiowMnr NOrw

ale

SASH Nooo

SAN ARAA €

onooe Bone
eueq 43an Slat
Sern OFrn ONSS

_SA8A RSA ASKS |

16. 6

15. 2|

5/15. 9

DEAMD AAA

114.612.

|

TABLE 26.— Winter and spring wheat:

Ss.

U.

When
vested.

ify
iT]

7) =
: ~
. | gag
Ber
ei
§

2 5
ea =
2

7 | og
aie.

Year.

.Sahbes sk

Za 222s

SSO eID AGTH OS CVT H TIro ow

ESSER 282¢e sexe ese Se

SCANtr OCLMNHA HOO

Zea SERE

LAMSODr ROMO HHMOR
ZRRES

MAROON BAKA
desis I8RSS

OHATN MOOS DOTS wo:

eres

LENO ARR DOOAN OKLKM ONS
sacsce
as

' Ss. Fe
eh ee
hk ee

64.1
eee eee eleoewwnee
Bee

NONE Soe die hac cei Bee dace sae

Statistics of Wheat. , 557

Y WHEAT—Continued.
TABLE 27.— Winter wheat: Per cent of area sown which was abandoned (not harvested).

“ |
4 Year. Per cent. | Year. Per cent. | Year. Per cent.
] |
: _— {| —
: 2.8 7.5 yas
15.4 13.7 | 11.4
} 4.6 10.7 31.0
5.5 20.1 13.7
112 4.7 Lt
4.2 a1 11.9
| i}
TABLE 28.—Wheat: Extent and causes of yearly crop losses, 1909-1919..
~ © a | ' : 1) a °
Bis. I) o a = = Be %
2 Ae a pale oP toe ee el S é ed
oF ain wa neo is 4 sale % ~ s Bie 5
Rafe oor], ) S|) Cees is A lSs/ae] 8 = Be egal dec:
of ix4g|] oo] # oa S len ec ie} 2 eg |e ha
A i= & |e ss ss mo |e 4 4 | 4 /a =
(Pivet:| Pet.) Po ct Piet P. ct. chic. et.-2. ct.) Peoct .| Pact.) P. ct.) Pct.) P..ct
eee 12.3 6. 2 0.4 i 0.8 2.9 0.3 | 24.3 | 10.2 25 0.1 (@) 37.6
Wee 14.6 aes yi | 3.8 1.1 2.0 “2 | 20 es ter 2 = 25.7
_ Eada AOU pete SS TI Sif OL Gike 2 t Bde anne 7 are a7 PSS d | a683
6.9 8 .6 5.1 i ee Sef -2u) 21,2.) 1256 4.0 1 ak 38.7
: |
1.3 SH tO el 2" | eG. Leet he | Se Oa eda eavGh|. Co Rfe = 1. 2 19eT
6.7 tats ete Queen 5h Olea (tor O. te 2 Gna sie lore gS
14. 2 4 +2 1.9 a? 1.7 -3 | 20.0 wd 202 ae | wi | Jang >
8.1 8 -3 9.5 Ls 1.8 .4 | 24.0 1.8 23 co #y. 29.5
+. ya 25.5) .81:0) b us| .4] a8t 121383] 19] 29] .2| 22] 378
L. 2 Syne eae 18,9 9 ue 6.6 a5 2.6 2 | 30.0 9 1.9 4 4 33.8
5 85)-32]. 7} 24] 20) 22) .6}189] 16) 11] 2) 13 | 228
wisihea 12.4 0 3] 4.5 11} 20 3/2291 27| 21 2| 2] 28:8

a Less than 0.05 per cent.

~ TaBLe 29.—Wheat: Farm price, cents per bushel on first of each month, 1911-1920:

| ] |
Date. | 1920, | 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | i914 | 1913 | 1912 | 1911 vite
j ue Bh |
ee 231.8 | 204.8 | 201.9 | 150.3 | 102.8 | 107.8] 81.0] 76.2] 8&0] 886 | 1333
Se 235.7 | 207.5 | 201.2 | 164.8 | 113.9] 129.9] 81.6] 79.9| 90.4] 89.8 | 139.5
ae 226.6 | 208.0 | 202.7 | 164.4 | 102.9] 133.6} 83.1] 80.6/ 90.7] 85.4] 137.8
es... 234.0 | 214.2 | 202.6 | 180.0] 986] 131.7] 842] 721! 92.5] 83.8] 140.1
|
a 251.3 | 231.1 | 203.6 | 245.9 | 102.5 | 139.6] 83.9] 80.9 | 99.7] 846] 1523
WBMUEEL 2c. .......-. 258.3 | 228.4 | 202.5 |-248.5 | 100.0] 131.5} 844] 827/ 1028] 86.3] 152.5
Se 253.6 | 222.0 | 203.2 | 220.1} 93.0] 1028] 76.9] 814] 99.0] 843] 143.6
| 2a | 939, 2 | 217.2 | 204.5 | 228.9 | 107.1] 106.5| 76.5] 77.1| 89.7| 827] 142.2
OT 218.7 | 205.7 | 205.6 | 209.7 | 131.2} 95.0] 93.3] 77.1] 85.8] 848] 140.7
ae 214.3 | 209.6 | 205.8 | 200.6 } 136.3] 90.9] 93.5! 77.9] 834] 884] 1401
SS ae 188. 0 | 213.2 | 206.0 | 200.0 | 158.4] 93.1]. 97.2] 77.0].838] 91.5] 140.8
a | 144.3 | 215.1 | 204.2 | 200.8 | 160.3] 91.9] 986} 79.9! 76.0] 87.4] 135 8
Average.......... | 217.2 212.8 | 204.3 | 200.8 | 125.9] 105.2) sx4| 74] S74] 86.9 | 140.7
j ‘ H !

558 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

WHEAT—Continued.
TaBtEe 30.—Wheat: Monthly marketings by farmers, 1914-1920.

Estimated amount sold monthly by
farmers of United States (millions of Per cent of year’s sales.

Month. bie cei wnt
1919-20) 1918-19} 1917-18) 1916-17)1915-16 1914—15)1919-20) 1918-19) 1917-18) 1916-17] 1915-1 1914-15
St ote

Ely ees ee EAA O06 7.4 | 13.3 17.6
August... 23.2) 19.9] 12.4) 179 13.2
September 3 15.6°[ - 1820 |) 19:3 | S168 15.5
October. - 2225 - 11.1] 13.8) 18.0] 14.1 12.5
Novemher..... 7.5 8.7 137 9.7 10.3
December. ...-. 5.7 7.3 7.6 5.6 7.5
January-......=- 4.2 4.6 4.7 7.2 5.)
February - -..-- 3.0 3.1 3.9 3.3 5.7
March =.¢.:..5 2.9 2.0 3.7 3.9 33
Bprtl. ..-3t8_ sts 3.1 1.6 4.1 3.1 4.6
Giie~= ee = 3.4 1.9 3.1 3.0 he Xe
PUD aot ee 3.2 1.5 2.1 2.1 mi
00.0

Season... 775 | 560 | ay 851 tle

3
o
3
o
3
o

Tasie 31.—Durum wheat production: Receipts at primary markets, and exports, 1905—

1918. 4 r
vf
:
; Receipts at | Exports > 7 Receipts at | E
| Production . rel : Production =f
Year | 7 primary | year begin- Year : ; 7 primary | year -
|in 4 States.1] Thrkets? |ning Fafy i | in 4States.1] {pamary ning July 1.
| Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. |} Bushels. Bushels. hels,
AT Saat ha bee Sib eRe sepa, 7,015, 225 || 1912........ 334,561,000 | 22,539,000 | 15, 461, 129
$908! <2 ats iz, ait lates eee ee: 22, 638, 565 || 1913.......- 321,529,000 | 20,625,000 | 11, 785,
ted eae 31, 600, 604 | 27,053,478 || 1914.......- 318,103,000 | 21,356,600 | 15, 229) 401
i ee yo egceces 32, 600,569 | 20,777,435 || 1915.......- 40, 365,000 | 43, 867,120 | 24, 780; 169
0... 38,115,000 | 34,762,000 | 18,344,972 || 1916........ 310, 887,000 | 22,503,511 | 17,385,073
WMO -2-<0 224° 131,000 | 19,764,000 | 3,273,703 || 1917........ 25,945,000 | 16,087,974 | 6, 587,
Fes Beatin 316,024,000} 5,830,000} 1,851,988 || 1918........ 49,414,000 | 33,311,793 | 18,329, 257

1 These 4 States are: Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana.
2 These 7 markets are: Chicago, Duluth, Kansas City, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Omaha, St. Louis.
3 Does not include Montana,

Statistics of Wheat. Aoe 559

WHEAT—Continued.

TasBLE 32.—Spring wheat varieties: Production in principal States, 1914-1920.

The bulk of the spring wheat crop is produced in the four States of Minnesota, North and South Dakota,
and Montana. The five leading varieties of spring wheat in these States have made interesting shifts in
relative importance in the ae seven years. Marquis was least important in 1914, but by 1916 it had

nped into first place, which it has held since, although its peak of popularity seems to have heen reached

1919, when it comprised 58.3 per cent ofall the spring wheat raised in these four States, as compared with
57 per cent in 1920. Durum wheat is the only one of the leading varieties that has gained, relatively, in
1920. This variety has been gaining, relatively, steadily since 1914. It is the heaviest yielder in bushels
peracre. Velvet chaff, blue stem, and fife have each lost in relative importance each year since 1916. _Com-
parative figures are given below.

7, -,
Marquis. eee ee Durem. Fife. | Other.
State and year. 2
‘ Per cent of State total.

Minnesota: Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent.
72.3 14.4 6.0 5. 2 Lo 0.9
67.8 TR 7.9 4.3 1.4 8
59.7 22.4 11.8 as 1.6 £2
47.4 26.8 18.6 3.1 3.1 1.0
ol 29.9 31.9 23 3.9 “3
3.1 30.6 53.1 2.0 1-2 4.1
46.7 8.1 3.9 36.4 3.3 1.6
47.5 8.0 5.0 34.6 |, 4.3 6
47.2 9.1 7.0 29.2 6.0 15
43.4 10.1 TZ 25.3 8.1 1.0
38.5 12.2 14.2 18.6 } 16.0 5
5.0 11.6 446) 127) 21.5 4.6

|
61.9 6.3 1.9 | 4 .6 2
63.8 8.4 3.1 | 22.74 1.0 1.0
69.6 12.5 55 | 20. 4 1.6 4
44.3 20.6 gb a 20.6 5 i eee» Seis
25.4 32.1 25. 8 13.6 2.9 oe
Sail 32.0 30.9 ~A.7 | 11.3 1.0
66.8 2.5 5.0 ine 3.1 4.7
71.4 4,3 4.6 1323 3.9 2.5
66. 2 2.8 5.6 212 2.8 1.4
75.0 its 5.0 13.3 2.3 Le
57.0 8.4 4.1 26. 4 2.4 7
58. 3 10.€ asa 22. 2 2.7 9
55.2 13.1 7.9.[- 2. 49:2 3.5 L1
47.0 17.6 13.6 | 16. 2 4.9 8
State and year. Production in bushels.

Minnesota: Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushcls. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels.
20 4, 020 1, 678 1, 446 347 260
6, 290 2, 792 1, 520 495 283
16, 699 8, 797 2, 460 1,193 895
13, 460 9, 342 LS SGy/ 1, 557 502
7, 625 8, 135 586 + 76
12, 852 22, 302 840 2, 982 1, 722
5, 540 2, 668 24, S98 2, 257 1, 094
4, 416 2,7 19, 099 2, 374 331
9, 616 7, 397 30, 856 6. 341 1,585
5, 656 6, 776 14, 168 4, 536 560
4,798 5, 584 7,314 6, 292 197

9,425 | 36,395] 10,389] 17,549 3, 72
1,610 493 7, 140 156 311
2, 453 905 6, 628 292 292
7, 600 3,344 12, 403 973 243
8,940 4, 948 8, 941 1,345 0
7, 078 5, 689 2, 999 639 44
9, 888 9, 388 6, 724 3, 501 199
397 794 2,843 502 753
346 370 1,071 314 201
596 1,193 4,516 596 298
187 549 1, 460 362 187

|

11, 567 5, 633 36, 327 3, 262 2,418
18, 505 6, 827 28, 318 3.475 1, 107
34, 511 20, 731 50, 235 9.1038 3,021

a a ae Sea 75,572 | 28,23] 21,615 | 28,196 7, 800 1,249

560 Yearbook of ‘i Shatoeeeanssfetlig tae 1920. a
WHEAT—Continued,
TasLE 32.—Spring iialovieriatioas Production in idlgdiesabiadtonsé 1914-192

cv? TOs teow sf itera

Bel

‘State and year.

Bushels. | Bushels. Bushels. Bushels.

9.8 8.1 2 12.0)
9.7 8.3 7.8: 2.94540
2.4 19.0 17.0] - 20.0
17.2 16.0 14.0]. 15.5
11.0 7.4 55 8.5
12.8 11.6 9.8 12.3
8.5 7.4 7.2 10.5
6.6 6.8 5.3 7.9
13.2 12.0 11.0 14.0
8.0 7.5 7.2 9.0
6.0 5.2 31s = ae
14.9 12.1 10.3 13.9
8.2 7.3 8&1 12.4
7.6 7.4 6.7 9.8
19.3 17.0 |--- 15-4-}---. 29.5
15.3 32, 1-4 45-3
7.9 6.2 5.0 8.2
11.2 9.3 7.5: 11.2
10.8 10.4 10.7 11.5
4.8 5.4 5.8 4.5
13.0 12.7 10.5|-. 12.9
03 i eS BP 9.0

oS “OISE ET ¢ “S167 UL Qn Uleq PION » “OZ6T ‘IOJUIM POl T “ON ¢ "6161 ‘UIOYJIOU JON ‘OZOT ae 04 02 “Je {197UIM pley Zz ‘ON ‘@16I-C16T * JojULM pol Z ‘ON rt
im a ae € = ee Were. at a 5 i acaet Ge RE 6 ASST LA 2 J ee eee ee Ok ee ee ae a -
O98 | OFF esd 575 oog | tort | 6 cea _1ee_|_est_| 2'vez | 962 _|_ 26T_|.0°6z2 | Oo | Sor | 6 "Fc | Loe | O8T | Zee | SOE lt “requiaseqt- 4qne
Ges | Ose | SoZ |S Zor) Hest | Pet | 8 “66I | 302 | ost |b eet | 6oc | Gol |G cet | zat | por | 961 | toc | ¥enr |2"c6r| Loc | yest Jequre08
ge | cue | oze |o'cet | 9¢% | FobT |e ‘802 | 922 | EST | S°10Z | GO% | COI | O°S8T| Fe | SST | 080% | Fees | O8T | 9°90G | BES | FSLI Jaq ULdAON
gee | OOF | OSE | 6 ZIG | Fezz | H26r | 6°92] 9 | STIS | 8'8T@| Fes | ITZ | L°91e| Eee | FoI OES | Bb | FRIt | Tees | SH | LIZ 1aq0499
S$ R9E | O8s | OSE | 80Ss | ¥89% #Ges |G ‘LEZ | 892 | GES | 489s | 89Z 182 | L°bSt | PLZ | Hee e'29c | #2lz | #ISz | T‘s9% | tI8z | BF ~-requieydeg
g'o0¢ | og | Ofe |@'sez| O62 | Sez |8'zcz| zoz | eee | 27092} 8oz | Oks | 2°19c| 982 | OFZ | £022 | ¥oZe | O92 | 8'890 | teZe | Les |--~~T tno” qysn3ny
ocr | of | OOF |9'zsz| ooe cee |o-tzz| Tez | Fee | TB82| ez | OFZ | 908] Ooe | Lez |¢ ‘00g | L0e | 98% |¢-zez | S0f | 29% ire tants wa. ies Aqoe
(s) | () | G) |ersse | ose fizz | tsze| are | or | F'o2z| ove | obs | 8-082 | ose | sez | z'eoz | cee | tees | Sere | sce_| tee _|° “ouns-Asenues
(3) (9) | (os) |S "T6z.|.01s | Ovz |o‘ssz |) 662 | Guz |9"10E | STs | Sez |9%6| ETe.| 08% |6°P0E | OTe | OOE | F 10} sie | POs | Te --gune
(s) (9) 1 Co) | 0 2608: 2088) (08% 1 Se26z.| sete. | SBS | 228089) 02s =] Sbe= [esos | “SRE. |_ SAS" | SXOTS) SCE MNSOOE +) Gets. eee. | O86 | Ae
(s) (c) (9) | P°N08 | GIG | Ger] zz | eee |. HOS | 2842.1 86 | Coe | .e86s | “SOE | Ske ersze:) 208 |eees: | O.°S08 | OTe | Gee [72° °2ses “Tudy
(3) (s) (s) |6'12e | O0€ | 0S% |S8'scc}] 89Z | OSZ |8'6FZ | 09% | GH | F'79G| 062 | OG | 8 “GEs | ESEZ AHS AM PSs: 7 Ci Ney Game genet cea qoieyw
(9) (s) (s) | $'09% | Gez | ¥Izz | 1°SGc | 2Le | OFZ | 9"ESt | GOZ | OSZ | 6 ‘GPS | BLZ | SEZ | 8 “cee | ESE ee ees, eves | Free fo Azenige,)
(s) (s) (s) | 96) Sze | 09% | 9122 | Fe | 09% | 1°09} GOT | OFZ | L°LTE| OSE | 062 | L’8hZ | H9G | EGEC | B°FEZ | Hees | tree PO Avenuey
s = SS a fo —<— a a Sao —x _——— —$—__— >_> _____ _.___} “0G61
~ (9) (c) (s) |o1z@ | ove | 06% | z2'8%2| zg | 12% | 8‘6zz| 99g -] e22 | 6'892| Sze | 02% | 8's | EGEZ OG) |. beste | Ore | FOC [eo Jaq dteseq—Aqu
Lose | oce | Ose | 60H | G8 | EIeZ | Z's] SLs | SEZ | LEH] OLZ | OFZ | ROP | FH | 2% 1°9EZ | BH | HES | HO | HFG | ELEZ cy). een
. vase ose | ose | 1'e2e | gee | Fee | Hee | Herz | Tes | Geet] 08% | LIZ | 9ueZ| FEZ | 9B L'Ges | EET | OF | ‘bez | fore | eae 7" “saquieoe(~4Tn¢
i oroce | OSE | OSE |. G°9TZ| LIZ GIS | O'SIS| SIS | GIG | GATS) GIS | LIS | 0°08 | 02% | 082 | 0928 | HBG | aiBeer I E82e | 600.) RES. erat
=~ i | | 'g
2 gtce | ose | ove |s'tez| soe | siz |ztize| sue | or | oveez| soz | giz | ees} Ooe | 212 Zee | ove | 602 | ¥'6ez | 1e2 | 6% ******4equIeoaq-Arnr
S gee | OOF | 08% | 0°62Z | GEE | Beer Lez | ee | Tar | Leet | Ore | Tzr | e:0e~| Ope | For | Zee) VE | ROT | Ihe | Ooze | LEE pie ead
‘— | }
BS $6z | 062 | 091 | OF9T | 002 | $400 z‘zor | 96t | Gor | e'oct | fest | For | o'zot | zoe | o1t | 9'ost | feer | Foor | ocezt| ciz | fer “7 Jequiesaq-Ajny
‘SG 99T | O8L | OST | 9°OZT | E8ET | oor | 9'e2l | ert | SO1 | S‘6IL | z2er | eon | Leer | €or | ¥90r | S°STT | EtpT | FOOL | 9°9e1 | FocE | terE ~~ pr i: eae
iS ! : *
a 1 ‘291 GST | OFT | T ‘SIT | Sct 68 | O°SIT | 62T gor [SPIT | zer 901 | O°LIT | $eST 66 | S ‘ZIT ea FOOT lO Seb PPP L oe ASOT wins. sequresad-AMe 4
Lez | of | SOE | G'ont | Scot | BIT | scht| FOL-| Off | Garr | SOT | FIT | L°0ST | 2OT | 2k | O'SPL | H8OL | TIT | TUST] S24T.; 92 | Sree eaae 4
rest | oo | eer |pvorr | fost | fos | evcor | fer | oz [crrcc:] Beer | os Joes | ser | ss | ocoor} set | tes | ovpir| foer | $os “7177 *equtesaq-Aqnp
LzLt | sor | tier | E16 | 6 wl tes | ove | #66 -| ko. |---| H66 «| F938 | 96 | OOT | 68 | 186 | COL | ER | HOT] EIT | ts yo meee
Oost | Fozt | ST | L698 | fe6 | BOS | 9°16 | #46 e °°77"] €20T | fzs | 806 | F956 os | 6°26 | $96 ee ose | Lot | we "777 *requreveq-Aqnp &}
BIST AT Weer | B288 1 SG" | ee S O08 | TT | be se Fort | €20r | 6°16 | 96 | ¥z8 | O-2zOr | 60r | e901 |S TIT| Hit | zor 7 *-*" eunp-Alendey
"1D | “SO | “84D | “MO | “8D | “SAD | “8D | “SO | “SO | *80 "810 | °820. | °890. | “SHO | “820 <1 “870 | “S20 | “870 | “2D | “810 | 990 | “E16!
Pav “STH “MOTT | JOAY | “USIH | “MOT | “JoAy “YSTH aor. “IOAV “ust Sean UST “+ MOry "OAV “sto “MOT | “JOAYV | ‘USTEH | /Mo'T i
. x : ; : : ; ar a <aupds aS : ‘ ‘Surids ; fy
»CSQ[OOT Jed) oF AA deat ON JOPUIM pat Z ‘ON eer Z ON waaratoe LON polz “ON way}10U | ‘ON ) aye =
-oostouBlg WRG | | _spodeauay } “stno'y “49 “pole ‘os BOTYD a “e10may eg, “HIOX Mesy | %
ee : a he ties ee _ [:ssoded jepru 0 tuo} porrduro) ‘a of:

‘0661-SI6T ‘pasng dad antad siamese M “weyA—"Se ATEV, sai Ss ;

2

ee eee ee ee ee ee ee SS

ts

BB:

oU
am

5. 90
89)11. 6

Winter paten

4. 75) 9.

4. 60
8.

0. 87|10, 00/12. 50/10. 74

New York.

Spring patents.
4, 90) 7. 25]... ..

-----| 5. 50) 8 25).....| 5.10) 7,
-----| 5.50/10. 00)... ._.

Ls. <2 =| Se 45): To 20) ae al

Cincinnati.
Winter patents.

Dols.
3. 25

|
i
|

5. 50}. .-..

;

4. 00)

4.10) 5. 60).....

WHEAT—Continued.

Shi SsRsar |S ||-sseas |=
as | a3 cEEE BELERREE:
S| SRSSRS (5

= seats |

= Lend -

BS AkSSss (|S RASEae |S
bd | Ml [T= fed dead TEE Neh a
z SSBRR (8 SSs8R5 |S
= Sessa [od | Ssaddad |
BRBSRB [EC |SSSS5K |e

SAS SE5 | 4 || SSSNSS |=

2. 64/12. 25

15. 60)14. 12|11. 75)15. 00)1

[Compiled from commercial pepers.]}

Chicago.

Winter patents. Spring patents.
ail eaits Dols.'Dols.| Dols.

ze 30} 5.10 ..-..
3. 90) 4.35 -.-..

def dal

|
|
is

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
TaBLe 34.—Wheat flour: Wholesale price per barrel, 1915-1920.

1918.

1917.
January-June... aa “
1919.

1916.
January-June.........|

1915.
January—-June.........

1914.
January—June.........| 5.

1913.
January-June. -......

Date.
January—June.........!

July—December........|

July-December........!
July-—December........!
July-December. .....-.)
July—December........
July-December. ...

562

88 S|) Sects eI RELSSS/S
aac | al lasagna |e
SSaSERIRIRSESSRIE
Adaeistal [al itddcodd | o
—REeSsSs S||SeSesx l/s
aoe | asad |
foe hh ae ne Se. eT
- BS8SkR SR |B! 818

= ee er eee leu!

so Beh ine Cae) a :
ais CSREES ry 5 +3 : &

te sg tenes 21s o's

g2 glk See eee

5 he Sele: Jee Oe ae

Te pe get eRe

sa) BS i:t: © IBEse'g O

a7] acc noe . S25

Sh SHEERS mESS bg

as ao3 ag BSEB58

ce Seeds A<“2OZA

Statistics of Wheat. 563

WHEAT—Continued.

Tase 35.—W heat, including flour: International trade, calendar years, 1969-1919."

[“Temporary”’ imports into Italy of wheat to be used for manufacturing products for export are included
in the total imports as given in the official Italian return. In the trade returns of Chile the item trigo
mote (prepared corn) which might easily be confused with trigo (wheat) is omitted. See “‘General
note,” Table 15.]

EXPORTS.
Country. en 1914 1915 1916 | 1917 | 1918 1919
; From— 1,000 1,009 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 1,000
bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels.
nh eae 95,243 | 39,435] 98,155] 91,625 | 40,078| 119,029] 137,356
_jntling = la as 49, 732 6,668 | 35,369| 68,780| 40,159| 66, 760|..........
Ustrig-HuUunpary....:....---.... GOB! | Eeene = ots lost cick eee CE oe ae pee oe eel oa we seep temewn sis
NIA ee alo ass =: ~~ = TALIA bee oe SRM My |e ee oa ry ak de ie 1) (temp, Cad med [enemas Ses S47
Pmnemuatians.l.... 51,510} 29,204] 29,207] 27,323| 57,822| 24,144 2, 524
(1 (EDO) i UTE ene ca S| hes CRE YB lt hea RS hice eS aD) le ha eho os
EN ie s- . s caa s ows o+ «ln 90,871] 91,322] 176,959 | 226,862 | 186,342 | 93,247] 113, 586
vin 3 ae 2, 593 301 16 535 1, 098 311 Ue eae
0 er LAO eee 02 oe | ees ae nie | cae tee a ie see sect tea eee ee
Memicrlan@e: 3... =... 54, 394 37, 583 1, 80 i 776 21 264
CDG 52, 370 235 SDN Meee ha et | paP ace alan sce s usel-wsnee = os 1
Ol ee TCT bee RYO [or she! bag Ua ys Ye ae el (a
Waitedisiates:---.--........-..- 100,310 | 231,323} 27,40 | 218,755 | 168,864 | 208,857] 267,111
Other countries. ..-5.........-.- 30, 412 33, 387 23,275 | 112,138 18,385 35,088 [2 o---o050-
Vitis 745,194 | 587,100 | 653,102| 761,196 | 513,519 | 551,961 |-......-.-
IMPORTS.

7 R61 Heese pl [an AE he aa BS 2d 4, 256

20,495 | 20,808 | 20,142 | 21,553 | 12,618] 18,499 22) 404

6, 397 6, 767 5, 168 5,822 | 3,898 1, 824 2) 030

6,711 5, 424 4296| 3,648 1,649 eg rem

4,912 4,548 4° 460 a op baer, EAE BE Sets

38,698 | 65,598} 76.776 | 106,446| 87,517| 72,627] 86,630

ig fear be nia ae SRga aa 7 a IR Ms) ial iets

7, 034 6, 704 6, 772 8, 323 1 Pe) ea

52,866 { 37,399] 9$3,159| 74,088| 77,249] 78,671 95, 503

3,495 4976 910 687 301 S aya: | 7. Sree

76,653 | 57,951} 28,766] 30,242| 12,575 2) 18, 259

3, 228 5, 439 4, 827 6, 789 per pl By

4,471| 15,575| 13,691| 11,648 1, 861 4, 664 13, 426

7,140 5, 346 9, 934 9) 862 3,673 2) 402 4) 073

i 18; 885 |) -17, 272 1-18: 100 |-;, -22, 177 9) 957 7, 406 13,148
United Kingdom.........-..... 219,156 | 218/025 | 191,064 211,830 | 206,255| 175,460] 178,543
United States.................. 1,537} 2,069 5,149| 9,407| 36,474] 17,788 7,986

Other countries... ..- aes 65,126 | 61,717| 46,978] 39,786 | 29,112] 133,149 |..........

DOU a gee 700, 526 | 535,618 | 520,131 | 560,292) 488,625| 517,962 |........-.

1 Does not include statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war period,
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-
parable during that period.

564 Y earbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

OATS.

TABLE 36.—Oats: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920. —
AREA.

Country. Lomeaats. 1914 1915 1916 1917 |

NORTH AMERICA. | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
| acres. acres. acres. acres.
United States-....... 37, 357 40,996 41, 527
Canada:
New Brunswick.. 204 201 | 198
Quebec........... 1, 451 1,400, 1,073
Ontario. ... 2, 964 3,095 1,991
Manitoba........ 1,379 1,317 1, 444
Saskatchewan. ... 2, 293 3, 336 3, 792
Ripert. 2 occ. 1, 223 1, 827 2, 124
eather eee 326 380 | 374
Total Canada. . 9, 840 11,556 | 10, 996 :
ox eee eget 5 Te sa seated 8
Wesabe LS Sssctsss ses See ee ee cee Ses See Pes Meer ee er aa -

52, 552 | 52, 523

———

Argentina: ........... 1, 999 2, 869 2, 565
Cine. see eee 68 152 161
Uruguay.....- ae | 46 82 105

Total); oe 2,113 3 | 2, 831

rs
EUROPE.

ASIRUTIOS oivhn wana aes 24,613 § 2,663
ie gs proper?.... 2, 669 Pe | Se Mie Ey
Croatia Slavonia 2... . UG in cosa oben veece cet
Bosnia Herzegovina ?. SBI -sir te, ape eng are
Belgium. ......:..... Lg de ee
Bulgaria?...2........ 455 395 |
Oretno-Sloyakia.- i508) o:-2 oo oe esse sneak oewdnaceee
Wenmistk 2... -6:? |’ 1,028 1, 024
Minland=-<°ce5. 29 occt be GIT Ta bes not Ian ace ae Lie San «Lae ame ee
BYSHED... 3-002 ~0-n° 29,801 8, 062
Alsace Lorraine...... 284 275 [onc acc cc elo nencteccen|eso-cernne|as soese eatin
Germany ?........... 10, 750 11, 404
Greer an. he el eeee eee ieee 100: 1, "R145 a? 6b. eee eee
MEG Ey S026 Oihsu oe 1, 253 1, 208
Jugo-Slavia..........|.-.. o dave ntlaSeemen oS etee pomp ons aiewiea see oil ane a eth ab) ameares aie et aan
Luxemburg.........- ne 77 72

1 Five-year average, except ina few cases where * Excludes Alsace-Lorraine.

:
eee wwe y
|
England: .22i2... 1,835 | 1,730 1, 888 2,013 | 2,415
ee 204 200 199 246 | 366
Scotland......... 952 920 983 991 1,041} 1,244
Ireland........... 1, 049 1, 028 1, 089 1, 072 1,464) 1, 580 :
Votal..:..-..c00 4,040 | 3,879 | 4,159 | 4,147] 4,764 | 6,605
—————d —=—<——= SSS —S_ _—— ———S—S=-_ Eee
Total Europe..| 84,158 |.........- bopiwen tia |[--2-2+2++e[eeeeeeeees
Le ———_ = ——} ——___ _ __} ss
five-year statistics were unavailable. ® Excludes Macedonia. b

9 Old boundaries. 10 Excludes Eastern Macedonia.
* Galicia and Bukowina not included. U Includes Bessarabia but excludes Debrudja.
4 Includes Galicia, excludes Bukowina. 12 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia and Bukowina.
* New boundaries. 18 Pormer Kingdom, Bessarabia, Bukowina and
¢ Bohemia and Moravia. Transylvania. t

7 Census of 1910. 4” Unoflicial.

oe e Statistics of Oats. ae 565

OATS—Continued.

TasiE 36:—Oats: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920—Contd.
AREA—Continued.

Ave

” Average? “ay e

» Country. . ‘1909-1913. 1915 | 1916 | 1917 1918 | 1919 1920
I | | Saeees | heen P3

vm ASIA. | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1.000 1,000 1;000

= ear | acres acres acres. | me

Central ee
ovyernments) ?.
: siberian (4 gov-
ernments)? ...:
Transcaucasia (1
government) ?..
Total Russia...)
AFRICA.
BAperia Jee. -.......-
unis. 5 2. ...-----:|
Union of South |
oo ae
‘Dn ae |
AUSTRALASIA
Australia: .
New South Wales
Victoria
South Australia
Western Austra-
oa a ee
Tasmania
24+ Total. ; 775 | 721
New Zealand 288 | 23
Total Austra- |
lasia. 1,063 934
oro a RS € OC i ee Peers ie eed ce eee eee ere
j
PRODUCTION. ,
NorTH AMERica. | 1,600 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000
- bushels. bushels. bushels. waskete: bushels. bushels. | bushels. bushels.
‘United States.......- 1, 131, 175 4, 141, 060 il, 549, 030 |1, 251, 837 1, 592, 7 i1, 538, 124 i, 231, 754 | 1, 526, 055
——————————— OS oe ah MC ia
New Brunswick 5, 933 6, 488 5, 560 6, 039 4, 275 7, 051 9, 261 9,118
Giiebec Res 40,294, 42,119 42,182, 24,411 | 32,466 52,667 57,275 | 66,729
ID Gees 52 oe 105,036 | 99,400 | 122,810) 50,771) 98,078 | 131,753 | 78,388) 129, 171
Manitoba........] 54,192 | 31,951) 50,750 f 48,439 | 45,375 | 54,474 | 57,698 57, 657
Saskatchewan. ~..| 98,481 | 61,816 | 145,066 | 163,278 123,214 | 107,253 | 112,157 | _ 141, 549
an 52,045 | 57,076 | 83, 876 | 102,199 86, 289 | 60,323 | 65,725 | © 115,091
Ge +e eee 11, 697 | 14, 228 14, 710 | 15, 074 | 13, 315} 12,791 13, 883 | 11, 395
Total Canada..| 367,678 | 313,078 | 464,954 | 410,211 403,012 | 426,312 | 394, 387 } 539,710
| 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 beeiesitic. [aceee eee 5S jeeeeeee eee
Motalees. 22.2.5. 1, 498, 870 oa 454, 155 1, 454, 155 2, 014,001 1,662,065 -......... ene | ariee FERS) See
SOUTH AMERICA .
BR 5 2 Sosa 52,122, 50,981 49,397, 75,280, 32,009» 68,635 | 33, 762 57, 113
Be ot 2,934 | 4,437 7, 104 6,350, 5,564 3,177 8 250 | 42,479
oo 830 | 1, 850 | aol 2, 283 | 1,926 3, 697 | 1, 288 | 1, 728
Peeeorsi.....-..-.-| 55,886 | 57, 268 | 57, 434 | 83,913 | 39, 409 | 75,509 | 38,300| — 61,320

1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where five-year statistics were unay ailable.
2 Qld boundaries.

® Less than 500 acres.

¢ Unofficial.

566

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

OATS—Continued.

TaBLeE 36.—Oats: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920—Contd.
' PRODUCTION—Continued.

Average! =
Country 1909-1913.| 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1920
EUROPE 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
: bushels. | bushels. |} bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels
Ayysinias css es 2 143, 392 | 2 132,114 | 357,625] 495, 593 10, 901 12, 933 ee
Hungary proper ?....| 85, 840 86, 537 80,925 425.22 0sseloce see eee 120
Croatia Slavonia ?.... 5, 216 4, 000 A a Se Pee Pee
Bosnia Herzegovina 2. 4, 973 3, 000 4, 000)}...---- <2 -)os-- 5-5 ele ee
Belpigm 22-2. ----=s 40, 905 49, 742 40, DOOMED... 322] sods eee oes 26, 27, 876
Bulgaria ?...........- 9, 880 8, 080 9, 545 7, 372 6, 558 3,613 | > 7, 59,731
Gzecho-Sloyakia..--<5|5.<.-sctalesectcnaee) s& so qoaly| soeasoece: [Oe eaee a ene ee 6 43, 5, 859
Denmark sc.sces.t '42, 859 51, 656 37, 653 41, 571 47, 47,275
Winlangcosh- onan 22, 905 22; O67: |e - =e o8 7 22, 649 24, 562
Pye: eee 238,551 | 277,179 | 214,259 | 176, 504 | 8 168,
Alsace-Lorraine- . 6; 607, [Ubs 8.62. Nose A 3 4, 049 8, 030 12:2 es
Germany ?..-..... 412) 400 ewe 8 249, 964 | § 322, 475 | § 309,
Greets - =<. 22~-. 2, 182 9)2.1742)} 28:2. O88). see 2,
Tiny ese 5 soe 31, 443 26, 076 33, 889 34,
Jugo-Slavia 222. ~~. <2 bid cons se eee we AS ose | 2 Se be | eee ee
Luxemburg......-...- 1, 881 2, 720 2,015 || 1,459 |..-5s 4225) cceeees
Netherlands. ........- 20, 692 22, 240 18, 594
Wor ways. t6e- 22 5 10, 318 13, 502 17, 004
Roumania ?.......-.- 29, 054 28,935. jocoe=< 223
Russia proper 2 757, 308'| 843,249 |... ..-..-2). 2-32-25 o oc sen ee
ROAE. oi5cnaxeasaays 2°76, 800 sh: 2 sos svt ss pes ace ec aw co) se ea eae
Northern Caucasia?..| 29, 602 30, 291 25, 267 |... 22 - fe one cow ee sles sonnet ee|s a= SOE
Serbia 2.22. 5225-c-& 5, 443 5, 000 es an ee
Spain . 224. pas ok 29, 110 31, 227 36, 949 32, 163 33, 048
Sweden s-15.2%3..2-5 79, 115 52, 557 91, 311 93, 089 61, 400
Switzerland.......... 4, 784 5, 181 5, 601 4,127 4, 209
United Kingdom:
naga Ree e ae 74, 750 71, 408 676
WESIPS» S226 5-55 7, 274 7, 431
Scotland ......... 37, 670 38, 115
Melani. ss ccscc<e5 63, 083 63, 287
Total United
Kingdom. ...| 182,777 | 180, 241
Oo Cae st 2, 638, B2b Asis wacenaas | scusesarevfesstsetcne|sace 2beks giteaws weal. ocean at?
ASIA
6 ee a See / 429 400))-. .. 4080ie i... St ce. eee
Russia:
Central Asia (4
Governments)?. 15, 044 27, 887.) © 16, Sze nn on cele ene nacess|accncs ou diells oa 05 enn
Siberia (4 Gov-
ernments)?..... 72,305 |, 133,275 | 68,381 |... 2..<c|- 22. con wen] ona moe] b= ete
Trauscaucasia (1
government)?. . 54 Be BB i bce c name a2] aceon canna] ome <euic ar |n.4<aicenn
Total Russia -. 7 87; 408} 161,193 | “SE 890" | os er a
AFRICA. ) /
BIMOEM. inwnwad Sane noe 12, 950 10, 000
UG ks ayes tk ass 4, 333 689
Union of South |
PTOI. 5 02 a een = = ' AL BY ee ee
i sa. eile he 1 26, 480 0a .. a5 =e

1 Five-year average except in a few cases where

five-year statistics were unavailable.
2 Old boundaries.
2 Excludes Galicia and Bukowina.

4 Includes Galicia, excludes Bukowina, Goritz

and Gradiseca.
6 New boundaries.
6 Bohemia and Moravia.

7 Unofficial.

8 Excludes Alsace-Lorraine.

9 Excludes Macedonia.

10 Excludes Eastern Macedonia.

" Includes Bessarabia, excludes Dobrudja.

2 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia and Bukowina,

13 Former Kingdom and Bessarabia.

Statistics of Oats. 567

OATS—Continued.

TaBLe 36.—Oats: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920—Contd.
PRODUCTION—Continued.

¥ Average! y 7
Country 1909-1913. 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920
AUSTRALASIA.
HY 1000 1000 1000
Australia: bushels. | bushels. | bushels
» Queensland...... 47 58 44
New South Wales eaypl 1, 893 512
_Victoria.......... 8, 592 9, 170 1,608
: South Australia. . 1, 371 1, 239 368
’* WesternAustralia 1, 204 1, 708 465
Ogee hii aa 2, 066 1, 644 1, 342
d PRT ATES. 2) 2: 14,851 | 15,712 4, 339
New Zealand......... 13,664 | 15,206 | 11,436
- Total Austra-
Tsih)2 5 haere 28,515 |° 30, 918 15, 775
Grand total...... aol OUCH: tee cc coe seen ances

1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where five-year statistics were unavailable.

TABLE 37,—Oats: World production so far as reported, 1895-1916.

|
Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. Production.
= ~
; Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels
3, 008, 154,000 || 1901....| 2, 862,615,000 || 1907....| 3,603,896,000 || 1913....) 4,697, 437,000
2, 847, 115,000 || 1902....} 3,626,303,000 |; 1908....| 3,591,012,000 || 1914....| 4,034, 857,000
2, 633,971,000 || 1903....| 3,378,034, 000 || 1909. 4, 312, 882,000 || 1915....! 4, 362,713,000
2,903, 974,000 || 1904....| 3,611, 302,000 || 1910. 4, 182,410,000 || 1916....| 4,138, 050,000
3, 256, 256, 000 |! 1905....| 3,510, 167,000 |) 1911 3, 808, 561, 000
3, 166, 002,000 || 1906....| 3,544, 961,000 || 1912 4, 617, 394, 000

Year.

Average:
LOLS RODS SE Se
1900-

: Russia

United Ger-

Euro-

States.t he many.!

Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels.
26.1. | - 17.8 40.0
29.3 20.0 50.7
30.5 21.8 54.7
31.2 15.1 55.7
23.7 19.7 58.3
25.0 20.1 50. 2
28.6 25.7 59.0
31.6 22.5 51.3
24.4 18.6 49.6
37.4 23.6 54.1
29, 2 26.3 61.1
29.7 17.9 57.4
37.8 22.4 36. 2
30.1 24.3 354.4
BOcGule. ca eees 329.0
Sats 302 ee oe 339.9
29.4
35.2

1 Bushels of 32 pounds.

2 Winchester bushels.

| United
Austria.l ptoahl France.? | ane
Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels.

REN ee 29.8 43.6
29.8 30.7 31.6 44.3
7.0 31.9 31.0 | 42.9
34.1 34.2 27.0 | 43.8
35.7 30.0 31.8 | 45.1
32.0 26.8 29.6 | 43.5
37.4 33.8 34.1 | 45.9
31.5 26.8 29.8 44.3
33.7 33.8 30.8 41.5
36.2 3k. 31.9 41.7
39.3 34.6 31.6 43.0
46.6 33. 2 31.0 44.0
21.6 30.4 25.6 44.3
ee | Re ee 30.2 42.5
Sein he Lake ae bees 136.8 45.1
ee eee ne ee 26.5 | 44.5
| 39.9

3 Excluding Alsace-Lorraine.

Y earbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920

568

OATS—Continued. ;
TABLE 39.—Oats: Acreage, production, value, exports,ete.,in the United States, 1849-1920.

Agri-
ecrease to

Department of

tages of increase or di
e is used for applying percentage

timated
t a revis

es in roman are estimates of the
es
that a revised base

y applyin
r, except

Estimates of acres are obtained b

published acreage of the preceding yi

estimates whenever new census data are available.

Nore.—Figures in italics are census returns;

culture.

the

| Chicago cash price per
bushel, contract.!

Year. | Acreage.

is 38 000.

=
7
™
™

i gadd | : BRASS

ggbes gees

RAAB : : BS5R8H ARBAR : o5

ier ea Sa ee

s 388s S88 GSeee SSZRE 8

ad

Sel eS el iS nos

aesces eosa 22eSsR Fh

& Soo : ooorere, aco lock ks Soo st Hesse e455

Co ae Eh oon ae Doe oe oe |

Sere or
Bees

Pod at

S58

ens
1, Of

guges Sagge

HESEES

i. te tom

| ASRSR Hats : :

‘i

ear Ss. “or

SEFe8 5535

6 Se ee a a

BEES seEEE SNSN= S5SER8

~ * ~~ *

SREESS 85208 S86 382
§ SSANS

S3RSS SSSR

|| {8882 | BQUeS SeaeE Sebee ges8 | | 3888 BREE ig SUBSE S3b42 :
4:1 Read | GUNGE Seely | Sgeae denay | sueeg dates | deeye Sage 2 SURES SEazs :
wake + al tat alton aod na
i|q | #8 GEGGR MAERE | SEGUE RUBE ERENT FERRE ESH= igus 8 GS5¢8 abate
g2/3 SNCS EREGS E2EUE | SESKK SRESE | SERRE SESE | ARESS S8e8 IEEE SESS |
ae mq aos ret as alto hal oh tack Loy Sotod tod BSNS a dea gs} SSaSS |
G| gi ie Sa | odds SUake | SkSEs ANahe | abhak SEER | aeTFa TERE 1G saeTs SEE |
‘E]g] 8 BS Geass Menke | GUESS ARTES | SANG <Eaad | NoHER USNS # TEGRS BERGE |
[gle | SESE saNe AaNaW | FESHH aNERs GHAR SEREn | Nona TESS o FEESE zaBten
j |g sive | BRSH? WERSE | HORAN SPMan | HENRY Sina | WeaeW Made = oSaey SSEecs |
i : gees SE8E ESEEE SEE SSE58 S285 | ESESE SEE |S SEESE EEEEEE
gi et faeee Saad | $8834 T4ESe | SHREE GEESE | PARE GALE |S AeSes STARE
a mie.t I : saade seecd | ; SERES CERES ii gUuee | ARSRR Gees 1S S388 S88 Eeee
‘A

PEELS SEESE ESESE8 S5E55 PEE SEH ZEEEES SEESE EES SSSEE SSSSE5 |

aUage REESE Saeed deaNe Uataa aU SHEEEH
AeaRY SARE

St EN

3 SRR88 SBRSRE

~~ Soe ett

e2589 S88S88

SESS SHSFsS

+ Oatmeal not included 1867 to 1882, inclusive, and 1909.

* Figures adjusted to census basis.

notations are for No. 2 to 1906.

atmea) not included 1866 to 1882, inclusive.

Statistics of Oats. . 569 x;

OATS—Continued.

_ Tasie 40.—Oats: Revised acreage, production, and farm value, 1879 and 1889-1909.
: 4 [ See head note of Table 5.)

| ~

| Average

Average | farm F ay
Acreage. | yield per) Production. | price per| ~ 22 Yue
acre. | bushel Dec. 1.
Dec. 1.
!
a ie i = |

an on) che Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Cents. Dollars
i eee 16, 145, 000 27.9 450, 745, 000 33.3 150, 178, 000
+ 39): ee ee 28, 321,000 | 28. 3 801, 586, 000 21.9 175, 801, 000
|S See me .:.| 28,102,000: | 20.4} 572,665,000 | 41.6 238, 345, 000
nn 27, 604, 000 30. 4 838, 876, 000 | 30. 6 256, 814, 000
Tae ee 28, 023, 00. | 24. 8 695, 267, 000 | 31.5 218, 954, 000
0 EE eee 28, 452, 000 | 23.8 676, 154, 000 29.1 196, 505, 000
ost Sh 28,362,000 | 25. 2 415, 559, 000 32.1 229, 538, 000
Ee 29,379, 000 | 30. 2 885, 900, 000 19.4 172, 186, 000
Re ae 29, 645.000 | 26.3 780, 563, 000 18.3 143, 192, 000
ne ewe aten 28, 353, 000 27.9 791, 591, 000 20. 8 164, 886, 000
ack 28, 769, 000 29. 3 842, 747, 000 25. 2 212, 482, 000
1899 \ 2 64ers 29, 540, 000 31.3 925, 555, 006 24.5 226, 588, 000
Ll Ss vd ae 30, 290, 000 29.9 904, 566,000 25. 4 230, 160, 000
ke os es 29, 894, 000 26. 0 778, 531, 000 40.0 311,374, 000
- 88 eee 30, 578, 000 34.5 | 1,055, 441, 000 30. 6 322, 944, 000
ee 30, 866. 000 27.5 | 848, 824, 000 33.8 286, 879, 000
. linea 31, 353, 000 32.1! 1,007,183, 000 31.0 312, 467, 000
Meee 32, 072, 000 33.3 | 1,068, 780, 000 28. 8 308, 086, 000
Ree oo. lett 33, 353, 000 31.0} 1,034, 623, 000 31.8 329, 142, 000
oo Le 33, 641, 000 24.0 807, 308, 000 44.3 357, 340, 000
- eee 1 eee eee 34, 006, 000 24.9 847, 109, 000 47.3 400, 363, 000
SSS oe 35, 159, 000 30.4 | 1,068, 289, 000 40. 6 433, 869, 000

|

TABLE 41.—Oats: Acreage, production, and total farm valuc, by States. 1919 and 1920.

Ps }
‘al Total value, basis
Dec. 1 price

usands of dollars).

Production

Thousands of acres. | (thousands of bushels). | ‘sho

1920 1919 1920 1919 1920 | 1919
et Se RE ee eee ce ee Oe
|

119 115 4,974 | 3,910 4,228 3,597
14 15 546 510 410 434
81 85 2, 835 2,550 2,126 2,295
14 16 518 608 414 547
5] 1 28 30 | 22 28
4 25 744 775 | 558 682
1,150 1,120 44,275 28, 560 29, 664 23, 705
i, 2,640 2,040 2,112
1,175 1,189 45, 825 36, 859 30, 244 20, 487
198 138 139 124
65 65 2,112 1, 820 1,478 1, 492
220 240 4,818 5,280 3, 903 5, 280
200 190 5,4 4,750 4, 266 4, 322
180 198 3, 960 3,307 3, 802 3, 505
434 510}. 10, 416 11, 730 10, 728 | 12, 903
550 500 11,550 10, 000 12.474 11, 500
60 54 1,020 1, 026 612 1, 231
1,614 1,523 71,339 51,020 5, 670 36, 734
1,875 1, 750 | 76, 875 : 35, 362 38, 640

4,100 4,180 161, 950 125, 400 69, 638 87,7
1, 425 1, 425 56, 430 35, 625 27, 086 25, 294
2, 408 2,348 107, 878 78, 423 52, 860 54, 896
3,373 3,275 126, 488 91, 700 45, 53 58, 688
5, 894 5,670 , 866 196, 182 82, 752 125, 556
1,775 1,675| 54,138 45, 225 26, 528 32, 110
2, 485 2,280 59, 640 35, 340 20, 874 23, 678
2,219 1,850 | 75, 446 53, 650 24, 897 33, 800
2, 400 2,133 | 83, 040 69, 962 30, 725 45, 475
2,241 1,574 68, 799 44, 229 26, 832 32, 287
350 | 350 8, 225 7, 875 6,004 7,166

.

570 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

OATS—Continued. i
TaBLE 41.—Oats: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1919. and 1920—
Continued.
E re
. Total value, basis
Production ”
Thousands of acres. | (¢nousands of bushels). (ts se pp pee
State. c
!
1929 | 1919 1926 4919
Myamogsen: 2. -oa:2- 962. «= Gat 350 | 300 8, 225 6, 138
Wiehamis 0) 3 eee 366 372 6,551 7,001
rE i ane BS ie cE Bie 236 278 4,012 4,670 —
Tapapisiona 2: «125. dcc2.552 Jaye 60 75 1,380 | 1,650
SINGERS ah hers cod oo oe as ea 1,575 2, 44,100 f~ 60,: .
Guiana. 515. -e Sh oe 1, 500 1, 425 48, 000 32, 918
fA a Es Se 352 320 8, 800 6,195
Morltand.... o's. Lotte 600 650 16, 800 aa
Wien. 62.5. 520 Se 300 285 11, 400 5,746
Golofado. i. .. . 22: 4552-0 has 255 249 8, 058 5,872
~/ _ ;
eet Midian 2 oS. ee 67 61 2, 278 2,086
SOARED AE or ne ce Nee 13 13 481 ae
5) i capa eS ee» EIS ence 78 72 3,143 =
NOVAOR foc... 5. csSencee se cone 6 8 256
" 4
Spies Se 5205. eee ee 200 210 8, 000 7s
Washinzton..........--.--.-. 323 324 15, 052 12/053
6 a Ee re es 330 318 12,045 i odo
Caltiargian. 502 J-.co oe 175 175 5, 425 5,040
United States........... | $3,323 | 41,835 | 1,526,055 880, 296
P wb “
TaBLe 42.—Oats: Production and distribution in the United States, 1897-1920. — .
[000 omitted, except in weight and quality columns.] 4 z
l r=
J Crop. Shi
01d stock > Stock on pe o
Wate on farms Total farms
g tee ramet) Weight eine supplies. ated where
< uantity. er uality. ‘0 4
pestiel: ary.’ a
|
Bushels.| Bushels. | Pounds. | Percent.| Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels.
eee CSR 71,139 | 698, 768 28.6 87.6 | 769,907 | 271,729| 204,147
WA ign Cele ca cae 44,554 730, 907 30.5 84.5 775,461 | 283, 193,527
ND. oincet- bath dow 3a 50,537 | 796,178 29.7 89.5| 846,715 | 290/937] 223,014
OS i eseusn dutae «aoe eee 54, 214 809, 126 31.3 89.2 292, 803 242, 850
rR a al IS Fe Zp 47,713 736, 809 31.1 ad 784,522 | 226,393] 143,398
Wee cn ade k teat es cote dade | 30, 570 987, 843 30.7 86.7 | 1,018,413 | 364,926 258, 438
WBE. 5 oo SL AL | 73,352 784, 094 31.0 79.9 ,446 | 273,708 | 223,959
Tat an cee een yaaa | 42,194 894, 596 29.7 91.4 936,790 | 347,166 261,989
SGA Sint a ee | 55,836 953, 216 31.5 92.4 | 1,009,052 | 379, 277,133
Te, ee aa” 67, 688 ‘ 32.0 88.2] 1,032,593 | 384,461 | 264, 182
EE ee ae | €8, 258 754, 443 29.4 77.0 822,701 | 267,476 210, 923
MD dais natn cane | 37, 797 807, 156 29.8 81.3 844, 278,847] 244,444
"ARES Rapa he 26,323 | 1,007,143 32.7 91.4] 1,033,466 | 365,438} 329,255
Uae ads oth tn tee 64,200 | 1,186, 341 32.7 93.8 | 1,250,541 | 442,665] 363,103
We Pee botedtcdrateeies 67, 801 922, 208 31.1 84.6 990,099 } 289,989 | 265, 944
5, alle A> | 34,875 | 1,418, 337 33.0 91.0 | 1,453,212 | 604,249] 438,130
a Raeaage e<e gees 103,916 | 17121/768 32.1 89.1 | 1,225,684 | 419,481] 297,
jt RRs POSS," 62,467 | 1,141,060 31.5 86.5 | 1,203,527] 379, 335, 539
Rp RE EY eT 55,607 | 1,549, 030 33.0 87.5 | 1,604,637 | 598,148] 465,823
TEN aE PE MR 113,728 | 1,251, 837 31.2 88.2 | 1,365,565 | 304,211] 355,002
| ES ee = 47,834 | 1,592,740 33.4 95.1 | 1,640,574 | 590,208 | 514, 117
Pe one islet; wat anene 81,424 | 1,538,124 33. 2 93.6 | 1,619,548 | 590,251 | 421,568
MME sas Cabin vakentine tt 93,045 | 1,231, 754 31.1 £4.7| 1,324,799 | 418,983 , 318
Bb cece ice ecsecd 56,128 | 1,526,055 33.1 93.3 | 1,682,183 |... cossclawoueee ii

|
|
|

5
: ®
= oft
ty eas
Sigs
y BS
MS)
§ Fs tome
; : Th z
: 53 9! Ba
& _ 7: =e sagan
= re aan
S : “ : a = ne uate
~ : Geeie =
: - “weer Ser cate aaad
im 3 ee 161 | BE aS @ bere :
BS = S ae S BE S35 BS enue soa
; : ; i ee : me A: ett ~
g c: _ SESE eRERE aE: ree he
2 616 oo Sis aN pat S és EEE heb
§ | é =e seer serES ie
s 5 5 : =I g ex mae o 9 sai
8 ; ‘a ae bea: ues oe
= a s nee nase . ane Rare = eae sac
s | 9 S 1X sadas ge ~3 Ea StS re g sn=2s 93
\E : ast see eee os —_ eee a 8
we val ¢ penis ° >> TAS ee ar Ba Ss tz cee
“a zits aids 0 ES 8 SS Rs er asa |
Bair. @ f a “et aaa Be i= i= ES ete
16 anus a6 an ee a ie 22 z vA 22203 2e
| Pip te sre e ag _ ao ae es saaae eb
ST6T oe ae aN “e mo ] BB - eis sash
; 3 cn a oe ia ais ite sid ee
: HAR | bid speP st Pre es ars ca Sa ag
5 | ranks aubue usage atta eee ete ; Fe0us a5 see : nee
ea . Le | Sr ree “tek one tla ee Re 4 Bees Rie
u D0 ape #2 anak aise BEee ences BS ge ‘< ane a: aR a
:* £ ; be Ae ae * tts Sait Ss ae gic wre ae re ee
.. 3 atau cgeet Bid go e279 se See a iD 3 S 7 .S Se 2 :.
2 EE she ctrk 25 = SS gk as te mas ae 3 8 b & 5
c ; Ehas anu tee seaas EEE os Be 3 ne s Es Anais =
- x paps & she rake 2a igs es re Stee BA = al
Gorende > Bes ees sins -eenes pitthe S a a5 Zz S$ e
Pek eet hes repel sf es saa | be hepa onic ae a e3 ic’
ae a sei coke auen ee cece Sis ~ Fae whee Sy
: ‘ : : H : 4 ee — o r=} fl a
ae ‘3 s Baas sgt ends gaa wane: eee nee = 3 3
= He Bint a mI é teas —) Sse asia e % BS A
rt bee nee es ae fe sae ae oe ae)
si eh ue see rupek ae ca so33 ld Fi
= Zz Pa ane ae oe assed estes eee die ai
aa ae fies Be a S258 san te se E
Se Bs Hae it ae HO > sees eee 2232 a3a8 | 3
nl we ae co s333 aE :
aa: a a ae: ang tae ale
Ea ae SRA nage 28 $ sess a8! 3 3
ae ii 7 eneae aad ee 3
236: | Here tr sf
Eg : & sete BESS ERE Bd r
al : oe deh re af
wz ee . ‘ BS BS Hae S
obke ee ai = |
3 bs 3 a : see ‘ E
hike y 7 Hae
é iat igi ae apy
aa ; i a
hig = ei u
deo ve
PZ ED +
2 5
ro)

oe

1915

OATS—Continued.

TasLe 44.—Oats: Farm price, cents per bushel on first.of each month, 1911-1920.

Date.

572

S448 Wedg

MSODM™ MOHD | o

Bee aiahels 3 Leg 'iy Gaye Ltr]
Sage She8/9
ente awonlo!
gags sagas
Can none Pe:
RSSe dddsia

SCAMS MOND | wo
##28 FASE | ez

ANAM mtr id | io
eose peecig
Pee ~OCE~
OAIORm NAMON |
$8ad SSeu /.2
eet

77) OO ig hated hee Feet tear ees so
He ahs Bee oi Pata
‘, Jt og 1 Fs Ver | ’
Haar a thal he, Ciel
Pema, BE etre ne gs
emma oo ae |
Ta ht sae es o
PR ere be teen’ bs
acid tid S
o i) i.
ese Bsss3
BES 2520
J

en a

TaBLE 45.—Oats: Condition of crop, United States, on jirst of months named, 1900-1920.

DAOweneso

wet | Sakdate

TOMNDION

neniny Zesegey
sine! $gegees

omne | SASSSSw

Pore aie

ee he) el

*poqsoa Bre
-1e | SASSSER

“asngny

DAO DOHO

1914-35

|

|

1916-17/1915-16

|
|

1918-19 1917-18)

Per cent of year’s sales.

1o1e-29

:
|
|
|

915-16, 1914-15

| ses@ gaaR aaa

1917-18)1916-17

| S858 4839 ange 8

SR2I2 SARA RRA

1919-20 1918-19

BEELESH :

of United States (millions of cateels):

|

Estimated amount sold monthly by farmers

TaBLeE 46.—Oats: Monthly marketings by farmers, 1914-1920.

Month.

=
TT peor ormm Awe) SO
; 6S ers Bide =

an a !

maiden eee enmoe lo
as34 ceeds csee =

:

= '

Scoaoa APrrO 8Mor \l So ’
SGAid rds Jord =
a: =|
ATH A BAMAS AMVNO | Oo

aésac tds 4d x
ace —
BEBE SRRA 2222 |g

ib diil¢

BSip ii:
i acc ||
S35 2482 $232

573

of Oats.
OATS—Continued.

- Statisti

Taste 47.—Oats: Extent and causes of yearly crop losses, 1909-1919.

oer hes MOM WON | 6
1eOM, aks “kas sada
YHA Ana ane la
"poos eappoojed | oc SREB ge 1 Napa | bh
las =|
sav oun | peose rae en ss eae is
; a
*sgsed qoasuy . é

“OSBESTP PUB] |

“OPBUATTO [BjO,

*SurI04S)

? Dess than .05 per cent.

“9200dj PUB 4SOIT

"Spool

‘aang > |
-sJOUI OATSSOOX GT

t

Ce
-sJour juaYyocr

'

Average....-..] 13.4 | 2.7

909

Se ee Co et
¥

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F9F'S | S9'%! GSS v'HO| OL ZIG | feo y/o) 1s E'so | #¢ | eo | 129149 | 09 | 9°99) 89 wrrttttttts=s"*"F3qo.9O

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- Feo'%! 00°8) 082} 8°06} MOT L'L9 | fel | $19 | FFL | ¥G8 89 |c'0L| 2 | 29 |Z'S8| 96 | BL |S96| COOL) WW F777 TT" Tere, “ysnany
S 088°% | SI'S) 09°2| £°FOT| 6IT #°16 | ¥€II | 18 |0°86| SIT ZL |0‘OOT] FIT} G8 | 9°FZT| SZt| LIT | O°6IT] ZEI | 86 4mny
mis L61'€:| OG ‘S| $8 '2| 6‘90T| SET 606 | fort | tr2 | 2‘00T| Oat | 08 | 9 zor| eat | sg | L‘OIT cet | 9 | $811! StI 86 ***eung-AreNUBLS
ws 42'S | 08'S] 008] F '92T| SET 8 ‘or! Fort | $66 | 8ST] OzT 4 LOT | 0 ‘9TT tar | III | Zoot] Set | Ost | over] SFE | OBE [-"7-"7 or" """"-""-oume
& 8's) 09'S! SI'S! > PZT! O8T F'GOT, HROT | 96 | O'TIT| FOIL | ZOT | Sart) FATT | FOOL | S‘zTT) €2t | GOL | 6'ScI' Tet | SIT | S°SeT) SFI, OL "777" Aes te woe Ae
= 880°] 83°) G8°%] ‘OTT! LIT 1°26 | $201 | E06 | O“SOT) FOTT | FOOT | 8 “COT! FITT | #26 | SOOT) FOTT | FOOT | S°6TT Let | FOL | L'9cT) OFT | SOL 77" TT qady
Es B8I'E | 96 'E| 90'E) L°46 | 166 g °88 as = T'S6 | OOT | $06 | 6°86 | OOT| 88 | 9°96) TOT | 26 | 6°ZOr FrOT | #66 | € ‘GOT! FROT | GOT |r-" TTT Tete qosueyy

GGZ' | S's) SI'S) ¢ ‘26 | 96 618 | 98 | fFL | 1°88 | 26 | FI8 | S28] 26 | 08 | 106] 46 | $8 | 6°26 | $66 | 6 | £ ‘Zor te0T ) TOU |"7 77777 7°77 77 Arenaqay
= 090° | GE's) G6 ‘Z| 2°68 | #06 618 | #98 | $62 |0°68 | 6 | 98 | 2°28 | F16 | HS | 768 | F6 | FL8 |0%6 6 | 99 19°66] TOT| 86 Peto Arenues
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: ae *|rrterieeeee"| 298] TOL | 92 | 388 | #96 | 69 | 0°98 | 96 | FIL | 9°] 6 | TL | EFS) 66 | 8O | OF6 | FOr | FOL | £°96 | GOT) 62 ban Rare
S 084% | 00°S| 96's] TTL | Fe8 | foo | T's9| 68 | FIs | 620) ¥68 | Zo |Z'99} G8 | Te | 2'89 as 9° |6°SL | OOF | Zo | 9°9L | Fe6 | Fo (""""""*"sequreseq-<mne
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~~
S Wet} §0°2| 09 'T| e “19 rd for | 6 "Sh | fg & | 1 ‘8h | ¥s¢ Oa ey} so | ise | Fo] 16 | 68 | O'GS | FIO | ter | £700) FO | FRR [°°""** >" Jequrecoq—<imr
Q, s9F'T | $291! Fer] HLF | Foo «| Th | Ta | ter | foe | LH) So | Hse | Osh] TS | de | OSH | Foo | Se | FH) Heo | SF | TF | fee | tr | om ai
iY) :

seer | oot] og'tls‘sr | oo | foe | see] so | fre | F zr | e9 | ee | o'er | oo | ce | oz] so | ee | th) 99 | se | eto] for | oe rr t tts zequreseq-Aqnr
GZL‘T | G8°Il OFT} O29 | 39 | OG | 6'z¢ | Ise ie 89 | $19 | tr | 29 | $09 if g’so | #19 | OF | 0S) #9 | OS | S19 | t99 | tes ag a Saas
[S zerT | 091] 0c" FzF | ee ie Leh | $09 1 Zor | co | He jose | Fro | fee |z-oF| Ig | se | 2'F| co | Fre | eo | feo | fer [-°-->--sequreceq-<ine
Sn, S18 T tor Tl] ¥2z 1] 9° | Sh | $68 | 0°28] OF | Hee | Fee | SF | ¥oe | 688 | Fep | Hoe | OTH] FF | FE | O'S | EOP | Fer | GCE | ESF | FEF i
i) |

ost t | Fzo ‘1! Fue ti'*7""*| For | te | Sze | Few | fee | oor] FF | fze | 268 | ker | foe | ecze| 2h | 6 | o'r | Fee | ce | FC | ESF | Fee [--*°**~sequreseq-<yne
ns Ogs “I yee Fey seeae er | tee | 0'e8 | E1P ie F'se | fr | te | #'Se i Bre | F908 | Fer | fee | OTF] LF | FE | FOF] LF i a oun-Azenuer
3 “eNOd| sod} sod) “810 | "890 | 810 | *89D | °890 | “810 |*870 | 820 | 89D |°8AD | “82D | "81D | “87D | 8D | 81D | “81D | “89D | “82D | “SKI | “81D | “81 ! SI6T
RE, | CS Nae ee iF rT ean ts ee a rs )

‘ : . 3 038 |. 3 eae |. : O38 |, :
S hag UAH, “MO'T 28 yarn “MO'T he “YRTET “MrT A as “YStET) “MO'T Rays "UStH| “MOT | 55 AY StH) “MOT -I0A'V wtH MO'T “0A qatH sor|
my oa Su lckis icialie .—— } re ee re so ae >. “918q

eer’ | g paBpueys “OTM “f 'ON “OqIyA\ ‘g “ON 574081} 000 *poxtul ‘% "ON “aq. “g ON rorya SON
por mee) it ie | 110149 (T “‘qanind | ‘OOHNEMTT ‘osBoryO ‘euUTOUTD ‘grou eq ) YIOX AON
e i

[suaded [ePsoura109 WoL) perdurog)
“O66I-ST6I ‘oysng sad anud ayosajoy A “80O—"Sh AIA,
‘penuruo )—gLuyo

574

Statistics of Oats. | 575

. ae ~ OATS—Continued. .
“ Taste 49.—Oats (including oatmeal): International trade, calendar years, 1911-1919."

- [See ‘‘ General note,”’ Table 15.]
EXPORTS.
“oa _ Country. Average 1914 1915 | 1916 = -1917 1918 | 1919
i a. - pe Pe ilo Oly CORD ae es
From— 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

= ; : bushels. | bushel. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels.
ES a 2 ca 2 1, 296 4, 554 4,122 7, 740 2, 153 6, 900 5, 426
Paspenting. 2 2.---........3 | oe 24,368 | 40,840| 55,421 | 18,719) 37,347 | 22,958
: ete akin sc. ss Satie ROTO Not tc ccedolapoe eaeualews accacsaleseccesceslaccwstcccalapaaedawn ce
oS i Da Sas 16,583 | 20,174] 18,496] 72,058 | 59,791 | 24,024 16, 346
Lew) =e 2, 499 3,372 7,312 4,413 3, 460 a ea
i ae 412 324 324 70 229 (ile om. eee
STC Ss Se 151 168 2 4 Zz | pap GEESE,
J DS ee 433 350 237 - fe Pace wl Ree Be. bia
Oe FU aE hp 2 Se St | SE YLT Re (ne oy pine ee ae faked RTs Set
Rue 33,814 | 14, 441 34 is} (@ (2) | 127
eae 10, 012 HENS) IE RES Fe |e ae 2 ae a By Bp ee Sa ee ees
Tilo... s 65, 279 19, 235 7 (a Negi see) iS 2 Piegeted ta
le 2, 342 2,316 (2) 478 (2) (2) 36
- United Kingdom.............-. 1, 411 1, 321 717 1,271 | 147 ra Seed bis
SmuemIninieS eS o>... 12,592 | 36,656 | 108,195 | 105,838 | 113,614) 131,085 | 67,570
Other countries................. 3, 727 3,366 | 4,436 4,148| 6,594 Tao De See
Li ee ee | 234, 427 | 138, 169 | 185,079 | 251,495 | 204,619 208, 663 Bee at See

IMPORTS.
| | |
as | es
_ Austria-Hungary hs eee 84061 s22s5 [ec neeeeee | Eanes Eee Soe \izececsec| ase feos
a anes BRAS: [eas eee ee See (ey ee oe Se eae eee? 5 3,948
ici... gn Sere ahs 3: 1,361 os) ee 1440°(°* 1,401 }- ~ 1 Gags sere >
a SS ee el ee 4,126 3, 740 | 217 67 (Ayre
Sao 1, 187 1, 037 148 tt Lee nes eee ee Nelo ase
oo) (oS ae 30,746 | 35,473 | 56,610) 72,324| 42,819 | 33, 353 31, 632
0 NP UVR SY ie Rae Ee EE en pene Ait Re eae el ees ae (aces RNS
lo 2 ie Pe 30; 4,549 | 27,647] 38,308| 19,802] 19,258 12, 046
SUMGL MMR p52. 02... 220222. | 41,901 | 20,006 | 4,332 4,902 2, 712 1 2,870
i Se 698 517 | 594 18 25 Jt}. 5 es
- Philippine aaa | 486 74 441 165 200 | Fy ee
ook. 2 | 1,643 1, 899 599 TES 3 en \ocdcsret ee
Gaeden eee 6,055 4, 922 2, 086 12 8 365 1,571
upliwetland..-.-_-....-........ 12,484] 10,235 6, 913 7,320| 3,372 2,142 6,334
United en 2. eee 64,755 | 52,905) 59,165| 48,986 | 58,014] 55,595 32, O41
ieee... 5, 557 9, 429 364 | 585 1, 983 1, 444 609
her countries... ... Se, Saar 2,417 5,102 7,603 | 2,882] 2,213 rT eke
O° | 236,047 | 151,422 | 167,723 | 176,681 | 132, 706 | 118,099 | ate Thawte Sy
|

1 Does notincludestatistics oftrade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war period,
1914-1918. Therefore the totaltrade statistics ofimports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-

- parable during that period.
2 Less than 500 bushels. ~

re

576 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

BARLEY. Log

TasLe 50.—Barley: Area and production in wndermentioned countries, 1909-1920.

AREA: ee ae

Country. 1914 | 1915 | 1916

NORTH AMERICA.
United States........
Canada:

New Brunswick..
Quetee. 2

Total Canada. -

REOMIIS S Oe ee ee ee

pupite ee Bering eae
ungat,» proper?.._.
Croatia slavonia?2._..
Bosnia Herzegovina?.
Pewee os
Bulgaria 3...-........

es.

onier ke. Sse ss 3. 5

a a

Russia proper 2._.....
Poland Ly ig = te oss
Northern Caucasia 2. .
7 ae ee eee
eee es Mia eeieay

Total United |
Kingdom. ...! -

Total Europe. .|

1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where * Excludes Eastern Macedonia.

five-year statistics were unavailable. * Ineludes Bessarabia but excludes Dobrudja.
2 Old boundaries. 1” Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, and Bukowina.
8 Excludes Galicia and Bukowina, u Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, Bukowina, and
4 New boundaries. Transylvania.
© Bohemia and Moravia. 4 Includes Congress Poland, Western Galicia
¢ Excludes Alsace-Lorraine. Fastern Galicia, and Posen.

7 Excludes Macedonia. 3 Unofficial.

_ Statistics of Barley. 577

BARLEY—Continued.
- Pasie 50.—Barley: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920—Con.
AREA—Continued.

: Union of South Africa.

© Motal Africa...
AUSTRALASIA.

= ites: . =. 2
New Zealand........-
Total Austral-

PRODUCTION.

1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 | 1,000
bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels.
228, 851 182, 309 | 211,759 | 256,225 | 161,345 a 202, 024

285 | 194
5, 344 | 4,910
13, 134 16, 660
17, 149 17, 520
8, 971 10, 502
10, 562 12, 739

944 | 786

1 Five-year average except where five-year statistics were unavailable. 3 Unofiicial.
2 Old boundaries.

30702°—yxsx 1920——-37**

578 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. 7

BARLEY—Continued.
TaBLE 50.—Barley: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1926—Con.
PRODUCTION—Continued.
Country. sae te | oid 1915 1916 1917 1920
SOUTH AMERICA. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 €
bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. bushels. _
Argentina...........- 3, 626 8, 037 5, 144] Nb, 480] 2 160.12 ee 2 10, 279
OCiille-coo esac canons 3, 924 5, 567 3, 827 24,080
Prugusy =) ...:.----3. 61 165 40 \>) 118. 18 | 108 See 3
otal < ro -csa32 7,611 13, 769 9,011} 9,903) 7,115 }........ 22) 2 waa
EUROPE
AUST Sep sce tess 371,988 | 458,458 | 429,783 |.........-| 3,291 | 4,283] 3,822 )_.....0..
Hungary proper’....| 69, 812 65, 265 5G, 186 | Sees Seo Se ee | See en an | 5 20, 045
Croatia Slavonia 3.... 2, 540 1, 940 1,988 |..-.-22-25)---- 20-252] = 202 coe coe ee =
Bosnia-Herzegovina 3, 455 3, 000 3, 000 |... inure ena
Belgiimm _ | 5 4.-..2.-3. 4, 247 4, 232 AU Ue See 2a) ERS epee 3, 693
Bulgaria 3....- -| 032495 9, 278 11, 848 5 14, 066
Crecho-Slovakis: =. Ssltoe se seeeloss ce ates oes see ee atone cceee Sane a= = tee] tom einene 38, 617
Denmar 22, 589 20, 780 25, 890 23, 548
Finland..... : 5, 737 4, 316 BeO21 fe; RRBs |e: Se 4, 983
France $43: 5-05-255.5- 46, 489 42,719 31, 787 7 35, 399
Alsace-Lorraine. ...-- 4,615 4, 059 3, 127 jos. 2------\5s-5------) 1,762) See
Germany 3. .......... 153,529] 144125 |. 114,077 .)-... 7 87, 741
GEGOGG . 55 or scncescee 3, 692 3, 094 2, 891 8 3, 957 7, 183
pS a ees a 10, 104 6, 917 11, 051 10, 109 8, 327 5, 870
Jugo-Slavia. .....2-65|scs.ceccea| sos tec Joc|tcecSeecbs| <scete ape) ana neg e lees ane 20, 654
Luxemburg. ........- 82 108 83 125 |. » 1644-° = 136). coeSeeee eee ts
Netherlands.........- 3, 270 3, 019 3, 380 2, 498 2, 688 846
Norway. .csss5.2252- 2, 867 2, 591 2, 682 3, 415 5, 275 427
Roumania?.......... 24, 821 25, 505 28, 688 30; 0885-22 oon 11 31,641 | 1248, 184
Russia proper #......- 372, 856 | 310,249 | 316,904 | 350,223 |... oo | on] ee
Poland: $c54- <5 2+ % = 7 Ap 8 eae eee Se ee ees I Renee Bes 13 27,843 | 2 40, 326
Northern Caucasia?..| 67,191 133828. | oo ccmocepolasncascasm)occcn cue ris anmaiemas=| a see een ba
Serbia? : ics. 5: .<-8- 5, 072 3, 000 yap Perera peerrteeee perros
Spain -2esscc>: f- sexue) . 1,689 72, 272 82, 763 86, 863 81, 808 ), 462
Swedeno ss tcts2.4 14,592] 12,195] 14,254] 14,621 12, 892 11, 121
United Kingdom:
England ......... 47, 352 48, 205 34, 898 40, 022 40, 592 47, 864
1 CL Ree 2, 812 2, 743 2, 467 2, 731 3, 200 2,
Scotland......... 7, 103 7, 616 5, 183 5, 340 6, 112 7, 784
Prelsud. 3,-3.6 7, 493 8, 073 5, 828 6, 474 8,125 7,527
PR OUBL wi 6. <0 aunt a 64, 760 66, 637 48, 376 54, 567 58, 029 65,999
Total Europe. -|1, 068,957 |..-.- 2. ei clp---ceecaafine <2 00 a|sceessespafee=css sams! ou ieee Pe
ASIA.
British India......... 40,973 | 125,113 |} 142,847 147,653 } 155,447] 155,307 |_........-]...... as
VPNSis tssvecw sos see 2, 151 , 000 (OUD |. ssc anes 1, 956 sles cass sec 22,393 23,500
Japanese Empire:
Japan: vesAle soso 89,528] 85,775 | 94,959] 89,366] 88, 896 91, 500 95, 808
Formosa.....-...- 53 60 61 50 60 |. 1. 00s-selecesupaegeleenene ee
FRER Oia ooo ae ope 19, 436 23, 708 26, 527 24, 577 25, 988 26, 480 | s..cenmene
Total Japan....| 109,017 | 109,543 | 121,547 | 113,993 | 114,934 |..........|......---c--2--eeee |
—
Russia: t
Central Asia (4 ‘ ;
Jeb py pe atel 3. 5, 119 7, 929 3, 27B no o0<u0cncloc=s«ngrucloeneseuell a] eon a= meen nn - q
Siberia (4 govern- f
ments)#........ 6,027} 11,498 8768 Eo. eee eee BE i :
Transcaucasia (1 ,
government). . 25 24 | SB Eee ee Otero o.
Total Russia P
(Asiatic) ..... 11,171 19, 451 9; OCD ee caec os ine cmesnccales aeuesdes|sewkavannee oe
= = —— = —==
Total Asia. ....| 163,312 | 256,107 | 275, 463 | 8 aa i ae |
————! Se es ee ee
1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where ® Excludes Macedonia. |
five-year statistics were unavailable. ® Excludes Eastern Macedonia.
4 Unofficial. 10 Includes Bessarabia, but excludes Dobrudja.
3 Old boundaries. 1! Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, and Bukowina.
4 Excludes Galicia and Bukowina. 1 Former Kingdom and Bessarabia.
* New boundaries. 18 Includes Congress Poland, Western Galicia,
® Bohemia and Moravia. Eastern Galicia, and Posen.
7 Excludes Alsace-Lorraine. {

Statistics of Barley. 579

BARLE Y—Continued.

TasLe 50.—Barley: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909—1920—Con.
PRODUCTION—Continued.

Country. ae ae 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920
AFRICA. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000, | 1,000
bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels.
A 41,961 | 35,785] 39,866] 35,969] 28,529] 60,742] 33, 667 14, 035
i etacee. 11,294] 14013] 13,417] 13,863] 10,063] 10, 283 7, 475
aa 7, 900 3,215| 11, 482 4,914 8,267 | 10, 426 5, 512 3, 169
Union of South Africa 2} OU.) o's ease pe aeete oes tose sae 1, 000 2; 054 1, 623 1, 160
Total Africa... . DIO SLOT Sat ca ne (Sa eee eet cca sere 51, 085 25, 839
AUSTRALASIA. ieee
Australia:
Queensland -....-. 119 120 106 8
New South Wales. 204 313 47 115
AChOrIees.-2l.... 1, 400 1, 870 601 1, 735
South Australia . 842 1,375 447 1, 698
Western Aus-
bralidee =....... 70 173 24 131
Tasmania........ 184 193 105 116
Motales .S>..-. 2, 819 4, 044 1, 330 3, Coser EOSON) ote SOF. | AAP sos uf Le 1 SAS
New Zealand......... 1, 402 1, 234 597 820 Wad | ot ces
Total Austral-
ee 4, 221 5, 278 1, 927 4, 623 21 Koa Wat ele aad Piatra dnt] Te Ay: 9
CME EEer tre ONO". oo. a2 4a | oc ota catta| aes 6c occa ecocemecm [wack ocean |-sauc tune 6) ose ncmee ae

1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where five-year Statistics were unavailable. 7 Unofficial.

TaBLeE 51.—Barley: World production, so far as reported, 1895-1916.

Year. Production. | Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. Production.
Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels.

1895...... 915, 504,000 || 1901....} 1,072, 195,000 |} 1907....| 1,271, 237,000 |} 1913....| 1,650, 265, 000
1896...... 932,100,000 || 1902....} 1,229, 132,000 || 1908....] 1, 274,897,000 |} 1914... 1, 463, 289, 000
BBO ER om 864, 605, 000 || 1903... 1, 235, 786, 000 || 1909....} 1,458, 263,000 |] 1915....| 1,522,732, 000
1898...... 1,030, 581,000 || 1904.. 1,175,784, 000 || 1910....] 1,388,734, 000 |} 1916.... 1, 529, 031,000
ae 965,720,000 || 1905. . 1, 180,053,000 |} 1911....] 1,373, 286, 000

ol 959, 622,000 || 1906. . 1, 296,579,000 || 1912....] 1,466,977, 000

; Russia | United
United Ger- -. ,| Hungary =P:
Year. States.1 aes many.1 Austria. | proper.i France.? —_
Average: Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. san eX Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels.
1 Li i a ae 23.4 13.3 aoe «CRSA aes. ee 22.6 39.8
BE PUODE ate oe oS ec. ee 25.5 14.3 35.3 oo. 3 23.4 23.6 35.0
ULI: hE 24.6 15.7 38.0 29.1 25.0 24.6 34.4
0 a ee 28.3 13.0 30. 2 26.1 26.8 | 20.8 36.1
LL a a ee 23.8 14.2 38.2 27.3 Rte} 24.4 36.8
ODD BAA ee 35. 1 14.2 34.9 25.2 21.3 22.6 34.9
Le. Wb oe a ee 22.5 17.9 39.5 28.4 25.1 | 25. 4 38.9
a, Go ee 22.5 16.3 34.4 24.9 19.7 | 23.5 34.3
0 a ieee 21.0 14.4 37.0 27.5 26.9 25.0 34.0
NNN on ein woe meen 29.7 16.2 40.7 29.7 26.9 26.1 33.1
aaa a el rr 23.8 18.5 41.3 29.7 27.6 24.5 35.1
i yl es a 25.8 12.9 36.8 33.8 24.1 24.0 35.6
a le 5s 32.0 14.7 28.4 18.8 19.7 19.7 31.8
nk a a Se eee 23.6 | 16.0 34. 2 AD HA 25eo SCS 23.8 33.0
i SS ee See ee 23.7 | See ay Sees ee ee | 126.8 33.9
a a ee 6B haa. See Pe Peds. aes ot ees ok Ze 20.3 33.8
ee Bits Bd: See dH ed fecal. - - cae ks fk one coe sata ¢ 30.9
ot ee 25.7 Bpaeaees ee § ip See: Set bd Oe ea

1 Bushels of 48 pounds. 2 Winchester bushels.

tof

of increase or decrease to th
s used for applying percentage esti-

the United States,

a

tages

ni

X

Base i

lue, exports, etc

1849-1920.

NorTe.—Figures in ifalics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the De

culture.
publish

mates w

plying estimated

pt that a revised

exce,

Y ap)

BARLE Y—Continued.

Acreage, production, va

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Estimates of acres are obtained b

ed acreage of the preceding year,

53.—Barley.

henever new census data are available.

580
TABLE

{1 RGSS ! 88528 BSNER : ASRS SES5R | RARE SRSER : 33928 225 3 i {32} eg BEE Es
2 BEER : $8594 ARBRE i Messe See88 | gS582 aRAee i Saved Ora
a feb ia "i Seige Saas jes PE Gbiidiiiii
3 ' GaS82 BASES | 89293 SETHE | jaESE ; RATES BUEE & BREEN SEERA |g
3 gus Sead | 888g & s9@ | eeued aes didge Rez is $2898 C2455 | 2
AQ ao vy helt ants Kga _ oi : CHSSS yes Hood eae sg ss RR : a
EH : Sees | sregs Reles ! seats SSk i: ! | i888 eaees i bkeee Beer is sagen egese : E
g ; i : =
E : Nae : eces SeFze : 29233 25 ‘ft! gaa aNaae | sseae sage ie eaene ages ||:
. Pid id 7
an. : ; aan > in z
a i: | F888 SAGA POSER RUMOR EEE Ie ey Sees (PEP TE NRCS ce ARNO NOENEET
PEE i 2 S820 Gas if! | sae sales | beaea Stes '3 Agase sagese |&
- u i .

Sag | RRSAS SSRSE | SERGE RSSES : SSSRE eles : cess S2 S8ay 18 S2588 SSCSRE
“eae AS4NN NAUHN | SHSAe oease | oedds ache | SsSs 3 RSS 8 SANSS HSsses
RASS | AHSRS HSGSS GS gost eter neeey user aTee S RRSE |e
RES | KKSKK RSIHS | SRVSS KESSS | SHAT AHSAS | SSSSS SISS IF fssdé c¢dsas |&
; Dao? Re Bed ‘ = is
8S S588 3 SES8E5 SES55 PEELE EEeee FEEEER ESSSS SESSSS | r
‘ ESAS PEE BES Sa885 SSZR28 S8SR= aaah ae % A223 : ZSENS8 r
aise sae Ss SSRSES SHSSs VSSRES AELES AKSSES KSYKS FPSSSS |=
See me ons ae ts Cae heads al bee =we-weree careqe|s
RASKS Sdanae ASA SNSdat SHNAS SHAANSSH SHAR SANNAT NAAAA SHNANS |S

eee cose ote SES ESSE SESEES e8e85 SESSES EEEEE SSSSES SSSSE SSSESE i

amas ns Ce CT a ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Srssy

slate 438% REZEZE FERES RBSSAN ASHE ESAZES FREES S83 $58 S8ESE SRESEE | -

Statistics of Barley. . 581

BARLEY—Continued.
~Tasie 54.—Barley: Revised acreage, production, and farm value, 1879 and 1889-1909.

[See headnote of Table 5.]

Average

Average farm
Year. Acreage. yiel Production. | price per =? rg
per acre. bushel ey
Dec. 1.
Acres. Bushels Bushels. Cents Dollars
i es 1, 998, 000 2.4 48, 721, 000 59.4 28, 928, 000
Seer 3; 2217 000 24.3 78,213,000| 41.6 32) 574, 000
SSS eee 3. 406, 000 21.4 73,017, 000 62.6 45, 719, 000
SG Sa 3, 705, 000 26.1 96, 589, 000 51.8 50, 051, 000
ene... 3, 892, 000 23.6 92° 037; 000 46. 5 42, 790, 000
= ell sae 3, 855, 000 21.7 83, 700, 000 40. 5 33, 922, 000
ne ea i ne 4,005, 000 19.5 78, 051, 000 43.5 33, 924” 000
eee tt 4, 263; 000 26.9] — 114,732)000 32.0 36,678,000 °
MER, 8) ccs. aoe 2. 4, 172,000 23.8 99, 394, 000 30.0 29° 814. 000
a ee a 4; 150,000 24.9] — 103279;000 35.2| 367346, 000
he a ae nelienaa ...| 4,287,000 23.5 99, 490, 000 38.9 38, 701, 000
_ Sees 4. 470,000 26.1] — 116,552,000 39.0 45, 479,000
a: a a 4) 545, 000 21.1 96, 041, 000 40. 5 38, 896, 000
0 eee 4, 742° 000 25.71 121,784,000 45.2 56, 068, 000
= a ean ana 5, 126, 000 39.1 | 1497389; 000 45.5 67, 944, 000
Be tt 5, 568, 000 26.4} 146, 864, 000 45.4 66, 700, 000
ie ae 5,912, 000 27.4 162,105,000 41.6 67, 427, 000
1905... 2... a 6,250,000 | ~°27.2| — 170/174,000 39.4 67, 005, 000
Ss 6, 730, 000 28.6 | 192,270,000 41.6 80, 069, 000
ie 6, 941, 000 24.5| 170,008,000 66.3] — 112,675,000
eR a 7,294’ 000 25.3| 184,857,000 55.2] 102,037,000
SRR 7, 699, 000 24. 4 54.8] 102,947,000

187,973, 000 |

TaBLe 55.—Barley: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1920.
[000 omitted.]

|

State. Acreage. value State | Acreage value

tion Dee. 1. ion Dee. 1.

|

“ Acres. | Bushels. | Dollars. Acres. | Bushels. | Dollars.
me 4 104 144 || Kansas...........- $38 | 21,285| 9,578
New Hampshire... . 1 27 39) }| Kentucky. ...-..-- 4 112 | 129
Vermont. -.-...-...- 12 336 403 || Tennessee. --.....--. 9 225 | 248
DC: | aaa 120 3, 480 S745" |) Pees. 22252. -5cs2: 11 253 190
Pennsylvania.....-. 20 480 432 |} Oklahoma......--- 130} 3,120 | 2, 246
Maryland........... 6 165 182 || Montana..........- 77 1,540/ 1, 001
Li aa 15 405 405 || Wyoming.......... 28 1, 008 1,109
. ee 102 2, 825 2,316 || Colorado. ...-...-.. 190 | 4,674 3, 506
it Cn 75 2,025 1, 762 || New Mexico....... 21 630 472
Ly 1 a gal eel 200 6, 080 4° 986" ||| Arizond: 2. 25.2 SS. 20 680 | 952
Michigan............ 20} 6,240] 5,429|| Utah......2........ 17 685 685
Wisconsin.......... 502| 15,913] 13,367 || Nevada............ 8 304 502
Minnesota.........- 1,000 | 25,000} 15,500 || Idaho.............. 112 4,256} 3,192
poe ie Seeele 284 7, 810 4,920 || Washington........ 110| 3,883 | 3,883
Orepansn 3. 2.5 se. 2,576 2,576
Missouri. ........-. 3 8 224 220 || California.......... 1,250 | 28, 750 28, 750
North Dakota.......| 1,260 | 22,680] 12,701 a a
South Dakota....... 1,073 | 26,825] 13,949 United States..| 8,083 | 202,024 | 142,931

Nehbraska...-......- 256 7,424 3,712

:

Farm price per bushel
(cents).
104
139

‘0261-1161 ‘038
-10A8 JIBOA-DT

eee 1/113. 7/91. 7|121. 0}70. 7/23. 09}17

ARARA SAAR

eoooon SCONSCS

ARSRA BARA

inne rer, yates

Year.

bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States.

SEED bs ooo.

RSA BAB85

oonneo Fe ehepaye

When
har-
vested. =

price per

wooow Sscce

AS8RR ARRAS

—i—)- 1 —)— a — 1-1)

BARLEY—Continued.
32. 0/23, 5|23. 7/26. 3)22. 4

1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1.

25. 5

ld per acre,

ARBAS RAARA

Nooon coommn <

ARBSR RABRS

SConoco FCOoONnno

RARAR RASA

INNMAONOH WNOMON

Yield per acre (bushels).

v

Yi

ABARS S8SRS

ooono ocOonoeo

AESS ARBSVS

AGNDH ARMANNS

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

“IOAB 1B04-0T

7.—Barley: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1899-1920,

Year.

TaBLE 56.—Barley
State.

Kans.

Mont. E .

Wisc ca

TABLE 5

582

Useehssxeces
a <

BORMAASQDOASOR

c
‘Seskeserds

graiecotnoarwrsS
SB seleseces ain: PoP
‘Re SSS BOS

a,

ORs oMmMorso

Sesusssssee

ee BS 6°" Sew, Coe a oe
he 8 ah Wise Wo ee eee
VFS ee te Oa rae ae
see b be eee Pe
ee ee oa
2 Se i eae ee
cio ms 8 xe ee
~~ s bie ae ur eee eee
Sis Nh 2 © Gas beta cae
an ms eta) €. 05 4k een

af OO AN as 0018
ger eS REE SES

OM MNO HOTAA

viesse S8SRS

oie ‘3 ©. Sone Ree
oo Ue yo)” wee eee
a we eee 2 eee
eo 6 fs. shaven Ceo Bees
a aie 4h. 8 RA

583

Statistics of Barley.

BARLEY—Continued.
TaBLE 58.—Barley: Extent and causes of yearly croy losses, 1909-1919.

este o~rmeo OD 4 00 Lod
ToL | sSXSS SASS FGN | A
Sane MANO NAN] ew
“pads OaTjoeoq a! Sete 2 eed ee geaeies byl jee
: HAA ANAW ini |
*sysod jeurluy PS sae “a> & BE ete hg . .
BYROOtr AONwW Mod |r
*sjsed Joosul ave eve . Les) . . .
Boron AMANDA Att | re
“OSBOSTP JUBLT Fie ian ete eS i
PAA OtHnm® BARO!O
OM MOL | kde Saae gas a
Borer aHeDAD = HOO | .
*suLIo1g a sere . oe oe g/s.9@ . . . =
eee 4
BwCIMDS MON mMMOMIN mB
“SpuLa JOT eb Oi “Siodr udtid | od fF)
PCAs HHO tar | oo S
‘eH Phileas dinieiet ° fo | = =
3
BARSCH MOR WMO | =
*9Z90IJ LO JSOL Cie — | SS We ot 2
my Ps]
’ Lan
SOM Mm MARK rod | rt
“spoo[y Oo. ‘S ° w lee Gaees, Wer °
Q :
“aI jStour Bee eee acy entitle
dATSSeOXg | ai CMR CLO SRB 1 2) Hs
“gat qstour GONE CAMS Sees |
PUPTOTOMG | Saar Gea Sa7 | 5
. A eee ey sah Rea es
‘ >) apps} up, oe
, hte: ee a
ta ; Naaman
‘ a. ee Fey oy ofl
; bee tig ho, Oks Aeiva
' Coy ie > A
a AHtAMA HS
2 geo sae- |
=) se se

cents per bushel on first of each month, 1911-1920.

TABLE 59.—Barley: Farm price,

'
i~I
by bP Ra ie aeRO Na ta! pres
bh | eeedesskeee |Z
aa
= DHOOM ODHHMOIH OD | oa
ee Nites a eo ee ee An te
3 acon
5 BESERKK SEARS |
a HACMAHADMNDOM |oO
ONE Seaecat verde cat cach seesaumiaiccrr a 4
See | ee apf
2} SSSESKEBSES |S
oD AHOMMMr-ONDEE | oy
oc} “fir RECHES Vee ae a RRP RA i
od
& SARAANGS Sets |
tt Ate OHin minor | io
a AGG gorsandd | So
pon UD UD UD LD SH Ht tt uD 19 1D wD
1 DOM OOORAGHO |
12 a er A 4
oir adc =
& SSeosesecsEed |z
—)
S | tdgedddddcads |x
2 SHnnHnnnnenr R
K HrAMDUMMONOaOME |r
Ed Ble ont th 0 Seas She ;
r a
a BSSSaSSIarasi|s
Se I ee Oe Oe oe eB oe oe Be ea
a) MAAN MHHORMNaAN | ©
= SMSO ASS |
o KSSESSGaSeaa coal
Ss fo Oe Ae Oe oe Oo snl
a OHH ANHHOMHS | oO
rt MoMA dS 66s ise | os
be oe Oe Oe Be Be | Sal
= AHMONMOOCOAKE |o
So All retraces aye arate |
Cy RBAFFSURSSSE/S
Se Moe oe Oe Oe Oe ee ee | re
RET a er
o Rate ane ae Colsecat gov ut wee) boas
BE mer ewe toa e5
pat Tes 2 | RCL afk Yorn
PhsD a tual ua he id ans ino RTL ca
+ has aeparginl a Agee antens easing, ey eo
ate ee re ee yea qe
He Mt ete 0
AWA ee, 8 arta REN PRC
A Pe etre Det thee te
a eh SERGE cher Meee ce fale Br
3 Be etl ee ME Da ee ue Dat
A 5 Se SESE eA dle
Ad knee, Rh eaten hid elena fe
1 ladinch: Pe seraentaatuanries {taal
‘ J .
Sse
Sh es [->) aS, ee oe
me Pa Peo
aes SEGSSESS
Ses ROZA
SeeAde55<52024

OA HA SO HO dH tos OF wo

584 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

BARLE Y—Continued.
_ TaBLe 60.—Barley: Wholesale price per bushel, 1913-1920.

[Compiled fronrcommercial papers.]

: Cincinnati. Chicago. Milwaukee. ) Minneapolis. San Francisco.
ae oe |
|. Low malting ;
Spring malt. 3 No. 3.8 All grades.
Date. ty to fancy.
} ; * . . ;
eee eis. | lg
. = ie = = = = E =
co eS co (74 co
> > = | >
a | aia Hi<|adeoe
1913. Cts.| Cts. Cts. | Cts. Cts. | Cts.| Cts.| Cts. | Cts.
January-June. --....-— 79.1 57.0} 53 63 | 50.9) 128 | 150 [137.0
July-December...-.... 89. 5 66.2) 58 73 | 56.9) 1233) 1424/1320
1914. r
anuary—June.......-. 64.5 60.6) 53 65 | 51.1) 90 | 132})109. 2
July-December. .....-- 75.3 65.6) 513 76 | 56.6) 95 } 130 (110
1915. :
January-June. ......-- 102! 83. 9) 78.1] 703 86 | 70.7) 100
July-December. .....-- 102, $3. 0) 65.6) 54 78 | 58.9) 100
1916.
January—June. .......-. 102). 93. 8 74.6, 68 763) 67.4) 1273
July-December... -....-- 145 124. 2 .4| 70 112 | 82.4
1917. :
January-June. ...... =. 182)161. 3 114.6, 215
July-December... ...-.- 185/168. 3 132.1) 205
1918.
January-June. ......-- 172} 256/205. 134. 3) 280
July-December. ---.--- ! 108} 208/153. 2 94.4) 210
1919. ah
January-June. ........ 108 139119.6 97.0) 185
July-December. .-..... 1 165|145. 2 123, 9). 280
J ast oe 35. 5
gunery.. 323022058
February.......0..00.. 126. 9
Lidete waar aortas ee 41. 0
eS Ee eee eee 48. 6
t FS eh 55. 1
‘iS SS ee a eS } 36. 4
January-June ek 140. 6; 290
WONG... 5csden8tt ee 109, 0) 250
SUSE, ... 23> seca sek 96. 2) 215
September............. } 90. 0) 205
Ockoher © 8h. oe i 83. 0} 195
November. ............ 75. 2| 200
December ss ..25..55- 45 64. 2) 130

July-December. - - .|

1No. 2 oy Be January-July, 1919 No. 3 spring September, 1919, to December, 1920, inclusive.
2 All yy nee bw tember to Doomnber. 1919.
® No. 4, September to December, 1919.

Statistics of Barley. 585
BARLEY—Continued.

TasBLe 61.—Barley (including malt): International trade, calendar years, 1911-1919."

[See ‘‘ General note,” Table 15.]

EXPORTS.
Average,
Country q911-1913. 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
a | 1,000 1,000 1,009 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
p | bushels.| bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels.
oo. ae See te 4, 720 3, 530 1, 302 5, 992 1, 758 3, 743 15, 696
rs 917 1, 152 3, 440 3, 104 566 218 1,871
Austria-Hungary ............ DRIER E357 ll wea om | > 9 I cal Re Sen EIN Ree ae nh
eeetesege 25 ee ----------. SEY eee Bs PB Boral aes beat Ee oe Eh a 320
a Lh) af a 1, 290 7, 441 7,705 14, 531 14, 848 598
NS ae 6,670 6, 843 4,677 9, 980 7, 218 4, 556 13, 172
os i ae 631 3,051 1, 557 1,149 1, 054 EN (S22 eet
io Doon a 660 524 191 45 61 ef
0 sh ee 3, 561 3, 582 167 642 32 2S 7 ig) Semis panel
J Ds ee 639 357 1,173
Li 2S | ene eal BOSS ee) Pacer eee Seecee ees prey pees i see =
OS i res 29, 611 13, 784 151
2 Te, i lh 16, 692 QU IRE eee eel oa eraecadls esses Jscleccncacese
Jl > 168, 461 90, 930 643
United Kingdom..............- 932 902 3,699
a 8, 400 18, 870 28, 578
(ther cornuries. .........,.....-. | 15, 569 1,281 2,683
a | 290,641 | 155,380} 55,702
IMPORTS.
Into—
NET 1, 032 656 764 885 1,123
I ee se fo O00) | oa. 8 ees ann nn b anol aan acesen|ass—04smass|aa0cadeces|pceoaetaes
ee ee ccs Soe | 20, 200L~ « caiccaeltecccn scot les esc tke loncanecsen|ctececseen 2, 264
ow 639 865 691 309 622
British South Africa 265 216 138 34 60
\ ) 22 136 82 36 8 75
oD ee 285 343 437 Ais eeneseS
a See 2,413 4,995 466 12 | cweewied«
es 512 452 73 1 107
ume. 582k... .. 4,938 4, 374 9,240} 11,022 15, 247
US eee 29 SO 4 486g = 2B en eyed
a ad ESSERE Os Es: ey 2 (a [a Fe ee | ee eeeeenenne belcedaakt
SS es 1,050 633 1,530 7, 504 1, 306
Pepusoriands: 72. po. - 2... 23, 994 6, 569 2, 360 136 7,325
CS 4,007 1,368 2, 255 Big ete oe
Jo tie. a. Je 781 All a CSOa RTS Re 8 eR eee a ee Se
Bwitrctiand...¢..-....-.-...28. 3, 556 2,641 1,479 616 1,370
United Kingdom 36,547 | 27,976 21,462} 11,725 38, 824
Other countries. ......../....-.. 2,264 1,405 1,542 823 |... - Sake -
a 82,711 | 53,376 | 42, 696 | $4,006 |eawcsiwas

1 Does notincludestatistics oftrade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war period,

1914-1918. Therefore the totaltrade statistics ofimports and exports for allcountries are not strictly com-

parable during that period.
2 Less than 500 bushels

586

Country.

NORTH AMERICA.
United States

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

RYE. :
TABLE 62.—Rye: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920. _
AREA.
fonnee | 19M 1915 | 1916
1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
acres. acres. acres. acres.
2, 236 2, 541 3, 199- | —-~3,219
8
69
30
23
18
(*)

Hunga

proper ?....
Croatia-Slavonia ?....
Bosnia-Herzegovina 3,
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czecho-Slovakia......

France?...5....-.-.-2

jl ee SD eS 8
Jugo-Slavia...........
Luxembur;

Russia proper 3... ....
Poland. 2 = Fat tera
Northern Caucasia $-.

Russia :
Central Asia (4
governments) %.
Siberia (4 gov- |
ernments) 4... .
Transcaucasia (1
government) 3. .)

Total Russia...

212
ll
(?)
223
35,019 , 5 3, 866
2) 601 2,638 hh nein eee UR
185 163: |.2....---<|-.--2cc-cfenecenteot| teen ee Sci am
SO: Oe lhe cee oe okt Bae ee
644 6454.25. 2, Sou eee ae
530 527 507 465
Sale <i 632) 607|. S21| 481) 436.
8 FOS fe 2. Swale Vo SGhp es. PANS Oe Poe eee
2, 960 2,614 | 2,309 2, 149
135 139 oS Re ea
15,387 | 15,565 | 15,843] 94,737
10 13 12 13 i 16
303 303 294 285
cay gis Sl. Gee « See Oe
557 563 546 499
TL ee 48 48
317 208 187 200
64,575 | 65,967 | 59,766 | 55,637
95, 20UL) - 18 1, OTOL... 52.2 othe... date eds c. dee
547 439 yes Sia TACIT datoadis
114 7h Peed CES enn ema e
1, 987 1, 887 1, 820 1, 846
977 981 965 913
60 61 66 44
61 67 62 60
Ey Wi ee pat ere MEE ee Mee heii aaabe
176 133 | ch Bile eet OR MER ea
2, 273 B076)) Raat oo eee
2 tt L Netnes seg slysssaowenn
| (22 en ee ee ee
2, 451 ry a S| Ree ea |

1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where

es Oe) ee ees be ee ees Pe ed rr)

five-year statistics were unavailable.
2 Less than 500 acres.

# Old boundaries.

4 Excludes Galicia and Bukowina.
‘Includes Galicia, but excludes Bukowina,

Goritz, and Gradisca.
© New boundaries.

7 Bohemia and Moravia.

® Census of 1910.

®° Excludes Alsace-Lorraine.
19 1914,
1. Excludes Macedonia.
12 Excludes Eastern Macedonia.
13 Includes Bessarabia; excludes Dobrudja.
14 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, and Bukowina.
16 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, Bukowina, and
Transylvania,
16 Win ter rye in 5 governments only.
17 Unofficial.

—-

Statistics of Rye. 587

RY E—Continued.

TABLE 62.—Rye: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920—Contd.
AREA—Continued.

Average.!
Country. 1909-1913. 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920
AUSTRALASIA.
1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
Australia: acres. acres. acres. acres. acres. acres. acres. acres.
Queensland. ..... (?) Ce) (?) (?) (2) 2 eean =< ome )) alee
New South Wales 4 ip 3 3 2 (?) I Nay ep peepee
WachOria......--.-. 2 2 2 3 3 2 feet Sa
South Australia. . 1 1 1 3 2, 2 Te see
Western Australia 1 1 | 1 iI (2 (3) jae an eee
Tasmania........ 1 1 1 1 1 (*) CS) patil 2 ee eee
a 9 10 8 11 | 9 5 5 eee
New Zealand......... Bt eee es 25 2 cee |e ee es ee (2) (2) Ae we
Total Austral-
ST ee Ap ee oe eee: |e ee ee 2 rae eB eee eae ee ee 2 et eee peciseeeees
cob oS Nee NER ee a aaa eS Bee H6 4 Boe BeBe Hs BAER cel PAB eee
PRODUCTION.

NORTH AMERICA. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels.

United States........ 34,916 | 42,799} 54,050] 48,862] 62,933] 91,041] 88,909 69, 318
Canada: ,
luni ae 234 156 145 118 376 472
Ontario.......... 1, 405 1,341 1,551 1, 208 1, 207 1,813
Manitoba........ 96 100 208 557 638 3, 936
Saskatchewan... . 55 54 203 548 998 1, 420
Albertas: ....-.- 297 360 375 440 633 826
it 9 6 4 5 5 37
Motalees, 222-..|) ~ 2,096 2,017 2, 486 2, 876 3, 857 8, 504
Magices- ..-.----- 70 | 70 70 | 7) RS Rat | jee Rapa |
“"Potal.... - ieee 37, 082 44,886 | 56,606] 51,808 |.......... ieee ae
SOUTH AMERICA
Argentina. ....-.....: 949 3, 346 1, 811 2,008 BOS sas. = te
OS ce ae suntan = 144 151 185 187 92 176
WEUPHAY-...--..------ 1 5 1 1 1 1
Motalec..:2-...| 1,094 3, 502 1,997 2, 196 | oe © Reet
EUROPE.
TAU 312,752 | 474,555 | 451,211] 550,233 10,922] 10,604
Hungar Proper Besta 48, 716 42, 410 45, OPN han «sed el er inca lain eto O] tee eee
Croatia-Slavonia 3... . oy 231 2, 082 YEA See ee ees | See aa 2 ik ee Se | epgae = ae | i ere
Bosnia- Herzegovina’. 444 500 [LUN (ee ee (ee eo Ee aS kee ee eres
fe a Soa eo at aaa 22,675 23, 137 18; OOO; eco =e 5, 008 5, 132
Bulgaria3............ 8, 553 6, 200 7, 107 5, 356 5, 901 4, 427
C eRe | fn ae Ne on ca calm wecceemabocus oomace
PIBRMAUIES 5. cL... 18,098 | 10,905 | 13,001 | 10, 569 8,870 | 12,726
icp See a 11,174] 11,291] 11,270 SOL. 28s 711,081
S 28, 935
L 165
if 8 315, 301
= $218 138 126 10 157 BOSH Seek, 2
balyie eee. ce 5, 328 5, 260 4, 362 5, 342 4,460 | 75,232
0 EST SS | a ve ge Se (ee Oe (ee eS (eee
Luxemburg.......... 651 561 497 436 | 292 422
Netherlands.......... 16, 422 13, 471 13, 726 12,391 | 11,958 13, 022
1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where § New boundaries.
five-year statistics were unavailable. 7 Unofficial.
2 Less than 500 acres. 8 Exciudes Alsace-Lorraine.
8 Old boundaries. 91914.
4 Excludes Galicia and Bukowina. 10 Excludes Macedonia.
5 Includes Galicia, excludes Bukowina, Goritz, 11 Excludes eastern Macedonia.

and Gradisca.

588 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

RY E—Continued.

TABLE 62.—Rye: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920—Contd.

PRODUCTION—Continued.
Average,}
Country. i909-1913,| 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920

EUROPE—continued.| 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000

bushels. | bushels. | bushels. ; bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels.
Nomway?! d=... -cta-.- 22 5 829 943 1, 159 1,012 984 990
Roumania?.........- 1, 959 2, SLU soo feel cornea 31,694 | 410,046 65,750
Russia proper ?..... 787, 625'|. 875, 422)|. 843, 740)|0_..- os a on a
Poland 25/32... ...1 A a7! a ARI > SamngeS’ b Ter 7 134,717 | 7 82, 082
Dect dif: ' Pee peetaae Ca H (M mere nese | Eo Seat oe. Sea 2,761 7 2, 894

ASIA.
Russia:
Central Asia (4
governments) 2.
Siberia (4 gov-
ernments)2.....
Transcaucasia (1
government)?..

Total Russia,
ASIGIIG. =...

AUSTRALASIA.

Australia:
Queensland. ..... 2
New South Wales 49 .
WiChOMIHo 3... ook 24
South Australia. . 10
Western Australia) 5
Tasmania........ 18

1 eepapt 108 | |

New Zealand......... 97 |

Total Austral- .
ANIA ot ceed 205

~ ‘
’ Five year average except in afew cases where five Former Kingdom and Bessarabia. ; j
year statistics were unavailable. 6 Winter rye in five governments only.
2 Old boundaries. 7 Unoflcial. |
# Includes Bessarabia, but excludes Dobrudja. ® Less than 500 bushels.

4 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, and Bukowina.

TABLE 63.—Rye: World production so far as reported, 1895-1915.

Year. Production. Year. Production. Year.

1895...... 1, 468, 212, 000 || 1901....] 1, 416, 022, 000 || 1907...
S006)... 1, 499, 250, 000 || 1902 1, 647, 845, 000 || 1908...
1897...... 1) 300; 645, 000 || 1903....] 1; 659, 961, 000 || 1909...
a 1; 461, 171, 000 || 1904....] 1,742, 112) 000 |] 1910...
1899.00... 1) 583,179,000 || 1905....] 1, 495, 751, 000 || 1911...
1900...... 1, 557, 634, 000 || 1906....| 1, 433, 395, 000 || 1912

Statistics of Rye. 589

RYE—Continued.
TABLE 64.—Rye: Average yield per acre in undermentioned countries, 1890-1920.

United Ger- F Hunga

Year. States.1 many.1 Austria.! proper. France.? | Ireland.

verage: Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels.
Cal LD 13.9 20.9 16,1 }.-239.2%. 17.6 25.2
= US 5 15.7 25. 6 19.0 1 27.5
(yo EO 2 rs 16.3 “ 22. 16.1 29.9
ob Sk 16.7 8.8 i 19.9 27.6
Ls ee ee 16. 4 10.8 25. 8 18.9 27.0
Ji. 1. =e ee 16. 4 11.0 28. 0 22.0 29.2
OO ) & ae = ee 13. 4 12.6 28. 8 22.3 30. 8
Lo SS ae 16.0 12.3 27.1 21.3 30.3
Jol Se So: 2 ee 15.6 10.5 28. 2 20.9 29.0
JL 9 a 16.8 14.3 29.5 23.3 30. 6
2 eee ee 16.2 13.5 30. 4 22.0 30. 0
_ eS (8 See a ee 16.8 12.1 26. 4 23.7 29. 4
Le BPs 17.3 14.6 22.8 16.4 29. 2
1 15.3 15.1 23.7 ir ALS ee a eee Sew 29.0
nS a ee re 14.6 20.1 29. 2
nL ee eee 14.2 22.1 27.1
a 2 ee ee 12.5 E
la Se Dio a eee cee) ee eee | oe ee ee

1 Bushels of 56 pounds.

2 Winchester bushels.

TABLE 65.—Rye: Acreage, production, value, exports., etc., in the United States, 1849-1920.

Nore.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri-
culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to the
published acreage of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage esti-
mates whenever new census data are available.

Chicago cash price per
Aver- bushel, No. 2. Domestic
Aver- Pg ap eh in-
Acreage | 28° , arm | Farm value : ee
yield | Production. | price Following | rye flour,
harvested per per Dec. 1. December. May. fiscal year
acre. bushel beginning
Dec. 1 uly 1.
Acres Bush.| Bushels Cents. Dollars.
1). ee LOO MOND hee ous le foe aeeacaclaeeecsle wose
(ly Cees epee CPSU TEYG1 1 )"| ME WF 2 Seine eae ea ae de ey
1,548,000 | 13.5 20, 865, 000 82.2 17, 150, 000
1,689,000 | 13.7 23,184,000 | 100.4 23, 281, 000
1,651,000 | 13.6 | 22,505,000} 94.9] 21,349,000
1,658,000 | 13.6 22,528,000] 77.0] 17,342,000
St oS a ee TE SES) | 2 a oc i
1,176,000 | 13.2 15, 474, 000 73. 2 11, 327, 000
1,070,000 | 14.4] 15,366,000} 71.1] 10,928,000
1,049,000 | 14.2] 14,889,000] 67.6] 10,071,000
1,150,000 | 13.2) 15,142,000] 70.3 10,638,000
1,117,000] 13.4] 14,991,000] 77.4] 11,610,000
1,360,000 | 13.0] 17,722,000} 67.1] 11,894,000
1, 468,000 | 13.9 | 20,375,000] 61.4] 12,505,000
1,413,000 | 15.0} 21,170,000] 57.6] 12,202; 000
1,623,000 | 15.9] 25,843,000] 52-5] 13,566,000
1,625,000 | 14.5] 23,639,000! 65.6] 15,507,000
1,842,000 | 10.8 RO; Sams QUOl | aes eat sie Se Se Neto e
1,768,000} 13.9] 24,541,000] 75.6] 18,565,000
1,789,000 | 11.6] 20,705,000] 93.3] 19,327,000
2,228,000} 13.4] 29,960,000] 61.5] 18,439, 000
2,315,000} 12.1] 28,059,000] 58.1] 16,301,000
2,344,000} 12.2] 28,640,000} 51.9] 14,857,000
2,129,000 | 10.2 21, 756, 000 57.9 12, 595, 000
2,130,000} 11.5] 24,489,000] 53.8] 13,181,000
2,053,000 | 10.1} 20,693,000] 54.5] 11,283,000
2,365,000 | 12.0} 28,415,000] 58.8] 16,722,000
2,171,000 | 13.1] 28,420,000/ 42.3] 12,010,000
2,172,000 | 13.1 Ra EAE ON?) |. cn een wems heme cca ladcacslsectes
sae 2,142,000 | 12.0] 25,807,000} 62.9] 16,230,000] 643] 68}] 83 | 92 358, 263
soegt 2,176,000 | 14.6] 31,752,000] 77.4] 24,589,000] 86 | 92 | 704] 79 | 12,068,628
2,164,000 | 12.9 27,979, 000 54. 2 15, 160,000 | 46 a | 504 | 62 1, 493, 924
eee 2,038, 13.0] 26,555,000 | 51.3] 13,612,000| 45 | 473] 443] 48 249, 152
1,945,000! 13.7! 26,728,000! 50.1! 13,395,000! 474! 49 | 623! 67 22, O45

590 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

RY E—Continued.

TaBLe 65.—Rye: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States,
1849-1920—Continued.

Chicago cash price per
Aver- a exports, in-
Acreage | 28° : arm | Farm value
Year. yield | Production. | price Following > flour,
harvested. | Yer ec. 1 December ioe fiscal a

ee

|
Aver- bushel, No. 2. Domestic

}
Acres. Bush. Bushelis. Cents Dollars Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Bushels.
1895. ..... 1,890,000 | 14.4 27, 210, 000 44.0 11,965,000 | 32 35¢ | 33 364 1, 011, 128
Lt: | eens 1,831,000; 13.3 24, 369, 000 40.9 9,961,000 | 37 424 | 32% | 354 8, 575, 663
tar..*t 1,704,000] 16.1 | 27,363,000| 44.7] 12,240,000] 453| 47 | 48 | 75 | 15,562,035
1 ee 1,643,000 | 15.6 25, 658, 000 46.3 11, 875,000 | 524 | 554 | 564] 62 10, 169, 822
1899... 1,659,000 | 14.4| 23,962,000} 51.0] 12,214,000] 49 | 52 | 53 | 564] 2)382/012
1899... ..- $065,000 | 12.4) ‘25,669,000 |... .-, Jo08. 222i che.) ....caleees 2) RYE
1900.54 1,591,000} 15.1) 23,996,000} 51.2] 12,295,000] 453] 4 513] 54 2, 345, 512
co) aes 1, 988, 000 15.3 30, 345, 000 55. 7 16,910,000 | 59 544 58 2,712, 077
1902<—-<-3 1,979,000 | 17.0 33, 631, 000 50.8 17,081,000 | 48 4 48 504 5, 445, 273
1903575 , 907, 15.4 | 29,363,000] 54.5] 15,994,000] 503 | 524) 693 | 78 784, 068 .
yb) 1 Ane 1,793,000 | 15,2 27, 242, 000 68.8 18, 748,000 | 73 75 70 84 29, 749 :
ae 1,730,000 | 16.5 | 28,486,000] 61.1! 17,414,000] 64 | 68 | 58 | 62 1, 387, 826 :
1906.....- ” 002} 16.7 | 33,375,000} 58.9] 19,671,000] 61 | 65 | 69 | 87% 769, 717 |
IGBTS. ce 1,926,000 | 16.4 | 31,566,000| 73.1] 23,068,000] 75 | 82 | 79 | 86 2, 444, 588 |
1908... ..- 1,948,000] 16.4] 31,851,000] 73.6 | 23,455,000] 75 | 772] 83 | 90 1, 295, 701
1909.....: 2,006,000} 16.1 32, 239, 000" | 2222. ope et ose OL As MEER. See E
1909.....- 2,196,000} 13.4} 29,520,000| 71.8 | 21,163,000 | 72 | 80 | 74 | 80 242, 262 )
19101... 2,185,000} 16.0] 34,897,000] 71.5| 24,953,000} 80 | 82 | 90 | 113 40, 123
15.6 | 33,119,000| 83.2/ 27,557,000} 91 | 94 | 90 | 95% 31, 384
16.8 | 35,664,000} 66.3| 23,636,000) 58 | 64 | 60 | 64 1, 854, 738
16.2| 41,381,000] 63.4 | 26,220,000} 61 | 65 | 62 | 67 2,272,492
16.8 | 42,779,000| 986.5] 37,018,000 | 1074 | 1124 | 115 | 122 | 13,026,778 {
17.3} 54,050,000} 83.4 | 45,083,000 | 944 | 984 | 96) | 995] 15,250, 151 {
15. 2 48, 862,000 | 122.1 59, 676, 000.| 130 | 151 | 200 | 240 13, 703, 499 ‘
14.6 | 62,933,000 | 166.0 | 104,447,000 | 176 | 184 | 180 | 260 | 17,186,417
14.2] 91,041,000] 151.6! 138,038,000 | 154 | 164 | 1454 | 173 | 36,467,450
12.5 88,909,000 | 134.5 | 119,596,000 | 149 | 182 | 198 | 229 41, 230, 961
13.7 | 69,318,000} 127.8) 88,609,000 | 144 |'167 |......|....c-J.-ssesceees i
1 Figures adjusted to census basis. {

TaBLe 66.—Rye: Revised acreage, production, and farm value, 1879 and 1889-1909.

[See head note of Table 5.]
rf | Ae
verage | farm
Year. Acreage. yield Production. | price per hat
| per acre. bushel "om
Dec. 1
Ree be Acres. | Bushels.| Bushels. | ~Cents rs.
1, 842, 13.7 | 25, 201, 000 67.6 17, 040, 000
2) 172, 000 13.1 28) 378, 000 42.3 11, 991, 000
2184000, «12.1 26, 414, 000 62.6 | — 16, 536, 000
2) 2347 000. 147] 32,761,000 77.1 2 ae
2) 251, 000 13.0] 29, 253, 000 53.6 | 15,674,000
2, 178, 000 13.1 28, 592, 000 50.2} 14,360,000
2) 164, 000 13.7} 29,613, 000 49.4 14, 622, 000
2) 153, 000 14.5 | 31, 139, 000 42.2 13, 151, 000
2) 126, 000 13.6 | 28, 913, 000 38.8 11, 231, 000
2) 077, 000 16.1 | 33, 433, 000 43.2| 14, 454, 000
2, 071, 000 15.9 | 32, 888, 000 44.5} 14,640, 000
2; 064, 000 14.8) 30, 334, 000 49.6 15, 046, 000
2) 042, 000 15. 1 30, 791, 000 49.8 15, 341, 000
2) 033, 000 15.3 31, 103, 000 55.4 | — 17,220,000
2 051, 000 17.2! 35, 255, 000 | 50.5 | 17, 798, 000
2, 074, 000 15.4 31,990, 000 54.0 | 17,272,000
2; 085, 000 15.3) 31,805, 000 68.9 | 21,923, 000
2} 141, 000 16.4 35, 167, 000 60.4; 21,241, 000
2; 186, 000 16.7 36, 559, 000 58.5 21, 381, 000
2,167,000 16.4) 35, 455, 000 72.5 | 25,709,000
2, 175, 000 16.4| 35, 768, 000 72.8} 26,023,000
2, 196, 000 16.1 35, 406, 000 72.2| 25,548, 000

Wi

; ; Statistics of Rye. 591
RYE—Continued.
TABLE 67.—Rye: Acreage (sown and harvested), production, and total farm value, by
States, 1920.
(000 omitted.]
| T
Acreage Acreage.
=== Se Farm Farm
State. Produc’! value, State. Produc} vane,
aan Har- tion Wace Bactekrd War: tion. Tie. 4
4 Gt. ae. 4;
of 1919, | Vested. ofigi9, | Vested.
Acres. | Acres. | Bush. | Dolls | Acres Acres. | Bush. | Dolls
Vermont......... Missouri... 2222.5 51 | 50 600 7530
Massachusetts. --. 5 5 105 205 || North Dakota..... 960 934 | 9,340] 11,115
Connecticut...... i 7 140 244 || South Dakota.... 350 320| 4,320] 4,709
New York....... 112 107 | 1,872 | 2,958 || Nebraska........| 278 264 | 3,722] 3, 834
67 66 | 1,155] 1,964 || Kansas........... 124] 1,612] 1,612
170| 166 2,656| 3,718 || Kentucky........ 40| 480 720
4 4 60| 82 || Tennessee........ 30 300 570
31 30; 462 721 || Alabama.......-. 4 44 110
15 72 864! 1,339 |! Texas..........-. 3 48 72
16 15| 165| 264 | 25| 375 375
/ | |
98 96 912} 1,733 || Arkansas.......-- 4 40 88
24 24! 264 792 || Montana......... 80 880 950
31 29; 290 609 || Wyoming......-. 30 540 621
85 80 | 1,152} 1,555 115| 1,357] 1,425
325 310 | 4,340 | 5, 642
15 124 186
225| 210| 3,276| 4,259 | ig| 252 252
690 660 | 9,702 | 12,613 39 370 592
483 483 | 7,728 | 10,046 42 40 520 650
492 480 | 8,160 | 9,955 | SoS Se
65 63 | 1,071 | 1,253 | United States..| 5, 250 | 5, 043 | 69,318 | 88, 609
i |

TABLE 68.—Rye: Acreage sown and harvested, United States, 1906-1920.

Acreage Acreage

Year. sown in pre- har-
ceding all. | vested.
|

Acreage Acreage
Year. sown in pre- har-
ceding fall.} vested.

|

|
Acres. Acres. Acres. | Acres.
2, 100, 000 | 2, 002, 000 2,773,000 | 2, 541, 000
2,061,000 | 1, 926, 000 3, 153, 000 3, 129, 000
2,015, 000 | 1, 948, 000 3,474, 000 | 3, 213, 000
2, 326, 000 | 2, 196, 000 480, 000 | 4,317, 000
2,413, 000 | 2,185, 000 6, 708, 000 6, 185, 000
2,415,000 | 2,127, 000 7, 232, 000 | 7, 103, 000
2, 478, 000 | 2, 117, 000 5, 250,000 | 5, 043, 000
2,731,000 | 2, 557, 000 4, 653, 000 |............

TaBiE 69.—Rye: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1900-1920.

De- | De- |
cem- cem- ,
; When |! When
Year. aa April. | May. | June. | har- Year. ae f! April. | 3 fay. | June. | har-
vious vested. vious | vested
year. year
Pere. ce.) 2. ce..| £ ct. | Pct. P. fo P. ct.) Ps cy | Prato Poe
rr Maver 84.8 | °88..5'|" 87.6] 80.4 I TOll..s....... 92.6 | 89.3; 90.0] 8&6 85.0
CLS eS 99.11) 93.1 | 94.6] 93.9'] 93. 0°}) 1912.......... 93.3 | 87.9) 87.5] 97.7 88. 2
DOS ae Seon 2 Bo. OSs. 4) 88.1") 2:90.21) 1913-. oo 5... |} 93.5} 89.3] 91.0] 90.9 88. 6
1 ee 98.1] 97.9] 93.3] 90.6] 89.5 || 1914.......... }/ 95.3} 91.3); 93.4] 93.6 92.9
US eee 257s) Se, 3)| C8).2:) 86.3!) <S8. 9:)| 1915s. 5.25. } 93.6! 89.5| 93.3 92.0 92.0
1 90.5 | 92.1} 93.5] 94.0] 93.2 EOIGS aa8% 2s 91.5| 87.8| 887] 86.9] 87.0
SL 95.4) 90.9.) .92.9.| 89.9] ,91.3:]) 1917.....-.... | 8&8] 86.0} 8&8] 843 79.4
1 Se 96.2/ 92.0; 880] 8&1 ERY fall 84. 1 85.8} 85.8] 83.6 80.8
i ae 91.4) 80.1 COURS fd Bs 3g ak a Beal | bh) | 89.0 90.6 | 95.3 93.5 85. 7
OS ee 87.6 | 87.2) 88.1 S67) (D4 aa ae eS 89.8 | 86.8) 85.1) 84.4 83.5
Lh Se rr ait) Oso la les | SOLO | “Seas I) 1Gelocamcunnd 90.5 Jeeceeee se-eeee oT a =
|

=
9 a
-
and
al
*,
1
—
an
—
_
a

:
,
.
{i|__
> J
; 5 “6I6I-<161 B28e
8 5 x 61-S161 “088 2 SSS
D> 4 Ag 8% ai ISS
fi sx 2
S i} at | Bae & a CB i os -
= 61 ire SRB z Ss Lan) = : s
3 Bb 61 Bs = Seer rE EEE s ssras
. % >, RG |: S 3s8k RS sea 3 mae “ ASE
S $ SASL BES aor és on Boi xt SB
4 = ae on : S2hs BSN 5 assed 6g 23
2 ~ f ig 1161 | es SERRE RSS 848 3 gazes ob gf of ide gan
4 : ee) Sst ~ Ep) ee _ = sS = >
yal $ - ass oS my S ban ni = = 3 ry
Ss 8 8 me de cate ae Beek Sane gee BS Zens és SSS 15
=. 02 1| 88 “ie ee BG 8 BARS Ss SRS ca
6I- os 2B ore gS — wet “= - <i Ey
i= 5 8 -10 TI6T mit S 2R al S = Bessy ARs rr) Sa Hse |
St) se = sah: ier one s Ax Ske ReSS S25 3 = SEES ane Bert 3 : p eo
& : gu | S2E88 eqe53 S982 SaE5 22338 2 82 S224 |2— 3 = ee
C 2 S ”
% z ozer | SES SEAS aeE85 gees s¢ aE BERR2 aiaia ent 7 | 3 start guae oe
Q sas =] xs coal mf] SigZ a rr) o = ss
~ & GIGI RASSE oor SEE Beat 8 ae Nes aes als 3 rs eens — = ese :
jen} Pp 3 a sas ois SS B= S at Pores SeSz tal 33 mc) ~ goes on =5 Ss
om 2 g agies EEEEE some 238 NERS z= 22 2328 (2 °| 3 eres 22 =
7 a q ist | BABES soses Suisaded Sees = aa S85 asas \ wear Per abies’ epee
: oo 7 ; E |
» ie L Co} —) baie fac} ao al 7 eas SSS 2s Te} SSRR 5S = - os
cS 161 —) co SS Ss is r) 5 taal Ree >. ) ax 2 6
> §| § oaeae ae ised eigen ai 5 8222 Bes q\3 2] 8 Seer 22
ne Big 9161 RAKES seees see asase ma ote Azas5 -s 3 S555 = wr be nan previa
ri SSS ns Son or Tow CidG AGA Sod x 2 Ss oa PRES) ee oa 8 Beis ont RS sia
‘ =| 3 wr | Sones Seans Serer odin st BEPPE idee S 2e88|% mos rc ides gis Se
x 2 i} eee & aS r= a 1515 1S SSHH 4 BEERS a¥see Baas oS = = / = sO as i
8 S| b Seer Sass 3S sais =f ee SSS SeSe et deta Srisdes 5 2 (ds - SSSS “
Ny PY va 1 | 2eeh5 canes Reaes efosiect igdsls geen SESS spades z Ss | ess pr wre 3|3
eee u ao 1D onl fr) ui — 5 in coed coal s <i 9 iz =
F on 135 xi 1D are anda oie | > sss co
v = BIBI ASSES aaess BSNeS BRASS dose pbb he ee ee se 63 | of 2 = ae 33s k =
> =. é BAS om on dso = aise — osx Senee 2 6 Sor [is = = |& are k2Sz :
— j Sbe83 S8c5 eure gees fee duce ice si Ee ~ eee a z
RG . z Bor 1D 03 i ow so 1D > oa . c—) as oS sa sQo 53 =! at
| 161 | eee ote sen Of ih ob of of pepe iiss Siar ses a 3 i sss ages act r
| | gangs oi dalet BEEEE as aa FE Sasa |e S| 2 a3 aged dead
2 Sees, 0Z6T TI61 ASR ES nana 3 SBS 315 aS dss oF save sé |= 5S S is 2S Zs n
‘OG8T-T161 . iS nd DO dude Seen BESS Saas a eS ba CET = So os
N 8 e238 Patera) Fy! swisad SeSae Sass a —) = sc > soi ace h aS = 0 09 wt 3
fo) a aeodk NEAES mama a son an oo olaceses = rps atta ° S = gic —
se R adie eirtohiic gived SEEES eeee sage nes = &| 5 [eee dg 2228
a : Ssene nee Sanes Sacas sasae Saas siege | 2 Erte = #243
A) 5 : a Sis Bo) S08 06 oF m S2ee= Seas Ses ws se > ~ Sas Z tale. «= =
2 ~s ' D id 4 [-er~) m7) 2S ont ai SSS ona ous SS x ~~ co | x “ gre Ox
‘tent te URC] 3 SES id oo ad ood Sass er ° = > SZRK S no
aoe. : a a eeene sees sees S5ee .ot S oy hsp 300 EE sé
ae RE pif Sane BE EEE BaeeS he egos —_ econ | s¥au = sees “
rT Pie fat ZENeS nesses obed ised Heit: © es |< & _ | BSae ———_—_— €
aL ee Rage’ ener SeS8e sages sees echt te EtG Ed che Rg NESE en he
She eee 3 n i) = +s sS es —— | ~~ : ;
_ iach nei Pek disse BREE ESE 3 E | = gece aie dane |s
sasse crs ; Peer PEE Eb sees alge ait A S | ESi5 enon B83 |3
> : ash Ce ad &| & a SS ———
‘ ‘ ' Sagat ‘ asses oO RS SiS 3 ra} : A SSeS Pa
a halla ete Bees enon ae g | — mes GeS 238 ar
au8s i vt ret Sins S gio | is t= dass ¢ BERS 2
aS 5 ‘ay hoe . . < Es) = 3 bt] 2 Ne
> S ' os ‘ ier aS Co fe BESS co ~ s
as ‘Ags an : ee 48 ddgd
rh} ° & a wee r oe dS a ba saa gFz an = i
a pane har} ie 0+ Jaga gaae(o
Zhe tee Geet + ae San SSS
aAzM ad i : ern = = eed Sos °
EEE ipbbos a }g ES SHEHITIT
a diss 3 cece air. ad hee at
= l= = fe ae: ar
is 4002 3 & a fisas
5325 og a ee
° a SS High:
wt ae . a oe e ae ® .
: ag
eee Fish FF5: és
Bereeree tt # &
| 288 feet ae >: =
a< CEEE ete: >
EBS ae *
sso8
a

toa

Statistics of Rye. ' 593

RYE—Continued.
Tasie 72.—Rye: Wholesale price per bushel, 1913-1920.

{Compiled from commercial papers.]}

Philadeiphia. Cincinnati. Chicago. Duluth.
Date. No. 2, Western No. 2 No. 2 No. 2
“lg laslie de ts “ie = Bg ale
El @ige| eb) eles) — |e lea! b | le
Al l4*®{/A 1 is8# 4A] a i] | BA
1913. Cts: | Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.) Cis.| Cts.| Cts.) Cts.| Cts.| Cts.) Ct
January-June. .......- Gort 10h sos a 60| 70) 65.8} 58]. 653] 62.5) 52] 59 | 55
July-December......-- ae ees Bee 60] 72] 65.3] 61] 704| 64.9] 50] 65 | 56
1914.
January-June. ....-.-- (ca Ua) eee 62| 71) 65.7; 58 | 67 | 62.8} 50 | 62 | 56.3)
July—December..-..--.- 65 | 125 |109. 4 60] 115] 92.6] 55 | 1123] 89.2) 57 | 107 | 86.
1915. :
January-June. ...--..- 105 | 130 {117.0} 107] 133/115.9) 1114) 131 |118.9) 106 | 128 /114.2
July-December. ..-.-.- GOn tease se = 92} 112/102.1) 91 | 119 |100.3} 87 | 111 | 94.4
1916.
January-June. ...-...-. 90} 118 5To 90} 106) 98.9] 90 | 1043) 97.8) 87] 98 | 93.4
July-December. ..-...- 90 | 155 |138.3] 96) 155}127.3) 94 | 153 ]125.5| 89 | 150 |123.0
: 1917.
January—June........- 140 | 245 |186.9] 140) 240/180.1|) 138 | 245 |184.9] 134 | 240 |177.7
July-December... ...-- 173 | 245 1200.6] 170) 280)191.4) 165 | 243 |189.1]) 168 | 298 |187.8
1918.
January-June. ...-...- 175 | 188 |180.4] 175} 280/218. 9] 160 | 295 |228.6) 182 | 300 |246.5
July-December. ..----- 165 | 1763|172.5| 155) 170/160.7| 154 | 185 |164.5) 150 | 186 |165.6
1919.
January-June. ..-..-.- 148 | 1764]169.2| 123] 173/152. 8] 124 | 1813]155.7| 1283 178})151
July-December... ..--- 115 | 165 |146.0| 136] 177|150. 8] 1333} 182 |150. 2) 1334) 1783)148
i i eel beeen ———— _—S>}
1920.
UDI eee 1794] 198 1188.8] 171! 186/178. 6] 166 | 18531176. 6) 164§ 1833179. 6
Mebriary.-5.....-..-- 160 | 182 ]171.0] 142} 172)154. 8) 144 | 1684/156.0) 1443) 1673)155. 2
Lo Oem so Sao 174 | 197 ]185.5) 155} 181/174.3) 1594] 1833/172. 5) 158 | 1793|171.0
LAVCG aka SR 201 | 236 |218.5} 190] 215/204. 2} 1823) 217 |199.5) 182%) 2174)198.3
RM aia. icinimaln i= == 211 | 239 |225.0) 200} 229/218. 4] 198 | 229 |216.1] 1943) 224 |212.3
PesHREe eee 4 10.-.- <5 931 | 239 |235.0) 208} 222/216.4) 213 | 241 222.5) 211 | 2313/218.2
January-June. ..| 160 | 239 |204.0} 142] 229)/191.1) 144 | 241 |190.5) 144%) 2313)189.1 310 | 325 [317.5
\ Et. eae 189 | 247 |218.0| 215) 227/220.0| 171 | 2353/219. 2] 1743) 235 |210.2| 310 | 325 /317.5
ERS ee aaa sina n =~ <> 184 | 220 1202.0] 172] 206/194.5] 170 | 210 |199.4| 1823} 2083|197. 2) 310 } 325 |317.5
September............. 189 | 224 1206.5} 179] 203/192. 4] 1873] 2093]196. 5} 171 | 200 |188.0} 310 | 325 }317.5
(US pee ee eEeeeees 181 | 198 |189.5| 166] 175/170. 4] 160 | 1773|170.2| 1623) 179 |169.9] 310 | 325 {317.5
November............. 160 | 180 |170.0| 150) 176/165. 2| 1413) 173 |156.5] 132 | 1634)148. 4) 310 | 325 |317.5
December.............- 162 | 183 |172.5| 145] 162|153.8| 144 | 167 |157.2| 139 | 1543/147.1) 310 | 325 [317.5
July-December..} 160 | 247 |193.1] 145] 227/182. 7| 1413] 2354/183. 2) 132 | 235 |176.8) 310 | 325 }317.5

1 Nominal.

30702°—ysx 1920-——38**

594 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

RYE—Continued.
TaBLE 73.—Rye (including flour): International trade, calendar years 1911—1919.*

(See ‘‘ General note,” Table 15.]

EXPORTS.
Average,
Country. ii icis | 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
From— bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels.
BYPONGNIN oes sco cnc coe saeco ee 443 451 194 129 (2) 2 160
Relpinm: -) 32 Soest ee Sas OA eels. Soka 2 eee eee ees Panels anda aed eee
Belpara: tater 5a 8 To Oia | 2 Sd eee CS ee Seer) ems
Canady. : te os tk See | 69 146 501 989 833 798 1, 897
DEHMSK. > so kee poss ewe 303 349 371 385 555] 6402
Germany; 00) 25.2 seaoce al ROE CEE Roe Pere re eee eee
Nethariands-s = #2 32-22. oe 18, 870 10, 418 26 14 (2) (?) 483
Bonmanig’ 0 ys ett cee 3, 411 eee ees ess eee ~
Russia ..- bas ee ee | 34,921 | 20,208 | 13,331] 12,315 |..2... 222). 2eee er
United States:2.6 22585. Fe 8, 158 13, 655 15, 838 14, 689 16, 308 40, a
Other countries..............-.. 514 104 82 1,425.|. 25a zy
a a | eee ee eee
jie Pade els + area iyi) 107,587 | 41,165| 28,160] 29,734| 17,502] 18,001 |........ ih. |
IMPORTS.
Into—
Austria-Hungary... 05.220. 224 1, 224 | Pee acnaslove coccecc|ees ces oldws|ociomset cie'e be aun
Belpiam.- bo tee er see 6,157 |e ooo ann | eb ateeces|coneenaatll den cee Een 548
Denmark. +46. = 3454) ee es 8, 587 5, 701 2, 757 2, 350 443 i A pee teh
PTA we ek ee 15, 472 9, 898 13, 425 12, 639|. cu sselceaecue eee) epee
Mratiee.- 5-2. 520. Sch aes eee 4, 138 1, 441 36 21 1, 346 665
Genitiaviy. £59 Fee ses. 16,900" |; 23. ccc c|as conc ee as |eceec cam es]a4e ia oo Gael ane Jae |
Btaliy 245. inv cceees eee st eet 721 378 4 1 1, 440 3, 506 379
WNetherlands:<o 22253374 255 31, 023 17, 539 2, 232 1,156 356 751 1,906
Na&aay-- re 10, 520 8, 128 7, 885 7, 329 5,095 3, 005. en oet So
(Ce Se a Oh Bre 5, 231 5, 453 re Ry
Swedens:. 26.2 4s et ae 3, 769 2, 586 1, 986 1, 168 461 138
Switzerland .\2.-.. 92) .2 22. oS 729 267 16 42 198 452 - 1,632
United Kingdom................ 2,195 2, 073 1, 436 2, 054 5, 353 5, 300)"| semen Ae
Other countries.-: 2 26.45. 677 546 77 29 103 0) I ae By
otal ot) Res ee Yh MS 107,343 | 54,010} 29,855 | 26,782] 13,470] 14,980 |........ a

1 Does not include statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war paces
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of umports and exports for all countries are not strictly com- ,
parable during that period.

2 Less than 500 bushels.

Statistics of Buckwheat. 595

BUCKWHEAT.
| Tasie 74.—Buckwheat: Acreage, production, and value in the United States, 1849-1920.
; Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri-
culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to
j the published acreage of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage
estimates whenever new census data are available.
| Aver. | Aver. Domes-
c Pro- “| Farm Pro- “| Farm | %.
Acre-|AV&™| duc- farm | Value Acre-|A¥e-| duc- | 8° | value| Hc ex-
: ge : f ports,
age | Vield tion Tice | Dee-1 ela | tion ines Dec. 1 Gar
——_ (thou- ae (thou- | PEC 4| (thou-|| yea, |(thou- ae (thou- | ec | (thou- begin-
: suds aex0 sands (cents oa sands acre pends (cents ig ning
| acres),| bush- | ,P® | dol- acres),|PUSB-| push | PEE | do | July
' els). els) bush- lars) els). els) bush lars) (bush-
q el). el). els).
¢
OES See ot G| Eee Ee ee 1892....| 861 | 14.1 |12,143 | 51.8 | 6,296 |.........
AR BB eee Bee EY £38 aera eS) Se 1893... 816 | 14.9 |12, 132 | 58.3 | 7,074]........ Z
| 1894....| 789 | 16.1 |12,668 | 55.6 | 7,040]... ......
21. 8 |22, 792 | 67.6 |15, 413
. 17. 4 |21, 359 | 78.7 |16, 812 || 1895....| 763 | 20.1 |15,341 | 45.2 | 6,936 |.........
17. 8 |19, 864 | 78.0 |15, 490 || 1896....| 755 | 18.7 |14,090 | 39.2 | 5,522 |1, 677, 102
16.9 |17, 431 | 71.9 |12) 535 || 1897....| 718 | 20.9 |14,997 | 42.1 | 6,319 |1,370, 403
i eee ee RTs Pees, Pe 1898....| 678 | 17.3 |11, 722 | 45.0 | 5, 271 |1, 533,989
1899....| 670 | 16.6 {11,094 | 55.7 6,184 | | 426, 822
; ERA D S421 700) [6s 937 || MESade | OOIa WESSON SSE lc, ale als
20.1 | 8,329 | 74.5 | 6, 208
1 18.1 | 8,134 | 73.5 | 5,979 || 1900....| 638 | 15.0] 9,567 | 55.8 | 5,341 | 123,540
17.3 | 7,838 | 75.0 | 5,879 |} 1901...) 811 | 18.6 |15,126 | 56.3 | 8,523) 719,615
; 17.7 | 8,017 | 72.9 | 5,844 || 1902....| 805 | 18.1 [14,530 | 59.6 | 8,655] 117,953
1903....| 804 | 17.7 |14,244 | 60.7] 8,651] 31,006
17.5 |10, 082 | 62.0 | 6,255 || 1904....! 794 | 18.9 |15,008 | 62.2 | 9,331 | 316,399
14.5 | 9,669 | 66.6 | 6, 436 !
15. 7 '10, 177 | 66.9 | 6, 808 |! 1905....| 760! 19.2 14,585 | 58.7] 8,565! 696,513
. 18. 2 |12, 247 | 52.6 | 6, 441 || 1906... 789 | 18.6 |14,642 | 59.6 | 8,727 | 199, 429
20. 5 |13, 140 | 59.8 | 7, 856 |} 1907... 800 | 17.9 |14, 290 | 69.8 | 9,975 | 116, 127
; PROMI BIT. Nec see 1908....| 803 | 19.8 |15, 874 | 75.6 |12, 004 | 186, 702
] | 19095352) CBSE DOi174438 (ES les eel 5 ee
| 17.8 |14,618 | 59.4 | 8,682 || 1909....| 878 | 16.9 |14, 849 | 70.1 |10,346 | 158, 160
11.4 | 9,486 | 86.5 | 8 206
13. 0 |11, 019 | 73.0} 8,039 || 1910! 860 | 20.5 |17,598 | 66.1 /11, 636 223
8.9 | 7,669 | 82.2] 6,304 |] 1911....| 833 | 21.1 |17,549 | 72.6 |12, 735 180
Lo eee 879 | 12.6 (11,116 | 58.9 | 6,549 || 1912....) 841 | 22.9 |19, 249 | 66.1 |12, 720 1,347
1913....| 805 | 17.2 |13, 833 | 75.5 |10, 445
ees ee 914 | 13.8 12,626 | 55.9 | 7,057 || 1914...) 792 | 21.3 |16, 881 | 76.4 |12,892 | 413,643
Un DSi ae or ae 918 | 12.9 11, 869 | 54.5 | 6,465
LS ae 911 | 11. 9 /10, 844 | 56.5 | 6,122 || 1915....| 769 | 19.6 |15,056 | 78.7 |11, 843 | 515, 304
LS 913 | 13. 2 |12, 050 | 63.3 | 7,628 || 1916....) 828 | 14. 1 |11, 662 |112. 7 |13,147 | 260, 102
Uo ae oe 837 | 14.5 |12,110 | 50.5 | 6,113 |} 1917....| 924 | 17.3 |16, 022 |160. 0 |25, 631 5, 567
iT Aas ae ae Berar e5 118) 110 |... |. occ 1918... ./1,027 | 16.5 |16, 905 |166.5 /28,142| 119, 516
| 1919....| 739 | 20.6 |15, 244 |146.9 |22,397 | 244, 785
en 845 | 14.7 |12, 433 | 57.2 | 7,110 |] 1920....| 729 | 189 |13,789 |129.1 17,797 |.........
ct ee ae 849 | 15.0 |12,761 | 57.0 | 7,272 |
|

| | |

1 Figures adjusted to census basis.

CO ee ae ee eee eee
\

596 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. — “a

BUCKWHEAT—Continued.
TaBLE 75.—Buckwheat: Revised acreage, production, and farm value, 1879 and 1889—
1909. =
[See headnote of Table 5.] am
’ | :
| Aver- i Aver-
Aver- : = | Aver .
arm arm age am.| Fam
Year. | Acreage.) yield heme price | value |) Year.| Acreage.| yield] FP ae price| value
per ; per Dec. 1. per : Dee. 1.
/ acre bushel acre. b
| Dec. 1. . Dec
{
——— — —$ $$ —_— | =
Acres. Bush, Bushels. | Cents.| Dollars. Acres. | Bush.| Bushels. | Cents.| Dollars.
1879. .| 848, 000 | 20.7 j27, 530, 000 60. 3 |10, 575,000 || 1900.) 795,000 | 14.9 |11,810,000 | 55.8 hoe
1889. .| 837; 000 | 14.5 |12° 109,000 | 50.5 | 6,115,000 || 1901-| 8527 000 | 18. 4 |15,6693,00 | 56.4] 8,857,000
1890. .| 863,000 | 14.7 {12,678,000 | 57.3 | 7,264,000 || 1902.| 856,000 | 17.9 |15,2286,00 | 59.6 he
1891. .| 867,000 aay, BROS 57.0 | 7,422) 000 || 1903.| 870,000 | 17.5 |15, 248,000 | 60.8 | 9,277,000
1892. .} 899,000 | 14.1 |12,643,000 | 52.0 | 6,573,000 || 1904.| 876,000 | 18.6 [15,327,000 | 62.5 | 10,208,000
1893 - .| 87,3000 | 14.7 12,866,000 | 58.3 | 7. 503,000 || 1905.| 840,000 | 18.8 [15,797,000 | 58.6} 9,261,000
1894. .| 864,000 | 15.9 |13,721,000 | 55.7 | 7,638,000 || 1906.| 865,000 | 18. 2°|15, 734, 59.7 | 9,386,000
1895. .| 842,000 | 19.9 |16,748,000 | 45.3 | 7,583,000 3
1907.| 838,000 | 17.7 |14, 858,000 | 70.0 | 10,397,000 —
1896. .] 853, 18.5 15,805,000 | 39.3 | 6,211,000 || 1908.| $53,000 | 19.4 |16, 541,000 | 75.7 | 12,518,000
1897. .| 838,000 | 20.6 17,260,000 | 42.1 | 7,259,000 || 1909.| 878,000 | 20.5 |17,983,000 | 70.2 | 12,628,000
1898. .| 811,000 | 17.2 13,961,000 | 45.0 | 6,278,000 Tare
1899. .| 807,000 | 16.1 13,001,000 | 55.9 | 7,263,000

TasBLe 76.—Buckwheat: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1920.

{000 omitted.]
Farm Farm
Produc- | Produc-
State. Acreage. value State. Acreage. ; value
| ton. | Dec. 1. | be | Dee. 1.
ree, MO SS Tne AE tsht.
Acres Bushels. | Dollars. Acres. | Bushels.| Doiiars.
Maing... 2.523.232 10 270 a3: |) Olifos ise e 570
New Hampshire... . 1 20 24 || Indiana.........-.. 10 200 240
Vermont...... dant 4 6 132 478)|| Uilivieis..% 2.<.. 2.2 4 72 98
Massachusetts... ...- 2 38 53 || Michigan........... 42 609 664
Connecticut......... 5 85 136 |} Wisconsin.......... 27 432 518
Now York. .....0.:- 221 4,420 6,188
New Jersey......... 10 180 £2) women 15 30 =
Pennsylvania. ...... 232 4,176 5,011 |! Missourl............ 6 96 149
gts hpi see cae — 151 |! Nebraska.....-.--- 1 16 16
Maryland........... 15 300 399 || Tennessee.......... 6 108 140
VANE 6 5-5. ten 25 540 756

matter ee
West Virginia....... 40 780| 1,092|| United States..| 729
North Carolina. ..... | 10 210 231 |

Tasie 77.—Buckwheat: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named,

1900-1920.
b | | bmg Y A Sept — oa A Sept. har-
‘ear. Aug | Sept ar- ear. ug. ept. ar- ear. ug.
vested vested. vested.

_ = a ae eee

P.ct P.ct P.ct P.ct Pi4.:1 Poids P.c.| P.c.|. Poe
1900 | 87.9 80. 5 72. 8 || 1907... 91.9 77. 4 80. 1 || 1914....} 888 87.1 83.3
1901 91.1/| 90.9 90. 5 || 1908... 89. 4 87. 8 81. 6 || 1915.. 92. 6 8&8. 6 81.9
ae 91. 4 86.4 80. 5 || 1909. 86. 4 81.0] 79. 51}) 1916....) 87.8 78.5 66.9 °
J 93. 9 91.0 83.0 |) 1910.. 87. 9 82. 3 81.7 AOL. ul) BRS 90. 2 74.8
a a 92. 8 91.5 88.7 |) 1911 82. 9 83. 8 81. 4 |] 1918....| 88.6 83.3 75.6
1905 92. 6 91.8 91. 6 || 1912 88. 4 91. 6 89. 2 |} 1919... 88.1 90. 1 8&0
1606 % 3 .« 93. 2 91. 2 84. 9 || 1913 85. 5 75. 4 65. 9 || 1920... 90. 5 91.1 85.6

597

Statistics of Buckwheat.

BUCKWHEAT—Continued.

Tasie 78.—Buckwheat: Yield per acre. ee per bushel Dec. 1, and value per ucre, by
tates.

lars).2

y
uy

Value
er acre

| (ao

|
|

Farm price per bushel
(cents)

is).

Yield per acre (bush

weot| SS nae S8333 ASSES AZRRR pre
, el MAREN SNSHS SSNAN AMSAN ASS
“6I6I-ST6T S228 KZSRR SRSSS BRRGE SRSA ig
‘ < Sal A a a Rar a Ser ers Ne ae pn :
ostuoav Wwos-¢ | ISAS NAAAN SANA AASSR ANA | H
| S825 SARS FASSR SSR8H REE | g
Is
SBRSS RSASRB BEABS BESKS BR |°
6OI6L reeset Foe Mn Maen Maen en en Oc ce ne ee oe oe &
—_—_. — a
BSsea LESV8 SESSES ZRSER BZBS|%
ST6L RAS AN Sein ihe then fue! See iho aon ae tae Sete #
Seal
BRSSS ReAs Seens RIBS Iss (°c
“LIGT Se A AAAs RAR RA mete gS
Y (x Sage S oe ee 4 et
SSesne ASSIS SSeS aaa eS os
OT6T el a Se Sees eet a
re
‘O@6I-TT6T S2Sas8 B8SSS SLSSS ASSSR AAS ee
re
| SSS00 SSSCSOS SHEARS SHOSS CSS Es
Ocbh | RANE SSSee Ronee Stee “See
eS Gl6l | ASN Ades Sass Sissy essa
ooooce coone onocoo DOOCS ooo wn
ST6T | Shiss BABS S BHOoSs656 KSOwbes Said I's
Sit AS, Be hs A he ANBAR Feat Ann IA
| Wooo ooocoo rOONS coOonoo ooo oD
a16l | SGeBS SACs Ages Sods Ben iy
oo'1ncoo ocooocoeoo NM O ooooo coo tal
9T6T | asses ASH Sires wid wird [3
rot wee St et rt eS et et west est ee Saleen een De
6) RSNSReSaaee RALNS Ses Sass
at, 3 COooMmn SCOoOMmnow Hidnoow rinwmonw goal | xi
VEST | ARM NARs Saas Nn. eed A
‘ Coocoeofmo MOMOoOMW WOMOW oonMnwno oS |
Sages Sasss agssd osdees cake
: ; SS Sus DONnNoWwW INO 19190 © ooooo ooo @
CWT | SSSah AAASS aanas Anas S24 1A
Het) (Suns dgdsa Saisie saeds ses ig
‘OZ6I-LI6L Deones AASCHAN AMSHH SAD S
‘QSBIOABIBOA-OT | AE SE
i ou
ios
&

1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1.

Farm price, cents per bushel on first of each month, 1911-1920.

TABLE 79.—Buckwheat

ts OM Om AON AMM |
2 A, Pe Se 7 ‘
b& | e646 Ssasq sdgsis
ae | ee oe ee oe | —
ol Qt Dato ovwowod!] ™”
bo 16 +f BwSsais aad |S
ko Bboe SRR Ron |&
a HOND ADNSD Ornn|o
os sede ‘ sale
a | tess gagd sees|a
° DHOOM HOOK CMinin | +
S sor-8 asad Swiss
CF sess. ceed cxeeis
=H OCOHR MOINN BDrOMH!|O
19.15 ¢ r ob
ee Pirie RE cee eevee i
19D Orm~inm OGHAN He OE | Oo
ae Meigs ssao Sila
2 R224 DBZSZB SRR |B
° WEA SOHO +HHON] ER
oS REGEN ee Sha er
sa} DEBS Dae BeESH!1S
rere
= ACH OMA MHNO!|A
> RE ena ee lash
& SIA8 SoSH S255 |S
Sees retNAre reer ol
a RONH COMER mOoONn|r
al SR OMe STREET er es 2
6 Ac} i
SSée Rass SSE)
5 ee Ah oo oe | are ri eS we
o> AAHD MOWHM WOO] 0
a ee Seis esas tek ae ed alae
= SESS SS8SS3 BSS6R)5
Sn i ee Eh oe Bed se A oe oe | Se oe oe | cml
So Orn ODARM MHORI|NA
4 Sages eas ioe Meylcagmen ce gee os ae alll a
S BwaissS SZ2% LSna |B
reese re et Se oe Boe re
’ ’ ‘ ’ ’ ’ ‘ 4 ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ zo.
tos paens a: Tih sthes ale
Leet yes lara!’ x Me ape ate
ip eter as “Sree, | ra? eas we
tones pi vie Vm eit epiglse Sae ee
TP Ce Se ee Eee ye,
. ’ ’ . ‘ ’ . ‘ ’ 7 ’ ’ ‘
Ae Se een ee ap ee
See a a Sree eee Ce
5 ia CL ee ere ea ee
& eres. Carre remark: ema
oS ee et yon as ‘Sie
A tog any Ue ae Phen nie AS
CARS i EVEN e TO Een
OR Peat tees ARE <
sty y
dea atest Tate
Se ee 2 5 ©? 4
: he Poo >
g3ae S8a5 B35

598 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

; FLAX.
TasLE 80.—Flaz: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1919.

Area
Country. :
Aver-
od 1917 | 1918
1913.

NORTH AMERICA. 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000
acreés.| acreés.| acres.
United States. 22-5-....2 2,490 1, 984) 1, 910

i
t

Alperta vse. 52-4

EUROPE.

la-Slavonia 2
Bosnia- Herzegovina 2
LOTTE depen es ie
Bulgaria *

Netherlands...........
Roumania ?............
Russia proper ?........
pci | oe ee

ASIA.

ussia:
Central Asia (4 gov-
ernments)........ Naa nsdnl «o knwel = lp led
Siberia (4 govern-

SRDOI. os Joke de kndus sd
Russi }

1 5-year average except in a few cases where 5-year
statistics were unavailable.

2 Old boundaries.

* Bohemia and Moravia.

* Does not include Alsace-Lorraine.

Production.

1918 | 1919

323)

ee

—— —— —

6 Includes Bessarabia; excludes Dobrudja.

¢ Former Kingdom and Bessarabia.

7 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia and Bukowina.
* Includes some native States.

‘
j
;
'

es

Statistics of Flax. 599

FLAX—Continued.
TasLe 81.—Flaz (seed and fiber): World production so far as reported.

Production. Production.
Year. ————— Year.
Seed Fiber Seed Fiber
Bushels. Pounds. Bushels. Pounds.
Sao! ecdccce ence 82, 684, 000 |1, 714, 205, 000 || 1906..................- 88, 165, 000 | 1, 871, 723, 000
Tees ces atate aoe cee 57, 596, 000 |1, 498, 054, 000. || 1907............-..-..- 102, 960, 000 | 2, 042, 390, 000
ib it See rs 72, 938, 000 1, 780, 693, 000 || 1908..........-...-.--- 100, 850, 000 | 1, 907, 591, 000
J) 66, 348, 000 |1, 138, 763,000 || 1909..........-.--..--- 100, 820, 000 | 1,384, 524, 000
i) eS es eee 62,432, 000 |1, 315, 931, 000 |] 1910................... 85, 253, 000 913, 112, 000
0s See oe eee ee 727314, 000 |1,.050, 260, 000 }j 1911.-................. 101, 339, 000 | 1,011, 350, 000
11). Soe ee ee 83, 891, 000 |1, 564, 840, 000 |] 1912..........-...-...- 130, 291, 000 | 1, 429, 967, 000
LL eae ee 110, 455, 000 |1, 492, 383, 000 |} 1913............-..-..- 132, 477, 000 | 1, 384, 757, 000
1 ee 107, 743, 000 |1, 517, 922, 000 |} 1914..................- 94, 559, 000 | 1, 044, 746, 000
DEE Eeee ee ota esls tte 100, 458, 000 |1, 494, 229, 000 |] 1915.........-..-..--.- 103, 287, 000 975, 685, 000

TasLe 82.—Flazseed: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States,
1849-1920.

NotEe.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri-
culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to
the published acreage of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage
estimates whenever new census data are available.

NEES Domestic
Average nie Farm value | ,°xPorts, ual eee
Year. Acreage. yield | Production. sae haceal fiscal year cena ie
per acre. bushel ae beginning Tekst
July 1. Vy
Dec. 1. y
Acres. Bushels. | Bushels. Cents. Dollars. Bushels. Bushels.

ii)... ee ee ee eee BORED wie tc. A Pees st 2, 501 667, 369
Tid) 0 a eel DG a aaa naa GOO ene belt eee 2715 | 13,000, 000
iG) > Se i a (ee cnn 4:%802000"\-s222ceecshore ese 5 | 15,000, 000
Ol 2... 355 58 ee Bere TEE EN ee Re IE SES eR ico] aapeeeiaa se 1, 464, 195
iI SS ee ein 1,319, 000 8102505000). etes ech a| as, ee ee 14,678 | 2,391,175
iil 2a Se eC ee 2) 111, 000 iia as 8 P77 as Ra oa 2, 830, 991 67, 379
7.8 | 29,285, 000 105.2 | 30,815,000 | 4, 128, 130 129, 089

8.4 | 27,301, 000 81.7 | 22,292,000| 758,379 213, 270

10.3 | 23, 401, 000 99.3 | 23, 229, 000 1, 338 296, 184

11.2 | 28,478, 000 84.4 | 24,049,000 | 5, 988, 519 52, 240

10.2 | 25, 576, 000 101.3 25, 899, 000 6, 336, 310 90, 356

9.0 | 25, 851, 000 95.6 | 24,713,000 | 4,277,313 57, 419

9.6 | 25, 805, 000 118.4 | 30,577, 000 882, 899 593, 668

QiaMe 2hesbo (00) (gece sia e oe Se ws os Se eS oe ees

9.4| 19, 613, 000 153.0 | 29, 796, 000 65,193 | 5, 002, 496

5.2 | 12,718, 000 231.7 | 29, 472, 000 76 | 10, 499, 227

7.0 | 19, 370, 000 182.1 | 35,272,000 4, 323 6, S41, 806

9.8 | 28, 073, 000 114.7 | 32, 202, 000 16, 894 5, 294, 296

7.8 17, 853, 000 119.9 { 21, 399, 000 305, 546 8, 653, 235

8.4 | 13,749, 000 126.0 | 17,318, 000 4,145 | 10, 666, 215

10.1 14, 030, 000 174.0 | 24, 410, 000 2,614 14, 679, 233

lil 2 ene 1, 474, 000 9.7 | 14, 296, 000 248.6 | 35, 541, 000 1,017 | 12, 393, 988
Th CR inca Sa aa 1, 984, 000 4.6 | 9, 164, 000 296.6 | 27, 182, 000 21,481 | 13, 366, 529
Tontis SACOe Se ie 1, 910, 000 7.0 | 13, 369, 000 340.1 | 45,470, 000 15,574] 8, 426, 886
1a ascn ea 1, 572, 000 4.9 661, 000 438.3 | 33, 581, 000 24,044 | 23, 391, 934
Se SS e 1, 785, 000 6.2 10, 990, 000 176.6 19, 413,000 |... -..5. 222 s2 Joon ean n nnn ne

1 Approximate. 2 Figures adjusted to census basis.

Year.

1903-1920.

of crop, United States, on first of months named,

10on O

FLAX—Continued.

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TaBLe &83.—Flazseed: Condit
Year.

600

00 Im HUD 08 079 00 00 00

‘Sgdeagaedd

IAAGOAoow
athedenss

Se a Se ea ae

a BRRSZSEGZ

AS) ete

ew eBSSRZRE

SU DAS =H oD =

wBBAZIASSS

Bek aan ca aie
eo kee ee ee ae
a RRSaSZS5R

BAOKRANIOHOM
Ot Ome ae See ang 2s

a PBSBRSS Si

8882 Sesas
bef ed |

ollars).

Value

Farm price per bushel (cents). iol acre

‘odei0Ae 1e0A-C

1
1
1
1
135
. 1/438. 3)176, 6)20, 12/10, 88

6. 2 | 10, 990, 000

"O&6I-T161 ‘ose
-10A8 JIBoA-OT

Average
acre.

yield per

, and total farm value, by States, 1920.

|

| Acreage.

| 1, 785, 000

Yield per acre (bushels).

State.

TI6l | aidaioie:

“OZGI-T16T ‘ade
~1VAB ABVA-OT

WRICed SHALOS: .-.. = 2s aetuece cee Se

TasLe 84.—Flarseed: Acreage, production
TABLE 85.—Flarseed: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States,

South Dakota
Nebraska. ....

Missouri. .....

WIHOM HOOCS|
6 rresdn| a
——)_ SsSFon a a

~

3

=

A

—

‘Griese ©

sacad | os c

i> 2 eee

“oor S oa

seen i}e | &

noose oS &

Soreissa |e =|

— —| 5

SR. Oe Tee | . =

at ot ee —

eae eS

> as a

wees a
5

ASss> -
nASAE

i Ml ll

=

ae

Statistics of Flax.

FLAX—Continued.
TaBLeE 86.—Flaxseed: Farm price, cents per bushel on first of each month, 1911-1920.

601

Date. 1920 | 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914 | 1913 | 1912 | 1911 ee
tis so feciss cocci cases 433.6 | 327.7 | 310.8 | 250.7 | 185.9 | 124.3 | 124.2 | 106.2 | 187.1 | 221.1 | 228.2
155)0) J 456.5 | 310.1 | 326.7 | 253.7 | 210.9 | 162.7 | 127.8 | 109.3 | 190.8 | 233.9 | 238.3
Lit ha ee 472.7 | 327.4 | 349.8 | 253.1 | 202.5 | 157.9 | 132.5 | 119.0 | 183.9 | 240.7 | 244.0
JS)0i gd ae 455.7 | 348.7 | 379.7 | 266.1 | 202.1 | 167.7 | 132.8 | 113.6 ) 191.3 | 234.6 | 249.2
LN A 448, 2 | 361.4 | 373.3 | 300.6 | 191.8 | 169.6 | 134.7 | 114.3 | 181.0 | 241.9 | 251.7
MOTIGM ear eese et ee 8s 421.1 | 389.3 | 363.6 | 298.8 | 176.5 | 169.5 | 136.8 | 115.8 | 205.0 | 225.0 | 250.1
Jig il 359.6 | 444.1 | 349.3 | 278.0 | 163.2 | 152.5 | 136.0 | 113.4 | 198.4 | 205.6 | 240.0
Lule eee aa 303.7 | 540.6 | 410.5 | 271.6 | 178.1 | 144.6 | 150.7 | 118.6 | 175.2 | 199.2 | 249.3
SUf 290.3 | 517.5 | 381.2 | 302.8 | 190.2 | 143.5 | 139.3 | 127.8 | 162.6 | 203.6 245. 9
Ly ee 279.7 | 438.2 | 380.9 | 308.5 | 199.2 | 148.1 | 127.4 } 122.6 | 147.7 | 205.0 | 235.7
Renan sero be Oe 240.1 | 382.3 | 333.8 | 295.9 | 234.7 | 162.9 | 1138, 118.7 | 133.4 | 210.6 223.1
ibn). lh aos ee Se 176.6 | 438.3 | 340.1 | 296.6 | 248.6 | 174.0 | 126.0 | 119.9 | 114.7 | 182.1 | 221.7
Average.......... 289.2 | 398.5 | 345.5 | 288.7 | 218.4 | 159.5 | 125.6 | 117.7 | 148. 6 | 207.8 | 230.0
TABLE 87.—Flaxseed: Monthly marketings by farmers, 1914-1919.
Estimated amount sold monthly by farm- Seat ,
ers of United States (millions of bushels). Per cent of year’s sale.
Month. ;
1919- | 191$- | 1917- | 1916- | 1915- | 1914 | 1919- | 1918- | 1917~ | 1916- | 1915- | 1914-
20 19 18 il7f 16 15 20 19 18 17 16 15
dint h/ See ees eas 0.3 0.2 0.1 0. 2 0.2 0. 2 3.6 1.8 1.8 1.2 1.5 1.5
August......... 6 4 3 3 2 2 8.0 2.) 3.6 2. 2 1.6 1.4
September. .... iS / 1.8 1.6 Er 1.3 Do 2en 2010s | lee SileeeLao | bene. Lost 16.6
October........ 1.8 2.7 2.1 4.7 3.8 4.1 22.2 | 21.5 | 28.1 35.6 | 28.3 31.9
November..... aa 1.9 1.3 3.2 3.6 cea he SI 15.0} 17.6) 24.3] 27.0 24.7
December. ..... -6 1.4 6 1.5 1.6 1.2 7.4} 10.9 ao Wee 19 9.3
POROALY == 60.05 <- 4 6 3 6 6 aa 5.0 5.2 4.7 4.4 4.6 3.6
February --.... at, -6 -3 2 att 4 6.3 4.4 4.0 ie f 5.1 3.2
Maren: -.....--. 2 an 4 .3 «4 .4 3.1 5.8 4.8 2.0 3.3 3.0
op eae ‘2 5 na il a gal + Sak lo AS ae TS 20. Fi6 1.6
IMWAWEee access ec 2 6 ails 2 2 al 2.6 5.0 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.2
ER cose, se .6 1.0 ~2 .3 5 -3 7.0 8.4 2.9 2.0 3.4 2.0
Season. .. 8.0] 12.4 7.4 13.3 13.3 13.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100. 0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0

TABLE 88.—Flaxseed: Extent and causes of yearly crop losses, 1909-1919.

: 3
& 5
| = o
5 8 & : 3 g a | B 3
Wear. 5 2 3 a SSS Sal ec ios, |
B a7 wo qa 2 A is} = & = >
p ey ~~ °
Bi eis ile). tae Ae aed eee
CSS Fea a i
s Qa ca & & jaa) es aR = Ay AS < A a
P.ct.| P.ct.} P. ct.| P. ct.| P. ct.| P.ct.| P. ct.) P. ct.| P. ct.| P. ct.
0.5/2.0) 41] @ | 45.5] 3.71106] 01] @) | 60.2
rd RS PONY RTT Yh Wee UR Tl MC ® -1] 393
2°9 | 1:2)|. 2-9) @) {50:3 ) 2.2] 12) @ 1] 62,
194s | LTTE 258i SUC ID: 42 [Ss Oe Lew) rT le ee
Viper esa mcA ies) SS) stp ay b ay aoe
DOG LOH hiGsOrlanc Sul eerie S| ASH ee el Ory
ON ASTOR BTS | SB SOsGr | Ihe |e a Be ee .4| 34.5
Be One Syl node de | 228) 1920) Gar eee lem dees | ORBLE
841 5 O28 0 305] we] a7 . .2| 36.3
Do Guile Goel, aku) SOCsi dest wer) Gl E684
4.0| 1.7] 30| .2/ 31.8] 22 9| yy 3 | 36. 4
1 Less than 0.05 per cent.

Se eee a | Pe — — er

¥6'E Ig‘ 88% $8"e £81 98 °% 18"€
£0°% at ¥19°T 10°% ¥6 68 ‘T $0 °% £°%
08 °% EL £6‘ 82 °% 9L°% €8'T 82 °% PRS Are kas cc ke wade ste |
98° 318 19°% ¥8°% O1’é 19°% £8°% 60° og *e og *e
8% "8 #9 °E §80 "8 G2 °E aes OL'e £ "6 She og “6 0g *€
s 98'°8 Lbs 02 °f 8 'S GF 'e 02 °8 66 "S g9°e 0g *e 0g “8
S zoe ¥6'8 Zé 1g °8 8 °E a 3 Lee 18°E 00 ‘¢ 00°
ty cL‘? OF 'g 88 "8 6L°F | ge"¢ 98 °E LF oF'g 00°9 0¢ *F
o 00°F gI'F 88'S ete | (06% 98 "8 26'S 61 'F 00"¢ 00°¢
& 9% 6L °F Olt #9 F 08 *F OL’? £9 "F 6L °F 00 °9 00°¢
1 Ti 88 °F 98 “F LP 06 *F Ch 'F 89°F 98 *F 00 °9 0g ‘¢
So's Te" 19 'F L0°S 08 °S 99% 00°S 0g *¢ 0g *¢ 00 *¢
90 °¢ OF 'S 99°F 60°S 98 °S 9 'F 10'S ge °¢ 00 ‘¢ 00 °¢
3 80°S 96 °S 89 'F 81g ge °¢ OL | 60°s GF 'g 00 °¢ 0S *F
= Sis €L'9 el'> 81 "9 {02 °9 16°g | St'9 129 g8°¢ ORV er ne teat eetaee See tee eae Bee Jequisoaq-A[ne
16°8 Tr's 02 "8 26 "S Tr ’g ra i 168 Trg 0g "¢ QE loaned seek ste) tees eunp-Azenuer
= “616
16°8 8L‘F 1¢°e 16'S 19°F e's 16°8 OL*F LF a Dee SARS gates. elaine Satsang sgequreseq-Ajn¢
S 16 98 °F 9F 8 88°S ae 'F 0g "s 96 "8 $8 'F 83 "F Sa reece tk ace: en waar eunr-Arenuesr
"SI6I
= 8 “& 6L°E 69°% 96 "8 L's 89'S 66 "8 9L°8 C3 "F IE om prersse aS peipbnar re at 5 beet ay Jaqurede q-Aqn¢
- 08 p9°8 8L°% 008 99g GL°% 60° 19° 93 "E al aia pale a i pe ed Oe oat anh mee eunp-Arenues
*LI6I
4 If '% ie % 08 “I 18° 68° LL‘T 88'S 46% $8 °% A ee Sah ese Sea aap ces Walter oie erty tk Jequrecaq-Aqn¢
RS a1 % eh % 9L°T IL% 88% $621 tL'% ‘auard $8 °% ry OR ical eb bias Sa gable ising: i See's eunyp-Arenuesr
“9I6T
z8°T 402% £9 'T 18 ‘I 81% ¥29'T 28 “I 12% OL‘T Ge be en tee SOAS aE a a eee Jequiaceq-Aqur
aL 60 °% $19°T 98 °T 90% $19 °T 18 ‘I $380 °% 08“ 4 ie ind ruin as OO a ea nis euny-Arenuer
ow) “CI6I
a pe £6" E8¢ ‘T 99° £6 ‘I 08‘ roa | 88°T 0g “I OFT en ee rae eer ee Jequreoaq-Aqn¢
oe OFT ee | ten 8h'T Lo'T SL°T ¥Sh go "1s ¥19'T 09“ Rat Ree ee ee eee ee euny-Arenues
“FIGI
PS Lert feat | fren | rer eect) =| foe, 1. (Peo #60" 09 "1 “STEEL pened ractemeeddes Ht ae --yequiaveq-Tny
S 0e'ls 68 “I$ ais =| Tes EGP “1s Wists. | Se" OF IS 0g “I$ Ty: Mam fas eric est cata re age som ai ot sai aunyg-Arenuer
nS “SI6I
S ‘edBIOAW | “UST “MOT |‘osvIOAV | *UStE "MoT |‘osBIoAy | ‘“UsTH “ust *MO'T
*UIOISOMUIION T "ON “a18q
““annd® Soe tee ee *syTTodrenuny, “TRuUPUT)

“PONV

[‘saoded |vseurur0s wrod pepttdur09]

602

“O@6I-SI6L ‘Jaysng ad anid apnse0y 4, “peasxv)y—' 68 AAV,

a oS a a re ae rE ays es ”

Statistics of Rice. 603

RICE.

TaBLe 90.—Rice: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1913, 1917-19,
(expressed in terms of cleaned rice).

Area. Production.

;
Country. Aver- i
age 1 verage ! |
1909- 1917 1918 1919 1909-1913. | 1917 1918 1919
1913 |
eee hoe eee
NORTH AMERICA. 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000
acres. | acres. | acres. | acres. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds.
lpipedistiates-----.-------.-- 749 981 | 1,119| 1,090 | 681,166 | 964,972 |1,072, 389 | 1, 188, 614
bio eee 9 { Lo eee 25, 820 6, 913 EE |e
[hy Se eee IG | ssoeses.|seseseee| se eeeees AS IGS || sae a aeee 6 ola devceemca| anna canes
Central America:
0) e000 eee See 29 43 14 2, 680 20, 733 16, 997 5, 180
Cl? 1 Aes -— Se 1 ee Sams et Soc ncee cracer cae esc seess-
Dob bid. -.tse5565eSe 55s eee Bea Ee Soaace CRI | Res hasan Ss Eee tcc <
Nadine fey ee See if 0U pacer 1644090) |basoeoae 2 SDAP 787i | aso cee
SOUTH AMERICA.
IMO
Brazil, Sao Paula. .
British Guiana.....
Dutch Guiana..........
Lilh... 3
EUROPE
keh 7 12 14 44 7, 167 9, 047 7, 567 45,474
LOSING te Lala couepets (See sateen Zoe scan TAY || eee oa Bane eaoes| beet See
[OS a ee 361 341 342 325 | 646,470 | 716,359 | 712, 412 662, 333
Russia (Northern Caucasia)3. Pb) Reese BES Ana eer TALE Oe fae sennes accoecipune Copate Soe
CUP iMoo: AA 5 aie 95 106 111 112 297,468 | 322,130 | 282,581 | 411,798
ASIA. | |
India: _ :
British Tndia.........-... 70, 591 | 80,141 | 79,508 | 81,548 |72,949,786 |81,197,760 55,218,240 |80, 003, 840
Native States.-.......... DeAOR US Boece ads eceel sckcioeal AAS EGP) See ee BPR eee ea SE
(OR 0 SS | 706 702 6794 "e278 & SEBO S Uo ema | hae See = eee ee
Federated Malay States...... 1OGt| Seet Sebel eee Sal 80) SOR oe Sameera aeeicel ecm ame
Japanese Empire:
Cine 2 7,357 | 7,557 | 7,580 | 7,622 |14,008,517 |17,142,858 |17,184,044 |19, 106, 364
(Gi: vie rete lea OS IG 7a | en a Re 1, 186507411, 180) 579) |s2e no = 1, 570, 777
Chosen (Korea)......-.-- ae TESY MM Se a fe a a 2) 455, 522 |2, 980, 837 |3, 376, 112 | 2, 915, 060
Java and Madura. ........... | 6,021| 7,175| 7,128 | 28, 467 |7, 349, 417 |8, 323, 305 8, 464, 575 |?11,481,089
029 11, 123, 805 |1, 745, 488 |2, 209, 585 | 1, 976, 806
378 401M esc. e Lee roccet le deere
Wags On4ae uae ees eA 2: hae
ChDIONOGHN Mhtcc aed. eee eel eee
AFRICA.
Heypt (Lower)..-...........- 241 273 385 150 | 552,833 | 487,163 | 691, 965 606, 864
cin ia SSE a eee Bee ace Scere 953, 000 | 1,404,592 |21,545,000 |........ wa
Why ect Tgnb Sed Ere Goede BREA bocernes 2, 212 72h WANA Peed eee ee FE 8 = —
OCEANIA.
(FE i 2S Se SY Se er eeme | ore oecrcete 1G weaned Kapa ine
Gp eaeaaetsewasess=s--es---- 12 Bee aye | napa aae B916"|S< cece al ee ae Pee

1 Five-year average except in a few cases where five-year statistics were unavailable.
2 Unofficial. 3 Old boundaries. 4 New boundaries.

TABLE 91.—Rice (cleaned): World production so far as reported, 1900-1915.

Year. Production. Year. Production. Year. Production.
Pounds Pounds

TONGS se ac kee 105, 800, 000,000 |] 1912........... 97, 300, 000, 000
LOOT 2.5: 5c eee 100, 300, 000, 000 |} 1913.........-- 100, 700, 000, 000
1908 Lccvse <a 102, 900, 000, 000 |] 1914........... 102, 986, 000, 000
1000 Jo us oe ae 127, 700, 000, 000 |} 1915.......-.-- 115, 193, 190, 000
Ot 126, 100, 000, 000

OLS S. Sooeess 102, 100, 000, 000

604 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

RICE—Continued.
TABLE 92.—Rice: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States,

1904-1920.
/
Average
Average farm . a Domestic | Net
: = : price arm value} exports, imports,
Year. Acteage. yoold Ver Production.| ‘her Dec. 1. | year ‘begin- | year begin-
bushel ning July i.!/ning July 1.1
Dec. 1 i
ee es rey MC
|
| Acres. Busheis.| Busheis. Cents. Dollars. Busheis.
$904 a5 oF. as 2 | 662, 000 31.9 | 21,096,000 65.8 | 13,892,000} 5,964,
Min cet 482, 000 28.2} 13,607,000 95.2 12,956,000} 3,612,
O86 5); 2. cee dics 575, 000 31.1} 17,855,000 90.3 | 16,121,000 3,790,
1 Sea ere ae 627, 000 29.9 | 18,738,000 85.8 | 16,081,000 | 3,033,
6. oF 655, 000 33.4 | 21,890,000 81.2 | 17,771,000 | 3, 406,
2Q00 3-5, te2- Wee | 720, 000 | 33.8 | 24,368,000 |......-... | ae ee ae 1 5-6-3 ana <a ae se pes
1500. 3 eee eee 610, 000 85.81 21,839,000 79.6 | 17,383,000 | 4,487,
rs 1 MEA 5 Me ea 723, 000 33.9 | 24,510, 000 67.8 | 16,624,000 | 5,134,
Dh eee Le ee 696, 000 32.9 | 22,934, 000 79.7 | 18,274,000 5, 824,
(1) eee See 723, 000 34.7 | 25,054,000 93.5 | 23, 423, 000 5, 672,
MT (G3 0 eS ae 827, 000 31.1 | 25,744,000 85.8 | 22,090,000 | 5,871,
1904. Se 72 Sb es 694, 000 34.1 | 23,649,000 92. 4 | 21,849,000 | 7,334,
id a aig alleles 803, 000 36.1 | 28,947,000 90.6 | 26,212,000 | 9,506,
I0IG os eee oe 869, 000 47.0 | 40, 861,000 §8.9 | 36,311,000 | 12,315,
Ty Re aa eset ii 981, 000 35.4 | 34,739,000 189.6 65,879,000 | 11,885,
1 Ee ne a es 1,119, 000 34.5 | 38,606, 000 191.8 | 74,042,000 | 12,892,
ROTO 52, aaah ae 1,092, 000 39.2 | 42,790,000 266.8 | 114,152,000 | 22, 899,
cE | Ae ae = Bi aaa 1,337, 000 40.2 | 53,710,000 118.9 837,000 |... cc. cea eee ~

_ } Domestic exports here include also shipments from the United States to Porto Rico and Hawaii; net
imports are total imports minus reexports. Bushels are computed from pounds as reported in original
by assuming 1 bushel of rough rice to yield 27; pounds of cleaned rice.

TABLE 93.—Rice: Acreage, production, and farm value, by States, 1920.

Average
Average Produc- | farmuprias Farm
State. Acreage. | yield per tae P value
. per bushel
acre. Deo. 1 Dec. 1.
Acres Bushels. Bushels. Cents. Dollars.
North’ Carolina J722 ...284 270.4550 det eee 25. 0 10, 000 167 17, 000
POL CORONA Gs aah aco es ence enucecasee 4,100 25. 0 102, 000 290 296, 000
ET 0 ee a ae Ree Ayame es! cp ory pen 1,100 26. 4 29, 000 225 65, 000
SOLOVIGS «0 nmniannicd aw an ae dean Dae REE aoe 3, 000 24.0 72, 000 175 126, 000
MIDAOUT 52 5 acwcacecaxevanat eerie 500 50. 0 25, 000 131 33, 000 =
MIADAINA fe on Sanco operat aed esata chee ceees 500 31.0 16, 000 290 46,000
Micalenivyt: ccc scot aotdasee voces tere 3, 000 31.0 93, 000 200 186,000 -
onibians + 25: 203.1 2 soko. te ae woe 700, 000 36. 0 | 25, 200, 000 110 27, 720, 000
VOXAS .. <b ditentint te eee eas ee 281, 000 34.0 | 9,554,000 125 11, 942, 000
AP CANHOG nbc. acon deh See ee 181, 400 49.0 | 8,889, 000 131 11, 645, 000
Oniiforain: 5 5. tor su ets odews pecten sree Beate 162, 000 60.0} 9,720, 000 121 11, 761, 000
Tito Biatek 2.2 eee es 1,337, 000 40. 2 | 53,710, 000 118.9 | 63,837,000

TABLE 94.—Rice: Condition of crop, United States, on first of months named, 1904-1920.

7
/ | When | | | When
Year. | July 1.) Aug. 1.|Sept.1.| har- i Year. July 1. | Aug. 1.| Sept. 1.) har-
) ; | vested. | / vested.
|
88. 2 90. 2 89. 7 87.9" |) GOB scan ub ceaweebe 88. 4 88. 7 88. 0 80.3
88.0; 92.9]. 92.2 BO, S11 20lbowdvabaseuvnrn 86. 5 87.6 88. 9 88.0
82.9} 83.1 86. 8 87.2 BOLD case ees ungo abe 90. 5 90. 0 82. 3 80.9
88.7 | 88.6 87.0 BS. 7: It LeaGn och kb <> tan woe 92. 7 92, 2 91. 2 91.5
92. 9 94.1 93. 5 Bh Tl} LOL aces vis abae ine 85.1 85. 0 78.4 79.7
90. 7 4.5 4.7 SL 21) 1918. ced. ec Vesec 91.1 85. 7 83.7 85.4
86.3 | 87.6 88. 8 SE || LALO. 2 ob ab kdaee cae 89. 5 90.4 91.9 91.3
87.7 88.3 87. 2 ORY OD Ue es ee 90. 0 88.7 88.3 88.1
86.3 86.3 88. 8 89. 2

12 ;
S § | 82 | RSS
S 552 Oz6T | RSSR SSSRAS |
DQ eis RS _SkSds sdeasa
ae “6IGI-CTE Sanyo A io on
= as |eSeapawaodeg RASSE f SRBka as *[PIOL tenes wiNINne 1NnMO]1O
whee manawiwks | BSISE Peereear BRAK? SEAS REE |S
Be | SRR ie ie : : ele.
g 5 j— rade | * BRASS RRSSES |2 _ fPeosearioajod |e
$ = gS eS a 3
_ Fe oe Bia BAA SE5RS5 Fe 7 ‘sysod jeurruy B>
2 (ESESS SS55EE1=— a
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= 1g = = < .
§ 3 LIGT | GISFR BRSSRE E % = ve ae
Stes = = ———
| 5 or6t | BSSekS LZRVRL = 38 BOSTP FUBTT ei rrr
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2 ee | SS Sapa % g
2 Ss OZ6T-TT8T ‘2: ro wee | S 5) 2
S758 }— | paptures | BEESE SSREGS [F | 3 S jonmamrnn | 22223
a 3 Sees BERS |g ne pape ta
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oe. so © _ | wooo BBSSSS |S s = a
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~ S ARAAS Casas a a, iS) . :
: a Soo ARBSES spur joy | 2a
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= oS te —___"| SES8a Hages alesse
= = s L131 er ee Soscoco ye dos “118 3
DH fe S, SESKS S TSO aS g S [eH >
5 2 9 SASSS ASESTS |B Bl a8 a
2 - Fae ses 16r | oS en Caries Sess ° — & 970) =
8 Na ——..—|_ RARAS eeesee |& 4 3 wae go
eas Bae oet| ieee saceos a 3 1801 | a,
S bh Bes Sl RAgas 1g Serene = FQ S
Q & MOOS Rs Sas 2 a = E :
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8 = tT] RRRS! Res =
3 2 S&A8 | ASS8SS |S _ se
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NOICIN + aondo la “> AISSOOX REG
A E) etiheeed | ASHES IS of | OSTREE ED Laie
S TI6 i888 RESBE ; x | Gaeanae BOAM
x — tl egw ddceuce ls | Slomrauemged | ain't
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aéeg ae5eee

1 Less than 0.05 per cent

606 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
RICE—Continued.
TaBLE 97.—Rice: Wholesale price per pound, 1913-1920.
[Compiled from commercial papers.]
|
New York. Cincinnati. | Lake Charles. New Orleans.
Domestic 5 Rough (per 162 Honduras
(good).? ae pounds). (cleaned).
Date. wd | i eee ee
g g
s : Ss - : Ss ie
eae Eo as ae eS SE ia bp) <=
° — > ro] = > °
Hy | < = ie) < 4
Bes
1913. Cts.| Cts.| Cts. Cts. |Dols.| Dols.| Dols.| Cts
January-June. -..... a Sh i (ee 2.50 | 3.82 ]...... 23
July-December. .... so (ee CMB i (8 ee 1.15
1914.
January-June. ..... cE Tal iste (ones AAG Doe Oul oncere 4
July-December..... C!S es | eae 2 OO Agno se 14
1915.
January-June. ..... 5 7 a ee 2..85 | 4.614)... 23
July-December. .... 7 oi 280 | GGaW. ee 2
1916.
January-June...... a 13 a (ee 60 1 4. on bee 2
July-December... .. 5 fs a (eee 2.60 | 3.65 ].....- 2}
1917.
January-June. ..... i a Ok e ( 2.10}, 700) leo208. 23
July-December... -. vf 3) a Se Ree | 6.34.4 RON so ece cs 44
1918.
January-June...... | 821/103] 9.4 0 |§5.00 |38.50 |87.57 | 5%
July-December. .. . - 9} | 103 | 10.2 1 |45.00 |47.50 |47.16 | 44
1919.
January-June. ..... 104 | 12 | 10.7) 10.8 | 2.50 | 7.25} 6.70] 43
July-December. .... 13. | 14% | 14.0 | 1 al meee page hae oe 6
1920.
Taninary..<.--\-eee2: 14 DB 4] AS AT TT ee 11}
February..........- 143°) 15° 114 8) Te WS) A lee ele ees 114
aaron 2 Ps cd 146.) 365.1 14.8 [4a The | Te Se eel oo. cal ll
DEST peel, Tiamat 144 | 15 1806) 05 || lbs.) 1h een chee ue pele a i
Re nih see oo 2 $45 15 1 1480) 85) Tbe | 16 2 accel. coe, soem ll
SOR Bos7 bs ences 5 £45 136. | 14.831 36 | de) 15.2 oo... ee. ee ll
January-June; 14 | 15 | 14.8 | 13h | 154 | 14.8 |......]......]...... ll
SSS _ ———S —S—_ — SS ES SE SS ee SS ee eS
Saly 23. b n-ne ake eS |e ae Se |e Doe | a eee 11
DT 7 oh RS SE 13 144) 14,0) 15 | Tbe | A662 oa scl. . ue cadow oe 10
September.......... 13° | We | 0S. SAB he ee coe - | ask eee 8
COCO en 82). 136.1 10. PS ibe, | Re oe ce ee 6
November.......... ef 8 7, 43) 20 W086 142 locke |= cased tee es 6
December..........| & pS et <A «Dae i | aR) Miata 3s RS TRL tol fea er 6
July-Decem-
|v. Sener Ob )-15. 14 Ge PRB AC ilestcecloceees eles 6
1 Fancy head, 1919-1920. 8’ Five months, average.

4 Honduras, 1919-1920.

4 Fancy, subsequent to June, 1918,

ib

Statistics of Rice. 607
RICE—Continued.

TABLE 98.—Rice: International trade, calendar years 1909-1919.)

[Mostly cleaned rice. Under rice is included paddy, unhulled, rough, cleaned, polished, broken, and
cargo rice, in addition to rice flourand meal. Rice branis not included. Rough rice or dy, where
speai 'y re , has been reduced to terms of cleaned rice at ratio of 162 pounds of rough or unhulled
to 100 pounds ofcleaned. ‘“‘Rice, other than whole or cleaned rice,” in the returns of United Kingdom
is not considered paddy, since the chief sources of ee indicate that it is practically all hulled rice.

rice, & ot am of hulled and unhulled, is included without being reduced to terms of cleaned.
Broken rice and rice flour and meal are taken without being reduced to terms of whole cleaned rice.
“General note,” Table 15.]

EXPORTS.
Country. oak 198 1915 1916 1917 1918 | 1919
1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000
pounds. | pounds. | pounds pounds. | pounds pounds pounds.
LS Ps el oe ere Se | eeeenerre peer oar 8, 233
5,337,516 | 4,520, 152 | 2,879,591 | 3,757,332 | 3, 847,321 | 5,488,517 | 1,598, 220
132,400} 109,417 79, 841 29, 354 TEATS ec eens oe
79,087] 123,021} 113,098 41, 874 9,850 3,840 23, 404

357,548 | 354,835
1,928, 507 | 2, 4217 283
758,875 | '908, 438
866,020 | 1,186,173

{aa 112,720,845 13,217,113 | 9, 228,207 | 7,201,149 | 7,080,374 | 7,832,002 |..........
j I

IMPORTS.

14, 407
278,272 | 331,065
821,654 | 866, 892
704,992 | 908, 534

Cuba 262,207| 254,150

Dutch East Indies....... 1,178,111 | 1,058, 978

_ hn a 98,690} 110,933

J a eee 517, 861 761, 106 451, 681

Lob A ae WT Cal ts Rn ae Fe fae a MD ‘ae ae 8 wal (ar le eal eel anh eel ah acti

oi 655,676 | 674,215 103, 053 155495056 | A Br

LUT ae 175, 689 pS eee

Netherlands............. 144, 254 10,755 39,485

ee 511,005. |- 537,749 bo... n-ne con tenes [mo wne acc d| so ceceesca|-concee-ne

eee! | 170,187 | 207,764) 186,268 |. ts)... | eee nee ofen eee eenes

Philippine Islands... ..... 418, 512 BIS; O07 (onan ce nsen

= Peer iosc esa PrN eee (ee es See Bee oe

Sepreeeeeereeees- ==) |) 975, 095 | 1,279,688 |. ..- fe 2 | oe oe on wo - 2] one

United Kingdom........ 1,305,701 | 988,577 849,032 | 166, 626

United States........... 254,568} 215,712 536, 089 163, 308

Other countries.......... 1,057,976 | 935, 835 1910-611 [SS 22
Di 11, 439, 950 }10, 690, 630 | 8, 744,072 | 8,393,181 | 7,750,016 | 7,627,235 |.......--.

1 Does not includestatistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war period,
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-
parable during that period.

608

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

CEREALS CONSUMED.

TABLE 99.—Consumption of specified cereals in selected countries, yearly average.

1909-1913.

BARLEY (INCLUDING MALT CONVERTED TO BARLEY).

Average yearly Average
Average yearly | net imports (+)} Average yearly | Mean yearly | yearly con-
Country. production, | or exports (—), | total consump- | population, | sumption -
1909-1913. trade years "| tion, 1909-1913. | 1909-1913.’ | percapita _
1909-10 to 1913-14. 1909-1913.
Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Number. Bushels.
Austria-Hungary .....-..-- 147, 795,000} — 7,399, 000 140, 396, 000 | 51, 783, 777 2.71
Belstyol. s. 1.5. pea see 4, 247, 000 +115, 056, 000 19, 303, 000 7, 497, 119 2. 57
Brauee <2 Bee See 46, 489, 000 + 6, 063, 000 2, 552, 000 39, 561, 600 1.33
Germany - .- ahosee0. 5 aes 153, 529, 000 +149, 072, 000 302, 601, 000 65, 781, 875 4,60
India (British)?.......... 43, 237, — 10,227, 000 |, 3,010, 000 | 244, 267, 542 14
Bialye: gp 2i7 205 sce aeee 10,104,000} + 818,000 10, 922,000 | 34, 681, 653 .31
Varah. toes Bee | 89, 528,000} + 14,000 89, 542,000 | 51, 775, 737 1.73
Netherlands.............-| , 270, 000 + 11, 064, 000 14, 334, 000 6, 030, 634 2. 38
United Kingdom......... 64, 760, 000 + 48, 060, 000 112, 820, 000 45, 175, 723 2, 50
United States 3........... 181, 881, 000 — 13, 022, 000 168, 859, 000 93, 638, 478 1. 80
|
CORN (INCLUDING CORN MEAL CONVERTED TO CORN).

Austria-Hungary ..-....--- 216, 601, 000 + 15, 074, 000 231, 675, 000 51, 783, 777 4.47

Pigntai: 12... ss wnes Nodata.| +117, 267,000 17, 267,000 | —_7, 497, 119 2.30
Bane =. e522 sessescez 8 22, 229,000 | + 19, 806, 000 42,035,000 | 39, 561, 600 1.66
Germany ............----- Nodata.| + 31,967,000 31, 967, 000 | 65, 781, 875 49
India (British)............ 87, 240, 000 No data 87, 240, 000 | 244) 267, 542 "36
Ll gene ee Se epee 100, 349, 000 + 14, 503, 000 114, 852, 000 34, 681, 653 3. 31
VAUANA. 02. sewer ee baces 3, 304, 000 + 87, 3, 391, 000 51, 775, 737 .07
Netherlands.........-.... No data. + 21,735, 000 21, 735, 000 6, 030, 634 3.60
United Kingdom......... No data + 5s 80, 602, 000 45, 175, 723 1.78
United States *............ 2, 708, 334,000 | — 39,286,000] 2, 669,048,000 | 93, 638, 478 28. 50

OATS

Austria-Hungary ........- 239, 421,000 | + 2,163, 000 241, 5845000 | 51, 783, 777 4.67
BOIS | 503 ab alsa a ee Rae 40, 905, 000 + 18, 185, 000 49, 090, 000 7, He, 119 6. 55
MATIC «ecto oa aw abe 310, 020, 000 + 29, 845, 000 339, 865, 000 39, 561, 600 8. 59
Germany............-.-0. 591, 996,000 | + 3,231, 000 595, 227,000 | 65, 781, 875 9.05
India (British)............ Nodata.| + ” 34, 000 No data. | 244, 267, 542 |...... mig
TOARY saceduuh based tapas 36, 945, 000 + 8,150, 000 45, 095, 000 34, 681, 653 1.30
REDON. 20d ehee ods pose wee No data. = 34, 000 No data. 51, 775, 780 \auecawaeen «2
Netherlands............-- 18, 512,000} + 8,095, 000 26, 607, 000 6, 030, 634 4.41
United Kingdom......... 182, 777, 000 + 66, 352, 000 249, 129, 000 45, 175, 723 5. 51
United States *........... 1, 131, 175, — 25, 112, 000 1, 106, 063, 000 93, 1,81

RICE (MOSTLY CLEANED, AND INCLUD CE FLOUR, RICE MEAL, AND BROKEN
A

| g
~
~
oo
_

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Number. Pounds.
Austria-Hungary .......-. No data. | + 182, 921, 000 182, 921, 000 51, 783, 777 3. 53
a RN No data. | + — 80, 882, 000 , 882000 | 7, 497, 119 10. 79
TP aR AR ee 2,017,000 | + 438, 774, 000 440, 791,000} 39, 561, 600 11.14
CELE (ees appa AE No data. | + 517, 145, 000 517, 145,000 | 65, 781, 875 7. 86
India (British)... ........| 72, 949, 786, 000 | —5, 059, 244, 000 | 67, 890, 542, 000 | 244, 267, 542 277. 94
Tialyscncukudetucssevoravn 646, 470,000 | — 128, 162, 000 518, 308, 000 34, 681, 653 14. 04
FADED cia ckvnedunddunmane 14, 008, 517,000 | +- 593,675,000 | 14, 602, 192, 000 51, 775, 737 282. 03
Netherlands. ...sc<<seceos No data. | + 302, 407, 000 302, 407, 000 6, 030, 634 50.15
United Kingdom......... No data. | + 678, 290, 000 678, 290, 000 45, 175, 723 15, 01
United States...........-- 681, 166, 000 | + 193, 599, 000 874, 765,000 | 93, 638, 478 9. 34

Py
a

'
= eS ee Se

1 July, 1914, not included in average.
4 Two-year average, 1912-1913,

- ® Excluding insular possessions.
4Trade figures for rice are for calendar years.

7), SS eee

oi

x

Statistics of Cereals Consumed.
CEREALS CONSUMED—Continued.

609

TasLe 99.— Consumption of specified cereals in selected countries, yearly average—Con.

1909-1913—Continued.

RYE (INCLUDING RYE FLOUR CONVERTED TO RYE).

Average yearly Average
Average yearly | net imports (+)| Average yearly | Mean yearly yearly con-
Country. production, | or exports (—), | total consump- | population. | sumption
1909-1913. trade years tion, 1909-1913. 1909-1913. | per capita,
aa to 1913-14. | 1909-1913.
Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Number. Bushels.
Austria-Hungary ..--..--- 164, 143, 000 — 1, 256, 000 162, 887, 000 51, 783, 77 3.15
| Lal ae 22, 675, 000 +14, 889, 000 , 564, 7, 497, 119 3. 68
? 48, 647, 000 + 3,197, 000 51, 844, 000 39, 561, 600 1.31
4 445, 222, 000 — 26, 424, 000 418, 798, 000 65, 781, 875 6. 37
No data. No data. No data. | 244, 267, 542 |....2.02.2.-
5, 328, 000 + _ 618,000 5, 946, 000 34, 681, 653 cE:
No data. No data. No data Bi Eg RY BY fl eee te
16, 422, 000 +11, 539, 000 27, 961, 000 , 030, 634 4. 64
1, 751, 000 +22, 122, 000 3, 873, 000 45, 175, 723 . 09
34, 916, 000 — 3, 336, 000 31, 580, 000 93, 638, 478 . 34
WHEAT (INCLUDING WHEAT FLOUR CONVERTED TO WHEAT).
Austria-Hungary ........- 217, 598,000 | + 10,512,000 228,110,000 | 51, 783, 777 4.41
Bolemimesees 14, 583,000 | +149, 390, 000 63, 973, 000 7, 497, 119 | 8.53
Tintin 317, 254,000 | + 43, 673, 000 366, 927,000 | 39, 561, 600 | 9. 12
By Sie 152,119,000 | +368, 339, 000 220, 458,000 | 65, 781, 875 3.35
India (British)........... 350, 736, 000 | — 49, 589, 000 301, 147,000 | 244, 267, 542 1.23
“Se ae 183, 260,000 | + 53, 219, 000 236, 479.000 | 34, 681, 653 6. 82
PON: ia 25, 274, 000 + 4, 064, 000 29, 338, 000 51, 773) 73d yj
_ Netherlands.............- 4,976,000 | + 21, 976, 000 26, 952, 000 6, 030, 634 4.47
United Kingdom......... 61, 481,000 | +216, 054, 000 277, 535,000 | 45, 175, 723 | 6.14
United States..........-. 686, 691,000 | —154, 878, 000 | 531, 813,000 | 93, 638, 478 | 5.68
| | |
1 July, 1914, not included. 3 Including Luxemburg.
2 Calendar year.
1914-1918.
BARLEY (INCLUDING MALT CONVERTED TO BARLEY).
j | 1
Average yearly eae
= ge
Average yearly et 55 Av ae eely Mean yearly | yearly con-
; Country. production, nai cars’ | consumption, | Population, | ‘sumption
1914-1918. eee Sumptlon, | “1914-1918. | per capita,
1914-15 to 1914-1918. 1914-1918
1918-19. si
|
Busheis. Bushels. Bushels. Number. | Bushels.
Austria-Hungary }........ 109, 760, 000 No data No data 53, 279;.370: | eutiee. .
LEE (ei J ene 4, 116, 000 No data No data. | 7, foegoee st SE
Mivetricee te eet ks. 35, 503, 000 + 8, 293, 000 43,796,000 | 37, 769, 600 | 1.16
Geriigrdy’...............- 113, 222° 000 No data No data.| 69,149,378 |............
India (British)........... 145, 273, 000 — §, 948, 000 136, 325,000 | 250, 598, 343 | .54
Co a 9, 123, 000 + 2,056, 000 11,179,000! 36, 407, 653 .31
VP Ori ap ee aa 88, 323, 000 + 84,000 , 407,000 | 55, 527, 016 1.59
Netherlands.............. 2,729, 000 + 3,734, 000 6, 463, 000 | 6, 448, 547 1.00
United Kingdom......... 58, 244, 000 +28, 800, 000 87, 044, 000 43, 582, 551 | 2. 00
United States #........... 214, 819, 000 — 26, 303, 000 788, 516, 000 100, 740, 142 | 1, 87
CORN (INCLUDING CORN MEAL CONVERTED TO CORN).
Austria-Hungary !........) 217, 839, 000 No data No data. 53, 279, 370
IN ee kn gin No data. No data No data. | 7, 861, 926 |
- EN te ae nc... 16, 187, 000 +12, 170, 000 28,357,000 | 37, 769, 600
Germany 2... No data No data No data | 69, 149, 378
India (British 90, 224, 000 — 1,078, 000 89, 146, 000 | 250, 598, 343
Italy... . 93, 540, 000 + 7,471, 000 101,011,000 | 36, 407, 653
OO Dol ales 3, 885, 000 + 95, 000 3, 980, 000 55, 527, 016
| Netherlands.............. No data +17, 445, 000 17, 445, 000 6, 483) 590 |
United Kingdom......... No data +58, 287, 000 58, 287, 000 43, 582, 551 |
United States ?.... 222.22. 2, 760, 484, 000 —41, 106,000 | 2,719,378,000 | 100, 740, 142

1 Two-year average, 1914-15. No further data
available.

30702°—ysx 1920——39**

2 Excludes Alsace-Lorraine.
8 Excluding insular possessions.

610 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

CEREALS CONSUMED—Continued.
TABLE 99.—Consumption of specified cereals in selected countries, yearly average—Con.

1914-1918—Continued.

OATS.
Average yearly Average
Average yearly tte a) Bear > | early | Mean yearly | yearly con- -
Country. production, trade years ? consumption, population, | sumption
1914-1918. 1914-15 to 1914-1918. 1914-1918. ve is a
1918-19. >
Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Number Bushels.
Austria-Hungary !.......-. 186, 601, 000 No data. No data 53, 279, 370 |... on ener
Soelgium’! .\ - <2. ces. 25's =) 44, 871, 000 No data. No data 7, 752; 390 [220 coe
Wranee= =. -se53 #26. 4552 236, 190, 000 + 43, 642, 000 279, 832, 000 37. 769, 600 7.41
Germany?................ 403, 983, 000 No data No data. | 69, 149, 378 |.......-....
India (British)........... Nodata.| — 80, No data. | 250,598, 343 |.......-----
Ktaly:. ==. i .:e2-ee8- a5: s2% 32, 718, 000 + 23,713, 000 56, 431, 000 36, 407, 653 1, 55
Sis os ews 8 No data.| — 287) 000 No data. | 55,527) 016 |.....-..-. f,
Netherlands.........-.... 20,020,000} + 2,745, 000 22,765,000} 6, 448, 547 3.53
United Kingdom........- 2027 508,000 | + 44,371,000 246, 879,000 | 43, 582, 551 5. 66
United States 3........... 1, 414,558,000 | —104,714,000 | 1,309, 844,000 | 100,740, 142 13.00

RICE (MOSTLY CLEANED, AND INCLUDING RICE FLOUR, RICE MEAL, AND BROKEN

RICE).4

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Number. Pounds.
Austria-Hungary......... No data No data No data 53, 920; 399" / oo tee Soe
elon. 14 a soc se No data No data No data 7, 81; 92h ee eee
Mrance. 22 3sre nese? eos ft No data 469, 910, 000 469, 910, 000 37, 769, 600 12. 44
Germany 2) 22s 2235 fe. 5.5 No data. No data No data 69, 149; S78 *0oe so eee .
India (British) ........... 69, 779, 136, 000 | —3,725, 780,000 | 66,053, 356,000 | 250, 598, 343 263. 58
Nitty << hae eyes ec cck 728, 198,000 | + 127,390, 000 855, 588,000 | 36, 407, 653 23. 50
Sapails Ret 38 oo tetcacc0e 17, 632, 967,000 | + 407,271,000 | 18,040,238,000| 55,527, 016 324. 89
Netherlands.............- No data. | + 109, 190, 000 109, 190, 000 6,521) 217 16. 74
United Kingdom......... No data. | + 883, 137, 000 883, 137, 000 43, 582, 551 20. 26
United States 3........... 926, 678,000 | + 176,166,000 | 1,102, 844,000 | 100,740, 142 10.95

RYE (INCLUDING RYE FLOUR CONVERTED TO RYE).

Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Number Bushels.
Austria-Hungary 5......-.. 109, 916, 000 No data No data 53, 279; 870 loz seec ome -
IGLOS. o vero an eet = s 20, 568, 000 No data No data 7, (02, O00 |--eheoeeeee :
MURNCR tie 55 Ao cc ococe sce 30, 441, 000 + 390,000 30, 831, 000 769, 600 0. 82
Getinatiy $2.25. sccstees 341, 185, 000 No data No data 69, 149, 378 |....-... vows
India (British)........... No data No data No data. | 250,598, 343 |.........-.
CO Ne 4, 931, 000 + 1,035, 000 5, 966, 000 36, 407, 653 . 16
i i eer No data No data No data. 55, 527,016. |... Svea
Netherlands...... 12, 914, 000 + 1, 232, 000 14, 146, 000 6, 521, 217 2.17
United Kingdom 5. 3 1, 750, 000 +61, 728, 000 3,478,000 | 45, 285, 376 08
United States*........... 59, 937, 000 —18, 602, 000 41, 335,000 | 100,740, 142 41

WHEAT (INCLUDING WHEAT FLOUR CONVERTED TO WHEAT),

Austria-Hungary ©. | 162, 241, 000 No data. No data. | 53, 279,370 |..... » tuauks d
Belgium °.. 10, 986, 000 No data. No data. 7, 102) 900. |-«eBema wal
France. ... 214, 137, 000 + 80, 813, 000 294, 950, 000 37, 769, 600 7.8L
Germany ?....... ee 110, 655, 000 No data. No data 69, 140, 378 |). .../s eee oe
India (British)........... 332, 852,000} — 28,796, 000 304, 056, 000 | 250, 598, 343 1.2
Tighe Bae eters sd 167,989,000 | + 74,041, 000 242,030,000 | 36, 407, 653 6.65
Japan. <2! Pic. oes tx. ect 29,492,000} + 206, 000 698, 000 | 55, 527, 016 3
Netherlands............-. 5, 157, 000 + 17,674, 000 22, 831, 000 6, 448, 547 3.54
United Kingdom......... 72, 939, 000 +191, 929, 000 264, 868, 000 43, 582, 551 6.08
United States ?........... 822, 246,000 | —224, 761, 000 597, 475,000 | 100, 740, 142 5.93

1 Two-year average, 1914-15. No further data available.

1 Excludes Alsace-Lorraine.
§ Excluding insular possessions.

4 Trade years for rice arc calendar years.
6 Two-year average, 1914-15.
6 Calendar year.

——

a a

EEE ae

STATISTICS OF CROPS OTHER THAN GRAIN CROPS.

Taste 100.—Potatoes: Area and production in undermentioned

POTATOES.

countries, 1909-1920.

AREA.
ca | |
Country. i909-i9i3., 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 | 1919 | 1920
NORTH AMERICA. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
acres. acres. acres. acres. acres. acres. acres. | acres.
United States...... eaea||< 888680 3,711 | - 3,784 |- 3,565| | 4,394 4,295| 3,952| 3,929
——-— ——————— ——, ——— — — _ — ——— ——
Canada; |
Prince Edward Is-

‘int Oa 32 32 31 31 35 22 36 36
Nova Scotia... ...... 32 32 34 3 41 51 62 50
New Brunsv.ick...... 42 44 40 39 46 57 76 78
iis ti te ai. 120 115 117 112 227 265 316 311
OU ee ee 156 154 155 133 142 16€ 157 158
Lit 26 27 30 32 34 45 42 37
Saskatchewan........ 29 31 35 47 68 60 66 | 54
Alberta... ..... Beis aie 24 26 28 29 49 44 46 | 43
Pritish Columbia. . -- 14 15 16 15 15! 15 18 | 18

LS) Oe gs 475 476 486 472 657 735 819 785

_ a E ia

Aree Re cee sate go
ungary proper 2........
Croatia Sein a eee
Bosnia Herzegovina. .....
Belgium
Bul

Czecho-Slovakia..........|..--------

Jugo-Slavia............--
Luxemburg. .

PIOEWSNassi2-<-25---- eee
Roumania 28........ 525

Russia proper 2.....-..---
LCG oe 5c
Northern Caucasia ?......

1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where

five-year statistics were unavailable.

2 Old boundaries.

3 Excludes Galicia and Bukowina.

4 Includes Galicia, but oxcludes Bukowina, Qoritz,

and Gradisea.
5 New boundaries.

6 Bohemia and Moravia only.
7 Excludes Alsace-Lorraine.

8 Grown alone.

42, 460 287 323
DOE CEA t- Fa REeR PRR oe 12k
vitespaacle cess ig spot sae
a ee 2, 884
76,782 | 76,186 | 76,740
729 732 739
ar A al 6) aia Ma
7 RE 8 le PE

413 419 405

114 145 133

7 SE ae 978
Jeter (A 13 38
ah 2 See aa are |

16 239 |._......
ea fee | 8 622
wie 319| 331

519 515
649 | 1,512
226 216

204 208
"73,041 | 73,332
75,287 | 76,054
763 741
BRM 319
sey ie Ae
426 421

132 132
10142 | 1248
Toy

“Is 3, 042 | 164,129

® Former Kingdom and Bessarabia.

10 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, and Bukowina.
1 Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, Bukowina, and
Transylvenia.

122 Grown with corn.

18 Excludes Dobrudja.
14 Former Kingdom only.
1s Includes Congress Poland, Eastern and West-

ern

Galicia, and Gradisca.

16 Unofiicial.

611

612 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

POTATOES—Continued.

TaBLE 100.—Potatoes: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1920—
Continued. : ‘

AREA—Continued.

|
| Average!
Country. 11909-1913.

EUROPE—continued.

nt ee aes
Spuin... “
Sweden....
Switeeniand <9 ok. Se}

ASIA,

Russia:
Central Asia (4 gov-
ernmerts) ?.......-.
Siberia (4 govern-
ments) 4.08) 2...
Transcaucasia (1 gov-
ernment)?..........

Total Asia. ..cicoce

AFRICA.

Tier tspe. Me ns
Union of South Africa. ...

otal. < cchawies.. ces
AUSTRALASIA.

Australia;
ueensland..........

tenet

Western Australia. . -
Waniintis..:....2-<. «

New Zealand........ ued
Total Australasia...

Grand total........

Statistics of Potatoes. 613
POTATOES—Continued.
TaBLE 100.—Potatoes: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1919-1920—
Continued.
PRODUCTION.
Ave 1 | : .
Country. 1909 1913.| 1914 | 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920
| {
_ ———$———— | ———_ | ———__ | —— SS SS SS."
1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000
bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels.
409, 921 | 359, 721 | 286,953 | 442,108 | 411, 860 | 355,773 | 430, 458
So Rs ge BS Bee ee
6, 806 | 6, 125 5,362} 4,529) 6,175
7, 165 7,173| 9,776| 9,992] 10,209
10, 534 6, 891 9,078 | 10,790] 15,510
21, 811 18,158! 38,936 | 57,280 , 633
25, 772 18,981 | 19,376 | 15,145 :
3, 172 3, 643 8,325| 5,288| 3,410
4, 085 9, 010 6,951} 11,250| 6,861
3, 652 7, 409 3,119| 8, 241 , 138
2, 675 2, 502 3,423 | 3,060| 2,934
85, 672 79, 892 | 104, 346 | 125,575 | 133, 832

1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where
five- statistics were unavailable.

2 Old boundaries.

8 Excludes Galicia and Bukowina.

4 Includes Galicia, but excludes Bukowina, Goritz,
and Gradisca.

5 New boundaries.

© Bohemia and Moravia only.

7 Unofficial.

® Excludes Alsace-Lorraine.

28,366 | 29,507 | 31,138 |.......... ott Spee ae oe eea| Soe eae
9,169} 9,546) 11,598 | 9, 091 9,768 | 78,700 | 710,944
cc nazam FN Tipe) Be ac eee eine elpieneee| PARE

EUROPE. | | | |
LS re 4 456, 485 | 5285, 070 | § 232, 203 4229,048 | 32,890} 21,495 | 7 20,922 |........
H proper?......... 180,103 | 195,266 | 209,356 |..-...... eres eats eee 5 71, 568
Croatia-Slavonia?..-..... tee eee <r alan. Se Tae ES (28 ae Lee eee ee eee
Bosnia-Herzegovina?..... SET) DOE DRE SALT RUREE DESC ERT: BS Sagal A iL eee ats Siri
~ i 107, eA <3 iene Sea iain a he eeaeaenee 5 ERR 76, 064 57, O08

en 22) SS GY IN Ue Sa ne eee poe eee Seer eee ree
Gvecho-Slovakia..-.......|_......... ee De (ae ee Eee SN ee a Se S55 6 79, 566 RASS
J ae 32,440 | 37,331 | 42,349 | 26, 626 $1,882 | 40,605 | 53,087 |....--.-
a aa 20,975! 18,736] 20,531 | 19,666 |.......... | 722,569 | 17,718] 17,865
To 2 eae 489,377 | 440,652 | 332, 788 332, 647 | 401, 336 | 228, 433 (5284, 047 [379,029
Isace-Lorraine.........- 37,417| 32,082| 39,983 |......... he Baad sap | 120} 27, RL...
Geramortys 2 22. 1,681, 959 |1, 674, 377 |1,983, 161 8907, 236 [81,264,374 (81,082,816 |$788, 115 |? 750, 885
Jugo-Slavia bem: Bie 452
Oo Jo be | 60,813 | 61,104 | 56,768 | 54,277| 48,112) 51, 808 | 50,981 | 51, 440
Warsowipity.-,.-.-------- 6, 439 5, 288 6, 422 2, 971 5, $25 BNTOL, eee ea Jneeeeee=
Te ae 672 , 080 lle Base A ema int Pel og Rox She 4 Reed lB
Netherlands............-- 110, 153 | 120,786 | 126,741 | 105,040 | 130,288 | 109,655 | 96,225 | $i, 303
Biermmyatesarce 2 Sc 24,821} 27,542] 19,957 | 21,310| 42,584 | 28,954 | 37,912] 30, 811
Roumania?2_.__........ 3, 634 WFD ee MEF Se py ee cal ta | 2. 431 | 10, 442 | 12 3, 226
=e 1, 144 1, 083 rh Rea eked BR a noel L aksey Pst aot TS...
Russia proper* <= BE eee 1, SUL OL ty (de CON | GOANOO None oe carl sewn sone a[onenadons aa
. 1. = ae ESR ue hep Re EERE Bae eee eee dim ER NRET ERE or [73,108
Northern Caucasia?...... 15,663 | 17,907 Ly | ee Cae In eee i etieteua ees eee es
oT 2S aeae 2 ER HORRORS feats AS SEE a See CERES Pere
oD Ss eae 93,413 | 76,657 | 101,037 | 108,991 | 113,477] 95,562 | 102,418 | 104, 761
Lo 60,327 | 63,209} 71,756 | 54,972) 83,700 71,129) 77,573 | 60, 259
Switzerland. ............. | 40,537 | 22,046] 30,681} 18,372] 38,580] 43,355] 27,925 | 28,256

® Prussia only.
10 Grown alone.
li Former Kingdom, Bessarabia, and Bukowina.
12 Bessarabia only.
13 Grown with corn.
M4 Excludes Dobrudja.
15 Former Kingdom only.
16 Includes Congress Poland, Eastern and Western

Galicia, and Posen.

614 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

POTATOES—Continued.

TaBLeE 100.—Potatoes: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1919-1920—
Continued.

PRODUCTION—Continued.

Average! ;
Country. 1909-1913. 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918
EUROPE—continued.
; 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 1,000
United Kingdom: bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels.| bushels. | bushels
England............- 94,487 | 104, 804 | 100,881} 88,484] 117,351 | 148, 848
CC PEL SEIS 34,674 | 40,230| 36,291 | 19,825] 41,443] 42 971
LCA ES a 5, 403 5, 445 5, 821 5, 018 7, 380 8, 288
erelanw =: 119, 874 | 128,642 | 138,509 90,845 155,036 | 144, 231
Total United King-
Gants. .i fee 254, 438 | 279,121 | 281,502 | 204,172 | 321,210} 344,338
Wotalis2 << Petes 4, 905, SOT |. - wn meen | cece me oe | oi ctw oreo enw eme coe | ake elms ere aon ena
ASIA
Bit ee Peal Se ee) 24, 738 32, 312 35, 103 | 38, 613 36, 924 41, 275
Central Asia (4 gov-
ernments) 3......... 5, 230 7, 560 7, O78 Ne. ooo at cece fen eos oe ons
Siberia (4 govern-
EMCHES) 8. <2 cn ecco ne = 27, 773 47, 075 yf i en EEE! EET
Transcaucasia (1 gov- 2
ernment) 3,......... 148 90 lS os Oe PEEP r ey een
Total Russia....... 54, 725 32, BBY |. - ows nee] oe oes ewelows sansa s| as aoe
‘Total Wala): 5 -.t. 87,037 67,484 |... 2.2.5.5 |e cect ee ose)ecce cco ses] ae aan eae
AFRICA
sa isatel pic spatter lis’ ecel||Y \)/ “yhgal Gel See eectrs pata] ae ote ache Le apne AY fd er
ion or sontn Amrien. 2.) |) SAO os oc oe lap eon Goer Se ceased ee ee 3, 909
Total sss: ee BOB ee es be ee
AUSTRALASIA.
Australia:
ueensland.......... 618 598 278 726 827
ew South Wales.. 3, 989 1, 520 1, 658 1, 691 1, 865
Viewa 6, 593 7,064 | 6,489 7, 018 6, 802
South Australia...... 1, 230 673 759 422
Western Australia.... 665 550 527 629 423
WASWISUIS WS ows enyeune 2, 989 3, 001 2, 946 2, 983 2, 503 2, 630
i rt RR AS geo Se 14, 077 16, 096 13, 351 12, 420 13, 326 12, 969
New Zealand............. 6, 047 5, 869 4, 952 4, 809 4, 992 3, 756
Total Australasia../ 20,124| 21,965 | 18,303 | 17,229] 18,318| 16,725 |....
Grand total........ 5, 476 066:1:...- 5. ae |---- apg ER bitas.«| iH TTR

1 Five-year average, except in a few cases where five-year statistics were unavailable.
*? Excludes Galicia and Bukowina.

_ ae *

Statistics of Potatoes. 615

POTATOES—Continued.

TaBLeE 101.—Potatoes: World production so far as reported, 1900-1915.

| |
Year. Production. Year. | Production. | Year. | Production. Year. Production.
ae ee ' i Seal
Bushels. Bushels. || Bushels. || | Bushels.

CO es 4, 382, 031,000 | 1904...... 4, 298, 049, 000 || 1908......|5, 295, 043, 000 || 1912...... 5, 872, 953, 000
TON aad 4, 669, 958, 000 | 1905...... 5, 254, 598, 000 |} 1909...... 5, 595, 567, 000 | cS 5, 802, 910, 000
Be go 35 od 4, 674, 000, 000 | 1906...... 4, 789, 112, 000 |} 1910...... 5, 242, 278, 000 || 1914...... 5, 016, 291, 000
3 ee 4, 409, 793, 000 Lt |) eee 5, 122, 078, 000 || 1911...... 4, 842, 109, 000 | 10152228 5, 361, 898, 000

TaBLE 102.—Potatoes: Average yield per acre in undermentioned countries, 1900-1920.

A Russia United
United Ger- . Hungary -
: E J J -
Wear States.1 any | many.1 | Austria.) 7 roper.i | France cee
Average: Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels.
(SLU ee ee 91.4 99.9 200. 0 151.1 118.7 133. 8 193. 8
i J Uist ee . 97.6 107.9 205. 7 145.6 122. 2 116.3 222. 8
Ll be 2 ee 102. 2 94.9 193.3 158. 4 128.7 99. 5 192.2
0. 2 eee 95. 4 102. 4 205. 3 173.2 126.6 136. 2 171.0
Jl. See 85.7 102.9 209. 2 154. 0 96. 6 163.7 231.1
lS US 106. 8 111.5 208. 9 157.3 125. 2 160.3 222.1
i... 1235 93.8 121.1 196.1 160.0 117.4 81.9 209.1
il + i .9 104. 2 153.9 137.2 106. 3 121.8 241.5
See eens atc s fale ee =e 113.4 121.5 223. 5 149.0 129. 2 142.9 177.0
J. se 90. 4 110.6 235. 8 134.7 118.4 127.3 242.0
Dl eee 110.5 102.8 200. 1 160.7 129. 0 119.9 233.3
CLs. 96.3 87.1 224. 7 132.1 132.8 103.9 234.1
ld i eee 902.40 53 Face soe 2 BS 2. Pee Pea 104.1 178.5
> Ee 100°:8) | Seman ose S204 2 3 |S eceelae see oom os ooo 115.2 234.2
i a. Se 95-0) 532 sao 216056.) 3 aoe oes Speco aac omens 66.8 227.7
eee Fee Fees 5.02 cece cee eee UB id Be SE 214653" | Peco sa. lee 3c os 5 =| eles ss ce 3212.8
Jil 2 ee oa ee 109° 61) 5a -aee en al oee sue 5 84 ees seems aan oo eal ee eee oe 3216.5
|
1 Bushels of 60 pounds. 2 Excludes Alsace-Lorraine. 3 England and Wales.
t

24

pt that a revised base is used for applying percentage

ilable.

; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of A
plying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to

1849-1920.

y ap

POTATOES — Continued.
TaBLE 103.—Potatoes: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States,
» exce

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Estimates of acres are obtained b
the published acreage of the preceding year

Figures in italics are census returns

NotTe.—
culture.

estimates whenever new census data are av:

616

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2 Figures adjusted to census basis,

SUNcEE SEES &

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1 Burbank to 1910.

SwRI, 8 Bo el ed a a ee et A A iis 8 i i i ae ns
I i * Y 4 L . ’ oa

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» Statistics of Potatoes. 617

POTATOES—Continued.

TaBLeE 104.—Potatoes: Revised acreage, production, and farm value, 1889-1909.

Nore.—This revision for 1879 and 188y-1909 consists (1) in using the Department of ype s
estimate of average yield per acre to compute, from census acreage, the total production, (2) in pa

the department’s estimate of acreage for each year so as to be consistent with the following as well as the
g census acreage, and (3) in recomputing total farm value from these revised production figures.
| a arene | |
verage arm price)
Year. Acreage. ield | Production. oa = —
per acre bushel -

| Dec. 1

|

|

» Acres Bushels. Bushels. Cents. Dollars.

in cen eae Eee ee 2,601,000 77.4 201, 200, 000 | 35. 4 71, 294, 000
Oe Ss. ae , 653, 56. 7 150, 494, 000 | 75. 3 113, 291; 000
LU EE SS 2, 732, 000 93. 7 256, 122, 000 35. 6 91, 229, 000
Le a eee pay See 2, 650, 000 62.1 164, 516, 000 65.5 107, 835, 000
it. (ges. 2 ee 2, 722, 000 ig bir: 195, 040, 000 58.4 113; 886, 000
J. 24 .6ss: 5a o 2, 891, 000 63. 6 183, 841, 000 52.8 97, 030, 000
_ fo 3, 101, 000 102. 3 317, 114, 000 26. 2 83, 151, 000
Lill ie ee ee 2,975, 000 91. 4 271, 769, 000 29. 0 78, 783, 000
a ae Se ee ee 2, 813, 000 67,9 191, 025, 000 54. 2 103, 442, 000
i = 12: . = 2, 841, 000 77.0 218, 772, 000 41.5 90, 897, 000
is ot es ee | 2, 939, 000 88.6 260, 257, 000 39.7 03, 365, 000
Ul) nso. 3: ee 2, 987, 000 82.9 247, 759, 000 42.3 108 764, 000
i 2, 996, 000 66.3 198, 626, 000 76,3 | 151, 602, 000
Ll) Mos ee ee 3, 078, 000 95.5 293, 918, 000 46.9 137, 730, 000
6 i SS Se 3, 080, 000 85.1 262, 053, 000 60. 2 | 159, 620, 000
See ee 3,172, 000 111.1 352, 268, 000 44.8 157, 646, 000
ie oe 3, 195, 000 87.3 278, 885, 000 61.1 170, 340, 000
OS ee 3, 244, 000 102. 2 331, 685, 000 50. 6 | 167, 795, 000
1 aks, Gi ee 3, 375, 006 95.7 322, 954, 000 61.3 197, 863, 000
ee 3, 503, 000 86. 2 302, 000, 000 69.7 | 210,618, 000
2. SEL 1S Sk eee eens 3,669, 000 107.5 394, 553, 000 54.2 | 213,679,000

618 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

POTATOES—Continued. a
TaBLE 105.—Potatoes: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1920.

[000 omitted.]
Farm | Farm
Produc- Produc- -
State. Acreage. : value || State. Acreage. = value
on” | Dev. 1.7 fon: | Desa
Acres. | Bushels. | Dollars Acres. | Bushels. Dollars.
Maine. sc cs. teen 123 22,140 27,675 || North Dakota...... 90 7,110 6, 968°
New Hampshire. -.. 15 1, 950 2,022 |} South Dakota...... 84 8, 904 8,637
Vermont............ 27 3, 510 4,388 || Nebraska.......... 85 8, 415 10, 098
Massachusetts...._.. 32 4,000 6,000) 1) -eanisasiretSi ccs 68 5, 780 8,670 —
Rhode Istand....... 3| 345 552 Kentucky..-.-.-.-- 65 6, 485 9, 652
Connecticut........- 24 2, 760 4,140 || Tennessee.......... 43 3, 569 5,710
New York.< 22 2"- 370 46, 250 54,575 || Alabama........... 48 3, 216 6, 432
New Jersey.......-. 95 14, 820 18, 525 || Mississippi-......... 16 1,392 2,784 —
Pennsylvania. ...... 317 36,455 45,204 || Louisiana.......... 27 1, (55 3, 563
Delaware-_-..t <2... 11 1,166 1,,166;,|| Texas... aocseee 45 2, 340 5, 148
Maryland -.--: 2 - 60 6, 120 5, 814 || Oklahoma.......... 42 3, 318 5, 972
Wereinig: =<) 2 Bae 126 13, 608 12,998) || Arkansas:. 2. costs 31 2, 418 4, 232
West Virginia....... 57 6, $40 9, 234 || Montana........... 46 5, 060 rie
North Carolina...... 56 5, 040 7,157 || Wyoming.......... 27 3, 375 4,
South Carolina...... 31 3, 100 5,580 || Colorado. .......... 78 | 10,920 8, 736
froeroise 2 ou. 5 See | 22 1, 628 3, 386 |! New Mexico........ 5 475 998
Wieridas-* ... tcoee. 3 2,625 5, 250 || Arizona.......-.... 5 450 855
SITE SE Se Ee sa, 115 11, 500 15,525 1|SU tab. Se coe cet 17 3, 298 2, 638
mdiang- =. <5 eee 80 7, 680 10, 214 || Nevada............ 6 1, 032 1, 610
BUtiiity (eee oie ae ae 135 8,775 12, 724
MANOS: =. Gece, seeee 41 7, 380 5,018 —
Michigan:........... 340 35, 700 32, 844 || Washington........ 56 , 680 8, 246
Wisconsin........... 308 33, 264 28, 607, |) Oregon. -<- i... vere 43 5, 590 4, 472
Minnesota..........- 295 28, 025 22,420 || California.......... 95 13, 015 19, 522
TOWH! 53-8 tw Sek 104} 11,440] 13,957 eS Se
Missouri 22:.\. 22-3. 95 7, 790 11, 763 United States. 3,929 | 430, 458 500, 974

TABLE 106.—Potatoes: Condition of crop, United States, on 1st of months named, 1899-

1920.
Year. July. Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Year. July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct.
Pe WP sek: | P. ct: AP. .0t P. et P. ct >|. Pe shpee ae
je Ae, See 93. 8 93.0 86.3 Si. Tall: L010 4 bo toe ok 86,3 75.8 70.5 71.8
ae ee 91.3 88.2} 80.0 rE Dy lok U7 URE aes 76.0 62.3 59. 8 62.3
IO oe Sas acne 87.4 62.3 | 52.2 ey Os SO lae's cen wee ete exe 88.9 87.8 87.2 85.1
| ee, ae 92.9 94.8; 89.1 COT Beltre we ax Sawa one 86.2 78.0 69.9 67.7
OG Re S555 alee 88. 1 87.2| 84.3 Pan 1! ROLE > chap ete foe an 83.6 79.0 75.8 78.3
pO Oe Te A 93.9 94.1 91.6 Se | COR ap oe 91.1 92.0 82.7 74.2 —
MOOD Pe cihs fo ob t-te 91.2 87. 2 80.9 WES Wl BOLOrS 3 0 oe went 87.8 80.8 67.4 62.6
1006 ieee iee wees 91.5 89.0 85.3 = Be Be Wy ee ee ee 7 90.1 87.9 82.7 79.0
NOOY sh wits Hans oe es 90. 2 88.5 80. 2 Wie OciieL 0182s... << oe tam s 87.6 79.9 74.5 73.7 —
MOOR ed oie SOPs tone 89.6 82.9 73.7 [A Cy ee ee 87.6 75.1 69.5 67.9
LOOB Os tes ain deep 93.0 85.8 80.9 CG. SEH! LOD dee o> ctu aneod 89.3 87.0 84.3 82.7

ta

i i ee ce i Bi i ee

Statistics of Potatoes. 619
POTATOES—Continued.
Taste 107.—Potatoes: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre, by
States.
Value per
Yield per acre (bushels). Farm price per bushel (cents). acre
| (dollars).1
oe ] [ za - )
Btate.|e-| | | So | fo. |
ES | | Bs £o
2S) eS £=
aT or oy
wre | | me a | t
an Sa en)
os re Nn oD * wD oO ' io 4] a i=) On) o;w~ i 4) 7) o of So
PUSia /a/e la\/alaialia|/SiPrl al ;sialjalse)s7| &
st aim Er Bt a | m Se | mule = | oe 1 i b —
Bee SS = ——s eS fe | | | ———.
} | | | |
Me.... 199) 180 198| 220| 260| 179 204, 125| 200| 240, 180 94, 142 130, 120 140 125 230.70225.00
N.H-.| 124| 125) 140] 122} 159] 95| 120] 107| 140| 105| 130| 119 166, 167) 145) 175 155 170.98 201.50
Views 122| 105) 140] 127| 168 108 112) 100) 130| 100, 130| 103 139 140, 138 157 125 143.91 162.50
Mass. .| 116) 93) 130] 105] 155,120, 91) 115| 133) 90| 125,128 175 175, 170| 190 150 174.08|187.50
R.I...| 118 110, 113) 130| 165, 110, 74] 135) 130| 100| 115 131 185 175, 173, 180 160 175 85/184. 00
--| 100 4s 107} 92} 140, 95, 95) 110) 95| 70; 115) 128 175 164) 165) 195, 150 146.22172.50
N.Y..| 96, 74 106) 74! 145° 62 70] 95] 98) 109} 125) 103 158 130) 122) 145| 118 112.51/147.50
N.J...| 109} 73) 108] 95} 108 130 122} 114) 92] 96] 156) 115 155 141) 170) 169| 125 153. 20/195.00
em 89| 56)" 109] 88} 105 72 70| 92) 80| 100 115/108 148 135, 151) 154, 124 111.32142. 60
Del....| 88/ 60, 100) 87| 80! 95 90 95) 87| 83/ 106) 101| 125 130} 140 125) 100 106. 56|106.00
Md.... 30! 45, 112; 87| 78) 97 95| 100| 30| 94 102 94| 133 119, 120 130, 95 104.74] 96.90
Va....| 94| 45/ 87] 94] 65] 125/ 130) 99] 94) 95! 108] 101/ 137 125 102. 60
W.Va.| 91; 45) 112) 83 54] 117; 88} 115/ 87| 90! 120) 116] 158 132 162.00
-C...| 80' 48! 85] 80) 52) 90) 95) 90] 95) 79 90 115] 140 143 127. 80
Pie. 2\) “85 4 90} 80/ 70, 80 75, 96| 102; 85, 100 156] 175 210 180. 00
Mass. 71; 72| 78| 81| 60; 65 60| 84] 70] 70| 74| 149| 175 195 153. 92
Fla....| 36, 90) 93) 76] 80) 80 74| 91/ 100] 76| 105, 162} 200 205 210.00
Ohio..| 79} 65| 112} 64} 95| 82) 45/ 100] 69] 61) 100 115) 182 143) 135.00
Ind....) 76] 58) 114) 53] 80; 95) 44! 92] 80) 44) 96 111) 177, 139 127.68
~Se 70| 50| 101} 46| 60, 110| 58; 90, 72| 52) 65 118] 179 152 94. 25
Mich..| 90} 94 105| 96] 121) 59| 48 95 84) 90) 105 83) 160 105 96. 60
Wis. ..! 103| 116| 120] 109| 124 87) 47| 114/110) 94; 108 77| 147, 90 92. 88
Minn...) 104| 115| 135] 110| 114| 106, 60) 112| 105 87) 95 74) 130 91 76.00
Towa..| 78} 74} 109| 48} 86] 105| 42) 95) 72) 43| 110 107| 175 131 134. 20
Mo....| 66, 27) 84) 38 45| 98 60) 87 61) 75) 82 120) 180 13% 123. 82
N. se 91| 120) 128} 85] 109} 90) 93/ 43, 99 63| 79 80} 115 130) 77.42
S.Dak. 86) 72) 105) 78} 90| 115, 66} 90) 91) 50, 106 88) 137) 111 97) 82. 04/102. 82
Nebr..| 76| 52| 80} 48} 80] 105 73) 85/ 86] 55] 99 100| 150 107 120) 90. 11/118. 80
Kans..| 63; 22| 82) 40| 62| 83) 71| 57} 53) 76| 85| 122] 165) 152 150) 97. 19|127. 50
Ky....| 78] 39| 101} 49} 45/126 84) 96) 75| 70 99 192) 142 140 150,118. 75/148. 50
| } | |
Tenn..| 72| 41; 88] 64) 43| 88 82, 94 70) 66, 83) 120| 149 125, 165, 172] 160,105.02132.80
Ala....| 79| 78} 81) 84, 79, 80, 90| 72) 80) 80} 67| 145] 169 182| 181) 215| 200134.39/134.00
Miss...| 82] 83/ 89] 80; 80) 90 65| 78) 80! 85| 87] 136] 160 168} 165) 185| 200119. 98|174.00
La.....| 67| 69| 73) 70| 70, 51 65) 64 79 64! 65] 140] 167 184) 150, 220] 203 106. 81|131.95
Tex...| 59] 57! 63) 52! 61) 65| 50) 60| 55) 73| 52] 158 i 210} 200 210) 220 110. 51/114. 40
Okla..| 61) 18/ 60} 60 70) 85, 53; 69). 34 80} 79) 145) 195) 180) 195) 205] 180,105. 85)142. 20
Ark...| 70} 55| 70) 72, 60| 90| 65, 80) 50 81) 78) 139} 190) 157) 184, 205) 175,115. 11/136.50
Mont..| 128) 150) 165] 140, 140| 155 125] _95| 135 60} 110) 86] 120) 102) 80] 160) 105,105. 68/115. 50
Wyo. .| 122) 42) 140] 140 108) 150) 130| 155| 150 80] 125| 102} 128} 104) 85, 190] 120139. 42/150.00
Colo...| 122} 35) 95] 115, 120) 135| 138, 160) 160 120| 140| 88| 135; 91) 99 170| 80153.71/112.00
N.Mex| 91] 80} 100| 68 100| 100| 102, 116| 100 45; 95| 140, 175| 165| 160, 190, 210 142. 081199. 50
Ariz...| 96| 95| 125] 75) 110) 95/115) 105| 85) 70| 90) 154| 180) 150) 205, 195| 190,154. 05|171.00
Utah...| 165] 140) 185] 180 140) 125) 180/ 189) 180| 141) 194) 84] 130 78) 97) 137| 80,165.59|155.20
Nev. ..| 169] 160, 178| 160, 130) 172) 190] 207| 171 150} 172! 104) 130| 120) 123; 150) 156 210. 23/268. 32
Idaho..| 164| 180 185] 170| 155| 125| 150| 156] 185, 155] 180) 75| 127° 79| 81) 151] 68,153. 53/122. 40
Wash. .| 142) 160] 167) 123| 128| 135| 165| 125| 132 125] 155} 80| 98, 92) 101) 145] 95,132. 56)147.25
Oreg...| 122} 130] 155| 135] 97| 115, 150| 108| 110 94) 130| 78} 90) 80 100; 150] 80,108. 28/104.00
Calif...| 135| 135] 130) 119 138) 130] 141) 145] 143, 130| 137) 110] 140, 150) 120, 171] 150 181. 26/205. 50
U. S.|96. 8 80. a i 4/90. 4'110. 5,96. 3:80. 5 100. 8.95. 9.90. 0/109. 697. syiae: 1/122. 8119.3 160. 6/116. 4 111. 98127. 51
| | |

1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1.

?

ure. 1920.

Yearbook of the Department of A

620

POTATOES—Continued.
Taste 108.—Potatoes: Stocks on Jan. 1.

- : =
*pusbel.

Stocks Jan. 1.

Per cent of

Bushels | crop held by—

(000
. | omitted).

Per
cent
of crop.

Total
To-
uction
(000
omitted)

State and year.

Grow-
ers.

4 ‘ ‘ MH | ee ee °F M ~wetst 5 toy : os H .
i 3 8S RE RA RB RE TRF WS 328 tgs RS ize IRS Re

Spars , ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ’ ' ’ . . . . . .

S222 252 285 gg% Ngq 220 42N 4eg g23 982 S22 age age SER ggz gg see gaz 2g
rt ads P10 © = ~ 29 ooo eso eee ese eso ooo oso ooo ooo ooo oso ese eco eco ooo
ag5 S85 ees HSa SNa eg% sod seg ket dis sit Ads SXxX Set SHx saQ “da Sst -d¥a
9 DO id Sec bey fue ooo oso ose ees eos eso ooo oso eso ooo oso esoo eco ooo ooo
eee ¢@8 des dee ded ded dsc sdt ded Sse ded ges gee des See sds ass Ses eos
R85 9388 283 282 588 288 822 328 RSE BSS 2282 SRS S88 RHA SBR BSS FE SEZ BBs
1) a esx ase blr} > Voor papas oror fa? at soto six sor Sos aed Aas aA Ao Sao dot
Pe) tid DHO 0018 69 oso Per eoco oso oso oso coos oso ooo ooo ooo oso oco ooo ooo
S49 S84 dag and sea sds dad dade As4 ASS “dd 44a Sed Sid ds5 add des get gaa

J288 262 A GEE S99 AER 2E8 G83 B23 ERS EEE ABE ESE 222 GRE 488 S89 82R 882

S485 $84 S%8 goo NAN ¥oe 48H dvd wed “Md ane ade Ade wee “dg oe Sig eS ave

[--} oO tH
‘eee mA eee Y Ei ESR SRee et) Stee
Su: GEA BRE: ohR rer aot ay At, wee ee i racers
ch fa .-alll 6 Gee Oo) REWRRED Apt ote ve c hetg Ys a eee eas Ps dda

Bi cig ti tieires rit ‘ees eae ¢ it

ee Gee be be eee Pgaifoifiobbp fi ee

BS eS eB ae! de e: a: a eed a — og fetes

s et nN m a A a 4 a ae Es coal al ARSsnRS ARS .WARS ARS gs

sisdneaaseaasaed qiaeaas dAdadsdaagads saad 2238233

3 Corer 235 Bas BS" ao SoSss s5a55 aa8 S56 353 SS
eee Spats at beoden Raat ree ree ea ogee Ee ee eee -—<—— “-e

Dion | sezuse aeohg Bt Ss aes hice teoe

621

Statistics of Potatoes.

POTATOES—Continued.
TaBLe 109.—Potatoes: Extent and causes of yearly losses, 1909-1919.

4
]
}
j

sHMOO WAM WOM

| wwos,| Std sada dae

GOANMA K1eDINe OWN
Peg tb rome na el Aa
&

= AAMID INMMO Mma
cin lceaa ase: Reds
S | 8444 dese dae

| *poos dayoojoqy

‘sysod way | SSOSS CSS" Sd af aint spt al ditica ps cae
| X S85 S2lSR Bar

ees eee

Brows HMA OOM
sisaiei Aiioied Aide

*sysod qoosuy Ps

SESS S8SS KS

a
=
&
=~
~” DAOC ANWDA MAD
onl
3
et

“OSBOSTP FURL

64.4

ot | HNO HMM Armor

“OIPBUNTTO [BIO

neu | Seeds Powmn coo WAN

1
1 Less than 0.05 per cent.

0
(*)

116.1
114.4
109. 4
105. 4 |
8.

1

‘ony
-sjout @aysseoxg | OMDRH MH as ~

sags 226

Dekir] sf fe

202.5 | 148.3 121.8 | 164.9 os 54. 4

178.6
217.6

| 243. 5

=e 295. 6

2
Be

ein} aa
-sIoW yuolged

3
>

A-verage..........

TABLE 110.—Potatoes: Farm price, cents per bushel on Ist of each month, 1911-1920.

eee See oes.
Feb. 1
Mar. 1

Date.

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

622

“spuno'

€9°9 00 ‘OT 3 60°9 | 00%
S08 00 ‘OT P86 | 00°C
ZO°L 0g ‘8 90°L | 08 °L
aL ‘9 GL‘L 89°9 | SPL
98 “p 00°L It’e | 00°9
L9°E 0g °g L | 9L'9 LI'b | SEF
6F 8 00° "8 | 93" OL’S | St’
De ee ee Ne Sea EN faith) EF SE AD, (a PE
LE °% Gt 'b a X ‘g 98 °S 99 °% 0g
66 *T 00’e | OS*T | 88°% | 00°L ZS 2S Go "Tt 00°F
00'% on'z |oz't |ose |sore loon [cp 7% 6z"e
Te Tete OMG CU ke NGO Ga eG a [aye | steam] Tees eh res La Ge

| “spunod Qo] aq d 00 nod 00
Tosa a ee eae oer [cl oe loos felons [orn Pott font [ast [ttt] 92%
eee 00 °S 06‘T eee eeee 09 "9 | 92'S ieee ewee 06'S G8 °T teen ee e's OL‘T eeeeewe 0% ‘F
APE rund oo'z loot ert] see |gort. [eecees] oer fost ftctctet] ote fost frttttt*| gact
ae OF el Daca eae ol O0RI ORT 0 |e cubes AOS teat ROP sen OB beh Gir. 8 ite oo MB
ies aie oor fogt tetrettlozez | ose ietctett! 06" og? ttt] 96" ge: ttt) 00'T
Bes aes og loot [ttt] ez'z | oe" ttt] og og: [ttttttt| ee ger [terete] age
Te opt foot, cre} one [oes ytttttt]ogtt fort [tcctttfogtr feet ttttctt} og
eS g9'T | 08° eee OO Gis 100 Law lee oe cee (ea eke || BD: Oe ee sR ape | SEAL
ROPE, oz't jose |rerttl ogee foo: ltt] oo't | got [ttttt7} 86° opt tte] 00'T
densi’. 99 ‘I$ | 020% |""""""*| 00 FS | OG 0S |""""""*| 00'TS | OF 0S 1°" "**"] 2Z8°OS | OF 08 |°"*~ ~~ "| 09 “08

“woay | Use | ory | OA | “OBTEL | ‘Ory

*‘(spunod got aod) epee
OOSPUBIY, UBE OOT ted) saAueqd

‘ioAy | UST | “Mory | soAy | “Usp | “MOT | IOAY | “USTET

et, | | _

Pp
qed) Adt
04 ayy ‘OFBOYO

“(joqsnq ‘(romana -(eysnq
Jod) 1yeuuyoulD pes ‘ay a jod) syodveuutyy

s
oi

ad

S288
FN

33 £8

et eewne

[‘suoded [vtos0urmi09 wo. pertdurog)
‘sod appsajoy A, *800j0}0g—"T 1 ATAV,

“0@6I-8T6T

*ponuyw)—sSaOLVLod

soi ics
qa

@ e283" 83

Sci cio
SASASR

reo

00°8 | 60°9 | 00'ZI | Sz"e
0O°L | 6L°L | 00°ZT | 00°
00°L | &h°L | 83°66 | 98°9
08°S | 86°9 | 09°2 | 96°
SZ°b | es°S | 00°9 | 09°F
00°F | Or) | SL°> | OTF
00° | Zh | 00'S | SZ'E

aa aig odes 03

So
o

dada

cid

0¢'T
cB
‘i tet F
. “ i eee soqureceq-Amp
cp" € | OoT [2+ “oung-<renuer
] dg 001 Wd “SI6L
oe frente o2°9 100% |"°""" *-zequieoaq Arne
oor |tttttt* 00°IT | cL} / sons Tae dae: eunr-Aaenuvs
*“LI6L
got fess] gg lope [ttre jaqureceqy-Ayn¢
op. oittesee* | oes |oa%e its: pn
161
Ce eam ts he a soquieoad-Aynp
Sa ssh gerne ase | gL't | 0OT |""* ouns-Arenuee
“S16r
et are es Leet zequresaq’-Ayne
ime | Shel oore |OGm. pcests oe
“FIL
pe bala et. Tere pe sequrese Ayn
nwt. BEI oung-Arenuee
eI6r
aed

q *(spunod ost
Jod) usajsa yy pus

8183S AIO MON

Statistics of Potatoes. 623

POTA TOES—Continued.

TasLe 112.—Potatoes: International trade, calendar years 1911-1919. '

GENERAL NOTE.—Substantially the international trade of the world. It should not be expected that
the world export and import totals for any year will agree. Among sources of disagreement are these:
(1) Different periods of time covered in the ‘‘ year” of the various countries; (2) imports received in year
subsequent to year of export; (3) want of uniformity in classification of goods among countries; (4) differ-
ent practices and varying degrees of failure in recording countries of origin and ultimate destination; (5)
different practices of recording reexported goods; (6) opposite methods of treating free ports; (7) clerical
errors, which, it may be assumed, are not infrequent.

The exports given are domestic exports, and the imports given are imports for consumption as far as it
is feasible and consistent so to express the facts. While there are some inevitable omissions, on the other
hand there are some duplications because of reshipments that do not appear as such in official reports.
For the United Kingdom, import figures refer toimports for consumption, when available, otherwise total
imports, less exports. °: “foreign and colonial merchandise.’’ Figures forthe United Statesinclude Alaska,
Porto Rico, and Hawaii.

EXPORTS.
| |
Average, | x |
; Country. 911-1913, | 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. | 1918. 1919.
| ELH. Becerra,
1,000 | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
From— bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels.
OO OLLGI 6. a re 543 544 224 1,014 542 572 1,024
Austria-Hungary...........-..-- UCU Gee 3S TR 2, eel ee een (ee fee eee ees] ire Ce
Le Se Sse er SHGOQNE |. 26 Se ot ode cece cal snes aeees|pecniencess 3, 832
ETD poe Sapo 1, 207 1,116 885 1,558 4, 039 2,126 6, 151
eR see as fm win caw nin ce one 288 272 375 334 242 Ph Cee
Per yee te 25 ek Ss 928 769 117 692 31 37/1 i en
Danemene Gee 8,683 3,976 3, 865 1, 819 1,099 611 1, 327
EDL Se a re IOSAT ORE cee ce ties sce tee sanecehase| ae ceee sesclsieerw eter c edeeen eee.
UL ore 3, 975 6, 303 391 2, 066 583 148 505
(Di.... 3 440 396 383 454 385 5 ie ee Oe
ivy Tibia hp 16, 451 15, 234 8, 819 8, 040 2, 273 465 13,549
nl jo ie Bel i a re 00 672 90 1 ee 2 ne ee ere
Ucogo be ood re 7, 762 1,007 319 Aye | av emy 8 SUS 0) ere |
ep _ oes A eee 1, 835 1, 743 2,101 1, 957 1,185 363 275
nited Kingdom................ 6, 246 | 1, 893 1, 231 1,346 339 pe eee ee
Gmetestates.---2.-..-.......-. 1,814 | 2,715 3, 900 3, 230 2, 423 3, 853 3, 642
Other countries................. 1, 924 870 1,541 1,520 1,434 ie ete <2 ae
irpaler eee | eRe 75,151 | 37,510 | 24,241 | 24,110 14;598:|'. -A3)500'|.<.. 20s
| | 1
IMPORTS.
Into— |
IN GOSS. 1, 218 1,079 979 680 573 373 538
(OURO 1, 337 421 1, 533 235 249 35 81
Austria-Hungary-.......... 5 SADT Opt. seoees Goel eee. rosie e | ous = saat Stata ssl ee RE
Sol. ZS tp the |e eS ee ere Sane Peete a eames ae 135
Oot 939 697 322 167 43 16 43
CDI OUTS ae ee 525 664 348 573 463 728 616
ile ie 2, 001 2,298 2,751 2, 896 2, 467 COTS eee
Egypt antes Ae gee 599 351 400 353 359 163
Gui So 479 409 412 At See Beier Seer Meee ene
Tic oe ee 7,143 8, 745 1,330 2,577 970 1,069 | 11, 691
RMI eran Sie caine iain aicies UA eo aoe eeee 4 Be ann SA Aaseeet ood Ren soccee Basses = Sere
WetHerands.....c...............| 1,952 1,312 79 2 1 1 108
io on V7 ee 215 174 64 488 (2) WD ec eae
Philippine Islands.............. 334 311 317 305 287 vo See
Jno? ii | ie 273 1,291 127 131 1 eee | oe ee
Dongs 4). SS | | 309 493 287 cee ce RRR: SPACES
Pa 9 5S a ea 700 452 9 (*) 112 1, 256 732
Switzerland...... hee af 3,172 4, 873 1,117 2, 857 1, 259 140 94
United Kingdom................| 11,382 6, 184 4, 011 3, 331 2, 985 1, 896 1, S46
mited Stateses...-...2......2.. 5, 707 800 236 886 3, 182 1, 201 5, 544
AOGNer COURLTIES......5.......... e-2s3h 1,425 2,061 1,907 1,389 OVS! is suet.
UN CS ee Se 78, 767 31,979 16,383 17,499 14,374 Daas ct Nee. .
, |

1 Does not include statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war period,
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-
parable during that period.

2 Less than 500 bushels.

624 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
SWEET POTATOES.

TABLE 113.—Sweet potatoes: Acreage, production, and value, in the United States,
1849-1920.

Nore.—Figures in italics are census returns; aa in roman are estimates of the Department of ie
culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to
published acreage of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage esti-
mates whenever new census data are available.

x Aaa r &
Sip Se i a er| Farm value
Year. Acreage. | yield per} Production. | price per
acre. bushel Dec. 1.
Dec. 1
f ys ie ee
| - Acres Bushels. Bushels Cents Dollars. _

FAD <b oan pee ere Bad ee eee ae ee 38,268,000 |..........]-2. ose
1860... .-.<.atees ot osceege Eee eZ PR SSe aes 42,095, 000.|.......<.5.|-.0s0euyeoeeene
FT MES we hing 5M acpi Ho ET Sie meas: hadi ” 21,710,000 |.-..3.---21.c 2a
41879 5 gh Tt ee |---2-n-am-snfe--n-nec-- 879,000 |... net =- a
1880.2. to ee ed ee 48, 950,000 |. 15-228)
1890. 24. beet. Sere’ . Od et 537,000 79.1 42,517,000 $2.9 22, 476,000
1000: | of Ste a eae ee be 544, 000 88.9 48, 346, 000 50. 6 eae ged
oS ee ao Wi Erte ial. 547, 000 81.7| 44,697,000 57.5 720, 000
es AEA Se er See Ss 532. 000 85. 2 45,344, 000 58. 1 26, 358, 000
if ee ee” Fee a SS Se ee 548, 00C 89. 2 48, 870, 000 58.3 28,478, 000
rn Sa Pe et See Peer 548, 000 88.9! 48,705,000 60.4} 29 424,000 —
=| Se 20 eR: Pe ae ye ee oe 551, 000 92.6 51, 034, 000 58.3 29,734, 000
| ee AE SE EB ED © Sat Sp Be ee 554, 000 90. 2 49, 948, 000 62. 2 31, 063, 000
S001... .. Be... Feeee ee ee 565, 000 88.2| 49,813,000 70.0] 34, 858, 000
$008... 2. fae Sr eee ook eae oe 599, 000 92.4} 55,352, 90C 66.1] 36, 564,(
1908... Soh £, At ee ope 2. ee ane 641,000 92.4 | 59,282,000 69.4] 41,052 d00
D2.) ee ok ee 641, 000 93.5| 59,938,000 67.1| 40,
ir} h = Oe ee eae 6 et eee 605, 000 90.1 54, 538, 000 75.5 41, 000
1998.) SAS 4 ee 5. eee ee 583, 000 95.2| 55,479,000 72.6| 40,264,000
oe PRT REA Tee 625, 000 94.5| 59,057,000 72.6| 42,884,000
i AN ONE Set eG PRES Rag) see KDE 603, 000 93.8| 56,574,000 73.0| 41,294;000
MO.) wear Ou.) bei beets aed 731,000} 103.5| 75,639,000 62.1 | 46,980,000
ee ee | 774’ 000 91.7| 70,955,000 84.8 | 60,141,000
ER EE Mey eae | 919, 000 91.2 83,822,000} 110.8] 92,916,000
NO on a te oe ee eS eee oe 940, 000 93.5 87, 924, 000 135. 2 118, 863, 000
OW 50 a cn ie tn ee et ee | 1,042,000 | 101.2 | 105,405,000 | 133.5 | 140, 706, 000
WED 2 a ee ee | 1, 085, 000 103.6 | 112,368,000 112.7 | 126,629,000
TaBLE 114,—Sweet potatoes: Acreage, production, ana total farm value, by States, -1920. ‘

[000 omitted.} }

State. | Acreage. i

| Bushels.
14/ 2,002
280

West Virginia. ..
North Carolina 101 10. 605
South Carolina 88 9, 240
Georgia....... 148 13, 764
Florida... ..-- 45) 4,275
Os 5a aa Ves ae oe 1} 103
ee aoe 3 360
Jovi sp ouwkn 9 | 873
ae 4) 416
i ati he Mind aie 13 1, 430

Statistics of Sweet Potatoes. 625
SWEET POTATOES—Continued.

TABLE 115.—Sweet potatoes: Condition of crop, United States, on 1st of months
named, 1900-1920.

Pith: |e sth} LF. ct. | 2. ct. P. ct.| Pict. \)\Pct.| Pct, Pic Pick Pct Pct
1900....| 93.7 | 92.2 | 83.6 | 80.0 |} 1907....} 85.9 | 85.7 | 85.7 | 82.7 |} 1914.. Ciakili0.5 | 81.8 80.7
1901....| 93.1 | 80.7 | 78.7 | 79.0 || 1908...-} 89.8 | 88.8 | 88.7 | 85.5 || 1915....] 88.7 | 85.5 | 87.5 85.0
1902....| 83.6 | 78.3 | 77.2 | 79.7 || 1909....] 89.7 | 86.9 | 81.3 | 77.8 || 1916....| 90.4 | 85.9 | 82.7 | 79.2
1903....| 90.2 | 88.7 | 91.1] 83.7 |; 1910 87.3 | 85.4 | 83.9 | 80.2 |] 1917...-| 81.9 | 84.8 | 85.7 83.2
1904....| 87.3 | 88.5 | 89.9] 86.1 || 1911....] 78.4 | 77.7 | 79.1 | 78.1 |} 1918. . 86.4 | 78.3 | 74.5 77.4
1905... 90.6 | 90.1 | 89.5 | 88.6 |} 1912. 86.9 | 85.0 | 84.1 | 82.0 |] 1919....| 90.1 | 87.1 | 86.0} 83.9
1906....| 90.9 | 91.2 | 88.7 | 86.0 || 1913....| 86.5 | 85.8 | 81.4 | 80.1 |] 1920.. 87.2 | 86.9 | 86.8 87.1

TaBiE 116.—Sweet potatoes: Yield per acre, price per bushel Dec. 1, and value per acre,

by States.
Farm price per bushel ~ | Value per
Yield per acre (bushels). yi i ss acre
: : | (dollars).1 -
|
oD <>) oO {
State. A a hae
g oa | Se |
s a o
an 5 = é Fi
re wre uw
_ Semel er
brid N oO J ite) © ™~ oO lor} So Prt] co a eo fer) i=] or i=)
Potioanhaniia ilo |Sloales | oe j¢ js |ale,tas;s | 3
= ala l|a la] a a ilea{wA 4 ma | — ol = onl a Ne) =
SS OS OD ee ee ee ee Se a |
|
ti ap | 125} 130) 120) 138) 100; 155) 100) 120 143) 127) 120) 160) 190) 220) 155/182. 80\22].65
et. rae: 117| 121) 120} 110) 105) 105) 100; 110) 140} 123} 135) 140) 185) 180) 155/167. 63 217.00
De). 22... 127| 140) 120} 135} 120) 135) 125) 112). 128] 87] 81| 120} 125} 110) 100\124. 23/198. 00
NI er 128} 115) 125) 141) 125] 130) 126) 118 126; 92) 88) 100) 150) 133) 115)140. 22)144.90
Va......-| 108} 90} 90) 108} 92} 110} 130} 104 112| 96) 90; 110) 145) 155) 95/134. 13/106. 40
W. Va... oe 110} 115} 91) 92) 110) 140} 140 119} 131) 126] 140) 204) 210) 150)186. 27/178. 50
NN; C.F 86} 90} 100) 90} 105) 107} 95 105} 87} 75) 105) 132! 138} 114/103. 02/119. 70
Bye Canes: 4 84) 105} 92) 85) 105) 86) 95 105} 95} 85) 104) 142) 148) 117/101. 65/122. 85
Ga: Sete. 88} 81 87| 85 80} 93 93; 86) 81] 105) 125) 110) 97} 86.10) 90.21
Wass. 106} 108} 112} 110) 120) 112) 100) 95 95} 96] 86) 115) 125) 140) 120,109. 78)/114.00
|
Ohio..... 103} 113} 118] 90) 110 95} 99) 95) 103} 138) 150} 175) 175] 215) 175)164. 62/180. 25
andsss5.- 105} 114} 116) 78} 100} 104) 100) 106 120] 135) 150} 165) 195] 215) 160/170. 97/192. 00
‘i eee --; 91] 89) 98) 70} 84 110! 90) 97 97| 125) 125; 150) 175) 175) 185.131. 59/130. 95
Towa....] 93} 105} 90) 80) 100 95} 91} 90 104] 171] 192) 210) 210) 250) 247/172. 32/256. 88
Orne win 91} 91) 88) 56) 84} 100) 70) 112 110} 130) 150) 141) 186] 187) 155)141. 73/170. 50
Kans....} 95) 75) 99] 50) 110} 110} 92) 92 135] 143) 150) 160; 222) 185) 160/154. 89/216. 00
Mysaseee 961 96} 90! 75! 105) 105) 90) 95 105] 112) 100} 125! 175) 160! 150/123. 30/157. 50
Tenn....| 96] 85/ 90} 80} 100) 105} 100) 95 102} 92) 87} 105) 136) 117} 123,102. 14/125. 46
QE cae 93) 97) 100} 95) 93 74; 90 97} 82) 74 99) 115] 113 100) 81.10) 97.00
Miss..... 94; 85) 97; 98} 90) 110) 82) 65 119) +79) 67 97; 104) 112 105 78. 98)115. 50
iaeeee--| S71) 90) 84) 85). 87 92) 90) 79 101} 82) 66) 104) 128) 115) 93) 77. 41| 93.93
Tex 1 2: 86] 71) 75} 80} 101 98| 89] 78 105} 114; 90) 140) 175) 150) 130,104. 88/136. 50
ORI. cs 92} 75) 92) 64] 102} 115) 74) 90 117] 133) 135) 160) 220) 180) 132 140. 97/151. 80
AG. ,. 99} 92) &8} 90) 95) 130) 91] 110 105} 93) 90 96} 138) 115) 1035 101. 20/110. 25
N. Mex. .| 139} 150] 141] 125} 143) 160) 125) 118) 125 150} 169) 180) 205} 250) 225) 220 261. 78/330. 00
Arige. 22 157} 200) 140} 135} 200) 150} 160) 150) 135 150} 191} 185) 227; 238} 250) 230311. 56/345. 00
Calif: . 22 153) 140} 156] 170) 161) 135) 160) 167| 170 132} 121) 100) 150) 150) 179) 160 203. 03/211. 20

U.S. sim 8/90. 1/95. 2/94. 5/93. 8/103. 5/91. 7/91. 2/98. 5}101. 2/103. 6/93. 3}84. 8/110. 8i135. 2)133. 5)112. 7 100. 91/116. 71

1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1

30702°—ypx 1920-——40**

New Orleans.

All grades.

bushel).

All grades (per
/
«oh |AVer-
Low. High. age. Low.

1911-1920.

Aver.

age.

[Compiled from commercial papers.]

SWEET POTATOES—Continued. :
TABLE 117.—-Sweet potatoes: Farm price, cents per bushel on 1st of each month, —

All grades.

Low. High.

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TABLF 118.-—Sweet potatoes: Wholesale price per barrel, 1915-1920.

1913.

Date.

626

ga oF
SS 8%
ga
eR 8S
ge an
BB Bie
a mit
RS Bs
gr aw
SE 8S
nN re
wn

EB ick
Be Bs
EA bs
oe
a5 33

1917.

January-June ...........

1916.

1915.
January—June...........-| 1

January—June............

July-December. ---.......
July—December..........| 1

RZ EB BR
Ane oO, an oo
88 88 8x
awe _

1 Rs $8

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PS RR RR
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_ anteicicies

- SRRSRE

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seeeee

* mimics

aN

SSSaex

Bases |

RBSkSsB

SSsess

hr2RHOS
-

TTMMOOw |

uipembe. at
January—June............

PAT
SAG 28's
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- pre

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EREEES
B<dOZ

Statistics of Hay. 627

HAY.

Tasie 119.—Hay: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States, 1849-
1920.

Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri-
culture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to
the published acreage of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage
estimates whenever new census data are available.

| Aver- Chicago prices No. 1 timothy

as Aver- Produc (Bee, Farm cateile Ue ton, by carload lots. exports, ee
Year.| (000 | yield (000 price (000 December. | Following sear ae on
omitted).) per | omitted). Pe | omitted). ee inning | _ning
Dee. 1. Low. | High. | Low. | High. nly 1. |. duly a

Acres. |Tons.1 Tons. Dolls.| Dollars. | Dolls.| Dolls.| Dolls. Dolls. | Tons. | Tons.2

7S i ee eee ETT iad | 5 Aiea FR: SC RRR Raine aaa eiete Ute dk ~**
1966..| 17,669] 1.23] 21,779|10.14| 220,836 |.....-.|....... ‘oes oer & 08 |.:.-2. 5a!
1867..| 20,021] 1.31] 26,277 | 10.21 FE Td CEC RMI TE ES Sa 5, 645 |. 22222.

mene B49) 1.21 | | 9 142 10.08) 203, 580 |... --|-.---2 2]... 022. |-. 2-2 s)eeeee---o-[encennenes
foes) 18, 691 | 1.42) 26,490 | 10.18] 268,933 ]_-.....|.......|......-1...-.2- 6, 723 | A 5
ee a OT AT Sette 8 dE Smee a 2 Sa RD Secon Fs SE) Eats CARERS
Hamas) 9, 62) 1.93 | 24,525)1247| 305,743 |.......].......|.....--|------- 7A i ecg
1871..| 19,009| 1.17] 22,239|14.30| 317,940].......|....... BRS ae ieee Ho ane oe
1872..| 20,319] 1.17] 23,813| 12.94] 308, 025].....-.|. eee re = @ ae
1873..| 21,894] 1.15] 25,085|12.53| 314,241]..22.../....... Sezai ig ae
1s4.| 21, 770| 1.15] 25,134) 11.94] 300, 222 |---|... | enn -feonn nee PL en as i
1875..| 23,508{ 1.19] 27,874|10.78| 300,378 |.......|.......]. et Vereen a i
1876..| 25, ae |) Sh B67 PS. 97 te 8276, OBE woe cf a -a 9.00 | 10.00| 7,287 |..... wine
1877..| 25,368 | 1.25| 31,629] 8.37 880 | 9.50] 10.50| 9.75|10.75| 9,514 18, 861
1878..| 26,931] 1.47] 39,608] 7.20] 285,016] 800] 8.50| 9.00|11.50| 8,127 10, 320
1879..| 27,485| 1.29] 35,493| 9.32] 330,804 | 14.00 | 14.50| 14.00] 15.00] 13,739 66, 008
meerens cate i 15 | 'S5, tof" |. ....|0.2.......)eec----|--.-00- ere ‘See Bevo tae me
1880..| 25,864 | 1.23] 31,925] 11.65] 371,811 | 15.00 | 15.50| 17.00] 19.00| 12,662| 174, 281
1881..} 30 1.14| 35,135 | 11. 82 415,131 | 16.00 | 16.50 | 15.00] 16.50) 10,570| 86, 029
1882..| 32,340] 1.18| 38138] 9.73] 371,170] 11.50 | 12.25| 12.00] 13.00] 13,309] 97,574
1883..| 35,516] 1.32] 46,864] 8.19] 383,834] 9.00| 10.00| 12.50|17.00| 16,908] 118,955

1<] 38,572| 1.26] 48.470| 8.17] 396,139 | 10.00] 11.50| 15.50] 17.50| 11,142] 160,950
1885..| 39,850} 1.12] 44,732| 8.71 389, 753 | 11.00 | 12.00 | 10.00] 12.00} 13,390] 92,118
1886. - , 1.15| 41,796| 8.46| 353,438] 9.50] 10.50| 11.00|12.56| 13,873| 78, 368
1887..| 37,665] 1.10| 41,454] 9.97| 413,440 | 13.50] 14.50| 17.00] 21.00] 18,198| 100, 269
1888..| 38,592] 1.21] 46,643| 8.76 11.00 | 11.50} 10.50] 21.00} 21,928] 105, 395
1889..| 52,949] 1.26] 66,831 | 7.04 470, 394 | 9.00} 10.00) 9.00] 14.00} 36,274| 124,544
Se Oey 1,98 | 66,831 |... ....|....20.2002-|2c-n0-c]|on--008 ae oa ad NR aaa”
1890..} 50,713] 1.19] 60,198] 7.87 473,570 | 9.00 | 10.50 | 12.50| 15.50 | 28, 066 58, 242
1891..| 51,044] 1.19] 60,818] 8.12 494,114 | 12.50] 15.00 | 13.50] 14.00] 35, 201 79, 715
1892..| 50,853] 1.18] 59,824] 8.20 490, 428 | 11.00 | 11.50 | 12.00] 13.50] 33,084] 104, 257
1893..| 49,613] 1.33| 65,766] 8.68| 570,883 | 10.00] 10.50 10.00| 10.50] 54, 446 86, 784
1894..| 48,321] 1.14] 54,874] 8.54 468, 578 | 10.00} 11.00 | 10.00 | 10.25| 47,117| 201, 900
1895. . 206 | 1.06] 47,079] 8.35 393, 186 | 12.00 | 12.50 11.50] 12.00] 59,052 | 302,652
1896 5,260 | 1.37] 59,282] 6.55| 388,146] 8.00] 8.50, 8.50| 9.00/ 61,653|- 119, 942
1897. - 427| 1.43| 60,665| 6.62| 401,301] 8.00| 850| 9.50] 10.50] 81,827 3, 887
1898..| 42,781] 1.55| 66,377] 6.00 398,061 | 8.00] 825) 9.50] 10.50} 64,916 19) 872
1999..| 41,328] 1.37| 56,656| 7.27| 411,926 | 10.50] 11.50 | 10.50 | 12.50] 72,716 | 143, 890

1900..! 39,133 | 1.28! 50,111] 8.89 445, 539 | 11.50 | 14.00 | 12.50] 13.50| 89,364 142, 620
1901..| 39,391 | 1.28| 50,591 | 10.01 506, 192 | 13. 00 | 13.50 | 12.50 | 13.50] 153, 431 48, 415
1902..| 39,825 | 1.50] 59,858] 9.06 542, 036 | 12.00 | 12.50 | 13.50] 15.00] 50,974] 293, 112
1903..} 39,934] 1.54] 61,306] 9.07 556, 276 | 10.00 | 12.00 | 12.00] 15.00] 60,730] 114, 388
1904. | 39, 1.52| 60,696 | 872 529, 108 | 10.50 | 11.50} 11.00] 12.00| 66, 557 46, 214
1905..} 39,362] 1.54] 60,532| 852 515, 960 | 10.00 | 12.00 | 11.50 | 12.50] 70,172 68, 540
1906..| 42,476 | 1.35] 57,146 | 10.37 592, 15.50 | 18.00 | 15.50 | 20.50] 58,602] 61,116
1907..| 44, 1.45 | 63,677 | 11.68 743, 507 | 13.00 | 17.50 | 13.00 | 14.00] 77, 281 10, 063
1908..| 45,970] 1.52] 70,050] 9. 631, 683 | 11.50 | 12.00 | 12.00 | 13.00] 64, 641 6, 712
TS AMT 166 G88) eo oe lao cal ns sscd [enna andl spe ewws/noweeuan nc 96,

1909..| 61,041 | 1.35 | 68,833 | 10.49 722, 385 |16. 00} 17.00 | 12.50 | 16.00} 85,007 |..........
19103.| 51,015] 1.36] 69,378 | 12.14 842, 252 | 16.00 | 19.00 | 18.50 | 23.50] 55,223 | 336, 757
1911..| 48,240] 1.14] 54,916 | 14.29] 784,926 | 20.00 | 22.00 | 24.00 28.00} 59,730] 699, 004
1912..| 49,530] 1.47| 72691|11.79] 856,695 | 13.00 | 18.00 | 14.00 | 16.50] 60,720] 156, 323
1913..| 48,954] 1.31] 64,116 | 12.43 797,077 | 14.50} 18.00 | 15.00 | 17.50} 50,151 | 170, 786
1914..| 49,145] 1.43] 70,071 | 11.12 779, 068 | 15.00 | 16.00 | 16.50 17.50 105,508 20, 187
1915..| 51,108} 1.68] 85,920 | 10.63 913, 644 | 14.50 | 16.50 | 17.50 | 20.00 | 178,336 43, 184
1916..| 55,721 | 1.64] 91,192] 11.22] 1,022,930 | 15.00 | 17.50 | 19.00 22.00} 85,529 | 58, 147
1917..| 55,203] 1.51] 83,308 | 17.09] 1,423, 766 | 26.00 | 28.00 | 20.00 | 26.00} 30,145 | 410,738
1918... 755 | 1.37| 76,660 | 20.13| 1,543, 494 | 29.00 | 31.00 | 34.00 37.00| 28,898 | 277,448
1919..| 56,552] 1.62| 91,883 | 20.09] 1,846, 083 | 28.00 | 32.00 | 35.00 50.00] 60,802 | 324,952

12,000 pounds. 22,240 pounds. 3Figures adjusted to census basis.

628 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
HA Y—Continued.

TaBie 120.—Hay: Revised acreage, production, and farm value, 1879 and 1889-1909.

[See headnote to Table 104.]

Year ) Acreage Farm value
Dec. 1. @.;
Acres. 3 Tons. 4b Dollars. ’
BSS 5 ROM AR Je: hs eee 30, 631, 000 1.30} 39, 862, 000 9.31 371, 045, 000
SOG9 SIS... ok Chas ee ee 39, 004, 000 1.26 49, 181, 000 7.76 381, 481, 000
WS... 2... .-.csn ee ee 40, 038, 000 1.23 49,057, 000 8.18 401, 111, 000
i >, | | Ee EE ee = Bes ee ee 41, 258, 000 1.18 48, 759, 000 8. 89 433, 276, 000
Tee Ts ans”: BI: 1 42,191, 000 1.17} 49, 238, 000 8.95 | 440, 710, 000
OB 255322. cctuousigete aanie paca 42, 413, 000 1.31} — 55,575,000 9.48} 527,044, 000
1894... .-.---2----22-22- 22-2 0=---- 2 42, 772, 000 1.18 50, 468, 000 8. 96 452, 079, 000
it. eens tiers abet ie Sey! ES | 40, 832, 000 1.02 | 41, 838, 000 9. 46 395, 647, 000 2
aR are te ae EE a, Yi A 40, 978, 000 1.33 54, 380, 000 7.48 | 406, 957, 4
i” 7 eat Sapte soit ‘sgh Bi neg, 1.42] 58, 878, 000 7.28| 428 919) 000 ?
4
je 1 RES BE a ] , 120, 000 1.55 66, 772, 000 6.63 000
ROD Sats on daae ea mas dane pana eee : 43, 127, 000 1.33 57, 450, 000 8. 20 40, tt tno
SD 22 5 ches Soaks onde Sashes 42, 070, 000 1.27 53, 231, 000 9.72 517, 399, 000
EE een Ae eee ee ; 42, 066, 000 1.33 55, 819, 000 9.91 553, 328, 000
I A IES ORE TEES 42, 962, 000 1.52| — 65,296, 000 9.19 | 599, 781,000
pS eae A = ae ene Satan See code Be 43, 400, 000 1.57 68, 154, 000 9.35 637, 485, 000 }
O04, ons vt ee ast oeee ee | 44,645, 000 1.55} 69, 192, 000 8.91 616, 369, O00
ee ee ee oe 45, 991, 000 1.59 72, 973, 000 8. 59 . by
Se ee ee ee oe ee 47, 891, 000 1.39 66, 341, 000 10. 43 692, 116,
a SS ee ee Se ee 49, 098, 000 1.47 72, 261, 000 11.78 850, 915, 000
NOM 6 oe Beret ubet tics | 51, 196, 000 1.53 | 78,440, 000 9.14] 716, 000 3
ry ans Sake ies Oe ae a Pcie ses | 81,041, 000 | 1.46 74, 384, 000 10. 58 786, q
| | i
TABLE 121.—/lay: Acreage, production, and total farin value, by States, 1920.
{000 omitted.] q
Farm
Produc- Produc-
State. Acreage. | “tion monk State. Acreage tien Bees |
—_——_—_——_——— _ F
Acres. Tons. | Dollars. Acres. Tons. | Dollars.
Mate... deee eee 1, 168 1,191 29, 299 || North Dakota...... 715 894 8, 851
New Hampshire. - -| 450 540 13, 500 || South Dakota...... 1, 000 1, 750 ey L
Vermont..........- 910 1,320 30, 360 || Nebraska.......... 1,619 4, 209 37, 881 ;
Massachusetts...... 436 610| 17,080 || Kansas............ 1.780| 3,702| 37,760
Rhode Island. .....! 46 51 1,693 |! Kentucky.......... | 1,093 1,497 32, 934 5
Connecticut........ 355 462 1 Tennesseec.......... 002 en ’
New York.........| 4,386 5,482 | 129,375 || Alabama..........- 329 sis
New Jersey. ..-.....| 330 544 14, 960 || Mississippi-........ 709 =)
Pennsylvania. ..... | 2,822 3, 951 92, 848 || Louisiana.......... 490 , 840 |
Delaware.......... 86 120 2,580 |] Texas... Ji.se...22 092 14, 633 .
4
Maryland.......... 472 732 18, 300 || Oklahoma 752 18, 396
bi) ae eee 950 1, 235 29, 922 || Arkansas 957 15, 312
West Virginia. ..... 800 1, 000 24, 200 || Montana 516 18, 192 _
North Carolina...-. 897 1,310 30, 130 || Wyoming 850 22, 200 7
South Carolina..... 450 450 11, 250 || Colorado 966 35, 592 y
660 759 | 17,836 || New Mexico 600} 10,200
115 132 2, 508 || Arizona 381 | 11,049
3, 150 4, 252 82,914 || Utah............... 265 16, 445 ;
2,205| 2,844 54, 889 |} Nevada 7, 776
4, 080 84, 048
TGRMO.\. «> Senwedens 250 28, 125
3, 149 66, 129 || Washington 620 29, 970 :
4,814 98, 206 |} Oregon. ............ 160 31, 320 4
3, 434 38, 461 || C 002 100, 040 9
4, 350 70, 644 . j
3,902 | 61, 261 United States... 91,193 | 1,613, 896

629

of Hay.
HAY—Continued.

Statisti

ton Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States.

, price per

: Yield per acre

TABLE 122.—Hay

‘Oz6I-I16l

OSBIOAG IBOA-OT

Son Ih oe on ao Thad Set eS ete

ASRS Hebe he

aN ee are er

ORS Fe BR

SRR AN AGN ANAS

SIRSS ZASAS SRS

maa ABAD BANG

RSH

as

RBS

SAA

oes | ow | 22888 ERAS= CARRS SHARE ResAy ABSA ESAS RASER BEE BEze|y
Sb ea tee GE88S S&SSS SSeRR HAKAN MASKS Stas KOKKN Ass sagas sess ls
SES | corde | S8hS8 RES SANSA Kases GAAS AKGES ARELS BeBe A2SS 24H |S
obeioaw iwokg | SAMS BNSHN KARR NAAM NAZEN SANaR Keakd daddd S865 3984 |e

cm SSSSR SERee ‘SRR8S SSRRS SARAR SRSR8 SSaSR SSSSS SESS BEES I\R

¢ Wr | RHRRS SHNGH SHAKR Aeass daiee sess gives sedds case sexs |e
4 ray | Reames REASS SESRS KSRSS ARRVR SBsesV SRSSS SBsss ‘RESS S825 (2
S eter | exeng PEEEE: ARKAR Ska HRMSS dee sigds sada ARAS ARZS |S
a cray | SRSSR SRSRS FSRSS RRRAS BSSRR SSRSL SSRRS BSBSSR SSSS BSS (2
7 STOT | ois Perr RRNAR KINGS Hasta done xkeaa Sagts ging cvs |S
eal} : SSSe8 SISS8RB SRSRS SRSRS RSSSR SSRSS SRSRS FSSSS S88 SSnR =
& iI | digg Susie suas aids sndsn ddeg sedvg sades dads gong |s
=F oray | SOSSS BSSSS SSRRE RSSSS SSSSR SASSS SSSER SRsss S383 S283 |(f-
ane or | Sides Sines sadn deedd giedd coreg sins sida ¥¥se Aisa |o
é -ogei-tiet «=| SRSSS KESSS SSSSH SHSES ASBRA BSR SSaSZ ZERZS SESS BSzL |e
| eaeinay 10O-0r | CHa Stone Siig oxic Neda addy |x
‘ear | RRRES RESSR GSRKS SRABY BASS SSSR lh

pedi FHHANR BRA ARRAN gis cic oooiciat | 4

“6161 RRSSH BSLRSQ BSSSS RGSSA LSSs pelete db

bear Mein Seid Godse assiei civicici cisicai | 3

gs sI6r | BSSRS ASSRR RHARS ASSAN RABS ctl he
a —* : mene dni Solabe Rs be pete _AGBAN ocala
s L16r | BRBRA A25BS4R ALRSS SAGER SRSES Saas | 6
Bee Eee fee ee ee ee ea ee re ee ee a re
8 grer | RRSSSH RRABL SAFER RARZS SZAS BERS fe
x Se a Benne FAnANRR Aen, Jae AGAN ANAK] A
&, erat | GRASS RSSRRZ GRSRE SSSRR RASS Tena
uc} = wi 9 dein FANANR Aen eo Seoe andes |
a rier | RRZSRX BVESAS RSVSL RSBRQ SRLR BRSS/S
” EE ieicisicl: sicieiaded Aiecicd ciciaint |
4 e6r | S8R9S ARSRS ARBSA BASES SSRE SBn5 15
5 Bt x oP sg cist aii lt) tele eal WE tein Cialee eee al otter ed
B “16T | #2825 YSHEN SNGBE ARSS2 BFE lk
—~

:

vi

MO a

Mont...

vet...

Le

1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1.

630 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
HA Y—Continued.
TaBLE 123.—Hay: Siocks on farms May 1.
Production |
Percent} Tons on
Year. . all ae on jarms
ate Roam tions. | * May 1. May 1
Sie 5 ee een ieee meee eee FLD) eset | 87,216,000| 1.5| 1 000
FE ok ee a ePaSG S55 Feed ee 82) 529, 000 12.4 10’ 253 000
BS Se Re I ER eee Yh A SEE 67, 071, 000 85| 5,732, 000
cee a Saree nies LP EOE eT Pe 90, 734, 000 14.9] 13, 523, 000
7 Si ee APRTE MEE: 5 TSN eS We 79, 179, 000 12.2| — 9,631, 000
LS | a Ee a ee Sere ee ee 2 SR A 88, 686, 000 12.2 10, 797, 000
7 a See eens Ae -Sine- HEF Ty OL oe 107, 263, 000 13.5] 14452 000
5 aR eee pe eee ain aa eee aS 110, 992, 000 11.4 12, 659, 000
EAA PSN POLS MME SALE ES 98, 439, 000 11.7 | 11,476, 000
TOD nn. eecceeaauly ateee es Bi oa hs eek wee Ree eae 91, 139, 000 9.4 8, 559, 000
NORD enn cine penisie kame i ums wun empo Ss wie <p s Sere ew 109, 152, 000 “ 10.4 11, 345, 000
TaBLE 124.—Hay: Farm price per ton on 1st of each month, 1911-1920,
|
Date. 1920 | 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914 | 1913 | 1912
poe A eh dD
p TN vate Sane ad $20. 55 |$19. 92 \s18. 09 $10. 86 's10. 07 's10. a7 $11.70 $11.11 's13.75
pA a ago 21.76 | 19.79 | 18.88 | 11.34 | 10.55 | 10.83 | 11.67 | 10.86 | 14.39
| eae ee 22.31 | 19.82 | 19.14 | 11.54 | 10.75 | 10.89 | 11.69 | 10.61 | 14.66
Se loc 22, 94 | 20.52 | 18.68 | 12.53 | 10.85 | 10.98 | 11.52 | 10.43 | 15.64
MART... corn oeceran 24,22 | 22.31 | 17.97 | 13.94 | 11.27 | 11.03 | 11.63 | 10.42 | 16,31
TE 1. nau cid ape 24.85 | 23.30 | 17.13 | 14.68 | 11.47 | 11.16 | 11.64 | 10.55 | 16.22
Inle ©. soiuc oop gee 23.62 | 21.73 | 16.07 | 13.96 | 11.10 | 10.85 | 11.29 | 10.47 | 14.32
fb alee ae 4 aint 20.89 | 20.16 | 15.92 | 12.90 9.89 | 10.19 | 10.76 | 10.43
ae ee TO ee a 19.88 | 20. 52 | 17.42 | 13.26 | 9.72 | 9.95 | 11.10 | 11.04
[7 pe aie: > mend 18.94 | 19.79 | 18.45 | 13.83 | 9.65 | 9.83 | 10.96 | 11.45
Se ota pc aae oases 17.45 | 19.36 | 19.27/ 15.16 9.99| 9.98 | 10.78 | 11.51
pS Mee eee Ene! 17.70 | 20.09 | 20.13 | 17.09 | 11.22 | 10.63 | 11.12 | 12.43
Average.......... 20. 85 | 20.45 | 18.10 | 18.53 | 10.48 | 10.50 | 11.28 | 11.02 | 18.24
TaBLe 125.—Hay: Extent and causes of yearly crop losses, 1909-1919
ag Ee 3 3.138 | %1s_\e
Ss n | 2 s & Pw eee,
Year. 23 | 33 e 1d jcgled| = |oelse
=3So cs = sg q 2 aa |S?
SASS S 1A E | 2
Ar |a Ria je |& A |< {A &
Pet Nik s Che P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P. ct.
WD stings app cent 9.9} 1.9 0.4] 01/139) 01] 1.0 C) 0.1 | 15.5
UD rent gadis byr'ginat 17.5| .7 6B | yo (ORE loa lb Oeil 24.9
5 pa aE ee aE: 11.5) 1.3 <O Py eh (1S Tl Oe eee 18.3
WR Rad anctes csvaguits 5.5} 1.0] 2] olf &6 ll Oo) al Oa ae 9.6
WSs it ao enitesiinrm si 4.9 | oh hs 8 he 5 1
191A 2), w ccnita wpe niin wf ewneg a]6a 0g waho ire Wis |e 6 aime dicey wn cfd ee awreloan 08 dlgaguagll aia alleen all ae
IVI 5, conepansuduen ssfoscnustenduds}scanacleatanslt centilaticchnss cleeaeane
WDD sand anen ubucsre tel eine 5 gUbin de as] -Gddag| 5000 hans and dal heave ie emngneie anne ines anne
SS See laa te 27.7
7) eae yesestied 17.4
Sa Wits anaddbaveanns

1 Less than 0.05 per cent.

Statistics of Hay. 631

HA Y—Continued.
TABLE 126.—Timothy and clover hay: Farm price per ton, 15th of each month,

1916-1920.
Timothy. Clover.

Date. - —_—_—_

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916
Ui hea ies $24. 59 | $23.48 | $21.37 | $12.61 | $13.11 | $23.78 | $21.69 | $19.82 $11.38 $11. 24
OG) ey rs 25.49 | 22.69] 22.25] 12.91 13.39 | 24.94] 21.11] 21.11 11. 65 1L. 41
Lio es a 26.75 | 22.68} 22.53 13.20} 13.61 26.13.) 24.25 | (21.37) “11.90 11. 70
(5 27.99 | 24.74) 21.47 14, 26 14.00 | 26.93 23. 36 19.68 | 13.06 11. 87
Oak: a 29.92 | 27.27 20. 40 15. 31 14.50 | 28.31 25. 33 18. 30 13. 94 12. 52
oT (SS 30.05 | 27. 50 18. 55 15. 76 14, 71 27.80 | 25. 48 16.54 | 14.22 12. 46
ih aes Se 26.59 | 24. 22 17. 61 14.68 | 12.97 | 24.62] 22.02 15.73 | 12.95 10. 84
Ic A 24.35 | 23.89 18. 98 14.11 11.74 | 22,82 21. 58 17.18 | 12.76 9. 93
BBEEED ~ = 5502 <cis.<s 24,15°) 23.65 | 20.85./* 14.89 |. 11,57 | 22.57} 21.74) 19.27 13. 79 10. OL
i 22.74} 23.04} 22.60 16. 23 Hl54 |" 2029 | 217 20.60 | 15.01 10. 08
OTS | ee 22.09 | 22.90} 22.93 18. 33 12.03 | 20.60] 21.61 21. 13 17.14 10. 46
JRC See 21;'22| 23. 71 22. 94 20. 31 12. 29 19. 96 22.60} 21.26 18. 67 10. 86

Tasue 127.—Al falfa and prairie hay: Farm price per ton, 15th of each month,

1916-1920.
Alfalfa. Prairie.
Date.
1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916
“irl 5 SE AS See rs $24.13 | $20.42 | $21.27 | $12.79 | $9.89 | $17. 54 | $16.33 | $15. 39 $8. 58 $7. 38
GU 24, 41 20. 91 21.38 | 13.63 10. 35 17. 36 16. 55 15. 74 8. 60 7. 34
Lito Ss Ui ae 24.68 | 21.40] 20.82] 14.68 10. 74 16. 52 17. 38 15. 47 9. 32 7.39
BERN: jog. 3% -<--2 24, 57 22. 28 18. 97 17. 68 10. 73 16. 66 18. 85 14, 47 10, 94 7. 56
Je he 25.68 | 23.32 17. 84 17. 92 10. 56 18. 06 20. 22 12. 75 12. 02 7.71
cg) a 24.20} 20.89 16. 74 16. 77 10. 49 17. 59 18. 71 12. 78 11. 84 7.97
Th 21.70} 20.15 16. 58 14.13 9. 87 15. 38 16. 10 12. 51 10. 11 7.25
LG TS SE a 20.43 | 20.72 18, 22 15. 28 9. 80 13. 74 16. 10 13. 26 10. 82 6. 96
Mepuetaostt sss ...-- 19.12 | 20.89 19. 72 16. 33 10. 06 12. 93 15. 90 14. 35 11. 40 7. 21
ic a ae 18. 03 20.56 | 20. 23 17. 59 10. 25 11. 83 15. 88 15. 06 12, 29 7. 26
ING Wetosscces ts. sese 12.88 | 21.63 20. 42 19. 19 11. 37 11. 47 16. 91 15. 47 13. 32 7. 85
Lo | 16.59 | 22.95} 20.74] 20.39 12. 31 10. 80 17.19 16. 30 14. 91 8.14

ure, 1920.

Yearbook of the Department of A
HAY—Continued.

632

No. 1 wheat
light bales

a

New York.

No. 1 timothy.1} No. 1 timothy.

No. 1 timothy.

{Compiled from commercial papers.]

TaBLe 128.—Hay: Wholesale price (baled) per ton, 1918-1920.
Chicago
No. 1 timothy.

Date.

sgages |

Dols.|D

13. 50/19.
15. 00/21.

S
a
3

onl
N
&
n
o

Dols.

;

S888s8/s |

SRSASS |B
8888s (8
BASSIS

-Bnsane
BESASS

SRaSER

SESH
| 8Sse8

aAgssgis

|
|

t Dols.
.|13. 00/18, 00/15. 15
19. 50/16. 50

13. : 50/15. 62
50

13. 00/18. 50/15. 79

13.

|

1917.

1918.
January—June.........

1919.

January—-June........

1916.

une.
January—June.

July-December......--

1913.

January-June. .

1914.

January—June..-.......

1915.

January-J

July-December. ...
July-December. .......
July-December.....-...
July-December. .._.

July-December. .

RRESZQ
BEBSIs

PeEsest
BSSss|

a8 ASSESS

an ee we
x re, Ow Ce

ar tk
| 2. & 4. 288
Wait, he “Eee
in 20 eee

BSAAGS |S

3 Fancy wheat, 1913. Fancy = July-December, 1920.

cok acne

50. 06. 5692 75)44. 75)

1 No. 2 timothy for 1919.

ia

. .26. 00/46. 00

Statistics of Hay. 633
HAY—Continued. :

Tas1e 129.— Wild, salt, and prairie hay: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by

States, 1920. :
[000 omitted.]
Farm i, | = =] ae Farm
State. Acreage value | State. Acreage. | P oe | value
Dec. 1. | ; ¢ Dec. 1

Acres. Dollars. | Acres. Tons. | Dollars.
Missa seach ss 2 24 24 480 | North Dakota...... 2, 052 2, 052 23, 598
New Hampshire. . .. 20 20 400 || South Dakota....-.. 3, 500 3, 920 37, 632
Mentniont.-...2...... +B 13 260 || Nebraska.......... 2,315 2,361 25, 027
Massachusetts....... 21 23 460 || Kamsas..........--. 1,016 986 9, 860
Rhode Island....... 1 1 25 || Kentucky.......... 10 11 165
Connecticut ........- 13 13 260 || Tennessee........-- et) 48 874
Ste 2 a ae 55 65 1,170 || Alabama.........--. 35 35 665
New Jersey. .---...- 40 54 810 || Mississippi-......-- 50 70 1,309
Pennsylvania. ...... 15 19 342 || Louisiana.......... 40 52 983
Mraaware...... 2... . 5 8 EAA CEE Oe 203 223 3, 345
Maryland ..........- 6 9 153 || Oklahoma.......... 617 740 8, 880
1. aT 25 31 496 || Arkansas........:--. 192 221 3, 492
West Virginia... .... 8 10 160 || Montana........... 500 475 4,275
North Carolina... .-. 21 23 428 || Wyoming.........- 360 360 5, 148
South Carolina... ... 10 12 216 | Colorado. .........- 367 426 5, 964
ae 12 12 216 || New Mexico..-..-.-- 30 18 216
Sonera 20 20 500) "Arizona =< -- 2-2 ==.5- 14 11 121
_. =a 2 3 a 116 151 1, 510
7 = Se 25 30 390 || Nevada.........-.. 145 145 1, 450

minis 2! 72 86 2, 399
Ndahes==2-22552%-22 125 150 1,620
ererpeatiee 50 64 800 || Washington........ 34 39

Wisconsin..._.._.... 3957 457 5,206 || Oregon.......-.-..-- 202 242 1,815
Minnesota... .......- 1, 663 2, 328 28,751 || California.......... 180 180 2, 160
oe 510 648 8, 813 | si
Missouri............. 135 151 1, 812 United States..| 15,266 | 17,040 | 195, 266

TaBLE 130.—Wild, salt, and prairie hay: | Acreage, production, and value, United
States, 1909-1920.

| Yield Farm

Year. | Acreage. per Production. | price per Farm value.
acre. | ton.
Acres. |. Tons Tons. | Dollars. Dollars.
17, 186, 000 Ty ee NT, eR A OR a RL
17, 187, 000 rod) ESPEN TAT 1 Re Di eae Be Rae eR haa
17, 187, 000 Tilt s124551 QUO Te Fae ee eee
17, 427, 000 1. 04 iAP EGU Ve eel ser oat FE See Re sg tee ecard
16, 341, 000 92 p EDR CTT | Up (OR Si ioe AD far IES edged
16, 752, 000 $5121) “1S 6te O00 |3.k oo eee
16, 796, 000 BST) es Ste SASSOON Se ee vas oc ee
16, 635, 000 cay wip Ct: | OR een Re eS St 25 et Re
16, 212, 000 93 15, 131, 000 13. 49 204, 086, 000
15, 365, 000 -94 | 14,479, 000 15.23 | 220) 487” 000
15, 708, 000 -10 17, 269, 000 16. 68 288, 087, 000
15, 266, 000 1.12} 17,040, 000 11.46 | 195, 266, 000

g
~
ia

634 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

CLOVER AND TIMOTHY SEED.
TaBLE 131.—Clover seed: Acreage, production, and value, by States, 1920, and totals,

1916-1919.
A te:
verage arm F wale
State and year. Acreage. | yield Production.| price per | *2!™
aed bushel Nov. 15.
Nov. 15.
Acres Bushels. | Bushels. Dollars.
Mowat otk: 0s... Sets -) 5 ee 15, 000 2.4 36, 000 468,000
Pennsylvania: =... <o- 5-2-5 = see 9, 000 1.6 14, 000 181, 000
Ohio 150, 000 1.3 195, 000 2, 398, 000
i 95, 000 1.5 142, 000 1,548,000
196, 000 1.7| 333,000 3,646,000
80, 000 1.5] 120,000 1,272,000
169, 000 2.0} 338,000 5,257,
20, 000 2.2 44,000 568, f
134) 000 2.0} 268,000 3,283,000
35,000 2.2 77, 000 $32,000
5,000 2.3 12, 000 16.00 192, 000 - |
yoo} =i] 52.000 | 15.00 100
5,000 1.6 8,000} 15.00 {20° 000 t
16,000 5.5 88,000} 11.25 990; 000 j
5,000 3.6 18, 000 12.00 216,000
966, 000 | 1.8 | 1,760,000 11.66 | 20,528,000
843, 000 | 1.6 000 26. 50 35,541,000
820; 000 1.5 000| 19.80 | 23,705,000
| 21; 000 1.8 000 12. 84 19, 107, 000
000 | 1.8 000 9.18) 15,661,000
| / 4
TABLE 132.—Clover seed: Farm price per bushel, 15th of each month, 1911-1920. {
Date. 1920 | 1919 | i918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914 | 1913 | 1912 | 1911 on
Jan, 15......| $28.06 | $21.55 | $14.48 | $9.60| $10.27] $8.51 | $7.99] $9.41] $10.89] $8.27] $12.90
Feb. 15....- 31.21| 21.79] 16.46] 9.87] 10.47] 860| 8.07] 10.28] 12.22] 837] 13.73
Mar. 15....- 31.88] 22.61] 17.49] 10.32] 10.76] 8.55| 817] 10.42] 12.89] 856] 14.16
Apr. 15....- 32.23 | 24.81] 17.86| 10.41] 10.58| 8.36] 8.06] 11.00] 1291] 879] 14.50
May 15....- 29.84| 24.48] 16.56| 10.40] 9.98| 814] 7.87] 10.74] 12.53] 8.74]. 13.93
June 15....- 26.21 | 23.37] 15.88| 10.29| 9.47| 7.90] 7.96| 9.77] 11.69] 880] 13.13
July 15....- 25.52] 23.25] 14.71] 10.50| 9.15] 7.96| 8.12| 9.78| 10.64] 883| 1287 —
Aug. 15....- 19.97 | 24.33| 15.20] 10.53] 9.12| 7.94| 8.76] 9.37| 9.80| 9.65] 12.47
Sept. 15..... 17.77| 25.38] 16.61| 10.89; 865; 849| 9.10] 7.31] 9.39] 10.19] 12.38
Oct. 15....- 13.18 | 26.47| 19.01| 11.92] 8.54| 9.70| 824| 7.00| 9.37] 10.33] 12.38°
Nov. 15....- 11.64 |} 26.53| 20.03] 12.91| 9.20| 9.67] 8.02] 7.33] 9.06] 10.37] 12.48
Dec. 15..... 10.28| 27.63] 20.67| 13.53] 9.40] 10.01} 812] 7.70] 9.00] 10.62] 12.70

Date. 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914 | 1913 | 1912 | 1911 os
Tatitthe ee $4.34] $3.57] $2.44] $3.05] $2.63] $2.07 $6.99 | $4.12) $3.64
Feb. 15....- 4.51] 3.78] 2.46] 3.19] 2.66] 2.12 7.26) 4.51 in @
Mar. 15.... 4.54] 3.84] 2.70] 3.28] 2.78] > 2.30 7.33 | 4.93 3.00 2m
Apr. 15..... 4.69| 3.74] 2.76| 3.51) 2.69] 2.98 7.27| 6.17 3.6: =
May 15..... 5.05| 3.84] 3.09) 3.33] 2.75] 2.38 7.16| 5.24 4.02
June 15..... 4.63| 3.56| 3.09] 3.26] 2.65] 2.23 6.68] 5.24 3. 86
July 15..... 4.49| 3.67] 3.04] 3.08] 2.57] 2.32 5.96 | 5.48 3. 80
Aug. 15..... 4.58| 3.87| 3.23| 2.36] 256] 2.43 3.20] 6.52 3.52
Sept. 15..... 4.55] 3.79] 3.31] 222] 262] 2.46 2.09} 6.65 3.33
Onbib:: at 4.78] 4.08] 3.61] 2.27] 2.72] 2.34 1.95} 6.91 3.39
Nov. 15..... 4.67] 4.26] 3.25] 2.25] 2.91] 2.34 1.82] 6.90 3.36
Dec. 15..... 4.98} 4.21] 3.37] 2.31] 2.86] 2.18 1.79| 6.72 3.37

635

19'9 (09's (00'¢_[op'z loovet oo’ ‘ote oat loo'r [coe (00's 09's oz ‘or loose [oath |pr at |9'sz [00 'It |99'ze loose |oo’st [8 pt [0002 |00'6 _|* “soqurov0q.-Ainp
90°9 0S °9 [SZ°s lgr‘9 |92°9 |09°S I2t'9 G2°9 j09°S |SL°% 00'S 0G '% j98 SL JOS ZL JOO ZL |Fo ST |SS "ET [SL ‘TL JOG “LT |00 0% [00 ST |O8 ‘OT (00 EL [006 [Se Saee eres s Jaq ure9e(T
619 (09°9 |S2°S [9T°9 jOO'L (OG°S [€O'9 |G2°9 JOG'S [92'S [00'S [0G°S JOE ‘ST |GL ‘ST |SZ IT |€E "ZT 96ST |OO IT |TZ ‘ST |00 ‘2% [00 ‘ST |OS ‘IT |00 ET |O0 ‘OT |""" 19Q W19A0 NT
€L°S jgk°9 |00°S [6°S (00°L (00'S |I8"S OS"L 00'S 88 'F CL ‘> (00°F [€9°EST |SZ°FI |0S ‘ZI |T9 ST |00 “ST [08 ‘ZT |G °8T [00 "SZ [00 ST [00 '9T [00 0% |00 ZT | 1940190
tF'O (O82 (00'S (09°O [OS°L (09'S |ZE°9 [OS°L [OOF [22° SL (09'S |SS°ST |00 ST |SZ‘FT |89 ‘ST |00 ST 00 FT |S “ES [00 OE |00 ST |08 ST |00 0% |00 ZT | - Jequieydeg
4O°S [08'S |00°L |20°6 |00'ZI (00°L [20'S [SLOT [0S°9 [00H [SZ [GLE [€o°GE |GL "TS |G2 “LT |96 ‘ST [G9 1% |OL “LT |6 9 |00 "CE |00 ‘0G JOS “ZT \00 0% J00 ST |" "= isniny
cece | ieee ramaas 00 “aI 00 “OT _|g9 “Or 100 °@L_j00°6__|29"b__|00°S__ Ga "h_|OT FZ _}00 “SS _J0G "0% _|00 FZ_|G9 "SS _(0Z 6T_|29 "OF 100 "SE [00 "SZ 0G "LT _'00 ‘0% _|00 “ST Pires Ba Sek ee
TPIT (OT FI JOS 6 [ELSI [00 9T [00 OT 9% IT [00 OT 00'S [G6 OTD (SZ°h |82L ‘08 |G ‘SE |00 SZ ITZ ‘OF JOL “98 [00 *E% |88 “OF |00 88 00 SZ {LT “9% 00 FE |00 “ST “-9ung-Arenue sr
RS (09 OT [09 ‘OT (09 01 00 ‘TT [00 ‘ZI |00 ‘OT [0G OT [00 ZT [006 [29°F 00'S [SZ'h |99°S% |OS "9% [00 “SZ |60 “G2 G9 °S% 100 “ES |00 ‘OE |00 “SE 100 SZ |0S “6T [00 ZZ JOD ST ne oun
DH SF ‘OT [SL OT |00 OT [0% “IT [OS “ZT |00 ‘OT [0S OT 00 ‘ZI [00°6 [ZL [00'S |SZ"F |86°9% JOG ‘8% JOS "9% {LT “9% JOS “2% [00 “2% |00 ‘OF |00 “GE |00 “SZ |GL “8% [002% |O0 ST nn ABIX
~ SF OT [OS “IT 096 [SZ IT JOS ZI (00 ‘OT |ST ‘OL |0S ‘ZT [00'S [88h |0S"S [OS "F [80 ‘OE JOG “FE |00 “LZ |TF 6% |SZ “FE 100 “S% |9S ‘OF [00 "FS |00 “SZ |88 ‘9% |00 LZ [00% | [way
A oe 11 (00 “eT [0S 6 [FF TT JOO “FT |00 “ET [28 TT 00 FI 006 [Sz j00'9 [09h [GE ‘PE |G "GE [Gz "EE JER “EE JOE “GE 18s “EE IGE “2h [00 99 [00 ‘OF |SE "2% [00 eB 00 "SS "ee ore
D> ST ET (OT FT (00 ‘ZT [FL ET 100 “OT [00 “ST [88 “ZT |00 OT [00 ‘OT |8h°S JOT" [G8 |20 "SE /GL "SE SZ FE |ZE "SE OF “9 |09 “FE |8E “OF |00 "SS [00 ‘SF j00 ‘TE [00 “FE |00 ‘8% | ~""** ArenAgay
s SEZ [OS “ST |0% TT |Z0 ST [09 “FI [OS TT |OL “IT [09 FT ]00°6 |ZL°F JOT‘ [SZ 99 ‘ZE \GL "SE \SZ "IE |OF FE OL ‘OE [09 TE |86 “9F |00 ‘8G |00 ‘OF |9G 8% JOG ‘8 00 "Sz |" Azenues
—S =a S-=5) == 35> pS | =e Reel ee eee Se es Sl eed St pa “0Z61
= OO IT (08 ‘ZI [00 OT |90 OT |SZ ‘ZI 008 [80 OT OS "ZT [00'S [89h [S'S |S‘ |99°6S |00 “TE |00 "LZ |96 6% JOLIE |GL°2% |889E [00 SF |00 SZ |90 SZ 0008 |006T ~~~ ~ "~~ JoquieoeT—Aynp
+S BSG GETL OS*L [62°6 [00 TE [00'9 [ZEG [00'ZT [00'9 [FEF [06% [09'E [29°9 /09 6S [GZ "ES |ZL°9B |00 "EE |00 GS |GL°ZE [00 "Sh [00 FS |FO TG [009% |00OT ~~ ouns-Arenue sp
“6161
S 206 (OF 'OT 0F°9 [6T°S JOO'IT [00'S |ZT‘S [OO'IT |00°S [00°F (00'S [06°G 22 °T% [G2 °S% 00 9T |8F ‘TS |00°9% j09 "ST [LL °6% \00'8E 00ST |IT “ZT \00 ‘2% |OOIT |" "~*~ Joquraoaq—Ajne
BS GL SFL OF'9 [289 ZS O'S |TS°9 |8Z"8 [00'S [PIE JOL"E [09'S [86ST /99°0% [00 OT JOS "ST |08 "0G |00 "ET |S2 °F [00 "SE JOO "ST jeh "ST \GL "6 OOIT | ouns-Asenuese
| “ST61
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S OFS (09°2 (09°E [20°9 [OFS [00% [90'S [OP'S [00'S |AT'S [SEE [OL |86"OL [OTT O9OT |SO'IT 86 TT |00'OT \€t "ST 06°6T |00'ZI |8S°6 |OO'IT 00'S |"-"*"-"~" eunr-Arenues
| “LIGI .
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O19 (02 " Sh°8 82°9 |09°8 OO’ (089 [19'S [00H |F9°% [08'S [O8"L JOL OT |SZ"ET |S2°8 |FO'OT \SO"ET [08'S [Fa ‘ZT |00°%% (00'°9 (69°8 jOG"IT j09"9 |" ouns-Arenue sr
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SS |
Sire ter. dee 00° De SS (00°L |0S°F j€9°S [00°L (00% |#8'% 09'S [00'S [29°8 [096 [S8°L |8T'8 [S9°6 |S2°L |I8‘OL |GL4°FT (00°2 |T0’8 (996 [0S°9 |" " ouns-Arenues
~ “ST6BI
RL Be 00"L (S2°E |2LF |0S°9 [07'S [80'S [Sa°L jOG°S |9T'S jOL°S (OFT °°" GSI [0Z°8 |ZE°6 (ST “IT [02'S |89°ZE 0S’ST [006 0E*L [82°6 [00'S ~"~*** > -soquiedeq-Alne
S lLOF (GE'S S2'% |2OF [OS'S (00'S FEF [GL°S (09'S |O8°T |Se°s OPT | - OF’6 \OF'2 |96°8 |246°6 (S%°L |€0°IT \00'ST j00°2 (96°9 [00° [00'S | ~---"" eunr-Arenue sr
~Q SMO SNOT | sNOT |" S19 | S10 |" S19 |" $229 |" 8120 |" $219 |" 8710 |" 82-9 |" 8220 |" $120 |" $219 |" 8129 |" $219 |" 8129 |" 8219 |" $219 |" 8229 |" 8210 | 8120 |" 82197 |" 8219 “PI6I
~ Se | es) ee eee — eee Ses 2) Pt — J) oe = = . |
aS “PAY USM “MOT TOA -YSTAT| “MOT [oA | YstAL|“MOT [roa |y3TH| “MoT |'oay | y3TT| “MOT! Joy |-YSTT| “MoT [OA “YSTAT| “MoT |yoAy |y3TA MOT
a | | V | UstTH
< nod rod) | . *(spunod sod *(spunod . : :
lag ql ee 2 ) | -spunod oor sq data Aig z ) $s 10) ened tea sopeis [Vv aojoyo 03 100g +| yourtid 0) 1004 ‘ounlg ies
*smo'T “45 “‘OOFNBATIPL “osvOTYO “Wemuyouyly *“Horjed “OpeOL ‘ose “euuyouly)
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[saoded jerosourn109 ur0ay poyidur0g]
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— . = - ios aan a ——— = "ae ge Tee in ee eee ee een eS eee ee SS Ul ae

636 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. 4
3 COTTON.
TaBiE 135.—Cotton: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1919.
[Bales of 478 pounds net.]
Area. | Production.
|
Country. m F kK :
verage verage :
1909-1913 1917 1918 1919 1909-1913 1917 1918 1919
NORTH AMERICA. a
Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Bales. Bales. Bales. Bales. y
United States ?....... 35, 805, 667/33, 841, 000/36, 008, 000/33, 566, 000/13, 033, 137|11, 302, 000}12, 040, 532\11, 421, 000
Porto Bico: 22. <..< fhe eo cease (Seen oteee | Sees a teaie cee eee 3396 268 . 443) 2. eee
St-Croiz.-.- 2) 25. elses 7 oe SER (ek ae ST 510 16]... ..:-2e5/ See oe .
West Indies | ; &
British f
Barbados 4....... 4, 227 OG] oe Wane eal ean ces 1,211 124)... nse | eee 7
Grenada foateee hie ee 3, 190 Set, Ga ea 688 575 462). <8 -2.. i oe
Jamigicn t. <a. telacesatasce BD) < oo aac sc[annnaecec=|> 2 UD) -c Gas amie one rn ee
Leoward Isinnds: fies 262 e| Se Seer eee. eee 2, 254 co... saas see ee ase ‘g
St. Midian 25655 Seca cet lone as eee eee cone basta 16|. . 22... c2] 2. 2 x h
St. Vincent... .... 45,045 Bad | So roe alka ceeteee 4903 431 (O82 2e Raeie
Dominican Rep..|...--.---- Oe Se Mae en ae 5 1,140). . 2... soa]. Sone nee eee - r
Mexico............... 245, 474! 5,674, 130] 56425, 939)___...-_-- 201,541) © 63,647| § 365, 709\........ by }
SOUTH AMERICA. “3 y
Argentinas 2. 5-5-2 t 5, 356 7, 598 29, 096 32, 679 2, 646). . 22.20 cae sane tee ae ee ae
Bragie:. 5 oe Se eS See an 8 (a ag oe = | = dine 290,400} 449, 000).......... 644, 000 3
GE en ore ee ee 141,190} 158, 218).......... 787, 120) <2. 28 129, 140). eee +
EUROPE. ‘ <
Bulgaria............. 71,829} 5,377 de ae 787i] __.. ....0d].ccme cane uf :
bE Gan ek Mi ch Ste | 4 1, 095 818 744 818 433 332 268 332
ASIA. ¥) ‘
British India......... 22, 079, 666 25, 188, 000] 21, 037, 000)22, 186, 000, 3, 511,684) 3, 347, 000] 3, 328, 837| 4, 743, 000 t
OYIGN fo to 558 161 tas | ee ae 634) oo... Bel ccc ee att oad ¢
Cypras ti Scte 2s en & ie Stee, | FOIE 6, 611
Dutch East Indies ...|.........- Vitec ite ae]: cates Seal. Sacks oe 15, 121
Indo-Ctand: Sees Fit Pe Pe ee BB TAD ee oe can 411, 689
Japanese Empire: |
oY: ae aes id 6, 599 4,704 -
Koreas ao. 131, 104 38, 037 :
Russia ry }
Transcaucasia &..| 252, 637 79, 885
Central Asia®__..| 1, 128, 433 658, 089
Sisths, sects da oope tek 5, 386
AFRICA.
British Africa:
EBGORS See st: .. Sed. Oy oe] a oe ewan ORR ee a eer Pe aes (Ji. deaeae 6, 527 2, G10) A a ee
Nyasaland ....... 23,534, 29,850} 28,041) «18, 597 4, 001 5, 439 4, 184 1,574 !
nae Atricd = och )}-) Paes see (ORe-27 e ee, eee ret Le 435 167 167 84 |
Gold Coast: 2). .2). ses. Sk hes ce USS So eae Oe 34 83 ee
It Par a LB. pepe DO erase iret Bevees Drees ee ee 8,570 3, 264 4, 510). <5 teen 8 we
Nigeria 8: 542s.) tke Sloe tone ec elot thew tee eer eee ds beer! 84). eae Re aS oS
Oaauile ots set ts. a 2s oe A) 124,996] 132,994, 137,995 —«:17, 613) 8 20,084] 8 19, 24 28, 870
Union of South :
Africg sie oe. ete we | oktaig Sa rn] Sete = tek ae 94 732 1, 666 2, 96:
- Egy ot a ephstciceaen 1,753,911, 1,741,000) 1,366,000) 1, 633,000, 1, 451, 621| 1,048, 000| 1,304,000, 999, 000
renc Tica: !
Dahomey 45550 land) feos SSG oe oe] ee ee a ee i) PP . 13, 201
fT pe ae Bike sd Lees pep sla sudconeeltwantr eee ps) Pe
Lvary Coast:4s 5.) =o; Rieter cocoa ae Pee Fae Smid ee 84). . at ik cele elena ieee
German Africa: 6 } /
MAL MOT ICH a cath ak nt codes col anh Gee ee ee lcm cecil 8 5, 807)... ct «dno eenee ae vex
Wag oes to Ge. isn ee eee <= Pant a Yi 8'9°B50l.:....<atulocomomeeee ea
Italian Africa: ' } :
Pritres sev: JP le eee sae thee SSR tre naar labsmelware : O42). ors.) «npn aie mae dscsbee
Sudan (Anglo-Egyp- | ) |
WOM) Se. o onbacomelie|sucken tan laduse tases | Reais «aa hikitceee ad 13, 342 19, 247 10,042; 6 10, 293
OCEANIA. ) |
British: |
Mn 26 oo se 4 ae 1 ORFS fs ae lenwk abe nenl en = be ccitadin e Pe ee ory oe Part Tt
Queensland...... 2 ee Rs ae ar ee Bd eae ae ft Ol). .vctechss|enditpmenen ine denenibe
Solomon Islands.|.......... LS ae keos fo 4 er tyre | Pees Pa eon kcohets
French: |
New Caledonia. . bw ew iiewne loae a Le chee s |nsesceeees Co Cee ee i) a
}

Statistics of Cotton. 637

COTTON—Continued.
TABLE 136.—Cotton: | World d production 80 Sor as reported, 1900-1915.

Year. Production. Yea:. Production. | Year. Production. Year. | Production.

| Bales.1 Bales.3 Bales. Bales.1
a 15, 893, 591 | 1904......| 21,005,175 | 1908.....- | 23,688, 202 | 1912...... 19, 578, 095
ae 15, 926, 048 | 1905.....- 18, 342,075 | 1909...... | 20,679, 334 | 1913... .- 21, 271, 902
a 17, 331, 503 | 1906.....- 22, 183, 148 | 1910...... | 22,483, 269 | 1914...... 23, B04, 422

> 17, 278, 881 | 1907...... 18, 328, 613 | 1911...... 21, 754, 810 | 1915...... 17, 659, 126

1 Bales of 47 478 pounds, net Se
TABLE 137.—Cotton: Acreage, production, value, exports, etc., in the United States,

1866-1920.
| New York closing prices,
Ruts. ae | per pound, on middling | Domestic | Imports
Acre- | ~ Produc- taal Farm value| upland. exports, | fiscal
Year, | 28¢ eg | (tion Se ee ee ee ce year
-}| (ooo | ¥ (000 | B (000 May offol- | year be- | begin-

omitted). pth omitted). eed omitted). | Pecember- | jowing year. | ‘ginning | ning
4 _——— a nly eee

ot Low. | High. | Low. | High.

Acres. |Pounds.| Bales. | Cents.| Dollars. | Cents. | Cents. |Cents.|Cents.| Bales) | Bales
eee? 001 190.0 | 1,750 |-...-.-|---.<--2---- 33g | 342 | 274 | 28% | 1,322,947 1, 852
1S EA | i ace el |S le es
eee -7-743. | 196.9} 3,012 |z.....2|.........002 25 25% | 22% | 234 | 1,917,117 3,396
Sapo) “R885 |" 198.9 | 3,800 ]......Jee...2. 2... 15 153 | 143 «| 17 2,925,856 | 2,394
Se? hae |, 148.2) 2563]... ....|.---2-2.-.-- 193 | 204 | 233 1, 867, 075 5, 788
a 8,483 | 188.7 cot NS SE AS Aen oe 194 203 194 198 2, 400, 127 8, $51
1873... 9,510} 179.7 spe lees 8 eet ee eae 153 16. 173 18% 2, 717, 205 7, 252
Mun i 704) 147.5 | 3,941 |_......).....2.2..2- a Pt 162 | 16g | 2,520,838 4, 299
Seen dtest | 100.6 | 5,193 }_......|.....-....-- 13a, | 13%, | 113¢ | 132 | 2,982,811 4,903
1876...| 11,677 | 167.8| 4,438] 9.0 174,724 | 1 124 | 1034 | 118 | 2,890,738 5,313
epee tet ia |, 16508 | '4,370'| 2... ...|..025..25-25 114 [114 | 108 =| 114 ‘| 3,215,067 6, 064
1878...| 12,344 | 191.2| 5, ne: 192, 515 93 | 11g | 138 | 3,256,746 5, 987
1879...| 14,480 | 181.0 5, 755 10.3 269, 305 | 123 134 11H; 11; 3, 644, 363 7, 096
1880...| 15,951 | 184.5| 6,343] 9.8 289,083 | 113 | 12 10%, | 10% | 4,382,009 8, 900
1881...) 16,711 149.8 ya [ee | ee ae Se 11; 124 127; | 122 3, 480, 792 8, 680
1882...} 16,277 185. 7 6, 957 9.1 275, 513 | 104 10:5 104 112 4, 576, 378 8, 164
1883...| 16,778 | 164.8| 5,701] 9.1 250,977 | 10% | 10% | 114 | 113 | 3,725,145] 14,089
cf.) .2 17, 440 153.8 5, 682 9.2 246, 575 | 1055 115 10H 11 3, 783, 319 10, 231
1885...| 18,301 | 164.4| 6,575] 84| 251,775] 9%, | Me | Ms 4,116,149 | 10, 145
1886...| 18,455| 169.5| 6,446] 81 251,856 | 93; | Qf | 102 | 11ye | 4,338,915 7, 849
1887...| 18,641 | 182.7| 7,020] 8&5 290,901 | 103 | 108 9¢¢ | 104, | 4,528,883] 10,995
1888...| 19,059 | 180.4 | 6,941| 865 2927139 | 93 9 «| «11 113, | 4,770,065] 15,946
1889...| 90,176 | 159.7] 7,473| 85 275,249 | 10k | 104 | 113¢ | 12¢ | 4,943,925] 17,212
1890...} 19,512 | 187.0| 8,674| 86 313,360] 93, |- 9% 8i§ | 5,814,718] 41,818
1891_..| 19,059| 179.4/ 9,018] 7.2 247,633 | 73 een; Tz, | 5,870,440] 57,328
1992...| 15,911} 209.2| 6,664] 8&3 277,194 | 98 | 10 74 744. | 4.424230 | 86, 736
1893...| 19,525 | 149.9| 7,493] 7.0 204,983 | 744 ot 73 72 | 5,366,565] 55,412
1994. ..| 23,688 | 195.3] 9,476] 4.6| 212,335) 5H | 5 63 7% =| 7,034,866 | 98, 664
1895...| 20,185 | 155.6/ 7,161| 7.6) 238,503| 8 ea 8g | 4,670,453 | 110,701
1996...| 23,273 | 184.9| 8,533] 6.7| 296,169] 7% | 7H | 7% 74 | 6,207,510] 103,798
1897...| 24,320 | 182.7| 10,898] 6.7 296,816 | 5t¢ aH Ges | Ge | 7,725,572] 105,321
1898. ..| 24,967) 220.6} 11,1899] 5.7) 315,449] 5§ 64 6} | 7,575,438 | 100,316
1999...] 24,327| 183.8] 9,345] 7.0| 326,215) 74 7j 9 9g | 6,252,451 | 134,797
1900...| 24,933 | 194.4] 10,123| 9.2) 463,310] 92 | 10%, | Sys | 8%, | 6,718,125] 93,263
1901...; 26,774 170.0] 9,510| 7.0 334,088 | 8 83 98 94 | 7,057,949 | 197,431
1902...) 27,175 | 187.3 10, 631 7.6 403, 718 8} 8% 10.75 | 12.15 | 7, 138, 284 149, 749
1903. ..| 27,052 174.3 9, 851 10.5 516, 763 | 11.95 } 14.10 | 12.75 | 13.90 | 6,179, 712 97,681
1904...| 31,215 | 205.9] 13,438] 9.0 603,438 | 6.85 | 9.00] 7.85] 885 | 8,678,644 | 121,017
1905...| 27,110 | 186.6] 10,575] 10.8| 569,791 | 11.65 | 12.60 | 11.25 | 12.00 | 7,268,090 | 141,927
1906...| 31,374 | 202.5] 13,274] 9.6 635, 534 | 10.45 | 11.25 | 11.50 | 12.90 | 9,036,434 | 209, 584
1907...| 29,660 | 179.1] 11,107] 10.4 575, 226 | 11.70 | 12.20 | 10.20 | 11.50 | 7,633,997 | 142, 146
1908...| 32,444 194.9 13, 242 8.7 575,092 | 9.10] 9.35] 10.85 | 11.80 | 8, 895, 970 173, 036
1909...| 30,9388 | 154.3| 10,005| 13.9 697,681 | 14.65 | 16.15 | 14.50 | 16.05 | 6,413,416 | 172,075
1910...| 32,403 | 170.7 11, 609 14.1 820, 407 | 14.80 | 15.25 | 15.35 | 16.15 | 8, 067, 882 227, 537
1911_..| 36,045 | 207.7] 15,693] 8&8 687,888 | 9.20] 9.65 | 11.30 | 11.90 [11,070,251 | 219, 560
1912...) 34, 283 190.9 | 13,703 11.9 817,055 | 12.75 | 13.20 | 11.80 | 12.10 | 9,124 591 243, 7
1913...| 37,089) 182.0] 14,156| 12.2 862, 708 | 12.50 | 13.50 | 12.90 | 14.50 | 9,521, 881 | 246, 694
1914...| 36,832} 209.2] 16,135| 6.8 549.036 | 7.25 | 7.80} 9.50 | 10.40 | 8,807,157 | 370,409
1915...| 31,412] 170.3] 11,192] 11.3 631, 460 | 11.95 | 12.75 | 12.30 | 13.35 | 6,168,140 | 465, 602
1916...| 34,985 | 156.6] 11,450] 19.6 | 1,122,295 | 16.20 | 20.30 | 19.60 | 22.10 | 6,176,162 | 294,123
1917...) 33,841 | 159.7] 11,302) 27.7 | 1,566,198 | 29.85 31.85 | 25.70 | 30.10 | 4,641,023 | 206,651
1918. ..| 36,008 | 159.6 | 12,041 | 27.6 | 1,663,633 | 27.50 | 33.00 | 25.90 | 34.00 | 5,525,894 | 207, 184
1919...| 33,566 | 161.5] 11,421 | 35.6] 2,034,658 | 38.00 | 40. 25 | 40.00 | 43.00 | 7,087,487 | 690,628
1920...) 36,383 | 170.8] 12,987] 14.0 914,590 | 14.50 | 16.70 |.......|..----.|.-.--------]----+--08

1 Bales of 500 pounds, gross weight.

638 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

COTTON—Continued.
TABLE 138.—Cotton: Acreage harvested, by States, 1911-1920.

[Thousands of acres.]

State. 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 —
ee ms i

Virginia............- 43 47 47 45 34 42 44 42 39
North Carolina...... 1,624| 1,545] 1,576] 1,527| 1,282] 1,451| 1,515] 1,600| 1,490] 1,518
South Carolina...... 27800 | 2,695} 2,790| 2,861 | 2.516] 2.780] 2,837] 3,001| 2,835] 2877
Georpis Gacy 2 5,504 | 5,335 | 5,318] 5,433 | 4,825] 5,277] 5,195] 5,341] 5,220] 4 958
lpridia ss So 3 4 188 221 193 191 1 167 103 101
initia eT Te 4,017| 3,730] 3,760| 4,007| 3,340| 3,225] 1,977] 2,570} 2,791| 2,842
Mississippi.......... 3,340 | 2,889] 3,067] 3,054| 2,735] 3,110| 2,788] 3,138) 2,848| 3,024
Louisiana.........-. 1,075 929 | 1,244} 1,299 990 | 1,250] 1,454] 1,683| 1,527| 1,442
Texas). 2. .sisstoe 2 10,943 | 11,338 | 12,597 | 11,931 | 10,510 | 11,400 | 11,092 | 11,233 | 10,476 | 12,576
Arkansas...........- 1,991 | 2,502} 2,480) 2,170| 2,600| 2,740] 2,991] 2, 2, 862
Tennessee. .-......--| 837 783 865 915 772 887} 882 902 758 824
Missouri............ 129 103 112 145 96 133 153 148 125 148
Oklahoma.......-.. 3,050 | 2,665] 3,009| 2,847 1,895| 2,562| 2,783] 2,998| 2,424) 2765
California........... 1 14 47 52 136 | 1173] 1185 1 298
Pet iret: eee yee eS | ae oll eae Pe a ae Lien kB ERE: | een 41 95 107 237
Fs iad Tl tide po aie feeecte re 20/15 25) 15 12 10 21
United States.| 36,045 a oe 36, 832 31, 412 | 34,985 33, S41 36,008 | 38,566 36, 383

1 Lower California (149 acres in 1920, 100,000 acres in 1919, and 88,000 acres in 1918) included in California
figures but excluded from United States totals.

TABLE 139.—Cotton: Production of lint (ercluding linters) in 500-pound gross weight
bales, by States, 1911 to 1920.

[Thousands of bales, as finally reported by U. S. Bureau of the Census.]

|
State. 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 | 1919
|

Wirpinia: -et feos. - 30 24 23 25 16 27 19 25 23
North Carolina. ..... 1,076 866 792 931 699 655 618 898 830
South Carolina...... 1,649 | 1,182] 1,378] 1,534| 1,134 932 | 1,237] 1,570| 1,426
Eg a tink aed ee 2,769 | 1,777] 2,317] 2,718] 1,909 1, 821 1,884 | 2,122) 1,660
WIGHOS ee ase anak 59 81 48 41 38 29 16
Alabama.........--- 1,716 | 1,342] 1,495| 1,751] 1,021 3 518 801 713
Mississippi.......... 1,204 | 1,046| 1,311 | 1,246 954 812 905 | 1,226 961
Louisiana.........-.. 385 376 444 449 341 443 639 298
Moxdg. WL ey 2 4,256 | 4,880] 3,945| 4,592] 3,227| 3,726] 3,125] 2,697] 3,099
Arkansas...........- 939 792 | 1,073} 1,016 816 | 1,134 974 987 884
Pentiesseos 3. 622.5 =- 450 277 379 384 303 382 240 330 310
Missorrl. .... 2encn 97 56 67 82 48 63 61 62 64
Okishoms.- 2) *" 20: 1, 022 1,021 840 1, 262 640 823 959 577 1, 016
CAltoriin. 5225 5pee 10 8 23 50 | 29 44 58 67
Rrivong 2.2 oe ee een baleen eek adler naka telaane corte Pee he, eee 22 56 60
AD Detiee fos ee | 7 3 10 14 7 14 5 6 5

United States .| 15,693 | 13,703 | 14,156 | 16,135 | 11,192 | 11,450 | 11,302 | 12,041 | 11, 421

t Includes 75,000 bales estimated grown in Lower California, not included in United States totals.

%

a

639

Statistics of Cotton.

COTTON—Continued.

TaBLE 140.—Cotton: Extent and causes of yearly crop losses, 1909-1919.

AV OER BOO]!
rm | Sisaa sida deal |e
BAe ANH AMA | A
*poas GaTpoayjacT eo + gen »
a = - _
*sysod _ BAARKRH aa a> >
sjsod yeurruy awe SS eeee PPD
VYOAOMm NOMw one |r
‘sysed joasuy liatalecca: MRE | me
Rg eet aren
Browne AaNWO WHN | ©
“OSBORTD JULI gle <aets es "tt | of
BANWA MOAN BOO]

‘OPPBUTT| [BIOT,

waees Side anal

BwwOMAD SCHWA Mat] Dr
“suLIOIg IRS OER La Sat
&
Prono nowtn ooo! o
“SPULM JO} ee ng 2 Ba NR FAG]
BARCrR Kato BM]
‘eH “hg al ae
Booot OMnO MAS | +
*aZd0TJ 10 JSOLT os * te) An]
&

POMMH SMWON _ AH °
Spoo, a ed ot Ow OD Oe a
‘amy Oe ee Se ee
“STOUT dA TSS9OX 3] MS AS WANK Ais | +
“on ppc hiner oe ap aie
-sjour juapped | V@VARS ENR CARS
TAG ir trae TSEC :
Hees i Ap ce Xm Sadeeuil
Parner oye ean eC IED
awe moh vat Se + wet te ae
are Seat Be WY Sepout as
Spin PON eather ast? BOL Lit eoeta
nigaveis pane ata Sud eee
P Neches Pye si
8 Des far ars aR LARS Seam te
a Ole a ae ae sao Gr ane te
pm a ele See ieae ee ad ca ae ees
¢f iatcupis ete TR Ne We Tet fy ell

Reo Toree a hn edie 1cuspis

ook he RR fede © rete

OODr~O WHOA aes

Se than imal etm thomn thal mao)

PAAR BAAR aD

Sn on oe oe) Seer ae

1 Less than 0.05 per cent.

TaBLE 141.—Cotton: Condition of crop, United States, monthly, 1899-1920.

[Prior to 1901 figures of condition relate to first month following dates indicated.]

D> Ot AD DH tH et

igeddeseedag

CMA 15 Ser et Gr Se Oa

‘SORRRERKRROT

A,

= LR AHOONHMOON
5 Sscedésonrigsoncoiss
As (DO DOR KO ROR
me ay

Fart) sp ate ee el
sot Rel es
aegevsrsdss

OR CR) SOUR a Sear

0 5p) a) Net Sol eae

640 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

7

COTTON—Continued.

TABLE 142.—Cotton: Yield per acre, price per pound Dec. 1, and value per acre, by States.

Yield per acre (pounds of lint).

1914 | 1915 | 1916 / 1917
: '

Farm price per pound
ts).

1918 119 | 1920
j

10-year average, |
1911-1920.

State. & /

-~c

eS

a7 | 1911 | 1912

prog F

\s5

ae i |

=
Vass. 256 get) 225
N.C...| 258) -315) 260
§.C..-| 231 215
Ga.....| 185 189
Fla... 114 120
Ala... 151 146
Miss...) 168 167
i ee 163 165
Tex....; 158) 147
Ark... 185) 180
Tenn. 191 188
Mo....| 256 240
Okla..| 168 162
Calif...| 364 380
Ariz... WA, Soo Ska lee Sab ect sae lees

BESS BSSRR SRRAN
oonw NAINNO Crome s100

1916) 1917}1918)1919 1920

—
Value
cay dollars).! .

BS

CMON DNAHS CADE

Ee RRR HE
Rope ee
Noo SCwnne

NS

NBN
BEE SRES
BBRRE

&

5-year average
yT015-1919.
g

SB BRESE

1 Based upon farm price Dec. 1.

TaBLE 143.—Cotton: Farm price, cents per pound on Ast of each month, 1911-1920.

1919 | 1918

Date /

oe. Ve oo eet eo 5.9 28.7) 28.9 17.1 11.4 6.6
Ce a ee ee 36.2 | 24.9) 20.7) 168] 1L5 7.4
Mar st St ee 36.2, 24.0) 30.2} 15.9] 11.1 7.4
pe ee Bey ee ee eee 37.3 | 24.5! 31.8] 180) 11.5 8.1
TN ae es ee oe at Se 37.7 | 26:0{ 285) 189] 11.5 9.1
WANG U2 ee ie 37.2 29.5)| 27.4] 20.2] 12.2 8.6
PUG Wes seek ecko tas 37.4.) 31.1) 286] 247] 12.5 8.6
gS a Be a ree ee 36.8 | 32.5) 27.8) 24.3) 126 &1
Ly ee eR od 31.1); 30.3 322] 23.4) 14.6 8&5
ee Ee Ans eee 25. 5 31.3 31.8 23.3 15.5 11.2
PAUP Alcs) = oe eee 19.4 | 36.5] 29.3] 27.3] 180] 11.6
BIGGS Lives tne an eee 14.0; 35.6|. 27.6] 27.7) 19.6] 11.3

Avertase «2: 2374. 31.4 | 29.4] 22.7 5. .7

Ft et et et

PENS PHNPHL SPE

PDwOn~] REN OOO

1914 | 1913 | 1912 | 1911

12.2
11.9
11.8
11.8

11.6
11.5

al alla om _
PES .PLlPm
CKNce HHDOe

Aver-

Pe et
Sere SERE
ROnwm NKROW COW

PES

=
vs
~

641

Statistics of Cotton.

C8 “9% G6°SS =| OF "GE | OF “ET 26°9% | OOO | OO'FT | $9°SZ | 00 ‘OF 0G “ET Tr°lLZ | SL°Eh | OS ‘PT [°° ° “AvqQuIed0q-Alnys
CL “ST gO°ST | GL°ST | OS'ST | SL°FT | OO'ST | OO'FT | OFT OS ’sT | 89°ST | OL’OT O02 FL. a cae ks ie ola 40q U1900 (T
“ST TO‘ST | SZ‘TS | SL°ST | BLT'ST | OO'TZ | 00°ST $9 “LT OO’ST | 9L‘8T ONS |O8 GT nae veeeeeee “JOQUIBA0 N
S'S TOSS | GL°CS | OO'TZ | O9'TZ | 00'9G | 00°02 16 ‘0% CL’8T bLaG, «| 969s. 1 08°06 | 787" ite 4990490
6F “SZ TO'8G | SL‘O€ | SL°es | S6'OE | OO'EE | OO'LS | FE°LZ OOmee BS 206) OSCE: | O9'GR* oo ee“ <* Joquieydeg
9€ “SE TI8"8€ | OO'LE | OF ‘OE | 6E°9E | OS ‘GE | OS ‘SE | 8O'FE OTiGGasleee soe sO Ore. | Se bee lay aoe) o ei eaoe Po ysnany
CO TF £08 |.09°68 |0E'Le | 29°6E | OO'OF | OS '6E | OF '6E QL Ser OG tras Cres |: SE BRr a ea 4 Pa ee a se Amn
———S= —————— | —$—<——_—_———} ;—_______—__} —
CL ‘OF OL‘IF | OS'S | OS'SE | 9S'OF | OOS | OO'6E | ZF‘OF OF RUS ICEtORe | So er || SO°285 jc. 8 ouny—Arenue
CL ‘IF LL°68 | OO'IF | OF*8E | LL°OF | OO'TF | OO'OF | OF OF OSNGRe SC BB OU Oban ISL SLG ol a to kp anne: seat oe aune
LS “I¥ SO'lr | OO'Z | OS‘OF | Sh'IF | OO'CF | OC 'OF | 8Z°OF QOL OF Pec. Leen O00 SER a. | 00" Obra cea dares wheke mek eee AB
So TF 66 ‘SP | OS'S | OOTP | SO'TF | OO'@F | OO'LF | Th'IF QOL Sacer VSGer. WSC ER® | a geste | hp
ZE ‘OF Lo'@F | So‘sh | OS'Th | Z0‘OP | OS ‘OF | OD'6E | OL ‘OF GOOF 1 SE VEs | SorSh WSR OF - (5° ~ ee we oe pe EL
SF “6E QO°IF | S2‘°Zh | OO'OF | LT‘6E | OS'OF | 00°6E | OF'6E OUERGsa-O2 wee |POb Oye Ce eee aa) o eoeeeee “*-"* Kieniged
FS “6E IS ‘Gh | GL°OR | SZ‘er | FE'OW | OF 'OF | 00°OF | 82 ‘OF COS mal LoLOGum ae Cee |CGe Steele ig Tale as sree" KIVNUB
Sa ee | ‘0Z6T
60 “FE ce‘9g | 00'S | Of 62 | L8°SE | OO'EF | OO'OE | 80'SE Q0°6Z | ST’Se | OS ‘OF | 3°82 |" ape IL Jaquiedeq-Ayn¢
¥6 "8 B'6Z | OSE | SL°9Z | 09'°8S | GL°ZE | OS'9Z | 6E°SZ GS°SS | 26S | SHE | 00'S [TT Nae
“6161
29 ‘OE ec'ig | ce'9s | 82°92 | SO°TE | 0O'SE | 00°62 | 09’0E OS*LGs neesZe Ors. OFS Wis Jaqurese {Any
29 TE SI°TE | SLES | SS°LZe | LH‘TE | OS FE | 00°6S | ZZ'TS OO88S: 9S “TEs | OO78E) OL SG 85s = bw Sac tae
“ST
92°92 | 0070S | 00°02 | 8E°9S | SE°OE | OZ‘TZ | 6L°9% | 00°OE | 00°ZZ | 10°9z S1°0G | 26°26 | SBTE | 0CTS | Joquiese q-Ajne
GS 0G £92 FST | SF°6T | OS°9S | OS FT | S¢°6T | 00°9% | COLT | 9E°6T OSS OTLB Le | OreGas i Osinrbeeli me cca Fd tani
“LT
Fe “OT foz | OO°ST | FO'9T | GS*0Z | SO°ST | 6S°9T | 0S'0S | ZT‘eT | LZ°9T 00 ET TOPOL yO 0se (OG cos em cass we “raquiedeq~=Ajne
61st | 00°ET SI | COS | GLT | SRIT | O8'ZE | Gest | Se°rT | 8o"zt eT IT Te°Zr =| SPST OG Sa atc cdely a ah
“O16T
¥e OT $1 48 PL°OL | O9°ZT | 09'S 09°OT | SZC | 29°8 69°0T 0¢°8 TO°IT | SL°ZE | 06°8 § |°"°"""*"* > “requiedeq-Ajne
69°8 6 BL 26°8 OT ‘OT EL ge's 0¢ 6 59 $9'8 £2 16°6 OB" ORF. |O6 25 th ate sont ane eee
“CT6T
69'S Fer i? 8L°8 Ser fo | ¢9°8 EST f9 | 29°8 9F°6 =| SS'EI | Sa°L |77777 7777" “raquaeoaq-Alne¢
€T °&T er CL | ZL‘8L | 00°FT $2 | 28'S EEL | 0O'ST | LT°ST Che eOL oben OOP he NOG Cho lic ar oe seamen eunr-Arenuey
“syuag | ‘squaQ | “SpUaD | “syUaD | “syWaD | *SZUaD | “STUD | “SpUAD | “SyUaD | *szUIaD “sqUag | “squag | “sqUuaD | *s7UaD “PI6T
‘PAV | ‘USI | “MOT | OAV | ‘G8tH | “MOT | “JOAYV | “YSIH | “MOT | ‘IOAY “MOT | “JOAY | ‘WStH | “OT
DORE ee La =e ee Sees ‘aqeq
“MOysoTIByO *YBUURABS *MOJSBATBY) “stydureyy *SUBOTIO MON *yI0X MON
[saoded jerosourm0o wor) poptdurog]

‘0261-4161 ‘punod sod ‘punjdn buypprw fo awd burso)) :won09—'PFT ITAV A,
‘penut}woo—NOLLOO

30702°—yBx 1920-41 **

642 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

COTTON—Continued.

TasBLe 145.—Cotton: International trade, calendar years 1909-1919.

[Expressed in bales of 500 pounds gross weight or 478 pounds net. The figures for cotton refer to ginned
and unginned cotton and linters, but not to mill waste, cotton batting, scarto (Egyptian and Soudan).
Wherever unginned cotton has been separately stated in the original reportsit has been reduced to ginned
ss 2 a statement at the ratio of 3 pounds unginned to 1 pound ginned. See “‘General note,”

able 112.

EXPORTS.
. ! |
Country. | aeaenees |. 1914 | 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
1,000 | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1
From— her! tibetan | bitce. | “betes | ‘Baten, | baie ean
_ oS eee, ae PS Ty RR RING ea eR 4 51
== pane ape eat 83 140 24 27 12 56
British India... .--.............- 1,966 | 2,791| 2,103| 2118| 1,663 819} 1,528
Gen. — 2 * S22 eee 240 188 202 7 232 360 299
Mayet). 2.2) a2. poe Lene 1,442} 1,225] 4,430| 1,122 844| 1,040 1,390
i pe nainy coal oo 316 199 38 11 85 29 82
Gernmany-2.S. 3. Ett se p37 Beers Seer eee eee ees fr
Netherlands. ............-...--- 145 | lll 181 ry eres 4
Beein Doyo) te SS eee 118 | 405 |e c00 Sere | ct el ee a ees
Wea 87 | 106 97 112 80 99 193
United States... _-- 9,008} 6,873| 9,126| 7,626| 5,180| 4,431 7, 045
Other countries 169 | 140 4 69 37 | .Jececoee
7 Ween eee Ee eee ae 13,965 | 11,878 | 13,667) 11,429 | 8,180 | . 6,837 |cueeeeeee
! | |
IMPORTS.

Into—

United Kingdom...............
payout Go ee ee

1 Does not include statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war Pag
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not strictly
parable during that period.

2 Year beginning Mar. 21.

Statistics of Cottonseed and Cottonseed Oil. 643
7 COTTONSEED.

, ‘TABLE 146.—Cotton seed: Production, by States, 1911-1920.

[Thousands of tons, 1911-1919, as reported by the United States Bureau of the Census.]

State. } 1911 1912 | 1913 | 1914 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 19291
/ jy (aE AG :
| | }

oe, 24, 13 11 | 10 1) 7 12 8 11 | 10 8

North Carolina...... 473| 383| 351| 412| 310| 290| 273| 398| 368| 37
South Carolina...... | 732; 596| 613}; 682| 504] 414| . 550] 699| 633 680
Gemeia. uc... 1,246 798] 1,038| 1,217; 360| 826| 347| 947| 736| 622
RR rcs, |. 28 31 43 27 26 25 17 g | 3
Alabama............ 762; 596| 664| 778| 453| 236| 230| 356| 316| 293
Mississippi.......... | 535| 465) 583| 553| 424] 361|/ 402] 545] 427 394
| re | i71| 167| 197| 200| 151 197| 284| 261/ 132 169
a | 1,893 | 2,171) 1,755| 2,043| 1,436| 1,658| 1,390| 1,199| 1,379| 1,871
Arkansas........... 418 352/477 | 7451 | 504| 7432| 439) 7393 516
Tennessee.......---- 200/ 123| 169/° 171| 135]. 170| 107| 147| 128 133
Missouri... . 2.22222! 43| 25 30 36 21 2} 27| 2] 28 33
Oklahoma.......... | 454] 454] 373] 561| 285) 366) 425| 256] 452 57
All other............ 8 5 14 2) 8616 25) 39 57| 54 89
United States. 6,997 | 6,104 6,305 7,186 4,992 5,113 | 5,040 | 5,360 | 5,074| 5,778

1 Preliminary.

TABLE 147.—Cottonseed: Value, by States, 1911-1920.

[Thousands of dollars.]

State. / 1911 | 1912 1913 1914 | 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 | 1920!
: | | |
_ CD a 250 240 260 | 240 260 640 550 740 740 187
North Carolina...... 9,140 | 8,460} 9,130 8,900 | 11,470 | 15,580 | 18,630 | 26,810 | 27, 349 10,138
South Carolina j355e8 12,590 | 11,150 | 15,750 14,190 | 18,400 | 22,760 | 38, 200 | 47,550 | 47, 460 15,630
Geor; Sockets -----| 21,060 | 16,360 | 25,120 | 24,580 | 31,730 | 45,980 | 58,660 | 64,170 | 55, 260 16,807
Fl Pass ectctsth 490 650 — 740 5 1,240 | 1,600 1,130 530 | 2
Alabama. Satweecasse 13, 870 | 11,620 | 15,600 14,700 | 16,720 | 12, 880 | 15,910 | 23,910 | 23, 020 | 7,333
Mississippi So 9, 360 | 10,140 | 13,060 | 10,340 | 14, 540 | 18, 840 | 26,900 | 35, 340 28, 109 9,332
Louisiana........... 3,080 | 3,290] 3, 640 3,720 | 4,830 | 9,740 | 18,080 | 16,650) 8, 660 4,156
Jo Se ae 30, 670 | 37,120 | 36,150 | 31,260 | 42,070 | 75,940 | 89,290 | 74,670 | 82,640 |. 37,427
MWAGSAS. 22+ 5...... 6,980 | 7,040 | 9,250 7,670 | 12,380 | 25,330 | 28,420 | 28,240 | 24, 880 11,359
Tennessee san ee 3,620 | 2,820; 4,140 | 3,130/ 4,730] 8,770) 7,090 9,440 9, 210 3,435
Minsonr 22-5... 980 550 640 | 790 660 1,460 | 1,730} 1,760; 2,040
Oklahoma...-...... 7,260 | 7,950] 7,650 | 8,190 | 8,720 | 18,970 | 26,310 | 15,920 | 27,130 10,271
Lug 140 100 310 | 500 540 940 | 2,180} 3,160) 3, 460 1,321
United States .|119, 800 lz, 330 (141,350 128, 950 67, 900 |259, 070 333, 550 (249, 490 340,470 | 128,455

1 Preliminary.

TABLE 148.—Cottonseed: Farm price per ton on 15th of each month, 1911-1920.

|

Date. 1920 | 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914 | 1913 | 1912 1911 | Ave

| : ge.

| | /
am | | | ie

Jan. 15....-| $69.88 | $64.93 | $67.51 | $52.53 | $36.85 | $19.14 | $22.70 | $21.98 | $16.57 | $26.35 | $39.54
Feb. 15..... 69.34 | 64.65, 66.95| 51.43) 36.75 23.33 | 23.37 | 22.01 | 16.81 | 2561] 40.02
Mar. 15..... 67.18 | 64.00) 68.27| 53.18 | 36.56| 22.32) 23.60] 21.55/ 1821/ 25.49] 40.04
tS or 68.71 | 64.28 | 68.08| 55.94) 3813| 22.69 | 2417] 21.89| 1862) 2612) 40.86
May 15..... 69.88 | 63.83 | 68.16 | 55.61| 37.91| 22.07| 23.56] 21.88| 19.21) 2546| 4076
June 15..... 66.16 | 63.80| 66.03 | 57.19| 35.79| 20.82] 23.62] 21.54| 1924| 23.38] 39.76
July 15.....| 61.64] 6424 |) 6411/ 56.90| 36.06| 20.05/ 2278] 21.37) 19.04) 2270] 3889
Aug. 15..... 43.22} 66,23] 61.34] 56.61 | 35.22] 20.14] 20.16] 20.24! 18.02/ 20.45] 36.16
Sept. 15..... 29.96 | 62.13 | 67.90 | 57.58| 41.13| 20.98| 13.88] 2107 17.61) 1809] 35.03
Oct. 15.....| 2894] 66.95) 65.85] 65.02| 47.19| 33.73] 15.28] 2201} 1804| 16.73| 37.97
Nov. 15..... 26. 72.65 | 64.97 | 69.38| 55.82| 34.01 | 14.01] 22.46| 1857] 16.69/| 39.46
Dee. 15..... 19.83 | 69.07 | 65.05| 6829| 56.35| 35.54) 17.73 | 23.48) 21.42] 16.70| 39.35

644 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

COTTONSEED OIL.
TABLE 149.—Cottonseed oil: International trade, calendar years, 1909-1919.

[See ‘‘ General note,”’ Table 112.]}

EXPORTS.

Count | Average, 1914 1915 |

cara 1909-1913.

Sees | ee tt 8 eee
1,000 1,000 1,000 -
From— gallons. | gallons. | gallons.

BGISWD? - oo565 52 -oo nope eae 1A ee es See Pee eee Pi aes

Ghina. 56 )> ee 981 | °2)961 |” ~°3;303
Beypt.. 35.52... Jeet 476 491 1, 253
RYATING 2 So 3... Ste 335 124 147
Netherlands......./...-..------| 52 143| 4,265
United Kingdom............-.- |. 7,189} 8213] 7,827
United States............-..-.-.| 38,968] 28.841] 46,992
Other countries. .225....2 30. << / 44 323 436
‘Totek- 3-2 eee | 48,431 | 40,396 | 63,223

Sweden. nc. s..ee das 2-t ee ae
United Kingdom............... 5, 899

Other countries..............+.- | 4, 191 :
Well: o. 5- tac gochnaen oe 44,498 | 29,027 49,962 |
|

1 Does notinclude statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war period,
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics ofimports and exports for allcountries are not strictly com-
parable during that period.

2 Less than 500 gallons.

* Year beginning Apr. 1.

> wis Sale

7M

eee

at ta sat a be

Statistics of Tobacco. 645

TOBACCO.

TasLe 150.—Tobacco: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1919.

1909- | 1917

NORTH AMERICA,

MWnited States............---
[pan py ta te ei

Canada:
RUBODOES Wy occnn soe'n wooes
Ui rh yh ell eee

Dominican Republic........
Guatemala..................

SOUTH AMERICA.
Col yd ae 2 er
zil

Wetherlands. =. --...........
US

ee

wee eee ee

ee

i

British India................

Li Sees

Dutch East Indies:
Java and Madeira.......
Sumatra, East coast of. .!

Japanese Empire:

Philippine Islands..........
Russia, Asiatic..............

OCEANIA.

eee eee

See twee eee eee

Area. Production.

1918

isi9 | 260! | 1917 1918

te aa nds. nds
acr‘s. | pounds.| pounds. | pounds.
1,911 | 996, 176 | 1, 249, 608 | 1, 439, 071
diet £5 12, 700 9,409 | ” 17,196

22| 6,262
9| 8,372

31 | 14,634

Mesevesat | SIUM lanes seerelusoceucrccsleweotdadadoleccecsonce

es
es ee

Wc IEAS FE Re ON eee | 761,233 | 63,165 | 57,195
11,684 | 19,841 | 21) 164

91, 766 83,544 | 107,474

107, 868 | 135, 705 |” "124, 555

27 43] 23,974| 35,274] 33,069| 31,658
(*) (°) 259 377 484 617
109 6| 2,416| 14136] 104 701 2, 553
3 5 901 uf 954 if 620 1
Se NS 13, 789 7,000} 14,931 12) 429
1 | --0-- 1, 837 335 400 | Siar.
|

1 Five-year average except in a few cases where five-year statistics were unavailable.

2 Unofficial . 3

® Excludes Alsace-Lorraine.

® Less than 500 acres.

State of Bahia.

4 Old boundaries. 5 New boundaries.

7 Excludes eastern Macedonia. 8 Former Kingdom and Bessarabia.

10 Cultivated by the Europeans. 1 Southern Rhodesia.

646 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TOBACCO—Continued.
TABLE 151.—Tobacco: World production so far as reported, 1900-1915.

} ; I |
Year. Production. Year. Production. | Year. Production. | Year. Production.

|

Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds.
1900...... 2, 201, 193, 000 i 1904... 2, 146,641,000 | 1908... - 2,382,601,000 1912....| 1,274,319,000
[elle 2,270, 213, 000 || 1905. ...| bese 000 | 1909.__- 2,742, 500, 000 1913... 2, 149, 258, 000
1902... ..- 2) 376, 054; 000 || 1906... 2, 270, 298, 000 1910...) 2,833 "729, 000 | 1914...., 2,254,087,000
1908.-2.-<3 2,401, 268, 000 | 1907.) 2,391, 061. 000 Bice S, 2) 566, 202; 000 1915...) 2,153,395,000

i ! !

'
TABLE 152.—Tobacco: Acreage, production, value, condition, etc., in the United States,
1849-1920.

Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of
Agriculture. Estimates of acres are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease
to the published acreage of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage
estimates whenever new census data are available.

; ;
/ Aver- Domestic | Imports Condition of growing
Farm
| eee: | sane | issoacek Mudie (ake eet ferme =
Year. (60 | yield tion pe price Maan factured, | tured, | When
omi per | omitted).' per L scal year fiscal year
| ted). | acre. | ound wae} beginning beginning > muy Aug. | eee!
| Dee. 1. ; July 1 July 1. vested,
ave Acres.| Lbs Pounds, Cts. Dolls | Pounds. | Pounds. | P.ct. ae at Poets
aaa ia peaeag ies Phe rs Eas MARIS UNTER ARNON TNE RE
ee ee ty eee Jae Se wet tee Ss so oe lace braced
1879...) 639°\739:7 | 478, 661 |... Soe, 7 “Bagh Pears Teena oe Bee fr ae Bee
1889 > 21) G05 | 70816 t S88 857-152 2ce pes BREE SO ee ik oes Bete: treeste
1590. -"3| 2,301 | 788. 5 | 868,218.) "7ia) GAME oe eee Hi. ee
1900...) 1,046 | 778.0} 814,345 and 53,661 | 315,787, 782 | 36, 851,253 88.5 | 82.9|77.5| 76.1
1901...-| 1,039 | 788.0} 818,953) 7.1 58,283 | 301,007,365 | 29,428,837 | 86.5 | 72.1 78.2) 81.5
1902... -| 1,031 707.3| 821,824 | 7.0 57,564 | 368,184,084 | 34,016,956 | 85.6 81.2|81.5| 84.1
1903 ....| 12038 | 786.3 | 815,972|/ 6.8) 55,515 | 311,971,831 | 31, 162, 636 | 85.1 82.9 | 83.4] 823
1904. 806 819.0) 660,461 8.1 53,383 | 334,302,091 | 33,288,378 85.3 83.9 83.7| 85.6
|
1905....) 776 815.6) 633,034 8.5 53,519 | 312,227,202 | "41,125,970 87.4 | $4.1 | 85.1| 85.8
1906...-| 796 | 857.2| 682429 | 10.0 68,233 | 340, 742,864 | 40,808,807 | 86.7 | 87.2 | 86.2| 84.6
1907.---| 821 | 850.5| 698,126) 10.2) 71,411 | 330,812,658 | 35,005,131 | 81.3 | 82.8 82.5| 84.8
1908... 8 820.2 718, 061 10.3 | 74,130 | 287,900,946 43,123,196 | 86.6 85.8 | 84.3) 84.1
1909....| 1295 | 815.3 | 1,055,766 10.1 106,599 359, 186, 070° “46, 853, 389 89.8 | 83.4 | 80.2 | 81.3
19101...! 1,366 | 807.7! 1,103,415| 9.3 / 102, 142 | 355,327,072 | 48,203,288 | 85.3 | 78.5 | 77.7| 80.2
1911... .| 1,013 | 893.7 00! 9.4| 85,210 | 379,845,320 | 54,740.380 72.6 | 68.0/ 71.1) 80.5
1912....| 1,226 785.5| 962,855 10.8 | 104,063 | 418.796,906 | 67,977,118 | 87.7| 82.8| 81.1] 81.8
1913... -| 1,216 | 784.3 | 953,734 12.8 122,481 | 449,749,982 | 61,174,751 | 82.8 | 78.3 | 74.5| 76.6
1914....| 1,224 | 845.7 | 1,034,679 9.8 | 101,411 | 348,336,091 45, 764,728 | (66.0 | 68.5) 71.4)" 81.8
| RR | eae || aa | dma | ae
Ba hen ses |tasen | 0 us| evar Garis a t\ee let) ge
1 Seep ; “ : é ' | 7 r . .
1919....| 1,911 | 761.3 | 1,454,725 | 39.0 | 566,709 | 648,037,655 | 94,005, 182 ) 83.6 | 75.1 | 71.8| 73.6
1 Ws, O04 | i. T | BIS SOE |. sot cece cchbe cence | $4.3 | 84.1) 84.6) 83.3

1920....| 1,894 | 796.1

1 Figures adjusted to census basis.

TaBLE 153.—Tobacco: Acreage, production, and total farm value, by States, 1920.

| 4 Farm Sedieel ; ) Farm value

State. Acreage.| Production. Dec. 1 | State. Acreage. Production. Dec. 1.

2 — oe oa ‘ a

Acres. Pounds. | “Dollars. Acres. | Pounds. | Dollars.
Massachusetts.| 10,200} 15,810,000 | 6,419,000 | Ohio......... /~ 63,000 60,480,000 7,862,000
Connecticut... 24,400 | 36,112,000 | 12,639,000 | Indiana...... / 20,000} 18,000,000} 2,520,000
New York....| 2,400 3,072,000 $29, 000 } Ilinois y acnc he bien 700 “4 a8, 9 ia on

Pennsylvania.) 40,000| 60,400,000 | 12,080,000 || Wisconsin... ’ re k y Rony
Maryland... 35,000 | 307625,000 | 87881/000 || Missouri....... 6,000) — 6,000,000) 1,980,000
Virginia....... 243,000 | 177,390,000 | 42,574,000 | Kentucky....| 550,000 | 467,500,000 | 70,125,000
West Virginia.| 13,000! 10,400,000 | 2,600,000 |, Tennessee..... 117,000 ) 85, 410, 000 1, 082, 008
x Sorte -| Se | seas sae teu: ge | "aston | ala

arolina... , 950, 10,042, : - {

Georgia.......| 26,700| 16,020,000 | 5,927,000 || Arkansas..... on 490,000 | __— 1,
Florida........| 4,200 4,620,000 | 2,218,000 || U.S... 1,894,400 1,508,064,000 318,359 0CO

647

*T ‘ooqy dorid univ wodn peseg 1

ics of Tobacco.

Statist

CO'SOT | B8"SST | TIS | O'6E | 0'8% Love | ast | sar 1962 | gtoz | z-eze | rece | o-ots | #924 | 2-ons | sz | o-esz | 2-868 | ocgIs fp 907819 Poza,
oo9at | s2-ztt | o'1e | orse | ose | zee |ooe }o'1e | 009 | ozs | 002 | 002 | 00g | 009 | 019 | 099 | 099 | 009 | S819 [eee ieee SUSUBYIY
00002 | z6°est | 0'0F |o'co | 0'So |orce | ose | F's | 009 | Fer | Oz [ose | och | OCP | OOF | OS | OOF | OSH | LTR vUBISINOT
oooss | 067021 | ose | o'0e |0-0e |o-ce |o'oe | o'te | 009 | og | 002 | oe | 008 | 00S | 002 | O0L | 092 | 00L | TED rrr vureqUly
00°9eT | So'set.| oon | tse | F1e | oct | tor | ret | oez | ots | 008 | org | 008 | 092 | 028 | 0% | 099 | OTIS | ee dessouud |,
og221 | Fest | ovst | ese | e:9% | 0's | 2°2t | SST | O98, | Oks, | 096 | 006 | 006 | O18 | O16, | O94 | OBL, | O88 | SEB Want diae ota i Ayonquay
oo-ore | 96°90z | ovee | ove | O'se | zc1e | ost | Z'6t | 000‘ | O00‘T | 006 | OF6 | 096 | 006 | 00Z‘T | 059 | O00'T |} O08 | FG = | TINOssT yy
geeze | op'zet | ores | eee | oct | geet | oer | ovst | gva‘t | oze‘t | ose‘T | ooo‘t | o22‘t | 06 | ott | ost‘T | o6z‘t | ose ‘t | ort [oor tr TTI TISMOOST AA
oc 'zez | OTT | OTE; 00S | OUT | O'et | Oot |O'FT | Ose | 092 | 092 | 008 | 0S | 098 | 08L | OO | 092 | OSL | G92 Seapets? Besa |)!
00921 | 2z'e01 | o'#E | zee | 2:02 | 00s | o'st | 23t | 006 | 008 | 026 | 056 | 086 | Or | 006 | OSL | 008 | O16 | ee eee "oo" eueIpuy
og Pt | Soest | ovet | 278 | Scer | ose | Ost | OST | 096, | 098 | 086 | 096, | 096, | 006 | 006, | OGL, | 026 | 826 OTE, ee eeeeeeeeee “O14
oo'seg | ez Tee | ose | SS | OOF [ous | Oe | 8°ZE | OOT‘T | 096 | 096 | OOT‘T | OTZ'T | O16 | OOO T | OOO T | OFS | OF6 | TOOT a epHolg
oo-zez | zF-e1¢ | ozs | ote | oor |oze | owe | 9:28 | 009 | oes | 008 | oo0't | ost‘t | oss | 000‘ | 000‘ | 08 [006 | eB TT 813.1004)
ose | ercser | occt | g-zz | te | te |ost joer [oso | zzz |oze | ots | ozo [oss | of | 09% | 002 | O18 | 069 fe. BUT[OIeD YINOS
96901 | Tr'ter | sez | oceg | tse |e-te |o-oz | Fez | 099 | 919 | So. | oe jos? |0z9 | 09 | 029 | 020 | OTL | eP9 ee vaTfore) YIION
00°00z | o2°80z | 0°sz | aos | 9°98 | 0°92 | O'ST | S*0Z | 008 | 002 | OZ | 008 | 06 | O48 | O28 | 089 | O9L | OSL | OBL Se Jee
O2'S2T | 29°99T | OF | FF | O'2Z | Sos | OPT | eer | OL | CLF | OLL | O0L | O89 | OSL | 089 | O44 | 009 | OOS | GOL ; “* BIOyAILA
cxeoe | erect | 0'6e | o-0g Soros | oroe jorot | orst |azs, | ozo, | oes, | ez, | Ole, | OFL, | 008, | OFZ, | 099, | Cee, | OL, eee eee erm puvlArey
oo-zoe | #2°902 | O'0Z JOLT |O'wE | o's | ZH | Ger | OTS<T | Oze‘T | OIE | OOF | ODE{T | OSE IT | OSF T | 00% T | OSF T | OCF T |) SEC el. eruva[Asuued
oo sre | s8'2Iz | Oe | o-ze | Ost jor | Ost | 6ST | OBBIT | O6Z'T | O9Z'T | OSZ/T | OBI | 002 T | OOF T | O20 I | OOF I | OE T | SFE T aGRS eis. od eee yO X MON
00st | 0621s | o-ce | Sor | o'r | ¥'8e | O-zz | Z'6z | O8F‘T | O9S‘T | OOS‘T | OOFT | OEO{T | OSEIT | OLL IT | OSS T | OOL T | G29, T | EET eee ynoyjoeuTI0D
oe-6z9 | zoek | 9'0F | Sor | OOF | F'8e | OSs | 2°8Z | OSS‘T | OFG‘T | OOS‘T | COFT | O99'T | OOT'T | OZ T | OSS T | COLT | OF9 T | OFS T rresarressssss"- Sq, 9ST OUSse
“6161 “0261 “0261
ocer |, 5°08 | ozer | eter | stor | eter | oret lagdlSt,| oer | rer | ster | Lt6r | 9T6T | Ste | FrGT | €TOT | ZrET | IT6I Pals
Ieos-¢ Iva k-9] Iea-OT ‘aqeig
v(szetlop ) *(squ90) punod sad sorid weg *(spunod) o108 red plorA

e108 Jed on[BA

we te A ae ee 3 5 ell eee SSS SS a

‘sang fq ‘avon sad anqoa pup ‘Tt ‘vag punod sad aod ‘ion dad pjarx /ooonqo—"PST ATAV],

“penurywog—ONO0VAOL

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920,

648

TOBACCO—Continued.

TasBLe 155.—Tobacco: Extent and causes of yearly crop losses, 1909-1919.

*poos oatqoajacT
‘sysod [eum

“sysed qoosuy

ree aa Se
BAO 1D Hed | 00
MUP IML | Sets dad gas | x
BAAN SHON Ini] oo
“suLI0}g pee RELY ae

‘IH

“0Z001J PUB 4SO1iT

"Spoo[yf |

Bown ANr~O ano] r
*OINISTOUL OATSSOOXGT a “ahd BO OWS | od
r BOOM AnMo mon |
OINISTOUL FUOTOYOCT . OGidrm Batis | od
R re re
He ee a OR eat
‘ ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘
: ee ee eer
ee ok cs eee
by emer Rec Ceo 8
‘ +o : hag ea amg |
ete ag eee:
waa igs
et ret et a
AMnD nD
See ree

1 Less than 0.06 per cent.

649

Statistics of Tobacco.

“OZ6T ‘s8ny por oUY puL Yup ‘GIGT PUB STGT JO [TB pus ‘oatsnpour ‘27161 “aqurodseq7-07 Arenaqa,y ‘pood 04 UOUTUTOD ‘pos WYAUq pure yrep ‘Aopang
i Pp Lars f

“ORBIOAV S,YITOUT OAT WOATA Opera ON ¢

‘ST6T 10J SUOTIBIOND ON ¢

gf OO'SS | OO'SS | GL°%% | OO'LE | 00 ‘OT | GL°%% =| 0O'OF | O0'L ce‘te | OO'SE | OO'ST | L6'1S | OS'GE | OO'PT | **” OL pf ef acl Joqureoeq-A[np
IF | 00'8@ | 00'G% | 00°SI wo |ou lo veel "1oneg (one |OOeD [ol eter eee eee |ane eee e[e ener e ee [tet eens tere eeeees sequieveq
cos | 00°G¢ | oz‘ | ooze | OOCOR [torte 00°F | O0°GE | OORT [tort tec fetttece [tec ee ee[eee et et elec etree leer eee eleeeeeeeeeeeee ees JoqUIOAON
nose | oocse | 00's | o0ue | OOST frrtcttccftetcte feet: 00°FZ | 00°! | OORT [rrctctec feet eteelece cece [eee ee eee feet eters leee ee eee leeeeeeeeeeeeee neces 1040100
OOSOS. P00 OR OO ate 1 O0C2R ti OOLIT aie ae ae a Pac AMBIT ACE OS Ce WL Dia Med PCO Alas ay a cS Wa, Wg) Co ems hel ECO Ae ial) A” al aah ib et Joquie;deg
oO*ee | OO'OE | 0O'OZ | OO'ZE | OO*ST | OF*ST | OOF] | OO'L OURe I O0rga “OOCGr “wOOhee I OGkOR. iC ele te ec NOie 9) Gimmes ra coe cae: Coen ysnany
008k {| 0070S {| 00'°9% | OO'LE | 0O'ST | 00°OE | O0'OF | 00°0% | 00'S | 00 "SE 00 8 RE Eo 5 A IB et Ce) eb A 1) rc a) Eg a te aa lo Arne
Ofer 00-96 6 GO°0R. 00828. s00CST fe ee Se 89 °6Z | 00 “GF GOSS tee Oer | 00 eiss | ODOC OTE cin eee ies ien| Mem eee ouns—Arenues
Gna ar oe FOOD: Gee OO nee s/"OO STs Pe Sete Soho QO Se HOO GE GOSS Tenn OBFBS i OSS tr= (OOO Tem leanne cent ea Tee ge [ees Io Se sic oune
00 ‘Sh 00 "CS 00 “ot 00 18 00 "CT Ce ee 88 td 00 “cf 00 ‘CL se ‘82 ee Ae
OG | One 1 /00Ge TOOLZe TOOT T ee eee ae OS Se: GOSS Or ee nalter ao OO cre ODO Deel a mari pie CMR eiee feo a oases coewen a (Hay
OO58S> 00S =) O0°0e” 00°28" 100! ST oe be |) Oa sr> | COror |, '08 "0S |, OONZE OO Fe | Sess O00R | OONZT OL | NODES |e aa ole yy
0O*ss | OO'TE | 00°9Z | OO'LE | OO'ST | SZ°6Z | OS'S | OO'OT | OF “EE | OO'Sh | OOH] | SEE Se ene) ks eae AIONIQO sf
0O°SS | OO'IS | 00°9S | OO'ZE | OO'ST | 09°SZ | 00'OF | OO'LT -| O8 FE | 0O'OF | 0O'8S | 9B°ZE | OO'SS | 00° [°°] Ge = SE) eres Ayenues
hE ____} ______) I =} “OZ61
OGrnae 1) Unum atl iUe Wes EA: CULM i i ol elie ae €8'2S | OO'Sh | OO'OT | ES°GL | SZ‘°8% | PICT pai Joquieoe {Ayn
00°OF | OO'IS | Z9°8% | OO'SH | OO'ST | BE'OT | OO'SE | OOOT | ZE*OE | OOS | OO'ST | LOS | OG'9E | OO'ST | OO'SR | OO'OS | OO'ZE | oun-Asenues
“6161
OU6R 1 00; Se- | Ghee a OD -9P OOVOL ere olen es oe 89°68 | 0O'FF | OO'OE | 96°6T | 00°SZ | OP'HT | OO*TE | OO'OF | OO'% |S Joquredeq—-A[n¢
00°68. | OO'%S | 2462) OO°OSe| COTS s| 60°62 | OO'FF | 00°SZ | OTST | OF°ES | OO'FT | SZ°8SZ | OO'OF | 00% | A miles
“ST6I
Osea OO'GE | . ES i fag of 09 Paha (V7 7] 0H fel 4 ts") Mee lacie OOF OO cde sine ren noes OFSO0: ORO | een PCD ste | OUSS In tee mas bs Joquieoeq—Ayny
OO 76 OOSLE. Per cs OO" 25 i. 006i ea y OSPF E, «|HO028) Ae) nor ae 00°08) +00 "6T 41" = QOE6 Te OOF OTs eres Sea OO Tee OORT on = j saber te
“LIBL
OO ATE. | OOSTE? (| cr ee OOP ST Sa 00 Ere een ns OD ie bees eP asta COCO LSS INOUH Dy 5 |ian ee ats OR Sp Tea OTA aS Se oe Se OO Ve Tae | ORME he se Jaqurooeq-Ayur
RGOEe KOU: Ge jai OOOG 100k | ere OOS AGO pee OO SLM ROOLOT plier nwans OOP TE: HOOF a See SOO OTe O0ng es | ot ro sae
“9161
OUR. 1OOS8) [oo * os QO Otis QO ee as OOS TROD Oi Geni. ores COLUSA Wm 9 (AUNT 0) hol Pea ag et 00"OT | 0g"s ay tie aes Joqureseq-A[n¢
OUST 1/0078 Gen Sars OBS0S S| HO0L Tale pace 7 25 O88 a1s00L0e |S he OO RE NOU Sr |i rca: Hx alten eae ROD GI [ADO eran tenho rae, . + ee Roana
“SIBL
00 “CT 00 ‘8 stew wee 00 0% 00 bd eee we eee 00 ‘OL 0g ay wee ew wee 00 ‘OL 00 6 eccoecsess| Anezryr | nnesp § l**2ee2e2221 anenr | naw i i=‘|**222e2eeee8 Joqumadeq—Ayne
OOS | OOS ile ee 00 "0G | 0082 aire = ODF PT |-O8 bo ef ie COO De OD%8 fone 00 DE O0RRS Sines” eel MOOP LR saltOmee. | oes 0. i mee eunr-Arenues
“spuag | “squag | “squag | *squ9Q | “spuag | “s7uaQ | “squaQ | “squaD | “srUaD | “sua | “sMAD | “97UID “PI6T
. ose |. ‘ ‘838! . ' ‘938 |. 4 ‘058
seay | WH | “OT | gay | STH | MOT | gay) “8TH | “MOT | ony | USIH | “MOT | gay
*pal ouy 09 urnrTp ‘aug 04 : P *poo3 0} woururod ; “poi pood 0} wour “qed
sour {(puepdaeyy) Jeory | woururoo ‘,suoyours ‘jwary | *OUY OF UOURMTOD JET | «(por ysep ‘opmng) yeory | ‘OU OF WOUTMMOD “JOT | _yro5 jqo0,s INYd ‘JeOrT
‘OMIT VL *puouryony *OT[TASHALTD “OTTTASTO'T *oyprasupydoyy “Heuupouty)

{‘saoded [erosourato0d wow pepidarog]
“0261-4761 ‘Spunod dad aod a)psajyoYy 44 000090 T,—"9GT ATAV,,
*penuyuoy—Od0VdOL ;

650 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
TOBACCO—Continued.

TaBLe 157.—Tobacco (unmanufactured): International trade, calendar years 1909-1919.

[Tobacco comprises leaf, stems, strippings, and tombac, but not snuff. See ‘‘ General note,” Table 112.]
EXPORTS.

Average
Country. 1900-1913. 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919

1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
nents. pee pounds. | pounds. pounds. pounds. | pounds.

es

Cuba
Dominican Republic. .......... 8, 169
Dutch East Indies.............. 148,174

Mexico. oie desi sct eet ee wae

eee eee eee ee es

United BERCGS Se -- ac eee -- ea
Other countries.....:...........

1,062 | 917,898 | 977,910

~ .

Onived Kingdom
United States.
Other countries.

Pals Se eet is
Robalie:*., Berane. es cao 638, 720 | 625, 081 | oe 503,857

‘

5 =<, pee Pee Bel > = —_—
1 Does not include statistics of trade for Aaetcla Hungary, Belgium, and Géenianty during the war period,
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-
= during that period.
Year beginning rk.
: Year beginning Mar. 21.

Statistics of Apples. 651

APPLES.

TABLE 158.—Apples: Production and prices, Dec. 1, by States, 1917-1920.

Total crop (000 omitted). | Price per bushel Dec. 1.
State = hac :
1920 | 1919 1918 | 1917 1920 1919 1918 1917
q pt De Et Ea ;
a Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels.| Cents.| Cents. | Cents.| Cents.
1. SE aaa a ae 1, 930 5, 558 2,010 4,275 120 117 95 95
New Hampshire. ............ 1,320 1,510 1,155 1,035 150 160 110 120
ital os 1, 600 1, 500 990 1,248 150 175 140 130
BIpSRAGHVIBOLIS.:.......------- 3, 680 3, 240 2, 430 2, 163 120 200 160 155
hodetsland...............-. 340 294 189 195 200 195 155 150
iyi a 2, 520 1, 572 999 1,251 125 170 155 144
Oo eo 55, 650 16, 800 40, 878 16, 266 75 200 112 132
New Jersey.......---- P 4, 134 2,113 2, 463 2,058 120 200 160 125
Pennsylvania 23, 937 7, 972 16, 030 11, 646 90 225 120 126
Oe 1,017 750 714 798 95 200 125 110
1, 944 2,034 2, 559 78 200 110 97
9, 950 10, 068 11,778 90 160 124 101
3, 478 5, 856 4,320 125 180 117 122
2,500 3, 588 4,500 105 187 130 114
700 1, 407 1,635 184 280 205 155
636 1,713 1,713 165 245 165 120
2, 806 7,005 5, 760 115 262 153 150
1, 700 1, 794 4, 836 143 267 180 121
4,943 3, 459 7,518 140 230 185 110
6, 484 9, 792 4 146 77 220 115 140
2, 700 2, 811 3, 090 170 220 155 134
1,365 996 1, 446 200 250 209 155
1, 815 1, 584 3, 795 191 275 206 145
5, 773 4, 245. 8, C70 170 190 164 106
302 273 336 260 300 235 170
1,125 525 1, 854 230 250 230 140
1, 835 1, 503 2, 853 220 210 190 135
1, 480 2,799 5, 802 160 250 170 117
1, 560 4,050 4,170 142 225 156 122
617 1, 662 1, 449 175 250 170 140
fC Beard ee SS aeee 190 PAGS PEs e See aie
624 273 200 190 160 156
1,512 660 230 175 201 130
5,100 1, 290 140 170 140 135
1, 289 792 180 175 210 100
3, 418 2, 067 140 185 170 80
1,329 912 186 200 118 150
154 188 250 225 240 205
779 786 120 170 140 80
4,300 1, 200 145 180 170 95
25,348 | 16,491 140 155 125 125
5, 579 3, 384 125 140 110 105
8, 640 6, 560 160 145 130 115

United States.......... 240,442 | 153,233 | 169, 625

113.1 | 185.0 | 132.8 | 121.7

652 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

APPLES—Continued.
TABLE 159.—Apples: Totul production (bushels) in the United States, 1889-1920.

1889 t_. 3..2 143, 105, 000 | chi a 163, 728, 000 |} 1905...... 136, 220, 000 || 1913...... 145, 410, 000
1890: 23.35. 80, 142,000 |} 1898...... 118, 061,000 |} 1906...... 216, 720,000 || 1914...... ; |, 200,
yr) Rene aa 198, 907, 000 || 18992... 175, 397, 000 || 1907...... 119,560, 000 |} 1915.....- | 230,011, 000
i; ee eee 120,536, 000 || 1900...... 205, 930, 000 || 1908... ... 148, 940, 000 |} 1916...... | 193, 905, 000
1993-2 5. eed 114, 773, 000 || 1901...... 135, 500, 000 |} 19091..... 146, 122, 000 |) 1917...... 166, 749, 000
i ee 134, 648, 000 || 1902...... 212, 330, 000 |} 1910...... 141, 640, 000 || 1918...... 169, 625, 000
es |. 5 38: 219, 600, 000 |; 1903...... 195, 680, 000 || 1911...... 214, 020,000 || 1919...... 153, 238, 000
$6 ea 232, 600, 000 i} 1904. ..... 233, 630, 000 : Lh eee 235, 220, 000 |} 1920...... | 240, 442,
1 Census figures.

Date. 1920 | 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914 | 1913 | 1912 | 1911 —
| !
79.7 | 68.0 73.4 | 89.4 | 108.0 | 111.7
88.0 | 71.2 76.4 | 95.8] 117.2 | 119.1
92.0] 73.2 80.4 | 101.2 | 121.6 | 127.0
94.9 | 76.8 83.7 | 109.2 | 131.8 | 137.6
98.0} 85.4 89.5 | 121.8 | 139.2 | 149.0
105.4 | 90.4 97.6 | 118.4 | 137.5 | 154.0
1081} 84.4 93.6 | 95.2 | 115.1 | 139.0
80.4} 70.1 80.6 | 75.0} 83.9} 109.8
77.7 | 59.9 75.8| 64.8] 71.6| 95.6
: : : -8| 83.1] 62.0 81.0} 61.8] 68.0] 95.9
Wow. 92.95. a 130.0 | 182.8] 138.6] 117.5] 87.6] 69.2 90.0 | 62.4] 69.4 | 100.4
91.2] 69.0 98.1] 66.3] 72.1 | 101.0

pS AEN SE Bete 113.1 | 188.0 | 132.8 121.7

TABLE 161.—Apples: Ertent and causes of yearly crop losses, 1912-1919.

3 1-2
- r= :
Zia 3 3 ; :
z a é s/glia|2
ear.
= 2 2 Seren ee:
212\42\|2 Blalelis “
Sin | S48 s|eia4 Zz E 2
Ale la re ales |& |}
| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P. ct.
RY nes SV Lateeae 4.3| 2.9] 0.1| 29.1| 06] 6.6] 1.0|39.1| 5.1| 27) 02] 527
aS. 2 Obs. e Ree ed 7.5| .7| .2/19.1| .8] 1.0] :7]30.7| 4.2] 2.9| .2}) 449
SUA ZicusLicoceantiagaeiates 4.1} 3.9] :1]15.2] 1.2] 23] 1.1]27.0] 4.7] 2.8] .1] 442
Ws 5.222 bade 5.4| 3.2| :2| 9.9| .9| .6] 1.4/228! 5.6] 3.0] 11] 386
SY Nai Sec AIR I 1.2| 1.9] :2]15.8] :9| :1] 1:2] 22-8] 5:2] 3.0| .1] 35.4
Cain ra a 202 6.5| .3] @) | 64| 6] .4]. .6/15.1| .8| SOyeeee
| be a ea a 10.3| :4| .4}25.2| :6| :9} [61/399] 1.0] 5.2] @) | 53.5
WER cas cteckeo nes co 2.5} :9 3 | 10.2 '7| i3| i9}169] 42] 3.1] .1| 324
Average.............. ) 5.4 | 1.6 | 2| 14.6 8] .5| .9)249] 3.7] 3.6| .1] 326

1 Less than 0.05 per cent.

Statistics of Apples.

APPLES—Continued.

653

TABLE 162.—2stimated annual production of the commercial apple crop in the United
States for the years 1916 to 1920, inclusive.

[By commercial crop is meant fhat portion of the total crop which is sold for consumption as fresh fruit,
One barrelis equivalent to three boxes.]

Le nt a a |
i eka.) ED 2 a ee
MREPOMITIEON Se = wajcan ceo oe Saccncas etc |
MELMNTOGTE 5.25 Sct asses cc cce cue

7 OS) 7 a ae se oe
Jon Dic a a
Coco Sfod. Sat SS eer e

CoG) a re
7 ie ee a
bo ooh pe) oo

1920

Barrels.

1919 1917 1916
Sate

Barrels. Barrels. | Barrels.
601, 000 400, 000 536, 000
187, 000 ~ 120, 000 198, 000
203, 000 132, 000 388, 000
335, 000 225, 000 368, 000
48, 000 19, 000 27, 000
119, 000 96,000 146, 000
©. 275, 000 2,058,000 | 5, 544, 000
578, 000 408, 000 462° 006
759, 000 854,000} 1,225,000
192; 000 191,000 | 108, 000

|

226, 000 263, 000 311, 000
1, 508, 000 1,687,000 | 2,179,000
648, 000 688,000} 1, 140, 000
92, 000 200, 000 270, 000
57, 000 | 120, 000 111, 000
264, 000 503, 000 747, 000
197, 000 456, 000 298, 000
750, 000 1,554,000 | 1,040,000
1, 109, 000 | 515,000 | 1,414, 000
126, 000 | 124, 000 105, 000
61, 000 60, 000 42, 000
174, 000 275, 000 180, 000
1, 127, 000 1, 128, 000 675, 000
z 4; 000 5, 080
215, 000 226, 000 142, 000
459, 000 650, 000 560, 000
65, 000 153, 000 135, 000
87,000 192; 000 147, 000
10,000 24, 000 19; 000
40, 000 23, 000 20, 000
43, 000 54, 000 27, 000
1, 020, 000 409, 000 245, 000
124, 000 74, 000 70, 000
828, 000 701,000 677, 000
224° 000 175, 000 108, 000
16, 000 16, 000 17, 000
121, 000 184, 000 24° 000
1, 058, 000 873, 000 170, 000
6, 817, 000 4,620,000 | 4, 892, 000
1, 357, 000 713, 000 801, 000
1, 400, 1,174,000} 1, 174, 000
26,223,000 | 24,743,000 | 22,341,000 | 26,747,000

654 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. ae F

APPLES—Continued.

Table 163.—A pproximate relative production of principal varieties of apples, expressed at
: as percentages of a normal crop of all apples. ;

Variety.

Pennsylvaria.
West Virginia.

Washington.

Kentucky.

Tllinois.

| United States.

| New York.

Block Pwige)-: -2-->.-] O57] Oso. 0.3} 3.1) 0.7) 0.6) 0.0
Arkansas Black......-- 2, Baz poe E ofl? COSE
Wabiwin. .. 2" 5 = * 13.4) 34.5] 31. 2.8) 5.8) 15.
Bem Dayis.:.. 422... 13.3) 9.8 1.4) 15.7) 13.
Early Harvest

(Prince’s Harvest)...| 2.8} .9 4.7] 3.9) 3.
Pall Pippin. 2% 222) 5 LEY TERG 1.8} 1.5) 1.
Fameuse (Snow). ..-. 123).5 325) oi)" SOIT
Gane: . >. =. 4EE sake kk 33) -6] 1.6) 1.
Golden Russet........- 1. 1.7 oo. Se NC
Gravenstein ........... i. 23 al:
Grimes (Grimes

Golden) .. sc ee SS 2: ca 3 J 2.6) 4.6) 5.
Horse (Yellow Horse).-| .9).....]....-|....- 450)" GOO) Hr
Jonathan .............- 3. 8 -4| 1.0) 1.7) 1.
Limbertwig (Red Lim-

3 1 .0 ye
McIntosh (McIntosh

Stee) ~ = seek es 2 = Sy =i =i | :
Maiden Blush......... 2. <3 159 Qs.
Missouri (Missouri Pip-

iy. 3... ae .0 on, E
Northern Spy........- 6.1) 7.1 ~ + (ys
Northwestern Greening 3 -0 |e
Oldenburg (Duchess of

Oldenburg). -......-.. 1.9) 2.9 ell: GeSinet.
Red Astrachan........ 1.9) 3.9 -8} 2.1) 2.
Red June (Carolina

PRED oe an Gs. 22 1.$ 2.31)
Rhode Island Greening.}| 4.7) 4.1 ot) cai Th:
Rome Beauty......... | eat 1.2} 18.7} 10.
Sta Winesap....-. 1 6 5:3) dQ).
Tolman (Tolman
pineat) 5 Je 2.6 1? pal

ompkins King 4

of Tompkins Co.).... 2.4 =O] Sih, .6
Woalthty. + See 32; .75. 5.4 <0} Ged} ct.

White Pearmain
(White A ia cosh

Yellow Bellflower... ..
Yellow Newtown (Al-
bemarle; Newtown

Yellow Trans |
York Imperial (John-

son Fine Winter).... j é :
Other varieties........ 10.4) 7.0) &. . 8} 10.2) 13.4) 10.1) 11.0) 7.4

Note.—In important apple-producing States not included in table, the principal varieties and their

respective percentages of all apples in a normal op are:
ndiana.—Ben Davis 22.8, Baldwin 7.2, Grimes Golden 6.7, Winesap 6.7, Maiden Blush 5.8, Rome

4.4, Northern Spy 4.2. North Carolina. —Limbert wig 14.3, Winesap 12.2, Ben Davis 7.5, Early Harvest 7
Horse 7.2, Red June 5.9. ents Panag | 14.1, Ben Davis 12.2, Limbertwig 12.1, Early Harvest 8.4,
Horse 6.3, Red June 5.4. Jowa.—Ben Davis 15.2, Wealthy 12.4, Jonathan 10.3, Oldenburg 8.9, Grimes
Golden 4.9, Northwestern Greening 4.3. Kansas.—Ben Davis 19.4, Winesap 15.3, Jonathan 13.8, Missouri
Pippin 8.6, Gano 6.0, Maiden Blush 4.3. Colorado.—Ben Davis 26.3, Jonathan 18.3, Gano 7.8, Rome Beaut:
4.8, Winesap 4.1. Massachusetts.—Baldwin 48.4, Rhode Island Greening 9.3, Gravenstein 5.7, MeIn
Red 5.7, Northern Spy 5.1. Nebraska.—Ben Davis 21.3, Winesap 13.6, Jonathan 9.4, Wealthy 6.2, Olden-
burg5.8, Grimes Golden 4.8, Missouri Pippin 4.2, Gano4.0. Wisconsin.—Oldenburg 14.7, Wealthy 13.7, North-
western Greening 11.1, Fameuse (Snow) .0, Wolf River 7.5, Ben Davis 5.1, Golden Russet 4.2. Maryland.—
Ben Davis 17.0, York Imperial 16.2, Baldwin 8.8, Winesap 7.6, Stayman Winesap 7.0, Arkansas Black
4.4, Early Harvest 4.2. New Jersey.—Baldwin 25.2, Ben Davis 14.5, Rome Beauty 5.0 Early Harvest 4.7,
Rhode Island Greening 4.3, Northern Spy 4.2. _Vermont.—Baldwin 15.1, Rhode Island Greening 12.
Northern Spy 12.0, Fameuse ce pe 8.1, McIntosh 6.1, Ben Davis 5.6, Yellow Bellflower 4.2.
cut.—Baldwin 42.2, Rhode Island Greening 16.9, Golden Russet 5.2.’ New Hampshire.—Baldwin 51.9,
Rhode Island a 5.9, Northern Spy 5.2, McIntosh 4.4. Jdaho.—Jonathan 21.3, Rome Beauty 16.6,
Ben Davis 13.1, Gano 7.8, Winesap 4.6. Oklahoma.—Ben Davis 25.8, Missouri Pippin 12.1, Jonathan 8.2,
Winesap 8.1, Arkansas Black 5.6, Gano 4.0. Georgia.—Horse 14.3, Ben Davis 12.2, Red June 10.0, Limber-
twig 8.8, Winesap 7.6, Early Harvest 6.1, Arkansas Black 1.6,

-

Statistics of Peaches. 655

PEACHES.
TABLE 164.—Peaches: Production and prices, by States, 1917-1920.

Total crop (000 omitted). Price per bushel, Sept. 15.

State.
1920 1919 | 1918 | 1917 1920 1919 1918 1917
|

; Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Cents. Cents. | Cents. | Cents.
New Hampshire............. 0 39 0 re eee vA Bpeerery 185
Massachusetts...............- 4 136 | 0 14a ere eg Pe ee 200
ecticut..... 10 188 | 0 390 A Se. 170
2,307| 1,648 700 4, 823 225 270| 310 140
: 1, 056 1,018 | 832 990 | 220 270 280 170
1, 744 1,200, 720| 1,948| 250) 300| 275 170
248 277 136 324 225 190 240 125
897 731 | 235 1, 88 210 190 240 120
1,470 928 | 510 928 185 200 180 160
760 680 900 225 | 220 180 175
1,909 713 | 1,150 1,978 184 210 160 | 125
1,110 520 998 1, 030 200 220 167 120
3,799 5, 895 6, 092 3,668 171 250 150 | 160
2,241 174 215 330 300 215
957 150 0" 518 258 330 340 | 210
1, 350 790 0 461 317 270 350 195
1,500 430 85 744 230 310 350 200
135 3 ee 347 330 330 220
798 828 0} 728 254 200 330 135
5 0 i Ce | 403 310 330 235
70 80 Gihiosx cates | 400 260 350 195
1, 560 726 110 1, 100 225 240 275 150
1; 000 1, 280 833 595 180 180 170 120
1, 508 1,678 2, 440 1,281} 175 170 110 135
425 Cal 2 ee et 175 150 150 120
480 2, 760 2, 333 1, 728 310 130 175 170
61 1, 007 167 798 250 140 190 135
117 1, 280 217 1, 824 235 160 190 125,
585 840 959 1, 096 250 250 200 200
6 122 34 boy eee 200 235 195
825 1,500 1, 050 1,365; 250 160 150 130
40 51 211 290 180 190 120
423} 2,309 | 575| 1,747| 280| 170] 160 100
100 514 93 273 330 140 200 110
(SS ee re 13,800 | 17,600] 11,920) 15,724 190 150 140 | 100
Other states. 2... 2.6.5... 1G5! |< 5 es) ee Se 2. Se Ae Leek ebsonk ee eek eres
United States.......... 43,697 | 49,578 | 33,094| 48,765 |........|......-. | it: er

~~
‘
*
|

656 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

PEACHES—Continued.

TABLE 165.—Peaches: Total production (bushels) in the United States, 1899-1920.

Year. Production. Year. Production.

oS ee ae 15, 588, 000 || 1906........--..--- 44, 104, 000 39, 707, 000
eee 49) 438) Wes 3 se 22° 527; 000 54, 109, 000
eee | 46,445, 000 || 1908... -- 2222-2. "45, 145, 000 64, 097, 000

oe | 37, 831, 000 |} 19092. wooo. » 470, 000 000
1908 =... 22.2... 28; 850, 000 |] 1910... 22.222. 48, 171, 000 _ 48) 765, 000
ey aeare 41,070, 000 || 1911.-............-] + 34, 880, 000 33, 094, 000
= eh TS an rae 38 634, 000 |} 1912-22222 ooo oL 52) 343; 000 49, 578, 000
43, 697, 000

/
1917 1916 1915 1914

1911
SaareS-: Sane | ee eS Eee

SE See: RE ea Boe) eee ae ee Cees meee Me
ak ee Eee Ee eS ee eS MRE ER Rain ee
270.3 | 349.6 4. cS. SS eee 135. 0°
144.8) 109.1 99.5} 120.4 151.0
143.3 114.9 8.4] 105.0 138.0
143.8) 1183 81.1} 102.2 129.0
160.6 | 112.1 8.2] 10.3 131.0
Beak gel Se eee Pabe “2s Bee ee Pee emer Ee
Fs eee se es Pee en See Beene

State. 1920 | 1919 1918

Bushels. ari Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels Bushels, | Bushels.

N.H....|. 1,000! 11, 000 0, , 000, 119, 000) "100, 65, 000.
Mass... 2,000, 49, 000 0) 75,000 109, 000, 69, 000
nn 17,000 53, 000 0 | 456, 000
N. Y....| 1,730,000! 780,000) 525, 000! 000 287, 000
= ees ‘834’ 000! 683, 000! 640, 000"
) 849, 000
Pe: 610,000, 467,000} 258, 000 822, 000
Dei......} 159,000, 175,000} 101, 000 99, 000
Mals<-< 556, 000, 287,000} 144, 000 956, 000
Wee oe 191,000, 201,000} 90, 000 :
W.Va 665,000, 529, 59, 000 158, 000
| 1, 223, 000
M@. 5% 153,000, 92,000, 90, 000, 46, 1 000 000} ” 114; 000
S.C.....| 103,000, 35,000} 102, 000 13, 486, 000/16, 268, 000'11, 663, 000/14, 151, 000
a cea. 2, 127,000, 2, 964, 000) 3, 255, 000! ren es,
Ohio..... 919,000, 173,000} ” 87,000, , 780, 000 29, 461, 000 20, 597, 927, 000
Ind...... 77,000 14,000 0 /
e 256,000, 261, 000) 0 |
Mich 638,000 120,000, 54 | )
Mo...-..} 152,000 139, 000 0 .
Evin: 62,000 15,000 4, 000

1 Attention is called to the fact that approximately 90 per cent of the California peach crop is either canned
or dried.

Statistics of Pears. 657

PEARS.

TaBLe 168.—Pears: Production and prices, 1917-1920.

| P a
Total crop (000 omitted). Price per bushel Nov. 14,
State. r - sas | ar ar i 7
1920 1919 | 1918 1917 1920 1919 | 1918 | 1917
;

Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels.| Cents. Cents.| Cents. Cents.
ee 30 | 44 20 | RS SS SR IEE iT,
New Hampshire-...........-. 25 | 25 15 19 72 ee CEP eens ot ae
PRUE Gp a a moc saic.s os000s 19 18 13 14 | P20) RS as Sa Oe ee Re Se
Massachusetts......-...-..-.. _ 109 115 77 MLD) ADO ec ebilea een teehee
Rhode Island..............-. 12 12 10 all ole 4 CF aaa vi ee

Detiemiieeticnts...:...-.--.-.--. 47 47 34 | Eee Sa Phin. -aters
SS 2, 375 1, 530 1, 352 1, 708 105 240 150 140
INEM ersey --------------..-- 843 500 650 590 110 140 | 110 75
Pennsylvania.........-.-.... 701 355 518 448 | 130 230} 135 120
SS eee 287 200 238 294 A ogee 80 65

> | j /
SS Se 616 420 455 525 60 130 100 | 70
REI soos on 05s me 5 296 190 119 | 194 95 160 120 | 115
Vest Vripinia.-........e-...- 66 40 33 33 175 230 200 | 135
North Carolina............... 184 84 108 150 161; 210 150 | 125
South Carolina............... 98 81 98 | (Lig Neda 220 140 | 125
| | |
148 152 188 140 145| 180) 150] 135
30 70 132 oo Mcgee ee Epa Gan ae 100
662 218 304 334 120; 2%60{ 170 125
663 188 260 410 99| 180 | 175 100
603 381 302 456) 125 170| 160 | 95
1, 100 426 704 1,080} 90} 180} 125) 121
= RECRPREE ket Geo RRPE R et boe ae 4 aseaaas Ceci 2a
120 58 32 82 145,| 190 | <.220. 145
272 230 112 25/ 150! 140| i190) 125
14 16 6 1%) 275 |“ Bala ee 175
22 120 38 140} 215) 170| 200! 170
308 128 140 204 195 180 175 | 125
146 72 112 75 165 200 150 | 170
110 114 152 80 164 160 130 | 150
100 75 136 30 200 160 105 | 105
/ |
40 50 52 52 cr en 120 | 115
205 385 246 280 231 / 140 150 | 160
12 70 38 rr ein | 190; 240] 150,
38 93 64 102 190} 170 180 | 125
14 15 6 11 200 | © .300'|--.-.... | Se
338 290 194 320 190 220/ 150| 210
32 67 56 46 250 no ee ie
12 22 19 Bi (2283. 5. 380 [hs Seat eee
60 47 51 48 250h | Skee 160 | 120
7 5 6 6 DUD [ate ac os Entec ecb saatene
83 70 60 70 7 Wek aa 150 | 150
2, 246 3, 326 1, 300 595 130] 170| 115 115
560 553 672 600 175}. 150) — 125 130
3, 600 4, 520 4, 240 3, 523 75 | 160 140 | 100
United States.......... 17,279 | 15,472| 13,362] 13,281 | RE | eee or
| i |
30702°—yxBxK 1920——42*#

658 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. °

PEARS—Continued.
TaBLE 169.—Pears: Total production (bushels) in.the United States, 1909-1920.

= |
Year. Production. Year. | Production.
} | :

Wada. 238k. 2. eet ee ee & 26000 Wrists: . SS Le AE Se ene eee | 11,216, 000
1968 se a oe eee ee If, 431. 000-7) 1916... sk ee 12. 874 000
Mi. te ee 10, 40, 000] 1917 =. ee ee eee 13, 281,
TT a ees. ee AT. eS a1, 803000 ll 1938. wo es ee at eS ee 13, 362,
13" eee 16 4068. 000 1 1019... osc ee 1 472, 000
iif. eet see eee 13 G6, 000 || 1900:... esc ses ee 17, 279,

1 Census figures.

TABLE 170.—Pears: Farm price, cents per bushel on 15th of month, 1911-1920.

; :

Date. | 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 | 1914 | 1913 1912 1911.

wee we wee ewe

108.9

134.0

138.6

5 eR En 8 113.2} 126.0
35 ee BS 122.0; 1230 —

106.3 118.0

100.0 103. 8

8.1 97.2

79.3 85.1

Peoreece 92.8 111.0

ORANGES.

TABLE 171.—Oranges: Production and value, 1915-1920.

| United States.
- } Aver- rm
Year. | produc-| age | value

| tion (000! price Dec.1
omitted).| per box |

Bores. | Dollars. | Dollars
og ot 21, 200 2.39
MIG Ott |S | 24, 433 2,52
COT r See aS 10, 593 2.60
ea ee | 247200} 3.49
io 22, 075 2. 67 |
THe Eres 27, 200 2. 58

TaBLe 172.—Cranberries: Acreage, production, and farm

Statistics of Cranberries.

CRANBERRIES.

totals, 1914-1919.

659

value, by States, 1920, and

[Leading producing States.]
" / gp i
verage arm
: Produc- |! Farm value
State and year. Acreage. yiel : price per
per acre. tion. barrel Dec. 1.
Dec. 1.
Acres. Barrels. Barrels. Dollars. Dollars.
MRGMEGRCOLIS. « 7hGeS.. 5... Sage. <0 cance 13, 200 | 20. 8 275,000} 13.50| 3,712,000
oo ys ee ee 9, 800 12.4 122, 000 10. 50 1, 281, 000
EMER S228 oo oi ae onesie cin'e'e ss dake whee 1, 900 17.9 34, 000 | 9. 40 | 320, 000
24, 900 17.3 431, 000 12. 32 5, 313, 000
25, 600 22.1 566, 000 8.37 | 4,735, 000
25, 400 13.9 352, 000 10.77 | 3,791, 000
18, 200 13.7 249, 000 10.24 2,550, 000
26, 200 18.0 471, 000 7. 32 3, 449, 000
23, 100 19.1 441, 000 6.59 2,908, 000
22, 000 B17 697, 000 3.97 | 2, 766, 000
HOPS.

TaPLe 173.—Hops: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1919.

Area. Production.
Country. yi ; NM A
verage verage
1909-1913 1917 1918 1919 1909-1913 1917 1918 1919
NORTH AMERICA. 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
acres. acres. | acres. | acres. | pounds. | pounds. | pownds. | pounds.
Tics Si he ie ai 30 26 24) 53,655 | 29,388 | 21,481 | 29, 346
Gs A lee eaarere | ons stsicloe ie ic wins tate MOUS) bs. Sccaeeeal > apeae co tates sees
oe SRR GERRI ROE Be ee oe EP i ae BE Peconeane
EUROPE
USTED) eae 350} (4) (4) (4) 3 27, 523
ue 2 i 2, 932
Croatia-Slavonia *............. 263 |
lol 7, 096
LUPO 6, 948
(CL Se eS 30, 105
Ee teeta ees ies cin acco =i- 311, 765
United Kingdom, England.... 33, 058
Total Europe. ..........! 119, 690 |
JALIL 1,564 | 1,752] 2,103 one
Grand total............. | Peal CBs | i ae EYG PINT te cate ae | be ck te

1 Five-year average except in a

few cases where

five-year statistics were unavailable.

2 Four States.
3 Old boundaries.
4 Less than 500 acres.

TaBLE 174.—Hops

5 Excludes Alsace-Lorraine

6 Excludes Alsace-Lorraine and Posen.

7 Includes Wales.
§ Unofficial.

: World production so far as reported, 1895-1915.

Year. Production.
Pounds

a a ee 204, 894, 000
See dah oo soe cieise a 168, 509, 000
Le a dala 189, 219, 000
Lp OC Spee 166, 100, 000
Oh eh aa’ 231, 563, 000
UU See 174, 683, 000
iLL se 201, 902, 000

Year. Production. Year. Production.
Pounds. | Pounds.
12 Giada 170, 063, 000 |} 1909............... | 128, 173, 000
| Pi i a 174, 457, 000 || 1910............-.- | 188, 951, 000
ie 1 I pie). ned ee LTS Boe COU: |] Palhccccscn'scue tices 163, 810, 000
MOOD & adewstete de ty 2 Fer VOT 0 Oe I be 224, 493, 000
LOUD tote wa an ok SON GOR (O00 TON. wn Bcccen mares 174, 642, 000
ED eee tee open aa ee pa Bl ee GUO LO Uaiad wctuen enemas 224, 179, COO
a Do ea 930, 220, 000 || 1915.............-- 163, 084, F°0
i

660 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
HOPS—Continued.

TaBLeE 175.—Hops: Acreage, production, and value by States in 1920, and totals,
1915-1919.

[Leading producing States.]

State and year.

MGW YOEK>. nso) coos
Washineton 2<_<. ... 22.22
repent aoe See ee
Valitornis.... 2a... Le

| Acreage.

| Production.

SABRE | 8 | Reed
#3885| 5| S222

|

vv
Be
g5288|§| S885

-

$

1, 373, 000
2? 006; 000
3,465, 000
7,350, 000

Be

ee

i
es)

~

SFee5 | 5

Se ee

TaBLe 177.—Hop consumption and movement, 1910-1920.

[The total hop movement of the United States for the last 11 yearsis shown. The figures on the rt
consumed by brewers have been compiled from the recor
imports are as reported by the Department of Commerce.]

Year ending June
30—

1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916

iO). 608.2 11.8 |
| Set aneaae
$22 Roose
OPE ESP Lr,
mame Boel ay
6.6 | ber rr 36.5
Sesser, 127| 42.7
77.0| 197] 33.7
77.2} 193] 33.3

Exports.

ounce

a

PHP BeSSe NPS

_

he
Comm COOndsd KOM

Ft beet bt pat

of the Treasury Department; exports an

Consumed |——-———
by brewers.

'

16, 210, 443
24) 262) 896
17, 591, 195
12’ 190; 663 |
13,104,774 |
10, 589) 254

4 Including hops used to make cereal beverages.

Domestic. | Foreign

Pounds. | Pounds.
30, 779, 508 104, 198

a)

5
seereezee.e"

z

g

a

-_
no
-_

22)}409,818| 134,571

BaESeE53!

14, 194, 000°
oo
150°

9) 795, 000
ae
6, 203, 000

1911

ArOA UDOD wWNwww
— a

BESS SEBS peSnS

SEE =
i]

geeeees
SERSPESERE SE
ERSSZEZSSER

Statistics of Hops.
HOPS—Continued.

661

TaBLe 178.—Hops: Wholesale price per pound, 1913-1920.

{Compiled from commercial papers.]

Bay =|

New York, choice | _______—

San Francisco.

sihscae te | Sacramento Val- | Willamette Val- | Eastern Washing-
Date. | ley, choice. ley, choice.t | ton, choice.?
~ = = ——
- wien | Aver- , Rear! _y, | Aver- -o}, | Aver-
Reha High age. ere High. age. Low. High. age. Low.| High. age.
1913. Cents. Cents. Cents. Cents.| Cents.| Cents. Cents. Cents.| Cents., Cents.| Cents. Cents
January—June............-- 17 O2) | ccatecs { 18 2D) eS as IO en eee ID 2h ee
July-December. ..........- 7g AS oe. 18 Ds a) eee 1S) °30 nates LOR NT iy eee
1914. | /
January-June.........-...- 36 48 |Jnn-e-- 16 ys: al IGT 30s eee 16} 30. |2-2...
_ July-December. ......-.... ZAM (31) (eae aN Rey oak EO eee 111 Bos Lea Lee TON 20 ass
1915. : |
PANUArY—IUNC. 2... .2220.-- ig Oe 09 ‘a See Oe 1G: joo 10 4, AS. fet n=
July-December... .......... | £1) am Ul ee tel RL 68 Cl eo ee POseeTO He see A Mag a Nie
} | | | |
1916. |
Deanuery—sUne.--....-.5...- | 18) 2% | ee OAT |. 2. 4.- 09} 12% |.....: PY OTs 24 |)
July-December ............ ee LOLy B0BHs\ nee 08 i a ee Lag A S| See 8 | Ge eS
1917 | ' !
January—June.............. Sag L5On frees ss 05: "| 104 Ont pide ere ay as ae Gl
July-December. ........... PLAGE | #90" SE =: | Ont Na7aol BOs] OF) 40 Jove... | 06°] . 409 sev
| |
@ 1918. |
January—June........-....-. 40 54 | 42.6] 15 20 | 16.1 15 | 20 | 19.0 19 | 22% |-<19.8
July—December..-.--:.-..- 23 42 | 33.2| 15 15 | 15.0 19 19 | 19.0 19; 19 19.0
1919. |
January-June.............. 37 63 | 42.8 | 30 42 | 35.8 35 | 50 | 40.9 34] 45 | 39.4
_ July-December............ 63 85 | 76.9.| 52 90 | 74.0 48 | 85 | 67.4 84 84 | 74.9
1920.
Maniary-2ce.t....-25.0... 80 85: |PS260) 552 28% cock Sel... (SSeS pt aese fade cee ho Leese.
Mepraarysese 2-2 tL... 89 85 | 82.5 | 72 73 | 72.5 i 0 Vie fC SE ee ods ee
ooh See eee 80 90 | 83.5] 72 73° «| 72.5 75 | 75. | 73.0 50 | 60 55.0
lo Si ee 90 | 105 | 98.9] 63 63 | 63.0 65 |) 65; -|.65.0-}.. 50.) aoe 9
Te 2) 2 SG ie 105, 86255 1: alo ses-<|t alee toe |2 =.= 22/822 ee a3S)..
Ore abs... ee. mt rhe s105, ORB: toa 2 dows ee| Seemse|=eee bh foncne daaesscfenevas Eee Sei
January-June........ 80} 105|91.4| 63 | 73 |69.3| 65| 75 |71.7| 50| 75 | 640
Bungee oA 200302 240.051 93 | 100 | 95.2|...... Pe Dare ana: Sovre eee | 70] 80 | 750
a ta ook See 76 OE POaSS) [ISSA SOLS RAPA 32 | 60 8 72.5
SUT DY ne 65 SON utile nee alee cece peoe ns RE ern 15 eee 2 | 60] 8 68.7
OLS. So 53 80°} 61, 0')-.. =. [eee bie Be lo owacnl occu stfeueewe | 40 75 64.1
WO GE 53 OO Mesrint) eetcee cl earens (etaeercls aoemeloaee al eae SAP Lee 50. 0
USC: 41 0) AGs Gi seten ones soleee a clm eee e seeScelecones 33 | 60 35. 0
July-December... ... 41 | 100 68.9 | seen | Wiican aes Wal (Se pre eae 33| 85 | 60.9
; |
1 Called ‘‘ Oregon” hops in 1916; Sonoma hops for 1919.
2 Caled ‘‘ Washington” hops in 1916; Oregon hops for January—March, 1919. ‘1920 crop,’’ 1920.

662 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920,

HOPS—Continued.

TaBLe 179.—Hops: International trade, calendar years 1909-1919.'

{Lupulin and hopfenmehl (hop meal) are not neato’ cen hops in the data shown. See “‘ General note,”
able 112.

EXPORTS.
| 1 | 1 |
| Average |
Country. | 1909- 1914 1915 | 1916 1917 | 1918 | 1919
1913. ; !
ae * am, m4 | |
From— | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,090 1,000
pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. ; pounds. | pounds. | pounds.
Austria-Hungary -.........-.--- Oo ey era ene e ee en) eee eee mn (Scere sos Peer buage
po Te ey re Baa ad 60 re oe at ABE Se Sec iam ee 2, 651
WES sn ee ee 335 212| 1,259 1, 432 491 | 612 1,620
Gormiatry 1 oo 558s eS A Tg Bee Desa: MR REA ER wig) PE LE |...
Netherlands. .522**2722.2-2-5-— 1, 405 1,301 1,120 236 41 26 1,471
New Zealand” 75.2. pceeoeaes 352 389 486 488 314 ys
Bis ot ee pee Se ee Se ee } 2,348 254 485 S42 1S. cane s<ca) ee ee eee Pa ee?
United Kingdom............... | 2,162 1, 117 928 1, 206 1,453 775
United stwtes.. 6-25555 "ot! 15,416 | 11,056) 20,864/ 13,506 4, 138 3, 670 20, 798
Other countries..._........-...- 212 44 | 388 855 202 221 | -cescuge x
gi, 1 = levee lek nape A dia Fa | 62,941] 14,373 | 25,530 18, 265 | 6, 639 | 5, 529) | eeeten eee
IMPORTS.
Into— }
Australie... 25 o.Jecaceceactes ced |
Austria-Hungary -...............
LTE Li ee |
British India. ....-.. |
British South Africa. /
Canada.........- |
NGnMAT iS. >; a. sk eee
Mrance+ 2? 62... ~-2.f8cs 55-2351
Germany... 2% .-J.2.52:2528-5.2 |
Netherlands -.s<oscsssece025555]
at ee Ree See ee eee Be
Sweden sod ons Seb pew decopean
Switzerland . =... 25.2249.23
Dnited) Kingdom. 8. 35.2-225. 2
Dnited Stated... . 622 12.20.-.4
Other countries... .......2..-...<
Total. cscu. ceccssscscie:
1 Does not include statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war "

1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not stri com-
parable during that period.
3 Less than 500 pounds.

Statistics of Beans.

663

BEANS.
TasLe 180.—Beans: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1919.
Area Production.
Country. A veragel | A verage!
1909-— 1917 1918 1919 1909— 1917 1918 | 1919
1913. 1913.
|] Ss
NORTH AMERICA. 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
acres. | acres. acres. acres. bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels.
United States (6 States)... 788 | 1,821/ 1,744| 1,018] 11,166| 16,045] 17,397| - 11,935
Canada: | a ple
Nova Scotia:........-- 1 1 9 i 32 18 143 | 87
New Brunswick....... 2 (2) 5 7 21 6 86 | 106
at) vo a rs 6 | 55 110 | 43 125 827 1, 867 | 853
ihe 42 36 100 23 796 423 1,388 289
Toy OAS aE ee ee 8: 4 | oe Ee 80 54
Total Canada....... 51 92 228 | 84 974| 1,274 3,564} 1,389
WES 0 (sere cnsqa| oapenan-d boddpacccl Beopaneeoe boot Bee 8 45308.) - 22.2.
SOUTH AMERICA |
Argentina................. ie eee eee Pees. 1\.! 2 SR ae oe i hina se secda ns eee
SL he RIS Ae) are 1 oe a Oe ey eg? + 8) BR (ee 13, 139! |. 2st oo
Vics 2 So) re 79 3 87 e774 ei A 1,398 3 950 31,386 ay 713
EUROPE. |
iii 49, 666 165 82 68
Hungary ‘... Hike lating sets [sees oh Sel bane Bae
. ee CRE pd Re ae i I aE F cotter aes
Croatia-Slavonia 4 ay eer el Rema | eas tags Apo
Lt Lene cee aaa eee C2 OU ones ache Lace eee bsea2toR--
Peron eee SSS O04: | TRIS oo eee | eee.
Ll oe | 1 Ree nel Meenas, Seer hes SLO ag
TOG T Etch 1) eer 369 yi eee Soper afte oS
OUD el a 9,518 5,955 5, 284 4,753
ils ban—e aan 21/058), o. 12) 945 [eth S62) | ae ee
Luxembur US \ome ae cies cece eo fie oe ae:
Netherlands 1, 853 2,526 OU ee eee
Serene er a A SOR hs eee Leese ee il U5 9 Ue in a | ER, alae
hop ll: een ST QB Bile. meen [te ee yak oe hea ie 2 OE 5!) eG eee) ae SE | stds oe
Russia, proper 4........... 18 IM henge el pi an a A i OQ Neem secs. ue ay eee | ee cee
dts a) | ies Laced | FES ele ad a ait O00" | teh 2 Me oe aoe ee din
Northern Caucasia ‘4....... A Bene care ee ae Se oe See Ct oe eS RIE eG fa ay 3
ESU0M Oa eri G15 1 apa fal SN a Dl Rm an LAC(3)5) seat fe RS | Sc 2 SE eae hye
Chol 1, 132 3519 BARON ieee ae 11,908 | 37,892| 87,371| 86,135
SUERTE. oe 10 | 5 6 6 174 91 182 110
United Kingdom: ; | | | ,
ipinnde ss. 276 | 202 248 | 282 8,015 3,462 7,032 6,776
WCE ae i 1 3 3 33 29 78 62
PIEANTG ee 2 to suc 9 | 6 tire 77 318 237 266 262
Loch i aan 2 | 1 8; 2 82 67 65 7By | oe 8 cee
(hia) oa 288 210 260 294 8, 433 3, 793 7,451 | See ae
ASIA. / | |
ierigish Indis...........:.. 13,156 | 15,307 | 16,255| 7,367 143,360 | 127,979 | 165, 275 | 71,701
Japanese Empire: I" ; i
anne. 1,598 1, 481 TACO Ds nce. 23 e17b || 25.564" |(" aasgags|o se
DiGi ns a ran 79 Seles ssa keke pensar 9 657 0 Nl Ge Se eel ee ey Side
Korea (Chosen)....... 1, 229 P6628) | Goce well toes cher 14, 240 DK Pees 7d eee, cams ew ee ws
VOID 2,906 pao | a saay cen weseee en 38, 072 AD VAOON OS Soe hee ee
Russia (9 Governments). . ANDO eepereere tts | (Cece cae inet: SPIN Picacace eel es ae ce ee nal eames
AFRICA,
(AGS oa NOMS oaerreteralllnw smc ene peive sates Ue Oe Rees o ca) Sheree a cme
[Oy eee 544 490 494 Ce ae eee eee 12,176 12, 816 10, 283
| AUSTRALASIA,
DiiraHoes.....-.......... 40 1 Bree fase, 794 19 PC ee ee

1 Five-year average except in a few cases where five-year statistics were unavailable.

2 Less than 500 acres.

8 Unofficial. 6 Grown

1 Old boundaries.

alone.

6 Grown with corn.
7 Field beans only.

8 Includes peas.
9 Includes other pulse.

and value by States 1920, and totals,

252222

1914-1919.

BEANS—Continued.
(Leading producing States.]

Acreage, production,

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

State and year.

n.

OR sc 2s SoBe tee oo eee

TaBLe 181.—Beans (dry):

664
Michi

“soa |e

Aricdedatied | ai

geeey

oe

"Tolak< 2 3+ ton. 2-3

(Gabfornis:4 6°42 3.5524

iNew Mexico: —-<<-<<"es_<*=5°.see 2 t
SAREE ees ees es

Colora

B88532

S
Z

RASSRA
sidciscia
PELE
ret iet4

StHESs

Ct ed

reeset
Pw
’ ' ' ‘ ' '
‘ ' ‘ ’ ' ‘
' . ‘ i! ‘ ’
ee see
Lage: 0 os
' , ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘
‘ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘
‘ ' ’ ‘ ' ’
' ’ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘
‘TSE Se)
a ee aes
it ok Dee
’ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ‘
176 Yor
Me & wth. 8
‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ' ‘
’ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘
be 0 90 Sts
er mer as:
rae ey
' ‘ ' ' ’ '
De may oe
Veron @
‘ ' ‘ ‘ ’ ,
gt ’ ’ . ‘
Ce ot tet as
' . ‘ ‘ ' '
’ , ' ' ’ ’
tee Sie he eae
ott Get wk we
om OT ahs
So ha Dek Fas
’ ‘ ' ' , ‘
at ob fe
on rey &
Pet Se of
OO O'In
tt et et et et
BSS SB
tS et et

:

TabLe 182.—Beans: Farm price per bushel on 15th of each month, 1911-1920. « =

| RRER nee
| gfeiciei “cicicia’

mae
RASs

» i

}

Fa Cn:
ray Me
' ‘ ‘ ’
rae ih aae
Hipp i
tame
+ gers
ESS e
See <1

May 15-...
June 15.....)
July 15.....
“Ang. 15..
Nov. 15.....|
Dec. 15. ....

ia

Statistics of Beans. 665
BEANS—Continued.

TaBLE 183.—Beans: Wholesale price per bushel, 1913-1920.

{Compiled from commercial papers.]

| San Francisco,

Pee Detroit, pea. :
Boston, pea. Chicago, pea.t 7, small white
| (100 Ibs.). (per 100 Ibs.)
Date. a /
ver oy | Aver- on | Aver-| | sg |Aver-
Low. |High. a Low. | High. ode Low. | High. eg Fite aes aig
|

1913, Dolls. Dolls. Dolis.| Dolls.| Dolls.| Dolis.| Dolls.| Dolls. Dolls.| Dolls. Dolls. Dollis.
January-June.............- 2.25} 2.60} 2.45] 1.25] 2.50] 1.86] 1.80) 2.20).....- 4.50) 5.90: 4.91
Meee iecem Der)... 2... 21° 2.15) 2.40) 2:28) 1.15) 2:25) 1.76) 1.75) 2, 05).--..- 4.50) 6. 00) 5.41

'

1914. |
January—June.............. 2.10) 2.35) 2.20) 1.60} 2.30) 1.99) 1.80) 2 4.75) 5-50) 5.15
July—December..-.......... 2.15). 3.10) 2.59) 1.95) 3.10) 2.44) 1.85) 2 4.00 6.00) 4.81

1915. :
January-June......... m..-| 2.95) 3.50) 3.24] 2.40] 3.50) 3.08) 2.15) 3 4.50} 5.70) 5.40
July-December........-...- 2.85} 4.10) 3.47) 2.62} 4.10) 3.30) 2.60) 3 4.50) 6.40) 5.19
1916. |
Pauvary—oiite —.----... 3. 80} 5.85) 4.08) 3.00) 8.00} 3.94) 3.50) 6 6.25) 11.50) 6.7
July—December............-| 4.50} 7.25) 5.83) 5.00) 8.00) 6.34) 4.90) 7 50) 11. 9.40

1917.
January—June.............. 6.50} 10.25) 8.23) 6.40) 11.25) 8.47) 6.25) 10.00) 7.97) 10.50) 16 00) 13.21
July—December..........-.. 8.00} 15.00] 10.26) 7.25) 14.50) 9.71) 7.25) 13.25} 9.24) 11.75} 15.75) 13.20

1918.
Jantiary—June.- 22... 22.5. 12.00) 14.50) 13.37) 10.00} 15.00) 12.61) 9.50) 13.25) 11.64) 11.75) 12.75) 12.35
July-December.........-.--- 9.00} 12.00) 10.78) 8.25} 12.50] 10.37] 8.63] 10.25) 9. 27 8.90) 12.25) /10. 94

1919. |
Yanuary—June..-.-..-.-.-.- 6.50} 10.00) 7.92) 6.50) 9.25) 7.70) 6.50 ae 33 5.75] 8.90) 7.14
July—December.........-.-- 6.00} 9.00) 7.57) 7.25) 9.50) 8.13] 6.75) 8.75) 7 i §. 20) 8.00) 6.96

7.00) $8.25! '7.51| 7.50! 8.00) 7.76) 7.20) 7.35! 7.24) 6.20) 6. 75) 6.64

7.00) 8.25) 7.62) 7.00] 8.00) 7.40) 6.60) 7.25) 6.83) 6.40) 6.75) 6.53

7.00| 8.25] 7.46] 6.75) 7.25) 7.04; 6.50) 6.75] 6.58) 6.40} 6.40! 6.40

7.00) 8.00) 7.29) 6.75} 7.50) 7.16) 6.60) 7.50) 7:12) 5.75) 6.50) 5.94

7.25). 8.00) 7.62} 7.00) 9.25) 7.58) 7.75} 7.90) 7.81) 6.00) 6.50) 6.20

7.25] 8.00| 7.62] 7.00] 8.50] 8.07| 7.25] 7.85] 7.48] 6.40] 6.40] 6. 40

7.00} 8.25) 7.52) 6.75) 9.25) 7. 50| 6.50) 7.90) 7.18) 5.75) 6.75) 6.35

7.00] 8.00] 7.59| 6.50} 7.50| 7.18| 6.75) 7.25| 7.04] 5.50| 6.40, 6.29

6.50} 7.75) 6.99) 6.50) 7.00) 6.75) 6.00) 6.75{ 6.27) 5.50) 6.00) 5.72

6.50} 7.25) 6.88] 6.50) 7.00) 6.75) 5.00) 6.00) 5.58) 5.25) 6. 00} 5.58

5.20) 7.25) 6.36) 4.75) 7.00) 6.13] 4.40) 5.00) 4.70) 4.25) 5.50) 4.56

November......... 25 Sa 5.00} 6.00) 5.67) 4.50) 5.00) 4.82) 4.10) 4.65) 4.42) 4.25) 4.50) 4.38
HOG. Doig Da! 2 TS 4.75) 5.75) 5.14] 4.25) 4.75) 4.52) 3.90) 4.00] 3.99) 3.75) 4. a0} 4.19
July—December.....-- 4.75] 8.00} 6.44! 4.25] 7.50 6.02) 3.90) 7.25) 5.33) 3.75, 6.40 5.12

! Hand picked, choice to fancy.

666

SOY BEANS.
Taste 184.—Soy beans: Acreage, production, and value, by States 1920, and totals,

[Leading producing States.]

1917-1920.

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Average
Average farm Farm
State and year. Acreage. | yield per | Production. | price per value
acre. bushel | Nov. 15.
| Nov. 15. | a
Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Dollars. Doliars.
Virpinia’-5_=22-2---4-<ee <= =e seen ee 30, 000 19.0 570, 000 3.10 1, 767, 000
North Carolina. - «2. 2-422 -«=-=<---- 91, 000 18.0 1, 638, 000 2. 78 4, 554, 000
GeOl Pils. osu 2. son ene ore San ier = B= =e 2, 000 11.0 22, 000 3.35 74, 000
ORO oe oops an et ceo tee aah eee 8, 000 8.0 64, 000 4.00 256, 000
iets it set: eee ees see Ue Cele ease Ste 3, 000 14.0 42, 090 5. 00 210, 000
TN GIS: Sain fo oe oe cone ae eee ee 8, 000 11.5 92, 000 3. 92 361, 000
IWASCONSIN «5 o/. 52 os 0 soe w sins sis -isaie <n esis = 4, 000 7.0 28, 000 4. 00 112, 000
MISSOURI. sous c-c. -- oops ae teas oetoe 7, 000 19.0 133, 000 2. 60 346, 000
Renvucky- cc cene so oteess = eee cere 8, 000 15.0 120, 000 3. 50 420, 000
MennessdO oc. 5 bonus ae aces eee sees 5, 000 20020 50, 000 2. 85 142, 000
AIA DAE» iodo. ~ tas ae = ope ae seb eee 23, 000 9.9 228, 000 4.00 912, 000
Mississipinl 2. 4 -. seen «aoe = seen - es 1, 000 15.0 15, 000 3. 00 000
DEAN Otte aioe on forwte <n sees e saen ae 190, 000 15.8 3, 002, 000 3. 06 9, 199, 000
ST teenie ES a oie ep er ere eee 175, 000 14.1 2, 460, 000 3. 47 8, 530, 000
LEU ape ee a sey Sete he aE ges PSS oo anh 169, 000 17.7 2, 997, 000 3. 20 9, 590, 000
EUW eae ge Sener Sac ae ashe: cmimey sac 154, 000 14,8 2, 283, 000 2. 86 6, 529, 000

1 Acres rounded to nearest thousands.

TABLE 185.—Soy beans: Farm price per bushel on 15th of month, 1913-1920.

Date. 1920 | 1919 | 1918 1917 1916 | 1915 | 1914 1913
eo mr
|
re! ee eee $3. 76 | $3.00 | $3. 47 $2. 20 $2. 31 $2. 35 $1,060). ee och
1) ep ee ee oe 4.05 3. 00 3. 82 2.45 2. 39 2. 26 1, 80, | ogee 2
Det. Eby 2s ipsa sake = 3. 41 3. 34 3. 36 2.73 2.13 1. 88 2. 08 96
INGV edb W. «25 -2-S55- = 3. 00 3.35 3. 20 2. 86 13 2. 08 2.15 1.57
WRC, ipo aa Senn eee 2, 28 3. 44 3. 29 | 3. 33 18 2, 23 2, 24 1.72
COWPEAS.

Tas.E 186.—Cowpeas: Acreage, production, and value, by States 1920, and totals 1917-1919.»

(Leading producing States.]

Average
Average farm Farm
State and year Acreage. | yield per | Production. | price per value
| acre. bushel Nov. 15
Nov. 15.
Acres. Bushels. Bushels. Cents. Dollars.

WAR RUNG 250 055 200s Seubawona te ee acne amen 63, 000 11.0 693, 000 290 2, 010, 000
NOPE CAtONng . cc oc dws ape tea ne sees 202, 000 11.6 2, 343, 000 257 6, 022, 000
South: Caroling i). sure resend cs beben enna 100, 000 9.0 900, 000 225 2, 025, 000
GOOTRIR oo sice co cesta eee Gaeoenese eon 110, 000 9.0 990, 000 217 2, 148, 000
PENIS oo a.cins w dict wins Men Mia oe cea one a 23, 000 8.0 184, 000 275 506, 000
DUMIATIN < &<cciesce duc ctu or eens aeehen aelee 7, 000 16.0 112, 000 300 336, 000
Ey Bee ee ray ee ee 25, 000 12.0 300, 000 200 600, 000
MOUMIORY on Sinsenntndendaesdancunearrene 21, 000 12.0 252, 000 375 945, 000
PARTIONNOD «o's VS aS Redes ee ee 8, 000 5.0 40, 000 240 96, 000
RIBDONIGY, ois nshadasemienenene hand vet sae 532, 000 9.6 5, 107, 000 200 10, 214, 000
POMBO o00.6.0as0'ceu unde ekeePenees ine 300, 000 8.0 2, 400, 000 212 5, 088, 000
TUETID v9.5 tub o's lv awdlewele aed o eee 141, 000 7.3 1, 029, 000 261 2, 686, 000
RRS oS us igus b wiatp Oe Squid percents 65, 000 11.0 715, 000 285 2, 038, 000
REANINAD Sino Ey ove Seccnconet et uaies mek 86, 000 5.0 430, 000 245 1, 054, 000

GUAR iene clade nd dudes seraanee cae 1, 683, 000 9. 2 15, 495, 000 230, 8 35, 768, 000
WG a5 deny ean eonat akdbuueacneks aku ante 1, 453, 000 6.5 9, 423, 000 274.5 25, 865, 000
GIB 8! Sore eat foe Owain e cee 2, 003, 000 6.2} 12,427, 000 231. 4 28, 756, 000
7 Re Pie a A Na acne eatin ary OF 7 1, 829, 000 | 7.0} 12,787,000 ot 29, 039, 000

Statistics of Cowpeas and Peas. 667

COWPEAS—Continued.
TABLE 187.—C wipe ot Farm Lime cents per bushel, on 15th of month, 1916-1920.

i

Date. | 1920 | 1919 | roi 1918 1917 1916 | Date. 1920 1919 | 1918 1917 7 | 1916
Ue 312.9 | 238.9] 262.2 | 192.2.) 156.3 || July 15........ | 470.8 | 342.8 | 248.4 | 303.2 | 135.1
men. iy.2--..-- 372.4 | 252.1 | 292.5 210.0] 157.2 1 | ee = Z | 310.3 | 241.3 | 265.4) 141.3
a 394.0 | 248.8 | 301.5 | 231.8] 153.7 || Sept. 15....... 8 | 269.4 | 226.2 | 217.0 | 142.4
(pal 421.4 | 267.6 | 292.8 253.4 | 150.2 Oh tes... .c4 | ore. 7 | 260.9 | 233.9 | 219.5 | 148.1

tan cans = 2 484.4 | 292.3 | 283.3 293.1] 148.8 NOV. ADs = = 522s 243.4 | 270.7 | 231.4 | 227.1 | 161.56
oC be 483.7 | 343.9 | 257.4 309.1] 140.0 || Dec. 15........ 229.0 | 280.6 | 237.6 | 237.5 | 177.9
| Pe / i
PEAS.
TABLE 188.—Peas: Area and production in undermentioned countries 1909-1919.
| Area. Production.
Country. % i ai ye " : Nl
veragel verage’
1909-1913, 1917 1918 1919 1909-1913 1917 1918 1919
7 |
| | —— —
NORTH AMERICA. | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000
acres. | acres acres acres. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels. | bushels
United States................ Meets pe il Bett rae Heeerooes 5 rr Rnesien RSE Se aR
Canada: |
Prince Edward Island....| 1/ @ (8) (8) 4| 1 aa 8
Nova Scotia.............. dtp) 2 2 14 2 33 | 33
ite 5 6 60 69
3 82 | 664 225
27
| 6
|
|

Russia proper ®
Poland. a a
SP Dee
poe itis ie oe Se,

Jap ol at 4 91
94

Australia. . (ty
New Zealand. ............... | 16 |

32

1 Five-year average except in a td cases where five- 8 Old boundaries.
year statistics were unavailable. 7 Includes lentils.
2Census 1909. 8 Excludes Alsace-Loraine.

3 Less than 500 acres.
: oa chick peas, lentels, and vetches.
noffi

° Ineludes beans and vetches.
10 Includes beans.
U Included under beans.

668 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

BROOM CORN.

TABLE 189.—Broom corn: Acreage, production, and value, by States, 1920, and totals
1915-1919.

- [Leading producing States.]

Avera;
Average Be
State and year. Acreage. yield Production. {frm weg ina
per acre. Nov. 1B.
Acres. Pounds. Tons. Dollars Dollars.

a. ee 18, 200 500 4,600} 175.00 805, 000
ice... -. .. oe eee 4” 500 465 1000 | 145.00 145, 000
WORHSHS: |= =.c 200 osscl Geechee ee ae eee 20, 000 375 3, 800 89. 00 338, 000
J ss 3: a ee ee eee Se eee 33, 000 230 3, 800 118. 00 448, 060
@klationas, .:..-/s2ckc eee 105, 500 324 17,100 | 129.00] 2, 206, 000
Colorady.-- =: 2225 2 eeeeeee eee eee 7, 000 370 1,300 70. 00 1, 000
Wow: Mation. .cé.ccauee ns aoe oes 117 000 420 2300 | 100. 00 230,000

Bete: <8i cece en ee 199, 200 340.4 33, 900 4, 263, 000
4019: .:2.. cin. 253 Ce eee ee 262, 600 386.9 50, 800 153. 64 7, 805, 000
W918. 05225 Soe ees eee eee 366, 00C 340.4 62, 300 233.87 14, 570, 000
cL GRes Se at A eS ee Se eT AS 345, 000 332.8 57, 400 292.75 16, 804, 000
1s Oe ieee ag Pt ee ee ee 235, 329.3 38, 726 172. 75 6, 690, 000
Tot eee RE eS ees goes 230, 100 454.1 52, 242 91.67 4,789, 000

TABLE 190.—Broom corn: Farm price per ton on 15th of each month, 1911-1920.

Date. 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 | 1912 1911
Jan. 15 ceeen.cseenws $162. 86 $169. 41 |$249.39 |$184. 08 |$103.97 | $66.26 | $94.38 | $48.89 / $99.96 | $81.46
MpBe 15.05. 22529-22- 123. 25 | 140.96 | 253.70 | 200.54 | 103.52 | 78.44] 95.16 | 56.08 | 85.97 79. 70
Marcas. 2c. 5.225.355. 129.66 | 173.73 | 242.47 | 212.24 | 103.81 | 68.42 | 91.36 | 56.97 | 99.36 77.96
7k be ee 144. 84 | 149.46 | 222.19 | 226.82 | 96.39 70.79] 89.47] 58.13 | 100.54 74.10
May 1b2. 2st ons 8 145. 78 | 151.72 | 205.98 | 252. 33 | 100.94 | 74.84] 84.99] 53.40 | 83.34 81. 05
JUuG 16.025 Ses 145.14 | 106.49 | 222.11 | 222.66 | 101.81 | 76.51 | 88.04] 61.08) 79.40 69. 36
Uy ee See 112.63 | 119.02 | 235.02 | 193.79 / 103.06 | 78.94] 87.94] 56.61) 84.68 68. 14
J 56 ee ee 141.99 | 123.64 | 231.68 | 307. 66 | 119.79 | 82.96}. 91.44 | 90.58; 83.12 72.07
Septsl6...2.0-aee 125. 22 | 154. 28 | 300. 28 | 240.15 | 128.51 | 75.24] 77.05 | 106.05 | 76,52 91.67
Wet Ns poe 125.65 | 161. 86 | 265. 23 269. 85 167.52 86.44 | 66.53 | 101.85 | 70.40 | 121.47
INOW. lisa 7ss 122. 67 | 160.55 | 205.35 | 295. 50 / 172.60 92.04 | 65.82] 99.80) 69.33 | 124.00 a
foie 7 Se ea Stage 87.59 | 162.86 | 171.63 | 279. 55 | 171.94 | 101.19 | 58, 21 92. 32 ) 57.07 | 108.20 j
u | | i ;

GRAIN SORGHUMS.

TABLE 191.—Grain sorghums:' Acreage, production, and value, by States, 1920, and ;
totals 1915-1919.
‘

|Leading producing States.]

!

| Avenags t
1 Average arm Farm value
State and year. Acreage. yield Production. | price per }
i per acre. bushel Noy, Wy, |
Novy. 15.
2 wuats x
| Acres. Bushels Bushels. Cents Dollars. °
270, 000 21.2 | 26,924, 000 69 18, 578, 000
906, 000 32.0 60,992, 000 121 73, 800, 000
555, 000 26.0 | 40, 430, 000 60 24, 258, 000
255, 000 | 17.0| 4,335,000 84 3; 641; 000
240, 000 27.0 6, 480, 000 99 6, 415, 000
28, 000 26.0 728, 000 99 721, 000
150, 000 | 27.0 4, 050, 000 105 4, 252, 000
ital ...:,.. cancoesoct ns een 5, 404, 000 | 26.6 | 143,939, 000 91.5 | 131,665,000
OS aE Siemens *T Eanes «Peete ee. 5, 031, 000 25.4 | 127,568,000 129.4 | 165,030,000
eg SE REAR BE iad» Spo" 6, 036, 000 12.1 | 73,241,000 150.0 | 109,881,000
i AT I ap ied nl 5, 153, 000 11.9 | 61,409, 000 161.9 99, 433, 000
WB on 7 voce Cows sdance on nes occ tne 3,944, 000 13.7 | 53,858,000} 105.9 | — 57,027,000
TIGR 5 oo nk cn anne daatnaadadans og tte 4) 153, 000 27.6} 114; 460, 000 44.7| 51,157,000

1 Kafirs, milo maize, feterita.

Statistics of Grain Sorghums and Peanuts. 669

GRAIN SORGHUMS—Continued.
Tape 192.—Grain sorghums: Farm price, cents per bushel, on 15th of month, 1916-1920,

: es 0 ee
Date. 1920 | 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 || Date. 1920 | 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916
I | a ee et a ees | s

TAMAR s 5 cies. AB lc Nid Doe | Lr0PS | 118. Ly useae July 16... 55222. | 1385.2 | 175.9 | 165.6 | 214.0| 62.8

Pebets..).-...| 138.7 | 156.9 | 185.7 129.0 |..-.--- Wages. os. 150.0 | 176.9 | 177.2 | 243.3| 72.4

Mar. 15........ 129. 8 | 150.9 | 193.5 | 147.0 |....... | Sept. 15....... 124,8 | 153.7 | 181.0] 187.7] 83.8

Apr. 15.. 145. 4 | 162.1 | 204.0 | 152.0 | 53.6 || Oct. 15........ | 95.5 | 139.7 | 175.9 | 174.1] 80.8

May 15........ 154.5 | 173.6 | 211.0 | 188.0 | 58.2 || Nov. 15 | 95.5 | 133.6 | 150.5 | 160.6 | 102.4

wane ts... ... 153.9 | 174.1 | 179.6 | 206.3 | 60.0 || Dec. 15........ 81.7 | 144.3 | 154.8 | 166. 7 | 101.5

PEANUTS.
TABLE 193.—Peanuts: Acreage, production, and value, by States, 1920, and totals
1916-1919.
A | | A verage
‘ verage ees ; 2

x State and year. Acreage. | yidldl pee ‘Production. per eee Peano

| ; | Nov. 15.
| Acres. | Bushels. Bushels Cents. | Dollars.

CO weet el 7138, 000 32.0 | 4,416,000 136.0 | 6, 006, 000

113, 000 35.0 | 3,955, 000 137.0 | 5,418,000

000 45.0 | 1,620,000 212.07} 3,434,000

000 34.0 | 7,616,000 123.0 | _ 9,368, 000

, 000 28.0 | 3,220,000 149.0 | 4,798, 000

400 40.0 16, 000 360. 0 58,000

000 40.0 280, 000 155.0 434,000

000 22.0 | 9,020, 000 95.0 | 8, 569,000

000 25.0 75, 000 193. 0 145, 000

000 29.0 87, 000 155.0 | 135, 000

26.0 | 4,784, 000 179.0 | 8,563, 000

35.0 455, 000 204. 0 928, 000

26.0 416, 000 234.0 | 973, 000

28.5 | 35,960,000 135.8 | 48, 829, 000

27.0 | 33,925,000 "240.9 | 81,742, 000

24.7 | 46,010, 000 173.7 | 79,929, 000

28.5 | 52, 505, 000 174.3 | 91, 498, 000

33.0 | 34, 433, 500 120.1 41,357,000

TaBLE 194.—Peanuts: Farm price, cents per pound on 15th of each month, 1911-1920.

Date. 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911
9.9 6.0 7.0 4.9 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.6 4,3 4.4
10. 5 6.9 7.2 5.3 4.4 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.7 5.0
11,2 7.0 7.4 5.5 4.4 4,2 4.7 47-9 SD.0 4.8
10.9 6.9 8.3 6.2 4.6 4.5 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.9
11.2 7.2 8.2 7.2 4.6 4.8 5.1 4.7 4.9 4.8
11.2 7.7 7.9 da 4.7 4.8 5.1 5.0 5. 2 5.2
11.0 8.2 7.8 7.6 4.6 4.7 5.2 5.1 4.9 5.0
8.5 8.1 7.9 7.2 4.6 4.5 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.3
|
8.0 8.3 8.3 6.6 4.4 4.4 5.0 4.9 4.8 5.1
5.8 8.1 6.9 6.1 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.8 4.7 4.6
5.3 9.1 6.6 dod 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.7 4.4
4.7 9.1 6.1 desk 4.7 4,2 4.3 4.8 4.6 4.4

670 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
TRUCK CROPS.

TaBLE 195.—Commercial acreage and production of truck crops in the United States,

1917-1920.
Number of |
/ States } Acreage. Production.
: | Teporting.
Crop.
1917-18)1919-20| 1917 1918 1919 1920 1917 1918 1920
= Sele oo ea el eae
Acres. | Acres.| Acres.| Acres.
Aspharagus, tons... | 24 7| 31,647) 26,459] 28,378] 26,749 36, 289 28, 004 38, 603
Beans (snap), tons. 33 30| 31, 104) 31,618] 12,394] 11,456] 54,156] 56, 859 24, 683
Cabbage, tons. -..- 28 29| 93,518) 92,715) 68, 135/104, 848} 603,962} 684,812) 443, 940, 525
Cantaloupes,! crts. 16 23} 60, 150) 39,650) 65,547) 68,932) 8,006, 500) 5, 796, 000/11, 159, 426/11, 652, 356
Caulifiower,? crts- . 20 5| 9,086) 9,972) 8,170) 9,045) 1,898,974) 2,084, 148) 2,123,475) 2,422,005 FS
Celery,’ certs. .--.--. 7 8} 14,500) 14,750} 13,107) 15,170) 6,597, 750) 6, 436, 500) 2,676, 096) 3, 660, 773 bl
Corn (sweet), tons. 28 26/201, 645 278, 480/223, 408|285, 554| 377,688| 511, 809 577, 464
Cucumbers, tons. . 23 24) 50,521) 63,005) 52,785] 46, 449 42,581} 111,711 41, 654
Lettuce,‘ crts.... 8 8| 12,500) 15,350) 15,600] 22,357| 6,348,300] 7,476,900) 8, 116, 100/12, 106, 055
Onions, bu........ 22 24| 64,460, 64, 715] 47,635| 63, 809/19, 133, 000|19, 336, 000 12, 833, 500)21, 335, 000
Peas, tons... -..-.-- 32 19|180, 407 127, 611)115, 020/139, 188} 152,462) 132, 769 133, 272
Potatoes (early
Irish),‘bu.....---| - 16 17|267, 850 258, 650}182, 250/231, 887|18, 552, 300/27, 471, 750/16, 914, 000/26, 354, 140
Strawberries,® crts. 26 26/109, 510) 83, 820] 63, 700) 67,500) 7,948, 141) 5, 152,605) 4, 856, 900) 4, 590, 750
Tomatoes, tons.... 42 36/300, 850/351, 252/237, 195/244, 745) 1,074, 596} 1,462,869) 855, 782) 1,022, 258
Watermelons, No. 17 18|120, 700| 67, 745/110, 691/133, 250/44, 964, 000|27, 533, 000/37, 585, 543/49, 577, 354
1 Standard crates, Crates of 2 dozen heads each.
2 Crates of 1 dozen heads each. 6 Crates containing 24 quarts.

3 Crates of 10 bunches of 1 dozen plants each.

CABBAGE.

TaBLE 196.—Cabbage: Farm price, per 100 pounds on 15th of each month, 1911-1920.

| | |
Date. | 1920 | 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914 | 1913 | 1912 | 1911 y
| | | |_| ee
|
$2.19 | $2.74 | $3.95 | $1.17 | $1.36 | $1.87 | $1.26 | $1.89} $1.56 ,
2.33} 3.26 | «5.65 | 1.21 | 1.41| 2.07) 147 | ose ee
2.71 | 2.86.|'°6.77) 1.388 | 1.38 |. 2.03 |) 1.03 |) {Sessoms ¢
3.79| 2.98| 7.61) 1.50] 1.99] 224] 1.15] 3.17] 1.33 ;
4.97| 3.23| 7.53] 1.93] 2.53] 2.05] 158] 2.98] 138 F,
4.68] 3.55| 5.10] 2.27] 2.34] 2.61] 2.18] 2.67] 2.46
4.293) 3.41| 3.23] 2.15] 1.95] 2.66| 2.64] 229] 293 i
3.73 | 2.96| 2.19] 226] L6L| 1.74] 215 | Seu
3:08} 2.45] 1.76 | 2.17] 1.24] 2.60) 70 eee 1,98 a
2.88} 2.16| 1.79} 2.40] 1.00] 1.31] 1.69] 1.08} 1.51
2.74) 1.99| 266] 261| .97| 1.14). 158 | oOgueeeee
3.49] 2.05| 2.28] 3.04] 1.07] 1.26] 175] 1.15] L8

671

Statistics of Cabbage.

=a = SS SE SAB Sec SRN A RE eg a a epee RIREEA

| |
2oz‘oT | for‘S | ope'2 | Th2‘2 | 2e0‘F | ze0‘OT | $6 a4 0'8 eer £9 66 008 ‘ET | 099 ‘ J : ‘ figy Peer smoost
FOG | 80% OST, | O8T, | 221 Zr, | 68 Oeah, oie 9°8 9°8 z'6 98Z 002 ; td A ont Hh ov : Or OF essere == TO SUTUBE AR
800% | GIG, | SHOT | OLTT | 996, | S00 T | Per |S |68 |89 | 106 | s80%% | oze’t | oog‘t | ost‘z | OoL‘t | OOF‘T |-*~~-TuO;s9MYINOg
999 'T 2so‘t | osz‘t | ozo‘t | #t2‘s | #o9'e | oz o°9 el 9'F 2'6 z'6 eeL‘% | s2e‘% | oso‘e | ose'® | ogo'G | og2‘ |-- Moro xI0JI0N
pure 9104s W9a4seny
—tI
&% 0% cI 91 SI aI Or | oor | ez o'8 Fad G°8 8% GZ G 4 02% vaseeseene toma
PIs 10% Sz Z61 OST CLI o's 09 8°8 0'8 Z'8 9°8 29P Oat ore 008 GLZ “oossouuD J,
Tre ‘T ogz‘t | OFe‘s | FFL 9c0‘T | 999°T | BL Gil 0'8 o'g 06 0°6 992‘% | 090‘% | ooc‘e | oor‘e | ooe‘e | oog’2 |°--"°°*: BUT[OIBD YYNOg
rtrd C0% S61 961 22 02g 06 0°8 0'6 02 0's O'Or | age 0% GlZ ose gog "7" "=" Bre A [ASU
861 ae, «| HST. «| Gar, | ae 981 0'8 OetT ore 0'8 o°6 0°6 08 G1Z GlZ G61 002 agit: “**"*"*T108010)
641% | zer‘t | ogz‘t | Fee's | S86 PALS | SOT =| 087 02 £°8 £°¢ 0'2 019‘e | 0g0'% | 0808 | o0g‘e | 002‘z Se Jo ee O
Shs 82, | 00T, | Oat | 968 | 09%, | 97% G's 0's oF 06 | 0°6 806 O8% O0F ose ogg “**""BUITOIGD YON
gse‘ee | BOF ‘OT | H8E{0T | Le9‘9T | O69'2 | O@L‘se | OSI | g'9 16 el #'S O'OT | @g9‘9% | OZT ‘0% | 000‘S8z | Oog ‘sz | O08‘ZT | 006 ‘GE |-~----7-*- “yIOX MON
166 ¥E8 #0 ‘T | SIT‘T | 8h2‘T |-990‘T | T'S Gl 128 9°8 26 0'8 62o‘T | o68‘T | OOS‘T | Oz9‘T | S60‘T “7*"* *£9ss0f AMON,
0% SI sI ¥I 98 se 0°6 0°6 z'6 OL €'8 Su 8% GZ G GZ 6G “"7""" =" BySBIGON
QLT O9T ee OL 6L 08 0'8 ¥'6 o"L €'8 oy GlZ 08% SOT GUI SII -++ss2+=* OSSIAN
G40'T | 889, | O8T'T | FOS, | OTF O1F ys =| 09 ee |.0e' «| Sep 8p | 96G'T | osF'T | 009'% | OOT‘s | 002‘ +" 1ddississtw
g2e't | SItT | 2eeit | 006'T | 802, | ocr /f% Jos #6 [9% |F9 |0%6 | o98's | ope‘t | oso‘t | o09'z | oos‘T "7" RyOSOMUTY
£93'S | S82 tor‘e | 9se‘e | eoe‘r | sie‘e | "et | 8°9 Z01 £'8 ye 0°6 060‘% | oFF‘T | os2‘e | oor‘’s | ooF'e | 009% |: sores UBSTU OTA
OFZ 10 Tar 18% 410‘T | To0‘T | 8°S 0's #'8 c'8 G'8 0'8 LI¢ OLF O8T OPE peo'T | goo‘T |----"°°**°7** puepéreyy
atl 9gI eT | FLT 99% 2% 9°9 9°8 26 L'8 ¢°6 £°6 08% 00% 00% 0Sz ose 00g 777° AYoNGUAy
69 1th 800‘T | 92g #88 or ‘z | 0'8 i 2 02 ava ¢°9 O'Or =| S80‘T | ozt‘T | oo8‘t | o00‘T | 002 ‘T =< 5) reat BOT
Pel Slt S16 886 808 02g zor =| ¢'9 Z'8 $6 o's 0's 006 0gs8 oor ‘T | o0g‘t | oor ‘T “ress * = BUreIpuy
Tal $9 ¥FI L¥T 2 802 mes 0's 0'8 8°. GC", 0'8 L8T OLI G2 GE GLE 1 Se Walaa oabalaee )0212
08 8% 5 SAP i < S l ) 9'8 c's 06 88 oe ce 08 og ze ipakderegdehe tetanie 23
cect | 92‘% | 8808 | 90F‘e | 2e90'% | ZeL‘6 | OT |o'oT | 06 6°2I | OT | 8'Or | OOT'F | osF‘s | ozz‘e | oog‘e | ooze | ooL‘e |°°°--*°-°****-opeaoqog
LPG LL 986 091 £99 SSL 82 02 82 0’ e'8 €'8 sig‘T | ose‘t | oog‘t | 000‘T | 000‘T “ross BUTBQ ely
96z‘9 | cz‘ | SaF ber ‘T | O9T‘T | O80‘T | 8°F 0g 80 0% e'¢ g OOF ‘9T : : : ¢ S Tishtehen ak i
grit | P89, | 88, | 993 [00 | 009 128 jor joe j|oz o's 0 'G | SLT 086 q 002 q 000 q 008 cesta “ywumtsttio't
98 F | 968 T | 106’ | 216, | 98's | 0% {89 |O9 |e [oz {9% |92 | 000% | 096‘e | 0026 | o0L's | 009% "ress" * Ep HOt
FIL" | To0'T | O@2"T | sts | see's | Fee | TL |oF jos fou [es {os _ | o0e's | ots | ooe’s | o08‘e | 009'E "ress - BTEOS TED)
sing “SiD9 *SuD9 “SDD “S409 “sung *SuOT, “SuoL ‘sud, “Sud, “SUuoT, “SUOT, En ie “S9lo “Solo “Solo “Slop “SILI TALIBSL
|
OZ6T | GIGI | SIGT | LI6T | OT6T | STO | OZ6T | GIGT | SI6L | ZI6T | OT6L | Stet | ozet | eter | gI6r | ztext | g9tet | ster

= = = a *09848
‘spunod (o0‘¢z—Smo UT ToTON por 9108 10d plOLA “poqysoAisy osvoloy

EEE
‘0B6I-SI6I ‘SAIS panyug ay) U2 sabnqqno fo uoryonposd pun ‘aso sad pyarh ‘abvason pmosaunuog— LG ATAV I,

“penunwop—aAOVadVvoO

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

672

o'ett | O'*8 | GIT | 8°26 | 9°66 | L°SZT | O'LzT | L°TeL | 8°SbZ | O'ZEL |" "ST O@ || O'VEL | O'SST | 9°S6 | SOFT | 6'ZOT S "eet | O’s0E | L*8eT | 1°FES | zoe |" "eT oUNE
0°80 | O'S | GFIL| FR | SFG | SST | O'OLT | LHL | G'BI% | S"ShL |""""" “SL “AON || O°6ZT | O'LAT | G28 | O'ZST | BOL | S*ezI | O°R6E | L“FEL | 6"6zz | O"LEE BN Sa
0'2OT | 0°S8 | SOIT | $88 | 86 | HISE | S'LET | Z'EhL | F°96L | BRST |*"""" “ST 290 || O'GIT | O'SAT | O'6L | GOST | F'HOL | G'EzI | O'S6F | TFET | T'zOT | cE |" oT Ady
0'F01 | 0°68 | 6°01 | sot | 8°28 | 6'zzt | 6'zbT | S*9T | F°S6L | B'ZLT |" "SE Ideg || O°SOT | O'LOT | O'LL | Z’SST | E°86 | SORT | 29h | O'LFL | 8°66 | Q’oze |" ** CT IEW
O'9IT | O'0OL | T'SOL | 6'LeL | £98 | Seer | LEST | LPO | 8 "Sze | F'OLT |" GT 'ny || 0'MOT | OFT | S°LL | LOFT | 9°26 | S°9ZT | B*LEe | ZEST | LEST | G°LOe |" "ST Qed
OE | O'VIL | L*1OL | HOLT | 0°86 | &°LFI | O'10Z | 9°29t | O's | 8"H0G | - er Ayng || O°TOT | O'LIL | 9°18 | O'IZE | 688 | SEIT | ¥'80z | 6'SLT | S "eet | S"O8e |" "eT “URE
116E | ZI6L | e16L | FI6L | S16 | 9I6I | L161 | ST6T | GI6T | OZ6T ‘a1eq | TI61 ZI6I | €16L | FIGT S161 | O16I | 216T S161 | 616T | Oz6L aed

“O@6I-LI6L ‘ysuou yooe fo yer uo yaysng sad syuao ‘and wing :sUuotUg—'66L ATAVL

‘HOUISpoos Y}TM 4OCI}UOO JOPUN UMOIS OBO’ OpNfouT you seod 1

se0‘T | 09% 189 ¢09 eh oLo 88h OFT ase 81g 826 oee 090‘T | 086 006, =| 086 = 086 i Se abaeinced > *“UISUCOSTMA
199 21g 008 1h L8L $29 aug O0F oor ele c6F OOF 018 OF9 000‘T | 00z‘T | 008 | PUR meseaeet: uOySUTYSE A
061 Ost 202 zt PEL 89h ta Ose £9 iat 004 00% oe 008 Ose oF =| «SLE 691 ‘T | (ed0Ys W184sBe) BTUTAIT A
al G9 a 08 tL 09 O8P 00¢ org O0F 00F OOF ogt $9 | 0OT 001 06 Shit Fee ee yen
ogg ogg oly Lo I edna (as 08% 08% 08 Ce” (ka res OOT‘T | OO1‘T | 086 TT RR Ae ne eee SBXOL
611 aL PIL S81 0s1 60% Sab 08 £8 69% 008 08% OFT 0zI 002 oes | 08% / . BF mre erueaAsaued
6S O8P ese | Les 092 egg 998 008 98% 98% one 00F os. | 008, | 084 | OOO (ORL, | 100, [ni wo301Q
e0c‘e | 099% | I8L‘e | cop's | 188‘% | FFE 8zb osz | Ge 89 LLG 201 ShI'9 | O08 ‘c | 090'9 | 0099 | OOG's | Lope |“ 7" 77 7* 7 “tose oo
006‘¢ =| ses‘e | 90‘, | SPP‘G | F2z9'% | G0e‘L | TLE 69% 80 826 C61 18 296‘ | 08¢‘2 | 099'8 | 008 ‘6 | 009‘9 | I9¢ ‘Zr |"""7*7"**"*~ HIOX MON
osr‘T | OOO'L | O87‘T | SOL‘T | G6g‘T | 86E‘T | 05% 09 0G SFE LZ 0ze ors ‘% ; 000% | 000% | Osh | 006% | CSIs [TTT Aasiaf AON
81 LT eI L 0% Ir ost oge 69% SF P81 rea @ |9 | 9% Ci ete. Oe. Ee ee BpBaeN
18 919 et ‘T | 921‘T | oF OLL Lie 916 OIF 888 902 gle gze‘T | oce‘t | o9e‘t | OSr‘T | O00T | Le0°T |-7*S*777*777 BIOSIUUT AL
gST'T | 988 £66 | 316, =| 868, | Shh | 89F GLI vir be 99% | OF Soil | OOT*T | OOS'T | OOS’ | USL | GBB) fro ttt WesTqOTY
668 | 068% | 698% | S982 | Ho% | FIL | 86h | Ore |SLb | HE | OE | OFE | OLO'P | Ose’ | OOF | OST’ | OOS’E | E26‘E [7° "**77* S1OSNYOVSS IL
£88 0%L 11g OSP org 1eh 898 008 108 G2 Bk Le 00G'T | 00ST | OSS, | OOO'T | OOTT | OGG = [°° * 7° 7 TTT Tt Ayonjuey
OFS 01g 182 £69 vee Teh p08 008 98 gig L8G OOF ese'l | 0c6 | OOT‘T | oor‘ | soo MR Nein setter 5/7 BAO]
888"h | ose‘T | 981% | 06% | E8h‘T | G2I‘T | GS 00 aa £62 90% P81 6036 | osF‘s | 096'% | ose‘ | CODE | OL0'E [-*7**77 787 TTT BuBIpuy
pL rad 892 ogg €88 988 Ogb 002 ore GlZ 82% g1Z 006 oes oor ‘tT | 000‘ | O¢s ge aeaeheieeiata Stour
886 GL ve 098 91 OFT 009 ‘| oo¢ 919 00F 00g 00F Ov gL 08 | OSt 00% 1) SD prebrecetes <p: ouepl
SOF 11 499, | eh, | 00% POE oe 092 Pb 99% 026 168 ovo, jose, |ose’t | oss | 00F Md epee =: OpBsojog
002‘ | 026% | OFL. | 2229 | B80‘E | 928‘E | OS GE ogee $68 She GLE OOF '8 | 02¢‘21| 00c‘8 | 0098 | 00g | OOL‘S |--*-*""** BYWIO; TBO
' :doJ0 07 8'T
geg's | este | boc‘ | o8e'9 | Seo | ech | Fes Ov vr 99% 82 LEG GOF ‘ZI | 0g9‘9 | OL0‘ST | O90 ZI | 290 ‘OT | BFE‘ [7-777 SBXOL
008 1 | BIT OLS Orr ‘T | 066 002 008 O9T 061 OST SOT LT 000'& | ose 00s ‘t | 000‘e | 000‘8 | 000% [°*°"*****77* BUBISINO'T
GFL T | 1h 86 098 9L¢ (ag 93 Tie Ose OFE 08 Gze 008 “8 | O28 oor ‘T | 0% ‘Tt | 006 ROT: ress ae BIWIOJITE
“SLD ‘suDQ | ‘supg | ‘8409 "SUDO ‘SdDQ | SPIYSNET|*spaysng | spaysng|*spaysng|*spaysng|'syaysng| "SIV | *saspy | “sI4IV | *SILIV | "SII" | “SIP :doro ApVg
Oc6I | GI6T | SI6T | L2IGE | OT6L | ST6T | OZBT | 6I6L | SI6r | 216t | 916T | SI6L | OZ6L | GI6T | SI6T | 216 | QI6T | SI6r
' "2181S
“(ovo sTeysnq OoOg JO sxvo) UOTPONposgT ‘aioe Jod potyz *pojsoarey edvely

a vo

‘O@6I-ET6T ‘8ajn).y papuyy ey uv-suorud fo uoyonpoud pun ‘aiov tad pjarh ‘abvaion JoWLIWWOD— 3G ATAV I,
“‘SNOINO

Statistics of Tomatoes. 673
TOMATOES.

TABLE 200.—Commercial acreage, yield per acre, and production of tomatoes for manu-
facture and table stock, 1917-1920.

Acreage harvesied.
1917 1918 1919 1920
States. wind = is
Table

Table Pare Table pe rea Table = and m2n-

stock | stock. stock tack stock ak ——

Acres. | Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres

0 0 0 15 5
0 0 0 3, 841 4,163
2, 319 2, 200 2,200} 29,458 31, 601
0 0 0 1,470 2,508
0 0 0 ) ere S
0 0 0 5,535 6, 267

25, 830 15, 600 a Ws. srs

0 0 0 BEN noone
0 0 0 CS epee >
0 i?) 0 3, 243 4,500
0 0 0 33,569 33,157
0 0 0 : 2,000
0 -0 a ee See OEE Peat ali ae
0 0 0 1,990 3, 944
0 0 0 1 fy ee ees
0 0 0} 33,243 32, 290
0 0 0 0 IO ana taby tae
0 0 0 2,146 2, 087
0 0 za gl PE pes eet ce.
7, 130 4, 700 4 OOS es 5, 060
0 0 O| 12,567 15,121
0 0 0 0 Ae Pgs
0 0 ©) |. se eee eee
11, 230 4, 650 | 4,950} 20,798 19, 134
0 0 0 eS ee eee
0 0 0 7, 802 9, 837
0 0 0 1153) Pace =
0 0 0 6, 748 5, 803
0 0 0 ik ES
0 0 0 v7 1 Ea
0 0 0 1,701 1, 656
0 0 OT” athe as see
0 0 Ds - o d el ee
1, 000 3, 000 3, 000 4,167 4, 992
5, 480 4, 000 ao Real te 8, 850
0 0 0 3, 897 5, 301
0 0 0| 18,889 18, 298
i 0 0 Ol Sa cae oe ee
i 0 0 0 922 1,410
i 0 0 0 yi Il popes tA
ee ereierers aaueennensl akpanakoanlancinanasical seta eceals ondduwes | 4,121
CT | 52,989 | 247,861 / 34,150] 317,102] 41,550 | 195,645 | 244,745

|

30702°—ysxK 1920——43**

674 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TOMATOES—Continued.

TaBLeE 200.—Commercial acreage, yield per acre, and production of tomatoes for manu-
facture and table stock, 1917-1920—Continued.

Yield per acre.
| 1917 1918 1919 1920
States.
| |

Manu- Manu- | Manu- Table

Table Table Table and man-
see. | SEE" | stock | “Sea | atk. | Me? | tae

Z stock.

Tons Tons. Tons Tons. Tons. T ns. Tons.
Alaienie 535 ask tenn eee a eee oly PS = US Ae eae 3.0 3.0
Wrkansas!to! >. Se S23 SSC p b= See Fae WE apbeies Co 2.8 3.6
Galifornia |2-o 2 tbe ose ene 7.5 7.5 5.4 5.4 79 6.0 a
Colorado 23-255 2. Sees bee eee BBY 9) ha = Soe (Bid Abs A 5: 9.1 7.4
Connecticut. =: <2... 2 5.55 Sc Olsen ee acce AY il yen ae = 5:0 )|.taceeeee
Delaware : ste. snes eee nae ee pay} Pee ee a. Ole eseer eee 1.6 4.3
Pierida. .2. 288 ie eS / 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.3 |:<oe ee 2.9
Eg nS be bee) es 5 PAS ees aS 320°] 2eeeee
Sdaho = 2sg hese aes e ee Send eee Th pS ae 4 Of es 6. 0's see *
Tiingis 256s - ep eset ese alaeee du dockces ccc aa Peer ess 3.6 3.4
THdIgNA toa. nae as ore = oa eee eee eee 264-2) c26.5e 4 5 Sy 6 Seek TREE 4.2 3.4
TOWSe < oe cee seaiecesPaem > sa ~a >= eee ZY) Besos 19 ewes coe ee 4.8 3.1
WESINSAS 35 ona ae chore ane ane base ee OR ee ace yt Tl RS Pee
Lie SRE eee eee hea 2? (eS RP A Bi pel has E> 5.5 4.0
Touisiang. ees. es ca cd 5 04 Se ee aS S00 Cee 3:0 | eceeeees
(Mar yiititis 25a = se owen mab sealer SAI]! (ea gd BSS io ae Ee 3. 1:5 3.6
Massachusetts.......-...-.-----. Aen oe (ee a PLU! eget Ee 5.0 [cee seeeeee
pS ite rs OS he es es eS bea eno 4.6 1 2 4.1 3.5
METTITICROGRE fe aoe = 3 sort orca ene yy 2) een Penn, BRS ee
Mississippi ......-.------------- A 5 RR Fg eee er A 3.7
j Sara es ee eee Sande ee 5 Sh boa SESE ye} eee 29 3.1
Webraskw iPr os 3a oe sees (aren ens 5} BF, A Se 2.663 Sore 1.51. eee
New Hampshire...-...........- peecessost BoD ra. wna seecleciaccnccca|aacn= nes an|s> seus een
INGWIIOISOY < a5 ones seen one | 4.3 4.3 7.2 5.1 2.6 2.6 4.6
New Moaxteo* $222. -.to-te- = ta lire eae ES pa ae ON a cence 3.7. te smmenaneee
New storks - = 5-.%<<stseh eon Pre 5 a 2A} | bese ee 5. Gil ee noe 6.5 4.9
North Carolinas: -.... 2.232265 esas 5 te 10 Poe 6..0;1S Seameomene
COMGE e2 foo ac ae see eaten ee ean oe rh ae oS i} ee eee 7 3.4
TUT or: ic A SS ES | AS SR S00 SS Ph pl peppery By 4:0 >=, See
hc a es ps Ee OR | aon EY) bles Ege de diloosecctees 3.2 [SS scene
Hoarnsyl vailise. 26-5 esos nd) ee ae PB 8 | bene | 4 Sir oes 3.6 3.0
Honth Canin?) 2-206. ans cdl ees 3.02 oss58 DO sss ose oe 3.0 |. pan aereee
South: Daksa: in -2-<¢-. s+ 444) eeee senor GeO ilcoscoscce A
Wenviessee!+- 525208 oleae 3.0 |' 3.0 3.5 3.5 2.0 Be 3.6
Nae, | Ee Boe peepee 5 het i eee 2.6 3.0 4.0 3.0 3G" 1.. 2 eee 3.8
jij Ne I ee A a ae se bet ace ea MTT | yo SS cb ea a 8.5 7.4
ete tt ee Se RS TSI at Re ee =} Ree Re Sra eesecce ee 2.7 3.1
WHBINN CONE s 2-3. apap mons - oad oss SAM Penn mas oe tl ASE =~ 7.0 |<. ee
Miony Witpittia. 28 ar. eee an ceee ig | | aaa a QA ness 4.1 2.9
WISCONSIN es 52 kote eee ce A | ee ee 0:0) Sse 5.2) 15s aaa
AY QED Sao ics on aba wmncededelee > onsdhoe| ean acters ous cane datlesacwaee. sfaeeee oss soe 4.1
oly «| RRR Me a 3.2 3.6 4.1 4,2 31 3.7 4.2

a seals

Statistics of Tomatoes. 675

TOMATOES—Continued.

Tape 200.—Commercial acreage, yield per acre, and production of tomatoes for manu-~

facture and table stock, 1917-1920 Continued.
Production.
4 1
1917 1918 1919 1920
States.
Table
Manu- Manu- Manu-
Table Table | Table and man-
facture facture facture

stock. stock. | stock. stock. | stock stock. a

Tons Tons. | Tons. Tons. | Tons. Tons. Tons
RIA DAIIA.--2.cccese nao a\aia atata ise 0 75 0 75 0 45 159
PT ROUISHS 2 occ cocccccecccscsscne 0 6, 019 0 16, 417 0 10, 755 14, 987
Rtintieeees. 2.2. -2-.s5cen- cu 17,390 | 178,012 | 11,880 | 222,712 | 17,380 | 176,748) 227,527
Galera Dime oes: feesc lle 0| 15,269 0| 12,586 13, 377 13, 500
0 354 0 912 0 | SOON | S2eetessk.
71, 946 0| 59,972 0| 8856 26, 948
77, 480 60 46, 800 1, 250 58, 520 |...-.-...- 65, 540
ON eases a 0 20 0 1 57 ee
0 420 0 124 0 6 a eee
0 13, 230 0 15, 117 0 11, 675 15, 300
0 83, 619 0 192, 907 0 | 140,990 112, 734

0 4, 708 0 4, 940 0 , 883 e
0 15 0 338 (Wy eee ee <2 | ere a=
0 6, 858 0| 10,046 0 | 10,945 15, 776
0 525 0 1, 338 116) les cline > a Re te
0 | 193, 332 0 | 293, 181 0| 49,864] 116,244
Q 24 0 40 0 BO coeeeee
“0 4, 328 0| 20,718 0 8, 799 7, 304
ota. 0 81 Oxlseo.sescee| 0. |. .22 eee a
Mississippi... .....-..-.-------- 15, 680 0} 21,150 0 | 18,400 | 0 18, 722
COSTS: ee 0| 38,300 0| 36,142 0| 25,134 46, 875
PMIRISRAG Ka eee one nino wmcincincicnnnic 0 191 0 182 0 iby) Fe eee
New Hampshire...........-.-.. 0 30 Ob fea eee. pd ete oa! Re 1 ae
INlowAICISeY Ge see. --.-22es->--- 48,320 | 107,255 | 33,480 | 121,727 | 12,870 | 54,075 88, 016
New Mexico....-........-.-.-.- 0 1, 500 0 2, 124 0 1, 628)}22225..<.-
caw in? os 0| 21, 460 0| 61,130 0| 50,713 48, 201
Mott Carolinalst.. 2.22.6 cco. ‘i 354 0 336 GO. -8bs BOO Sect =. 3
(oo 02 46c 2 Bogen Sossaeeeses 0 20, 313 0 41, 350 0 38, 464 19, 730
Oklahoma........--.-------+-++ 0 300 0| . 338 0 16Q\|=iet~----
DcGtGnl. 22 ccs ss ~ eos -acce-scce 0 1, 000 0 2, 033 0 ROR.
Pennsylvania. .......--.-.----- 0 9, 533 0 4, 306 0 6, 124 4, 958
South Carolina. - 0 306 0 24 0 i |e oe
South Dakota... 0 90 0 62 Oj) 2225 eee
Tennessee..-.....-- ae 3, 020 10, 362 10, 500 25, 963 6, 000 13, 751 17, 971
Tinks ta eee 16, 430 120 16, 000 360 ich) Uh es Bee 33, 630
Ie ete ele ho niclodictam cies 28, 719 0 60, 760 0 33, 124 39, 227
Ranier Lees BE... clo. ss. 73, 768 0 | 109,834 0| 51,000 56, 724
Wisshincton. 3. ..--..-..-...--5 0 40 0 585 0 15 hg Sa
Wiest Vircitia. os... 0 505..0.... 0 2, 666 0 2, 818 0) 3, 780 4, 089
ROOST ee elit << cin ceseiccaece 0 1, 094 0 292 0 1,513. |.2-S- seen
TAU oC BS eee Ove see Us ee eee 9 ee ee 16, 896
PIO TBEE Bek «nl cacncicen «= 178, 320 896, 276 139, 810 1, 323, 059 130, 870 724, 912 | 1,022, 258

Tape 201.—Tomatoes: Farm price, cents per bushel, 15th of month, 1912-1920.

Date. 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912

676 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
TURNIPS.
Tas Le 202.—Turnips: Farm price, cents per bushel, 15th of month, 1912-1920.

Date. 1920 1919 1918
CONTE | aS. Stel ee ae eee 112.4 82.1 88.4
Weleth= =o. BS est 124.1 $4.7 89.9
I ee ook oases ct 94,1 98. 9 79.6
WG er esc a maceae see 8.9} 101.8 79.0
SUGAR.

TaBLE 203.—Sugar: Production in the United States and its possessions, 1856-57 to
1920-21.

[Data for 1912-13 and subsequently beet sugar, also Louisiana and Hawaii cane sugar, estimated by

Islands, production estimated by the Philippine Department of Agriculture and exports for years ent

United States Department of Agriculture; Porto Rico, by Treas Department of Porto Rico; ober
June 30. For sources of data for earlier years, see Yearbook for 1912, p. 650. A short ton is 2,000 pounds.

Cane sugar (chiefly raw).

Beet we ee
Year. SUSE, pA Total.
BSG Louisi- Other Porto | Hawaii. ee
| ana. States. Rico. Islands.

Average: | Short tons. | Short tons. | Short tons. | Short tons. | Short tons. | Short tons. | Short tons.
1856-57 to 1860-61..-.)-.-.--+5-.. 132, 402 8,978 | 7, 364 46, 446 = 190
1866-67 to 1870-71... 3,818 226; 633
1871-72 to 1875-76... 4113 279, 020
1876-77 to 1880-81... 5, 327 ——
1881-82 to 1885-86... 7, 280
1886-87 to 1890-91... 8, 439 555, 001
1891-92 to 1895-96... 6,634 142
4) 405 8237 690
12° 126 1, 257, 673
13, 664 1 785,370
4, 048 1, 082, 705
4) 169 1, 253, 964
22) 176 1; 107, 100
16, 800 rg 3589, 715
13, 440 1) 485, 861
14, 560 1, 535, 255
13, 440 1; 776, 328
‘ 16, 800 1, 776, 409
512, 469 11, 200 1, 892, 328
510,172 12) 320 1) 946) 531
599, 500 8, 000 2,131, 534
692) 556 9, 000 2) 144) 734
733, 401 7, 800 2) 405, 904
722,054} 242) 700 3/920 2) 382) 356
874,220} 137,500 1, 120 2) 501, 467
820,657 | 303, 900 7, 000 2, 704, 567
60,950 | 280/900} 3°00 208" OL
1909-20. 3 50k. 06d deth wae 726,451 | 121; 000 1, 125 2,357,657
W990-2192 24, .cp dace cade 1, 109,600 | 186, 000 F008. TT... dn delhi clones nevdbas cleeeeeane 1.dusten

1 Census returns give production of beet sugar for 1899 as 81,729 short tons; for 1904, 253,921; 1909, 501,
enon of cane sugar in Louisiana for 1839, 59,974 short tons; 1849, 226,001 hogsheads; 1859, 221

ogsheads; 1859, 80,7 ogsheads; 1879, 171,706 hogsheads; 1889, 146,062 short tons; 1898, 278,497 short ‘

tons; 1899, 159,583; and 1909, 325,516 short tons; cane sugar in other States, 1839, 491 short tons; in 1
21,576 hogsheads; in 1859, 9,256 hogsheads; in 1869, 6,337 hogsheads; in 1879, 7,166 hogsheads; in 1889, 4,
short tons; in 1899, 1,691; and in 1909, 8,687 short tons.

2 Includes Texas only, subsequent to 1902-3. Unofficial returns prior to 1918-19.

3 Exports for years ending June 30.

* Complete data not available for this period. Production in 1878-79, 1,254 short tons; in 1879-80, 1,304
short tons. 6 Production subsequent to 1911-12, 6 Subject to revision.

Statistics of Sugar. 677

SUGAR—Continued.
Taste 204.—Sugar beets and beet sugar: Production in the United States, 1913-1920

[Figures for 1920 are subject to revision.]

Area of beets. Beets produced (weight as delivered to factories).
| |
Harvested. :

State and year.! Yiad Price to
: ield per growers

Planted Per cent Quantity. | gore Farm value per ton

Amount. of
| planted

Acres Acres. | Per cent.| Short tons. | Short tons. Dollars. | Dollars.
135,700 | 123, 500 89. 82 1, 037, 000 8.40 | 14,120,000 13. 62
129,500 107, 174 82. 76 815, 896 7.61 | 11,561,000 14. 17
120,900 100, 684 83. 28 858, 028 | 8. 52 8, 534, 000 | 9.95
190,200 161, 909 85. 13 1, 331, 548 8.22 | 10,125,000 7.60
253,600 | 221, 500 87. 34 2, 370, 000 10.70 | 28, 154, 000 | 11. 88
236, 300 182, 616 77. 28 1, 764, 772 9.66 | 19,143,000 10. 85
42,000 | 125, 882 88. 65 1, 443, 846 11.47 | 14,474,000 10. 02
$3,600 | 161,476 87. 95 1, 857, 649 11.50 | 13,526, 000 | 7. 28
57,600 | 55,600 96. 53 498, 000 8. 96 6, 022, 000 12.09
53,700 | 30,331 56. 48 203, 168 6. 70 2, 235, 000 11. 00
37,700 | 32,306 85. 69 344, 334 10. 66 3, 443, 000 10. 00
46,500 | 37,745 81.17 312, 067 8.27 2, 203, 000 | 7. 06
169,400 | 145, 200 85.71 125, 900 8.67 | 12,574,000 9.99
166,100 | 123,375 74, 28 1, 211, 018 9.82 | . 15,158, 000 12. 52
134,500 | 114,976 85. 48 966, 676 8. 40 9,741, 000 10. 68
112, 700 | 82) 151 72, 89 524, 195 6.38 4, 215, 000 | 8. O4
78,900 | 72,000 91. 25 707, 000 9. 82 8, 445, 000 | 11. 94
64,800 | 59, 113 91, 22 600, 730 10.16 | 6,546, 000 10. 90
44,600 | 42, 746 95. 84 485, 070 11.35 4, 833, 600 | 9. 96
55,500 | 51,337 92. 50 473, 494 9.22 3, 417, 000 | 7.2
48,300 | 46, 800 96. 89 451, 000 9.64 | 4,160,000 9. 22
37, 100 30, 909 83. 29 326, 962 10.58 | 4, 168, 000 12.75
36,100 | 32,547 90. 16 315, 371 9. 69 3, 162, 000 | 10. 03
29,300 | 24, 234 82. 71 219, 931 9. 08 1, 580, 000 | 7.18
116,100 | 112,700 97. 05 1, 304, 000 11.57 | 15,674,000 11. 66
109,700 | 103, 247 94. 12 1, 015, 873 9.84 | 11, 148, 000 10. 97
sr | 81,717 90. 70 1, 003, 013 12.27 | 10,041, 000 10. 01
91,100 | 80, 289 88. 13 762, 028 7.49 | 5,368, 000 7. 04

|

29,000 | 23, 200 80. 00 201, 000 8. 66 2, 104, 000 10. 47
16,200 | 12,100 74. 69 117, 443 9.71} 1,411,000 12. 02
14,900 | 12,400 83. 22 99, 777 8.05 | 998, 000 10. 00
14, 100 9, 800 69. 50 79, 372 8.10 | 699, 000 8.81
89,900 81, 500 90. 66 718, 000 8.81 | 8, 143, 000 | 11. 34
77,000 | 43,590 56. 61 365, 616 8.39 4,050, 000 11. 08
68,900 | 50,752 73. 66 432, 683 8.53 | 4,268,000 | 9. 86
83,600 | 55, 856 66. 81 420, 093 7, 52 3, 059, 000 7. 28
978,500 | 882, 000 90. 14 8, 545, 000 9.69 | 99,396,000 | 11. 63
400 | 692, 455 77.77 6, 421, 478 9.27 | 75,420,000 | 11. 74
689, 700 | 594, Olu 86.13 5, 948, 798 10.01 | 59,494, 000 | 10. 00
600 | 664,797| 82.43| 5,980,377 9.00 | 44,192, 000 ' 7.39
768, 500 | 665, 308 86. 57 6, 228, 256 9.36 | 38,139,000 6. 12
664,300 | 611,301} 92.02] 6,511,274 10.7 | 36,950,000 | 5.67
514,600 | 483, 93. 94 5, 585, 000 11.6 | 30,438,000 | 5.45
635, ne eee Miura yaks Ng er 580, 006 91. 33 5, 886, 000 10.1 33, 491, 000 5. 69

1In this table the acrea ge and production of beets are credited to the respective States in which the ee atae t= 7 SU aa thos ace credited to tha respective States in which the beets
were made into sugar and not to the States in which the beets were actually produced.

678

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

SUGAR—Continued.

TaBLE 204.—Sugar beets and beet sugar: Production in the United States, 1913-1920—Con.
[Figures for 1920 are subject to revision. ]

} {

: > Analysis of | Recovery of
= 3 = Sugar beets used. beets. | sucrose.‘
a =
Sis © 5 = Peer ber 3. |Sa
~_ . —_
elec] 3g | ¢ |S | S |2 | 8 | e8les
State and year. 3 aa ge z oS. ee oie g on Ze
alent geil Je s)| Ser phaee he | be? yaa ee
Ss 2 | 3 es =e} oo ° rg
| ® a > Sa 3 > s <i ee
Ai | Se as = aU 2a S © to >| 2S ones
318 = EG Re Se ie g 3 % | os c83| #
& |< ee ae ee g a a | ae |e A
Short Short Per-| Per | Per—|Per-\- Pe
tons. Acres. | tons. | Short tons.| cent. | cent. |. gent. , cent. | cent.
163, 700 | 123,500 |......- 1,037, 000107. 90 1. as. <2 15. 79 | 88.21 | 209
131,172 | 107,174 | 7.51 804, 17. 87 | 82.02 | 16.30 |} 91.21 | 1.57
122,795 | 100,684! 8.40 845, 728 | 17,03 | 81.50 | 14.52 | 85.26 | 2.51
209, 325 | 161,909 | 8.16 | 1,321,716 | 18.48 82.91 | 15.84 | 85.71] 2.64
236,322 | 141,097 | 10.37 | 1,462,895 | 18.35 | 84.13 | 16.15 | 88.01 | 2.20
302, 700 | 221,500 |....... 2, 370,000 | 15. 83 ee 12.77 | 80.67 | 3.06
193, 890 | 182,616 | 9.07 | 1,656,113 | 13.62 | 83.85 | 11.71 | 83.98] 1.91
191, 880 | 125, 882 | 10. 83 | 1,363,277 | 16.10 | 85.96 | 14.07 | 87.39 | 2.03
234,303 | 161,476 | 10. 84 | 1,749,875 | 15.40 | 85.16 | 13.39 | 86.95 | 2.01
252,147 | 188,568 | 10.25 | 1,933,591 | 15.00 | 85.79 | 13.04 | 86.93 | 1.96
64,600 | 55,600 |......- 498,000 | 16.08 |....... 12.97 | 80.65 | 3.11
26,159 | 30,331 |) 6.4! 196, 847 | 15.48 | 86.15 | 13.29 | 85.85 | 2.19
44,682 | 32,306 | 10.12 | 326,979 | 16.57 | 86.46 | 13.66 | 82.44] 2.91
38,376 | 37,745 | 7.59 286,446 | 16.74 | 84.84 | 13.40 | 80.05 | 3.34
45,874 | 42,135 | 7.87 331,478 | 16.95 | 86.39 | 13.84 | 81.65 | 3.11
167, 500 | 145, 200 |....... 1,259, 000 | 16.21 }:...... 13.30 | 82.05 | 2.91
130, 385 | 123,375 | 8.36 | 1,032,018 | 14.57 | 81.78 | 12.63 | 86.68] 1.94
127,979 | 114,976 | 7.74 890, 238 | 16.61 | 85.49 | 14.38 | 86.51 | 2.23
64,247 | 82,151 | 5.62] 461,721 | 16.28 | 86.57 | 13.91 | 85.44] 2.37
69,341 | 99,619 | 5.05] 502,705 | 16.37 | 85.22 | 13.79 | 84.24] 258
87,500 | 72,000 |....... 707,000 | 15.70 |....... 12.38 | 78.86 | 3.32
60,870 | 59,113 | 9.37 554,100 | 13.14 | 82.80 | 10.99 | 83.64] 2.15
63,494 | 42,746 | 10.60 453, 266 | 16.05 | 86.14 | 14.01 | 87.29 | 2.04
53,893 | 51,337 | 9.22 443,355 | 14.91 | 80.71 | 12.16 | 81.56} 2.75
51,945 | 41,083 | 10.34 404,017 | 15.51 | 81.12 | 12.86 | 82.91 | 2.65
55,700 | 46,800 |....... 451,000 | 15.66 |....... 12.35 | 78.86 | 3.31
31, 864 | 30,909 | 9.43 291, 583 | 14.15 | 82.73 | 10.93 | 77.24] 3.22
35,476 | 32,547 | 8.94 291, 064 | 15. 74 | 84.23 | 12.19 | 77.45 | 3.55
24,467 | 24,234 8.36 202,624 | 16.24 | 86.25 | 12.08 | 74.38 | 4.16
18,234 | 24,767 | 5.56 137,696 | 15. 89 | 83.36 | 13.24 | 83.32] 2.65
| 153, 200 | 112,700 |....... 1, 304,000 | 15.41 }....... 11.40 | 73.98} 4.01
101,025 | 103,247 | 8.80 908, 122 | 13. 87 | 82.39 | 11.12 | 80.17 | 2.75
105, 794 | 81,717 | 11.08 905, 064 | 15.29 | 84.21 | 11.69 | 76.46 | 3.60
,662 | 80,289 | 8.68 696, 522 | 15.61 | 82.27 | 12.01 | 76.94) 3.60
90,277 | 68,211 | 10.38 708, 237 | 16.05 | 84.79 | 12.75 | 79.44} 3.30
25,100 | 23,200 ;....... 201,000 | 15.92 |....... 12.49 | 78.45} 3.43
10, 636 12,100 | 8.73 105, 578 | 13.16 | 81.73 | 10.07 | 76.52 | 3.09
13,358 | 12,400} 7.54 93, 467 | 16.29 | 82.40 | 14.29 | 87.72} 2.00
8,032 | 9,800] 7.23 70, 830 | 15.03 |....... 11. 34 | 75.45 | 3.69
6,800 |, 7,000] 8.39 58,700 | 14.90 |....... | 11.58 | 77.72 | 3.32
89,600 | 81,500 |....... 718, 000 | 15.72 |....... 12. 48 | 79.39} 3.24
40,450°| 43,590 | 7.77 338, 554 | 14.27 | 83.14 | 11.95 | 83.74] 2.32
55,492 | 50,752 | 8.05 408, 423 | 15.95 | 84.31 | 13.59 | 85.20 | 2.36
48,902 | 55, 7.03 | 392,456.| 15.17 | 81.87 | 12.46 | 82.14] 2.71
| 49.717 | 52,828] 7.20 380, 354 | 15.69 | 82.67 | 13.07 | 83.30) 2,62
|
1,109,600 | 882,000 |....... 8, 545,000 | 16.06 |....... 12.99 | 80.88 | 3.07
726,451 | 692, 455 | 8.50 | 5,887,557 | 14.48 | 82.84 | 12.34] 85.22) 214
760,950 | 594,010 | 9.39 | 5,577,506 | 16.18 | 84.70 | 13.64 | 84.30) 2.54
765, 207 | 664,797 | 8.46 | 5,625,545 | 16.28 | 83.89 | 13.60 | 83.54) 2.68
820,657 | 665,308 | 8.90 | 5,919,673 | 16.30 | 84.74 | 13.86 | 85.03 | 2.44
874, 220 | 611,301 | 10.10 | 6,150, 293 | 16.49 | 84.38 | 14.21 | 86.17] 2.28
722, 054 | 483,400 | 10.9 | 5,288,500 | 16.38 | 83.89 | 13.65 | 83.33] 273
733,401 | 580,006 | 8.76 | 5,659, 462 | 15.78 | 83.22 | 12.96 | 82.13 | 2.82

1 Acreage and production of beets are credited, as
in former reports, to the State in which the beets
were made into sugar.

2 Based upon weight of beets.

+ Percentage of sucrose (pure sugar) in the total
soluble solids of the beets.

4 Percentage of sucrose actually extracted by fac-
tories.

5 Percentage of sucrose (based upon weight of
beets) remaining in molasses and pulp.

6 Includes 2 factories in Washington, 3 in Wyo-
ming, and 1 each in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,
Minnesota, and Montana.

Ta > ee

Statistics of Sugar. 679

SUGAR—Coutinued.

TABLE 205.—Cane-sugar production of Louisiana, 1911-1920.
(Figures for 1920 are from returns made before the end of the season, and are Subject to revision.]

; Average Cane used for sugar. Molasses made.!
Year of | Factories Groat sugar |
h hel in opera- Leip mnde ag Ff =
arves' ion. on 0 verage : er ton
cane. Area per acre. | Production. Total of sugar.
|
Number. | Short tons. | Pounds. Acres. | Short tons.| Short tons. Gallons. Gallons.
1otiee 188 352, 874 120 | 310, 000 19 5, 887,202 | 35, 062, 525 | 9
OD 126 153, 573 142 197, 000 il 2, 162, 574 14, 302, 169 | 93
rome. 153 292, 698 139 | 248, 000 17 4,214,000 | 24, 046, 320 | 82
[OY aie 149 242, 700 152 213, 000 15 3, 199, 000 17, 177, 443 | 71
AGED... 24- 136 137, 500 * 135 183, 000 il 2, 018, 000 12, 743, 000 | 93
it ae 150 303, 900 149 | 221, 000 18 4,072,000 | 26, 154, 000 | 86
Tope. 5. 140 243, 600 128 | 244, 000 15.6 | 3,813,000 | 30,728,000 | 126
i) a 134 280, 900 135 231, 200 18 4, 170, 000 28, 049, 000 | 100
ieee 121 121, 000 129 | 179,900 10.5 | 1,883,000} 12,991, 000 | 107
LUGE. Olle aa i 186, 000 127 196, 000 15 2,935,000 | 18,624,000 100
|

1 Figures for molasses, 1911-1914, are as reported by the Louisiana Sugar Planters’ Association: figures
for later years as reported by Bureau of Crop Estimates, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

TABLE 206.—Area of sugar cane and production of cane sirup in the United States, 1919
and 1920.

[Not including sorghum.]

Total cane area. Bee aeeste Sirup made.
Dp.
State. 4
1920 1919 1920 1919 1920 1919

Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Gallons. | Gallons
SOIC Yo) (i ee , 300 7, 700 8, 900 7, 400 979, 000 1, 369, 000
ULSD So er 72, 000 67, 600 60, 000 56, 000 9,697,000 | 10,640, 000
(hit. 0S SSS es oe eer 28, 000 21, 000 24, 000 17, 000 6, 110, 000 4, 590, 000
o Nihari, Se Seana eee 73, 000 62, 500 60, 000 51,000 | 10,298, 000 8, 480, 000
UCD ISTSS to) 7) C0) 3 eae a ere ee 35, 000 31, 400 29, 000 26, 700 7, 497, 000 6, 675, 000
BOSE Cee 2 cisiciet nicislele'ec ws conc cen 299, 000 | 275,000 23, 000 20, 800 6, 274, 000 3, 672, 000
TSE one op an Se a 16,400 | 12, 600 7, 100 7,800 | 2,215,000} 2, 421, 000
PRANISAGBE 28 52.8 fodec5.- = seems on 2, 900 3, 200 2, 500 2, 200 437, 000 | 336, 000
DUET Se eee eee 535, 600 481, 000 214, 500 188, 900 43, 507, 000 38, 183, 000

TABLE 207.—Total and per capita sugar supply of the United States, 1901-1920.

{The ‘‘supply” shown below consists of domestic production, plus imports, minus exports, and is quoted
from the Statistical Abstract of the United States for 1918, pp. 560-561, for all years except 1919. Figures
for 1919 are based upon the Bureau of Crop Estimates reports on production and the Bureau of Foreign
and Domestic Commerce reports on exports and imports. The average per Eee supply is computed
from the Census estimates of population for June 1, each year. No allowance has been made for sugar
carried over from one fiscal year to the next.]

Supply (‘‘consump- Supply (“‘consump-
tlon?”) of sugar. ton”) of sugar.
Year ending June 30— = Year ending June 30—
er Per
| Total. capita. Total. capita.
Millions | Millions

of pounds.| Pounds. of pounds.| Pounds.
2D) 0) 3 5, 585 UE OBT LOUIES. Sone. seem ten cckrels = antares 7, 236 77. 34
WoL... 358 5, 019 oS aa | Pa SRE i ee eee Ae 7, 862 82.78
MN ee Ecc owns ce cesses 6, 380 ReNQen MEG tne wane omees Geto. tm os 8, 324 85. 43
Od SSS ee 5, 662 OSNOGi | POTASH Oe Te ote. eS ceten ne 8, 794 8Q 91
USALD. Ao SSep4peeeEe 6, 026 (ME GB g | RLOLO se So as Seana sare ce 8, 627 86. 94
Arve., 1901-1905.......... 5, 734 70. 91 Ave., 1911-1915......... 8, 169 84. 48

SS |

ULE 592 o Seite ee 6, 491 Mbp reael PL Ol Outes et en ann anor eee oh 7, 960 79. 10
Peete tere sicisig esis we een ns 7, 090 SUOMI OLY ewes. ees San Sacco as 8, 468 82. 97
OO oo 365 3 6, 591 Ze | fa bh a ee Se ee 8, 090 78. 20
HOD cee 7, 283 SEE 4 Lit Re a Se ae eS 8, 727 83. 72
DES e oiac sae aa'cie is aan. aoe 7, 360 GG OU || RAO teen en comes cis Se emeeoee 9, 727 91.51
Ave., 1906-1910.......... 6, 963 78. 27 | Ave., 1916-1920. .......... 8, 594 83. 10

1 Preliminary.

680 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. ag

SUGAR—Continued.
TABLE 208.—Cane-sugar production of Hawaii, 1913-1920.
[ Figures for 1920 are subject to revision.]
Average extraction
Cane used for sugar. ofsugar.
Average poe iat Se DBL EPS SES Ws sees 2D
Island, and year length Sugar a ‘4
ending Sept. 30. ofvam- | made. oe Average eas r ; per y
paign. Area har-} yie . 3 er cen ort
vested. per | Production. ofcane. | ton of
acre cane,
me Sil Veen! . Vero © 0 Gee 2). ee nn eu
Short Short &
i Acres. tons. tons. Acres. | Per cent.| Pounds. :
50, 800 31} 1,595,000 | 115,400 11. 67 233 _
53, 500 32 | 1,731,000 | 106,300 11.74 5 we
52, 700 28 | 1,498,000 | 130,800 10. 87 2 =
52, 700 36 | 1,898,000 | 100,300 12. 23 245 ‘
52, 627 33 | 1,713,759 | 98,787 ‘ui 230 bs
50, 800 41 | 2,099,000 | 100,200 ll. 229 :
51, 000 36 | 1,854,000 }.......... 11.49 230 :
600 32] 1,703,000 |.-..-..... 11.58 232 i,
21, 900 41 897, 000 42, 800 11.70 234
22) 300 40 898,000 | 47,700 12.13 243 4
21, 400 48 | 1,037,000 48, 400 13. 29 265 _ ;
25, 400 41] 1,040,000] 51,300 11. 46 229 4
91,392 43 927,970 | 51,712 11.71 234 3
21, 000 45 941, 000 49, 200 12.30 — 246 a
21, 600 50 | 1,089,000 |.......... il.11 222 a
20, 800 42 Tg oe paar 11.93 239 ;
19, 900 48 947,000} 44,300 14. 35 287 4
20, 000 47 939, 000 40, 500 14.16 283 {
23, 100 57] 1,315,000 | 50,300 12. 33 247
, 600 47} 1,108,000} 49,300 13. 33 267
19, 911 55 | 1,098,247] 51,897 13. 69 274
19, 800 57 | 1,126,000 44, 400 14. 24 285
19, 400 54 moe Sie eee 13.76 275
19,700] . 47 929 000 |.-....2..- 13.44 269
21, 500° 48 | 1,034,000 45, 400 12.46 249
23, 900 49 | 1,176,000} 45,400 13.19 264
22, 600 50 | 1,005,000] 47,100 11.32 227
22, 200 53 | 1,174,000 44, 200 12.39 248
21, 489 52} 1,119,448 43, 936 12. 21 244
21, 600 47 | 1,019,000] 46,000 12.73 255
20, 700 44 903,000 |.....-.--- 14.73 295
OES io 157 | 124,152] 20,500 49 | 1,003,000 |.......... 12.38 248
Territory of Hawaii:
WOeO. Shit. Soe 175 | 555,727] 114,100 39 | 4,473,000 | 247,900 12.42 248
1b CE ee 178 | 600,312} 119,700 40} 4,744,000 , 900 12. 65 253
19187 i UST IK 184 | 576,700] 119,800 41] 4,855,000 | 276, 800 11.88 238
AONT 2bs2e% ceoee 190 | 644,663 | 123,900 42 | 5,220,000] 245,100 12.35 247
tT Sepioeat 7 £2 180 | 592,763} 115,419 42] 4,859,424] 246, 332 12. 20 244
MAB cioioso atte 195 | 646,000] 113, 200 46} 5,185,000 | 239, 800 12. 46 249
BOTA, ices seth 183 | 612,000] 112,700 43 | 4,900,000 |.......... 12.49 250
FR ee 169 | 546,524 | 114,600 39] 4,476,000 |.......... 12. 21 244

681
Cts.

Soft sugar No. 1.
Cts.| Cts.
| 4.00 | 4.65 *.....-

|

4.05 | 4.55

Refined.
standard.

Cranulated, fine or

d,on New York market, 1913-1920.

Cut loaf.

SUGAR—Continued.
price per poun

Statisties of Sugar.
(Compiled from commercial papers.]

Raw, centrifugal, 96°
polarization.

1915.

January-June... ..-.

1916.

January—June.....

1914.
1917.
January-June.....
_ July-December. . -
1918.

January—June....-

1913.

January-—June.....

Date.

TaBLe 209.—Sugar: Wholesale

July-December. - -

July-December. - -
July-December. - -

July-December. . -

88 aa | Heteiesces ac)
Be-09s pes 00 00 Sealers tenelimtee sh gore ;
83 a8 aay ate eee
wo we VN toy Mel A Glin val eter etait al eee
cee) ee
mr WO told. 1c eet a alesse ee
Sx 388 SBSSe |LyAtsszags| &
rw sc) dasead |S isasiee| 2
RS S88] SSSSS8\isiissssss| s
dé cc! sedina a adnese | a
42 S81] SL8S8SR/S)/Ssssrel s
ne 63.) saddens |asenee |=
Ba BR pai alin
aD eel ot Rab cede, Saal ars bere artin pa oa ;
Bg a8 PU EBaas
eo SOT Say Seeing gubero gene ‘
88 88 SPaT greg!
Lat Oe ene a oe '
33 Si SSsRxss RASRL

oo ne Sai rics ios vidios

28
28
04
00 | 13
04 | 12
Ot
06 | 1

se oss] sidage |e |eeio~s
SS AR] SSSSRR RSSSr3| 8
os ee NA AGai oi os Si Sis x “i
bg de Gilli: Bobbbiii Gi
Be gee Siiiiii B iigig: 4:
i St Sipiiii @ iigise ze
Bo HO Gaelic; ag ingeee 5
ag so eagES Pras S |
s2 82 sfsqe5 223828

682 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
SUGAR—Continued.

TaBLE 210.—Sugar: International trade, calendar years 1909-1919.

[The following kinds and grades have been included under the head of sugar: Brown, white candied,
caramel, chancaca (Peru), crystal cube, maple, muscovado, panels. The following have been excluded;
“Candy” (meaning confectionery), confectionery, glucose, grape sugar, jaggery, molasses, and sirups.
See “‘General note,” Table 112.]

EXPORTS.
4 !
Average,
Country. 1909-1913. | 1914 | 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
From— | 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000
unds. pounds. | pounds. | unds. | pounds
AT PORMINRS 3552 we STS 144 142, 616 118, 658 | 891 7
Austria-Hungary........ 1 BOG Gi << occ nb ee sb alee ole eee
MOBI URINE. 222 - ~ oom lesen a 51, 657 66, 006 67,052 | 124,255 116, 446
uCpaseteten owe ee ee Sd eT} RE Re fel oF Sede | 2 re eee ae
Lit | ae Sie Beet ee 76, 568 70, 239 130, 447 | 120, O14 304, 585
British Guiana. ......... 212,393 | 239,989 | 263,958 | 228140| 255, 403
British India............ 53, 222 43, 207 34, 474 | 53, 383 36, 350
Chinas 22 9247 ea 29, 867 19, 040 32, 950 25,555 | 30, 871
Carb Sooo) et On 4,019, 798 | 5,574, 683 | 5,731, 998 | 6,564,544 | 6, 441, 717
Dominican Republic....| 184,703 223,610 | 226,634 | 270,378 | 289, 929
Dutch East Indies....... 2,825,111 | 2,912, 633 | 2,658, 470 | 3,191,221 | 2,610, 928
E ec Se Ae ere 29, 398 58, 939 63, 533 57, 296
ligt Sh Ae ee ee Et 206, 331 191, 661 269,983 | 218, 030
raves. 25:2": | 244,424 | 223,520} 209,142/| 190, 458
Germany.....- 7a Ds ho co es ei as bos eel oe Ca Se Pn PM ee
Guadeloupe 87, 340 75, 230 75, 184 68, 056
Martinique. ............. 85, 110 | 85, 979 85, 814 75, 934 46, 034
Mauritius. ..............- | 452,510 | 638,200} 497,332 | 508,581 421, 023
Netherlands | 333,000 | 327,486 | 101,819 | 69, 427
a RR a BEE 293,472 | 389,489 | 485,580 | 526,920| 467) 464
Philippine Islands....... | 358,865 | 521,383 | 485,199 | 744,030 | 453, 946
gets i ad elle SiS Se 83,316 | 72, 941 77, 710 92, 928 74, 114
fis ae Sea es 587,028 | | 281,218 |. 206,415) 117,078|....2.....2).....) ser
Trinidad and Tobago. ... 87,510 | 107,953 | 132,710| 129,377/| 140,382
United Kingdom........ 65, 207 33, 975 11, 292 10, 296 2, 470
United States........... 79,368 399,409 963,575 | 1,576,652 | 1,010,796
Other countries.......... 581,510 690, 943 460,572 572, 968 857, 1
Total Oe 8 14, 944, 141 |13, 405,006 |13,527. 676 15,652,806 14,163,156 |14,583, 346 ss
|
IMPORTS.
Into—
PEPOMDS oon. Aen aeons 103, 380 14, 068 79 66, 930 353, 127 73, 371 181,150
‘Australia.<<.;..zt>. ..-| 152, 465 29,428 | 260,127| 181, 847 35,408 | 117, 770.) eee :
1,211, 769 | 1,091,344 | 992,855 | 928,759 | 1,190,562 | 941,930
50,098 | ” 17,592 7,750 | 28,337| ” 45,001 6, 226
691,166 | 599,701 | 700,600| 794,118 | 657,926 | 1,059, 898
185, 425 156, 612 167, 748 199, 106 195, 778 |k cmete nate
835,467 | 636,877 | 680,472 | 826,277 | 1,165,173 |..........
/ 49, 794 24, O87 15, 354 3, 577 LOG. be wenn
27, 964 45, 226 16, 477 24, 076 40, 704 27, 574
97, 524-|" °° 101, 774'| 110, 510 |... ....2..|t eee
383, 243 | 1,188,078 | 1,254,416 | 1,191,105 | 375, 505 | 1, 254, 263
10, 774 6,776 | 166,849} 123, 964 81,638 | 175, 224
441, 451 276, 999 213, 485 175, 482 y TAD | annem
226, 266 37, 281 17, 397 1, 480 25 105, 134
New Zealand............ | 125,924| 108,975] 141,692| 135,115] 148,332] 111,367 |..........
ys ee ee ee 104, 651 130, 787 129, 930 136, 824 124, 531 76, 686 |e esucame ~
ES PEER, Lad vn? ee So. oie Sg eee et RATE SE | skeen <a
artiigahs a> 526, 5... 79, 262 83, 927 71, 843 65, 034 78, S15 | ...<ccw aes d}asennee
oO ee eae 163, 220 US) re es Ceres Pesce es -
Switzerland............- 5645 | 267,724 | 243,206 | 235,560] 160,649 | 231,322
United Kingdom........ 3,668,812 | 3,574,781 | 2,985, 034 | 2,413, 410 | 2,016, 755 | 3, 433, 783
United States?.......... 5, 417, 995 | 5,286,218 | 5,532,322 | 4,944, 089 | 5,170,976 | 7,023, 620
Other countries.......... | °498,008| 387,945 | 388,871] 412,653] 207,289 |....... we
PORN oo en 14, 250,121 14,802,601 |14, 302,686 |14,088, 188 |13,036,904 12,218 ea . eee aoe

1 Does not include statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war od,
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-
parable during that period.

2 Not including receipts from Hawaii, amounting to an average for 5 years 1909-1913 of 1,089,659,793, in
1916 to 1,160,018,550, and in 1917 to 1,253,562,475 pounds, and from Porto Rico, to an average for the 5 years
1909-1913 of 642,628,376, in 1916 to 907,373,407, and in 1917 to 942,439,175 pounds.

Statistics of Sugar.
SUGAR—Continued.

683

Tasie 211.—Sugar production of undermentioned countries, campaigns of 1909-10 to

1919-20.
BEET SUGAR (RAW).

|

Average,
Country. 1 1909-10 to. 1914-15 1915-16 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 1919-20
1913-14.
|
weet AMERICA: Short tons. Short tons.| Short tons.| Short tons.| Short tons. Short tons.| Short tons.
United States...........| 609,620 722,054 | 874,220, 820,657 | 765, 207 ’ 726,451
RRR. fore | 11) 457 15,657 19, 758 8,612 11, 688 046 | 18, 920
Mintsiteie > ...52-- | 621,077 | 737,711 | 893,978 | 829,269| 776,895 785,996 | 745,371
eas Sed Re OR 8 etfs 5,657
119, 926 | 140,473 | 135,809 77, 954 151, 515
12,777 9,945 11, 543 | 3,743 13,074
812,052 | 804,679 584,219 | 699,960 524,559
143, 475 | 123,623 148, 700 155, 755 ae
149,802 | 204,405 225, 752 121,374 170, 426
i Ip 678, 402 | 1 if 721, 250 | 1,726,483 | 1,483,809 808, 304
nas. od, 5) | eae ee [Re RE 927 8, 953
165,781 | 159,690 | 102,100 | 119, 524 185,001
ies ia, ean me peas aa bey 1 RSE eee eee ee See 1,
263,826 | 286,102 | 214,891 181,986) 252,169
(ae. [eece cd bok abe uh 2: aha AO
ae |. SE Se ee ee 1, 213
| 1,823,602 | 1,456,800 | 1,133,804 | 317,793 85,
| 117,334 | 139,260} 154,317 | 136,088 220, 460
i ae 140,380 | 140,000 | 140,000 | 140,536 | 159, 867
te cine esc!z é 2) 646 | 1, 984 | 9,921 | ~ 12, 665 | 9,730
i ae 7, 819, 296 7, 591, 593 | 5, 430, 003 | 5,188, 211 | 4,587,539 | 3,604,114 | 3,271,031
OCEANIA. |
PbESIA 525 5.---- 2 719 1,324 | 627 2,182 | 1,904)... OE eee
Total beet sugar...| 8, 441, 092 | 8,330,628 | 6,324,608 | 6, 019, 662 | 5,366,338 4,390,110 | 4,016, 402
i }
CANE SUGAR.
NORTH AMERICA.
United States:
ouisiana..... amare 301,173 | 242,700 | 137,500 | 303,900 | 243,600 | 280, 900 121, 000
ae 9) 664 Es 1, 120 7, 000 2, 240 3, 500 1, 125
CS ee or 567, 495 646, 000 592, 763 644, 663 576, 700 600, 312 556, 343
PANIC ne oes n----- 363,474 | 346,490 | 483,590 | 503,081 | 453,796 | 406,003 485, 884
Biase. Islands, United
op ae 9, 212 4, 488 Tart Sa lease pues 8 | 10,080 13, 888
Central, America:
British Honduras.... 575 840 fe ee ee eS Oe a eee see, See
cage ieica-:-....---- 2, 922 2, 926 5,740 | GIngS feos eee rh > Re =
Guatemala. ........- 8, 284 27, 558 33, 069 33, 069 33, 069 25,142 14, 816
MERE ee nt a= woe aoc 2-2 shen tee~ 5 2'e=- 2,960 |. 2.0... .2 22] 22a. 2-2 efe ween ow === -]-= 2-20-22
Nicaragua........... 5,000 782 10, 000 15,000 | 12,000 12: 000 (|. 2 s<ce°8-
Salvador....-.....-- 13, 616 13, 498 FRC) Maen a | 20,385 30:51 [ee
Wop 1637030) |2. -2e--ae 71, 650 55, 115 38, 580 78, 400 103, 040
West Indies }
British—
Gi eae 12, 919 17, 295 12, 218 20, 769 19, 181 14,679 18, 667
Barbados. ......- 27, 788 32, 932 36, 790 65,471 58, 195 84, 304 56, 000
Jamaica......... 23, 856 25, 852 25, 562 43,731 38, 291 48, 160 52, 500
Montserrat ...... 222 | 83 468 Oe St IScgae ea ROR a
St. ae
13, 252 10, 080 10, 244 TOAST 016, SOW OE t . .—4-. ete.
ee 6,574 6, 863 12, 982 10, 194 12, 209 16, 800
5,436 4,255 5, 184 5,011 3,516 4, 100 4,928
349 141 253 599 632 | 638 1,272
51,275 | 62,147 65, 881 71, 939 79,140 | 50, 687 65, 426
473 3 39 ik Dee oie ts SIGS eS
, 295, 353 | 2,967, 427 | 3, 436,649 | 3,441,771 | 3,957,061 | 3,443,145 | 4,183,676
Dominican Republic) 106,539 | ' 120,366 | 140,443 | 149, 943 172,800 | "186,682 225, 920
Frenc — | / }
Guadeloupe. .... 40, 917 39,278 | 39, 256 35,690} 30,864) 29,7 34,720
Martinique!..... 42, 567 42,908 | 37, 968 23,017 | 22,831 11, 230 24, 340
Pee | ee Se
ee eee 4, 065, 391 | 4,618, 589 | 5,191,930 | 5, 458, 825 | 5, 790, 258 | 5,336,707 | 5, 980, 645

1 Exports.

-

684 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
SUGAR—Continued.

TasBLeE 211.—Sugar production of undermentioned countries, campaigns of 1909-10 te
1919-20—Continued.

CANE SUGAR—Continued.

Average,
Country. 1909-10 to| 1914-15 1915-16 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19
1913-14.

facta techcae ds 2,614,326 | , 057, 3,708,320 | 2,617,440
ReTDY PS ate os 192,299 | "229/801 353,920 504,972 | 518,089 379,323 | 321,614

Fapem.... 02th. 75,718 | 78,397 | 99,914| 141,438 | 102,498 |..........-|.---uuecsee
Waves... ues 8 1, 513,736 | 1,054,030 | 1,796,558 | 2,008,521 | 1,960,118 | 1,478, 103
Philippine Islands... .... 170, 447 421, 192 | 412, 274 425, 266 474, 745 453, 346

Total........:. | 4,566,526 | 4,540,860 | 5,612,746 | 6,137,797 |

AFRICA

5, RE 67,128 | 83,486 109,088 | 112, 080 |
Matcira Islandis- ~~ <5: -.o}-2--2-~ 2 ce|-d--santees Spree oe. j- d= conn wat SES
Mauritius................ "233, 671 | 305,734 | 236,463 | 230, 4i9
Re ra mo a ce | "88165 | 102,000} 112,000 | 128, 240
Portuguese East Africa..| 27,800} 61,600| 44,800| 61, 600
ee EI | 413658) 37)258| 43,320) 49, 604

a 458,422 | 590,078 | 545,671 581, 943 |

OCEANIA.

tre 216,331 | 275,381 | 179,788 | 216, 201
0 a SN, 84,629 | 106,794 | 105,578 | 134, 992

Total... ..... | 300,960 | 382,175 | 285,366 | 351,193

SS a SE SS SSS SS
Total cane.....| 9,971,231 |11,292,907 12,734,791 13,457,734 /
Total beet and | | ! | ! ) lig
cane......... 18,412,323 |19, 523,535 |19,059,399 19,477,196 |19,922, 886 16, 618, 267 17,850,336
| / : | | ; 2

TABLE 212.—Sugar: Total production of countries mentioned in Table 211, 1895-96

to 1918-19. ;
Production. | Production.
Year. Year.
Cane.2 | Beet Total. Cane.? Beet. Total.
Short tons. | Short tons.| Short tons. Short tons. | Short tons. | Short tons.
1895-96 ....... 3,259,000 | 4,832,000 8,091,000 | 1908-9........ | 8,654,000 | 7,350,000} 16,004,000
1896-97....... 3,171,000 | 5,549, 000 8, 720, 000 || 1909-10....... / 9, 423,000 | 6,991,000 | 16, 414,000
1897-98....... ’ 206, 5,457,000 | 8,663,000 || 1910-11....... 9, 540,000 | 9, 042, 000 18, 582, 000
1898-99... 3,355,000 | 5,616,000 | 8,971,000 || 1911-12... ..-- | 10, 278, 009 7,072,000 | 17,347,000
1899-1900... .. 3,389,000 | 6,262,000} 9,651,000 || 1912-13....... 10, 908, 9, 509, 769 | 20, 518, 000
1900-1... 5a 4,084,000 | 6,795,000 | 10,879,000 || 1913-14....... | U1, 270,200 | 9,433,783 | 20, 703, 983
1001-2.°5:.... 6,818,000 | 7,743,000 | 14,561,000 || 1914-15....... | 11,292,907 | 8,330,628 | 19,523,535
1902-3........ 6, 782,000 | 6,454,000 | 13,236,000 || 1915-16....... | 12}734,791 | 6,324,608 | 19,059,309
1903-4........ 6,909,000 | 6,835,000 | 13,744,000 || 1916-17....... 13, 457,734 | 6,019,662 | 19,477,396
1904-5........ 7,662,000 | 5,525,000 | 13,187,000 |) 1917-18....... 14,556,548 | 5,366,338 | 19,922, 886
1905-6........ 7,551,000 | 8,090,000 | 15,641,000 | 1918-19....... 12,228,157 | 4,390,110] 16,618,267
1000-7....5.0253 8, 365,000 | 7,587,000 } 15,952, 000.|| 1919-20....... 13,833,934 | 4,016,402 | 17,850,336
1907-8. ....... 7, 926, 000 7, 390, 000 15, 316, 000

/Exports.
3 Prior to 1901-2 these figures include exports instead of production for British India.

edited 3 elie te lad

&

ee or ong

Statistics of Sugar.

TABLE 213.—Beet and beet-sugar production of undermentioned countries.

685
SUGAR—Continued.
| Average extraction
Beets used for sugar. of sugar.
5 . Factories ones P, :
ountry and year. in opera- made, er cent-
‘i tion. raw. _ | Average : age of | / er short
Area har : Quantity | eich ton of
vested yield per worked wees beets
acre. pao | ay iad
used. :
Austria-Hungary: Number.| Short tons.| Acres. |Shorttons.| Short tons.| Per cent. | Pownds.
UE TE ee 214 1,549, 102 918, 201 11.95 11, 038, 503 17.5 231
(ED ae -210 | 1,180,605 968, 771 8.18 8, 623,578 16.6 274
Uo es Sets 218 | 2,093,439 | 1,088,088 13.00 | 13,911,305 14.8 301
P.c.of wt.| Per ton
Area culti- of beets of beets
Belgium: | vated. Produced. | produced. | produced.
1910-11..... soso 92 299, 035 148, 858 13.41 | 1,996, 14.97 299
2 89 258, 780 145,119 11.45 1, 660, 872 15. 58 312
Mt Ass.<2.....-.59 88 309, 308 152, 913 12.47 | 1,907,358 16. 22 324
iis See ee 84 249, 395 129, 527 11. 85 | 1,534,311 16. 25 325
Denmark
8 $10) 792M eee St ee. os | 817,381 13. 56 271
See oS eS | $09; 616 15.81 316
9 148, 447 79, 986 14.49 1, 159, 369 12. 80 256
Q |) “Smee S pel Bee 1, 025, 140 17. 46 349
9 167, 803 29, OOO Rees = ot | 810000) (occ oo2-t le onae n=
9 143, 475 Os [ak Eee om SE Sai he 22. eee
9 123, 623 10; O20 ie reey 22 972, OGD eae he «ee ee
9 148, 700 89, 303 ed 2 di O41, O17: at 2 ee See
P.c.of wt.| Per ton
‘ Area har- of beets of beets
France: Refined. vested. Worked. used. used.
Lh 239 717, 033 549, 969 10.76 6, 426, 226 11.80 236
LS) ee 220 512, 986 555, 575 8.09 4, 669, 083 11.41 228
JE 6 ee 213 967, 440 566, 539 12. 99 7, 960, 926 13.15 263
PGIS 14 SE Ae 206 790, 790 534, 230 12.24 6,539,725 12.09 242
St See eens 69 | 333,953 | 242,781 11.92 | 2° 399/878 11.54 231
lead... = oe 64 -149, 801 156, 189 8.65 1, 263, 414 11. 80 237
LOU 65 204, 405 170, 417 10. 32 1,759; 125 ATs) eee SS
TS Ls a 61 220,752 163, 840 10.74 1, 759, 625 LUNs iy eae ee
US tt OSS ee 51 126, 374 148, 020 7.10 1,051, 582 1) eee ee ee
Germany:! Raw.
CS). ee 354 | 2,770,001 | 1,180,913 14.72 | 17,360,003 15.96 319
UG? a 342 | 1,551,797 | 1, 247,213 8.03 9, 987, 473 15. 54 311
INS 5 aes 342 | 2,901,564 | 1,353,181 13.56 | 18,344, 738 15. 82 316
DS a 341 | 2,885,752 | 1,316,655 14.19 | 18,672,939 15. 45 309
ae 333 | 2,720,635 | 1,350,985 13.07 | 17,597,688 15. 46 314
1516-16 320 | 1,678,402 900, 759 11.78 | 10,609, 756 15. 82 305
316 | 1,721, 250 989, 243 10.66 | 10,549, 867 16. 32 326
312 | 1,726,483 950, 275 10.71 9, 076, 862 16. 97 371
307 | 1,483, 807 905, 634 10.62} 9,599,942 15. 46 309
Area culti-
Italy: Refined. vated.
OE 35 190, 901 124, 044 14. 92 1, 698, 551 11. 24 225
LUCE ae ae 37 174, 894 131, 260 13. 30 1, 621, 760 10. 78 216
BMS, coco conse 37 218, 628 133, 434 14, 40 1, 879, 328 11.63 233
Ut bet ae 37 6, 823 152, 700 19. 70 2, 994, 816 11.25 225
S| 30 165, 583 a eee je eS OY) ee Re ee
DS st 36 165, 781 W222; B08 ee os owe 1,582, 542) 2 ces eens lmcpeee se
sl Gai 33 159, 690 025, 060ul-: 2558. == 1,375, 310) |e. oe ht Ee ee aay SS
Ua i ais 34 102, 100 Mesias ties ae. + SS 4 1 | No pee ES (eat one
Netherlands: :
EMER costed =e 27 219, 947 138, 554 12. 94 1, 678, 803 13. 10 262
3 |e 27 265, 401 137, 388 16.06 | 1,896, 187 14. 00 28
otha ea ain 27 315, 775 160, 180 14. 99 2, 228, 851 14.17 283
UO EE Sie aan 27 231, 073 149, 001 12. 27 1, 705, 878 13. 55 271
OE ose a no 27 316, 346 156, 251 14. 06 2, 193, 577 14. 42 288
ODS a 26 263, 821 139, 644 13. 52 cS RS 3 al asap ES) RS eee
CS) 5 a ae 28 286, 102 159, 911 11. 83 nD os! RE a Gh Ree One ee Ede ee
ROUEN 23 214, 891 112, 937 PR AGO aaa, oe ee ee
PAO SS. 20 181, 986

1 The production of sugar in Germany, including refined from imported raw sugar, was 2,983,085 short

tons in 1912-13 and 2,993,704 in 1913-14.

686 . Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

SUGAR—Continued.
TABLE 213.—Beet and beet sugar production of undermentioned countries—Continued.

Average extraction
of sugar. »

| Beets used for sugar.

Factories| Sugar
Country and year. in opera- made,
tion. raw. Average Average

yield per
harvested. aera

Area culti- Short

Russia: | Number.| Raw. vated. tons.
1910545 2 ed 276 | 2,074,410 | 1,631,188 8.9
1G is eee 281 | 2,036,990 | 1, 923, 539 Zs
1919-35. os = oe ae | 287 1,361, 842 | 1, 847, 313 6.4
SDIS-14, oor e ato toes 293 =—-1, 680, 893 | 1, 756, 160 ia
1914-15. ak 265 1,958,975 | 1, 941, 122 7.4
1915 tf. 252. 2-% fee 235. 1,697,356 | 1, 748, 466 7.0
Spain
1910-t4e ee FS 33 68, 743 Q)
A01=12- 7 oss done | 32 102, 859 90, 787
gt) see a 33 171, 839 105, 213
1913-14jo es 2. = 5s 31 | 186, 680 146, 745 ()
(CES iia ge a aoa > G) ie Ties 78, 642
1915-1677 =... 5-3 58 27 | 117, 334 99, 114
WG-17... 25-54, 27 139, 280 134, 212
1) at |, ee Se 31] 154,317 146, 456
Sweden |
191 tS te ake 24 191, 713 86, 816 13. 56
TON iss ee ee 24 140, 409 71, 790 14. 83
Ik 1p © Saepaee aie (ial 24| 145, 462 : 13. 95
pC a See ae ee 24 151, 132 vg Ol PS
Ge 1S e 24 169, 880 SW ONG 2 es ee
1815-16... Son aaa = 24 140, 380 ao, O42 Iino e_.s
Area har-
United States: Refined. vested.
1910-1. ~dnee 61 510, 172 398, 029 10.17 4, 047, 292 12. 61 252
66 599, 500 473, 877 10. 68 5, 062, 333 11. & 237
73 692, 556 555, 300 9. 41 5, 224, 377 13. 26 265
71 733, 401 580, 006 9. 76 5, 659, 462 12. 9% 259
60 722, 054 483, 400 10.9 5, 288, 500 13. 65 273
67 874, 220 611, 301 10.1 6, 150, 293 14. 21 267
74 820, 657 665, 8. 90 5, 919, 673 13. 86 277
91 765, 207 664, 797 8.46 | 5,625, 545 13. 60 272
89 760, 950 594, 010 9.39 | 5,577, 506 13. 64 273
89 726, 451 692, 455 8. 50 5, 887, 557 12. 34 239
99 | 1, 109,600 882, 000: j2--)2.222- 8, 545, 000 | 12, 90: 2STees “4
1No data. 3 Preliminary.

Statistics of Sugar. 687
SUGAR—Continued.
TABLE 214.—Cane and cane-sugar production of undermentioned countries.
Average
Cane used for sugar. page
Factories Sugar:
; Sugar
Country and year. in oper-
ation. made. | |
Area har- | Average | Quantity | Pet ton
vested. per acre. | worked. | °fcane
| used.
aa | — 3
Acres culti- | )
Argentina: Number. | Short tons. vated. Short tons. | Short tons. | Pounds.
POLO MY crs ss. sees s<eoed (l 163, 701 178, 060 (1) (1) } ()
LDU s oS ee (4) 198, 515 230, 866 (1) (ly Let)
162,313 232, 830 (1) 2,338, 594 | 139
304, 389 263, 656 (1) 3,451,321 176
370, 324 269, 833 (1) 4, 027, 067 134
Harvested. Produced
253, 131 100,237 : 22.36 | 2,240,849 226
210,292 101, 010 18.65 | 1,884,120 223
144,776 $4,279 15.09 | 1,271,358 228
296 , 832 109, 001 23.34 | 2,544,145 202
275, 381 114,025 20.66 | 2,356,748 203
179, 788 100,489 14.60 | 1,467,496 208
: Cultivated.
(USL Se 171 | 1,670,151 (2) (2) 14, 736, 981 227
Es ane asec encscses 172 | 2,142,420 (2) (2) 20, 679, 593 207
pietnpeeOh oS 171 | 2,737,264 | 1,340,139 (2) 25, 137, 684 218
oe" >t SSR nae eee a 2,891,281 | 1,334,070 (2) 25,644,949 226
tbs PEPE occ sitet st ecacee WITT ier 7 |p eet ee eae ee ae 28, 068,993 |-.........
ae a S308 Gale sos es cea eee soo lores 26; 324, 7063s seats
DUDS ee eee ee ene By Ad CON a lencielc eta ai] seat ea store 28,149, 841 |..-2 2222.
Harvested.
() 595, 038 113,000 42.0 | 4,774,000 249
Q) 546,524 114, 600 39.0 | 4,476,000 244
46 612, 000 112, 700 45.0 5,094, 000 240
45 646, 000 113, 200 46.0 5, 185,000 249
() 592, 763 115, 419 42.0 | 4,859,424 244
() 644, 663 123,900 42.0 | 5,220,000 247
(1) 576, 700 119, 800 41.0 | 4,855,090 238
(1) 600, 312 119,700 40.0 | 4,744,000 253
(1) 555,727 114, 100 39.2 | 4,473,000 248
Japan: Cultivated.
JOE ee 13 72,454 49,166 18.49 892,662 162
EI aa 14 io, 797 52, 153 18.16 941,550 161
lyr Ltt Ge arlene aad aa 17 68, 867 51,293 17.15 879,624 157
WuS Sil 2 16 | 72,613 53,300 17.91 954,758 152
Java (factory plantations): Harvested.

SIU 5a i 189 | 1,583,178 321, 720 46.43 | 14,936,035 212
UDR 2 oe 193 | 1,424,657 336,021 40.71 | 13,679,962 208
OAS 191 | 1,527,584 340, 739 45.11 | 15,370,765 199

Spain: Cultivated.
MST Se 27 22,371 11, 666 21.9 258, 138 17
CESS D0 a ee 23 17,831 9,983 16.5 167,092 213
LS 21 14,585 9,844 15.6 153, 707 190
1913-14 22 8,131 4,581 17.4 79,719 204

(Q) 6,168 4,717 Q) 70,410 Q)

16 4,700 2,950 16.59 48,937 194
16 5,053 IAC) til an eee FOS2BG eo. ee

Fe wscnt

or sugar.
1H cou, ee 188 352,874 |” 310,000 19.0 | 5,887,292 120
i912 Geninnnenweseaeeesee ss 126 153,573 | 197, 000 11.0 | 2,162,574 142
s13-14 (SE eee 153 292, 698 248, 000 17.0 | 4,214,000 139
+ 149 242, 700 213, 000 15.0 | 3,199,000 152
BT Meee onvasaveeeeseeees eee 136 137,500 | 183, 000 11.0 | 2,018,000 135
oo Ee eee 150 303,900 221, 000 18.0 | 4,072,000 149
PUNMencnacuastecnessccesces 140 243, 600 244, 000 15.6 3,813, 000 128
LOU. ee ae 134 280, 900 231, 200 18.0 4,170, 000 135
Lippi) TS SRS Se area (cee 115,590 176, 500 10.0 | 1,765,000 131
OT 1 Se a ee 186, 000 196;000"|c2 =. 2/986. 000)|2--- wc

1 Preliminary.

688 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

SUGAR—Continued.
TaBLe 215.—Sugar beets: Area and production in undermentioned countries, 1909-1919.

Country.

NORTH AMERICA.

Hungary proper ?........
Croatia-Slavonia 2........
= -Herzegovina 2.....

Roumania ?..............
Russia proper 2...........
Pola Ss Foi ee

Production.

1 Five-year average except in a few cases where
five-year statistics were unavailable.

2 Old boundaries.

3 Moravia and Bohemia only.

* Less than 500 acres. :

& Excludes invaded territory in which 115,900
acres were under sugar-beets in 1914,

6 Excludes Alsace-Lorraine.

* Includes Bessarabia bat exchades osname
ncludes Bessarabia but exclu

°’ Former Kingdom, Bessarabia and Bukowina.

10 New boundaries. . sh

|

Statistics of Maple Sugar and Sirup. 689

MAPLE SUGAR AND SIRUP.

Taste 216.— Maple sugar and sirup production, 1909, 1918, 1919, and 1920.

[Figures for 1909 are from the United States census; all others are based upon reports from field agents
and correspondents of the Bureau of Crop Estimates. ]

| Average per tree.

State and year. Trees tapped.| Sugar made. | Sirup made. -
| | Assugar. As sirup.
Maine: Number. Pounds. Gallons. Pounds. | Gallon.
ee er ee 320, 000 35,840 59,520 1.6 | 0.20
Gemeeerr tere PS 1) tS pes te 304, 000 63, 232 41, 496 1.3 -16
“le ao ee ee ee 290, 000 46, 400 52,200 1.6 -20
(lle es 252, 764 15,388 43,971 1.45 -18
New Hampshire:
1920 930,000 334, 800 167, 400 1.8 -22
1919 870,000 445,440 | 118, 320 1.6 -20
1918 870, 000 556, 800 | 147,900 2.0 25
1 792,147 558, 811 111,500 1.83 -23
Vermont:
192 5, 665, 000 3,965, 000 | 900, 000 2.0 25
1919 5,665, 000 4,894, 560 521, 180 1.6 -20
1918 5,500,000 6, 236, 000 | 664, 100 2.10 .26
CORT nae | 5, 585, 632 7,726,817 | 409,953 | 1.98 25
Massachusetts: |
a EEN ee | 309, 500 158,700 53,535 1.9 25
273,900 138, 045 44,374 1.8 23
273,900 182, 600 50, 800 2.15 -27
256,501 156, 952 53,091 2.27 -28
|
15,525 4,600 5,000 | 2.9 | 35
13,500 5, 832 2,308 | 1.8 a2
13,500 8,900 3,900 | 3.0 .38
12,296 10,207 | - 4,236 3.65 46
6, 122,000 2,204,000 1, 255, 000 2.0 25
6, 062,000 3, 161.000 1,401,000 | 2.37 -30
6,236,000 3,732,000 1,755,000 | 2.85 -35
4,948, 784 3,160, 300 993 , 242 | 2.24 28
1,300, 000 508,300 | 310,200 | 2:3 -29
1,244,000 686, 800 | 318,800 | 2.6 .33
1, 220, 000 993, 000 | 449,000 Sei 46
1, 298, 005 1, 188,049 | 391, 242 | 3.33 | 42
76,300 119, 000 10,000 | ie -30
76, 300 221, 300 20,000 5.0 | .62
74, 800 179,500 15,000 4.0 | -50
79, 658 351,908 12,172 | 5.64 | 7
60,000 86, 000 | 16,000 | 3.6 45
100, 000 160, 000 30,000 | 4.0 50 '
105, 000 147, 000 27,500 | 3.5 44
97, 274 140, 060 31,176 | 4.0 ,50
|
2, 230,000 41,600 427, 400 1.6 -20
2,350,000 110,320 752,310 2.6 | .35
2, 660, 000 558, 600 1,093, 900 3.5 | .44
3,170, 828 257, 592 1,323,431 3.42 | .43
695, 000 6,000 125,000 | 1.4 | .18
700, 000 200, 000 273, 000 | S244 .43
700, 000 238, 000 267, 800 | 3.4 | .42
742,586 | 33,419 273, 728 | 2.99 | .37
848, 000 47, 100 190, 200 tear d .22
874,000 57,700 233, 100 2:25} . 28
930,000 364, 600 279, 900 | 2.8 35
986, 737 293,301 269, 093 2.48 | ay
460, 000 17,7 86,300 | 1.54 19
442, 000 24, 400 98, 600 | 1.84 22
425, 000 26, 500 107, 200 | 2.08 26
449, 727 27,199 124,117 | 2.26 28
19, 031, 325 7, 528, 640 3,605,555 1.91 .24
18,974,700 | 10,168,629 3,854, 488 2.16 .27
19,298,200 | 13,270,900 4,905, 200 2.72 .35
18,672,939 | 13,920,003 4,040, 952 2.48 31

Norte.—These 13 States produced, in 1909, 99 per cent of the maple-sugar crops of the United States and
98.4 per cent of the maple sirup.

30702°—yvsxK 1920——44**

690 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

MAPLE SUGAR AND SIRUP—Continued.
TABLE 217.— Maple sugar and sirup: Farm price, 15th of month, 1914-1920.

Sugar (cents per pound). Sirup (dollars per gallon).

’

Date. Qaa RG. Sec es ieee
| 1920 | 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914 | 1920 | 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914
ae ee fas et ae eee SS eee a
Web. 452. = 29.3 | 22.0] 188 | 14.7 | 12.6 | 11.6 ]...... 2.35 | 1.86 | 1.58 | 1.22 | 1.08 | 1.06 j_.....
[eee 31.6 | 25.3 | 20.5 | 14.7] 13.4 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 2.58) 1 1.10
Aprois: 2.226 37.0 | 26.9 | 22.5] 16.3 | 13.9 | 12.9 | 12.5 | 2.92] 2 1.10
ay 15.......- 36.0 | 26.3 | 22.6 | 16.2] 13.6 | 12.3] 12.3 | 2.93 | 2. 110
June 15225... 52 35.1 | 26.2 | 22.0 | 15.9 | 13. 12.4 | 12.2 | 2.84] 2. 1.12

SORGHUM FOR SIRUP.

TABLE 218.—Sorghum for sirup: Acreage, production, and value, by States, 1920, and
totals 1917-1919.

;
| Average Production) f: cae
; : price | Farm value
State and year. | Acreage. = zee ofsirup. | per gallon | Dee. 1.
| 7 Dec. 1.
}
| Acres Gallons Gallons. Cents Dollars.
Wirginiatee See 2252 fee eee cod eee } 11, 000 100 1, 100, 000 105 1, 155, 000
‘West Vireiniol.- .-. 3.82216. +c. eee ese 5, 000 100 500, 000 135 675, 000
North Carolina = 0). 2.282 25-3 Ce 37, 000 100 3, 700, 000 100 3, 700, 000
South Carqung <2. 52sec vccocs ce areueees / 15, 000 100 1, 500, 000 100 1, 500, 000
Grorpiae eet Acosta scab eee eel 15, 000 94 1, 410, 000 104 1, 466, 000
Plorids: 62. 25 et Ce 600 140 84, 000 100 84, 000
hio. “4b Se... ee Te 5, 900 91 537, 000 152 816, 000
Indiana... ae 15, 000 82 1,230,000} ‘ 140 1, 722, 000
Rliit: iS i ee aera 58 5 Poe | 8, 900 75 668, 000 145 969, 000
Wisconsin: 424 8... 282. he oe 4, 000 75 300, 000 180 540, 000
minnesota «250 ec ets. . eee ee 3, 000 100 300, 000 150 450, 000
OWE: «= <m do ee eae cna eee ee 5, 100 96 490, 000 143 701, 000
Misooprt «552 eet se. oo od I eos 49, 000 83 4, 067, 000 125 5, 084, 000
INeDrBsKS.. See 5.2 rere 2. soccer 2, 000 95 190, 000 135 256, 000
BOANIGAR «oc Ut oc Sue eee owas ee 5, 000 86 430, 000 125 538, 000
Kentuoky 25... Soe sto oh ok 51, 000 95 4, 845, 000 107 5, 184, 000
SPanviegsDe. ¢<. . Settee on kL sone 20, 000 90 1, 800, 000 101 1, 818, 000
Alabama: sesso see eee ee ce caw 90, 000 99 8, 910, 000 90 8, 019, 000
Miostasingl: 2312. 2292252 eS: eee Oe. 72, 000 90 6, 480, 000 90 5, 832, 000
Touisiana.-<o2 2 Seer, . See Ne 600 110 66, 000 100 66, 000
PAROS: = Wisc ck ae capes teen nae ne eae eee 7, 900 94 743, 000 105 780, 000
WkIGnOMA «oF co hee eee cee ye eae / 7, 400 94 685, 000 108 752, 000
AYERTISNS:. oo oe. 2) eee ence cece eoeouneL! 42, 000 90 3, 780, 000 105 3, 969, 000
Dtah - 6. eS as ee ee eee 500 100 50, 000 125 62, 000
SORA oo os Mee oe eee eee cee / 472, 900 92.8 | 43,876,000 105.2 | 46,138, 000
97. , >) 5... pa es 429, 500 82.4 | 35, 409, 000 110.3 | 39,054,000
a panes. at nee S| 7 374, 800 79.1 | 29, 643, 000 96.3 | 28) 532) 000
a SR 4 RE ANE 415, 200 90.3 | 37,472, 000 69.5 | 26,055, 000

Statistics of Tea. 691

TEA.
TaBLE 219.—Tea: International trade, calendar years 1909-1919.

[‘‘Tea”’ includes tea leaves only and excludes dust, sweepings, and yerba maté. See “General note,’’

Table 112.)
EXPORTS.
| Average | x | |
Country. 1909-1913,| 1914 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 1919
| |
ae; a 4 a oe | 2. 2 ios La (= a Sa — i;
From— 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
pounds. | pounds 8. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. |
Cf tn | 267,887 | 292,607 | 319,864 | 299,811 | 299,180 | 378,075
See | 189,016 | 193,584} 215,633 | 203,256 | 195,232 | 180,818 |
Ch eee eee 197,997 | 197,785 | 233,474 204,672} 149,34 53, 479 |
Dutch East Indies.............. | 46,675 | 66,425 | 100,402 96,929 | 76,710| 66,047 |
Ct a | 23,640| 22,936) 22,816| 21,455] 14,812| 24,848
PEE | 35,823] 35,077| 41,441 »273 | 61,765 | 46,825 |...
CLS hi eee | 2,875 PEO ae ee ae 8 SE Peat a A
Other countries.........-....... / 6,991 7, 760 5,173 861 | 214 | 96 |
ae). | 770,604 | 881,891 | 938,803 | 873,257 | 797, 255 | 750,480
IMPORTS.
Into— /
| eS 3,890 3,103 | 3,012 2,381 4,037 3,983
_.. 2 ae | 35,442) 41,622 | 44,295 37,300 | 45,615 |...-.. <2.
Austria-Hungary ............... | Seah) BAER Sees eee ST al | ee Sea |S aie Sail (ah ae ieee, he oe
PRESS. ................ 8, 002 8,816 | 12,101 13,247 | 17,199 15,014
British South Africa............ 5,462 6, 246 6, 867 8,930 | 10,510 7,584
ee 37,927 | 39,085 | 42,855 52,145 | 29, 964 27,026
ree ees. 3, 505 2, 787 3,017 3, 659 Fy beat
meee. 5 - ck... 18,890 | 22,778 | 24,337 25, 259 6. is ae
Dutch East Indies.............. 6, 742 9,110 7,577 7,976 (A) aes
2, 806 4,366 6, 260 5,196 3, 203 4,626
French Indo-China. ............ ae PATSU EI Wee SS TE apie cee | ie ie eal ie ae ainae al ee es S
ee 8 a SOS! Apia Keke pba oe Ls ARE ETS QI TREE ove
Cay a 11,383 | 14,244 | 15,678 10, 417 1,412 63,710
New Zealand................... 7,542 9,952 9,150 9,478 9, G2) tase
eee On oo. 2: 9, 446 UPS 81) ete eee dl Sibdbers ies seems pel [een pg BS
oc. pi ET i cake A sats hee S47 CO! WA BAS [enc oe Sone 3 ey eae
Lif Db 6, 009 SY re sil ee aphece 12 ie poe eel fe Se Nees Ae
United Kingdom............... | 293,045 | 317,664 | 317,429 277,436 | 310,687 | 388,466
United States._---.-..... 2... | 98,897 | 97,810 | 106,106 126,795 | 134,418 80, 963
Other countries.................| 34,294 | 23,578| 21,643 19;355/|\ 87, DAT oe
l= 756,669 | 788,895 | 807,183 | 772,781 | 599,464] 601,688 |..........

1 Does not include statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war period,
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-
parable during that period.

692 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920

TEA—Continued.
TABLE 220.—Tea: Wholesale price per pound, on New York market, 1913-1920.

[Compiled from commercial papers. ]

) }
Foochow, fair | Formosa, fine | J =" oe India, orange
to fine. to choice. fired. pek

Date.

3 é S$
mo to to
Elaleblelalelelslslets
Sl/HlelSihl|aeiSlaia/8 la
1913. Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts. | Cts.| Cis. | Cts.| Cts. | Cts. | Cts
January-June. ........ 32 | 234 ac.| - Ba OP 5 133] 35 }.-... 183} 24].....
July-December.......- 12| 23]... ot! Bol 3. 133) 28 |... 184, 21
1914. |
January-June. .......- Bl ia. m4] 39)... 123}; 30|..... 183} 21|.....] 183i aie
July-December... .....- 1) a aes Sel. 1 ee 184| 27].
1915.
January—June. ........ aS] Pee cece : 3) eee 18°] 30. |2;-2aes-- oo ee
July—December........ A7-| > 33 4-.5- 23) SO} 38: 40° 24 32}. —.-.)' 2)" oes
J jams | 17}, 21 23| 39 1 | 354 24 x
anuary—June.........| 17% 21 |.....{ 23] 39}..... 6 DA..---| 24] 30}... .) Dees
July-December.......- cu ie ee 23| 39)__- t 35 |_....) 28 |” 30)..._-) ae rn
1917.
January-June: _...:... | 173| 25 |..... 231 60).._.. 16} 40 |..... 2g} 47]... 2g} sal.....
July—December.......-. 224) 27 |:.... "eo = y 5 Ue Rey! Li Go 39 45).2= 40
1918. | |
January-June. ......-- | 263) 27 | 26.8) 35) 60) 49.8, 24) 40/ 32.1] 35| 50) 42.8] 36
July-December.......- 263 303} 29.8) 35) 60 47-8) 25 | 45 | 35.6 50 42.5) 36
1919.
January-June. ........ 29° 303) 29.8) 33) 62] 47.3} 24] 50 30 50) 33.6 30
July-December.......- | 29] 30$| 29.8) 23) 62| 48.0} 25] 60 30| 45) 35.4 38
ee oo f == = SS eS
60 | 42. 40| 45) 42.5, 44 OA
60 | 42.5) 40] 45 42.5 44 ‘44.5
60 | 42.5, 38| 45) 41.6 44 44.5
60 | 42.5) 38 | 45) 41.5 44 es ;
65 | 39.0} 32| 45] 34.5) 35 9 /
65 | 45.0] 32| 35) 33.5, 30 43.8 ;
65 | 42.3) 32| 45) 39.4) 30 44.7 .
25 | 65] 45.0) 32] 35] 33.5! 30 42.5 >
Seeiisidpnddens 21 | 65 | 44.3; 25/| 35] 30.8 20 38.2
September 21 | 65 -0) 25 26; 25.5 20 30.0 :
FET Se Me A 21} 65 -4| 20 | 35) 24.1) 20 25.8
November 20} 65 2] 16 45| 22.7) 16 21.7 :
December 18] 65] 41.8 16| 45) 30.5) 16 31.9
18 | 65 | 16| 45) 27.8) 16 2.7.0

Statistics of Coffee.

COFFEE.

693

TABLE 221.—Coffee: International trade, calendar years 1909-1919.

{The item of coffee comprises unhulled and hulled, ground or otherwise prepared, but imitation or

“surrogate” coffee and chicory are excluded. See “‘ General note,” Table 112.]
EXPORTS.
bbe zs
Country. ong nie. | 1014 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
From— 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. pounds pounds. | pounds.

Cor a oe | ee ee eee Pan eee ae = ee ee le f sederese> 4,979
(Th a 1, 672, 282 | 1,490, 715 | 2, 256, 844 | 1, 724, 867 | 1, 402, 968 983, 253 | 1,714, 765
British India............. TET 39, 973 22, 441 17,868 | 27,632 14, $68 | 792
marine. SS. et 104, 398 136, 500 149, 423 160, 174 138, 518 151, 965 |... 25-2.

CS, ae 27, 515 39, 059 26, 918 37, 137 27, 048 25,265 | 30,7
Dutch East Indies....... 54, 149 67, 076 106, 410 68, 908 36, 870 pid pa ee
Guatemala ..............- 85, 951 84, 298 pe AAC | ae 2, Se | ee | eird aero eee a
Jo a ee 0) ae eee een ee BEAR Re ae Bete aa aE fe a ae
JP a eee 8, 263 8, 932 7,126 7, 387 CS Ey ee sae Bee ese
Le Ona aS =... PSI Eee eee states a2 =f naa et ele an dale ao ewe eee ame tee
Mevnerlands.2....25.-.-.- 189, 288 244, 270 371, 777 147,770 | 2,728 1 28, 234
Jit oo 22, 817 20, 134 AAU i a (eer pees ae pee SSE
loo re 76, 425 67, 162 78, 829 ys Dei ee See
SLO oo ee SS eee SA A a OR Pe Bee ore Bee ere
United States 2 48, 179 47, 327 38,279 | 48, 592 727 | 34,352
Venezuela........... 121, 350 137, 967 112,024 97,236 $8155 |e
Other countries 67,553 | 59, 388 50, 859 27,750 19,346 Va
TSU ee ee 2, 608, 347 | 2,450,403 3,353,571 | 2,467,146 | 1,895,023 | 1338 944 e252

IMPORTS.
| | |
Into—

SS 28, 125 30, 925 36, 142 32, $36 37, 438 48,572| 37,541
Austria-Hungary .....-.-- 1 PATO T Ng) ae ema A Bee een Beene ae ner Reet errno Tee a
eee WOE rn ee Si fe cote te eee eee [lone kee lb ~ Sarcae ee 86, 805
British South Africa...... 26, 703 25, 143 31, 592 29, 790 30, 126 47, 887 17, 743
RP pe pc ce s+ 24, 906 17, 672 21, 215 19, 427 27, 642 477 1 Coe an
Wacwark.=..25-.....-+-.| 33, 102 31, 991 35, 547 38, 765 41, 874 7-618 |G,
SeeebeeS-*-.. 8 s. 15, 654 13, 116 18, 701 16, 640 15, 843 15, 693 16, 039
J ha ae 28, 624 22, 438 28, 820 fs (cS ae se oe |S ee EE ASS.
ha re 245,752 | 256,658 | 305,409 | 337,215 | 360,873 | 299,052 | 457, 450
Sn B00: 065 | cake eee. [o> seco Pon adage stan -|--s ane ees | aemow a niaenfone'sin monn
Us eee 58, 278 62, 176 88, 119 107, 948 98, 830 113, 848 80, 405
Netherlands......-....... 283,633 | 275,466} 441,402 | 196,027 33, 927 7,973 | 120,606
horwiy = -5- 62... ee es] , 309 26, 231 53, 219 53, 211 32, 973 ES | cone oes
Tee aos <= + ~~ 26, 073 18, 309 21, 012 Be 1 ee eee eros See eae
SIgBEDOLOS=-2--.2.----=-- 6, 000 By O51 ts aa ese paeee 20s |s-4-a-maem-|==<-—5e~oe-|-oneennane
fete ee cose 22 oo. 2 oe 29, 317 30, 280 35, 219 36, 210 40, 229 36, 097 42, 391
iain wacom e =< 74, 486 64, 724 88, 698 84, 568 18, 893 24,719 | 86, 037
Switzerland .-.-... , 029 , 864 29, 092 43, 883 21,193 ,o34 | 22,534
United Kingdom .. 28, 581 28, 846 32, 723 29, 020 45, 47, 934 35, 333
United States..... 907, 899 | 1,011, 072 | 1,228, 762 | 1,166, 888 | 1, 286,524 | 1,052,202 | 1,333, 564
Other countries......- . 103, 376 84,759 91, 549 84,692 96, 676 Cri Gy eae ae ee
Jn eS 2, 614, 854 | 2,028,721 | 2,587, 220 2,302,310 | 2,188,339 | 1,829,351 |.......-..

1 Does not include statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war period,
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-

parable during that period.
2 Chiefly from Porto Rico.

ure, 1920.

Yearbook of the Department of A

694

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6 Oa ab sl StLei ns 2} UVORET | Sen 1220 | Ber Ee i O°Ce: |. Fo | ole See, | vor |. aS 6
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OFT | aT CL | ROL STE | 46 GZ STS 4 PL oe uT | 46T: | OT | fee | Ze | 92 eee | ee |: 82
G'L1_| #81 _| ¥91_| r'et| #or_| zr_| "12 |_#2_|_61_| "02 |_ez_| fst _| 6'1e | fe _| Te | O18 |_ze_| og
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61% | ¥e% | 41% | 9°ST | fOr Gt | 8°92 GFE
G'1% | ¥z % | 9°St | $or | fer 1022 is 3
92% | 8% | Ho | L°9OT | FAT SE. (8°28 Hse | L‘te
8 ‘FZ re 61 | 9'8T | ¥o% | ¥or | 62%] Te fee ZL 08 ¥ | 808 a 62 | 898 | OF 1 @ YO ®
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cme IT 46 ct 21. Weer 26°"! (6p eres *| Cape oSS, [roma ol On Or

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Statistics of Oil Cake and Oil-Cake Meal. 695

OIL CAKE AND OIL-CAKE MEAL.

TaBLE 223.—Oil cake and oil-cake meal: International trade, calendar years 1909-1919.

[The class called here ‘‘oil cake and oil-cake meal” includes the edible cake and meal remaining after
making ay from such products as cotton seed, flaxseed, peanuts, corn, etc. See “General note,’’

Table 112.
EXPORTS.
Country. inoue | 19% 1915 1919
From— 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
pounds. | pounds pounds pounds nds.
LO il 42, 587 38, 367 46,215 114, 024
Austria-Hungary .........-- YT oy ek | ae erate S| ee oe ee oe ee ee ee es Fe eee Re te
ol: WD. Sasa a iT Bel ee ere Sy Oe eee el Bee ae Seer Perea eee 76, 791
Bobi 268,648 | 334,141] 335,901 305, 134
cod ea 51, 370 30, 567 32,730 41, 222
) oe 147,468 | 183,581] 164,212] 113,330] 149,186] 167,277 |......-..-
LTT 15,777 SH Oesi | eet oO | epee |) 2 OO | eee
Pe Sass ms 161,624] 176,339] 246,183 146, 042
hoi 476,863 | 396,644 | 244,888 19, 310
CH) ee TERI spas 1250 ae ne Sa PO SS eer Ceeererer beeen
Wink: oe See ae 55,115 | 120, 695 12, 660 34, 468
MAL hi BB Sift he SRE Sel be SU SE EE A be Pees Soe ae
Netherlands...............- 219, 819 110, 882 32, 903 ? 13, 460
Saeias--....... SaaS 146,415 1 SO IG AOD | 100,600 1.~ 28-1 -eoen nae cee
J United Kingdom..........-. 161, 798 73, 295 25, 829 11,422
usted States. ............. 1, 704, 124 | 1,579,171 | 2,114, 132 1, 087, 228
Other countries............- 83, 814 67,011 70,305 | 64,389] 56,613] 24,579 |..-.....-.
RMN Ene wees yes < 5,681, 538 | 4,066,197 | 3,502,498 | 3,133,557 |1,418,985 | 528,562 :........--
IMPORTS.
Into—
Austria-Hungary .......-...- | GEE CY EU eee ph eae be ASE scones Be Peps REN Le pale tet Peek trey A | te
_ <a Oe CNR OG aps Be 8 Ee A Eee I Bt erg Ae EAE | 39,209
Ci: ee eae | 7, 752 15, 625 22,215 14,731 | 23,476| 44,249 12,312
TREAT KS ee 2 cin esos. | 1,002,329 | 960,215 | 1,266,845 | 1,034,499 | 339,006 Pt Pe eee
Dutch East Indies.......... 2,509 1, 560 1,221 201 1,279 iS a Peer see
TT 25S ne | 25,333 23, 698 SSEStOT = TArAlae| ase 8 een eon eee eee eee
288,968 | 160,299 8, 344 3,381 6,352 | 33,821 15, 604
OSG NATONY some [ne comer [eb eS 1) 0 52222 pale er eee
10, 550 2,471 5, 998 885 28 4,393 99
189,868 | 256,968 | 197,822| 144,847 | 186,382] 185,118 |---.......
707,116 | 564,275 | 598,236, 461,385 | 181,217 213 | 223,859
55, 112 83, 716 71, 160 74,964 | 69,521] 48,432 |..........
346,755 | 284,538] 333,316| 157,241) 73,414] 14,160) 151,308
69, 352 38, 818 38, 226 58,447 | 62,476] 24,808 91,795
790,865 | 731,264] 936,681 | 636,126 | 476,847 | 24,232) 623,334
31, 756 22,748 22, 762 55,326 | 54,964 | 64,938 ].......---
iidigh =e lee 5, 812,002 | 3,146,195 3,591,636 | 2,769,210 |1,474, 962 446, 763 | irvine ot

1 Does notincludestatistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war period,
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-
parable during that period. ,

2 Less than 500 pounds.

696 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

ROSIN. ich
TABLE 224.—Rosin: International trade, calendar years, 1909-1919.

(For rosin, only the resinous substance known as ‘‘rosin’’ in the exports of the United States is taken
See “‘ General note,”’ Table 112.]

EXPORTS.
Country. Aveo | -\ 1988 1915 1916 1917 | 1918 1919
- )
:
From— 1,000 | 1,000 |; 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 1,000 1,000
pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds.
Austria-Hungary ........... By) Ae ee PR ee eat pis PRE EER BEE asad
Belpinm = - oe ose 58553 oy CER REE ER SOP EERE obec nye eS Oe A | Se 9,
Te REED STE “Pe 118, 286 67,470 | 56, 496 114, 200
Germany.) 3235. . oe ee BO, FIO |. oo ot. we ere See ese Sze
Groecre... Soe... Pa aE 10, 423 8, 597 6,194... 2 ee ep
Netherlands..._..........-- 59, 366 345 1 259
Spies <2 wee se ee 20, 073 ’ 23, 663 23, 006 28, 748
nited States........2..-.:. 655, 520 489, 580- 515,856 | 418,150 696
Other countries............. 1, 568 602 6,913 7,572 | - 10; 77022 eee
Totals AL.) 2S so. 950,381 | 681,785 | 548, 565 622, 844 511,419 | 281,743 |.--..... tm
/
IMPORTS
Into—
Argentina. ...
Australia ........
Austria-Hungary
Belgium...
Brazil. .... 29, 340
British Indi 3, 535
Canada...... 22, 883
Chile. - 7, 410 4,515
Cuba. . 4,123 4, 239
Denmark 3, 236 3,178
Dutch East Indies 15, 039 15, 448
inland......... 6, 027 4,923
France 2, 432 1,181 ‘
Germany pT ee eee ee ie Sot ee
Italy .. 34,171 32, 978
Japan..... 10, 073 10, 669
Netherlands. 73, 991 77, 809
Norway....... 6, 732 6, 602
Roumania.-...... A ee Be ee es eee Ne
oo See eet Le Se ee 68, 429 64, 030 b
OTIS 2.8 teh Ben Oe 1, 162 >
GE ee, at eR 1, 827 645
Switzerland . . +o. . os. cee 4,983 4, 236 ‘ ‘
United Kingdom........... 166,075 | 154,655] 176,360| 184,985
Other countries............- 18, 734 9, 082 21,770 25,134
TOCA. - oh ncaa eran 900, 441 493 , 861 507,752 527,486

1 Does notincludestatistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics ofimports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-
parable during that period.

2 Less than 500 pounds.

)

Statistics of Turpentine. 697

TURPENTINE.

TABLE 225.— Turpentine (spirits): International trade, calendar years 1909-1919.

[“Spirits of turpentine’’ includes only ‘‘spirits’’ or ‘‘oil’’ of turpentine and for Russia skipidar: it
excludes crude turpentine, pitch, and for Russia turpentine. See ‘‘General note,’’ Table 112.)

EXPORTS.
Country. i | 1914 1915 1916 1917 | 1918 1919
= ae a © od ae | eM I
Tom— 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,009
gallons. gallons. gallons. gallons. gallons. gallons. gallons.
UL i ea A a ea jes Eid ae Bel Sig Se AT BE Dh eh Sle 315
ga 1a ee 2,594 1, 703 1, 246 842 381 | 6, 189 2,078
0 fn i es LD Miao ee | Bae ee cal bo ee, | gers ee es bye so BS s ee
Mienveriands... 2... .-..... «---| 2,750 2, 883 38 20 Bib noo (2) 50
Russia EEE aloten ou. aapceessee 2,322 1,337 95 ih a eee eee ee, lepees EF nse
_ | eae 1, 156 1, 052 922 1,144 1, 260 | 710 1, 360
oo a 17,868 | 11,118} 10,619 9, 544 6,517 3,717 10, 672
euer countries. .......7.------- 649 3 581 418 267 | pS UE Aes
[i hye ae me... | 28, 943 | 18,386 | 13,501 | 11,973 | 8,427 | 10,627 ' rae
|
IMPORTS.
| |
Into— |
ob ae 524 500 576 254 480
ME ates o-5...22..s..-.- 791 677 634 600... Saccnee
Austria-Hungary .........-.--.- Sac ee| Aa eRe A occ eSeae| REE aes Bee neee ie bem et
em Re nnn e af 1, 988 fracn asa odale es onacccafeme oe oa cdele wwe wenae See | 1, 088
DGS eee ee 1,113 1,135 1, 247 1, 209 1, 139
Pitas: <....: 2S aC A terns 114 (?) (2) £75: | 7. == Seems
TL. 2 Res SSA RR ee ieee eee ae SemeeS Mba aret
Loo ree 968 754 702 673 1, 198
Netherlands <22525.......:52...- 1,155 728 346 21 971
Mromeeesland...--....-........- 130 158 91 OF |eoseeen ss
Jif...) 192 BOD Rowentanc awl scaanwe set leete oa.ane a
Seen ss << <== 6-25 =~ 110 99 4 (2) 115
OO Ot A ee 395 455 376 439 473
United Kingdom............... 7, 446 5, 937 3, 097 960 6, 642
Other countries..............-.. 1,144 1,439 1,397 yi: 7a) eae
ia ae | 14,082 | 12,042| 8,470| 5,213 |..........

1 Does not include statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war period,
1914-1913. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-

parable during that period.
2 Less than 500 gailons.

698 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
INDIA RUBBER.

TasLe 226.—India rubber: International trade, calendar years 1909-1919.1

i for india rubber include ‘‘india rubber,” so called, and caoutchouc, caucho, jebe (Peru),

hule (Mexico), borracha, massaranduba, manabeira, manicoba, sorva, and seringa ), gom-

elastiek (Dutch East Indies), caura, ser nambi (Venezuela). See ‘‘General note,’’ Table 1124
EXPORTS.

Average, |
Country. 1909-1913. | 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919

1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

From—
pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds.
Aripele 233 ee scat soap ase 8 5, 620 4, 066
Belpian. Kongo .....:2...<<-b-.e5 7,755
Meloiun 4. . J fooscs noes scene oe tee 20, 749) | 5552-8
i BREE S I 82g a 8,395 | 13,415
eet) RS Se ee ee es 9: , 92
GCayglon 5-3 32. se Hc Sethe eee | 10, 953 37, 344 |
Dutch East Indies..:..........- 1. 7,679 | 22,57
PCURGOE SSL Es co ian cmon eee
nee

French Guinea
French Kongo
Germany
Gold Coast. .
Ivory Coast
Kamerun..
Mexico
Netherlands

"7 ES See, Se Se
can

ingapore
Nigeria
Negri S
Lio: | ae se ee ay pba a
Ae Ea ey eater: ES
Manewnela. £58... oben oe / 772 252
Other countries... ..-.....-3.-. 28, 936 26, 603

2 ee eve el A 289, 064
IMPORTS.

Into— |
Austria-Hungary ..............- / FE Oe ee eres / Rn Ree es ‘
Beg 25. Cte selene 27k 1) OY IE al (BINED eeepc Nas ieee
UO RR, OSH, Go ei 3, 945 5, 108 9, 731 9, 868
ge a ae oe ae 32, 704 22, 439 25, 799 34, 229
SORTIAINY oo oc oboe ae wok ee xe Cg Ba a eras eee Beas
16 1 eee OE OTT Tee Ls 5, 381 6, 733 11, 833 11, 728
MEDNONIATION =. cas sess che oc-ace 10, 822 15, 695 6, 909 737

Tic | aE Sa RD Ree 9 ee SS 19,131} 25,086 | 29,761 | 17,804
United Kingdom............... 43, 141 41, 597 33, 760 59, 941
United Ststes.<..25 csi bsawe sss 100,180 | 143,065 | 221,482 | 270, 090
Other countries...........c.se-- 12,424 | 31,278 15, 521 21,191

Total....... nh AAT OF | 302,319 | 201, 001 | 354,796 | 425, 588

1 Does notincludestatistics oftrade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the La poe
1914-1918. Therefore the totaltrade statistics ofimports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-
parable during that period.

Statistics of Silk.

SILK

TaBLE 227.—Production of raw silk in undermentioned countries, 1909-1919.

[Estimates of the Silk Merchants’ Union, Lyon, France.]

Country. 1909-1913.

|
| Average,

Western Europe:
Ital

Levant and Central Asia:
Broussa and Anatolia.............-.---- 1, 137, 000
BRUNE CY PIUS. 3.5.0 2-5-2 seco wee | 1,058, 000
Other Provinces of Asiatic Turkey-..... | 294,
@arkeyin Hurope!......5....iacenso- -| 2187, 000
Saloniki iand Adrianople ..............- | 3758, 000
Balkan States (Bulgaria, Serbia, and |
OO DUT ae Sees een 374, 000
Greece, Saloniki,! and Crete .......-...- 182, 000
ae: Bageeecsanasrz=seee i272 --- 7 1, 023, 000
Lh ee
PErRESLAT (GXpOrts)*-..........-------- 1, 173, 000
IST ee 6, 186, 000
Far East:
China—
Exports from Shanghai | 12, 576, 000
Exports from Canton........-.----- 5, 146, 000
Japan—
Exports from Yokohama........... | 21, 898, 000
British India—
Exports from Bengal and Cashmere. 428, 000
Indo-China—
Exports from Saigon, Haiphong, |
Tay, | ae i ees 5 31, 000
ULL. a ee ie | 40, 079, 000
Dp SG) ee ee | 56, 689, 000

1Prior to 1913 Turkey in Europe included the
vilayet of Saloniki, which belonged to Greece in
subsequent years.

2 For 1913 only.

1916 | 1917
|
Pounds. Pounds.
7,963, 000 | 6, 217, 000
452, 000
154, 000
188, 000
143, 000
7, 154, 000
Coe tr
772, 000 Ast 28...
eS
a OOH Es oe
SAM Seeds, 3.
5 OOS 228k
Tt ae ee
TOT ps. er
A Seis ee te
2,293,000 | 2, 293, 000
|
10, 340, 000 | 10, 097, 000
5,346,000 | 5,170,000
29, 431, 000 | 34,050, 000
254, 000 232, 000
sin 11, 000

| 45,378, 000 | 49, 560, 000 |
56, 647, 000 | 59, 007, 000 |

of eeeFeFsS—F

699
1918 | 1919
|
Pounds Pounds.
5, 942,000 | 4,079, 000
529, 000 408, 000
165, 000 154, 000
187, 0CO 165, 000
143, 0CO 110, 000
6, 966,000 | 4,916, 000
|
2,293,000 | 1,764,000
10, 739,000 | 8, 598, 000
3, 638,000 | 5,071, 000
32, 309, 000 | 32, 188, 000
242, 000 220, 000
11, 000 11, 000

46, 939, 000 | 46, 088, 000
56, 198, 000 | 52, 768, 000

3 For four years, 1909-1912.
4 Including ‘‘Central Asia’? subsequent to 1911.
5 For three years, 1911-1913.

700

WOOD PULP.

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TABLE 228.—Wood pulp: International! trade, calendar years 1909-1919 3

[All kinds of pulp from wood have been taken for this item, but no pul p made irom other fibrous substances.

See ‘‘ General note,” Table 112.
EXPORTS.
| |
Country. Lama sereot 1914 1915 - | 1916 | i917 | 1918 | 1919
| |
/ |
From— 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000
pounds. | pounds. pounds. | pounds.
Austria-Hungary ......... 20s, BOF er obe: 2. “eS Ssese: [settee rete eee ee eee e ee cee ete neces cee ees ees
aprile see eee eee A US) cree eee epoepomeos SSeS sed Peer ees ol
Cannda ©: 20 ee 8 606,203 | 849,766 | 728,341 | 1,117,796
Pintantt 402232 Sci s 236,881 | 213,843 | 221,420 | 223,139
Germany —s2 soca csasceee 384, 709°] .W. . on - a) cc ene nn[ocncncedens|a oceans hem ie ae
NOEWway eos: sci cascent te 1, 437,078 | 1,407,299 | 1,618,363 | 1,522,991
SEE UE! (ERLE CES Ee 52, 735. 6,515 14 |__....2....|..------20- eee ‘
Sweiens esses see , 822, 023 | 2,054,813 | 2,185,483 | 2,224, 800
Switzerland. ............. 13, 072 15, 573 22, 877 14, 671
United States. ........... 24, 309 24, 674 40, 589 80, 046
Other countries........... 75, 486 112,315 52, 697 315
CS RRR A oat | 4,938,507 | 4,684,798 4,800,784 | 5, 183, 759
|
IMPORTS.
Into—
Argentina........ eae
Austria-Hungary .........
Belgium. . = a
Denmark.
BOTT ieee ip ent re a
ge eee ae
BS gee Pea Ses AEE Se
ci ep Se
PT eit) Oe
PAIRS oe Sane neces - ' . =
LETT SE Saf et RED al 92,770 87, 233 114, 325 151, 124 73,712 71, 462 84,830
Sweden. .22) eee eee KA 9,515 10, 616 19, 043 8, 098 2,752 6, 528 oe a
Switreriatid cane noe 21, 059 16, 115 21, 839 25, 704 23, 459 35, 348 29, 272
United Kingdom......... 1, 891, 006 | 2,201,302 | 2,131,945 | 1,474,054 | 866,784 | 939,337 | 2,100, 941
United States. ..-.......- 1, 007, 239 | 1,351,130 | 1,145,717 | 1,367,529 | 1,355,682 | 1,156, 418 | 1,272, 033
Other countries........... | 85, 052 207,956 | 170,162| 267,014} 262,511 | 388,834 )..........
DPotel: te ncct cacece 4, 856,963 | 5,136,077 | 4,833,732 | 4,835,056 | 3,169,332 | 3,430,597 |...... en

1 Does notincludestatistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics ofimports and exports for all countries are not stri

parable during that period.

od,
y com-

LIVE STOCK, 1920.
FARM ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS.
LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES.

Taste 229,.—Live stock in principal and other countries.
{Census returns are in italics; other figures are in roman type.]

PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES.

Country. Date. Cattle. | Sad Swine. | Sheep. | Goats. | Horses.) Mules. | Asses.
|
. Thou- | Thou-| Thou- | Thou- | Thou-| Thou-| Thou-| Thou-
Batted pecs = sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands.
TA0INS.....-2-- an; Iya
Jan. 1,1920
Jan. 1,1919
Jan. 1,1918
Jan. 1,1917
Jan. 1, 1916
Jan. 1,1915
Jan. 1,1914
Jan. 1,1913
Jan. 11,1912
Jan. 41,1911
Apr. 16,1910 ;
INGE OHAATMS, ....).. 2. (3 lope as te MBI 50-0 Ceres Pe 1, 288 891 116} 3,188 270 17
Alaska (on farms and |
andnot onfarms)...) Jan. 1,1910 1 122) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Hawaii (onfarmsand
not onfarms)......- Apr. 15,1910 LGD accel 31] 7 5 28 9 8
Porto Rico (on farms |
and not onfarms)...|----- GO etree LG) oa clea 106 6 49 58 6 1
Virgin Islands: |
On farms......... Nov. 1,1917 CMa Ese 2 1 2 2 2 1
Not on farms. ....|----- i el eee | (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Sage agie Weegee 108) 9,140/ 3,794 203 185 268
Sifesi ae, TEN Pa al She HUE SSeSille 3. R48 216 192 272
Seite ie eis. ce 114} 8,338| 3,772 221 192 271
Sept. —, 1911 1 ve 110} 8,529} 3,862 227 192} 279
Sept, 1909 | 110022222222 ii] Soar so] eel lse| ars
ess IC IO ? a
Sept. — 1908 | 1,002'.:..-... 103} 9,632| 4/199 236, 188 272
Sept. —,1907 | 1,082'........ 98| 9,335] 4, 253 221| 174 266
ARES) Pm] age iB
Te [pte OCI ? ? af
go ge | wee ce ee
| ‘ept. —, » 121 ....--. F - } 287
| Argentina............ Dec. 31,1918 | 27,392.......:/ 3,227| 45,309| 4,670) 9,061 i eee
| Deel SP tang | 250807 oy 8, 901 43, 205)" 4385) a 3337777586)" 7280
ec. B ocatene 2,901 2 4, 326) 324 566 260
Dec. 31,1913 | 30,796 ........ 3,197| 81, 4,564, 9,366, 584 345
Dec, 33151912 |" 28,981)... 3,045) 76,279) 4,431 9, 239 556 329
Dee. eet 23, = Ais Teed 2, 900 80, 401 4,302| 8, 894 535 319
ec. 31, PRED lee wislae dc locate PAIS Ae eel. ol RE RE ee
Bi. Gi MOOT | Wygnan'.. b eloat oe, ng 17 Sa MOGs RE a FE,
1908 | 29,184'.......- 1,404| 67,884| 8,947| 7, 687 465 285
1896 | 21,708)....--.- €58| 74,880| 2749; 4,447 285 198
oo June ee eM aoe eo fe aad See Coc ol Meee a Aa ae Kewanee
1919 Ht) ae ee SPL ENE HOG, UOC ose s cole annanatloswecesn [eae ce
Dec. 31,1918 | 12, 739|.....--. ”914| 87, 086|........ OY: ae aS
| Dec. 31,1917 | 11,829)........ 1,169] 84,965|........ Cf RS SES
Dec. 31,1916; 10,459)........ 1,007; 76,669)........ rae Sl eceemeere ocean ee
Dec. 31,1915 | 9,931).......- 754| 69,257|......-. OF Renee ee Soke
Dec. 31,1914 | 11,052|........ 862) 78,600|........ § | Cee eee
Dec. 31,1913 | 11,484)........ 801| 85, 057 20 ae Ci | ee Oe Oe le
ee ol yd wenninnne , 845 ato 2, 408). .....-.|--------
ec. 31 Whee | a ciule eee Li eS AU: | ee 7 Ae LV en eee
Dec. 31,1910 | 11,745|........ 1,026] 92,047| 314) + 2,166'........|.......-
| Dec. 31,1909 | 11,040)........ 765| 91,676|........ Teg) Re Ee space
| Dec. 31,1908 | 10,548)........ 696] 87, 043)........ A SGRR Cees {ee
A907) |" “LOSG2eie es. SL 754| 87,650 ........ US 77 ORES 2 eee
1906 | 9,349).......- ee: ei i), ee <1 RO
TOO |"? "SHORE mo 1,015) 74, 541'. 00... 19, yan ee ae 6 SMa
1904 | 7,841)........ 1,063| 65,824’... 2... eR ee Sane
1903 | 7, 248|........ 837| 56,993 ........ 1 ER «echelon euled
1 Reindeer. 2 Less than 500. 8 Unofficial estimate. 4 Excluding northern territory.

701

702 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. ae

LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued. ;
TABLE 229.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued a
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued. ™
) a
Country. | Date. Cattle. ces Swine. | Sheep. | Goats. Hose Mules. | Asses. :
/ =
Thou- | Thou-| Thou- | Thou-| Thou- Thou-| Thou-| Thou-
sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands.
Australia (continued) 1902). 2%g MESS. 2.2. 777}, 53, 668)......-- 1, 525) 5... 2a noe 7
/ 100i | . $47... 947| 72, 209)........ 1, 625] . 22. cee $ |
Dec. 31,1900| 8, 640)........ 950| 70, 603)........ 1, 610}. .2- aa Riot 2
Dec. 31,1895 | 11, 767|.......- 823| 90,690........! 1, 690)| ic ccc ca aee mer
1890 | 10,300........ | A | | 1, 522). 520. oc/ec ee
Austria § 022222012222 | Dec. 31,1910| 1,159 1, 6,482} 2,498) 1,267) 1,808 21 53
| Dec. 31, 1900 1,020 2
| Dec. 31,1890 1,036)
| Dec. 31,1880 1,007
|
Bahamas2c.3. .- 2202 1917
: 1916
1915
; 1914
1913
1912
1911
1910
1909
Barbados32. 22.s22i 1917
1916
1915
1914 ,
191
1912 b
1911
1910
1909
1908 J
1907
1906
1905
1904
1903 «
1902
1901
1900
Basutoland. .......... 1911
1904 |
Bechuanaland Pro- |
DOCLON EE << io sen tee / 1911 |
1904
|
Belptem: 34 Soesees 1920 eee 546 126 33) 198
| Oct. —,1919 | 71,152)........ 328 «12 oy}:
Dec. 31,1913 | 1,849|........ Lo ce eee 267)... ..000kaee Cask
Dec. 31,1912} 1, 831)........ 7 RR ABE P| Ra (22 mers
Dec. 31,1911 bP | a SES jh eget BL ie 261). -Jesseuleen owen
Dec. 31,1910 AE eet ieee 1,494 185) 218; _ 317 3
Dec. 31, 1909 LF oy Rete (Sb | RE Pom letawa eam 255) ...><s0siaeunenee
Dec. 31,1908} 1,861|.......- 1 pen ala LB Pe 258] <<. casl desea
Dec. 31,1907} 1,813)........ UFOs es 250). «ivnnms ole. sei
Dec. 31,1906 | 1,780........ 1148) sccidae bi Pw 5)... ananm olla
Dec. 31,1905 | 1,788!........ LOG: £...d06 eee 245). .0-cnefeseneuae
Dec. 31,1904 | 1,782........ eT age ar rae ae 246)... ee) ee
Dec. 31,1903 | 1,720)........ 1 JSS ii. ., ethene une 20) ..sanbelee oie abe
Dec. 31,1901 | 1,646........ LO1BI35 . 5 22% ae eer 245)..-.--2-1-» paar
1895 hy! | 1,163 236) 241) 272) 7
1890 | 1,983|........ 646 ee eee | 78). -cecaee onan ee
1866 | 1,248)........ RE | ee ee
1856 | 1,258 ........ 458} 683)... rc eee <a
I Soca : are ocsl|santeune
7 RR Fa
1)... .ccusieeeeeeee
1
1
1
1
2 Less than 500. 7 Milk cows only.

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 703

LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued.
TaBLE 229.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued.
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued.

| |

Buffa-

|
Country. Date. Cattle. | “joes. | Swine. | Sheep. | Goats. Horses, Mules.| Asses.
Thou- | Thou-| Thou-| Thou-| Thou-| Thou-| Thou-| Thou-
; sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands.
Bosnia-Herzegovina °. Laat 0\1910 1,309 1 527| 8, 1,398 2 () 8
Ata ge} 1896 1, 416 1 662} $,281| 1,447] 281 1
loi 3 Weer 10 18).8 a7, 000 eae poe ease le wees -laq= =n -| eee eal eee nee ves
1916 28, 962 17,329] 7,205] 6,920| 6,065 3,222
1912-13 80,705 18,399| 10,653) 10,049 7,289 3,208
British Guiana..-....- June 30,1918 77) (2) 13 21 11 1 2 5
1917 899 3 12 22 14 1 2 7
1916 93| (2) 12 23 15) 2 6
1915 98} (2) 14 22 15) 2 6
1914 90| (2) 11 20 15) 2 6
1913 81) () 14 18 14) 2 6
1912 (1S eee oe 17 ih) pee eee
19il SUisteccws 17 JO eee |
1910 ‘?) 17 Ibs] ReeeReee
1909 | 13 ih) ae
1908 1D Ss feeee 13 “hy Bente
1907 {| a 13 i ( Re
1906 Sb) ee 16 pe eee
1905 ci | ae ene 13 1Sla-ee eee
1904 BG |e =e pee 12 Hilees sees
1903 f(t) ER okie a 12 Eanes a
NS MIPRTIOD SoS oc. oe 1912 852 Te sce Bar ceo ocesnae it Bee pe aes
1911 866 Uy | ee Be ricied DOCRe nae 7724) Cares pee
Dec. 31,1910 1,603 416) 527, 8,632) 1,459 478) 12| 117
1909 889 1 R48) Oe er hed Pence en PAO) <iontemaatecs ance
1908 902 ee al OE ee ate 5 eee Remote
1907 912 O25) ery gee Be ed = eee P| Hone RR EMeee
1906 919 | ee Beer ee Seeesce es 75S eee eee ae
Dec. 31,1905 | 1,696 Ar? 465| 8,131| 1,384 538 12) 128
1904 903 1 eee | ere at ote eee ie A42) . 2 S222 (eee
Dec. 31,1900| 1,596 431 368, 7,015| 1,405 495) 9 104
Dec. 31,1892| 1,496 342 462| 6,868) 1,264 oH 8 82
Cape Verde Islands... 1916 tt) eae 17 6 38 1 1 17
1915 bs) ies 14 5 32 1 1 10
1914 :) eee ee 14 4 30 1 1 10
|
ts) [vais —9020)|' (9477). 25.22. S517 Beall eee a S055
June —,1919| 10,084)...._... 20401 3,422). 00222 ;667| 15,102|..-.._-
June 30,1918 | 10,056\........ 4'290| 37053|........ 35600|-seaseee eae
Ten SOMO17 ||, We921| os -2=2 3619)" 22369 eee | eae ae ES Re
June 30, 1916 6,594]... ...... aio}, | 25023122 oS ys.) es Foe
June 30,1915} 6,066|........ ac119)” 1036). > eS Ci SRR! RORSE RE
June 30,1914] 6,037|.......- 3,434] 2,058]........ ri Sa eaae Eaeeee
June 30,1913 8656). os 22s 3; 448], 2,129). .-. 222. ee Seen Ae See
June 30,1912] 6,432)....._.- Se477| 2eosa|e ae Pi Renee 8 Sa
June 1,1911| 6,533|........ 55610) 8-176). 5 2 Cig) eee eel [eee Sed
June 30,1910] 7,115|..)..... 2,754] 2)598|.......- TACT: Dae Goat a
June 30,1909] 7,234|........ 2,913] 2,705|.......- A Ae REE
June 30,1908] 7,548|........ a7) Beso Fai Ts Se Mieteee ERE
June 30,1907 33445| 2,783]. ----.-- 1, 923) JsGees2)chesx Se
June 30,1901 2,354) 2,510}. ....... kT ES BROAN
1891 ae Bal) pecOUAl. oes 5 ry | ee ee eee ¢-
1881 4-208) 13.049). ---- 105g eee ets: Bee ee
ae 1918 69) 64] 187 eee Fo taee!
1917 Py | Beeeeee 86, 63 193 | PPARs eee
1916 POLS). csscs se 61 85 186 Ree eras peat tes
1915 1,501 71 (ee fe ee Ren
1914 1,484 84 Da eee ated ae aes eee
1913 1,484 86 90st ce iS phe RRR Waa hag = a
Dec. 31,1912 1,505 85 91 209 A ath TSS Cee
Dee. 31,1911 1,465 87 90 195 Eat A SES eee er
1909 1,510 97 96 171 A a Seine 2a
1908 1,635 93, 101 174 Pe Aaa TALI:
1907 1,559 96 ae PN EE
1906 1,543 99 SPER Ce aes a Give Taub ntoteew eee
2 Less than 500. 8 Not including cattle of interior prairies, estimated at 24,000 head.
8 Unofficial estimate. 1 All figures except for census years are for farm animals only.

6 Old boundaries.

704 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued.

TABLE 229.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued.
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued.

| - | a =
Country. Date. Cattle. st Swine.| Sheep. | Goats. Fess Mules. | Asses. :
|
Thou- | Thou-| Thou-| Thou-| Thou- | Thou-
sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands.
Ceylon (continued) ..| 1905 1,490 98 eee 4
) 1904 1,534 94 re” ales ! ri
1903 1,422 92 yj 7
1902 1,348 92 1) Sole B / 4
| 1901 1,477 88 Sit see
1900 1,398 91 1) ee | 5
Costa Rica...-------- 19lo 333| wale 63) (2) (@) | 52
1914 oe 64, (3) 1 52)
1910 rs Se ae 70| 1 1| 60
1905 SOs} rae oe 78; (2) | 1) 52
|
Ginle: 46.224 1618) Geese | 326, 4, 434 452, 411
1017 | 2030)....-.. | 301] 4,183) 376, 408
1916 | 1, 869)........ 260) 4, 569) 386) 443
1915; 1,944.22... 9290 4,545 394, 458) .
1914 Ce See ees | 221, 4,602, 299 458, =
gots | - Z0Re tc. 184' 4, 567) 288 489 ;
is | > woe... 166, 4, 169 421
1911 a ae 160, 3, 538 210, 352)
4910'|- S3635h.° 2. | 178} 1,636) 205 347
7908 | (2:304)_ 2... 216, 4,224) 344 517, ~<
Croatia-Slavonia °....- | Mar. 24, 1911 | 1, 135 | 1, 164 850 % 350
Dec. 31, 1895 | 909 . 883) 596 22) $11, y
) | :
Cha eo wee Bec. 31006 | Bee eae ieee sae 750) 3 4
Dec. 31,1915| 3, 704)........ [na ion al oie Oe Sn ats | 720 3
Dec. 31,1914| 3,395|........ | aes RET ARES. 673 3
Der. 31,4013)! 3.441]. . .f:¢--|.- 208, Megeartes Ri tae 625 46 2. =
Dec. 31, 1912 2 S30. -otes.-|oc cueeen| oo Snel -eeeeeas 561 41 2
Dec. 31, -911 PE) I eR eS es 457, 31 2
Dec. 31,1910| 3,212)-....... ROT Ne aCe, Ee ae 613 3
Dec. 31,1909] 3,075|..-.-.-- Gea Bae Gee eS 555, 2.9
Dec. 31,1908 | 2,892)........ faut | aaa A 5 en | 492 3
| Dec. 31,2907 | © 2 725)... -uce.. eee PREY eee Bee 443 53 3
Cyprtis?.- ..c-+ ape eas Mar. 31, 1918 | a ee Loge | 953\.. | 57
| Mar. 31, 1917 : 250) 63
Mar. 31, 1916 282 70
Mar. 31, 1915 282) 66
Mar. 31, 1914 ~ 269 .. 67
Mar. 31, 1913 256 69
Mar. 31, 1912 260). 70
Mar. 31,1911 294 69
Mar. 31, 1910 68
Mar. 31, 1909 67
Mar. 31, 1908 63
Mar. 31, 1907 60
Mar. 31, 1906 59
Mar. 31, 1905 56
Mar. 31, 1904 56
Mar. 31, 1903 55
Mar. 31, 1902 64
Mar. 31, 1901 63
Mar. 31, 1900 60
Czecho-Slovakia 1°... 1919 (?) ()
Cayman Islands (Brit- 1918 Penccccetl= tot Bee sasuke) ee avalese wees
ish). 1917 2 ~ongnaed eee
1916 22. ee Se aeee
1915 2 ecocecses| . S&)eeseneus!| YF | . bit- > eee eee eee
1914 De ccacocel| Pa Dlecdotpadh, C3) | ee pice
1913 Dt ccwasl . AiG Blesaseaekh, Molo 2 eee opecnncd
Demmark<. 20524. syas July 15, 1920 2,286)..2.....| 1,008 504 45) . SOU)...... an|isaupeae
July 15,1919} 2188........| 716) 500, 45) S58)... 2a sagan
| July 15,1918| 2,124)........| 621] 470) 4] = BAB)... 22 nsese it
July 21917| 2,458)........| 1,651) 480) = 3) 75)..-.... wlotlagactl
| Feb. 29, 1916 2, 290\..-2-00-] 1,983, 266)....2---] — O10 nacwnnnn cesnsces
May 16, 1915 2,417) ..ccecee| 1,919) = SSS). -20ne-| =» EU nnn nnn nninnen osee :
July 18,1914| €,468|....-..-] 2,497) 515] fl] BBM. ww chal
July 15,1909| 2,254)........| 1,468, 727} 40S 5 85).....---|- usta
July 18,1903 | 1,840)....----| 1,487) 877, 89} ABT). 22 saan Sais
July 15,1898 | 1, 746\...2-04- uk one scale
? Less than 500. ® Sheep figures are for those of 1 year of age and over.
6 Old boundaries. 10 Excludes Ruthenia.

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 705

LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued.

TABLE 229.—Live stock in principal and other cowntries— ontinued.
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued.

| cose! Mules. | Asses.

;

Swine. | Sheep. | Goats.

Cattle. | Butta

Country. | Date.

Thou- | Thou-| Thou- | Thou-| Thou-
Dutch East Indies: 3 sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands.
Java and Madura. Ce ees os teas ee 1S ae i, aes an ta
: (| ea eee Eee 128 3 Bo cae eae! eee
oa eee Bee es ‘pees | eS ae
‘6 ee et ae 7 a He eee SS ees
aan Seer”. YS cl, ae eS
PES eas ae: Ti ieee >) See
Otherpossessions., = 1915 | 712)......--|-.------|-----+++ +--+ ++7- per RRO SEP
eee tC, kt EBD RAT Co coh ee ee afore oe epee ae Pitt) ER SAS eee
Dutch West Indies: |
Curacao and de- /
pendencies...... 4 22 69 1) (2) 5
4 18 61 1) (2) 4
3) 12 55 1, () 4
3 11; 45 1 (2) 4
4 12 46 1] (2) 4
4 10 35 4, @) 4
7 22 53 1) (2) 5
6 24 59 1) (?) 7
: 6 23) 60 1 (2) 6
- ‘ 5 20) 51 (*) 6
Surinam.........- 2 (7) al 5 a Pa 1
2 6) 3 et (7) 1
a & 3 2 (2) | 1
~ 4) (2) 3} (2) ° (2) | 1
¥ 5 6G 3} (2) (7) | 1
4) (7) 3) (3) | (@) 1
3 (2) 7 2 | @& | ©
3} () a | > hi 1
3} () a) CYC) Po
: bs 3} ((?) a 0G) (?) 1
East Africa Protector- |.
ate (British)--.....-- yO ties 7 ET a Ds A ees ee ee ee <r 8 e
Mar. ; 6 6, 565)
4] 6,555)
7 4 6, 550,
3) 6,500
3, 6,500)
3) 5,500
: Mo Re. 22 CEPTS S So ae
et. Se ot) ane ae eae
De ae HES ae: ee LS ee ty at ER Ae SES Se
hee a -.S SeS Pin V1 ee @. bee
RE ean] ee ro SR A a) es Bae eae
Sei ieee nee ah (2). ° Pee ee
C2 ity Fane er ae Pes TNO Ee.) e Cae Gaeeoeee
|
eee. |) 2019) 400), BAD]... 2... ass 288 31 Cee
19, 854 231 39 15 583
13) 808 263 31) 17 586
9 688 308 34, 17 526
7 755) 290 35) 22 547
mt @ £16) 331 40) 22) 632
207 es Bee eee 48) 23 682
8 Aa Ee 47 21 691
ae RES EB ee 51 25 654
SS 00 ec ee Be Dass seth 52 39 G1
Sees ee ed eee ers Ses | ek aris Vaaiae an pate aainbs
BAe RTT Cahora Enea Ranmrae RELIES SARE
Falkland Islands
Perma)... 223. . - Ll ees oR Pe. pee
7 Fe ae ae ae
701) Lie eae _ eee, es
Cs ee eis. et
Ll) Ree Ree Sime aS
i ae RR SEES et
= — re ri Pec! Dea
Gib. "ERS a aR
30702°—yrx 1920——45**

706 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued.

TABLE 229.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued.
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued.

Country. ‘Date. Cattle. ies Swine. | Sheep. | Goats. | Horses. ae Asses.
|

ee

Thou- | Thou- | Thou-| Thou- | Thou-
Falkland Islands sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands.
(British) (contd.)..) 1909 t @) PGR cose | ee

Faroe Islands (Den- |
mark}. (tbs. Sees 1914 |

}
Fiji Islands (British) ® a017)|) “> 4Shect.. | heel Qipiiee.e
i
114s) we belek. [cay “Shalt Spee
1913 band tee
|

May 30,1918
1916

June 25, 1909
June 25, 1908
1907

|
|
|

pe MERE ES REE) Dec, 31,1919
Dec. 31,1918
Dec. 31,1917
“Dec. 31, 1916

_
©
—
to

1 Reindeer. 12 Exclusive of animals under 2 years of age.
2 Less than 500. 18 Exclusive of animals under 3 years of age.
6 Owned by Europeans only. 14 Excludes invaded area.

- Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products.

LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued.
TABLE 229.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued.
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued.

707

Horses.

Country. | Date. Cattle. —— Swine. | Sheep. | Goats. ates. Asses.

Thou-
sands.

Thou-
sands.
1,457

Thou-
sands.

Thou-
sands.
362

Thou- | Thou-

France (continued) -.

Nov.

Dec.
ec.
Dec.

i]
—
o
—
©

minieetorraine...| Dec. 2419193 <415|-2-22-- 4) 309) °° 30] 4] BBY -- 3-2 eee

French establishments
Peindidocsoc......-

Grenada (British) . - ..

~~ = tare

Bit .c sic SRS 514 11| 64)

15 Exclusive of 221,000 dairy cows in 1918 and 232,000 in 1917.
7 Exclusive of Alsace-Lorraine.
18 Exclusive of army horses.

2 Less than 500.
3 Unofficial estimate.
6 Old boundaries.

; =
é Pm
708 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. §
2 ?
LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued. ’
TaeLe 229.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued. )
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued.
| Bufia- |
Country. Date. sini loes. | Swine. Sheep. | Goats. | Horses. | Mules.
4
Tee ee eee See ee
Thou- | Thou- | Thou-| Thou-| Thou-| Thou- | Thou-
sands. | sands. | sands. sands. | sands. | sands. | sands.
Dlonduras *.. 2.2.2... 1913-14 Ci 180, 5 23 68
1912-13 7) Nagpal 144 3 24 72
1911-12 2 | oe apd 118 5 6 88
1910-11 oT ae eh aE >t oo 14). 9 66\cce ee
;
Morgkong (British). . 1916 A> tS. =| ae he ee (3) |...
1915 jt Bayes | eee het Preeegon Soe (2) |. 2c zee
1914 sh MR Peis ae HE em Hh ee {3} eRe I ISS PS =
1913 ee | cate et abeeeions. soe @) |....coco)
1912 heat SS hae 4 ees (2) ae RE PR
1911 Satie ae? 4) BESS re (2) ) eee ER
1910 a ee re (2) (2) {: hecssiatves-
1909 Rae | nes (2) (2) eee eee
1908 lie ae ee (2) a 3) | ilo
1907 tee ce aan 2 (2) 3 3), iecauueel ee
1906 eee oie POE (2 (2) 9) oe
1908 Renata wero Gl th | Gk ccna
mt) acc | ey |g cece
1902 ae a Wed ee ( ¢ A
1901 ares Ee SERS Sa pee (2 Mn
Hungary 5....... fee Apr. 30,1913] 6, 045) 162 6,825} 6,560} 269, 2, 005 1 16
Apr. 39,1912} 5,880) 157] 7,410) 7,1 314] 1,960 1 16
Apr. 39,1911] 5,793] 149-6, 167) 7,510} + 331|_—«1, 967 1 18
Feb 28,1911 6, 184 6,416} 7,698 $31| 2,001 1 18
Apr. 30,1910/" 5,562 161| 4,497] 6,913 260} 1, 880 1 16
Apr. 30,1909] 6,058 182) 4,790 7,7 264) 1, 876 1 15
Apr. 30,1908] 6,260 187] 5,359] 7, 277, ‘1,860 1 ice
Apr. 30,1907] 5,787 166) 4,869] 7,549 266, 1,798 1 14
Apr. 30,1906} 5,466 159) 4,337] 6, 891 230, 1,788 1 14
Apr. 30,1905| 5,372 162) 4,257) 6,589)........ 1, 795
Apr. 30,1904] 5,522 157) 4,275, 6, 843)... 1, 893 >
Nov. 20, 1895 5, 830 6,447| 7,687| = 887| «1, 97 Ri
1884 5, 879 4, 804| 10, 695 270, 1,749 $
Ieeland..............- 1917 604 1 Si} =: ued | oe =
1916 589 1 yee | near ad
1915 556 1 i ae [esac
1914 585 1 47 |
1913 635 1 47
1912 60! 1 46
1911 574 1 44 ;
1910 579 1 45
1909 557 1 44
1908 512 1 45
1907 526 1 47
1906 550) (2 49
1905 543) (2 49
1904 495] (2 48
1903 436] (2 46,
1902 699! (2 45!
1901 688, (? 43
India (British) #..._.. 1917-18 2522, 895 2933, 165| 251, 681
1916-17 2522, 913) 233, 423) 21, 682
1915-16 222, 960 233, 664) 21, 673
1914-15 2523, 005 233, 360| 21, 654
1913-14 2523, OSL) 2/30, 694) 21, 644
1912-13 22, 934 %28, 684) 21) 555
1910-11 el 30,900) 17508
231909-10 235, 30,604| 1,553
24 1907-8 033257321] 1°31
24 1906-7 080 257150) 1,308
24 1905-6 029 25,169) 1,302
24 1904-5 562 24,803 1,278
24 19034 17,890 24,868 1, 269
24 1902-3 17,643. 19,622, 1,301,
2 Less than 500 2 Young buffaloes included in cattle figures and excluded
6 Old boundaries. from buffalo figures.
19 Mares only. # Exclusive of Eastern Bengal.

* Enumerated from tax returns. 44 Exclusive of Bengal and

* Exclusive of Bengal.

astern Bengal.

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 709
LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued.
TABLE 229.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued.
. PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued.
| Buf acon | Sage |
Country Date. Cattle. peat Swine. | Sheep. | Goats | Horses.| Mules. | Asses.
| ao b | | —_
| | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- | Thou- Thou- | Thou-
| | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands.
India(British)#(con.). 1901-2 | 73,162| 12,134]......-. 17,736| 19,297} 1,309; 1,999
1900-1901 | 72,362| 12,073|....-.-. 17,722} 19,139} 1,306 1) 297
1899-1900 | 72,666] 12,120)........ 17,805] 19,005} 1,308 1) 997
1894-95 | 67,045| 11,826|........ 17, 260| 15,272; 1,134 1, 102
India (Native States)” 1917-18 | 12,691} 1, 863)......-- 9,139 203 163
1916-17 | 12,999] 1,802|.......- 9, 448 200 161
1915-16 | 12/888 1,815|.......- 8, 959 174 165
1914-15 | 12,107) 1,7841......-. 8, 448 181 172
° 1913-14 | 12, 254 ’ ye | enn 8, 326 176 182
1912-13 | 12,032) 1,743|.......- 8, 157 169 178
1911-12 | 11,801) 1,733|........ 8, 150 160] 172
1910-117), Ai, 200! 1/702)! 2. 8, 430 148 166
1909-10 | 10,391| 1,559|........ 7, 129 141 155
1908-9 | 9,866} 1,471|........ 6, 980 129 144
1007 Sai) SeSISiy W324 p e225. 6, 819 109 147
190627.) ZBbLle, 1, 190|---- =... 6, 213 89) 124
1OOR-Ga| 76200 Ld 72 So 6,078 81) 120
s 1904-57)" S:078ip 1, a47|-2 8 = 6,318 | 92) 199
1903-4 | 8,098] 1,249].......- 6, 455 92 122
1902-91) g666|. 1,159.22 22- 6, 207 90 121
1901-2 | %468| 1, 09%|-- 22> 5-- 5,742 88 119
1900-1901 | 7,396| 1,228|........ | 4,538 85 115
JIS sosce Ree ee Apr. 6,1918| 6,240 24| 2,889) 11,754) 3,088 6990 497 949
1914 6, 646 2,722, 13, 824 | 2, B5
| Mar. 19,1908 | 6,199 19| 2,508\ 11,163; 2,716) 956) 888 350
| Feb. 13,1881 | 4,772 lie 164 8,596 ot) 658 294 674
eEaCA ces. 2-- =. 2--- | 1918 12
| 1916 7
| 1915 ne
1914 TA AS: 2
| 1913 10M Ls an
1912 12|
1911 12!
1910 12
1909 13|
1908 14)
1907 15)
1906 16)
| 1905 17
1904 20
| 1903 18)
1902 17|
| 1901 17
1900 17
Reed’ <=. 222. See | Dec. 31,1918 | 1,307|.......- 398, 5
pebiec!315 1917 | 1 304s 360 3
| Dec. 31,1916] 1,343]........ 328 3
| Werwes sori «1 Sasi or! 333) 3
Deas 31) 19147)!" 1 B87iis Af 332 3
Dec: 31,1913 } 1,889)_......- 310 3)
5/5 (cee) by 2) PM Fe) a 309, 3|
Dec. 31,1911 t Avolecee s+ = 299 3)
Wee2 31, 1910 |" "1, asd sh 279 4)
Dec. 31,1909 | 1,350|......-. 287 3)
Dec. 31, 1908 TOBORIES 2S 285 3|
Dec. 31, 1907 gS 1 I ee 318 4
Dec. 31,1906 | 1,190)......-. 285 4
Dec. 31,1905 | 1,169]........ 228 4)
Dec. 31,1904 | 1,200)........ 192 3
Dec. 31,1903 | - 1,286].-....-. 158 2
| Dec. 31,1902] 1,275|........ 159 2!
| Dec. 31,1901} 1,282|........ 155| 3)
| Dec. 31,1900] 1, 261).... 2... 150 2
Chosen (Korea)....- *,.| Dec. 31, 1917 Uy eal cow x geen 832) 1
Dec. 31,1916 | 1,353].......- 7B0|..<.-n2-
Dec. 31,1915} 1,354]........ ria eee
Dee. 31,1914] 1,338)........ cfc Apes S22
DaceBi;191S,|- 1,211)... 2. 22. (4:3 | RRRee ve
1CIDaly ot OTe ee see 617; (2)
1911 OG lect o [sy | ae
1910 malas aoe 566}. Bee
2 Less than 500. 22 Young buffaloes included in cattle figures and excluded from buffalo figures,

2 Including 855 in transit, and 186,328 belonging to the Royal Army.

710

Country.

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued.
TABLE 229.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued

Date.

=

PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued.

Buffa- swine. sheep, Goats. | Horses.| Mules.

Cattle. loes. j

Formosa (Taiwan). - -

Karafuto (Japanese). .

Kwantung..........-..
(Leased Province of
Japan).

Madagascar 29.........

Malta... .-ccccoconces

? Less than 500.

)
:
:
/

. 31,1917
_ 31,1916

. 31,1914
. 31,1913
. 31, 1912
. 31,1911
. 31,1910
. 31, 1909

. 31,1907

. 31,1917
. 31,1916
. 31,1915
. 31, 1914
. 31,1913

. 31, 1911

. 31, 1908
. 31,1907

. 31,1917
. 31,1916

. 31,1915
. 31, 1914
. 31, 1913
. 31, 1912
. 31,1911
. 31,1910
. 31,1909
. 31, 1908

. 10, 1910

. 31,1916

. 51,1914
. 31,1913
- 31,1912
Mar. 31,1911

Thou- | Thou-
sands. | sands.
2 100

31, 1915

31, 1908

31, 1912

31, 1910
31, 1909

4, 1919
8, 1918
18, 1917
9, 1916
26,1915
1, 1913

31, 1915

2? Enumerated from tax returns.

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 711

LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued.

TABLE 229.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued.
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued.

Swine. | Sheep. | Goats. Horses.) Mules.| Asses.

Bufla-
loes.

Date. Cattle.

2h | )

| Thou- | Thou- | Thou-| Thou- | Thou- | Thou-| Thou-| Thou-
| sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands.

Malta (continued) ...; Mar. 31,1910 Westen 4 if eee 9

Mar 31,1909 Uj Re See 4 oh PS =Aee 10

Mar. 31, 1908 ij er? 6 1 | Nila vet 11

$
=I
i=]
ct
3

Mauritius (British) *. 1918 BES EEPA He, sped

_
wo
i
to
_
©
Ha He He He OD C2 00 Se He

—
s
a
=
S
a He On

Ca

>___ ee CT

Ti | June 30,1902 fi AANA 3 eat ci

p>
~
Q>

Eastern... ....... | 1915-16

May - June,
1914-15.

Netherlands. .......-.. Mar. —,1919

Aug. —,1918
Apr. 11,1917
- May —,1915
4 June —,1913

May soy 1910

June 20
Dec. 31,1904
1903
1902
1901
~ 1900
1890
1880
1870
1859
1851

) Newfoundland....... 1911
. 1901

New Zealand ......... 1920

1919
1918
1917
1916
1915
1914
| 1913
1912

Less than 500.
| - 23 Years 1914 and 1918 include al/ animals. Other years, animals on sugar plantations only.

712 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued.
TABLE 229.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued.
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES— Continued.
| 3
Country. | Date. Cattle. | “7G.." | Swine. | Sheep. | Goats. | Horses.) Mules. } Asses.
/
a ee ee
Thou- | Thou- | Thou-| Thou- | Thou-| Thou-| Thou-| Thou-
sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands.
New Zealand (con.)..| Apr. —,1911 | 2,020|........ 349| 23,996 6 404 @) Ge
A910 | --.~-~.~<]---200--|- sc sees) 24,2700) 22. 2). .
1909 |. -20--<|-.lsses=|- cccawce) 2d ,ASLlW. .o02s] <2 55. eo)- 2
1908-9 | 1, 773)....--.- 1
1907-8 (2)
1906-7 (2
1905-6 2
1904-5 3
1903-4 2
1902-3 2
1901-2 2
1900-1 (2
1899-1900 3
1895 2
1891 2
1886 @
1881 2
1878 2
1874 2
1871 2
1867 2
1864 s
1861 2
1858 3
NOL WAY -saccanecaucee 9 June 20,1918 |} 1, 038)..-.....] — 209) 1,185] . 199]: 210). So Suen =
Sept. 30,1916 | 1,119]........] - 221] 1,281) 230). 180). Sooo .
Sept. 30,1915 | 1,121/........] 209] 1,830) 240| 188).. Secgueeeee st
Sept. 30,1914 | 1,146)........) . 228 2327) 237) « 1Smslleee et
Sept. 30,1910 | 1,134]........] ~, 334] |1,308] 2881) — 168) seems esate
Sept. 30, 1907 1143 164)... - eee =o
Dec. 3,1900 950; 2109 §165) 9998 215) -T7e\_. oeeeeeee as
1890 1, 006 1170, . 120) 1,418). 272) ‘loli acta
Nigeria (Colony). . ...) 1902 ected) OB ne ee ee Pah ne".
1901 | | or! er meen ewes mC) ei “sm
1900 Voce ee] 2 a een! ten
1899 | oe! | nme erm Mm Ce in Se
Nyasaland Protector-
Bie: Roc ec eae Mar. 31,1918 93|........] 20) 40-170)... ce ae
Mar. 31,1917 Q1)........[ 993) } BB a7 ae fea -§
Mar. 31, 1916 BD S Banaoy . eae
Mar. 31,1915 S2l.....-.-| 22) ' — 28h 9 180)... cen) See wae
Mar. 31,1914 76)....0c2.) 2B) SB > ABT). okce) Ale
Mar. 31,1913 63}..5...--| _ 22) 23) ° 288)...2....) eee ae
Mar. 31,1912 aaa ee a
Mar. 31,1911 65]-.22.2.. °° EA TB) 0D Lc A
Mar. 31,1910 58]..022---] | TH | Ta, 02S oo) see
Mar. 31, 1909 ES eer:
Mar. 31, 1908 7; en iene) mee (ne Gad Sa Fete
Mar. 31, 1907 CCE nme mmm re eet ae
Mar. 31, 1906 21 i ea Deak Be eecarege
Mar. 31, 1905 272 cwccccleswecsne| | DolOl ec Ook Get ce sae pe
Mar. 31, 1904 ASN cette aot need seie
Mar. 31, 1903 i vtethea,
Mar. 31, 1902 | nee ence aM Ee,” | mene vy PPR ES) is
Papau, territory of
Go ek a 1917 | res ate dM el ©) ew Peer se is ey
/ 1916 Masineles ae ecccccsclesscecen
| 1915 aL ad Oa (es en foe fH oakaue
1914 "RSI peers ty
1913 Bs date wae ocdcccsslocesh uae
1912 Tj encccnes|. C2) | Go |cccecsse] (9) 2 eee babee
1911 A] ceecece| (8) ] ' CR ceweeeeh 42)” boone ene secces
1910 p | re mee O) ee eC) Pos Pes | Sm) aston
1909 Al ae deme coneess|seuennee
1908 Ljncscowssh ss CA | Cle lesccsecs) ‘S25 ee nue onses
1907 Lj cosnceslevdve sweleucsabeslessabexeD t=) (agape owens
1906 Rt cero dscladvawabelcqcdheee|pswepensl). (5). ) law lnaee concussed
1905 (3) sl cevenssieocetacelesenteetiapeceenen) “k")) 7) taqunnae ewebe
1904 1 ccrvcccsloerstuse

3 Reindeer.

*” There was a large increase in the estimated number of pigs in the Upper

2 Less than 500. 2” Incom

a
hire District in 1908.

a — are

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 713
LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued.

TABLE 229.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued.
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued.

|
Country. Date. Cattle. ae Swine. | Sheep. Goats. Horses. | Mules. | Asses.

Thou- | Thou-
sands. | sands.
600 93

3)

: Thou-
sands.
20

Thou- | Thou- | Thou- Thou- Thou-

sands. | sands. | sands. sands. | sands.
a Dec. 31,1918 | 5,500)......-. 87 ; 19
SH 5,249 61 600) 87| 478) 17) 18
191 /

Philippine Islands!..| Dec. 31,1917 557, 1,204 Bae: ed | ee Pieeee me
| Dec. 31,1916 566, 1,229) 2,735 130 604 203
Dee. 31,1915 :
Dec. 31,1914
Dee. 31,1913
Dec. 31,1912
Dec. 31,1911
Dec. 31,1910
1903

I a Mar. —,1920

502i re aes 1914

Rhodesia:
Sou Pat. Dee. 31,1918
Dee. 31,1917

Dee. 31,1916

Dec. 31,1915

Dee. 31,1914

1913

1912

1911

Roumania...........- 31919
3¥Feb. 15,1917
Apr. —, 1916

1911

1907

Dec. —, 1900
1896)) =

1890

1888

1884

33 1873 1, 833 804) 4, 191) 185 391 eT

33 1860 2, 608 | 21,0511 4,410! 410) 7 7

2 Less than 500. 81 Figures in buffalo column are for carabao only.
8 Unoflicial estimate. 32 Animals owned by natives only. ?
6 Owned by Europeans only. 33 Bessarabia excluded.

ne ale bk

lle

es *

’

714 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued.

TABLE 229.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued. +
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued. a

a

SI

Country. Date. Cattle. at Swine. | Sheep.| Goats. | Horses.) Mules.} Asses. __
:

fF
Russia (European)*. . {sum

mer | 1905] 31,194) 1438] 11,471 46, 835

=e ea

a

1904 | 31,870, 1433) 11, 994 47, 939 2

1903 | 31,844) 1409] 11,438) 46,926, 1, 006 —_@) an
1902 | 32,184] 1365] 11,649| 47,816] 1,129 1 —
1901 | 31,903) 1357] 12,117] 38, 803 11 2 2 :

overnments of the
aucasus, Central

Russia (Asiatic) (33
Asia, and Siberia)...

St. Helena (British) - -

St. Lucia eae |

BOPDIG Sb. cc nadods oes ;
Dec. 31,1910 957 7 866| 3, 819) 631
Dec. 31,1905 963 7 908) 3, 160 510
Seychelles Islands 1917 she = hale. 5 a ae |< ie 3)
Brifish) 2.255. $223 1916 ROAR. tt } 5] Gye [eee ak 2)
1915 TPS Sees 6 ) Leal (eee (2)
1914 | a aa 6, (2 } Leh SRS (2)
1913 7D 5 SEN 6 c ae (2)
1912 yh Re 6 LT eee ee 0
1911 hE Ete 6) SORE as 2)
1910 1 | PRP eee 5] / UG Cites esne (2)
1909 Sl. 6 n Wene 3)
1908 TiC Miss Yoceh 6}? (bere. castes 2)
1907 | eae ae G) PDb: |--aecnce (2)
1906 We Bain 6 @ swpenae (2)
1905 Wap a ye ee ey
1904 he eed Bi AM el: e 2)
1903 te ee Sl habeas. acd 2
1902 || ee ES 5 eR ate fe 2
1901 5 | ae ae 4 ts «teen 3
1900 Ih. daraces ye) oe eee @
Sierra Leone (British) 1910 | ent ee A Pee 6) El. Sex ce (2)
1909 th aged Fe (2) to) aly (RS, 2)
1908 BT cteas code ss bi pa a> 2
1907 pees? 2) Mice cae 2
2006.) YD OT bse (4) i) at ae 8 2
1905 1 ns Be (*) «| eR 2
a at) 31918 | §$,718|........ 4,997| 18,601| 4,476
Dec. 31,1917] 3,233)........ 3,930] 17,227) 4, 182)
IDGS*|: FS07TI ss.ch 2,814) 16,012 3, 207
1915 | 2,986\........ 2,883\ 15,995 8,217 512
1 Reindeer. 36 53 governments.
2 Less than 509. " 27 governments and provinces.
5 Unofficial estimate. *3 31 governments and provinces.
451 governments, Poland excluded. 99 30 governments and provinces.

% Total for 48 governments.

. Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 715
LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued.
TABLE 229.—Live stock in principal and other countries—Continued.
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued.
ie al
Country. Date. Cattle. aa “Swine. Sheep. Goats. Horses.| Mules. | Asses.
ee | tes pal alee — sion 9 —— Thou-
, sands. | sands. sands. | sands. , sands. | sands. | sands. | sands.
Spain (continued)....| Dec. 31,1914 | 2,743).......-. 2,810, 16,128, 3,265 525, 984 Bil
POUES| BES7Oh oo. > 2,710| 16,441; 3,394 542, 948 849
1912| 2,562)........ | 97571) 15,830 3,116} 526, 929 829
LOL!) 25541). 2... .3- | .2,472| 15,726; 3,370 546, 905 837
Dec. 31,1910| 2)369|........ | 2,424) 15,117) 3, 216 520-886, 863
Dec. 31,1906 | 2,497|........ 2,080 13,481, 2,440 440, 802 744
r ifug- |) Peotsl 5.4. 1,928, 13,359, 2,534) 397 768, 754
| } } |
Straits Settlements... 1914 MED on 8 ee ae 35. 18 fee CS as
1913 ee ) 1 ae Bremer ye Be eee
1912 SOfeee os. (Et a Os 3. See 5) BAe Pete te
1911 AAWeS EID po Pei rtiel ORB ESS Bice: Sop eee
pe Maen aie eel oy) ge
1908 Chae eee ONE aoe Tee Poe cs ee / er
1907 BUNA tet esobynsey a fs eee Lae a bt as
1906 7 Re oe aed Dena Ree eae Eee.
1905 CR Bee 2, | ee Psa
1904 7 Aes pe COS: | aie ae eee os
1903 | as eee ees le [4 aioe i... peat
1902 2 Race eaten as a Ep 5 ae |, ees | see
1901. eee SE es Wy © 7 ar ee ee
1990 | a cee oe one FRA [ieee ants 3 eee ces ae eae as
‘Swaziland (British). . iia: abo 9 250 f ekeepn norere =
/ | 1916 iY | es 9 230 Eaters (etn ee
| i eee | 9 230 De > Soe
1914 POs. 5. - | 9 200 (eS Ps pets
1913 CE Ree | 9 170 | eee |S ea
oe BB Leas 9| 164 1 eee BRAS
Pic Lae | 4 7 Wien ee
1909 Baraat ie cc} AED i ees 1 Pe aS Re See
1903 | CNY TOES Ter eas en 1 demos retrain
| |
Bis 2402S... June 1,1919|. 2,551)-....... | 717} 1,564 a eres ee Bae
June 1,1918| 2,584'... 2... | 634) «1, 409 133 FB ge yin, LFacpates
Tune. 1,1917| 3,020.......-. 1,030! 1,344 136 Tie nee ess eae
Jane, 1,1916| 2,913... 1,065! 1, 198 132 i Seiaee pStas
Tae rae oases Ma Ee pee ae
Ao beds. | ee aa | il et HO 6) SO cao ae ie Sscomeu
Dee. 31,1913 | 2;721).....-.- "968 «988 71 7 nee PERO
Dec. 31,1910 | 2,748, 1273 © 957| 1, 004 69 Serpe eae
Dec. 31,1905 | 23550, 1226 830, 1,074 67 re [Pee ee
| Dec. 31,1900} 2,583, ! 232 806! 1, 261 80 B35 ier Speer
Dec. 31,1895| 2,540) 1288 806) 1,313 74 B06) eee oe
| Dee. 31, 1890 2,390 1 296) 645 1,351 87 PT NAR 2
ec. 31,1885 | 2,366).....--- 516; 42 7 to | eee ee poke os
Dee. 31, 1880 2, 228 ta 19 1, 457 108! Ap oon
ee. Delsaleas coe 415 1,609 126 Ti a aes Ne Sie
a Oe eee me ees at
PBs ‘7, | re a melee Tee
Switzerland.......... @Apr. — 1920 ; 90 i eee) 372 186 273 73) 3! 1
pr. —, 19195) 1,,005)..-.....- | 2 284 0 3) 1
Apr. 19,1918| 1,530|........ 364, 225) 355 129 3} 1
Apr. 19,1916 | 1,616|........ 545 173 359 187 3| 1
mar. 1,191). 1, 4358h........ 570} 161 Shi 144 3| 2
Apr. 20,1906 | 1,498|........ 549, 210} S868 135 $| 2
Apr. 19,1901| 1,340)........ 565 219} 355 125 3| 2
‘ Apr. 20,1896 | 1,307\....... 567} 278) «416 109 3| @
4pr. 21,1886 | 1, 913\........ 395 $48 416 99 3| 2
Apr. 21,1876 | 1,036|........| 335 368} 396 101 3 2
Apr. 21,1866 i ea 304 447| 876 100, CRs
| |
Trinidad and Tobago. 1917 | TE oo eee a 12 za
1915, S33 oe, 10) Oa eats a
1914 | sell 9 "Baal Bi acts
1913 | Bs | 9) Fe Rae
Mio na itl..-....- 8 Bilge Serie tana
1911 4 | 8 | RSE SRE
1910 ed 10 Be aeachoal ER ree
1909 9 ed Leek i ccs
1908 8 DORA... %.

49 Excludes cantons of Bern and Waadt.

716 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued.
TABLE 229.—Live stock in principal and other couniries—Continued. w
PRINCIPAL GCOUNTRIES—Continued.

Country. | Date. aes loes, | SWine.| Sheep. | Goats. | Horses.) Mules. | Asses.
Thou- | Thou- | Thou-| Thou- | Thou- | Thou-| Thou-| Thou- —
: sands. | sands, sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. __
hewis. 2 Aleut. 2bees Feb. 28, 1919 2,662} 1,661 79 31) 199
Apr. 30, 1918 “i oeeaSS 1, 125 549 36 > se bieel
Apr. 30, 1917 Ss Se 1, 033 460 33 15] cle
Apr. 30, 1916 1. i, 143 522 31 15 7
July 31,1915 PR Aes 1, 119 499 32 17, See
Dec. 31, 1914 ie 642 394 “35. a 99
Dee. 31, 1913 i, ar 729 505 37 23 5
Dec. 31, 1912 re 767 492 37 92
Dec. 31, 1911 oh 687 469 39 13|° 87
Dec. 31, 1910 tt Fa 616 333 37 80
Turkey (European | Dee: 31, 1909 t: Soe 724 399 a
and Asiatic)........ 1919 | 13,740, 42378 11,200! 2, 065 630
1913 | 12, $35) 4 2, 697 18, 722} 16, 463 711 1
: 27, 095) 20, 269!... ... u[ebouo caste he
25, 435/48 18, 730|_.....--|encocueslseeeeaaas
27, 662/43 21, 283)... oan Wien Z
23, 142/818, 003)... -.---|occeuuel eee on
779| 17, OO1!........|..... ae BK:
248) 16, 806)... ....-Jasacaeteleeene ha
24, 581}4 17, 645)........J-.s-c0e soee a3
Turk and Caicos 23, 614) 16, 411). ...... |. al eeaae :
Ihlands )... - 2.225 cane! fey) ae | eee
a i Bee
(3) J......-c)) @)) aie
(2). | enon) CR
(3) }....-.2b" @). ate
(3): ].......4) (Sie
(aa I TEC.) ee POM
© weceubenfi. (2). na
Se eee
| “ Bae
| fea Haein
(ig i|.2. seme
Union of South A frica.| 441919 5,575)........ 28,492 5,842
May 5,1918 | 6,852........ 29,914 8,019)
) en EOP ae | 31,981, 8,962...
Die. SL, Ata. ose. ELS 31,254) .. 8; GIB Ss... ..-tfep eee shez
Dec.; 31,1913). :/ £25! 1a. Jose 35; 711): 11, 621'.. ...2 0) eee
. 1012,):, =. EN PTL Le : 1,001'....... tase
111) | 6,707|..5-:5.. 30,657| 11,763
© 1910 |.....-.. pee Fae 23, W8).......-|-s--2sa/Cle eae
1909 |........ ELIE A a 30,606). o 21-1... cote caked
To eae EAS BRS 20,089... salos0-ccadale Rae
46 1907 |........ LE A PS 19, 915, 5 a
47 1906 |..2..... eis RO 15,640). :......|.s02d0e.anee
TS ee 1h acoasshieeeamee 19, 596)... ... 2 -|-.0dedulaenn
19048, 00) Wek ees 16,328| 9,771
United Kingdom..... June 4,1920 11,770).......- 23,407|....-...-| ; 1, 8850etoeee
June 4,1919 12,491|........ 25,319|.......,| 1,Q0Blacesanee
June —,1918 12, 311)........ , 063 277
1917 | 12,$82)........ 27, 867 269
1916| 12,451|........ 28, 850 293
1915 | 12,171|........ 28, 276 243
1914 | 12,185|........ 964 242
1913 | 11,937)........ 27, 020|......s.| | 1, B0alogeees cee
1912 | 11,915|........ 28, 967|......00
1911 | 11,866)........ i es ee
1910 | 11,765|........ SI, 168/55 cas
1909 | 11,762........ Bt, 840,...<..20] | ORM ccsuene
1908 | 11, 739|........ Si, 908. .che
1907 | 11,630/........ eT
1906 | 11,692'........ 20, 210).....-.2] \ apldeiownee
1905 | 11,674/........ MOTT te ocunte
1904} 11,576\.......+ 29, 105|........
1903 | 11,409........ 29, 659)........
1902 | 11,377|........ 30, 057)........
1901 | 11,478!........| of” a

3 Less than 500.

4 Excludes territories of Mesopotamia, Palestine,

Syria, and Arabia.
4 Includes oxen.
# Includes Angora goats.

4t Excluding native locations, reserves, etc.
# Cape of Good Hope and Transvaal only.
46 a Free State excluded.

# Natal and Cape of Good Hope.

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 717

LIVE STOCK, ALL CLASSES—Continued.
TABLE 229.—Live stock in principal and other cowntries—Continued.
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES—Continued.

| i
Cattle. | Buita- |

| |

Country. Date. Swine. | Sheep. | Goats. | Horses, Mules. | Asses.
|
}

Se '
} |
Thou- | Thou-| Thou- | Thou-| Thou-| Thou-| Thou-| Thou-
sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands. | sands.
- United Kingdom(con.) 1900 | 11, 455)........ , 664, 31,055) , 000;
- 1895 | 10,753)... -| 4,239) 29,773 2, 112) .
1890 | 10,789)... 4,362, 31, 667, 1, 995) .
1885 | 10, 869) ae 3,687, 30,086 1,909).
U ganda Protecto- 1917 Gibie eos ancetaeecte = 5 245| Se ates } (2) |
rate.4? 1916 Cee | dubaas a | (2)
1915 Fae ea Mi i eee (2)
1914 ee ec |--cna--- ii EE (2)
1913 Tce, ore eee | | See (2)
1912 rtf ee Bs RS Lo) See (2)
1911 (ie! (PR eees eRe ed Es (?)
1910 A) SR ee OF PERE 9:7) en (2)
1909 oly es 1 SAL es ae (2)
1908 1 0: ae a 1 B60) e554 (2)
1907 | eae Se ies) ecaiaae Reprapet ToT 2.
OPT | pees aa ae ee Tae Lae Bay, SOOO Resta ETT gS
A902. ee | SS oo See BETAS Be Pere RS a = So aes (Went as
Pireenay..- 82. ....-. Apr. 20,1916 AL] Eee 804| 11, 478) 12 555) # s
: 1908 CE eee 180| 26, 286 20, 556, SS ee
1900 Gs8an =. oo = 94) 18,609 20 661) ae
1860 | 8, “3 feet ‘| 1,990 5 | 518 8
OTHER COUNTRIES.
Azores, and Madeira |
LO 1900 87 38) 2 3 9
oe a 21912 1, 499 468 99) 45 173
Crerabig’ 5252 5.-.:.- 1915 164 526, 201. 139
Dominican Republic.|..............- 50| 550) S0)6 5s yaa
Dominica (British)... 1903 : || eee | | es Ena Heresy
pra le) A ee Cees eee Cee el ee aee Eee ee | CaN bene cs da Pate
ROTEL oe oon ssa 5 25 3 1920 = 5/1) ee | 1S) ee ee eek? 8
French Equatorial |
it 1918 1,000; 1,500 P| | i ae 10
French Guiana. ...... 1914 150 140 | Sr pops ee
French Indo-China:
eee as ae 1914 ~mric coe Gee ee SS GREE Se Sts BS ES 5=
Cochin China..... 1914 een oe ee
Gambia, os. ..-.=-.... 1007-))o-) —ag SSte places nee cgeans [aoe | See eee aos
GEIST oe Pe coos... 1913 Ree eee eae oece (Bereccs See
Ivory Coast ( French). - 1918 126) 168 1) ee ee (®)
Jugo-Slavia........... ® 9,772| 2,448 1, 48
|
1, 055 TOME eee ae
Teal eo bee (2) -c eres ae
sac (4) a a 28 6 1
ot [ae ee ee al eo
250| 320)... .- eateries ace
aes 5 15 2) ieee Sa
nc ' 1e eee ee naal r: ) pg Se eC)
21).......- (Cee ee
See ee RS ey ee ees or ee os Ee
3 I. : ) 140 boo: Bie aowotn eee
S) FyS3 7) F623 120)-2=- - 2 - pees toc Pees: Tir Sea taeeel im ee
Southwest Africa Pro- | |
tectorate (former
German Southwest | |
eee 21914 RIBS ee fp ae S Sege | | a) a
Tanganijika Territory 1 ran i | |
(former German | |
East Africa)........ HADI)” +HiGO4Ie eS] sss 2 a ees eee gages 8 epee
Upper Senegal and ’ |
iger (French) Se July —,1918 | ~ 1,299)........ 1] 2,161] 2,368 6s} (2) | = 134
Venezuela.....-...... 1912| 2, Ps NS BR 1,618 2 1, 667 191 89 313
2Less than 500. 4 Exclusive of horned cattle and sheep in certain provinces and districts.

® Unofficial estimate. 6° In occupied territory.

718 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
HIDES AND SKINS.
Taste 230.—Hides and skins: International trade, calendar years 1909-1919. :

GENERAL Note.—Substantially the international trade of the world. It should not be expected that
the world export and import totals for any year will agree. Among sources of disagreement are these:
(1) Different periods of time covered in the ‘‘year”’ of various countries; (2) imports received in year
subsequent to year of exports; (3) want of uniformity in classification of goods among countries; (4)
different practices and varying degrees offailure in recording countries oforigin and ultimate destination;
(5) different practices of recording reexported goods; (6) opposite methods of treating free ports; (7)
clericalerrors, which, it may be assumed, are not infrequent. ; :

The exports given are domestic exports and the imports given are imports for consumption as far as it
is feasible and consistent so to express thefacts. While there are some inevitable omissions, on the other
hand there are some duplications because ofreshipments that do not appear as such in official reports. _
For the United Kingdom import figures refer to imports for consumption, when available; otherwise total
imports, less exports, of ‘ oreign and colonial merchandise.’’? Figures for the United States include
Alaska, Porto Rico, and Hawaii.

EXPORTS.
| | *
Country. er eee 1915 | 1916 1917 1918 1919 -
: pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. c
Aree tina x nos en <2 =o 3a 298, 950 | “212, 106 | “259, 906 371, 817 | 757,655 | “241,381 |.2----
137002100: Bee oe ae Seem 117 213 cee tn” GE tS con Meee gg “11299
Brazil. .....-.-++++-+-2-2+00+ 83, 252 | 74,782 | 109, 163 | 124,631 | 93,863 | 104,995.
British India... -..----------- 169, 857 | 150,247 | 137,417} 158,963] 130,497| 80,524
csp Sampaneler ~~ me. ae 51,159| 53,609] 61,814] 59,790} 48,462| 45,578
Chin ig = bap geek = pies ae 45,469 | 52,537] 42,000| 36, é 19, 000
Chock Rinenyass...- 82 fpr Meer 4 iia 98,692 | 107,710 | 85, 898
Cabae 2s. ee ? ede ele Redettl Sted beled tetetdetied belie ttle ledied beled t tdi) feel
14,293 | 147458| 16,539 | 17,151 | 30,183 | 28, 454
Lag Sa aaa 21,998 | 20,897| 11,466] 8,202| 5,333] 7,409
Ant pebiaepag as Ba | aru] eo0| asisrz | ay rit] 12059) 930
atts VET eS e a ee 10, 754
ae Be ie 131, 041 95,739 | 59,030} 25,599] 20,312] 4,379
EMIADY « a<<eee=e=290=pon= "er 8 | nndecccc|-cens+sess]esceaneseu|-» <> nacgacl heen
annie enone eg Sanaa Mapa 48,498 | 43,691 | 18,580| 7,010 928 308 219
Mesitos ...7-sebes~ = 25 ee 2 ? ? ? ;
Notherlands <= Js:-...-2222%--- phe Deere Deere ee oe ete er
i 67,636 | 46,458 | 14,480 | 25,599| 3,472| 1,625 ’
ea fo gag i ae E 22, 029 |. Shei ek 5
RSHIRST A rhs Seto os. onto , ”? ? ? 7 2
Bingapore <2 20.-000- 20. Os | Baie coho cele eel ee
ohinsea*< tiege eek: 57| 1 ; i119} il .
Bweden.. ... -------+-+---- 4046+ 24,130 | 27,356 | 12,856 | 11,621 | ae
“Abie ee eae eB 22; 866 | 16,196 | 14,671| 6,076| —_1,740 at | Aoge
United Kingdom............. < ? 7 ’ ? ; 7
Laer p reo 38,100] 32,227] 20,600] 33,570| 11,239] 2,364 “333
ne ee ee ee 25,432 | 21,528] 22,431] 15,032] 11,392] 5,105| 24,92
ee ee et ee 71,105 | 49,668] 73,429] 67,256 | 69,117 |...-...... nee eee
aie niga. ee 9,764| 8,990] 9,715] 9,830] 10,521} 5,032 |-91 1...
wareceeeeeeeees | 225,840 | 229,823 | 160,764 | 139,261 | 129,673| 50,026 |-__.-.....
Total. ..-.------+---0-+ | 1,991, 355 |1,348,684 |1, 187,452 |1,178,243 |1,034,607 | 738,289 |...-..--..
IMPORTS.
Into— |
Austria-Hungary ..........--. 81, 866 |. siaaee-bs |0dsnnscedl=~easich = -|+qn econ pune
ee ar ee an |. 5.9 PRON Premiere PD "Caa een
British India... 2222222202222: 20, 376 | 20,557 | 14,021 | “17, 144
anne 225 25952 v.n i ey es 46,820| 50,782] 60,297| 47,135
Denmark....... 9, 842 9, 221 6, 5,312
Finland...... 10,717| 5,617| 11,800] 8,254 |.....2....1.
France... .- 155,508 | 113,592] 51,029] - 77,933
Germany MAD, DOG Ss oon once la cvcstine slew aciadhhsslanen santo einen
Greece... 5,770| 4,086 | 2,151] 2,300| 2,339 ]..........
Italy... .- 53,524 | 39,828] $2,200| 78,006
Japan...... 6,321| 6,5 15,536 | 19, 454
Netherlands... 73,691 | 54,744 | 23,381 | 14,007
<I eon serge 13,979 | 11,107] 11,359] 9,849
te 6,804} 4,508) 7,817 | 9, 242
MUNG 65954 iw W's on vee Sodcus 3 Oe eee Sr eee SP
NS 55. 2 ba Yeukis beets 110, 143 | 84,623 |" "13, 644 430 |-.
PNIONO 5 Sad wcauavlisse dix uses 9, 332 8, 942 |. cc. nonsn|onacecdbs-|e>0055.08-sieSeneeen
Sa ga ae aie) a
has dina betes taeb denvews 25, , 358 25, é
United Kingdom............. 107,350 | 127/571 | 181,688| 132) 916
United States.........+..+.-. 514,249 | 556,195 | 646,271 | 726,310
Other countrics........2.-.<+. 54, 395 31,179 24, 122 11,832
Robes sctnveitensis «90, | 1,959, 521 hr, 648 1,205, 541 |1,193, 720 |1,004,628 | 762,658 |......--46

1 Does not include statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-
parable during that period.

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 719

MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS.
Tasie 231.— Meat and meat products: International trade, calendar years 1911-1919.

EXPORTS.
Country. Send 1914 1915 1916 | 1917 1918 1919
| aD eae aR FD £2
Prom—
1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,009 1,000 | 1,000
Argentina: | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds.
~ Beef..............-.--| 940,300 | 939, 809 | 915, 072 | 1,059, 051 | 1,067, 680 | 1, 361, 499 | 1,115,361
SS a a | 148,457 | 129, 384 77,250 | 113, 136 87,787 | 111,145 | 7125) 131
a ae 9 779 2, 304 3, 381 4, 034 3, 669 15, 797
oes 84, 695 80,284} 111,030] 150,535 | 266,054] 484,186 | 340/385
* | 1,173, 461 | 1, 150, 256 | 1, 105,656 | 1,326,103 | 1,425,555 | 1,960, 499 | 1, 596, 704

368,188 | 449, 838

62, 361 | 42,781 | 22,290| 20,373 7,72%| 2274 8, 699
Se latalnl 334 | 247 232 229 132 | 114 134
Fa 24,668 | 16,437 3, 243 2, 291 2, 216 | 963 | 42,241
Omari... :....... 10,918 | 9, 287 7,018 8, 540 5,346] 5,207| 21 445

_ Si 98,281} 68, 752 32, 783 31, 433 15,420] 8, 648 72, 519

720 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS—Continued.
TABLE 231.—Meat and meat products: International trade, calendar years 1911-1919—

Continued.
EXPORTS—Continued.
Country. ere ee | 1915
From—
1,000 ;
Netherlands: pounds.
Beef 446, 395
Mutton 25, 150
Pork 144, 550
Other 18, 049
Total 22822258 634, 144
New Zealand: ~+e5 as
Beef... Seth 146,851 | 162,726 | 198,640! 119,640 |..........
Mutton. /- 55... 834 302,218 | 251,245 | 169,644} 139.575 |...-..... 2
i a ee See 8 1, 363 1,179 2,123 608 jostees 28
Others - 3. on oe 20, 928 19; 706 | 8 2224 ate
eo) Se eee 311, 335 | 272; 5901 ee bn.
Russia: 2
Beef... wees ccccf ee SBA TR ORT ES es Se ee Bene
Mutton.....<.....:.:-) «-°- S65-)+.;) 405) > © 395422. Le =
Pork. ...............--| "26;871 | -19;515)) 53708) 101-2 eS eee a3
Other............:...-| 23,907} 13;326} 3,206] 4,406 [-2....._...)_--- <2 eee
= leas SES ae
Sweden:
Boet., i we Lat 56 3, 861
Lr amp niga p iy Ee
Pork IS oo. ee 8 , 146
Othery, 222-57 437 5,028
Total! 4. -... Me. 502 | 18,035
United Kingdom r
i ed ee es 1,963 2s ees
Popkisce<n aera oo 202 1,114
Other 3208s... 11, 402 73, >”
on i A ee 13,587 | 75,048
United States: .
i ee 792,793 | 429,432
Muttone.-.5 .....282 1, 631 3,009
Oe Sy oe 1,299, 556 | 2,251,033 | 2,638,721
Other 22.22. 2 16, 416 47, 566
i: Mea Pee 1, 277, 524 1,870,156 | 1,730,601 | 3,061,873 | 3,118,728
———F ===, ——————
Uruguay
De en ee eT 119,675 | 200,977 | 210, 766 |...... once PD vata
Metton 9.525555 -4055 ) 3, 262 5, 356 | 7, 806 4,589 at
POP. 25. k the 3 2 | 63 sa
Othete5i2 AAS 73, 971 30, 437 49, 537 105, 675 |. ...... sea aeaneeee
Poteet) 5 ...... te 196,911 | 236,772 | 306,139 821,003 |... .ccseseee
Other countries: |
Beef 11,982 8, O41 | 6, 380 4,174 2,549
Mutton... 474 J) Sapp a 23 1
Pork } 12, 488 5, 379 | 7, 433 4,758 4,970
Fo A | 90, 054 71,377) 154, 09 99,716 | 42,490 |.
| Ps 114,998 | 84,815 | 167,905 108,671 | 50,010}.....
All countries: :
Te oh See 8 | 2,162,336 | 2,395,198 | 2, 671, 769 2,464, 558 | 2, 843, 070-ivi2.. cau
a ee | 560, 284 633, 968 456, 625 289, 188
pe a ES | 1,638, 145 | 1,574,019 | 2, 085, 344 1, 834, 467 | 2, 488, 747
OU Seasi0s. sis. 52 ) 663,891 | 519,028 | 626, 036 815, 837
Bethe cevciuss- ws. « | 5, 024, 656 | 5,122,213 | 5,839,774 | 5,917,840 | 5,404,050 | 6, 426, 840 |evssessees
1 Less than 590. *For 1916, exports over European frontier only.

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products.

MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS—Continued.

721

Taste 231.—Meat and meat products: International trade, calendar years 1911-1919—

Continued.
IMPORTS.

Country. Otros ~ 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
-—E—EE——E—EE EE eas : :
Into—
} 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
Austria-Hungary: cate pounds. | pounds. pounds. | pounds.
Beef aati ee ret - oS. -2 --abalnast------2|--- <= «2<n-[aaemtnr mvs

133,174 131,106

Ee EEE ES
SSS ————————— 8 ene nna (aan na

France:
oo eee 497, 251 457, 969 492,760 632,379
MpOn.= 5 -+---~-<--- 29,309 35,172 29, 944 63, 448
RIM Sec oo a 33,994 111, 448 159,919 165, 846 457, 709
Ct ee 424 11,225 51, 823 | 74, 009 129, 852
LO a SSeS 703,056 | 704,883 762,559 | 1,283,388
Germany :
ee Sey PAR IEON" |. . = oo wn] =n ne Sen ae| =e eBoy we meine nner ensee spree
ca ee 1 A BEG |. 52> cee] = apnea aw enn Sean |onn sameer sei snr son Pare
eran ee IE « 265 GEG |---- =~ - - Poa] ----- acme |n ere [ean ann =n=- age | sm ery
Sees es. |” | 8OFS87 |. - ---- 2-22 [5 ---s 22H [5 5) | ea eee |e------27-
Migtdieecs=<-.=~2=>-- BOOMS NGL. - = anw-a|z>---- <s--=|= <=" << -e ee [ie A ee
Italy: |
SL hore JAR Oo oe 131 108 215 262 97 (@) 1,316
Poe i ee < == ~~ 74, 861 10,381 15,238 8, 894 29, 883 89, S89 143,921
9, it ee 29, 627 63, 036 143,075 272,425 259, 663 401,992 | 380,203
ES OE eee 104,619 73,525 | 158, 528 281, 581 289, 643 491,881 | 525,440
Netherlands: ie
Beefand veal...-.---- 256, 296 203,057 187,097 81,379 23,750 776 77,972
Mutton. : 76 49 10 40 2,985 13 | 1, 224
Pork... 88,143 41,904 51,255 31, 217 3, 286 60 | 78, 723
Oo Sees 35° 15,349 14, 043 8, 697 3, 067 62 86 11,780
MENG a ciap oss 2 <== 359, 864 | 259, 053 247, 059 115,703 30, 083 935 169, 699

1 Less than 500.
30702°—yBk 1920-—46**

722 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS—Continued.

TaBLe 231.—Meat and meat products: International trade; calendar years 1911-1919—
Continued.

IMPORTS—Continued.

Average,
1911-1913.

Country. 13915 1916 1917

1, 252, 292 1,391, 017 | 1, 180, 013
596, 899 406,814} 292) 922
875, 929 1, 225, 134 | 1,047, 118
118, 485 111,131 | 7110, 293

92,366 | 79,786
4718 3) 558
65,021] 37, 474 : 008 |. nce
47,966 | 34,356

210,071 | 155,174

=—————SS-_ OSS —_OOOOS OOO SsedOOOO“O*“*~=~Sa— SS Oe

| ae RS a ae 2,044,172 | 2,013, 818 2, 181, 549
RE 611; 444 |” 612, 097 456, 868
ie ES. 1, 632, 382 | 1,247, 937 1, 656, 682
Oar Ae eh... od 702, 072 | ” 426, 019 641, 374
_* SROs RET 4,900,370 | 4,200, 87 4,978, 716 | 4,936,473 | 4,288, 186 | 4,975,035 |..........

1 1916 figures are for over European frontier only.

2 Does not include imports into Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-
parable during that period.

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 723

HORSES AND MULES.

TABLE 232.—Horses and mules: Number and value on farms in the United States,
1867-1921.

Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri-
culture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to
the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage
estimates whenever new census data are available. It should also be observed that the census of 1910,

iving numbers as of Avr. 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers

une 1.

Horses. Mules.
Jan. 1— J ; 5
t Price > Price i
Number. | per head de lng Number. per head | / Tat a
| Jan. 1. | Ss | Jan. 1. the
2 _— | | a ——

5,401,000 | $59.05 | $318,924, 000 822,000 $66.94 $55, 048, 000
5,757,000 | 54.27| 312,416,000 856,000 56. 04 47, 954, 000
6,333,000} 62.57| 396,222" 000 922,000| 79.23|" 73,027,000
a 67.43 | 556,251,000] 1, 180,000 | 90.42 | 106, 654; 000

ek eT SEA pat I 3 200 P1105, 406 PS... 2.220)
8, 702, 000 71.14 | 619,039,000 | 1,242,000! 91.98} 114,272, 000
8,991,000 | 67.41 606, 111, 000 1,278, 000 | 87.14} 111 229" 000
229 66.3 612,27 31 | 85.15 | 111/546, 000
97 334,000 | 65.15| 608,073,000} 1,339,000! 81.35! 108,953,000
9,504,000 | 61-10} 580,708,000 | 1,394,000 71.89| 100,197, 000
9,935,000} 57.29] 557,747,000} 1,414,000; 66.46; 94,001, 000
10,155,000 | 55.83 | 567,017,000| 1,444,000 64.07 92.482" 000
10,330,000 | 56.63| 584,999,000} 1,638,000| 62.03) 101,579000
10,939,000} 52.36 | 572,712,000 | 1,713,000! 56.00| 95, 942/000
11, 202, as 54.75 | 613,297,000 1, 730, 000 | 61.26 | 105,948, 000

7V91, 400 |.-.-------)---------------- ? =f] toy eae a oe ee
11,430,000 | 58.44] 667,954,000) 1,721,000) 69.79! 120,096,000
10,522,000| 58.53] 615,825,000! 1,835,000; 71.35! 130,945,000
10,838,000 | 70.59 | 765,041,000 | 1,871,000 | 79.49, 148,732; 000
11,170,000] 74.64 | 833,734,000 1,914,000! 84.22) 161,215,009
11,565,000 | 73.70| 852,283,000} 1,973,000 82.38; 162,497,000
ee eee 12,078,000} 71.27| 860,823,000} 2,053,000, 79.60 163,381,000
3S ee 12,497,000} 72.15| 901,686,000} 2,117,000; 78.91) 167,058,000
Ao ee 13,173,000] 71.82] 946,096,000} 2,192,000) 79.78 | 174/854, 000
| See 13,683,000] 71.89! 982,195,000} 2,258,000 79.49 179, 444” 000
= | 14,214,000] 68.84 | 978,517,000| 2,331;000 78.25) 182,394) 000
1890, census, June 1...... Pn ORE LET ee NO OF Tah te eo Pdck ie the Seat
14,057,000 67.00} — 941,823,000 | 2,297,000, 77.88, 178,847,000
15,498,000 | 65.01 | 1,007,594,000 | 2,315,000! 75.55 1747 882° 000
16,207,000} 61.22) "992,225,000 | 2,331,000 | 70.68 | 164, 764, 000
16,081,000 | 47.83 | 769,225,000 | 2°352,000! 62.17, 146, 233,000
15,893,000} 36.29 | 576,731,000 | 27333,000 47.55 | 110, 928, 000
15,124,000 | 33.07 |' 500, 140, 000 2,279,000} 45.29 103, 204, 000
14,365,000} 31.51 | 452,649,000 | 2)216,000 41.66 92,302,000
13,961,000} 34.26} 478,362,000 | 2)190,000; 43.88, 96,110,000
13,665,000 | 37.40| 511,075,000 | 271347000! 44.96 | 95,963” 000
13, 588, 000 44.61 603,969, 000 aL | 83.55} 111,717/080

10, 4 eee [ween eee +--+ ---- , GOLD Pace <3 ces 5a) awe eee oe
16,745,000 | 52.86 | 885,200,000 | 2,864,000 63.97 183, 232, 000
16,531,000 | 58.61; — 968,935,000 | 2,757,000 | 67.61; 186,412,000
16,557,000 | 62.25 1,030, 706,000 | 2,728,000} 72.49! 1977753; 000
16,736,000 | 67.93 | 1,136,940,000 | 2,758,000 | 78.88 217,533,000
| 17,058,000 | 70.37 1,200,310,000| 2,889,000} 87.18 | 251, 840, 000
Se 18,719,C00 | 80.72 | 1,510,890,000| 3,404,000| 98.31 334,681,000
_ 2 19,747,000 | 93.51 | 1,848,578,000 | 3,817,000 | 112.16 | 428, 064; 000
ae 19,992,000 | 93.41 | 1,867, 530,000 | 3,869,000 | 107.76 | 416, 939, 000
1909 a 9 a 20, 640, 000 95.64 | 1,974,052,000| 4, 053, 000 | 107.84 | — 437,082;000
a Re 2 ROR ae pe Se Bana
1910, census, Apr. 15......| 19,833,113 | 108.03 | 2,142,524,000| 4, 209/769 120.20 | 505,049, 000
111.46 | 2, 259,981,000 | 4,323,000 125.92 544,359, 000
105.94 | 2,172,694,000 | 4,362,000, 120.51 525,657,000
110.77 | 2,278,222°000| 4,386,000 124.31 545,245, 000
109.32 | 2°2917638,000| 4/449'000 123.85 | 551,017,000
103.33 | 2)190; 102,000 | 4)479,000 112.36 | 503/271) 000
ee 21,159,000 | 101.60 | . 2, 149,786,000} 4,593,000 113.83 522, $34, 000
eee 21,210,000 | 102.89 | 2)182;307,000| 43723;000| 118.15) 558,006,000
a 21,555,000 | 104.24 | 2'246;970,000| 438737000 | 128.81 627,679,000
2 21,482,000 | 98.45 | 2)114897)000| 47954) 000 | 135.83 | 672; 922/000
Sa 20,785,000} 94.42 | 1,962,503/000| 5,041/000| 147.07 741, 400,000
ee 20,183,000} 82.45 | 1;664,166/000 | 4°999'000 115.72 | —578)473/000

i

1 Estimates of numbers revised, based on census data.

724

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

HORSES AND MULES—Continued.
TABLE 233.—Horses and mules: Number and value on farms, Jan. 1, 1920 and 1921, by ©

States. -
A Horses. Mules.
ps “Se | € 2 " ;
= / ; Farm value | Number ico | Farm value
Number | Average price th a th Average price
State. (thousands)| per head = dollars) (thou- head (thousands
ee we sands) of dollars
Jan.1 | Jan.1 | : ton jan. i 1 Jana ceaa
: ; :
| 1921 . —) 1921 | 1920 | 1921 1920 | 1921/1920) 1921 | 1920 | 1921 | 1920
} ae ee SSS
JS eee 104) 105,$144. 00'$154.00) $14,976) $16,170 .....|.....|....- | ~--- ose
New Hampshire-| 39) 40, 132.00} 144.00/- 5,148 5, 760) rate: poet lear aac foe = me LBS <1 eee BA 2
Vermont.......-- 84) 122. 10,248] 11, 844) 222} eco. o-|s=--<---oe sa —
Massachusetts....| 47 150. 00 7,050), «7, 750) 223. Joc. |. -2a20cfacaaeeel eee cig
Rhode Islan@.. -- 7| 142. 00 103) 2L 1% Sted he " aA We tk
Connecticut.....- | 39 146. 00 50pil 6, 7685: Jo 2-2 ae cre
New York. ...--- 543 127. 00 68, 961 78, 960 $135. 00,8148. 0 9 $1, 038
New Jersey - - ---- 7, 141. , 13, 160. 00, 171. 8
Pennsylvania....| 549 118. 00 64,782, 68, 880 141.00 141.00) 6,3 6, ae
Delaware. ..-.-.---- 33 77. ” 2, 541 2; 822 110.00 111. 56 66
vegies] iS) Mal SOIR ee ok) Sate) ee Sil See
irginia.........- 5 a ; 1 136, 90) S,
Went Virginia....| > 184 98. 00! 18,032) 19) 114. 00, 121. * Pee
North Carolina...} 179) 122. 21, 838) 27,999 154. 00; 190.00) 35,574 44,840
South Carolina...| 79 134. 00 10,586, 14,400 186, 00) 231. 00} 40,362) 49, 665
112. 06 14,784, 20,988 153. 00, 216. 00} 53,091) 75,816
123. 7,134 8, 400 167. 00, 196.00] 6,680) 7,84
104. 00) 82,680) 88,399 113. 00} 120.00} 3; 1
91. 71,708) 81, 204 112. 00} 128. 00! 10,
82. 00 108, 568) 131, 036 102. 00} 125. 00} 14, 892) 18,375
93. 00 57,102) 60, 800 96.00) 99. 00 84-396
103. 00, 69,422; 74,120 99. 00; 112. 00 07, 336
83. 00 76,360, 85, 93.00, 99. 558504
81. 00) 107,568) 124, 422 108. 00 121.00} 7,668 8,501
71.00, 73,130} 86, 320 95. 00, 120, 00} 34,885 45,360
North Dakota....| 800 62. 00 49,600, 66, $25 85.00, 98, 00 765 S82
South Dakota....| 786 61. 00. 47,946, 58,149 82.00 94. 11s 1,410
Nebraska........| 965 69. 00 66,585) 74,625 92.00 109.00} 9,1 ia
Kansas......-.--- 1, 108 66. 00 73,128) 91, 087 90. 00 117. 00} 22, 500
Kentucky....---- 420 84. 00 35, 43, 329 107. 00 126. 7 31, 500
Tennessee.......- 338 90. 00 30,420) 38, 985) 108. 00, 139. 00} 29,916 38,920
Alabama......... 158 89. 00 14,062) 20, 224 112. 00, 171. 00} 36,064 54,036
Mississippi - - ..--- 256 87. 00) 22,272) 29,493 119. 00 152. 00) 37,128 48, 944
Louisiana ........ 211 $4. 00, 17,724) 23,005 140.00, 164. 00] 23,240 27,224
(2 1, 187 75. 00 a 89,025) 115, 104 107.00, 140. 00! 84, 744 109, 760
{
Oklahoma........ 667, 710, 63.00, 83.00, 42,021) 58, 89.00 120. 00 25, 988) 35, 400
Montana.2.2227/| 520 330) $9.00) 600, 25,480 31° 200 76.00 80.00) 380) 400
Wyoming........ 189, 210) 46.00, 53.00 8, 11, 130 77.00, 99.00) 308 360
Colorado......... 408, 421} 62.00, 79.00; 25, : $9.00, 101.00} 2,670 3,131
New Mexico... 225 58.00 68.00) 13, 15,776 ‘cal 104.00} 1,848 2,080
"oe ga 143 75.00 78.00 10,875} 11/31 To 73.00) 313 ato
Nevada..........| 74) 57.00) 60. 00). s s a 64, iss 192
See ie: 262 68.00 77.00, 17, 20, 7 76.00, 91.00, 380 455
Washington...... 284) 80.00, 92.00 22, 26, 90.00 106.00} 1,800 2,226
Oregon.........-- 276| 81.00, 85. 22° 23.71 91.00, 91.00, ‘910 ‘910
California. ......- 380) 94.00) 94. 35,720) 37 125, 00, 122.00) 7,125 7,198
United Btates../20, 183 20, 78 82.45 94. 42/1, 664, 166/1, 962, 5038/4, 999)5, 041 118.7 147. 07/578, 473 741, 400

Statisties of Farm Animals and Their Products. 725

HORSES AND MULES—Continued,
TABLE 234.—Prices of horses and mules at St. Louis, 1900-1920.

{Compiled from commercial papers. ]

| arsed good to | | Mules 16 to 164 |, | tread good to | Mules 16 to 16!
| choice, draft. hands. H choice, draft. | ds.
Year and month.) Year and month. | S20 es le ae Pee
| / |
| Low. | High. | Low. | High. || Low. | High. Low. | High.
| | j —-
]
POs oh a - H 0 $140. 00 \s190. 00 | $90.00 | $150.00 |; 1919.
1 ae 150.00 | 175.00 | 110.00 | 165.00 || June........-.... $150.00 |$325.00 \$200.00 $350.00
a 160.00 | 185.00 | 120.00 | 160.00 || July............. 150.00 | 300.00 | 200.00 | 350.00
J 160.00 | 185.00 | 120.00 | 175.00 || August.......... 150.00 | 300.00 | 200.00 350. 00
ee aia 175.00 | 290.00 | 135.00 | 200.00 || September... 145.00 | 300.00 | 200.00 | 350.00
1 175.00 | 225.00 | 120.00 | 210.00 |} October.......-- 145.00 | 300.00 | 200.00 | 350.00
Le 175.00 | 225.00 | 125.00 | 215.00 || November....... 145.00 | 255.00 | 200.00 | 350.00
1 eee 175. 00 | 225.00 125.00 | 250.00 || December....... 140.00 | 250.00 | 190.00 | 350.00
MMe. ce. 2. 175.00 | 250.00 | 125.00 | 200.00 |
J 140. 00 | 225.00 | 130.00 | 225.00 Year 1919..} 140.00 | 325.00 | 150.00 | 400.00
eae 165.00 | 240.00 | 150.00 | 275.00 |
Pelee ee ee ss 165.00 | 235.00 | 150.00 | 275.00 |, 1920.
1912..............] 165.00) 240.00 | 160.00 | 285.00 || January........- 140.00 | 255.00 | 190.00 400.00
yh 200.00 | 250.00 | 160.00 | 280.00 || February........ 150.00 | 255.00 | 200.00 | 400.00
Ul ee 175.00 | 220.00 | 120.00 | 250.00 || March.........-. 150.00 | 275.00 | 200.00 | 400.00
CU Shel 160.00 | 225.00 | 120.00 | 275.00 |; April..........-. 150.00 | 275.00 200.00 ! 400.00
Seo 150.00 | 225.00 | 135.00 | 275.00 Aas a ae 140.00 | 275.00 | 175.00 | 400.00
LA Se 165.00 | 245.00 | 172.00 | 272.00 || June............- 115.00 | 265.00 165.00 | 370.0C
hoe. a i 199.00 | 242.00 | 201.00 | 307.00 || July...........-- 200.00 | 265.00 | 165.00 | 370.00
—<———_ | | —————— |] Aurgust.-.--..1.. 175.00 | 265.00 | 155.00 | 370.00
1919. September.......| 150.00 | 240.00 | 150.00 | 366.00
January: .:...... 150.00 | 180.00 | 200.00 | 325.00 |; October..-.--..-. 150.00 | 200.00 | 140.00 | 350.00
February........ 150.00 | 180.00 | 200.00 | 325.00 |} November......-. EIO" 00) | 2000500 [22-23 et
Le 150.00 | 180.00 | 200.00 | 325.00 || December....--- 110/00! | 200.00 |... 02-25}
pha i 150.00 | 270.00 | 150.00 | 400.00 —— ——
Tiss a 150.00 | 270.00 | 150.00 | 350.00 Year 1920..| 110.00 | 275.00
|

| |

. | | |
Date. 1920 | 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914 | 1913 | 1912 | 1911 ar
| Pegi ly ser bon} aooe
|

$118 | $120 $130| $129) $128) $130) $137| $140] $134) $143 $131
13| a21| 133) 131] 129| 132| 339| 146| 137| 144| 134
127 124 137 133 131| 132} 138 146 140{ 145| = 135
131| 127) 137| 136) 1383) 132; 188], 148] 142]. 147| 137
132 129| 136 138 134 133 | 139 145 144| 146) = 138
130} 127 135 137;|. "82 132} 136 146 145 145} 136
127) 127 132| 135 133| 134| 187 143 142 139; 135
124) ~ 125 dsb | = 132 i}, 138i |” F185 141 142 141 133
119, 119 12R0). ~438.| — L131 re 1 (ames 7 Oe 141 139) 131
112 114} 126/ 130) 130 129; 131 138 140 137; 129
103 113} 122) 129) 129} 127| 130 136| 139 | 136) 126

;

7 113 121 129 126 130 135) 139
| |

726 ~- Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

HORSES AND MULES—Continued.

TABLE 236.—Average price per head for horses on the Chicago market, 1902-1920.
{Compiled from commercial papers.]

|
: Bussers, ‘
Year and month. Drafters. ya | Drivers. | General. tram- | Nee! Southern
'
SN ee Se eae ae $166.00 | $450.00 $145.00 $117.00} $135.00| $151.00} $57.00
Ls ee ee ee ee 171. 00 455. 00 150. 00 122. 00 140. 00 156. 00 62. 00
Lt Te seeps, ees Seg. Sere 177. 00 475. 00 150. 00 140. 00 140. 00 160. 00 64. 00
| ay ey hn ee 186. 00 485. 00 156. 00 132. 00 145. 00 172. 00 oe
Ue ila ee SR a ee BG ae 188. 00 486. 00 158. 00 154. 00 147. 00 174. 00 72.
i ed ee ees esse 194. 00 482. 00 165. 00 137. 00 152. 00 172. 00 ye
OT ERS Si ER a a 180. 00 450. 00 156. 00 129. 00 138. 00 164. 00 69.
OS ER ep es ge 194. 00 482. 00 165. 00 137. 00 152. 00 172. 00 ue )
oD Ee ah a RS aoe Se gh F 200. 00 473. 00 172. 00 144. 00 161. 00 177. 00 .C
Pah oo OFF Ee Be Se ae ee 205.00} 483.00} 182.00) 155.00} 170.00| 190.00 92.
TO sacs eee ade aoe Sea 210. 00 473. 00 177. 00 160. 00 175.00 195. 00 97.00
1 i a 3 eg Re 213. 00 493. 00 174.00 | 165.00 176. 00 189. 00 98. 00
Se ee eaten ee ee 208. 00 483. 00 169. 00 160. 00 171. 00 184. 00 93. 00
11 gs pelea Sie Lay era er ee 205. 00 473. 00 164. 00 155. 00 166. 00 179. 00 88.00
BONG os kos sere cae ones nae v5 AUN Be Resi lab 166. 60 160. 00 167. 00 1%. 00 109. 00
LY Re aE aes Bee SR Fe 212. 00 470. 00 162. 00 148. 00 170. 00 188. 00 93, 00
oe SR BS eg | =
1919
LTS Be tal ee | Pe
PROBE Fr 2s © ok Na, in ore seme sagen nee nate ie ee alee
cE RS ek RS eee Bg ol PTR 12 a tA Learner
PRT: eee er Cen eee
ne 2 aes ne Ne acne
PUGS 235 - o25 22> sear eens
" Di een etn Be drey 9 EO eet
TALE | ryegrass et ae
Neen ber ++) Soo esse ee
OT SS i Re ey 2
November..... ma? Er ae Ps eet:
DecsnBer oan sales capes wee
Year 1919
perinery S26. - SURE St. ter.
Yt iy tg" Seago, ieee eee Eee a
eR = ee aa 3 i 3 ;
P| ee ee pene ae ee RES : e . i ; ;
ee ee ep ee ae . E
PNIG.- AS ean a does ete ne
1 Ean Ee SR) 2 5
[OE RS 2 Se EY | : ‘s y 4 :
Beptember 4 és S ; OO.) S20. eae “iokn eee
Spesaver. 65 =: 2. sss. -- eee . fs ¥ f 00) Snes ae odeeeeeees
November BU Uy 3 Sa
ber
Year 1920...2.....5..22..-| | ‘242.37. > 166.044) 153.'70:| 15845) 04 17), Ree eee 87.78
1 Saddlers prior to 1916. 4 Drafters, plain to medium, 1920.
2 Expressers 1919-20. * Wagon horses, 1920.

* Farm chunks 1919-20.

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products.

HORSES AND MULES—Continued.

Tasie 237.— Number of horses and mules received at principal live-stock markets, 1900—

1920.

[From reports of stockyards companies.]

Year and month.

gus
September
October

Horses.
‘ St.
Chicago. Pani:
99,010 | 26,778
109, 353 | 15, 123
102,100 | 8, 162
100, 603 | 7, 823
105, 949 | 6,438
127, 250 | 5,561
126,979 | 9,299
102, 055 | 14, 557
92, 138 7,125
91,411 | 5,632
83,439 | 5,482
104, 545 | 7,709
92,977 | 5,314
90,615 | 5,203
106, 282 | 5, 683
165, 253 | 10, 091
205, 449 | 11,777
107,311 | 9,959
87,820 | 6, 541
3, 855 194
3, 738 25. |
5, 174 449
4, 246 281
3, 720 147
3, 636 878
3,048 | 1,071
2,787 | 1,539
4,504 | 2,822
2,949 | 1,300

727

Horses and mules.

|
St. Louis
| National!$ cities.
Stock

Total,

469, 850
425, 47.)
387, 68)
406, 761
468, 171
487, 716
480, 923
396, 812
351, 457
378, 233
396, 136
496, 671
470, 833
471, 749
468, 029

|

Den- | Fort | Kansas St.
ver. | Worth.| City. Omaha. Joseph
te eee 103,308 | 59,645 | 13, 497
A; ADT | Soon teas 96,657 | 36,391 | 22, 521
24,428 | 4,872| 76,844 | 42,079 | 19, 909
19, 040 | 10,094 | 67, 274 | 52, 829 | 20, 483
13, 437 | 17,895 | 67, 562 | 46, 845 | 28, 704
16, 046 | 18,033 | 65, 582 | 45, 422 | 31, 565
16, 571 | 21,303 | 69,629 | 42, 269 | 28, 480
11, 059 | 18,507 | 62,341 | 44, 020 | 26, 804
11, 158 | 12,435 | 56,335 | 39,998 | 22, 875
15, 348 | 20,732 | 67,796 | 31, 711 | 23, 132
15, 554 | 34,445 | 69,628 | 29, 734 | 27, 583
18, 022 | 37,361 | 84, 861 | 31, 771 | 42, 023
14,918 | 49,025 | 73,445 | 32, 520 | 38, 661
16, 274 | 56,724 | 82,110 | 31, 580 | 32, 418
16, 957 | 47,712 | 87,155 | 30, 688 | 25, 424
71, 870 | 53,640 | 102, 153 | 41,679 | 41, 254
52, 800 | 79, 209 | 123, 141 | 27, 486 | 27, 206
19, 758 |115, 233 | 127, 823 | 32, 781 | 33, 584
14,599 | 78,881 | 84,628 | 22, 212 | 39, 260
1,379 | 6,329 7, 858 719 | 4,611
1,396 | 5,367 7, 274 700 | 3,944
1,459 | 3,897 5, 727 948 | 2,673
850 | 3,031 4, 854 619 | 1,407
932 | 1,930 3, 261 393 342
604 | 1,916 2,686 | 2,485] 1,984
1,420 | 1,208 4,062 | 3,828} 4,030
1,399 | 4,575 7,923 | 4,354] 3,958
1,996 | 6,283 | 11,323 | 6,087} 5,940
3,570 | 7,916 9,349 | 2,811 | 6,649
. 11,656 | 1,497 | 4,620
82, 852 | 25, 201 | 43, 380
| 42,311 |113, 959 | 158, 825 | 49,642 | 83, 538
3, 870 685 | 3,400 | 11,492 | 14,075) 2,522 | 6, 064
5, 526 781 | 1,842] 9,461] 15,331 | 2,292) 4,407
7,410 | 1,204 | 2,267 | 6,087 8,082 | 2,472) 3,326
2, 865 430 | 1,511] 1,309 2,962 | 1,773] 2, 869
5, 468 271 | 1,369! 1,027 3, 447 764 | 1,339
3, 093 370 | 1,311 407 3,345 | 1,052] 1,228
2,296 | 1,936 | 1,054 568 3,184 | 1,253] 2,256
3,625 | 1,730] 1,278] 5,206 9,537 | 2,712] 3,430
2,639 | 1,765 | 1,624) 4,280 5,855 | 2,159] 3,106
2, 019 704 916 | 2,610 4,063 | 1,116 | 1,292
2, 309 340 656 | 1,909 1, 284 399 319
1, 900 272 363 | 1,006 682 237 132
43, 020 | 10,488 | 17,591 | 45,362 | 71,797 | 18,751 | 29, 768

141, 230 | 378,007

728 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
HORSES AND MULES—Continued.
TABLE 238.—Horses and mules: Imports, exports, and prices, 1896-1920.
Imports of horses. / Exports of horses. | Exports of mules. —s
bik _ a EE ?
ending | A | / A A .
; verage, / Average verage
June 30— | — | Value. ot as Value. export | Number.) Value export
acus | price. | | price. price.
} | / | ; "ae
$662, 591 | $66. 32 25,126 $3,530,703 | $140.52 5, 918 $406, 161 $68. 63
464,808 | 66.42| 39,532| 4,769,265| 120.64| 7,473| 545,331| 72.97
414,899 | 134.49 51,150 | 6,176,569 | 120.75 8,098 664, 789 82.09
551,050 | 181.15| 45,778| 5,444,342| 118.93] 6,755| 516,908| 76.52
596,592 | 192.32 Mies 7,612,616 | 117.62 43,369 | 3,919,478 90.33
985,738 | 260.43 | 82,250) 8,873,845 | 107.89] 34,405 | 3,210,267 93.30
1,577,234 | 326.41 | 103,020 | 10,048,046 | 97.53 | 27,586 | 2,692,998| 97.61
1,536,296 | 307.32 34,007 | 3,152,159 92. 69 4, 294 521,725 121.47 -
1,460, 287 | 308.99 | 42,001 | 3,189,100] 75.93 3,658} 412,971 | 112.90
1, 591,083 | 307.16 34,822) 3,175,259) 91.19 5,826 f 110.79
1906...... 6,021 | 1,716,675 | 285.11} 40,087 4,365,981 108.91 7,167 | 989,639 | 138.08
fe 6,080! 1,978,105 | 325.35 33,882 | 4,359,957 | 131.99 6,781 850, 901 125.48
1908---....- 5,487 | 1,604,392 | 292.40 19,000 | 2,612,587 | 137.50 6, 609 - 149. 90
1909... ... 7,084 | 2,007,276 | 283.35 | 21,616 | 3,386,617 | 156.67 3,482 | 472,017 | 137.58
1910... ... 11,620 | 3,296,022 | 283.65 28,910| 4,081,157) 141.17 4,512| 614,094| 136.18
| ’ .
1911...... 9,593 | 2,692,074 | 280.63) 25,145 | 3,845,253 | 152.92) 6,585 | 1,070,051 | 162.50"
1912... ... 6,607 | 1,923,025 | 291.06 | 34,828 | 4,764,815 | 136.81 4,901 732,095 | 149.30
1913...... 10,008 | 2,125,875 | 212.42 | 28,707 | 3,960,102 | 137.95 4,744 733,795 | 154.68.
7) es 33,019 | 2,605,029} 78.89! 22776 | 3,388,819 148.79 £ 690,974 | 141.51
1915... ... 12,652 | 977,380 | 77.25 289,340 | 64,046,534 | 221.35 65,788 | 12,726,143 | 193.44
1916...... 15, 556 1,618.245 | 104.03 | 357,553 | 73,531,146 | 205.65 111,915 | 22,946,312 205.08
1967... 12,584 | 1,888,303 | 150.06 278,674 | 59,525,329 | 213.60 136,689 | 27, 800, 203. 89
Tr ers | 5,111 | 1,187,443 | 232.33 | 84, 14, 923,663 | 176.06 28,879 | 4,885,406) 169.17
1910. 23, 4, 003 750, 264 | 187.43 27, 5,206,251 | 186.10 12,452 | 2,333,929 ia?
|| re 4,206 | 799,012 | 162.86 18, 952 1) 173. 34 8,991 | 1,815,888 201.
CATTLE.
TABLE 239.—Cattle (live): Imports, exports, and prices, 1896-1920.
Tmports. Exports.
Year ending June 30— Average Av
Number. | Value import | Number Value export '
price.
— F -_ ie |-— a _ | — —— — —
O06... ead. ..2.008 2. ae 217,826 | $1, 509, 856 $6. 93 372,461 | $34,560,672 $92.79
a E- 328, 977 2, 589, 857 7.87 | 392,190 | 36,357,451 92.70
1G at ge ee | 291; 589 2, 913, 223 9.99 439,255 | 37,827,500 86.12
ee ee 199, 752 2,320, 362 11.62 389, 490 30, 516, 833 78.35.
SOOD.. 20. 2. ee bene ee 181, 006 2) 257, 694 12. 47 : 30, 635, 153 77.11
ONL. Sack .. eT eae 146,022 1, 981, 433 13. 23 459,218 | 37, 566, 980 81.81
A oa 1, 608, 722 16.75 | 392,884 | 29,902, 212 76.11
7 See ee cna, Same 66, 175 1) 161, 548 17.55 402,178 | 20, 848, 936 74.
ot ER ESAS Be eS ae 16, 056 310, 737 19. 35 593, 409 42, 256, 291 71.21
LO Rae BER Sa IIe 27, 855 458, 572 16.46 | 567,806 | 40,598,048 71.50
EERE Sp GER ie oP | 29,019 548,430} 18.90 584,239 | 42,081,170 72.08
Ds Fic dinate ida tecad 32, 402 565, 122 17.44 423,051 34, 577, 392 81.73
EU <P ttal ta add downewataaenee 92 356 1, 507, 310 16. 32 349, 210 .29, 339, 134 $4.
BONES i faishelos ns wavnsy 050 scab 139, 184 1, 999, 422 14. 37 "542 | 18,046,976 86.
EOS RRA aa ane 195, 938 2) 999, 824 15. 37 139,430 | 12, 200, 154 87.50
tS Bey Ses Spt een 8,5 ai 182, 923 2, 953, 077 146.14 150, 100 13, 163, 920 .70
i SOR ert ary 318, 372 4, 805, 574 15.09 105, 506 8, 870, 075 07
Oe Cl aig 5, sons be 421,649 | 6, 640, 668 15.75 24,714 1,177, 199 47.63
RS ee are 868, 368 18, 696, 718 21. 53 18, 376 647, 288 35. 22°
A Le NS eR ha 538,167 | 17,513, 175 32. 54 , 484 702, 847 128. 16
116s eesisbcvacp sake 439,185 | 15, 187,593 34. 58 21, 666 2,383, 765 110. 02
TOE 2 <innntradninnbhd axa hiies 374, 826 13, 021, 259 34.74 13, 387 949, 70. 93
TUIG,. is cdusenadgvungse ar isewe 293,719 17, 852, 176 60.78 18, 213 1, 247, 800 68. 51
1900. ; 51.05 04nedvelaeee eens 440,399 | 36,995, 921 84.01 42, 345 2, 092, 816 49.42
1000 20 tou svdn tints osu eee 575, 3288) 45,081,179 78. 36 93, 039 11, 921, 518 128. 13

|

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products.

CATTLE—Continued.

729

Taste 240.—Cattle: Number and value on farms in the United States, 1867-1921.

Nore.—Figuies in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri-
culture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease
to the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percent-

e estimates whenever new census data are available.

It should also be observed that the census of 1910,

ving numbers as of Apr. 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers

une 1.
Milk cows. Other cattle.
Jan. 1— Price pe F ] | Price per| erent
Number. hea er er ue Number. head rant “mg
Jan. 1. le Jan. 1. pee
8, 349,000} $28.74] $239,947,000 | 11,731,000} $15.79} $185, 254, 000
8, 692, 000 26. 56 230, 817, 000 11, 942, 000 15. 06 179, 888, 000
9, 248, 000 29.15 | 269,610,000 | 12, 185, 000 18.73 | 228, 183, 000
10, 096, 000 32.70 330, 175, 000 15, 388, 000 18. 87 290, 401, 000
Whee eee | ea Sen tilian US GOMROOE. Nn cine) eso ceee ee
10, 023, 000 33. 89 339, 701, 000 16, 212, 000 20. 78 336, 860, 000
10, 304, 600 29.45 | 303,438,000 | 16, 390, 000 18.12 | 296, 932, 000
10, 576, 000 26.72 | 282,559,000 | 16, 414, 000 18.06 | 296, 448, 000
10, 705, 000 25. 63 274, 326, 000 16, 218, 000 17. 55 284, 706, 000
10, 907, 000 25. 74 280, 701, 000 | 16, 313, 000 16. 91 275, 872, 000
|
11,085,000 25.61 | 283, 879,000 | 16, 785, 000 17.00 | 285, 387, 000
11, 261, 000 25.47 | 286,778,000 | 17, 956, 000 15.99 | 287, 156, 000
11, 300, 000 25.74 | 290,898,000 | 19, 223, 000 16.72 | 321, 346, 000
11, 826, 000 21.71 256, 721, 000 21, 408, 000 15. 38 329, 254, 000
12, 027, 000 23.27 | 279,899,000 | 21, 231, 000 16.10 | 341, 761, 000
LAE ES NM i Se WOR GAEDE eh BET a eae Sie PR Ear ole ae
20, 939, 000 17.33 | 362, 862, 000
23, 280, 000 19. 89 463, 070, 000
28, 046, 000 21. 81 611, 549, 000
29, 046, 000 93.52 | 683, 229, 000
29, 867, 000 93.25 | 694, 383, 000
31, 275, 000 21.17 | 661, 956, 000
33, 512, 000 19.79 | 663, 138, 000
34, 378, 000 17.79 611, 751, 000
35, 032, 000 17.05 597, 237, 000
36, 849, 000 15.21 | 560, 625, 000
PEE ARs | i Wes OF PIGS CR CIEE ee See we eT ee
36, 876, 000 14.76 | 544, 128, 000
37, 051, 000 15.16 | 570,749, 000
35, 054, 000 15. 24 547, 882, 000
36, 608, 000 14.66 | 536, 790, 000
34, 364, 000 14.06 | 482, 999, 000
32, 085, 000 15. 86 508, 928, 000
30, 508, 000 16.65 | 507, 929, 000
29, 264, 000 20.92} 612, 297, 000
27, 994, 000 22.79 637, 931, 000
27, 610, 000 24.97 | 689, 486, 000
NT it iy gh Se ane Vem) AR ea
16, 834, 000 S 45, 500, 000 19. 93 906, 644, 000
16, 697, 000 29.23 | 488,130,000} 44, 728, 000 18.76 | 839, 126, 000
17, 105, 000 30, 21 516, 712,000 | 44, 659, 000 18.45 | 824, 055, 000
17, 420, 000 29.21} 508,841,000 | 43, 629, 000 16.32 | 712,178, 000
17, 572, 000 27. 44 482, 272, 000 43, 669, 000 15.15 661, 571, 000
19, 794, 000 29.44 | 582,789,000 | 47, 068, 000 15.85 | 746, 172, 000
20, 968, 000 31. 00 645, 497, 000 51, 566, 000 17.10 881, 557, 000
21, 194, 000 30.67 | 650, 057,000 | 50, 078, 000 16.89 | 845, 938, 000
21, 720, 000 32. 36 702, 945, 000 49, 379, 000 17.49 863, 754, 000
21 SUL U0ON v atect o2]5-« ecseeee se 2 ica A Re a ee RS eS ee
20, 625, 432 35.29 | 727, 802,000 | 41, 178, 434 19.07 | 785, 261, 000
20, 823, 000 39. 97 832, 209, 000 39,679, 000 20. 54 815, 184, 000
20, 699, 000 39.39 | 815,414,000 | 37, 260, 000 21.20 | 790, 064, 000
20, 497, 000 45. 02 922, 783, 000 36, 030, 000 26. 36 949, 645, 000
20, 737, 000 53. 94 | 1, 118, 487, 000 35, 855, 000 31.13 | 1, 116, 333, 000
, 262, 000 55.33 | 1,176, 338,000 | 37, 067, 000 33. 38 | 1, 237, 376, 000
22, 108, 000 53.92 | 1, 191, 955, 000 39, 812, 000 33. 53 | 1, 334, 928, 000
22, 894, 000 59. 63 | 1, 365, 251, 000 41, 689, 000 35. 88 | 1, 497, 621, 000
23, 310, 000 70, 54 | 1,644, 231,000 | 44, 112, 000 40. 88 | 1, 803, 482, 000
23,475 000 78. 20 | 1, 835, 770, 000 45, 085, 000 44. 22 | 1, 993, 442, 000
23, 619, 000 85.11 | 2,010, 128,000 | 44, 750, 000 43. 22 | 1, 934, 185, 000
23, 321,000 | 63.97 | 1,491, 900,000 | 42, $70, 000 31.41 | 1; 346, 665, 000
| |

1 Estimates of numbers revised, based on census data.

730

TaBLe 241.—Cattle: Number and value on farms Jan. 1, 1920 and 1921, by States. ;

State.

tte ewww ewe

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
CATTLE—Continued.

Other cattle.
Farm value
(thousands of
dollars)
Jan. 1—
1921 1920
$10, 260} $13, 904
7, 474 8, 70 70| 31 41.
17, 875 186} 190 37.
14, 758 100} 100 44. 80
1, 800 12 13 46. 90
10, 530 80 80} 41. 80) 47.
105, 704) 159,751) 882) 909 48. 30
16,610 73| 75 57.
46. 00

| Milk cows.
Average |
| Number |
(thousands) ss
/ Jan. 1— ier ae
) |
1921 | 1920 | 1921 | 1920 |
171] _176}$60. 00)$79. 00
101} 103] 74.00) 86.00)
275| 275] 65.00) 89. 00)
| 157] 159) 94. 00/105. 00)
18} — 19]100. 00/110. 00
117| 118} 90. 00/105. 00,
| 1,448) 1,493] 73. 00/107. 00!
| 7151) 71511110. 00/128. 00
| 951} 970} 77.00
/ 45 45) 81.00
/
| 180) 180} 79.00
| 428} 428] 59.00
| 245} 2451 66. 00
| 331] 328) 58.00
| 215) 213] 58.00
|
| 470) 461) 45.00
| 156| 156] 74.00!
| 1,009) 1,030] 71. 50
| 727] 734] 65.00
| 1,028) 1,060} 63. 00
|
| 856} 873] 70.00) 96. 00,
1,828) 1,846] 65. 00) 97. 00)
1,395 1,295] 58. 00} 82. 00!
| 1, 252) 1,291] 62. 00} $8. 00,
| 873) ~ 919] 57.50) 79. 00,
| 464 464) 55. 00 77.0
539| 561] 56. 00| 75.00
560, 577| 63. 00 $3. 00)
898, 935] 62. 00) 81. 00)
ni 457| 57.00 om
) 386) 390} 49. 00
507} 502} 40. 00
| §71} 571) 47.00
382| 378} 52.00
| 1,184, 1,138) 63.00
| 549) 560) 52. 00
429) 452) 43. 00
185, 185) 75. 00
80) 80} 75.00
| sie 272| 70. 00
91; 87} 73.00
| 45) 501105. 00
108, 109) 70. 00
86. 00

RSSSS SRESE SAe

90
50
30
00
80
00
00
40
60} 46. 80
90| 50.40} 5,83
.70| 49.20} 20,8
50] 51.70} 15,5:
60) 35.30, 10, 26
80| 36.50) 5,
20.00} 27.20] 15, 26
21.60! 27.30} 19,8
37. 50| 48. 37, 350)
38.10) 51.60) 27,051)
36.20) 54.60, 45,033)
30.00) 42.
26.90) 40.
20. 60) 32.
33. 80| 49.
34. 50) 48.

i
_

fet
S85 $88

FEBS
S8SS3

S8 ESSE" SNEES Ss

29.
36.

731
Grades and

100 represent

?

othe breeds nam

CATTLE—Continued.
proportion of the total belong t
ed in which the type predominates.”’

what

pon the following inquiry of live-stock reporters: “ Lettin
,
bre

your localit

Scrubs should be included in the

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products.

Estimates below are based u

TABLE 242.—Cattle: Percentage of the different breeds in the United States, by States.
the total number in

2
1
+3)
+5
1.4

CRMROOHD HARAND SCHNOH AOSONM NASCHMMmR BDB@HNON BDHROMM OMOMN HOnNKNM NINMO!1M |lamnnan
apa Si, BME SE se 5s SS tele her sit MAY F RON SNS a8 eee ee ee a een Mee ng eg at alll ang 8a 8
uu
WHMIS WSs Ai oni BEsss Sricgad Séisiind SSrst signa od Hod of 13 6S oH Ss ogorise
SWS WODHH DANKE KHONH DEANDA BHBOAGHt AWMGCAR BMPHHGH KPAGS SMH! aA | Naaman
seino | mnaN NddnS Wadd Bret odd naan adadiad woord atedtiod data (stebcict | od Asada
“SSONH OGCNOHAR AHEAD ASHOM BANDN MKHOHR ANSCKN AHSOHMS HHMiH MHKKn | Ol Hanan
as on SBOE A PR RUE ee at Pitas atid Pe age oe BA, Cm a et eae eee peal [Dearie esha abe ai
WOH, WOU | < = ag aha kagad wade Saced Bessy “ge sida ld “dessa
|) ee iM | HHOH~ BMROH BPONDHH SCHANS AAHOM BROMNS FG: RHO [Oo Nora
a a6 s . LR Rakes OCR Na ORO Re MT ar pT et 8 a eee “es: Eee ce oe fe Se ave & s Cie meta! | oa” ira
powioa pox | ) ' ee a eS BH ON BAH eH Had Haaeded Saidide isd “A ' |e icdid
‘ : ' ’ ’
— aS , BAAN MOND SHAS WENN AMMO WOWON HOWE MO 1 NO HP | AHH
i Siero: diodes Hadad ‘Aicdaicd af “Halal cdaial ** ad ales * ahivel nd
~IN(T Pe[Od neg ' ‘ ' ‘
Cie et Oe ‘ zm: “ ‘ ’ : oe
aAOn- SHOMH SCOSOHEKE BHOHOD BARRA H ANMNHDS BANA H BHANO~Y SHON SHOT! SO! mMnMDHDH
op Steet atm es eat esias Feed peer emanate ot Amr os sh eee rm Sma NLETaIe Nass ndine! 6 Ike ory ail ca Sei ce, reas
sos | sades Sqego nasey Sshko certs CS Re Ps aarp ne CIR dxaa |a|aas-
ASSOMN ANSCHSO BPHSOSOHM HEOWMNH SCHMAN SMAMS SMOHNH SERS GNA SCSODOINIlOOnmRnNe
: OF Snes isis Oa SoS SHS SSHS1S HoH dG ~rdiaos Sodas o3 DS6SH dorr 1 5o5 i=
wrersteHr | ass usédd dio CREME Eat Wee Were SHS Sis | i segqees
DAGN | GOAAE~K SHOCKS HONS AEMWGCKe HARWHNS PHNHG MHAMAN OHHO HOGS |S|RADAdGH
Roe vee a eee ce St SAY i eahet eas des a <aintighetiae |. areas et anrsos Bobs ofr: Chisel OTE ; Vaginas oe
“pr0jou0 7 | : N CONeQed ONO A&C SX 2SReaa OW Bo ween Bis gs Rl tera
DRS RAH COMA AMROH AAG HOGHH OMG IN AOLAH AHO HON | || TOMA
*XostuoNy CSS6dr~ Sradascs wnidiow “Sima Said A eo ‘ ‘ei Se Rid | A loo CS
ba | er ee = re ‘
ae SO. Usa waa Ao Te AAA RTONS SCHNO : To he OCAAND Aims His | oO | ANe oa
‘eewoneo | 3 iii) fe Gi rer One. diaee een eee | ay [oo
teem ‘ ‘pee ' H nate ur ‘ '
1ersas 4 H 5 Peay 5 ' epee ‘ ‘
oamaA tS MAM~DON Wi te ' | ee m—Ne a 7 ran eee Des ea as ead a ee 8 oe
ee stiral.nu talbece SaLain® ea ie Nie tet Re ees erp an PPS Se Wek $e beng? hn CT fea | rea hee ‘
rc ' . at} . . . mp 1) re oie Ve wets ew) Kay uv ' .
yo nq ‘ ‘ wet ‘ ‘ ’ we. hy Anvata Pier ed rom ts ' A
. Me- RET a Sr cee i Qeimco 5} _e Bl + om i w@iota ri : 4 ww ‘ N —=t | || Ha ao
c ' ’ v4
‘
:

ee oa *

r ANKRAe ANON ANS a TINO CONHNN BHHAN Fe Tag a pa Aaa tS ‘ Hod | OO | PAN ta

SSIMS ee Rie Se Ae Be eee A . Tacit *¢ Baas 8 oe eae, oes Bei: vais oe : (a) cae . w, OW) gat Ae

uM OL g : ‘ i enaipee ca i Bar ‘ jae wey oie

MMINAasT ROOM ABANAAASH Coo WME HAR MANWR as Aug ct CNC pet rl He ES et" CaCl ae

‘omysisy | wai dod Ss Riso . . . Ca eet ee | a as bate : ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ : Che ‘ ‘ ‘ a | :
RES Set NN DO DARIO ROnrea or~oon aAeSs Bee HO = NCO HASSAH
SOOTY) S oe ite data ' Hdstds Wises otidadd dad’ ' ean "|e =| ‘oiedidod *

use pl9aqgy a ' = io) ’ '

J finite: |) Lt duet al Pebble ha Brae
g : Te RCC to aware eh Bog Wee atk lnppelnabes aaa eee eet ee
7 SUOMI a te gs te ae eee p kieiston pe oes ahrraeatme 1: ©. aya sekiatea ce geese a teg a
> A Ce ay” a OE eee mee ops c a ted Riese” ety phone aiely Haeetcontier vec tentee cite meee
S | ise iiig: i isda i: Grewar eee i igilg 22a.
z (2:38 BYERS: t :is's oe | one ( i8t: & B8oess
5 ‘age BHSSs 3 MEE ; he ‘Sa ad | | “pid 2 wage ge
'SeaH Doha aa == | gS Sa. Pht eahety 229883
S | segs EnseE Barc e Saeed 23235 q gogb P oe ree

~ ap bea Peas $5 23) 5 Ao os EROOFS
v4 ATE gbeaS Ei S) g 3° See 5 ® ns S pucuinid
aie & S2ZKA Bese Zag aaa se Zz se AZnZAne

: 7 ' :

re, 1920.

Yearbook of the Department of A

732

CATTLE—Continued.

TABLE 243.—Beef cattle: Farm price per 100 pounds, 15th of i 1911-1920.

1915 1914 1913 1912

1916

es 1917

1919

1920

;

Date.

tell ca
eee
a cccoiasacd
| Bee
A | Pee
J | BREE
7 ae

Oia
7
iF

gnesSGA29R85
Bt tt i

SSRARRABRRAB
Bmididididid id dads

QBZSSSSSASEES
IBS iS SSG 115 1515

SEAABRRVRRBS

TER ge Re er iE Par

SRSSSaSASSBe
Wis iG GHGS Sid

SRRSRSKRBBSAR

RRSBRSRAGRAA
Brinids sdb bobo

BsBSRRFSRSRAR

CE EB a:

ZXSASSSAAGG AIS
See

SSAZFRSRISSS

SSSRESBRARA
ZOAAGAHAG GAH oBr rs

rR gists
ee ee aaa IR
bit PhO bebe oe Bes
dSeaaesreesss
ShadaaaanOZA

1914

1915

RTETETT TSS
Fssssosdsssg

RESAB2zHRRAS
Bpeerrrer noe:

aUeazaaeesee
SdeesstasSee
s2nguneneae
SSSERRRRAREE
gududdedadud

REBSRSSRS

Ce eee eS

Omran
Teor
BESSSsdsssss

stsddddddudas

aaa SRSH

“ate por

RIRSS

aera a

TaBLE 244.— Milk cows: Farm price per head, 15th of month, 1911-1920.

Date.

cade

<<

jie | 2 a

2
rae

TaBLe 245.—Veal calves: Farm price per 100 pounds, 15th of month, 1911-1920.

1913

1914

1917 1916 1915

1918

ZAdsaass

| BRSRSResasae
( gsSdbsasssses

SSANRRRSRERZ

PUAN EEE SALTS RS Thee)

SHSSZRRSRBRREF

SSRABBERRZSSS

a Gr bos a. 65 Cee, Ce

SEASSRSSESSE
bi 6 06 5 06 oh ho ob 8 oi

AZESSSERSABSE

12.18
12.6
12. 78
12, 11
12. 40
13.
13.
13.
12,
12.
12.

13. 12

nagaeg |

inl Sadie

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 733
CATTLE—Continued.
TaBLE 246.—Cattle: Wholesale price per 100 pounds, 1918-1920.
[Compiled from commercial! papers.]
Cincinnati |
Chicago, : 7 St. Louis, Kansas City, | Omaha,
inferior to Pin good tochoice | common to native
prime. eaen. native steers. prime. | _ beeves.
Date. {Sipe . a
3 3 | 3 é 3
1a GH eae ad be Fe alae
S aol ee Sep Sree ios ol Bol Ee bee ie Le
I: ay ree ee = a a I -
ae Oi ea
January-June.........- $5. 65)$9. 85) $7. 81) $4. 65)$7. 65)$5. 92 $8. 00/$9. 25) $9. 05|$4. 75/$9. 00)... -- $7. 00|$9. 50/$8. 22
July-December........ 5, 00/10. 25} 8.14) 4.50! 7.00} 6.02) 8.50/10. 00} 9.07) 4. 50/10. 00)..... 7.70) 9.25) 8. 64
1914, |
January-June.......... 6.60} 9.75] 8.24) 5.35) 7.25) 6.16) 8.65] 9.50) 9.02) 5.20) 9.40)... 6. 50)10. 50} 8. 23
July-December........ 5. 40/11. 75} 8.99) 4.65) 7.25! 5.27) 9.30/11. 10/10. 4 4. 50/11. 35)... 6. 00/10. 75} 9. 04
1915 |
January-June.......... 5. 30/10. 15) 7.96] 4. 85) 7.00] 5.90! 7.00/10. 00} 8.06! 6.00) 9. 75/$7. 51) 6. 50) 9.35) 8.05
July-December........ 5. 75/11. 50) 8. 44) 4. 00) 7.00) 5.32) 8.60/10. 50) 9.56) 5. 50/10.35) 8.21) 8.90)10. 10) 9.05
ae |
January—June.......... 6. 90)11. 50} 9.04) 5.25) 9. 50) 6.96) 6.50/10. 50) 8.20) 6.90/11. 50) 8. 84! 7.20/11. 00} 8. 97
July-December........ 6. 50/18. 25} 9.43) 5. 50) 9.00) 6. a 8. 00)11. 50) 9. 59) 6.00/12. 00) 9.51) 8. 25/11. 50) 9. 88
1917. | | |
January-June.......... 5. 75)13. 90)10. 16} 6. 00/12. 85] 9. 14/10. 00/12. 25/10. 86) 6. 50/13. 75) 9. 95/10. 00/13. 85/11. 85
July-December ........ 6. 15)17. 90/11. 42) 5. 00/14. 50] 9. 62/10. 00/16. 50)13. 10) 9. 25/17. 00/13. 21/11. 50/17. 00|14. 27
1918
January—June.......... 8. 25/18. 6013. 59) 6. 50)17. 00/11. 17/10. 50/16. 00/13. 05} 7. '75)18. 25/12. 08/10. 00/18. 25/14. 36
July-December........ 15. 00/20. 50}17. 90] 6. 00/17. 00)11.62) 9. 00/20. 50)14. 27/13. 00/19. 60/15. 92/14. 75/19. 00/17. 00
1919.
January—-June.......... 10. 00/20. 40/16. 02) 6. 50/17. 25)11. 66,13. 50/17. 75) 14. 53/10. 25/19. 50/14. 82) 9. 00\18. 75)15. 00
July-December.......- 11, 25)21. 50|15. 97) 5. 50\17. 25/10. 75 13. 50/19. 25)15. 16} 8. 00/19. 00/13. 48) 8. 00/18. 85)12. 56
1920.
[LEC 9. 00; 19. 50/13. 57) 6. 50)15. 00/10. 31/11. 50/19. 00)14. 64) 8. 75:18. 00)13. 14) 9. 00/16. 50/12. 29
MIBBENARY cc .ce2 cscs. 9. 00/17. 00|12. 86} 6. 00/13. 50} 9. 50/10. 50/16. 00/13. 45) 8. 00/17. 00|12. 09) 8. 00/14. 50)10. 62
U0 oe 8. 50)15. 75/12. 22) 7. 00)14. 00/10. 50) 8. 50/15. 50)12 08} 8. 00/15. 00/11. 61] 8. 00)14. 25)11. 38
Lone i 8. 50/16. 00/12. 12} 7. 00/14. 00/10. 25/10. 00/14. 75)12. 33) 9. 00/15. 0012. 03} 8. 00/14. 00/11. 33
LAS See 10. 00/14. 40/12. 02/11. 50,13. 25)12. 35/10. 00/14. 25 12. 02/10. 00/14. 25/11. 84) 8. 00/13. 50)10. 44
‘is ee 9. 75)17. 25|14. 08/11. 25]17. 00)13. 56/11. 75/16. 50 14. 89/10. 00)17. 25)13. 32) 8. 50/16. 50/13. ll
January—June....| 8. 50|19. 50)12. 81} 6. 00/17. 00/11. 08) 8. 50)19. 00,13. 8. 00/18. 00)12. 34! 8. 00/16. 50,11. 53
Wily Oe ae 9. 00)17. 25/13. 27}11. 00)16. 00)13. 20/10. 10) 17. 00/15. 39) 9. 00/17 00/13 05} 7. 00)16. 50/12. 44
U0 Li Se 8. 65)17. 75/13. 18]10. 00)14. 50)12. 31/14. 00/16. 60/15. 52) 8. 00/16. 85/12. 69) 7. 00/17. 00/11. 80
peprember.... 2.2.55... 9. 25/18. 00)14. 82/10. 00)14. 00)12. 22/15. 00/16. 50/15. 94) 7. 00)17. 65/12. 71! 8. 00/17. 50/13. 36
UCU de 10. 50)17. 75)14. 06/10. 0014. 00/11. 75/15. 00/17. 75 16. 26) 7.00/17. 70/12. 10) 9. 00)17. 50 12. 94
INOVEMDOr....2.-.----- 7. 00)18. 10/12. 50) 8. 00}13. 50/11. 00/12. 00/16. 00/13. 38} 7. 00/17. 70/11. 17) 6. 50}14. 00} 9. 93
HecwmMper....,.c..-- 6. 10}15. 50/10. 09} 4. 50)11. 50) 7.90) 4. 50/13. 00} 8.32) 6.00/14. 50) 9.98) 6. 00/13. 75) 8. 92
July-December. .} 6. 10/18. 10/12. 99! 4. 50/16. 00/11. 40) 4. 50/17. 75/14. 14) 6. 00/17. 70/11. 95) 6. he: 50) L. 56
| |

734 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
BUTTER AND EGGS.
TABLE 247.—Butter: Average price received by farmers on 1st of each month, by States,
1920, and United States, 1909-1919.
/ Butter, cents per pound.
State and year. —
Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May.} June.| July. | Aug. | Sept Oct. | Nov.| Dec.
!
ES Roe Se | e8| 63] 68| 65| 64} 60 61
New Hampshire. ---......--. | 66 68 66 68 69 64 63
Wermnent.- 6...) 2 2 a. 24 74 67 67 69 68 66 65 4
Massachusetts.........-.-.-- 69 70 | 70 69 73 72 67 }
Rhade Island |... ; 3 .- 3.2. 70 68 64 72 70 72 55 4
Connecticut..........-.-.-- 70| 69{ 71| 66] 68| 68 65
NGwW MORK: ~. izta¢sho cone 70 67 66 64 66 64 C3
New Jersey.-.o32 5. 22-2850 75 71 70 70 74 73 D4
Pennsylvania® <2: 55 5> ee 70 68 66 64 66 63 64
Helnwire .<. s-~- -e-— 2 1 hd 65 65 62 62 66 64
Maryland =. .51. <=. £easeees 60 59 58 61 62 56 58
(Ay oS ee See ed eS ae 55 53 54 53 53 50 49
West Virpriia.-- 2) so. es! 59 57 55 55 54 53 53
‘Noren Carolinas. “eee e 51 52 52 50 49 46 50
South Caroling. ° 2° =... 2-2-3 58 52 56 56 53 57 53
EE AE pe a ee Ed py 2 54 49 48 48 48 49 “49
Wiopiiss 22" And fe eo 61 68 62 61 62 62 63
Olite = tie ee he 62 59 56 58 58 54 56
Tng@lann- * 2852 eee eS 60 55 52 53 55 50 51.
Pa eo TOR Oh 59 58 53 56 55 53 653
Mighisnst-_.” 23.3. 5 65 61 59 57 59 53 56
WSCOMSI TT. - 3 ie Te de 67 63 60 63 63 58 58
MUNTIESULH ee ee eee 67 61 59 58 62 57 +57
lows: 2460.47) S42 64 59 58 57 57 54 55
Mishoo = 3. Pi ee Pe 54 48 48 50 49 46 48
North Dakota.............: 65 61 53 55 56 54 53
Seutn Parota:.*-.-*--2- 65 60 57 57 59 54 53 5t
INGHIUSEME nl. cee oe 63 56 50 54 52 53 52 x 2
Se ae SO ie OR eet RE 59 54 52 53 53 51 53 .
CTT. 5: A eae 49) 48) 46) 46] 45] 43 45 45 Ns
Tennessee..........-.------ 44] 42| 43| 42] 42] 38 39 chia =
Ainge fae ee coe 45 44 44 44 45 43 45 ro
MESSINSITITIE.-: Se eater oh 51 48 45 48 48 46 43 47 f
Bodissia.-. oc 57 50 49 53 48 48 53 ~ §2
TSHR ee cae eee 54 48 48 46 45 43 44 48
50 53
46 46
55 ‘53
53 61
58
67 64
65
59
65
69
59
58
64

. 54.7
A re ER ae Te 54.9 | 49.6) 43.8 | 47.6] 50.3 | 49.1 . 2] 48. 2 56.0] 60.0
ROS hha dpe waeraene wees 43.1] 43.7 | 43.4 | 40.7 | 39. 9 | 38. 6 . 2] 39. 7 49.7] 52.7
(LEE ee SET I > 34. 0} 33. 5 | 34.1 | 33.5 | 36.1] 35.0 . 5| 34. 0 40.9] 41.9
BUC vias aieiv's's gba dae cee 28. 3 | 27.6 | 27.1 | 27.6 | 27.9] 26. 5 . 7) 26. 1 29.0) 311) 344
RUD ies imrin spepteckycdnvens 28. 7| 27.9 | 26.8 | 25.8) 25.7] 24.8 . 2| 24. 2 25.3 | 26.4] 27.6
RUA Ma wena x ae ven ax sapnseeben 29. 2 | 27.4 | 26.0] 24.9 | 23.8 | 22.8 . 9} 23. 7 26. 0) 26.3] 28.4
SUNG aiidh us pvp odes ss eeawiceds 28. 4 | 27.6 | 27.5] 27.6] 27.0] 25. 5] 24.7] 24.9 27. 5| 28.2] 20.2
US Se a epee ee = 28. 1] 29. 0 | 27.2] 26.1] 26.0] 24.8 . 4) 23.7 25.6] 26.9] 28.8
EMER hed pineiedseu's wevan cae 27.8 | 24.1] 22.7} 22.6] 21.4] 20.3 . 4) 21.7 23.8] 25.2] 27.4
MAU WiganevapnwandyashSer0 28.7 | 27.9] 26.3) 25.8 | 26.5] 24.1 . 3 | 23.8 26.2 | 27.1] 27.8
SPOR am can ehWn Seog aadpudsvcelan Saas 25.1 | 24.5 | 24.2 | 24.0) 22.5 -9| 22.4 25.0 | 26,2) 27.4

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 735

BUTTER AND EGGS—Continued.

TasBie 248.—Butter: Wholesale price per pound, 1913-1920.

Date.

1913.

Jani —June....|
July-December. - -|

1914,

January-June. ..-
July-December. . .

1915.

January-June. ...
July-December. . .

1916.

January-June. -.-.
July-December...

1917.

January-June. ...
- July-December. --

1918.

January-June. ...
“July-December. . .

1919.

January-June. . -.

_ July-December. .

July-December.

[Compiled from commercial papers.]

Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, | New York, Boston,
creamery, extra. | creamery, extra. | creamery, extra. creamery, extra.| creamery, extra.

|| 4 a g | 3 | 4
Eldi SB l/elaialelaislelal S| elal B
Go| = > o| | & Sila We Polke | & leo | & =
AJA} 4a ]A lA] ea JRA} 4a [AA eA |B
c1s.| c1s.| Ces. | ces. Cus.| Ces. | cus.| crs.| Cre. | Crs. Gis.| cs. | Cx.| Crs.) ce
2b N86. | 2-2 5ce SL WAN GIS fae ig ek Ee | 264 | 42 |...... | 28 | 364 |-....-
PAS EBD. || stent 30 | 394 ]...... 26 | 354 |-.....- 26 | 374 |...-.- | 27 | 35 | bes.
ae gee 274 | 394 |.....- 254 | 35H} 2. 23.2) 242-1. BO. |. 2... 25 345 | > oe
7a (CY Sal ee ST oe hs: S| Sale al stats ae 7 26 36k fss322 2% | 335 fe:

|

26 | d4umh...-.- 29% | 38 |-..... 73 ee Ce 7 he oe 27 =| 33h |..-.-.
2 Rall | at Mies : 3h) (eee 7 GONE Boal Oe eee Ze US. S| 26 3 conan
Pie PaCS | Nea BO PAN ae scn 2 poi ba hal epee 7 che Eee 20), | Shao
27% | 42 |-.----- 31% | 46)... --- 274 | 42 |-.-.--- 284 | 424 ].....- 2ON SOs sss
Ob? | 20s [Peo SIG face: a eee 3607] 46152222. 374 Pe lsck ize ie ee
BY ae 0 |S ot ts He Pees 384 | 48 |..---- 37% | 514 |....-. 39% | 46 |......

49} | 44 544

594. | 65 | 62.5 60.9 | 615.| 695 | 64.7
| 55° | 65 | 61.8] 65 | 67 | 66.0| 50 | 61 | 54.1 | 634 | 674 | 66.5
56 | 68t | 64.3 | 67 | 723 | 69.3| 60 | 65 | 63.0] 63 | 68% | 66.4
60 | 674 | 63.9 | 67 | 694 | 67.8| 61 | 65 | 63.3 | 664 | 76 | 71.2
524 | 62 | 56.8 | 584 | 654 | 61-8 | 52 | 61 | 56.5| 59 | 66 | 61.5
52 | 564 | 54.6 | 55 | 60 | 58.0| 52 | 56 | 54.1) 55 | 60 | 57.4
52 | 684 | 60.6 | 55 | 724 | 64.8| 50 | 65 | 58.6 | 55 | 76 | 64.6
53 | 564 | 54.5| 58 | 60 | 59.1|/ 50 | 55 | 53.5| 55 | 59 | 56.8
52 | 56 | 53.8| 57 | 60 | 585/49 | 54 | 50.5] 533/57 | 55.4
544 | 59 | 56.5 | 58% | 64 | 60.4| 50 | 564 | 52.6] 56 | 62 | 59.2
54 | 60 | 57.0| 57 | 634 | 60.2| 48 | 58 | 53.2| 563 | 623 | 60.0
53 | 62 | 59.7| 62 | 63 | 62.5| 49 | 52 | 50.8) 57 | 65 | 63.5
a7 | 58 | 51.1|57 | 58 | 54.4| 44 | 50 | 45.6| 52 | 58 | 55.3
47

a
lo
oO
on
~
or
<<]
for)
ha
or
wo
i]
on
oo
on
—_—
o
or
bo
for]
Oo
or
es)
rs

736 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

BUTTER AND EGGS—Continued.

TaBLE 249.—Butter: International trade, calendar years 1909-1919.

[Butter includes all butter made from milk, melted and renovated butter, but does not include margarine,
coco butter, or ghee. See ‘‘General note,’’ Table 230.]

Average

EXPORTS.
|
1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
!
pou pounds. n ie
7, 676 10, 192 Pe, 502 fee FS,
54,022 | 16,722 | 75,840| 72,278| 41,205) /seeecueuee
RRS RRR Mian CEU ll
2,500 3, 593 7, 787 16, 509
210,084 | 223, 211,090 | 135,502) 32,306 |Jgeecsse8
24, 56 20,015 | _.. 8,960 |........-2]_ =.) ee
39,616} 44, 18, 937 1,119
"9,310 | "7,488 | 72 | 172 |) 5
84,407 | 98,352] 78,910 30, 242
48,616 | 47,056] 40,167] 28,492] 48,275 }|..........
1,575 3, 607 ,027| ©) =i jee Lanes
118,997 | 119,359 | °. 23'|:_22. 2.2) s eee
41,941 | 41,532] 28,704 76
3, 688 17,943 | 26, 561 34, 556
3, 142 2,198 3,860 | 6,313 | “3,890 ja ose <M

| 650,141 | 651,587 | 515,159

IMPORTS.

Country. 1909-1913. ,
From— pounds.
ATPCRSING 8 85 aun. eae es ena ns 6, 934
ATI PATIRS 2 oS. ae Ses 77, 859
Austria-Hungary ..............- 4, 267
Belotiias. 5. - eoes See 3,125
So 2 a eS ee ee Se ee 3, 973
petra 2 ee Cee ee 195, 530
Mitlone,” .. 9e-2* it eee See 26, 337
Branee 28 3.2tt..) 225 eee ee 40,769
Gernmny. -..c.) os) eee 498
Halye Ste Pe en eee 7,870
Nethariands.2. 5b... . 2.55.8. se 75, 133
New Zealand... .--.2<.26-.-% 38, 761
Norpy.. 22-20: oe ee bee 3, 137
i, eh eee Bae ees See 150, 294
Sweders= 27S... fo) eee Ss 45, 870
United States: <.. .-...3-52e-- tz 4,125
Other countries...........-.--.-- 4,811
otal 26 J<. -3-5 4457-453 689, 293

!

Into— |
Austria-Hungary .............-- 6, 281
LT eS ee Fs 14, 024
Cb py IS a i” Sa ee: 4,551
British South Africa............ 4,025

ee ee ee ee eee 3,388
Demmnige oo oe at tea 6, 241
Dutch East Indies.............-. 4,152
QYPE: soos 0326 t es eh te 2,350
Lp a ne A eee eS 2,370
boar CS Ae Be ee 08 2 By a IP 13,713
GORA : So dn nbc ee e865 111, 441
RBC OR ISTO oho le naw ann 4, 987
Bovine es 8 oe ie eds ee 2, 202
Swedetien-: . 95.35, Sua ee 330
Switreriorid <—, 6. saa o> a5 11, 106
United Kingdom... 455, 489
Other countries 27, 364

pl +) (RG RR od Oe Een 674, 014

duane cosafccoapecackieeeseoteceioneuee. ele 11,177
2, 364 42
3, 990 385
7,250 1, 464
3, 054 ya,
4873} 4,257| 4,840] 4,308] 4,322]..... a
1, 945 602
2) 959 ee
13° 655 12; 782
3, 830 615
2,969 | 2,615 | © -6,929°|. 2... -0 1c... ee

189 61| 15,756 | 11,426] 13,846
8, 900 946 369 54] 18,250

436,019 240,270 | 201,605} 176,692] 174,340
29, 416 14,300| 13,214] 9,778) sects...
521,463 | 477,665 | 271,376 | 237,110 | 206,915 |..........

1 Does notinclude statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the oo
1514-1918. Therefore the totaltrade statistics ofimports and exports for a]] countries are not strictly com-

parable during that period.
? Less than 600 pounds.

’

ae

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 737
BOTTER AND EGGS—Continued.

~ Tasue 250.—Butter: Receipts at seven leading markets in the United States, 1891-1920.

é
; [From Board of Trade, Chamber of Commerce, and Merchants’ Exchange reports: for 1917 and subse-
- ev Wiaest from Bureau of Markets.]}
‘
; ' ome!

a Mil- \San Fran-| Total5 | Cincin- New
Year. waukee. St. Louis.

| cisco. | cities. | nati. | York.

Boston. “bas Chicago.
|

1,000 1,000 | 1,000 1,006 | 1,000 1,000 1,000

é 1,000
Averages: pounds. pounds. pounds. | pounds. pounds. pownds. packages. packages.
1891-1805. .......... 40,955 | 145, 225 3,996 | 13,944] 15,240 219, 360 1, 741
1896-1900.......--.- | 50, 232, 289 5,096! 14,582] 14,476 317, 233 | 157 2, 010
1901-1905...........| 57, 716 | 245, 203 7,164 | 14,685] 15,026! 339,794 | 177 2, 122
1906-1910........... | 66,612 | 286, 518 8.001} 17,903 | 13,581 392,615 169 2, 207
5,590 | 13,477| 14,972 345, 348 233{ ° 2,040
7, 290 | 14,573 | 14,801 310. 471 223 | 1, 933
6,857 | 14,080] 13,570 320, 886 121 | 2, 113
,993 | 15,727 | 14,336 342, 515 147 | 2, 170
8,091! 15,566 | 17,450 379, 747 | 155 | 2, 355
} | }
8,209 13,198| 9,282 344,489 205| 2,242
8,219} 13,453 | 17,359 366, 335 187 2,113
8,798 | 18,614] 13,833 427,783 166 | 2,175
7,458 | 21,086 | 14,486 | 392,631 150 2, 250
7,319 23,163 | 13,994 432, 883 135 | 2, 257
i ae 63, 874 | 334, 932 8,632 | 24,839] 21,118 453, 395 162 2, 405
TELE A SST Sataleenaies 71,609 | 287, 799 6,927 | 20,399} 24,887 411,621 120 2, 433
Be Pe OL RS... 71, 703 | 286, 220 9,415 | 24,686 | 23,027 415, 051 102 2, 522
CS Ss a ee | 73, 028 | 311, 557 9,716 | 24,614] 22,421 441, 336 72 2, 505
© W915..----.-.-.---.--- 82,082 | 344, 879 8,679 | 21,264 | 28,349 485, 253 129 2,741
! i
vu, eS ee 79, 305 | 359, 195 7,976 | 16,445 | 28,029 490, 950 | 151 | 2, 918
7 oe MEs.....:.] 69,168 | 323, 100 6,116 | 16,996} 25,032 440, 412 63 2, 575
WOIn tise cays... 71, 440 7, 661 5,094} 14,164 | 22,908 391, 267 | 68 | 2, 804
| Philadel- |
|__phia.
i. ee hid 73,223 | 185,779 6,114] 18,111 | 22,031 | 305,528 683° 2, 980
2), =i ian 72,992 | 176, 745 4,859 | 16,273 | 23,567 294, 436 648 2,195
1920. |
linn 3,216 | 10, 065 303 909 1,488 | 15,981 43 157
February...........- 3,176 9, 447 246 940 1,665 15, 473 47 149
pages 8 5,368 | 11, 398 338 1, 035 2,178 | 20, 317 45 173
1 OT ee a a 3,709 | 10, 343 266 537 3,141 17, 996 40 105
i 6,322 | 17,118 265 809 2,767 | 27, 281 53 | 179
Dob le 12,060 | 25, 344 607 2,191 2,197 42, 399 83 269
Mahe ok! 14,406 | 27, 633 748 2, 275 1,744 46, 805 78 287
Myepe ee... .2... 8,749 | 20, 200 661 2, 068 1,789 | 33, 468 64 243
September........... 6,762 | 15, 455 470 1, 838 1,722 | 26,247 63 199
Ociobers.= bo... 5... 4,372 | - 11, 417 382 1, 304 1,739 19,214 | 50 161
November........... 2,378 | 9, 528 312 1, 151 1,565 | 14, 934 | 40 | 139
December. ...........} 2, 474 | &, 797 261 1, 216 1, 572 14, 321 42 134
|

30702°—yrx 1920-———47**

738 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

BUTTER AND EGGS—Continued.

TasLe 251.—Eggs: Average price received by farmers on 1st of each month, by States,
1920, and United States, 1909-1920.

| Eggs, cents per dozen.
State and year.

| Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May.| June.) July.| Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dec.
Mame... 24... -. -. Jae | a 65 62 52 50 48 51 59 62 71 75 86
New Hampshire... .....-.-- LY nT 78 64 55 55 57 60 64 71 74 81 86
Warmont. oo... -. 3-22. 22 eee 64) 62 57 46 48 51 53 58 63 70 83
Massachusetts.......---.---- | 90 89 | 72 63 64 63 65 68 75 78 93 101
Rhode Island.....-....---- | 100 85 | 82 67 52 60 67 62 70 78 90 100
Gannocticutss..2.<..+-t5b et 91 84 70 54 51 55 62 68 70 82 83 95
New York 12¢......2.22¢.42 79 72 62 49 46 47 48 54 59 65 72 al
Now Jersey... -- te 84 70; 68 53 49 51 56 63 64 67 86
Pennsylvania.....-..-.----- 75 70; 61 45 40 42 45 49 52 59 69 75
Delaware: = -t<.--2 ---sc eee 64 60; 60 43 40 45 47 44 48 54 78 80
Maryland). 225.......2Ski 66 60 | 54 40 39 39 40 44 49 55 57 75
Wirpinia =. 8..c 5 SRS 65 57,49 39 37 38 40 40 44 53 65
West Virginia. ...........--. 68 64 49 43 39 38 42 44 43 51 61 65
North Carolina. ..........-- 59 54) 47 35 36 37 41 39 44 51 52 58
South Carolina...........-- 60 55] 52 44 42 41 44 43 44 52 57
Goorpin 963... 2... ee 61} 51 44 38 36 37 38 39 55
Florida 66 ol | 25l 41 36 38 41 45 69
his 67 61 49 39 38 38 38 42 71
Indiana 64 58 45 38 37 36 35 40 67
Dinos see oS ee 62 58 44 38 37 36 35 38 65
Mighigan--£2........ 20.2% 69 62 51 40 38 39 38 42 65
Wisconsin <2. ..: 22.5. Wexaee 64 58 47 39 37 36 35 39 61
MinnésotaibesstS. ese <2 61 53 45 36 37 35 33 37 60
TO Wika odo aE cS ce see 63 53 42 54 37 36 34 38 61
MiSSOUN 3.5... 2 oy at ee 59 50 43 37 36 34 32 35 61
)
More Dakota: 52-25. 64 60 48 40 34 34 31 34 52
South Dakota. --- 2222 :2-<.; 64 56 40 35 35 34 32 35 59
Moebraska. 22 .. Sc. ess 3s 60 51 41 35 36 33 32 33 56
Weamsas. oo 2) Oe ee oe 59 48 40 35 35 33 30 33 60
senvacky -2a.2 2. 22cb Suga 60 54 44 36 34 35 34 36 61
Menness60_cs. + oot. tack She 56 50 42 34 33 32 31 32 58
Aaiamn® 2920 >! SP he oe 56 49 41 34 33 33 32 35 51
MISHSSIP Pe. foe ae se ese 57 48 41 36 34 32 31 34 ~52
EL Otisiane <4) 23 io ga ae 60 51 42 40 35 34 35 38 53
PORAS? 2 < Sag 23552 72c eee 58 44 | 32 31 29 27 27 30 56
Oklahoma s:>.:22.-Seawcx 63 51 37 34 32 28 29 30 56
NPRANSAS: so. 222. ger | 56 47 39 33 32 33 31 34 52
MOLAR ot. see ener 72 59 57 47 38 38 41 38 58
Wryomitiesscs 220-23 74 67 51 44 42 39 42 47 70
VOlISradys . ee fe eee 73 58 45 40 38 38 38 42 67
Now Mexicotos. Sos 70 61 44 39 41 41 38 43 57
AYICONG | oes ee etre ned 83 72 47 45 50 46 45 54 73
Utah 71 58 38 35 37 36 38 39 64
opeer* 52 50 51 47 46 51 50 75
78 63 46 37 38 39 41 43 70
71 56 43 36 38 40 39 42 70
71 60 41 34 39 39 40 43 70
70 55 41 37 36 38 38 45 74 .
64.8 | 56.9 | 46.6 | 38.8 | 37.4 | 37.0 | 36.7 | 40.0 56.9 65.0
(> ___ _____ _______- a= Oe"
57.2 | 48.3 | 33.1] 34.3 | 36.8 | 38.6 | 36.8 | 39.3 E 61.9
46.3 | 49.4 | 40.4] 31.2 | 31.0] 29.8 | 30.7 | 34.4 R 55.0
37.7 | 35.8 | 33.8 | 25.9 | 30.0 {| 31.1 | 28.3 | 29.8 y 43.3
30.6 | 26.8 | 21.2] 17.9] 18.1] 19.0} 19.7 | 20.7 28.1 38.1
31.6 | 29.2 | 21.3 | 16.6] 17.1 | 16.6] 16.8] 17.0 22.3 | 26.3 | 30.6
30.7 | 28.4 | 24.2] 17.6] 16.8 | 17.3 | 17.6 | 18.2 23.5 | 25.3 |; 29.7
26.8 | 22.8 | 19.4] 16.4] 16.1] 16.9] 17.0] 17.2 23.4 | 27.4] 33.0
29.5 | 29.1 | 24.5] 17.8] 17.1] 16.7 | 16.7] 17.4 22.0 | 25.9} 29.7
-| 30.4 | 22.1 | 16.5 | 14.9 | 14.7 | 14.5 | 14.2 | 15.5 20.0 | 23.5] 28.7
30.5 | 28.9 | 22.9 | 18.6] 18.6 | 18.3 | 18.2 | 17.6 22.4 | 25.3 | 29.0
4 aes 25.8 | 20.1 | 16.8 | 17.8 | 18.4 | 18.5 | 19.2 22.1 | 24.8 | 28.4

eo

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 739

BUTTER AND EGGS—Continued.
TABLE 252.—Eggs: Wholesale price per dozen, 1913-1920.

[Compiled from commercial papers. ]

Chicago, fresh i. =. e St. Louis, fresh | Milwaukee, New York,
firsts. Cincinnati. firsts. fresh firsts. fresh firsts.
Date. é é F é | ‘
Ts) oo oo oD to
: celal lelelilela|] Slelal a lela] s
5 oie > = > > : > =4 S
3 eo) Bnd idee Sab e.| Seta a le tal
1913. Cts.| Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts.| Cts. | Cts. cr. Cts.
January-June. ...| 164 | 274 |..-...-. LOA Zia ioe ce a TAB 2s | eee ons Me. Sn Gee Ay Ar ee
July-December...| 16 | 37 |...... ths 9 A a Ne eae Shae fa a toeedoteey 251/65" p
1914. ;
January-June. ...| 17 | 32} |...... 162/36) tees: 1 gil is ta Pe 15 ae cree 20° 1°50:
July-December...| 18 | 36 |...... TSka th SAT ae ee rm) fie, a (pee 1h | 2c 2 be Ale =
J ae % 5k 34 44
anuary-June....| 16 | 38, |....-- Tes al S| a he 158 B7d, | oer ste Se! Hem) Oa £50" 447 Pee
July-December...| 16 | 303 |...... TT age) Wl ape ase | ee fIGs Nee 2D ay aes 19.71:49-71>
1916.
January-June... .| 184 | 324 |...... i ed es 2 SA Dh ae Cppoe| aie Hie ee 1 fe lig 3 Wiel I eee | 2eg (35 -pee
July-December...) 212 | 41 |...... 17k WATE | ose Cae ee Tied ae Bes (1 gy ES ter Bs 234 | 47° Jo...
1917. |
January-June. ...| 26 | 49 |...... Bae MOOR dc coon 255 | 44 |.....- 5S i ie © il 2. es ae ee
July-December...) 30} | 57 |...-.. 20,64 G7) deeonas ee OCs om a BT? is Gee ae | 34 | 62 |-.--..
1918. | | / vy
January-June. ...| 29 | 63 | 40.1 | 26 | 66 | 386/26 | 59 | 38.0| 30 | 58 | 47.4 | 315; 70 | 445
July-December...| 34 | 65 | 48.3 | 33 | 65 | 46. 4 30 | 63 | 45.6 | 34 | 63 | 46.8] 36 | 72 | 52.7
1919. |
January-June....| 35 | 634 | 42.8 | 324 | 52 | 41.7] 33 | 62 | 40.7| 35 | 60 | 42.0 | 364/68 | 46.9
July-December...) 39 | 80 | 53.6 | 42 | 78 | 55.7 364 | 72- | 50.2| 39 | 74 | 50.9) 51 | 94 | 64.4
1920. | | |
Sainary.......... 544.| 71 | 64.3] 65 | 77 | 71.2| 56 | 66 | 60.7] 54 | 62 | 59.3|60 | 85 | 73.6
February......... 50 | 574 | 52,2] 50 | 59 | 55.1 | 484 | 56 | 50.0) 47 | 58 | 51.1| 56 | 64 | 61.2
.. 3 eee Al | 49k | 44.1] 40 | 53 | 44.5] 40 | 474 | 42.21 40 | 48 | 42.2] 4228160 | 49.1
Loh eon 40 | 452 | 41.7| 38 | 40 | 38.3] 373 | 392 | 38.2] 38 | 41 | 39.5 | 404] 463] 43.8
Tb ia 39 | 42% | 41.2] 40 | 41 | 40.8] 364 | 40 | 38.2] 40 | 42 | 40.7| 41 | 463] 44.4
Wnnoaeso..).... 37 | 42 | 38.9] 37 | 43 | 39.3] 33 | 374 | 35.1] 35 | 40 | 387/41 | 46 | 43.1
January-June. .| 37 | 71 | 47.1 | 37 | 7 48.2 | 33 | 66 44.1 | 35 62 | 45.2 405 | 85 52.5
ig ae 39 | 444 | 42.2 41 | 45 | 43.5|37 | 41 | 387/38 | 43 | 40.8|42 |50 | 46.7
yin: 444 | 50k | 46.7| 43 | 45 | 45.8] 42 | 473 44.9 | 42 | 50 | 45.8 47 | 57 | 50.8
September........ 50 | 554 | 52.6| 49 | 58 | 54.0] 474] 51 | 50.0| 49 | 55 | 524/53 |61 | 56.5
Orieperiee ss: 56 | 59 757.8] 58 | 62 | 60.5] 51 | 58 | 54.6] 54 | 58 | 56.4|57 | 71 | 65.6
ovember........ 160 | 73 |681|63 | 77 | 69.5] 58 | 71 | 65.2] 55 | 68 | 63.4|68 | 81 | 76.5
December........ 59} | 78 | 70.2| 62 | 80 | 73.2157 | 73 | 66.0|68 | 77 | 71.9| 71 | 89 | 79.2
July-December. 39 | 78 | 56.3 | ANG SOs | SVS Ste> | Tae io nsee 38 | 7 | 55.1 | 42 | 89 | 62.6
| | I |

11918, fresh firsts; previous years include seconds.

740

TaBLe 253.—Eggs: Recevpts at seven ieading markets in the United States, 1891-1920,

[From Board of Trade, Chamber of Commerce, and Merchants’ Exchange reports: for i917 and subse-

Yearbcok of the Departmeni of Agriculiure, 1920.
BUTTER AND EGGS—Continued.

quently from Bureau of Markets.]

Year. Boston.
}

Averages: Cases.

1891-1895...| 722,363

1896-1900...} 912, 807

1901-1905. .:| 1, 155, 340

1906-1910. ..| 1,517, 995
z(t ae ees 1, 040, 555
(2) 1 ee eee 1, 053, 165
RR = see 1, 164, 777
WO04s. cos ae 1, 122;819
1905... s2<4255 1,395, 385
it! | ee +e 1, 709, 531
10004 oo 1,594, 576
100825 casen va 1, 436, 786
Lt ee es 1, 417, 397
1910. eee 1, 431, 686
jC a a a ae 1, 441, 768
Th at aE ee 1, 580, 106
yi) 5 Bn apo te ies 1, 589, 400
1 OE Re len aS ee 1, 531, 329
15 tae SES 1, 757, 594
DG eee 1,649, 828
uy fy the PE 1, 501, 956
LC eg See e 1, 604, 289

|
ph Take Ee EE 1, 658, 990
tr | SR = 1, 647, 648
1920.

January.......- 72, 076
February...-... 113, 113
Maren. oS. nan 148, 784
fy | ORE ane 252, 858
CV RSS peep oe 384, 322
Be eae pee rs 204, 280
Jaly.. 118, 811
BULBS Ec cnt ass 110, 081
September. .... 95, 170
RICT ODI ane oso xn 65, 442
November. . ..- 48, 988
December. ..... 33, 723

Chicago.

oo

583

PEEL
Eases Skee

~I
—
=

Ps tax

wvwewee
we ef

SEES

or
3
aa

CU OT Ot ie ee ee
wwe

z
ON
a
=]
©

.
~I
rms
wo

4,616, 652
4, 153, 584

a

461, 927
812) 371

853, 910
184, 022
176, 733

Phila-

delphia.

1, 704, 377

1, 395, 909

76, 346
81, 111
120, 156
164, 010
242° 466
180, 152
106, 634
115, 775
117, 955
80, 924
56, 629
53, 751

Milwau-
kee.

128, 179
114, 732
129, 278
166, 409
159, 990

187, 561
176, 826
207; 558
160, 418
179, 448

175, 270
136, 896
191, 059
224” 797
192) 743

208, 924
134,625
180,616

262, 583
219) 465

9, 152
14” 782

New
York.

A510 WwW

“sve

woes
w
or
“ uel
nS
Om im

ooo He He CO CD
a8 Saeee

575, O14
715, 768

697, 921
757, 058

2
g

gear

<

~~

00.0.0 |] Mwoa1681
BEE) S885

COwo nH

BB:

| oad

J ses

oo
>,

~

~~~

~
-

bib pacts
$3 8
Bs &,

oo.

we

SN8

ae

oe

e 2
B8e BESee Bayee geeue

ht et
ww or
we
. t

fe
SENSSeR2253 85

es

lem sA role tee od

ee ee LO Ie ee ee

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products.
CHEESE.

TaspLe 254.—Cheese: International trade, calendor years 1909-1919)

[Cheese includes all cheese made from milk; Kadi cheese,’ ofcourse, is included.

741

See “ General note,”

1,000
pounds.

Table 226. }
EXPORTS.
aa : az —— ate 3
Country. Sone |) 191d |r en91s 1916 1917 1918 |
ote apeica o 008 Cae See ee ee ee
1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 « 1,000 | 1,000
From— | nownds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds. | pounds.
0 Le eg pe eee PERG lh Be ese bee se Ree secre a be psp ail etary RUE finle tio hg
ae 167, 260 | 138,265 | 160,660} 170,248] 176,380 | 164,163
i ae Al) a rr 26, 880 22, 324 16, 242 11, 704 7, 403 5, 213
BRCROUAN erage se cis oa cee t au were = TOR TGIE wae anh ollvae ge ae lh on eee lies Bie std aah oe ee
Se aie 60,560 | 66,004 | 65,762| 39,323 4, 337 938
Netherlands.....-- Stl ee 127,379 | 149,574| 190,334 | 199,599| 123,634] 32, 893
oil Gr 55, 561 96, 743 91,533 | 106, 335 99, 203 98, 944
UN 7,011 3, 827 995 L0G tee 3 bes ee
Lia Ch ae 70,075 | 77,573| 74,775 | 47,215) 12,861 2, 680
Mmied States... 2s... -. -..- 5, 142 3,797 | 62,953 | 54,093] 53,372] 48 405
Other countries...............-- 10,705 | 12,175] 18,937| 26,204) 28,664) 24,440
Toni eg i oe 538,124 | 570,282 | 682,191 | 654, 828 | 505,854 | 377,676 |
IMPORTS.
i | % Be en ee |
Into— | |
Ola ee 6,592 | 6,738 4,658 | 4,275 2,802 | 2,475
yopntinaMees: 2... 2.2:..2.-.-. 10, 447 8, 453 7,306 3,133 689 | 82
(Sl 1 a 360 230 1,532 86 46 | 14
Austria-Hungary D2 2083! 45 Se. 53/6 sa. Se Lh ea sPaa dere eccs Bee a2
Belgium........- PB ATIALON: seks Oe Slot eee il Pane 1: Se See
Brazil 4,178 3, 288 2,300 1, 423 337 159
Britis 5, 169 5,044 3,955 2,109 530 252 |
iy) ee a ee ee ae 4, 520 4,229 2,839 2,715 1, 835 3,318
apt i 1,414 1,048 847 318 39} (2)
Wirt) ee as 8, 182 5,953 5,785 1, 865 148 2,794
UT ih, ae 49, 055 45,521 46,744 24,139 12,047 11, 206 |
ne ie a ASG RT AVS Pe ses okt RD | ee es he Te Be -seet fh 2 ce Ae
int oa 13, 3¢8 9, 838 3,472 252 9 746
Spins AP a 3, 911 4,129 3,738 2} AGG ieee. Oh [ce 3
“Suri 222 ge aS ee ee 5, 032 5, 150 3,202 1,465 410 238
Switzerland. ................... 7, 150 4,717 3,410 427 214 87 |
United Kingdom. .............. 257,407 | 266,591 | 299,920} 287,115 | 327,981 | 263, 132 |
United States:..2.....-:..-.-... 46,346 | 55,477] 38,919] 28,516 6, 333 7, 562
Othercountries................- 19, 589 12, 380 9,598 6,812 5,791 &, 457
Motal.2 7.03 ~~ Remy! fe 535,417 | 438,847 | 438,225 | 366,716| 359,211 | 295,522 |

1 Does not include statistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the war period,
1914-1918. ‘Therefore the tota) trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not strictly com-

parable during that period.
2 Less than 500 pounds.

742

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

CHICKENS AND TURKEYS.

TaBLE 255.—Chickens: Average price received by farmers on 1st of each month, by States, ?

ty

, 1909-1920.

and United States

1920,

Chickens, cents per pound.

Oct.

connec

i addsa

CORSM I8BNODM WHOSCH COMON OCbhAtH

S4SdS S265 BANAS AARRA AAada

|

State.

Jan. |

pr. | May. —= Aug. =

Feb. | Mar. | A

lay a

or te'S SEAS DOHHHHA SOMHON POW OM

‘dduug diddd dddda ddan saacic

SS
CAO MTHONO HFHHO~-OS BONO H DNA

wn
Saeeqg gesds géiss Sinks <esain
o

MIMINS OHNHO MME DO CHHND Onroiw
Asdaid Htiass sired Aneres Waser
69 OD OD =H wt pet Te] Hees ARARA AAA

Roaooo SNM NMHEON OMRRID MHOHNWO

BASGE AASSS BEAK SHANA AAAAA

~ADOWwW be pees Hare atiel ADA OO BORON HOH

SANs AARAA AGAAA

Pre ae phage 69 4 01 ARROO AQ Ds Ds st et

a ee ee a ee Ee eer ee ROM ee oe ee ek

| dsees SASSS (SRMKR ABKAR ARAN

s

RANA

AAAAA RANA

Nara

maa

oottoo AMWONS OAS et OPINMD Oho DPWOIODH

baa]

Om 1919 ODO 90 SH HAD “COON OOOO

Bs RS a ee a ee he Sea pe mS

BASES BASAS SRAAS ASAA AGAR |

RS a I OS ee CRE, Ts he en SN ar le” Sere TT

.le Ge) py VAP Oe a A ee ae eek
Pee tee he eV ele eer rae. e §
Py a eis) Merb weigh OPS eg en: A pork
Re a te de, 8 Oe gk

ee Oe 2 oe Meee Fae) Say ee ae
Tonvearasd am ie Wer a se ee ee CY LS Le

ee Sm Te 3 8 ae ee
fede ihiacieirige ge tt te ets
igite BxpRs JiBee iil dee is
1a es +e = a: . = el
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a SERBGS EREES SESSE § ape
3 r= Bs Sa0s SAB.
$2848 g2e88 ge558 S88za S538

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ae

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las abi atch RAAF ASRAa AAAS aha fab

North Dakota
South Dakota

POOH O. brute AMM H WDDHINOO wonton Ini AA Han

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Oklahoma
Arkansas.
Montana..

New Mexico... .......<.-..--
pe 7 1) See Seatee pte toys
1} RS SE Sete eS

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DADS HOR Oe

a PN AN ee ee Ne

aenientan hones ena!

ANMOAM HK ONMRH
Smead
Aes SS RR Re

POM MANHSCHOMA

ee pe pe ee ee

ee ees

: | Soricicicitcceis
et et et et et

a er ee re et

aisdddsads :
Ae SRR .

BeAr a Pe pe 8
. ce ak eS) Oe per
ae ae ee ee a ie
“fat ee ee ey oe oe
Ee 2k «ln We eee
ono? ©) © eee
ay Oa A me
ery a. ON ade oh RL ee
ep o9. ea, SS Cal eee
oe er we ee
. we © a> e i8 oeomee
i ee ee ce
0 Fa © By Te eee
1-0 So6 -3 8 Si oe
¥- Wot See Se or eee
ee We a eh
2. ‘30 Soe eee
4a A? 2 oe) Bee
2. & ash Fe bee eee
oon el a ea ee a
Geek Be oP ey es
> both ® aCe eee
$8 Of6- Ge) Be ee

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 743

CHICKENS AND TURKEYS—Continued.
TABLE 256.—Turkeys: Farm price, cents per pound, 15th of month, 1912-1920.

|

Date. peies| 1912-13
2S ee ee 30.0 26. 6 23.9 20.0 17.0 13.7 14.1 14.6 13.6
TS ee 31.8 28.3 25.7 21.0 18.6 14.8 14.1 15.2 14.4
Lo SE eee ee 33.0 31.1 27.0 23.0 19. 6 15.5 14.5 15.5 14.8
OO a re 33.0 32.0 27.3 22.9 19.5 15.6 14.5 15.5 14.9

the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised
estimates whenever new census data are available.

SHEEP AND WOOL.
TABLE 257.—Sheep: Number and value on farms in the United States, 1867-1921.

Note.—Figures in italics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri-
culture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to

ase is used for applying percentage

It should also be observed that the census of 1910
giving numbers as of Apr. 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers
une 1.

| Number.

Price |

Farm value
Jan. 1— per head
patie Jan. 1.
yee 39, 385, 000 $2.50 | $98, 644, 000
ABest okt sos 38, 992, 000 1. 82 71, 053, 000
oe es 37, 724, 000 1.64 62, 037, 000
15 ( |) ee oi 40, 853, 000 1. 96 79, 876, 000
1870, census,
Mp rr ee eS, ATT, OOD |. 25. Soc3.|s5.- ne. -cne
2.14 68, 310, 000
2.61 82, 768, 000
2.71 89, 427, 000
2. 43 82, 353, 000
2. 55 86, 278, 000
2.37 85, 121, 000
2.13 76, 362, 000
2. 21 78, 898, 000
2. 07 78, 965, 000
2.21 90, 231, 000
2.39 | 104,071, 000
2.37 | 106, 596, 000
2. 53 366, 000
2.37 | 119, 903, 000
2.14 | 107,961, 000
1.91 92, 444, 000
2.01 89, 873, 000
2.05 89, 280, 000
2.13 90, 640, 000
5 2.27 | 100, 660, 000
1890, census,

Be eee O0, 990, 804 |. = ss |e caps b cece e se
CS ee 43, 431, 000 2.50 | 108, 397, 000
PROD 5 _!: 42: 44, 938, 000 2.58 | 116, 121, 000
1 47, 274, 000 2.66 | 125, 909, 000

|
|

| Price

Jan.1— | Number. | per head
| Jan. 1.
1 ee 45, 048, 000 $1. 98
BROS S o5. ten wee 42, 294, 000 1.58
AGUG =e = aor ane 38, 299, 000 1.70
PROT. ees. < 36, 819, 000 1. 82
LL eee a 37, 657, 000 2. 46
1609. 7855... 39, 114, 000 2.75
I DS sae es 41, 883, 000 2. 93
1900, census,
MRO. os e4\ Gl BOS tie. |e oe. Boe
59, 757, 000 2. 98
62, 039, 000 2.65
63, 965, 000 2.63
51, 630, 000 2.59
45, 170, 000 2. 82
50, 632, 000 3. 54
53, 240, 000 3. 84
54, 631, 000 3. 88
56, 084, 000 3.43
51216, 000 eat nana
52, 447, 861 4,12
53, 633, 000 3.91
52, 362, 000 3. 46
51, 482, 000 3. 94
49, 719, 000 4, 02
49, 956, 000 4.50
48, 625, 000 517
47, 616, 000 7.13
48, 603, 000 11. 82
48, 866, 000 11. 63
47, 114, 000 10. 52
45, 067, 000 6.41

1 Estimates of numbers revised, based on census data.

Farm value
Jan. 1.

wt eee eee wenn

85
RERASEAEZARE
SEEESEZEESEE

744. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
SHEEP AND WOOL—Centinued. ,
TABLE 258.—Sheep: Number and value on farms Jan 1, 1919 and 1920, by States.
Farm value (thou- L
Number (thou-
sands) Jan. 1— ae dollars)
State. "
1921 1920 1921 1920
ye A al SP 140 165 $5. 60 $784 $1, 568 ,
New Eiampciing.—.__._........ 0521-880 3 37 7.30 226 363 3
Werner = 2 ae ee ee 91 100 6.70 610 1,150 :
Saccnptmiectin Ss ° o-oo oe 28 28 9. 50 266 356
Rhodeisinnd=~<-. +252: Ses Fe Fi 5 5 10. 00 50 61
Gemnaeetaazt: <2 2. 2 mg Sear 22 24 9. 60 211 307
Bow verk. 30 * a eree ae 745 810 7.60 5,662 10,044
Sew lots. $e ae ee 29 30 10. 70 310 330 |
earisyi gavin soot. en ee ee 856 930 7.60 6, 506 10, 788
Diels ware oe ee ee ee 8 9 7.40 59 94
Marelonfin at. ret 220 245 8.10 1, 782 2,670
ee RAE ME RAR MBE SE 714 714 7.50 ; 5,355 8,211
Went Wahtatn 8-2: 25 ae eer 728 766 6. 40 0. 60 4,659 8, 120
North Garang. 225% 2) oo eps Be : 138 144 6.60 9. 50 911 , 368
South Garaling 9 325... - oS it | 26 27 3. 80 7.10 99 192
cn ee SUNG ee ed NE Sy 119 125 4.10 4.90 488 612
a ONY TR er es ee aE eT Tae 89 95 3.60 5. 20 320 494
OMidieGs. . 8.14... SARE 2,773 2, 950 5. 80 10.10} 16,083 29, 795
Neadinsé<. 2.60132... WEL SG Sh 1, 067 6.70 11. 80 6, 432 12,591 2
a ST PN eh Ts yy ey | 889 1,010 7.00} _ 12.60 6, 223 12,726
Miia eo RR eae ee | 2135 2, 224 6. 90 11.80} 14,732 243
Fae PS TS were ” 687 6.40} 10.80] 4,045 TD
WMinriesntas = 322.5... RL De Nie 598 650 6. 20 11.00 3, 708 7,150
Png Ae a ee OPE DRONE FT GES 948 1,019 6. 90 12. 00 6, 541 12, 228
jt ee as Se ST 1,388 1, 525 6. 00 11.90 8, 328 18, 148
Norte Dekats.2oe ..-. 0 ee | 272 286 6. 00 11.00 1,632 3, 146
South Dakota........... 222.2212. .l. ce 680 850 5.70| 10.00] 3,876 8,500
pn ae a SRN Peete a 290 315 6. 30 11.10 1, 827 3, 496
eS RY A 405 506 6. 10 11.60 2, 470 5, 870
a Ee a Se 1,137 1, 236 6. 30 10. 90 7,163}. 13,472.
Wubinineds. 5 43 oo he) 526 560 5. 60 10. 50 2, 946 5,880
Von a 1 eee es Se ee 123 137 4. 30 5.60 529 767
Miseentnndi3t..... 3. 2 iS ok ee 149 175 3.30 6.30 492 1, 102
Dastisian55) 22S 2 3 25 209 220 3. 86 5. 40 794 1,188 _
Se RR OL ey 3,069 2,790 6. 30 9.90} 19,335 27,621
ORsnonia <2 %.. 2. 1. SBS Ae 110 110 6. 30 11.10 693 1,221
Mipkersesiiss- 22 Fs 8. Ae 191 201 4.10 7.40 783 1, 487
Minstamiege.! >)... 5 OO Ol: te che 2, 450 2, 330 5. 80 10.30} 14,210 23, 999
Writes. 566. 2. 1. 06 t-. 3,040 3, 200 6. 30 10.20} 19,152 32,640
Geariligses:- 5... 3 ee Pea Bb. Pd 1,973 2, 121 5. 60 9.80 | 11,049 20, 786
Mew Merseos.% 0 5) SO Sob ee oe ks 2, 666 2, 539 6. 00 9. 30 15, 996 23,613
Mvteninshs..3 itt? .-) Gor a8 88. Wh ng 1, 200 1, 200 6. 60 9. 60 7,920 11, 520
oS a eae YT Be ee 2,245 2, 245 6. 80 9.80 | 15,266 22, 001
RE RS BOT 1, 532 1, 596 | 7. 60 10.30} 11,643 16, 439
CS Td eee See ie a el 2,623 2, 914 | 6. 20 10.40 | 16,263 30, 306
NRnnNipteg tS =~ 8 oree eors 645 725 | 7.10 11. 00 4, 580 7,975
Orem. ........-...-...dueleaeecuuh eed 2,270 | 2,522) 6.90 11.00} 15,663 27,742
CNS hain oerine nett edes | 2,950, 2,950! 6.80 10.80 | 20,060 31, 860
Untied Gtiitneweicd.<nnnnna ced ckendies | 45, 067 | 47,114 6. 41 | 10. 52 | 288, 732 495, 660

} Statistics of Farm Anvmals and Their Products. 745
SHEEP AND WOCL—Continued. =
TABLE 259.—Sheep: Farm price per 100 pounds, 15th cf menth, 1911-1920.
1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914 | 1913 | 1912 | 1911 os
eek Cea here SOA BSE 8 ait | als ole es ha Sliema Sa ES ee
$9.34] $9.68 | $10.55 | $7.33] $5.52 | $4.95] $4.67| $4.35] $3.89| $4.47| $6.48
----| 9.97| 9.95] 10.75] 817] 5.90] 5.14] 4.67] 4.63{ 4.01] 4.34 6.75
sess} 10.25 | 10.45] 11.41] 9.21] 6.35] 5.36] 4.77] 4.97] 4.12] 4.45 7.13
10.66 | 11.33] 11.98} 9.69] 8.61] 5.60] 4.96| 5.16| 4.57] 4.55 7.51
15....| 10.34 | 10.93] 12.32] 10.15] 6.66] 5.54] 4.87] 4.91] 4.74] 4.51 7.50
B...-|) 9.13 |. 10.34] 11.56] 9:84] 6.54] 5.43] 4.70| 4.84] 4.52] 4.24 7.31
Gebers 8.21.) 9.25 }- 11.04| -9.32:. 6:33:|° 55.35] 4.75) 4.20) 421) 4.19 6.68
5....| 7.54] 9.06] 10.99] 9.33| 6.22| 5.16] 4.87} 4.32] 4.26| 3.98 6.57
5 7.24} 8.69} 10.79] 10.05] 6.25] 95.06] 4.80] 4.23| 4.11] 3.91 6.51
15....|, 6.62| 8.46] 10.35] 10.24] 6.20] 5.18] 4.81] 4.16] 4.19| 3.68 6.39
y. 15....) 6.20] 8.35| 10.11]- 10.20] 6.41] 5.18] 4.68] 4.27] 4.05| 3.65 6.31
15....| 5.54] 8.53] 9.46] 10.44] 6.77| 5.38] 4.95| 4.46] 4.21] 3.71 6.34
Rtas bo ee
: TaBLE 260.—Lambs: Farm price per 100 pounds, 15th of month, 1911-1920.
ww
ie, ae
Date. 1920 | 1919 }™1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914 | 1913 | 1912 | 1911 rate
pases ee ee a |: a Bd PD ad |e ee ae | RES 33
‘Jan. 15....| $12.91 | $12.71 | $13.83 | $9.59] $7.29| $6.47] $6.16 | $6.03 | $5.22] $5.71] $8.59
WReb. 15....| 14.08] 13.17} 13.77| 10.51] 7.78] 6.67] 6.18] 6.34] 5.15| 5.44 8.91
"Mar. 15....) 14.17] 14.03] 14.11] 11.46] 8.10] 6.06] 6.31] 6.56| 5.38] 5.49 9.17
Apr. 15....| 14.63] 14.61] 15.34| 12.03] 8.58] 7.35] 6.47] 6.59| 5.98| 5.77 9.74
“May 15....) 14.26] 14.34] 15.39] 12.51] 8:49} 7.32] 6.49] 6.66| 6.16| 5.74 9.73
"June 15....| 12.82] 13.89] 14.98| 12.64] 8.36] 7.26] 6.47] 6.36| 6.02| 5.51 9.43
aly 15....) 11.79) 13.09] 14.20] 11.19} 8.16] 7.21] 6.55] 6.05| 5.74| . 5.42 8.94
- Aug. 15....) 10.84 | 12.91] 14.20] 12.08) 8.15| 6.70] 6.26] 5.50] 5.60] 5.25 8.75
pt. 15...-) 10.31} 12.25] 13.73] 13.06| 8.22] 6.71] 6.27] 5.51] 5.49] 5.02 8. 66
t. 15....| 9.65} 11.47] 13.20| 14.09] 8.02] 6.70} 6.09] 5.51) 5.42| 4.68 8.48
Noy. i6.1..| 9.37] 11.45| 12.54] 13.79| 8:41] 6.76) 6.14] 5.64| 5.37| 4.68 8.42
Dec. 1 :| Bab | 011.85 | 12:44.) 13.81 | 8:72'| 7302) 6.33} 5.85 |) 5.70) 4.93 8.52
By | |
TaBLE 261.—Sheep: Imports, exports, and prices, 1893-1920.
Imports. Exports.
Average | Average
Number. Value. import | Number. Value export
price. price
pee ee NS 459,484 | $1,682, 977 $3.66 37, 260 $126, 394 | $3.39
242, 568 788, 181 3.25 |. 132,370 832, 763 | 6.29
291, 461 682, 618 2.34 405, 748 2,630, 686 6.48
Be SD ALE Vie. 322, 692 853, 530 2.65 491, 565 3,076, 384 6.26
= ee eae 405, 633 1, 019, 668 2.51 244, 120 1, 531,645 6.27
co Stace eee 392, 314 1, 106, 322 2. 82 199, 690 1, 213, 886 | 6.08
345, 911 1, 200, 081 3.47 143, 286 853, 555 | 5.96
381, 792 1, 365, 026 3.58 125, 772 733, 477 | 5. 83
pe aes 331,488 | 1, 236, 277 3.73 297, 925 1, 933, 000 6.49
ee 266, 953 956, 710 3.58 358, 720 1, 940, 060 5.41
301, 623 1, 036, 934 3.44 176, 961 1, 067, 860 6.03
238, 094 815, 289 3.42 301, 313 1, 954, 604 6.49
186, 942 704, 721 3.77 268, 365 1, 687, 321 6.29
240, 747 1, 020, 359 4.24 142, 690 804, 090 5.64
224, 798 1, 120, 425 4.98 135, 344 750, 242 5.54
or 224, 765 1, 082, 606 4. 82 101, 000 589, 285 5.83
bi = 102, 663 502, 640 4.90 67, 656 365, 155 5.40
OS 126, 152 696, 879 5.52 44,517 209, 000 4.69
7 ea 53, 455 377, 625 7.06 121, 491 636, 272 5.24
UEiReteutinaes==.--.-..----.- 23, 588 157, 257 | 6.67 157, 263 626, 985 3.99
“a |
LE ee : 15, 428 90, 021 5.83 187, 132 605, 725 3.24
i es eee 223,719 532, 404 2.38 152, 600 534, 43 3.50
SE a | 158,317 533, 967 3.48 47, 213 182, 278 3. 86
_... 6 REE 235, 659 917, 502 | 3.89 52,278 231, 535 4.43
| }
160, 422 856, 645 | 5.34 58, 811 367, 935 6.26
177, 681 1,979,746 | 11.14 7,959 97,028 12.19
163, 283 1,914,473 | 11.72 16,117 187, 347 11.62
199, 549 2,279,949 | 11.43 5d, 155 711, 549 12.03

746

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

SHEEP AND WOOL—Continued.

[Compiled from commercial papers.]

*“MO'T

S108 9 Gait OY [adil wee ae Be}

Paes Bar > Se TR (ta | mer hec Par) See Mer)

me i) da

ae 83 se 82 £8

Qe aie) at 19

; (BS SA KiB 4
$4 3 1910 O18 ‘he ns 1 0 S| Otis Sr qj meow
483 | g88 88 ke “ag 8s = a ees 8 ||Ss See te-
Le ; ow oo Oo bul GARSSOH |S | Som oor Ss
2 secede $3 S58 8 358 ~“geeses |= |SSseen :
a? T qt 1 bin COO,COCS NS 5 - Ssaiges|« Seco
ay| fe 82 EB 88 ii mie a =
gf PTT) =e 8 — POS ANO rooons |
ES are | Hee oe ee eS 88 S8 68] Besess|/s |Seasen
es UA | Sev ci 6 od ais oe ceddddislacdeew la
sit x } ‘ea 88 68 EA 88 88 ea) Sees88 8 /ESEERE | +¥
bo las Qoied it int 69 1 ~o as assy Owsotooat | od
hd ae $A GS | SRSESS /R | RRRASS |S
P ofeaoay | rb Ais 4 Gakuin mela a seauas [3 fexcous |
fe ax| #28 88 B88 88 SE ES 88] KAR 2 Rekssn (a s
a5 win | Qe reo geo ss gat ss sy Swenes 5 || Gewwons
B | *-noy| $4 $8 98 88 SE 88 SS) Basses s ||Ssease =
aS Se ens SEL AAS ey Ree 6 ri vees | eo
ee ee i aa} ft Sere >
7 iv Pi wa bed ‘ ‘ 2 H ae ee |
fie tap) alberghi coabate 5 Boiiiiti®
F eh ek gif ooh och gtk ak gilli B iii: 2
2 sic she $82 S62 Sa Se S8e Siiiiii # tisil: 4
a Pe PE Tener Te. Te ie? cbse ee a te Re ee
bh by bs po bs Ps pS Paiii: $ ‘ges &
a gt st gp ap af 8] deduce ” J BSSeE
Bp Eb bs » Eph 8p Ee Bom Roe BERS ES
Se @8 @2 48 $28 88 85 S8aqee <egdz28

747

Grades

“Letting 100 represent

he breeds named?

eTs:

erent breeds in the United States, by States.

g inquiry of live-stock report
roportion of the total belongs to t

and scrubs should be included in the breed in which the type predominates.’’

of the di
on the followin

ity, what p

SHEEP AND WOOL—Continued.

a

: Percentage

your loc

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products.

TABLE 263.—Sheep
Estimates below are based u

the total number in

| , WRAOOOMmM HOSS OODMND In CO C169 MMOND MINOMr Sin OHO MH™~OO © sty ANDO [HAMA DD
| drosepuo Nn SGSss Hh SSSHN aiticts Sornds dtostis weindr wi 166 GBMisisa aA od : 5 BlaAardded
| sini bias ie ae sai Pa Spe : Aen wt a re et a PQ Ar coal ‘ el aia ned Axcssdd
‘r8U! IMINO ROM CHoONHO o 1000 OMSOM HORM MHINgaoD HOMME io} Conon |i || momoan
a > we oe Oe « Soe Gee @. Kt e's we ‘ * . * . . * ’ * . . * . *. * . . . . . . . . * * * .
VO] edad ‘as tenor Mdina Nido winds ASars GSAS GING “ais aad “Ht [od | iid aidical
ata TT TEE EAT CRE TE GP TE TTI ET ea lt MERE ELS TT Onan ain eis ee
| + wort ore 1 6 tO + ot of et rtriON fe west Ha : nN oD me Sua8 “onna 0 ‘gms. *s ce ce ein
| Sram, | “Par a ea wwe he © aC tt ret} e ‘ pilates Te ae oe tie . So» (8. *yL 08 fay rer | | Pht Wer ‘
| . o oe ' wre ar (had Mood Che fe oy (et tell) ‘ . ‘ Crt of C hate ' ‘
=a 2 oe ' : Rare pad Ha rey ie EN Str eet er H i
| -amopyinog | S288? WOM OM ANAMH O-NAKS OHOAH MEHNOH WOMNH NONHO | 10: e232 |algesees
DP TER Cle eee er ee) Lb arses oben! See cele ose! M6 wae ee dee a6 re. (etek 16. eb 8) 9 oe Se OR ee Gases Jecin we Ue er Pee ° Ye |
5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ‘ —
| | SSEa? S358 ARAAR BITES Newer AANOR Pega CF PDAS Be ich amig foadll JOH caret Th
-ertysdomg OHNSSOS OAMOHHD HOOAN NMONKHO DAHON BMOOMHH BMDHOM ODINON 29 119 00 Saag |e NOOrNae
I C peRaRMRT. CX cacdat Sh ay Pia EO Stared let tat 2 ol aveoeetan.) cia TAS a a Monge Pd re PE) | a ae ewe
eae IASSSS RISN RBRST SF BIT SESSS Tassos Sve tn Stas site ssa i a lsinwcel
“anrmoqnrea | INAiND | MH IMA BANMKA OO IHHM CONMH NMODMH MHRMOMH CHOND O'inD AROW 00 || oietca neo
} ! ** . . x . . Fj are BRA Eee ft” os ‘ a.’ shim Bae. (a. 96/he 8 Up fo} Wes 2¢@'7. 68) 40 8 ae 26 * a)-49, 39 ~ ie . . * . oll 6489 .@...er0e "
Sin Star: a: aot ind SHA Sind Cog Co ar 4 osgs ASS [es dreds
is aur COOK! ANOH ! OMA ! WOMAN AHHAN HOOOR DIA | CO ica GIy peta tue sepwpo sical teal lies Bien ons
| UA » * [aly J . . . . ‘ . yey | . ie ee ae ee ee eee 8 eT et gD . . . *-* . . . . . . . . . .
TZ ProjxXO Iga’: Orig : os aig Orie Core Mt” Ried oss rial iil Cana “a
OUHMAN! ANDNO MOMtH HORCO AHR EKR MANMNAD CHNAHA HOWDHO MOON DODAHO
} ‘our SA, 60 cer) US. big ee lel oe ea ee er 2's hea a ER Sin oaee Sab ih te ae aoe 4 Fiat (eet toe bt ee i ee | (ee poe he Mee Mr
| Ww AesGSS + HSS saiciwid od “gcd ri tics BOR Aagws BOs seas BSS
enn ACOSO ! IAMS + MMM | 1 INAH oHOWD OO AA + 10 OARWO Mm Hor Onntno
| I FI On ‘et on i | : sit ON Sans ANORK toed “ied * a iad a NARS
| ’ . : : a Cunt . ie § ry 7 ie an
‘ COMN . emt 8 OD Ht 690 96D MONA OO NAO tt ek tet Dt iD ‘ee MANDO MHS
101800101 | Bees Anigy sini all Se Ol oa oS acre gt Oe Rigen 8 poses PSEC ° tea Can Ta Heiser isrrentarie
yea a H pa tet MAL al ce ois ke ioe” teitabense rs
ommsduey, | SESS | SKOSH WenAN FaoMN CoOMNr a|tAAN winwA HMMA — }oOw monton
. | asdixi s Nodes wi HSCWS Aditi Sordi SSrdtA maa is rinanid soled Ormigoris
ININOM ! + MOHOH HWARMAR 1 HOMO WAAHID OCHHAR MANMM! OMits L1Oe WOMAN
*JosIo(y (he ene Sa Sere gall Brats oe COR ab wat co eas Wee i ee ane ee . FE bal wl ews C8 ge ® Cor a a
prosten: CNMH ! CHHMOD MOOS! MINMH SCINMHO ABRNDN DOMON KROtHO WINN CAHOaw
. * Oe ts Tr ee . . Le Wei ce YW ee el) ee ee Ue ee ee eS ee es ee Je ee a ae et Oe ee Set eT a ae i LO | a ye me ny
PI 909 Hida +! Acd Rios costed: INGA Aes WwSSris Oc © eH rindi “Ne Shes HONS
IWOPO 1 MHMA! ANON: Fimnitin AHN AMA IN Frei Outs cree Ooms
“*JOLANT o, ase es OLN ale) Pe re; etad be ae ease erwin SS ait AC a Lem ht <i) ste Oa 0” nish weet, ©
ENG CUCR) th SRIGe ° nN ° igs as! 4 thames sete ° nee =
P ath ay rae ae (Or en ae CAS GATES LS . (TaD Ca CT OT Vay Wet eee bal) SIME: TALE On
Pe ig vook eels oh Chath, (eat es etc Yee ey ye at Chem verre eh 8.) var a wha rile tn ee ory cate Se
Re RES RCE a eee Mec E TT mierhee te ia te Nae NL pa ANGL oy ALAA MARL Re) Gas Bie ne ol RRR Me erie
(5 CU) a ee) SC RC habe BaP ie ear DRC el RMR Oo RA AON et Re Wy BMY Wy, Pp ect et a) mh eriees
Be deny teak al (tien ae telat kas Gr ROL Oe Uh eh eta es Pina aly oat eae ativem Ra mata Wee ihe 4 A ge
ee re ie ih RCC ae ee Mo BOLE Oy Cor ae em Rk NA Me DOR eee cee op Hee
ah Site Ae al Red eet a are ene Tee The (ie ee aT CR ey arteries | Bt Bees Poon) a Ulery a Ae et kar |
ACR RR AMR MeO be Or TOM RES a tac fC et ad AR ee AEP AR td Do TERT nah Mag) aon Ct ae Sg A teeta
oy ork 6 re eat eet ee rt easy A Ra Ci ies Oe Cee Say ren Laer BA eel eae rion et oe) TP ee er as
eee catty Sa ce eres Mea enh Ramer Terme Ie oy a5 TRON REO, NIC RCO eSNG sal eT (eq conceit MRSIINTea-iyt ase tip tt
o PRM AM cei code evo cach Irena hiey ares ease eerie. Ole SMR Tee cit sh Pict. Cmca CEROk CR Seitelat ae gi te
~ ‘ net ee ea . q
8 bid te eer er Be iO eRCTOOE is ING (0 lie ibe Es Sages So tn el: SRS Ne $Sa3 :
‘ ce wig Aare pp a> wie oe an Se, ens Se CE here a a Perks ais
a (Boe Bung: fi Sole artnet nad a ae Tae eh Rh a RR aga
| 3m Bed Bo ao Ee Risers sree A mais ‘ Q ee Seay . ie aa qd
iguee E5858 Bard dg idl § AAS y Ba: gaaee Bai 42983
: " . . .
sHego BRS E r= =| as iq Ey icq £ Bag 4 a ‘3 FP
=| 4 Ee PS HPO. pebag ‘3 EB E£EOCOe
‘ $55 ‘a3 4 4 3 482 ESSE fehl
os oo ii oz: g ‘ B'd. 8 o ‘ 8 ay 8 ver D mre,
Bazram oazea S5eza ohOdR SE waa addde OdeES 2dbz ZRaZQae

748 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
SHEEP AND WOOiL—Continued.
TaBLE 264.—Wool: Estimated pioduction, 1919 and 1920. a:

Number of fieeces “he “<a

| Production

(000 omitted). | Weight per fleece. | “"(qq9 omitted).
State. =
1920 1919 1920 1920 :
Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Number.| Ni re

GINO ee pre = ee 973 936 6. 6.4 152 S
Now Henipshwe- 3... 2.5. -222--535-t 204 202 6.5 6.6 31 =
MERTON 3205222 ote a ee 676 690 7.2 7.2 94
BE asSaCDNSCMS.. -. 2 got eee * 131 125 6.5 6.6 20
Ride Istand °° 2. oot 2 ee nee eee 23 25 6.1 Kea 4
Geanviocvient oo aeeece ee eee 96 84 5.6 5.9 17
Mow Vock 3005.0 Ss a eee | 4,083 4, 022 6.9 7.0 592
Now Jersey~ =) 2 = > o-oo ee eee 109 106 7.0 7.0 » 16
Pounsylwanie 2s esa 5—5- <a eee ee | 4, 560 4, 863 6.5 7.0 702
DGlQWSRG. 2 so oo ae a= a ase ae ae ean 32 31 5.8 5.7 6
Maryland trek 2 on eee ee ee 825 812 6.0 6.0 138 |
Vitgintin 2 2s ee SE 8 5 See 8 | 1,680 1,715 4.6 5.0 365
West Virpinia.. 22° 3sec 2.2 eee 3, 200 3, 150 5.0 5.3 640
Noth Carginiet , 025 << 4at=2- eb eee 575 4.2 4.4 137
Sosie Gary Sinit so tees | 103 103 4.5 4.3 23
CHEB SME EN 25 a tap one eg eee ee one | 418 422 3.2 3.1 131
Ug TE a ie pe Bersalin She URE Se ae SE 391 407 3.2 3.5 122
CUE cy ses aN! eel ERE Si RS OST eS oe 12, 449 13, 104 7.4 7.5 1, 682
riding peo 4 ee eee eee se acon 5, 306 5, 337 7.0 7.4 758
Piling on lo eee ok eee see See 3, 923 4, 129 7.8 8.0 503
Mighipars v2. 3-2 nS as ee eee see 10, 223 9, 554 7.6 7.4 1,345
WW AsOGNIBIS yess oo oe Sp ae ee en 3, 360 3, 310 7.4 7.6 454
Manno 8 2 oo no ance wae ter 3, 536 3, 594 ya! 75 498
Bow! x opis bt dior anh ey ease | 4,908 | 5, 060 7.7 8.0 637
WMitssponaris 2 S62 oe ox ei ga ene Soon | 8, 296 8, 492 6.8 yf 1, 220
North Dakota. 2.0 >< 2 2< scthen eos ste 1, 737 1, 654 7.5 Tt 232
South Dakota 22s oie. oe a at eee 4, 804 222 7.0 7.5 686
[SEE CCS SAE ih ee Resets 48 Bae ee - 1, 886 1, 730 8.0 7.9 236
[EN RE Pt OS EEE | 2,087 1, 754 7.5 7.6 278 |
que | 5:<5. ce no eal ee 3, 115 3, 211 5.0 5.2 623,
"Pema e6 eo. os oy ep sen os os a eo 2, 052 2, 052 4.8 4.8 428
GES i ae ies ee Seam E Toe LS is So ee a 364 405 4.0 4.2 91
MUIBSINEID a0 seo =o = oon eee 550 656 3.6 4.2 153
Ragrintan ge sae 8 22 ae aacte eh eae 612 612 3.9 3.9 157
| CARS GIME EA SSH TS | 17,600} 14,986 7.0 7.2 2, 514
Okishoress.<- <5 <2... seas se eaaeea os 526 526 7.2 7.0 73
PPRBOGAS. soos 6. a5 a5 See ds o> en ae 443 422 4.5 4.9 98
Montriia 22 occ... neuen eter ean eee 15, 800 17, 450 7.9 8.4 2, 000
W eA ph bale rene 28,422 | 31,580 8.3 8.5 3,424
COlgrages oo B ape ds teen pene 8, 184 800 6.7 6.6 1,221 |
New Mexidos$*: 228 ot ee 15, 528 15, 076 6.3 6.3
AVICONG 55 bn oon. § db cce oe Sead sine bie x2 oad 5, 970 5, 580 6.5 6.3

gO RSE pe taf ht Tie Sb ale. | Heck: CS | 16,150 17, 000 7.8 7.4
Wevalls . . 4.-2215-3<5 5 wath sess. oe 9,000 | 10, 500 7 7.6
Co, Se ey eres Ee res et eee es | 21,702 145 8.1 8.4
Wasting... 2... 56-0 tah ee = 2s oe | 5,490 5,779 8.7 8.6
SPUN tk. fore kan: te adlankbadegecd dn aawied | 14, 040 14, 040 8.4 8.5
Cabtornte oo 6. ods ah oe Ue pals op SS seb 13, 165 13, 298 7.6 7.4

United States, «5. se Rhos. cao | 259, 307 | 265, 338 7.2 7.4

pe A AN Tie NT Soe | 4F,000'|°' 48,00 |... s on scalevon ccseccheuaeaneen

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 749

SHEEP AND WOOL—Continued.
TABLE 265.— Woel (unwashed): Farm price per pound, 15th of month, 1911-1920.

| i
Date. 1920 | 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914 | 1913 | 1912 | 1911 Seni
‘ | | a
S|) | i - \_ — — ee
Cents. | Cents.| Cents.| Cents.| Cents. | Cents. | Cenis. | Cents.\| Cents.| Cents. | Cents.
San-15:....: BIvOy) W5os2t| DS pd" | eke Sil ela Ss CT IR Gr uke 7.4 186 |" 16;2 |° 47.2 30. 8
Merb ser) 525) ol. Ul 57:2 ip 8m 7). 242) (20,2) ..15.7) 1871 16.3| 1753 30. 6
Mar.15..... Piro) uble3 |, CUO otis ot (22S 16.4) 9 14) EO), 16:8 31.7
Wopriib.-- SES std |” OOD SSRNS i) PABA 29:7 | 16.8 | 17! Tel) 1768 | 16.7 31.4
ay 15..... BO: 8 je: 48501) deal 249) 71 98.01 22.0)| 1.17.9] s46;3e | 17.8) 14.7 31.6
une i5..... 38.6] 50.5} 57.4] 49.8] 287] 23.7| 184] 15.6] 187] 155), 31.7
July 15.-... 29.5|. 51.8) 57.5| 54.3] 286]- 242] 185) 15.9] 189] 15.4 31.5
ae) 15.2... Sea8' | 162.24] byeA ll 48) 20) 0] (23.8) 18.7 |--15.8-| | 18) 16.8 31.5
2} OO bird!) Abtada eben. 284.) -93, 31 186) Ags 1971 1596 31.2
ets ue. 27.5] 50.6) 57.7 (0 55.5) 28.7] 22.7) 18.0] 15.5} 185] 15.5 31.0
Nov. 15..... 74,9} 51.0/ 56.4] 55.9] 29.4] 22.7) 181) 15.6) 186! 15.6) _ 30.8
Dee. 15..... 21.9| 51.6] 56.2) 582] 30.8] 23.3] 186] 161] 186) 15.5 311
—— sluts = } _
TaBLE 266.—Wool: Wholesale price per pound in Boston, 1913-1920.
[Compiled from commercial papers.]}
— , i |
- «.,. | Kentucky = Ohio half- ‘ ‘ Michigan
Ohio fie, | Ohio XX Ohio Delaine
quarter blood » | blood comb- ’) fine, un-
unwashed unwashed. ” washed ing, washed. washed. washed
Date. i 1 3 | ! 3 F 7 ] 5 5 ,
if ’ o | <9] | @®& [7
ate eerera ts belere i chat & :|#lelelé
BIS/S ESE ESE Ele) 2 els) eels! &
° | i — — | & = alee OS
AIH) < jAlH] < jAJH] s+ [AH] < /Ale i) <4 ]/Aalei-<
| Ppa fogs oat (32 | tons eet ae ls bea ee
1913. Cts.| Cts.| Ct. | Cts. a Cts. | Cts.| Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts.) Cts. | Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.
January-June..... | 20, 24 | 22.4) 24 | 32 | 28.6] 27 | 32 | 29.4] 23 | 29) 26.6] 27 | 34) 30.8] 19] 23 | 21.1
July-December.../ 20) 21 | 20.5) 233! 26 | 24.2) 25 | 30 | 26. 5] 23 | 25| 23.9} 26 28, 27.3) 19) 20 | 19.5
| - | } | | / }
1914. Ne | / (ios / :
January-June... . 20} 25 | 22.3) 233| 27 | 24.5] 253] 29 | 27.0] 23 | 28! 25.0] 26 32| 28.2] 19] 23 | 21.0
July-December...) 23 25 | 24.3] 26 | 29 | 27.0) 27 314 29.6] 27 | 30} 28.3] 28] 32! 30.9] 22] 23 | 22.8
|
1915. j | | |
January-June.....| 23] 29 | 26.7| 29 | 39 | 35.5] 29 | 34 | 32.0] 29 | 38) 34.0] 30 | 37\ 33.4] 22] 26 | 23.8
July-December...) 25 21 26.9) 36 a) 38. 0| 32 324 32.1) 324) 36) 34.4) 334, 36) 34.5) 23) 273) 23.8
| 1 '
1916. |
January-June... 41 | 39.4) 324) 35 | 33.7/ 32 | 38] 36.1) 353) 40) 37.6 26.9
July-December. . . | 50 | 44.6] 35 | 47 | 37.5] 37 | 46) 40.9) 38 | 52) 41.9 29. 8
1917. |
January-June..... 76 | 59.0} 46 | 68 | 55.0) 45 82) 60.8 44.0
July-December. . . 77 | 76.7| 67 | 80 | 75.0} 71 85) 82.6 60.3
1918, |
January-June... 78 | 76.8] 76 | 78 | 76.8) 75 90) 85.9 63.0
July-December. .- | 78 | 76.7| 77 | 78 | 77.7|....|...- 0, 89.0 | 62.7
1919. tae | ices te Word |
January-June..... 80 | 63. 4| 67 | 71 | 68.0) 65 88) 73.6 54.7
July-December. . . 72 | 68.2] 70 | 76 | 72.1) 73 102| 92.6 | 63.3
1920.
January ......0.... 70 | 67.8) 75 | 76 | 75.5) 85 102/101. 0 67.5
Tebruary......... 70 | 69.0) 75 | 76 | 75.5| 83 110|107. 5 70.0
Marctimes=<o5 22. 70 | 67.9] @) |G 0 83 100} 98. 5 71.1
pris. 4c: .-_.- 68 | 67.5 5 Gy! a) | 83 100| 98. 5 71.5
eye scct 2... 68 | 64:9) 2) | 0 | 8 75 100} 95. 0} 70. 1
VcliC SS aaa 60 | 59.01 (7) |G) | @) | 68 75| 72. 4! 59. 8
January-June. - 58 70 | 66
| eagle (1) oleae ae ae
Speer ee eee L Op)-62 |:59,.2|_...|....|2.-.
September........ 45 | 44.0] (2
WICLOUET....<.-.... 44 | 44.1/(1
November. ....... 37 | 32.4,
Par ae 31 | 28. 6] (1

1 Unwashed after Mar. 6, 1920.

750.

TaBLe 266.—Wool: Wholesale price per pound in Boston, 1913-1920—Continued.

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

SHEEP AND WOOL—Continued.

|

|

i Fine
Fineterri- medium Texas, Fine fall, Pulled A, Pulled B,
tory,staple territory, 12 months, Texas super- super-
scoured. clothing scoured. scoured. scoured. scoured.
scoured.
Date. P 5
> S a : = Fi q f
ATA) < |Al/Al<s /Ala|< /Alml 4 /Aals/al 4a <4
-—| | aes Pom ins —s aie
1913. ¥
| Cts.) Cts.| Cts. | Cts.| Cts.| Cts. | Cts.) Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts.) Cts. | Cts.| Cts.| Cts.| Cts. Cts.
January—June...-- | 55} 67) 59.5} 49) 59) 53.8) 52) 65] 58.4] 45] 50] 47.6) 48] 58) 52.8 47.
July-December...| 51) 56) 53.9] 46) 50) 48.3) 50] 53] 51.8] 41] 46] 44.4] 42] 52] 48.4) 40.
1914.
January-June. .... 51} 63) 57.2) 46) 55) 51.2) 50) 62) 55.5) 41) 50! 45.0) 43] 53) 49.3 40.
July-December...| 60) 65] 62.7) 55) 57| 56.0) 55) 62) 59.1) 42! 50) 47.2) 50} 55) 51.6 45.
1915.
January-June. .... 62} 75) 70.0) 55) 68) 63.8} 56) 75] 67.7) 42) 60) 55.3) 56) 68) 61.5 62.8
July—December...| 70) 75) 72.6] 63! 68] 65.0} 65) 70] 67.9) 54} 57] 55.8] 60] 66) 63.6 61.4
1916.
January—June..... 73| 85) 79.8} 65! 75) 71.7| 67) 77| 72.6) 53] 55) 54.5) 63] 68) 66.2) 62..
July-December. ..} 82) 112/ 93.0) 75) 87| 78.8] 77| 100] 84.9] 55} 78] 60.8) 65] 85) 70.0 67.
1917. ,
January-June. ...:| 110) 175|135.9] 85) 135/107.5) 100) 175)127.0) 75 a 88.8] 83) 150/114.5) 75) 140)104.0
July-December. . .| 172) 185/180. 0} 135] 160/153. 6} 165] 175/169. 3) 115] 150/135. 0} 145) 165/157. 5| 130) 150/142. 2
1918, |
January-June..... 180) 190/183. 5) 155) 160/157. 5; 168) 175}171. 6) 140) 155/147. 9! 145| 165/160. 9} 140) 155/148. 6
July-December. . .| 180) 185)181.7]....|....].-.-- 175| 175/175. 0| 150} 150)150.0) 155| 160|157. 5| 145) 150|147.5
1919. [ee | |
January—June..... 145) 180/159. 8} 130) 143)136. 8) 135 160 145. 4) 110) 122/116. 3) 125) 160 142. 2) 105 116.1
July-December. . .| 175) 205/187. 5) 130) 170)146. 4! 160) 190/169. 5} 110) 155/122. 2) 155 170 161.1) 110) 135)123. 5
DL La LLL Ka aL AajTV—<i-s=—-. - ©.
1920. |
|
205)200. 0} 160) 170/165. 0} 190) 195.191. 5) 150) 155/152, 5) 165) 175 168. 5) 120 126.0 .
215/210. 0} 165} 175)170.0) 190} 195)192. 5) 150) 155/152. 5| 165; 175)170. 0} 120) 130/125.0
215/210. 0} 165] 175|170. 0) 190} 195/192. 5) 150) 155;152. 5) 165) 175)170. 0} 120) 130)125.0
215}210. 0} 165} 175|170. 0) 190) 195/192. 5) 150) 155)152. 5) 165} 175,170. 0} 1 124.4
215/206. 0} 150] 175/164. 0) 160 195/182. 5 135} 155/148. 0) 145) 175/162. 5} 105) 125/118. 5
190|178. 1) 145] 159/148. 1) 160) 170/166, 2) 135} 140}135. 5) 145) 159)147. 5) 865) 94.4
170 215/202. 4 145 175)164. 5 160) 195)186.3) 135) 155 149. 2| 145) 175 164. 85] 135)118.9
5| 170/169. 0| 125] 150/144. 0| 150| 165/161. 0| 115| 140|131.5| 130] 1401135.0| 85| 90) 87.5
YO ee 165}163. 1) 125) 130,127. 5} 150) 160153. 8) 115] 120)117.5) 95) 140 118.0) 70 78.8
September........ 160}145. 6} 100} 110,106. 2) 130) 150,135. 6) 100} 115/105.0) 95) 115,105.4) 65 71.2
EICLODEPs os <= =a as 149}120.5} 75} 105} 87.0} 90} 180108.0) 70) 105) 79.5) 65) 95) 81.0} 50) 56.5
November.....-.. 110}103. 8} 55} 75) 65.0} 90} 100) 93.8) 55} 63) 59.1; 60] 70 40 46.4
December......... 109} 85.6} 50) 60) 54.8) 75) 80} 76.2) 45] 55) 49.4) 50) 65) 58.8] 35) 41.2
Jaly—December..| 89) 170)131.3) 50) 150) 97.4) 75) 165 1214 45| 140) 90.3) 50 bes 93.7] 35 63.6

es

i ne

ee ese ee TDL, ee CUCU eee

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products.

SHEEP AND WOOL—Continued.
TABLE 267.—Wool: Wholesale price per pound, 1913-1920.

Date.

. eh
anuary—June-......-..
July-December. ...-....

1915.
January-June.........
July-December. .......

1916.
January—June..--.....
July-December ....-..-

1917.
January—June...-.....

July-December. ...-..-|

; ake
anuary—June......-..-
July-December

(Compiled from commercial papers.]

Boston, Ohio XX

washed.
Low. | High. | Average.
Pa Cents. Cents.
7° | 32 29. 4
2 | 30 26.5
jee O53. 29 27.0
es 97 314 29.6
29 34 32.0
32 323 33.2
| 324 35 33.7
ins Se 3 AT 37.5
46 68 55.0
i, 67 80 75.0
tn > 76 78 76.8
7 78 Wie
67 71 | 68.0
70 76 | (pail
75.5
75.5
| 3
| (2)
(3)
75 | 76 | 75.5
epinisetsye! spe)
(7) @)) (?)
Or i (2)
@) (7) (7)
(7) (*) (?)
Os des Os. | ex
| @ | @ ()

\

751

Philadelphia, Ohio KX St. Louis, best tub
washed.! washed.
|
Low. | High. | Average.| Low. | High. | Average.
Cents. | Cents. Cents. | Cents.| Cents.| Cents.
24 Migs tesa. 28 37 | 32.5
We eae ihc See ae 28 35 28.7
| |
| |
Te | COs me eeeene 23 33 29.6
| 95 DiiRA Disgaea Bees 31 33 31.6
| | |
29 34 Se Be 41 37.6
28 | 338 | 33.1 40 44 40.6
3} 37 | 33.6| 42 48 44.3
34 44 | 36. 9 AT 49 47.7
|
ed ee PP 2 75 56.5
ewe 73 (ee 75 85 81.4
| | | ‘ |
| | |
72 Th | ee a 83 90 86.0
2) (7) (?) 90 91 90.9
|
’
Oe a a ee 60 771 69.8
ye | Chas 2 2) 70 80 | 73.8
; a. Sine ae
| 100 102 101 70 7 70.0
105 110 107 70 70 70.0
9 100 98 70 70 70.0
97 | 100 | 98 65 7 65.2
| °88 | 100 | 94 50 65 58.0
|p pRiBy bb edo ol 73 40 | 50 | 45.4
| 70. | 110: | 95.2 40 | 70 63.1
ie ee ee 40| 40| 40.0
Pecks ha eG 69 40 40 40.0
| P=E6On | hbo 63 40 49 41.1
60 | 65 62 35 40 eT
GO|) aH 53 30 35 34.2
45 | 50 | 48 | 30 30 30.0
|e) a ere-| 30] ae 37.1
i i

|

1 Delaine, unwashed, 1920.

*No quotations.

752 Yearbook of the Departmeni of Agriculture, 1920.

SHEEP AND WOOL—Continued.

TasLe 268.— Wool: internationai trade, calendar years 1909-1919."

[‘Weol’’ en this tableincludes: Washed, unwashed, scoured, and pulled wool; slipe, sheep’s wooi on skins
(totai weight of wooland skins taken); and all other anima!nbers included in United States classification
otwool. Thefollowingitems have been considered as not within thisclassification: Corded, combed, and
dyed wool; flocks, goatskins with hair on, mill waste, noils, and tops. See ‘‘Generalnotes,” Table 239.}

EXPORTS.
See oe —_——_—_—
Average
Country. 1909-1913.
1,000
From— / <a
Milperte ne oes 5 a. ates Sao Pes
AP OTIATIR 6 ao nse « Saws |
Auedratis fine PERESS So BSS 23-5 |» 676,679
fT irr baa a Pe p= iba 7 tl ere Stone eterel § Sas is.
British’ India. -J.........-2.- ! 56,406 | 44,705
British South Africa. .....-...! 164,651 | 152,867
2 wee 2 ae rs 8 27, 043
Gitta A re soe wo en vase
Wraneds 2 oo. 5 ae ec anae oo : 84, 973
Gorntany.g e -< oer eto oes sates ) Bo SAT 5 < -Beete 2 ober seb elwanee aoe
Netherlands. ...........---.-. | 26, 362
ee ag aaah Pee aed er,
PEt SS Sag =o doth. eae see
(Siege ee |e ae ) 9; 333
Russia....-..2.2.0..-. 32, 406
Pe. nase be 3
Uni ed Kingdom... ian ae
PUCURVecan sn<-5 os sx
Other countries...........---. t-- "67,242
cy 2 min, Pan eke Lie | 2, 190, 905 j1, 687,097 1, 538, 682 |1,306, 509
'
Into— |
Austria-Hungary .........-.-- ) 63, 942
Belgium. .......--cen-.------| 300,367
Baten LS 1 Re ge NS eR / % a
“VG Ye [Seppe gage’ oe trate RE:
Wasiad. re ee | 601, 628
APOC AT gfe n 56 - og ne a ane / ales wc widn aca |oes opis =a] ae mae os =| omnes = betes fo ieee ps
TL ae ee Sey 5) ERE *
Netherlands............-.---- 31, 991
Re ae co ode gus caeeere 106, 184
ESWBOGII ao nnn cb fut ane edo 7,26
Sw iteartnnn-- 2.) soe see 11, 211
United Kingdom............. 550, 931
United States... - -<us- 0 dency 203, 298
Other countries............... 58, 275
otal 2~- 2,2 ate he ! 2, 458, 820 [480,505 1,807,423 |1, 591,954 |1, 407,769 1, 206,643 Res a?

1 Does not includestatistics of trade for Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany during the vate!
1914-1918. Therefore the total trade statistics of imports and exports for all countries are not stri com-
parable during that period.

une 1.
| Price per) Farm value | | Price per | Farm value
Jan. 1— Number. hi Jan.1. || Jaa-1l— | Number. | head (**O')
Jan. 1. 3 | | Jan.1 oi
$4.03 | $99,637,000 || 1894.......... 45, 206, 000 $5.98 | $270,385, 000
3.29 | 79,976,000 || 1895.......... 44, 166, 000 4.97 | 219, 501, 000
4.65 | 108,431,000 || 1896.......... 42, 843, 000 4.35 | 186, 530,000
5.80 | 155,108,000 || 1897.......... 40, 600, 000 4.10 | 166,273, 000
AROS SS. Sis 39, 760, 000 4.39 | 174,351, 000
2 DO eee oy 1899..........| 38,652,000 4.40 | 170,110,000 .

5.61 | 165,312,000 || 1900........-- 37, 079, 000 5.00 | 185,472, 000

4.01 | 127,453,000 || 1900, census,
3.67 | 119,632, 000 June (oo... ie, OLS OUR OSL | eb ers oe ee -
3.98 | 122,695,000 || 1901 1......... 56, 982, 000 6.20 | 353, 012, 000
4,80 | 134,581,000 || 1902.......... 48, 699, 000 7.03 | 342,121, 000
6.00 | 164,251,000 || 1903......---. 46, 923, 000 7.78 | 364,974, 000
5.66 | 158,873,000 || 1904.........- 47, 009, 000 6.15 | 289, 225, 000
4.85 | 156,577,000 || 1905........-- 47, 321, 000 5.99 | 283, 255, 000
3.18 | 110,508,000 || 1906........-- 52, 103, 000 6.18 | 321, 803, 000
4,28 | 145,782,000 || 1907.-......--. 54, 794, 000 7.62 | 417,791, 000
i ene epee 56, 084, 000 6.05 | 339,030, 000
Baie eh as a a eae a 1909..........| 54,147,000 6.55 | 354,794, 000
4,70 | 170,535,000 |} 1910.........- ATS 7TSZ O00 sf. Stas ees kee

5.97 | 263,543,000 || 1910, census,
6.75 | 291,951,000 || Apr. 16..... 58, 185, 676 9.17 | 533,309, 000
5.57 | 246,301,000 || 1911 1......... 65, 620, 000 9.37 | 615,170, 000
5.02 | 226, 402, 000 || 1912.......... 65, 410, 000 8.00 | 523, 328, 000
4,26 | 196,570,000 || 1913.........- 61, 178, 000 9.86 | 603,109, 000
4.48 | 200,043,000 || 1914.......... 58, 933, 000 10.40 | 612,951, 000
4,98 | 220,811,000 || 1915.........- 64, 618, 000 9.87 | 637,479, 000
5.79 | 291,307,000 || 1916.......... 67, 766, 000 8.40 | 569,573,000
4.72 | 243,418,000 |] 1917..-.-..--- 67, 503, 000 11.75 | 792, 898, 000
TEN Fs em Oe oe 70, 978, 000 19. 54 |1, 387, 261, 000
Sumeeeaivare toc] 107,409,588 |... .....--|-.--20s2-02-- iy eee 74, 584, 000 22. 02 |1, 642, 598, 000
4.15 | 210,194,000 |] 1920.........- 71, 727, 000 19. 01 |1, 363, 269, 000
4.60 | 241,031,000 || 1921.....-.... 060 12.99 | 865,633,000

6.41 | 295, 426, 000

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 753

SWINE.

TaBLE 269.—Swinc: Number and value on farms in the United States, 1867-1921.

Note.—Figures in ifalics are census returns; figures in roman are estimates of the Department of Agri-
culture. Estimates of numbers are obtained by applying estimated percentages of increase or decrease to
the published numbers of the preceding year, except that a revised base is used for applying percentage
estimates whenever new census data are available. It should also be observed that the census of 1910,
ving numbers as of Apr. 15, is not strictly comparable with former censuses, which related to numbers

1 Estimates of numbers revised, based on census data.

; 30702 rs o—— re 192048 #*

‘ane

754 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

SWINE—Continued.
TaBLE 270.—Swine: Number and value on farms Jan. 1, 1920 and 1921, by States.

Farm value (thou-

Number (thou- Average price per
sands) Jan. 1— heat Tan sands of dollars)

8
8
=
8
rt
_
8
rr)
fe
a
8
nihil ‘ ee eT a oe ee

Jan. 1—
State.
MNNIG-= S025 2 2oes. . eet ee 97 110 321. 00 $24. 50 2,037 2,695
WN Guy eesspSBIt ee se Jn os scence 57 65 20. 00 24. 00 1,140 1,560
WEESMIOUD OE clo -8- oe ope cone eae eee 105 115 14.80 22. 50 1,554 2,588
Mawadlinsetis.-- 9 922 ae 130 150 20. 50 27. 00 2,665 4,050
Bhode island: 22. ue... ask eseeweeeese 13 15 21. 00 30. 00 273 450
Connestient..5.-. ...-. 28s El eee 78 87 20. 00 27. 50 1, 560 2,392
New York. : ) 22-2: ... 3 eee eee 781 840 17. 50 22. 50 13, 668 18,900
Wow Jersey 226. 4 222s eee ees 182 200 20. 00 25. 20 3, 640 5,040 j
Pennsylvania..‘: &:.:. 0: es ee eS 1,339 1,395 17. 50 23.70] 23,432 33,062
Delaware. ...-. £2222 ee xe 68 73 16. 00 19. 00 1,088 1,387 a
Morvan. ee 427 450 13. 00 19.00} 5,551 8,550
Viren.) tos a ee 1, 026 1,115 11.50 15.00} 11,799 16,725
West Virginia ~~". - S25. coe ees aace cen 2 425 443]. 14.00 18. 00 5,950 7,974 ’ .
North Carnitas... ote ee ee oe 1, 528 1,575 15.70| 20.00] 23,990] 31,500
South. Caghna =. 52h se ee 1,099 1, 088 13. 50 21. 50 14 836 23,392
SOP EIR Se. pei st = se RR a | 3,102 3,165 11. 50 16. 90 35, 673 53,488 :
Wipe S25...) HON... 5. SARS 8 Oe 1, 493 1,588 10. 00 13.00] 14,930] 20,644
Oe a ee BSS Te eae 3,921 4, 309 13. 30 19.20] 52,149] 82,733
piianasss. .. 2% 2.7.5 Pee 4,209 4,575 13. 00 19. 00 54, 717 86,925
Mapes 1 het... tet es 47585| 5,152] 13.70] 20.50] 62,814] 105,616
Michigan 1, 435 1,450 14. 30 22. 00 20, 520 31,900 :
Wisconsin. . 2,236 2, 236 14. 50 23. 50 32, 422 52,546
Minnesota 2} 803 2) 951 15. 30 24.00} 42,886] 70,824
Iowa...... 9,510} 10,010 14.50] ~ 21.80] 137,895| 218,218
MIBSOOT a. ok den os onc tora ey ap Pee 4,047 4,305 11. 00 16. 50 44,517 71,932
NixihDakete< 2.. lect | 402 423| 14.00] 21.00] 5,628] 8,988
Soenutie Dakotas 24... 2. USS 28 Ag se. 1,525 1,695 13. 50 21. 50 20, 588 36,442
Wisbtankets. . 3242... Bis ee Los, | 3,063 3) 366 13.50} 20.90] 41,350] 70,349
CESS SRA SR AT oe Ie | Vsio} 17905! 12.00] 17.50] 217720] 337338
MWeunkey:... i 11... GR ep oe 1) 429 1) 681 9. 90 13.00| 14,147] 21,853
> LETT C72: Ci Eo IR 5 <2 8S Bre 1, 636 1, 925 9. 50 15. 00 15, 542 28,875
ANTI. els opposed osm eee Seana 1,861 2,190 10. 00 12. 80 18, 610 28,032
Mamnitek cot col bel 1,783 2) 050 9. 50 14.50] 16,938] 29,725
PaeeAs 2. ee ae ee 1) 250 1, 420 11. 70 14.30] 14,625] 20,306
PRBR 2 o's 208 oe noe st le eres ah ee 2,427 2,356 11. 80 19. 50 28, 639 45,942
EIRIGNOMG asia so. sa Sas ota ae =e ce eee 836 950 10. 50 15. 10 8,611 14,345
BYKANSAS,. ooo ashok <2 3c = OC LRT OT ee 1,459 1,586 8. 30 12. 50 12, 839 19,825
MEONGANS: <3 2 ele 5 bs 2232s sede aces see eee 200 175 16. 80 20. 00 3,300 3,500
WY SANDS Ss eco kos 336955 Rok de Soe ee 57 60 14. 00 18. 40 798 1,104
iP fri: br ae een eee cheek Sec Se 325 382 12. 30 18. 00 3,998 6,876
INDW MexION. 6.20 ./.0--5--2>s abscess 85 83 15. 00 21. 80 1,275 a '
PTIPONAS ie xis kas sso oe ee enc SOON RE 40 42 16. 00 18. 00 640 756
SUA ei as we ie gee ee Se ee 103 114 13. 00 15. 00 1,339 1,710
WOVAOS ese einn iso cess Ce keene sere 30 32 11. 00 14. 00 330 448 :
TOARG i... oasedc bond sot 1 eee 163 190] 12.50| 17.80] 2,038 3,382
Washington. ..43 53. -2ec5.ds seep le Oe ee ee 267 300 15. 00 23. 30 4,005 6,990
MOTOR oe chs < =o soe cok eee eee 272 302 12. 80 19. 50 3, 482 5,889
MOAITORTUD =: toon co hee aan tens cee 930 1, 033 14. 50 18. 00 13, 485 18,594
United States: <t9"s 2.3 era 66,649 | 71,727 12. 99 19.01 | 865,633 | 1,363,269 ’

TasLe 271.—Hogs: Farm price per 100 pounds, 1911-1920.

Date. 1920 | 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914 | 1913 | 1912 | 1911 Png

pf a | Se $13.36 | $15.69 | $15.26 | $9.16 | $6.32 | $6.57] $7.45] $6.77 | $5.74) $7.44 $9.38
Feb. 15.....| 13.62] 15.53 | 15.03] 10.33 7.07 6.34 7.75 7.17 5.79 7.04 9. 57
Mar. 15..... 13.59 | 16.13 | 15.58] 12.32 7. 86 6.33 7.80 7.62 5.94 6.74 9.99
Apr. 15.....| 13.73 | 17.39 | 15.76] 13.61 8.21 6.48 7.80 7.94 6.78 6.17 10.39
MOF 10:0. > 13.44 | 18.00/ 15.84] 13.72 8.37 6.77 7.60 7.45 6.79 5.72 10. 37
June 15..... 13.18 | 17.80| 15.37] 13.50 8. 21 6. 80 7.43 7.61 6. 65 5. 66 10. 22
July 15..... 13.65 | 19.22) 15.58} 13.35 8.40 6. 84 7.72 7.81 6. 64 5.92 10. 51
Aug. 15..... 13.59 | 19.30 | 16.89 | 14.24 8.61 6.61 8.11 7.79 7.11 6. 54 10. 88
Sept. 15 13.98 | 15.81, 17.50) 15.69 9. 22 6.79 8.11 7.68 7.47 6.53 10.88
Oct. 15..... 13.57 | 13.88 16.50) 16.15 8. 67 7.18 |. 7.43 7.60 7.70 6.09 10. 48
Nov. 15.. 11.64} 13.36) 15.92; 15.31 8.74 6.35 7.00 7.33 7.05 5. 86 9. 86
Dec. 15..... 8.90 | 12.66 / 15.82 | 15.73 / 8.76 6. 02 6. 67 7.16 6. 89 5.72 | 9.

755

100 represent
Grades and

ed?

i

“Lett
the total belongs to the breeds nam

ich the ty pe predominates.’”’

t

inquiry of live-stock reporters:
Gy)

rtion

ing

SWINE—Continued.

yf Farm Animals and Their Products.

UWS O
lity, what propoi

Statist

Tasie 272.—Hogs: Percentage of the different breeds in the United States, by States.

Estimates below are based upon the follow
scrubs should be included in the breed in wh

the total number in your loca’

COOK ¢ NODHOO HOH HOON AANMA MINMMO DOOHN WOW COMM WORD | oO | ricerca
‘ydyaosopu0 N AROS : 1S 05 06 Neds Cdistes dHisraid coaatr IG rin 1G 4S 06.05 IB OS oF BSS5 1s |] BO Hod 1S
ot
Momdt ) Ito HOR MAHAN ORKNMN COHHDDO BANDON AtROO |§$ 190m torn |r |lNwotonw
“ITO Asad ' Lod x WAAHTA WAMAN HHAHA BARAT AAA ANA ' = " MAAN 1 Al oA
t has
Rei ere ty Cea NNAMO Worse: Neen ttt «COMIN Nn tS 4 a tS nDo | a llatamens
‘yoeqIoze rei 0 OUR fe ae rot aa RI A a A a Pr Re Sr reel 4 a | ae ite S Seat 25s
OPMMeE weet Smarty ets pee eS ES SEG: me ER ee eel cae Lara ical Daa ana — fog
(Space Samer taey ane : ; ) ee ot
ttl lem ROMO IDOOMO ATHOIM HHMHID MOORAD WDMOOCO $10: NMHM!] DE |lmanwoaw
MU ee ok Se Saale Cree CUentt on Kpen see, aaarevet Sh Meer ds acter ‘a ua ly sales Svs
“BUI tO | THO NCO DOONAN WOCDOH RINDHO MMHMO CONAN SOt~O ONMO AHO | || Noatro
1 RDN SEG aN Boh tat ar Set ahr eaieen ot ae area ton a aE Ct. vets cate aaah to rege ceamed ce p*'ll oS iat As ab chit
DarS POrg | Ps SSN Nessie, mt cea. ABAS ARBSa RARRS BAwenm BGS SAAR |RISSSSRAR
| wom! laHmM COND! 1OOMM ROOM BiNWat Geist onto Fits wt io] oll atonmeam
Ce en ee SIN toms COR Ig ng rien, RT REOLIRP TS SNL ee ARTO ele Seen TERS ELENA al Ta ellie Beet ST eek eee Tatcin he tg att Sdlleuiesn as fe
ee Awaw .: (MAA Me . ’ nee a oe . . Wile ecxe) wet. 8 a
eA ete Hes ‘ , on :
anna: IMA HATH BHOAANH SPAHTONM HODAHM BDHOND wWEtHo Hin wMNAAH |] |lOommncenr
‘olrysd ure] Ses Seo te RIN CO ad Avi st "gst didi A Ariane s FAARA oo an aA | oS “SOTA
“£08 CONN | lOOnD WOOMHM BWNHOHO HRA CHAN D ANMON FONMO COMD ONMN | A | HNMA Kod
rads | INnSSS HSOHND Anas re SSN SSMS HAMHS BWHAANS CNS tows ae eel
-lgf 900mm Sue I~"SSe SASSR ASRSS ARGSS SESSS SHBAR FAAS TSRR SSAR|S|PRRBSSR
‘ COMES IminAin CHONM HRONID COWDHN HROCN FHHNOM NAMHt ONoH BANOO [PK | oOnnmnrne
OTM Swi | iGuid Guddw HMA MESH MSaUN Ubetel “Hi ciciscia Modded Noel | oll deduced
Ieysoqo WHOM + rtANR AOR aaa aed ae fol a] I = EIS]
ee
weed! fang!) RthaA FIN ARMM WROD CON 1 INN IN Ni! AN io | om ll aNmene
. fe IG SERBS So RCS EEE, ea aes Bhiei sheath exes thor eas TET RURGE STROM SC Ree REMC TE oan aren [RSPad | meer aie es
eiTqseyD om Ns ‘rir + S| ‘ ov ‘ ‘ . ‘ . N
ChHO ! Senn HNOCOCH DHAHO HORNS WHAWA ANHWORKR MRONMMN CARH TARR 1A | MONMINOF
eI 10 Se Sh Sh owt” BoE SS REET i a TS TEAC RRR a MA OCs rh ee mae ne tare Se Skee eat Mica Meratse sieves somal | etoesen co Seta
TYsy19 SRRS: Borns Hanws Ardac MGS A SrBee gua S|) GHSHSS
ev ene a eee be ee ee . . . . . . . . . . . . . ’ . . . . . . . . ’ . 7
es CaS iA Pe jd eer, Geter ; ee CTR RRR e :
aa fe Teme i aS aes | RESO Ca EE aya aes
eaten a ee Rete ct al aaa Ts Re ee 2) CeCe :
, Se ee eee, a Bes eovarnt a > ema teanh crmw Pop eat Lae Richt ET CAL a Pe a A
Some yas fe eS Seem eee oe eat a ee he Laaegee te
g sae enh mae rs CPR ws Bas 4 aS ee eee ey
= ECR a Rae, SM eee, oe Means TSS eee ee eee ;
a ee ae ie ae A hn, Se OMe(nCes pilin eal each ane} ALTO att Pa Ome ROSE gece rei) Seti G
> es eer a a: Say ie eS Cie ar Dect ean Rete sd sk Ce Maen ee ey Be) KOK eed
es oie gee meee et een ot nameless Sh Opin Stee rivape ater a. Haran
nd Lect tiga! ot an-8 Ue ant Stiekels Si aninee te acaeRaaNeny ES BSE Re SSL OR aso
o eet ea Omer eies bale eee! ee vt lee Cig eats CO Nae Peo Cae 4", iS ke-| on
=| © oa a “eo COU, eine Ee tee eed Ws Se ie Von (ee See Um WL Ci as mes hoe Ct Ce ee ae 6
3 teed Wiepeines be Ae ae ig matey Bigs 1 Wet a, At tt ae MR eMC See teehee VER
nr i) SN it keg ayy ae te 8 Bie ame Seah S6 Oe as Oe ad Ss.
2 vee ht eet tae Te ee, eS ie nee eSaeg
= Og Byes |: 90'S Ree Re Pk 8 ae ae J Oene ‘Bis a ~~
. Ad . oe ~~ S eaen ae rs Le ion oe ee) . ee ee =o ~
zi ‘dude o¢8be subse iiig: d#¢ Biii ‘Big & see2
‘Sac £2558 SSOO gais, ot 4 i = pa <4
gasde SHSbe SS55° dg ise daz Sai cage & gasecs
A! s S-i- BEES SESSE Bos BSaE ages ESecs
36 a- 3.298 HOS seeee oPs OHSS CRE SoBe
SZPem Saz8A SbEzn SCHORR BES 2<bz SFOS 8 zaman
a, = ———— se _= i. ii — © 7 - oad — is OS eee — _—™~ —— > Ee ees eee eee eee S”:t“C CU EE —————

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

756

SWINE—Continued.
TABLE 273.—Hogs (live): Wholesale price per 100 pounds, 1913-1920,

[Compiled from commercial papers.]

Chicago.
Mixed and
packers.

St. Louis.

Mixed pack-
ers.

Cincinnati.
Packing, fair
to good.

Aas
gaa
qgre

1913.

January-June.........

1919.

January-June. ...

1918.

January-June.........

1917.

January-June.........

1916.

January-June....

1914.

January-June......
July-December........

July-December...
July-December. - .
July-December.......-.
January-June. Sha casen
July-December. -.
July-December. .
July-December. .......

SASKRSS

SS Ste eR
ABSSSa
gudaad

Dj14. 14

« 75)15.

12. 25)16. 80)14. 46)12. 00/16. 10}14. 16)11

BSR258S
PEE Eee
siness

RARARS
sixiise

BRSKER

3. 42] 8. 00/17. 25/13. 07

B2SS83
ossriss
SS et et et et
SSrear
od 03 At od od
SSS Stet et
SASABRS
19idid cS wid
et et et et et

RSSSRs

SSSHS
SS Se

:
E

July-December. ./ 9. 08 00}14. 52} 8. 60)18, 25/14. 08) 8. 40/18. 25)13. 51) 7. 25/17. 80)1

Ocetober..:...222.2.54:

Sep

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 757

LIVE STOCK VALUES.
Tasie 274.— Aggregate live stock value comparisons, 1920, 1921, and average 1915-1919.

{Farm values Jan. 1,in millions of dollars, i. e., 000,000 omitted; States arranged according to 1921 rank in
value of all animals. ]

- Total (cattle, hogs, | Rankin
Cattle hoe, and Horses and mules. sheep, horses, and aggregate
Pe mules). value.
State.
Av., Av., Ay.,
1921 1920 | 1915- | 1921 1920 | 1915- | 1921 1920 | 1915- | 1921 | 1920
1919. 1919. 1919.

Pee 322 500 404 115 133 170 437 633 574 1 1
oS pa 261 347 274 174 225 175 435 572 449 2 2
of ae 179 295 221 123 149 168 302 444 389 3 3
Jo Mlb he a 160 247 194 108 132 134 268 379 328 4 4
Ce 195 299 199 70 74 85 265 373 234 5 5
1). 178 209 185 86 92 108 264 351 293 6 6
SeEMEHSARH oS >. 2-. ct ees 149 219 202 96 122 139 245 Al 341 7 7
2 5 nee 167 251 233 76 86 108 243 337 341 8 8
MSRMESOLG..--.2-.-.--2-- 162 249 166 77 86 99 239 335 265 9 9
Lo 154 233 161 70 80 85 224 313 246 10 10
Ho 135 204 148 82 93 101 217 297 249 11 | ll
J 0 162 190 140 43 45 205 235 194 12 | 14
Pennsylvania............ 128 172 117 71 75 | 81 199 247 198 13 12
PeleMIPA Lo) 2.26... 117 175 118 58 61 82} ° 175 236 200 14 13
PemuaeOakoeta........... 93 155 125 49 60 ‘72 142 215 197 15 15
oo 73 105 63 68 97 72 141 202 135 16 16
ORSON Aa, ........--.-- 69 108 101 68 94 93 137 202 194 17 17
HEPHENGEY Sco cccicses~ ss 65 93 71 62 75 68 127 168 139 18 18
MEISEL So we ccs-e.s 54 83 53 59 78 59 113 161 112 19 19
North Carolina........-.- 54 72 42 57 73 57 111 145 99 20 23
82 55 71 109 160 126 21 20
86 55 46 105 134 101 22 25
116 98 37 105 152 135 23 21
77 52 54 100 151 106 24 22
74 62 86 100 142 148 25 24
63 48 54 95 132 102 26 26
94 96 43 93 126 139 27 27
68 43 37 92 118 80 28 28
95 74 16 88 113 90 29 30
85 61 29 &4 110 90 30 31
51 26 44 84 115 70 31 29
61 54 10 67 71 64 32 37
82 90 16 64 93 106 33 32
69 60 24 63 90 4 34 33
54 40 22 62 75 62 35 35
58 34 13 61 74 47 36 36
48 36. 32 60 77 68 37 34
52 44 13 49 64 57 38 38

34 23 21 45 54 44 39

44 37 6 38 49 43 40

29 19 14 37 43 33 41

35 25 12 35 47 37 42

23 17 17 32 39 34 43

25 18 9 28 83 27 44

Connecticut............. 16 19 13 (4 22 26 20 45

New Hampshire......... 11 14 il 6 16 20 17 46

DBIGWAIG:....-..-.-..-.. 6 6 4 4 9 9 8 47

Rhode Island.........-... 3 3 2 1 4 4 3 48

758 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. 4

LIVE STOCK PRICES.
TaBLe 275.—Prices of live stock by ages or classes, United States, 1915-1921.

Cattle. 1921 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915

Horses:
Under 1 year old....-...... $33. 61 $39.07 $42. 62 $45. 20 $45.17 $44.30 $45.36
land under 2 years......... 52. 33 61.40 65. 94 70. 21 70. 21 69.02 70.62
gaan years and over...........- 90. 90 104. 06 108.17 114. 30 112. 64 111.28 113.10
es:
Under 1 year old.........-. 47.42 60. 53 59.14 57.61 53. 98 51.47 51.80
land under 2 years........-. 72. 55 91.92 89.14 86. 32 80. 28 76.69 46
2 years and over..........-- 126. 22 160.51 147.65 139. 88 128.17 123. 59 121.46
Other cattle (than milk):
Under: 1-year. ~<.02.<<<<--). 17.47 24.45 24.97 23. 44 20.71 19.08 19.06
1 and under 2 years........- 29.23 41.07 41.74 38. 63 33.93 31.48 31.21
re 2 years and over...........- 43. 65 59.19 60.41 55. 62 48. 63 45.81 45.92
eep:
Daa a year ......22-- a5 5.38 8.11 8.82 9.06 5. 63 4.13 = .
Ewes 1 year and over....... 6.39 11.09 12.44 12.70 7.48 5.35 4.59 9
Wethers 1 year and over.... 5.96 9.67 11.02 11.26 6.78 5.02 4.48
Rams of eae 14. 87 21.52 21.90 20. 84 13. 62 10. 32 9.01

LIVE STOCK MARKETINGS.

TaBLE 276.— Yearly marketings of live stock at principal markets, 1900-1920.

The combined receipts and shipments of cattle, hogs, and sheep at Chicago, Kansas City, Omaha, St.
Louis, Sioux City, St. Joseph, ard St. Paul yearly since 1900 were as follows:

w

Cattle. Hogs.

Year.

7,179,344 | 3,793,308 | 18,573,177 | 5,336,826 | 7,061,466 | 2,500,686
708, 839 | 3,888,460 | 20,339,864 | 5,772,717 | 7,798,359 | 2,712, 866

8) 375,408 | 4/292’ 705 | 17,289,427 | 4,130,675 | 9,177,050 | 3,561, 060
8,878,789 | 4,490,748 | 16,780,250 | 4)233/572| 9,680,692] 3,983,310 *
8,690, 699 | 4/552) 554 | 17,778,827 | 5,254,545 | 9) 604, 812 4, 203, 834
9, 202083 | 4/964,753 | 18,988,933 | 5,614,306 | 10,572,259 | 4,725,872
9; 373,825 | 5,026,689 | 19,223,792 | 5,440,333 | 10,864,437 | 5, 046, 366

9; 590,710 | 5,360,790 | 19,544,617 | 5,993,069 | 9,857,877| 4,549. 000
8) 827, 4) 936,731 | 22,863,701 | 7,288,403 | 9,833,640 | 4,489):
9/189) 312 | 5,181,446 | 18,420,012 | 6,381,667 | 10,284,858 | 4,172,388
9/116, 687 | 5,122 984 | 14'853,472 | 4/628,760 | 12,366,375] 6,013,215
8,629,109 | 4/805; 766 | 19,926,547 | 6,418,246 | 13,521,492] 5, 891, 034
8,061,494 | 4/318, 648 | 19,771,825 | 6,096,906 | 13,733, 980 5, 360, 402
7,904; 552 | 4/596,085 | 19/924'331 | 6,414,815 | 14,037,830} 6,046,
7/182; 239 | 3/933, 663 | 18,272,091 | 5,816,069 | 13,272,491 | 5,331,449
7,963,591 | 3,944,152 | 21,031,405 | 6,823,983 | 11,160,246] 4,370,504

9) 319,851 | 4/713,700 | 25,345,802 | 8, 264/752 | 11,639,022 | 4, 640, 615
11, 241,038 | 5,676,015 | 20,945,301 | 7,151,995 | 10,017,353} 4,534,489

-| 12)936;068 | 5; 388) 838 | 257461;514 | 7,111,935 | 12)064,416 | 5,749, 835

"| 12} 1517920 | 5,316,761 | 25,280/245 | 5,941) 663 | 14,307, 5,714, 471
9/969911 | 4°581/771 | 22° 4337301 | 6, 268,630 | 11,017,479 | 4, 157,730

g

Figures for 1900-1909, inclusive, were taken from the Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance
the United States; 1910 and subsequently from official reports of the stockyards in the cities

The receipts of calves (not included in “‘Cattle’’) at the stockyards of Chicago, Kansas City, St. J
St. Paul, and Sioux City, combined, were about 1,645,958 in 1920, 1,589,491 in 1919, 1,361,787 in 1918, 1,180,063
in 1917, 918,778 in 1916, 726,145 in 1915, 664,000 in 1914, 741,000 in 1913, about 910,0€0 in’ 1912, 975,000 in 1911,
981,000 in 1910, and 869,000 in 1909.

TaBLE 277.—Receipts and local slaughter at public stockyards in United States, 1916-
: 1920.

(Bureau of Markets.]

Cattle and calves. Hogs. Sheep.

Year. —— = a: a ar a fy
/ Local Local Local
Receipts. | siaughter. | Reeeipts. | sigughter. | RecelPts. | siaughter.

Statistics of Farm Animals and Their Products. 759

THE FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION,

Some of the pineal facts connected with the Federal meat inspection as administered by the Bureau
of Animal Industry are shown in the following tables. The figures cover the annual totals inni
with the fiscal year 1907, which was the first year of operations under the meat-inspection law now in force.
The data given comprise the number of establishments at which inspection is conducted; the number
of animals of each species inspected at slaughter; the number of each mer 2 condemned, both wholly
and in part, and the percentage condemned ofeach species and ofallanimals;the quantity of meat products
prepared or processed under Federalsupervision, and the quantity and percentage of the latter condemned.

her details of the Federal meat inspection are published each year in the annual report of the
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry.

TABLE 278.—Number of establishments inspected and total number of animals slaughtered
under Federal inspection annually, 1907 to 1920.

ee a hia : All
Year ending June 30— He Cattle. Calves. Swine. | Sheep. Goats. sae
| |
708 | 7,621,717 | 1,763,574 | 31,815,900| 9,681,876 | 52,149! 50,935,216
787 | 7,116,275 | 1,995,487 | 35,113,077 | 9,702,545| 45,953 | 53,973,337
876 | 7,325,337 | 2,046,711 35, 427, 931 10, 802, 903 69,193 | 55,672,075
919 | 7,962,189 | 2,295,099 | 27,656,021 | 11,149,937 | 115,811, 49,179,057
936 | 7,781,030 | 2,219,908 | 29,916,363 | 13,005,502| 54,145 52,976,948
940 | 7,532,005 | 2,242,929] 34,966,378 | 14,208,724 63,983 59,014,019
910 | 7,155,816 | 2,098,484 | 32,287,538 | 14,724,465 | 56,556 | 56,322,859
893 | 6,724,117 | 1,814,904 | 33,289,705} 14,958,834 | 121,827 56,909,387
896 | 6,964,402 | 1,735,902] 36,247,958 | 12,909,089 165,533 | 58.022) 884
875 | 7,404,288 | 2,048,022 | 40,482,799 | 11,985,926 | 180,356 63,101,391
833 | 9,299,489 | 2,679,745 | 40,210,847 | 11,343,418 | 174,649 63,708,148
884 | 10,938,287 | 3,323,077 | 35,449,247| 8,769,498 | 149,503 58,629,612
895 | 11. 241,991 | 3,674,227] 44,398,389 | 11,268,370 | 125,660 70,708,637
897 | 9,709,819 4,227,558] 38,981,914 12,334, 827 | 77,270 | 165,332, 477

1 Includes 1,089 horses slaughtered.

TaBLE 279.— Condemnations of animals at slaughter, 1907-1920.

Cattle. Calves. Swine.
Year ended June 30— = = | | =
er er er
Whole Part. | oenta| Whole Part. | cent. Whole | Part. | conta
(ss 27, 933 93,174 | 1.58 6, 414 245 | 0.38 | 105,879 | 436,161 / 1.70
LL) 8 33, 216 67,482 | 1.41 5, 854 396 | .31 127,933 | 636,589 | 2.18
_ ia Saaee 35,103 | 99,739 | 1. 84 8, 213 409 | .42| 86,912] 799,300] 2.50
Uiilys Ds 42,426 | 122,167 | 2.07 7,524 500 | .35 , 439 | 726,829} 2.82
iu ee Seep ae ee 39,402 | 123,969 | 2.10 7, 654 781} .38 9,477 | 877,528 | 3.13
Ti 50,363 | 134,783 | 2.46 8, 927 1,212] .45| 129,002] 323,992] 1.39
TE ee 50,775 | 130,139 | 2.53 9, 216 1,377 | .50| 173,937 | 373,993 1.70
(Ny) 26 — es 48,356 | 138,085 | 2.77 6, 696 1,234 | .44] 204,942 | 422,275] 1.88
a 52,496 | 178, 409 | 3. 32 5, 941 1,750| .44| 213,905} 464,217] 1.87
oD 57,579 | 188,915 | 3.33 6, 681 1,988 | .42 195,107 | 546,290} 1.83
(Uh ce S68 88 See , 706 | 249,637 | 3.53 10, 112 2,927} .49] 158,480] 528,288] 1.71
_ ol = Se 68,156 | 178,940 | 2. 26 8, 109 2,308 | .31 113,079 | 347,006} 1.30
[hoy Meee 59,549 | 166,791 | 2.01 9, 202 2,479| .32] 128,805] 433,433 | 1.27
UL aes Se ee ,602 | 194,058 | 2.60 13, 820 2,866 | .39/ 133,476] 550,580} 1.75
Average;
a 34, 670 95,640 | 1.74 7,001 388 | .36 93,291 | 649,720] 2.29
1911-1915... ....... 48,278 | 141,077 | 2.62 7,687 1,271 | .44 | 156,253] 492,401] 1.95
1916-1920... ....... 64,518*| 195,668 | 2.63 9, 585 2,514] .38| 145,789] 481,119] 1.57

1 Includes both whole and parts. Itshould be understood that the parts here recorded are primal
parts; a much larger number of less important parts, especially in swine, are condemned in addition.

760 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Condemnations of animals at slaughter, 1907-1920—Continued.

TABLE 279.

Sheep. Goats. All animals.
Year ended June 30—

a

SS ee ee ee

EeERSR esses
BSBLSESE 838833
Edalalatalntatalgl tsiatate

BSR | SaRtSleeensaes

Bae

2g
u88
her

1 Includes both whole and parts. It should be understood that the parts here recorded are primal
; a much larger number of less important parts, especially in swine, are condemned in addition.
2 Includes condemnation of horses; ole, 64: part, 4.

TABLE 280.—Quantity of meat and meat food products prepared, and quantity and per-
centage condemned, under Federal supervision annually, 1907 to 1920.

Per-
Yearended} Prepared or Con- centage || Yearended| Prepared or
June 30— processed. demned. con- June 30— processed. F
demned. i
Pounds Pounds. | Percent Pounds
oe 4, 464,213, 208 | 14, 874, 587 0 joa7.. 52.2 7, 663, 633, 957 j
WO8! 52252 , 958, 298, 364 | 43, 344, 206 731] 1918 7, 905, 184, 924
iC: we 6,791, 437,032 | 24,679, 754 - 36 |] 1919........ 9, 169, 042, 049
1G10: 32. Se 6, 223, 964,593 | 19,031, 808 ary See 7, 755, 158, 142
Ree 6, 934, 233,214 | 21,073,577 31 a P
Wie. 22202 7, 279, 558,956 | 18, 096, 587 25 || Average
1913........ 7,094, 809, 809 | 18,851; 930 “27 || ~ 1907-1910.
mene. | Bese 7,033, 295,975 | 19, 135, 469 -27 1911-1915.
Cy oe 7, 533, 070, 002 |. 18, 780, 122 | 25 || 1916-1920. -
ms. 55 7,474, 242, 192 | 17, 897, 367 | 24
The principal items in Table 280, in the order of magnitude, are: Cured pork, lard, sai , canned %

beef, lard substitutes, and oleo products. The list includes a large number of less important items.

It should be understood that the above products are entirely separate and additional to the carcass
inspection at time ofslaughter. They are, in fact, reinspections of such portions of the carcass as have
subsequently undergone some process of manufacture.

TABLE 281.—Quantity of meat and meat food products imported, and quantity and per-
centage condemned or refused entry, 1914 to 1920.

Year ended June 30— imported. | demned.

1914
ROB inno dbbRiue'edwec ceucdcsncuavarudapeentpesuusatans

* BReesey

,

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.'!

[Compiled in the Bureau of Crop Estimates from reports of the foreign commerce and navigation of the

United

tates, United States Department of Commerce.]

TABLE 282.— Agricultural imports of the United States during the 8 years ending Dec. 81,
1919.

Article imported.

Animals, live
Cattle 2......... number...
Horses—
For a g purposes,?
Other... .... number...
Total horses. ..do...-
eee e. ae
i ae i
All other, including fowls.
Totallive animals....
Beeswax......... pounds...
Dairy products:
2 a do...
ee ag. =.
Milk and cream..........
J ae gallons. .
Condensed. ...pounds. -
Total dairy products.

= albumen. .... pounds. 2

ra or frozen eggs,

Soa els oS mee =

Cocoons...-...... aos2=.
Raw, or as reeled from

the cocoons .pounds. -
Waste ado: .t.

Total silk...... aoe...
ot =a hair of the

goat, alpaca,
aaa animals—
Class 1, _ clothing,
TTS ai pi
bas 2, combing,

7 ee
Olas aa carpets,

pounds
Total, wool.pounds..

Total animal fibers,
pounds

Year ending Dec. 31—

1917 1918 1919

Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.
347, 510} $18, 245, 973 352, 601] $25, 518, 585 642, 395] $53, 296,078
2,376 951, 278 942 306, 464
7, 626 679, 391 4,052 496, 289
10,002} 1,630,669 3, 869 780, 127 4,994 802, 753
202,861} 2,014, 169 150, 203| 1, 653, 717 224,774| 2, 473, 386
16, 236 ” 396, 961 7, 467 "185, 617 20, 657 758, 259
L Seaaaseeet es 772, fll RR in 493, 1 eee ae 706, 885
eo ee 235600; 49alae eae. = Sen} 228, O31, IGL-!---- s.-= =. | 2 58,037. aod
2, 858, 190 994,169} 1,558,048 584,194) 2, 383, 901 896, 327
1, 307, 750 444,332! 1, 655, 467 580,324] 9,519,368} 4, 860, 182
6, 332, 562| 2, 566, 7, 562,044| 3,059,078] 11,332,204] 4,073,357
Be <Se o eo eee VOU EUG onc 5 eel GAG cd Ol occas. ase eepan as See ee ees
Sees aaean s ole came memes 41,349,628] 4726, 816 3,684,817} 1, 850, 203
EEE eae See ree es Rae ee 410,904,998} 4927,668| 16,509,239} 2,080,070
be sat a oF G/070;938\e52) 2-6, OAD ODP to 1D BS RID
1, 179, 047 314,419} 1, 244, 826 363,227} 1, 247, 355 394, 629
Teche eee eee ee 1, 386, 947 503, 154 7,978,239] 6, 061/114
16, 268,379} 3, 559, 504 6, 752,453} 2,459,552) 24, 890,621) 8, 469, 987
(5) 415, 883 0 675, 791 309,069} 2,698, 146
(8) 1, 149, 282 ( 844,408} 1, 599, 805 852, 810
103,017 99, 871 220, 250 297, 296 852, 474 486, 636
36, 502, 831) 184,283,183} 32, 865, 543] 180,209,537; 44,816,918) 329, 338, 872
6. 329° 409 5 369, 856 15, 635, 266 13, 691, 765 9,852, 980 12) 061, 268
43, 428, 257| 189,752,910} 48,720,969] 194,198,598) 55,522,372) 341, 886,776
320, 801, 426] 133,353,679} 373,910, 875| 216,789,966} 334,099, 538} 171, 288, 562
22, 333, 306] 11,420,305) 4,223,223] 2,646,651] 7,734,081] 4, 583, 522
73,002,602) 24,892,904; 69,291,858] 29,256,094) 96,948,324) 36,898, 361
4,857,213} 1, 890, 564 6,301,416} 3,079, 905 7,110,891) 3,994,056
420, 994, 547] 171, 557,452| 453,727,372] 251,772,616|° 445, 892, 834) 216, 764, 501

1 Forest products come within the scope of the Department of Agriculture and are therefore included in
po mieten t) a in these tables.
So Seag pe eed free of duty.
une

8 Jan.1to
4 July 1 to Dec. 31.
6 Not Stated.

761

762 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TABLE 282.—Agricultural imports of the United States during the 3 years ending Dec. 31,
1919—Continued.

Year ending Dec. 31—

Article imported. 1917 1918 1919
Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.

ANIMAL MATTER—contd.

Geass. pounds. . 826, 115 $304, 249
Glue and glue size. ..do.... 6,775,192} 1, 048, 323)
ae SEAN 2, SEA og gallons. - 533, 229 484, 450
acking-house products:
re , dried ....pounds. . @) 512, 721
Bones, hoofs, and horns,
ponies 45-20 Soe @) 1, 602, 213
Bristles—
Crude, unsorted,
Se tR a= = ds... 65, 137 79, 357
Sorted, bunched, or
prepared.. pounds. . 4,051,755} 4, 499, 652 4,119,070) 5,639, 755 3,081,379} 5,931,579
Total bristles. .do--.-. 4,116,892} 4,579, 009 4,151,057) 5, 704, 816 3, 158, 848) 6, 035, 375
bos eae es do.... (?) 1, 614, 196 (?) 3, 558, 509) 33, 871,038] 3, 304, 364
Eris a cree cet do....! 5,798,474] 1,907,371] 2, 879, 654 997,704) 4,014,689) 1,643,512 -
Other animal ....do.. 5, 728, 594 804,852} 3,475, 316,852) 4, 545, 195 542,099

Hide cuttings and other F
glue stock.....pounds..| 34,499,825] 1, 560,673} 9, 381, 629 454,838] 13, 780,637 978, 514

Hides and skins, other

than furs—
Buffalo hides, dry, me ~ 4
opounds...-+- ares 24,801, 270] 6,199,718} 5,818, 580 1, 547,268) 15, 619, 73 8,465,457 E
aiding eet, lab > oneree Ut eel =a *
rr ee x 20,473,688 7,672,282} 5, 489,321] 2,236,592! 42,325, 180] 20, 914, 320 }
aid Se 9,111,917| 3,839,273] 2,093,402] 717,367 22, 230,341] 12, 738, 819 j
Dry---_- pom 141, 665,026] 46,038,100] 34, 835,629] 10,157,056] 96, 190, 263] 34, 366, 505 ;
ae coe Cece ree 229,019, 800} 56,318,952} 186,215,441] 41,872,585; 311,092,008] 91, 223, 542
Dry... sere sepals: 9, 047, $53] 2, 982, 567 872, 842| 183,435] 12,077,113] 3, 612, 468
pounds.............] 13,414,099] 2,320,149) 4,125,014) 536,250] 15,975,796] 3,633, 399
Stlcccerkina <= -pounds. . 603, 571 548, 088 679, 448 733, 133) 1, 383,939) 1 991
DY nt “90-5 a 50, 357, 425] 18,393,426] 21,530,047) 7,532,018| 43, 560,327| 21, 288, 088
PO oo eee 33, 624,932] 11,041,024) 30,934,304) 9,870,034) 41,471,492) 15, 232, 431
oat skins—
Tal rarrie 76, 461, 567| 48,013,139} 53, 305,631| 28,643,092] 111,134,251] 85, 827, 672
pounds.............| 12,441,174} 3,398,000} 9, 057,918| 1,847,105) 22, 522,563] 9, 729, 448
Other......... pounds..| 10,043,361| 2° 965,722} 6, 933/313) 2° 167,768} 9, 159,039] 3, 080, 50L
Total hides and skins, ;
pounds............- 631, 065, 683| 209,730, 440} 361, $90, 899] 108, 043,703} 744, 836, 035] 306, 510, 023
Meat—
Cured—
Bacon and hams, .
ourids,..;.2i. 3200 240, 404 69,864, 1, 863, 12 544, 296 787, 730

p
Meat prepared Pej
pres2rv:

(2) 2, 228, 135 (2)
eee Snir “ies

38, 201, 131 , 189, 8 5, 837, 546

eal eo ee ee 13, 070 4, 958 5, 417 43, 340
Fresh—
Beef and veal,
. SI oe 22,072,147) 3,088,759) 23,339,081) 4, 159, 186
Mutton and lamb,
| ee 5, 623, 903 685, 401 607, 896 134, 290
Pork........pounds.. 2, 580, 340) 553, 812 1, 721, 979 Bi
Other, including meat
extracts. .pounds.. (3) 10, 786, 682 (’)
Total meat........... (*) 17, 417, 611 (3)

1 Except sheepskins with the wool on. 2 Not stated.

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products.

763

TABLE 282.— Agricultural imports of the United States during the 3 years ending Dec. 31,
1919—Continued.

a

Year ending Dec. 31—

Article imported. 1917 | 1918 1919
Quantity. Value. | Quantity. | Value. Quantity. | Value.
ANIMAL MATTER—contd: /
Packing-house products— |
Continued.
Meat—Continued.
Oleo stearin...pounds..| 5,555,448) $936,561) 1,556,781) $250,122 2,358,446 $475, 156
Rennets......... do. .t* " 21, 884) 1) 78, 590) 102, 686 146, 542
Sausage casings. .do_. i 4, 050, 825) I 3,508,434, 11,234,028) 5,629, 412
Tallow...--..... do....|..-...-------|--.2--2----- |—* 5,395, 405} _2 702, 075|_12, 096, 189] _1, 812, 903
Total packing-house | | |
products. .-pounds.. (1) 244, 738, 356 (1) 175,695,614, 973,343, 841) 345, 361,052
Totalanimal matter.-|.1...........| 643, 450, 433). --.......22. 663, 530, 808) | eA 995, 302, 757
Argols orwinelees-pounds..| 28, 467,432 4,714,498! 27, 687, P| 4,824,504] 25,735,599] 4, 286, 972
Breadstuffs. (See Grain |
and grain products.) |
Broom corn..... long tons. . Seen Bil) ED, Be 1,766) 364, 936 10) 1,610
Cocoa and chocolate:
Cocoa—
Crude, leaves and shells
ie ae pounds...) 390,047,655 41, 415,354/ 359,959,761) 37,955,200 391,397,309] 57,999, 464
Cocoa and chocolate,
prepared.-pounds.. 790, 650) 258,849) 55, 598) ive 169) 967, 203} 342, 420
Total cocoa and choc-
olate...... pounds..| 390,838,305, 41,674,203] 360, 015, 359) 37,972,369] 392,364,512, 58,341, 884
Co do... ..|1, 286, 524, 074) 122, 607, 254|1, 052, 201, 501| 99, 423, 362/1, 333, 564,067) 261, 270, 106
Coffee substitutes: —. Ae oe mle a> Pe,
Chicory root—
Roasted, ground, or
otherwise prepared,
pontinisee ess 327, 243) Sh 7AGle ee ak AEM ee ES 56 28
Fibers, vegetable: Y or Jie hte Roars
Cotton ee pounds...) 138,615,455, 41,780,796] 112,684,092} 41,624,242, 175,358,368| 71, 886, 290

x—

. oie ae as ¥

Bomeice | °
Pa apP ss: 7,331|. 5,276,777 7,856| 7,361, sos} 4 = Oe? aes
All other... .long tons...

Papers: 2. .- dors: 9,745, 2, 829,518 3,875) 1, 982, 494) 1,698 953, 576
Istle, or Tampico fiber,

pePeans. 2... 29,156, 2,539, 146 31,744) 3,648, 815 20,840} 2, 523, 330
Jute and jute butts,

MoupGons:..........-..- 87,682! 8,315,121 71,414} 6, 462, 534 62,332} 8,384,479

NOs no. long tons. . 7,565, 1, 855, 673 9,576] 2,820, 474 10,972) 3,673,285

Gh iain do... 92,112) 27,321,018 78,783} 29, 332, 928 68, 5361 19, 255, 282
New Zealand flax..do.... 9,019! 2, 286, 922 13,912} 4,867,576 6,720] 1,640, 755
Sisal grass......... I) eee 143,871, 43,053, 717 151, 876} 54, 937, 104 144, 542) 39,553, 701
J ae do... 13,330| 2, 305, 135 13,593] 2,973, 144) 7,219} 1,797,000
Total vegetable fibers.|............. AST; 663582318 22222225). . LOOFOLONODGI<. 2. <5 — 153, 664, 288
Forest products: Tia
hona bark..pounds.. 2, 057, 327 792, 078. 5, 981, 293 1, 075, 74
€ork wood or cork bark,
oh ih Sia Q) 31,898,193) 28,286,942) 1, 802, 506
skere pis and extracts FP eRe: ico? hae Pe
0) —
Dyewoods—

; Logirood. ong tons. . 61, 735 668, 141 29, 022: 549, 885
theres... . do... 14, 335 31, 153 796, 297 1,618 38, 377
Total dyewoods_do... 76, 071 60,994) 1, 464, 438 30, 640 588, 262

Extracts and decoctions|)— |_| >
urns pounds 2, 875, 299 9, 574, 432 459,311] 7, 285, 737 477, 976
Total dyewoods and
2G a es 1, 066, 238
1 Not stated. 2 July 1 to Dec. 31. 5 Includes ‘‘ Waste, refuse, etc.,’’ prior to July 1, 1918.

764 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TABLE 282.— Agricultural imports of the United States during the 8 years ending Dec. 81,
1919—Continued.

Year ending Dec. 31—

Article imported. 1917 1918 1919

Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.

| | « |) |

’

VEGETABLE MATTER—con. |

Forest products—Contd.
G

ums—
Arabic or Senegal,

pomnds: qs acs hase Ss oes 5s cee ansosom 14,460,812) 1$816, 019 5, 943, 021 pees:
Camphor—

Crude....... pounds

Refined. ....... 0..=5
Chidle. 2. 5.25-% =< °
Copal, kauri, and

pe pounds. .

Gambier, or terra
japonica - - ..pounds. -

Gutta 4atan or
East Indian gum,
pounds... - 24-2

dete s percha,

683,551) 18,662,702) 2,213, 964
225,922; 6,495,818) 1, 068, 698

mts ee a 146, 378,313] 535,940,421) 215, 820, 113
Total india rub-
ber, etc pounds. . 148, 537, 653| 565, 931, 299} 220, 800, 503
Shellac. ......... do
i 3 asp ag apd do

Total gums....do....
Ivory, vegetable...do....

Tanning materials—
Mangrove bark,
RGR CER es sae
Quebracho, extracts
1 BR nape pounds.
Quebracho wood,
ag ee aa I
Sumac, ground
DONOR cee caves
OTE ore - occ morca ee laes ane

Total tanning ma-
pe SR I 2, LE pe Ni tie»

Wood, not elsewhere

Ss —
Brier root or brierwood
and ivory or laurel

Total cabinet
WOOMS:. 5 ~ MAGE site see socnsces

ine. and round tim-
65, Spon M feet. .

1 July 1 to Dee. 31.

mn

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 765

TaBiE 282.— Agricultural imports of the United States during the 3 years ending Dec. 81,

1919—Continued.

Article imported.

Year ending Dec. 31—

1917 1918 1919»

Quantity. Value.

= - ——
Quantity. Value. Quantity. | Value.
SS

VEGETABLE MATTER—CON.

Forest products—Contd.
Wood, not elsewhere
specified—Contd.

Lumber—
Boards, deals, planks,
and *other sawed
lumber..--- M feel.

1, 203, 600) $27, 912, 150 1, 209, 162) $34, 314, 720 1, 149, 320| $37, 260, 847

piss as 2 =~ - = 605, 054 ‘3 906, 482 ” 982, 302 966, 448 802) 651) 3 037, 000
Shingles....... do....| _ 1,936, 809] 5, 160, 482} 1, 797, 612| 5,626, 932| —_1, 987, 480| 8, 720, 032
CMS a2 ae Bie | Oar peg te lose Ula ee eee 2 1, 072, BOG|pcoan dears e | L 389, 018
Total lumber.......|as..--------- rt, | nee 41, 980, 406|...-...-..-.. | 50, 406, 897
wood—
Peeled ........ cords. 5, 423, 566 964, 804, 9, 295, 009 698, 785| 6, 778, 550
Rossed......... on. 1, 637, 551 128,579) 1, 548, 280 107,094} 1, 365, 144
Rough.....---- aor! e: 1, 502, 341 276, 644| 2, 519, 277 241,420} 2,315, 059
Rattan and-reeds.......}.....-------- NO ODA|-c-sse0ani= iy 30S) 400 | on aemeanomae = 872, 374
"Pimber, ship and other .|......----<-- (5 hie Bea pee | ee ee ee 297, 205
Joo) TET ap ee 9117850) es Paes Cte. | Wl ol 667, 153
MoralwO0d, Tl. ©.S.-5-|-5-.<-2---n0- 53.280, 150 eemiccina sateen 64; 728, 468). ..-.<------- 71, 187, 038
Wood pulp—
Chemical—
Bleached—
Sulphate.long tons. 1, 451 195, 014 3, 356 299, 790 4, 594 394, 76
Sulphite..-. ee adolis: 36,640) 4, 508, 368 14, 962| 1, 512, 742 38,174, 4, 472, 593
Unbleached
Sulphate... Lee dossee 96, 369) 9, 993, 170 106, 037| 7, 971, 067 130, 278] 9, 084, 537
Sulphite..... hepa 221, 583} 19, 291, 410 296, 298| 16, 973, 540 214, 243] 17,979,170
Mechanical......do.... 249,172| 7, 991, 368 165, 605| 4, 720, 036 180, 583} 5, 117, 316
Total pon pulp
eee ce long tons... 605, 215] 41, 979, 330] 516, 258| 31, 477,175 567, 872| 37, 048, 381
Total forest products.|......-..---- 372, 19a, a00\ese sree a---- POG, 509 | okcncssnasee 374, 455, 432
Fresh or dried—
Bananas..... bunches. 13,961, 158] 32, 249,028] 15,438,491) 36, 993, 095) 15, 934, 590
Currants.....- poun 112, 530 5 091, 328 557, 508} 14, 852,466) 2, 296, 347
Datess so. =. >= Grea 580, 627| 10, 720, 852 480, 589| 36,920,921] 1, 890, 688
[ie eee doles: , 239, 163, 647| 11,775, 499 873, 415| 25,358,946] 4, 518, 163
Grapefruit ....-.-..-...]...----------|..----------|------------- DTS6 O24 ec nen seen 611, 129
Grapes... -- cubie feet. . 576, 132 680, 027 667, 959 992, 855 534, 706 845, 363
Lemons 1877008) uc. S:<. as8s FCC Rainer Sapam 2, 437, 802
Olives.......-- 0091 2,665, 781| 1, 327, 812| 3, 753, 962] 2, 338, 881
Oran; TAIG555| onceretncs,.. AiG 55S = ee teat 52, 790
Pineapples O48 | tas aoe sais 885 -G06| ccs ose omen 1, 045, 882
Raisins... 159, 245 100, 273 20, 897| 1, 566, 786 442, 912
MOSS 2 oe da date'|sciaecm «sso s 2, 010, 17O\ 254 wen =o 1, 843, | eee eee 4, 609, 089
Total fresh or dried 2 AAG STO Sas ce sodas. 24, G12 280) 26k ah 37, 023, 636
Prepared or preserved....|...---------- 72 OOO aameceracans'e EH ta fy (| hapa pe 1, 290, 510
Oya nuh oe a ee GAN PACT Ps Bostock cree 25. 064, 154|.. ..--s--e Ni 38, 314, 146
Grain and grain products:
. Grain—
CGS bushels..| 1,654, 373| 1, 982, 690| 1, 990,361) 1,975,979) 11, 212,717] 10, 966, 911
j OS ee iterate do.. , 982, 840 L 282° 902 1: 443, 700 1, 244, 493 609, 128 469, 638
CS go... 33, 583, 109 67, 809, 607 17, 035, 986 30, 428, 806 7, 910, 701|. 14, 905, 722

Total grain....do....

1 Not

37, 220, 322| 71,075,199} 20, 470, 047 33, 649, 278] 19, 732, 546] 26, 342, 271

UP Ace haa ated ee Di heel (aie a aa) a a ee

stated. k 2 July 1 to Dee, 31.

766 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TABLE 282.— Agricultural imports of the United States during the 3 years ending Dec. 31,
1919—Continued.

| Year ending Dec. 31—

1918

Value.

Quantity.

;
VEGETABLE MATTER—COn.

Grain and = products—
Continued
Grain products—
Bread and _ biscuit |
Beene aaa pounds. .)

Meal and flour—
Wheat flour - barrels. .
Other........2¢.2.--.<)..-.... |) 6 6 4... Se eee

Total grain prod-
ROW So ade sce oe et pie OL. ae eee

Total grain and
grain ‘products: —]_-.-'« ~ a.<.}--83 Jap B54) = are

1 pig Ere bo se long tons. -
HOS. sense ae pounds. .

mira 93.22 22 do.... 747.074
Synthetic soe do... -} 7 ? 5, 101, ey * AP 039
Licorice root. ........ do..../' 33,460,490] 1,796,576, 27, 100, 309
Liquors, alcoholic: aT
Distilled spirits—
Brandy - . . -proofgalls. - 456,271] 2,022,975,
Cordials sliqueurs,e etc.,
proof galls... - 285, 80 703 , 082
491, 069 294 re | ee

Total distilled spirits,
proofgalls......-..- 3,006, 953
ee x
ottled.....-.. gallons. . 7
Unbottled....---do....| 1, 110°000
Total malt liquors,
gallons.....--.--.-. 1, 581, 362
bi += d othe
e and other
s ag. .-doz. qts-. 170, 687,
Still wines— -
Bottled ....doz. qts-.-. 496,791
Unbottled. ‘alan? - 2,944, 81

Total stillwines. ...|------------- BS) cs. 2 ....-.500)- 3,250, 960)... cee

liquors. ..........|-------------| 17,790, 739)....-...-.-.-| 5,046,531) .............

Malt, barley. A re in

and grain p rod os

Maltliquors. ye
alcoholic.)

N stock:
Plants, 5 Cee EE, and
Bulbs b bulbous roots
or corms, cultivated
for their flowers or
OS ee M.. 223,564] 2,613,710

seedings ........ BEA ci te dJuwaces a
Other “J

INot stated. 2July 1 to Dec. Wl.

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 767

TABLE 282.— Agricultural imports of the United States during the 3 years ending Dec. 31,
1919—Continued.

Year ending Dec. 31—

1918 | 1919

Article imported. 1917

Quantity. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.
VEGETABLE MATTER—CON.
Nuts:
Almonds—
Shelied....... pounds..| 18,326,914 $5,731,630] 28,007,908) $10, 582,179
ee oor 00 4, 455, 533 947’ 761 7, 482, 538 1, #5, 167
nuts e
E a (0) 2,490,368] 85,081,922] 4,053, 282
oconut mea roken,
a copra—
Not shredded, desic-
eated or prepared,
seetdel, = See a 4 -| 366,700, 360 26, 262,895) 258,915,789) 16, 544,613
esiccate:
i A ai ared - ee: 9,702, 785 2,606,783! 29,637,673) 4,140,689
Brazil. -do.. 36, 578,971 662,936} 43,076,348} 3,135,628
Shelled .....-.--- do...-| 2,280,787 891,679] 3,778,986] 1,193, 637
ae. do....| 16, 468, 547 926,159] 16,747,304] 3,396,301
Poin a eee 2 =: 53a26| REREHE ABS ABS eae BH i 23,003 5,012,194 393, 803
and palm-nut ker-
ees: : EER POUNGS yon ee ane mnlnenaneeennn- 2.199.089} 5,610,056 288, 586
pais. >
Shelled.......--- do....| 42,578,009 4,275,731] 24,179,687| 1,933,904
eee ASE 10-5 7, 688, 669 128, 623 5, 667, 354 393, 534
alnuts—
Shelled. .......-- do....| 12,257,593) 3,785,679] 10,260,899] 5,317,276
Unshelled. --..-- do....| 17,177,992 465,859] 21,235,078] 3,985,327
eee >|... .-.-.-.-) 1,320,600) 22.-.--...--- ire sa) os Sa Sl 846,
POU Seta o 5 --2<|--.------ Beer LUST eee | | ae ee anes erm AD O30 DBE e neces ane 57, 510, 164
Oilcakes: -. ~~. - pounds..| 43, 188, 260 1, 764,574| 112,405,870] 2,370,827
a egetable: ;
ed or expressed—
Cocoa batter or butter-
872 - 530
44,290,112} 281,063,213) 35,380,099
27215,299| | 27;805,784| 3,672,984
nero. Geiadl of ants, 37,246 2,152,378) 3,040,362
n.e.s.—
Chinese nut.gallons..| 5, 478, 798 6,386,576] 7,180,346) 8, 120,529
ge See en 3, 653, 938 8,530,808) 20,540,317, 22, 008, 89
poses. . . gallons. . 140 282, 454 435, 190

urposes
Olive, edible.....do.... 450, 793 9,024,136, 18, 013, 801
Pp 1,651,241] 41,817,945 4,317,324
4, 855 1, 929, 493 142? 523
3,096,074} 1,116,706) 1,306,315
38,454,730! 195,808,421) 24,019,226
DOWNS 52cscacases. 2, 505, GOB)at. 02s 2500.52 2, 558, 259

Total fixed or ex-

SRSEEetereaceces|ocuseececeoc-} 05,410, 000)- cose ccncnce D/P Est S| ee es 123, 017, 035
Volatile or essential—
Birch and cajeput,
on a 29, 970 16, 747 13, 444
Lemon....... pounds... f 436, 080 607, 286 612, 033
OGlier 27s 5s....6 Ds: | FERRER ee a a GR eee 2, 818, 391 Eonemceeeee ae 6, 357, 653
Total volatile or es-
PREM en ese celscccwwccccacs| 4,370, (2k. -scenncnces 3, 284, 441) 6, 983, 130
Total vegetable oils. .|.............] 67, 791, 354). :........... 110, 908, 782 130, 000, 165

Opium, crude.....pounds.. 2, 675, 963| 730, 272] 8, 279, 663

1 Not stated. 2 July 1 to Dec. 31.

768 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
TABLE 282 —Agricultural imports of the United States during the 3 years ending Dec. 31,
1919—Continued.

- a

‘

Year ending Dec. 31—

1918 1919

Article imported. 1917

Quantity. Value. Quantity. | Value.

——
«
be

Value.

Quantity.

VEGETABLE MATTER—COD. |

Rice, rice meal, etc.:
Cleaned.-.... -pounds..| 194,305, 903) $6, 024, 869
paddy...... pounds..| 84,943,914) 2,783, 399
broken rice....pounds..| 19, 730, 385 430, 724
Total rice, etc..do....| 298, 980,202) 9, 238, 992

Sago, tapioca, etc....do...-. | @).—|. 4,615, 285

144, 090, 499] $9, 904, 689
28, 6 580
1,010,177} 87,109
174, 596, 124) 12, 241, 631
99, 274, 913| 5, 207, 972

$17, 906, 990

3, 023, 293
2, 558, 185
23, 488, 468
| 3, 903, 2211

424, 692, 417
57, 375, 662
75, 979, 636

558, 047, 715
(@)

Seeds:

Castor beans or seeds,

DORE ne cs ae 1, 041, 017 638,821) 1, 758, 636
Clover—

aS hehe efoatl pounds. i. 931, 307 176, 111

SS Dae do... 8, 588,659} 1, 908, 173
Flaxseed or linseed, :

GIS? oon oan anes ton 9, 394, 287 12, 974,476) 32,993, 739

ee 1. @,s.pounds. . 6, 277, 510 568, 632
Maastord os 323 i ee soe par one nee 278, 600

is i 341, 068 58
EEE RS pe pa eR <9) belay Soe SN SVE | EPs eae 6, 167, (RA... cpeeenene

TPotmIneee sic. 9-05-24): 2-5 - =~ ae BOB) oJ. Sona 45,192,743). 5. <os-seeee
Spices:
Unground—
Capsicum..... pT | al IR RS ee aT Se 2 200,021)
Cassia, or cassia vera,

TRENT a nea aie y 1, 145, 02
Cloves........ DOENRGR: 21... set scb'g=-|2s pte <aebes Ff 552, 359
Ginger root, not pre- :

served ......pounds.. 511,8
N utmegs... bea tac POUiGE=sl. 225-52 -peee bene anno ame 3 396, 132
Pepper, black or white,

SOUNGA =. coe ce~ 2 anes 8, 042,814

Total unground

POS 565 <-sa-sbe 10, 848, 169

Ground—
Capsicum. .... Ott ae a | ae g 2415, 434
pT Oo ae eae ri (7 Re aed PR SS SA fe ae) SE og 460, 2 210, 354
16, 167,745) 2,625, 041

18,071,529} 3, 250, aaa
Total spices ...do....
Spirits, distilled. (See |
quors, alcoholic.)
ot eee eee pounds.. 25,347,966

Sugar and molasses:
eae gallons..| 126,778,330

1, 309, 169

10, 182, 443] 141, 339, 184) 10, 424, 174

Sugar—
aw—
pee pounds. . 29, 21 1,481 380 1, 180 108
LN ee ay. do. ron" 3 940, 603, 461) 221 , 988, 285)5, 166, 840, 872) 241, 390, ioil7, O19, 690 475] 393,170, 660
Maple sugar and
SITMPs~<..3 pounds. .

1 Not stated, 2 July 1 to Dee, 31.

:
j
}
F

_ Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products.

769

TABLE 282.— Agricultural imports of the United States during the 3 years ending Dec. 31,

1919—Continued.

Year ending Dec. 31—

Total vegetables......|_..........-. 32, 861, 528

154, 389 62, 360
8,171,154! 2, 070, 216

Total vegetable mat-
ter, including for-
Ca DOC eS 1,321,468,074

Total vegetable mat-
ter, excluding for-
GST i a A ee 1 ,005,707,743

Total agricultural im-
orts, including
lorest products... .2f.........-...

Total agriculturalim-

orts, excluding
lorest products. ....|.........-.-. 5 1,669,238,551)
|

1 July 1 to Dec. 31.
30702°—yxsxK 1920——49**

Article imperted. 1918 1919
Quantity. Value
VEGETABLE MATTEE—COn.
ree 5... pounds..| 126,794,997 |__ 80, 962, 920) $20, 145, 864
Tobacco:
Wrapper...-.. pounds... 7, 096, 788 10, 448, 547 7, 775, 481) 10, 158, 480
Willer and other leaf, ‘oa : shee "ahi
~The 26, 374, 966 41,674,442) 78,210,136) 64, 987, 084
Total tobacco..do.... 33, 471, 754 52, 122,989} 85,985,617) 75, 145, 564
Vanilla beans......-. re ( 1, 669, 541 1,195,632} 1,150,079] 2, 407, 093
Vegetables:
Fresh and dried— /
Beans........ bushels..} 4, 343, 068] 15, 264, 882 18, 416,310} 4,972,456) 17, 526, 911
Een we “EA ae BE eed bas eA at 1146, 962) 9,961,222) 1,334, 553
_Onions.......bushels..| 1, 934, 974 212, 344) 740,686) 1, 017, 577
Peas, dried. ..... do.:..| 1,723, 874 8, 895,989, 2, 140, 609) 7, 489, 290
otatoes—
ee do....|' 3, 182, 136 1,368,614) 5, 543,686) 5, 907, 064
Sweet and desiccated
or prepared 4, 862 480, 141
ther 2, 025, 872). 2, 156, 740
Total, fresh and dried.|......-...... 31, 070, 953 35, 912, 276
Seperod. or preserved—
ushrooms-...pounds. . 3, 572, 991
Pickles and sauces.....|.....- a

Oy FEE, 1,397,577,625

berge Deep ened 2,767,335,814

cela eee ie |2,392,880,382

770

Taste 283.— Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 3 years

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

ending Dec. 31, 1919.

Year ending Dec. 31—
Article exported. 1917) 1918
Quantity. | Value Quantity. |
: |
ANIMAL MATTER
Animals, live: |
mute oo. number 20,009) $1, 291,714 17, 280,
15 Crs eee do: 2s: 169, 000) 33, 960 51, 170,
Mulos:- 222.4 554% dolscs 72, 590} 13, 716, 063 17, 319)
Gheeps} [22 Ssccans do.. 30, 359 278, 759 , 962)
Swinoess<zt 5 2488 64 do. 15, 276, 451 10, 308)
Other (including fowls)...|-........---- 383,\00a| "sen eeeeaee
Totalliveanimals....|........-...- 49, 005, 850)............- |
Beeswax......---- pounds 256, 467 95, 744 165, 382)
Dairy products: |
Butter .-do.. 7,192,918] 2,660,371) 26, 194, 415
ee 53, 371, 527| 13, 295, 706 48, 404, 672)
Condensed....... do. 428, 575, 213 551, 139, 754!
Other; including cregm..)._..5.3 325.1 © 2idjostiee.--<scaweke
Total dairy products:|--.... 2ss2-.2| Of, oh OpOn0 ee eae anes
OPS OP ae: eee dozen 19, 886, 079 20, 938, 278
FEGE GOMER Fe oo oc amine me nine all ee niaeasinc a | ie eee eee
MWegthers- ..--5.52-.0ncsstaalspeeeped- ses], § OUp RUN eke wee ee ee
Fibers,animal wool. pounds. 1, 827, 324 406, 944
Glhe: tte eee do.. 4, 216, 186 5, 809, 605
Hoaney.2.. . fe: teo5 do.. (1) 11, 598, 857
Packing-house products:
Beef— :
Canned...:.-- pounds..| 65, 471, 232 141, 457, 163
Cured or pickled.do....| 67,810, 990 44, 206,
Up: 1 ere do....| 216, 419, 599 514, 341, 529) 109.
Oils, olec oil. .... do.... , 399, 548 69, 106, 350
Oleomargarine...do.... 3, 522, 540 8, 909, 1
Steariti es... 3 gor: 8, 295, 304 10, 550, 241
Mallow sce: u2 s2 <5 doses % 510, 376 4, 222, 657
Total beef...... do | 402, 429, 589 792, 793, 068) 189, 953,959) 429, 432, 310
Bones, hoofs, and horns,
unminanufactured . ..$52.|.c Sao eeSee e iaglee| once ee ses ees
Grease, grease scraps, and
all soap stock— |
LUDTICAthg 0 cesci sowclescasecdesccap | Oy lemdUCi ada cs'nas gens
SOGD St0cK 5. usec ew cote s|varcnnusdesuet | Oy USig aDelewL os ce powate
Haitians. 2. co sna cacnscosseslcgbawas doscce| 1ly UOUs DON stun kneeabess
Hides and skins other
than furs—
Calfskins...... pounds 1, 728, 250 2, 213, 293
BALD. Nada cake nee do. 8, 007, 138 2, 338, 147
TIOPBO wees aa8 ok do. 21, 54, 471
Ce eau wsacd do.. 1, 635, 160 499, 148
OU Bote oats ne ann 11, 392, 233 5, 105, 059
Lard compounds
DOWNS | out veces sore 49, 300, 143 43, 977, 410
Meat, CONNGd; N. ©. Bass 000) asics sass nnn] 5) Se, Cal bceen cede sabe
PAPAS Ss ovun sas pounds 2, 862, 175 1, 630, 815
Oils, animal, n. e. 8s.,
GANONG. : 6.20 ech ae eee 308, 183 794, 808
Pork—
Canned....... pounds 5, 377, 5, 267,342) 1,776,392
———————SSSS ES

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products.

771

Tapre 283.—Agricultwral exports (domestic) of the United States during the 3 years
ending Dec. 31, 1919—Continued.

Article exported.

ANIMAL MATTER—contd.

Packing-house products—
. Continued.
Pork—Continued.
Cured—

Bacon

Hams and shoulders,

ounds

Mores... 6

Oils, lard oil -{ s5ftons..

Total pork..pounds.- .
Sausage -and sausage
meats—

Canned .....-- pounds.
iors. >. ==. do: ---
Sausage casings-..-.do-.-..
ARMENON 2-25 ----.----
Total packing-house
YOUNES. ------..-
Poultry and game........--

Wool. (See Fibers, animal)
Total animal matter.
VEGETABLE MATTER.

Breadstuffs (See grainand
grain products )

Broom corn long tons.

Cocoa, ground or prepared
and chocolate

Coffee:
Green or raw-..-pounds. .
Roasted or prepared,

pounds

Total cotton pounds. .

Flavoring extracts and fruit
St
Forest products:
Barks, and extracts of,
for tanning—
eeensess long tons. .
Bark, extracts of

Total bark, etc

Year ending Dec. 31—

‘One gallon is estimated to weigh 7.5

pounds.

1917 | 1918 1919
ae ae ae
| Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.
|
578, 128, 056|8123, 115, 384 1, 104, 788, 081)$315, 968, 064 1, 190, 297, 404, $373, 013, 227
243, 386, 814| 54,047,798, 537,213,041) 145,674,888, 596,795,663 189, 428, 837
39,294,011] 7,088,935, 36,671,660] 8,535,017, 34,113,875 8, 632, 518
860, 808, 881| 184, 252, 117|1, 678, 672, 782| 470, 17, 969|1, 821, 207, 032, 571, 974, 582
49, 372, 780| 9, 399, 883/11, 632, 635 2,907,894) 26,776,978, 8, 347, 557
"| 3727 721; 342| 75/355, 138| 548) 817,.901| 144, 933, 151| 760,901,611 237, 983, 449
9, 423, 385] 2,015,320] 6,307, 168] "1, 612, 780 22, 997, 137) 7, 725, 983
1) 852) 1 10 5 5
oe’ a7 272, 474l{ ve hesht 75, 109{ iad’ goal 220, 029
1,299,555,716| 273, 526, 463/2, 251, 032, 834) 621, 483, 295|2, 638, 721,379 828, 673, 964
? | exit peartegt As tind Wee 2 Sees 2
6, 730, 577| 1,500,643} 6,349,602| 1,817,199} 8,198,336, 2, 761, 944
11, 264, 664] 3, 570,864) 6,029, 354] 2, 125,373| 13, 889, 285, 5, 911, 850
7,758,214] 2/839 432] 4, 037,391| 2,611,680| 25,477,028, _6, 809, 834
ee ees aga k 5 + 6,943,602/"...0--- 2.1 AE Oe, G2
ae A oe 380, 383, 774|.........----| 853, 782, 220|.............| 1,038,294,077
Lae. e 1, 756, 681[022..-c..22. 935, 048|...........-| 4,560,278
ee oF 510, 323, 576|......-..----| 978,979, 762|..........-..| 1,226,901,293
{
3,160} 941, 591 4,343] 1,396, 348 4,316 899, 790
eae 5, 102,813|......-.-----| 6,961, 457|...........-.] 21,380, 801
46, 035, 832| 6,696, 780| 43, 031,687| 6,365,160 28,289,105, 7, 295, 511
2,556,209] 502,817] —-1,694,928| -296,642| 6, 062,449, 1, 521, 070
48, 502,041 7,199,597] 44,726,615| 6,661, 802| 34,351,554) 8, 816, 581
1, S41 : 2, 632 ; 6, 052
: vad sat \ 445, 085]{ 1,087 i} 856, 011{ 2, 492° o37\t 1, 543, 266
ae 3, 964, 70/1 6, 526, 173]
2,201 187,050 550, 906, 338 {0,0%7,096, 381 964, 386, 262 {3.358 408, 841 \1,134,817,274
145, 017 24, 962
904, 206° 420 23, 952, 359/{ 70, 021 6s4lt 8, 880, 517{ 12, 692 007|} 1, 010, 712
2,476,138,297| 575, 303, 782|2, 118, 175, 182| 674, 122, 790|3, 367, 677, 985| 1,137,371,252
sa eee 730,996|........----.| 967,421 1, 341, 656
eae iShoddsl vt - 4c. cach dius 28, 90! 171, 407
906 26, 033 513 18, 807 47, 741
ca aa 3,372, 417|.........-.--| 3, 125, 842 5, 598, 134
baer 3,398, 450|.............] 3, 144,649 5, 645, 875

772 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TaBLE 283.—Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States dnciegs the 8
ending Dec. 81, 1919—Continued.

nnn "a

~

Year ending Dec. 31—

Article exported. 1917 1918

VEGETABLE MATTER—COn.

Forest ny oar
Logwood extract .........].........-..- 1$1, 404, 709}........-.-.-| ($1,551,380)... ....-ouee
84, 928 91, 667

1,493,392) 10,338, 578
104, 879 677, 683
6,517,389, 3, 384, 920 10, 672, 102
Total naval stores... .|.........-.-- 14, 401, 181]. .........-.-| 10, 235, O80)... ee

Wood—
ad and round tim-

7 See < ey 10, 448, 234°

Boards, Figs and

plank
cypress... -M i E

~

9 bet 00 at
ee
Bees

we
Be
_
PLS

w
Bae
_
&
[—)

x
Z
g
8

oe
M feet........

Softwood . .do..
Total....do

Railroad ties,
RIUESITISOR 5 oc cena gat

33, 870,262} 1,023, 769| 49,177, 518

2,681, 823

wee cewccewcce| by Pe, LU) cc ewww ecseee

Staves and heading—
i OER os 2 es om ye a eee 563, 564
Staves....number.. 3, 688, 684) 53,378,526) 3,605, 332

wate eww een

Total staves and
HOading.....ccalecccaccessecn| 0G) 9Gsp COA ccontcocecens| Sy 0G, OMUlonusenacunene

—— ee

1 July 1 to Dee. 31,

.-

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 773

Taste 283.— Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 3 years
ending Dec. 31, 1919—Continued.

Year ending Dec. 31—

Article exported. 1917 1918 | 1919
. ap
Quantity. | Value. Quantity. | Value. Quantity. Valuc.
—_ ees ae ee
|
VEGETABLE MATTER—COl.
Forest products—Contd.
Wood—Continued. |
Timber—
ewn— :
Hardwood -M feet... 1, 549) $82, 892 3,740 e $268,754
ition 00... 8,697 $272, 897|{ 4,537; 120, 756 4,750, 145,759
awea—
Pitch ping. .do.... 120, 827| 3, 147, 663 35,892, 1,274,352 154,186] 6, 959, 671
Other— ste
Hardwood.do..-..| 5, 662 275, 592 5, 400) 330, 455
Bate. 781,703{ 97630, 745,36 147708} 438, 907
Total timber,
M feet.......- | 158,076| 4, 202, 263 75,270, 2, 498, 959 182,793, 8, 143, 546
All other, including
firewood. .........|-------------| 240, 004|.......-.---- 176, 319] ....---------
2 5 eee eerormeees (er St -) eee peer oe 69, 228, 405|......----+-+

Wood alcohol ...gallons. .
Wood pulp... -long tons. . 1 733, 872

Total forest products.|...-..------- 021, 150, 324, 280

3, 048, 491

Fruits:
A ee an aned. ds 7, 852, 773
pp --pounds..
Apples, fresh - Tarrels els... "958, 104

Apricots, dried. pounds.
Berries

io SS Se ee Pere 1, 178, 547

<-> To LISSS TE SSS | ee itil ne meets | Berens 4 134, 272
Other preserved........|-.-----------| 700, s0L)..-.--------- 4, 518, 343
Total preserved......|-------------| 6, 859, 498)------------- 45, 993, 965
Total fruits...........|.------------| 33, 631, 362|.......------ 122, 678, 783

———— aE nn
EA pounds. . 205,684, 1, 387, 067 226, 731 3, 338, 531
— and grape sugar:
at et. al pounds..| 152, 076, 927; 7,158,670) 42, 740, 417 220, 380, 761) 13, 169, 051
ieee ie DPA do;.:- 25, 765, 875 961,908) 14, 591, 733 290 35, 236, 9458) if 970, 893
Goin: and grain products: |
Grain—
Barley... ....<< a 17, 858, 849 26, 207, 499} 18, 805,219) 30, 560, 377 37, 611, $40) 53, 832, 319
Buckwheat......10...- "21, 636 194, 333 1, 420 3, 021 186, 074 307, 454
ee acon eS §2, 167, 683) 72, 936, 631 9, 309? 091; 69, 269, 329 ll, 192, 533) 18, 624, 386
a 0.27 98, 677, 544| 71, 351, 798 114) 462 932 98, 221, 637 55, 294° 479| 46, 435, 244
= Se do....| 13,411,496] 25,871,354] 7,631,639) 15 615,618] 32, 898, 166} 61, 786, 232
See do....| 106, 196, 318 245, 833, 521| 111, 177, 108 260, 612, 978, 148, 086, sti 356, 898, 296
Total grain........... 288, 433, 526| 442, 395,136) 291, 977, 404) 474, 287, 960). 285, 269, 562) 537, 883, 981
Grain products—
Bran and middlings,

fone tonss..<.<<.---2- 280, 859 7, 372 327, 285 4, 517) 233, 114
ee Sse | ——____. ee

Ya

~J

74 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TaBLE 283.—Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 3 years.
ending Dec. 31, 1919—Continued.

Year ending Dec. 31—

1918 1919

Article exported. 1917

Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.

VEGETABLE MATTER—COl.

sg ee and =e products—
‘ontin
Fh ar
Ss prepara- )
tions—
ee ee | $1,277,704 12,827 $2, 506, 447
" VOS
6, 854,197|_...._. wo] 8 819,138

preparations. .< 3262 22-222 8,131, 90ll_ eee 11, 325, 585
Distillers’ and brewers’
grains and malt
sprouts... long tons...

Ma it. ........- bushels

Meal and flour—
Barley flour - Le =
Corn meal

Oatmeal. : ptt
e peal. ound.

Wheat flour....do....
Total mealand flour

Lard compounds. (See
packing-house ee
ge alcoholic
istilled spirits—
ger including co-
logne’ spirits,
proof gallons.........
Rum. ...proof gallons. .

4,704,743) 20,311, 166
20,

Total distilled spirits,
proof gallons.......
Malt liquors—

Bottled.dozen quarts...
Unbottled. . ..gallons..

Total malt liquors... .|.............

Malt. (See Grainand grain
products.)

Maltliquors. (See Liquors, |
alcoholic.) :

| Not stated. 4 July 1 to Dee. 31.

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products.

775

TABLE 283.—Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the 3 years
ending Dec. 31, 1919—Continued.

Article exported.

VEGETABLE MATTER—CON.

1917

Quantity. | Value. Quantity. Value.

|

Year ending Dec. 31—

1918

$239, 621

1, 602, 657
541, 641

2, 785, 450

()
36, 540
23, 184, 329
1, 162) 054
()
4, 087, 932

{

1919

Value

Quantity. fi x

|

963, 980)

394, 625, 721|
233, 507, 445

327, 922, 678
1047 379, 153

1, 087, 227, 782,

27,320, 255)
2 110, 611, 743}
6, "414, "904
193, 133, 201)
te 502, 178,
24, 341, 803)
297) 714, "764|

$405, 270

2,123, 411
1, 462, 408

3, 585, 819

26, 874

12, 918, 900
7, 262; 043

2-22
gegeues
SEeBMER

&

ang ~~
i
_
~“

§

Malt sprouts. (See Grain
and grain opel Fy
(EEE Ss SD $228, 043)..........-.-
Nuts:
Peanuts. ......-pounds.. - 12,891,286, 1,093,368) 12,319,004
Seen erty fee et isk (seteeretettes } jOON SBS a= = 3
errant ee ooh tS ees ote (ee 117001982) 22. S32 2252.
Oil cake and oil-cake meal:
C2. pounds. .| 5, 536, 886 115, 538) 69, 379
Cottonseed— |
Gre pounds..| 280,013,565, 5,477,479, —_- 1,384, 250
a eee do....| 125,355,013 2,690,453) 10, 283, 046}
rele or ed acon
eet ee_2fe pounds: - =lf 45,392, 709|
= ee Hoes: } 311, 899,061, 7, 280, 565 40, 561, 673
i ee do....| 12,235,325) 245,653] 9,371, 706)
Total.........- do....| 735,039, 850 15, 809, 688| 107, 062, 754
Oils, vegetable: |
Fixed or expressed— Fe
Govonut Se tec @)
Bee os tees do... 4,709, 103 700, 149 170, 948)
Cates. 2258 Oe 124 703, 506) 17, 303, 256] 119, 067, , 376,
imseed ......- ses L 528, 625 t 699, 897 T714, 192
Boyabean..-----do... © | © ©
(VT. 5432 eee ee | 3,428, 456) Sob cats Say
Total fixed or ex-
SS Ce pa etsy /s:| ese a ia
Volatile or essential—
<< hep - pounds. . 72, 650 190, 841 59, 606
a re: TIN ae Se re
Total volatile or
cpr. SS SS SS ers Hee oa roy | ae ee
Total vegetable oils._}............. PASSO Sb Sysc 2.6252
SS ounds..| 207,588,404 12,376,688! 167, 932,775
Rocks, herbs, and barks
C0 (le SS Se 955/230) so2-52- 2.25%
Seeds: | | |
Cotton seed... .. pounds 870, 282 30, 476 1, 741, 499
Flaxseed oor linseed, |
Tho 5, 196 24, 810 25, 508
Grass and clover seed— |
Glover. <<<... pounds. 8, 738,668, 1, 889,329' 5, 985, 526
Timothy ........ do....| 13,880,725) 993,453, 8, 564) 384
Sic t=... do....| 5, 426, 305) 807,379, 2,952) 193)
Total grass and clover
seed....... pounds..| 28,045,698, 3,690,161 17, 502, 103,
Cn So ee re |.- 1,288, 972, ote Saesemcwuc
LUIS a el | 5, 034, 419) ee ee tt
A ce 449, 717).. Tae
ts, distilled. (See
quors, alcoholic.)
1 Not separately stated.

947, 853

| 29,187,708
| 12,424,710
728,143

69, 707
134, 985

1, 836, 124
881; 154

542, 704

3, 259, 982

2, 031, 776

5, 496, 450

376, 875, 571,

}
1, 918, os
16, 595

7, 943, 749)
13; 346, 358!

4, 440, 490

25, 730, 597

2 July 1 to Dec. 31.

"34, 775, 622
1, 632, 281

88, 7433
125, 14

588, 462

776 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
TABLE 283.—Agricultural exports (domestic) of the United States during the $ years
ending Dec. 31, 1919—Continued. :
ed

Year ending Dec. 31— a

Article exported. 1918

Quantity. Quantity.

Cornstarch. ..... pounds. -
0, eee eee 0..
Stearin, vegetable. ...do-.. 767,386
Sugar, molasses, and sirup: ee
Molasses. ...--... gallons. . , 932, 636, 554 F
Sirup..~.-s<=-5<<s2 do. i yi 244
Sugar, refined..-pounds. . 64, 395, 6 , 737,491
Total sugar, molasses,
and sirup: ...-.-.tt|2.-..22..050.}) 71, 607, Gee... 225. 20, 241, OUR

"eg et pounds... 122, 599,767) 765, 913, 164
Stems and trimmings,
permnds2 5525) 2S... RSS 2, 955, 443 318,384] 10, 764, 971
Total....... pounds..) 251,862,872) 45,573,920) 406, 826,718) 122,918,151) 776,678,135
Vegetables:
resh or dried—
rt bushels
Omions.. ¢.2.<..2<2 doi
Peas, dried...... it ie
Potatoes. .......-. do...-
Total fresh or dried,
bushelsoe.. J... . cane

Prepared or preserved—
Canned—

Pickles and sauces. .-..|..-.......... 844, 802}...5.....-.2-| > 1,120; 018). cece
All other vegetables....|.............] 2,215, 438)...........2. 204, 464). 5 o2¢.. eS
Total prepared or
preserved......-/...J..0-........| 8,510, 680).........-..4|/ 15,769, 001) 2 ico cee

ee

Total vegetables... .=-|..<.<.2-.-2..| -28, 761, 719). <. 5.22.25. 22} ~ 88, 616, 058). <.... eee

ee
———————————

469,316 135, 869

Total vegetable mat-
ter, including forest
PIOGUC «0 05<t tose

Total vegetable mat- |
ter, excluding forest |
products ..5525.....

Total agricultural ex- |
orts, including |
orest Products. cs23) sve ees swcuee's

Total agricultural

exports, excluding
forest products son) ssiacsssecec.

1 Including dried peas. 2 Included in ‘ Beans.’’

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 777

_ TABLE 284.— Foreign trade of the United States in agricultural products, 1852-1919.

[Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. All values are gold.]

Agricultural exports.1 Agricultural imports.*
Excess of
Domestic. agricultural
Year ending June 30— exports (+)
: Percent- or of
Percent-| Foreign. Total. age ey imports (—).
Total. age ofall sae
exports.
| a a
Average:
1852-1856... -.....-- $164, 895, 146 80.9 | $8,059,875 | $77,847,158 29.1 | +$95, 107, 863
1857-1861_...........| 215, 708, 845 81.1 | 10,173,833} 121,018,143 38.2] +104, 864, 535
1862-1866..........-. | 148, 865, 540 75.7 9, 287,669 | 122,221, 547 43.0] + 35,931, 662
Se | 250, 713, 058 76.9 | 8,538,101 | 179,774,000 42.3| + 79,477,159
a | 396, 666, 397 78.5 8, 853,247 | 263,155, 573 | 46.5 | +142,364,071
El ae | 591, 350, 518 80. 4 8,631,780 | 266,383,702 | 50.4 | +333, 598, 596
1882-1886............ 557, 472, 922 76.3 9,340,463 | 311, 707,564 | 46.8} +255, 105, 821
peta 573, 286, 616 74.7| 6,982,328] 366,950,109 43.3 | +213; 318, 835
1892-1896............ 638, 748, 318 73.0 8,446,491 | 398, 332, 043 51.6 +248, 862; 766
meas -1901. ........... 827; 566, 147 65.9} 10,961,539 376, 549, 697 50.2} +461, 977,989
1902-1906. ........... 879, 541, 247 59.5 | 11,922, 292 487, 881, 038 46.3 | +403, 582,501
iC St) | aes 975, 398, 554 53.9 | 12,126, 228 634, 570, 734 45.2] +352, 954, 048
“eee eee aaa 951, 628, 331 65.2] 11,293,045 | 391,931, 051 47.6 | +570, 990,325
eee 857, 113, 533 63. 2 10, 308, 306 413, 744, 557 45.8] +453, 677, 282
_ je ee 878, 480, 557 63.1] 13,505,343 | 456,199, 325 44.5 +435, 786, 575
_) a Se ee 859, 160, 264 59.5 | 12,625,036 | 461,434, 851 46.6 | +410, 350, 439
oD DS ee 826, 904, 777 55.4 | 12,316,525 | 553,851, 214 49.6 | +285, 370, 088
1906: <<: -:.2 ee 976, 047, 104 56.8 | 10,856,259 | 554,175, 242 45.2 | +432, 728,121
NS ee 1, 054; 405, 416 56.9 11, 613, 519 626, 836, 808 43.7 +439; 182; 127
| a Se eee 1, 017, 396, 404 55.5 10, 298, 514 539, 690, 121 45.2 +488, 004; 797
| oe 903, 238, 122 55.1 9, 584, 934 638, 612, 692 48.7 +274, 210, 364
UT 871, 158, 425 50.9 14, 469, 627 687, 509, 115 44.2 +198, 118, 937
™ UO eee 1, 030, 794, 402 51.2 | 14,664,548 | 680, 204, 932 44.5 | +365, 254,018
See 1, 050, 627, 131 48.4 | 12,107,656 | 783,457,471 47.4 | +279, 277,316
Lv ee 1, 123, 651, 985 46.3 | 15,029,444 | 815,300,510 45.0 | +323,380,919
2 eee 1, 113, 973, 635 47.8 17, 729, 462 | 924, 247,116 48.8 | +207, 456,
> See 1, 475, 937, 607 54.3 | 34,420,077 | 910,786, 289 54.4 | +599, 571,395
Uy ee eee 1 518, 071, 450 35.5 | 42, 087,535 1, 189, 704, 830 54.1 | +370, 454, 155
Nee a , 968, 253, 288 31.6 | 37,640, 245 |1, 404, 972, 108 52.8 | +600, 921, 425
Senet esp. + 5. 2, 280, 465, 770 39.1 | 39, 552, 557 [1, 618, 873, 978 55.0 +701, 144, 349
Calendar year:
Jule ee 2, 756, 664, 721 45.6 | 73,959,480 |1, 669, 238, 551 55.1 |+1, 161, 385, 650
1919 (preliminary)...) 4,107,158, 753 53.0 | 122, 540, 608 |2, 392, 880, 382 61.3 |+1, 836, 818, 979

1 Not including forest products.

778 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TaBLe 285.— Value of principal groups of farm and forest products exported from and
imported into the United States, 1918-1919.

[Compiled from reports on the Foreign Commerce of the United States.]

Exports (domestic merchandise). Imports.

Article. —— S| Year ending Dec. 31— es Year ending Dec. 31—
1918 1918 1919 1918 1918 1919

ad
ANIMAL MATTER
Animals, live............- $21, 733, 594) $15, 045, 142) $12,003,684) $21, 958, 378] bart 71 1
Dairy products..........- 85, 910, 866| 95,957, 723| 146,477,244] 8, 380,393] 6, 940, 202 | i
pS ee to 7, 167, 134 8, 428,214; 18, 812, 231 483, 636 394,629
Feathers and downs,
CRE Se ee eg 302, 236 252, 903 863, 250) 1, 959, 180 1, 520, 199 3, 550, 956
itt —T 190, 624, 766] 194, 198, 59
“1 gpI Sere aR |p IEE, y= ek eS ot Rs Ba
ES Rei & orca oe 916, 506 oer 2, 230, 629) 545,911] 251, 772, 616 31, oe ot
Packing-house products..} 604,327, 984 We 037, 857 175, oe 614
Other animal matter..... 5, 182, 390) 6, O16, 153} 4,408, 191 409, 191 sss
Total animal mst-
a Rees 604, 006, 274} 663, 530, 808 995, 302,757
VEGETABLE MATTER. i
Arpolsen wine Jeet. > 4 hice oF lat poe ah ee ead 5, 443, 628 4, 824, 50 4, 286, 972
Cocoa and chocolate. ....- 5, 898, 431 4 372, 378} 37,97 ” 366 58 3a 8
Ci: A i eee ee > 6, 286, 180 103, 058, 536) 99, 423, 362) 261, 106
Pollet cet 42 a. ca 665, 024, 655 36, 020, 483} 41, 624, 242] 71, $86, 290
Fibers, veretable, other: -\..<~-c. See es See Gt ee eee 109, 042, 470} 114, 386, 667) 81, 777, 998
ST eeu eae. 32, 207, 364 24,408,810] 25, 054, 164| 38, 314, 146
Ginseng. 5 diss hc oe wow 1,717,548). 1,372,586). ..3,338, S31)...........6.].2.. sen ae eee sees
Glucose and grape sugar. . 5, 994, 671) -. 3,458,927] | 15,139, 944)... oo. Sl eee ovbeeeos
Grain and grain products.|} 623, 907, 546 76, 292, 626} 39, 465,098] 33, 355, 174
i Seed 3h Sepevivind-p 907, 401 4,618, 768) 4, 860, 460) 3, 081, 837
Ho = See SS Pee ee Ce 993, 773 72, 450 50, 862 909 j
CE CE ES SSE SS ae Re ee ee ot Seaepeaes S 3, 895, 114 2, 610, 37. =
Payer PE REE Be ba 4 AS Be teed oi Sd ieee 1, $53, 927 1, 997, 269) 3,
Liquors, alcoholic ........ 8, 836, 678 11, 655,093} 5, 046, 531. 882
Nursery stock (plants, a 4 7
Sadi oat 20 S 2ns ha
a ee 314 28s
Oil cake “aid “dii-cake we a ol (aS ae :
Oil, il, vepetables.....2...,.| 25,190,983 322| 110, 908, 782} 130,000,165
Opium, CRTC og ison 5c ark eterna lentes weaned eet eee a 228 2, 675, 963) 8, 279, 653 :
Rice, rice flour, meal, and 14, 174,513 o5| 23,488, 468] 19, eal ;
roken rice............- be
Sapo, tanioca, etc. .iSs2cl- cu = 2. oe enn eas ee ee oe ee 889 3, 903, 221 P b07 O72 }
Sad. chess Eeocasu, toe 5, 656, 163 623| 45, 192) 743| 69, 194, 920
ee ae 507, 712 14, 098, 998) 9, 803, 636 4
7 eae aa 4, 502, 392! 2, 108, 260 242, 909 1
Piitisicctence te eit 246, 193, 252, 689, 604) 398, 457, 408 j
MStwrie saat cpatces te uzces
Bea nooo ic siraaiccdl iss cis ici nce SS
ORGCEOS sient cddeanncmn ae 5 5
A neon gap mee gee FBS ett ae ee
egetables.............-- 4,70i| 38, 61 4 , p45
Wax, vegetable..........]..... gab A ie BEST yD Ales eS 2, 693, 258 3, 681, 635) 3, 809, 635
Other vegetable matter... 4, 493, 095 4, 791, 451 6, 048, 106 1, 289, 546 394, 990 60, 252 — :
Total vegetable '
matter..........- 1, 554, 925, 060|1, 777, 684, 959/2, 880, ‘
Total farm prod- { ,
WOU 4 cesader dens 2, 280, 465, 7702, 756, 664, 721/4, 107, 158, 753 1, 618, 873, 978) 1, 669, 238, 551/2,392,880,382
Forest Propvcts. |
Cogk wood OF O60K DO2K. oho vies cacnesaclecensdgnaswahiaaxkestucetas
Dyewoods and extracts of. 2, 339, 480 1, 551, 380
GUMS, TUDDOE S55 0s oss o sfew er sencssnay lp censscnpiaeh|panequducanne ?
Guris, OFROr SHAT TODD). non casn dudes sluseuctive poeciinriakateern 21, 638
Navalstores.............. 11, 172, 864 “10, 235, 981| “31, 433, 997 696). cs 20n0.5 eee =< sce

3,810, 420, 3, 144, 649| 5, 645, 875, 6, 672, 468, 6, 738, 920) 9,

ee Pk rag te Pala

Imports.and Exports of Agricultural Products.

779

TABLE 285.— Value of principal groups of farm and forest products exported from and
a nited States, 1918-1919—Continued.

impor te

Article. Teeneine Year ending Dec. 31— |
1918 1918 1919
ForEst Propucts—Con.
Cabinet, Lr Ee lene 2 | eo Be ee homens ee
LG i a | $56,919, 934) $66,023,075] $98, 525, 791
ae wood = oT SEEA Lest prod =. | je Ea ie) UF an
Timber and logs........ 3, 959, 354 3, 029, 011 9, 107, 441
MNES fees | eee aa aoe loa cie ens vec de cluecus web acaee
Wood pulp............. 3,531, 304, 1,733,872) 3, 048, 491
Other forest products..::| 2,447,412] 2,303,936] 1, 206, 749
Total forest prod-
TUS a 87, 180,768} 88,021,904) 150, 324, 280
Totalfarm and for-
est products...... |2, 367, 646, 538)2, 844, 686, 625)4, 257, 483, 033

into the

Exports (domestic merchandise).

Imports.
| ee rs
eee Year ending Dec. 31—
1918 1918 =| = 1919
cal Ws EEG 2
$5,045,463] $5,238,743) $5, 270, 603
40, 405,720} 41,980, 406| 50, 406, 897
11, 088, 422} 13,362,566] 10, 458, 753
815, 247 823,813} 1, 987, 877
1, 781, 239 1, 308, 465 872, 374
31, 589, 090 31, 477,175] 37, 048, 381
4,106,358} 4,130,047) 4, 438, 362
335, 033, 459] 279, 604, 509) 374, 455, 432
1, 53,907, 437)1, 948, 843, 060) 2,767,335,314

|

}

TABLE 286.—Exports of selected domestic agricultural products, 1852-1919.

(Compiled from
lacking, either

ere were no e&

Hi pakeg of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States.
t orts or they were not separately classified for publication.

Where figures are
“* Beef

salted or pickled,” and ‘‘ Pork, salted or pickled,”’ barrels, 1851-1865, were reduced to pounds at the rate
qeunds per tierce; cottonseed oil, 1910,
t

of 200

reduced to gallons at the rate of 7.5 pounds per gallon.
s the product of 4 bushels of corn, and 1 berrel of wheat flour the product of 5 bushels of wheat prior to
1880 and 43 bushels of wheat in 1880 and subsequently.]

ds per barrel, and tierces, 1855-1865, at the rate of 300

is assumed

that 1 barrel of corn meal

Year ending

Cattle.

June 30—

Number
1, 431
20, 294
6,531
45,672
127,045
131, 605
.| 244,394
49 , 032
415, 488
508, 103
253, 867
q001-S 25-2 ---.} 459, 218
eee ack onmen| 302, O84
i ae 402,178
eR 593, 409
: U1 7 567, 806
hi 584, 239
Ue 423,054
1908--:....-...--| 349,210
BBO oeE oes obietse es 207, 542
0) 139, 430
BOL ee aS wen'e'cee 150, 100
aDder bet 2 105, 506
ie 2 ae 24,714
oe - 18,376
aie otha 5,484
BONG ett. os oe 21, 287
SOUR bees ecco ce 13, 387
Lee 18, 213

Calendar year:
Bcetia co s]s = 17, 280
MDD Brent won 69, 859

Cheese,

52,880,978
87,173,752
129,670,479

108,790,010

39,813, 517
27,203, 184
18, 987, 178
23,335, 172
10, 134, 424

16,562,451

55, 362,917
44,394,301
66, 050, 013
44,303, 076

48, 404, 672
14, 159,721

|

Beef,
cured—
salted or
pickled.

59, 208, 292
46, 187,175

48, 632, 727

57,584,710
55,934,705

81, 088, 098
62,645,281
46, 958, 367
44, 494,210
36, 554, 266

40, 283, 749
38, 087, 907
25, 856,919
23) 265,974

31,874, 743
38, 114,682
58, 053, 667
54, 467,910

44, 206,020
42, 804, 724

174, 426, 999

75, 585, 164

Packing-house products.

a its

e products—

Beef, fresh. ee Beef tallow. | total, as far
z as ascertain-

able.!
Pounds Pounds.

7,468,910 33, 449, 430

13, 214,614 40, 200, 494

43, 202, 724 70, 865, 444

27,577, 269 54,531,925
78,994,360 | 114,821,006

96,822,695 | 218,709,987

97,327,819 | 30,276,133 | 48,745,416 | 225,625,631
136,447,554 | 50,482,249 | 91,608,126 | 411,797,859
207,372,575 | 102,038,519 | 56,976,840 | 507,177,430
305,626,184 | 139,373,402 | 86,082,497 | 637,268,235
272, 148,180 | 156,925,317 | 59,892,601 | 622,843, 230
144,799,735 | 170,530,432 | 66,356,232 | 448,024,017
a
351, 748,333 | 161,651,413 | 77,166,889 | 705,104,772
301,824,473 | 138,546,088 | 34,065,758 | 596,254,520
254, 795,963 | 126,010,339 | 27,368,924 | 546,055,244
299,570,671 | 165,183,839 | 76,924,174 | 663,147,095
236, 486,568 | 145,228,245 | 63,586,992 | 575,874,718
268,054,227 | 209,658,075 | 97,567,156 | 732,884,572
281,651,502 | 195,337,176 | 127,857,739 | 689,752,420
201, 154,105 | 212,541,157 | 91,397,507 | 579,303,478
122,952,671 | 179,985,246 | 53,332,767 | 418,844,332
75,729,666 | 126,091,675 | 29,379,992 | 286,295, 874
42,510,731 | 138,696,906 | 29,813,154 | 265,923,983
15,264,320 | 126,467,124 | 39,451,419 | 233,924, 626
7,362,388 | 92,849,757 | 30,586,350 170, 208, 320
6,394,404 | 97,017,065 | 15,812,831} 151,212,009
170,440,934 | 80,481,946 | 20,239,988 | 394,980,962
231,214,000 | 102,645,914 16, 288, 743 457,555,572
197,177,101 | 67,110,111 15,209,369 | 423,673,997
370,032,900 | 56,603,388 5,014, 964 600, 132,371
514,341,529 69, 106, 350 4,222,657 | 792,793,068
429,432,310

38,953, 783

1 Includes canned, cured, and fresh beef, oleo oil, oleomargarine, tallow and stearin from animal fats.

780 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TABLE 286.—Exports of selected domestic agricultural products, 1852-1919—Con.

Packing-house products.
Y din Pork and it . ce
ear en 4 ork and its corn m
June 30— Pork, ae, tbat roducts— (in terms —
cured— anual Saltod ar otal, as far of grain). |
bacon. | shoulders. | pickled. as ascertain-
| able.1
Average: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Bushels. —
1852-1856..| 30, 005, 479].........-... 40, 542, 600 103, 903, 056) 7, 123, 286
1857-1861..| 30,583, 297|.......--..-- 34, 854, 400 103, 403, 690 6, 557, 610
1862-1866. .| 10,796, 961)......-.---.. 52, 550, 758 252, 485, 970 12, 059, 794
1867-1871 5s) 045, 790, Tale poo cst - 28, 879, 085 128, 248, 571 9, 924, 235
1872-1876. .| 313, 402, 401|......-..---- 60, 429, 361 568, 029, 477 Pe go
1877-1881. .| 643,633, 709}..---.------- 85, 968, 138 1, 075, 793, 475 88,190,030 —
1882-1886..| 355,905,444) 47,634,675) 72, 354, 682 739, 455, 913 46
1887-1891. .| 419,935,416} 60,697,365) 73, 984, 682 936, 247, 966 Se 608 ae ‘
1892-1896. .| 438,847,549) 96,107,152) 64, 827, 470 1, 052, 133, 760 63,979, 898
1897-1901. .| 536, 287,266} 200, 853, 226} 112,788, 498 1, 528, 138, 779) 92, 531,378
1902-1906. .| 292,721,953) 206,902,427] 116, 823, 284 , 130, 1, 242, 136, 649] 1,368, 608, 74,615, 465
1907-1911. .| 209,005,144! 189,603,211) 90, 809, 879] 519, 746,378) 1, 028,996, 659] 1, 225, 655) 56, 568, 030
Se ee eeeEEE—E—— EEE eee
1 456, 122,741) 216,571,803] 138, 643, 611 1, 462, 369, 849] 883, 673,181, 405, 473
jn 17 eee 383, 150, 624] 227,653,232) 115, 896, 275 1, 337,315,909] 459, 719| 28, 028, 688
it See 207, 336, 000} 214,183,365] 95, 287,374 1, 042,119, 570} 1,656, 129) 76, 639, 261
Te eee 249, 665,941] 194,948,864) 112, 224, 861 1, 146, 255, 44 018, 58, 222, 061
1905 < S35 262, 246,635] 203,458,724] 118, 887, 189 1, 220, 031, 97 499, 90, 293, 483
1906... ...... 361, 210, 563) 194,210,949] 141, 820, 720 1, 464, 960, 356] 1, 208, 989.119, 893,833
5 (nee eae ne 250, 418, 699] 209, 481,496} 166, 427, 409 1, 268, 065, 412} 1, 539, 267| 86,368,228
1008S 22 Ses | 241,189,929] 221,769,634] 149, 505, 937 1, 237, 210, 760} 1,049,545, 55,063,860
1000! fo. oS 244,578,674) 212,170, 52, 354, 980 1) 053; 142’ 056| ” 896, 279, 37, 665, 040 }
folgte 5 152, 163,107} 146, 885,385, 40;031, 599 707,110,062} 922,078, 38,128,498
- 4
IOUT. S20 156, 675, 310} 157,709,316} 45, 729, 471 879, 455,006] 1,721,106) 65,614,522
ct PEER aS 208, 574, 208} 204,044,491) 56, 321, 469 1, 071, 951, 724] 1,456,381! 41,797,201
19133 3 200, 993, 584) 159,544,687) 53, 749, 023 984, 696,710] 2,150,132) 50,780,143
1914s, 32325. 193, 964, 252| 165,881,791} 45,543, 085 921,913,029} 1,506, 569 10,725,819
IIS he 2 346,718, 227| 203,701,114) 45, 655, 574 1, 106, 180, 488} 2,351,501) 50, 668, 303
Tit ee ReeeAS 579, 808, 786| 282,208,611; 63, 460, 713 1, 462, 697, 062} 1, 466, 321| 39,896,928
Tit cae aes 667, 151,972| 266,656,581) 46, 992, 721 1, 501, 948, 125] 1, 739, 997 Cy ae
OLS. 2 =: 815, 294,424 419,571,869] 33, 221, 502 1, 692,124,323] 635,409) 49,073,263
Calendar ‘
year: — e
1918. Wel. 5. 1,104,788,081| 537,213,041) 36, 671, 660 2, 251, 032,834) 579, 916) 47, 059, 155
1919. ......| 1,190,297,494| 596, 795,663} 34, 113, 87: 2, 638, 721, 379] 1, 712, 367) 16, 002, 269
Packing-house products.
Year ending Corn-oil | Cottonseed- | Prunes. | Tobacco.
June 30— | Lard com- Cotton ee cake and | oil cake and
pounds. * Brape | oil-cake oil-cake
SUERE. meal. meal.
Average: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds.
1852-1856.‘ ie. soe. ¥, 110; 408, O88} 2-205. SPS ae ee I Ie eter Spies SBR 140, 183, 800
temt-iaet 1 sf 8 1196, TUS. A07). >. 2s bos nc ceil ee eee as 167, 710, 800
1B02-1008.. 5 0)5.. oe deo de 137, GBM, 1331 sco | Ate | Be ce ..| 140, 207,
1907-2071 -6 S\c.222ss0.3 J 902, 410, BB8)2 = 22's: rs. Sse. Se, Ste LS 2b Sa os a 194, 753, 537
IGTZASIO, eee. 1 248 806, 4071S. ji fa io5n5.|Oda boca oan 2 | a bete ee co ee .-| 241, 848,
pT 2 a a 1, 738, S02, WGie- sie. So AIO eR Sone ec ee 266, 315, 190
ye ae ee ree o 1; 968; 178,266) - 4.478 S50). >... cn sc] cact as va eats aon ease 237, 941, 913
1897~1001 . 2. f5eab-- 2 2 480, 660, 456)" 27,686, 208122. 225.03. Go aes Osc own Oe , 248,
A a eee 2, 786, G65, 851) 125,574, 007 |. 220: stot) cdan cen a bod eds eee 281, 746, 279
1897-1901... .| 21,792, 477| 3,447, 909, 578) 209, 279, 772 1, 005,099, 805). .........-- , 401, 70:
1902-1906. ..| 52,954,358} 3,632, 267,952! 154, 866,980} 21, 888, 135] 1, 066,790,196) 48, 550, 774) 325, 538, 515
1907-1911. ..| 75,765,254) 4,004, 770,051) 145, 064, 738 , 738, 130} 47, 039, 287) 334, 395, 923.

005

066

989
23, 359, 966] 3, 359, 082, 360, 204, 209, 974 258 Ger, 57 10, 021, 564) 315, 787, 782
100 ‘
820

1, 258,
36, 201, 744] 3, 528, 974, 636) 130, 419, 611 1, 050, 466, 246, 23, 358, 849] 301, 007,
46,130, 004} 3, 569, 141, 969) 126, 239, 981 1, 100, 392, 988, 66, 385, 21 y
53, 603, 545] 3, O89, 855, 906) 152, 768, 716 349,073) 73, 146, 214) 311, 971, 831
61) 215, 187] 4, 339, 322, 0771 175, 250, 580 1, 251, 907,996 54, 993, , 302,

1 Includes canned, fresh, salted or pickled pork, lard, neutral lard, lard oil, bacon, and hams.

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Producis.

781

TaBLE 286.—Lxports of selected domestic agricultural products, 1852-1919—Contd.

Packing-house products.
Year ending .
Corn-oil | Cotton-seed Prunes. Tobacco.
Jund30— | para com- Cotton ey peel cake and | oilcake and
pounds. : Susare. | oil-cake oil-cake
cere meal. meal.
Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. | Pownds. Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds
Paes 67,621, 310| 3,634, 045,170] 189,656,011; 48,420,942} 1,110, 834,678) 24, 869,744) 312, 227, 202
ae 80, 148, 861! 4, 518, 217, 220| 151,629, 441| 56,808, 972| 1,340, 967,136] 44,400,104) 340, 742° 864
Ruse, hee. 75, 183, 210] 3, 816, 998, 693| 129; 686,834] 66,127,704| 9297 287) 467| 28, 148) 450, 330, 812, 658
eae ne ss cs 15, 183, 196} 4, 447, 985, 202 112) 224, 504| 53, 233, 890) 1, 233, 750, 327 , 288) 287, 900, 946
M0102. 52.:.-. 74, 556, 603] 3, 206, 708, 226] 149, 820,088} 49,108,598] 640,088,766] 89,014, 880| 357, 196, 074
a
TH Li ot limes 73, 754, 400] 4,033,940, 915] 181,963,046] 83,384,870] 804,596,955) 51,030,711) 355,327,072
ES ee i 2 wine 62, 522, 888} 5, 535, 125, 429) 171,156,259) 72,490,021) 1, 293,690,138) 74,328,074) 379, 845, 320
Darien ae (<5 67, 456, 832| 4, 562’ 295,675] 200; 149, 246| 76, 262; 845] 1; 128) 092, 367| 117,950,875) 418, 796, 906
ea 58,303, 564| 4, 760, 940, 538] 199, 530, 874! 59)030,623| 799/974) 252) 69,813,711) 449,749, 982
iyigeete.-... 69, 980, 614] 4, 403, 578, 499] 158,462,508] 45,026,125] 1,479,065,015| 43,478, 892) 348, 346, 091
LOF a taal 52) 843, 311] 3,084,070, 125] 186,406,182! 18,996, 490] 1,057,221, 569| 57,422) 827) 443) 293) 156
[Ca 56, 359, 493| 3, 088,080, 786| 214/973, 315| 15, 757,612| 1,150,159, 691| 59,645,141) 411,598, 860
1 Oa 31, 278, 382) 2) 320, 511,665| 97, 858, 301 457,584| ° 44,680, 793| 32) 926,546, 289; 170, 686
Calendar year:
ee re 43,977,410] 2,118,175,182| 57,332, 150) 69, 370 11, 667,296) 22,888,112) 406, 826, 718
Lit an 1247 962) 950| 3; 367,677, 985| 255, 617, 709 963,980} 628,133, 166] 108, 208, 257 776, 678, 135
Oil Rice and Wh d
S, veg- ce an | | eat an
Year ending Hops etable— | rice bran, ea raw Wheat Wheat | wheat flour
June 30— ea cotton- | meal,and| jofneq flour (in terms
seed oil. polish. s of grain).
if
Average: Pounds. Gallons Pounds. Pounds. Bushels. Barrels Bushels.
1852-1856. .... SG? S02 Ro enna ve 56, 514, 840 7, 730,322; 4,715,021 2,891, 562) 19, 172, 830
1857-1861... .. 2) 216, 095|.........--- 65, 732, 080 6,015, 058; 12,378,351} 3,318,280] 28, 969, 749
1862-1866. .... 4 719, OO] Sais eoeeee goe 2 257, 860 3, 007, 777 22? 529, 735| 3,530,757) 40, 183, 518
1867-1871... 6, 486, 616|............ 1, 856, 948 4; 356,900} 22, 106, 833] 2,585,115) 35, 032, 409
1872-1876... .. ” 446, 466 547, 450 391,344} 20,142) 169) 48,957/518| 3,415,871) 66,036, 873
1877-1881... .. 10, 445,654; 4, 498, 436 602) 442} 41,718) 443| 107, 780,556] 5,375,583) 133, 262) 753
1882-1886... .. 9, 584, 437] 3, 467, 905 561,406} 107,129,770, 82,883,913] 8,620,199] 121,674, 809
1887-1891... .. 7, 184,147] _7,120,796| 3,209,653] 75,073, 838) 64,739,011] 11,286, 568) 115, 528, 568
1892-1896... .. 15, 146, 667| 15,782,647} 10,277, 947 13, 999, 349) 99, 913, 895 15, 713, 279| 170, 623, 652
1897-1901..... 15, 467,314] 42) 863; 203| 18,407,139 11,213, 664) 120,247) 430} 17,151; 070| 197, 427,246
1902-1906... .. 11, 476, 272| 38,605, 737| 45,977,670| 14,807,014, 70,527,077] 15,444,100) 140, 025, 529
1907-1911... .. 14,774, 185] 38,783,550} 27, 194, 549 , 429, ” 854, 580] 11, 840, 699|- 116, 137, 728
ieee 14,963,676] 49,356, 741| 25, 527, 846 8, 874, 860| 132, 060,667] 18,650, 979| 215, 990, 073
Te ee ea 10,715,151} 33,042, 848] 29, 591, 274 7, 572, 452) 154, 856,102} 17,759, 203| 234, 772, 516
ae 1221] 7,794; 705] 35,642) 994| 19) 750,448} 10,520, 156, 114,181,420] 19/716, 484) 202) 905, 598
1904............| 10,985,988] 29,013,743} 29,121,763} 15,418,537) 44,230,169] 16,999,432) 120, 727,613
EME tncioee aoc a oc 14, 808, 612) 51, 535, 580 113, 282 760 18,348,077; 4,394, 402 8, 826, 335) 44) 112? 910
/)) eh ar 13, 026, 904] 43,793,519] 38,142,103| 22,175,846, 34,973,291] 13,919,048) 97, 609, 007
Ti Se 22] 16; 8u9; 534| 41) 880; 304! 30,174)371/ 21 2377603, 76, 569, 423} 15, 584,667) 146, 700, 425
Petree 2. 22, 920, 480 41) 019, 991) 28,444, 415 25, 510, 643] 100,371,057} 13,927,247, 163, 043, 669
Ce eines 10, 446, 884 51, 087; 329} 20, 511, 429 79, 946, 297| 66,923,244) 10,521,161) 114, 268, 468
ae ss occ. 10, 589, 254 297 800, 667) 26,779, 188 125, 507, 022 46, 679, 876} 9,040,987 87,364,318
a ee 13, 104,774] 30,069, 459] 30,063,341 54, 947,444! 23,729,302} 10,120,435 69, 311, 760
17 al eae a 190, 663| 53,262) 796| 39,446,571| 79, 594,034| 30, 160,212] 11,006,487, 79,689, 404
i611 RE ee gi 7 591, 195 42° 031; 0o2 38, 908, 057 43,994,761) 91,602, 974 i 394, 805) 141, 132, 166
ae 24) 262) 896| 25,728) 411] 22)414'326| 50, 895, 726| 92,393, 775| 11,821) 461) 145, 590, 349
Oh ie 16, 210, 443] 42,448,870] 77,480,065] 549,007,411} 259,642, 533) 16,182,765 332, 464,975
iS aes 22) 409, 818} 35,534,941] 121/967, 465) 1,630, 150, 863] 173,274,015] 15,520,669, 243, 117, 025
Were... - 4) 824° 876| 21) 188, 236] 181,372) 310| 1,248, 908, 286| 149) 831,427| 11, 942,778) 203, 573, 928
1918....-.......| 3,494,579] 13/437, 331] 196,363,268] "576, 483,050| 34,118,853) 21,879,951, 132, 578, 632
pana year: }
_ aes 3,670,352] 15,875,650] 167,932,775} 407, 296,324) 111,177,103] 21,706,700) 208, 857, 253
- al ian 20, 797, 504] 25, 751, 093| 376,875, 571| 1,475, 407,678) 148, 086,470] 26, 449, 881, 267, 110, 934

| \

t

“1
ie 4)
re

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TaBLe 287.—Imports of selected agricultural products 1852-1919

{Compiled from ri

orts of Foreign

) I Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Where figures
lacking, either there were no imports or they were not separately classified for publication. “

includes, prior to 1881, only ‘‘Silk, raw or as reeled from the cocoon;” in 1881 and 1882 are included this

item and

Silk waste;”’ after 1882, both these items and ‘“‘ Silk cocoons.”

From ‘Cocoa and chocolate”

are omitted in 1860, 1861, and 1872 to 1881, small quantities of chocolate, the official returns for which
were given only in value.

*< Sis:

in ‘‘ Hides and skins other than cattle and

“Jute and jute butts” includes in 1858 and 1859 an unknown quantity
ass, coir, etc.,’’ and in 1865-1868 an unknown quantity of “Hemp.” Cattle hides are included
live oil for table use includes in 1862-1864

oat” in 18935-1897.

of

and 1885-1905 all olive oil. Sisal grass includes in 1884-1890 ‘‘ Other vegetable substances.” Hemp in-
cludes in 1885-1888 all substitutes for hemp.]

/
Year ending

June 30 Cheese. Silk. Wool.
Average: Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. |
1852-1856... 1, 053, 983 |-.-...-...-.| 19, 067, 447
1, 378, 147 J-n-----2--- Nee aeia deta = Ion

1857-1861...

IBAPA-TEAG os 2] fe oes ee 4,672,846 | 83,293,800 |............
1887-1891...| 8,335,323 | 6,564,121 | 117,763,889 | 5,860,728
1892-1896...) 9,649,752 | 8,382,892 | 162,640,491 | 7,487,676
1897-1901...| 12,588,515 | 10,962,210 | 163,979,079 | 7,361, 198
1902-1906... .| 22, 165, 754 | 17,187, 544 | 193,656, 402 | 10,920, 881
1907-1911. ..| 37,662,812 | 22,143, 461 | 199, 562,649 | 15, 297, 414
CU ilies ee ee 15, 329, 099 | 10,405, 555 | 103, 583,505 | 5, 140, 232
AQUIECRIN. 2 | 17, 067, 714 | 14, 234, 826 | 166,576,966 | 9, 868, 982
1903..........| 20,671, 384 | 15,270, 859 | 177,137,796 | 8, 142, 164
1904..........| 22,707,103 | 16,722,709 | 173,742,834 | 9,838, 852
yi pee Bee 23, 095, 705 | 22,357,307 | 249,135,746 | 11, 745, 081
INGE S258 27, 286,866 | 17,352,021 | 201,688,668 | 15, 009, 326
1907..........| 33, 848, 766 | 18, 743, 904 , 847, 545 | 14, 233, 613
1908..........| 32, 530, 830 | 16,662,132 | 125, 980,524 | 17, 144, 968
1909..........| 35, 548, 143 | 25, 187,957 | 266, 409, 304 | 11,029, 421
POkse 22° Ste 40, 817, 524 | 23, 457,223 | 263,928,232 | 18, 556, 356 |
1911..........| 45,568,797 | 26,666,091 | 137,647,641 | 15, 522, 712
ro Aa 46, 542,007 | 26,584,962 | 193,400,713 | 17, 231, 458
IIS ot. 49, 387, 944 | 32,101,555 | 195, 293,255 | 15,670, 558
1918 331.25 63, 784,313 | 34, 545,829 | 247,648,869 | 19, 038, 405
1152. 54558 50, 138, 520 | 31,052,674 | 308,083,429 | 17,111, 264
916 5¢ 228. SE 30, 087,999 | 41,925,297 | 534, 828,022 | 16, 596, 921
TOIT. 85228! 14, 481, 514 | 40,351, 423 | 372,372,218 | 23, 424,
To eee 9, 839, 305 | 43,680,988 | 379, 129,934 | 23, 840, 145
Calendar year:
1918 2. GR 7, 562,044 | 48,720,969 | 453,727,372 | 27,694, 131
1919 TE ek 11, 332, 204 | 55,522,372 | 445, 892, 834 | 35, 490, 446
Year ending Corn ingading Wheat Wheat
June 30— Catmpnl: flour.
Average: Bushels Bushels. Bushels. Barrels.
Se pee ln, ee eee” 2,121,796 | 411, 282
Seb oA 55... Satis fal Seer G17, dBase So esas
Th, SUB on ae ies 1, 296,079 | 104, 412
57,200} 1514,840} 1,308,183] 74,391
42,445 | 1126, 074 870, 941 7, 107
op ee ees 506, 765 2, 305
14, 833 117, 994 338, 927 2, 882
8, 037 105,179 | 1,629, 393 937
4, 304 54,216} 1,273,798 1, 452
20, 280 93, 750 872, 26, 797
91, 893 |1 1,649, 535 286,354} 93,210
5, 169 32, 107 600, 212 642
18, 278 38, 978 118, 612 420
40, 919 150,065 | 1,077, 424 601
16, 633 183, 983 6, 852 46, 851
15, 443 55,699! 3,102,585! 40, 801

i
Argols or
| Almonds. SSeS

14
or
F
~
oO
‘ool

SE

Bo
<=

Ppa
SS

~

REE
BE

~~ s .
ROR Re
S35
. ~

% SERE 2585
i REE8 ESSE BERER Be

we
ay

RASS

RN SSER SERB
~<a

Wheat,
including

es
:

~
~

RE SRB8Sa eres

_

“

SSBREE omnes
o> yer eee)
SESaRE ESSE
BESS AAR:

tS

“

for] ~

GBS

BS8
<j

~~ FP.

~I
“py!
&
_

132, 660, 931
111) 070, 834

194, 734, 195
245, 579, 101

399, 312) 278

360, 015, 359
392) 364, 512

wheat flour.

1, 818, 139
1, 680, 138
906, 476

517, 137

1Does not inelude oatmeal.

-

2

~~. ewe

aan
2 558 Es
82 8868 sass &

1
1
1
340, 483, 397 ;
1
1

nue
ty

ESE
Seka RESERE

-

bee | PRESSES
gS
ZG58 SE2HE|RSENSe SRSSES

“~~

23
ES BEEE2 See85

iS S85 SESSE RS

oO
Es

Ne
~-

_
i

SS) 8S

it
BESS!
Be
BS

ea

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 783
TABLE 287.—Imports of selected agricultural products, 1852—1919—Continued.
P gr P
—— Oats, Wheat, Unmanu-
Yar ending | corn. | including | Wheat. | Wheat | inctuding | Flaxseed. | factured
oatmeal. wheat flour. tobacco.
Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Barrels. Bushels. Bushels. Pounds.
10, 127 40, 025 57,995 | 45,314 261, 908 52,240 | 41,125,970
10, 818 91, 289 375, 433 47, 702 590, 092 90,356 | 40, 898, 307
20, 312 383, 418 341,617 | 39,593 519, 785 57,419 | 35,005, 131
258,065 | 6,691,700 41,082 | 92,413 , 940 593,668 | 43,123,196
; 117, 950 | 11; 034) 511 164,201 | 144,759 815,617 | 5,002,496 | 46, 853, 389
52,322] 1107,318 509,439 | 141,582] 1,146,558 | 10,499,227 | 48, 203, 288
53, 425 | 12,622,357 | 2,699,130 | 158,777 | 3,413,626 | 6,841,806 | 54, 740, 380
as... 903,062 | 1723) 899 798,028 | 107,558} 1,282,039 | 5,204,296 | 67,977,118
LES Se See 12, 367, 369 |122, 273, 624 us 978, 937 89, 911 2, 383, 537 8,653,235 | 61,174,751
ee gata 22. 9, 897,939 | 1 630,722 426,469 | 64, 200 715,369 | 10,666,215 | 45, 809, 213
Be rGMiGes 22s... 222. 5,208,497 | 1665,314| 5,703,078 | 329,905 | 7,187,650| 14,679,233 | 48,077,956
“cpt ia. 2,267,299 | 1761,644| 24,138,817] 174,704 | 24/924/985 | 12,393,988 | 49, 105,119
Hal - Bo od Sao, 3,196, 420 | 1 2, 591, 077 28,177,281 | 675, 096 31, 215, 213 13, 366,529 | 86, 990, 541
- r year
MIB. .355- 1,990, 361 | 11,443,700 | 17,035,986 | 167,124 | 17,788,044 | 12,974,476 | 83,514,115
| i a 11,212,717 | 1609,128| 7,910,701 | 16,623} 7,985,505 | 14,036,184 | 85,985,617
| Year endin Juteand | Licorice |
ear ending és ute an icorice | :
Tune 30— Flax. Hemp. Hops. jute butts. rants | Manila. Molasses.
Average: Long tons.| Long tons.| Pounds. ie tons. Pounds. |Longtons. Gallons.
1852-1856 1, 143 30. aes 12,084 | 28, 488, 888
117403) le Wey PAs GM pee 30, 190, 875
3,213 | 1, 887, 892 15,566 | 34, 262, 933
1 O00} - ..332-ae5- |---------+- 53, 322, 088
ABER li <2. 25 ed coco ses = 44, 815, 321
62/406 ¢\c5 aon, Joe Me a eo 638, 963
915058) |ao8 des ces ee eee 35, 019, 689
104, 387.| 59, 275,378 |..:...----- , 543, 299
84,111 | 86,444,974 | 47,354 | 15,474,619
93,970 | 87,475,620 47,217 | 6,321,160
101,512 | 99) 543) 395 60,813 | 17,191, 821
100,420 | 96, 111) 469 67,289 | 24,147,348
103,140 | 100, 105, 654 43,735 | 11,453,156
: 128, 963 | 109, 077, 323 56,453 | 14,391,215
79,703 } 88,580,611 61,648 | 17,240) 399
96,735 | 89, 463, 182 65,666 18, 828, 530
98,215 | 108, 443, 892 61,562 | 19,477,885
103, 945 | 102,151, 969 58,738 | 16,021,076
104,489 | 66,115, 863 54,513 | 24,630,935
107, 533 | 109,355,720 52,467 | 18, 882, 756
156,685 | 97,742,776 61,902 | 22,092, 696
68,155 | 82, 207, 496 93,253 | 31, 292,165
7,792 5,278 | 8,557, 531 65,238 | 125, 135, 490 74,308 | 23, 838,190
10, 900 5,007 | 2,991,125 | 101,001 | 74,582) 225 68,536 | 28, 828, 213
12, 421 7,663 | 8,494,144] 125,389 | 105,116,227 73,823 | 33,926, 521
9, 885 8,822} 5,382,025 | 106,033 | 115,636,131 49,688 | 51, 410, 271
4 s ? ad ll, co a 83, a 65, 958, er 51, O81 70, Bon,
; ; ‘ 108, 3 41, 003, 295 78,892 | 85,716, 673
7,918 9, 635 236,849 | 1121695 | 59, 400, 224 76,765 | 110, 237, 888
1918 5, 607 6, 813 121) 288 78,312 | 26, 982, 932 86, 220 | 130,730, 861
alendar year:
67 7, 856 3,875 76, 75 71,414 |. 27,100,309 | 78,783 | 141, 339, 184
jy Ve 4, 420 1, 698 467, 433 62, 332 | 49, 891, 673 68,536 | 120, 125,795
|

1 Does not include oatmeal.

784 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TaBLE 287.—Imports of selected agricultural products, 1852-1919—Continued.

|
Rice and
rice flour,

: Olive oil : :
Year ending June 2 | Opium F Sisal s raw
30— for — crude. | Potatoes. Sey — grass. | and refined.

rice.

I

PERRY
BREESE

508, ?
reat 2 99, 870,675 |..........- 2, 458, 490,409 | 74,781,
758, 352 156, 858,635 | 40,274 |3, 003,283, 854 | 84,275,
773, 692 160, 807,652 | 50,129 |3, 827,799, 481 | 92,
909, 249 165,231,669 | 70,297 |3,916, 433,945 | 86, 809,
1, 783, 425 150, 913,684 | 96, 832 |3,721, 782,404 | 98,677,
3, 897, 224 215, 892, 467 | 102; 440 |3,997, 156,461 | 96, 742)
371,911 |117,199,710 | 70,076 |3,975, 005,840 | $9, 806,
1, 339, 097 7, 656, 162 |157) 658, 894 89, 583 |3, 031,915, 875 | . 75,579,
1, 494, 132 358, 505 |169; 656, 284 87,025 |4, 216,108, 106 | 108, 57
1,713, 590 3,166,581 |154)221'772 | 109, 214 |3; 700,623,613 | 112,
1, 923; 174 181) 199 |106}483;515 | 100, 301 |3; 680, 932, 102; 706,

BB
b:
S23 8555 CSS SEFEE SERRA SZSSES

983, 059
2, 447, 131 1, 948, 160 |166, 547,957 | 98, 037 |3, 979,331,430 | 93, 621,
3, 449,517 176,917 |209,603,180 | 99,061 |4, 391, 839, 975.
3, 799, 112 403, 952 |212) 783,392 | 103, 994 |3,371,997,112 | 94, 149,
4) 199) 454 8, 383, 966 |222' 900,422 | 91, 451 |4 189 421/018 | 114,916,
3, 702, 210 353, 208 |225, 400,545 | 99, 966 |4) 004, 545,936 | 85,626,
4, 405, 827 218, 984 |208,774,795 | 117,727 |3, 937,978, 265 | 102, 563,
4, 836, 515 13,734, 695 |190, 063,331 | 114, 467 |4, 104; 618, 393 | 101, 406,
5,221, 001 327, 230 |222) 103,547 | 153, 869 |4, 740,041,488 | 94,812,
6, 217, 560 | 3, 645,993 |300,194,917 | 215, 547 |5, 066, 821/873 | 91,130,
6,710, 967 270, 942 |277,191,472 | 185, 764 |5, 420, 981, 867 | 96, 987,
224) 431 2097 532 |2647 324005 | 228,610 |5,633, 161,749 | 109, 865,
7, 533,149 3,079,025 |216,048,858 | 143, 407 |5, 332,745,854 | 108, 364,
2) 537, 512 1, 180, 480 |456,058,608 | 150,164 |4) 903,327,249 | 151,314,

171, 161 1, 201, 494 |558,047,715 | 151, 876 |5, 170,976,319 | 134, 418,
9, 024; 136 5, 543,686 |174,596,124 | 144, 542 |7, 023,619,956 | 80, 962,

. Plums and P aa i
Onions. prunes. Raisins. Figs.
Bushels. Pounds. Pounds.
RB, 58, , 237, 642 wens anbda sence] ccs cat's abaianennnnn
ee. cee. 12; 405, 549 34, 397, 754 10, 117, 049
628,358 | 560, 762 27° 520; 440 8,919, 921
924,418 | 563, 35, 457, 213 14, 334, 760
LW OM TL ee 35, 258, 628 19° 848; 087
774, 042 745, 974 9, 933, 871
796,316 | 522,478 11} 087; 131
925,599 | 633,819 16, 482, 142
1, 171, 242 494) 105 13, 178, 061
856,366} 671, 604 13, 364, 107
872,566} 497,494 | 1 562, 358
1,126,114} — -323;377 346,173.
1, 275, 333 | 335, 089 ; 18) 836, 574
574,530 | 296,123 15, 235, 513
1,004, 296 |.......-...: 030 17; 362, 197
ane 902,904 | 1,514,967 |............ 2,479,220 | 33, 430, 565 23, 459, 728
NDS rood aon 1,076,741 | 1,436,087 |..........-. 3) 255, 861-| 33; 151; 396 18, 765, 408
IBS cabins 828,793 | ’ 789,458 |..........-. 2) 579,705 | 30, 843, 735 16, 837, 819
WAsccsi...cs--.{ 3j838/200.| W1TAGll |. cics.aee ds 4’ 5547549 | 32) 033; 177 19; 284, 868
pt EAN oe 1, 564, 506 9005997 bi uasakuees 2, 808, 806 | 30, 350, 527 20, 779, 730
Re ase 2'146,380| 815,872 |........-.-. 1, 024; 296 | 25,373; 029 7; 153; 250
1917....... 2’ 685,982 | 1,757,948 |........-2.. 1, 850,219 | 10,476, 534 16, 479, 783
SED. ak sis, 1, 826,618 | 1,313,402 |...... ides ”533 | 5,168,070 10, 473, 239
Calendar year:
1018... Wh oS. 1, 558, 048 261 O90 15. 590. cae 100,273 | 5, 091,328 11, 775, 499
1@NO.s.<ccceaee 2,383,901 | 740,686 | ooo 1, 566, 786.| 14, 852, 466 25; 358, 946

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products.

Hides and skins, other thin furs.

Year ending

June 30— Cattle.

Average: Pounds
e—to0leas.}..-..--.-----
1902-1906....| 126, 995, 011
1907-1911... 178, 681 537
it ae 129, 174, 624
Dota = : 148) 627; 907
cs 5 0 ie 1317 644, 325
UC! la 85, 370, 168
; i325) a, 113, 177, 357
1906...........] 156,155,300
7 i 1347 671, 020
SEE eas oss 98; 353; 249
. 1909...........| 192; 252) 083
OU OES ae Sai 318) 0037 538
| el lasiss aniocame| 100, 127, 796
4919222222277} 251; 0127 513
7 268, 042° 390
; 279, 963, 488
334,341,417
. 434) 177, 771
. 336, 600; 028
- 267, 499, 770
221, 051,070
407, 282° 271

Goat.

94) 329, 840

73, 745, 596

88, 038, 516
85, 114) 070
86, 338, 547
97, 803, 574

111, 097, 391
101; 201° 596

104; 042” 244
115, 844° 758

86, 913, 842
, 340, 703
” 250, 305
84, 759, 428

66, 547, 163
100, 657, 021
105, 640, 307

66, 932, 937

62, 363, 549
133) 656, 814

| Other than

cattle and
goat.

91, 173, 311
115, 952, 418
143) 351, 321

77, 989, 617

89, 457, 680
102 340, 303
103, 024) 752
126, 893; 934.

158, 045, 419
135) 111, 199
120, 770, 918
148, 253, 998
174, 770, 732

137, 849, 757
191) 414° 882
207, 903, 995
196, 347; 770

137, 439, 153
2087 835, 068
207, 967, 162
98° 083; 986

78,476, 280
203; 896, 950

785

TABLE 287.—Imports of selected gariedirat products, feet ee eens.

Macaroni,
vermicelli,
and all

28, 787, 821
40; 224° 202
53, 441 080

77, 926, 029
87, 720, 730
97, 233, 708
85, 114) 003
113, 772, 801

114, 779, 116
108, 231; 028
106, 500, 752
126, 128) 621

56, 542, 480
217 739, 602

3 472, 503 |.

669, 524

402,010
902; 551

Oranges. | Walnuts,

Pownds.

153, 343; 434

148, 514, 614

164, 075, 309
152) 004; 213
171, 9237 221
139; 084, 321

138, 717, 252
157, 859, 906
178, 490, 003
135, 183) 550
160, 214, 785

134, 968, 924
145, 639, 396
151, 416, 412

41, 104, 544
12) 343, 790

50, 332, 914

52,742,476
56, 872; 070
35, 893, 260
28° 880, 575

31, 134,341
21; 267, 346
18, 397, 429
Ps 435, 873
4 676, 118

7, 672,186
vi 623° 662

"12, 362, 567
23’ 670, 761
21, 684, 104

24, 917, 028
32) 597, 592
28) 887, 110
26,157,703
33, 641; 466

33, 619, 434
37, 213, 674
26, 662; 441
37, 195, 728

13, 011, 404
31, 495, 977

TABLE 288.— Foreign trade of the United States in forest products, 1852-1919.

{Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States.

All values are gold.)

Exports.
Year ending June 30— : j Imports.

Domestic. Foreign.
$6,819,079 | $694,037 | $3, 256, 302
9, 994, 808 962, 142 6,942, 211
7, 366, 103 798, 076 8, 511, 370
11, 775, 297 690,748 | 14,812 576-
17, 906, 771 959, 862 19, 728, 458
17, 579, 313 552, 514 22? 006, 227
24,704,992 | 1,417,226 | 34, 252,753
26, 060,729 | 1)442°760 | 39 647; 287
29; 276,428 | 1,707,307 | 45, 091; 081
45,960, 863 | 3,283/274| 527326, 879
--| 63,584,670 | 3,850,221 | 79, 885, 457
88,764,471 | 6,488,455 | 137) 051,471
55, 369,161 | 3,599, 192 57, 143, 650
48) 928) 764 | 3,609, 071 59, 187, 049
58, 734, 016 | 2,865, 325 71, 478, 022
70, 085, 789 | 4,177,352 | 79/619; 206
63,199, 348 | 3,790,097 | 92,680,555
76,975,431 | 4,809,261 | 96, 462, 364
92,948,705 | 5,500,331 | 122,420,776
90, 362,073 | 4,570,397 | 97,733, 092
72,442,454 | 4,982,810 | 123,920, 126
85, 030, 230 | 9,801,881 | 178, 871,797
103, 038, 892 | 7,586,854 |. 162,311,565
108, 122,254 | 6,413,343 | 172,523,465
124; 835,784 | 7,4317851 | 180,502) 444
106, 978, 554 | 4.517,766 | 155, 261/300
52, 553,536 | 5,089,299 | 165, 849, 493
q 68,155,479 | 4,364,335 | 252, 851,305
68, 918, 836 | 11,171,520 | 322, 699, 430
87,180,768 | 6,066,140 | 335, 033, 459
88, 021,904 | 5,890,955 | 279, 604, 509
150, 324, 280 | 6,899,403 | 374; 455,432

Excess of

exports (+)
or of imports

(—).

$4, 256, 814
4, 014,739
*347, 191
2,346, 531
” 861; 825
3, 874, 400

8, 130, 535
12) 143) 798
14, 107, 346

3, 082; 742
12; 450, 566

tT i a

41,798, 545

1, 824, 703
6, 649, 214
9, 878, 681
5, 356, 155
25, 691, 110

14, 677, 672
23, 971; 740
2) 800, 622
46, 494, 862
84, 039; 686
51, 685, 819
57, 987, 868
48, 234, 809
43, 764, 980

etl ath se

—242; 609, 074
—241, 786, 551

—185, 691, 650
—217, 231, 794

80702°—yrk 1920——50**

786 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. .*

TABLE 289.—Exports of selected domestic forest products, 1852-1919.

{Compiled from reports of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Where figures are
lacking, either there were no exports or they were not separately classified for publication.] _

Lumber.
Year ending June A
30— Boards, Shooks, | Reta:
deals, and | other than Staves.
planks.! box.
Average: M feet Number. Number Barrels
1851-1856. . ....-- oO RPE Cie) Ham ate * 552,210 | 1,369, 250 |...........
57-1) | | Se re eee ee 664,206 | 2) 735,104 |._.._......
1862-1866.......- 136,020 bo co ate a ab aay ole 69,314. 102,162 |... ee
yey be aeet se 196,720 |e ee eee ae ended 491, 774 |. 2, 603/412 o> bee
1872-1876......-. Tat We le ORE: | oo ae 845,
1877-1881 . SS Nd otra agen whee tain Cea ene Ae sete
1882-1886........ eS ee ee fret au 0 x 1, 289, 869 13, 701, 663
1887-1891... -...- 531,755 | 593,054 |.........-..- 1, 533, 834 6, 401, 543
1892-1896... -...- | 616,000 |. 435,581 |..........-.- 2} 006, 427 6,062, 418
1897-1901... ...... ye 2) 477, 696 5,146,927 | 4
1902-1906... ....- 212,476 | 765,215 | 51,234,056 | 2) 453, 280 3,968, 469 | 508, 21
1907-1911.......- | 1,649,203 | 925,828 | 56,181,900 | 2) 355, 560 3,406,245 | 475
ee Ree: 1,101, 815 714,651 | 47,363,262 | 2,820,815 4,642,698 | 533,920
ee Pa 942,814 | 788,241 | 46,998,512 | 2) 535, 962 5,388,439 | 412,750
1! 5 sara pale apie 1, 065, 771 566,205 | 55,879,010 | 2,396,498 3,291,498 | 530,659
“ Dig Soe | 13426,784 | 533,182 | 47,420,095 |. 2° 585, 108 3,788, 740 690
BOOS ote noose eae ; 1,283, 406 872,192 | 48,286,285 | 2,310,275 3, 856, 623 36, 411
| ee ee ee 1,343,607 | 1,066,253 | 57,586,378 | 2, 438, 556 3,517,046 | 552,548
1 eae Ree eee 1, 623, 964 803,346 | 51,120,171 | 2,560,966 3,278,110 | 600,865
heer oe 1,548,130 | 900,812 | 61,696,949 | 2) 712) 732 4,883,506 | 463,440
1 page a 1, 357, 822 977,376 | 52,583,016 | 2,170,177 2,950,528 | 383,309
INO. ae 1,684,489 | 928,197 | 49,783,771 | 2) 144,318 3,245,196 | 451,721
rs Ree Bs 2,031,608 | 1,019,411 | 65,725,595 | 2,189, 607 2,7, 499,547
eet.
ry RES SERIE 2,306,680 | 1,161,591 | 64,162,599 | 2,474, 460 31,067 | 406, 954
Oy 2,550,308 | 1,710,095 | 89,005,624 | 2,806,046 34,502 | 477,135
iL ae See Ae 2,405, 867,805 | 77,150,535 | 2,417,950 29, 859
Wire? sb 52) 1,129,205} 620,043 | 39,297,268 | 1,372,316 6,118
WOl ee o- see oee 1,177,331 611,556 | 57,537,610 | 1,571,279 9,628
WIN cde 1,041,845 | 1,079,510 | 61,469,225 | 1,638,590 7,293
TTY Se ee ee 1, 067,709 | 13758,667 | 63,207,351 | _ 1). 070, 929 7,426
Calendar year:
IGS. 6 Sasa oe 1,023,769 | 1,905,576 | 53,373,526 779, 027 6, 086 69, 184 f
11D. o. uetsead / 1,311,210 | 3,336,356 | 81,657,792 | 1,209,627 8,499 | 174,204 —
1 Including ‘‘ Joists and scantling’’ prior to 1884. {
i
{
d
J
{
‘
f

“

.¢

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 787

Tasie 290.—IJmports of selected forest products, 1852-1919.

~aboatle | Lumber. | °
i he
Year endin Camphor India Rubber | Boards, Beas Wood
June 30— ae A rubber. | gums, total. deals, f Bhellac. pulp.
planks, Shingles.
and other
sawed.

Average: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. M fect. M. Pounds. |Zong tons.
1852-1556... --- PAYG RUN ERR 2 saeco? Ba aaa Rae Pere emer mere er or Salles oe at od ee
1857-1861... .-- 5 TU Ge et EE ee yee Set ee a Eo at ae Se oe) nese ee
1862-1866... ... SOD} fale Sleep cs ee eneleeme see ess caltcres~<62--s\van=aan=- =~ ie ST (keer
OSL TS eee Ramee areca rs rie Ne UI eS ee BRE! Bene meneame eceeeeeeee
TS ee 12, 631, 388 564, 642 Og ee eee ae
Ppreienies se | 1, 515, 6148... .2-52565-- 15, 610, 634 417, 907 eC RS fren ae
1882-1886 ....-. 1 O58, CON Dee eam ceee= 24, 480, 997 577, 728 at al) EE eee eet ie aap

yearn 33,226,520 | 646, 745 184,050 | 5, 086, 421 37, 251
38, 359, 547 | 39,671,553 | 661,495 |............ 5
47, 469, 136 | 52, 974, 744 568, 304 |.--tatessen 8
57, 903, 641 | 75,908,633 | 727,205| 772,340 | 11
80, 129, 567 121, 504,098 | 399) 659 866, 565 | 19, 046, 030 | 319,007

"55, 275, 529 | 64,927,176 | 490, 820 555,853 | 9,608,745 | 46,757

50, 413, 481 | 67,799,069 | 665, 603 707,614 | 9,064,789| 67,416

55,010,571 | 69,311,678 | 720,937 724,131 | 11,590,725! 116, 881

59, 015,551 | 74,327, 584 589, 232 770, 373 | 10,933,413 | 144,796

67, 234, 256 | 87, 004, 384 710,538 | 758,725 | 10,700,817 | 167, 504

2 57, 844,345 | 81, 109, 451 949,717 | 906,856 | 15,780,099 | 157, 224
276, 963, 838 | 106,747,589 | 934,195 | 881,003 | 17,785,960 | 213,110
262,233,160 | 85,809,625} 791,288] 988,081 | 13,361,932 | 237,514
2 $8 359, 895 | 114,598,768 | 846,024 | 1,058,363 | 19,185,137 | 274,217
3; 006, 648 | 101,044,681 | 154,620,629 | 1,954, 416 762,798 | 29,402,182 | 378 322

3, 726,319 | 72,046, 260 | 145, 743, S80 872,374 | 642,582 | 15,494,940 | 491,873
2; 154, 646 | 110, 210,173 | 175,965,538 | 905,275 | 514,657 | 18,745,771 | 477, 508
3, 709, 264 | 113, 384,359 | 170, 747,339 | 1, 090, 628 560,297 | 21,912,015 | 502,913
3, 476, 908 | 131, 995, 742 | 161,777, 250 928) 873 895,028 | 16,719,756 | 508, 360

3, 729, 207 | 172, 068, 428 | 196, 121, 979 939,322 | 1,487,116 | 24,153,363 | 587, 922

4 574, 430 | 267,775, 557 | 304,182,814 | 1,218,068 | 1,769,333 | 25,817,509 | 307,048

6, 884, 950 | 333, 373, 711 | 364,913,711 | 1,175,180 | 1,924,139 | 32,539,522 | 699, 475

3, 638, 384 | 389, 599,015 | 414,983,610 | 1, 282, 647 | 1, 878, 465 | 22,913,256 | 504, 108

1. aaa | 3,474, 282 | 325, 959, 308 | 340,023,193 | 1,208,912 | 1,797,612 | 18,663,717| 516,258
3

en | 2,693, 822 | 535, 940, 421 | 565,931,299 | 1, 147, 945 | 1,987,480 | 24, 426, 40: | 567, 872

1 Tucludes ‘‘ Gutta-percha?’ only for 1867. 3 Includes ‘‘ Cuayule gum,”’ crude.

788 Y earbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
TasLe 291.—Princzpal farm preducts imported from eatin countries into the nite

States, 1918 and 1919.

Year ending June 30,
Country of origin, and 1918.
article.

Quantity.

Brazil:
Cocoa (crude)... Sess 91, 351, 529 66, 007, 884
Coffee do....| 743,958, 456 599, 991; 374
3, 033, 262
51,535,501 0
2) 994’ 155 6
-| 21, 082, 14, 202, 680 057
-}| 112, 159, 390 118, 909, 462 367
Bananas........ bunches..| 1,151,165 972,426 387
Domi Craw son = DX ands. > 4,560, 749,643 953,689,419 948
SE edn Aas a .-poun 39, 851, 184 38, 099, 255 981
outer: Cocoa... ate 76, 786, 657 68, 320,773 114
od
Chesse eo do....| 1,028,117 542,010 581
; Olive oil (salad). eat 227,617 88, 088
Cheese Taped apm ar — -| aa 5, 044
acaroni..........: ae
Olive oil (salad). -gallons. . 200, 403 5,729
Japan: Tea........ pounds..| 52,996; 471 56, 436, 650
a er eter a SR as 31, 118,513 19, 849, 230
etherlan
pag Std apne tes: me Ek xh Eee me Se pe id met toa Bos Re
Phili nena Sales Baeee 4 PKs ES a
ae Roe ” | 173,600,941 | 7,913,247 | 135,602, 975
ee Cocoa. ..pounds. . 134, 904 1) bY a Pe Bp | eS S tes
Spa
Olive oil (salad)..gallons..| 2,091,400 | 2,783,691 65, 895
a ee ae ae ; 806, 152 845,714 626, 569
United Kinedqme: | So. SSP PSS eT a ee 2 ee | oe
ocean 5. ae eet do 1, 038, 142 133, 304 478, 421

Year ending Dec. 31—

Quantity. | Value. itv. ‘

BREss Bs

2 88 38

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products.

789

Taste 292.—Principal farm products exported to specified countries from the United
States, 1918 and 1919,

1919

Year ending Dec. 31—
Year egne June 30,
€ountry to which consigned, 1s,
and article. 1918
Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity.
|
Belgium: ;
etiecno =... .... bushels. .| 3,714,233 | $7,277,381 | 3,467,151 | $6,371,356 | 1,009, 969
el ee do....| 6,007,986 | 13,674,261 | 12,628,186 | 30, 107,271 | 24, 476, 490
_ See pounds. .| 68; 670, 327 | 17,200, 008 | 67,444,015 | 18, 909, 533 | 90, 823, 427
Tans eee pnomiders: do. .2/5_.. eis 0a 1S... os. 5, $53,423 | 1, 387, 335 | 30,054, 740
SS a ee do... ./116, 154,490 | 28, 105, 585 116, 784, 152 | 31, 757, 658 |155, 802, 228
a Wheat flour - barrels. . 101, 927 ri 149; 284 596 4, 864 279, 564
Con ta bushels..| 7,895,892 | 13, 127,564 | 13,228,954 | 19,530,071 | 6,542,025
\ it do... ” 959 540 577, 965 26, 493, 421 61, 464, 108 L 421,613
Wheat flour... .-- barrels. . 83, 334 884, 042 61, 045 621, 523 7,316
Bacon...... ---pounds. .| 42, 837, 136 | 11, 744, 199 | 24, 454, 474.| 7,465,376 | 34, 253, 197
Hams and shoulders. .do...- 14, 286, 628 3, 787, 253 11, 112; 784 | 3,098,318 7, 457, 307
Ll ane ee 893, STZ ” 908, 131 2 478, 926 669, 571 5, 090, 459
Pork, ieiied.2....... do. 13, 689; 396 | 3, 065, 724 14, 708, 735 | 3,355,902 8, 372, 796
am heat flour. . barrels. - 275 2 791 2 3, 913
a:
Ut Uae oo ea bushels..| 1,142,293 | 2,094,937 | 1,074,099 | 1,841,445} 1,964,540
Wheat flour. ......-. barrels. . 679, 689 Z 733, 557 541, 564 | 5,894,603 eo 698
Bacon.......--...-pounds..| 20, 293; 559 5, 521, 432 | 16, 101, 208 | 4,449,579 | 15,956, 981
Hams and shoulders...do.... 9) 990, 141 2 669, 458 8 707, 061 | 2,512,966] 9, 863, 103
JOS ae =o mae 52, 574, 278 14, 337, 227 46, 008) 414 | 13,044,755 | 44, 766, 460
Pork, pickled......... 8,935,072 | 2,148,796 | 7,659,439 | 1,893,101 | 6,560,984
Denmark: Corn. ---. fnishela™: I a ie eS ee SP a See || en Le el ae ae 334, 711
France:
Wilestectescess......- do....} 3,837,927 | 9,428,203 | 6,386,134 | 14,675,271 | 27,590,718
Live a: 73, 531, 892 19, 301, 977 98, 496, 402 27, 131, 653 178, 431, 224
Pppteeese sc 2.25... eee 33; 427, 329 8, 603, 286 35, 841, 676 9, 349, 535 96, 296, 935
Prone ong: Wheat Rian
It —— ReiamMetidasls Gils ccccconce 1, 250 (as SZOM Sates cm <a] sia eh a cine = 10, 597
aly:
Wie brats scccw ic. k ee bushels..| 6,756,191 | 15,579,424 | 16,337,436 | 38, 263,712 | 38, 264, 883
J Lo 4 pounds. . 2 136, 645 506, 717 1s 145, 112 273, 258 | 2,463,197
Japan: Wheat flour... barrels. . 69 a7 Nie bar os eI 2,
Mexico:
Oi ee a Se Se 3,272,754 | 6,871,144} 2, 7% 239°} 5,739,810 133, 887
Vi do. 2,126 3, 849 564 a: 755 134, 003
ae pounds..| 6, 957 993 | 1,625,892 | 15, 453, 095 | 4,451,219 | 7,134,448
Netherlands:
Jia eee bushels. . 246, 004 456, 009 46, 004 92, 009 100, 168
IWant On «0: - dos 155, 550 380,224 | 2, 236, 354} 5, 770, 866 | 1,962, 249
Wheat flour.......- barrels. . 69, 253 690, 141 10: 090 ria 284, 629 | 1,082, 207
Se ee ene OUNGSS No. 22 ccs caclesecece cee |sascwwcrccesleccedewennes 112; 028, 898
Lik = er (3 Pe eee Oe ae ae See Js tak Oe ee ES See 68,596, 924
Lard neutral.......... (19 i PS eae eo ee eee Peearecor ree 9,313, 883
Deo OW secs e= se “Str Shel Wea nede dean) beser eacncad boc doc SC EOL) Hopederocers 4, 811, 612
Norway: Oleo oil....... dos. 774, 004 V7OSIOG Po oae ne sale a sence ne = 656, 192
Philippine Islands: Wheat
_ ee barrels. . 549 5, 442 22 337 54, 904
United Kingdom:
Clon eee bushels. .| 21, 197,784 } 39,118, 255 | 15,658,493 | 29,041, 245 948, 493
Wieatese .<ecince-.-- do. <: 15, 129, 803 36, 470, 014 43, 146, 559 100, 848, 344 | 44, 818, 552
Wheat flour........ barrels. - 10, 055, 827 112; 664, 938 10, 013, 533 113, 037, 706 10, 440, 148
OO aes waren 2110 pounds. . 533, 135, 385 147, 983, 735 789, 253, 478 229° 883, 046 507, 184, 219
Hams and shoulders. .do.. -. 372, 722; 508 95, 792, 492 470, 415, 228 127, 586, 544 338, 028, 382
Li aoe do. 159, 959, 165 38, 855, 685 309, 987, 044 738, 985, 740 219, 306, 542
UG he ae do.... 48, 244) 317 10, 184, 472 57, 783, lll 12} 782; 449 20, 791, 549
Pork, pickled......... do.... ie 903, 144 "447, 141 2 102; 744 616, 636 3, 378, 871

Value.

27, 958,403
110, 902

91, 054, 928
806, 057
27, 850

246, 746
329, 187
2, 127, 709

167, 192

1, 585, 886
107, 503, 619
115, 699, 430
167, 505, 052
109, 685, 518

68, 323, 623

6, 113, 654

” 963, 487

790 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TaBLeE 293.—Shipments of principal domestic farm and forest products from the United
States to Hawaii and Porto Rico, 1918-1919.

[These shipments are not included in the domestic exports from or imports into the United States.

Year ending Dec. 31—
Year ending June 30,
1918. '
Possession and article. / 1918 1919
fobS ett heed ;
| Quantity. Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value.
eS ASS EE oe eee SS ee > <
HAWAIL. )
Dairy products. ---.... pounds..| 4,057,847 | $878,447 | 3,575,998 | $862,249 5, 231 * 185
Meat products She Penis Se ee 740,107 |....-...2.--| _ 731,503 |....2 MH £
Grain and grain mamae = te Fe aS ae 3, 089, 729 }..-.---..-2. 2, 869,165.) ...5 see 381” S84
Rice. -- 26. a 8,651, 147 594,698 | 7,565, 857 571,309 | 15,575, 417 thie a
Fiumpbers: 0026 33.3 IS |---22222-2ne= | 75 208, 240) 1k 5-5 Soe ee 1,719, O81 --| 2,341),
; |
PORTO RICO.

/ / : | ®
Dairy products. -...... pounds... 5,692,110 | 1,062,646 | 5,584,422 1,143, 961 5, 392, 805 217,876
Meat products. ................ Bary ae | st 906 |...”..<--2-.| 514% Sa |. eee y 7
Beans and dried peas.bushels- .' 218,608 | 1,259,334 | 207,422 | 1, 250, 800 363,738 | 1 602
Grain and grain products. . ....|.......-..... | 4) a0O, E80 |... ee 3, 399, 106 :|- ..s222: sae 5, 986
ine2_. -pounds.. 125, 131,832 | 9,144,940 | 82, 263,122 | 6, 427,624 | 163, 949, 679 | 12,765, 739
Sugar... 660 DA 3, 017,215 | ” 245; 074 194, 926 14, 961 , 282 313
Tobacco 1..d0....| 2,003; 224 637,872 | 1,143, 793 441, 963 803,638) a4
Wantitior.. | 202 S208. 2S eS EE Ie 1; O75, 902) |2. ae 072, '768'|3.. eae 1, 200, 631

TABLE 294.—Shipments of principal domestic farm products from Hawaii and Porto Rico
to the United States, 1918-1919.

a en

Year ending Dec. 31—

Year ending June 30,
1918.

Possession and article. 1918

Quantity. | Value. | Quantity.

Colles. =. 2 be ee + pounds..| 1,968,080, $275,733) 4, 485, 843
Pineapples, qanned.<. 32. 3. |t ~<.sko> kia 8, 304, Uf eee
Super ct . 3. $on- wae. Sse pounds. ./1, 080, 908, 797 64, 108, 540) 1,009,749,843
PORTO RICO
Grapeluit. i. «nchobode boxes 549, 825) 1, 120, 330 445, 083
et Ope et SST ae! do 602, 987; 1, 230, 984) 509, 020
Pineapples 26 bos ons pte tw asloank dee weonne Oe a ee
a and sirup....gallons..| 14,495, 752) 1,213,382) 14, 071, 657
co Se ee pounds..| 672, 937, 334 < aig 845 tie 419
To weiss

_ > ai Cis

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 791

Tasie 295.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States,

1910-1919.
Quantity. Per cent of total.
oe
; i
P ; Year ending) Year ending
- Year ending June 30— Year ending Dec. 31— =
Article, and country to Jane 30— | Dee. 31
which consigned. ————— ——- 5 ae —
| Aver-
Average age
1910-1914. 1918 1918 1919 1910- 1918 | 1918 | 1919
1914.
ANIMAL MATTER. |
Cattle: Number Number Number. Number. | P.ct P.ct.
nub) oa 9, 105 7, 286 7,314 11,192 | 10.4 16.0
Se 7, 341 7,777 7, 885 23,923 | 8.4 34.2
United Kingdom....... 66, 422 iy ar See BE EIS ee ee MER 2 SSP) Bae Same
Other countries......-. 4, 757 3, 131 2, 081 34, 744 5.4 49.8
lin SSS See 87, 625 18, 213 17, 280 69, 859 |100 0 |100. 100.0
Horses:
Serials aol 2. Te 24, 486 18, 064 13, 032 9, 848 87.2 50.0
See Sol. as 1, 212 4, 468 2, 230 737 | 43 3.7
JRE ee 1, 197 4,775 749 5,488 | 43 27.6
United Kingdom....... 522 56, 215 33, 547 98 1,9 -5
Other countries........ 656 1, 243 912 3,570 | 2.3 18.2
rE eee SS ee sd 28, 073 84, 765 51, 170 19, 691 |100.0 {100.0 100.0
Butter: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds.
MAGAED estes <o0<5025 =< 499, 942 44, 749 12, 518 274, 893 | 11.7 8
Central American States
and British Honduras 694, 345 633, 753 521, 152 666, 713 | 16,2 atid bam OC
/ ip 369, 271 223, 091 313, 615 429,608 | 8.6 Z| 12
United Kingdom....... 601, 095 13, 982, 559 | 22,250,115 | 21,817,613 | 14.1 8. 9|/ 63.1
Venezuela.......:...... 599, 600 6, 402 2, 970 35, 563 | 14.0} (4) (4) oH
West Indies and Ber-
[ich eae 1, 361,406 | 1,380,404 | 1,775,416 | 2,249,201 | 318] 7.8] 6&8] 6.5
Other countries. ....... 152, 296 1, 465, 008 1, 318, 629 9, 082,894 | 3.6] 8.2] 5.0} 26.4
LD Se 4, 277, 955 17, 735, 966 | 26,194,415 | 34, 556, 485 100. 0 [100.0 |100.0 100.0
Meat ee a |
Beef products— j
Beef, canned—
United Kingdom... 5, 129, 188 46, 375, 149 | 51, 250, 973 13, 947,951 | 54.6 | 47.6 | 36.2) 25.9
Other countries. .-. 4, 262, 934 50, 968, 134 90, 206, 190 39, 919, 376 | 45.4] 52.4 | 63.8 |) 74.1
L071 a 9, 392,122 | 97, 343, 283 | 141, 457, 163 53, 867, 327 |100. 0 {100.0 100. 0
Beef, fresh— a
PAnpmee- +... 5, 026, 662 144, 442 357, 366 51,950} 171] () 1) Q)
United Kingdom...| 23, 410, 437 | 285, 789, 315 | 466, 080,785 | 73, 073, 602 | 79.5 | 77.2 | 86.7 | 41.9
Other countries....| 1,015,203 | 84,099,143 | 67, 903, 378 | 101,301,447 | 3 4| 22.8 58.1
‘ho Sa 29, 452, 302 | 370, 032, 900 | 514, 341, 529 | 174, 426, 999 |100.0 100.0 100. 0
Beef, pickled and é
other cured—
Ont aa 1, 386,090 | 2,623,317] 2,044,979] 1,373,553) 4.2) 4.8 3.2
oon BOLss SOS! sate ence me =| see ome a ate Zobel 24) ia ts 1 Pk eae ee 6.0
Newfoundland and
Labrador........ 4,941,896 | 5,505,008} 5,418,221 | 5,676,761 | 15.1 | 10.1 13.3
United Kingdom...| 7,902,166 | 4,205,294 | 3,228,816 | 5, 569,743 | 24.1] 7.7 13.0
West Indies and
Bermuda........ 4,548,476 | 2,245,472] 1,690,183 | 1,404,620] 13.9] 4.1 3.3
Other countries....| 10,413,273 | 39, 888,819 | 31, 823, 821 26, 212, 505 | 31.7 | 73.3 | 7 61.2
ple sae 32, 809, 763 | 54,467,910 | 44, 206,020 | 42, 804, 724 |100. 0 /100.0 100. 0
Oleo oil *— “ai
Denmark.......... 5, 714, 442 30, 000 30,000} 8,025,918] 5.0] .1 10.6
poe | ETS 2 eee Mile’ SS RRS a Te Gh Ak ae! Peas ba
Netherlands........ TAG DIE dB ol ble a I a | ee Senay vs A a ees AeA 6.4
Norway.... ..| 8,335, 573 774; QOL: eee 8,656,192} 7.3] 1.4]...... 1L.5
Sweden............ 2, 350, 272 13,313 | 2,240,000} 3,494,255] 21] @) 4.6
Serie f BepeR UPD Gee |) 195, 900; 7840 )c oa co an da|- womens see 3: 635: 808 1 S41... foe. . 3.5
United Kingdom...) 9,117,005 | 48,244,317 | 57,783,111 | 20,791,549} 8.0 | 85.2 27.5
Other countries...) 7,217,847] 7,541,754 | 9,053,239 | 25,043,133 | 6.4) 13.3 33.1
otalees =... 3 113, 757, 713 | 56,603,388 | 69,106,350 | 75, 585, 164 |100. 0 |100. 0 |100.0 | 100.0

1 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent. 2 For ‘‘Oleo oil’’ the average is for 4 years, 1911-1914,

792 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
TaBLE 295.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States,
1910-1919—Continued.
Quantity. Per cent of total.
Year ending June 30— | Year ending Dec. 31— |*©F ending/Year ending
Article, and coantey to June 30— | Dec. 31—
which consigned. oo poe i
Average
1910-1914. 1918 1919
ANIMAL MATTER—Contd.
Meat products—Contd.
Beef products—Contd.
Lard compounds— Pounds. Pounds. Pounds.
ot ee a ee 19, 793, 565 7, 735, 338 8, 611, 137
Mexico.........-.-- 5,399,201 | 4, 441, 734 4, 620, 050
United Kingdom...} 20, 830, 150 4, 416, 476 62, 739, 201
Other countries... .. _ 21, 295, 941 | 14, 684, 834 48, 992, 562
Total! .t =..3 67, 318, 857 | 31,278, 382 124, 962, 950
Pork products—
acon— t
Belgitnmn 2. .. 25 =.= - 4,901,373 | 68,670,327 90, 823, 427 7.6
Canadas: /5 8-828 , 964, 42, 837, 136 34, 253, 197 2.9
Cae oo eres ee 7, 696, 815 | 20, 293, 559 15, 956, 981 1.3
France........----- 2,689, 203 | 73, 531, 892 178, 431, 224 15.0
ly ee 7,560, 557 | 74,459, 980 48, 128, 149 4.0
Netherlands.......- 4,408, 980-125. AE oe 112, 028, 898 9.4
Norway.........-.. 3, 637, 518 25, Mas ee see 26, 152, 222 2.2
Sweden. i-5--.-—-- 909, 48 51, 891, 124
United Kingdom...| 133, 760, 286 | 533, 135, 385 507, 184, 219
Other countries....| 10,945, 409 , 340, 9, 278, 843 | 125, 448, 053
otal...) 2..¢cee- 182, 474, 092 | 815, 294, 424 | 110, 788, 081 |1,190,297,494
Hams and shoulders, j
cured—
Belgium ........... T, 863, 4708 2 coe ae 5, 853,423 | 30,054, 740
Cannds..3i:22<....: , 509, 14, 286,628 | 11,112,784 | 7,457,307
Onbias. 225 Fue: i 4,696,184} 9,990,141] 8,707,061 | 9, 863, 103
United Kingdom...| 143, 087,022 | 372,722,508 | 470,415,228 | 338, 028, 382
Other countries....| 6,656,591 | 22,572,592 | 41,124,545 | 211,392, 131
Potalexincceiases 166, 813, 134 | 419, 571, 869 | 537, 213,041 | 596, 795, 663
Lard—
ota 17,076,171 | 116,154, 490 | 116,784,152 | 155,802,228 | 3.6
Canada...........-. 10, 181, 941 893,977 | 2,478,926} 5,090,459] 21
Cdhe:2.5-5..% 41,378, 503 | 52,574,278 | 46,008,414 | 44,766, 87:
Denmark.......... 2, 480, 647 75, 000 75,000 | 33,505,333 | .5
HT Po le i 3, 369, 460 1, 810, 527 1, 339, 946 2, 407, 180 ae
France.........---- 12,089,618 | 33,427,329 | 35,841,676 | 96,296,935 | 2.5
Germany..........- 100, OHS, OA ne dk eal eee | 39, 495, 017 | 30.0
Italy... wee--e-| 4,655,944] 2,136,645] 1,145,112| 2,463,197| 1
MGS 0. |_> Core ee 000,932 | 6,957,993 | 15,452,095 | 7,134,448} 1.
Netherlands.......- TT AT A etal a I ipo gl 68,596,924 | 7.
Fern. 20s, see 2,784, 573 1, 400, 455 1,080,095 944,742
United Kingdom...| 169,176,230 | 159,959,165 | 309,987,044 | 219,306, 542
Other countries....| 25,348,135 | 17,116,496 | 18,625,441 | 85,092, 146
Totalcstaeteresces 474,354,914 | 392,506,355 | 548,817,901 | 760,901,611 /1
Lard, neutral2—
enmark.......... BO , SOB ii cp tows acd ane owe ota 5, 445,681 | 5.2.1 alee 23.7
PCRTIATINY 5 ws asa oo Fe © 298, S401: Soen ve nove eale ewer ok roe ae 950,837 | 21.2 |.....-} see 4.1
Netherlands........ Re eet GI pe eet ES 9,313,883 | 57.6 |....-cleenee- 40. 6
Norway...-.--.---- 2,679, 054 oS RRS Bey 1,653,325| 6.1] 7.6|...... 2
United Kingdom...|_ 1,871,448] 3,495,665 | 5,433,851 | 2,000,074] 4.3 | 821/862) 87
Other countries....| 2,463,857 439, 932 873,313 3,593,337 | 5.6] 10.3) 13.8] 15.7
Total........--...| 43,571,550 4,258, 529 6,307, 164 | 22,957,137 |100.0 |100.0 |100.0 | 100.0
_ ee ee ee SS SSS SSS
Pork, pickled— ; (
British Guiana. .... 1,539, 772 863,280} 1,040,430 205, 700 6| 28 6
CamsdR: ..5 4 wari 10,117,759 | 13,689,396 | 14,708,735 | 8,372,796 2| 40.1 | 24.5
Odin. 4. chap ie ecken 7,236,791 | 8,935,072 | 7,659,439 | 6,560,984 9 | 20.9] 19.2
WEE sy oi-wdeoena 1,818, 119 481, 190 739, 655 464, 678 4| 20) 1.4
Newfoundland and
Labrador......... 5,920,365 | 3,220,600 6,303,799.| 4,833,214 7) 17.2) 14.2
Panama............ 1, 426,985 276, 782 135, 720 124, 683 Se 4
United Kingdom...| 10,225,205 | 1,903,144] 2,102,744] 3,378,871 7| 5&7] 09
Other countries....| 9,939,933 3,852,038 | 3,981,188} 10,172,949 7} 10.9) 29.8
ee 48,274,929 | 33,221,502 | 36,671,660 | 34,113,875 0 |100.0 | 100.0
EE =——

1 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent,

4 For “Lard, neutral,” the average is for four years, 1911-1914,

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 793

TasLE 295.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States, -

- 1910-1919—Continued.
Quantity. Per cent of total.
4 Year ending| Year ending
Year ending June 30— Year ending Dec. 31— /
Article, and country to June30— | Dec. 31—
which consigned. a a ee eee ee ee
Aver-
Average age }
1910-1914. 1918 1918 1919 1910-| 1918 | 1918 | 1919
. 1914.
| [| a hicie
VEGETABLE MATTER.
Cotton: Pounds. Pounds Pounds Pounds. |P.ct.| P.ct. ip. ct. | P. ct.
PesimineunpAarys..5---| 48,200,615 |. ..---.+--.--|--s0-00c----- 48,609,352 | 1.1]......|.---.-| 1.4
a) Belftum............... TT oT a ge $a empe T a oeel ee 81,894,621 | 2.1|...... eae | 2.4
Lohse ee 76, 708; 788 | 124,986,426 | 148,561, 448 83, 405, ip) 271 55.4). 7-0)... 2.6
ee 543,310,082 | 329,276,533 | 289,714,337 | 398,168,968 | 12.3 | 14.2| 13.7| 11.8
MING)... ..-. -11,257,474,563 |...--2-2----e|----00-, 4-0. 77,914,351 | 28.5 |.....-|...... hires
te (a 250, 388) "023 184, 606,646 | 194,528,036 280, 349, O77Ni- 5.71 78.01 9.2 8.3
| yee Ee Se cians-Gs>-6 148° 287, 700 291, 772, 827 2997 723, 224 440, 520, 341] 3.4] 12.6] 14.2) 13.1
Dean 5 one's 10, 601} 091 5,353, 162 is4 992) 554 "345, 852 ~2 a <Liee)
_ Netheriands...227702.7. 12,177,934 | 5,049,224 |....7 2... 105,261,030} .3) .2|...... lips
og European... .-. 43, 788; 355 (Oe -Baah RE oe eee "155, 015} 1.0 ae moa (4)
, a) 134, 932, 086 1297 596, 749 | 122,197,270 | 126, 076, 028; 3.1) 5.6] 5.8 3.7
| Sco ee 18, 142° 436 "517, 866 16, 550, 343 43, 099; 176 a Al) 8 1.3
‘United Kingdom....... 1,754,711,933 |1,193,550,402 | 9977866, 017 |1,619,088,787 | 39.7 | 51.4 | 47.1| 48.1
Other countries... .....- "29, 187, 164 | 47,829,297 47, 036, 953 "62, 288, "762 AE ew 2S Ot 26 2.0
SS eaeae 4,419,802,157 |2,320,511,665 |2,118,175,182 |3,367,677,985 |100.0 |100.0 '100. 0 100.0
SS aaeaeaeaVPLHS_ HS L]S| | SS | a ae = aS
i
|
Apples, dried—
ermany........-...- TIPE E201 Rs ee 1097504 |4927.1 <2 c-schs- ace (1)
Netherlands.......... 9; 612, O42 Nc cremes oasis cl Se pe meaam cals 4905030) 27, 4 ois ann anh 2.0
Other countries... ... 8,050,439 | 2,602,590 | 2,200,483 | 24, 203,097 | 22° § {100.0 |100.0| 98.0
Potalee sas: 2: 35,137,213 | 2,602,590 | 2,200,483 | 24, 704, 359 |100. 0 |100. 0 |100. 0 | 100.0
Apples, fresh— Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. . Barrels.
\nada..... . 2 221, 431 457, 948 331, 453 158,859 | 14.3 | 72.1 | 57.2} 9.3
3 ey Soe er UST OUD eae Se Sele ae ee tot eC ip a | fesse )
United gdom..... 1, 020, 968 | 1, 766 125, 987 1, 209, 855 | 65. 8 3 | 2L.7
Other countries... ... 151, 834 175, 695 122, 476 343,645 | 9.8 | 27.6 | 21.1
la 1, 551, 253 - 635, 409 579, 916 1, 712, 367 |100. 0 |100. 0 3
A namie dried— Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds.
a Pat ch eee 250| 1,921,532] 4. 5.2
eich ies 1,117,625 1, 388,275 1, 809, 357 "794, 844) 5. 2.0
ot 2, 558, 956 "465, 525 365, 100 8, 328) 363 | 13. 22, 4
en Bei Ofilsles, «20x 2a Shc ices 30, 473 | 26. a
N ethieglacids 2 eae CULE R UY eae a See ae | |e ee a 1, 140, 230 | 11. a
United Kingdom. 5, 552, 246 787,913 | 1,169,333 | 7,633,498 | 28. 20.6
Other eguntries ecw! 1, 839, 506 2, 587, 905 1,918,166 | 17,364,884] 9. 46.6
LD 1 ee Se 19, 438, 009 5, 229, 618 5, 262, 206 37, 143, 824 |100.0 100. 0
Oranges— Bores.. | Bores. Bozes. Bozes. /
(SG Ce a a 1, 135, 194 1, 190, 629 827, 529 1, 633, 421 | 95.7 91.9
Other countries... ... 50, 988 49, 848 29, 630 "144 047 | 4.3 8.1
(22), 2) 2 a ae et 1, 186, 182 1, 240, 477 857, 159 1,777,468 |100. 0 | 100. 0
Prunes— Pounds Pounds Pounds. Pounds |
Beles mao a ss we - 2 Bj O05; 65 tliss sacs osu. <2 1 3,172,934] 6.2 2.9
Oo nae en 11,327,559 | 18,025,903 | 12,772,178 14, 519, 219 | 14.1 13, 4
PPARGO <6. oc. we cia 10, 226, 468 2, 490, 874 746, 459 10, 498, 370 | 12.7 9.7
Cir 29) 420, 2S TLS. Sa ae SS [ae eae 15, TC TA pee peeieaing ; @)
Netherlends ‘| (SE ES eee Be ner eee G00, OG GS. Ola... <a)5. fo -5
United Kingdom 8,847,965 | 4,827,806 | 4,120,030 | 29,445,779 | 11.0| 14.7} 180| 27.2
Other countries... ... 8,361,806 | 7,581,963} 5,249,295 | 49,988,529 | 10.4 | 23.0) 22.9| 46.3
8 ee a 80, 427,650 | 32,926;546 | 22, 888,112 | 108, 208, 257 |100. 0 |100. 0 |100. 0 | 100. 0
Fruits, canned— Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.
United Kingdom.....| 2,715,863} 3,029,606 | 1,811,083 | 34,359,305 | 68.5] 43.1 | 34.1| 828.
Other countries. ..... 1, 247,786 | 3,994,860] 3,501,736 | 7,116,317 | 31.5 | 56.9 | 65.9 | 17.2
Total........ ......| 3,963,649 | 7,024,466 | 5,312,819 | 41,475,622 |100.0 |1 0 |100 00. 0 100.0

1 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent.

794

’ Tasie 295.—Destination of principal farm products

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

exported from the Untted States,
1910-1919—Continued. ;

Quantity. Per cent of total.
Year ending June 30— | Yearending Dec.31— |* a ending) Year ss

Article, and country to
which consigned.

Average
1910-1914.

1918

June 30— | Dec.

Aver-

———_—K[ | qe — | um |_| —____

VEGETABLE MATTER—

continued. |
|
Glucose and grape sugar: | Pounds.
Argentina.........-... 5, 571, 728
British Oceania.-........ 8, 631, 878
United Kingdom....... 145, 950, 270
Other countries......... 20, 370, 027

Grain and grain products:

97, 858, 301

Bushels.
3, 714, 233
7, 895, 892
1,142, 293

3, 272, 754
246, 004

21, 197, 784
3, 528, 867

40, 997, 827

| fc fe | ee | ee

Corn— Bushels
Belgram: 7. . 3.2 2 2. bel 1, 387, 953
Canada. tof. $533.53 8, 379, 334
Calero. a te ee 2, 300, 521
Denmark:>....£2...12 | 2,493, 820

=i ARXGEIDIALTIY ooo tee 5, 251, 554
MGEICO. occ cc eke 2, 500, 803
Netherlands.......... 5, 111, 282
United Kingdom..... 10, 906, 171
Other countries. ...... 1, 498, 252

Dotali-s eee FY 39, 809, 690

Wheat—

Belptem: Ar At 7,195, 138
Patina eee 1, 776, 247
Prance. 256 318... 583 3, 001, 698
Germany............. , 154, 503
Taly-.2 +9) NSS 2, 367, 307
Jape). 5-2 ae 7S 2, 338, 152
UE os ee eB 1, 178, 864
Netherlands.......... 8, 350, 709
United Kingdom.....| 21, 806, 112
Other countries....... 2, 744, 498

‘osats 3 Ss 56, 913, 228

Wheat flour— Barrels

| PA ee a 567, 444
British West Indies. 472, 953
Canada +2. 7.9: 82, 821
Ciitin.:3-t2.2.6 es ee 263, 882
Cor ee ee 856, 239
ppl Ut lees ai ee 5
Crates y >to ae ok 187, 457
vc f+ SS Beef 233, 932
Hongkong............ | 1,121, 139
af ee ee 612, 879
Netherlands.......... 818, 637
Norwoy! 0) Jee Li / 212, 713
Philippine Islands... 278, 717
United Kingdom..... 2, 712, 639
Other countries....... 2, 013, 327

Totals... ... . 29208 | 10,678, 635

eo Pounds.

ritish Oceania........

Canaan. . o.vs. 1.2

United Kingdom
Other countries. .. .

1 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent.

102, 896
2, 699, 144

3, 494, 579

age
1918 1919 1019_| 1918 | 1918 | 1919
1914.
Pounds. Pounds.
1,793,900 | 6,341, 204
108, 836 | 1, 246, 848
39, 345, 968 | 159, 033, 298
16, 083, 446 | 88, 996, 359
57, 332, 152 | 255,617, 709
Bushels. Bushels.
3, 467, 151 1,009,969 | 3.5
13, 228,954 | 6,542,025 | 21.0
1,074,099 | 1,964,540] 5.8
334,711 | 6:3 12022 eee
fpaepaern i carcayen gs ae pa apes gel ¢ jf mote 2 13.1 =
2, 736, 239 133, 887 | 6.3 2
46, 004 100, 168 | 12.8 9
15, 658, 493 948, 493 | 27.4 5
3, 688, 151 158,740} 3.8 4
39, 899,091 | 11,192,533 |100.0 0
12,628,186 | 24,476,490 | 12.6
26, 493, 421 1,421,613 | 3.1
6, 386,134 | 27,590,718 iz
16, 337, 436 | 38, 264, 883 2
SEPA REED ns SOROS Go IEE 6 8 4.
1, 564 134,003 | 21
2, 236,354 | 1,962, 249 | 14.7
43,146,559 | 44,818, 552 | 38.3
3,947,449 | 9,417,962] 4.8
111, 177, 103 | 148, 086, 470 |100. 0
Barrels. Barrels.
> 596 279,564] 5.3
110, 582 221,346 | 4.4
61, 045 7,816.1 86
2 3,913 | 25
541,564 | 1,408,698] 8.0
41,729| 2.3
| 324] 1.8
378 | 268,243 | 2.2
eres 10, 597 | 10.5
fetta 2,528 | 5.7 Bes
105,090 | 1,082,207 | 7.7
192, 086 45,715 | 2.0
22 54,904] 2.6
10, 013, 533 | 10, 440, 148 | 25.4
10, 680, 802 | 12, 540,649 | 18.8
21,706,700 | 26, 449, 881 |100. 0
Pounds. Pounds
319, 069 244, 487 | 3.8
749, 503 | 2,493,008 | 6.2
76,424 | 12,523,653 | 89.3
7 , , 536, 1,2
3,670,352 | 20,797, 504 |100.0 |100.0 {1
——SS== ===

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products.

795

TABLE 295.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States,

1910-1919

ontinued.

Quantity. Per cent of total.

Year ending June 30— | Year ending Dec. 31— eather oa ba —

Article, and count ; “aT
which consigned. =r
te Aver-
verage age
1910-1914. 1918 1918 1919 1910- 1918 | 1918 | 1919
1914.

VEGETABLE MATTER—Ccon.
Oilcakeand oil-cake meal:

Cottonseed. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. |P.ct.| P.ct.| P. ct.| P. ct
Belgium... ees 30,009; O35 so eee ete [ee eee SS TERRORS TS NV SON ley Lote ES
a re 335, 176, 189 ASTOL DOO S #26282 = 228 200; 605, ASl 1339 1 10.5 |). - 31.9
oo) SIG, 183, 44 NE Lone ee ceca Naot i ewe Honor metastack - 5 it be a Pea cel ea ee
Netherlands tae s ¥ 55/870 290 osetia ee ae 153896, 445.4 (62 0. 22 up ee 3
coed 2 SS O19: 121: | eas eee Ee ak VAI, IS | e220" ere eee 5.6
United Kingdom... .| 146,111,558 | 19, 751,335 691, 800 | 249, 540,669 | 15.7 | 44.2] 5.9| 39.7
Other countries......; 21,908,452 | 20,225,458 | 10, 975, 496 132) 923° 780; 2.3] 45.3 | 94.1] 21.3

OT Si ae 933, 288,496 | 44,680,793 | 11,667,296 | 628, 133, 166 |100.0 |100.0 |100.0 | 100.0

Linseed or flaxseed—

Melee hs... =. -: - 2887955000 Ik.s. oe, eat oe ae Sy Goo SOU |Ea a 7 pea eee ae. 22.8
inte ---=-..-..-- A By SCE I ap paar oo fete ila oe Se f 5:2) eee eae 2
Netherlands... ...... 280, 782, 728 448, 656 104, 614, 268 | 42.4 Ay IN |e ees 29.6
United Kingdom. “ife 42; 781, 016 | 98, 785, 060 84,678,808 | 6.5 | 65.2] 17.9| 23.9
Other countries... . -. 14, 712) 925 | 52, 166, 261 70, 532, 001 | 83,572,093 | 2.2] 34.5] 82.1} 226
Oth 3 661, 818, 880 | 151,399,977 | 85, 954,382 | 353,751,483 |100.0 |100.0 |100.0 | 100.0

Oils, vegetable: |

Cottonseed—
mapontinn 2.2.25... 9,300,144] 1,971,552 922, 335 231,314 | 3.4] 2.0| .8 if
ORMMIEHEOL Ys. (4051 218 WS Sen cst claec-s access tel osese-es-s=se~ 1 et: beens tenes) (es Ss
Sop he eT a 3 |e Rae IRBIS 0880} 15). es 8
oF 20, 345, 315 | 40,859,087 | 48,116,625 39) 662, 192 | 7.5] 40.6 | 40.4] 20.5
=a 4, 320, 237 1, 912, 903 1, 604, 155 491,621] 1.6] 1.9] 13 *
i a a 3, 522, 682 1 077, $44 9, 805, 509 5, 102, 662} 1.3] 11.0] 8.2 2.6
WEAMGGL 2.22....-.... } Fi 211, 541] 5.3] 7.0 a 3.7
Germany....... eS 1. BOS'| 4-001 ~ . tee @)
Join lie 9,551, 748 | 10.2 |...... Wah 4.9
USS "495, 049) 8.1 ap a es
Netherlands... ....-.. SURG yy Akt UM heel bell eee aes (neers 1b By
pr: ‘(232 eee 15, 626, 944 | 2.8 Ba fi Metin 8.1

2 Sa 25, O20 Ee ee 1G)
fe , European. - if 274, 1 ie le Pa heme at
Unit See Sogtom. ...| 39, 832) 247 | 27,888,581 | 43,034,025 | 37)814) 421 | 14.7 | 27.7 | 36.1! 19.6

2S. 3, 666, 681 755, 270 44,730 63,450] 2.4] .7] @) | @
ome ices eee 26, 277, 418 8,490,587 | 12, 121) 777 | +43,580,609 | 9.5] 8.3] 10.3] 22.7
TS a 271, 428, 578 | 100,779, 981 “119, 067,376 | 193, 133, 201 |100. 0 |100. 0 |100. ual 100.0
Tobacco, leaf, stem, and
tri gs:

Tin 11, 722, 421 y Eitan te pe ee ee | a 51, 031,229 | 3.0 6.6

British Africa.......... 6, 233, 693 8, 611, 717 567, 544 | 14, 287, 892 1.6 1.8

Bnitish Oceania. ....... 13, 984, 064 6, 786, 11, 393, 314 | 12,996,852] 3.6 es

ol = ae 15, 149, 901 17,577, 987 19, 855, 703 |} 3.9 2.6
ae 7,061, 404 | 77959,312 | 14,581,203 | 14,558,402] 1.8 1.9

cy 3 eee 42) 503, 455 | 73,372,601 | 65, 497,74 | 81,739, 541 | 10.8 10.5
French Africa.......... 4,167,210 | 2.511968! 2,950,749} S914s72] 1.1 LL
Germany............... 37, 803, 645 |....-.. apes opt (eee 4,593, 832 | 9.6 .6
oe ee 41, 706, 176 | 38,540,529 | 50,357,819 | 43, 623, S88 | 10.6 5.6
PopHiieeet oc. - 2... 4... -- 2, 997, 113 2, 346, 479 3, 723, 740 4, 230, 513 -8 .5
ole lagen eee 26, 971, 486 US ee 68, 584, 267 | 6.9 8.8
“C2 2 eee 20, 111, 895 | 17,890,064} 11, 449,293 | 24,291,993 | 5.1 _
tpatea Kingdom....... 139, 862, 251 89, 453, 467 | 183, 555, 420 | 338, 872, 440 | 35.7 43.6
Other countries........ 21, 908, 357 685, 340, 88, 796,711 | 5.5 11.6
Op ns 392, 183, 071 | 289, 170, 686 |. 406, 826, 718 | 776,678, 135 |100 0 100. 0

1 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent.

796 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TABLE 295.—Destination of principal farm products exported from the United States,
1210-191 ontinued. ;

-

| Quantity. Per cent of total.

Year ending) Year ending

Year ending June 30— June 30 Dec. 3i—

Year ending Dec. 31—

Aver-

Average age
1910- 1918 | 1918 | 1919

1910-1914.

FOREST PRODUCTS.

an =

Naval stores:
Rosin— Barrels

Argentina............
Austria-Hungary...--];. "., 76,883 |- 0.2 .225--..2)-52.2225-.252)> |. 2 GRO Mee ee
Belgium’... -.-- 2.5.) W405 4138 foe ri eel” 2 a O28
Bravil’ (see a oe 158, 824
Canale. 3. oe 129, 070
Germany... ----.<34).° 727, 520 |--2 02-22-31 e 222k... 88) ah
Li eae Seen 10, 056
Netherlands... 222. £-]"' "208,508 {2-6 2052. i ric 28 be | 7 eee
Russia, European....|. 104,657 |... 0... 2. -2-2].---.--..-.2-] 45] 403 122 ee
United Kingdom..... 274, 976 191, 038
Other countries. ..... 348, 467 280, 993

Dota AEs ea 1, 070, 929 779, 027

Turpentine, spirits of— Gallons. Galions. ‘
Argentina. ... £5 321, 797 183, 702 528, 391 | 2.9
Belpinm. 222 Stok ah "Tae ee er ee ee 811 | 9.7
British Oceania 639, 300 942, 751 800, 361 137,611 | 3.6
Canada....... 978, 125 1, 134, 122 969,776 | 5.7
: J27 Ay eee Ret Py al Cfo pp 15.9

Nethorlamis. |... <. 5|-— S166 749 eS eee 17.6
United Kingdom..... 1, 413, 732 294, 076 37.7
Other countries. ..... 1, 438, 719 1, 304, 832 6.9

Aas Sa, Ps 8 3, 717, 093

Lumber
Fir— M feet.
Australia 12.5
Canada 9.2
Chile 2.0
China 16.5
Japan 9.2
Mexico 2.6
New Zealand 1.3
Panama 6.1
Peru 11.1
United Kingdom..... 13.5
Other countries. ..... 16.0
pie 6 Ala: Sh Anes 100.0
Oak—
Argentina............
oh | NaS BS eee &
Cy See Bee es
United Kingdom.....
Other countries......
Ue Hope DSi F
Pine, yellow, longleaf—
Argentina. ........... 0
TREE 2 oa acide eencke 3
fo Ey Fa A .6 3
oT ER Seg Se Fe 3| 35.4
BYANCOs non agtecan st. i rb
oS Peo ae -9 6
ROOD Sax ney oeikiceo 10.1 8.0
Paonia ak. 4.1] 17
[jc peer tee ress ee ep! 1.8
nited Kingdom..... 6.1] 15.1
OVUGUEY. skkiesaeccss 7] 3.7
Other countries...... 14.7| 14.2
ZO actechoceveee

1 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent, 2 Not separately stated.

Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 797

TABLE 295.—Destination of principal farm pe exported from the United States,
19140-1919—Continued.

|
| Quantity. | Per cent of total.

|

|
Year ending Dec. 31— | Year ending Year ending

Article, and country to Year ending June 30 June 30— | Dec. 31—

which consign:

Average | aps
1910-1914. 1919 1950-| 1918 | 1918 | 1919
/ 1914.
FOREST PRODUCTS—con.
Railroad ties: Number. |P.ct.|P.ct.|P.ct.|P.ct.
a, Oe 1, 573, 937 43.3 | 58.9] 33.5
oe 319, 224 23.4/17.6| 68
EMUGOsE aco s..-.----- 62, 543 2.8} 1.1 1.3
PEGRONITASa 0-5. ea. 54, 463 |} (4) 2.0} 1.6 1,2
REORIP OE oat. 5-65. - 53 476, 970 17.8 | 11.8); 16.1
United Kingdom,...... 2, 001; 994 58 -7| 42.6
Other eorntrics Peet poe ” 9210; 771 10.2} &3 4.5
UGE A gt css e eset ce 4,699,902 | (4) (100.0 i200. 0 100.0
Timber, sawed: |
Pitch pine, ae leaf— M feet.
Ooch bi Si a 393
LET 1 ae ee ae 8, 433
LUO. 5 aoe eens 17, 551
United Kingdom..... 100, 133
Other countries. ..... 27,676
en ae aid 154, 186
1 Not separately stated.
TasBLe 296.—Origin of principal farm products imported into the United States,
1910-1919.
Quantity. Per cent of total.

Year ending June30— | Year ending Dec. 31— | *£4t ending) Year ending

Article and country of June 30— | Dec. 31—

0} rigin. °
n Aver- |
verage, | age,
1910-1914. 1918 1918 1919 1910- 1918 | 1918 | 1919
1914
Me wat tala Ak Gel a ed al co ded Sl le ie |)
ANIMAL MATTER, |
Caitle: Number Number Number. | Number. | P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.
Cio Es 56, 097 185, 089 249, 316 550, 004 | 14.1 | 63.0 | 70.7 | 85.6
Miexingeet se toc 2... 339, 616 105, 470 100, 632 90, 541 | 85.4 | 35.9 | 28.5 | 14.1
Other countries........ 1,737 3, 160 2, 653 is Bl tio 8 | .3
DN Saat See 397, 450 293,719 352, 601 642,395 |100.0 | 100. 0,100. 0 | 100.0
Horses: |
i a ee 3,199 3, 736 3,386 4,495 | 22.6 | 73.2 | 87.5 | 90.0
EPICS uae ies genase ce. 1, 933 263 211 ey) 380 FO, Bee |} a
UG 6, 846 795 141 412 | 48.3|/15.5] 3.6) 8&2
Other countries.......- 2, 191 317 131 76) 15.5] 6.2] 3.4] 1.6
Wetae 2... ....:. 14, 169 5, 111 3, 869 4,994 |100.0 {100.0 |100.0 | 100.0
Dairy products: io tat 77 )-be f CORRE sae] ose | Mia an
Cheese, including sub-
stitutes— Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds.
IRIE: 20 sas 25 32|c. 000 -- <2... 8,252,446 | 6,589,121 | 5,043,010 |...... 83.9 | 87.1 | 44.5
Wrante!sh...20c5-.-.< 4,142,716 | 1,026,117 542,010 680,867 | 84/104] 7.1] 6.0
eee 20, 834, 962 16, 044 5, 044 Sey ene | a ld BS
Netherlands.......... 0 SS a Menara as 4, 947 eal Bevis aie | @)
Switzerland.......... RR GAC ORE eee s 28 AM) OR kee jE EY Yl ee eee oe
Other countries......| 3,953, 013 544, 698 425,809 | 6,217,219 8.1) 5.5| 57) 46.1
Munk st 245.0. 49,220,117 | 9,893,305 | 7,562,044 | 11,332,204 |100. 0 |100 in 0 | 100.0

1 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent,

798 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TABLE 296.—Origin of principal arm products imported into the United States,
1910-1919—Continued.

Quantity. Per cent of total.

Year ending June 30— | Year ending Dec. 31— em cia: 3 Yor.

Article and country of
origin.
x Aver-
Average age
1910-1914. 1918 1918 1919 iso" 1918 | 1918 | 1919
1914.

ANIMAL MATTER—Contd.

Silk’ raw— Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. |P.ct.|P.ct.|P.ct.| P.ch
Citin ee oJ o-oo 5, 133, 658 6, 180, 480 5, 750, 902 9,099, 492 | 21.6 | 17.7] 17.5] 20.3
Waly 2222s 2, 605, 466 7, 309 5, 503 , 865, 807 | 10.9} (4) | @) 4.2
Fanart 6Ais 5 -,| segt 15,591, 700 | 28,645,529 | 27,074,811 | 33,726,581 | 65.5 | 82.2] 82.4| 75.3
Other countries. .... 468, 574 12, 879 34, 237 125,038 | 2.0 <2 S| Fr

Potaliuceacec ness 23,799,398 | 34,846,197 | 32,865,453 | 44,816,918 |100.0 |100.0 |100.0 | 100.0

Wool, class 1—

Argentina. :........<2 22,406,577 | 161, 981,865 | 203,238,338 | 118, 854,446 | 27.0 | 53.3 | 54.4] 35.6

Australia Common-
wealth. ...........- 17,221,074 | 29,956,449 | 65,117,777 | 46,034,615 | 20.7] 9.9]17.4]| 13.8

Belgium...........-- ME 449: ABTA le kJ. tte le cs. och be 204, 210. |. 4:7 Juclseahemuene ne

British South Africa - 140,462 | 55,757,397! 51,063,594 | 51,466,180 “1)183)13.7| 16.4 —

Chile... 3c seseeswesse 122,918 | 12,069,231 | 10,886,730 | 11,959,417 0 4.0] 2.9 3.6

Ghing.3_2ek 735 5 21,820 | 13,226,755 | 10,505, 636 8,528, 802 | (+) 43] 2.8] 2.6

New Zealand......... 4,452,965 | 4,117,146| 6,276,375 | 14,234,386| 5.4] 1.3] 1.7] 43

United Kingdom..... 31,159, 170 161, 498 38,675 | 14,704,025 | 37.5 oe ec) 4.4

Uruguay............- 4,204,432 | 17,785,170 | 17,655,598 | 49,931,366] 5.1] 59] 47] 149

Other countries......) 1,873, 841 8, 813, 429 9,128,152 | 18,182,091 | 2.5) 2.9] 2.4 5.3
6/7 1) leet Racer's 83, 045, 726 | 303, 868,940 | 373,910, 875 | 334,099, 538 /100.0 |100.0 |100.0 | 100,0

Wool, class 2—

Arpentine...........- 933, 432 3, 838, 542 2,357,025 2, 087, 101 27.5 | 22.4] 14.0

ering 22 Fo 02. Fk 1, 619, 390 8, 419, 647 709, 549 650, 924 60.3 | 6.7 44

United Kingdom... .- bE Shs vee 60, 280 3,382, 806 | 75.1 |...... -6| 22.8

Other countries... .... 2,190,057 | 1,695,768 | 7,397,785] 8,724,141 12.2 | 70.3] 588
ds | pel le pea 19,070,902 | 13,953,957 |} 10,524,639 | 14, 844,972 100.0 {100.0 | 100.0

Wool, class 3—

Argentina...........- 3, 834,849 | 15,258,176 | 15,068,215 | 14,045,112] 3.7 | 25.9} 21.7| 14.5

British East Indies...| 3,924, 193 41, 309 9,575 66,218 | 3.7 FS ” ok

British South Africa . 165, 941 4,521, 876 4,442, 103 2,386, 257 1 15 ee 4 2.5

Chiles. seuaet ios! 51,960 | 5,231,980} 8,196,911] 13,274,457| (@) | 89]118] 13.7

Yt Seale PSL 32,806,474 | 24,432,434 | 31,198,498 | 29,813,744 | 31.2 | 41.4 | 45.0] 30.8

Russia (Asiatic and
European)......... 21,015,422 | 2,699,379 | 2,739, 987 20.0} 46] 40] 1.6

aoe (Asiatic)..... 6, 900 008 bos cuenen ett oeleeanc ens eee 6.6 |... ncaleeeeeee 1.4

United Kingdom..... 23, 114, 951 Pe Gl eee eae 8 ve 22.0 |. ~2) eee 19.6

Other countries...... 13, 270, 122 6, 671, 141 7, 636, 569 12.7 | 11.3 | JUL hs
yo | ng eat & 105, 123,695 | 58,994,662 | 69, 291, 858 100. 0 |100. 0 |100.0 | 100.0

Packing-house products:

Hides and skins other

than furs—

Calfskins— :
Argentina.......... 2,929,755 | 2,074,781 436, 134 3.5]15.8] 58] 6.9
BelgiNM. bo. ice one 4,58, 167th s- cacnsn ena ldlae iunedoatued ee es eR ae
pea 7 Ge eal 6, 267, 359 2,382, 544 1, 031, 069 7.5 | 18.1 | 13.6 8.2
Denmark 4 SS in RE ENTS CS 8 6.0). 0s calenauee 6.3
East Indies........ 2, 132, 857 3, 442, 034 1, 452, 942 2.6 | 26.2 | 19.2] 37.2
an Naa el? Raed 4, 874, 163 70, 236 30, 947 5.8 5 «4 71
Germany .......... 1G DOT, COON so cnaws vege na|s as avusepdsdales ac enee es 19. 8 |..»-<sleecceeletiene
Netherlands........ 7, 839, 510 492, 427 863, 679 9.4] 3.7] 11.4] 12.0
PIOUWEY. bis Jcone ae 1,787, 301 1 ORRCERG lens wakb ure an 2.2). &.0 ieee ee
Russia ake pong 22,419, 150 GBS, Bal, |, <ymp an eden | «a vanienaeenee 26.8 | 5.0 jownedsl-anaee
United Kingdom...| 4,501,812 234, 854 12, 643 5.4] 1.8 -2 2.6
Other countries..... 5, 778, 631 2, 748, 613 3, 755, 309 6.9 | 20.9 | 49.4) 15.5

| a en a 83,518,403 | 13,161,315 | 7,582,723 100. 0 |100.0 |100.0 | 100.0

Cattle hides—

Argentina.......... 71, 324, 202 | 103, 468, 863 | 89, 072, 009 28.1 | 387) 40.3) 35.9
Belgium. ....-..... ee SOY ee Le ee 3.6 |-assackeneee 0)
DiRvssinitetadeare 1, 745, 003 | 19,213,317 \ 12, 748, 697 | 29, 517, 585 -7| 421 6&8 2

} Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent.

‘Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products.

799

Taste 296.—Origin of principal farm products imported into the United States,
1910-1919—Continued.

Quantity.

|

Year ending June 30— | Year ending Dec. 31—

Per cent of total.

‘Year ending| Year ending

Article and country of / onegetaeatiaall Woageink
origin. _——— = gs — :
| Aver-
Average, / q age,
ino 104d. 1918 1918. 1919 1910..| 1918 | 1918 | 1919
| 1914.
ANIMAL MATTER—contd.
Packing-house products—
Soniteand. E |
Hides and skins, other :
than furs—Contd. | /

Cattle hides—Contd. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. | P.ct.; P.ct.| P.ct.} P.ct.
Lae 35, 445, 887 | 29,353,473 | 19, 253,175 | (43, 062,218 | 14.0/ 11.0] 87] 10.6
Ca ees 4,957, 534 | 12,451,439 | 5,124,640| 7,748,834 2.0 | 46] 23/ 19
Colombia....-...-.. 5,634, 740 | 13,837,098 | 7,522,824 14,979,377] 2.2] 5.2| 3.4! 3.7
arte} 5.32 "4,516,358 | 12,065,247} 10,985,264 | 12,500,062) 1.8/ 45] 5.0} 3.1
East Indies. ....... 965,027 | 2, 286, 1, 522,893 | 14,350,871] 2.0] .9| .71 3.5

geeeestee Ss 17, 583, 731 Rey (Nee eae 7, 701, 942 | 6.9| @) |... | 1.9
Germany.......-... ee ee) ee) eS eee “Ar See” | Cees (AEE
i Se) Des xa Ge abet Aa ae (be Tee a Fee eee Lae ae @)
Meroe.) 2.2. 2-2 29, 277,132 | 23,851,700 | 22, 976, 876 11.6) 89/104) 6.5
Netherlands........) 6, 142, 184 623, 220 37, 258 2. Lim ePale Git) 40
See ARITODEAT) | OA Roe enn oad cece ow seamen) ewescconen-== ROT (Se eS ere
United Kingdom... 9, 167, 276 205, 830 27, 459 26)) Coane | ares
Wruguay........... 12,911, 444 | 25,693,227 | 35, 541, 069 5.1|‘9.6] 16.1] 11.9
Venezuela.......... 5,065,636 | 4,772,413 | 2, 753, 236 2-ONNn1 Ss) 1 2le: 11.9
Other countries.....| 14,220,934 | 19,623,278 | 13, 485, 670 5.6| 7.3] 61! 9.6

LS aes | 253, 429, 945 | 267, 499, 770 | 221, 051, 070 100. 0 |100. 0 |100.0 | 100.0
Goat skins— focereet Ti phe Hee ipenai
Mga... | 3,656,513 | 2, 031, 272 866, 760 3.8] 3.0| 14! 50
Africa, n.e@.s....... | 1, 530, 418 777, 700 31, 172 1: & |: 12s 8
Argentina..........| 3,944,343 | 2, 739,243 | 2, 326, 191 40 Mae PT | a6
ees. | 3,621,530| 3,324,871] 2, 906, 400 3.8| 5.0| 47| 49
British Africa...... | 2,241,731 | 3,523,177] 3, 190, 091 23/ &3) 51] &9
ae 9, 394, 12, 105, 273 | 13, 811, 654 9.8} 181]|221]| 11.4
East Indies........| 41,905, 364 | 33, 493, 842 | 32, 446, 710 43.7 | 50.0 | 52.0! -47.0
aE ea , 343, 276 190, 967 12, 630 28 es 1.4
Mexico............. 5, 534, 421 | 2,629,706 | 2, 889, 599 5.8] 39] 46| 2.5
mpemmmeartnnean))) 5425, 651 | 2°... ooo Seles nc deee|poeeas----02e a In el et ered Poe fee
United Kingdom...| 5, 180, 243 352, 567 227, S301 2 45492 273 PB mb Oe eee |” Seni
Venezuela.........- 1, 561,559 | 1, 266, 543 752,546 | 2,813,980] 1.6] 1.9]-t:2] 21
Other countries....| 9,281,854 | 4,497,776 | 2,902,257] 13,505,795| 9.7| 6.7| 4.7] 10.1
= | 95, 821, 807 | 66, 932, 937 | 62, 363, 549 | 133, 656,814 |100. 0 |100.0 |100.0 | 100.0
Sheepskins: as a...) a Tes 0) fa | ; as
ohn i ae | 779, 218 909, 940 622,691} 2,494,391 | 1.2) 1.7] 12| 29
Argentina...........- | 5,270,655 | 14,644,079 | 9,087, 101 | 15,674,103) 81 26.4|17.3| 184
Ce 1, 244, 866 | 1, 346, 169 985,249 | 3,175,161} 1.9] 24] 1.9| 3.7
British India......... 2, 887, 204 | 2,490, 592 | - 2,789,044] 4,694,998) 4.4] 4.5] 5.3| 5.5
British Oceania ...... 7, 716, 554 | 10, 364,512 | 25,000, 044 | 16, 933, 622 | 11.9 | 18.7 | 47.7} 19.9
British South Africa..| 1,408,522 | 9,725,641] 5,937,809] 7,415,027) 2.2/17.5/11.3| 87
cp 2,109,858 | 1, 819, 375 798, 873 | 5,341, 467 3.2|/ 3.3] 1.5] 6.3
Cop ae 712, 493} 1,983,559] 1,521,008| 2,072,754) 1.1] 3.6] 29] 24
pees cbs. 2-.5..-.. | 2,637, 365 | 413, 334 248, 610 30094 ce ds Lt eee S| #7
Russia (European)...| 6, 334, 259 |........-....|...--..-+---- 76,423 | 9.7 |_..... pee peas |
United Kingdom..... 28,434,981 | 3, 543, 102 373, 505.] 9,971,075 | 43.7| 6.4| .7} 11.7
Uruguay............. 243, 322 | 1, 564, 089 570,778 | 2,491,237| .4| 281 1.1| 29
Other countries... ... 5,297,708 | 6,664,523 | 4, 529,639 | 14,321,467' 81/120] 86] 17.1
CD 9a | 65,077,005 | 55,468,915 | 52, 464,351 | 85,031,819 100.0 100.0 |100.0 | 100.0
VEGETABLE MATTER. | i ae cick Ak aaa.
Cocoa, crude:

a Seaeesl= al 17, 128,176 | 91,351,529 66, 007, 884 057 | 12.1 | 229/183] 17.9
British West Africa. ... 9,288 | 99,397,070 | 93, 473, 106 898 | (1) | 24.9] 26.0] 40.6
British West Indies....| 36,119,338 | 51,438,970 | 51, 535, 501 700 | 25.5) 129)143] 7.7
Dominican Republic...| 24,818, 840 | 39, 851, 184 | 38, 099, 255 321 | 17.5 |:10.0 | 10.6 | 11.4
Ecuador... .......... ---| 19,120,725 | 76,786, 657-| 68, 920, 773 529 | 13.5] 192/191] 11.9
P a 18, 751, 436 1S8 QOL ae cdces P| VE eee | sae
United Kingdom....... 8, 534, 723 | 1, 038, 142 478, 421 | Gallierred: tere | ao
Venezuela.............. 719, 067 , 829, 600 | 23, 318, 711 2S 6:2] 6.5) oor
Other countries. ....... 12, 598, 842 | 18,212,345 | 18, 126, 110 | &9| 46{ 51| 56

UL pene eer / 141, 800, 435 | 399, 040, 401 359, 959, 761 | 391, 397, 309 {100.0 {100.0 100.0 | 100.0

ao =80"“—“w=“=—_—_—~_So aa —$— 4

’

1 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent.

+

800 Y earbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

TaBLe 296.—Origin of principal farm products imported into the United States, |
1910-1919—Continued. ni /

ee
| ‘ ' Quentity. Percent oftotal.

. __ |Year ending} Year ending
Year ending Hee. 31 June 30 Dee. 31—

at

Year ending June 30—

Article and couniry of
origin.

; Aver-
Average,: a an
1910-1914. | 1818 1918 W919 | yoroe| 1918 | 1918 | 1919

1914, “

VEGETABLE MATTER—
continued.

Coffee:
Brazil

Central American
States and British

J Reef SEE
Fibers, vegetable
ment: 70.2
Bea ain et 5.0
United Kingdom.....|- 7,687,013; == 14)})............- 6.9. |..@) sieeeees
British India... E 4, 2.3
Wexico.7.- 154 , 22), 993,541 | 30, 7.0
Qther countries. ..... |, 504, 25, 365,991 | 20,100,316 8.6
4) Se gee 110, 956, 998 103, 325,647 | 112, 684, 092 100.0
— Long tons. | Long tons tons
Helginm « . . asc. caas 2, 100 sakes Genad raat 3 «| oe —18 | 19.5 |e
Gansta: -3.°5...-- a5 550 762 13.
Russia i aa 2, 862 2, 955 52.
United Kingdom..... 4, 308 1,129 20.
Other countries. ..... 932 761 13.

Jute and jute butts—
British East Indies... 89, 320 77, 573
Other countries. ..... 3, 843 739 105
Potahis 4.8 kas, £2 /-93,163| 78,312

Manila fiber—
Philippine Islands. . . 86, 065
Other countries. ..... 155
Rotel. wa. etshh see 86, 220
Sisal grass—
Wertees.2).6.% -.--=3% 137, 343
Other countries. ..... 12, 821
0) Bere 150, 164 151, 876
Fruit:
Bananas— Bunches. Bunches.

2, 064, 274 3, 033, 262
Central American

Honduras.......... 470, 560
EAT GY * 151, 165 %, 2 426
South America....... 5, 214, 500 4, 652, 004
Other countries...... 240 120, 776
Poteli.3...84...2! 34, 549, 913 | 32, 249, 028

1 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent.

‘Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products. 801

Tapue 296.~-Origin of principal farm products imported into the United States,
1910-191 Bit VamnORS

Quantity. Per cent of total.

F P Year ending) Year ending
Year ending June 30— Year ending Dec. 31— Sinaia)
Article and country of Sl FPOCn ae
origin. —— as
me
Average age
1910-1914. 1918 1918 1910- 1918 | 1918 | 1919
VEGETABLE MATTER—COn.
Nuts:
icrres ogee Pounds. Pounds. AN Weg t="
ustria-Hungary.....| _ 842,698 |......-.-.--.|----- 2 SER Sa 0 pat pes eee
ae oo... se0s ; 1, 801, 243 |” “7, 080, 192 8.9
Mranedss 520). e. 6, 552, 094 8, 519, 292 39.1
Italy esos 909, 196 | 6, 360, 433 26.9
ey (Asiatic).....) 1,249, 497 |....---------|------2--0---|-eenecnceaca-| Orb loscnan|-sonaelnesn-s
Other countries...... 2 638, 219 3, 658, 871 9, 536, 060 25.1 | 28.1
2 LE See 33, 666, 549 13, 011, 404 | 31,495,977 |100. 0 hon 0 {100.0 | 100.0
vegetable:
apie edible— Gallons.
onl ae 88, 088 9.0} 51.5 2.0
Italy- . a ea b 5, 729 7.9| 3.3] 28
eters ooo == 65, 895 82.4 | 38.5] 94.8
ohher countries....-.. il, 449 oF: Wad 4
a 2, 537, 512 171,161 | 9, 024, 136 100.0 |100.0 | 100.0
i Na bean oil— Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. |
SP Sere 12, 470,720 | 13, 538, 334 | 11, 230, 292 = 3.7} 4.0 5.7
Japancse-China...-- 29) 195, 714 237, 442° 917 230, 839, 925 ” 042) 642 |211.6 | 70.5 | 68.7 | 50.6
Japa........----.--- 29) 253, 941 36, 830, 583 91, 605, 233 ga 218, 232 |248.9 | 25.8] 27.3} 43.0
United Kingdom..... 2 4, Bip poe ec paws canis ccn| ani leeaerisns|<eemec~= see's Af. Gi IE eh tee ie
Other countries... ..-. 21) 512° 949 80, 426 656 | 1,317,255 |281] @) | @) iy
Ue tasawes a= 218, 907,306 | 336, 824,646 | 335, 984, 148 | 195, 808, 421 100. 0 |100.0 | 100.0
ne
ee (Asiatic and
uropean)........--- Hl bt ara lt g Bie oe PS ista7 |: 779 b 2 | 87.8
Unite Kingdom....... 68, 587 126, 173 121, 324 40, 207 | 14:0 | 79.9 | 76.0 5.5
Other countries. ....... 39, 387 31, 661 38, 297 48,878 } 8:1 | 20.1 | 24.0 6.7
(pre eae ee 488, 510 157, 834 159, 621 730, 272 |100. 0 |100. 0 |100. 0 | 100. 0
Flaxseed or linseed— Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels.

Ar py wa eee 7, 432, 421 | 9,668,119 | 12, 353, 932 2. a 55.6 | 74.5 | 8&0
British tnd. (eR ee ae Tire (Rana aS aie Ngee =
ae 3, 240, 043 , 279, 56.6 | 41.2 | 25.0
Gaited Kingdom.....| 178,850 |.......--..--| (Mh |-----2----2--) 49 |--3-5- Cet 2
Other countries...... #55. 717 55, 206 3.2 .4 2.9

Total. eee weee.| 7,258,212 | 13,366,529] 12,974,476 | 14, 036, 184 |100. 0 |100. 0 |100. 0 | 100.0

Grass seed—

Clover— Pounds. Pounds. Pounds Pounds.
Cc rete PEE 5,128,518 | 4,697,881 | 7, 209,330 | 10, 870, 385 | 20.0 | 58.9 | 75.7) 43.4
BEAMICOL 2. otis. 5 «ous 7,979, 405 L 317, 004 631, 911 8 530, 878} 31.1] 16.5] 6.6] 341
Germany ......-=--- See ee oe eae 27, EET ape Dp. orale ax c= - mt
Lit. a XL, “285, 064 1, 328, 715 4, 639, 318| 9.0] 16.1]14.0|) 185
Other countries - - -. "678, 146 350, 010 973, 900} 14.4] 8&5] 3.7) 3.9
Pigtails. nc: 2 Jee. 7,978,095 | 9,519,966 | 25, 041, 998 |100. 0 |100. 0 {100, 0 | 100. 0

ar, raw cane |
aba... > Au 5a 4,560,749,643 |4,953,689,419 |6,686, 141,983 | 88.8 | 93.1 | 95.9 | 95.2
Dominican Re ~ il "14, 395, 335 4, 31, *020 G ‘989, 541 2 .3 oa “Zz
Dutch East ingies. =... 179, 217, Ae, eee oe cat « 3, 272 30, 963, 1 ge Ss hg | SRR () 4
Philippine Taam wae 232° 340, 306 | 173, 600, 941 135, 602, 975 175, 872, 529] 5.4] 3.5] 2.6 2.5
South America......... 39, 733, 149 75, 980, 455 | 29, 429, 746 35, 040, 367 a ee .6 .5
Other countries........ 23, 016, 602 73, 550, 651 | 43, 284,440 | 83, 682, 943 .6 1.5 8 1.3
OL Ee ee 4,341,057,590 |4,898,277,025 |5,166,840,872 |7,019,690,475 I 100. 0 i 00. 0 |100. 0 100.0

1 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent. 2 Average 3 years only, 1912-1914.

30702°—yxsx 1920——51**

802 Y earbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Taste 296.—Origin of principal farm products imported into the United States,
1910-1919—Continued.
Quantity. Per cent of total.
' é Y ding) Y
vias pe aaangees at Year ending June 30— | Year ending Dec. 31I— | *;8% ©3578 oa

= ee

Average

1910-1914. 1918 1940-| 1918 | 1918 | 1919
VEGETABLE MATTER—COn.
Tea: Pounds. P.ct.| Ps
Canada. ..../.---«------ 2,294,155
i ee ae 14, 202, 680
East Indies. -..-...-..-.-- 60,364, 828
JSPON 62-2 <2 <p 5- pes 56, 436, 650
United Kingdom......- 381, 799
Other countries. .-...-.- ___ 670, 037 | 738, 089 !
Total > £28.82. 95,126,149 | 151,314,932 | 134, 418, 201 |
Tobacco leaf: i
Wrapper— )
Dutch East Indies - - . 46 3,890, 236 6,984, 516 |
Netherlands ......-.--- 6,087, 084 353,172 1,315
Other countries. ....- ___- 227,105 ___ 271, 936 | 327, 269
4S ce Ae ee 6,314,235 | 4,515,344 7,154, 142
Other leaf—
Cuba.........--------] 25,147,491 | 20,366,787 | 20,490,954 | 21,969,643 | 52.0
Dominican Republic. 26,285 | 15,242,017 | 19,138,463 6,433, 478 eu |
Germany .~ ....-5-2.-|. 04,440,469 | ot! 222...) Sos .02.. =<) Ge seen == 2.9
Greete =. - 222-5522 ==- 18,626,083 | 17,496,045 | 20,702,622 | 2.2
Turkey (Asiatic).....] 11,564,036 |............. 23,880 | 11,878,239 | 23.9
Turkey (European).-} 8,110,601 |........-....)...--...-.--- 094,792 | 16.8
Other countries. - ---- 20,617,332 | 19,051,673 | 14,131,362] 2.1
Potals ¢ -. o2¢ sa- 524 48,379,985 | 74,852,219 | 76,201,015 | 78,210,136
FOREST PRODUCTS. a. ae | oo a a 0, cee ae
India rubber, crude:
Bpist, bee ees = Rei A) eee a) pid er aaa cis Se
Li a 40,290,919 | 41,277,914 | 40,332,620 | 58,845,384
Pe oe ah eae Reetcen 92,028 4,247, 287 2,712,336 5,320, 540
Central American States
and British Honduras 736,014 387, 144 448, 827
East Indies - . 25: 00% 311,909,581 | 265,040,618 | 390,884,566
Wrariee . 22 fas Sn - 0 5- 508,017 169,318 2,410,319
Germany.........-.----| 7,266,443 |..2....-....-|-sse-<-+-----|--0----------| 6.9 |... oi shee
1 ne cn ee ae Re 2,185,809 963, 242
Other South America. . 3,590, 744 6,965, 752
Pamir as sa hicre 424,424 87,422 | 1:3 | 0] (oe
United Kingdom......- 6,627,165 | 60,251,894 |
Other Countries. ...-..-. 4,489,130] 9,762,475 |
Totak.. BA. 2 FRE. 325,959,308
Wood: SS SS } runes
Cabinet wood—
Mahogany— M. feet.
British Africa...... 6,353
Central American
States and British
Honduras. .....-.- 22,971
pn ee eee 10,711
United Kingdom... 77
Other countries. . .. 8,986
oo ee 44,098 |
Boards, planks, deals
and other saw
lum ber—
OattAQG 5; s- oS btueacess 1,183,015
Other countries. ...-. 23,012
Totals. i: 6 Aes de de> 1, 206, 027
Wood pulp Long tons. | Long tons.
pe) a 2 508,081 461,392 | 46.3 | 87.5 | 98.4] 81.2
GerMARyY..caccscnvsvece| © ~ (CB, 1BB css. cade a8 - lock bans ses +]ous bnsea= see 16,4) cae acvicslenshes
NOt WG» ood nk chore Puree 5,134 11,168| 15.5] 21) 10) 20
SWOGM . tanadsenwtn 700 76,410} 19.8] 8.3 «1! 13.6
Other countries ....... 2,343 18,902 | 4.0] 2.1 -5} 3.3
i rey tre 516, 258 567,872 |100.0 {100.0 |100.0 | 100.0

1 Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent.

;
j
]
'
3
4

ents and agents of the Bureau, are as follows (1919

CROP SUMMARY.

ears 1914-1918, bas
gures revised):

MISCELLANEOUS AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.

_ The December estimates of the Crop Reporting Board of the Bureau of Crop Estimates of the acreage,
‘production, and value (based on prices paid to farmers on Dec. 1) of »mportant farm crops of the United
Btates in 1920 and 1919, with the average for the five

fi

on the reports of the correspond-

TABLE 295.— Crop summary, 1920, 1919, and average 1914-1918.

Crop.

920
A ’
Av

erage, 1914-1918... ...
Wiuater wheat:
=e
a ee
Average, 1914-1918......

Spring wheat:
_ SPP T9380

Reon Toieuin |
A ©, 1914—LV15......
All wheat: ; |
. =. 2 2a ]
Vi

19
Average, 1914-1918......
Outs: F |

(1) Se Bae s==5--
Average, 1914-1918......
ame

Average, 1914-1918......
Buckwheat: ‘

Flaxseed:
CO eee
Lt ae aii a ae ==
Average, 1914-1918......

Rice:

Potatoes:

Average, 1914~1918......
Sweet potatoes:

LOL a

_ = i t

Average, 1914-1918......
Hay, tame:

oe ES Eek /

Hay. :

. We

920
Geuee. wid sis
verage, 1914-1918......
Tobacco:

Rin adsen:
Average, 1914-1918...... /

Production.

Acreage. Per ie

ae Total. Unit.
104, 601, 000 30.9 | 3, 232, 367,000 | Bushel....
100, 072, 000 28.6 | 2,858, 509, 000 |..-do.......
107, 225, 000 25.7 | 2,760, 484, 000 |...do.......
37, 773, 000 15.3 577, 763, 000, |: .-do-.---..
49, 105, 000 14.9 729, 503, 000 |..-do.......
35, 282, 000 16.0 563, 498, 000 |...do.......
19,419, 000 10.8 209, 365, 000 |...do.......
23, 203, 000 8.8 204, 762, 000 |...do.......
18, 837,000 | 13.7 258, 748, 000 |...do....-..

]

57, 192, 000 13.8 187,128, 000 |..-do.......
72, 308,000 | 12.9 934, 265, 000 |...do....-..
54, 119, 000 15.2 822, 246, 000 |...do.......
43, 323, 000 35.2 | 1,526, 055, 000 |...do.......
41, 835, 000 29.4 | 1,231, 754,000 |..-do.......
41, 773, 000 33.9 | 1, 414, 558,000 |...do.......
8, 983, 000 25.0 202, 024, 000 |...do.......
7, 198, 000 22.4 161, 345, 000 |...do.......
8, 229, 000 26.1 214, 819, 000 |...do.......
5, 043, 000 13.7 69, 318, 000 |...do.......
7, 103, 000 5 88, 909, 000 |...do.......
3, 918, 000 15.3 59, 933, 000 |...do.......
729, 000 18.9 13, 789, 000 |...do.......
739, 000 20.6 15, 244, 000 |...do.......
868, 000 17.6 15, 305, 000 |...do....-..
1, 785, 000 6.2 10, 990, 000 |...do.......
1, 572, 000 4.9 7, 661, 000 |...do.......!
1, 680, 000 al 12, 922, 000 |..-do.......
1, 337, 000 40, 2 53, 710, 000 |...do.......
1, 091, 800 39. 2 A fae O00 2 dOssn405c
892, 920 37.4 33, 360, 000 |...do.......
3, 929,000 | 109.6 430, 458, 000 |...do.......
3, 952, 000 90.0 350, 773, 000 |...do.......
3, 938, 000 97.0 382, 113, 000 |...do.......
1,085,000 | 103.6 112, 368, 000 |...do.......
1, 042,000 | 101.2 105, 405, 000 |...do.......
793, 000 94.6 74, 983, 000 |...do.......
57, 915, 000 1,57 91, 193,000 | Ton.......
56, 552, 000 1.62 91, 883, 000 |...do.......
53, 386, 000 1,53 81, 430, 000 |...do.......
15, 266, 000 1.12 17, 040, 000 |...do.......
15, 708, 000 1.10 17, 269, 000 }...do.......
16, 352, 000 1.09 17, 874, 000 |...do.......
73, 181, 000 1.48 108, 233, 000 |...do..... ne
, 260, 000 1.51 109, 152, 000 |...do.......
69, 738, 000 1,42 99, 304, oe: | ae ane

1, 894,400 | 796.1 | 1,508, 064,000 | Pound
1,910,800 | 761.3 1,454, 725,000 |...do.......
1, 434,300 | 828.1 | 1, 187, 708, 000 |...do.......
36, 383, 000 |! 170.8 | 12, 987,000 | Bale......
33, 566, 000 | 1161.5 CRI Blt 1 Dy (a CR
34, 616, 000 1171.7 12, 424, 000 |...do.......

' Pounds per acre, and cents per pound.

Farm value Dec. 1.

rife Total.

Cents. Dollars.
67.7 | 2, 189, 721, 000
134.7 | 3,851, 741, 000
94.6 | 2,612; 389, 000
149.3 862, 341, 000
210.9 | 1, 538, 292, 000
145.5 | 819, 782, 000
130.6 | 273, 465, 000
930. 1 471, 115, 000
147.0 | 380, 396, 000
144.3 | 1, 135, 806, 000
215.1 | 2, 009, 407, 600
146.0 | 1, 200, 178, 000
47.2 719, 782, 000
71.5 880, 296, 000
54.7 773, 332, 000
70.7 142, 931, 000
121.0 195, 299, 000
80. 1 172, 084, 000
127.8 88, 609, 000
134.5 119, 596,000
128, 2 76, 852, 000
129.1 17, 797, 000
146.9 22, 397, 000
119.8 18, 331, 000
176.6 19, 413, 000
438.3 33, 581, 000
239. 0 29, 984, 000
118.9 63, 837, 000
266. 8 114, 152) 000
134, 5 44, 859, 000
116.4 500, 974, 000
160.6 571, 368, 000
98.1 375, 017, 000
112.7 126, 629, 000
133.5 140, 706, 000
96.1 72, 039, 000
$17.70 | 1,613, 896, 000
$20.09 | 1, 846, 083, 000
$13.96 | 1, 136, 580, 000
$11.46 | 195, 266, 000
| $16.68 | 288, 087, 000
| $9.66 | 172, 587, 000
$16.72 | 1,809,162, 000
$19.55 | 2,134,170, 000
$13.18 | 1,309, 167,000
21.1} 318,359,000
39.0 566, 709, 000
18.0 214; 015,000
114.0 914, 590, 000
135.6 | 2,034, 658, 000
118.6 | 1,106,524, 000

803

804 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

CROP SUMMARY—Continued. .
Taste 295.—Crop summary, 1920, 1919, and average 1914-1918—Continued.

Production. Farm value Dec. 1.

Crop. Acreage.

Cotton seed: Dollars.
Le es ae 5, 778, 000 128, 000
OE i ee SR ae 5, 07 4, 000 340,
Average, 1914-1918 5, 538, 000 247,

Clover seed:

1920... 1, 760, 000 20,
1919... 1, 341, 000 35,

Sugar bee
1920 8, 545, 000 99,

1919 6, 221, 478 75,

Average, 1914-1918. . 6, 050, 741 41,
Beet sugar: .

LR Ae ee aS 882,000 | 2,516 | 2,219, 200,000

1919... 692,455 | 2,098 | 1,452,902, 000

Average, 1914-1918. ....- 603,763 | 2,612 | 1,577,235, 000

Cane sugar, ‘Louisiana:
br ee ES A 196,000 | 1,898 372, 000, 000
Ci ee eo eee 179,900 | 1,345 242, 000, 000
Average, 1914-1918.....- 218,400 | 2,214 483, 440, 000

Maple sugar and sirup (as

sugar): ve
7 a ees 219,031,325 | 1.91 36, 373, 080 437.0 13, 458, 000
(7 hg a a oR 218,974,700 | 22.16 41, 004, 533 426.9 11, 038, 000

Sorghum sirup: —T.

U2 ER ee 472, 900 92.8 43, 876, 000 105. 2 46, 138, 000
(1 U Reger eee ty area 429, 500 82.4 35, 409, 000 110.3 39, 054, 000
Average, 1914-1918...... 261, 565 86.3 22; 580, 000 |. ..d0... . s/s. Soc oen) eee
Peanuts:
te eee es ee ee 1, 262, 400 28.5 35, 960, 000 135.8 48, 829, 000
1b a AS SR SE 1, 256, 400 27.0 33, 925, 000 240.9 81, 742, 000
Beans (6 States): :
ees RRA ere 849, 000 10.7 9, 075, 000
BGT oe ie o. ccak fe} .- vee 1, 002, 000 11.9 11, 935, 000
Average, 1914-1918. ..- 1, 295, 000 10.2 13, 213, 000 |.
Kafirs (7 States):
7 1 a eae a ee 5, 404, 000 26.6 143, 939, 000
LDL a re ae 5, 031, 000 25. 4 127, 568, 000
Broom corn (7 States)
OED Goo adds Meebo cared 199, 200 | © 340.4 33, 900
PUT Bees er eee oe 262, 600 | 5 386.9 50, 800
Onions (17 States):
NO Re. 32s ste aeebcc ape 56,972 | 335.6 19,119, 500
MONO 2 235-5 Ee tbwe oncded 42,057 | 271.0 11, 397, 500

Cabbage (12 States):
| eee eel eee ne 89, 437 9.2 820, 750
ee 8 eee ee 55,110 6.5 357, 025

Hops (4 States):
je ee Se Pe: 29, 200 }1, 332. 8 38, 918, 000
i oe COE ey ee OOP Pe 25,900 {1,133.1 29, 346, 000

Cranberries (3 States):

Sr ES FEE 24, 900 17.3 431, 000 $12.32 5,3
UR ae Serer eer ee 25, 600 22.1 566, 000 $8. 37 4, y
Average, 1914-1918...-... 22,980 19.2 442,000 $7.00 3, 093, 000

Aprisg, total 1a} 974,004
USES ET Ria A aide = tae Ce eS ae d 86.0 069,
Average, 1914-1918 90.

As commercial:

DOES SF Eps ee ee ee ee be

Peaches:

MA Secs J3 35 pen ke ee wed a acc ae te o'cs pect ad ea
pC ee I, 9 55 SEE I EE
Average, 1914-1918

Pears:

0 Eset RR 465 RET | als BE ee eS
MOI Se oi cone une cue enatalll ae ssh teeta ane aa
Average, 1914-1918
in ges (2
an tea Sotebebepedeccun bone dtbane est casas hair aat=yen
eans
MAD se doswebcsbnbeceasen
NEED sau nesidvavadpnesusea
yp BY ee et EES
Total

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 805

STATES LEADING IN STAPLE CROPS.
Tasie 296.—Production of staple crops in leading States, 1918-1920.

Orep. 1920 1919 1918
Million Million Million
bushels. bushels. bushels.
ok a LOWS. g22s oe <= Ase LOWS. isese ere AIG) IOWAS 2 ccs s san 353
oS Js Kansas: 33) 8. iy i 1 152 | North Dakota..... 106
oo TOW... coueeres ZOO LOWS =< 2-5 cacecees 1961 Lowa 25.52 ~/-. 6 245
OO California ........ 29 | California ........ 30 | Minnesota........ 40
Os Sie Michigan........ 10 | North Dakota... 16 | North Dakota..... 20
Vo 18 25 at ee Louisiana........ 25 | Louisiana........ 20 | Louisiana......... 17
ibuekwhoeat..,.-...-..--.- New York..-..... 4 | New York....... 5 | Pennsylvania, 6
Kafirs (sorghum grains). .| Texas............ GL it Toman too. 85 Ok Ji hs Po c: pe allen a 24
URGES Sd tainte eeis'= 3016's - = - New York....... 46 | New York....... 40)" New York... 225°. - 37
Sweet potatoes........... Alabama......... 17 | Alabama......... 14} Alabama.......... 14
SO North Dakota.... 4 | North Dakota.... 3 | North Dakota-.... 6
LCToy (ls? Michigan........ 4 | California........ 5 | California........2 9
UERIPE UES So dia. wists wie » oie @ Alabama......... 9 | Alabama......... 7) pn ee 12
eee (commercial) ....-| New York...-.-.. 28 | Washington...... 20 | New York........ 18
See ies. ies s'ai~ sn California........ 14 | California....._.- 18 | California........- 13
Thousand Thousand | Thousand
tons. tons. tons
PANY. pay age, <-3-\2. - Nebraska........ 6,570 | Nebraska........ 7,125 | New York........ 5, 430
Broom com....-.....- -..-| Oklahoma,.....-. 17 | Oklahoma....... fel eK AN Ges = .onee ese 19
RMR ie ao. fu aloo 5 oan wine de eaateeeeens Colorado. ........ 1,790 | Colorado.......... 1, 363
Thousand Thousand | Thousand
bales. bales. | bales
COT 2 1, ¢:: ae 4, Wexas../-.-!-.-5- 6,009) | Texaset.-2 22-23 2,697
Million Million Million
pounds. pounds. pounds
MORRO 6. sec osie cc 00sec Kentucky.....-. 468 | Kentucky......- 498 | Kentucky.-.....-.. 470

806 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1 920.

VALUE OF FARM PRODUCTS.
TasBLE 297—Estimated value of farm products, 1879-1920, based on prices at the farm.

Crops. Aniee e ; t
products. ’
Total, gross
(to be read as ——
ro index Percent- Percent-
numbers). Value. age of Value. ™
total. oe
= EEE G ae
£79 (consis) ~~~ 2-2 $2; 212, SIU987 | 53.2 235 -c 0S en on va
Lee (creases) - +. ~~~ ~~ oe | ©, 400, TOT, SE Ne man ne 35 re a epee eee ee aa ee
S07. 2. see eS 3, 961, 000, $2, 519, 000, 000 63.6 | $1,442,000, 000 5. aa%
[| RE eS 4, 339, 000, 000 2; 760, 000, 000 63.6 1, 579, 000, 000 36.40
1899 (census).........--.----- 4,717,069, 973 2,998,704, 412 63.6 1,718, 000,000 36. ‘
1900... 2. ee eee 5, 010, 000, 000 3, 192, 000, 000 63.7 1, 818, 000, 000 = q
1001. . 223 eos eee 5, 302, 000, 000 3, 385, 000, 000 63.8 1, 917, 000, 000 36.
1902 ....: reas 5, 595, 000, 000 3, 578, 000, 000 64.0 2,016, 000, 000 36.0
190353522 2S eee 5, 887, 000, 000 3, 772, 000, 000 64.1 2, 116, 000, 000 35.
1901... Ot Eee 6, 122, 000, 000 3, 982, 000, 000 65.0 2, 140, 000, 000 35.
16s ee ees 6, 274, 000, 000 4, 013, 000, 000 64.0 2, 261, 000, 000 36.0
1006 2 Pees 2 Se Bea Bs 6, 764, 000, 000 4, 263, 000, 000 63.0 2, 501, 000, 000 37.0
BOT ee See EF 7, 488, 000, 000 4,761, 000, 000 63.6 2,727,000,000| — 36.
Ts. NES So cs pee AS 7, 891, 000, 000 5, 098, 000, 000 64.6 2, 792, 000, 000 {3524
1909 (census)......-.--..-.-- 8,558, 161, 223 5, 487, 161, 223 64.1 3,071,000, 000 35.9
Wit ne 9, 037, 000, 000 5, 486, 000, 000 60.7 3, 551, 000, 000 az:
IQUT os ec eee ae 8, 819, 000, 000 5, 562, 000, 000 63.1 3, 257, 000, 000 9
WIP". =F Seat See eee 9, 343, 000, 000 5, 842,000, 000 62.5 3, 501, 000, 000 37.5
SOIR cee A - |. 2 9, 850, 000, 000 6, 133, 000, 000 62.3 3, 717, 000, 000 37.7
TOT Oe ce ieee 9, 895, 000, 000 6, 112, 000, 000 61.8 3, 783, 000, 000 38.2
1615. 2! eI +S 10, 775, 000, 000 6, 907, 000, 000 64.1 3, 868, 000, 000 35.9
IQ1G. Gos Decca htntec ead 13, 406, 000, 000 9, 054, 000, 000 67.5 | -4,352, 000,000 5)
yy ee Rs eS es ae 19, 331,000,000 | 13,479, 000, 000 69.7 5, 852, 000, 000 30.3
1918...) Serene Se ART 22, 480,000,000 | 14,331, 000,000 63.8 8, 149, 000, 000 36.2
119. Aes SS ee 24,961, 000,000 | 16, 013, 000, 000 64.2 8, 948, 000, 000 35.
1920 (prelimimary)..........- 19, 856,000,000 11, 145, 000, 000 56.1 8, 711, 000, 000 43.9 —

CROP VALUE PER ACRE.
TABLE 298.— Yearly value per acre of 10 crops combined.

{Corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, potatoes, hay, tobacco, and cotton, which comprise nearly 90
“per cent of the area in all field crops, the average value of which closely approximates the value per acre
of the aggregate of all crops.]
TD ee cnn $23. 44 | 1906 .-. $10.37
ROD... os apa clnn 36. 33 | 1905. 12.00
ES 0 33.73 | 1904 10. 80
Dt GS 33. 27 | 1903 12, 20
Lc es 22. 58 | 1902 13.25
UN) MBAR A Si - Sae 17.18 | 1901 14.19
RS dict weit dws 16. 44 | 1900 14. 86
it BEE ER OES 16. 49 | 1899 15.74
UC RP iat Bitters 16, 09 | 1898. 15. 40
Leg oe 15, 36 | 1897 re |
Sopa eo es 15. 53 | 1896 4.1
i ee See 16. 00 | 1895 15, 09
In ccatukgates 15. 32 | 1894 14.17
bs Seen eaecee 14. 74 | 1893

|

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 807

AGGREGATE CROP-VALUE COMPARISONS.

- TasiE 299.— Value of 22 crops and hypothetical value of all crops, with rank, 1909-1920.

The following tabulation gives the estimated total value of 22 crops—corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, buck-
wheat, hen rice, potatoes, sweet potatoes, all hay, tobacco, lint cotton, beans, broom corn, grain
sorghums, hops, oranges, clover seed, peanuts, cranberries, and apples—in the United States, by States
in 1920, 1919, 1914-1918, and 1909; the value of all crops in 1909 (census); and the hypothetical value of all
crops in other years, based pe ratio of the 22 crops to all crops in census year; alsorank of States. The
slight differences in the total value of crops in the United States between Tables 299 and 297 are due to

erent methods of estimating. In Table 299, where each State is shown separately, a more detailed
method is used than is practicable in Table 297.

(Values in thousands of dollars; i.e., 000 omitted.]

Value of 22 crops. Ratio a ct ee value ofall | Rank.
value soa
Value WD estat
State. all crops!"+5 all ' on
Pad crops in 1914-1918,
1920 1919 1909 ‘| census 1920 1919 5-year aa
| 1909. — /average.| 22 | All
| | |crops.| crops.
a } u eS | eee ee ee sa erties
| ;
Maine........ 65,210 75, 822 39, 318 77 84,688, 98,470 67,839 35, 36
New Hamp- | |
shire....... 18,962 20, 435 15, 976 63 30,098 32,437, 24 856
Vermont.....| 42,039 43, 056 27, 447| 71, 59,210| 60,642) 42, 793)
Massachusetts) 39,809 43, 638 31, 948) 56 «71, 088| + 77,925, «55, 370
Rhodelsland./ 3, 548 3, 936 3, 937) 56 6, 336 7, 029 6, 359
| ‘
Connecticut... 37,513’ 46, 655 22, 488) 70 53,590] 66,650) 43, 503
New York....| 333,250 356, 538) 209, 168) 73 456,5071 488, 408 i
New Jersey..| 60,754/ 63, 863 40, 341 6 97,990 103,005] 80, 931
Pennsylvania) 322,070) 384, 714 166, 7 81} 397,617 474,956) 326, 312
Delaware..... 15,060] 19, 389 9, 122 7 20,630 26,560, 20,173
Maryland....) 79,807/ _98, 957 43, 920 74, 107,847, 133,726) 90, 512
Virginia......| 187,038] 271, 411 100, 531 73 239,792; 347,963| 219, 804
West Virginia} 84,634} 104, 945 40, 375 75, 112,845 139,927, 95, 599
North Caro-
lina........| 317,528} 504, 199 142, 890) 77, 412,374 654,804 328, 622
South Caro-
lina........| 220,438] 395, 570 141, 983, 78, 282,613 507,141) 266, 291
Georgia...... 632} 480, 333 226, 595, 80] 323,290, 600,416} 397, 261
Florida....... 51, 902| 62, 327 36, 142 60} 86, 503, 103,878] 75, 493
Gil 265... 321, 786| 494, 359 230, 338 87| 369, 869, 568, 229| 380, 937
Indiana...... 269,776] 420, 985 204, 210 90} 299,751, 467,761) 352, 952
Illinois....... 431,628 755, 597 372, 270 94] 459,179 803,827, 502, 885
ichigan..... 245, 762| 328, 947 162, 005 81} 303,410 406,107 267, 021
Wisconsin....| 309, 832} 382, 097 148, 359 86} 360,270 444, 280, 766
Minnesota....| 268,091] 465, 021 193, 451 93] 288,270 500,023) 349, 969
i ee 436, 231| 801, 292 314, 666 95] 459,191, 843,465 558, 509
Missouri...... 301, 851| 486, 677 220, 664 88| 343,012 553,042, 349, 186
North Dakota} 192,248| 289, 205 180, 636 98} 196,171 295,107, 236, 834
South Dakota] 183, 745] 342, 555 125, 507 96} 191,401, 356,828) 256, 538
Nebraska....| 297,275] 529, 833 196, 126 97| 306,469. 546,220 356, 376
Kansas....... 355, 730 593, 989 214, 860 94} 378,436 631,903, 370, 730
Kentucky....| 225,840] 406, 318 138, 973 84! 268,857 483, 713} 257, 939
Tennessee....| 194,438] 275, 385 120, 706 80] 243,048 344,231) 21, 870
Alabama..... 184, 801] 306, 911 144,287} - 77| 240,001) 398,586, 241,148
Mississippi...| 165,113] 311, 521 147, 316 73| 226,182) 426,741) 249 474
Louisiana....| 107,078} 178, 510 77, 336 62] 172,706, 287,919} 197, 308
Texas........ 611, 016| 1, 053, 365 298, 133 84} 727,400 1,254,006] 641, 342
Oklahoma....| 268,191] 519, 503 133, 454 91} 294,715 570,882; 252,740 14) 16
Arkansas.....| 186,206} 302, 950 119, 419 75| 248,275 403,933! 245,515 23) 20
Montana..... 71,018, 65, 112 29, 715 91} 78,042) 71,552} 95,158 341 37
Wyoming....| 47,973] 47, 148 10, 023 93} 51,584 50,697) 37,333, 381 42
Colorado. .... 112, 265} 150, 367 50, 975 75, 149,687, 200,489, 117,351, 28 29
; ;
New Mexico..| 41,292} 53, 200 8, 922! 77; 53,626, 69,091; 31,431 40 40
Niw-s-2-- 34,922} 37, 682 5, 497. 77, 45,353 48,938 25,334, 43) 43
2, ae 34,072| 38, 280) 18, 485) 79} 43,120} 48456 40,323) 44) 44
Nevada...... 12,449} 14, a 5, 924 94, 13,2441 15,208 16,504, 47) 47
Idaho........ 81,202} 113, 075 34, 358 sal 92,275] 128,494, 77, o07| 32] 34
Washington..| 129,498; 204, 780 78, 927 86) 150, 579} 238,116) 132,528 27] (88
Oregon....... 114, 445) 49, 041 80} 110,115) 143,056] 89,908 30,3
California....| 292,960] 326, 507 153, 111 64) 457,750, 510,167 347,466, 12! 4
United | |
States.|8, 640, 575/13, 385, 784/4, 619, 157|5, 486,615 $4. 2/10, 465, 015 16, 035, 111/10, 156, 426 ...... [posoes
' !

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

808

AGGREGATE CROP ACREAGES.
TaBLe 300.— Acreage of 19 crops and theoretical acreage of all crops, by States, 1909-19:

ae 7

S, tobacco, flax, r -e,
= as

potatoes, sweet potatoes
room corn ; hops, oan

uckwheat
beans, b

7

wheat, oats, ley, rye, b
), cotton, pan en Eafits

(all

Corn
hay

[Crops included:

Js
&

;

4
bedi ae

Theoretical acreage of :

sdo10 U9A

Acreage of given crops.

88 a S2882 28

"6061 ‘Sdowd [[¥ 04

Ps eeae® Busse S858 eNgah ence gaaee $2
y oar isu Or el} Sota us SS -
|) Saag SEES EEEEE 8 38 gE
5 geege aa8ee Beets Sieeg SEGRE
~ ay YY atid Fao see sae % Te
Tg $2338 SRRSS S8388 ES858
5 gaane SSG geeee Cesss
wt wt reo mtots fata
| Se88 SEREE GEESE RAEES
a geeEe Sxiz¢ sseee HSCS Seeds GHsss SPEST SE
raw eds oko fas eal La} BPP Pu pauline Sor a os
Sage SREEE SEGCE GHGEE EEEEG EEEEE GEE EAEEE
s | deed Ge2ES SeMES GHEE TeSaM ONESE FEMEE BEES 8 i.
rae Gs Sl aly tots fa alos bas hc OT Tait SP op Ts SIS SOT y a3
i ata Pune brengeabee aiteey rhe is
a oids Bopds goecs. edeee Eeges OBS “4g

: geee sate Sad EBEP EI ee ra seed

Heth voir Preah orPng odes Sovg wh

ree

Sages gases S888 SES Seeks Sack i088 ond

Sir Pars Seftor sore Soaiys diidg x
SEssS SIRES SKSSS

5

SSG5e SSea5 Bheee
S82ZR ZESEN BASES BSeks ESEAR SERFS

acreage in lower California (149,000 acres in 1920, 100,000 acres in 1919, and 88,000

a i i i i i i eli Me

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 809
WHEN CROPS ARE HARVESTED.

__The tabulation below shows when crops are harvested in the United States by showing what proportion
of the crop is usually harvested each month. Two factors tend to m these percentages in any given
year. In some years harvests come somewhat earlier orlater than normal. Also, if the crop is larger than
usualin its northern section and smaller than usual in its southern section, or vice versa, the effect is to
modify the percentage of the total crop which is harvested in a particular month. However, it is not
likely that such changes from normal are often so marked throughout the United States as toalter greatly
the averages here given. i

TABLE 301.—Percentage of crops of United States harvested monthly.

Jan- Sep- | No | De
Au- Octo- |
Crop. uary- | May. | June. | July. term- | vem- | cem-
April. gust. ber. ber.

g
~

P.ct. | Puct. ct. :
51.6] 33.9 4.9 0.2) |- 3.2.2.2 ee
as 6.7] 64.9| 26.7 0.9152 Sees
it 1G) 1628! |, 2S Bibs 4ee 10.9
52.9} 34.2 3.8 5 ee). ee
-9 15.3 33.0 33.8 | 14.6 2.4
71.5| 16.3 simian, is)! See te ye
42.3} 28,4 6.5 1) eee Pm Se
BI 128). 277 |, AGG.) “4B ecsesd.
i 47.6 | 27.1 6.2 17 Ft Seen
E 20.9| 36.7] 286 A eerie ay ee ee
SEU) Sl ee TShilh. O%e hn 25.6 |aoien x lee
re! SG 15.2. 48,.0|,. 20.8 3.4. | 9s
.6 235A it BA Blt 96.9 BQH eee eS
1 751 °25.1) 44.4] 21.5 LONE eo
i 5 58.4] 21.7 2.8 By Sere tees ees ae

}
Strawberries................. 4.8| 23.6| 49.4] 18.3 3.1 6 ai! kes
ta) a © Oe ie ee 4 52 27.3 39.8 24.1 So. tec eee ee
Le \ SOY a ee ae TO See er ees ee ae 8 13.8 54.9 26.9 3.6 [seni 853!
Mipres (rm) so 2 or. xi a7 3.4 8.4 22.1 43.4 20. 4 1. Sci sce
Gabbaresi-eossc<ss.55. 2.2. 4.2 2.3 4.7 6.8 91} 181 40.4| 140) 4
(ligt | a a 17 4.4 Si7A) S012! GLOBE TOIT 82.5’ |e 219 1.0 | Wee s>
i ee oe 1.3 3.3 GiGifes 12s ts |da:7- | 39.2 3.3 | os
Sweet potatoes...-.......... of idl 5 oe gt wf rh 6.2] 21.5} 49.1] 20.6 | i
Mamatoess..-. 222. -...2.... 3.1 Oe: SSA 14h 202) 39,7 9.7 1.5} 3
CR aa eae 2) 29 Rea 47.8 Siow] 10.7). 1.9 “1: ues
Ee ae 9 5g, (At 24-4 28.0} 21,5 16. 4 37 zs | be oh
ou: 72.) 2S SRE Cee eee Bee ee <6 10:9 30.5] 45.1] 13.0 «1. pera!
Bluegrass seed............ [a a Ba AueS 485008 28:6.) teat] \ 11.4 RF (GR ee rere.
uo a eet Caen Ea ae 2 3.4 21.2 54.4) 20.0 ot lo emcee
} e }

Poet iT} ee Ae uy Bp. 17H tie. 4 14055501 37.2 yas Pee en yeser
arrneresiyed fore wei=ses..|-.22-22.\-5050- Chil meee ot eae Ve 5a ee | (Ae Ee epee ee
5 ISHS = Se ee -8 36. 1 54.0 ce Rh ae it SA Eps eeATR
Gh a Hb} 6 4.1| 289] 36.5] 26.4 S338 Perret a
i aay SS ee 2.8 9.7 29.0 43.1 14.4 LO 1 eee
(On 2 as, | eee ae oe OOF. Se ree ea SIS SG). Saas Isso 4.7
aber eet so eee 3280! |) 50). .|08 2... oA 3.0} 315] 56.5 See jee
(EDS ARR Se SER A ERY Bs en Bee eee 1.1 27.6 63.6 Gods larcuewet|eeeates 4
2S ee ee oe at BA he IDG} -80.8.| 87.7 8.0 a
Tain (ry) See i ee ae s1 2 4 [07 18,53 eh, BI 9,1, 80.9 SR
nee SLL nee CEPR E Cee eel -aeae ees 1.0 BRitets5 1) Hs). IL 2
OS Se ened ee) a 6 7.5 27.1 52.7 Ake os be vawcoes | Sea a

810 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
COMPOSITE CROP YIELDS.

Taste 302.— Composite numbers of all crop yields. a
The figures below are obtained in the following manner: For each State the average Whe per acre a Pre
each crop (as corn, wheat, cotton, etc.) is redu to its 10-year average yield soe acre; these perceni pe
are combined into a composite or general ae viz., the figures shown. e relative importance Ras
each crop is taken into consideration in making the composite averages. OV. TAR

State and division.

Maine foe oe a = sets ses oe
New Hampshire. ...........--
Ve OE a
Massachusetts..............-.-
COE ot
a, rs ee i eee >.
at a: Sie oo |
Neameorcey.0.: +2 *°. 28. . £22
Pamasyivanin: .... 2.95...

North Atlantie-2). .-.2=2

sesnesiss

2
y
©

|

s3

2
a
aw

Ss

Week, vires... 2 2
North Carolina...............-
Soutn Caralina. <5...
Gear... -acs tee he
Wooride..2.t- 5-2. PR. Se

—
ae
,
* a

is

||
lo

North Central east of
Mississippi River... .-

North Dakotats...2.8 222.0
pon Daknta...3.7-£.....42

North Central west of
Mississippi River - -.-. -

Kentucky..
Tennessee.

PIN aS pox icee iy indo wsnee
Uta

WeStRStOns wc cas saber oon ad
OTORB 3. vas vee aie da wes oe
Oalierih.. . oc dd cnsnseaveeneas

= 7 a eo

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics 811
COMPOSITE CROP CONDITIONS, MONTHLY.

The character of seasons in past years for crops in the United States is indicated in the accompanying
table of the composite condition of all important crops, monthly, during the growing period, 100 represent-
ing an average condition:

TaBLE 303.—Composite condition of growing crops, monthly, 1910-1920.

Year. | Junel. | Julyi. | Aug.1. | Sept.1. | Oct.1. | Nov. 1.
SS eee 94.8 99.7 105. 3 107.0 106.9 106.9
EE COR By Ss Se 104.7 102. 4 97.8 98. 8 98. 7 99.8
Eee aaa ae ads. oes 1.2 eee 102.9 101.6 98.9 94.1 96.6 97.6
core oe ee a 94, 2 97.8 99. 8 102. 5 102. 4 102.0
Li ind Es 97.7 101.6 97.4 94.6 94.5 95. 1
ES eco bE Sa 102.3 102.3 103. 9 105. 5 106.9 108.0
2 Use 5 Ss ee 102. 2 101.5 98. 0 97.9 99.4 102. 3
acto Eb ROSS Se eee 98.9 98. 2 95. 5 89.9 90. 3 93.3
bake a SS SS ee 99. 1 98.8 100. 3 104, 1 110. 0 107.7
na Ee AS ES ee 97.2 89.3 85.4 84.8 86.7 90.6
oe SEE SS ees |e tee neler 93.5 97.2 99.6 99.3

WEIGHTS PER BUSHEL.

A bushel is regarded as a definite weight rather than a cubic measure in the esti-
mates of production and prices made by the Bureau of ey Estimates. The weights
which are regarded as a bushel for various products are as follows: Wheat, 60 pounds;
corn, 56 pounds if shelled, 70 pounds if in ear; oats, 32 pounds; barley, 48 pounds;
rye, 56 pounds; buckwheat, 48 pounds; white (Irish) potatoes, 60 pounds; sweet
potatoes, 55 pounds; apples, 48 pounds; pears, 48 pounds; peaches, 48 pounds; walnuts
and hickory nuts, 50 pounds; beans (dry), 60 pounds; onions, 57 pounds; turnips, 55

nds; clover seed, 60 pounds; alfalfa seed, 60 pounds; timothy seed, 45 pounds;

fir corn, 56 pounds. Estimates of yields and prices in tons are always on the basis
of 2,000 pounds.

TaBLe 304.—Estimated average weight in pounds per measured bushel of wheat, oats, and
barley, of the yearly crops of the United States.

Year. Wheat. Oats. | Barley. Year. Wheat. Oats. | Barley.
|
Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds.
1920 57.4 33.1 | 46.0 58. 5 32.7 46.9
56.3 31.1 45. 2 57.9 |
58. 8 33. 2 46.9 58. 3 |
58. 5 33. 4 46.6 58. 2 |
57.1 31.2 45. 2 58. 3
57.9 33. 0 47.4 57.5
58. 0 31.5 46. 2 55.5
58.7 32.1 46.5 57.4
58.3 33.0 46.8 57.3
57.8 31.1 | 46.0 |) 57.6
d )

DISPOSITION OF FEED CROPS ON FARMS.

The following iereen eee of farm consumption in the United States of feed crops by the several kinds
of live stock are based Spor estimates made in 1918 by several thousand voluntary crop reporters of the
actual amount fed to each class of stock:

TABLE 305.—Farm consumption of feed crops by each class of stock.

| |
To= Corn. Oats. | Barley. Rye. Wheat. Hay. | Silage. | still feed.
+ Be een 24.5 67.8 | 17.7 26.5 5.4 44.6 | 1.7 5.6
Catteries. 1525.2... 19. 2 13.2 | 11.9 5.5 6.4 51.4 | 96.9 | 44.2
SE et ee 50.3 10.8 59.9 53.4 29, 1 2 2.2 | 41.5
ane SO eee 9 mS ee FS Se ee 3.8 | Gd, } 3.7
lis ae 5.1 5.9 10.5 14.6 750) ea ee 5.0
100. 0 | 100. 0 | 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0

812 Y earbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

WHEN FEED IS CONSUMED ON FARMS.

The following tabulation shows what pr ion of each important ieedstuff is consumed in each moni
100 per cent being the year’s consumption for each product. The percen’ are derived from repor
about 30,000 crop ss of the actual quantities usually fed monthly on their farms. Pasture, wh
not shown here, is important source of feed in the summer months.

TaBLE 306.— Monthly consumption of feedstuffs.

Month. | Corn. | Oats. Rye. ! Wheat. Hay. Silage. il!

a ae | 100.0 00. 0 100.0} 102.0] 100.0 ao
Janenry...-t.0N.-..: 11.0 7.1 8.9 7.6 10.0 14.1 16.5 9
Wobruary.. 2.22. ....! 10.7 7.3 9.0 7.2 9.2 14.2 16.8 i
Marelt:..<..0.001 2... 10.2 8.4 9.1 7.5 9.2 14,2 16.2 &
eee St 46-8 9.0 9.8 8&5 9.1 8.3 12.0 13.7
—- a aes 6.8 93 6.9 &1 7.2 6.7 5.3
pee = = = ORE ae 5.5 8.9 6.0 7.8 6.5 3.7 p Be |
Seles A a wh 4.8 - 9.0 6.0 at 5.8 3.3 1.0
Avent. ....-3252 = -.-5 4.6 9.3 6.8 8.4 5.9 3.2 1.0
September. -.-........ 6.2 9.1 8.6 10.2 7.3 3.6 1.5
Cee. eee as &.8 8.1 9.8 10.3 8.9 5.2 4.1
November........... 10.9 6.9 10.9 9.4 1L4 8.5 9.5
December. «esd. 5 11.5 6.8 9.5 7.3 10.3 11.3 13.3

MONTHLY SALES FROM FARMS. 4}

For every $100 worth of product sold from the farm, about $12.60 are sold in October, the month of :
total sales; $11.70 in November, $10.50 in December, and $10.10 in September—in the four :
Smallest sales are in May and June, when the amount in each month is $6.10 of the year’s $100. 2
Sales of crops alone are more concentrated in the fall months; for every $100 worth of crops sold
$15.50 worth are sold in October, $15.70 in November, $12.60 in December, and $12.40 in September; in the
four manths, $56.20. Smallest sales ($3.10) are in June. , woe 4
Sales of live-stock products are fairly evenly distributed through the year. For every $100 worth ot
= maemo dina year $9.60 are sold in June, the highest proportion in any month, a ; j
anuary, the lowest. ng GOT tae
These estimates are based upon pee made by crop correspondents of the Bureau of Crop Estimates —
of their actual sales in 1914, modified when necessary to make the figures typical of sales in recent <
More than 5,000 reports were tabulated. As the correspondents are representative farmers, the avaccan >
of their reports in the United States and in the larger States are probably nearly the same as the averages
for all the farmers in the States. Details of monthly sales are given in tabulation below. :

Taste 307.— Monthly percentages of year’s receipts from sales by farmers.

[Monthly rate ofsales from farms, averages for recent y estimates based upon reports of actual monthly
sales made by crop correspondents of Bureau of Crop Estimates.]

FROM SALES OF ALL KINDS.

State and division. E % & F-) . ts
SIE\SIElS|S/S(ZIElE|EIE18
© | & 41n 16 |S 1448 1Oore a
: } a

aioe 4. Ke 9.1) 7.2) 81) 83 5.8) 51) 48) 6.0 98 11 100.0
New Hampshire................. 9.3) 9.4) 7.6! 10.3) 6.1/ 58 84) 82) 7.9 10. 100.0 —
Vermont.....: SIP ABU Ey Soy 5.8| 6.2) 5.9| 12.5] 10.0] 89! 7.9] 68] 89 116 100.0
Massachusetts...........-...--- 5.6 5.2} 6.1] 7.9 5.9} 6.9} 9.6 10.8) 10.3 122 2} 100.0
Rhode Island.............2..2.2. 4.7| 4.3| 4.7] 7.5 7.6| 9.7| 12.2] 11.0) 12.7) 10.2 0
Connecticut ..2.22722727222022 6.0) 7.3] &7| 7.9) 6.2} 63 5.9} 54] 7.2) 9.1
oe Ce a 7.1) 6.4] 7.1) 7.9} 7.4) 7.9) 7.5] 7.1] 92 12.3
Mew Ganty... 5°... c-tinue 3.5, 3.0) 4.7) 3.4) 5.0] 5.9) 11.5] 20.9] 21.8 &9 0
Pennsylvania.............2.2..- 7.5, 6.8) 95! 8&3) 10.1) 6.0] 6.0, 83) 94) 98 2} 100.0

North Atlantic. ........... 7.0, 6.3) 7.6 7.9) 7.8 6.9 7.4) 8.6) 10.1) 11.1 5} 100.0
Delaware..... 11.2) 7.0) 6.9} 5.8} 11.3] 10.6) 9.3 5| 100.0
Maryland. 9.2) 5.0) 7.7| 8&3] 7.4) &4) 10.1 100.0 —
Virginia. ... 8&3) 7.4) 7.0] 6.2) 6.2) 68 8&8 100.0
West Virginia 4.8| 5.6] 6.9] 4.6] 4.8) 7.01 7.4
North Carolina. 9.2) 5.2) 4.3] 6.6] 3.4] 34) 42
South Carolina 11.5] 5.7| 7.1] 5.1) 29) 3.1) 34
Georgia... 6.5, 4.7) 3.5] 3.0] 3.9) 24) 3.5
Wiawkde .1, Sccsaahtehseunins tek 11.4) 6.5, 7.3] 13.3] 6.6] 4.9) 4. ;

South Atlantic............ 5.8| 5.8) 5.8) 4.7| 4.8) 5.9) 5.6) 9.0) 15.6) 14.1) 14,5] 100.0

813

‘

‘ontinued.

J

—C

cellaneous Agricultural Statistics.

FROM SALES OF ALL KINDS—Continued.

Mis

MONTHLY SALES FROM FARMS—Continued.

TABLE 307.—Monthly percentages of year’s receipts from sales by farmers

ceeco| © s||20e0090 e000 /oO]/0 220000000 |0]| ;eoe0 e000
| mx | Ssess| ¢ gigeeeses ‘ges |= Fs Séssssses |sll ‘sesedes g|
Santen oa a DHHAGHA Ono | wv “SHAASHRAS || RHOAMAO |All
soquoo | Sgaee| s)exasges| gl enesecdia || geccege z decigigeds|s| isdcanag |o|
SONanrE a ae eA iil ae ci ol eee : olr Minaiz~Ooomwaro |r Sanaa
nquoaoy | edie | @|icsages| gl eseggeas |e laaas-ge ia | s/s iésdddad || iscodade |e
we tor =llomanooon) E-Il~SoSoODaNSCH IS SHHSHSR SRS ole SAAN S THOS SH HOCH HH [09
sqono | ##égg| 4]icezgas| shegeadacde |élideedss iia |a]s gadaseaes |s| sosseas [4
SSRST [S| ABSAGS | H|SHRSEASS |S |ARARARS Sw SIA SwSTaIR Ae
“roquioydog | Sases | $|sesaese | g|iéesagaa | a} 3 Seddd igre |S} 3 Air aored rig

> AgodHAAcSRS
ie as

hae a ie dar bbe
S |} Sidis al di aiid od

oD || PODaMN
GS | Hr SoS

“qsnany |

HS 6 03 HI eS S|) eros Ni od S 0d

é o

oD ~ | ANMHOMRAO
S| scorns iS J srsaasaisd | i BARA CAM sro

|

S| Hao wc inano
Ri aeA MET de ke BOC at te Se erect te a
Cis os A odid od ai

& || Wt Oomone S| ta notewon |S
S| MOMs wid |) eissseowosd [id |evagses discal

ae ea ames at tee ie || NIG |
|

a AHO ADOMO
3 | spseaen | eecesiwes [5]

=|

oy
~
—)

WO AOON
SBHSNSSSS

SeHaAteo
MOSS Hoc

Deve eee oe U wtitet te Ue ite. I i i it eee ie ae Be ee, eo Be

1900 15 03 HOS
et

1ADAANCOO
Te ae oe ae ee Y

FROM SALES OF CROPS.

Stan OOHne
ssoiscdtiod
hee a

Ort HOO et SHED
ert

sire 2 «eee

i J SY aby i eee ° Le : .
'
are | ‘

South Atlantic. ........--

Sissippi River. .....- 22.
sissippi River...-..-....

Minnesota: ...2........... 3...

eis Nata ald evvin'n = 5-- 0s as
North Atlantic..........-

Far Western..............
United States....-........

¢
$
8
o
3
8
n

BS

North Central east of Mis-
North Central west of Mis-

gan

State and division.

South Carolina................-.-

Flo

Ge ae

OS at er
TpeIneVeescts~~-.---.-..-.--

(> SS eee
Washington. -.-........9.......-
Galffornia

é
i
=
E
Zz

a ee ee ee te
North Dakota
Soath Dakotas... 2.2. 2 .25...22-

ly EE eee ee

Michi
Wisco
Vermo

100.0 —

ovs| 29288) 2|22%
“oq mooa(T weras|

oe eee ees

iia 3.

1920

ntinued.

griculture,

MONTHLY SALES FROM FARMS—Co

a et eer rr Sa ee eS Le a ee erie

~ MONS HOS

*AVENIGO SL, : =

FROM SALES OF LIVE STOCK.

FROM SALES OF CROPS—Continued.
FROM SALES OF LIVE-STOCK PRODUCTS.

of Mis-

WEE oath owen

Yearbook of the Department of A

i tate coe Nee ee
ae a

.
oe Acie es eeh OR eae
oe eo eo 2 a

sissippi Ri

State and division.
sissippi River...-......--

United States...........-.-|

North Central east of Mis-
Far Western.........----:-

North Central west

14

TasiE 307.—Monthly percentages of year’s receipts from sales by farmers—Continued.

ater
git:
ie
Sai
Bit:
= "5
Seas
At
aces
Seka
ZhmP

é
3
=
3S
ae :
gee
S83
224
558

E
=
4
EB

:
E
=
r|
5
Zz

California. . -

South Dakota....-.
Kentucky. ....--
Tennessee.......-
Oregon.....

North Dakota...-.-...

Iowa...-

Minseeitl 7-<.40.5-— 5-3 . 29-50

8

eco

sau |

adaiséca
=“ =
HSS saS—
SAS abs
“Rats Ses
BBS a wb
oe
Srorans
—SSresas—
Nbr Bobse

YT aire wz,
a» Sot Of & be &
w © ene §
ae tee Be hs

ae
Soeen ds
EERE
<<555 87%
eeteda
S3ssae5

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 815

RECEIPTS FROM FARM SALES.

About 10,000 crop poreaporients of the Bureau of Crop Estimates have reported their year’s total value
of all sales of farm products, divided into four classes, viz, (1) live animals, (2) animal products, (3) crops,
") miscellaneous. Correspondents were requested to give their 1914 sales if that year was representative;

1914 sales were not normal, they were to give figures which would be typical of salesin recent years.

Of every $100 worth of product sold by all who reported, approximately $36 werefor live animals, $20 were
for the products of live stock, $40 were for crops, and $4 represented miscellaneous items. As the corre-
a singe are representative farmers, the averages of their reports in the United States and in the larger

tates are probably nearly the same as the averages for all the farmers in the States.

The character of farmers’ sales varies lee § in different sections of the country. In the cotton States,
as would be expected, by far the greater part of the sales are as crops. Thus, in Georgia, for every $100
worth of products sold, $75 represents crops, $14 live animals, $8 animal products, and $3 miscellany. Even
in Texas, regarded as acattle as wellas a cotton State, cotton so far predominates that $72 represents crops,
$16 live animals, and $9 animal products out of every $100 of sales. It may be that the cattle section of the
State is not so fully represented in the returns as the cotton section; but complete returns from all farmers
probably would not materially modify these figures.

TaBLeE 308.—Receipts from the sale of (1) live stock, (2) live-stock products, (3) crops,
ia (4) miscellaneous, out of every $100 received from all sales; average of recent years.

(From tabulation of reports from crop correspondents of the Bureau of Crop Estimates. ]

Live- ° | Live | 7
; Mis- . Mis-
Live | stock Live | stock
State. ~ |Crops.| cella- State. ~ | Crops. | cella-
‘sind a oa stock. | prog: |?" | neous.
| UT ee $15 $42 $35 $8 || Minnesota.........- $33 $20 $43 $4
New Hampshire. .... 20 51 25 AU WLOWH! cos cecpot cnt 63 12 22 3
Mernoteso. 22.5. ..-. 18 64 10 8) Missouri < 5225522208 62 13 21 4
Massachusetts........ 19 50 27 5 || North Dakota.....-- 25 6 66 3
Rhode Island........ 13 62 22 1 || South Dakota. ...... 41 18 36 5
Connecticut.......... 12 62 24 2 |eNebraska. 72.522 55s 56 9 32 3
NeW MOTE. ...<-'....- 14 53 27 Gi PeausAS-— 5252) ce oo. 39 16 42 3
New Jersey. ...-...-. 6 26 62 6'|| Kentucky.........-- 45 19 31 5
Pennsylvania. ....... 21 42 32 5 || Tennessee...--....-- 42 12 40 6
Maryland and Dela- Alapamaions +. cess. 17 14 66 3
23 32 42 3 |] Mississippi-........-- 12 8 76 4
46 15 35 AU MeOUISIANA eos 2. 13 9 722 6
58 23 13 Gill) Paxag. Ses ees see 16 9 72 3
18 15 60 2 Oklahoma: 2.5.25 2.2 32 11 53 +
8 12 72 Sil Arkansas. <3 2 5.2< f- 34 11 48 i
14 8 75 3 || Mountain States!.-. 49 13 34 4
16 16 64 4 || Washington......... 16 46 36 2
41 22 31 Gu) Orepon- =. 23 222 a. 33 32 30 5
50 16 30 4 |] California........... 15 12 72 14
42 20 35 3
34 30 31 5 United States. 36 20 40 4
31 47 17 5

1 Including Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho.

PRODUCTIVITY OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES.

Index figures are usually applied to price comparisons, but they can as readily be used to compare the
relative productivity of different countries. Six crops—wheat, oats, rye, barley, corn, and potatoes—com-

rise the bulk of crop production in most countries of the world. ‘Of the total area’ in cultivated crops
Phefore the war), excluding hay and grass crops, they comprised in Germany approximately 82 per cent;
in France, 75 per cent; United Kingdom, 72; Denmark, 79; Holland, 70; Belgium, 75; Austria, 84;
Hungary, 87; Italy, 45; Spain, 65; Roumania, 92; European Russia 87: Asiatic Russia, 91; Bulgaria,
85; Algeria, 85; Japan, 31; Australia, 91; Canada, 91; Argentina, 88; United States,82 percent. Although
these figures are only approximations, they are sufficiently accurate to indicate that index numbers of the
relative yields per acre of these six products combined would fairly represent the relative per acre produc-
tivity of the various countries. For each country the average yield per acre for a series of years was ob-
tained (except in a few countries where data for only one or two baie were obtainable), and these average
yields were reduced to their percentage of the average yield of all countries. The percentages for each
country were combined, weighted in proportion to the relative acreage of the various crops in the country
to obtain the index number of production. Following is the result obtained, 100 representing the weighted
average ofall countries:

TaBLE 309.—IJndex numbers of productivity of countries named.

ae PNG S923 (7 rr SOO I PATISOFANE .. octcocc wena cgnend 76
fh dG oe Bab NOs oS. ec cs cccaten - CPST Sg 01 Se a a 7
BGHOUIMMGHS2.5-...-...---.. NOD MpATIOO a. occ cant use cc bese Pate OTVOU UNS, oo ok cones eacaes 75
United Kingdom............. U7 ipipeuineeine ke Vie) abl Seer oe ae a a aR 73
So nh) UC OMIALS F521 a em 113 | Russia, European........... 72
On 168 | United States............... 108 | Russia, Asiatic.............. 71
MNGW MentaTG. <............... RHINE TL GPR on 2 cata oS bn cows sc CHE) UPN gle 5. <u. 5 a cnn gieeee 7
oo LISTS a a dd PAIPOTIR Zick ss cucu Cuee aan aiee 65
Co ee re TESTS 2°71 ee Se a OR Mexdte0.......2.2-saneenenene 52
ol: sp ie ASOUIPEUIPEDhs | c2bee. cs oossoncace SY Panis! 202 -< none eee 37
84

816 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

WORLD PRODUCTION AND EXPORT TRADE. * J

TaBLE 310.—Production and export irade of the world in sporema crops, average,
1909-19138, in millions, 1. e., 000,000 omitted. ed

i¥
[Substantially the total production — eee for =, world. a China’s rtiner = large oe .
on, also some minor items of production and exports for other countries, are omitted brexieor’
of Srudlanrthy information. One short ton=2,000 pounds.)

Wheat. s.35235) cs 3 ee 15
ts Mem es ee ee Lame 4 2
4 < S e ya e ee ll
Betsy o2 oc eee 4
RVG. 2c svaacn ties wee 12
Potatoes. ee 10.5
Tobacco. : 33
Rice..... J 2°a
Cotton. .... _500-pound ton, os
[Ta Sa ety short tons... 4

3 Three-year average, 1911-1913.

FOREIGN TRADE IN FOODSTUFFS.
TasLE 311.— Values of exports and imports of foodstuffs, in millions of dollars, 1918— _
1920. a a’

Year ending Dec. 31—
Item.

Exports of Sone foodstuffs:
crude condition, and food

eee meee

i aonte
Partly or wholly manufactured. .
MORE wan sista tes congas dann <4

Imports of foodstuffs:
aged crude condition, and food

—— a

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 817
IND&xX NUMBERS OF CROP PRICES.
TABLE 312.—index numbers of crop prices, monthly and average, 1911-1920.

The trend of prices to farmers for important crops is indicated in the following figures; the base 100 is
the average price December 1 in the 43 years 1866-1908 of wheat, corn, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, pota-
toes, hay, flax, and cotton.

(on el ee

7
|
|

| |
| | | ’
Date. 1920 | 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914 | 1913 | 1912 | 1911 | Aver-
--- - — — | ——_____— ; ee | — — - +
|
(i 296.7 | 272.4 | 264.1 | 183.6 | 129.0 | 126.7 | 132.5 | 110.9 | 133.9 | 118.6 176.8
M2 tl. aL. --- 311.0 | 259.9 | 271.6 | 195.6 | 139.9 | 140.5 | 132.1 | 112.6 | 140.2 | 119.8 182.3
[ae 314.3 | 257.1 | 288.8 | 206.5 | 138.6 | 144.0 | 133.8 | 113.3 | 144.7 | 117.9 | 185.9
MR £62. Zu... 334.1 | 271.2 | 288.6 | 225.2 | 140.2 | 144.5 | 134.2 | 113.6 | 153.4 | 118.0 | 192.3
Sea 362.1 | 293.7 | 281.8 | 280.6 | 143.3 | 150.0 | 135.9 | 116.2 | 166.3 | 122.2) 205.2
eee 380.4 | 307.2 | 271.9 | 291.3 | 145.8 | 147.2 | 138.8 | 121.2 | 168.3 | 127.7 | 210.0
ie 374.0 | 310.2 | 272.9 | 280.9 | 144.8 | 139.1 | 137.7 | 122.9 | 160.1 | 136.3 | 208.8
ee 329.8 | 329.0 | 280.6 | 307.8 | 147.7 | 138.9 | 137.6 | 125.4 | 148.0 | 148.2 | 209.3
a 294.7 | 317.7 | 293.3 | 279.6 | 161.5 | 132.5 | 1413 | 136.3 | 137.6 | 141.6 | 203.6
| een 248. 7 | 290.0 | 289.3 | 277.0 | 163.6 | 128.2 | 136.4 | 139.1 | 128.6 | 138.0 | 193.9
Mesee...0 201.1 | 279.4 | 269.5 | 261.3 | 178.8 | 124.4 | 127.4 | 133.9 | 118.3 | 135.6 | 183.0
8 anh aaeaeaagE 166.4 }y283.8 | 265.2 | 252.3 | 187.9 | 120.4 | 122.8 | 132.7 | 110.3 | 133.1 | 17-5
Average }........ 272.0 | 290.0 | 277.7 | 259.5 | 162.1 132.1 | 132.4

128.1 132.8 132.8 192.0
1 Weighted average.

PRICES OF ARTICLES BOUGHT BY FARMERS.

TaBLeE 313.—Prices of articles bought by farmers, 1909-1920, and purchasiny power of 1
acre of crops.

a Purchasing power
Price, aa cent of of 1 acre of crops,
Item. 1920 1919 1914 1909 ci ta
| 1920 | 1919 | 1909 |} 1920 | 1919 | 1909
£ i Sea ee ee) ee | ee ere

|) et eee ee each..| $2.22 | $2.06 | $0.96 | $0.89 231 | 215 93 62 | 103 99
E 2. 197 | 186 97 72} 119 95
304 | 200 |....-.|/.. 4750 ViOsse eee
AE 188 ten.3 2 10)}) ORE aaleet oe

|
[Seu See ee ton.-| 13. 30 9. 50 5. 80 5. 50 229 | 164 95 62} 135 97
OU ie ss ono o ~~ ses gallon... - 255 ~22 - 139 - 157 18 | 158] 113 78 | 140 81
Divi a. aa pound. 41 - 46 245 211 167 | 188 86 8]; 118 107
Gemmknyes...25...----- each..}| .65 : -29 27 224 | 200 93 64} 110 99
Cream separators........ do....|100.40 | 95.00 | 59.30 | 63.10 || 169| 160| 106 || s4| 138] 87
Dinner plates. .......- 4dozen..| 1.55 1.40 .57 «55 272 | 246 96 || 52 90 96
Dish pans, tin........... each... 88 - 8 34 «32 259 | 244 94 | 55 91 98
PPIPMGL ESS. -~.=2-- 2... do....| 1.53 1. 40 76 -70 201 | 184 92 71 | 120 100
Fertilizer, commercial. ...ton..| 438.50 | 42.00 | 23.20 | 22.15 188 | 181 95 76 | 122 97
Lc i ae barrel..| 12.90 | 13.50 6. 40 6. 30 202 | ~211 98 |} 71] 105 Of
20 i oS dozen 1, 22 1,15 . 74 -73 165 | 155 99 || . 86] 143 93
GHEGNBB se... 5. -.---- gallon... 33: -29 179 - 202 187 | 162] 113 |} 76] 136 81
Glayes; cotton. .......... Pp air..| .27 Ai dl eens Eocre soel | Serene Meee ae es | ee | re Ree
Gloves, leather. .......-. COA Oe Ss eT ee | Re ee) | eee) eee snes [Sse eos Aa Re
Grindstones........... pound..| .05 BOSSplee Aer eel ch es Belle ocee clos as wcldece.e ee Kea He as
Le io each 1.93 1.85 +95 203 | 195 89 70} 113 103
Harness, single.......... do 31.00 | 29.00 | 15.25 | 13.50 203 | 190 89 70} 116 103
BIBEcheise!). vs... 22. oO 1, 42 1,29 -62 59 229 | 208 95 62 | 106 97
CGS a ee do....| 4.80 4. 30 2. 03 1. 94 236 | 212 96 60} 104 96
LS eS See ao: 5.3 - 88 88 45 41 196 | 184 91 7 120 101

30702°—-ysx 1920——52**

818 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

PRICES OF ARTICLES BOUGHT BY FARMERS—Continued.
TaBLE 313.—Prices of articles bought by farmers, 1909-1920, and purchasing power of 1

acre of crops—Continued.
« Pure! i 6 we 1 .
eee ee of | of acre of crops,
Item. 1920 | 1919 | 1914 | 1909 | 1 $

| 1920 | 1919 | 1909 || 1920 | 1919 | 1909,

s blankets. - [-2-7* =. each..| $5.15 | $5 $2.40 | $2.25 215 | 208 94 66
— SUEAAE 2 eee F- OG) 2. 50 2. 50 8 77 301 | 301 93 47
Kite en cham: 2k f! do....| 2.05 1.70 - 80 By p 256 | 212 90 56
Po ee eee do....} 1.03 98 -52 198 | 188 96 7
Tdnborns. $255.0 2.285 2. do... -| " 137 . 80 77 171 | 165 9 |) $8
Taras). TF 084 OSS pound - 28 .34 141 132 || 199 | 241 94 72
Lame. . 3 298 2S barrel 3. 05 2. 65 1.36 224} 195 95 64
Linseed oil. 222... . <3. gallon..| 2.21 2. 50 82 79 270 | 305 96 53
Lumber, l-inch....... 100 feet..| 5.10 4.75 2.10 1.95 243 | 226 93 59
Manure spreaders. ....... each. .|193.00 |180.00 (106.70 (111.60 181 | 169] 105 79
Men's suits.2>) .. 7. Se. do....| 39.00 | 38.10 | 14.00 | 13.15 279 | 272|° 94 51
Milk cans, 10-gallon..-...- dO... he Gs 05 6. 00 2. 45 2. 40 247 | 245 98 58
Mille pauls 5-5. as0.5- 5.6 do....} 1.00 - 90 - 43 222 | 200 96 64
MOWOID oo recon chen nee do....| 87.00 | 84.00 | 46.50 | 44.30 187} 181 95 76
pT i a ee ae yard..| .29 31 .09 312 | 333 97 46
Nanos es 100 pounds 7.30 6. 50 3.40 3. 34 215 | 191 98 66
Overalls 2.05128 pair..| 2.63 2. 60 . 82 296 | 292 92 48
Padlocks .i<2. <.srette9 each... 57 . 50 275 27 207 182 ig
Paintbrushes...........- as eae (ibe 7 1.15 54 49 235 | 213
Paint, mixed. =... 35. gallon 4. 20 4.05 1.74 1.62 241 | 233
Paris green? >5_->.-.3: pound..| .64 . 62 30 29 213 | 207
PiICKB AS cd rent Ae each..} 1.45 1.40 72 71 201 | 194
PINAR eas Pee ae do. 1.05 .95 51 49 206 | 186
Pitenlorkee .ce¢ 52. sees do....| 1.40 1.30 62 212 | 197
te EES San do....| 22.00 | 21.00 | 12.10 | 11.50 182 | 174
Portland cement..100 pounds..| 1.40 1.05 69 7 203 | 152
oe a Syeda Pecmare lg, Sted each..| 10.20 9. 20 4.40 4, 25 232 | 209
ss a ,» hemp... .35 «36 149 -135 235 | 242
Rubber boots. -- + 5. 30 5.10 3.75 3.55 141| 23
Sdcks, graih..5 2)... 45°. 42 45 163 $15 258 | 276
Saddles: 00 bab oe thew ee do 43.90 | 42.40 | 20.35 | 17.45 216 | 208
Salt, for stock .......... barrel 3. 38 3. 00 1.65 1. 50 205 | 182
Saws, DUCK 025-6. ooo each..| 1.90 1.75 - 92 . 89 207 | 190
Scythes 26, Foie, a. ee do....| 2.03 1, 82 1. 06 1.02 || 192} 172
Shesting 8... 70... ue yard..| .54 .58 -18 | .17 |} 300] ‘322
Shingles...........--.--- 1,000..| 3.00 | 7.90 | 3.70 | 3.50 || 216| 214
shirts, flaninel < Su.. hoe each 3. 85 3. 85 1. 41 1.34 278) 273
Shoeg-st?: 5 ne cee pair..| 4.90 | 4.75 | 2.30 | 2.00 213 | 207
Shoteunsri. cis... ces each..| 33.00 | 28.00 | 12.85 12. 45 257 | 218
Shovels 525. cose .e. tee do....| 1.80 1, 62 .78 .74 231 | 208
Stanles.35...2-52. 100 pounds..| 7.60 6. 80 3.75 3. 69 203 | 181
TR ESE. fa he pound..| .123 -118 07 07 176 | 169
Steel wire......... 100 pounds. . -| 7. 30 6.90 3. 55 3. 43 206 | 194
Siives..2. 25-2. 0s. uee each..| 57.00 | 50.00 | 24.00 | 22.50 238 | 208 94
ct RE eee pound..| .17 15 - 069 058 || 246 | 218 84
RIO NUT. Sit655 cons ares CGiaes Pe lg 119 . 08 . 075 146 149 | 94
POROOTA. Mirna So's 05 cp ene each..} 75.40 | 74.00 | 39.50 | 39.00 191 | 187 99
se TY Rs SE ee ae a0...) “(/O3) A ape 27 25 233 | 219 93
Tobacco, plug......... pound..| .94 | .93 45 45 209 | 207 00
Twine, binder........... do....| .200 » 258 | 112 - 103 179 | 230 92
wees, GOD IC wie caves each. .|152.00 {138.00 | 73.25 | 66.00 208} 188 90
wines vo, es do....| 93.00 | 8.00 | 48.00 | 45.50 194 | 173 95
ing cultivators..... Go...) 40.00. [9BB.20 fascceccclaceynsas|ibuces+|uesveelteeenh nen een
Wheelbesrows pus sadp ane do....| 6.00 5. 50 2.97 2. 80 202; 185 oF
WG L6NGGHs 55a incr de> rod . 63 . 59 317 311 199 | 186 98
Wooden buckets. ........ each 1.00 +98 ~35 31 286 | 280 89
Wooden washtubs....... do 1.90 1.75 . 83 a) 229) 211 93
BAPEGB do cen as crshistuiylsvauscéslenensuvs|ohosséadiinsenuee 219 | 208 95

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics.

FARM LABOR.

819

TaBLE 314.— Wages of male farm labor by classes and States, 1910 and 1920,

State and division.

New ew Hampshire
Memmionts 52. .095.0-.--.
Massachusetts. ..
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania

North Atlantic

Delaware
Maryland

— =<‘. =.

South Carolina
Georgia -
Florida

we ee eee ee eee ee

MUGINGATIOS. 5.50 2-52
Wisconsin

N.C. east of Miss. R..

Nebraska.......-......
IMT Gp se See Cs
N.C. west of Miss. R..

Kentucky
Tennessee

Se
Oo ees
(00 oe

Per day other than
Per month. | Per day at harvest. harvost?

Z f : | ‘

With Without With Without With Without

board. board. board. board. | board. board.

oe
1920 | 1910 | 1920 | 1910 | 1920 | 1910 | 1920 | 1910 | 1920 | 1910 | 1920 | 1910
0k Sa ad UPS ee 1 oe SI | ee
$56.60 |823. 50 |S81. 50 |834. 50 /$3. 50 /$1. 50 [$4.20 81. 95 |s3. 20 '$1. 23 $3.95 | $1.60
55.00 | 23.50 | 81.00 | 35.50 | 3.40 | 1.35 | 4.50 | 1.84 | 3.30| 1.18 | 4.05] 1.60
52, 10 | 25.00 | 73.30 | 35.50 | 3.60 | 1.73 | 4.40 | 2.25] 290] 1.21 | 3.70] 1.60
55.00 | 22.75 | 85.00 | 37.20 | 3.60 | 1.42 | 4.50 | 1.92] 3.10| 1.22] 4.10] 1.66
55.00 | 21.00 | 81.00 | 34.00 | 3.10] 1.35 | 4.40 | 2.05 | 2.70 | 1.12|3.80| 1.56
56.00 | 21.00 | 82.00 | 36.00 | 3.60 | 1.55 | 4.60 | 2.00 | 3.05 | 1.07|3.95| 1.55
54, 40 | 23. 50 | 76.20 | 35.00 | 4.05 | 1.80 | 4.88 | 2.22 | 3.36 | 1.28| 4.17| 1.66
53.00 | 19.50 | 82.00 | 31.50 | 4.00 | 1.70 | 5.00] 2.15] 3.10] 1.11] 4.05| 1.46
47, 00 #18. 75 | 69.70 | 29.00 | 3.65 | 1.50 | 4.60 | 1.96 | 3.i5 | 1.04 | 3.90| 1.49
51.92 | 21.65 | 75.54 | 33.19 | 3.78 | 1.63 | 4.68 | 2.08 | 3.20] 1.17| 4.01] 1.58
40.00 | 16.00 | 60,00 | 24.75 | 3.60 | 1.35 | 4.50] 1.55|2.80| .98|3.50| 1.22
38, 00 | 13.50 | 56.00 | 21.50 | 3.80 | 1.26 | 4.55|1.64]2.70] 88] 3.45] 1.18
36.10 | 14.00 | 51.60 | 19.50 | 3.07 | 1.15 | 3.70 | 1.44 | 2.20| :78| 2.84] 1.01
48. 50 | 19.40 | 68.30 | 29.00 | 3.25 | 1.28 | 4.05 | 1.65 | 2.52| .94| 3.40] 1.27
38. 40 | 13.60 | 53.10 | 19.50 | 2.85 | 1.03 | 3.52 | 1.28 | 2.25| :73|2.85| 97
30. 50 | 12.00 | 41.80 | 16.50 | 2.25] 96 | 2.76] 1.12|1.80} :70| 2.30] .90
30. 50 | 13.00 | 44.00} 18.007 2.10| :98| 2.60 | 1.23] 1.88] .73]2.40] 195
34. 50 | 15.00 | 50.00 | 25.00 | 2.20 | 1.10 | 2.80 | 1.46 | 2.00] .96 | 2.62] 1.32
35.75 | 13.77 | 50.56 | 19.75 | 2.69 | 1.07 | 3.30 | 1.33 |2.13| .77|274| 1.01
48.00 | 21.00 | 66.50 | 29.00 | 4.11 | 1.67 | 4.95 | 2.07 | 3.19 | 1.20] 3.98| 1.57
43,60 | 20.50 | 60.20 | 28.40 | 3.98 | 1.70 | 4.80 | 2.07 | 2.90 | 1.14] 3.65| 1.45
52,90 | 24.50 | 68.40 | 32.90 | 4.40 | 1.90 | 5.20 | 2.30 | 3.25 | 1.31 | 4.00] 1.63
53.00 | 23.00 | 75.00 | 33.00 | 4.10 | 1.64 | 4.95 | 2.10 | 3.30 | 1.22 | 4.15] 1.66
62.00 | 26.00 | 84.50 | 37.25 | 4.15 | 1.76 | 5.05 | 2.20 | 3.50 | 1.35 | 4.35] 1.78
<1 {.
51.49 | 22.94 | 70.09 | 31.81 | 4.17 | 1.75 | 5.00 | 2.16 | 3.22] 1.24] 4.01] 1.61
67.00 | 26.00 | 88.40 | 38.00 | 5.10 | 2.23 | 6.10 | 2.65 | 4.15 | 1.48 | 5.15 | 1.90
66.35 | 28.00 | 83.50 | 39.00 | 5.00 | 2.12 | 5.85 | 2.51 | 4.08 | 1.57 | 4.89| 1.98
42.00 | 21.50 | 56.00 | 29.50 | 3.75 | 1.55 | 4.50 | 1.93 | 2.40 | 1.02] 3.05| 1.32
70.00 | 29.00 | 97.00 | 42.00 | 6.10 | 2.40 | 7.40 | 3.03 | 4.40 | 1.60 | 5.50 | 2.20
76.00 | 27.00 |101.00 | 39.00 | 5.50 | 2.35 | 6.65 | 2.95 | 4.65 | 1.54 | 5.90] 2.00
66.00 | 26,50 | 87.50 | 38.00 | 5.60 | 2.14 | 6.70 | 2.60 | 4.30 | 1.57] 5.30] 1.96
57.00 | 24.00 | 77.50 | 34.00 | 6.00 | 2.18 | 6.75 | 2.57 | 4.30 | 1.42 | 5.20] 1.84
| a | |
59. 63 | 25.10 | 78.79 | 35.45 | 5.03 | 2.01 | 5.94 | 2.43 | 3.78 | 1.38 | 4.67] 1.77
: 6.00 | 50.10 | 23.10 | 3.00 | 1.36 | 3.70 | 1.71 |2.10| .85|2.70| 1.12
; 00 | 46.00 | 20.00 | 2:50 | 1.14 | 3.05 | 1.44] 1.85 | .77 2.35 | 1,02
.30 | 13.00 | 42.20 | 18.50 | 1.90} .98 | 2.50] 1.26 | 1.85] 185 |}240! 1.05
8.50 | 13.30 | 41.00 | 19.50 | 1.95 | .93 | 2.48 | 1.22 |2.08| .83| 2.65| 1.10
5, 3,50 | 51.00 | 20.25 | 2.35! 190} 2.85 !1.25|2.30! [77}2.75! 1.02
42.00 | 18.00 | 60.00 | 24.50 | 3.25 | 1.22 | 3.85 | 1.57 | 2.65 | 1,04 | 3.25 | 1.32
48.00 | 19.10 | 68.00 | 28.10] 4.65 | 1.60 | 5.35 | 1.97 | 3.30 1.11 | 4.10| 1.47
37.50 | 16.25 | 53.80 | 24.00 | 2.60 | 1.20 | 3.30 | 1.55 | 2.10] .90| 2.75 |- 1.20
36. 53 | 15.28 | 51.94 | 21.90 | 2.80 | 1.14 | 3.41 | 1.47 | 2.29| .89 | 2.89] 1.15
75.40 | 38.00 [105.00 | 50.00 | 5.20 | 2.05 | 6.20 | 2.80 | 4.20| 1.77] 5.20| 2.36
69. 00 | 35.00 | 98.00 | 49.00 | 4.20 | 1.90 | 5.30 | 2.50 | 3.70 | 1.73 | 4. 75-| 2.29
65.00 | 29.50 | 92.00 | 44.50 | 4.50 | 1.95 | 5.50 | 2.47 | 3.70 | 1.47 | 4.60 | 2.00
54.00 | 24.50 | 72.00 | 34.25 | 3.25 | 1.46 | 3.75 | 1.88 | 2.50] 1.12] 3.25| 1.58
67.00 | 30.00 | 94.00 | 40.00 | 3.20 | 1.72 | 4.10 | 2.24 | 2.85] 1.34] 3.75 | 204
77.00 | 35.00 [104.00 | 47.50 | 3.90} 1.78 | 4.90 | 2.20 | 3.50 | 1.55 | 4.30) 2.00
77.00 | 37.00 |107.00 | 54.00 | 4.20 | 1.82 | 5.50 | 2.38 | 3.50 | 1.39| 4.75 | 1.96
78. 00 | 35.00 {105.00 | 49.50 | 4.75 | 2.20 | 5.60 | 2.80 | 3.95] 1.70] 4.85 | 2.97
77.00 | 33.00 {104.00 | 50.00 | 5.15 | 2.42 | 6.15 | 2.78 | 4.00 | 1.72] 5.00} 2.26
68.00 | 32.00 | 89.00 | 44.50 | 4.45 | 2.12] 5.30 | 2.60 | 3.85 | 1.51 | 4.80 | 2.07
79.00 | 33.00 [107.00 | 47.00 |-4.50 | 1.98 | 5.40 | 2.48 | 3.60 | 1.44 | 4.60 | 2.02
; | atl

73.21 | 32.69 | 99.43 | 46.48 | 4.48 | 2.02 | 5.30 | 2.52 | 3.66 | 1.51 | 4.61 | 2.06
46.89 | 19.21 | 64.95 | 27.50 | 3.60 | 1.45 | 4.36 1.82 | 2,86 | 1.06 | 3.59 | 1.83

820 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

FARM LABOR—Continued.
TaBLe 315.—Wages of classes of male farm labor, yearly, in United States, 1866-1920.

By the month.

}
| Day labor at harvest. | Day labor net harvest.
; Year. :
With Without | With | Without With Without
board. board. | board. board. board. _— board.
: / |
/

ji? | eee eee are eee eee eee $46. 89 $64. 95 $3. 60 $4. 36 $2. 86 $3. 59
i Cae Se es eee 39. 82 56. 29 3.15 3. 8 2.45 3.12
BT EE eek ee aT Bg ie a hae BE 34. 92 48. 80 2.65 3. 22 2.07 2.63
Uf Ba Se ee Se ee 28. 87 40. 43 2. 08 2. 54 1.56 2.02
Ce ee eee Sas 23, 25 32. 83 1.69 2. 07 1. 26 1,62
CC. A a oe ee 21. 26 30.15 1. 56 1. 92 1.13 1.477
te Boece epee Brae Mae 21. 05 29. 88 1. 55 1.91 1.13 1455
NOW Se ore sc 2ech2 21. 38 30. 31 1.57 1,94 1.16 1.50
po Se ee oe re eee 20. 81 29. 58 1.54 1. 87 1.14 1.47
19TH 32 Joos 22 See 20. 18 28. 77 1.49 1. 85 1.09 1,42
IOI. 3a fee ee ees eee 19, 21 27. 50 1.45 1, 82 1. 06 1.38 —
SGD Fe > Rt oe eae 16. 40 22. 14 a. 345 1. 53 . 89 7 oe
19095... 22: SS eee 14. 07 20. 23 1.12 1.37 ne 1.01
1908 2-2 2 ta eR 13. 43 19. 38 1, 05 1.30 .72 96
LEO eee meri taen Cae oe 12, 02 17. 69 92 1.14 - 62 81
AGEs st AES e322 Bee Se 12. 16 17. 74 - 93 1.13 - 63 - $81
LES oa ese 13. 29 19.10 1.03 1, 24 . 69 . 89
LRG Ss ees So cee aa sneer 12. 54 18. 60 1.02 1,30 - 67 - 92
ISR S So Fe iste: sles eee es 12. 45 18. 33 1.02 1.30 . 68 - 92
ISSS. 22. 3 Jose SS eos Pets SS 12. 36 18, 24 1.02 1.31 . 67 - 92
IS85 2. leads SeP Ss cree ee sees 12, 34 17. 97 1.10 1.40 . 67 91
ISSR *. 2.) esate. er 12, 41 18. 94 1.15 1, 48 - 67 9
SOs. = coset Ree tec 10. 43 16. 42 1,00 1.30 - 59 81
E816. (0225 3225 12, 72 4. 87 1,35 1.70 - 78 1,08 ©
Ee Ee ee es see 16. 55 25. 92 1.74 2. 20 1,02 1.41
Le as ere 17. 45 26. 87 1.74 2. 20 1, 08 1.49

HOW FARM LABOR IS HIRED.

Of the totallabor hired on farms of the United States, the percentage which is hired by the month, by
the day, with board and without board, is estimated as follows, based upon reports of crop reporters
the Bureau of Crop Estimates:

TaBLE 316.—Percentage of total hired labor, by divisions.

United North | North | North | South | South

Item. States, | Atlan- Central,|Central,} Atlan- | Cen- | West.6
. >| ties east.2 | west. tic.4 tral.®
'
Hired by the— |
Month— |Per cent., Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent.) Per cent.
With board 3:22-2:20. +. 4.52 36.1 39. 3 44.8 52.7 33. 7 29.0 37.4
Without board: 222. 4. 3.2 ) 15.5 16.5 15.1 9.4 17.2 17.0 9.5
Day, excluding extra harvest— | :
With Board... 22.¢-. 44535-0501 1 5.87 5 ee qe) 8.8] ma ee 14.8 13.7
Without board. 222222222222... | 167) 137) 92] 48/9 9166) SLO Raa
Day, harvest labor—
With board..............-...-- | 105; 90) 108) 15-9 8.3 9.7 16.9
Without hoatds-. 7. - <7 -ce tan 6.9 | 7.3 | 4.6 3.4 6.8 8.5 7.6
} =
| 100.0} 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 100.0 | 100.0 | — 100.0
Hired with board..............2---.2+ [ 61.9) 625] 71.1| 824| So4| 55 68.0
Hired without board................-- | 3&1 ) 37.5 28. 9 17.6 40. 6 46. 5 32.0

—

1Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania.
2 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin.
3 Minnesota, Lowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas.
4 Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina Georgia, Florida.
6 Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklanoma, Arkansas.
P een Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Washington, Oregon,
Jalifornia.

sal

ee a a Ne

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 821

FARM AND LABOR INCOME.

TABLE 317.—Average farm income and labor income on farms in the various areas
studied by the Office of Farm Management.

Farmincome: The difference between receipts and expenses. It represents the amount of money avail-
prt ed oe ogg living above the value of family labor, provided he has no interest to pay on mortgages
or other debts.

Labor income: The amount that the farmer has left for his labor after 72 pe cent interest on the farm
investment is deducted from the farmincome. It represents what he earned as a result of his year’s labor
after the earning power of his investment has been deducted. In addition to the labor income the farmer
received a house to live in, fuel (when cut from the farm), garden products, milk, butter, eggs, etc.

| Number Average | aver
|

Areas. Year. of farm abor
| farms. | income. | income.
een Mennia Counties, Tl. . - ..2 2005.2 <ae----2ne-n- 1910 73 $3,176 $622
Guthrie and Green Counties, Ilowa.............---------- 1910 ri) 1, 450 291
SE le es Sa a eee ape 1911 378 1,313 789
mernites, Mich... 2025... ostee cnt ond--c-2- 50 1911 300 1,068 481
Muck-land farms of northern Indiana and southern
LED aa ESS i a eo 1914 100 1,917 1,072
Cut-over lands of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. . 1914 801 391 49
Barry and Lawrence Counties, Mo............-..-..---.- 1914 244 822 370
Ee EL EL TE A oe 1914 112 557 110
SSE 7S ES ee 1914 106 952 502
New England;
outlier New Pugland:-2_..............ck.........- 1914 719 837 392
DemauoeNew Wonpland..-._....2........20.c.--.2--- 1914 441 864 436
SNEREMNESEIG aero. Se ew a. coo ceo 1914 415 491 202
Oo chi SEG el a Re ee a a ane 1915 150 1, 380 368
Ts SESS Se 1916 349 668 285
Smallfarms around Washington, D.C................... 1916 152 700 408
Irrigated farms in southern Arizona. ............--.--.--- 1913-1915 446 2,370 35
pumice Valleys Utah. -.-.2.......5...--2.50..---c020- 1913 69 867 417
1.25. ee ae oe 1914 75 1,312 728
Oe 0 SS 1913 268 1, 662 471
RN SSS met ns tee cecelacee : 1918 280 3, 710 1,817
Washington County, Ohio (average of 7 years)?..--....--. 1912-1918 175 606 272
Clinton County, Ind. (average of 7 years).......---..-.--- 1910, 1913-1918 700 1, 824 533
Dane County, Wis. (average of 5 years)?.........-...-.-- 1913-1917 300 1, 293 408
Gloucester County, N. J. (average of 3 years).......------ 1914-1916 375 1, 536 1,013
Polk County, Fla. (average of 2 years)?.........-.-.------ 1917-18 | 105 1,916 843
Hillsboro County, Fla. (average of 2 years)?............-.- 1917-18 232 S49 562
Frederick County, Va. (average of 2 years)?..........---- 1916-17 302 2,776 1,478
Sf a | 1915 428 778 162
Ls Lee ere a [rocsereseceseees eit Ate. be 2 eee

1Same area repeated after a lapse of 5 years. 2 Surveys being continued over a period of years.

822 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

FARM LABOR SUPPLY AND DEMAND.
TasLe 318.—Farm labor supply and demand, 1919-1921,

Farm labor supply, Farm labor demand,
per cent of ane per cent of normal.

:
State and division. Pees inde ee tA
:
) 1921 | 1920 | 1919 | 1921 | 1920 | i919 © 1921
cae a
ee ee ener 92 | 70 90 92 98| 101
New Hampshire..........-.. 96 63 80
Voeonant =~ 2322s. 3 eee | 88 75 80
Massachusetts ‘ 92 55 85
Rhode Island................ 85 59 88
Gommceticont 262. 95 53 86
PNOW. VamRe eS 255 eS 90 62 81
Weawiersey. 205 2.522. 93 58 82
Pennsylvania-.-............. ) 94 64 88
North Atlantic......... | 92.1] 623| 828
rier ate Pm) nl g
ands .i pie > cee /
Wiping... 3$9 -.- 2 Oe: / 89 70 80
West Virginias=<----7-£5%--| 94 68 87
North Carolina... ..-.-..222.- 95 71 82
South Carolina.-.......2..... | 100 76 80
Gapping. 1 See See 95 75 85
Wipgids: / 52-5 2 «noo ee 96 76

1

North Central, east of )
Mississippi River....; 95.1 68. 4 86.6

86
- 90
86
81
86
85
81
North Central, west of
Mississippi River....} 96.6 77.8 85. 6
MONIMORY. 4c gore asee eee 92 72 85
'WEnTiOndES. 25.5.5 s2ces ee 91 73 84
Milabamig. oi. 250% 542 o 95 70 85
1b) eA SS 2S. 92 75 77
TigtiSANA oe tants ees 92 73 85
ESR > pie. «eed ae notte 98 71 81
ORMGROMS >. tr2 iis cies asa 97 70 85
APRRUSAE SG c00 Seae dwn ee cae 97 80 86
South Central.......... 94.3] 72.8| 83.2|
COO ee a Soe ee 105 74 85
PNIREAUR onda ns sun acu doe oe lll 85 90
RMUOROO Sa atevonns ansdcoee | 105 80 90
PIG MMGIIOD: os cu ancvias access 107 85 90
IO Br icw Sie dno osachce 110 80 90
OO a ae 107 95 96
Vt A a 98 90 90
RO os hated odd ddadeuse 104 &4 88
Washington. ....:.0<2-20000- 103 78 86
etdouni deb kein sweep to 99 78 88
CRIONR iS Sade ls de tuenxddn Bd 93

823

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics.
FARM WORK DONE EACH MONTH.

TaBuE 319.—Percentage of total year’s farm work done each month, based upon estimates
of county crop reporters of the Bureau of Crop Estimates.

[ Black figures indicate the month in which most work is done.]

COMOHO AWMNOMH BDHMODO ATER ACAMID MAHOO MOORS WDEHH HOOW
esd dead SS Gaede csriniodad saliciwial wdiniciaiad aicdaics riaiciai
IWOHRO HMEOHM ONHOOO WAMHAH ONOHO AtANMOt ADAM AHO WoOMH
Sescss NON SKSKS SwbSK Bridhs KKKHSK KKSHS GHG Vwiss
eee eee ee ee SSS eee 2 a
; | wrooe NDOnO Onr-or Mm Ooor~ NA & oo rANY es CO ri OD =H OD ono mm tit le
SSSSH SINGH Sdddd AdSHH SSSKHH SGHSHH SSHGA SGtdWKH GSer|a
= ee S| re Sal re re Soe | Set I oe oe oe 5 oe oe | be | me
vy IWR OE NAOH MHONH BHOMON OHHH AKMOCO MEHHOM GHHHD TCOGdH
& SscscHen FHSaddds SGSSSS Ansa FSSHS SBSrdaS Orin FAAS Gaac
=) sh * *
nD So oe lo Be oe oe ae aa a ele! al Sos estas Ane
vb AMOK KNANOHH AVM MEANS BDMNNMS OAM HOOGixH ADAHA wisrS
5 SNAANS NSESGNS WHOS AGH wid SwHHS Kbssy BSA ois
< aaa SaaS Se aeme oe i ee
es Sts 6 ee 2 SS SS eS eee
~ 00 Ge r@ 12 0D ONr 19m ole ole oll macy | Ome S903 =H AON OH SH > OO. rt 0 rong orth
Se ly Salk <6 ee ERG ER GbeR te oe, Sep Cake Sm Cele. on ow ie in oie. ws fe! ae Be ERG 0 a ee ae ae a eee Pn ars eee Pe) OE oe - - . . . . .
OD OY) OD io) ite] bi N N i> | oS O19 0 eo ° con oD CG
my Sof SIN AOE ia oe aS eS OC ee ec Sy NSS StS cop ae PSIG c=
5 MHARHO SADEA ALKEN AKOTA CONGH StMPOM SHTANH MNOS 10H | ws
OE APR eR EO RN Bee Ra Ca Ab eG tm pact a Sor G ah Tata ere ee AB pet aisommatae a |e
ne PAH UCN AS SE SOS Hi GTS ONS OS Set eet SGN os SO SN a OO i SS Sti St Sen ce
wats
b IDAWOM ONANM AXMOMW A2NOHO HDARNH AKAhA CHAWA Hewto WOO | O
Ss HHA ddicdaics ASHAN Haisaid SASS HHA Bsa Ages aaidod |a
= Se Boe A oes Bee el 5 oe A oes Boe Boe | = Serre newer Seesaw ee Se oe Eee Bh oe el Tt ot et re Soe
ee ee ee ee en ee eS eS SS
u WKRHOO MAK THHLO wWIHOKM ADAHH OAAMH BNOtH AHS Tron | H
te CESGS SSHSH doddd NSSSS SSHAS Aadiga Saidcdd SSSS Hdd] Ss
nm Soe A oe Be Be re ree re Saal ret ee were ree ae Soe
SCwOeEM HAODO HWHOAWHN WKH MOH COMBMH BOSCOH BDMHOMH MKOOS WMO
s Wdisgdies Wiss Gesds SGaviss ddidisd SHES rows Srids sone
bl
apa wn 5 OF eS ee =
ire! COGHK COMMH AHOMMH NOOMNM MRM O GOAHOK AGOHWOS BWOO weIIo
taiaiaial alodos od si SANA AANA ddididies sistinid visaaad std Fotis
< COrMM HHtHrO MAE OO COnRPR OINEA NAOH | ©
S EOL eg a CU me re ST ET Coes Ao ek i oad . . . « . . .
Ac) SAAAA ANAS Asadst BAHN ASH BANG | N
: et ipickom ipa Cine Fe oe tise é : PY Bethea Sue ait area ie, este ins ,
5 ag oe ic ee Haney lear ea Pmislah tat te nt wae bs en t's i
‘ na Sa aaah a) hae aay Be ay ak ae ies theta ta Hedi. ee en ie peste :
tb aoe eee Ge ayo Se Sees tae =e melt oe i eat ean ey Sey Ci) erp rie Sacre ner i
ha nar hod ta ok Pit ae A 5 ae eR Seana i atl nt A ‘
rnc Peale) kas Sette ae cee eer er H ‘ ecm cle ees et ee eel eo aphid aes
‘ ‘ . ’ ' ’ ' 7 . ' . ' ' ’ ' ’ ‘ ' ’ ' ‘ ' 4 ’ . . ' ' . ’ ' . ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ' ‘ 7 ’ ‘ ' ‘ 8
. . ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ' ’ ' ’ . ’ ’ ' ‘ ‘ ’ ' ' ‘ ' ' . ' ' ' ’ . ’ ' . ' ' ' ' . ’ ’ ‘ '
. ‘ . ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ' , ' . ' ' ' ' ’ ’ ’ . . . ’ ’ ' ‘ ‘ ' . ' ’ ' ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ . ' ‘ ~_
° ie CAPA BLOM eisai Re en eine ian ee ae a tiie Ls Le ne” eee : 3 erm im eet
SS By 8 Re PN SARs oS ek ie lel 8 cE reat cents — MRT RT eT, ANT MeO kta ae eg ACY ear te le Dee
‘ 3 ri ‘
3 Bigg ee eas fet eee cr cane ‘ Yee Sead he Lhe ek ete mei emRT ata Me wD os Pir Se Leer ae
— nm 2s ee ee | Cha ee ee er ees. ee ee i Ce RL ES) ee ee il ae ak aie Set = vet
nm B'osg #. ie eS | ee eh a ite ey on at on ‘Ee iF Cee 8 seta, Cs as Mok Oe Gee a pteo tee dat Say
Ot ed ee <> CY = eS) Y i wh oe i ea ee sar Re RY WCC ML Ties a ie Se tate.
8: = o8 O89 Vhe & Spmbieei hie hil “oe. a (Og: SY top 3 PRT aH ‘ ' =
osm Sune TS Se OO Ca ee = (> ee Saad: Se Dos pe eet iO ‘hp |
Sie BSS ES ESSOO ad :Su 343 °5 AAx us Baga: Eases Saig isd p
ose Soe SA . need a as ae £aga Bat ‘o'5
a Go Fa Bogis age S4a9 S6&S8hs Bay <c8Ss
S: 3 3 aeSe Fs: 88sH SEaaE QAadas so cS esq $45
" BE I Sead Boe BEOQAs Sy ba i > 3 400
EEgS Bees EPSES aoa} EI Eie a Se 0a0 eRe Mechs ohSo aa
i i=) S KS}
ZPSsm OZZHA SERA oHOA BSSS 2Ge4s adSse 02855 2dbz SECO

Average ofall plow lands.

lands.

Average of good plow

VALUE OF PLOW LANDS.

lands.

| Average of poor plow

Btsss Ss3%% LELS
S888S SSSSS SSSSS SSESE SSSES

ggegs siqad secee

SSS8S SSSSS SSESS BSSES SSSSS BSSSS SESSE

28338

SSRIS

esses

er Rie er

SSRRS

reN

BBaoe BAR

ase

Sssss

SASHES
288se

RELES

BASSS SARAH ANSSS FESRG ARSIS
8888 Ssses

S3sss

Ss2es

el er ee

TasLe 320.— Value of plow lands, by States, 1918-1921,

Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

oy
~
8
n

New Hampshire. -
Delaware...........

Vermont.....

Pennsyvania

824

i ee te
Massachusetts. .
Rhode Island
Connecticut.

New York. .

New Jersey - -

West Virginia.......!
North Carolina. ..--.|
South Carolina... ....

Marriand =... ...2.-..:
Viteinia. oo = Ye

re te igs
Stee ree
Car Peary
Ciel cet Tar

Georgia - - -

Missour}. .

TWA a2 a= oe st Sane

Michigan.......-....
Minnesota..........-

esses

gets
Bae ip
AR#X us
so88s
Esa8a
Seog 9
AnZmas

Basan

888s8

2838s.

geese eeese esees
Saas? Bassa

lees Pe ee
Lo.) ae

Mississippi. .----
Lonisiana......
‘Dares. £2522

Alabama.......

Oklahoma.....

see oe 8
a ek a eee
tus? eek We

Arkansas.......
Montana.......
Wyoming......
Colorado. .

140. 00
135. 00

00
53. 00
69.00

Washington.........
ae eS |
California. -

(3 ee i ee Se
Meyda noe. 5 2es8l
yp OES a

New Mexico.......-.
Arion ee ids

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 825

TRENDS IN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICAL DATA.

TABLE 321.—Trends in agricultural statistical data.

Index numbers, basis, 100= 5-year average, 1909-1913.

Year. ; Crops | Crop |Articles} Cro

Land | Farm | Crop ales and | values | farm- | yield

values. | wages. | prices. Riad live per ers per

Pp stock. | acre. | buy. | acre.
Dl Ss 5 i a er 184 240 195 183 189 | 148 223 107
ER ere Se sie Sas aos eee 202 207 221 212 217 232 212 102
US a a ee 167 176 212 211 211 212 188 100
ak eh 153 142 198 181 189 209 153 104
Laie | 136 114 124 122 123 142 125 97
Se Soe cca cinence cs ram 123 105 101 104 102 108 112 | 110
Se Sel ill 104 101 112 107 | 103 103 | 105
US aaa pes eae nc. See 109 105 98 110 104 104 103 95
eo. oi3 cae cee 103 102 101 98 100; 101 102 110
Oso a 99 99 101 90 96 97 100 93
OL a ae 96 95 99 108 103 98 99 101
ULL. once AC eeoee 93 98 101 95 98 101 97 | 101
_ | 45 See alee ene | 57 ry Gears

Percentage change yearly.
|

0S ee —7| +416] -12; 14] -13| -36/ +5] +5
Uh ee eel es +21 +18 + 4 +1 +3 +9 +13 + 2
Lb soe Se ie ee +9 +24 +7 +17 +12 +1 +23 —4
UU cocsetOGe see +13 +24 +60 +49 +54 +47 +22 +7
Lot. oo... +11 +9 +23 +17 +20 +31 +12 —12
PE oo einen scnance cesses +11 +1 0 — 8 —4 +5 +9 + 6
SE Ee Pace =. 8 aa. --- anne +-2 —2 +3 + 3 +3 0 0 +10
LD: <A. ot id Secoeseaee + 5 + 3 —3 +12 +4 + 2 +i 13
O12 loo ehh 3-2 + 5 + 3 0 + 8 +4 + 5 + 2 +19
OU ae ee + 3 +5 +2 —16 —7 —1 +1 —9
OS oe + 3 —4 —2 +14 + 6 — 3 +2 +1

_.Nore.—Land values are obtained on Mar. 1 following the year shown on stub of tabulation; figures may
be regarded as representing approximately values at the close of the years indicated, rather than average
for entire year. Wage statistics are collected on Mar. 1 of the following year (1919 data collected in
December); they are presumed to represent the average for the calendar year shown on stub, but they
are probably influenced somewhat more by conditions in the last half of the year than by the first half.
Crop prices and live-stock prices are calendar-year averages, obtained from monthly prices properly
weighted. Figures for crops and live stock are the averages of the crop prices and live-stock figures as
shown separately. The ratio of the value of all crops to the value of all live-stock products is usually about
6 to 4; but of total farm sales about 40 per cent are crops, 56 per cent live stock and live-stock products,
and 4 per cent miscellaneous. Crop values per acre are obtained by dividing the total value of the year’s
crop production based upon Dec. 1 prices by the total acres producing the crops. Prices of articles
which farmers buy are obtained at the close of the year indicated; although they are assumed to be aver-
for the year, they probably are influenced more by conditions in the latter part than in the early part
of the year.

INDEX NUMBERS OF PRICES OF MEAT ANIMALS.

TABLE 322.—Index numbers of prices of meat animals, monthly and average, 1911-1920.

|

Date. 1920 | 1919 | 1918 | 1917 | 1916 | 1915 | 1914 | 1913 | 1912 | 1911 oi
ge.
12.14 | 13.46 | 12.59} 853] 6.46! 6.57] 7.05) 6.40] 5.44/ 6.40] 850
.| 12.43 | 13.51 | 12.65 | 9.42] 6.94] 6.46| 7.27] 6.70] 5.54) 6.19] 871
12. 52 | 14.06 | 13.06 | 10.70] 7.53| 6.46] 7.37] 7.08] 5.69] 6.09] 9.06
12.72 | 15.01 | 13.55 | 11,71 | 7.85! 6.59] 7.40] 7.35) 6.30) 5.80] 9.43
12.41 | 15.34 | 13.83 | 11.84] 7.98 | 6.80! 7.29] 7.08] 6.39] 5.54] 9.45
12.31 | 14.98 | 13.62 | 11.72] 8.00! 6.85 | 7.22| 7.19] 6.27) 5.45] 9.36
12.40 | 15.61 | 13.68 | 11.47] 804] 6.83] 7.41] 7.25] 6.23] 5.52) 944
12.12 | 15.56 | 14.21 | 11.84] 8.05] 6.74] 7.63] 7.20} 6.56| 5.87} 9.58
12,22 | 13.44 | 14.50 | 12.79] 838] 6.77| 7.58| 7.15| 6.74| 5.87| 9.54
11.67 | 12.22 | 13.79 | 13.04] 8.04 | 6.96] 7.14] 7.14] 6.86] 5.58) 924
10. 34 | 11.88 | 13.37 | 12.47| 8.09] 6.45] 6.80] 6.94] 6.45| 5.44) 38.82
8.48 | 11.54 | 13.40 | 12.74 | 8.15] 6.25] 6.61 | 6.85 | 6.42| 5.37) 8.58

11.69 | 13.59 | 13.49 | 11.56 | 7.77

a
g
ro
s
|
|
g

——— = ——————————

1 Weighted average.

826 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
MEAT PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, AND CONSUMPTION.

TaBLE 323.— Meat production, imports, exports, and consumption, 1900-1919.

Production of dressed-weight meat in calendar years estimated by the Bureau of Crop Estimates for
1900, ascertained by the Bureau of the Census for 1909, estimated by the Bureau of Animal Industry f 4;
1914-1919; edible offal estimated by the Bureau of Crop Estimates for all eae from these percentages of —
dressed weights: Beef, 19.047 per cent; veal, 7.455 per cent; mutton, including lamb, 4.65 per cent; por
including lard, 15.66 per cent. Some of the foreign trade numbers are approximate averages, and the
small numbers of meat animals in this trade are not included. Beef statistics irciude veal; mutton in- —
cludes lamb and goat; pork includes lard. &

——
i

{ J
Class of meat. | 1900 / 1909 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 ig = i
-

Production, dressed weight, and edible offal, in thousand pounds. hee
a

aro.
ees =. 8, 962, 805 | 9,545,343 | 7,177,981 | 7,384,045 | 7,859,854 | 8,670,651 | 9,876,410 | 8, 737,020 |
Mutton.....-.. "616,385 | '646,277 | 773,804 | 7672,880 | '663,724| 7513,997| 562,214 oe h
Haak?) >: Gs! 9,266,245 | 9,532, 453 |10, 271; 184 |11, 438; 459 |12, 268,010 | 9,805, 989 |12, 983, 580 |13, 171, §

(20, 791, 588 |18, 990, 637 |23, 422, 204 |22, 573,292

nT ome 100.0 3 80.1 / . 7
Mutton........ 100. 0 104. 8 125.5 | 109.2 107.7 83. 4
ji) ee ae 100.0 | 102. 7 110.6 | 123. 2 132.1 | 105. 6
Total. 100. 0 | 104.6 96.6 | 103.3 110.2 | 100. 7
| Per capita production, in pounds.
;
Seet...: 3+ | 117.9 105. 4 73, 4 74.4 78.1 85.0
Mutton........ sl wae 7.9 6.8 6.6 5.0
Pork: 0... 122, 2 105.3 105.0 115.3 | 121. 9 | 96.1
Total | 248, 2 217.8 | 186.3 196.5 | 206.6 | 186. 1
!
. Each class of meat as a percentage of total production, in percentages.
Le el Me Aah 47.5 48. 4 49. 4 37.9 | 37.8 45.
Mutton.....-.. / 3.3 3.3 4.2 3.4 3.2 2.
Poke Sore 49,2 48.3 | 56. 4 58.7 59.0 51.
Total 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 100.0 ) 100.0 100
; |
Imports, in thousand pounds.
|
Boal eee sc: 2,5 ) 4, 500 258,803 | 120, 402 40, 425 27, 639
Mutton........ Ration & ere A: 19, 876 11, 879 18, 235 5, 624
pais Ge Ry al beg Pn cnt 500 | 26, 880 5, 500 1,171 2, 822
Totar..../ 2,500; 5,000 | 305, 559 | 137, 781 | 58, 831 | 36, 085
/
Domestic exports, in thousand pounds.
Heol... 2.2. 857,542 | 499,828 | 192,088 | 546, 478 | 395,535 | 408, 611
Mutton........ 1,600 3, 847 , 231 5, 258 2, 862 1,631 3,
Poe; . ie. 1, 602, 662 853,321 | 1,401; 217 | 1,469, 363 2, 263, 181 | 2,679,627 —
SS ————— ee ee ee ee

ig
1, 730,601 | 3,061,873 | 3,118,728

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 827

MEAT PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, AND CONSUMPTION—Con.

TABLE 323.—Meat production, imports, exports, and consumption, 1900-1919—Contd.

Sa
1915 | 1916 | ior | 1918 | 1919

Class of meat. 1900 | 1909 | 1014

Excess of domestic exports over imports, in thousand pounds.

Beef...........| 855, 042 495, 328 166,715 426, 076 | 355, 110 380, 972 766, 765 345, 782
Mutton........ 600 2 600 t 16, 029 17, 648 1 if, 977 19? 762 1, 023 15, 200
Lin: 1,602,662 | 1, 002} 723 826, 441 | 1, 395, 717 | 1, 468, 192 | 1, 316, 306 | 2,259, 595 | 2, 670, 503

Total....| 2,458,304 | 1,499, 651 "743, 697 3,697 |1, 1, 814, 145 | 1, 811, 325 | | 1,694, 516 | 3,0: 027,383 | 3,011,085

Excess of domestic exports over imports as a percentage of production, in percentages.

Se 9.5 5.2 10.9 5.8 4.5 4,4 7.8 4.0
Mutton........ 1 | «2 12.1 111 11,8} 1.5 2 1.8
i) nee 17.3 10.5 | 8.0 | 12. 2 | 12.0 | 13.4 17.4 20.3
|-————| | } ——-

4.1 | 9.3 8.7 | 8.9 12.9 13.3

Total... 13.0 | 7.6

Domestic exports of animal fats and oils, in thousand pounds.

ae 245,000 200,000 / 100,657 159,206 ‘118,756 52, 728 92,788 | 158,333
Pork.......... 655,000 | 450,000 | 460,580 | 489312 456,603 | 383,997 | 555,460 784,946

Total...) 900,000 | 650,000 | 561,237 | 648,518 | 575,359 | 436,725 | 648,248 943,979

Domestic exports of animal fats and oils as a percentage of domestic exports of total meat,
in percentages.

Ll 28.6 | 40. 0 52. 4 29; 1 | 30.0 12.9 11.6 36. 3
2 eee ee 40.9 44. 9 | 54.0, 34.9 31.1 29.1 24.5 29. 3
Total... 36. 6 | 43.2 | 52. 5 33. 2 30.8 25.2 21.2 30. 2

|

Consumption, dressed weight and edible offal, in thousand pounds.

Beafilrs secs .. 8, 107, 763 | 9, 050, 015 | 7, 244,696 | 6,957, 969 7, 504, 744 | 8,289,679 | 9, 109,645 / ls, 391, 247
Mutton........ 615, 785 | 644) 677 739; 833 — 680, 528 | 675, 701 | 516, 759 | 561,191 669, 631
Paring. elisiey it, 683, 583 8, 529, 730 | 9, 444,743 (10, 042; 742 10, 799, 818 | 8, 489) 683 10, 723, 985 10, 501, 329

Total....|16,407, 131 |18, 224,422 17, 479, 272 17,681,239 18, 980,263 17,296,121 (20,294,821 19, 562, 207

Trend of consumption since 1900 (1900—100).

LC eee 100. 0 111.6 | 89. 4 | 85. 8 2 2 112.4 103. 5
Mutton. ....... 100. 0 104. 7 128. 3 | 110. 5 100.7 83.9 91.1 108. 7
OUR ee teen 3 100. 0 111.0 | 122.9 | 130. 7 | 140. 6 | 110.5 130. 6 136.7
Total... 100.0 111.1 106.5 107.8 | 115.7 105. 4 124 3 119. 2
1
Per capita consumption, in pounds
i j 7

U1 ae 106.7 99.9 74.1 70. 1 74.6 | 81.2 88. 0 80. 0
Mutton..-..... 81. 47.1 8.1 6.9 6.7 5.1 5.4 6.4
Shtewasete ss . 101.1 94.2 96.5 101, 2 | 107.3 | 8&3. 2 103. : 100. 1
Total....| 215.9] 201.2 178.7 | 178.2| 188.6 ‘WeReET lh, ae

1 Excess of imports over domestic exports.

828 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
SECTIONAL MEAT CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED STATES.

By the processes of arriving at the meat consumption of this country, followed by the census method and
by theestimates made in the Department of Agriculture, it has been impossible to determine what it isin
any partofthe Nation. Only anationalaverage could be obtained. To provideinformation for each ofthe
divisions into which the country is customarily divided, the Bureau of Crop Estimates has appealed to
many ofits localcrop correspondents to make careful estimates of per capita consumption, with subdiv
of the people of their districts into urban and rural, and estimates for each class. The request was for
‘pounds of dressed weight as would be sold by the butcher.” The = averages for the United —
States, urban and rural combined, are approximately the same as those secured by national statistics and
estimates of slaughter, reduced by the exported national surplus—lower for beef and higher for the other
classes of meat. The interest of the investigation is chiefly in the geographic differences, and in the com-
parison between farm and town consumption; these can be observed in the accompanying table. Esti- —
mates were made for poultry as well as for ‘“‘meat.”

TaBLe 324.— Estimated per capita meat consumption.

Class. Total. Beef. Veal. | Mutton.| Pork. | Poultry.
UESAN- Pounds. | Pounds.

Norbit Atlaribic. 32.2: = 233-2 eeeetee eee 166.8 64.0 61.5 16.9
North Centra!, east... 5.2 22222. ee 176.8 75.6 69.3 13.0
North Central, west. 2 223) 25252. ee 181.4 77.6 67.3.) condi
South Atianiie:*. <2.) 4. Sees eee 158. 4 55.1 76.3} 16.0
South Central. : civics tevcusseonee ees 178.4 66.1 79.7 19.5
Western... 8520 Sa eS ee 177.8 76.2 60.5

Teale ees ee eee ee 171.6 68.3 66.3

RURAL,

WOPhE AIRING. 5578 = cana on cen 47.1 85.5
Nerth Cantral Gast... ooo 3 oo ees 48.3 109.9
Nogth Central; wat... 538+ 225. 4. See 57.4 113.1
South Atlantic... ccvcsewesocostds wow esas 28.5 117.6
South Central: < .22¢..4-.420 382... RS 28.6 121.3
Wontertsc$3 55 335 oe ones eee 64.7 81.5

DOtAL. & tc otitis aaa : 41.6 4).

TOTAL POPULATION.

Work ATIGUIEIG: 6 cncccnterce cae oie cen os 168.8 59.6 %
Maren Central, Gast... ncn oon se hes 186.0 62.7
Nortir Contral sweat. 22s ee = 202.3 64.1 s
South Atta ious desu ws aeweawa ase eee e 168.9 35. 2 "
South Centrat 26... sacebuSe sk 2S 181.6 36.3 \e
Weenies ee ee oe ee 183.1 70.3 4 ;

TOA) ses esi deattiheccisth waited 179.9 54.0 | |

Statesincluded in the different divisionsare: North Atlantic—Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa-
chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania; North Central, east—O:
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin; North Central, west—Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas; South Atlantic—Delaware, Maryland Virginia, West Vir, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida; South Central—Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama
Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas; Western—Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona,
Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, California.

AUTOMOBILE AND ROAD STATISTICS.

TABLE 325.— Motor car registrations, registration revenues, and expenditures for roads
and bridges in United States.

Number | Total regis- | te ae Number | Total regis- ro ont

Year. | motor cars | tration reve- bridge ex- Year, | motor cars | tration reve-| prdoe ex-

| registered. nues. penditures.? registered. nues. conta

ee ee ee aE — a eS eee =

1919...... | 7,565,000 | $64,697,000 | $400, 000,000 |} 1912...... 1,020,000 | $5,600,000 | $156, 000, 000
19}8 oemine al 6, 147, 000 51, 477, 000 300, 000, 000 1). MOLL sedis os 710, 000 , 000, 000 140, 000, 000
tu.) eamom| Sac | Sivee-om | igy---| rea | aon | tah ote
1915......| 2446, 000 | 18,2467 000 | 275; 000,000 || 1908.....-] 120,000 500,000 | 90, 000, 000
19a 8 1,711,000 | 12,382,000} 250,000,000 || 1907...... 90, 000 350, 000 80, 000, 000
19935..'.'=; | 1,260, 000 8,200,000 | 175,000,000 || 1906...... 48, 000 200, 000 74, 000, 000

I ad expenditures do not include value of statute labor and pertain only to roads outside of city or
town limits.

Until very recently all of the States did not require annual registrations of motor cars. Conan
the earlier figures do not represent very closely the actual number of ears in the United States at t
time. It is believed, however, that these figures do represent very Closely the actual registrations as
made in each of the years.

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics.

AUTOMOBILE AND ROAD STATISTICS—Continued.

TABLE 326.—Automobile and road statistics, by States.

829

[The State and United States figures in first, fourth, and fifth columns are taken from Public Roads
for May. The other figures were computed in the Bureau of Crop Estimates.]

! { j
| Motor
Auto- Per Miles Road | cars | Popu-
mobiles | cent of miles per | lation
State. regis- increase) public per |mileof| per
tered,! over rural | square} public | motor
1919. 1918. roads. mile. | rural | car.
| road.
|
: |
ES Bae fo ci S 5 a = w= 5 pel aide @ vn e Senn =a 53, 425 19.9 23,000 | 0.8 23 15
_ oS 7 a a ea 31,625 | 27.4] 14,000 1.6 2.2 14
Me ae ea cen coccecasinnsocccen 26, 807 18.9 14, 000 15 1.9 14
Massachusetts.................-- CoE SAA of Sanaa 247,182 | 27.7.| 19,000 22)| 13:2 16
MEERA So o.oo cnlict casa oe sos sae aice 44, 833 27.3 2, 000 2.0 20. 6 | 15
MET So So le conta cncasciene sok me desieaee 102, 410 19.0 14, 000 2.9 7.3 | 13
MRE So 2 oo. Se sab ao wake Sse aue cose see 566, 511 23. 3 80, 000 3 Be iad) 19
a ote ewincicine sl aicm eee aplee ewcaine 190, 873 22.7 15, 000 2.0 12.9 17
Cty h ot el eee 482,117 22.3 91, 000 | 2.0 5.3 19
2 ea nas 1, 745, 783 | 23.3 | 272,000 L7| 6.4| 17
PED ee 24.7 4,000 1.9 4.4 13
9: Too ee i ae 28. 1 16, 000 1 ay 5.8 15
NERC i ee os Sino aonb oboe oe = oe emte 30. 3 52, 000 1.3 1.8 24
RMON NS oye oc cb ooacmncenencsr ean 29. 6 31, 000 1.3 1.6 29
ORS a 50. 8 52, 000 1.1 24 23
South Carolina 2 26.4} 44,000 1.4 1.6 24
Georgia......-. 30.9 81, 000 1.4 7 22
eee. os cacckesnc--an-cccee.. 2.2| 18,000 2) Sek] 17
South Atlantic 23.5 | 298,00| 11| 22| 2
2)... 5-8 ee 23, 8 87, 000 2.1 5.9 10
RIPE oe ccc acendecaccees] 220,200 |o.ed-se- 73, 000 2.0 3.1 13
031. 5 rs 22. 8 96, 000 EN 5. 0 13
“Loui toni 03 02 SO na ge ee 24.3} 74,000 3 4.4 10
Creo §l ) ail a ae 20. 4 76, 000 1.4 3.1 il
North Central east of Mississippi River 19.6 | 406,000; 1.7] 44) il
Woy DSS a eee 259, 741 27.0 | 93,000 1 ES) 9
LOP.. ... a: lo See 364, 043 30.8 | 104, 000 i 3.5 6
oS UT oh, SO eee 244, 363 30. 0 98, 000 1.4 2.5 14
SuMMRUNERTEORaT et ae es os 2b ab or ec ecabees 82, 885 15.6 64, 000 9 1.3 10
Co oe th eS eee eee ee eee 104, 628 15.6 95, 000 1.2 1.1 7
iret ee es een econ eee 200,000} 15.4} 80,000 1.0 2.5 7
20.8 | 109, 000 rie 24 8
}
24.4 | 642,000 1.3 2.0 9
36. 6 56,000} 1.4 1.6 27
2% _47,000:|: 1.1 17 29
58,898 | 27.6] 54,000} 1.0 iene 41
ns ST ES ee ee 59, 000 21.9 45, 000 | 1.0 13 34
REIT c eaten sce enon 51, 000 27.5 24, 000 | -5 21 37
OLS v0.2.6 a a 331, 310 31.9 127, 000 | 5 2.6 14
Disp ign 0 ae eee 144, 500 18.9 | 111,000 1.6 es 17
CUE De a ee 49, 450 19.3 49, 000 -9 1.0 36
0 | 964,588! 27.6| 515,000 .8 1.7 23
a 59,324| 16.2} 40,000; .3 1.5 9
iret mee, oir 22s ese cect cece 21,371} 31.9} 14,000 ell 1.5 9
NS ee 104, 865 26. 0 39, 000 4 2.7 10
SORT es Se bene cee ce neates 18, 082 2.5} 45,000 | 4 4] 25
Ce ee 28, 919 21.2; 12,000 Ae! 2.4 | 10
GSS eee ele eee 35, 236 9.2 9, 000 aI 4.0 | 13
eo 8 ee ee 9, 305 14.0; 12,000 oT 8] 13
CN 0 42, 220 30.8 25, 000 3 by a ll
SS 0 | hae ea ii ieee 148,775 | 26.9} 43, 000 | .6 3.5 | 12
SNS Fe Se oc en ctce eee ce hace 83,332} 31.6] 38,000 | Ro ee 11
i Se 477,450 | -17.1 | 61,000 4 7.8 7
-——_————|-_—_— at
Ji Sir LL ll a 1,028,939 | 20.6 | 337,000 aa] ply 9
Ton cals Coy a ae an a 7,565,446 | 23.1 [2,470,000 | aS | 3. 5| 14

1 Does not include motor cycles nor dealers’ and manufacturers’ licenses.
2 State registrations only.

2 Estimated.

4 Includes 35,400 automobiles registered in the District of Columbia.

.
$30 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

RAILWAY FREIGHT TONNAGE.
TaBLE 327.—Tonnage carried on railways in the United States, 1916-1919.

Year ending Dec. 31—
Product. Class I and Class I roads.
1916 1917 1918

‘FARM PRODUCTS.

Anima! matter Short tons Short tons Short tons.
Ammnise feye 53-0 2245s 17, 294, 304 17, 905, 829 17, 257, 034
Packing-house products—

Dressed meats —-<-.--4-n5-5ee- 2, 807, 571 2, 965, 709
Hides and leather............- 1, 396, 132 1, 357, 265
Other packing-house products. 2, 633, 043 2, 566, 603

— packing-house prod-

o
g
ES

re ee Se A. Hee 6 1, 096, 624 22, 404
WY C0 so Pe 2 ee - 504, 927 499, 054 ) y
Other animal matter...........-. 4, 740, 560 5; 541, 214 72
Total animal matter. ....... 30, 473,161 | 31, 858, 146 35, 493,662
Vegetable matter :

Cit ee. ee eee 4, 212, 062 3, 552, 222 3,803,356 |
Fruit and vegetable............. 17,621, 285 | 17,678, 958 (| 19,726, 066 ,
Grain and grain products— nine ae |

Grain..........-.-....-.-------| 57,686,165 | 55,684,841 | 46, 372, 019 one

Grain 2 a meg

nN a A SEEN ie ptt pt 10, 472, 225 10, 318, 950 10, 065, 219 10, 587, 769
Otneckraln eects sy 7, 992, 496 &, 234, OS1 8, 413, 089 8, 630, 062
a era and grain prod-|
ie Se Rn Soy | 74, 237, 872 64, 850, 327
a Fed ad Meta ae
RY | cane oe eas aa een ee 7, 243, 164 8, 314, 485
en eos epee eee tens 3, 762, 495 * 235, 353 4,
foo Ot Na a en, As 1, 016, 198 1, 028, 771 1, 159, 572
Other vegetable matter......... 9, 304, 818 9, 204, 495 3
Total vegetable matter- -...-| 117, 397,894 | 108, 864, 611
aS ee ———
Total farm products...-..... | 149, 643, 893 147, 871, 055 | 140, 722, 757
—— |

OTHER FREIGHT. ) | |

Products of mines. ........------- | 706,029,210 | 680, 122,775 ) 732,655,519 | 734, 790,653
Products of forests. .............-. 106, 856, 873 93, $19, 387 | 100, 838, 19% | 97, 197 88
Manufactires...... 525. c0cceaeteek 182, 916, 449 | 185, 024, 643 | 188, 795, 813
All other Goindive | all freight in |

’
;
;
:

less than carload lots)..........-. 92, 776, 482 ) 95, 162,207 | 101, 006, 438 99, 031, 942 |
Total tannage:.2..5..c525e= | 1, 238, 222, 9071, 202, 000, 067 le , 264, 018, 723 leg 263, 063, 190 1,006, 100, 274

1 Compiled from reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission. bag Ree shipments ne ae
freight received by each railway from connecting railways and other carriers. ‘la’
small tonnage originating on railroads of Class UI (roads having operating Pheer of less than $1,00
a year), except that for the calendar years 1916 and 1917 only t Class | roads are included (roads
annual operating revenues in excess of $1,000,000).

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 831 |

CARLOAD WEIGHTS.

TABLE 328.—Average weight per carload of freight originating on Class I railroads in the
United States, during the three months ending June 80, 1920.

[Interstate Commerce Commission.]}

Commodity. Tons. | Commodity. Tons.

| | |
8. pape RR Fy fe) ok Stes gel pages SR a er ee 9.7
8 es See | BU: SERRE OT oe ose po cct a daces deese cece ds 11.5
i: 3 ee eee PUNE) | gl ol ae ee a ea ee eee 11.6
(eth 30:9) | Butter and'cheese:-=-. <<... <2. 2.223. 13.2
mae niraw, and alfalfa.................- CAR TN Vr | Fae Se ee eee ee ee 12.6
0 ee | 13.9 || Sugar, sirup, glucose, and molasses...... 28.0
07 8 eee EAN, CAR POON see ss oe ee ee ae ieee 24.8
8 SEE 1725) ||-ADRETACItG COM) eis. 2 2s 2 See. oo 48.0
oo (ii 2 ee | 1875l| Biteninons Coalee es 2S aes. eases 50.1
oS gfe | pig Wid 1 es 2 eS ea 12.8

Mpmieenkicalyes=-...._....2...-....... 11.7 || Lumber, timber, box shooks, staves, |
2 TSE a re | {Graal ‘Wane headines. vo. 0! 5. SN Pont ees oe 26.8

| : I\
WAGON AND MOTOR-TRUCK HAULS.
TABLE 329.— Wagon and motor-truck hauls from farms to shipping points, 1906 and 1918.

| =
Cc f ha g ts)
: eS Ronit Tenil. ost o eee ton per
Item. oe trips per =
day. Corn.! | Wheat. | Cotton. | Corn. | Wheat Cotton.
United States: Miles. | Number.| Bushels.|Bushels.| Bales. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents.
Motor trucks, 1918.......- ie 3.4 58 | 84 6.6 15 15 18
Wagons, 1918...... 9.0 | 1.2 39 | 56 3.6 33 | 30 48
Wagons, 1906-.... 9.7 | 1.2 39 | 55 3.4 19 19 27
Geographic division?
New England: .
Motor trucks, 1918........ 10.0 4.5 62 Git ieees so 11 141 ae
_ Wagons, 1918.... i “2 1.8 38 | ot eee eee 39 | Dole a
Wagons, 1906....... 7 17 be! pea ok ae: 3 Ee oe ee es-ES T™
Middle Atlantic:
Motor trucks, 1918 12.2 3.4 69 78 | {Oo e: 14 | 78 ee aie
Wagons, 1918... 7.6 | 1.6 | 39 rile ieee 39 | Cy eae
Wagons, 1906.....11 6.5 aie a0 te 4s fee. S| - “Yee
South Atlantic: }
Motor trucks, 1918 9.8 4.0 | 45 | 57 | 6.0 19 | 1s | 20
Wagons, 1918... . ce 8. 4 1.4 29 36 | 3.5 41 39 | 48
Wagons, 1906............. 9.9 1.2 | 35 | 42 | 3.4 28 | 24 | 27
North Central, east:
Motor trucks, 1918........| 9.3 4.8 | 64 | Cibo ieee 11 errs ae
Warns 1018-2... ...-..... 6.3 2.0 41 | 7) ae 29 2)
Wagons, 1906............. 7.0 | is 40 Ly aah eae 16 faye
North Central, west: /
Motor trucks, 1918........ 10.1 3.8 | 54 | [ee ee 18 hy oe
Wyneons/ 1918. ........... ) 7.9 | 1.5 42 | yA ee 33 i Gee ae
Wagons, 1906............. 8.7 1.4 | 39 | 9. Cage eae 7 ij eee
South Central, east: ¥]
Motor trucks, 1918........ | 12.9 3.2 | 58 | 86 7.6 12 10 13
Wagons, 1918............. | 10.4 1.0 | 26 | 38 3.2 45 36 | 52
Wagons, 1906............- 11.1 1.0} 29 | 37 3.0 24 | 23 | 31
South Central, west: | .
Motor trucks, 1918........ 13.0 2.9 | 57 72 | 6.7 | 17 15 20
Wagons, 1918............. 10.9 1.0 | 26 | 46 3.8 | 49 | 32 | 47
Wagons, 1906.........-... 12.6 9 | 29 | 38 3.8 | 22 | 21 | 26
R ountain: |
otor trucks, 1918....... 21.0 1a] 48 | c/ eee 36 | Pt 2 ee
imrons 1015... 22. ..:.... 20. 2 4) 46 | LM (eee 52 | 42 Bee ice we
Weerons, 1006............. 16.8 | By fay | 49 | O05 oS 16 | PO Tet cae ae
Pacific: |
Motor trucks, 1918........ 12.3 2.9 74 TOS ess ee eee 20 i Gl Bee |
Wramauc, 1918... .......... 11.2 } 1.4 71 | iG pers 23 TY ae ae
Wagons, 1906......22....- TS ie 45 | rt aa | 28 iy SR oe
1 Not shelled.

2The geographic divisions are—New England: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut; Middle Atlantic: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania; South Atlantic:
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida; North
Central east of the Mississippi River: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin; North Central west
of the Mississippi River: Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas;
South Central east of the Mississippi River: Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi; South Central
west of the Mississippi River: Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas; Rocky Mountain: Montana,
Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Idaho; Pacific: Washington, Oregon, Cali-

832 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL POPULATION.

Tas ie 330.—Rural and agricultural population in various countries.

Rural population.

Country.

bie 2 oe, ow ee ees eee 13, 447, 362
Hungary. ..-...-------------------|----++--]----+-++--+++- 13, 061; 118

aed Se SE A SL OG JS 22,715, 011

1, 047, 795

Waited ——
England and Wales Pp dno arat reed 1911 7, 907, 556

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 833
RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL POPULATION—Continued.

TaBLe 331.— Number of persons engaged in agriculture in various countries.

Total persons’ en-

mim Com onre Il al wom

Males. Females. gaged in agricul-
, ture
Country. Year. Per cent | Per cent Per cent
; of males of females of persuns
Number. | inall | Nomber. | inail Number. | io all
| occupa- occu pa- occupa-
tions tions tions.
United States..........-. 1910 | 10,532,039 35.2 | 1,806,584 22.4 12,388,623 32.5
oa “1881 636, 078 74.8 91 602 52.7 | 727, 680 71.3
i 1895 318, 149 28.0 67, 174 13.4 385, 323 23.6
oo iyvl 377, 026 29.3 39, 14-9 416, 655 25.6
Austria-Hungary ......--. 1900 8, 185, 256 58.5 | 5,935, 805 70.3} 14,121, 055 63.0
od eee a 1900 533, 665 23.6 163, 707 17.6 €97, 372 21.9
a BT 8 RS EES eae Ee ad eae 1! 564, 43.5
Pepe Nin... 1901 | 63,026,565 47.3 | 27, 867, 210 90, 893, 575 67.1
British North Borneo...--. OT Leh nail Mee ied Heo eA BAS BY Sa See 32, 892 64.2
i La tale se iSva 895, 206 73.3 837, 406 94.9 1, 732, 612 82.4
Seampint ee. 2 1901 707, 997 45. 4 8 2.7 7i6, 937 39.9
UL pe 1901 745, O74 65.0 318, 551 65.4 1, 063, 625 65.1
Sean oe. ee 1907 448, 546 50.3 21, 872 6.2 470, 423 37.7
2 eee 1907 364, 821 52. 2 3,110 4.2 367, $22 47.6
Nia. a ae 1901 33, 611 62.8 2, 757 20.8 36, 54.5
. PLES epee 1911 386, 016 45.7 110, 163 28.5 496, 185 40.3
Ua 1907 2, 258, 005 67.2 57,144 33.3 2,315, 149 65.6
- Federated Malay States..| 1901 115, 627 28.2 52, 324 82.7 167, 351 35.5
UT a 1900 321, 538 51.4 162, 008 39.6 423, 546 48.9
i i ae 1905 763, 456 70.6 263, 664 82.4 1,027,120 73.3
he | 1906 5, 452, 392 41.9 | 3,324,561 43.2| 8,777,053 42.4
@erminriys oo ‘1907 5, 146, 723 27.7| 4,585,749 48.3} 9,732,472 34.6
-. 2 i 1907 321, 120 47.3 | 6, 972 12.2 328, 092 44.6
aes 1901 8, 816 57.1 7, 722 49.7 16, 538 53.4
Tor eS Se ae 1901 6,375, 274 | 57.9! 3,196,063 60.5 | 9,566,340 58.8
SE ie ee pe ee eet |- Sa ieee ree 271, 493 66.1
Malta and Gozo-..........- 1901 10, 235 13.3 3,613 15.8 13, 48 13.9
Un 100% 72, 493 57.1 5, 989 38.0 78, 482 55.0
praises 222... 1899 450, 694 32.9 79, 584 18.4 579, 278 29.6
New Zealand.........-..- 1911 103, 644 28.5 7, 472 8.3 111, 116 24.5
LETTE te eee oe eee 307, 528 33.4
Philippine Islands. ....... 1903 Pe oad 90, 286 8.8] 1,254, 41.3
Bbeto tito 2... 2. 1899 196, 893 1, 868 3.9 198, 761 62.8
Poruenlees 22.22. .....2-2 1900 1, 127, 268 380, 293 52.0] 1,507,561 61.4
Russia:
i 1897 13, 808, 505 1, 974, 164 15, 782, 669 55.
pipe mera StS 1897 2, 092, 965 105, 137 2,198, 102 65.
a 1897 | 15,901,470 2, 079, 301 17, 980, 771 56.
Di ae ci, | Lae a eee PARR oe (ee ae (ee 15, 796 54.
a OR a ee 1900 65.5 13, 524 50.5 325, 224 64.
Prern Hcnie---2--s25_-.5- 1901 28.7 4, 544 21.7 13, 249 25.
Lin ae 1900 58.1 775, 270 51.8 | 4,517,000 56.
Biante ne fe. 1900 52.4 333, 264 53.8] 1,094, 280 52.
Bwitveriand 27.025... .. 1900 37.1 80, 326 16.1 473, 297 30.
Trinidad and Tobago. .... 1901 54.7 25, 765 39.3 77, 509 48.
* Union of South Africa....| 1904 56. 3 847, 057 77.5 | 1,710,280 65.
~ United Kingdom......... ' 1801 16.3 2.9 2, 262, 454 12.

30702°—ysxK 1920——53**

834 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. “3

AGRICULTURAL LAND.
TABLE 332.— Total area and agricultural land in various countries.
[As classified and reported by the International Institute of Agriculture.]

Productive land. |. Galtivated lands

Country. Year. Total area. Percent Per cent
Amount. | oftotal| Amount. | oftotal
area. area.

WORN NHN WH ONIN NNON

74,132,000} 69, 939, 000 35.4
80,272,000} 77, 225 000 43.8
154, 404,000 | 147 000} §639.8
7, 278, 000 6, 443 88.5 3, 582, 000 49
23, 807, 000 8, 959 79.6 8,574, 000 5
9, 629, 000 9, 078 94.3 6,376, 000
B3413, 000A =. - 2-2 = 2s hae oct 3, 875, 000 4
130, 854,000 | 123, 642, 000 94.5 | 59,124,000 &
133, 594,000 | 126, 401, 000 94.6 | 63,689, 000 F
70,839,000 | 65, 164, 000 92.0 | 33,815,000
639, 000 616, 000 96. 4 300, 000
8, 057, 000 7, 258, 000 90. 1 2, 210, 000 |
79,810,000 | 22, 942, 000 28.7 1, 830, 000 2.
22,018,000 | 17, 281, 000 78.5 5,777,000} 26.
32, 167,000'} 24, 645, 000 76.6 | 14,829,000}
1, 278, 203, 000 | 698, 902, 000 54.7 | 245,755, 000
11, 936, 000 6, 246, 000 52.3 2, 534, 000 | - a.
124, 666,000 | 112, 665, 000 90.4 | 41, 264, 000 .
110, 667,000 | 65, 196, 000 58.9 9, 144, 000 5.
| 10, 211, 000 7, 635, 000 74.8 , 000 8.
United Kingdom: | .
Great Britain ............- | 1911 56,802,000 | 47,737, 000 000 25.7
b's ea tania i Ral heOP | 1911 20, 350, 000 18, 789, 000 000 16.1
Total United Kingdom..|.........- 77,152,000 | 66, 526, 000 000 23.2
ASIA. :
Heitiel Midas... Soy, 1910-11 | 465, 706, 000 43.0
ORIRORAE coo oae. .. <2 .cguas oes 1911 1, 972, 000 21.3
Japan..... PORES Ba 1911 74, 180, 000 18.7
Russia, Asiatic...............- 1911 715, 838, 000 8
AFRICA.
OO SO Se eas ei 1910 50, 846, 000 9.1
MMII oda 4 safantcueccond 1912 5, 486, 000 2.5
SE ROR pore: 1912 | 22, 239, 000 22.4
Union of South Africa......... 1909-10 | 3, 569, 000 Li
OCEANIA. :
Diattalin. ion sicko te haseeas te 1910-11 ) 119, 942, 000 -8
New Zealand..............-.-- 1910 | 57, 310, 000 10.5
Totsl, 36 countries......|.......... | 15,071, 209, 000 4, 591, 691, 000 30.5 |1, 313, 832, 000 8.7

' Includes, besides cuitivated land, also natural meadows and pastures, forests, wood lots, and lands
devoted to cultivated trees and shrubs. ‘ ‘
? Includes fallow lands; also artificial grasslands. 7
e og figure for “ productive land’’ in Chile excludes marshes, heaths, and productive but uncared-for
8.
‘ The figure for ‘cultivated land”’ in Switzerland excludes artificial meadows and pastures.

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 835
NATIONAL FORESTS.

Tas Le 333.—National Forests: Timber dis ge of, quantity, price, and number of users,
revenue under specified heads, and details of grazing privileges, years ended June 30,
1916 to 1920.

{Reported by the Forest Service.]

| Year ended June 30—

Item. RG a Ta aay ——
1916 1917 1918 1919 1920
ee oe ie. 2
Free timber given:
gin ber-Of 15ers.......-.---------.-.--= 42,055 41, 427 38, 073 34,617 37,336
‘Timber cut 119, 483 113, 073 | 98, 376 90, 798 88, 060
i 184, 715 149, 802 128, 866 113,117 | 113,000
Timber sales:
Number............ ge at es Ron Seah ah hong 8 10, 840 11, 608 13, 037 12, 592 13, 272
1.2 ea Mit.. 906,906 | 2,008,087 | 1,453,299 799,476 | 1,326,922
Price per thousani board feet Saver
TOES 8, a cn coeesccces dollars. - 1.98 1.85 2.28 | 2.30 2.30
Grazing:
Number of permits. .....-98...........- 33, 328 36, 638 39, 113 39, 152 37, 500
a
Kinds of stock—
Ca 1,953,198 | 2,137,854] 2,135,527 | 2,033, 800
49, 939 | 57, 968 60, 739 53, 685
2,306 3,371 5, 154 4, 066
98, 880 102, 156 93, 251 83, 015
7, 586,034 | 8,454,240] 7,935,174 | 7,271,136
9,690,357 10,755,589 | 10,229,895 | 9,445, 702
Speci |
JOT t 5, 251 6, 056 5, 819 5,191 6, 026
Revenue from— |
eee dollars..| 1,367,111 | 1,595,873 | 1,519,867 | 1,503,367 | 1,999, 668
Timber settlements 1.........-...-do... 2,299 , 102 | 99, 502 8,939 11, 835
Timber trespass........... do 37, 712 18, 870 2,330 8, 623 13, 787
Turpentine sales.......-.........- do 14, 402 8, 156 | 8,334 13, 220 19,310
Turpentine trespass.........--..-- C3 Fs Will (grape NA ot nf Salary 1 pas ee Bian ae O923o 2 seavies
Fire tr Bon nanneseennene oo do. 5, 471 52,514 | 3, 618 5, 259 22, 796
ccupancy trespass... . Spee | Sem | ree Sk. | ee ee 1, 207 689
(UD 2 0) 85, 235 108, 329 119,97 136, 134 149, 265
eras do 1,202,405 | 1,544,714 | 21,702,585 | 2,556,962 | 2,427,028
Grazing trespass... See a nets 7,810 5, 081 23, 532 52, 208 59,012
Water pOWEr.................-.4.- do 101, 096 106, 389 93, 976 72) 322 89, 833
@ovalrevenue...............-. do....| 2,823,541 | 3,457,028 | 3,574,930 | 4,358,415 | 4,793, 482

|

1 Includes timber taken in the exercise of permits for rights of way, development of power, etc.
3 Juciudes $2¥6 from sale of live stock. . i

836 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
NATIONAL FORESTS—Continued.

TaBLE 334.—Area of National Forest lands, June 30, 1920.
[Reported by the Forest Service.]

State and forest. Net area. State and forest.

ee ee es ee fs) be | ee 2 0S ee

Re we ee eee eee ween ee
-

ED aanee ee mmnis | | 1, 243,142 | + ea RI RINE:
ue 7? 7 Ciearws

~y Mei Th (ARAL WAUCE ect we ew ee ee eee

GESEGE 3. can tgs ons sees oc ane
Widarado ss. Sea02 5 dopo ew coed
BUFO Ss wdee = ane nawsence teas auess

Be

BSE
ESEERSER

Nig

o
—
~

Pree
SESRESZSE

=
$2.

RASS OL aE
Uncom
White

ERS

13, 274, 187

308, 408

1 For total area, see Table 335, ‘‘ National Forests extending into two or more States.”

_

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics.

NATIONAL FORESTS—Continued.

TaBLe 334.—Area of National Forest lands, June 30, 1920—Continued.

State and forest. Net area.
New Hampshire: es.
- White Mountain!............---: 355,472
New Mexico
RRR conten s ao sshsacs -aiane- 862, 505
PRT 126,318
a RIE RE an 2,670,805
SLi SE ae ae ete dee a 1,461,231
Lio he Shi ame 1, 124,935
OI To eee 697, 488
LNG a Ss Se are 1,265,991
LE | 8,308,434
North Carolina |
ln Sa 95,544
AENONOBY 25.54 s2c2cs55~.--- 0-02 | ar he et
Nanitahala!........-.. Me ane 72,255
Tt) See _ Saal 51, 463
ie = een cads-5-+----nsene 259,112
SENET eee | 1,020, 526 |
U1. a Se ee ee Aa | 802° 128
IpRGMEEUCS: «= 205. . a ask Les 1,282, 012
STA ee ne ac en win == 2 = 849, 526
Ci Os ee 8,723
MAE ce a5 arcane ncisn= cis 1,043,895
io ee 715, 740
ors hs See eee eee 1,046, 693
Loo TH Teal ee ae eee er 667,097
IIR jo aloo SF 2-22. 997, 865
Sie canada ass on27- ses <2 $43, 200
Meee es sesso ssc. 5- sass 485,786
or Oe eee 1,010, 633
NUON Biome io boc ccsascc-----<00- 957,379
MMMUISOME Pacts acsc ccc. cc oe caw s-- 02 P
0 SL ea ee 1,315, 445
ipl, Jo eee eee 13,111,928
Porto Rico:
CE) Se 12,443
South Carolina:
Loy iii ES SG eee 18,454
South Dakota
Biack ills? Eee Se alsa ss.’ 476,890
Uo. Se 73, 171
PieHoyers 2-20 04.ue sos a--------- 535, 610
Sh. Sas a 1,085,671
Tennessee:
ietoitee !. oo daiee sess. =------ 113,724
U
974,229
268, 501

837

State and forest. Net area.

Utah—Continued. Acres.
ii) « TS lle sel cot es Selene Alpert fe 435,270
UL LLPITT (og Renee: Sei See aes a 700,744
MARDIBHD SSeS acedam oe sea ea so eae 657,048
MRSS oa one hon pata cee 509, 005
TOME aetna oes sins one ae nnn 781, 616
PAREN cg ee eens oo tae an awa e ed 69, 224
Ta a eek. al 2 Set | 656.243
BOVICL.-.--2 2-0 awe neenn-se-e--0-- | 720.250
AE ose cca a ae ae Oe 1,005,983
WASRUCN = on cane ase ease = Sod 605, 133
"Le ee ec, . , , 414,696

Virginia:

PPAR OIA ae oe coe maodas ences 1. ao rs aaa
Natural Bridge........-.....-.--- 87, 166
BERHATIOON A 8 wots teats eae oe a)

Tt ae leat iia | 310,011

Washington:
SE a ee 677,592
| Pelee nee eo mee 784, 627
(CSIRT Tae eee elt eels 754, (37
| TS ite Ceo: Speier ean | 257, 607
Olsuis eit ance. 5 Sou. cs sesen ees 1, 488, 457
Uo spittle eee eee 1,534,172
recon 20> ARE eee ae ge

AMANIN OS 0-3 Se nnaase seca 6 1
Washington _ a | 1,459,739
WC AA A o rarm ore sia cin = ao = ae mew miedo | 313, 439
PWWRMALCING SS oo c5 ws eee haat daeets | 057,034

ai teeter | 9,939, 889

West Virginia:
Monongahela’ =. ----2----<-s<-0=5 53,335
NheHandoatiive ss.-250-ss5< sees 45.192

AUC) SLRS = 3 ee, cee ee 98, 527

Wyoming:
oe See ete 5,987

Wii ae eee aaa ee a; 124, 617
Bigee “Hills Pot Soares eac sta eess "144° 346
rae tte scoot esses as caseee 713; 609
@aribowts2~ 3 ols 2a0220350~22 =
PSU Go ee i ee 327, 356
MedICiie be OWacsass-2h5- 20455555 478, 078
Shoshone -.. 222 s-s5sesccesee ¥ 579, 084
SUAS DG ce Ae aes 337, 666
MG a SS SS ee eee 1 924° 241
Washakie eo... 2.2 s225tsss55—eem 852? 315
Weyowiniee: 2... 22-st.eseaseaens 974, 614

Motals oe: <2 T leseecness2cet- / 8,468,197

Total, National Forests... ...-- | 156,032,053

Appalachian area?.........-...--.--- 109, 154

Grand total... 2..<<2: se<:ss<22 | 156,141, 207

1 For total area, see Table 335: ‘‘ National Forests extending into two or more States.”

2 Acquired under the Weeks law.

838 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

NATIONAL FORESTS—Continued.

TasLE 335.— National Forests extending into two or more States.

|

Forest. | States. Net area.
| Acres.
Cordnguo 2 ita os cee tee ee eae Wrisoris-N@W, Mexico’. . 205 -- 222. con~ = See ener | 1,431, 206
Bieri, c= cee se eee are <2 Ae eee teers | Arizona-Nevads-Utablo-. .c< sat. sees eee ee cee eee | 509, 274
pr eee s ROPES eee ty: (MGsilifarnin- (eet - << 28h or shana enn < Snen cee cae | 849, 225
WAGEAIO: -o- 50 enna es ore eee eae @aliiomis-Nevada-.. Senco cease encanta eee 553, 718
EL he eee ey ahs Beet SEER es SS te es C2 CR a Sp SR FeO I As Tras 1, 260, 586
Retort ck eet es ees eee @alifornia-Qregon =... eee ee. St ect 1, 583, 237
Rice es eens ence ns eee nee see Galifornis-NGyaun-* s-~- 20552 sesseee sane ane eee 1, 250, 017
Sisknyett oo ene ee eee nee teers @altfornia-Orerunts= 32: 2t< 52. eee eee 1, 346) 784
aig. esas ees ante Sareea Galifornia-Nevada si: 20220 - es = 22 eee eae eee 545, 063
Post yhinteee. teens Sete eee eee nee Colsrado- Weyouiinys......5 260") Sec eer ae ee eee 393, 409
Wat Bal voce on tenis nase ls th eee Golorado- Utalis2.". . ---ci-a2.-0.-seeshaeaseeeeeee 537, 049
aL (eae 20k, SS aie ae ee ee Idaho-Ubal ooo. oases ce genen ae - <2 eeno sees 761, 773
Caribe seek ens een ee eee ‘Tdaho- Wayamrip. 935: 4 t cess == 8 4 ane eee ee 676, 454
bait ccs wear: SO ee ee ee eas Idsho- Washington. -<os.65<2-.22ses-2-5-.s6 eee 455, 083
Mavi ORR oe on oe cee eee TdaliG-Utah - n- .. -- ona e one-on-one noes sos see 578, 308
Wegener wt Re et eI Ss Oca ee = Tdsho- Wy ominp. -'. . 2. 258ece s- ~~ cee = ace ese 1, 321, 397
Cririens oo? 5 Sees se ee eees ene Montana-South Dakota...........-.--------------- 591, 204
Wrist 2o.0 08 ee-h tee ene seen Gregon=Washineton. 3-2-2 )-sees.~-* <2 een 738, 719
Ripck Hiss cat cece occ weaeeaeeee South Dakota-W youting. £2. s:~.+-5---s5-s--eeeeene 621, 236
PE pee ES ee pet eae Wtah- W YORE. 3- ncldae a tnnescnntcneese see 980, 216
WIGS Sipe on. Sa cere menseaa Maine-New Hampshire.............------------+-> 383, 332
G@hinanidosh- eon a5 os. cee eee Virginia-West Virginia.......- OE a Ee 268, 037
Ciipetikee.teeetee* 22> es en eens ees Georgia-N orth Carolina~Tennessee...........------- 173, 958
WMinprivaliclat; 200) -.t~ teehee are ene Virginia-West Virginia. ..........-.-.----------ere= 53, 335
Menpealacc aes re eee eee Georgia-N orth Carolina-South Carolina. .......-.... 138, 220

TaBLe 336.—Grazing allowances for National Forests, 1920.
[Reported by the Forest Service. The symbols (+) or (—) indicate, respectively, that there was an

increase or decrease in 1919 compared with 1918. The figures themselves refer to actual numbers of
stock authorized in 1919.] ‘

SSSSRSSESSRRSSRSSSSSRRRK

Number of stock authorized. Yearlong rates (cents).
Forest. Cattle Sheep Sheep
and Swine. and Cattle. | Horses. | Swine.
horses. goats. goats
District 1:

MPBAYORES 3550 es 52 - 7,000" |a2u 5% -o2: — 70,000
Beartooth}: . 225.5222 + 5, S00 gad at8. 52 — 43,350
Beaverhead !........... — =~ D0; 7eDelatises s== <5 — 120,700
Bitterroos == 24-24 3<- eS ee — 66,000
Bilackleet. - 5.252. saece-5 pe ae — 15,000
OabiMee: os 56. .cens oeae 2, 400 | dacebes 2 25, 000
GERI WHEE. oo cose nececss = pe ee + 50,000
Coeur d’Alene.......... 1,000: | cosaeeusee 20, 000
Custer-Sioux 4... 2.2.2. AS a eh eb cee — 5,550
DIGCOTIONCS! coc cope eun 17, BBUr haa eh sos 51, 800
Miatheda.2s25 002.255 es ene, 4 + 5,000
Gullitgti os =. 0< 1435 syccee + 6; A oobi ces — 45,100
CE EE gi Se oe 15 200) 63, oe cae — 58,500
PORES Bs. .... Sdendee ++, oe BR TOO Ms. oo es + 124,100
OSIeeee Bert ces we a ee te + 14,000
MOOMEH EE eee cee ec er + $850 sh iis inherent + 35,200
Lewis and Clark........ _ OOO ectatacane — 41,200
7 7 2 aaa | $008 hsaci=ccece + 51,000
Madison !....... se ee 2] eee + — 185,000
Missoula..........-..-.. —: 9 650:b sence nas — 8,000
Wer s eCG- cs checesen ee ane a RECOIL. — 94,100
Pend Oreille............ - 690133 saves — 25,600
a 0 BE ees pe - oe ae Se + 62,000
A On Be pre ee Rr) Mmmm ay ad FEB BA 32, 000

215;080°|:...<ss0ne 1,188, 200 | 2 oo os soccanenn|ucaeme lees aan 4

District 2:

RIGO “doe cen cabeeend ajo’ TRON aaa 28, 500 25
Battlement 4... ........ mr ee ee 10, 000 25
pits yy sap ES SS lett OG ee ee — 126, 100 30
Black Hill ‘. >. BE USO Nis aesewans 7,450 25
Cochetopa !. . . weal. SOR BOU iis axe nwrente + 76,100 25
Colt re... dé tsateess few! "OE, G00 Ness cca nmae + 11,500 25

1 5-year permits authorized for cattle and horses and sheep and goats,
2 Fees on Sioux division are on basis of $1 per year for cattle.
45-year permits authorized for cattle.

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics.

NATIONAL FORESTS—Continued.
TaBLE 336.—Grazing allowances for National Forests, 1920—Continued.

Number of stock authorized.

Forest.

Yearlong rates (cents)

Cattle Sheep | :

and Swine and | Cattle. Horses. | Swine. |

horses. goats. /

District 2—Continued.

Dn oy ya ee — 95,500 100 125 75
Gunnison !............. + 38,025 |.......... + 51,750 100 125 75
Li Se eG" i ee ee ne ee 100 | 125 75
Mrydenit.........:--.-- Ah — 141,200 100 125 75
Holy Cross-Sopris !.. .-. 20, 20 tose ea =. — 93,370 100 | 125 75
Loi = 12°60" | ese es + 110,000 100 | 125 75
Medicine Bow!........| — 11,650 |.......... — 55,900 100 | 125 75
Dun qh ees 3, 300 | 100 | 125 75
MMIRHPCSOLD -....-.=:----- PA i Ug 2 See Ee Ee ee 100 | 125 75
Montezuma!........... — 36,720} + 100|— 51,150 | 100 125 75
Nebraska 15, 500 150 137 112.5
i 100 125 | 75
100 125 75

100 | 125 75

100 | 125 75

100 | 125 75

100 | 125 75

100 | 125 75

100 | 125 | 75

100 125 75

Sf EES by eaeeete | AA ree

Ladin a — 47,000 180 |— 55,500 100 125 | 75
Ce ee + 11,950 200 |+ 155,350 | 100 125 75
Coconino? _...........- — 47,000 100 94, 000 | 100 125 75
Coronado?............. + 55,000} + 300/— 8,800 | 100 | 125 7
Ti ae + 32,600/ + 115/+ 4,900) 100 | 125 75
Tl Se 56, 000 225 147, 000 100 | 125 75
CU ae — 57,600| + 475 13, 100 | 100 | 125 75
Uni re + 34,000] — 200|— 23,600 | 100 | 125 75
Manzano 1...:....::--.- tog? 000 Hips tess. 2 — 76,000 100 125 75
Lon ae + 69, 400 100 68, 500 | 100 | 125 | 75
Santa Fei.............. 18, 000 400 | 121,000 100 | 125 | 75
Sitgreaves 3............. — 9,000} + 400 |— 58,500 100 125 | 75
Coc) Sn — 63,300 500 100 | 100 | 125 75
Ok oa 28, 900 160 75, 200 | 100 | 125 75

| } re

541,750 | 3,355 OOTE Shi Seo fate ee SS ee

District 4:

anleyless2.321-.....-- 11 00D" Seem .L 100, 000 100 125 75
egeeecemee emer : <2. of S6S0S0 SE: — 137,000 120 150 | 90
Cro a 4433; 100 ens Weve — 65,000 120 150 90
CS a re — 29,200 |.........- — 127,800 120 150 | 90
Ci) ae = 98 DOO) eae. — 279,000 120 150 90
Jie eC ae =e 9; 000)|- 22-025. 2 '_ 88, 000 100 125 75
Dixie-Sevier1.......... + 16,100 | 400 — 80,900. 100 | 125 75
UU — 19,700 | 500 — 30,000 | 120 150 90
PWMishinke **-.-.....2.-:: "18/900 [2 — 64,400 | 120 150 90
ipermmbaidt--2=..2sc-.... fo eepibe S00 se 8 cen. — 283,000 | 120 150 | 90
Sn See ae OO eee oct + 132,000 | 120 150 | 90
oi ae =24 8,JO0S|sete <2 se 5, 000 | 100 125 | 75
LS EL i See — 24,000, + 200|— 35,000 | 100 | 125 | 75
Pe ee so = 17, 700) | eat... + 69,500 | 120 | 150 | 90
Minato. ue ob. 22: 600 lees 2 2. \— 128,000 120 150 | 90
Manidokat......cc..... aes ANON 2. =| + 79,400 120 150 | 90
Miovaned......- 2s... FeO: S00! | oc. |— 48,000 100 125 | 75
LyicS 2e aee e600" taco... + 117,500 | 120 150 | 90
Powell-Sevier}......... =f 985600) |. 222 ereees + 106,000 | 100 125 75
pee _ — 86,000 100 125 | 75

260; 000 120 150 | 90

234, 000 120 150 90

20, 000 120 150 90

24, 200 100 125 75

194, 000 | 120 150 90

61, 500 120 150 90

62,000 | 120 150 90

219, 000 | 120 150 | 90

3, 136, 200 |......-.-- 1 ae 8 eo ee we

15-year permits authorized for cattle and horses and sheep and goats.

25-year permits authorized for sheep.
45-year permits authorized for cattle.

839

Sheep
and
goats.

840 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. :
NATIONAL FORESTS—Continued. be

TaBLeE 336.—Grazing allowances for National Forests, 1920—Continued.

Number of stock authorized. Yearlong rates (cents). oa
nt La...) > i

Shi
and
goats. .
District 5: 2 .
Aneoles 3. Fcack |, 4, OR eee cei - oa 30°
California}. ...........- 50, 000 630
(Anema ts O75. 4, 800 ; 2
Eldorado}.........-..-- I 21, 200 a
[ene SENOS > Lae J— 49,200 CG” aoe
row 3 ee Spe ae 32,000 ,
Se Fe Pe 42,0C0 eae ee
1 EL ES eS Beveit — 57,250 \. Mira
ip he a + 87,000 Oth Se
ips Se ee — 87,300 10 ho SB
Santa Barbara}. ....... + 15,500 aT 2
et os ess Pe es - 5, 200 ah: a
Shastat:.... 1 se. + 37,000 9/0
Sey) ee 4 Nee — 46,200 < ae
Stanislaus !............-. + 19,300 Va, Ser
Pane Seo. <5 eae 55, 000 S < ee
3 See Seki [= 23,100 2 -
632, 550 ey
— 16,700 -t 30
— 33,000 ™ 30
+ 17,600 > ees
50, 000 30
— _19,250 30
— 22,100 30
— $4,000 & d
— 100,000 ihe
— 69,000 + eS.
+ 87,000 30
— 41,600 30
+ 1,000 25
+ 26,140 30
— 56,000 cA
— 18,000 30.
+ 17,750 "25
7,000 2
7, 200 e
55, 000 30
— 7,400 > Wy
— 60,600 a
5, 000 25
97, 000 30
66, 000 30
— 104,300 Rye
1, 068, 640 :

District 7
PERU 6s caso d Sree e's
oe” a feES ES ek oa “
SMR en cae eene eer
WSR. 8 cae scl |) ee een Penta

’

Purchase areas .
ISDON < «onc 2c deecccaclt 1a GO laaactiees ol peers 450
Cherokee-Georgia 45
Monongahela. .........-. 45
Nat Brides: ...| | eee ieee raed tea 150 45
Pisgah-Boone..........-. 550 150 45
Shenandoah............ 750 150 4
White Mountain... . ...)-- =" 150 Foe oo lc coneees eae 150 5
WME OD, ostinato ow 350 150 ii =F
Nantahala.............. 430 150 4

eC ee ae eee <aomen Se
SSS) ———S=S_Fo oo

Totals, 1913.......-..0--.-- | a KSRER PS BE 2 ys *

Motes, 144... <-<:.aansdas Rd eh | SARS Pe canes cae

| Se ee S787, O88 leon costs no] ane ane aaepinneen eee anhapal

eo! es Peas $007, 680 lone cnpanglanbareeeeieedans sien ch ceaid dese

a | ae eee S000, 156 || cudeowcaclonedeeutauisaenaaname eee

Motel, 10M 6..56on diene es S O07, O87 Na cavanposs|-nsa0s-tcc}vecsmeraeenee caraenee ”

ey. | Se rae 8, OOF | cwanatme pslepsqcthienlcoer tien ole naovaasaeel

Totals, 1920. pheonessneseessee 8, 554, 282 rere eee eee eee ee re ee

or decrease in 1920
over 191 eee ee eee ee eee ipod 291, 325 eee eee eel eee esvceseces
1 5-year permits authorized for cattle and horses 2 5-vear permits authorized for *
and sheep and goats. 25-year permits authorized for cat . 4

INDEX.

Page.
Acetone, requirements for military purposes.....-......--------++-+-+------- 456
Acid phosphate, dilution before shipment...............-....-----..+------ 221-222
meetve, manufacture from COrNCcObs.. wo. sc. oo sos wee elo ee ewe cscs eee eee 50
Agent— ;
IT OR Bc ttE, PARI oon ie as rg oe mine BAW A aise Fi SAS i BR Sle Sse ds 108
demonstration, introduction Df ieclers wookets......--2isesi wel lintues ..¢+onw Lae
Agents—
mcmanres, Number and Work .......--...- 225-4. lensed ads sas Jeepers 51-62
demonstration, success and its factors...................-2----------+--- 112-114
Agricultural—
@olleges, directory, 1920. .. 52.6... cele. eee seed ee eee cee eee 505-507
experiment staticns—
a edie i 2 a SS en a re ae 507
Rect ena n a'3 5 > o.-.<.. 213 ats Nod ates se @saee vet 55
products—
exports, 1917-1919..........-.....--2--2+2- 2222-2 e eee eee eee eee ee 770-777
eee, Meme Ot 8 i a 50. pts bese be weldwaeysass. 7/7
B18 8 ead 2 0) od Lode etheiees eaase-.f:r2 TOL-769
ES OG Salle en ee ees Be 1
Agriculture—
Commissioners, action against European corn weevil.........-.-.---.--- 102
Department—
aid to cause of agriculture..........- Sp AER 16 SEB ad ede nedetsh: 83
appropriation, estimates for 1922............-..-.--------+++-<.++--
cooperation in irrigation work...............-------- sBln Iak hs 206-210, 214
umeaadaran, Wlustration---.-.--27..- 2 ---- =e Se 354
IE WEARCH, WOE Stowe oo eens ae Bags a 4
personnel probiem, discussion By pocisaity.. 0s - 25. stew ge 79-80
aummeet, eauds, scope, and uses... ...-.. Int) 0.22 ssi elaine -.nteve.- 110
Weather Bureau, importance of work... .-...-...---------------- 181-202
enemies, control, diseases, TSeCIE, and amiMales 268te 3) eee. Te 38-44
IRR WOME... 3-b ot cach Shoei eb 22. Sie eect sos ees Je 51-53
International Institute, delegate, salary, Piety o*. ira) bis peat ise. Feu 24
SEE Eee COUNINICS =o sels eew Sele oe eea sb. lees se 834
Peneernicgs Of trained workers........---..-.- -We2ee ses ese de ed 83-84
population dependent in several countries. -....-. en oe g ehriad val: Longs 832-833
- Secretary—
allowance for administration of Federal roads funds...............--- 346
EEN se nn Pin ig ne Ges wg oe « eT ese. senishy 9-84
I COMIINITICE 2 bi en in es ne we nwa SSE 21
State Commissioners, move against corn borer-.......------.-------.----- 102
iret os Se Ge ee ss sen ec wee nee 508-509
Ei. StGOUS 2... al aseey bite eben eS. SLL oho tee 825
statistics— .
SPIER ie ona at a ne a PIE UE 803-840
BIER ages Se ke ce oo o> aula Saas 534-840
success and failure, causes, need _of scientific research......-.----..-.----. 5-6
use of wood in the industry See Beene plore ckghe Ss \< ane a ee 156-157
Air, upper—
conditions, observations, use by aviators..............- _ eee red. 186
observations by use of kites and balloons...................-.-...--- 186, 196-197
Airplane, struts, strength tests, illustration -..............-...-.---.-.----- 448-449
Airplanes, lumber requirements Barratt. Sa Pema sot feu lias thou... wate 443-444, 447
Alabama—
boll weevil poisoning work, progress..............-......-.0-+-+--.-05-- 248
live-stock associations, directory Bs este ie Saeed a A ciddieut .620ock 515
Muscle Shoals nitrogen plant........-. RE teres ee a 2 ee 56
EEO. tic Riese Be wo oc i We aos win ew a UREA & aiuto 836
Alaska—
ne IRN tue at Mtoe oe on GS sega we ee ene 1 os CeO 67-68
game and par nearer, PER RRIOOE - oe aS =. men dea ¥ OS Oy. tee RY 171-174

842 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. -

Alaska—Continued. Page.
National Forests, areas........).-.2 $4 61s 2. shee i 836
Tongass National Forest source of timber and paper pulp................ 67

Alcohol— 1:
grain, making irom sawdust and waste...................---.-.---..0: 460-461
wood, distillation from wood.........s2¢9214). 120 U2 10. Me 456

Alfalfa—
destruction by pocket gophers and rabbits............................. 433, 435
introduction and value: 5 |... 2 feed ewascs o- k aoa oe 45, 46
seed, frost warnings for growers..-:.........--.....s 0m we J 192-198
weevil, control by birds .2-..... 5293903. PEUGES. Oo. SGP a ea 253, 265

ALLARD, H. A. ,and W. W. Garner, article on “ Flowering and fruiting of plants

as controlled by the length of day’ 2 ecw ents due Ula. La 377-400

Almonds, imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value...................22....... 767

Alsace. potash deposit, extent, formation and use............-..--------...- 369-370.

Ammonium sulphate, production from coke ovens, etc.......-.--........----- 55, 56

Angora hair, imports, 1917-1921, quantity and value............-.2...-...... 761.

Animal— ‘}
body, necessity of phosphorus... ......0. 2... .. 220d. 5. < see e eens een 217
products, statistion, 19205 |<. 262. o>. Set 718-722, 734-741, 748-752, 759-760

Animals—
condemnations at slaughter, 1907—-1920....................2..0...22.22- 759-760
domestic, breeding results, article by D. S. Burch..............-...... 331-338
farm— -

number in world countries..-._..-.25-02)../....9-....-9 2. ae 701-719

statistics, 1920: ...- 279038 Ft a, PS 701-760
growth—

differences, study of causes....-........- -YUNMEOS SS (OO a 225-226

principles... . hve. sec. eck. . et ee ee 238-239
meat, number slaughtered under inspection, 1907-1920................-.- 759
predatory—

eontrol-moethods 32.55. 6006 Css nora din eeeek eee gee 292-293, 296-299

control work... ..~.<....YI@tOr. VA SGU Se 42

hunting, article by W. B. Bell... . 2. set. bon 21908. SRA ee 289-300

rabies suppression... / 5: 2-62 - SIV Ree. a 292, 293-294
vitality overtaxing, a cause ofrunts......-.J 0001.52.02... 2 238
wild, conservation, and of birds, article by Edward A. Goldman... .... 159-174
young, sanitation and care, to prevent runts...........-...2....0.2..2025 . 229

Annapolis, Naval Academy milk supply...............2..-022..005.000008 463-470

Ant hill, African, illustration. . ......0. 0. 0..25. SUL. Uw UU Te 420

Ants, control by DITdS.... ... Jove w ows s wUILG UTED U IEE 259

Aphis, wheat, control by birds. --.....--..-.s0s2-+.---is---.-- tee seen 266

Apios, tubers, relation to shortening daylight................................. 390

Appalachian National Forest, area... 2... 22.24 <0... .nee- enn euwe en ee 837

Appendix. 2... .- Sees oe we Se Cee eee Ree Tn Ra 505-840

Apple crop, 1920.....2... 00265 -..- 2DEUEL USED eS Oe) ee 9,12

Apples—
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value.................. 2005, 8). ae 773
grading—

lack of uniformity.....-..~ ~~ een we eines a sremece alae s ctere 361
origin and development... ...... -..02.-0-.c0456-5-0~ dee i, ae
leading States... .....tGaoee T eiaoe pop aae tei Tees J 805
losses—
1912-1919, extent and cause@s.. 3.2... ds. o2 < esas oe 652
from disease. ...-... ++... +05 . UNG i bolal OSes aU Us OT Iau meen 39
marketing, establishment and usefulness of grades Oe oobi 359-361
acking, prevention of deception... -- v2.4. Uli... Jeol JU. Se 360-361
tome Beauties, well packed for market, illustration.....................- 360
soil adaptations. <« .. 4... scsedessesn sisepanee ssn ewnde See. 419
statistics, production and prices.........-.----+-+--+0+ee- sees eee ee eeee 651-654
varieties, production, percentage of whole crop............-......-.----+- 654
Appropriation—
redatory animal. .. i. .d6 2.2 oc ter ep nde cab euidslceees Eas ea ee ane 292
Veather Bureau; 10102) 200 2. rie es 6 ae eee ee ee 202

Appropriations—
dairy at Naval Academy...........-------20e ee sents vesceseseeseestenses
rabies suppression, Federal and State....................4222+-++-e0ees 292, 208

:

Index. 843

Page.

Apricots, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value.................-.-2.------- 773

Argols, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value...........-.-.-.-.-.---------- 763
Arizona— {

eee Aron fernis.. 2.2 Ss ieee os bus. slo ye EERE Lee - 821

neces sesociationa, Gitectory.....:..... vile. lus. vives Qer. cule. 515

ee Soren, ‘areca: - + >: ites Jo naa nd eee ice ors Uosils 836

rodent extermination work, and acreage covered...........-------- 427, 432, 435

EN PERSE GAS CIE) Pee ee ee oe cit ns RSE Veh 170-171

Arkansas—

SE nCInITONE, UilCrsOry >. s-. -- e e e 516
nner oredin aron. 2-5 Sige Fucs ooSiusies UL0b sl Wel zaseaee. Lb 836
PORN RMT == >>. 2 Tp RepeP eet seu ra sostliive.cEe bes ews 218

Sunnren TEquirements-=........-.--.---.------------------+---+-- 443-447, 451
Arsenate, calcium. See Calcium arsenate.
Ascaris lumbricoides, life history - -& seis Bitlet. sfilad i. were See 175-178
Asia, resources undeveloped..... ene te gE A oe x - 22 (eG bu, 26 eee wdaeh 499
Asphalt, use in road building, development.....................----------- 340-341
Asses, statistics, numbers-in world countries...............-..22-.2+---.--- 701-717
Weweradka delta, Canada, game breeding......-.----2-----2----425--2--0-- 164-165
ES ITOUCTING GU oo ew es eHOEL EAU deus U, sea 145
Atwater, HELEN W.., article on ‘‘ Food for farm families” ............-.-.-- 471-484
Audubon societies, work for bird protection...........-.-------------------- 268
etre! GUTDIUS production. ~_...-...-.------------- -c<eesee)- sete 499
Automobile, relation to roads, discussion........----.--------------------- 340-341
Automobiles—

REO ELC) oie pete Pe oe a gee Sa oes « Se et eee Oe 829

statistics of registrations and roads..... wie ss nes Sie ot Loree Bias 828
Eton ee ese as - ese: atl-eew put sy- 377
Avocado, budwood, freighting on muleback, illustration.............-....---- 420
meocsos seed” Guatemala, illustration... :2.- 2. ¢.022- esis sa Sh oe es be eee eens 420
Bacon—

ne oiv—-1919 quantity and value...-:-....-..----.--.---.------..4 77

‘imports 1917-1919, quantity and value.....--- of Sg Ae tyes, SUS Aabiss See 5 762
Patioons, pilot, observations in upper air..-......------222--.-4--s60--- 186, 196
Bananas, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value.................-..--------- 765
paaeers esc to extension club members..........-..----.------------------- 491
Banks—

Miert-loan character of loans:. 525-6 --!s Sec vies ws een ee sees eed 279, 280, 281

DEPT NOLGs. 22... ss. 3. 2 54-2, - a eee-Bewe al oekee 279

aaron: WOK... 2. .!- 222.2335 +2 eae stegiawes es ess ieebenck 39
Bark extracts, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ..........---------.-- 771
Barley—

consumption in world countries, 1909-1913, 1914-1918..........-.--.--- 608, 609

emery 1919. COUSCS..._..- =... 2. .------- 22 anche bed) - ued 583

exports—

I tres 2 Sh. De CE ec. td nel gas his sce 585

meee quantity and value. ..2.-...-..-.--4----4+ ---H-ees-seneeat 773

I 80s SSN 8 ors vs err deat 585

ee ees Sn) ne re or a 805

eeeceeericipal markets, 1913-1920: .-. 2! ci sna ilan st -m sees Juem 584

Suatisuics, acreage, production, value, etc.-........-.---.20s----+-4e--- 576-585

or in fce taney i ey Wi I) eR ee ee eS Te: 585

Hamm, Naval Academy for dairying, illustration.-.............---------+------ 465
PED MDOOStNCATC. SIZES... . siete) sca be cide - ese pee tee eens Ot git ~Se8 362
Beans—

[eeseol7 1919, quantity and value.....-.........--------------«+ss- 769

See principal markets, 1913-1920... .--.-.- - - - ese eee ee nes en ce eens 665

statistics, acreage, production, and value..........-.------------------ 663-665

Bears—

mamatuiness,'by live stock destruction... /.......-..----s2--.4--.4s 289, 291, 295

msenariment hunters. .../...-.-.-----.----------------ss-nne 299

nr eS fo), 2h J. 2 tp nied chiewwe'e's ple ele oe Pier 173

Beavers—
US En rr a 173

OTN OS ee re 166

844 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Beei—
baby, club entries weight and value). 2. bse-¢/iutduo Ee S302
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value--.-..........-.------+----.-: SSCL ESS
imports— ,
exports, production, and consumption................-+++.-++++--- 826
1917-1919 quantity and value... .......¢2it¥al0. evita oye
production, increase by improvement of cattle. _.-.......----+-++----++- %
Beehives, Africa, illustration... ..U/io.22. 220k lyue. ore eee eee
Bees,fosses by birds... .*-.: oe le ee ee :
Beetle, potato, control by birds Soba 3 2eo ceil ol ewer lala see ,
Beets— Oz
seed, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value.............-.-.-----------. 768
source ao potash jertilizer in sugar making... ............- Otsu eae 4

crop, 1920... bn so ene 2 = os Se es 5 ye
statistics, acreage, yields, value, etc.._. Sg: LS Oe 0 677-678, 68
Beggai-ticks, forcing experiments. .-.........-..2--.... 2222.22.01 0
Beit, W. B., article on—
“Death to the rodents”............-/o9) i.) 2.L0ubt at ~~) .0 UEC Se 42
‘Hunting down stock Killers” __.........20U292v! Run. AO 28!
Bending, test of wood, illustration... .......-.2..+.-..-.----./Ji05 0 Ee 448-449
Berries, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value... J... s0. 95.00... Se VL eate
Better sires— on
Campaign, PTOpTesB. ./.-< <2. 2- 7-054 5s esate vel cules aa
importance to dairy herds. .-..-..s....: .DUDWULvin. Na 0 pba
Bidens, spp., forcing experiments... ...:-522-2- 222 2, «= 0-3 > == 5 a
Billbugs, control by birds, <2 2. ccc: ssp s soe pe oo oe SO
Biological Survey— rings
aid to farmers in rodent eradication............---------.-+-+-+-+++
in vestigations for protection of birds.22:: 20001 2 a Ke
management of wild animal reservations. ....................-.--..-:-
studies of predatory animals............./..-..3-.<--.--.-<--+-00 eee
ses by banding of extent of water fowl shooting...............-------
work a) b>.
on wild life and its conservation. ./2./.2..5..-1....0.._.. Wr
with Alaska wild animals. .......... 2.00110... SR ae
Bird reservations, occupants, illustration.................-----.----+-+-.2sse-. 7g
Birds—
attraction means, illustration. \2_..../. 22.0 2... 2 2.0 3. ans oe
conservation, with wild animals, article by Edward A. Goldman. . ...-
enemies to farm peste... oo. 25 ee ee wat
feeding habits investigations..................-..--..-.----.. LL sR
help to farmers, article by W. L. McAtee ..............---.-.2------2002
Increase, attraction methods. ......... 2.2... si cnse-sssce- => +e
insectivorous, number, estimate ........-..-..- Ae I ae CPG
kinds and classification...~ . 2.25. 5..50.0s00600--00UR. LA Mud
migratory, protection... -d5 2h inns J~s caw g=- doen =o
of prey, feeding habits. .............- i fahe ou acdie techs 2% anit hee ee ~L ites
protection, public sentiment...............082)1/. Yi eA
reservations under Biological Survey... -..-<..++.--/s--s- +205 ase
stomachs, study details... 2.2.5 556 poe seen sees hp swede 6 ae eee ;
upland game, feeding habits... ....... S220, [Ji au
value, esthetic phase...:.:..-..- 225.20 S208) oes _ eae ee)
See also Blackbirds, Bluebirds, etc. ’
Bites, venomous, cause of prejudice against anakes..'0)/¢.', 0). 22a ae
Blackbird, Brewerfstomach contents, illustration. -..........-.-----+++++-++- ,
Blac birds, feeding habits injurious........-<\5-<<0s<0+--+<s~ss0905 Senne
Blast furnace—
source of potash for fertilizer............2.25. vs. dele ee eee eet neeeen : 3
study for potash production, remarks. ..............-+-+-++++2+0s0+e+00>
Blizzards, warnings to live stock growers.............-.---- Ss apanen ee ee ici
Blnebirda, feeding habits. ...-.. 2... oe cevees boc ceesenedte eas ha es seen oon
Bobcats— ’
harmfulness by live-stock destruction.................---.-.+-0+-
killing by Department hunters. .............-...scccscccccseccccecsss

Index. 845

Boll weevil—
control— Page
Ee cee eae san bas 4 -,- 0. apiaebed's «ane 266
ee? Sa aoe” oe anit opis Bie aS te. «eas 40-41, 104
: with, poison aust, article by B. R. Coad. . 2... 2. mecee bur cceas-> 241-252
poisoning—
LO et Sa i en renee. arate 251-252
RIMMEL IPE LOAN 2... a nd a a in < 4 Smee feient won edee 250-251
aE UIA MOPERIOS. be oa os we Ate ae cid gs ane 248
SS SS CO ea a ee ee ee a oe 39-40
Pemeientign Projects, Giliculties. ._ . - - - =. <j. on ew nn hae yw ed wee eee none 206
Borax, presence and control in potash fertilizer _...................-..-.-. .. 371-372
IRN ed ie Fo a en a bo se perish i> “haccianetecp-- +4 41
See also Corn borer.
Borers—
SE PICODLLON Val 7c os 2s = 2 ae Seas otieeag acne a+ ean 267
Suu eOntTO! WY WOOO PCCKEN. ._---..- <<. ne ct eee nen edie noenen 259
Boston—
corn borex infestation... .- -- - SEE OS 5 NERS ICH Be 2 te Oe 100
nnn MrUERCRTCUICG GHG WORK... =. <2. 2-2. Lk. - ampadenk nemo a--+<25-0 140
Boxes—
ESE SL Sc a rr ee 450-451
ESTER TS SoS a ri ai es nan. 446
moecgen, needs for marketing citrus fruit._.-:......--.--------------««-- 147
aa clubs, advantages, article by C. B. Smith and George PB. Farrell _..__. 485-494
Ti —
RTL VIARIDESTIBETUINERS 8 ye ne in we ee meine 120-12]
Seemed) (lvl mnaniity and value....... ~~ <.--hn-era-~-=ance* “ous 774
I MMMEMEEAGH WORKS. oe. 2 acs tee ses as. ~ 2 anec ane 120-121
Ts a ee ae ae ae ees 477
Bread-club demonstration team, iliustration..................- et tes 490
eemerck.; sectional preferences.....-- -- +... --- bene eee meena 477
Breadstuffs. See Grain.
Breeders, plant, importance of light control..................-.------------ 398-400
Breeding—
AI 4 ee Se ee cas 336
IR ICRES- ONE ENSTARES 50 28 it Sa ie ein = sine nn 2 ya oe 228
live stock—
ESO ys a a ee eas 331
ee EES US Sep SE ee a en ei 334
pummemmporiance of light control./-_-----..-- 2-2 a--------- 5-0-2 +28 398-400
gece. tor improvement of live stock... --.-.-.---.-----..+---«----------- 48-50
superior, means of preventing runts....-...-.-..--.--- 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 237
AR a re BS erie ie a ee nal er nn me Se laa eta eaepeae 409-412
waterfow], reduction by drainage of marshes.................-...--------- 165
Breeds—
uecmcreentage of each, by States.-...... see ence --e- 731
Peraaerceniage of each, by States........-.---.:--...-.-.---..-.-+---s- 755
umaercomiage of each, by States...-.---..--. ~~ - sn sm---ab ee - nn a---- 747
Brier root, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value...........-. Dts eh i 764
Bristles, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value.............-.........--..--- 762
Broom corn—
importation, means of introduction of corn borer...............----------- 85
statistics, acreage, production, and value.....................----------- 668
Buckwheat—
EE See ne ne ae be EE, algae So aaa ee nea eee 805
Statistics, acreage, production, value, etc.................---.--------- 595-597
Buffalo—
hides, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value...............--..--.-----.- 762
nr nnerrntana, IIMIStTALIOR. «2. 4. oe 05 oe. os = soe vine = - =~ one nes 167
Buffaloes, statistics, numbers in world countries.........-.-.-.-- a Sole Se Need 701-717
auemeeere. ee Of Cold wave warnings./.......-...-.-...---.--- nse ee se nacane 189
Buildings—
; _cmeval Academy at Gambrilis.... =... ~~... ..--- sen ennae anes 464-467
Department—
ES SS 8 ee er eer ere eee 78
Ruparary, wnsafe CONGITONS. <2... 5... oe ee ee ee ene nn ese ne 7
need for ted f Mae EG cits own go's Sven ont aS uivs Sac ck wae saw 149-150

846 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Page.
Bulbs, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value.........-. © waibihia x anna ca 766
‘Bulk line,”’ theory of cost of wheat production-.--- eb itetee Sa nt Ee
Bull—
associations, advantages to dairymen...............-...-2.--+-----+----- 410-412
pure bred—
Hereford »illusteation:: 2. . 2s eS ee eee 234
value inbreeding c's C2. .~. -o.0 3 ee eee 336
runty, tlustration:.::-.=- ~~ ..22.1-2. 0 2 ae er 230
superior— n
sacrificing for want of records:. 2.000272 oe np foe = 8 eke 410
saving by dairy records. :.2.2 452 02-52 SoS ee 411
well-formed, registered, illustration... 2.w 222202 2<2 J 522: 222.2
Bulletins—
market, location of boards and use..-...........-..------- - 22s «Se 141—
preparation, nature, and scope...........---2-2----------- See 107, 108, 110 —
Bulls, judging ‘by progeny + 2222225018622 2 211i Lori ee ee eee 410-412.
Burcu, D. S., article on ‘‘ From scrubs to quality stock”’...............-.- 331-338.
Bureau. See chief words in title.
Butcher birds, ‘feeding habits: :22 222... 35.-: 52) ei 263
Butter— rs
exports 1917—1919, quantity and ‘value... 222.020. ..0 <2. noe 770
making, improvement by demonstration work..............-...-.------- 121
market reports, preparation and use. .---..°-.<. 5-2. 22-s+-2-ssceee eee 143-145
prices'at principal markets 1913-1920-~ 22.2. 2222.2 ' 735
receipts at principal markets, 1913—1920..... .........-.-----~~--.ssneuee 737
statistics, prices, receipts, and international trade, 1909-1919............ 734-736
pee on farms; per capita... 222200 - cS. Se. Sp eee ne ee 476
Butterfat— -
increase in cow testing association, illustration........... are 407
production—
average for tested cows and all cows.........2..5.22---.---- 2-2 Jones 404
world’s recordl2.u.2. 32 202.0. RAs Fee Lee ee 404
Buzzards, feeding habita>-.---.. 22sec. los acc nee eo soe ee 256
“C. N. D.,”’ markets service of telegraph limes. : +. 22- 52-0. S225 eee 140
Cabbage, statistics, acreage, production, and value...................-...--- 670-671
Calcium—
arsenate—
properties, requirements, and testing:...............-.-.....-.--- 245-246
seizure of inferior grades. -......\..- >... -- a<-- te e+ - noes ee 246
use in, control of boll weevils... 2.) +... ne oe 40, 241-252
cyanamid, production at Muscle Shoals nitrogen plant.................... 56
requirements in food and ‘sources... .......... s+ eaeeesse sp ees seen 480
Caliskins—
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value....-............--,--.---+sss65 =n 770
imports 1917-1919, quantity and value.:-.-.).... 2.2. +e oe -3 es eee 762
California—
eitras crop, value,:19202. . satel. oo ag et eb rae ney Se 188
irrigation—
districts, consolidation’ work: . 22.22.2222. 2 Sea eee
underground water, ACTeA@e.....-. ~~. ni yo ue ans oe eee Se 214
live-stock nssociations directory... 12 oon ae oc cow enies scene ne eee oe 516
losses from: rodeutes 052. 255 UU PAUSE. TE ww eo es acs eae oat ee ae ee 422 |
National: Forests, areas: i025 bas ne Ts 9 POOR 836
tebies outbreak; IQLAs ee 1, ea a ee 293
rodent extermination, and acreage covered..................-....- 427, 428, 432
Searles Lake, potash deposit, remarks..................-e-0s-ce-ceers 370-372
‘Calves—
condemnations at slaughter, 1907-1920... 2.2.22... cee eee eee eww e ees 75
dairy, club work, North and West, resulta... -.. 2 ns sers anus eeeee
number slaughtered under inspection, 1907-1920. ..................--.-+- 759
Camp, forest, pack train, illustration... ...... aes <b» <<; <ss0sep essen une eeee 314
Camphor, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value........................---- 764
Canada—
Athabaska delta, game investigations................ mee P Perr tees oe 164-165
¢orn borer infestation - :~°..5 >. Usucacene ces: tomet akan penne eeeeeee 4l

Index. 847

Canal, irrigation, break caused by pocket peehes Ulustration » (236 9ee 22. 434
Canals, irrigation, length and requirements.............................. 214-215
Cane, sugar—

SDS RTOS WATE § (oo a far se ee ee eho eee oe SILO OTL ere 193
mintistics, acreage, production, etc.....)... 200.2. 2. el! 679, 680, 687
Canning—
mune benefits to.farm homes. 0)! 69.\)5. ibe Soe 485, 490
fomato, extent and value of home work .................22110000..,200. 113
Capillarity, soil moisture, value. ............ bE IDPH TEE. POU ake 213
Caribou, preservation, roblemain, Alasked. 2i(ioFiads 14.220... malii2o) 171-174
Cart, duster, Mneotionsield, aisiration....-.-..le¥.uvi os. lew ln. 244
Castor beans, imports 1917-1919, Cuantmy snduvalie #!~ Lists areas. 520 pen 00 168
emer OmProwth. 2.2... 2. Sek eee Le 238
IIMS Ds. S25 5ge- Se nee cece ee teense ele 263
@arerpallar, corn borer, with eggs, illustration. .................2.0.) 2.240202. 91
Caterpillars, DeAlbe Gatdoat Pee... 22 be 9. Os erned eulio 259, 263
nn ranscs outbreak, 1916... 2... 2.05)... lei. ene eet 293
Cattle—
meueminrovement by breeding... .. .......80 0 eb UPL el 49
breeding, CoS Ce a a ea 334, 335
mereeds, percentage ol each, by States....................2 222.20. 0Le.. 731
‘condemnations at slaughter, anOR=IOROY oD Aen cll Poti KS 759
dairy at Naval Academy, Mlakersvion/: Olly ous Veigiet eis cose 466
OSC ee oe eee ee 457-460
grazing—
Buawances im National Forests, 1920......................-+22200- 838, 840
Bons! Horpete trios Lee Py) ea eel lelese. 315-318
hides—
pmponis 917-1919". quantity-and- value. 2.2.4 <.:-.2.55. 02S. 770
pupors, 1917-1919, quantity and value....... .2)2. 2) oy) fel eae 762
am ports, 1917-1919; numbers and value. }. - 2. 2.).020 0000000020000 0.2: 761
losses Dy predatory anpimals..........._................-....--.-~ 293, 294, 295
_marketings, receipts and shipments, 1900-1920... .......2..2.2.2.2-.--. 758
minenete, estunates at’Chicago.... .... 2.2.) 2.2. ie ke 141-143
number slaughtered under inspection, 1907-1920. 22.2... 759
aumperm Wational Forésts, 1916-1920... .....2..............2...----- 835
statistics—
imports, exports, and prices, 1896-1920. ........................... 728
MUtDemanGnvarile. OtCi< aL euONU Suu Mie Gey) MIAN IOls 729-733
muebers an world countries. . 5.2202) [ie 2. Per ee. 701-717
prices—
niepmnecipal markets, 1913-1920.0 055. 2222 Yi ee 733
need 2 lL GRR Bh Soe, Oe, Do ke lo pore ior 758
penmconomonranres, illustration... -..............2 55.08 Ae 290
Sere meeban. Gsiration. if. 62.2 22922 SI SOL OR ect 318
Pemistry associations, National, directory). ).2)L2...2.. 20.0022. 510
MUMPREEeMUAP CS . oS tate LUSTIG SLI es pee 6h SONS. 227
SN E00 rrr 42-43
Celery— 95-96
growing in district of corn borer infestation. ...................-..2.... 95-96
aayary by. corm borer, with illustration. 2.02.02... 2.2.). 5.2.00 2222.20 5. 86, 91
Cement—
dust, catching for use as fertilizer, illustrations.......................... 366
iuaeasurce ot-potash for fertilizer. . 20)... 822 0S le. 368-369
emniaewitn seritiainer 2 SS PLS PLA 367-369
Genuoeeimersiiacture from corncobs. .-/-/. 250.022) deo: 50
SUSIE EYST. I a RS 268
Cereal foods, Peeemnrind: per enpiea Sf. o EE SPUN Oe 477
Cereals, consumption in world countries, 1 Q00S1GISE NS VO. SO Tee. Fee 608-6 LO
Charcoal, RMREPINCIRAT Ines eee ns Ys ee Soe is nn wp eR 456, 457
Charlotte, Demeeeoutton Dulles. eer y - 25. PA UL Ae 145
Chayote, introduction in home CLE GE ERS ge aha eer el Et ly 112
Cheese—
exports, 1917-1919, quantity and value............................----- 770
‘market reports, preparation PM RCM ote ote ete ante bd ss cee eee 143-145
trade international, UTE Ee: gS 9 eee ara See Pace Reine eerie circ der (8 |

848 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Chemicals, derivation from wood. .....-..........0..0222--2 2002-25 -deee ee
Chemistry. Bureau, Development Office, function. . ...-.--- rascal. ono se
Chicago, live stock center, importance and market reports. _-_-._.- ss
Chickadees, feeding habits. $2 en. ses c.. Leen
Chickens, statistics, farm price, 1909-1920. -..........2--...-22222.2.20222-2
Chickweed, everblooming tendency .-...-- = - - 2 caus sea eee ees eee
Children, susceptibility to round-worm infection... -..-.................. 1
Chocolate. See Cocoa. olen s
Cholera, hog, control work need of funda._.__.......-9t le¥_.ssuleuun, Gee ict
Chrysanthemums, forcing by shortening daylight... ...........-...........- 384, 385
Chuck-will’s-widow, feeding habits. .........2v.csciiUi.llel.2el ue a oe
Cinchona bark, imports 1917 7-1919, quantity and vaiue.-.....................- ei
Circulars, Department, nature and scope....:.....2....-d28202080 :
Citrus fruits— ;
by-products. « -«. cee veces. <5 Ae Jt. tes Se Lee core BO-
marketing, requirements of hoxes......-..-....-.shald-vd. Ga Weesast
protection from frost, cost and saving................--+-.----+.+---- .- 187
City diet, comparison with farm dict.:.....-.-.-..-.5..-22./2..0. Uo aa ¥
Clay, use with sand in road building...... ~ +--+ bb bien. Ld Sod iia
Climate— nib
relation to Crops...-.5-+-4--.-+ -2s+.~.24532. ch dpee te. ope Gae ee
studies by Weather Bureau and cooperative observers. .....-....-.-----
western States, rainfaii and available water supply..........-.......---
Clover— é
red, flowers under infiuence of Jong days, illustration. ...............-.-
exports, 1917-1919, quantity and value. ..............-.:.:1.--..--- 7
imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value. ...............-.......ea
statistics... .... 2.0.65» - -duisy-bee sig (MB be
weevil, control by birds......-....-..-.-.--- Jetetus UCL. T £0). cae
Cloves, imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value. ..............-......-..1-2. 7 768
Club work— : non, Ta
benefit to members, typical examples. .-........-.--.-+--+----+-++- 485-487, 48
ha! and pig, illustration.....-...--.-.-....-<seetul 2 Jc6s ee
uence on relations of mothers and daughters. .-.-- Sey
Clubs— ang
advantages, article by C. B. Smith and George B. Farrell eee ... 485-
aid by bankers. ...-.....-.- -<-. #0 L-A@8i .aaabier dts Gaeeeee i
development benefits in home demonstration........-...-.--.-++--+++---
holding and investments of members. ...........---------+ee-++- + saa
members returning home, illustration..............---.-------+--+--+<5- 4
number, membership, and funds, 1920. acess: ef atew en: lpetee ie
purchases of pure bred stock........-.---.----2---:sabeeb=>s)> See
work on farm problems. .............-.-<-««shs tend haese aoe
Coan, B. R., article on “‘ Killing boll weevils with poison dust’”’...........-- :
Coast and Geodetic Survey, MAps, SCOPCs <4. <2!,- +. .45 367% -esceerseeee Pty
Cobs, danger as hiding place of corn borers, note... .-.....-. - - +s sees eee
Cocoa—
exports, 1917-1919, quantity and value............-...-.-----------se0 13!
imports, 1917- 1919, quantity and values... -.<(s':- .26m- i<-isigsel we j-u granny
Coconuts, imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value. :.- ... 2. - ss «sees 555 oe
Codling moth, control by birdé.......0....-..-2-.-2-0st.«2ssueaee en ails
Coffee—
exports, 1917-1919, quantity and value. .-..........-.-+------++++++--+5
imports, 1917—- 1919, quantity and value... ... ... . s.«+s seb sen see
prices on principal markets, 1913-1920. ......- ..<00- 0 sesiee ss eee eenede owns
statistics, exports, imports, and prices, 1909-1919-~ - .. . .....n\ss=s- semen
Cold waves, warnings, results.........-..--- 2+ apiage-ens «nen anenens eee
Callege courses, securing by club work. .........-...-- 22+ 0+0s-0-ceeeteneaes
Colleges, agricultural—
aid in agricultural problems, need .............----+s0+-0eeeese-seseeenes :
directory, 1920. «un. 0<veccenees sn as 00s )-ansleepe aiinesy ser seen 505-507
Colonization, new land, need of national policy-..................-+-+-++-+--s _ 288 —
County agent. See Agent. ‘Ss
Colorado—
Corn Clube’ WOPK. ... 2s onc ccccces ssa pach on duiadties sini ae eee
live-stock associations, directory .......-...-.--0++-eeeceeeceeeeeeceees

Colorado—Continued. Page.
Se ee er er mrp 422
MNS, CNOA 285 5 ie on ow whoa eine SUSU Ld LS OSL BE Pe 836
rodent extermination, and acreage covered..................-.-.------ 427, 432

Commerce Department, aid to Division of F oreion Markets. 020.5 20 2leco2).-. 501

Commission men, live-stock markets, control orders....................-.----- 7

Community—
action, importance in irrigation and drainage................-......-.. 207-210
ES ET a 491-493

oe: use for irrigation pipes, investigations.......................--.--. 215

SeecuMe, water, requirements study. ........-.-.--.-.-----.-.-s220e eet ele. 215

Congress, appropriations against corn borer........-..--...-.-..---.-------- 101-102

Connecticut, live-stock associations, direc tory. ek Suet colds MeL degicucet 25. 517

Conservation, wood, methods. . : et kin mance ia dees vas 440-456

Containers, improvement, results of testing. Ee Soe) APR SIE. SO EASES O02 Sek 450-451

Cooking—
mer in Stimulating Interests: Js2).i lies Givi Leslee lee lee 117
Bem, demonstration work, Dote-.........-...2./.2 2b .. biisdsee eee ee 119
improvement by demonstration work................---+-------+------ 120-121

Cooperation—
oer, painamewmiebMarkets Bureau... 2. ----<--2--s- wien cee -+- 262 22-24

ide MEMetdOI PEOICCIS. . << ee een - SL 206-209
deat poisoning campaigns, cost and results.................--------- 429-437
States—
im dorest activities. .........5..-.. 26 Oe Stay soda Y 63
Bemeeeieck protection. - 0.2. .........-- -2eeull. “eu glad: Las 293, 298, 299
TIMMS ie RE Se ats ne owe faa eee nt wi So eee 418

Cooperative agricultural extension work, State officers in ames vetlees. ube a 50S

Copal, imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value.. Piso 82 sete: (eb bop YGF

en bark, imports, 1917- 1919, quantity and value. 902s ib. desde. wLaoyt 763

rn—
American, injuries by European corn borer, article by W. R. Walton.... 85-104
belt, quarantine priest WOrers. 6-2. 2. 3x22: Saye Howls)... Have 95
borer—
AN SENICLERANOD . . o> 25 2.5 oe necn 5 - s - ae aR) on 2. . ~geed 91
5 ae ncn ae ee Se Lge PSI o Ped i ws 41
eustrolby, buming stalks, weeds; etc. ..-.-.......-..-.-.--.---iues 98
control by making ensilage, suggestion Fanaa tisha yn ogee: eee ae Peas 96-98
control efforts of Congress through Agricultural Department... --..-- 101-102
wmonsires iitustration. . .-.. 1.082 0suse: doesn LL S 99
Sumifol measures of Government. .........---.-.-62-0.-- 4252002. =% 98-101
crushing with machine, illustration ..........-.-2.--2-..2.-.---.---: 100 -
description, life history, eS AS Se oe ee 2 = rare 90-93
destruction, methods and suggestions. ........-.-...-.-..---------- 96-98
European, pest in American corn, article by W. R. Walton........- 85-104
MOG = ow ew nn = oc SES ES ED. - 100-101
food plants, number and economic value. ..............-----.------ 86
RNIRI ee... - - ues eat. -ineoes ob roe ze esa: 102-104
gnjury to several plants, illustration . ..-.-................---+.--4:: 94
mmitonor crete. OF Work. ic: 02! ios. 6 os .cerued ose acu -- 102
introduction into PERPETRCS ARGC. - 2 kala deen da = on 4H ee 89, 90
parasites, study for RULE Gegteg psa. oe ee. Leta 98
spread by shipments and by flight. ............:.-........------- 95
eee eerie, CISCHARION: . 2. 2555.22.22 2 20-2... eae els. 89-90
club work, success in Bed arm usiners ....ccsgc44 eolisee: laceece aor 487
clubs, benefit to TPN, Se RRS eee 2 eee ee eee pe ee Pee 486-487
consumption in world countries, 1909-1913, 1914-1918 ................- 608-609
ER pelt ae ee ae nce oa os S/o oa Ska oe Re EEE eee Ee Me asl. 8 wk 9,11, 12
nee to -1O1S. Camano. feces Us. sete: Joc cee ee bse 543
exports—
1917-1919, quantity and value........... i ee eee ee 773
eet, WOrlG G@UItiriedsy cil CsI S18) ea. ee. ee ee 545
NE IE SE tie ES epee en, Wee See SEIS ee ee 275
ene, HOG WORBLLYA 250 daw O6ea5 soci bee. 22... a Be 278

30702°—yBxK 1920——54**

850 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Corn—Continued. Page.
eraden, Motes. a2 255.-wi ok ike ec eaves sre speteerctass cee eee eee 355
prowing demonstration, illustration... -.-..2-2;.-..-+.-4esse Absses} eens 487
imports—

1917-1919, quantity-and | valuess.: --. qed. 4)-0: Jols -eeeteaeell ae 765

1914-1919, world countries: Jo=. {4.2.2 .<tsdssat dasge-4 et sSee ee 45
infestation by borer, illustration... ......-..--«...2s=-~-5.-=-45.-s50e a 7
leading State, Jowa:.....: .. 2+ sswotizeb- tote ced beers -ee gee
losses—

by European borer, estimate. ossi0s0). ses. i cw kt eee 102-104

from disease -:.:22.:.-- #o.0-cn.nc~- ated ice ees ceenl nie. ee 3g.
prices— :

at principal markets, 1913-1920... 222.6... 26 tus 24nd s0bee eh eee 544

Ce a a en ree ws
production and yield, increase by club work. . - ..--.-.-.--.------------ 486-487 _
statistics, acreage, production, value, etc............--.-.------------- 545
sweet, injuries by European borer at first appearance .............--------- 100 |
trade, international, 1909-1919.: ....-..-.....32s0-. 2bees cel aeeeeeeee 545,
yield, effect of rainfall in July... -.... -isss.scisediacmash-Jd-Saeeee 199-200

Corncobs, utilization, lst of products... .....-..-.-.-.--------....<sseee ada 50

Cosmos—
flowering SeMsON.. 2... - = 2 nn oo oo no nin BE RSE CS ak 379
forcing experiments... .......- - nil weax Juss 2200. meee cake 384, 385, 395

Cost, wheat— ae
per bushel, article by F. W. Peck... ..---.-~....---.20btiwiine eee ae 301-308
production, ‘‘bulk line” theory.-... 2 =... .=--.-..2sWaeien; seen ane 308

Costs—
average, uselessness in reckoning prices. .-.........-----.---------+-+-- 301-302 ©
production, remarks on studies... .).). Le 208-2) snes 10.5101. eee ,
ranges for wheat, discussion... oss: /.24--.snis - 0101-5105. soe 302-303

Cotton— aw?
acreage and production, 1910-1920. . .. 22... 2.2.22... -21s0 201 6..d08e 11, 12,13
boll weevil. See Boll weevils.
crop losses, 1909-1919, extent and causes..........--.-..------------+-: 629

* dusting. See Dusting cotton.

Egyptian, introduction and crop value...............-...+...+--ssiisees 45
exports—

ID1O198D . cod oe ss oes tema coped). Sere soe ee 15

1917-1919, quantity and value.......22.1. s2.0.2. 7-4. ce ee 771

1909-1919, world countries........... -wu.tes0.U. 22 642
farms, average values... ....- .<--...-..< «20S tse Sel oe se 275
free fruiting, advantage in poisoning enemies ......-.........-...----+-.- 242
imports—

1917-1919, quantity and value... ..03 222.4 Juin seul. soe 763

1909-1919: world. countries vo! fu. . o2o3 -cea lous. Al eet . cee
insects, control .work....-...~ 2228-2105... cney_ OE 39441
leading State, Texas. ..........0v es soscumod. Da ede A 805
loading for export shipment, illustration -..............---.....+-+--- Se
market—

news, distribution by Markets Bureau............-.-..--+---+++++-- 145

reports, note... ... -.5.<). .-si-.2.. osebs scenes dele. Sepa 136
prices—

at principal markets, 1914-1919. 22.02 so) Jace e ie Pee 641

Ce | Ee oy ey ee 18
regions, special weather reports... ..23 605... .c0sod2cii oi ee 194-195
standardization, origin with cotton gin.................-.+..++++--++-+-+-- «354
statistics, acreage, peer Value, ebGiU. tosses ode De 636-642
trade, international, 1909-1919. <2... seca ee hl anna es nee nh oe nnn 642
yields, poisoned and unpoisoned, illustration... ............-..--------- 249

Cottons, improved, valtte:s. <1... 50s. fo cse ss cctew weiss oss slene dase ae 45

Cottonseed— ‘
cake and meal, exports 1917-1919, a and value. isin. Ae 775
oil, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value..................-.-+.---.0 775
oil-cake,.use in feeding elk... . 6s io ediie as 26 ewes seve siccsdULE SEROLER 169, 170 ©
statistics, production, and value, exports and imports.................- 643-644

Cottrell electrical precipitator, illustration.................-0+-seeeeeeeenes

222
Country life, improvement need. 1. ...--..c000decncenessbehnaeee eee nheeenene 37-38

Index. 851

Cow—
records— Page.
BU COTIANCE tOAAEVINCN oo ob ir no's vp conc od emmniveld ome 404-406, 408, 410-412
i a eee 2) ae 404-412
testing—
Basociation; fitst Tem*years’ PTORTCGS . ...sniépsees onc deeleaes subssecseus 407-408
associations, advantages to dairymen, notes................... 401, 404-408
Or U RCO OU GMITW IN OU o oe on nic ann = =< on do geei- be dies ole dm 404406, 408, 410
type use at Naval Academy dairy, illustration.........................-- 465
PE TETOL CUICRIOPILY,, (Sat os Shiels Sos xno oe oe wails caste we de Law bale = ne oe des 45
eure statistics, acreage, production, and value....................-..-- 666-667
Jows—
EIN IOUCANCD 22ers eho amir - p= so = oe ce aero ae 405
dairy. See Dairy cows.
feeshening dates, records importance ...../2--2 22-2 26-226-- see ceeeesese 406
keeping on farm, increase by demonstration work.....................--- 121
RNS ETERS ee ee ek ec ein ee eee oe = on Seal = oe AR RES - 403
tested, value to farmers, article by J. C. McDowell.................... 401-412
Coyotes—
harmiulness by live stock destruction..............0...-..2--2..- 289, 291, 295
Ree a SPC TANI MMENG TVINECES. 5 oan co a6 ono wns oie see Gel cla wee oe oe 292, 296, 299
SEO S01 en oe oer ae ee 293, 294
Cranberries, statistics, production and value, 1914-1920....................-.- 659
PE NOnE IY Dilyime JATMs so. 7. o oases tke So ee ens aiiae - loans one 281-282
ipomamey Uke In preserving timbers-.c...-.. 5)... 5. . ohn eee eee e ee eee een enees 447
Crop—
0 STON OC le: ee 33-34
Meumnennner TENOTIA WEEKLY «2 2...5. 6.025 oe eee ewe cee ecin ce ewe newb 195-196
Estimates Bureau, consolidation with Markets Bureau..................- 24-25
Praguchien,amprovement by club work................ 22-2222. eee eeeeee 486
ui feporting service, methods and needs.............- 2. c.2-02 eee eee eden eae 25-26
ops—
ftesana production, 1914-1920... .... 2.2.2.2 22 ee eee cece 9, 11-13
ammnrrrerate by miatess..........-- 2. + ceisaile 20s SG a. oisee oleae 808
Seem DOVECTIAIN SOUS... 22. 2 e<ieeiefetts 9 fea oo a.2 Beas =~ es «0. 415, 416, 419
SEMEN 1? SELLCS---2 6 Soe ee eon. no Wd seb BD bee LE cea coas 811
cultural methods and practices, improvement...................-.....--- 47-48
IMR SDS os. s.r taiet Ss okueGe le ronee Sx Maliee's Sh. 534-610
improvement by use of scientific knowledge.......................-.---- 109
nT (iti Geto ee Ae se oe 5c pee... oes on ee ee 44-48
MEELIS CLINOHNOD 2. oo os een o~ vig ds wa c ea hon oe wigte os 39
EOTIONIR Sy 4530). c'5 2 eel eeaatet.c an 421, 422, 423, 437
new, trial in home demonstration work.......................22----0205- 112
prices—
en 8s nn 53 n.5 Spee BAO 2G SRI SE EEE: 17-18
EOD Gres Shs c tk Ale wa obs ntad. dae ep Se Se 817, 825
relation to—
ERE ROL RS cs. eee block pdieteiinaie uh S50 Tien 198-199
Eo ee see oe 181-182, 199-202
IMENT TP OTAI PATIO GS. 2S «ooo aoc ow thee ING dS Wade Gus eecks 812
ny rodent CaM paiens: .. J... 2.2... 2.2... eee ebenncaccacreece 431-432
separation into divisions for market reports............-.-......-.-.------ 136
III RCH eter fast kc a > cia nian) an Dy ~ de nd). oa bese aGWeaa 805
statistics summary 1920, 1919, and average 1914-1918..................- 803-804
value—
0 ONS Th) ee ee ne 807
GET NEREN EEE Dee on <n ho oS hg a din gee ae one cen ey eos weeRS 806
El ATS a oo en Oe as ee abet 17-18
menaenroduction and export trade... ... 25... see cee cee cee dete ee 816
RNY SPIRES 262. SLE I8S 8 Scola leew, wn ar ane oaidblien CUR aS wem ele weit 261
ECS a 2 ee 259
Currants, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ..........................- 765
Summon doepredations and death... .... .. ...--. en nn cc oce eee sceesecess 297
oemrnenag. availability for farms. :..-... 0.220 ds.0 osc ee coe ccc weed 383
I CEON WY DINGAS 6. a Sak a ee oc ck wate SL cee 267

ESTO OS) a en 86

852 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Dairy—
buildings, Naval Academy, at Gambrills.................-.--.-.---2-. 46
cow, profitable, illustration See SPEEA Soc Boe ee Gee ei Fn
cows—
improvement, need . --._--2 =. 2.2 = 322 525-2 eee ee ee 4
markets for feeds and pasturage 222020 Tete ee ee eee 402-403
milk and butterfat production, average and record. ...............-- 4
number in United States... .....::...-.-- 0022208) Jo See a
records, importance to dairymen...-....--. 1 Videbapse 2 404406, 408, 410-412 ©
erection at Naval Academy. ...:..:5. 553523222532: Oe eee
farms, average values. -...... 922272528. ACPO eet ee ee ‘
herds, improvement by breeding. - - ...--=./. 525-0222. 0- ees ee
See uh Herds, dairy. 4 : ¥
market re rts, reparation an WsSC= 5 SL SS a St ee ee
Naval cadens ae Gambrills, Md. ... 22 ys 24Uet 2 0e!. See
products—
exports, 1920........- we cscs ce esssescss cessed: seu See ag
market reports, note..-.2 2220.5 wi 0. SSS. Soe 2 z
use on farms, and pouree. - ....2..-2.+-.2. "5-2
Dairymen, cow-testing experience........2252./200 222. on. OF ee 404406, 408
Dakotas, roads character, note- - - -..2.0.~-. 2222500022. 202.
Dallas, cotton bulletins issue .........:::::::..:::25.. 00/081 Se aN
Dams, care, before birth of young, to prevent runts. - .-..----.....-+-..+--
Dana, Samvet T., article on * ‘Putting wood waste to work” ..............- ;
“Dark house,” for shortening daylight, construction and use............--.
Darters, blue, injurious habits. -:--.-.-..:.---5----... 2... 0-2 seen
Dasheen, introduction in home gardens: ......... 20.2 25. 2.20092
Date culture, growth in Southwest. ......-22::.... 220 2S
Dates imports 1917-1919, quantity and value?.:0.. 20.02 5520. 202 202. SS
Day, iength, relation to ’ flowering and fruiting of plants, article by W. Wi
Garner and H. A. Allard. .......-c.-.-J.022, L2t See 377-400
Daylight—
darkening— oe
at noon, effect on plants. .................2028)2 te ta ee — B8E
effect on plant flowering and fruiting. ......:........---.--2.--... 87
effect on plant growth, study-.-...2.:i.~- 22+... 0102 TS Re 48, 397-400 |
Deer, preservation in Alaska... Gch 2 ie
Delaware, live-stock associations, directory. ..............----.-5..-.5- 2.20% =
Demonstration—
agent—
tactiulmess..-. 2.22. a cen cets ease bebct une hee eee lee ae
usefulness in influenza epidemic... .............:- 2225-2) See
agents, work in saving and using meats......-.....-...---.-2--+2-+------
farm, beginning of home ‘work =~... 5... ..... <0 Boga ee :
farmin , purposes of work. . /.......0se) hae.
sare ruition in South, article by O. B. Martin and Ola Powell.......- 111-126
work—

effect on standards of excellence. ...............-.-.----.0- 82022... 114
farm and home. .......+<<-e% -stereesdds sos ehuelee tenon 106, 108, 109 —
showing losses from rodents. ........s........ 0220. SE "424-426
See also Wome demonstration.
Demonstrations, work of boys’ and girls’ clubs....................-.-.- 487,490,491 |
Development work, office, establishment in Chemistry Bureau.............-.. .
Diet, farm and city comparison :.... 22.2. 22. 08. 0. 0. «ei eee
Dietaries, city and farm, compericon. -<-. 52... gn ee ~~ seep pe
Diets—
farm—
cost, comparisons with other groups......................++-++.---
popular ideas... .. 22s ee oe ee SUSIE JOU PE

live-stock, control work . . .... 254.2 /.06. 1002002 .Sivic it A
plant, control work..........-..+-cc«+- edule) Due On Ua ‘
Dishes, foreign, introduction, examples......................5... 0. 60.0
Division. See Publications.
Dixie Relish, club work in introduction..............:..<J..)-n-.ssasee eee

Index. 853

Drainage— Page.
district organization, work of engineers. ............----2---2e0----2e00- 210
Snide 4 DIGEAEHS GS WOLOTIOWE: 2 ~~ 20.58 oa Sab wee cane ceeeee eke gues 165
ENC LOO OC MME 652) 2235 see os « feliedt eeatelele cet bebe ihe: ies 209-210

Beewines, Fr ublicationg Division work... -. 2... . 02222 --<00 snsbln bps + se ess 107, 108

EE aa ANONCINENIS PTOPORCE 9-25 4 = 22552 elie nee one ee geen ne deens <= 71

Dry farming, conditions in Western States. ..:...-...-..2-22.2-22-2-e0eee eens 204

Ena» THEDEOVER TBOLNOUR. 02. 5. eisai wet ener ine cane eesaccaces 443-447

REC EAGT UY POORER 58 2 os sinew ahs s 2 elses gute). Lowi ney 163

Dump heaps, phosphate waste recovery - - .. 2. -- 2.622 sate nt te ee eee eee 221

Durum wheat—

Sm MNNEAR NT MNCL W HID AR CLOT 2)! a 3's = 22's sc woe a oes metieels se. rates 45
eager ang Ox poris, tto-lOlS 8. , det lecicn:. bs hime snide dae = waa’ 558

Dust, poison, for boll-weevil control, article by B. R. Coad -.............--. 241-252

Dusting—
cotton—

PEVSC NONE ACHECIT OMELG#2 =e a2). 2 >.< IS tise ieee es Gee 243-246
failures to control boll weevil, causes................--..::..----- 251-252
for boll weevil, results.in 1920). Sesie2 222. bs 222. £19 OSE = tie mung ote eee
MINS WAITEC ACE RRIPeE metals Sees ep) ey ones ns. pba sis esis tab 22s weld eee ee 245
tT SACI REEOND ES ee ee) ss oes a oe Sires ele 241-252
PEACE COULMI tse tet eee a en Ie 4 Hy is eae SS setts of 246-248, 250

Dyewoods, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value.....................-.---- 763

NepeRTERERI TIS MeTOIIG 1 CHEATCI WOT meme. ors Sos eal 2\afa cls «o's <'o[e's 2 oe webs borers Goer 53

Education—
advantages acquired by club members...........-.....-....---+----8- 485-486
Berreultural, need in solving farm problems. .....................-.2222c¢ 5-6
prepress in home demonstration work..............-.----+----2---2t---- ma
reorder rien ome CCONOMICE eee eneen eset oan nyo s AU ee 53

Eggs—
ements 1017-1919) numbers and waluer::: jjave. 212. 2. . ees kaa 77
Pee clin work in promotion. 02-2222 Seteisu. iss Soe 22 Le eee 118
raribercnid value. 222. 2.2 Ee... i ae ee 761
market reports, preparation and use ...........--.--- igs vada eee 144
Brea ending markets, 19135-1920..~ ......... 2. UE lel. dese oe 739
een? prices and Warket receipts.) 04 2. 6... 8 ess. 2 ts eed 738-740
EN SEEGER Sd win eens oon a eh 476, 482

Electric light, use to prolong daylight period, experiments. ...-.........---- 394-397

Electricity, use in home, result of home demonstration...............---.----- 122
feeding with cottonseed oil, illustration....................------------- 170
preservation at Sitgreaves Forest, Arizz.22.022-. 2-8 boo. - 2222. ee ee ee 170-171
refuge at Jackson Hole, Wyo....-....-.-- »; Sc RAs tee fee. BEREME « 168-170

Se INHCCH CONLTO!. . <=. <. - ..>-= eacatve: iogee, REEL LL ee 42

Energy, food, requirements and sources in diet..-.......-...-...--.-.------ 479, 483

Engineers—
control of road construction under Federal-aid law...........-.-.-------- 344
Roads Bureau, work for irrigation farmers-........-..-.-------- 206-210, 215, 216

Se ATOM COEn HOTeTS . =. - - ... . 29: ifs tfsws tees OTE i eee 96-97

Entomologists, efforts against European corn borer...........---------------- 100

Entomology Bureau, work—

SE rns fates na es 2 eee Leuicierbimear. DISSE. ww tee 95, 98
MinpoOll weevil GUBHINE. |. 22.6555. 52 50,0. weeelisscaty Jute OE 241, 243, 247. 248

Equator, daylight conditions, effect on plant flowering and fruiting... .-....--- 392

Estimates, Agriculture Department appropriation for 1922........-..---.------ 82

Everarp, L. C.— :

Et Gn . SClonce SeGks Lhe farmer’... . soos lets). d dae < cee l as 105-110
paciace: “‘More complete knowledge” +... .. 2... ....4-5.2--++-s24---5--- +6

erin, control by length of day... .icsts. si. - eee ee ne eee ee 391-394

Everflowering, control by length of day.............--.--- a ae Ai heaitta. canola

ene, Gramare trench, illustration -......-..-..--...-.0. ss. seen ceases 208

Exhibits—

Department, work of Publications Division...................----- 106, 108, 109

mage, transter to Publications. Division... .<2..60% 2d. eie Sede. oe nie cae 53

854 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Experiment— Page.
Station Record; nature and:scope. 22520 Ss SO2. RF Ae ee 110
Stations—
aid to agriculiural problems, need ........22.....+2+-..23014. Dee 83
agricultural, directory: 1920. .. ...<:.\... 9 I ee eee 507
needs. 26 nie fois terete naesls-cickeeais aad ae De cn 55
Explorers, work in foreign countries, illustration. 0220.1 .vbpauu detee. ees 420
Exports—
agricultural products,-1917—-1919.......%.-.J.... scligert gst ese 770-777
barley, 1913-1919, world countries. ....... 120 vew! S)eek slate Sa 585
butter, 1909-1919, world.countries...........-. .25:.<:2+--) ss. ~oe nae 736
cattle, 1896-1920 - nen 223 Joe wd eine > ev SSE AE Se 728
cheese, 1909-1919, world countries... ......5.-5.00. tweed Je ee 741
coffee, 1909-1919, world countriesi... 2.2004 2s Jiee Ue 0. Se 693
corn, 1914-1919, world colmtmies::. 25.5. --.<-..--.-2aee 5222556 eee 545
cotton—
1909=1919, world) countries. ~.-..=.-...2.---04 S10 Pete Ae 642
1910-1920 ..255 2 Shs shoo USE ee Det Jorn eee 15
cottonseed, 1909-1919 world:countries...-2....22.. 12.0... 2222. esl tee 644
destination of farm products from United States, 1910-1919............. 791-797
farm products—
by groups, 1918-1919 ose. oe. nn esr cin oie neo e ne eninn'e =» TED 778
principal, 1918 and 1919. .4JA2% 20m. aetna ps JU, ee 789
selected ; 1862-1919... ou: . > 3-31 eax % thee redets dese 22) oe 779-781
forest products—
by groupe; 1918-1988 sie 5. ob speeds bemsy eee on eemeeee ee 778-779
1852-1919 22 22 f2ccie cs J ecinincnan LI OSS9 EG ete eee 785-787
foodstuffs—
1910-1920 25s se eees Su win seis ak oo aS SUIS ss Se, ee 14-15
1913 =1920 00 cites econ Sod 25 wise a ciel J Se RES ee 816
hay, IBOG-BO19:. od Alber cin cn Gales ge ole wee he 627
hides and skins, 1909-1919, world countries................2.-..-2---+-+-- 718
hops, 1909-1919, world countries............0oltouieui 2). J2048 sb 662
horses, 1896=1920 << ..0:.% dae Yo soos. nee ada ane oo DESL OD eee 728
india rubber, 1909-1919, world countries...........-. Jépeey «level eee 698
live steck, 1910-1920 ..222. s.2edss.. 2 WON LAE Le indieet ga 13
meat—
1900-1919. is 2 aceasta a Sebi <.. Sb aoe ara ge 826-827
and meat products, 1911-1919, world countries. ................---- 719-720
mules, 1896-1920... ......ceemunieds a00c is Jisest pera san Sa - 728
oats, 1914-1919, world countries..............----- & so dkbe ode oe 575
oil cake and meal, 1909-1919, world countries................--...-.+-+-. 695
potatoes, 1914-1919, world countries.... ......... so. eee eee eee eden 623
rice, 1909-1919, world countries. :..............2ts1 ololl agolack ieee - 607
rosin, 1909-1919, world countries............-.-0iWies. e506... tie 696
rye, 1911-1919, world countries<.js2 5: 029332 Se ee ee 594
aheep, 1803-1920. 26.2 noes a cae sce ee ios eat oR’ Jan wn Cel ean 745
sugar, 1909-1919, world.countries.:02.20 3.320 20/520 Oui cecers De 682
tea, 1909-1919, ‘world: countries..-.02.ve) pstlegseiaol .ire, JU 691
tobacco, 1909-1919, world countries..........2:tis\ Js). 2050 ese 650
turpentine, 1909-1919, world countries... -..5.........0...0s00-deceecnees 697
wheat, 1909-1919, world countries. ...:..¢ii5.....-.22 2208 eee, See 563
wood pulp, 1909-1919, world countries... .......-... 0d. s.eiswes sbed eee 700
wool, 1909-1919, world countries... ....:-0----+s>.--d0s buses dvewee aoe 752
world and United States, percentages for crops...........-....-.--.-0+6- 816
Exposure, young animals, effect on growth...................22.02020eeeeeee 239
Extension—
agricultural, work. and. progress... ....<.c7ss6h oc'2..0bi as tetas Oe 51-53
forestry, State officials and specialists... -203. 0.24. /)..pinaosohl, +. sae 509
North and West, club work importance..................0.-s0eeeeeeees 485-494
work, cooperative agricultural, State officers in charge...............-.--.
Factories; beet auger, stativtiogs. is << assp 05s lagds nab mocd nv eeawtaseee 678, tg |
Fair, prize, effect in beneficial emulation..................-..2600 0000s eeee 115
ana aig H. 8., article on *! Roads” ...dvisis vi naotindidett aoe oe 33
‘arm—

animals, See Animals.
credit, problem... éscccctdeusencssanecdchunsabauntebweeas >a OaieGnan—n 31

*

Index. 855

Farm—Continued. Page.
Oredits Division, study of credit limitations. .-...........s2eneeessseretes 282
PEIROUBLEAIIOUS WOK, AIG 10 TATMCY sn... ac rere ccs ec Soe EBe ok 106, 108. 109
Seen orth POSSE CLEY ICG... oct ke ee 8 tt oe eee od See 474
diets, cost, comparisons with other groups...........-...-.-.---------- 481-483
Economics Office. See Farm Management Office.
families—
oa sruce. py Helen W, Atwater. .-.:.0..05'325. 00.222 471-484
Dene, Penertl tacte seer 12 OVO ee ta A 474-475
food, cost relation to nutritive value. ...: 22.0.2... 2.2 eee eee pe Aas
income—
EEN GIRARS ME osc iadre es ne ood EP ULE UU e SE UMA 821
Bren On purchase MmeMeyOLIlS. 71261 39 290 avai lees Se 276-278
MERCED UMIED Nea g alert corer sne ie « 5 aE EA dt 29-30
lands—
NE Se ENGR INET UNG oo dh aah orn a arene aren ae oe Rs. ol S288
POESHIOM, TIS Ol HOLL Sur veya (Fe Ae OLEO JIE. OTOL BOh Pe 2! 415-416
life—
benefits from boys’ and girls’ clubs..............--..-.------------ 485-494
problems, shift of population, etc....... 0... 0202.20 0s 222... sls 35-38
eta AC MmRIOWIRLOUS. «22 F.2 oJ. UE MG SUI er 279
Me RCtae. tine Of SON SUTVEYS..-.. 7... 2 cee eee ee 416-417
Management Office—
study of cost of wheat production...........-.-.------..---------- 302-303
Rumer cneies SIR IMIOMG oo. ces 2 CLEMO. 0 ak OL i 28-35
owners, classified, by age illustration.........:....----...-..---------. 272-273
ownershi p—
capital investment, various sections............--------.-------- -. 274-275
emicnana clacsinentions)..3 4s) ALGIG .FrGlLEC eel Le 273
PRY OLLANCCS.....22. > 5 SE TED EUS) Use 222 7s. Sees 31-32
practice, application of scientific principles. .........---.-..-.---.------ 105-110
prices, determination and fluctuation................-----.---- 495-496, 498-503
problems, need of more complete knowledge........--.----------------- 5-6
produce, marketing, relation to diversity of packages.....-.......-------- 362
products—
SIMU BLM O 52 52 be ee F< a ie et ee 29
destination of exports from U.S8., 1910-1919....-.......---.------ 791-797
Deeeensy etolipa, 118-1919. oo... a x OS ISU 2 OLED 778
ECROGLCG /UG02-8O1D) HISS TIO. 3) ICR i ed 779-781
grading, progress and future. -...............----+----+-++--++--+--- 359
mama iy eeoups, L9ES-1OID. .. 5. 25 ony ss eet AS Ls RVI 778
MPU EI ONE EOC GINS ope 8 5 Jaros donee nc Nar ceoner ono er ee OES 421, 422, 423, 437
nmunrparin) VIO 1919. so oe nck = SRA 798-802
enmarpors. 191s and 1919s... 1. SEU UOT 2k 788
Pepereeraniniors 16521909 tos ges ashe oben hE 782-785
shipments from Hawaii and Porto Rico, 1918-1919..........-...-.---- 790
shipments to Hawaii and Porto Rico, 1918-1919................------ 790
nen eplde An Controls 225 05.280 uve OU Ml tol oe 496
IER EAR ISOILS Saree oo oho os oars, PES FI BO BUS E tS. AI 50-51
MBLC 1079-1020. 50500. os RR TLR At SU 806
wus or exports by group, 1918-1919... 2152.00 nrc ele ee lee 778
ERT HUY POMS. 25 Lets PSL JERSE 148
PREC BBTGHELES ION. WOL Kw < = 2-2-2 SEILER ME ie UE JUL Re le 52-53
Farmer—
aid by scientists, article by L. C. Everard....................--------- 105-110
benefit in study of market reports, discussion..........-.-------------- 130-131
independence in wood requirements...............-------------5----- 157-158
interest in foreign markets, article by E. G. Montgomery and ©. L.
NE Fs SSNS Sa fe SPA OUEST LRU ea 495-503
Farmers— :
iam buying farms, article by L. 0. Gray.......-..-...-------.-2+-- 271-288
aileaioncorn-porer control, note <...< 3... .<-...0.2 fs Poe Se. 99
Bulletins—
ne NEE Re ee en 4
Sen Hits ORE OGL S273 5 Yo. UTE 2 BUC Cle Se et 108, 110
consumption and production of wood, discussion. .......-.....---.---- 156-158

fire insurance companies, risks and cost............---------+--+--+++++++-+- 30

856 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Farmers—Continued.
interest— Page.
in the weather ___--__- Soe a See an eer ie eee 2. soikercasieie
in timberlands... . 5 5-2 <:i02 sas++-nans - SSH (ede ee 148
irrigation article by Samuel Fortier: .......... 22.5. 222<--2tis---Sm soe 203-216
See also Irrigators. :
obligations and interest in woodlands...................---------+--++-- 156-158
obstacles encountered, 1920.-..... . .astens b.. 2k scaedl cds ae 10, 17-19
prices paid by and purchasing power of crops. -.....-...-------------- 817-818
receipts, percentages monthly for leading crop............-------------- 812
Farming—
commercial, financial requirements.......-.-.-.---. =. esse bee a 274
methods, improvement, need of more knowledge... ......-....----------- 5-6
pioneer, financial requirements.......--....-<-..---+-s935 «Ube, eee 274
Farms—
heyaee. frst payienus,.- 55.55 - phere eee s san ey re 278
cows keeping, increase by demonstration work..............------------- 121 °
feed crops, use by each class of live stock................-.---.-.---.s0me 811
feedstuff consumption monthly..........---.-.----.2..2-2+------202+-- 812.
financial problems, study... --- + -.. «29s. sa4isunsogi JUG. 2 30-31
oe from birds, article by W. L.. McAtee....-.sc-.021 su: ..oe-lesteaee 253-270
abor—
hiring methods... 25.0,.----2-- 00-2 es wens ce oo = <r S oe 820.
supply and demand, statistics by States. -.:.........-.-.------+--+---. 822
location on new land, difficulty.......-......----..00esUhiNE Soee oe 285
meat preparation and marketing...... cs sede. 0. sc8 os) be ec » 119
need of lumber... 5. 2 oie na nbn cee Baw 2k se il oe — 150
owners, percentage, age groups, 1890, 1900, 1910.............-.....-.-. 272-273
owning, aid to landless farmers, article by L. C. Gray........--..-..--- 271-288
sales receipts, live stock and crops, averages. ..........---.-----++----- 815
sizes and values, various sections: . . 2.2.2... 2s. s8 1 dee ee ee 275
values of plow lands by States. ..---.. ss0 issu! bows o00 ses ieee oe 824
wages of labor by classes and States. 2.22. 2.50.5... o2202 2-20-00. 819-820
woods, use and management..: -:)..63 snes. be suasebes ea lee eee 1456-158
work distribution by month, by States. ................-.-.---.-6hsee 823
Farmstead—
improvement by home demonstration...........-.-.....----------+++-+- 123
on cutover land, illustration .....-...--..-Hi0f-8)0) serge web oe 287
FARRELL, GeorGE B., and C.- B. Sarrn, article on ‘Boys’ and girls’ clubs
enrich country life” .....-.5.-.---+cr-----+.0ssi ht ue eee 485-494
Farrowing pens, sanitation.,..<.---....--.....-Ci01.210! atu. wk ee 178-180
Fata, use.on farms, per family... ....\.- -----------..-+--200<0eGk eae 477
Federal-aid road act—
extension, recommendation... .....--»4 s/t: Lidwe 20 eRe a 61-62. 77
PROVISIONS «<> « enn nin #02. soy arye,n,=.0,0,n =n om teal ME 343
pit tag
birds, study by stomach content analyses... .......--.-----------+-+-+- 254-255
crops, consumption by each class of stock........----.-------+----+--- SI
dairy cows, annual requirements... ..........4-00-ss-senenid- ots egee ae 401
inadequate or unsuitable, a cause of runts. ..........-..-------------- 228,283
tharket reports, N0tC....-.:5-4-.-seitichll. sve vel esseene-e ee 136
proper and adequate, means of preventing runts ........-.....----+-.- 229-230
stock, sawdust preparation and use... .....---.---- 22-0220 stew eens 457-460
weighing for dairy cows, illustration... ......-...------s+-++---+++++-s08 406
Feeding dairy cows according to production. .......-...-.-------- 401, 403, 405, 406
Feeds—
adulteration and misbranding control law, recommendation. ...........-- 77
marketing through dairy CowS........-...-+-+---20-++2-eeee eee e eens 402-403
Feedstuffs, consumption monthly on farms.......-...-.---------+++-++++++++- 812
Fees, grazing, in National Forests.......02..200.-ecncesccesssaccensess seen 65-67
Fertilizer—
materials, sources study . .........-200cc suns asdedussdtees oben shh seen ee 55-57
phosphorus content, article by William H. Waggaman........-..--.---- 217-224
Fertilizers—
adulteration and misbranding control law, recommendation. ..........--- 77
potash, use of rocks directly, remarks. ........-...---2+00--0e-20ee see 364-365
Feterita, introduction and crop value...........+-0+++eeeeeeeeeeeneeeee dni a sit

‘
|
;
:
:

:
eS ee

— 20" —_

— eS ee ee

Index. 857

Fibers. See Cotton; Wool, ete. Page.
Field injury by pocket gopher mounds, illustration. ................-------- 433
mee, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value. .............0scde0cdees00s-ab8 765
Filler in acid phospints tecight MU gt ee bare coin 40s adds neg SE hae ae 221-222
NE SPRESID ANGE in am = riya sesamin hic lain a nen mat wi nme AE PELE 30-31
COANE DANE one ao anion dient cnn enc cave ncn ee CL Ie 261, 266
REEL Se ee oo oe wbibneacase vhee hn: |) Oe 443
Fire—
RTT SN oo cpa s anita > oe te MEE esl eer T A 156
memnuer, sorechata ior Forest Bervies... ... 22... Js dreus oe ey 186
Fireless cookers, introduction by demonstration agents. ...................... 116
Fires, forest—
DORR IAG WILL DRGUE =. 2 on acini cecineweiwnwedmate eli #s £28 63
protection of National Woresta. -........-.-2..-.-.-.-.U0nlisilei...v. 2 328-328
review of development of control... ..............2..2....2.22---- ... 323-328
RN I 8 ae a ea ec EF 323
Beavoring extracts, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value. .............-..... 77
ax—
mnports 1917-1919, quantity and value...............2d0s..2/.0 22.22 0008 763
statistics, acreage, production, value, etc......................-...---- 598-602
Flaxseed—
cake and meal, exports, 1917-1919, quantity and value. .............-..... 775
crop losses, 1909-1919, causes.........- Pid Pea Lt sears Le gL erLadoe 601
ti -1919 quantity and valge......<.-..bs22t. sul ase Jus Tel? 768
ou exports 1917-1919, quantity and value...... 22.2.0. 20.22.2000 57228: 775
Serecs wt principal markets, 1913-1920-.22. 2212... 26.2 22u len 602
reese Psititiae so... NESS Ile V2.2 pedo) ee dt 259
Rueewarnines, value im rivet valleys. .-..:.........-.-.-.--.--.-2-..0.- 191-192
Florida—
IEIAIEN AS Set os ee SOBER SET. Acts yt aes 3 821
live-stock associations, directory ................-.--.-.-.------ ai peuge cis peed.
IIR ET ROR Yee eee oe og 2 2 2 RU Se ere 836
meen ot wood for boxes in marketing. 352.4120 .00-400..-2 22 2 elie 147-148
PIC EIMsGis. . _i)itmeot Ecotiers.: 205 2 sel cle 218
____ tobacco seed production for Maryland farmers. .................-.---.-. 399,400
Florists—
importance of daylight control in forcing plants. ..............-...------ 400
AN EOWHEMINOR. 22> - ccs lc 5. OS IEEE ee 189
Flour—
meports 1917-1919, quantity and value. . ........:..-- 2.2.02. 774
aeed aL principal markets, 1913-1920_..............----------.--.20520% 562
Flowering—
of plants, control by the length of day, article by W. W. Garner and H. A.
I 8 oe See PER ALES OSTEO? SEI eT UE 377-400
weaeeean reration to temperature. .:.....--.. 2. [2ue Lo. be 8. 378-381
Flowers—
En WIL CETtAIN SEASONS: .....--.... JS s 2 eee ee 22s 377
EEO oss cio ac kb g Aiden See Dea a See ee ones enee 86
seasonal development causes, discussion...........-.---.-------+-+------ 377-378
Flume for testing soi! moisture, illustration.................-..22.-..-.------- 212
INCE DTU. = = nn Se on es ook ene gee eso oe 260
IRE ESN? feo = = 2 Goes eee ne coer eens See euee 185-186
am EE OTE TG eo, sw wing Sere oe ee SS LS 144
mee, res Act, amendments proposed... ........ 2-02-20. 22-22-22 eee lee 71
conservation campaign, effect on food habits......................-.---- 473
cooking and serving, importance in diet. ............---.--------++--- 480-481
IEEE POC CHS 552 - e ee E TE R 421, 422, 423, 437
farm families, article by Helen W. Atwater. ................--.------- 471-484
farmers’ families, general facts....... Pe eran es aa ais kn I eae 474-475
habits—
mmerenees,, causes, and changes:. 2050.01 /.5. ecb bl see 472, 473
typical American families, studies....................---- 474-475, 478-480
DUEEEL WT SNCTERSO, CAUSCB 20s.) USL ad Oe A ae 472473
preparation and saving, demonstration work.............------....--+-+-- 119
products inspection law, amendment proposed..................-..---.-- 73

REEIEIAIEG. 292 CIGb.~ 2. 5. SSE a LS I IOU EE, ON SS 481

858 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Foods— Page.
cost, relation to, nutritive -valme.Lrousi0s. VICI TC OL Ta ee 482
new,,increase, CANSER.. -. 4. -- +=. -s MUSsDie ys ee. See 473

Foodstuffs—
exports 1910-192). 7 Sma akin Fate See emn nn che dee ce ee “= tte 14
exporta 1913-10202 oi. oo 2k one cde cee een kee Gp ewemeie aes ie Ae eee 816
imports 1913-1990. 2. os 52- ose be we nee ne ne eee BO 816

Foot-and-mouth disease, control, need of emergency fund.................- a 44

Forage, destruction by rodents. -..........-..-------------- 426, 428, 431, 433, 434, 435

Forecasting world. market....- >... .---..<...J¥ugooe. se. RST 498-499

Forecasts—
daily, charting and distribution... ...........-<.-.-s---+<2..-...5eeaene 182-184
for. 3YIB1OIB. «. .<—<- 60> ose a od sce Et SBA Oe 2 185-186
erx-day, distribution....22...+-.....--.-~--~=00lU9.\..au 184-185
weather, application to various uses....-..-. 2222. 2..50...02.22...0.003 182-195,

Foreign—
countries, market conditions study..............22.-...i.2.....00..0220 502
market information, Work... 4/ 54-5 i2sdos ~~ + - anne np sane nnee eee o-- 2 ee
markets, reports, Hote.....5-.........~2ULot hat IAG Se he ee oou~ ae

See also Markets. inh :
statistics. See articles on which information is desired.

Forest—
commercial, last of virgin timber, illustration...........................-- 154
experiment stations, need ........... Jess). JJ/0eu). SO 63-64
fires, regions of greatest losses... . 2.1/2. Jisc 20 0ei4..01. 2110 326
management, science and public service............-.-.+...2..-..---. 328-329
opening way to back country, illustration........................-...---- 311
products—
exports 1852-1910, «..cuwes acide Sant. he doe voe + an +s oe ee 785-787
exports by groups, 1918-19... ..2..-.0.......~... S00 778-779 ©
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value..................-...- EF 771-772
imports 1852-1919. 3 5a) - soon eee ne cnn nee anos et Je 785-787
imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value.........................- 763-765
laboratory, Madison, Wis., investigations, results..................- 439-462
ranger—
ABusirataon. .-- 2-5. soe eeu sewn ew este nc dn ose sos een ene eee 313
manner of man and experiences....................-.2.---+-+---- 311-315
station, illustration........-.---------->--->++-ea0i2Re¥. ae ae
ranges, scientific management, illustration......................-.-.-..- 330
resources, depletion. .....-.---s0++--vtdy- Dime wile AU 439-440
Service—
cooperation with Public Roads Bureau................-.......---.- 351-352
extent and variety of its'work::..:1.u. Wpecl.adt.9! Jee 309-310
interchange of duties between employees.........-.-....--------+--- 314
pack train making camp, illustration.............................2.- 314
Work 18 AlQSES: . o.oo. oon: vcs weber np mosh Siete 67-68
supervisor, duties and character............- .ceusws. Jalen 0c ae 310, 315
Forestry—
problems... . ... . .<- ove vey wesesesnss OoeeulNe b. Jeu, SOSCRTOUe eee 62-67
State officials and agencies, directory.................--2.---..---eeeeees 509
Forests—
American—
GepletsON. 260 enamine nnedisie oe pane an= nn me ae ehtece keene 150
timber cutting progress in half a century...............-...-.---.- 150-151
fire control, sentiment change and public help.........................-- 326
location in West... cnccccnss scbwenise UUM Gok SUNS . Cosas ee 151
management—
cooperation with States... ....-.2.-..-e0cs+ss+«acspahku sku Sob ennnn 63
directions of James Wilson. .isis-i.. 3! cole... Jelaidde eee 328-329
National—
distinction from National Parks. ....-........+s-seseesa0sess0neenen
extent and diversity in character... 2.00015 /i5.. e08Uso.c00l soins 317
fire fighting force, cherscter......L70h. asi wes, pendseelh eee 325
grazing, allowances of live stock, 1920..................-....-.--0. 883-840
FING [008. .... «anno. v onrcethis dnd ewe hehe as hele oad eee 65-67
ocation and Areas. ..,.. ..«ixaedsatehisiusaescae. sees Ded eek eee -- 836-837
operation for benefit of stock owners..............-+.-s-2++-+--0-- 319-320
policy in granting grazing permits... ......00s0cecsnscsencebuewuan 319-320

Forests—Continued.

National—Continued. Page.
PRMURLICY ONGMHSCS. i. 50 aciecbisWie duds sotls tases .Ci0l. Thea deleees 315-316
PeaGOAON ITOH NOB Seo. ob enn deka pees ceils See's 323-328
PV SLO e: —osermmels 21.955 Ooi set sid bod an = bl Saga oe. cb. be 58, 62
Penectt COUSIN WHEELS LoS Save else bs JbGupil-wis dee <\s0flalhtes done 472-429
nae GIES 2. boats le Sak Boe ees Sas eee bwhtes « 321-323
Benner gaics and prazing 1916-1020. ........ seenwss «wane ~Wecciees leas 835
uses and plans for use, James Wilson letter..........-..-...-.--.... 328-329
NOH MONG | QUE ik nda Soe Sak Ole e air ele ed aie 835-840

private, ownership and development................-2222220e0eeee eee 155-156

problems—

DEBAMeE 2d CONG) 22... ewe. delle ieme dows 151-158
reproduction and maintenance...... os eal alin ne Ales Aa etic 151-153
public—
how handled, article by Herbert A. Smith...............2......... 309-330
waaapemoent and reforestation... 020: ....-.-..-..-----.+-s-sentids 155-156
roads for, cooperation of Public Roads Bureau and Forest Service. .. ... 351-352
trees useful for home building, illustration............-................. 151
Fortier, SAMUEL, article on ‘‘With the irrigation farmer”................. 203-216
meer reservation as fur bearers, note. /:0! 7... ff. e else. eon cee len cele 173
een warnines. value to fruit growers... 2... Ue eee scutes ee 186-189
Fruit—

i nEEEetl: TOTOALRS <9 0-2 S55 5 2) ik eases ies ons oo a Te od os 359

growers, dependence on frost warnings...................-.------+------ 186-189

marmeL reporis, extent, methods; étc..Ue4 285. 2iUsseiee sient. 2k 136-139

spraying relation to rain, value of forecasts...........-..-------.-+--.- 190-191

Fruiting—

plant, control by length of day, article by W. W. Garner and H. A. Al-

Ry 82 oS fl oro ee oe SE EOI BEY SIP) wees. zx 377-400

ee eimiion to temperature. ./.i..--..-225-s--+---.-----.+-.-.-.. 378-381

Fruits—

ee. intiets for, sbudy.. .° 2. Sle. SONS el Meee. le ose! 501

exports 1917-1919, quantity and value.....-......230....0..02.200000.04 773

amports 1917-1919, quantity and value...-....2f022...2....0.220 000000. 765

IRS 2 8? se eo. DY RO, POU IB LI fons. ot 262, 263, 264

emerrevdtiews. iSs8ue and ‘Use::-.. 2 ei 2 oe el reel 2k 138, 139

use on farms, per capita and source....--.....-...-..---2-222--2022.00.. 478, 482

Fuel, industrial, alcohol from wood waste...........----.:.--2--------.--- 460-461
Fumes, phosphoric acid, collecting, illustration.........................2.... 222
Funds—

EE TONIEING COMGEGE 2 oe en ew on So wenn ce's ie saree 438

Federal and State, for irrigation investigations....................22..... 205

oe oor, amendments proposed . : = 2: 25222.22.s<0s50050 8h. Lbl Lek. 72
ur—

EE CEE ACE RLGTEN. Oy uh ees od es Ss ES 2 oor 171-174

MUMMEMINIO: <5 05522 5225220222520255- pTLA, SAU APE 2a 2 174

Furfural, recovery from corncobs, uses and value............................ 50-51
Furnace, phosphoric acid, illustration, and use...............-.........2.. 220, 223
Furnaces—

blast. See Blast furnace.

emer recovery; -......-.5.25..25.. eMac S805 TUE eee 56-57

Furniture industry, lumber saving, suggestions.....................2.......--. 452
Gambrills, Md., Naval Academy Dairy, description...................2.... 464-487
Game—

big—
nem at AIRC. 2 > 5525 LIND eet Derlam eee aed ay 171-174
RMI ISCURAGNE > f-c oos ers he cise asec eset Meee 20.2 167-171

birds— —
breeding in Canada, Athabaska region......................-.-.--- 164-165
Seneene unger mipratory bird law..-.... 200221) 2) 0250. 2 ek 163
EEE Sr oo fc. > Sore) Se. FORTS. Pe Cue Oar Gas 162-166
upland, groups and feeding habits................................. 255-256

license system for hunting, advantages. ....................22......2... 162

State laws and State cooperation for protection........................... 163

ET (an ea el CA 159-160

860 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Garden, perennial, development... 2.0.5... ..2... 225020...) ORES De
Garlic, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ..-..........-.2.....2-.2--.--
Garments making, club, illustration....................-- ‘’ sooth srggpedete se
Garner, W. W., and H. A. ALLarp, article on ‘Flowering and fruiting of
plants as controlled by the length of day”........ *. oc. Je. eee 37744
Gasoline, substitution by alcohol... -.--~..:---.-2:.3.-- /- 3 Sa 461
Geological Survey; maps, scope. ...--..- Ulli itl Snes lee eee {-+ se
GeorGeE, Frank, and W. A. WHEELER, article on ‘‘ Know your markets” .... 146
Georgia— a
boll weevil poisoning work, progress... ....0...002.. 2000 5.025.sceesseuee 248
incomes from farms. .....-.--.-s--.--5- S202 See eo ee Ry
live-stock associations, directory .....--.......-bsJiwe. bai eae
National Forests, areas-.---...- ....-.-.~ Utne oe. ii, Ae
Germany, potash deposit, extent, formation, and use...............-------
Ginseng, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value.............-....---+.----+--
Gipsy moth—
control by birds. ©. J220) J.0us. veosuil sived! sidocl ede
spread to New Jersey ...:.--..-...-<bellosmeil ao. bibs ee ae
Girls—
clubs, advantages, article by C. B. Smith and George B. Farrell......-.
development by demonstration work.........- ‘woag.ldee } et auben enn
Glucose, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value..................-....----.--
Glue—
and glue size, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value...............-...-
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value.-...-..<.f).2. ...2.<s- <=. +e eee
waterproof, need in making plywood. .............-...-.-+.-+--+-«-:-
Gluing. up plywood, illustration. .....................-1.......:.s566n ee
Gnatcatchers,. feeding habits. ./2../).22! odoin... sof. is. dseunt 3d Se
Goat skins. imports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ..............-...-.-+---
Goats—
condemnations at slaughter, 1907-1920............-.-..-----------eeeee we.
grazing allowances in National Forests, 1920... .........-.......-..--- -840 |
number slaughtered under inspection, 1907-1920. ...........--------.--- oe “¥
numbers in National Forests, 1916-1920. .-..:............--2.2.-2 2. -.eees — 835
protection from predatory animals, illustration.............-....-...--.-- 290
registry associations, National, directory.....:......---..+------.--- pe oe
statistics, numbers in world countries..........----------- y~7 < 5 701-717
Goldenrod, forcing experiments... . -.... - . ssa bs vas sa +=) do dan te - ee 391
“‘Goldie,’’ cow record under testing... - s.i2 sss): -. +26 +0's-- J anc= oe - 408°
Go.pMAN, Epwarp A., article on ‘Conserving our wild animals and birds”. 159-174
Gophers—
destruction by owls... .... -- -xs<desébennth Herd bined and = op ee Se 258
pocket, destruction... .....<- «<i .==<b-----doen<e> Beene 427, 428, 432, 434
See also Rodents; Squirrels, ground. op
Grading—
farm products, progress and future. ..............--.---.-.--s555"—neeee ‘359
produce, development... . .. - - sa:dd0s berg seme - een < peme-nied one ee .
Grain—
crops— ”
ACTEAGE CECTCASE. 6.2 eee esau advo asen- oe esp mnemsh beled eee 33-34 |
destruction by rodenty 5. .-uscaesehassesanedanes 424, 425, 429, 431, 434, 435
atatistics, 1920... «se <--0.<9 0's siskabbuinee ive as)=)anain niet nets k oa en 534-610
exports, 1917-1919, quantity and value............-...---..-2--sseees 773-774
fields, ground squirrel work, illustration. ...............--...+.-+-s-e2- 29
from western fields to foreign markets, illustration’ .....................+..
grading, congressional act establishing uniformity.........-.......-.-.-.- 355
imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value.............5.-+--ee-e0-e-ee0s 765-766
injury by blackbirds......0+<----s-7= a= ++-<>> > ppg eee 261, 264
poisoned for rodents, distribution, illustration. ...........-.-.---- *. akc ea 427.
price level, determining factors... ... 21» «<iee nat >t - edewan viene on sinapee
regions, special weather reports. ...... sews +b ewt anes ous = viewsinwes aspeneee
Standards Act, amendments proposed. ..........-.----++++++eeecenecnee
Graine—
acreage and production, 1910-1920. . 2.22... ..-.-sensenencceecntacemne -- 11-3
exports, 1910-1020. ...\. - «+= je'insmakewns nd atielteiiareesaseenniie iateeeenannn 4

»
~~ a

Index. 861

Grapes— Page.
and raisins, imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value. ...................-. 765
marketing, ARMY, DUBE NO 5 stg ar Sis. a neal 362

Grass specimens from rodent-infested and free plots, illustration.............. 426

Grasses, introduced, value and further needs...................222-2--22+-4- 47

eeavity, action upon soil moisture. ........-2d0d ess Ui dese Seskel ee ecseee. 212, 213

ng L. C., article on ‘‘ Helping landless farmers te own farms”. ........-. 271-288

razing—
allowances of live stock in National Forests, 1920...................... 838-840
8 gS oe ee 2 317
Prendnn! Screnthaesed lb. bs OUP) esa b wet ul. eel. eeereye bos! 65-67
National Forests—
Peete SOE T0VO SUOGMs 6622s cette cce cnt access cad vaese reese ee 838-840
SEARS AMIE, SSRIS UE ODO. 25 Ars wee aatees a nS Se) UGSRL A Ble. aS 835
Ie es on ny! eee ee 316-318

Grease—
exports, 1917-1919, quantity and value...............-...-...208s2.e045 770
imports, 1917-1919, quanine ene yalue >... ....gof. Weed. see. . eed 762

GREELEY, W. B., article on ‘Wood for the Nation”. ....................-- 147-158

Green bugs, control DEOMI Rocchi ee t= SOE! eget ta alo. eis 266

Greenhouse, lighting with electricity to lengthen daylight.................. 394-397

Greensand, use as potash fertilizer.........2.5.-2.5202225225222 01 ee ee eee eee 365

Groundnut tubers, effect of shortening daylight. ........................-..- 390

Growth, animals, principles Schandau ete eOn MIRC ULR tire 238-239

Gulls, usefulness by eating—
alfalia Secure ites te cee Po ieLishe Lovebite eet ps 253
EN nee OS SRNL) Gt AP ee eels tlalrsels. nde 264

Gums, imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value..........-...-.---.--2:2-2..--- 764

Guns, ‘hand, for dusting cotton, Pvtatione eet 882. tedzesjeniiseals 247, 250-252

Gunstocks, jumber requirements tetas cine PEED Pe eo tecte ll. 443, 445, 447

Hair—

Began, 1917-1919, quantity and value.........-..-.--....-.-.<.ebieh 770
horse, imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value...-..2...-...2.. 202.2022... 762

Hams, exports, 1917-1919, quantity ape wale... -arctcives bijsr: Lewtaadss. 77

Hand guns for cotton dusting, Pogiaiammas <--->. «= - deerisns i. tyewl 220 247, 250-252

eeeedies, wood, utilization, waste, saving. .....-.....-...---....-.....--.- 451-452

Hardwood lumber exports, 1917-1919, quantity and: walnedc : ossteco.2u: . 22 bite 772

Harvest, dates for several crops, with’ percentagess. .-.... 22.2 AGS aoe 809

Hatching EO EOE on oa oo ane 2 = cle. dogs 2 kL 236, 237

Hawaii—
sugar production, 1876-1921 and 1913-1920.............-...-.-. 676, 680, 683, 687
trade with United States, principal farm products, 1918-1919.............. 790

Hawks—
iauemun.apecies, feeding habits. .............- - -celssseagecrs.vt ws. ss... 256
RMR SERED oct on own ow nn. wan os SUMS ERCAL WORE AE Je 257, 264

a

eS en noo oe aie RS en en nee LEY ge Cee 9,13
= losses, 1909-1919, extent and causes.....---......-.--.--220220-20-- 630

NE as on, ss os 5 > nee? - os ee eee es 169, 170
aang eoi7—1019;, quantity and value: .....2:..-.. -fere-cottenecucm:)... 766
i Eis a San ee ate ged = wn a ee aim oh 805
INET TRG a on oo on on ne IS beg, S Seteh. BILAL stu res 136
fetces at principal markets, 1913-1920........-.--..--..2c0u. waedwe fees 632
aaamacs, acreage, production, -value, etc..........-......-..-....-.--- 627-633

Health—
midshipmen, improvement since 1910............2--222.--.2-- 205-25. 469470
NE RR Oe ei ee a ready ages eee titeuht ads Ols ikl. 480, 483

Heaters, oil, for frost protection, illustrations...................--.-.-- 187, 188, 189

Hemp, infestation by. corn, DOPED janes - 5 nite eee cossxwebsry = PROS. BE ENS Sie 88

Herd, Naval Academy dairy, tuberculin tested _-.................-22--.-0.- 467

Herds, dairy—
improv SEROINS, DICOGIOR §S. -im bs. eaten nae nen ph yeh: Sth LOR ON 409-412
NE oP teh et GW pie. dace ok po dg oR e 404, 409-410, 411

Heredity, element in growth OL apimals.... ....<<..vews wali: pte RES? wes Olen 238

ENS AOTC no ns ie nn nn mnie so an weld» VIse bows <ibe GE LEM ELES 167

Se ty. inspries to. wheat, estimate. . . .\15. 50.5 osen ec ncs St eube bib acewen 104

862 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Page.
Hickory, heartwood, tests, resulta: -j: «2-2 sheet. 0192s J22. eegeee eeeeees 443,451
Hides— :
exports—
and imports, 1909-1919, of world countries..........-.....--..------- 718
1917-1919, quantity and value._.:......~.coseiwet Uos-cege. OES ae 770
imports 1917-1919, quantity and value--.........-...----.---+--------- 762° 44
trade international, 1909-1919 |... 5-52 n= eee oa eee 718
High schools, use of ‘“‘radio marketgrams”’ .........--..--.--+-------+-+-+-++-- 136 —
Highway—
Departments, State, increase under Federal-aid law -........-..--.------ 344
Officials Advisory Board, personnel and problems...........-..--------- 60-61
Highways—
classification, importance . - .........-.....-..-{L2 iD. 20. See eee
Construction Progress. «....<52 40. winiom st nsin.eisis wet. . Beh [226g 57-62
weather Service. ..<~ 5420- xste Sisk nae Soeaich . 535k dena ee 195
See also Roads.
Hog cholera. See Cholera, hog. ,
Hogs—
condemnations at slaughter, 1907-1920 ...........-...--..-----+--------- 7
feeding, faulty practice, illustration...................------------+-+--- 231
grazing allowances in National Forests, 1920............---..---.+----- 839-840
growing, club boy and his pig, illustration....................--++--+---- 492
imports, 1917-1919, numbers and value... ........---.----.--+-++-++-+- "OWGL
market estimates at Chicago. ....1%..2u0.. 2+... ove Jeo, 2a Be 141-143
marketings, receipts and shipments. ............--.---+-.----+2-----22- 758
number slaughtered under inspection, 1907-1920 ............------.---.-- 759
numbers in National Forests, 1916-1920. ..................-...--..02-2-2 835
prices at leading markets, 1913—1920.: s2.J0: 5.2 gu I 22 ne et ee 756
raising, illustrations and text . < .<<..i-<.2- 0-29 TIME SES JS 332, 333
registry associations, National, directory.......-.....----------------- 511-512
runts, Percentage << on sds = Ss cnc 3s ona tok ae 227
statistics—
number, value,. breeds, eteser: hivi sditeg bok CU 753-756
numbers in world. countries - 2322222 85-2. Aap .2l lead 2S ee 701-717
Holstein dairy herd, illustration... ..... 2220s 220.si. 2s SO
Home—
builder, preference in grazing permits on National Forests............-..- 320
demonstration—
agents, number and work......-.---.-.---Gusittuld Olt aoe 51-53
influence of adult women... .. os... sssnvesss 5. 55-256 5s ese a 117
results in house and surroundings............-.-..+..---+-------2-- 124-125
results in South, article by O. B. Martin and Ola Powell........... 111-126
WOPK, Git: 10 SABIE? ..« oo 6-5 5 ws 5 45 eden chee 106, 108, 109
See also Demonstration.
labor saving, illustration . . . ........<.-..00sacue sees oes eUs SEO ee 115
Homes—
demonstration Work « o< 0s ~~ «00 .enedueene nent een eset eeee een Se 119-120
improvement by—
conveniences, demonstration work............--..-...---+-+--eee-- 122-123
demonstration work... .<:.0<0<4~< 0/052 PIM eee EA 111-112, 123-124
Honey—
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value. . ...........+<ssesee cee sedcoses aoe
market reports, NOC... - sews cww as see b access oS LSU SOU COL ee 136
Hops—
exports—
and imports, 1909-1919, world countries...........-.....----+--++--+ 662
1917-1919, quantity and value. ....1....0... 020. sensewescevene semen 774
prices at principal markets, 1913-1920. ..............2.. 220 eens eceeeeeees 661
statistics, acreage, production, value, etc..........-------------+-ee0e. 659-662
“trade international, 1909-1019. ..5.)5.5. ci 200. be. OO Le 662
Horse skins, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value.......-.....-.----+--+-- 762
Horseflies, control by birds «is ssssscntsvestcewewdssed Weeds sunapeeuue eee + OF
Horses—
breeding, text and illustration. .........00si 024 ju. . PSs 334, 335
destruction by predatory animals. ............----eee ee eee ence eee eeeees 295
exports 1917-1919, numbers and value............-+-2+e+-eeeeeeeeeeee Tee,

grazing allowances in National Forests, 1920. ............+++-2+++0++ .. 838-840

Index. 863

Horses—Continued. Page.
maaporte, 1917-1919, number and value. ........-.+-.-..---isbebclesss ose. 761
mam bers in National Forests, 1916-1920 . 22.2.0). 0 cnet te wee culacleccvocces 835
prices—

OES Ey UU | | 725-726

enn Minny kame eS Sp 5 poi W in Bim oiie ne o's Sela nye 2b be Beam ew eee 758
registry associations, National, directory............-----------++-+-++-- 511
statistics—

member, -valuc, 1mports, ANd OXPOFts . . . 2.26 6.00 b 5 onan os eist onase- 723-728

EST ee ec iit i as 701-717

Horticultural Board, work against corn borers..............----------------- 95

Houses—

é. TS SBC OR ee ae a ae 332
I TAMU YC aio pio al owes ne ping a apd we fee ae bee 149-150

Hull fiber, as paper source.......-... eee) More © Sipe aie See a See ee 455

Human beings, number bitten by rabid animals in West............------- 293, 294

Humming birds, feeding habits...... ea ee ee 8 2 isnt eee ee oe 260

Hunters—
ai aolopical Survey, work, results ..............-..-.2--0e2-- een 292, 296-300
SOE SE es ve 2 ge 2 ee ee 160

Hunting down stock killers, article by W. B. Bell................---------- 289-300

Hurricane warnings, work of Weather Bureau.... ..........----------+-++++--- 194

DIORTAMIELTNATSHCS, NOt <8 . . - n See e a ee daln ols oD Wale 166

Idaho—
irrigation canal, injury by pocket gophers........-.-.-....-.----------- 433-434
vemnek associations, Girectory.-.-2 262). 5se.s les oe eee ce eee 518
SP IMMIEEIMETRT CR AT OAS oe soto sfare.- ic. ieaaie oe Decale s os Se Sens sone ses seek 836
PPI DOGUE. 2-5-5000 25.--20i seer oise se pidtestsrcdeln atercaors 218
I cS Eb eo tee pee ote oats es sews 292, 293
IIR HOGG 22 0. oon 2, OEE MAW li. 2s 2 sereth ak 350
rodent extermination, and acreage covered...........--------- 428, 432, 435, 436

Tilinois—

IETS Sco a oo = oan Ae ys PES iss 2154 Seed 821
fpe-aock assoctations, directory... ..-.))<g..% i P/- ns soe eee eee 518-519

Implements, wood utilization, waste saving...-... Mere e [2% 2 rere 451-452

Imports—
nrmermroducin, 1917-1910... = ewer erent ee eee 761-769
Senter, 1911-1919, world countries.............--.-....-----------eenss 585
fe 1000-1919, world countries. 22250204. lose wie Rs). 2 eens oe 736
RT St a ow ono SRA IRL oe sidehhtd tae d- see 728
Sees -1010, world countries: ... lois. 2s lis. 6 1 sakes aeetn deep - 208 741
tent -1019° world countrics............ snd -2- 22a dae. eee eee 693
ee —2900. ‘world countries is.22¢ 08 s2ss0 2-0 Le saioose 208 Jlebels weenie. 545
90. WOrkd COUNTIES. .-.---------- 2-22 cee ence sence nee 642
cottonseed, 1909-1919, world countries............--....------------++--- 644
farm products—

Sere 1008. | aactlsdeei: ttt: unl nective Send adacl egal ose 778

ue SCN G lt CO ee Seine ok tse i 788

NR IE en. an aOR ELIS JuiPy os fo eieakigey e's be 782-785
Ue Si ae eee aoe ear en ey eet 816
Remracts, 1852-1919) 65 ide Sates eg ees 1 ele wre Eee. 785-787
eer atia Dy PTOUPA. .. - ss Sb biejse Sete Saree bee teeta 778-779
a ee re oe ert. mee en ee 627
hides and skins, 1909-1919, world countries.................-.-...-.------- 718
fee ted-1919, world countries........-..... 282020) sees eet- eh eee cee 662
ENN oe Sara kb wie nn emacs a eee tins ons ven SU See Ehe welds ewe 728
india rubber, 1909-1919 world countries..................-.-.-.--+-+----- 698
I) 8 oe. Rati dah Ded. esse dase es 826-827
meat and meat products, 1911-1919, world countries......---.-..-.----- 721-722
oats, 1914-1919, world countries. .........-..-------- i Mape._acie Bigsewicteuats be 575
oil cake and meal, 1909-1919, world countries. .....-.-.....--------+----- 695
origin of farm products for U. 8. 1910-1919..........-.---------+------- 798-802
potatoes, 1914-1919, world countries. ...........-.-----------+-+--+-+--+-+++- 623
rice, 1909-1919, world countries. ......-...--...--.-- eee eee eee eee eee eee 607
rosin, 1909-1919, world countries. ...........-.---------------+--e2+++-- 696

rye, 1911-1919, world countries...........-------------+-++++eeeeeeeeeeee 594

864 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Imports—Continued. Page.
sheep. IROS=1020- percent cadidicae ewe ee eee eee eee 745 .
sugar, 1909-1919, world countries: -.-2222-2202.. .0 2202 RIAD ee 682
tea, 1909-1919, world countries. .2..2..2. 222.2252 selene 502 ae os cee eee 691
tobacco, 1909-1919, world countries....................22.2.-22---.--20--- 650
turpentine, 1909-1919, world countries..........-..2..--.-.....2..---+-- 697 —
wheat, 1909-1919, world countries: +. -0[0. 2002... 222 0582 AeA a 563
wood pulp, world countries, 1909-1919... ............--.2....s0-0sssssnee 700
wool, 1909-1919, world countries? >>. PUTS 12 sce a eee 20 752

Inbreeding, a cause of runts-....2< 5222232555 2-0-5 ees eeces naa eee ene 228, 234 ©

Income— : “
farm— a

im several areas. 222.2222 5206525252222 15 oc: 5508252555 ee 821.
interest on purchase money: ;::::.../222527-..02---.1 Ae 276-278
farmer, increase by tested cows, article by J. C. McDowell...........-. 401-412 —

Index numbers— 3 2
crop prices, 1911-1920: : - .......cc252225.056t2 2 Se ee sit?
land values, wages, prices and values...............-------2-+----+--eee- 825
prices of meat animals..::--<:.2s..-222:25 “L200 ett. 02 id S25 oe

India rubber—
exports and imports, 1909-1919, world countries.................-----..2. 698
trade international, 1909-1919......2..0..5. 022 220.0. Sea 698

Indiana— ss :
incomes from farms. ...../.5..2..¢.00.. 2.0.2.2: .s0let - Soe sare B28
live-stock associations, directory......:.....<+--.----2+-:--/0. -2oseanee ‘519

Industries, wood-using, lumber saving.........-..---- 443, 450, 451, 452, 454, 455, 461

Influenza, control by help of demonstration agents.............-....-.--.-.... 22%

Information— : ; ;
authority to obtain, legislation needed..........--..-.....--22++--22---- ¥ 76
Director, dwtleso 0s ec cb oscesws oS ns ootces ee eee 58.9
Office, transfer to Publications Division.........-...... 2.25. ..2)2.2e 53

Insecticide—
act, amendment proposed ..........-2-.-----.5+-- 5225s ss ese ee ie
and fungicide act, amendments proposed.........---.---------++.+-+----

Board, supervision of calcium arsenate.....................2-..22..22-285 246

Insects, control—
bey Taig nee oe okt ees ie soe eee ee 253, 259-264, 265-
Work £2255 ei. ee CASE Oa SR :

Tnspection—
food products, law, amendment proposed....................-.-.....-+-- 73."
meat, Federal, statistica, 1907-1920. ................:...../0,b 759-760

Inspectors, predatory animal, districts and location...........-....- mast) ey 292, 298

Insurance, forest, inst fire, note. ......25..+.2beiepece DR A 156

Investigators, detail for study of foreign markets........................--..-. 501 —

Iowa—
incomes from farms... ...-.....022.05s/0,UI002 Js _ CIR eR ee 821
live-stock associations, directory. ...........--.---.s--.--.-<sse 520
State Fair, baby-beef entries by club members. .............-..---.-...--.

Wis, forcing experiments. . ...... 640.6... wwe os owed eee aes Sete ae 396, 400

Tron in food, requirements and sources........-....-..------------+---2se0eee 480

Trrigation—
canal, break caused by pocket gophers, illustration. ...................- 434
community interests, companies and districts..................-....+.- 207-209
districts formation and consolidation.................-.-------.----++.-+- 207-209
farmers—

article by Samuel Fortier...':........ «..cviigueo. Siew. Ae 203-216

See also Irrigators.

importance in western States. ......0:.00.0..505.0. 0.0 0000.. sew
Investigations Division, aid to farmers...................-.-+--2--ss205 207-209
investigations, funds, reduction?! J200.0: 0. 1..101..2 sai eee eee ea ; ‘
land preparation, methods and cost...............2.220-+-2-2-eeeeeeee 210-21) —
specialists of Roads Bureau, work for farmers....................+..--++ 207-209
systems, damages by pocket gophers...............-----.0-0eeeeeeeues 433-434

water. See Water.
work, California, funds required.................2000--000000s eT

Index. 865
tors— Page. .
jumaer Government projects, advantages. ....-.....5...2-----eccececcccn 205
Sect Brivate enterprises, CXPENSs. -..--. 2-2-0. cee o-oo scencetesane 205
EE LE Es Soo. oe oa ceo ne 'ns ccienaceaduithntncss 205
Seeesports 1917-1919, quantity and value. .................-2--- cece ncnee 763
Italy, source of corn borers mpreoG. Ato AMericn. -- 0 oo. ok a ee ene 88
Ivory, vegetable, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value..................-..- 764
TE ee Side atet dN opie SS eh eae ne aa 261
Journal of Agricultural Research, nature and scope.....................------. 110
Jute, imports 1917-1919, quantity ICV EBUTIES ye tea ees Stare eg ae ey te 763
a skins, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value._.................... 762
Kansas—
ea mermee burean, Of1ce and Work....-.......52-.....------------~- 140
DPT SPOCIRtIONS GITGCIOrY....=...-.....)0........----0.5--+-+--- 520
NEES ce! Sie Se ne ee ee eee 422
rodent extermination, and acreage Ll nS ee ee ee eee 432
Kapoc, imports 1917- 1919, autem Waite oe 763
Krity, ERNEsT, article on “‘Milk for midshipmen”.................-...-- 463-470
Kelp—
giant on Pacific Coast, potash source, illustration.....................-..- 373
potash extraction, progress of work.....................-.--.--.-..------ 56
study and use in potash production......-. eee ee irre eee ee ae 372-375
Kentucky—
CeERISLIONS, GITCCLOLY .. 22... .-./.--------2--+------------2e- 5-21
ERS ak See yr a ie ee ee 218
EE ITS a pe I, ad SOAR Fae a 265
Kilns, ary, EERE NIG RU RGM eee ee 443-447
King bird, 7 RUSS ESSE (Site BE Sestak ete ai a er 260
Kinglets, feeding oo ESS wie At Sk Ee ee aac 263
Kitchen, cleanliness, importance in diet....... ope Es aia pan a tae ae 481
Kitchens—
ISL 2s a aE a rr ce oe 117
equipment improvement by demonstrations. ...-.-.-.----./.-.--------- 120-121
improvement by heme demonstration agent..-....-----......-.-.------ 123, 124
eaenre woatner Observations........ 26.2. 012. 2.2222. l el. 186, 196
Knapp, Dr. SEaMAN A. , hope for demonstration work.....................-- 113
Labor—
conditions—
TEE EAR EOE 1 Ta So lel ee i all a 59
OS ES Ss aR ES Fg at a Dt ah anne AC 10
farm—
ana IE = 2a Sa Se ee ee a 820
A EE ES lain A Pini act a ne ae a 29-30
supply and demand, statistics Dy Retest eg re wee ee eee 822
wages by classes and SUSE T opm CUE Rs a, a ep ig A 819-820
SI ae a en a 821
See mameen bo cost Of production of wheat. ...-....... 21.0.2... cesses. 303-305
Laboratory, Forest Products, Madison, Wis., investigations, results... -.-.--. 439-462
Laborers—
Sericulcural, percentage of population........................-.-.------- 37
Naval Academy dairy, number, and housing......................------ 467
eco mmenaimont, Proposed... -.--......-.... J. 2... a.---------0-0---- 74-75
Lambs, farm oe TIMES ET 20S da gS ett Miche id Se Dela sh least ha 745
Lamium, MMO EMACNAEN ex co et alk oe se ee was 394
and —
arable, western States, per cent under irrigation. ................----.--.. 204
buying, precautions for the inexperienced... ..... es Snare ek oe ee Rae 287
companies, warning to inexperienced settlers. .................---.---- 286-287
Economics Division, study of farm ownership Shigeo sin 273, 276, 279, 282, 285, 288
homestead, scarcity so) iy ual Ale ie RaEES, ” pe Sige a ee 271, 282-284
meted, ateain 17 western States_.-.._-..-.-..-.-.---.-.-----+----- 204-213
ern Oy eprines and wells, area.......................-.-....---.05 213

30702°—yBx 1920——55**

866 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Land—Continued.
new— Page.
picking for farms, difficulty =: _..- <2... 2 -.2. 2. wae ee 285
settlement problems. 2... -.<.. /.. 2. 52 ae Ae - ee 284
Office mape, scope: -22 05 2.220 Ee we es nee eee ee eee 414
preparation for irrigation methods and cost............-...-.-..----..-- 210-211
prices, increase’since 1910. 012. oe. ene eee = 271-272
resources, acreage and conditions.........-....-.-022-.--- 2 cecwleecees 282-283
settlement—
and colonization. 5: .-.--=.- 2. <n peek pe bee SE 5 oe 34-35
need of National polity... 2025255 2 a. 5 ae RE 288
sharks, warning to land buyers... -.--~....-.-s:4s-+sss--4-2558 =n 285
values—
changes since 1850). 025 54 2. ...i 25. 3) base oe ee Se 272
increase since 191022 3.9. Gti oo. Sennen eee eee 271-272.
index numbers. :.- 2. WU. 2. Si a ee 825
Lands—
agricultural, in several countries... ..-......--....-----ss5+-6s5s-5eeeeee 834
cut-over, availability for farms. .--....-.- 52...) -scasc=0<-5b-4—ne eee
deforestation annually --.-....- 2-2 cess de so Se eee 162.
farm— ;
price changes, studies... 2... 525s isn enone ps ane sae) 53s Re 32-33
selection; use of soil surveys: .-. 222... 26 ce nna ece ce cee cee 415-416
idle; dMlustrations> 2... . 3)... -- Sa eon ck ees oe ee eb ee 157
private ownership and control by government, remarks................-. 156 |
public, rodent control demonstrations..................----------- 427-429, 431
undeveloped, acquiring by landless farmers................-.--.--.----- 282-284
value estimating, use of soil surveys. ....-...........------1-.----naeee 416-417
waste; availability for farms. _ 2: i220 s-2- 22. -2.05.2-.-s:ece ge 284
water-logped, drainage. .. 2 2.0. fo 22.02 ads leet seek oe cone ee ee 209-210
‘3 “ae States, utilization for crops and pasture.............-..--.....-- 204
ard—
compounds, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value............-.......-- 770
* lexports, 1917-1919, quantity and value... --. - 1.2... cance eee 771
Lasta, shoe, laminated, illustration. -/.. 22... -2.- 0-00-0652 4= 95558 See 448-449
Laths, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ......-......------..----seeses 765
Laws— bird protection—
STACT CABG n=» 8m th wn ore sii rm wy a nsw ev 9
existing, amendments, recommendations. .........-..----.---.+---- 68-76
irrigation water control, importance to farmers:........--...........- 215
States adopting, Map. - if: == ods sen tee eo cagnaee ~ 000 see =e eee 269
Leai-chafers, ‘control by birds... 225... 2h SO oe ok 259
Leafhoppers, control by birds.......-.....-.-.-.. 5-2-2 -224-s2e sb. 5 seeeeeeee 267
Legislation—
amendments to existing laws, recommendations...................------- 68-76
new, recommendations by Secretary... -.. -.-.- -.-cceesere-0aseemnenee 76-77
Legumes, need in rotations with COMM... . .. 20 ws 106-00 <cosancceteup seen 48
Lemons—
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value....25 2250.0. cas. pace conss ease 773
frost protection, cost and saving.................- fu «mas atey F< 188
imports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ...... 22 lS...- enone eee 765°
Lice, plant, control by: birds. 22.20. .2/22':585, ss Faves ee op ean eee 263, 266
Licenses, game, advantage Im UBC ~.-. 5 mien cece ving 4a vien nee ein aaa 162
Licorice root, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value.................-.-.-.-- 766,
Light, control, importance to plant breeders........-..-..-----------++-++- 398-400
Lama beans, forcing experiment. °. ... 2-5-2 22e ce cesenee end aeeen een 383
Lime acetate, product of wood distillation. ........... 22... .--- see cee ceeees 456
Linseed. See Flaxseed.
Linters, cotton, &88 PAPE SOUFCE. - 2... on emcees ces cemncesanesnsecsserseee 456
Lions, mountain—
killing by Department hunters... ...--n-0<08¢o=smaeensandnsshbenne 292, 299
live-stock destruction... /iic.... sc: cactsdereetaecpi ben ashen eet 289, 291
Liquors, alcoholic exports 1917-1919, quantity and value...............-.-.-- 774
Live stock—
associations—
interstate, directory. ..i:..-is...cttisuscabes cbtmeweueeee Sates ous 514-515

National, interstate, and State, directeries. ...............22.--005- 510-533

Live stock—Continued. Page.
births, early season, advantages.........-----------------------++--+---- 237
breeding—

BIEN ind CARIN TeTIOS Sr oc cscs tree eee thc see = omnes seine 338
Beene Tarte fee Sow oot oe tee sae ee JL OR! SBE S88, 308
Chicago market, reports and their use.........-.----------------------- 141-143
clubs, membership, North and West........-..----------------------+-+-: 488
conditions in Europe, study results. ....-....------------------------ 501, 502
destruction by—
Reis tho 82h eS A ay Ee nn SL RE OLD Oe, oe
Manin. VAlUC 32-2. =~ - ow ee eg on senna 289, 291, 295
Giseases, control work. ......-...------------2----2- 2-20 -t eee eee - eee 42-44
pxcellence’on National Forest ranges. ... 2-2-2 S 22 ee 320
exports 1917-1919, numbers and value.......--------------------++----- 770
grazing in National Forests, fees.......-.-------------------+--+---------; 65-67
growers, opinions on pure-bred stock......-..-.--.-------------------- 336-338
MMIPTNICIPICE.-.. . 22. - edn we ene ne ees ee ee 238-239
imports 1917-1919, numbers and value........-.-----------------+------ 761
RYE he ee oe an Be io wwe awe mn Sin 48-49
losses caused by predatory animals..........-.------------------------- 42
market re ports—
Beatin anti value. ..---:----.2---= 222 tae asa 140-143
Seno Se, 3 a 3 = oto 5 wim epee oe lee eee OE PAC Ea eae 136
marketing, control, law recommendation.......-..---------------------- 77
marketings, 1900-1920..........-.---.---------------------2e rrr errr eee 758
markets, supervision. ........-.--.-------------------- ESAS AS Bs al ULE 26-28
on farms, numbers, 1910-1920, and exports. - --.---.----------------- 10, 13, 16
owners, reports on runty animals..........-------------+----+--------- 225-226
prices—
by ages and classes, 1915-1921. .......------------------------+----- 758
Resa oo So ee Pe ee een > ee a eae 825
production, losses from rodents. - - ------------------------------- 425, 426, 431
.. protection—
: by weather warnings.........-.----------------------++-+++---+2-2"- 190
cooperation of States, etc......-----------------------+------- 293, 298, 299
on ranges, illustration -.--.-.--.-------++--------+---+---- 22 rere reese 290
pure bred —
4 dio ho SERS 2, a SSS eee y= 331
selling to South America.......-.-.---2--------+++++--+-+-+------+: 502
registry associations, National, directory... -.-------------------------- 510-515
-. relation to forest ranges-.-.------------- SAE SASS SB OM 2s SRE 319-320
reporting service methods and needs.....--.--------------+---+---------- 95-26
runty, illustration -.-.--- bore ee oo 02 ee ne ke ass eee Semen ee oe 997
scrubs to pure-bred strains, article by D. 8. Burch..---.-.------------- 331-338
mimpapiter, 1920........-.-.--------..----- 2-222 ee eo ee eee 701-760
stockyard receipts and slaughter, 1916-1920...--------------------------- 758
value in maintaining soil fertility.......-------------------------------- 403
values, by States, comparisons...-.-.-.--------------+-++-+++------7-7-- 757
weaning time, need of special care. ..-----------------+-----+--+-----+-+--- 228
world conditions, information need....-.------------------------------- 499-500
young, lack of care a cause of runts-...-..-------------------+++-+++---++-- 228

Loading cotton at Gulfport, Miss., illustration... .-.-.----------------------- 500

Loans—
by farm-loan banks, character.....----------------------------77-- 279, 280, 281
on lands, use ot soil surveys in estimating value. -.-.-------------------- 416-417

Locusts, Rocky Mountain, control by birds....---.-.------------------------ 266

Logwood extract, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value...---.-------------- 772

Louisiana—
cotton yields, illustration........------------------+----+-++- +5 re rrrttee 249
live-stock associations, directory...-...--------------------------+++++-2--- 521
sugar production, 1856-1921 and 1911-1920....-.------------------- 676, 679, 683

. Tallulah Station, testing calcium arsenate...-..--------~-----+-+-----+-:- 246

LueprkeE, C. L., and E. G. Montcomery, article on “The farmer’s interest in

Rion TATKEtSA”...---...-.-- --2--ee ennenneneenene nena ne 495-503
Lumber—

drying in kilns, saving in time and waste.......-------------------+--> 443-447
exports, 1917-1919, quantity and value.......-..------------+-+++++++-+- 772

868 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920. 7
Lumber—Continued. é - » Page. Se
‘<* for Army and Navy, aid of Forest Laboratory.-.........-------------+- 443-447
imports 1917-1919, quantity and value. --.----:-- .--2-. 2-2 ----% saee ~o ==. ee
industry, relation to National Forests. .......-....--..--.-.---------- ‘2. 320-323 —
production changes in United:States. . .......-.~.----5-<=- on pane ne 150-151
saving in— ' a
small-dimension stock... . . =< « <- - -/-0.chis has eee <a eee 451-452,
WavIOUS TEGURIIOR. —.. 5 02. <= a oe ee 443, 450, 451, 452, 454, 455, 461
small-dimension, saving, suggestions... ....-.-.-.-.-----------------+---++-- 451452
<! jge, deerease on farms... .. j.6s 20.005 5 ohn ce bras so eae = ee ee 150
Lung— > 1
- diseases, children, caused by roundworms..........--------------------- Vise
infestation, with worms, illustration. ........-.<:-- $5 -=---j-=<5 <5. ae 177
Lungs, infection with roundworms, results.........---------------------+-+- 177-178
Machine, testing, for boxes, illustration...-..............-<------s-4-=-5aeee . 446
Machines, dusting, for cotton... . - £22<.5-<-% < «= 2s6-s65>->)=4-—- Bee 246-248, 250
‘Mahogany, imoorts 1917-1919, quantity and value..........---...--------.--- 764
Maine— ;
incomes from farmB..... 2. -....- << -62+- Jsenjeae---=- +e een S25
live-stock associations, directory -..-.2.--.-----/.--=- <.+-+-«-=-s55nEeeee . §21
National Forest, ares. .:..-..-.43 50. -<-2<2cen.-3+ ane ae n eee 836
Malt— .
exports 1217-1919, quantity and value...:-..........----)-~----.--"55nee 774 |
liquors, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value..........-.--.--.--------- esc
Manila, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value.........-...--.--------------- 763.
Manzanilla seeds, cleaning in Guatemala, illustration. ..-...--..-------------- 420
ore sugar and sirup, production, 1909, 1919, 1920......-....-.-.-..--.-.. 689-690
aps—
Soi] SUFVEY, SCOPe-.--.--2---5-.--s5c-- os =b eG bac hep = pee 414-415
weather, typical, illustrations... -.+...--.---..-.-<. ---- «se seeeee 184, 185 ©
work of different branches of Governmert...........--.----------------- 414
Market— ;
Reporter, preparation, scope, distribution and usefulmess.............-. 132-133
reporting service, and official publication. ..........------------------- 500-501
world, effect'on prices. ....<-<-<...5<2<---== 5. === «egg oe 495-496
“Marketgram,”’ scope, distribution and usefulmess. ........-.--------------- 133-134
' Marketing— Te
apples, relation to grading... .. .....--- 5-2-4. -0- - -«<=e--4- +e see 359-360 ©
combined with crop estimating work.............---------.s-=---s5=sses 24-25
cooperative, assistance of Markets Bureau........-----------------+----- 22-24
eosts, SHIGY .- 25+ 2h. se -tne vec e ree - 15 e sethn ei hate gee ean 22
igzm, conGstaon 30): LODO aoa won ns en Seen eee = o's ole seen eee 362
live stock, control law, recommendation .............------------+----+-e> 77
potatoes of 1917 crop, loans by banks..............-.--------+-=+-+-«--455 ee
sweet potato, relation of grading, illustration.......-...-.--------------- 358
work, expansion need.....-----------.--+-++2-0- 22222 reece eee etree sree 21-28
-Marketings, live stock, numbers, 1900-1920............-..----------+--+--0+-
Markets—
Bureau—
Chicago estimates of live-stock shipments, preparation and use. .... 141-143
consolidation with Crop Estimates Bureau. ....-----------------+-++-+- 24-25
cotton bulletins, preparation and issue.....-.-----.-.--------+-+-+--- 145
creation, actpe of work, and expansion...........-..-.....--- 21-28, 128-129
inspection of food products........-<.-4,---«---=,ss=-6haes > aeenenee 356
inspection service, function in fair dealing. ........---.-------+---- . S67
inspection service, handling potatoes. .........-.----.+-++--++++-0+- 356,
news service, scope and usefulness... .......-...-2-- 2 eee eee e cece eees 146
offices and reports... ....2-- 205+. s0siess<++-ssn00benessneaneeeee 140-143
offices and work for dairy and poultry products...-.....----------- 143-145
offices, reporters and communications system.......-....--+----++- 131-132 —
telegraph lines leased, note...........2-2-2-s20<0-nentss0-0seeesenee 140
usefulness in making contracts... .........-2-20-2-eeee es eeeneweee 145
bureaus, State, use of ‘‘radio marketgrams”. ............---+-+---+-++0+0s a
farmers’, fair dealing development...........-.-.-+-+-+-+- onecccescces SOL

Index. 869

Markets—Continued.
fovea — Page.
evelopment and maintenance. . .....--------+-+-+----eee reece eee 496
Grvision, iivestigational work..2.. 2. =~ <-s020cccescetbesebe rss fas 501-502
farmer’s interest in, article by E.G. Montgomery and C. L. Luedtke. 495-503
aa MOLINA ORICOUCCHON, NOCG: 2. 2 -b.<bWaed> <o-qaanciesees «- 23-24, 500, 503
uit—
eens aig) (cer IBGDULION. . ... «cnn go ope told dere renee PF Scene 139
study in Far East..........----.-----------2---+220--2+--- heh ocean 501
information, function in peguleeing SISA RCUTIN ny ei ees Sy hale Poet = 129-130
knowledge of, importance, article by W. A. Wheeler and Frank George.. 127-146
Gee mock. REENAMUI vive 25 o> anda nse ae ee bs seh lS Cina Pe neeeh eae 26-28
news reporting by Agriculture Department . .......--..-------------- , 128-129
reports—
Gaaly of car lot movements........-..----2-- 2-2-2 ------eernene----2 139
Beemowvon DUDHCity. ... _. ---- 2. ot 2s - ries eee og elena -> ose s- 127-128
review for fruits and vegetables, weekly issue..........----------------- 138
Marshes, usefulness, comparison of drained and undrained..........----.-- 165-166
Martens, preservation as fur bearers. ..........--.--------.----+0+----------- 173
Mert, O. B. and O1a Powe t, article on ‘‘Home demonstration bears frui;
REE MSS it 2. 2 teppei iegie awe yin 3 eda Shh 49 111-126
Maryland— ;
PEP RAR ALIONS..GITOCLOLY. «> \2=-6---02n ey an asta -aaen as -<8-5-~ ben 522
tobacco seed production, problem, solution.-.-..-..-.--.--------------- 329, 400
Massachusetts—
Ser NECCGING ANG INCTCARE 5.55 2 2 os swes Sap ee = pele = aster Hane 90-92, 93
forest ownership by State, and management . -......-..-...----------- 155-156
Pa SiG aitOns, ULCCUOTY ~ :q..- = 4 .<67445- d2540> -j<2 =o semanas 522
III MOLC. .'52 5-2 222 it ees 4 tees J-pop edo 350
McATEE, W. L., article on ‘‘Farm help from the birds” .-.....-..--.------ 253-270
McDoweE tt, J. C., article on ‘“‘Cows that make the income climb” .-......-. 401-412
ahaa EE ae eee Oe eee eee eee 261
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value. .........-...-.----------------- 774
oil-cake, trade international, 1909—1919.......-.........-.--------------- 695
Meat—
Seerrenides. numbers of Prices: - ..... +25... ~~ = ---- 2- .<-< -=- ~-==- =e 825
suaecmnation, quantity, 1914-1920..........-.....--..-.---+--------5s 760
consumption statistics by sections. . . - -...---.------------------------- 828
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ....-...--.-.---.--------------- 770
food use, ioreign countries general customs. ---..------.----------------- 475
imports 1917-1919, quantity and value. .-.....-.--..---.------------- 762-763
Inspection—
EBendments PrOposed . -.. - -...-. 02 «2m aes =n ey as-sae Ares 69-70
SMM StAStICS. 190¢—1920. 0 2 aoe ee en = ee 759-760
Smroueh predatory animals... ....-...---.-.---226---2-+-mee--ss9e0 295
production—
fe 4914-1920 and CXporis... <. ~~ sa<nn ewe oe ew nese penne =~ 15,16
imports, exports, and consumption . - ....-..-.---..-------------- 826-827
products—
exports, 1910-1920. ..............---+----------------------+------- 15
quantity prepared under supervision, etc., 1907-1920... ..-.....----- 760
PENNA ATTIACIOTID SARU SEE ec nwo re Wield Ss 9 SS Sent t 719-722
surplus production, countries exporting. ...........-------------------- 499
Osukr SU8T~ SW Ewer ee oO. 20a ace Ses aed ah ae AS «> = 719-722
mse on farms; per capita and source.~............----.----.----+- 475-476, 482
Meats—
camming, demonstration work. .....-.-.---.-------40+-+---- 22 eee en esse 119
Jabelung under Meat—Inspection Act..........-..-.--.-------+------+----- 69, 70
market reports, circulation and value..............---.----------- 136, 140-143
Memphis, cotton bulletins issue..........-..-...----------------+--+--+++++- 145
Merepirn, E. T., Report as Secretary of Agriculture ...........-..-.-------- 9-84
Meteorology—
agricultural, importance to farmers............---------------+-------- 201-202

NESS a: aa i aie. om 5-7

&

870 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Mice— Page.
destruction by owls and other birds. -.-.--..-.-.-.-.------2-=22--2222% 258, 264.
pine, orchard trees destruction: - - - -----.---------------------------- 423,436

Michigan— . .
incomes fred farms. ee ee et aa bee cere te ee ee Oe 821
Lenawee County Cow-testing Association, notes . . ......-.-.------------
live-stock associations, directory. - 2.22. ~-. $2. -2_ 5-2-2 8 ee ee 522-523
National“Forest area: =o «2 scr bivete ee ee 836 —
Newaygo County Cow-testing Association, progress......-...----------- 407-408

Microscope, use in wood examination, illustration... ....-..--.---------------- - 441

Midshipmen, milk supply, article by Ernest Kelly........-.-.------------- 4634470

Migratory birds—
law. enforcement and effect =. >>. SS 2 ne eS eee 163
protection .: . -.-. . 0.22. 52.22 - <5) = 82 2 -8s2 Se ee een ea ee 162-168, 268
treaties proposed... .........-------------------+---------+--+---------- 165
treaty with Canada for protection... -- =... --+2-.-.2::7----+2*-i 2° 2° eeeee i
Treaty Act, purpose: 2). 22222 1 ee eee a 268 —

Milk— without

‘ cows, number and value on farms, 1867-1921............------------.--- 729
exhibits at fairs, usefulness; note!!~ . 222072 5-2 oJ 22 Yt 22 ee TAS
exports 1917-1919, quantity and: value... .-=::-::-<-:-2:2:---2.-2.02eeee . “F707
handling— aa

and using, demonstration work - -.-=-....5 522220? 2) eee 121-122
at Naval Academy dairy... 2.22020 22o 2 se eee
house—

Naval Academy dairy, equipment, description...............--.-.-- 467
Naval Academy dairy, illustration. 22220292 223. 200 22. eee 466
importance in diet at Naval Academy........-..----.------------------ 469° =
impurity as cause of typhoid fever _.-:—...-:<:2:-<-: -.-2-)- 55> = ee 463
market news and’ prices. .. 2.002252 Sete yh Ee. ee ee I ee

midshipmen’s, article by Ernest Kelly..............------------------ 463-470
production— aes 2.
ave for tested Cows and all cows. ......:--15..-- +5 -5 4.5 eeeeeee 404
world & record... 5022.25.22: irr Se AS ee eee 404
supply from Naval Academy dairy. 2... .--2.... 2.222222 2A 467
use on farms, per capita........-.-.-- See 476°
‘utensils, care at Naval Academy dairy.::...220- 12... 2-2-2 SS A469

Millinery—
club work in arousing interest among women... ........----------------- 116

_. home work, influence of home demonstration . .............-.-----..---- bY ie

Mining, phosphate rock, wasteful methods. ..............-.--------+------+ 219-221 :

Minnesota— -_
hunting licenses and value of game. . .........--.------------«--------- 164
live-stock associations, directory. <2. 5 2-. 24,205 -=e->~sece=e = => eae 523 _
National Forests, areas; 2205. 525s 2 s8 ce Ee ae 8 8 cee eeeee eee 836

Mississippi—

Delta—
boll weevil poisoning work progress. ..........----------- .2 ne 248
cotton yields, illustration . . <2 ...20 520.220 ices l lace cee see eee 249
live-stock associations, directory ...:.--. <2 -:s.0+<+---s655-55555 00neeee 524

Missouri—
farmer’s experience in cow testing.....-..........--2------+--s-senenses 408
incomes from farms . 5: :.S5.< 2524 S25. SRR So AS a See cen 821.
live-stock associations, directory: .....22 00752 <2 cee onsn Speeeneenenee 524-525

Mockinphirds, feeding habits... 2. 20... cose ss. = oss ec aneeeess «> aeeaeee 263

Models, preparation and wise - .... 2.22.22 5252 o eee cee se cen cerncetessaaee 108, 109

Mouter, Joun R., article on ‘‘Runts, and the remedy”. .>.......------.- 225-240

Moisture, soil, movement; studies: . .0.225: 05. sc2se0s 6s. se eee 211-213

Molasses—
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value. .............------------------- 77
imports 1917-1919, quantity and value. .......-..-..------------+----+-: 768
production, Louisiana, 1911-1920. . .. 5... 2.52222 ee eee eee ee eee eee eces 679

Montana— Ke
live-stock associations, directory .........----.--20-.2 222 e eee ence eenes 525
losses from rodents. 22.2222. 025 c5l2e ico lelaiedas ota igep eee ee 422
National Forest, @F00 ... <<. oa5cscad eis deencce sb ececeds donee ase aun 836
phosphate deposits... .. <td --266--secesccnscenstenetnnnewlese nau 218

Montana—Continued. Page.
ROP IRCSION, TOG, aass date eee ttostl a tli) .is Jem eess lll oe 294
rodent extermination, and acreage covered.................----------- 427,43

Montcomery, EF. G., and C. L. LuEDTKE, article on ‘‘The farmer’s interest in

RI BELO Ue tre oy cate cbt Ck in Sew wince 108. DLs. PO oes 495-503

BEE C00 RGPOLLELISCOPG. Jas tk ons cern meen e eines nets OR. oe 110

Moore, R. A., citation on corn-yield i increase: eral thon \, seth iat ds. sigute 486

Mort ges—

st, under farm-loans system. ..-.......-..-.-+.-..-.----+--.--- 279, 281, 282

second, es OEMS IU lrat oe oho nai a alt Se os 2 oo oe 280
Moth, corn ‘borer, IMAC MIMS iTALONe aaa. AU Rees NNR AeSe Ni eso Loee 104
Motion Pictures—

Sincestransier to.Luplications. Division ..:-. ..2s.---c. bse osteo. .22e22 AS

preparation by Publications Division. and use...........--------- 107, 108, 109

See alse Movies.

Motor—

PRE EONO!ALOMAWOOGL WASUC 2 -\.5,.:5.c «2st arc'ete ewer arcrarn op le lee ea aie AH0-461

trucks. See Trucks.

SNE tet STOEL EL ETON, ATICICASE «2 orate c ain wo oN ge eo UE ME eS Us hea 57
Mountain sheep, preservation need, note. ae IO VAR ee 176
Movies, preparation by Publications Divi IS1ON) and tises ss - set A. 107, 108, 109
Mules—

exports 917—1919> numbers and values: 4). 220) S27. std. sche 770

RIM LRY EONS OOD eo os wie recon 6 oa LO PE ee EI 758

statistics—

mumber, value, imports, and exports... 24.5. 2.2.92 sles e220 li ee de 723-728
miners in ward: Countries JS 5S9r SPA POUL UL ei eso. pee 701-717

Seeeeanas,war, lumber requirements. ...........0.0.22...20. 200222002. 20 2 443-447

Mushrooms, imports 1917-1919, quantity and walties 4: 6 Jo.9. 22.22 ae 769

Mustard seed, mmporis 1917-1919, quantity and value... :....---..+.2.9tsten 7

Mutton, imports, exports, production, and conkimptien sis uy... 2. bee 826-827

National Forests. See Forests.

ences Stock Yards, Markets Bureau office and work................-..---- 140

aval—

memes, Annapolis, milk supply: <---- ot ek ol cee 463-470

eens exports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ....-...-.......22..2.-22- Ti2

See also Rosin; Turpentine.

Navy—
mean portance of healthfal diet: 2... : 22. 262.0 2s isket eee 463
EERO EN IOUE Eos) is a's co an oe wah are ee eee 443-447

Nebraska—

Mueecnaek associations, directory ....-.....-.---42---.0<-+---s--92---c5-0- 525

potash production, extent and process............-....-..-.------------ 371

rodent extermination, and acreage covered................-.-..------- 427, 432
Nevada—

mac -mouse plasue, control by birds. -:---...2....22..22--2.2.20.2 22-2 264

eer OCIAMOnS, CITeCtoOry s22 2229S: 222 2.9. 322 eee 526

eee rodents. -=..5.......2-.2222.- rt Serres oe ee iti: Be ae ae a 422

SENET ETecS, ATOAN: =~ OOS oS fn ae Ben on ova cet eee oe 836

Ee pression; cooperation, 19165. - 5520 34.28 se ee eek e ee 292, 293

“oo F15., “ELOADIEN C23 aE C0 a CARE ia co ee gh nf et a hace, ian na Sa 350

rodent extermination, and acreage covered..............-.-..--.-- 428, 432, 435
New England, incomes fron Dime e 2c oe gs ORR Orbe tT OO0" | 821
New Hampshire—

live-stock associations, directory........-.-.--- sha tk Deeley be ha Ph he eee hah pean 526

PeerTTT BNL OVOR (ARORA rte) soe). 2c Sen, en Sane eek OS nee ed okme< a” 836
New Jersey—

ER VERN fete SS Sa ne ne wae ee eS wren www ee 41

SEI te - 22 ame ON ND as TERRA Soe 821

PM rIROCINGIONS, (INOCUOLY 5.0.25 ........ 200 2s. esl ily ee eee cena 526
New Mexico—-

PvE OCReASSOCINUODS, GITECHOLY:---.- - 5 -.--- Soin snes ae es eee wcusece es oe 526

IAT oie- Sains Oo. are Aw ag om Se dee we ae cen ot aahe we 422

National Forests, areas. ... . ja eS ity = Raa gee OER eA Scenes abeehodly seats 837

~ rodent extermination REG ACFORYS COVEIEG,.. ~~ 02's use cent save meetae 427, 482

Per eroan COUN DULIGMIMSIASIIO 22.6 So. ce ec be ee ee oe Se ee 145

872 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

New Yerk— . Sea
corn borer infestation in 1919, extent of area, etc...2- 3/1 -scecenuene ue . . 1028
forest ownership by State and management... 22-50 4: weal ae . 155-156
live-stock associations, directory... ..-....-.-+42--1--cseee----0c--nebee 527
Markets Bureau office and work. ..........-------2-0seeeeeeseseeeeeeee 140
roads, character, note... -..-- ..<2---5<- 5222-- seh eee eee 350
western, infestation of corn borer... 222+ -.- ---22-22--4-s-2s. J.<.2-.20 ee

New Zealand flax. See Flax. £

Newe.., Pror. Witmon, boll weevil control work. ............-.-.-.-.---.- 241

Newspapers, use of—
market reviews of fruit and vegetable markets. .......-......--.-------- 139-3

‘Tas Jaarketerama "= - soo 2 oc cn ae weg ea ee rata 135-136.

Nichthawks,. feeding habits. - .. ..--..../s/2):3).4902 SE es See 259-260

Nitrate fields, foreien, dependence upon... «. /.2..f1 “2233202 kiw=- st =e 55,56 —

Nitrogen—
atmospheric, fixation work and researches. ........:...----------------- 55-56
sources, development... ...-..-....---=4-----= -aheee aes sae ee ee 55-56

North Carolina— :
cooperative soil survey work: ....-..:..-+.--saeewns> -cebwee be oe eee 418-
live-stock associations, directory -.----- . 00-3464: .6:\32s2<ani5 =e 527.
National Forests, areas... - sews Sete. asin 45). cee boa delet ko ee 837

North Dakota— i”
Dead Dog Lake, breeding ground of waterfowl, illustration......-...-..-. 166—
live-stock associations, directory... 2-2. 2} «no -sk aoe ba wey ee 527, 528
losses from rodents... <5 2.5 2 cook ea es eae we de ee a
rodent extermination and acreage coverede. bois..< s<ntus seen seat 427, 429, 432

Nurserymen, cooperation in home demonstration work. . .........----..-.--- 122

Nuthatches, feeding habits.....-;.. 5... «.--+. -sheiexec gas 364 Gel ee 263

ae dina live stock, relation to growth |... 22it2.4-- 141-2. is <4 eee 239-

Nuts— .-
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value...........--.-.-.--+-------------- 775
imports 1917-1919, quantity and value. .<..--...-...s-<..-.5- sess) eee 767
See also Almonds, oconuts, etc.

Oak— ,
drying in kilns, saving in time and waste............-.-.----.-------- 444,447 ©
lumber, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value. .......-.....---..------ 772°

Oats—
consumption in world countries 1909-1913, 1914-1918. ..........-..--.- 608, 610 —
CTOD, LODO i ak eal nd Sowers eileen en ke eg ee 9,11, 12>
crop losses, 1909-1919, causes.-.....<-.0-.-..- sr ~~ sn5 eins 47 see 573-
destruction by prairie dogs, illustration... .-..-.-- es dae eee ae 2 < 90 425
exports— ,

1917-1919, quantity and value. ---..-..---.-.- => «--s0shin Boa 773-
1914-1919, world countries: . ~~. - «0.0. 4-0.> «+2554 Ane 575
imports 1914-1919, world countries. - - - - on bo kames bacse = ane = ae 575.
GTMEON, MOCO. « <a sss ss es coed a's «Jk Lee of ote eee Bedale 355 >
leading State, lows... ... 2. ~-in 2+ «aces «3--nmb este Aemen eee 805—
logees from disease... ..-..05 +--+ --s-0c- sp 0se-- 0s s 05+ ss “nelson ben
prices at principal markets, 1913-1920. ... 2225... solo} en ens be 574
statistics, acreage, production, yield, etc. .........---.---------+-++-- 564-575
trade, international, 1911-1010. ... . 0. 2. a Sane es oe 573.
Observers, weather, cooperation with Weather Bureau... ~.....:.-....-.-«. 197-198:
Office. See Farm Management. 7
Officers, protection from violence, legislation needed...........-.....-...---- 75-76
eet tah, irrigation dist¥ict...2. <<. ocx «0 <0 ~ansnerdb-<nanien tee 208 —
Hood, 191S, semtthte i. cnn tote ck dno dwg So Gngie ns 0a 4h 0.05 6 oan 192
incomes from. farits., .-......02..--.-c. ##ouuens be cc 821
live-stock associations, directory... ..... 02 ccocd. cc cscccnanan¥anaee enna ‘
cake— ;
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ..............----+-+0------ ia
imports 1917-1919, quantity and WONG > 5.5 scene cst a-pececens 767
trade international, 1909-1919... .....0... i ah a ae a ae

heaters for frost protection, illustrations. .......:....-.--++++ee+s- 187, 188, 189

Index. 873

Oils—. . Page.
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value... .......--..-.-.ceccccece---- 770, 775
meporte 1917-1919, quantity and value. ......---.--5 100-6 ccteeesences ce 767
vegetable, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value. .....................- 775

Oklahoma—
alfalfa harvest, forecasts, use..............------ Sy Nan Bids. Aelia 192
MECN. OREOCISLIONS, GITCCLOTY-..--.-- 2... -- ae whee a leben eee cecpee. 529
RINT EMENT Cay te Sell oh Ske ea Oe h h atn S BO 837
rodent extermination and acreage covered. ...- sp te Sn pg yd Peere 427, 432

Oleo vil, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value.........................-..-- 770

Oleomargarine, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value........-............. 770

Olive oil, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value....... app pat Dian Are he pep feds 767

Olives, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ..................2..22.2.22. 765

Omaha, Markets Bureau dines EST 2 ell I GE aE Spe ogi pene ob tid 140

Onion—
grading, origin, study, and deelopment...............-...-...------- , rae
morte t9t7—1919, quantity and value. ...-...............0 2.0 0.2..0000. 769
musics, acreare, production, and value..............2...2.20 020000 -. 670, 672

Orange, Washington navel, introduction and value.......................---. 45

Oranges—
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ...........-......-.2.2.0.00.20201. 773
statistics, production and value, 1915-1920.................---...--..--- 658

thE MOHETATOS 2-2) 2. ss. 25s ee ee eS 253

Orchards—
apple; western New York, average values................-----2-22---.-- 275
citrus, protection from frost, cost and saving..............--..--....--- 187-189
injuries by pine mice and other rodents. ...........-...-....--..--2-0 423, 436

n—
Preicestions. directory .....22.0. 02... 2. 82ST eee 529
MERIT AT ANGAS: =. hs SEL ok ten ONG Tee Tb) |, ete 837
ETT se vo ok at ae i See nerds ons nee 292, 293
rodent extermination and acreage covered................------.-- 427, 428, 432
- Rogue River Valley, fruit saving by frost protection.................... 188-189

RES oe ec Cae ee Oe eee eee EAS AND ROE 261, 266

Ornithologists, societies, work for bird protection.....................--.----- 268

er estune of Tunis. <8 2. ee ee 239
nerE eit HIME PALION. 2° 425-0007 0 BORE PY OT BOO soit ee pei)
nr lity destruction. 0). ee Se hee ee 256

ST TE ea NR A LI 257-258, 264

Ownership, farm,
miion. by age, 1890, 1900, 1910.9. 2 Lk 273
meeepy Land Economics Division............--.----.-----.-----.-+--- 273

Pacific Coast States, land utilization..... Se LESS Aes 2 re eee YS NG 204

mnie OrOGuUCe, Civersity..°-..._-..-2.22:..2-. 22h 22 ee 362

Packing, vegetables, improvement in home demonstration. ............-..--- 115

Paper— :

T epiieity. wood consumption and paper output...........-.....------- 454-455
meet? Stanks TOreew.--..-.- 2.522.222 ee eon essere sence 67

Parasites—
damage as cause of runts in live stock...........-.-.-.-.---------- 228, 232, 238
eed tamps,’’ article by B. H. Ransom. -.-.. 20... 22.2222 2220224 175-180
mae Control of corn borers: . SN Se ek 98

Parks, National, distinction from National Forests........................--- 64-65

Pasturage, National Forest, utilization..............- Bed ee oe ere Ge 316-318

Pasture grass, need of new species for West and South. ...........-..22.....- 47

ETP a a al a na Se, eR 180

Peaches—

@xporis- 1917-1919, quantity and value. . -...-..................2.2.02.- 773
iaeemme excollence and its effect... ..-...-.-......--5- 0-2. eset lee e eee 115
statistics, production and prices, 1917-1919. . ..........-.......-....-- 655-65

Peanut oil, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ..........-...........--- 767

Peanuts—
mentor leis, Quantity and value... ...-...-....-----..-.--5-..25 775
murs 4oi7—1919, quantity and value. . .......---.. 52.220... 2 ce 767
market reports, note..... eee ene a nek. 5 bo ne aces Cae eee ete eEe 136

statistics, acreage, production and value...........-.....-......0...2eeee- 669

874 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Pears—

exports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ..--....-.-...---.-...----.--..-

statistics, production and prices 2 _. 2) sc. wose< - ones esau. a se eee
Peas—

imports 1917-1919, quantity and value..........-..-..-.----+--.--.-----:

statistics, acreage, and production, 1909-1919__......................--.--
Peck, F. W., article on ‘‘The cost of a bushel of wheat” .........-........-
Pollagra, result of faulty diet... -.-. ..-.2< 26. 5.2 p-2enan-hae~ nae
Pennsylvania—

forest ownership by State, and management..-............-...---.-...---

incomes from farms... -...- 2. ---...20-- bin, 35262-5534 ee oe eee See

live-stock associations, directory. - = .-2.=-+---- 26-52 -+4<-4:s2s Gee eee

roads, character, note. ... 52s. 5:<<s2-i<~ tence eee se eee Be
Pepper, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value.................-...-.-----2.-
Peppers, pimiento, introduction by home demonstration. ..............-...--
Periodicals, Department list. +. --- 2252-2 4,5 - + <2 - 5 <2 = w+ = ne +B Ee
Personnel, problem, discussion by Secretary....-.-...-..------------.-.:sees
Pests, insect, outbreaks control by birds................--..------.-.---<<
Philadelphia, Markets Bureau office and work...........-.---.---.----------
Philippine Islands, sugar production, 1856-1921-...................-..-..----
Phosphate—

deposits of United States. .-.-2-.-.----:----22.---.4~-hane seen oe

exports prior to 1917... . 02. 22022 SSDS Lae a aoe

waste in Mining... oS 2 2 os 5 oes Bos spd aod ee 219-220
Phosphoric acid—

“ fumes collection, illustration. : .-- 0-2 s....0 <2 2-6 4-05-=e- 2.5
importance in fertilizers... 2 5.022.202 2222S a5 Sb a ses
manufacture, improvement... . 5. .- 2.266 <-<..e54<5is 55S e ee
production, latest method: .-...... 2... 52... 52. 2. - lane - 50 ee

Phosphorus—
fertilizer, article by William H. Waggaman.........................----
necessity in plant and animal structure................-....--------.--.-
Photographs, work of Publications Division, illustration...............-.----- — 107
Pickles, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value................-...-----------
Pig parasites and “‘thumps,”’ article by B. H. Ransom...............--.-----
g3— me)
Ascaris infection prevention.............--. ie ce Sena d pee 105, 178-180 —
losses caused by roundworms, prevention. -............-.-------------- 178-180 —
lungs, infection with roundworms, results ................-.------------
stunting by roundworm infestation, illustration..............------.------
Pieients peppers, introduction in home demonstration..................----
——
lumber, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value..................-----.+---
southern yellow, testing. - 2... ~ 220 6.5265 ~- 05056 n0ten 6aaete eee
wood, use for paper pulp. ........502......++ -senn<00- =peeneee Se
Pineapples, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value......--.--.-....----------
Pines, distillation products...........ca2-ssscsc0ctencedccusecdeeeee enn
Pipes, concrete, use in irrigation ..~..200< 0+ 5.6 -\< as -465s ase s05aseeuee Seen
Plant—
diseases, control work. ... 2.0. 0ciee sc cccenss 550 sec dace cub aebens ann
growth, effect of daylight... ..... 20. 1 - -i<.0.4-5benssnass anes eee
introductions, notable in agricultural development.............-.-------
Quarantine Act, amendment proposed ..........-..---.+.-----20+-2-0-e-
structure, necessity of phosphorus. ....~. .... -.< - 0. 0-0. --+n-0tetsen See
Plants—
- flowering and fruiting, control by length of day, article by W. W. Garner
and BH, Aj Aan 20 i sns Senne cnc cine b> o's <0 0s spe eeee
ferced in dark house, illustration. ......2...5...ssSlsccsccece ces us wane
forcing by shortening daylight, experiments. .-..-.......---.--.-.---.----
signs of lack of potash... ; 5... . «-5...5's.. Suyaua ahs pein ite
source of potash fertilizer, discussion. .........--..+-0..-0-+-22ee--eees 72-3
vegetative development, effect of length of day........-.. ..-.- 385-386, 390-391
Plow land, values by States... 5625s ic. 60 wcee vc nsleng hes unee ney aan 824
Ply wood—
construction, lumber saving. ......< << os+jen.'saes amen sien} - Bese Se ae

gluing, illustration. ........cccctebn wc cccccewencccecescashtios a tanree Sane

Index. 875

Poison— Page.
dust for boll weevil control, article by B. R. Coad.-....2........-.---- 241-252
use in rodent destruction, acreage treated by States.-......-.--.-...---.-- 432
Poisoning—
rodents, cooperative work, cost and results..............-......--.---- 429-437
2 eeanisinals, ilustration:and results-:2>..--.:-..-2..2.....5..2.222. ‘296, 298, 299
Population—
MIC AOTICII LITA! RiAtihidCs nse a. sa Se ies ee ae on 832-833
ETC OIIN GE tO CLIN 3 Leen ee ERS 7 Seen ot Coe ei eee er ee 36-37
Pork—
Perols—1919) quantity and value... ----2 2.222.007 SU ee 770
imports—
exports, production and consumption. ...:.-.....--- AES ed Dn eae 826-827
eo OmaAniiy ANG WAles 22.22.22 st lll ttle lee oe ee 762
Porto Rico—
ie nd LE ce SIS REG Wich ERS SF Pa a A ce Me ea mg Se 837
PETZ TREN SO LO act eno 52 sla aeie = <inien So aim h aie eee oe so 676, 683
trade with United States, principal farm products, 1918-1919. ........... 790
near), ADPYODriAtion fOr... = 5-...2..--- <= 6-22 sees e eee eee 58
Posters, preparation by Publications Division, and uses...-............--.--- 108, 109
fe, treatment for preservation, illustration.........................------- 445
Potash—
TUS TSS 2 ee 369
©xtraction from rocks, study and processes. -.......--....--.-..--------- 367
farm, supply maintenance article by William H. Ross. ................-- 363
fertilizer, precipitator at cement plant, illustrations........-.-.-........-- 365
en wrench HaunnIty Note... .......-.-.-..5-------+--+--+----- 3
RT SEs Se oe ete oi Se e's se sw oe eee 363
Ero PIOCUCTION, NOE. ......<-2- 22-2 s-52-s-5-+>--s2 5205-252 363
plant, Soils Bureau, at Summerland, Calif., illustration... ..........--..- 374
produc tion—
and recovery at cement mills, remarks.................-....-.------ 368
aeeement mills, study and progress._..-....-.---..---.-.------.-- 368-369
umaonrake. Calif. illustrations....1 02 S222. 0 ete 22 re 370
menanateriais, ‘discussion -_.......-.-/...22---.-------<-<-- 372-373
STIERION, FOUISTEN. 2-2 os ssccus~ nos eee fees eee ne 375-376
RIS AAS ruth a a a we ic te eee we ec ae 369
cust, Gifestine with lime for fertilizer. --...-......-...--...-..--...- 367
SE, Bie, 2 tll Ale gh nt Ce LB line Re 364
Weae porta, formation and use.......-..----------2----s-+------- 369-371
sources—
DeeOL SUDDIY...'..... 22-22 2-- Ut noe see ene mete nes ee 364-376
SR ee a ee es amr eee 56-57
Potassium. See Potash.
cei it SO ane a's oh naw mee eae sean ep eon ee a he
Smeoeiod, 1909-1919, extent and causes......--.-....-.---22----------- 621
crop of 1917, use of standards in handling.............---.......---..- 353-357
exports and imports, world countries, 1914-1919...............2..22..---- 623
FEET AES St SRI See OS, Sect meena ia peel le iCal ay 357
Emin and fixing Of Standards. ..-.---.22--.2-.----+-<s-+4- 5 ee 355-397
rnRIEEOT) OF 1007-5 525. 0.2525 cet eon een e neat ence nee ee 356
Senor 1917-1919, quantity and value...................-.--.-....--.--- 769
EE Sih aie tte ri niule moos Ske ecw cere wns 2 Sap Se eee 45
ee oe eter et. eaten ig se awe wn ey eco et 805
Sl an SR Ne en ee ee wk ee 39
marketing, influence of Markets Bureau, specific instance-..............- 130
a mrncipal markets, 1913-1920-... 2-2... le eee 622
=r screage, production, value, etc....-...........-.---.-.--..5- 611-623
Serene, LOLI 1919... cas cain oes os ob wee eee e ee eee eee 623
warehouse receipts, use as collateral for loans............-.........----.- 356
nwo WERUIO?.... 50.0... s's 00s 2 oe ee cleat eee 200
Poultry—
breeding, text and illustrations.....................--.-.-------------- 336, 337
_arnrvomont by Club work... ... 2... ....-. 2-52.02 once 489
MEMES CLCUION Ge ct eon co. oc ees ne hee fete ae eee 118
clubs, North and West, membership and results......-............2....-.. 489

destruction by birds of OE oth Ae ties ARI RID BE edie BC 256

876 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Poultry—Continued.
exports 1917-1919, numbers and value. --..--.------------------+--+----
farms, small capital Los one Seat He ae egret = a ee eee eee mel
market reports, preparation and use...--- 2: <----.=------5--se7 eae eae
organizations, national, directory... --.-...------------- 9: erge eee e ;
owners, reports on ron biness. = 2s. saeee obeeass Loe e 235-237
raising under home demonstration influence. woe nee eee oe oan es eee
causes and prevention... ~~... [2 ~~ s-- 2 20 no gin ees ae ee
Peis coke. "gas soon Reh PORES cannes ar + See
8 ity Clubs, GITeCtOry.—... 25 2 cc sate aii Sale ia aici a ee :
ORL ta a from poate pulp, ilbustzafion..- . -. 22. -~ 5. \. noo
Powe, Oxa, and O. B. Martin, article on ‘‘Home demonstration bears fruit
in the South” .-:.4 52.202. ssaudee costed eee
Prairie dogs— v
activities, results, illustrationa .. <.. 222220 02-.50 50066 ts eee 422, 423, 425, 426 ,
destruction—
by poison, illustration ....<.- 5<..5= 2605 J<-5---265 += 5s dee 428
methods... cs sc <5 ao teeneuw et eae + ee 427, 438; 431-4382
See also Rodents.
Precipitator, electrical, Cottrell, illustration... . ...<-.-.. -.<.-<+-<ses eae
Predatory animal districts and hunters, organization .............-.---...--
Preface, by L..C. Everard... -2 <- 0.62502 lech 21 ce oe oink oe ee
Price level, determination in world market...........-------------++-+0+
Prices— a
cheese, reports and their distribution. . . .-..- .~.....- <.---+-+<-<as0ss een 144
crop, index numbers... - sans g0 wc cee Se ain wich e shoe ee eee ol =. 0) Soom
CTOPS, GeCrease. - .. . = wan 33 fos woe cae s De oe Bele dail wie 17-18 |
farm, determination and fluctuation... .......------.--------- 495-496, 498, 503 |
farmers’ purchases 1909-1920... 2. ais. 4. 3 - «2 se te* 3c 2 817-818 -
milk, report monthly = <-< 22 .- Wein Shee ne cnn net's = wes a Relea s 9 144 —
reports by telegraph to farmers... <0)... --= «sic 4 = sae nn oe =
Primrose, evening forcing experiment results..........----------------e0- aae
Prints department, various kinds for distribution ...........-------------- =
Propellers—
airplane, lumber drying for........:-.-.------+--2-0+---+-29=ss05qsnee es
manufacture, illustration. ..... 26. .2..20+..+s056-6+ stance een -
Protein, requirements and sources in diet....-..-----------------+--+--+-- - 479, 483
Prunes, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value... ...............0ses0 seen 773
‘Public Roads,”’ periodical, nature and scope. ... . ..-- <= << «0s0<~- «sna
Publications—
Department, preparation and distribution. . ......-...--------++-++++- 106-110
Division—
consolidation of publication and information work........--....--- -. 53-54
work for fayvMGRS... on a'25 0 2 Sook :. Sein nis ga natn eee ce 106-108
on foreign market investigations...............--00..-cscsscnccnSemeue
Pulp, paper manufacture, waste reduction ........--:-.-.-.:---sseccessenbe
Pulpwood— <a
Hmports 1917-1919, quantity and value. . ...... 2. .s5--0.+ «5==5=0)4eeunee
supplies, Alaska forests « Wage wai sin ad 0 exon mien im mA ag peo le eu - 67
Pumping plants, use in irrigation, ibilities.. ..~ ... 5 dates «queen
host os stock on farms, increase by club work. ......------------+++-00:

Quarantine—
cattle tick, releases since 1906... ........02-sccecncscnccccencesesesseee
Corn borer, NOE saws <- 05di sgh en cap aasne oon ss.00 0 ee uen eee aa
plant, law, amendment Proposed .. » < 6-.0=.. <6 -- 5.0246 ¥ an nan cine bob

Quebracho, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value............-.--+e-eeses iy

Rabbits, jack—
destruction, demonstrations and drives. ......-.-2+++++-eceeeeeees 428, 194-497
results of drives, Glvistration:,. .. case sdesash} ono cannthee eased ae od?
USO OB 1000... cccqccdueccvcnetensendenasvecnne #dpabel™ See enes eeu a

See also Rodents.
Rabies, wild animals, suppression . . . .....-..--.0--e2eeeeeeeeenecenes i 298-294. i
_ Radio marketgrams, scope and methods of use. . ....-.---++++++++-++20005 (134-136

Radishes, forcing experiments ...........-+--0-+--+++0e++ eee cee neg eeneeees - 387-389 ;
Railroad ties, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value. .....-..e-seereeeeeeeee >

Index. 877

Page.
Railroads, cooperation at Chicago on markets estimates. ...............--.--- 142
EE EUS NS a ae ee ries | = ae oe om 830
Rain—
RNAS IMIR Noon wi os en ne to wl gS 5 BREE Rie oreo 259
relation to orchard spraying operations.......-..-- awe Page Ne te bee racic 190-191
ieeamiall effect on wheat and corn*yields..................2-222---cee-- wee 199-200
Raisins—
G@ryvang, loss irom rai, saving by forecasts. ......-.-......---.-.----.---- 193
eam ty t/—1o19> Quantity and value... ..-....~. 22221 a- nse eee env cnes 773
Tange— rf
forest—
0 RS eA Set A. eae Lee tei ea edate 318
RIEEICY AINA OVENCTAVANG. 2. 5... De cies weds else gh 319-320
eMPPMLD CCRT RCT EZ ATION: 2f= 2. 02 bios ac, aiow etoaie oon wie ee nee oe sm eyes 317
production, losses from prairie dogs, illustration.....-......-.------------ 423
ICBC ICG on Sein. ogo ta bic eaeh iL Ae ae acm seicestes 319
Ranges—
BN NMR OU Sah fo 22 50's oo pone Su Potissg) Jnaeee wri. whee 317
improvement by elimination of predatory animals.......-......-..--..-- 300
live-stock protection by—
UMN NMMEEEEIMITET SS oE 4 Sox; scien 35s. ek jacdis/me io hots He edt. A tee bt PE cies 190
EE EMINENT esis hs = Ti), 6 2 aie das tatoo eae eae ae wd 190
eraon py Todent destruction... . -.—-1 22% Jess. Jon 52-2 ww - =e 425, 431, 432
Ransom, B. H., article on ‘‘ Pig parasites and thumps”. ...........--.---- 175-180
Rapeseed, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ....................--.--- 767
Rates, commission at live-stock markets, supervision.............--...------ 27-28
one Gainte-containing sawdust, results... . 2.10.2. sce) scl fs -cme lee ~ 460
ats—
mumcoMmicasires and CaAMpalgns. =... . 2.2 2.)...6. 02-2 es oc es ow tele 437-438
destruction by owls.............-- ein So Saws os oe Skee Bie eee 258
MECH i> «Sse 20 See tle oe e eee 437
MEELIS ATION 3.3500 88 5 ek, ele a os See tee O. ont Be gate 437
See also Rodents.
EMIT NGS oo oo 2 ne wie kee es Pee Clk cel. welocemeata 261
enantio TTS ULATION e048 22 oon os > asia s BESS See ees 2h oe ee 332
Seeiaan act, terms tO Irrigators .._.2..-.--.....- 2... oealste nee eis vde--e 205
Recommendations by Secretary....................-.- 21, 24, 28, 56, 61-62; 63, 68-77
Reconnoissance soil surveys, scope and extent..................------------- 415
Records, cow. See Cow.
Recreation, uses of National Forests, demand for .................---.---.--- 65
Reforestation—
SP MMEMAD A SL1CR 22-52 2 St PSs 2 So Sec Ra wee Smtewoek du. 63
0 PL. Dein S| a a een oa ee aS Pe, ees eeee sir 154-155
nan nortance’of problem... -~.......Jdeas ioxebew Qivs ses leeen sce 153
SPER EOUUG! © WOLK: = = 2)- << -,--¢- once eee REE HL EDS owe edits 155-156
Regulatory work, Director, appointment, recommendation.................-.-- 81-82
Reindeer—
Rebimer TRMPR TIAL AM OLE 25.55 = Siok a Skee = oF ace e seen oe deus neo aeecls 172
manoduchionjand Management in Alaska.......2......-...--.-c2--ceeeue 172
wiengemelation 10 cost of production of wheat..................c--- es ecteee 303-305
Research—
Goeuncil, National, cooperation in road work........2...22.2s-2--.0e---- 61
Pua, am portance to aericulture: .. 2: /4.)oo. 22 Teed csc we ewes nese 5-6
work, importance, discussion by Secretary...........................- 55, 80-81
Reservations, bird and game, administration, legislation needed.............. 75
SC HCG en. LUST ATION ~~ 022. < cee an ca + oe ne set kuogeue es. - 236
Semmevamicetation by corn borers...~......-........-...-.......s.sdeeess 96
Rice—
consumption in world countries, 1909-1913, 1914-1918_._.............2. 608, 610
crop—
STB Sa SS Gk cokes omni be ow ndckes ei eumnduens 9, 11,12
See st GRUB 5) ohio ans joao eee oak oa Sendo cae anceeeued 605
eee aro—-1919, world countries............ 00d i Sol Seaweed ea cae eee e 607
im ports—
1917-1919, quantity and values......... 6 anim a mien TREES ee eens 768

Reet ot deOrC COUNLTICH hcl sts Se ates salt Kise eis ale ee a ule Sia wettio alates 607

878 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Rice—Continued. :
leading State, Louisiana. .c. 22.052 229 Sy 2 See Cee
‘2 prices at principal markets, 1913-1920. ..._.....:....2. 018) J.227-22 4g
statistics, acreage, production, value, etc......-.....-.-.-.....-.---.--
trade, international, 1909-1919... .- 222.22: .02 2:25 1.. Se Seaa
Rices, Japanese, introduction and value... .................--.---+----+--2--
Rio Grande, stream ag asccdeg ag essawase ce se Slee ee Se ee eee
River warnings, resulisss.6.2-525: - ss. s2x 52s eee ee eee eee
Road

construction, difficulties. ..........-....¢-25.2. IS. (eee See (aa
* materials, shortage, effect on road building....................-...-...-- 669
Roads— .
appropriations of Federal aid -. -. .....-...52 .2:<s2s222224225<00eeee
: bituminous, development... :..=..---.==.-Yit JUN0so LVR ae
building—
and advantages, article by H. S. Fairbank....-................-.-. 33
limitations under Federal-aid law.......2-:..:-2::: iN Mite ;
progress of Federal-aid work - .-.-------.2--1::.-<.-.---+_+.-eeeeeee 84
provisions of Federal-aid law.........<.:2:252:../01 224 2
use of local materials, note: .5-.2023)202022. Che Se eee
Bureau—
approval of ahaa ap for work, average time, note. ............----.--
mechanical branch, work on cotton dusting..............----.-.--
study of motor-truck road wear-.:.....2 0.223202 Dic.) 2 eee
work in forests... ....-..2225 003. BOR te Se eee
- construction—

Federal-aid—
administrative. expenses. .- =. --------+..--- ss .itu 5.0 2
apportionment of Zunds... . 2. ..22.56602- .ece tee i de ee
excellence, illustration =. :-....¢¢ 2ivcs<.diel steak
extension of act, recommendation. .-...-...2.2.-...1:..522eeeee
program, projects approved, etc....--...--...--2..=..:/-.. ae
projects, mileage and cost... ...... 5-22-20. .0<.0o5 sls Sie
varying character.............--- Se TE ee
forest, work of Public Roads Bureau and Forest Service..............--
maintenance provision under Federal-aid law....................------- ‘3
money available for construction. .....-.-...-.-..---2---22121 a ae 339-340
protection from motor trucks... .22.-22/59.. 2 4 AL
statistics ofi—
expenditures... ... 5 22t se 5. Ses seins Oe es ses see fe
mileage by States... - «5.0 ese ste neces acetcstct ety ~s seen be
types used in. Federal-aid work 2... ... 22.5.0) /00 207 oso a
Robin feeding its young, illustration............--.......50. 5.2.20) See
Robins, feeding habits. ....22..4 2005 S000... 20 Oa BS
Rochester, spraying specialist, use of weather forecasts.................-...---
Rocks—
potash—
o producing, remarks... 5.0. 00s. <t is RD ek eee
reduction for fertilizer, processes. ......-..- 5... 5. /--=0-++s--eseeneee
use, direct, as potash fertilizer. ..2. 2.2 30/2 0. 0.1 Ute pst A
Rocky Mountain States, land utilization........-.....-...-.---------..+-+.:-
Rodents—
control—-
Gennonatratione 225. 245 5- eats ois we i ga> DOES va ba Sele ree
WOPK, «oo enn eee co gees seek bos cw on a eR age en ee
destruction by owls and other birds...........-.-----------------++--+--
eradication—
article by W..B. Bellizic.ic. 205 <cwie vances sashes anes eeeeeee
requirememts.....0scncusercka=2ccutinnnanesaashaeuneene teeueee ye Se
poisoning—
acreage, treated by States... -...-.....e seis. 2c awh ccs sesewense eee
campaigns, cooperative work, cost and results............---------- :!
seed-eating, Control... . 65.2.2. nee wee od s0 SEI Lead one eee
Roots, corn, factor in hiding corn borers, note.............--.--+---+++-+-+---
Rose chafers, control, aid of kinghird...... vee cesct duc gecdbavee anne state

Pee, # oi ty onl J

iain |
mihi | 39 sag as

index. 879

Rosin—
exports— = Page.
DE OTIGECOM IEICE LI0O—L OL. 2 a hos So yt elon oes eee te 696
ie muamemny and Valic........00 0... 22 ool paeeeek os anos 772
imports piel ummmid cowatties...........2..-.c..-.- seer occacce 696
PEERS UCLUAIIO MSIE IODIOLS. oe baw be ck eceeee sco slenet 696
Ross, Wri11amM H., article on ‘‘Getting our potash” ..................-....- 363-376
EOD VOUNIINONT <2 5.0. x. o-oo knee eeecees a’ 47-48
Roughage in food, requirements and sources...........----------.----------- 480
Roundworm—
ummudialiLy and infectious Mature... -.....-.-....-:-.--.2----<--- 175-176, 178
ER NERMUrAT IO MILE MIGTOUY © 2 = oe ete tenons ene 175-178
Rubber, india—
eee tot /—1919, quantity and value_!.---:-------.-.1--.- 2212.2 .ceee ce 764
See also India rubber.
Runts—
ETRE PRE IRDA ne see ne nS ns rion a 228, 240
percentage Holimeptockamioe United Statesz-...-2-): 23-2) Pe ia 227
maeiay, causes and prevention. .......-......--.-.-.---~--2---------- 235-237
prevention, articleyby John R. Mohler..........-.-.-.-.-------------- 225-240
nem MEER 20S Ao So ae Se SO ee ee eae et te een 231-233
‘reducing, possibility and profits............--.-.------ Ab gh 233-235, 240
Rural nn ON GINEICH Gr WOLrld.-......... 222) eee 2-2 + tee ct eee 2 e 832
MEI ES to ee So tee ee are te ee neon 39
Rye—
consumption in world countries, 1909-1913, 1914-1918........--.------- 609, 610
exports—
Me WOE GICOUMLIGS... . Lrcte sr .t ere eran Sem oes oe «eee 594
me CQuaAniWGy ANG Vale 2.5 22022 hese cies is se's oa eeinic eciaetnte 773
ee 1-2 919, world coumtries._-....-...-----.-2-2---+------seneens 594
ESN lg oP 2 a Se ee nn ee 805
Prices at principal markets, 1913-1920. ..-........-.------.---+---------- 592
Siseetes, acreage, production, value, etc-......--.------.-----.-----.- 586-594
erences. 1911-19190: ah cst ees at se ne ee = ones ge 594
Summmativer, Calif., dtream flow.--...-.....:..---.---/..----------+--2 204
eeeeris 1917-1919, quantity and value.......-...------------+2--+--+---- 763
aie insufficiency, cause of loss to Department.........-.---------- 79-80, 83, 84
alt—
nrceso: Potash, discussion. °.-.....-...-5-.--722 232 ele 369-372
SE EET) aS TOM TEN LOW 2 soos Sm coer: Gia as arti na rol eee ee eee 203
Samson, Harowp W., article on ‘‘The march of standardization” ....-.-.-.- 353-362
San Jose scale, relation to fruit PROWINE, NOL oo ee no sete an eea eee 103
Sand—
spread over deforested lands, illustration......-....-.-.-.--------------- 152
nett TORG iFIGINe -. 52S 2 ee at we ee oe 340
Sanitation—
STRSTR OGG 252/022 os oan wee ee enna ee aa oe ra ce 116
farrowing pens and yards..............------------------------------- 178-180
improvement by home demonstration.......-.-.-...------------------ 116-117
ininin Jor preventing Tunis... 2 < 5 =. - 2s oo ee ne eda wens 229
Sausage—
casings—
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value....-../-.5.........--..----..- 771
pmiports 1917-1919, quantity and value....---.:.5..-..---.-..--.-- 26. 763
eet —iolo, quantity and value. ---.-..-..--- 22 line 77
Sawdust—
Serior piock feed, “directions....-...-:---.---------.22-2.-- 2.85 457-460
ie gso Lee TilILISVTE TW 10050 lp gl ep ge ae ee eR a 458
breads CALIO foOs..-°2.-.-----------------=-2+--2205-55%= 457-460
nim E 2 fe Se SSCL on aa pee cate edsews és 460-461
I SA Se eee edad wesw we censiews caee cle 39
ar re DITOR: .. 2... 5.25 S- wo oon ne een one a5 ose 263
Science—
icultural, application to farm TaACuICe: ANd TEsULB. i... oe e823 105-LL0
i ecermars, article by L. C. Everard................-.-..--.+---.- 105-110
Scientific work, Director, Sennaene FocommionAation . <i... 5 5- tn. at aan 81-82

Scientists, work for farmers, practical application............-.-------..---- 105-110

880 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Scrub— Page. —
eows, illustration... ...- -222-. 32228 ee a eee 402
dairy cattle, worthleamess. -= 2; 2.24... -s 2232 Se eee 402, 410
stock elimination, work of live-stock clubs. ....-......--....------------- 489°

Scrubs—
breeding, one cause of runts.< ... 222-22. Sos pip ee eee 229-230, 235
live-stock, comparison with pure bred stock, article by D. 8. Burch. ... 331-338

Seaton, CHar_es H., article on “‘ Uses of the soil survey”’...-.-.-...-...--- 413-419

Secretary, Agriculture. See Agriculture.

Seed—
clover and timothy—

prices at principal markets, 1914-1920_.......- nis $4 <4 ~ oo Saas 635

ptatastics. ...-2...5..-.-- Je Je Foe teen Gee cae ee 634-635
corn, improvement by club work....- ~.----<2..-3.3-2.--- 24... =e 486-487
merket reports, note. ... . - ~~. -.2- 5. Jo ie2 ow condanne esse oe gee en 13600—O
maturing, relation to season.....-.- + dee ci oon amibmce == el aia 380
tobacco, growing in Florida for Maryland farmer............--.------- 399, 400
wheat, relation to cost of production. ?: /.-..-2-_ 25° 422..5-_h2as—ee ee 307

Seeds— :
adulteration and misbranding control law, recommendation. -.......-..... _ 76
destruction by rodents. . 2-2-2 . Ji. = 22-22 -- =n + oe ee 428, 429
imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value..-_-._.....--.----------------ssms 768

Serums, laws, amendments proposed...........-...------------------------- 70-71

Service and Regulatory Announcements, nature and scope......-..-------.--- 110.

Sewing— ;
clubs, North and West, membership and work............---------- ... 490-491
demonstration work, note... ..... 2202. s-.0 ono oa one oe as Se 116
development by home demonstration..............---------------------- 116

Sheep—
breeding, téxt and illustrations. -.<.. 2... -5--.-- 39r-5=s=n = Een ee 336, 337
condemnations at slaughter, 1907-1920.............--------- <= 35S eeee
destruction by predatory animals. ~._~ 2.2. 22... slo ses ons= nee eee 293, 295
grazing— :

allowances in National Forests, 1920... -. <....-.snlssenssssaeeeeee 838-840
in Nationgl-Forests....- ---- 2) oo aon ances Vee en ee 315-318 |
imports, 1917-1921, numbers and value............-.-.-.-------- ee
marketings, receipts and shipments................-----.--------------e- 758
markets estimates at Chicago..... ... -....--sj- -«-2-« 4-<»-s55-<5555= nee 141-143
mountain—
feeding on range, illustration...-....--....-.-4--2---->4=sessseenee 171
preservation, note. -...-2.- 022 2. <= on en» = anes ees eee 170
number, slaughtered under inspection, 1907-1920. ..........-...-.----..- 759
numbers in National Forests, 1916-1920..............-.--------------eeee 835
prices—
at leading markets, 1913-1920.....-.... 5... ~.~ .64s-scsnnne seen 746
by age, 191D-192L. . . . oo co ne ee oe ae 758
protection on ranges, illustration.....--..---.-2--5.<..--.-<s.s-es6seenee 290
registry associations, National, directory.............-.---------.----- o-\) One
Wants, percentage... - 2-6 2 nn - ww ewe woe ns == 5-2 on eel 227
shearing and lambing, forecasts and warnings..............-..-------.--- 190
statistics—
number, value, imports, exports, etc..........-..----------cc--esee 743-747
numbers in world countries: . -. 25... 252 2. JS. Sno EG ee 701-717

Sheepskins, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value.....-.. ee 762

Shellac, imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value...........-......---.-.-.-.- 64

Shells, mortar, packing in boxes, illustration.................-.-.--+----e+e- 446

Shingles, imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value........2........-.-.--..0.- 765

Shipments, car-lot, deily reports: -. .....<.- 2006 00040000->-nn8 sap Seen eee 139

ek live stock he of pes estimates at Chicago............---.....- a,

Shipping, potato, relation of ing POGKOEE A 5.4 +20 45seneheabinn ae sy |

theme baniantied. ‘ihusteatson. 2 sie ce Sunn n,e Oy ie ol a hee ie prey 4 Ma

Shooks, exports, 1917-1919, quantity and value............-.----------++-+-- 72.

Shooting, licenses, numbers... : ..-... 0s... cscs sep aos capeheaee aie eee eos) an

Shrikes, feeding habits. ... 4.2... «evs ss-0-capecawescuneueene ena eee a

mga Naval Academy, decrease since 1910...............+--+-+--+-e00- 469-470 ©

Si +s =
imports, 1917-1919, quantities and values...............-----.--+-+-----: 761
statistics, paoduction, 1909-1919. .......nss0s 60 ss -n05deeanscpenh cnhantene 699

Index. 881

Page.
ae: registered, importance to dairy herds...................2.22csceeeeeeeee 409
irup—
exports, 1917-1919, quantity and value................-..-222eceeeeeeeee 776
maple, production, 1909, 1918, 1919, MED 28 o 1 s.2is «uses <n eod 689-690
Sisal grass, imports, 1917- 1919, quantity Bad value. . i. J! 2.4%) oee etal 763
Skins—
exports—
feett0lo Quantity and value......-....-. 202.0 seecss naueel bese 770
I rEGHGRMeRS. =. 22. wg 718
imports, 1909- Woldeworidiountrics.................-..-vrecisatwu tle owe 718
jack rabbit, eR ly bute nts seer hae) 437
number and value taken by hunters of Department) 9: ieicnes Sete ok 300
pemeamecmnntional, 1909-1919... ce. eee os ns see eee ee ee 718
wild animals, receipts fe ths ,- PCABOE es Oo uis 6 nkedic .naleeette os 42, 292, 300
Smita—
vu. B., and GEORGE B. FarReEL., article on ‘‘ Boys’ and girls’ clubs enrich
country J ae = OWI ee hvieg. SST tester PS ERE, ope 485-494
ue WeeMALCONGOL WOFk . _---..-.-..- 0.0 se es - ne emcee we ene ee eee 241
HERBERT A., article.on “‘ How the public forests are handled’’......_.. 309-330
J. WARREN, article on “ Speaking of the weather”... .4.....-.d0de68 oct 181-202
eee eres are warning, illustration............. tet. deck Jeceessb- oes 323
Snake bite, danger as cause of prejudice against all snakes. .........-.....-.- 162
Bees eemine through prejudice.....02.. 220.0226 262.2. eee ee be eeidd de eedcee 162
Snow—
eee eee ee a ee ee F 203
warnings, importance to traffic and live stock.....................------ 189-190
Snowfall—
en ICL... 50. tae yedicew. rae hae jis. . tishuve 201
ETE ic 2 Spa eps ae, onsite minim ns EE 194
— Pease une an preserving. timber. .......2...... --..iobkGuisal ssi-cee he 447
oil—
conditions in relation to crop production......-..........2...2.-.-.-2-.45 363
factor in crop mem StaOH. #2)... 5s eee Da ees terme dts ase 418-419
fertility, maintenance by live stock ................- Pe Pe ee 403
Sueeemeenmnoverment, studies..:).... 20. ..--- seen eee ete ete 211-213
survey —
DEMIS ots ofa ani tO ms = SS ns eee Be 414-415
meee. py Charles H. Seatontwer. 2s: 5.4 sl bs . asad. ate tendo a! 413-419
Suepoperizon of States:. +... ~-Jses2r sade) tovgeel seu salar sees = 418
Soils—
ES SE 2) rr a ny ee Pam ae FOr ao, 415
Bureau—
Wonpmorc acid recovery, method... ...7 4: .2 svi). 22) cates ends = 223
REPEAL SUUCIAS. = 28 2 ie ow «Snes wisn neem es 367, 368, 374
potash plant in Cal ifornia, illustrations.................--22+--+---.- 374
study of soils, inauguration 23.2 5 SoU Rake eR ais SOO PET sete 413-414
characters, relation to Grp produchons. ©: 2.22 ii: ja.4 c= 4 ook te 418-419
classification, importance in agricultural advancement.........------. . 417-418
re adaptations, RRNORIAHOG 26. - 6 8% . 2a. = SORE 415, 416, 419
study by Agriculture Department, Bureau of Soils. ..-..-..---.-...--- 413414
Solar radiation, piucies by Weather Bureau...-.........-.2../8ich woes iy 198
Sorghum—
III oS orp ee tron.) <<. ~~. a - en - 0 Se SSE 9,11, 12
for sirup, statistics, 1917- 1920, acreage production and value..........--. 690
Sorghums, grain, statistics, acreage production and value ....-.....-.-.---- 668-669
Soups, exports 1917-1919, quantity SSE TLLUIGN 2 rt Got: SEC l TERT a= eps 1 776
South Africa, meat surplus production. .......-..- eee set? .. zee E oy SED Sey, 499
South America—
demand for American live stock, study ..................+.---.0. 2202-45 502
meat surplus production......-.- Si aie: WER A Ee) CR Tepe egy eat ry Ge ee Eee 499
South Carolina—
Palmeevar poisoning work, propress..............:-..-.-a sulk ood. sede. 248
incomes from farms. ... . Rezo. Jee guiels. bos. atrenvin dots GAN \abekes 821
PciecieaeOcintons, Girectory ...........----. cides bovine. ted. alse 530
EMBL CGS UMET Oe fo Se coc. ox oct. bo Lindeh OL Teh Be aR. Jaton SOM
IMAM Woh Goth Bia esse nn ege » HU Las OCU LONER a 218

30702°—yBxk 1920——56**

882 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

South Dakota— Page. .
live-stock associations,.directory. ..... 2. /2-./22222s.e2s0202-000-l.-2- 2-2,
National Forests,:aress..::...-/. 20 ee ee eee ’ oe
rodent extermination, and acreage coversd 2.ct jist s. 0608 aoe 428, 432 —

South, demonstration work, article by O. B. Martin and Ola Powell... ..... 111-126
South Platte River, stream ‘flow... o)Jac bats iacp, SIRE Met eee 203

Sows, sanitary treatment before farrowinp t >: 7500 AD. Bee ee ee eee 179-180
Soy bean—
Biloxi, forcing experiments? 52: ..--... alas: baa spies 383, 386-387, 391, 396
flowering BEASON. . 2-2 ~ 4- 6 5-2-5 «ac a- - on ee a 380, 383, 384, 387 _
wth, illustrations.....-.-.:--1..--.-niluses bias 0) 0) 380, 384
introduction, tests, and value... 22... -<+.--.2.-..ysiseilig! eee 46
Peking, forcing experiments, . segeil Jonuddcdced peed 383, 387, 388, _
statistics, acreage, production, and value... it cheba %
varieties, growing, effects of shorter days.............--.-....-...--..- 383, set
Soya bean oil— ’
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value.........:2....2.2.222200-005-2202 776 >
imports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ..............--+----++--++ee0-- 767°
Sparrows—
English, eating alfalfa weevil. .: 225-222 s0).201- -.22 lst 265
feeding habits... -.......-vidite soli ls wold segh eosin ieee er 261, 266 ©
Specialists, demand and supply... .-.-....< 22: diel. -aalapeee 2 ee?
Specialty farming, capital required . . ....-.....--.-----2-2-2-0 22-2222 ese 274-275
Speculation, farm products, cause and control... 1. Ji2 yeu. chews ee 496
Spices, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value................----.20s+++-0e 768
Spinach—
forcing experiments.:........ Js. 371)_b28 ie aaa . 389-390, 397 |
New Zealand, introduction in home gardens............---..---.---+-+-- 112
Spraying fruit, cost and profits, weather relations . -.....-/....-.2s.2-.i.t% 190-191
Spring flowers, by peal 2.280. eke ona essen eck 377
Springs, use in irrigation................22..0ed 52d .nob.. eek ee 213
Spruce—
drying in kilns, saving in time and waste..................-.---.------- 443
Production Divi ision, Army, war work .............2sheusigusapaeee 444, 445-447
Squirrels, ground—
destruction. 3). sic ee anion, ee ee 427, 428, 431-432
work in grain fields, illustration . . .........-....-.-....-.------s5s see
See also Rodents. :
St. Paul, Markets Bureau, office and work............. ol .vd.2 Gaia Skies 140
Stalks, corn, relation to corn-borer.spread..........-...------22-.---+-+-+--- 96-98
Standardization—
progress—
and future in farmuprodiicts.., 05. 2... 2.2.2.2 see se 359
in, article by Harold. W. Samsoniodisu. .s22 7o260- bree eee
Starch—
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value... ...2.:.-...-.c)sssdu-detageee 776
imports 1917- 1919, quantity and value. ... iv¥sci=yicse. ioe lene 768
Statistics—
,~ agricultural—
/-miscellaneous,......520 75.5.0... eeen acne - oate eee
tabular statements . 2.52 20cm. oll. toes lie sel) oy ei iee ieee oe 534-840
grain crops 1920... ........- 52... Gaeanit sestaseli eens poe 534-610
imports and exports of agricultural products. ........-.------.------.- 762-802
hive. stock, 1920 2.....23. uti’. ayes. 28S s cass baa tee eee 701-760 |
work of Crop Estimates Bureau, expansion need...........-..----.--.+--- 25-26
Staves, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value.............-+--++--+-++--000- 772
Stearin, exports 1917- 1919, quantity and value. . ..... 22. .i5.. 102. ssaeeeen i
akc ART, LiEvuT. COL., investigations of round worms = < #:1 #<i0-.@ sen shee 177
stock—
judging, illustration .. .\....-..../.diJcie teste wel) sealant ta Oe
contin hunting down, article a W..B. Bell... \seinppier wate 289-300
eparing for show, ilfustration 3: {.:c.sis.s..cwce dc dosgeoes Jee 488
dina so Live stock.
Stockyards, live stock receipts and slaughter, 1916-1920. .........--+----+-++. 758
Stomachs, bird, study details... 20.0.5 2... castes sehen 254-255 ©
Storage, water for irrigation, need and cost............---e1+++eeeeeees eediee 206
Storm warnings value to navigation. .....2......000«se-evn danse hes eaenee 194

Stream flow, inequalities ..225 s00d. ewes twees'e'stppass oes heaeameene 203-204 —

Index. 883

Page.
Struts, airplane, strength tests, illustrations............-.----------++----+--- 448-449
Strychnine, rodent poisoning, amount used in cooperative work.......-.-.- 431-432
Sk grass, introduction and crop value.....-..-------------------++-------- 46
Sugar—
beet, statistics, production, factories, etc.........--.--- 676, 677-678, 683, 685-686
cane, statistics, production, value, etc.........--.----- 766, 679, 680, 683-684, 687
consumption, per capita, 1901-1920.............-.----------------+-+--+-- 680
exports—
eae oye ee Pang wi nlaviva dep sane al420e Gachanpenn ee 14
1909-1919, world countries... .- 2.1... nnn. 2 en ie 2 ee eee eee ene §82
imports—
1917-1919, quantity and value...........-------------------+-------- 768
feet 019. world COUNTICS: .- ~~~... - = 20 samen nist erie ntnece erence: 682
maple, production, 1909, 1918, 1919, 1920..........-.------------------ 689-690
prices in New York market, 1913-1920...........-.--------------------: 681
residues, source and use for potash fertilizer... ......-..--------------- 373-374
statistics, production, etc.......-....------------+--- +--+ +2 eee eee eee 676-690
ieeune- international, 1909-1919. -........---.------------+------------2--- 682
SM EAYIMNS, Der CAPA. --. =< - 2 a ao wien aa eee nee eee eens 478
Sugar-cane harvest, frost warnings.......-.--.--------------------+-++--+-+- 193
ESS, a ee 377
Sunlight, studies by Weather Bureau ...........-------------------------+--- 197
Supervisor, forest, knowledge and experience....--......------------------+--- 315
Survey, soil, uses, article by Charles H. Seaton.......-.--.-.-------------- 413-419
Surveys—
farm-management, facts on farm incomes. ....-.--.----------------------- 277
oR tl ane nee oe eee eee 415
Swallow—
MNENETIR 2 fae Coc ois o1s'= 2 ee PEPE ignite Fane e nye e- 7+ 262, 266
SES ae aie ae 2a ee ee ee eee 262
PRIMED ACTORSC. 2... 2 oe = eine a= cnr sterner 283
Sweet potatoes—
eee sree eee Sa 9,11, 12
grading, relation to marketing, illustration...........--.----------------- 358
Se ee Se eles oie i ee 39
prices at principal markets, 1913-1920..........---.-.--------------+--+---- 626
statistics, acreage production and value...........-------------------- 624-626
DIMER MINIT HOLE: 2. = = 2 = wean manne = omen wane wets == =F 259
Swine. See Hogs.
Tallow, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value.........-..-..---------------- 770
Tampico fiber, imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value..........------------ 763
Sumas) feeding babitse.:....-.-.-- = << son eo se ne ens ee eee see 262
ue materials, imports 1917-1919, quantity and value..........---------- 764
ar—
LT RVE iiita Reo IS ra oe Ae RE LS Saar 457
Senin road building development: ...2. betes. 22252042... 340-341
Tea— :
prices on New York market, 1913-1920........-.----.----------------+---- 692
statistics, imports, exports and prices..............---------+------ 691-692, 769
rade, international, 1909-1919 ...............--+---22--+-+-2--5+-2-+-+-- 691
Telegraph market reporting service.......-..------------------+--++--+---- 133-136
Telephone, use in market reporting...........-.--------------+--+++++-+++--: 144
Temperature changes, relation to seasonal flowering and fruiting.-.....-..-- 378-381
@enunts, net worth in various sections................--.-.----5i2s2-----52- 278
Tennessee—
ive-stock associations, directory......-......-.-.-----2---se-4-------2--- 531
BID MMIMM CHUM ReD a2 pel. oe ai ck wo celine a eee ec a SOR IS 837
phosphate deposits. ............--------+--++ ++ +++ eee este eee sees ee eeeee 218
Testing—
os on a oe ere we een eee ee neste as seen 450-451
Plnninneemnovement, lustration:..-..-2....-.-.--+-+.c..-.-seee bee Z 212
woods for special uses, results........... 2.22.22. 22 se eee e eee ee eee eee 443
Texas—
paaeecmiren tenants net worth.................-.s sce. seen cetesescseee 278
Peeamemamerading, note... .-....-.-.---. 2.2. - 626. leases testes 358
iive-geock masociatcons, directory .......-.-..----.--. 6022s bese seen dee ese 531

uw
rodent extermination, and acreage covered......-.--.--------------+++-- 428. 432

884 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.
Page.
Thrashers, feeding habits.:-.-2::-:.:....°5.- SR See ae 263
“Thumps, ’’ pig disease, Catise.= [205128 LYLE ee iL Sua, ae 178
Tick, cattle, eradication work: -. -..- 22.2.2. OER Oe ee 3
Ties, railroad, treatment for preservation, results..................--...------- 447
Timber—
Alaska, value [?.o2t! Se Peli es tebe: sk 720 SS, 0 Oe eee "3867
cutting, westward movement=- 22. 2.2-t.2 VSL LSS 22s 0ek a2 et DE 151
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value................-------------+--2--0- »
growing, need of work and Importance=: - .W)-=. 21.26 S52: oe 15825
imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value......-2.0200 252.0222. 2..2 0222
National Forest— ¢
sales, rules:and statistics: -.----.--:.s9:/i0_ 04 Sei Bee eee 321, 835,
using and growing; illustration... - --..-2'/f25/ 022 22080 2 eee saan
supply from National Forests...........-...- 2. -eee--e eee ence eee ee ee 316, 835
preservation, chemicals used... 22. 22:..252.-:. 5 TSA PA 447 —
Timothy, seed—
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value....--...----- 2 TT 4
statisties.. 2. 25.322: SSFSS SST SE. ee ee ee 634-635,
Tires, pneumatic, use in saving roads: -- .+/---:::-2:.--.0)222-201 ae 342
Titmice, feeding habits ....2.Stisosec: Soisier ec ee 263
Tobacco— :
acreage and production, 1910-1920. ............---.--.--2+--------- 9,71 12, ye
crop losses, 1909-1919, extent and causes. ..............-..--2-2.2 22002 648
exports and imports, 1909-1919, world countfies: = ) (5.2.2 US 650
forcing, effect on seed production, illustration... ..-...-)- 2-526 2o0eee 2 Se
imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value.!: /2.2.2220. 20. U2 Se 769 —
leading State, Kentucky oF Sase od 555.586 Boe oct eS ee ae eee ee j

Maryland Mammoth, seed production problem, solution. ............-. 399,400 —

prices at principal markets, 1914-19200 255.022: ccs.tse22 te 649
soil adaptations. - 2... 22+... 22022 et sce c ee esc h eon (eens ne ee 416, 419
statistics, acreage, production, value, etc......:.......-.--.0.... 22228 645-650
trade international, 1909-1919... oe he oko ek oa ee ee Da
Tomato growing, at beginning of home demonstration. ............-------- 111, 112
Tomatoes—
exports, 1917-1919, quantity and value. .-....:---:--2..-----.0-0-ssmee 776 |
statistics, acreage, production, yield, snd. value 5.222. . 2 ae sen 670, 673-675 |
Toxins, laws, amendments proposed: :... 02 oe cee ee ee ee ene ee eee 70-71 :
Tractor use in land preparation, illustration: :. =... s22-:-20 222 ern 210
Trade— = irs
agricultural, commissioner, work... !s .-(s02-3 shinee. tds. ee 33.
supply and demand, information importance...............--..-.---+-. 496
Transportation— ;
companies, use of cold-wave warnings. ...-....-.-.-.--+-+--+-++-+-+++-55 189
difficulties, effect on road building............-..-.-.--------+-+----+++++ a
improvement, effect on food variety.........--.-.-..2+-++2-+e+eee cess 473... =
lines, cooperation in market-news distribution. ...........-.-.------+-+- 10
statistics of railway freight tonnage... ............--.--0--+ 2000s ceneue 830
hae a wild animals, illustration... ... 2.002.004. Jasiiscc tee J. eee 296 'y
Truc
crops, statistics, acreage, production, and value. .............----+---- 670-676
farms, small capital «ccs vec ole n'e’s clea cen’ ep Pte ae es Lire (275
Trucks, motor— ”
destructiveness on roads. . . 252i 5.1 Leveedes ov .condlorcteetest Om 341-343,
impact of wheels— ; per
on road surface, study 2205 O0. OeP A Si ein alee eae ee 342-343
atudy illustration........:...j.--ce.-ss000 «ule wegUdloem een 342
Tuberculosis, cattle, control work...........-.-.---+--+-+seeee es eteeesteeeee (42-43
Turkeys, statistics, farm price, 1912-1920. ............--2+--22eeee eee eeeeet i) “ae
Turnips, farm prices, 1912-1920... ....0.. 2... c enn meee rene ence eens se censeaee ae
Turpentine—
exports— pics =
and imports of world countries, 1909-1919. .............-.---------2 697
1917-1919, quantity and value..........-----2---s-scecdseceen+s< sen
sales from national forests. .....+--..--.»-.Usiev. 022 .2ideuid, sei » 835 —
trade, international, 1909-1919. .... 2.2... 22 eee eseeee ee 697

wood product, importance. ........20.00scseeseces sents dsdeusadeeuwess 457

Index. 885

Page.
Pei MIEENOGS, INIDLOVEMECN besser eens 02 -- sss slbdeeb el sous owt 457
phoid fever, outbreak at Naval Ac acemy ONO)... :-. . eaeeeee bee 463-464
United Kingdom, agricultural markets, study................-...-------.--- 502
eal air. See Air.
Utah—
Agricultural College, cooperation in irrigation work..............-.---.-- 208
aimivaseed. crowers, frost warnings... 5-2) UPU Pie! eae Ue 8 193
IE CED AT CANINE, cir perl Soot Anas UES So na nc a oeeeeusent 82}
irrigation—
Dygereround Weer. ii). 1235-.25+---- 2230 -2Ral etyediuel.. 214
PARTIES: 2 CONSOMOATIONL: 45,0 mcod= nog cues aes o0c wos oe Oe fen erse 207-208
PPE ASKOCIATIONS, @ITCCLOLY..< oJ... oss mn one CIES ASIN O I Ale ecd 531
MRMMTEI TIME LOSE: AT CORE 8 oS Go telerniete: ne Aora ee oD Ann -, 3 eos hee OO 837
SMEMODORNB: | 255 Jaks b 3a 526 ue oe SEIS tess ae seeks . Set: 218
eran renic,- LONG. ¢ 290k ones a a ee. Sieber sera. cus 293
rodent extermination, and acreage covered............-...---- 427, 428, 432, 435
Seton Marsh isource Of potash. 9. 2.0032 02\0- soe eee a ceeue se vod ee 370
Sieomia milk, care at Naval Academy dairy .........-...--22-810.15-2: 55% 469
Vancouver Barracks, Wash., lumber drying for munitions................-. 444, 446
Vanilla beans, imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value..................---- 769
Vegetables—
meee and: production; 1910-1920: 2.2... Suirteg SU RUE. ae 11, 12
market—
peated extent, methods, etc. 225520. VN UAV Ae e eh 136-139
new, introduction by home demonstration.......................+.....-- 115
aaameiiaring, per capita and sourced)! rii ilo. a 478, 482
See also Beans, Beets, Cabbage, etc.
Vehicles, war, lumber requirements be bsteecr'acia hss eee AU ORIUYR oe 445, 447
Velvet beans, earieamproved, Value: 22:2: SUE Ua I. ae 45
Vermont—
ieenoek associations, directory +: -..:-:- 222.22... A228. Psi ALL 532
White River Junction Cow-testing Association, notes..................--.- 405
VINAL, STEWART, discovery of European corn borer. ..........-..-...------- 90
Violet, wild, flowering habits, and effect of forcing..................... ' 393-394, 400
Vireos, feeding Ramage SSNS oe ee alee sae conte pais eRe Mee 263
Virginia—
dairyman’ gpiempericnee In cow tesiing =: 2: -..2..ess ei oe SIME .2 2... 440
SINNER RETOR) SS S35 i foe ec ccs wet sc ges sede oheee BUST 2 821
ve-scock associations, directory......-.-.--...---2-2. AMS. PAs SI 532
Mm MeOnesissareasg.: its CSD UEsE Scot et well) 20. aye tes 837
eenerd trees. destruction by rodente......-...... 22s os soe ee eee eee 422
woman demonstration agent, definition of field report. ...............--- 113
Virus-Serum-Toxin Act, amendments proposed.............---.-.----------- 70-71
et anenroee tn tOOG)-SOUTCES:”.=. . 2 .~ 22.2. 22 teases INL OD I 480
Vocational education in home economics. . ....-.-......---. 22.0 - eee eee eeee 53
Wages, farm—
meneworlabornand by States. ...22........ 0.2. SIs «. 819-820
TOD 0 oo, sd Ses oe i eno a ee De 825
WaAGGAMAN, Wituram H., article on ‘‘ Phosphorus in fertilizer”............- 217-224
Walnut, drying in kilns, saving in time and waste............---........-- 443, 447
Walnuts, imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value. .........-........-.......- 767
eet W. R., article on ‘‘European corn borer in American corn”......-. 85-104
ar—
Department, lumber kilns, Vancouver Barracks, illustration. ...........- 444
Beeee umn ber Tequirements........-.-..--- 6 ese ee ee eee eee eee 443-447
Vimeerelaiion to potash production. --..<.....0 22s. Je. ee See 374, 375
TES GET I hn 263
Mitrencuapench, 2mendment proposed... 2... 2. eens ee eee eee ceed 73-74
emmmiieneriy criand flood; results... 022... 0L22o 2s Ls ae a ee 191-192
Washington— 2
Seine stock associations; directory .....28 2)... 55. . 2k eee ee 532
SNUITe ILO T OR tS. ATCASGe} aslo. 5 OMe ceed els C1 COR GEG Sh gene 837
CEM ure NIc LONG See ee ae one es ee SR 2Or 293

rodent extermination and acreage covered. ........-.- FUSUL. UAT 432, 435

886 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Waste— Page.
in ‘mining phosphate teck..-..... .-....-.- 39senes saa eee 219-221, 224
products, utilization... 4..... i ete bee ie Sa eee 50-5igs
wood—

illustrations. 05... Jac 20. Satis teseiestaiet eerie tiene <a es 459
utilization, article by Samuel:T: Dana-.-...- =... - 2... a3. Soe 439-462

Water— %
availability for crops in Western States..-....................--.220005 203-204
conduiis, extent and requirements. -; - - - 2en.)sewnc ~G08 bh - see gee fen 214-215
irrigation—

control laws, importance to farmers... .-...-..--..-..-2-.-.-.5.53en 215
distribution, laws, etc... .~...<.42.....4... >> ieee - bese 214-215
economical uses 2 2822: <4. 245054). Re eee ee 215-216
logses in transmission. (255.02: ..... ...es seas be aca ope 215, 216
BHOULCES? = BIAS, Sane ee ine, ec ee 203, 206, 213, 214
stored, need and cost problems... ......... 2. - ~~ - -eteoe eds
supply, Naval Academy dairy... .~......-=.. 2.1... -0/0¢ 2) 468-469
underground, utilizing for irrigation..................2-.-2---.-..0--- 213-214

Waterfowl—
breeding ground—

North Dakota illustration... 2.5.2 ¢. << <...322-icaeseeee ee 20) oe

reduction by drainagesm won. 2. dai seb-.uieurk..t.n 8 eee 165
depletion of numbers by shooting: . =. 2... - 22/2. 210s. scsace 1h eee 163
study in southern mipration=)! 228: 2 2202 2. o-.0.25,2c0 5s we Se 165.

Waterpower, National Forest permits, 1916—1920....................-...-.--- 835

Waterproof— os
coating for airplane. wing beams. . 2... ~ ss «jes hae tee tees ha
glue,‘ need in making ply wood. - -..c i :erisseunedt aie dy 2d- actus Bae 453-454

Waterworks, home, installation, demonstration influence. .............-...-- Das

Wax, vegetable, imports, 1917-1919, quantity and value. ..................-- 769 —

Waxwing, cedar; feeding habits... .. 2-2... <-=siaéabun fae ee 262.4

Weaning time, critical period in growth of live stock. ...............-.--.--- 228

Weather— Te
and crops reports, weekly...............-22..200%. Pee 195-196
Bureau— : i

cost and returns. ...'.... «diull. oe eiseud esp oh hws pe qalee ee 202
representative in Pomona fruit district. .............-.-....e---seee 188
work— v4)
for agriculture, commerce, and navigation................-..- 182,202
LI POTTARCO .. . sen s- 4 73-24 +--+ Ende? wes eee ine 57
offset om tropes. Sige Soest eo en ox a5 bay ica ee ee 181-182, 199-202
forecasts. See Forecasts. ;
importance to the farmer, article by J. Warren Smith.................. 181-202
maps, typical, illustrations =... <...':. 5 -stce+/sws s<¢ «saienemann ee eee 184, 185 _
observer’s outfit, illustration --4.3 8 << 220 ob - tc own. e wieete ee 198
reports; nature and scope. .... ds swine wx's wb a 1 betdem nie dee oe 110

Webworms, control, aid of birds 2... 222, -\4..-0 sss .- -+ < = vnseie oe 259

Weekly News Letter, scope. .. 23205... -.scinem newest oes ope 110

Weevil— é'
alfalfa, control, aid of birds... -.- «. 1s .sce02 2. vs nas nies’ eo 265
bell. * See Boll weevil.
clover, contro], aid: of birds... -cs¢-22-seese ss == exes 2 we ee 267

Weights, bushel average, 1911-1920, for wheat, oats, and barley...........--- Ou

Wells,*dse in irrigation: 2. . - -- otésive fusw seeds aoogie ee oe < eek oe 213

West Virginia—
Eastern Pan Handle Cow-testing Association, typical herd ............... 40L
live-stock associations, GiIreCtOLy Je ccne cm ce neon ve ceduus ahee. ou een 533
National Forests, amends déiiidones cil e<sinmane'l - «chia teen eee 837

Wheat— /
aphis, control, aid‘ of birds... «<i.» »wotddis bex<eesite aya one 4p
consumption in world countries, 1909-1913, 1914-1918................-- 609, 610
cost—

average per bushel, discussion...........-.-..00-s2-eeeeeeeeneeees 301-302

of a bushel, article by. F. W. Peek .ccnc. 4-55 40=- oeniedeue un Renee 301-308 —
of production, factors in reckoning. .. . 6.200 s<<<erenecene= wasens 303-305 ©
of production, relation of yield... .........2.2++e=npercansesde scutes Ma 306 |
of production, study by Farm Management Office. .........------- 302-303 —

variations, illustrations: .. . . .ss's0 s/s «veep nd bane enaéan nee eeeee 304,305

J

Index. 887

Wheat—Continued. Page.
cmeopiomes, 1900-1919" ‘causes. ..-.-.2-222c-.----»-- 37 Bee Sis bc pla 557
EH, MORRO WOT... oo . ot Ba taish: octrk been A oe we 3
exports—-

and imports, 1909-1919, world countries. .....-....-.--.-.+--------- 563

e719: quantity and valtio:2o-13- 4. 310 .ab alsiea. gee Soe rot Aes 773
RMR MERAPE- WANG. Ms ek nae n= ods SHR eee ado Ween vb om 275
importance as food, comparison with other grains...................-----. 477
imports 1917-1919, quantity and value. ............. 2022. ceeceeeeee-- oe 765
ELL TORE IR oe ee abe eran ein ake 39
prices at principal markets, 1913-1920.................. rs ae 561
SL PUA Te (ER 6 a en i ie bd capes ht a gles 805
spring varieties, production, 1914-1920. ........................---- - 559-560
statistics, acreage, production value, etc.,1920........................ 546-563
DEERMALIONAL 1908-0919 2 oe oS voc Wiedeidace emt aetna cons 563
yield—

men taaniall iy May anid JUNG 25). 373.0 d be te Beige eo inh en ee 200

Pea eee min) Ie MATCR. 2288 SD OL a ctesiat apeeoeelte anager. = oly oe 201
yields, relation to cost of production............- oo oe ee eee 306

a Viie-Gan LIN POTLATCe... 2.2. 3 - ne ene -- ese wae abe te se-se 45
WHEELER, W. A., and Frank GEorGE, article on ‘‘Know your markets’’... 127-146
Wheels—

IIIT GS wd ows, 5 2 Uicis. eB Sa Oe oe 445, 447
DRIEST IT 2 co ie. 5. oe et eee Cte idee 453
meup-paer-wills, feeding habits. ..............--.2--esne0n------4 eee ee 259
lor exports, 1917-1919, quantity and value................ iS oo ee 774
animals, conservation, with hirds, article by Edward A. Goldman... . - 159-174
EET ERR TEE LIT COR POU 6h 95070285 8 ab Tg ee ence aa ae Shen wt maid a 293
Wison, JamEs—
letter of directions for National Forests management.................-.- 328-329
DEE, APriCuiire, portrait... /< -.<o. bok - 2 2 2s age 2 = no ae ee ee e
Wines, exports, 1917--1919, quantity and value...........-.....-..--....---- 77
fear beams, airplane, waterproof.coating ............--..-.---------------- 447
EP GU INCH 8S. 5- Sac Cols 7, tase ANE 35 = fo ge ow 2 377
Wireless market service, experiments in progress. .........-.-------------- 134-136
NEL, 10 Gl Pars < oe, Lee, af oe toe es wae s san accent 267
Wisconsin—.
OCeLIne GAG PTice TOPOS. - —.~ 2 == peonia~ tie ae nce ee 2 2 sea 144
corn yield increase due to club work...._.........--- aA a, ew ae 9 eee 486
Federal-aid road and bridge, illustration...............-......-----+------ 351
RNIN cre coe te Si ee An ees 821
eeemeck acsociations, directory. -.-.-...--..-----------<------------ Site 5 $eee
Madison Forest Products Laboratory, investigations, results..........- 439-462
Wolves—
ease Dy destruction of live stock ...-...-.-.......-----202-2 22. 289, 291, 295
ere Department hunters.....-..--.-.-.-...-_-t-.-.-..-- 292, 296, 297, 299
Women—
development and culture by home demonstration. .............--..--- 111-114
INIA RYE RC 2% 1 Foe as Sa en ec oe koe 52-53
handiness in making home conveniences...............-----.---- RLM 122
Wood—
ITT LAT ION. from WOOd |. => ./. 5. oe a ae ek ee 456
i MEMBrRIHAADT (Foo StS a a we ne CO ee ee 448-449
EE MILONIC nos ee SE: Sooke es akin So ckinbeee se bes fee 440-454
decay, control by preservative processes. ......---..---------+-+++---. . 447, 450
NEG Sh e822 ie ach sl ade awe - 6 ~ pes nn SOE 456-457
IIIS E MOOT HOCN . 0. Soe ec. kos wou ee 5 sone ce eee 443-447
NESE a a Se 153
emnaeue Inter PAVING... 2. 2-2. ee Re are 4: 452154
jmcrorme, location and needs... -..-.---.-.----- +... sae eee neces n ene 153
I NO 6 Sa rs ee Re sw wc Spe ae oe cube ehpectewce 147
oct, RG. Civ b antes inn 3s Sore <A tyr + HESW = anna Sie we haw 454
. Fenicts neat aE LOUD Tie, . = vv ane ao~ = enh ce gen banueus 700
exporis 1917-1919, quantity and value....................-........--- 773
imports 1917-1919, quantity and value.........-..........- be sew 765
Beene CISCO 18) BU MEE eta s an Sacer ss 0+ seca v nana ee waves ensues 455

— s

888 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1920.

Wood—Continued.
pulp—Continued.
smokeless powder made from, illustration..........................
trade, international, 1909-1915__:.. 22. J. sole eodlec ccs: eee 700
source of potash fertilizer, paper and.................2222 2222.02. 372, 454, 455
supply for Nation, article by W. B. Greeley -...-....-..........2.....- .
use, intrease In. manufactures, Cte: oF A.2. 2. ses: Lele eee
uses and waste, diagram............22-.....-- Bos len. ole ee
waste utilization, article by Samuel T. Dana, with illustrations.........
Woodlots, farm, management and use..-..........--.-.-------2-22-.+2205--
Woodpecker, hairy, illustration. ---.....:.../0 0s. lee ee
Woodpeckers, feeding habits... -............-...... si nee
Woods—
box making, substitutes, saving. .....22. 0)... 2 9)ve.22o. si z
cheaper, use after testing... --2:......- 5.02 DIST Re a Y
for special uses, value of information. .-..-..-.....-<---..--:.-+22 4258s
microscopic examination, illustration................-.-..2----2-22-1.--
test for paper pulp availability - ......:-/-.... 08 Lie 2 oe
= training place for forest rangers and supervisors.......-....------------
ool—
exports 1917-1919, quantity and value!:.2.02222..327.00 2.004.007.0888
imports 1917-1919, quantity and value-.-.......--.-./..<--...<--= -aeeee
losses through predatory animals................----.-2.0 2222222220228 :
market reports, note. -.- 22... 2. -.0. = 2. ee ee 1360
prices, remarks, and statistics -.....-..--..-..-. US a 18, 749-751 ©
production 1909, 1914-1920. =. 2-22 2522. 292. [2 I 1
Bigtistics, production; prices, @tc-2.... 2-2-2252 St. oe Ss
trade, international, 1909-1919..............2022.0 200.0220 Sea
es loss to Department on account of insufficient salaries.--....... 79-80, 83,84
yorld— Sorta
market—
effdct on: prices... 2: 2.6.2 Jee age os UR See
forecasting: sic 22-2222 o ewe a a ee
trade demand and supply, information importance..........------.-..----
Worms, intestinal, of pig, illustrations...-:.--. -...+.2-.......0 172029
Wrens, footing habits. --- =. --5- 222. SA ee see
Wyoming—
Jackson Hole elk reservation, illustration ..-........:....:-...-c-.--soemme
live-stock associations, directory --.-.... 2.2202. 2.01 202i ee
National Forests, areas..-.--. 5.2.2. £2.20. Rll PIU Pe ;
phosphate deposits: ..-.---:--.. 22. 2222 SIT a a
rabies suppression, 1916... .. 50. 22. fe. Sa oon eee ge ee ae
rodent extermination and losses... ... .. 2. 220 Swe 422, 427, 4

Yearbook, nature and scope. ..-..---.-- 5-5 = ss ean ose yee ass Sa see
Yeast, exports 1917-1919, quantity and value..............-.....--.---------
Yellow-hammers, feeding habits... ...... 0. 2-2-2 eae eee cee ee see eee
Yellowstone Park, elk herds, notes and illustrations......................-.--
Yields— . ; ae
composite, of all crops, by States. -.. 5. 5 oo oc cnce cnrap sas nees eee — «$1
productivity of several countries... -...... 0. .s00-n0unencence- n< see eae :
relation to cost. of production of wheat. ... . ~~ s....0.-0-s0--s=-055+s sgn
Yosuipa, Pror., investigations of roundworms. .............-----+++++++---

Zinc chloride, use in preserving timber......--....--s2eeeeeeeenececsececoens

S U.S. Dept. of Agriculture

ak Yearbook of agriculture
A35

1920

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