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EX LIBRIS

William Healey Dall

Division of Mollusks
Sectional Library

This book was bound through

the generosity of the

NATIONAL CAPITAL SHELL CLUB

Be an e f.

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% APO. cles Se

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y WILLIAM H. DALL
SECTIONAL LIBRARY
DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS

Zoological Llustrations,

OR

ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS

OF

NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING

ANIMALS,

SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF

Ornitholagy, Entamalogy, and Conchology,

AND ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR APPARENT AFFINITIES.

BY
WM. SWAINSON, ESQ., F.R.S.,F.L.S.

ASSISTANT COMMISSARY GENERAL TO H.M. Forces. CorrEsPONDING MEM-
BER OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PARIS; HONORARY MEM-
BER OF THE HISTORIC SOCIETY OF NEW YORK; MEMBER OF
THE WERNERIAN society, &c. &c, &c.

a :
mM OF Molliely

. OA ES
VOL. Et. SOctions] Libre: :

SECOND SERIES.

Fondo ;

PRINTED BY W. J. SPARROW, BERNERS MEWS, BERNERS STREET.
PUBLISHED BY BALDWIN & CRADOCK, PATERNOSTER ROW,
AND R. HAVELL, 77, OXFORD STREET.

1831-2.

TO HIS MOST CHRISTIAN MAJESTY,

BMouts Philippe,
KING OF THE FRENCH,

Whom as a Paivare Gentreman, exiled by despotism
from his native country, enjoyed that respect which the
dignity of virtue can alone ensure; whom, as a PRINcE,

descended from a race of Kings, gained the affections of a

whole people ;— as the Kine of a great and intellectual

nation, enjoys the love and veneration of the wise and
the good; and as a true Patron or Science, munifi-
cently encourages, both privately and publicly, all who

are engaged in its pursuit,

THIS VOLUME

OF

ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS,

Is Dedicated,
WITH SENTIMENTS OF THE HIGHEST ADMIRATION

AND OF THE GREATEST RESPECT,

BY THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE.

—>-——_

THE present state of science in Britain, the usual subject of
our preface, has recently been discussed by powerful writers ;
and has drawn from others,? equally eminent, bitter reflec-
tions. As regards Zoology, there is a great show of patro-
nage. Zoological gardens, and new societies have sprang
up: cheap publications, on popular natural history, appear
daily; and professors have been installed at the two Lon-
don Universities. Yet what has resulted? We have lecturers
expounding systems they do not comprehend,’ and we have
professors maintaining that a walk into the fields will make
“a very good naturalist.”* Meantime nearly every perio-
dical work on pure science has languished or died away.
The Zoological Journal has been discontinued, although
nominally patronized by a society enjoying an enormous
annual receipt. The fact, indeed, is but too apparent, that the
science of the country, speaking generally, has become super-
ficial, while “neither literature nor art has been encouraged
in our opulent Island, half as much as they have been by
some of the petty kingdoms of the Continent.’”?

But the political horizon is happily brightening, and the
change will ultimately affect all. The stream of national
patronage has long been prevented from branching off and
fertilizing spots, now impoverished and neglected. Natural
History, more than any other science, requires such aid ;
because it is inapplicable to the purposes of life; and while
its study is attended with enormous expence, its acquirement
leads to nothing tangible. It is a melancholy fact, that
while our present laws crush individual exertion, by extort-
ing a large number of free copies of the most costly works,
undertaken by their authors without the slightest hope of
remuneration,—the Government of France assigns for sub-
scriptions to such publications, an annual sum of £10,000.°
But on questions regarding the patronage of science, Great
Britain, unfortunately, is poorer than any nation in Europe.

1 Babbage (On the Decline of Science), Quarterly Review:
¢ Herschel. Sir Humphrey Davy. Sir Nicholas Harris. Millengen. ( Anciené
Coins). See also Lowdon’s Natural His. Mag. Nov. 1831. p. 481.
3 Northern Zool. 2. p.xliv. 4 Montague’s Orn. Dict. new edition, preface.
5 Atheneum Journal, Jan, 1832, p.32. 6 Ibid, p. 37.

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FLUVICOLA _ cursoria.
Courier Waterchat.
a er
Family Todide. Sub-Family Fluvicoline.

Fiuvicouin®. Bill, in general, strong ; depressed, the tip abrupt-
ly bent and notched: gape with stiff bristles. Tarst long ;
toes nearly free, claws slender and acute. Scapular covers
long. Quzll and tail feathers very broad; but the latter of
various shapes. Frequent marshy situations in the New
World. Nobis.

GENERIC CHARACTER.—Zool. Journ. No. 10, p. 172.

SpEcIFIC CHARACTER.

White, back brown; wings, stripe on each side the head, and broad
rounded tail, black; the latter tipt with white.

EE

Tuert is to be found, in Tropical America, a singular race
of flycatching birds, whose plumage is black and white.
Their haunts are only in the vicinity of water: they pursue
their prey upon the ground, running with great celerity,
and are constantly in motion. ‘They have, in short, all the
manners and habits of the Stone Chats, and when we pub-
lished the definition of this genus, we were led to believe it
belonged to the Saxicoline. The present species we met
with in abundance at Pernambuco, frequenting the sides of
the rivers and lagoons.

It is not surprising that ornithologists, who are so fre-
quently compelled to form their ideas of natural divisions
from mere skins, should be entirely unacquainted with the
group, of which this genus is probably the type. But it is
strange that the full and accurate information concerning
it, which has long ago been furnished by Azara, should
have been so utterly neglected. In the views which we
have taken of the affinities of these birds, we consider they
present a point of junction with the Saxicole ; passing on
one side into the genuine Flycatchers of America, (Ty-
rannula Sw.) and on the other into the typical Todies.
The contents however of this group, we are but partially
acquainted with. It will comprise Nengetus, Sw. Alectu-
rus, Vieil, and several other forms now widely scattered in
the newest systems, together with one or two others not yet
defined, which we have only seen in the Paris Museum.

Since the above was printed, we find the name of Xolmus has just been

proposed for this genus by M. Boie, he not being of course aware that this,
and some of his other groups, were published by us three years ago.

MACROPTERYX dongipennis

Long wonged crusvud Swot

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MACROPTERY X longipennis.

Javanese crested Swaliow.

Family Hirundinide.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill (fig. 1.2.) small, entire, base depressed and straight, the outer half
of the culmen suddenly curved; lower mandible straight, nostrils
large, oblong: Varsz short, without scales; anterior toes of
nearly equal length; (fig. 3.4.) claws strong; hinder toe long, not
versatile, the claw very short and thick. Nob.

SpeciFIc CHARACTER.

Above obscure glossy green; throat, breast, and lower part of the
back light grey ; belly, spot on the scapulars, and line over the
eye, white; ears rufous: front with an incumbent crest.

Hirundo Klecho, Horsfield, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 143, female ?
Cypselus longipennis. Pl. Col. Pl. 83, f. 1?

a

To Dr. Horsfield, one of the most successful and scientific
investigators of Oriental Zoology, we are indebted for the
first discovery, in Java, of this charming bird. Of its
economy nothing is as yet known; but the uncommon
length of its wings, indicate its possessing the utmost rapi-
dity of flight. Another, and a much larger species, is
among the Ornithological treasures discovered in the Kast-
ern Archipelago by my estimable friend M. Lesson, and
which he has already communicated to the public. A third
is the Cypselus Comatus, of M. M. 'Temminck and Laugier.

The peculiar structure of these birds oblige us to consider
them as forming a natural group, intermediate between the
typical Swifts, and the Swallows. ‘To the first they are
allied by their strong scansorial feet ; to the latter by the
length and fixed position of the hind toe, and the depres-
sion of the bill.

We suppose that the figure of the Hirondille longipennes,
in the Planches Coloriées, (pl. 83), is intended to represent
this species ; if so, it is incorrect, both in drawing, propor-
tion, colouring, and detail.

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EUDAMUS Agesilaus.

Family Hesperidee—Nob. (Anopluriform Stirps. Horsf.)
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne with the club unequally fusiform, the outer half abruptly
bent, forming a lengthened, attenuated hook, alike in both
sexes; anterior wings papilioniform: posterior wings with the
caudal appendages very long and obtuse.

Type.— Hesperia Proteus. Fab.

SpEcIFIC CHARACTER.

Posterior wings dark brown, with a broad, entire, cream coloured
margin; beneath marked with two darker bands, and a basal
dot : appendages very long, whiteish.

er

Tue insects composing this group, have only been dis-
covered in the hot latitudes of America. In the Systema
Nature one species alone is recorded; Fabricius was
acquainted with three ; our own cabinet possesses eighteen,
all collected in a comparatively insignificant portion of
Brazil. Others have been figured by Drury and Cramer,
so that the number of species already known, may probably
amount to near thirty.

The flight of these Swallow-tailed Hesperide, is usually
performed in the morning and evening, and is so rapid, as
frequently to elude the eye of the observer. They rest
with all the four wings perpendicular, similar to the
Swallow-tailed Butterflies, (P. Machaon, &c.) The present
is a very rare species ; we captured only two specimens
near Bahia.

i

EUDAMUS _ Doryssus.

Posterior wings, with short snowy tazls, and a half border of
white on both sides; beneath brown, with a few paler dots
near the base.

Tue sexes of this species materially differ. Our figure
represents the female: in the male, the wings are browner,
and highly glossed at their base with green ; the snowy
border on the posterior wings is very narrow above, but
much broader beneath. It appears very locally distributed ;
we found it common in the vicinity of Bahia.

Eudamus, PI. 1.

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MITRANA, Pl.4.

Attra oprscopotes

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MIT RA _ Episcopalis.
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Family Volutide,—Sub-Family Mitriane.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal
Shell never turrited or plaited, ovate-fusiform, the base wide, ob-
tuse, and truncated: pil/ar with 4 plaits: the plaits simple.
Outer lip crenulated, or toothed: Aperture at the base effuse,
smooth within, and destitute of an internal groove. Nobis.
Types of Form.
1, M. episcopalis. 2, papalis. 3, scabriuscula: 4, Zebra. 5,
JSerruginea.

Specific CHARACTER.

Shell with the spire thickened, and marked by transverse punctured
dots: white with crimson spots; inferior spots small and
quadrate, the superior large and irregular ; pillar 4 platted.

Voluta vel Mitra episcopalis, duct. (Lam. Syst. 7. 299.)

et

WE view this elegant, though common shell, as the type of
the Lamarkean Mitres, a group we shall hereafter consider
asa sub-family. [tis common in various parts of the Asiatic
Ocean, and sometimes occurs of gigantic size: in its natu-
ral state it is covered with a thin olive epidermis.

We regret that the nature of this work will not permit
us to do more than furnish the clue, to the natural
arrangement of the two typical groups of this family,
Voluta and Mitra. The first of these we have, indeed,
pledged ourselves to enter upon more fully in Exotic Con-
chology. But the arrangement of the Volutes is so inti-
mately connected with that of the Mitres, that we scarcely
know how to illustrate one, without perpetually adverting
to the other.

The two typical groups of the Lamarkian Mitra we now
characterise from their shells; they correspond to those of
the typical Volutes ; while their internal relations may be
learned from the respective types of form here designated.
The genera Mitra and Tiara, each present a circular
series of affinities, and are united by the fourth type in
each group. Even a partial study of this disposition will
reveal to the Conchologist a harmony of design, amid the
greatest diversity of structure, which he could scarcely have
suspected in the mere covering of an animal.

The shells which appear associated with M. episcopalis,
in this type of form, are never coronated : the only external
sculpture which they in general possess, are delicate rows
of minute punctured dots, in the typical examples, as Per-
tusa, millipora, versicolor, the outer lip is acutely toothed ;
while in the aberrant species, Melaniana, tessellata, scutu-
lata, &c. this part is smooth.

Mitrane, ph 4,

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TIARA | jsabella.
Fawn coloured Mitre.

Order Zoophaga. Family Volutide.
Sub-Family Mitriane. (G. Mitra. Auct.)
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal
Shell turrited, fusiform, the base contracted and slightly recurved ;
pillar with 4-5 plaits, the upper plait sulcated: outer lip
smooth, or entire. Aperture narrow, striated within, and pre-
senting an internal groove at its upper extremity. Nobis.
Types of Form.
1, M. Corrugata 2, Regina. 3, Sanguisuga. 4, Microzonias.
do, Isabella.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Ti. (Ty.5) Shell slender, fawn coloured, unspotted, marked by
slender crowded, transverse, convex ribs, the interstices deeply
eancellated ; inner lip wanting, outer lip crenately undulate ;
pillar 5 platted.

eS aah pee
Ir is highly probable that the Mitres, like some other carni-
vorous marine animals, seek their prey, and habitually re-
side, in the deep recesses of the ocean. Instances are
recorded of individuals having been brought up from great
depths ; and notwithstanding the number of species, of
which we already know near 150, very few are common.

This genus, in short, is now become too overloaded, even
for the purposes of artificial arrangement: but we refrained
from characterizing any other group than Conoheliz, until
we analized the remainder. Tara appears to be the
second, or sub-typical group. The subordinate section, or
type of form, represented by T. tsabella, includes several
little known shells, all marked by delicate transverse ribs
and longitudinal striz : the outer lip is not strictly toothed
or crenated, but is merely undulated by the external
sculpture: this subordinate group in Tara, is aberrant :
all the species whose habitat we know, have come from the
Pacific Ocean.

Tiara isabella is a shell of the greatest rarity. Our
drawing was made froma specimen (presumed unique) sold
at the Bligh Sale for 3/. 3s. It was stated to come
from New Holland, and is now in the Manchester Museum.

—<z——_
TIARA _ssulcata.
Sulcated Mitre.

Tiara. (Ty.5.) Shellmarked by distinct, carinated, remote transverse
ribs, theinterstices concave: pillar three plaited, epidermis brown.
For this new and very distinct species, we are indebted
to Mr. Bulwar. It was collected on the Pacific side of the
American Isthmus. The central line indicates the true
size of our specimen.
Mitrane, Pl. 5.

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SYLVIA A23egatus

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Cola -crested Warbler ,

SYLVIA Regulus.
Gold-crest. Golden-crested Warbler.

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Family, Sylviade. Sub-family, Sylviane. Nod.
(See North. Zool. Vol. 2.)
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill very weak, considerably compressed, nearly straight; the tip bent
and notched: rictus bristled. Wings moderate. Tail rather
short.

Sup-GenerRA. Acanthiza. Horsf. Vig. Phyllopneuste. Meyer. pars.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Sides of the head without any indication of white bands, crest of
the male yellow-orange, bill very weak. 'Temminck.

Sylvia Regulus. Tem. Man. 1. 229. Roitelet ordinaire.
Motacilla Regulus. Linn. 1. 338.

Golden-crested Wren. Montague, Ornith: Dict. 2. p.—WSee par-
ticularly the Introduction to Vol. 1. p. 34.

eee en

Wiru the exception of the Humming Birds, the Gold crests
are the smallest birds in creation. The natural size of
the only species found in this country is here represented ;
while the weight seldom exceeds eighty grains. Notwith-
standing its delicate structure, this beautiful little bird
braves the severest winters of Northern Europe: it is found
in Denmark (Mill. Zool. Dan.), and extends to the
borders of the Arctic Circle, (Temm.) It is more frequent
with us than is generally supposed, but its diminitive size
screens it from observation. It is perpetually in motion:
hopping among the branches, examining every leaf and
spray, and will frequently catch minute insects that en-
deavour to escape, by darting at them like a Flycatcher :
we have repeatedly watched a pair of these birds which fre-
quented our garden at Warwick, in the middle of winter,
for three years: their favourite resort was an old fir-tree,
which they regularly and carefully explored, much in the
manner of the Titmice (Parii.)

If the name of Sylvia is to be retained in Ornithological
systems, it should obviously be applied to this, which has
been correctly thought the typical group of the whole family.
Acanthiza, for reasons elsewhere explained, appears a sub-
ordinate type, and Phyllopneuste cannot be adopted, with-
out a glaring violation of natural affinities.

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PHAL.NICORNIS

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PHANICORNIS fammeus.
Orange Redbird.

ge
Family Laniade. Sub-family Ceblepyrine. Nob.
GENERIC(?) CHARACTER.

Bill with the sides compressed, the under mandible rather thick,
the gonyx ascending: rictus bristled. Feathers on the back
and rump slightly spmous. Wings short. Tail rather
lengthened, graduated, the tip forked: the feathers narrow.

Puentcornis. Nob. Boié (pars.)

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Glossy black and golden orange: head, throat, wings, upper part of
the back and middle of the tail glossy black; wings with iwo
stripes of orange.

Muscicapa flammea. Auct. Tem. Pl. Col. pl. 263.
Mus. Paris. Nost.
$< —__

Tue Birds now arranged under this group, exclusively
belong to Southern India and its luxuriant Islands. About
five species have been discovered, most of which are orna-
mented with a plumage of the brightest scarlet, crimson, or
orange, relieved by glossy black. Their economy is not
known, but their structure leads us to believe they live upon
caterpillars and soft insects; as another group, representing
these birds in Africa, are known to prefer such food. Both
have the back feathers thick and rigid; although these cha-
racters are least apparent in Phenicornis. Our figure is
nearly of the natural size. ‘The female is stated to be
yellow, where the male is orange. It appears to be not
uncommon in Java.

The genera Parus, Turdus, Muscicapa and Sylvia have
alternately been made the receptacles for these birds ; to
neither of which do we consider they have any immediate
affinity. Their whole structure evidently accords with that
of the Ceblepyrii, or Caterpillar catchers, of M. Cuvier ;
a group first pointed out by Le Vaillant: but as these have
never been put in order, we can say nothing on the rank of
Phenicornis, or on its various relations.

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TILITHES

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1 Murecana

VOLUTILITHES muricina.

et

Family, Volutide. Sub-Family, Volutine. Nod.
(Genus Voluta, Lam.)
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Spiral whorls regularly and gradually diminishing towards the
apex, which is always acute. Plaits of the pillar numerous,
always indistinct, generally evanescent, and sometimes want-
ing. Nobis.

Type, Voluta musicalis? Lam.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Shell nearly fuciform, the base narrow and smooth; the upper part
‘ with longitudinal, subcostated, spinous plaits: inner lip
thickened, the last plait on the pillar very thick, and separated
JSrom the others, which are slender, and nearly obsolete, by a
deep groove.
Voluta Muricina. Lam. Syst. 7, 1, 350. Ency. Meth. pl. 383.

7k
ee

Tue fourth principal division of the Lamarkian Volutes
has hitherto been found only in a fossil state; unless,
indeed, the Voluta Braziliana really belongs to this type.
The species are very numerous, both in the London clay,
and the Calcaire grossier of Grignon. They offer some
beautiful types of form, representing the conterminous
groups in this family, some of which we may hereafter
notice more particularly. ‘The pre-eminent type may pro-
bably be the V. musicalis of Lamarck; as yet, we only
know this fossil from descriptions and figures, but it has
obviously been confounded with several others.

Lamarck has given a character so exquisitely finished of
V. muricina, that we have done little more than translate
his words. Ourspecimen appears to be from Grignon, and
was furnished to us with the following, by Messrs. Stuch-
bury, 33, Theobald’s Road, Bedford Row.

—j>—___
VOLUTILITHES. pertusa.

Shell subfuciform, and the base striated ; the upper part with thick,
remote, and somewhat nodulous ribs ; traversed near the suture
with lines of punctured striz ; inner lip thickened, plaits on
the pillar distinct, the last very strong, the two next smaller,
and the upper very slender.

Tus species is certainly undescribed by Lamarck, nor do
we find it in Dr. Fleming’s useful compendium of the
‘Mineral Conchology.”’ Our specimen has the grey tinge
of the London clay fossils. Neither of these species are
typical ; as they represent the recent costated Volutes, in
the adjoining group.

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MITRELLA fusca.

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Family Volutide. Sub-family Mitriana. Nod.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Shell smooth, polished, sub-fusiform, the base obtuse and effuse;
the plaits of the pillar oblique, and extending far beyond the
aperture; outer lip internally smooth, the margin entire.
Nobis.

Types of form.
1. M. fissuella. 2. casta. bicolor. 3. Oliveformis.

Speciric CHARACTER.
Shell entirely brown, marked by bands of punctured dots ; spire
and aperture nearly equal.
————

‘Pue natural situation of this group, in its own circle of
affinity, has already been shewn ; it connects, in the most
satisfactory manner, the genus Metra, as now restricted,
with that of Conohelix, and opens at the same time a
passage to the Olives. The species yet discovered are few,
and hence we yet can only trace three types of form; the
first evidently representing Mitra, and the third, probably,
typifying Conohelix. M. Olivaria Lam., which. truly
belongs to this genus, may, perhaps, be only a modification
of the 2nd type, to which our present species strictly
belongs. The representation of this group among the
Volutes, will be found in Voluta Zebra and its allies.

Mitrella fusca is small, and of great rarity ; our own
specimen, beautifully perfect, is the only one we have yet
seen.

——————

MITRELLA ocellata.

Shell whiteish, the lower half of the principal whorl brown, with
a band of alternate rufous and white spots, and marked with
reticulated white lines, and remote sulcaled striw, internally
punctured ; spire, and upper part of the body whorl, delicately
plaited, the plates crossed by transverse lines of excavatcd
dots.

Tuts species has probably been overlooked as a variety of
M. Fissurella ; its markings, indeed, are partially the same,
but its sculpture, and even its form, proves it to be distinct.
The alternate white and rufvus spots bear a fanciful resem-
blance to eyes. The description of M. Oliveformis has
already been given at Pl. 48, in the first volume of our
former Series.
Mitrane, Pl. 6.

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MARGARITA crocata.
Orange Pearl- Oyster.

Order Acephala. Family Margaritade. Nob.

MarGaRrITAD®. Animal byssiferous, attached to marine bodies by
a fascicle of tendinous filaments. Shel foliaceous, the centre
internally pearly and iridescent: the form irregular; the mar-
gins fragile and transparent. Nob.

GENERA. Margarita. MALtevs. PERNA. Pinna. (VULSELLA?) Lam.

Sub-genera? Avicula. Crenatula. Inoceramus. Auct.

GENERIC CHARACTER.
Margarita. See Leach. Zool. Miss. 1. p. 107. (1814.)
(Meleagrina. Lam. Syst. 1819.)

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell subquadrate, squamose, fulvous or yellow, the ear of the right
valve dilated and scarcely sinuated, that of the left valve very
small: inside silvery blue, hinge smooth.

EEO

Ir is the animal of this genus of Shells, which in sickness
and disease, produces the true oriental Pearl: the costly
ornament of sovereigns, and the chaste foil of beauty. An
interesting account of the Pearl fishery of Ceylon, will be
found in Mr. Wood’s entertaining Zoography, extracted
from Percival’s History of that island.

The present is a small species, seldom exceeding the size
of the figure: in young shells there is a cardinal tubercle in
our valve, which disappears with age. ‘The Pearl-oysters
are nearly all inhabitants of warm seas ; the species require
much elucidation.

The genera, above enumerated, appear to present such a
series of affinities, as to justify our suspicions that they
form a natural group: the more so, as their analogies may
be traced among the perlacious fluviatile shells, forming
our family Unionide. If further investigation should
confirm the correctness of this idea, the sub-genera will, of
course, become types of form ; bearing the same relation to
the genera, as Dipsus does to Anodon, or Castalia to Hyria.

Margaritadx, PI. 1.

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NYCTINOMUS amectus.”
Duvoends Nighijedar

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NYCTIORNIS amictus.
Duvaucel’s Nightfeeder.

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Sub-order, Fissirostres. Family —————?
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill subfaleated, compressed, margins of the upper mandible folding
over those of the lower: rzetus excessively wide. Wings round-
ed, moderate. Plumage lax, long. VYarst much shorter than the
hallux. Toes and claws as in Merops and Prionites. Nobis.

SpEcIFIC CHARACTER.

Green, crown (in the adult) lilach, front of the throat and breast
bright red.

Merops amictus. Pl. Col. pl. 310. fig. pessima.

Mus. Paris.
ere

Tuts is perhaps the rarest, and certainly the most extraor-
dinary bird, which the recent Zoological researches in India
has brought to light. Its discovery is due to a young and
accomplished Naturalist of France—M. Duvaucel, now
alas! no more: but who lived to perpetuate his name by his
brilliant discoveries, and to enrich the French Museum with
the most splendid specimens of oriential Zoology now in
Kurope.

The form, habit, and wings of this charming bird, are
almost precisely those of Prvonites ; while the bill resembles
that of Merops. Nothing can exceed the beauty of its
lilach crown, or the bright vermillion of its throat. The
bill is strong, and marked above on each sides with a
sulcated line: the gape is so wide, as to reach underneath
the eye. The whole structure of the bird, its round wings,
and long lax plumage, indicates a totally different economy
from that of Merops ; and this has been confirmed by Sir W.
Jardine and Mr. Selby, who inform us that another beautful
species, they have described, feeds during the night.

Our drawing, scrupulously exact, was made at the Jar-
den des Plants. As we find Nyctinomus is a name already
appropriated, we have substituted Nyctiornis: and we place
this group at the extremity of the /isstrostres, adjoining to
Prionites among the Scansores.

Total length ab. 13, wings 5, tail (beyond,) 3, tarsi
hardly in.

CULICIVORA. aérvcaylla a7

Black-cwowned Gnatcatcher

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CULICIVORA atricapilla.
Black crowned Warbler.

Family, Sylviade. Sub-family, Sylviane. Nob.
(See North Zool. Vol. 2.)

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Cuticivora. Swains. ie Zool. Journ. No. 11. (1827.) Lesson Man,
2. p. 430.

Bill very slender, the base depressed, the sides compressed, the
culmen arched from the base. Nostrils long ; aperture linear
and naked; rictus bearded. Wings remarkably short. Tail
slender, graduated, and generally lengthened.

SpEcIFIC CHARACTER.

Above cinereous, beneath white; upper part of the head, middle
tail feathers, and base of the three outer feathers deep black.
Quills blackish, with white and grey margins.

Figuier a téte noir de Cayenne? Pl. Enl. pl. 704. f. 1. ?

a

Tue birds composing this natural but intricate group, have
hitherto been found only in America. Scarcely superior in
size to the Gold-crested Wrens, they exhibit much of the
same activity and restlessness in searching after insects.
Yet their manners, in other respects, are more in unison
with those of the flycatching birds.

In size and in structure, our bird perfectly accords with
the Sylvia cxerulea of Vieil, and represents that northern
species in tropical America, but we are fearful of identify-
ing it with that figured in the P/. Enl. Our drawings are
of the natural size; in both these species the bill perfectly
resembles that of Prinia. Horsf. except in being some-
what shorter: the feet, however, are those of Setophaga,
Swains. The Flycatchers and Warblers, are so blended
together, by all writers, that we have not yet been able to
discover the typical example of this group. Its true afflni-
ties, however, appear to be as follows :—

Culicivora is represented in Africa by Drymoica, Sw., in
India by Prinia, Horsf., and in Australia by Malurus,
Vieil. ‘These genera, in conjunction with that of Sylvia,
seem to indicate the first typical circle of this family.
Culicivora exhibits many singular characters; in some
approaching to Prinia, the tail is very short: others,
shewing an affinity to Sylvia, have yellow crests : while a
few species, leading to Setophaga, present us with the
depressed bill of a Flycatcher.

OLIVA. Pi, 2

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OLIVA purpurata.
Purple-mouthed Olive.
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Family Volutide.—Genus Oliva. Auci.
SuB-GENUS, OLIVELLA.

CHARACTERS.

Spire of the shell lengthened, conic, the tip acute: inner lip not
thickened, outer lip straight: base of the pillar curved in-
wards, and marked by 2 strong plaits; upper plaits evanes-
cent, or entirely wanting. Aperture effuse, and closed by an
operculum? Nobis.

SpeciFic CHARACTER.

Shell whiteish, with a very acute spire, nearly as long as the aper-
ture ; middle of the bedy whorl marked by angulated brown
lines : suture with spots and fascicles of longitudinal stripes :
basal belt very broad: aperture purple.

Oliva biplicata? Sow. Tank. Cat. No. 2332. p. 33.
eee

Tuts shell may be considered as typical of a small group of
Olives, which we suspect are peculiar to the American
seas ; they offer many points of difference from those of the
Indian Ocean. We recollect to have seen another species,
in some cabinet, with a small operculum. We have been
fearful of pronouncing this to be the O. biplicata, as the
judicious Conchologist will perceive the two descriptions
do not exactly agree; and we have another to which the
characters given of bliplicata will equally well apply. The
perpendicular line indicates the natural size.

ee
OLIVA _ eburnea.
Ivory Olive.
Shell entirely white, or marked by two bands of angulated

purplish spots; pillar about 8-9 platted: basal belt and
spire always white ; the former single,

Oliva eburnea. Lam. Syst. 7. 1. p. 438.

Tuts is the very common little Olive, sent in such abund-
ance in the West India boxes of shells; we figure it, be-
cause it is seldom rightly named in collections, being con-
founded with conoidalis. oryza, and several others of an
equally diminutive size: the plaits are sharp, short, well
defined, and nearly all of equal size ; although the base of
the pillar forms an internal elevation.

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MARIUS Thetys.
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Order Lepidaptera. Sub-order Papilionides.
(Thrysanuriform Stirps.—Horsf.)

GENERIC CHARACTER. See Pi. 45.

Specific CHARACTER.

Wings horizontally lengthened, above bright rufous, transvers: ly
banded with blackish stripes ; beneath marbled with brown:
lower part of the head, body, abdominal margin of the inferior
wings, and feet, cream colour.

Papilio Petreus, Cramer, Pl. 87, D. E.

Thetys. Fabricius. Mant. Ins. 2, p. 47. Ens. Syst. 3,

Alar a

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We frequently captured this Butterfly on the skirts of the
Brazilian forests : its flight is bold and powerful, but it loves
to bask on those leafy spots, where the sun, darting through
a sinall opening of the dense foliage, illuminates a little
space with sparkling brightness.

The poor and somewhat inaccurate figure of this insect
in Cramer’s work, is the only representation yet published.
We have not had leisure to investigate its scientific rela-
tions, further than to ascertain its close aflinity with Marius ;
of which group it appears on aberrant species.

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EURYMUS Philodice.

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Family Papilionide. (Juliform Stirps. Horsf.)
Sub Family, Colianz.
Sub-genus(?) Eurymus. Nob. Horsf.
CHARACTERS. |

Palpi rather lengthened, cloathed and fringed with unequal, dis-
united hairs, the two last joints obliquely porrect, and scarcely
touching the head. Antenne slender, terminating abruptly in
a thick cylindrical club. Wings simple, rounded, entire ;
destitute of concealed appendges.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings yellow above; with a common border of black. Anterior
above with a small, linear-oval, black, discoid spot.

Col. Alis integerrimis, rotundatis, flavis, limbo communi supra
nigro: subtus anticis puncto ocellari, posticis sesquialtero
argenteo; his sub-rufescentibus ; anticarum limbo supra (fem.)
flavo maculato. £ney. Meth. p. 100.

EE

Tue Butterflies constituting this group, are nearly restricted
in their geographic range to the temperate regions of the
old and the new world. ‘Their principal metropolis appears
to be in Europe; about twelve species having been de-
scribed as natives of that continent. Ofthese, five are found
in Britain ; oneof which, 2. Kdusa, has a very wide range;
we have seen specimens from the mountains of Nepaul, and
we possess others, collected by our friend Mr. Burchell, in
Southern Africa. C. Philodice, hitherto unfigured, is the
only species of a strictly typical character discovered in
North America: we have several specimens from New York,
where it appears not uncommon: the middle figure represents
the female.

In illustrating this group, we feel called up to notice in a
particular manner, the courtesy of Dr. Horsfield in adopt-
ing our manuscript name, after it had remained so many
years unpublished, that the circumstance, on our part, had
been totally forgotton. ‘To us the mere credit of having
pointed out a group, flattering as it might once have been,
is now trifling: but the high principles which prompted the
unequivocal thanks of Dr. Horsfield, must ever demand our
respect. The passage, indeed, so honourable to its writer,
singularly contrasts with the ambiguous acknowledgements,
tendered to us from other quarter.

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GRYLLIVORA sautlewres

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GRYLLIVORA Saularis.
Dial Bird.

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Family Sylviade. Sub Family Saxicoline.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill strong, compressed, the culmen gradually curved from the
base, the tip strongly notched: the margins inflexed, the
rictus bearded. Tarsz elevated, robust. Wings rounded,
the 3, 4, 5 and 6th quills nearly equal, lesser quills nearly all
of equal length. Taz/ graduated; the feathers broad. Nob.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Glossy blue-black, body beneath, and a broad longitudinal band in
the middle of the wing, pure white: tail graduated, the
three middle feathers black and nearly equal, the three outer
suddenly diminishing, and pure white.

Gracula Saularis. Auectorum.

ee

Nartvratists, until of late, were accustomed to pay so little
regard to the habits and manners of birds, that of some of
the most common species, we know as little now, as we did
a century ago. We are in this predicament with the species
before us, called the Dial Bird by Albin, whose vague and
very questionable account of its manners, has been copied
by every succeeding writer. We believe that under the
name of Gracula Saularis, two, if not three species are
confounded. We doubt Le Vaillants Cadran (Ois. d’ Af.
pl. 109) being the same as our bird: he distinctly describes
and figures the female as rufous. Ours, (so labelled), is
grey. To us, its natural affinity with the Saxicole appears
almost unquestionable, but on this point we shall dwell more
at length in another place. ‘The curious analogy between
this bird and Petroica bicolor, has already been mentioned :
the plumage of both are precisely alike. It is thus that
Nature, ever unfolding some new link of her interminable
chain of relations, impresses on the mind the sublimity of
that plan, which omnrrorence alone can fully comprehend.

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PLILIOGONYS cinereus. female.

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Family Laniade. Sub-family Ceblepyrine.

GENERIC CuaracTer. See Zool. Journ. No. 10, p. 164.

Specific CHARACTER.

Head sub-crested ; body above cinerous, tinged with grey brown,
beneath ferruginous ; belly white; under tail covers bright

yellow; lateral tail feathers with an internal white band.
Female.

Ptiliogonys cinereus. Cat. of Mex. Mus. App. p. 4. (1824.)

Ptiliogonys (not Ptiliogonutus,) cinereus. Zool. Journ. No. 10,
p- 164. Phil. Mag. and Annals. June 1827, p. 367.

Piroll velauté. Pl. Col. p. 422.
Mus. Nost.

EE

A.ruoucsH not particularly striking in its plumage, this is
one of the most interesting birds, to the ornithologist, which
has yet been gleaned from the little known regions of
Mexico. Closely allied, by its short and broad bill to the
Flycatchers, it is principally distinguished from them by
the absence of those bristles round the mouth, which almost
invariably belong to purely insectivorous birds. Its very
short, robust, and feathered tarsi, the profile of the bill,
construction of the wing, and even the colouring of the
plumage, all remind us of the Ceblepyrinz or Catterpillar-
catchers, and point to that group as containing its true af-
finities: a group, however, which is in such confusion,
that we venture not to hazard any speculations on the pre-
cise station of this curious genus.

If the authors of the Planches Coloriées, will consult the
Philosophical Magazine for July 1827, (one of the oldest
and best of our scientific Journals), they will find that this,
and most of the birds from Mexico, which they are now de-
scribing as mew, were long ago named and charactized by us.
Our list, indeed, of all those brought over by Mr. Bullock,
was printed with the catalogue, in 1824, when one of the
Authors was himself in England, and viewed the collection.

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AMYNTHIA _ Swainsonia.
a
Family Papilionide. Sub-family Coliane.
CHARACTERS.

Antenne graduating from the base to a lengthened, cylindrical
truncated club; the terminal joint of which is naked and con-
cave. Head smooth, destitute of a fascicle of hairs between
the antenne. Palpi as in Colias, the last joint inclining
upwards. Wings angulated, with concealed appendages.
Feet as in Colias. Nob.

Type. Col. Merula. Auct.

SPecIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings above greenish white, anterior with a yellow disk, and a
quadrangular black dot, encircled with orange: wings beneath
obscurely lineated with green.

Colias Swainsonia. Leach. M.S. S.
$<

We had the satisfaction of discovering this lovely Butterfly
intheinterior of Pernambuco, during our Brazilian researches
in 1813. Although assiduously sought after, we never cap-
tured more than three specimens, and these were met with
far distant from the coast : it must be either excessively rare,
or very locally distributed. The colouring is peculiarly
chaste and elegant; the ground is a pearly white, tinged
with green, and relieved by clear yellow: in the female this
latter colour is more diluted, and spreads nearly to the base
of the anterior wings. ‘This group appears to be the tropi-
cal representative of Gonepteryx ; from which it is much
more distinguished than Hurymus is from Colias. The two
European types are called by British collectors, Brim-
stones, and Clouded-yellows. Dr. Horsfield has judiciously
removed P. Glaucippe from Pieris to Colias, to which
(although an aberrant species,) it manifestly belongs. We
should not be surprised if that insect leads to Amynthia by
means of Amy. Leachiana (P1. 6. of our first series), which
will be seen, from the description, to exhibit many deviations
from its conjeners: this however is a mere supposition,
for we have not yet analized these groups. Independant of
the characters here sketched, Gonepterya is distinctly se-
parated from Amynthia, by the peculiar construction of the
feet. The mistake of the printer, seen upon the plate, was
discovered too late for correction.

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AMPULLARIA fasciata. var.
Fasciated Apple Snail.

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Order, Phytophaga. Family, Ampullaride. Guilding.
GENERIC CHaracTER.—See Guilding in Zool. Journ. No. 12, p.538

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell thin, smooth, banded, ventricose ; spire pointed, the whor/s
very convex ; umbilicus open, rather large.

Am. fasciata. Lam. Sys. 6, 177.

Am. fasciata. Zool. Illust. 1 Series. 2. pl. 103.
Am. fasciata, var. canaliculata. Sw. in Bligh Cat.
Am. canaliculata. Lam. Syst. 6, 178.

ee
In our former series we represented this species as it is
usually seen; our present figures were drawn from a very
uncommon variety, received by Mrs. Mawe from Brazil,
in which not the slightest appearance of the external trans-
verse bands are apparent. The specimen now forms a part
of the valuable and extensive Museum of the Natural His-
tory Society of Manchester ; a collection which we believe
is superior to that of any provincial town in the kingdom.
It is gratifying to us to inform the scientific student, that
its contents will be thrown open to his enquiries with a
promptitude and liberality, which he will in vain look for
at some of the Zoological Institutions of the metropolis.

Our friend Henry Parker, Esq. of Liverpool, who while
prosecuting his botanical researches in Demerara, was not
unmindful of conchology, favoured us with an interesting
series of specimens from that river, clearly shewing that
the A. fasciata and canaliculata of Lamarck are varieties
of one species ; or rather, that there are specimens of fasci-
ata which perfectly agree with his description of canalt-
culata. We further learn from Mr. Parker, that the inha-
bitant of this, and of other species, are a favourite food with
the crafty Herons, who use their bill as a spear to take them
from the bottom; in some places, the banks of the river
are strewed with empty shells, all perforated by these birds.

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CONUS lithoglyphus.

Ermine Cone.
ee

Zoophaga. Family Strombide. Nob.

Operculum of the Animal smaller than the aperture of its shell;
outer lip of the latter detached above.

TypicaL GENERA. 1, TEREBELLUM. 2, StromBus. 3, Conus,
4, ——_—_—_? 5, PLEuROTOMA. Auct.
GeNneERIc CuHaricTer. See Lam. Syst. 7, 440.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Shell turbinated, redish orange, with two undulated white boards ;
base granulated, spire obtuse.

Conus lithoglyphus. Mus. Gevers. p. 350. Brug. Ency. Meth.
p- 692. Lam. Syst. 7,490. C. Ermineus, Dillwyn, 395.
Icones. Seba 3, pl. 42, f.40, 41. Chem. pl. 140, f. 1298. Ency.
Meth. pl. 338, f.8.? Martini, 2, pl. 57, f. 630.—1. ?
2
_ Tue Cone Shells belong to a predatious race of Mollusce,
who feed upon the innumerable “ creeping things,’’ which
swarm in the prolific seas of the Oriental hemisphere : des-
titute both of jaws and lips, their mouth is formed into a
long trunk or proboscis ; with this they contrive to bore
into solid shells, and suck the vital juices of their victims.

Nearly all the species are natives of the Indian Ocean.

The circular system of Nature has been so fully de-
monstrated, that it must now be received as the first great
truth in Natural History. As, therefore, there can be but
one natural system, it necessarily follows that all combina-
tions of groups, whether large or small, which do not
pretend to exhibit such a disposition, must be more or less
artificial classifications. We allude to this our opinion,
as explanatory of those principles which have influenced the
views indicated here of M. Cuviers Pectinibranchi ; the
more so, as we shall be obliged to characterize many new
divisions, and to reform others, without the immediate
opportunity of explaining our reasons. In another work we
hope to enter on such details ; and to shew we have been
guided, in this matter, by more weighty considerations than
mere individual opinion.

Conus Pl. 1.

Vestilee,

TODES

Voay

OPreere

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7? .

TODUS. viridis.
Green Tody.
ae ar I ee
Family Todide. See Pl. 41.

PuBLIsHEeD Genera. Fluvicola. Nengetus. Alecturus. Mascicapa,
(pars). Conopophaga. Platyrhynchus. Todus, Eurylamus.
Querula? Psaris. Pachyrhynchus.

GENERIC CHARACTER. See Lesson, Man. I, p. 178.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Bright green, beneath whiteish ; throat scarlet; sides of the body
rosey ; under tail covers yellow.
Todus viridis. <Auct.
Mus. Paris. Nost.
ee

Tuis singular little bird has long excited the particular at-
tention of those naturalists who study the affinities of groups,
more than the details of species. It is a native of the
West Indian Islands, and although stated to be not un-
common, the accounts given of its manners are perfectly
contradictory. One author asserts that it is almost always
seen upon the ground, from whence it receives the name of
Perroquet de Terre: another, that it only frequents the
‘lonely part of moist places”? (woods ?), where it sits in a
couched manner, with its head thrown considerably back,
and is so stupid, as almost to be taken by the hand. M.
Vieillot confirms part of the latter particulars, although
he repeats, without denying, the former. In our opinion
the last is entitled to the most credance, although it is con-
tradictory to the idea of this being a terrestial bird.

We cannot but feel surprise and regret, that the “ very
interesting account” of this bird, long ago announced (Zool.
Journ. Dec. 1827. p. 439), as having been sent from Cuba,
by Mr. Macleay, to the Linnean Society, should still be
unknown to the scientific world. There is, indeed, a valu-
able paper by this gentleman on certain birds of Cuba, in
the first part of the sixteenth Vol. of the Society’s Transac-
tions, where its author alludes to the ‘description and
anatomy of two birds’”’ (p. 12) both of which are nevertheless
omitted : The Todus viridis, we apprehend is truly “ one of
those solitary species,’? which, as Mr. Macleay observes,
“from having been neglected, may serve to unfold an ex-
ception, sufficient to destroy the most plausible system.”
For ourselves, we shall feel much surprised if this bird is
entitled, in the slightest degree, to a station among the
Fissirostres, in which order it has been placed by M. Vigors,
in his paper “ On the Natural affinities of Birds.”

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MURICIN[A Pl

Murex wunpervorlus

MUREX Inmperialis.
Imperial Murex.

——e

Family, Buccinide. Sub-family Muricine. Nob.
GENERIC CuHaracTer. See Lam. Syst.

Types of form. 1. M. Regius. 2. palmarose. 3. tripterus.
4. tenuispinosus. 5, radix? Lam.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Type 1. Shell ponderous, with from four to five varices between
the two lips; the varices simple, nodulous, and obtuse: inter-
mediate, or false varices, none; aperture yellow, orange, or
red; inner lip striated only at the base.

Soreennnnninerimien oer eee

Tue inhabitants of the Murices, or Rock Shells, are
rapacious ; and feed, for the most part, upon animal matter,
either living or dead. By the latter instinct they are led
to frequent harbours and sea-ports, for the sake of offal,
and other animal refuse, thrown from vessels, which they
greedily devour. Lamarck, with his usual precision, has
characterized many species ; but for the very beautiful one
now, we believe, for the first time described, we have to
thank Messrs. Stuchbury, who favoured us with the in-
spection of a fine series of specimens, received from the

Island of Margarita, Lat. 11.20. N. Lon. 63. 20. W.

The genera Buccinum and Murex of Linné, appear
typical of the carnivorous order Zoophaga, whose shells
are either notched or channelled at their base. These
arrange themselves under two great divisions. In one
the animal has an operculum or lid, which closes the
entrance of his shell; in the other, the shell itself is more
or less enveloped by two large lobes, called the mantle,
with which the animal covers his habitation. Nevertheless,
these two divisions, as M. Cuvier has fully shown, become
insensibly united, and form one natural group. The two
principal divisions of the operculated race are represented
by Cassis and Murex ; the genera of the first have been
pretty correctly made out; but those of the Muricine
require much reformation ; so far as regards the definition
of their typical forms, and their apparent series of affinities.

Muricine, PI. 1.

67.

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CONUS fumigatus.

re
Family Strombide. Sub-family Coniane.

GENERIC CHARACTER See Lamarck.

Speciric CHARACTER.

Shell smooth, spire very short, channeled, or with the whorls
concave: colour chesnut, belted with white, and articulatcd
rows of chesnut dots.

Conus fumigatus Brug. Dict. 94. Lam. Syst. 7. 496.
Icones. Mart. 2 pl. 56. f. 618. Ency. Meth. pl. 336. f. 7.
me ee

A species not conspicuous for its beauty, but by ne
means of common occurrence: its close resemblance to the
next has induced us to illustrate both by figures. C.
Jumigatus seldom exceeds the size here represented ; it
may at once be known from franciscanus (which is a much
smaller shell,) by the spiral whorls being concave, instead
of convex: this species occurs in the Indian Ocean.

If the student compares either Strombus Luhuanus,
Mauritianus, or Persicus, with any of the wide mouthed
Cones, he will immediately perceive the affinity between
the two groups. In both, the operculum of the animal is
small, but in Conus it seems reduced to a mere vestage ;
while the shell, nearly rolled upon its own axis, indicates
the near approach which Nature has now made towards the
Cowries ; a family, however, essentially distinguished by
the great developement of the mantle, and the total
absence of an operculum.

—>—__
CONUS franciscanus.
Shell smooth, chesnut, with two white bands, the upper one near
the suture: spire short, the whorls convex.
C. franciscanus. Lam. Syst. 7. 493. Ency. Meth. 337. f. 5.

Lamarck mentions Africa and the shores of the Mediter-
ranean, as the native locality of this shell. It escaped our
researches on the coasts of Italy, Sicily, and Greece, and
we suspect it to be an Oriental species.

Conus, Pl. 2.
63.

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PIERIS Nigrina.

PIERIS (pars.) Latr: Stey. Ponti (pars.) Fab. Horsf.

GENERIC CHARACTER.
Antenne with a spatulate, considerably compressed, obovate clubs.
Palpi hairy: the first joint with basal articulations, (Horsf. pl.
4. f. 10.) beyond which it is hardly longer than the second, or
the third, which are each of equal length. Anterior Wings
with the exterior margin manifestly shorter than the posterior.

Type. Pieris Belisama. Lat.

SPEcIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings above white in one scx, grey in the other; anterior tipt with
black; beneath black, with a terminal band of yellow: posterior
wings beneath black, varied with grey, and marked with an
undulated, nearly central, border of crimson.

Pieris Nigrina. Fab. Sys. Ent. 475. Ent. Sys. 3.1.20. Ency.
Meth. p. 149. Don. Ins. of New Holl. 19. f. 1.

a ee

Atruovcn this elegantly marked insect has long been
known to Entomologists, we believe it has only once been
figured. It is not uncommon in Australia, and being a
typical species, we select it to illustrate this group.

The Butterflies called Whites, in the common language
of Collectors, (Pieris, Lat.) are distinguished by their great
simplicity of colouring, and a predominence of white upon
their wings. It isa singular fact, that the various species
of this family, among which are included the different white
Butterflies of Europe ; feed chiefly on such plants as are
nourishing and salutary to the human body, such as the
various sorts of cabbages, coleworts, turnips, &c., and in
every foreign country where these white Butterflies have
been found, plants of the same nutricious qualities, are sure
to be discovered in the vicinity of their haunts.

The group to which we here restrict the name of Pieris,
is confined, we believe, exclusively to the old world, and
principally to intertropical latitudes. We have been much
embarassed, however, in applying this name correctly.
Dr. Horsfield has placed many of our Indian Pieres under
the genus Pontia, which group is restricted by Mr. Ste-
phens to European insects. As this latter disposition is
more in unison with our own views, we have adapted it ;
considering P. Cratezgi to be the only aberrant repre-
sentative of Pierts in Europe.

69,

we

"

KEURYMUS

LUrOpome.

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oi.

EKURYMUS = Enuropome.
The Clouded Sulphur.

eee ene

GENERIC CHARACTER. See Pl. 60.

Speciric CHARACTER.

See Stevens. Ill. of Brit. Ent. 1. p. 10. and Haw. Lep. Brit. 13.
Papilio Europome. Haworth Lep. Brit. p. 13. No. 12.

Colias Europome. Stev. pl. 1.* fig. 1. male. 2. 3. female. Syst.
Cat. 5797.
In Mus. Nost.

— eee

Mucu interest has recently been excited among British
entomologists regarding this butterfly. Some are of opi-
nion that it is not a native of Britain, while others, with a
strong shew of reason, contend that it is truly indiginous.
The specimens in the British collection formed by our
Jamented parent, and now in our possession, having been
alluded to by both parties, we have been induced to repre-
sent them, and to throw some light upon their history.

So anxiously did our honored father preserve his cabinet,
free from exotic specimens, that knowingly, he never
admitted one, even as a temporary substitute for a native
example. Yet living, in his early days, in constant inter-
course with the famous Dutchess of Portland, Dr. Lightfoot,
and Mr. Lewin, he received, from these sources, some few
insects, which were placed in his cabinet, under the assur-
ance that they were British. Among these are Pap. Poda-
lirius, Daplidice, and the two specimens of the alleged
Europome here figured: the latter being mistaken, and
intermixed, with three examples of the true Hyale. On
the other hand, it is incumbent upon us to say, that both
these have been mended, before coming into our father’s
possession, by the heads and antenna of Gonepteryx
Rhamni! We must also state, that upon closely com-
paring them with a series of E. Philodice, we have failed
to discover what appears to us a true specific distinction.
The same unsuccess has attended our efforts to detach
Chrysotheme from Edusa, of which latter we possess
specimens from Germany, Genoa, Sicily, Greece, Africa,
and several others unlabelled, all varying more or less
from each other, and from British examples.

70,

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MALACONOTUS Barbarus.

Barbary, or yellon-crowned Shrike.
ee eres oe
Family Laniade. Sub-family Thamnophiline. © Nod.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Swains. in Zool. Journ. 3. p. 163.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Above glossy black, beneath crimson; crown fulvous yellow: vent
and flanks buff.

Lanius barbarus. Linn. leon. Pl. Enl. 56.
Taniarius barbarus. Ency. Meth. Orn. p. 755.
Te Gonolek. Le Vaill. Ois. @ Af. pl. 69.

a oe RE ee

Tue true Shrikes, of which two, if not three species inhabit
Kngland, are bold and cruel birds: they attack others,
scarcely smaller than themselves, and seize them like a
Halcon, by their talons during flight. ‘The Bush Shrikes
on the other hand, are a more ignoble race; they only
prowl after young or sickly birds, and seck their principal
nourishment from those insects which shelter in foliage.
These birds form two distinct groups, confined to the
tropical latitudes of the Old and the New World. The
first, Thamnophilus, is restricted to America, and the spe-
cies are known by their dark coloured plumage. Malacono-
tus, is, we believe, purely an African group, while most of
the typical species, like the present, are cloathed in bright
and beautiful colours.

This elegant bird seems to be abundant in Western
Africa, but is rare towards the Cape of Good Hope. Hence
Le Vaillant had no opportunity of learning its peculiar
manners. Its size is that of a Thrush; the feathers on the
back are very long, and the first joint of the outer toe is free.
Nature, ever prone to typify her relations, and to preserve
harmony between groups, essentially distinct, has given to
the bill of this bird, a form closely resembling that of Pitta ;
the genus by which Malaconotus is represented among the
Thrushes.

A partial consideration of this group induced us, some
years ago, to adopt the generic name of Laniarius ; but in
a more recent investigation of the species so denominated,
we have failed to discover sufficient reason for separating
them, generically, from Malaconotus

71.

CS reciferur

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DONACOBILIUS. vociferans.
Babbling Thrush.

a

Family Merulide. Sub-family Macropediane. Neb.
CHARACTERS.

Bill arched from the base, moderate, and generally entire; wings
very short: tail broad, rounded. Feet and toes of great
strength and size; plumage lax, and soft. Nobis.

GracuLta (pars.) Cuv. Pomarorninus. Horsf. Tem. (pars.)
Pitta. (p.) OpeTIORHyNcuHUS. Ixos. (p.) Maturus (p.) Tem.
Timatia. Mecaturvus. Horsf. Dasyornis. Poospnopes. Vig.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill slender, moderate, the upper mandible notched ; nostrils naked,
membranaceous, the aperture terminal.

Speciric CHARACTER.

Above blackish brown, beneath Yulvous yellow ; sides of the body
lineated with black lines, base of the quills and tips of the
laternal tail feathers pure white, sides of the neck, with a
naked space.

Gracula longirostris? Auet.

eee ar ee

ir is seldom that the notes of the feathered race are
absolutely disagreeable, but we never remember to have
heard a bird with a voice of such astounding discord, as that
now before us. Its particular note, if note it could be
ealled, we do not now recollect; but it was so shrill, grating,
and monotinous, that we have frequently rushed out of the
house, to drive away the babbling disturbers. This hap-
pened at the hospitable residence of our friend Mr. Pinches,
of Pernambucco, whose house was close to a small swamp,
overgrown with reeds, among which these birds delight to
dwell; and which in fact, they never quit. Clinging to
the smooth stems by their strong feet and acute claws, they
were incessantly uttering discord with the most provoking
perseverance: all the time moving their body from one side
to the other, spreading out their tail, and straining their
throats, in the most grotesque way imaginable. On each
side of the neck, is a long space of bare skin of a deep
yellow colour: they live in pairs, and build a pensile nest
among the reeds: their flight is very slow and feeble.
73.

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Pi 2

MURICINA

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Murex

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MUREX _ erythrostomus.
Pink-mouthed Murex.

eo oe
Family Buccinide. Sub-family Muricine. Nob.

Specific CHARACTER.

(Type 1.) Shell spinous: varices between the two lips four ;
armed with conic, generally pointed spines, the upper and
lower of which are vaulted; colour reddish white, articulated
with brown: false varices intermediate; aperture rosey:
inner lip smooth.

ee ES

Messrs. Stucusury obligingly forwarded us fine speci-
mens of this lovely species, for comparison with M. Regius
and Imperialis. In general habit it has a close affinity to the
first, but is distinguished by intermediate false varices,
which in that species are wanting ; while the upper and
lower spines are alone vaulted: from Imperialis our shell
is further removed, by the varices being spinous, instead of
nodulous ; this latter character being seen only in the
intermediate protuberances, and in the false varices.

We have already intimated our belief that Murex and
Cassis represent two equivalent groups; and these, as
containing several established genera, we shall consider as
sub-families: giving them the usual termination of inz.
Those higher naturalists, who have long since abandoned
the belief in absolute divisions and isolated genera, are
fully aware that no groups are more likely to exhibit the
arrangement of nature, than such as contain numerous
species, under a great diversity of forms. The Murices
are of this description, and appear to exhibit, among them-
selves, a circular series. Triton and Murex also seem
typical genera, and of equal value. Ranella obviously
belongs to the first ; yet, as it is merely a subordinate type
of form, we cannot, under this belief, retain it as a genus,
without a manifest inconsistency ; unless, indeed, it is
thought expedient to consider the types of form in Murex,
as so many genera, and elevate three others in T'riton to
the same rank; a refinement in nomenclature, which we

cannot think is in the least degree necessary.
Muricine, Pl. 2.
73.

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EUTERPE Terea.
i
PAPILIO. (pars.) Latrielle. Sup-ramity Prerestne. Nob.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

/
Anienne lengthened, terminating in a broad, very compressed,
spatulate club. Palpi hairy; the first joint very long, ex-
ceeding the united length of the two next: second joint half
as long as the first; third very small, manifestly shorter than
the second. Anterior wings long, papilioniform; the exterior
margin longer than the posterior. Nob.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings above black: anterior both above and below, with a trifid
white or yellowish central spot: posterior with a four-parted
rosey spot; and varigated beneath, at the base, with yellow

and rosy stripes.
Papilio Terias. Latrielle & Godart. En. Meth. 1. p.38. No. 39.
S onnaenennemnenenen osama

Narore has so completely disguised this Butterfly in the
form and colours of a genuine Papilio, as to have deceived
the first entomologist now in Europe, and his most skilful
and accurate coadjutator. In the Ency. Methodique we
find this species recorded as a Papilio ; whereas it perfectly
agrees, in all the details of its structure, with the charac-
ters proposed in that valuable work for the genus Pieris.
Whether nature has employed this beautiful device to indi-
cate the group which next succeeds in her series, or whether
she has intended it to point out a strong analogy, are ques-
tions which, in our present imperfect knowledge of Lepi-

dopterous groups, cannot be answered.

Of this group we possess several new and highly in-
teresting species. It is worthy of remark, that they were
all collected in one particular locality, and at the same
-season. This was during a short residence at Mandioca,
the plantation of Dr. Langsdorff, among the woods at the
base of the Organ mountains, near Rio de Janeiro.

We believe this group is restricted to tropical America,
where it probably represents the genuine Pieres, (as defined
at pl. 69,) of the Old World. ‘The present species is sub-
ject to much variation in the size, proportion, and colour of
its spots: the white is sometimes pale yellow, and the rosy

becomes of a deeper and brighter hue.
74,

Cortli

PELEUS acus.
EE
Family Hesperide.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Antenne uot hooked, the club formed into a long, slender, fuciform
arch. Wings with both surfaces alike, horizontally divaricated

when at rest; posterior rounded, entire; broader from the base
to the anal angle, than to the exterior margin.

Type. Hesp. Peleus. Fab.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings deep brownish black ; anterior with a redish transverse band,
united toa spot of the same, and tipt with a sub-hyaline band
of redish orange.

Hesp. Peleus. Fab. Cramer, pl. 284, f. F.
EEE

Enrtomotocists, from being acquainted only with the
habits of the European species of this family, represent the
Hesperide as resting with only the hinder wings elevated :
This is altogether a mistake. Some groups, indeed, assume
this position when basking in the sun, or taking food ; but
even these, when fairly at rest, erect their wings in the
ordinary manner: a fact we have repeatedly witnessed.
Not so, however, with the group we now illustrate: and
which is peculiar to South America. ‘These insects rest
with all the four wings expanded ; and hide themselves
during the meridian heat, on the under side of broad leaves,
in the deep forests. From never appearing exposed, this
species long escaped our search, but having once dis-
covered this singular part of its economy, we captured it in
abundance. It probably feeds, like many of the Sphingides,
or Hawk Moths, in the morning and evening, but its
haunts were too far from our habitation, to allow of
ascertaining this point.

——>__

PELEUS Gentius.

Anterior wings black, with three yellow bars, posterior yellow,
with a simple black border.

Hesp. Gentius. Fab. Cramer, pl. 179, f. C.

Our specimens of this very rare insect were captured by
Dr. Langsdorff, in the interior of Southern Brazil, the
colours of the under surface of the wings are the same as

those of the upper.
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MALACONOTU S atro-coccineus.
Burchell’s Shrike.

GENERIC CHARACTER, &c. See Pl. 71.

SpeciFIC CHARACTER.

Black, beneath crimson: lesser wing covers banded with white,
greater covers and lesser quills with a broad, white, lon-
gitudinal stripe.

Malaconotus atro-coccineus. Burchell, Zool. Journ. 1. p. 461.
Pris:
Mus. D. Burchell.

2

Amwone the few Ornithological subjects which that
accomplished traveller, Mr. Burchell, has yet published
from his vast collections of African Zoology, is the charm-
ing bird here figured. It was discovered near Litakoon,
the principal town of the Bachapins, a nation never before
known to Europeans. [ts principal range is between lat.
27. 20. and 29. 10. S. on the meridian of 24. E. “ Toa
traveller,” continues our friend, “‘ wandering through the
airy groves of the Transgaripine, the sight of these Lanii,
flying from branch to branch above his head, and dis-
playing their fine colour in all its brilliancy, suddenly
arrests his steps, and claims his admiration. Viewed in
such a position, little of their black colour is seen, and they
then appear to be entirely scarlet.”

A most beautiful analogy may be traced between the
two principal groups of the Bush Shrikes, and those of the
Ant-thrushes. The genus Malaconotus corresponds to the
Pittx, in being restricted to the old world, in the vivid
colours of their plumage, and the connexion, in the typical
species, of the two outer toes. In Thamnophilus and
Myothera, both American groups, the colours are uni-
formly dark; and their resemblance in structure is so close,

that no author has yet pointed out their distinctions.
76.

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77

HARPULA

OPOOWIE

VEXIL LUM

Ltag lotule

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HARPULA vexilloum.
Orange-flag Volute.

a

Family Volutide. Sub-family Volutine. Nod.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.

Shell generally tuberculated or longitudinally ribbed: apex of the
spire papillary, smooth, and in general distorted: Pillar withe
numerous distinct plaits; the upper small and slender, the
lower thickest and shortest.

Type. Voluta Hebrea. Lam.

Types OF Form. I. Vol. Hebraea, musica, pusio, polyzonalis, &c.
Il. Vol. bullata? IIT. Vol. multicostata, mitreformis, costata,
lyriformis, nucleus, &c. IV. Vol. rupestris, dubia? V. Vol.
lapponica, vexillum. Auet.

SpPEcIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell either smooth, or slightly and acutely tuberculated ; white
with, numerous bands of orange; pillar thickened in the
middle, and marked with from six to eight plates.

Voluta vexillum. Auct. Lam. Syst. 7.346. Ency. Meth. pl. 381
Sf. 1. a. b. optime.

_— ee a

Few Volutes can exceed this in elegance or beauty. The
peculiarity of its markings, resembling the national colours
of Holland, has procured it the name of the Orange-flag
Volute. Although long known to Conchologists, it still
continues a rare shell to our cabinets, and is much sought
for on the continent, particular among the collectors in
Holland ; they view it with something of a national fond-
ness, and value it at a high price. It is brought from
Amboyna, and some other islands of the Indian Ocean.
The many-plaited Volutes, form one of the most natural
groups in the whole department of Conchology; and one
which the most unpractised student will have no difficulty
in understanding. ‘The more experienced Conchologist,
in studying its contents, will detect some very extraordinary
and beautiful analogies. It contains, in fact, representa-
tions of all the principal divisions of the old genus Voluta,
and also of the corresponding groups among the Mitras ;
to which sub-family it forms the true passage. We feel
some hesitation, however, in regard to the second type ; or
that which must lead immediately to Volutilithes ; as we
rather suspect that the true type, or more properly the
annectant furm, by which this union is effected, has not yet
been discovered. We share also in Mr. Broderips doubts,

regarding the situation of his V. dubia.
77.

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OLIN AS PL 3.
The Wide-mouthed Olives.

rt
Family Volutide. Genus Oliva. Nod.
Sus-Genus Hiatura. Nob.

Suture channelled. Pillar above smooth, not thickened, beneath
tumid, and marked with a few oblique plaits: base of the
aperture very wide.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS.

Hiatula Lamarci. Fulvous brown: pillar white, with about four
lengthened plaits, and intermediate shortened ones between
them, inner margin of the lip brown. Fig. 1.

H. pallida. Aperture and base of the pillar livid brown : plaits
4—5, simple, equal; inner margin of the lip pale. Fig. 2.

HI. maculosa. Aperture orange, marked above with a black spot :
base of the pillar white, the plaits small, crowded, and of un-
equal length. Fig. 3.

Mus. Nost.
$$

As the connection of the Olives with the Mitres has been
illustrated in a former number, we now characterize the
sub-genus by which the former are united to the Ancillarix.
The thickened and oblique plaits on the pillar, its smooth-
ness on the upper part, and the great width of the aperture,
are all characters which render this affinity unquestionable,
and detach the group from the more common and typical
Olives before alluded to.

Since we published the figure of Oliva striata, (Oliva,
Pl. 1. f. 2.) we have procured the true Ancillaria canalifera
of Lamark, and find it as we suspected, a very different
shell. As Hiatula leads to the Ancillariz, so does the sub-
genus Olivella, (comprising the small operculated Olives)
conduct us to the Mitres, by means of Olivella volutella,
already figured in this work. We believe the third aberrant
form is represented by our Oliva striata, but we shall not
proceed to characterize it as a sub-genus, until a better ac-
quaintance with the group is obtained ; its analogy to Cono-
helix, by its external sculpture, seems to us astrong ground
of distinction.

We procured all these wide-mouthed Olives from the
Messrs. Stuchbury, to whom we are often indebted for the
loan of interesting specimens.

Oliva. Pl. 3.

73.

PIERIS LIMNOBIA.

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PIERIS (Melete) Limnobia.
Yellow-underwing White.
re
Genus Pieris, Lat.
CHARACTERS.

Antenne as in Euterpe. Palpi lengthened, the terminal joint
linear, pointed, nearly naked, and longer than either of the
two next. Anterior wings trigonal, the exterior and the
posterior margins of equal length: posterior wings dilated.
Male with the terminal abdominal valves large, abruptly
attenuated, and hooked.

Type. Pieris Limnobia. Lat. & Godart.

SpeciFic CHARACTER.

Anterior wings above yellowish white, with a black triangular
exterior border, and a costal band in the female. Posterior
above yellow, with an orange border, divided in the female,
into round spots upon a black ground: under surface with a
decp brown border, unspotted.

Pieris Limnobia. Ency. Meth. 1 p. 144. No. 93.

———Lycimnia? Cramer pl. 105. f. E. F. Ency. Meth. No. 92?

ee en

We found this pretty Butterfly in profusion near the woods
of Mandioca, at the foot of the Organ Mountains of Rio de
Janeiro; when in company with our learned*friend Pro-
fessor Raddi, now prosecuting his researches in Egypt:
it appears late in the season, and frequents the flowery
openings of thick woods. The female is without the black
costal band, and the margins of the lower wings are simply
orange. The accurate description of Limnoria in the
Ency. Meth. pertectly accords with our specimens ; but we
suspect the Lycimnia of Cramer is also the same species.
In illustrating the Lepedopterous insects, we shall first
define all those variations in form, which appear to us suf-
ficiently important; directing our chief attention to the
external anatomy of the perfect insect. These groups or
forms, we shall provisionally name: we shall next en-
deavour to detect their true affinities, and their relative
value ; abolishing such as may be found unnecessary, and
confirming others which assume a higher station. We
intend, in short, to proceed only by analysis, and we there-
fore wish that any incidental remarks, made by us in the
interim, may be looked on with suspicion: or at least, with
that doubt which must attend all opinions resulting only

from synthesis.
79,

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CRATEROPUS REINWARDIIL.
Blick wished Patek Po

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CRATEROPUS Reinwardii.
Black-masked, or Reinwardts Thrush.
a ee
Family Merulide. Sub-family Macropodiane.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill hard, compressed, either slightly notched or entire: wings and
tail rounded, the former short, the latter broad. Feet re-
markably large and strong ; the two outer fore toes equal, the

middle lengthened ; hind toe and claw very large: claws com-
pressed, strong, and but slightly curved.

Srecific CHARACTER.

Above grey ; throat spotted ; wings and tail brown ; head and ears
black ; chin white.
In Mus. Paris. Nost.

ee

Or the habits of this plain, but singularly formed bird, we
know nothing. Lt is, we believe, one of the numerous dis-
coveries made by that able Zoologist, Professor Reinwardt,
in the Indian Islands ; and should it not be already de-
scribed, (a point we cannot fully ascertain,) we trust it may
be allowed to bear the name of one, whose important labours
merit the thanks and respect of all the scientific world.

The length of our specimen, as indicated by the scale on
the plate, is ten inches and three quarters. The feet, in
all their details, are uncommonly strong, while the wings
are feeble and much rounded. The fifth and sixth quills
are longest; the scapular quills and the tail feathers, when
held to the light, exhibit transverse dark shades.

We have elsewhere pointed out * the characters by which
the strong legged Thrushes form one of the sub-families
of the Merulidz ; the two other aberrant divisions, being
represented by the true Orioles (Oriolinz,) and the short
legged Thrushes (Brachypinx.) That these form a circle
of their own, independant of the Ant Thrushes (Myotherinzx,)
and the true Thrushes (Merulinz ) has unintentionally been
proved by M. M. Temminck and Vigors ; the first in pro-
posing, and the latter in adopting, the genus Jos; an
artificial group, compounded of birds totally dissimilar to
each other, but which, in the progression of certain species,
demonstrate the circular arrangement of the three sub-
families above named.

* Northern Zoology, Vol. ii.
60.

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PRIONITES Mexicanus.
Mexican Motmot.

en
Family Trogonide. Sub-family Prionitine. Nod.

(Sce Northern Zoology, 2. p. 326.)

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Small, above green, beneath paler ; head and neck above cinnamon,
cars black, varicd and tipped with bright blue stripes ; belly
white.

Momotus Martii. Jardine & Selby. Ill. of Orn. 2 pl. 25.

Prionites Mexicanus. Swains. Phil. Mag. June 1827. p. 442.

SE —E>E_EE

Tue Motmots, so named from their monotonous note, live
only in the tropical forests of the New World, preferring
those deep recesses of perpetual shade, where a high canopy
of matted foliage, nearly excludes the rays of a vertical sun.
They appear even more solitary in their disposition than the
Trogons; their note may be heard, morning and evening,
from the depths of the forests, but the bird is never seen,
unless the hunter comes unexpectedly upon its retreat.
This we have generally found to be a low, withered branch,
completely shaded, and just at the edge of such paths as are
made by the Cavies, or the Indians. The Jacamasand the
Trogons both love these shady nooks, where they sit nearly
motionless, watching for passing insects, upon which they
dart. Such is, no doubt, the manner in which the Motmot
feeds ; but his strong confirmation enables him to capture
larger game. Travellers assert that he also devours the
eggs and young of other birds, like the Toucans: this we
believe, as both have the same long and feather-like tongue.
Thus has nature allied these two groups, each standing at
the confines of their own tribe: incentestably proving the
union of the Scansores, Teniurostres, and Fissirostres, into
one great circle.

The present species has only been found in Mexico,
although the London Ornithologists have confounded it
with the Prionites Martii of Brazil. Hence the error of Sir
W. Jardine and Mr. Selby, and adopted upon our plate.
Distrusting our first opinion, we believed the London co-
adjutors of these gentlemen, having access to the original
work of Dr. Spix, could not have made such a blunder, but
a personal inspection of the original figure decided the
question. No two species can well be more different.

81,

TROGON MEXICANUS.

-Menwear Vy ONC a/

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TROGON _ Mexicanus.
Mexican Trogon. Male.
ee
Tribe Fissirostres. Family Trogonide.
Sub-family Trogonine. (G. Trogon. Auct.)

GENERIC Cuaracter. See Lesson Man. 2 p. 139.

Specific CHARACTER.

Above golden green, beneath crimson; tail black; the three outer
feathers banded with white on their outer web only ; inner
webs with an oblique white stripe along their shafts; the inner
edge spotted with white. Male.

Trogon Mexicanus, female. See Swains. in Phil. Mag. June 1827.
Mus. Dom. Taylor.
ee =

Tue Trogons are found only in the dark primeval forests of
the Tropics; shunning the haunts of man, and living in
solitude and silence. It is not, therefore, to be wondered
at, that their peculiar economy should be shrouded in
mystery, or that the naturalists of Europe should be much
perplexed in finding them a place in their artificial or their
natural systems. Our researches in Tropical America, will
enable us to communicate, in the forthcoming volume of
Northern Zoology, some very singular information on these
birds, which we shall not now anticipate.

The species are much more numerous then is imagined,
but they are, perhaps, less understood than those of any one
group of Ornithology. Males of different species are
classed as the same, while their females are considered as
distinct. The number enumerated in the last edition of the
Synopsis of Birds as inhabiting all South America, is six ;
but we possess eight species from Brazil alone; besides
several others, which it is impossible to identify from books,

The Mexican Trogon was first described by us, from a
bird, which we felt assured was a female; and this belief
was soon after confirmed, by the arrival of a fine specimen
of the male, to Mr. Taylor, from Real del Monte; in whose
possession it now is. We shall defer a detailed account of
its plumage, until we illustrate the other sex.

Total length 11 in. bill nine-tenths, wings 53, tail 74, the
outermost feather 3° in. shorter.

82

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SPriua tung) che. Tatiana “4
if do od AE
H rae) Te ae os SIE 4,1 Td '

UL giao ae.
hey wil eee aaa 8)

by f *, 4 Ay
GIy A eg ligeat Latecy ‘ Ly
ia Geen waitiael wWOmEvEY. |

cf =]
: rte)

CYMBIOLA vespertiite.

83
Bat Votate.

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CYMBIOLA. vespertilio.
Bat Volute.

— EE ee
Family Volutidae. Sub-family Volutine. Nod.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Shell armed with spinous tubercles, sometimes smooth but never
ribbed ; spiral whorls gradually diminishing in size, but not
distorted ; the apix thick and obtuse ; pillar with four plaits.

Types oF Form.—1. Marmorata. Broderpia. Sw. (Cymbiola. Sow.)
2. Vespertilio. Nivosa. Rutila. Aulica. Pulchra. Pacifica.
3. Elongata (?) Gracilis. Magnifica. Tuberculata. 4. - ?
5. Lugubris.

SpecIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell armed with spinous tubercles, pale fulvous with remote an-
gular waved lines of brown; spiral whorls plaited; pillar
with four plaits,

Voluta vespertilio. Lam. Sys. 7. 1. p. 336.

SSE

Tue second or sub-typical genus of the Volutes, appears to
be represented by this common though elegant species ; here
figured from one of the largest specimens we have ever seen.
The group is chiefly distinguished by the very obtuse but
regular termination of its spire, the whorls of which are
never distorted or disproportionately inflated : the plaits are
always four, and the pillar is never thickened in the middle :
the shells of all the typical species are furnished with pointed
tubercles ; and from their general aspect, dv not appear to
be covered, like the typical Volutes, by the dilated mantle of
the animal, yet the two groups blend into each other by
means of the first type of form above indicated.

As we have deemed it advisable to employ the name of
Cymbiola, (hitherto used in a specific sense), as a generic
appellation for the whole group, we trust that those who may
adopt our views, will hereafter distinguish the Voluta cym-
biola of Sowerby, now in the cabinet of Mr. Broderip, by
the name of Cymbiola Broderpia, in just commemoration
of a gentleman whose knowledge of conchology, and whose
general labours in the cause of science we have so often had
occasion to honour.

B35.

fix

4

¢
n

COHOPROCTHOINM

VOLUTA

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i
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VOLUTA cymbium.
Clouded Melon Volute.
ee

Sub-family Volutine Nob. (Gen. Melo. Cymba. Voluta. Brod.)
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Shell enveloped by the mantle of the animal : oval, ventricose; spire
very obtuse, papillary, remarkably short, the whorls (when de-
fined) abruptly lessening. Pillar with from 3 to 4 carinated
_piaits.

Types or Form.—t. V. fulgetrum. 2. V. cymbium. olla. Nep-
tuni, porcina ,proboscidalis, rubiginosa. 3. melo, tessellata,
Ethiopica, diadema, armata, nautica. 4. Imperialis, Scapha (?)

5. angulata. Auct.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Type 2. Shell ovate, marbled with rufous aud white, suture chan-
nelled, the margin carinated: spire rude, irregular, plaits
on the pillar variable.

Voluta cymbium. Auct. Lam. Sys. 7. 9. 332, Ency. Meth.
pl. 386, f. 3.—L’Yet, Adans. Seneg. pl. 3.f. 1. p. 44.

Cymba cymbium. Brod. in Sow. Genera.

rr ——_——-

Tuar the system of nature is essentially a system of types
and symbols, is a truth which has not only been perceived
by philosophers, but is apparent to every attentive observer
of nature. It has been our endeavour, in the second volume
of Northern Zoology, to investigate this system, and to as-
certain those laws by which it is regulated. One of the re-
sults of this enquiry has been, that every genus, pre-emi-
nently typical, contains a greater number of forms than any
other; the necessary consequence of comprising within
itself, representations of every division in the whole family.
By this test must our present definition of the typical genus
Voluta be tried. We consider this particular species as the
type of the whole group: according to Adanson, it is abund-
ant on the western coast of Africa, where it is stated to vary
considerably, both in its colour and in its plaits. ‘To the
same traveller we are indebted for the best account of the
animal, which he describes under the name of L’ Yet. It
has been thought, indeed, that this is the Voluta neptuni,
but as the interior of Adanson’s L’ Yet is “ blanche”’ and that
of Neptuni is yellowish orange, we rather think that the
French writer intended to designate the Voluta cymbium ot
systematic authors.
84,

of

ENDYMION vega

Voweow Candet Or SWE

S ‘
: — . -
- :
a“ \ a a >
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« ' 4
4
wy . ; 4 .
. = ; > “
* bd , —
. '

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i “

a :

: . “é ~ ‘

rT - — ‘ : ;
Ae - f ,

“ 2

iam ate .
. ‘ = “ > ‘
a ~

ENDYMION eregalis.

Maroon-banded Hair-streak.

a en
Tribe Papiliones. Family, Polyommatide. Sub-family, Theclanz.
Nob.

Susp-GENERIC CHARACTER.

Palpi in one sex (male) scarcely projecting beyond the head, the
last joint very minute; in the other (female) lengthened, por-
rect, curved downwards, the last joint as long as that which
precedes it ; in both obtuse and covered with close-set scales :
posterior wings four tailed.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings above shining blue: beneath golden emerald green, with a
common black stripe, and a broad red band on the posterior
wings ; ocelli none.

Papilio regalis. Cramer. Ins. Pl. 72. f. E. F.

Hesperia Endymion. Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. 1. 268.

Tuis superb butterfly, both in size and brillianey of colour,
may vie with the Emerald Hair-streak, and both are among
the most beautiful of their family yet discovered. ‘The
general colour of the under surface is of the richest golden
green ; the under wings being crossed by a broad bar of deep
maroon, softened into pearly white. ‘The female is known
by being the largest, and by having the black margin of the
upper wings much broader. Our specimens were captured
in Brazil, Lat 8. 12. 8.

The palpi, which in the sub-genus Arcas are equally long
and perfect in both sexes, are very different in the male and
female of the present sub-genus. In other respects there
seems to be a close aflinity between them. We have not
had time, however, to enter upon their minute dissection.

bo.

Ue

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’ is
= , ‘ 7
\ ae
; Ore a y a

GARRULUS SORDIDUS.

L Dusky bodied SAY.

i ‘2 _
‘ - a

Pear ivk as

‘ :
‘ ‘ an
' —
e ' ay i
‘ vi ;
‘ f7igke
“inte
———
‘ ad

F] ‘ ane Papeete 4
ey ek aah rah
ZF bt ht edie
paar
' 3s totes

: feeesy dituihar: adie
’ : it iP 4 MARE Giere Nag E
Wiiy t=

— -

«ip HAS

\ j i nr retet eh
‘
| ihe y% rit Spey
t 5 { ‘ a... = pu
‘. j : : Pe
aL wh sl > Apter

Xs my
' Tie i ein eee at hoes
Pm it) Pleo ified bap ti '
rot Goa ada tevin
} oe ‘i -tea anit ~g
5 TEAL UT ¢! Sy :

Th hd (Bet Poa
ow : ra) :* tleg baer

, j Gingieemniarh & 1h ial oo
‘ | v) iam yahoos se
) PU) al OT a og ae
ni beatae Bet Sekt.
: viata tl ec al
ven SPW abe vate
‘ deal : are yur an awe
ts rh lips we
% ms 4

GARRULUS sordidus.
Dusky-bodied Jay.
an ee a

Family Corvide. Sub-family Garuline. Nob.

See Northern Zoology, 2. p. 288.

SprciFic CHARACTER.

Above dusky blue, brighter upon the crown, wings, and tail; beneath
grey ; chin and belly whiteish ; ears blackish ; tail distineily
rounded.

Garrulus sordidus. Swains. Synopsis, No. 66. (Phil. Mag.
June 1827.)

$e

Tue Jays, although allied to the Crows, have many peculiar
characteristics. While the latter roam about and seek their
food in all situations, the Jays confine themselves to thick
woods, feeding upon fruits, insects, and eggs, and seldom
perch upon the ground. In unison with that symbolical
system which pervades all nature, we find a perfect re-
presentation of this group in the Bush-Shrikes of the new
world.

America seems to possess three Jays, closely resembling
each other, but each (if they have been described correctly)
having some peculiar distinction. As these have not been
clearly stated, and as some confusion has consequently
crept into the subject, we shall shortly state their distinctions.
The Florida Jay of Prince C. Bonaparte, (G. Floridamus)
which has been thought the same as ours, is a much smaller
bird, being only 113 in. long, and the back is ‘ yellowish
brown,”’? not dusky blue, (See Bon. Am. Orn. 2. p. 61.)
The Garrulus ultramarinus of the same noble and learned
writer, appears to us from the following account, to be dis-
tinct from either. ‘Its principal characters may be found
in its larger dimensions, but especially in the shape of its
tail, which is perfectly even, and not in the least cuneiform,
as it generally is in all the Jays,” (Am. Orn. 2.62.) Now
the tail of our species is decidedly rounded, the outer feather
being full one inch shorter than the middle.

The Garrulus sordidus inhabits the table land of Mexico,
from whence our speeimen was received. Total length, t4
in.: bill, 14: wings, 7: tarsi, 1-7,: tail, 63 in.

86.

a a ~~, SY ao
_ ‘ =

SCAPHELLA

Olwe

TROAHHLACA

Volk

Sw.

ry Yoh a atti SED Bia eee

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satya wale
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; sc) Z ; ro
; P
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angst > ,
: : ‘
Line =
——

bein ands ye
puch Deeded avtel a8) tye aig
? : rye? ces Tebeeiatets Mees ee;
pantie tate? BARU
‘gra O42 : sal yal bod Weber -
“ nefarsicy ood -Shveeing sad
be tigers hl Vit &
yearns “1st! aod heheh le:
a Wyre ea ae
hey ed ge SR oben NK

Arte) “he ROE ‘dt inn

rs ae ‘> by Ar} aug vate hex &
ra debe Tor Gta ae
7. 1 ives ITS. Pe =
(eld: ak tae

‘ 2 ’ si at J na beriny iT} rf -
‘cies 2 Oh. SRE eS

; fe eseer)

SCAPHELLA maculata.
Olive Volute.

0 gg a

Family Volutide. Sub-family Volutine. Nod.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Shell fuciform, invariably smooth and polished: spiral whorls
gradually diminishing in size, the apex obtuse but rarely
thickened or distorted: pillar generally gibbous in the middle,

with from four to six thick and unequal plaits: margin of the
outer lip thickened.

Typicat Species.— Scaph. undulata. Junonia, maculata, zebra.

ABERRANT SpecrES.—Scaph. papillaris, elongata (?)

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell small, oval, fulvous, with longitudinal purplish-brown spots,
disposed in three transverse bands: spire conical: pillar four
platted, not gibbous.

Voluta maculata. Swains. Bligh. Cat. app. p. 11.

Or this distinct and very remarkable genus of Volutes, few
species have hitherto been discovered : the subordinate di-
visions cannot therefore be traced; nor do we feel satisfied that
all the typical characters have been detected: we consider it
nevertheless, as a perfectly natural genus, absolutely essential
to mark the connection between the Volutes and the Mar-
ginille. Lamark, indeed, as if aware of this affinity, actu-
ally describes one species as a Marginilla. ‘The union of
the three aberrant genera of Scaphella, Volutilithes, and
Harpula, into one circle, is effected by the Scap. papillaris
and the Harpula Lapponica: the former species conduct-
ing us at the same time to the typical Volutes, by means of
Voluta fulgetrum of Sowerby.

Scaphella maculata is a native of the Australian seas, and
is of great rarity. Our drawings were made from one
of the beautiful specimens in Mr. Broderip’s possession,
It is probable that the animals of this genus envelope their
shells inan ample mantle, since they are almost always
enamelled.

»

2
Ol,

AR CAS Lmpervotts

ARCAS imperialis.
Emerald Hair-streak.
—_—e

Tribe, Papiliones. Family, Polyommatide. Sub-family, Theclanz.

Nob.

Sus-GENERIC CHARACTER.

Palpi, in both sexes, very long, thick, porrect, twice as long as the
head, curved downwards, all the joints entirely covered with
close-set scales, posterior wings six-tailed.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Above shining blue: beneath emerald=green, marked with minute
black waved lines.

Papilio imperialis. Cramer, Pl. 75. f. EB FB.
Hesperia Venus. Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. 1. 268,

Sea REEENEEReesaes., aceon

Ir is impossible to depicture with correctness, the resplen-
dant blue which ornaments the upper surface, or the vivid
emerald green on the under wings, of this rare and splendid
insect. It is possessed by few collectors ; nor did we cap-
ture more than three specimens, during two years devoted
to the entomology and ornithology of Brazil. The male is
distinguished by a black central spot on the anterior wings.
The very remarkable prolongation of the palpi, which are
alike in both sexes, induces us to consider this insect as a
type of form, or in other words, a sub-genus : but we are at
present unprepared to state any thing satisfactory on its
true affinities.

We have thought it right in this and other instances,
to retain the original specific name of Cramer ; and we
shall do the same in all instances where it will not pro-
duce a discordant union of generic and specific names. On
this head, as the principle of Linneus, from the great
number of new genera since defined, can no longer be acted
upon, we think that specific appellations, derived from
some character of the insect, are much better, in every
respect, than attempting to render the nomenclature of the
Lepidoptera a correct index tothe mythology of the

Ancients.

th

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CHLORISSES Sarpecon

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by) O0 Tipe eh ht OER, RE sug
s , 5
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f
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re
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pO a é
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CHLORISSES _ Sarpedon,
Sarpedon Butterfly.

NATURAL GROUPS.
Tribe, Papiliones. Family, Papilionide. Sub-fam. Papilione.
Genus—. Sub-Genus, Chlorisses, Nobis.
Sus-GeNneric CHARACTER. —

Wings, black, banded or variegated with green: the posterior nar-
rowed, with obsolete acute tails; Head, thick, sessile, the
front very hairy; Anteune, long, the club spatulate, and con-
cave beneath; Posterior feet, with the first joint of the tarsus
as long as the tibiz.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings black, with a common green band: posterior obsolete ly
tailed: beneath, marked with a red and black lunated spot at
the base.

Papilio Sarpedon. Linn. Fab. Entom, Syst. 3. p. 1. p. 14.

No. 41. Cramer. Pl. 122. f. D. E.

Papilio Sarpedon. Ency. Meth. 9. p. 46. No. 62.

$$ —__—

Entomorocists of the last century classed all day-flying
Butterflies in the Genus Papilio. But this denomination
has been restricted, of late years, to such as possess six long
perfect legs ; very short palpi, and the anterior shanks
spined near the middle. Now this group is so peculiarly
distinct, and comprises within itself such numerous vari-
ations of form, that we have always viewed it as pre-emi-
nently calculated to put to the most severe test any arrange-
ment, the principles of which are conceived to be those of
Nature. ‘The Papilione have consequently, for many years,
engaged much of our attention. Baffled in numerous
attempts to understand their arrangement, it was only upon
applying those principles of the natural system, which we
have detailed in Northern Zoology, vol. 2, that their true
affinities became apparent. At present we shall only apprise
the Entomologist that the divisions above named are
circular groups, and the result of strict analysis. The
sub-genus Chlorisses, in reference to Ornithology, is a
scansorial type.

The present Insect, figured from the male sex, is one of
the most beautiful butterflies of India. General Hardwicke
presented us with specimens from Nepaul; and we have
since received others from Java. ‘The typical species is
Papilio Agamemnon, where the green colour is broken
into round spots. The most extraordinary circumstance,
however, which belongs to the group, is this; that although
2 sub-genus, it yet contains within itself subordinate types
of form, representing all the higher divisions, The only
ornithological group we have yet ascertained as possessing
this property, is the sub-genus Pars (proper).

89,

JASIA

A thoma

IO

. se a
re «ate a . .

one ae ‘ SO ;

ee ‘i, ed : ae os os thc be ‘7

sce alae

he Sarai eka .

:
/

Sy ate meine te A saint eT ae Ta :
Sie atnies | PP Aes Pe ale > era gy,

PEE § oe ih a ue a PaeT
"sueet; eo meee ieee Oe ee lal

vi
oe
n
= be Sy

: 7. 7 Ls ee

3,

i
1s
*

edi

ie ei uaa 4% ry ay 7

+4 ‘Waa #
« —

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- pe ee?
®
7
¢ ‘
4
Fi
iJ
a
,
Tit

af at

C

;
wat of ch i
Tae egy Cartes
ie ee
Ot ieee

JASIA Athama,
Athama Butterfly.

Tribe, Papiliones. Family, Nymphalide. Nobis.
Sus-GENERIC CHARACTER.

Lower wings, acutely bi-caudate; Antenne, short, gradually
thickening into a lengthened, cylindrical club, the tip nearly
truncate; Palpi, projecting, and longer above, than is the
head; their tips acute ; their joints concealed by compact scales.

Type, Papilio Jasius. Auct.

Specirric CHARACTER.

Wings above blackish, with a broad, common band, and an
anterior spot of straw colour; beneath, having the band
greenish, and margined with chesnut.

Papilio Athamas. Cramer, PI. 89. f. C. D.
$e

We can communicate but little on this elegant Butterfly,
of which our figures represent the female: the other sex is
known by having the straw coloured band much narrower ;
on the under surface this colour is prismatic ; changing, in
some lights, to a delicate pea green. ‘The great size and
thickness of the thorax, intimate a powerful and rapid flight.
The group is Oriental ; but one species, the beautiful and
rare Pap. Jasius. Lin. we have captured in the Island of
Sicily, the most southern part of Kurope.

As we have not yet completed the analysis of this family
of Butterflies, we know not the rank or true affinities of the
present group. It is evidently either one of the lowest types
of form, or a sub-genus We have received both sexes
of these insects from Java, where the species appears to
be common. ‘The resemblance of this group, to Rhetus
and Marius, would seem to indicate points of strong natural
analogy.

We adopt the original specific name of Cramer: for we
cannot, at this moment, trace the species in the voluminous
works of Fabricius.

90,

GEOTROCHUS pileus.
Cap-shaped Land-trochus.
ee

Order Phytophages. Swains. Tribe

Susp-GENERIC CHARACTER.

Shell pyramidical, each volution, reckoning from the base,
gradually diminishing and forming a conic spire, basa!
volution depressed, margin of the outer lip reflected and entire.

SpeEcIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell trochiform, smooth, generally banded with reddish and yellow-
ash bands : volutious convex.

Trochus Pileus. Chemnetz. Pl. 122. f. 1046-7-8.

Helix pileus. Dillwyn. p. 933. No. 106.

Lister. Tab. 14. f. 41.
In Mus. Nost.

ae

Atrtnovucn this shell, in artificial arrangements, may be very
well placed among the sub-divisions of Helix or Bulimus,
we feel persuaded that it is, naturally, the type of a Sub-
genus : we have no hesitation, therefore, in recording it as
such. Another species, sharply carinated, semi-transparent,
and of a milky whiteness, we discovered in Brazil: and we
are thus led to conclude that the habitat of Geotrochus
pileus, which no author has yet mentioned, may probably be
Tropical America.

The figures of this species, given by Chemnitz and Born,
represent it as marked by several narrow bands of a rufous
brown colour: but the variety here delineated, has only one,
of a deep purple; it is almost the only specimen answering
to this description, which we have yet seen: both varieties
are very rare, and much prized by collectors.

91,

GENERAL INDEX

OF THE PLATES TO

VOL II.

IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION.

—— a

N.B. The numbers here referred to for convenience of reference had better be supplied,

No. 11.

FLuvicoLa cursoria
Macropteryx longipennis

Eudamus Agesilaus (F. 1.)

Doryssus (F. 2.)

Mitra episcopalis oe
Tiara Isabella
sulcata oe
No. 12.
Sylvia Regulus oe

Pheenicornis flammeus
Volutilithes muricina

pertusa (F. 2.)

Mitrella fusca (F. 1.) ..
ocellata (F. 2.)

——— oliveformis (F.3.) ..

Margarita crocata ee
No. 13.

Nyctiornis amictus
Culicivora atricapilla
Olivella purpurata (F. 1.)
——— eburnea (F. 2.)
Marius Thetys oe
Eurymus Philodice ..

No. 14.

Gryllivora Saularis.-
Ptiliogonys cinereus
Amynthia Swainsonia
Ampullaria fasciata «+
Conus lithoglyphus «+

No. 15.
Todus viridis 55
Murex Imperialis AD
Conus fumigatus ve

—— franciscanus (F. 2-)

pl.
46
47
48
48
49
50
50

where deficient, by the pencil.

Pieris Nigrina oe
Eurymus Europome ..
No. 16.
Malaconotus Barbarus
])onacobius vociferans
Murex erythrostomus
Euterpe Teria an
Peleus Avacus (F.1.) ..
——— Gentius (F. 2.)

No. 17.

Malaconotus atrococcineus

Harpula vexillum
Hiatula Lamarci (I. 1.)
——— pallida (F. 2.)
——— maculosa (F. 3.)
Pieris (Melete) Limnobia
Crateropus Reinwardii

No. 18.

Prionites Mexicanus ..
Trogon Mexicanus
Cymbiola Vespertilio
Voluta Cymbium
Endymion regalis

No. 19.

Garrulus sordidus
Scaphella maculata
Arcas Imperialis ee
Chlorisses Sarpedon
Jasia Athama

No, 20.

Geotrochus pileus

84

90

91

Pe Fa et a

a . R

aD

pom oe amas»).
ie : Poe an)

iy - _
i" 7 ara "2s ?
.. : Vs 7 'S wus
yi on tee, ‘Fo
‘ro
ce " 7 ay 7 ae
7 : 74

es ee rs
i i - + Oi. ee ee
: n oy mY eer vie
mae ree
iD dyn, 7 ‘ae bat
* Jie Gry =
Bas a nee nae
7 ae Abe 6
* ce i a
ree * pane ‘ae
Re Peay Sari : yh 7 ae neg abn
: aie a eral D ‘a
e VL i ars wh) pda

. - ak fa
so 7 Seer 7 A an ”

- OV Ca 4 rhs is ae oe : - 2
tae lege ai na Vie ae ey oF B 3 i me Ue a a

I - A a _ als | aveghES ee ai aS 16 - eM; s A es ner us ee a a “, >] “=

Tn eae aS uh - lial a Wea nt ah i et + pang a inl; ais <= - a

Va ‘o ee vee » o
Ba Nhe ‘va )
; ¥ 4) 7.)

Wika

ia bs

. ee EA Ay ihe =
tye OT Tae cleat a -<ih

; «ye te nigh ted ee

os Ok ae

: a ~~
fate. Breen

Fn da Neo
, om OF 7 - aria:

7 f . 5 a ey Mi eae hes i A a i F ov
. iad _ > ne ” a p Abate sa P ‘ or Ny a ae bait a sages +
_ 7 oe | ae Or : a - iy, oaks f Z| dk bh a y, a a Ris No ae
il Aan te e pitt eu ai a va pin ts rte 8 : in om . suit = ee aN ye
a ee me ‘on pia fate _ ee Oe 7 ork el . yy
7 7 _ be td J al iB whe aie ie ioe nf % ry, - bs. oi uf? cae
: - ‘ant a oe fy. SAA edad 1s a i» ¢ 7

os te een Ts are) Roe Bi
7 : i a © “i 7 arr 7 <
Ws cre *. =) Lay norte” it oe 7
~~ ets WR

© hele li, yf WP ARATE
; q ore ‘marge wae
. 2 pS WP
Pro’, .-) See
ads > 4 io OF ’ ‘ A
; ro ines ' na an 3 ola a aes i

OS eal ae,
yaaa
, Re anes + tarsal)"
y i - < ike wie a ce : ae: : ka fa

RBCS See Seis ahi

a yaar cial bes 1 AED Melee §

‘gt si ait }
E OS) RE ONE

1 : a yi ‘ee : cr wd) a wd i var

iy

en ra ae ne i

=»
a
pee, ae = stat “+ oa 149
i Op 7 my A
Oks a 4h i ae ot 1H mare i a ’ ci
PO a ha me ae si a Pe (inn

me €

hy -
j f By sas a ¥ a : : ieee
— i, Tr ‘yj 0 FO 7 Rl Late aaa ae ) ae ont es a ae
is as? Sie aa? Oe 7 ae a

a. :

’

o
ni lel 8 wa ve z), - o-
aur ee he =

7
Bel “a aus 7 eam
Pe oe aks i. ; 4 neh ata a re

bj. ee ats ei a
A te ae: om ~~

+a a i ”

ll.
i > oe oe cay

er

I<

GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX.

OF

LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES, &c.

Ampullaria fasciata sic Oc
Amynthia Swainsonia.. oe
Apple Snail, fasciated a rg
Arcas, S. G. Characters of Ap

Imperialis : ee
Butterfly, Sarpedon ee ae
———. Athama
Chlorisses, S. G. Characters of .

Sarpedon 30 ee

Conus fumigatus oe fe

—— franciscanus oe ae

lithoglyphus oe oe

Crateropus, G. Characters of ..
——_ Reiwardii

Culicivora, G. Characters of ..

——— atricapilla .. ae

Cymbiola, G. Characters of ..
Types of form

onan severe oy oe
Dial Bird .
Donacobius, 8. G. "Characters of.
—vociferans .. 6a
Eudamus, G. Characters of we
Agesilaus ee ac

——— Doryssus oe ve
Eudymion, 8. G. Characters of ..
regalis oe ve

Eurymus, 8. G. Characters of ..
Philodice os o

Europome v. oe

Euterpe, G. Characters of ee
Teria : ee
Fluvicola cursoria' ee es

Garrulus sordidus i

Geotrochus, S. G. Characters one ae
pileus oe es
Golden crested Warbler «» ae
Gryllivora, 8. G. Characters of ..

Saularis 36

Harpula, G. Characters of 50
Types of form

vexillum wo are

Hiatula, S.G. Characters of ..

Lamarci at oe

pallida ve ee

maculosa 5¢ os

Jasia Athama we ars

Jay, Dusky ‘ oe

Land-trochus, cap- shaped
Macropterx, S.G. Characters of..
longipennis 2
Malaconotus atrococcineus :
barbarus.. Ad
Marius Thetys ~
Melete, S. G. Characters ‘of ote
Limnobia i.
Mitrane (PI. 4.) Par aie
(Pl..5.) re

TO
VOL IE.

64. \y Mitra episcopalis
63 |} Mitrella, G. Characters of
64 fusca A
88 ocellata
88 oliveformis ve
89 |} Muricine (PI. 1.)
90 (Pl. 2.)
89 || Murex crythrostorus | .
89 Imperialis ae
68 || Motmot, Merican oe
68 ||, Nyctiornis, G. Characters of
65 || ————— amictus
80 || Nightfeeder, Duvaucels
80 || Olive (PI. 2.)
BY/ (P1.3
57 || Olivella, S. G. @liaracters fot
83 eburnea
83 purpurata
83 |} Olive, purple mouthed
62 ivory
72 || Olives, the wide mouthed o-
72 || Pearl Oyster,orange :
48 || Peleus, G. Characters of
48 Aacus
48 Gentius :
85 || Pheenicornis, G. Characters Ofte. =
85 || —————— _ flammeus
60 |} Pieris, G. Characters of
60 Nigrina oe
70 || Ptiliogonys cinereus, fem.
74 || Prionites Mexicanus
74 || Redbird, orange
46 || Scaphella, G. Characters of
86 maculata
91 || Shrike, Barbary ee
81 — Burchells oe
51 |} Strombide, Ch. of the family
61 || Sylvia G. Characters of
61 Regulus
77 || Thiara, G. Characters of
77 Isabella
77 sulcata oe
78 || Thrush, babbling ate
78 || Todine, Characters Oleues
78 || Todus, viridis ake
78 || Tody, Green oe
90 || Trogon Mexicanus
86 || Trogon Mexican
91 habits of :
47 || Voluta, G. Characters of
47 Types of form
76 vespertileo es
(fat Volute, clouded melon
59 Bat Ss de
79 Orange flag As
79 || Volutilithes, ‘G. Characters of
49 || —_——_—-— _ muricina
50 || — pertusa
54 |

(Pl. 6.) rs

Cn

—— SS

fi : ' (a
is ; :
a L .& : ii 9
ih ic x" f va
\'¢ ? 0 < a
dds ; Ww x
a oe
1 f ‘ ,
‘y J ® ay, |
\ : j : \
¥.9 4 ¥
Ban a ow
; ; , } ;
un x Ww < ' @ ve
’ : : n i}

Oe ae eat
nam ' oy Ade ili ,
{ , ie : au ae ‘.

ee be ie , ,

\ 7" iy
a} Al | 7 ee eT
’ P i 1 Wh