ZOOLOGICAL NAMES A List of Phyla, Classes, and Orders # Prepared for Section F American Association for the Advancement of Science QL 353 .P42 1947 Durham, North Carolina 1947 ZOOLOGICAL NAMES //' A List of Phyla, Classes, and Orders # Prepared for Section F • American Association for the Advancement of Science Durham, North Carolina 1947 PREFACE American zoological writers who have published books or scientific papers during the past decade show little uniformity in their reference to larger groups of animals. Of course no zoologist wishes to be limited in the choice of names which seem to be most appropriate ; no one wishes to have imposed on him terms which he is ordered to use ; and none desires to have nomenclature become fixed and inflexible. Of all the rewards that Science gives to her retainers those most prized and enjoyed are independence and the right to change old dogmas as soon as the discovery of new truths makes them illogical. Yet because the species of animals now number several hundreds of thousands, the sorting of species into groups must necessarily be continually more accurate and critical. Furthermore, there are men who through ignorance, inertia, or bigotry take little or no cognizance of the progress of current scientific evidence and opinion. For example, cer- tain writers of recent textbooks use such old terms as Annulata and Anura when the most thoughtful and competent students of annelids and amphibians agree that Annelida and Salientia are to be preferred. Dr. R. E. Snodgrass, who has recently studied the anatomy of onychophorans in detail, is convinced that these animals cannot be called arthropods because their muscular systems have quite different relations to nervous structures from those which obtain in arthropods. Dr. J. P. Moore does not believe that onychophorans may be included among annelids. There seems to be no alternative but to set off Onychophora as a group by itself. Those who know animals and their classifications in detail perhaps may enjoy using various names for the same group and delight in thus displaying their technical knowledge, but a novice who refers to two or three textbooks and finds the same group called by two or three names is greatly confused. In an attempt to bring about greater uniformity and more careful selection in the use of zoological group names the writer was authorized to form an informal committee and to prepare a list of phyla, classes, and orders of animals which would represent current good usage. This action was taken by Section F of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at the Boston Meeting ; December, 1933. Since then many persons who appeared to be interested have been consulted. The following gave advice in connection with the groups mentioned : Invertebrata : A. H. Clark, B. G. Chitwood, Roy Miner, L. E. Noland, H. S. Pratt, Waldo Schmitt, H. J. Van Cleave. Protozoa : L. E. Noland, and forty-odd protozoologists to whom he sent a question- naire. Porifera : H. V. Wilson. Coelenterata : Elizabeth Dcichtnann (except Zoantharia). Aschelminthes : B. G. Chitivood, M. C. Hall. Platyhelminthes : E. B. Price. Cestoda : G. R. La Rue. Nemertea : W. R. Coc. Nemathelminthes : B. G. Chitwood, G. Steiner. Acanthocephala : H. J. Van Cleave. Bryozoa : R. S. Bossier, R. C. Osburn. Echinodermata : A. H. Clark, II. I.. Clark. E. Kirk. Brachiopoda : G. A. Cooper. Enteropneusta : W. E. Ritter. Annelida : J. P. Moore, A. L. Treadwell. Anthropoda : H. E. Ewing, R. E. Snodgrass. [2] Crustacea: E. A. Birge. Norma C. Furtos, H. A. Pilsbry, Mary J. Rathbun, Waldo Schmitt, J. P. Visscher, C. B. Wilson. Pycnogonidia : L. J. Cole. Arachnida: H. E. Ewing. Insecta : C. L. Kennedy, Z. P. Metcalj, J. G. Needham, H. G. Barber, H. E. Ewing. Mollusca: P. Bartsch, H. Rehder. Chordata : C. W. Gilmore, W. K. Gregory. Tunicata : IV. E. Rittcr. W. G. Van Name. Pisces : W. K. Gregory, C. L. Hubbs, W. G. Myers. Ampbibia : Helen T. Gaige, G. K. Noble. Reptilia: Helen T. Gaige, G. K. Noble. Aves : A. Wet more. Mammalia : L. R. Dice, C. W. Gilmore, Remington Kellogg. Those whose names appear in italics furnished essentially the terms that appear in the following pages. While the writer gladly acknowledges the obligation to those persons and appreciates greatly the work they did, they are not to be held responsible for the published list. The differences of opinion among zoologists in the United States were found to be so great that there was little hope of agreement and the editor finally did what seemed to him best. Perhaps forty per cent of those consulted strongly urged the use of uniform endings for the larger groups of animals. The difficulty encountered in this connection was that protozoologists, helminthologists, conchologists, ornithologists, etc. had already moved more or less in the direction of uniformity and each group of specialists had a tendency to adopt a different system. After long consideration the editor has used the system in vogue among protozoologists and students of some other groups, as it seemed to be at present more generally in use than any other. The endings are as follows : Phylum and Subphylum, — a ; Class, — ca ; Subclass, — ia ; Order, — ida ; Suborder, — ina. In presenting this report to Section F it is not supposed that uniform endings shall be adopted as official, or even recommended. The zoological world had perhaps best be left to make its own choice. In the list the names in the first column represent what the editor after con- sultation believes to be best current usage ; those in the second column are what a few zoologists would like to see used, but perhaps in presenting these the editor is "a hundred years ahead of his time." In any attempt to attain uniformity difficulties arise. For example, Dr. Steiner points out that two names suggested as suborders under Nematoda are objectionable because identical names already have good standing as genera in the same group (Rhabditina Cobb 1922, Chromadorina Filipjev 1926). Another matter about which there is wide disagreement is whether there should be few or many groups — the old controversy between "lumpers" and "splitters." Shall there be ten or thirty phyla, or orders of insects? The position has been taken that it is more truthful, and therefore more scientific, to present many groups ; otherwise it is necessary to compromise to the extent of grouping things together which have remote or insig- nificant relationships. To the objection that students cannot be expected to master such a long list of technical jargon there is only one answer. It is better to tell students part of the truth frankly than to falsely affirm that they are learning a complete and simple story. Biology is not always simple and clear. It therefore seems proper to say to a student in an elementary course, "of the thirty-odd phyla of animals, or orders of insects, only ten or a dozen which are of particular biological significance to you will be studied," rather than, "for convenience and simplicity all animals, or all insects, are presented under ten phyla, or orders, which may be easily remembered." Science is truth. Classification must be expected to grow more complex as knowledge increases and becomes more critical. In most groups the authors names and the dates following correctly indicate when a particular scientific name was given to a group, but these should be used with caution [3] tor in cases where no specialist could be found to furnish accurate information (birds, fishes, etc.), the editor browsed through systematic works and found such information, some of which later proved to be incorrect. For example, some references credited to Lamarck by various writers are for vernacular names which should have no scientific standing as scientific names. The following groups have been carefully corrected by specialists and are believed to be reliable for authors and dates : Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata (except Zoantharia), Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Acanthocephala, Nematoda, Bryozoa, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata, Annelida, Arachnida, Crustacea, Insecta, Tuni- cata. Amphibia, Reptilia, and Mammalia ; other groups may not be. A. S. Pearse, Editor. Duke University, June 1, 1936. PREFACE SECOND EDITION As there is continual demand for this list, which has been out of print for several years, it seems desirable to publish a second edition. A few changes have been made and the following persons made suggestions for the revision. A. H. Clark suggested the term Hemizoa and other general changes. Grateful acknowledgment is made to G. W. Wharton who corrected the proofs for the list. An excellent discussion of variou> modern systems of classification will be found in Libbie H. Hyman's "The Invertebrates : Protozoa through Ctenophora," 1940:22-43. Invertebrata : A. H. Clark, C. G. Bookhout Protozoa : R. R. Kudo Porifera : M. W. deLaubenfels Nemertea : W. R. Coe Acanthocephala : H. J. Van Cleave Bryozoa: R. C. Osburn Annelida: Grace E. Pickford Arthropoda : R. E. Snodgrass Pycnogonidia : Joel W. Hedgpeth Arachnida : Elizabeth B. Bryant Acarina : G. W. Wharton Myriapoda : Nelle B. Causey Crustacea : Fenner R. Chace Insecta : C. F. W. Muesebeck and colleagues Tunicata : W. G. Van Name Vertebrata : E. C. Horn, I. E. Gray A. S. Pearsk, Editor. Duke University September 1, 1947 [4] A List of Phyla, Classes, and Orders Extinct groups are indicated by an asterisk (*) Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus 1758 Animalia Subkingdom Protozoa Goldfuss 1820 Protozoa Phylum Protozoa Goldfuss 1820 Protozoa Subphylum Plasmodroma Doflein 1901 Plasmodroma Class Mastigophora Diesing 1866 Mastigophorea Subclass Phytomastigina Doflein 1920 Phytomastigia Order Chrysomonadina Stein 1878 Chrysomonadida Suborder Euchrysomonadina Pascher 1913 Euchrysomonadina Suborder Rhyzochrysidina Pascher 1913 Rhizochrysidina Suborder Chrysocapsina Pascher 1913 Chrysocapsina Order Cryptomonadina Stein 1878 Cryptomonadida Suborder Eucryptomonadina Pascher 1913 Eucryptomonadina Suborder Phoeocapsina Pascher 1913 Phoeocapsina Order Phytomonadina Blochmann 1895 Phytomonadida Order Euglenoidina Blochmann 1895 Euglenoidida Order Chloromonadina Klebs 1893 Chloromonadida Order Dinoflagellata Biitchli 1885 Dinoflagellida Suborder Porocentrinea Poche 1903 Prorocentrina Suborder Peridiniinea Poche 1903 Peridiniina Suborder Cystoflagellata Haeckel 1866 Cystoflagellina Subclass Zoomastigina Doflein 1901 Zoomastiginia Order Rhizomastigina Biitchli 1885 Rhizomastigida Order Protomastigina Blochmann 1895 Protomastigida Order Polymastigina Blochmann 1895 Polymastigida Suborder Monomonadina Kudo 1939 Monomonadina Suborder Diplomonadina Kudo 1939 Diplomonadina Suborder Polymonadina Kudo 1939 Polymonadina Order Hypermastigina Grassi 1895 Hypermastigida Class Sarcodina Hertwig & Lesser 1874 Scarcodinea Subclass Rhizopoda von Siebold 1845 Rhizopodia Order Proteomyxa Lankester 1909 Proteomyxida Order Mycetozoa de Bary 1859 Mycetozoida Suborder Eumycetozoa Kudo 1939 Eumycetozoina Suborder Sorophora Kudo 1939 Sorophorina Order Amoebina Claparede & Lachmann 1858 Amoebida Order Testacea Schultze 1854 Testacida Order Foraminifera D'Orbigny 1826 Foraminiferida Subclass Actinopoda Calkins 1926 Actinopodia Order Heliozoa Haeckel 1866 Heliozoida Order Radiolaria J. Mriller 1858 Radiolarida Class Sporozoa Leuckart 1879 Sporozoea Subclass Telosporidia Schaudinn 1900 Telosporidia Order Gregarinida Lankester 1866 Gregarinida Suborder Eugregarinina Doflein 1929 Eugregarinina Suborder Schizogregarinaria Leger 1907 Schizogregarinina Order Coccidia Leuckart 1879 Coccidida [5] Suborder Eimerida Leger 1909 Eimerina Suborder Adeleidea Leger 1909 Adeleina Order Haemosporidia Danilewsky 1886 Haemosporida Subclass Acnidosporidia Cepede 1924 Acnidosporidia Order Sarcosporidia Balbiani 1882 Sarcosporida Order Haplosporidia Caullery & Mesnil 1899 Haplosporida Subclass Cnidosporidia Doflein 1901 Cnidosporidia Order Myxosporidia Biitschli 1880 Myxosporida Suborder Eurysporea Kudo 1933 Eurysporina Suborder Sphaerosporea Kudo 1933 Sphaerosporina Suborder Platysporea Kudo 1933 Platysporina Order Actinomyxidia Stole 1899 Actinomyxida Order Microsporidia Balbiani 1883 Microsporida Suborder Monocnidea Leger & Hesse 1905 Monocnidina Suborder Dicnidea Leger & Hesse 1905 Dicnidina Order Helicosporidia Kudo 1924 Helicosporida Subphylum Ciliophora Doflein 1901 Ciliophora Class Ciliata Perty 1852 Ciliatea Subclass Protociliata Metcalf 1918 Protociliatia Order Opalinata Stein 1867 Opalinida Subclass Euciliata Metcalf 1918 Euciliatia Order Holotricha Stein 1859 Holotrichida Suborder Astomata Minchin 1912. . . •. Astomina Suborder Gymnostomata Biitchli 1889 Gymnostomina Suborder Trichostomata Biitchli 1889 Trichostomina Suborder Hymenostomata Stokes 1884 Hymenostomina Suborder Thigmotricha Chatton & Lwoff 1926 Thigmotrichina Suborder Apostomea Chatton & Lwoff 1935 Apostomina Order Spirotricha Biitchli 1889 Spirotrichida Suborder Heterotricha Stein 1859 Heterotrichina Suborder Oligotricha Biitchli 1889 Oligotrichina Suborder Ctenostomata Kahl 1932 Ctenostomina Suborder Hypotricha Stein 1859 Hypotrichina Order Chonotricha Wallengren 1896 Chonotrichida Order Peritricha Stein 1859 Peritrichida Suborder Sessilia Kahl 1895 Sessilina Suborder Mobilia Kahl 1895 Mobilina Class Suctoria Claparede & Lachmann 1858 Suctorea Subkingdom Mesozoa van Beneden 1877 Mesozoa Subkingdom Hemizoa Nam nov Hemizoa Branch Parazoa Sollas 1884 Parazoa Phylum Porifera Grant 1835 Porif era Class Calcispongae Schmidt 1870 Calcispongea Order Asconosa de Laubenfels 1932 Asconosida Order Syconosa de Laubenfels 1932 Syconosida Class Halospongiae Vosmaer 1887 Halospongea Order Hexasterophora Schulze 1899 Hexasterophorida Order Amphidiscophora Schulze 1899 Amphidiscophorida Class Desmospongiae Sollas 1884 Desmospongea Order Carnosa Carter 1875 Carnosida Order Choristida Sollas 1888 Choristida Order Hadromerina Topsent 1898 Hadromerinida Order Poecilosclcrina Topsent 1898 Poecilosclerinida [6] ZOOLOGICAL NAMES Corrections on Page 6 : For Calcispongae, read Calcispongiae For Halospongee, read Hyalospongae Page 7 : after Order Keratosa, add Phylum Archaeocyathida Raymond 19.51 Order Haplosclerina Topsent 1898 Haplosclerinida Order Keratosa Grant 1801 Keratosida Subkingdom Metazoa Haeckel 1877 Metazoa Branch Enterozoa Lankester 1878 Enterozoa Phylum Coelenterata Leuckart 1848 Coelenterata Subphylum Cnidaria Milne-Edwards & Haime 1857 Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa Huxley 1857 Hydrozoea Order Hydroida Huxley 1857 Hydroida Order Trachylina Haeckel 1877 Trachylida Order Milleporina Hickson 1899 Milleporida Order Stylasterina Hickson 1899 Stylasterida Order Siphonophora Escholtz 1829 Siphonophorida Suborder Calycophorae Leuckart 1854 Calcyphorina Suborder Rhizophysaliae Chun 1882 Rhizophysalina Suborder Chondrophorae Chamisso & Eysenhard 1821 Chondrophorina Class Scyphozoa Grobben 1910 Scyphozoea Order Lucernariidea Johnston 1847 Lucernarida Order Charybdeidea Gegenbaur 1856 Charybdida Order Corona Vanhoffen 1892 Coronida Order Semaeostomeae L. Agassiz 1862 Semaeostomida Order Rhizostomeae Cuvier 1799 Rhizostomida Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg 1834 Anthozoea Subclass Alcyonaria Milne-Edwards & Haime 1857 Alcyonaria Order Stolonifera Hickson 1883 Stoloniferida Order Telestacea Hickson 1930 Telestacida Order Alcyonacea Verrill 1866 Alcyonacida Order Gorgonacea Verrill 1866 Gorgonacida Suborder Scleraxonia Wright & Struder 1889 Scleraxonina Suborder Holaxonia Wright & Struder 1889 _ Holaxonina Order Coenothecalia Bourne 1900 Coenothecalida Order Pennatulacea Verrill 1866 Pennatulacida Subclass Zoantharia Blainville 1830 Zoantharia Order Cerianthidea M.-Edw. & Haime 1857 Cerianthida Order Antipitharia Dana 1846 Antipithida Order Zoanthidea Dana 1846 Zoanthida Order Edwardsiidea R. Hertwig 1888 Edwardsiida Order Proactiniae McMurrich 1892 Proactinida Order Actinaria McMurrich 1 829 Actiniarida Suborder Ptychodaetiaria Stephenson 1921 Ptychodaetiarina Suborder Coralliomorpharia Carlgren 1936 Coralliomorpharina Suborder Actiniaria Carlgren 1925 Actiniarina Order Madreporaria Linnaeus 1748 Madreporarida Suborder Aporosa M.-Edw. & Haime 1857 Aporosina Suborder Fungacea M.-Edw. & Haime 1857 Fungacina Suborder Perforata M.-Edw. & Haime 1857 Perforina Subphylum Acnidaria Krumbach 1925 Acnidaria Class Tentaculata Wagner 1834 Tentaculatea Order Cydippidea Lesson 1843 Cydippida Order Lobata Eschscholtz 1829 Lobatida Order Cestoidea Lesson 1843 Cestida Order Platyctenea Bourne 1900 Platyctenida Class Nuda Bourne 1900 Nudea Order Beroidea Eschscholtz 1829 Beroida Subbranch Triploblastica Lankester 1900 Triploblastica Series Enterocoela Lankester 1876 Enterocoela Subseries Parenchymata Parenchymata Phylum Platyhelminthes Gegenbaur 1859 Platyhelmintha Vogt 1851 Class Turbellaria Ehrenberg 1831 Turbellarea Order Acoela Uljanin 1870 Acoelida Order Rhabdocoela Ehrenberg 1831 Rhabdocoelida Order Alloeocoela Graff 1882 Alloeocoelida Order Tricladida Ehrenberg 1831 Tricladida Order Polycladida Lang 1882 Polycladida Order Temnocephalida Haswell 1888 Temnocephalida Class Trematoda Rudolphi 1808 Trematodea Subclass Monogenea Carus 1863 Monogenia Order Monopisthodiscinea Furmann 1928 Monopisthodiscinida Order Monopisthocotylinea Odhner 1912 Monopisthocotylinida Order Polyopithocotylinea Odhner 1912 Polyopisthocotylinida Subclass Digenea Carus 1863 Digenia Order Gasterostoma Odhner 1905 Gasterostomida Order Prostomata Odhner 1905 Prostomida Suborder Aspidocotylea Burmeister 1856 Aspidocotylina Suborder Monostomata Zeder 1800 Monostomina Suborder Strigeidea La Rue 1926 Strigeina Suborder Amphistomata Rudolphi 1801 Amphistomatina Suborder Distomata Leuckart 1856 Distomatina Class Cestoidea Rudolphi 1808 Cestodea Subclass Cestodaria Monticelli 1892 Cestodaria Order Amphilinidea Poche 1922 Amphilinida Order Gyrocotylidea Benham 1901 Gyrocotylida Subclass Cestoda van Beneden 1848 Cestodia Order Pseudophyllidea van Beneden 1850 Pseudophyllida Order Tetraphyllidea Schmarda 1871 Tetraphyllida Order Cyclophyllidea Braun 1900 Cyclophyllida Phylum Nemertea Siebold & Stannius 1842 Nemertea Order Paleonemertea Hubrect 1879 Paleonemertida Order Heteronemertea Burger 1892 Heteronemertida Order Hoplonemertea Hubrect 1879 Hoplonemertida Suborder Polystilifera Brinkmann 1917 Polystiliferina Suborder Monostilifera Brinkmann 1917 Monostiliferina Order Bellonemertea Coe 1905 Bellonemertida Phylum Acanthocephala Rudolphi 1808 Acanthocephala Class Eoacanthocephala Van Cleave 1936 Eoacanthocephalea Order Gyracanthocephala Van Cleave 1936 Gyroacanthocephalida Order Neoacanthocephala Van Cleave 1936 Neoacanthocephalida Class Metacanthocephala Van Cleave 1947 Metacanthocephaleda Order Palaeacanthocephala Meyer 1931 Palaeacanthocephalida Order Archiacanthocephala Meyer 1931 Archiacanthocephalida Series Coelomocoela Lankester 1900 Coelomocoela Subseries Prosopygia Lang 1888 Prosopygea Subseries Aschhelminthes Grobben 1909 Aschelmintha Phylum Rotatoria Lamarck 1816 Rotatoria Class Seisonidea Plate 1886 Seisonidea Class Belloidea Hudson & Gosse 1889 Belloidea Class Monogonota Ehrenberg 1832 Monogonontea Order Plioma Hudson X ( iosse 1889 Pliomida [8] Order Flosculariacae Harring 1913 Floscularida Order Collothecacae Harring 1913 Collothecida Phylum Gastrotricha Metchnickof 1865 Gastrotricha Order Macrodasyoidea Zelinka 1889 Macrodasida Order Chaetonotoidea Zelinka 1883 Chaetonotida Phylum Echinodera Zelinka 1928 (Kinorhyncha Dujardin 1851) Echinodera Phylum Nematomorpha Potts 1908 Nematomorpha Class Gordididea Orthepp 1 924 Gordididea Class Nectonematoidea Rauther 1930 Nectonematoidea Phylum Nematoda Rudolphi 1808 -. Nematoda Class Phasmidia Chitwood & Chitwood 1933 Phasmidea Order Rhabditida Chitwood 1933 Rhabditida Suborder Rhabditata Chitwood 1933 Rhabditina Suborder Ascaridata Skrjabin 1915 Ascaridina Suborder Strongylata Railliet & Henry 1913 Strongylina Order Spirurida Chitwood 1933 Spirurida Suborder Spirurata Railliet & Henry Spirurina Suborder Camallanata Chitwood 1936 Cammallanina Class Aphasmidia Chitwood & Chitwood 1933 Aphasmidea Order Enoplata Chitwood 1933 Enoplida Suborder Enoplata Filipjev 1929 Enoplina Suborder Dorylaimata Chitwood 1933 Dorylaimina Suborder Dioctophymata Skrjabin 1923 Dictophymatina Order Chromadorida Chitwood 1933 Chromadorida Suborder Monohysterata Filipjev 1929 Monohysterina Suborder Desmoscolecata Filipjev 1929 Desmoscolecina Suborder Chromadorata Filipjev 1929 Chromadorina Phylum Tardigrada Spallanzani 1776 Tardigrada Class Heterotardigrada Marcus 1927 Heterotardigradea Order Arthrotardigrada Marcus 1927 Arthrotardigradida Order Echiniscoidea Richters 1926 Echiniscida Class Eutardigrada Richters 1926 Eutardigradea Phylum Chaetognatha Leuckart 1854 Chaetognatha Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg 1831 Bryozoa Class Entoprocta Nitsche 1869 Entoproctea Class Ectoprocta Nitsche 1869 Ectoproctea Subclass Gymnolaemata Allman 1856 Gymnolaemia Order Cyclostomata Busk 1852 Cyclostomida Suborder Tubipora Hagenow 1851 Tubiporina Suborder Cerioporina Hagenow 1851 Cerioporina Suborder Ceramoporoidea Bassler 1913 Ceramoporina Suborder Hedrelloidea Bassler 1934 Hedrellina Order Trepostomata Ulrich 1883 Trepostomida Order Cryptostomata Vine 1883 Cryptostomida Order Ctenostoma Busk 1852 Ctenostomida Order Cyclostomata Busk 1852 Cyclostomida Suborder Anasca Levinsen 1909 Anascina Suborder Ascophora Levinsen 1909 Ascophorina Subclass Phylactolaemata Allman 1856 Phylactolaemia Phylum Brachiopoda Cuvier 1802 Brachiopoda Order Palaeotremata Thompson 1927 Palaeotrematida Order Atremata Beecher 1891 Atrematida Order Neotremata Beecher 1891 Neotrematida [9] Order Protremata Beecher 1891 Protrematida Order Telotremata Beecher 1891 Telotrematida Phylum Pterobranchia Lankester 1877 Pterobrancha Phylum Enteropneusta Gegenbaur 1870 Enteropneusta Class Balanoglossida Delle Chiaje 1820 Balanoglossea Phylum Linguatula Frolich 1789. . ., Linguatula Phylum Echinodermata Laske 1778 Echinodermata Subphylum Pelmatozoa Leuckart 1848 Pelmatozoa Class *Cystoidea von Buch 1844 *Cystoidea Order *Amphoridea Haeckel 1896 *Amphorida Order *Rhombifera Zittel 1879 *Rhombiferida Order *Diploporita Zittel 1879 *Diploporitida Order *Aporita Zittel 1879 * Aporitida Order *Edrioasteroida Billings 1858 *Edrioasterida Class *Blastoidea Say 1925 *Blastoidea Order *Protoblastoida Bather 1899 *Protoblastida Order *Eublastoida Bather 1899 *Eublastida Class Crinoidea Miller 1921 Crinoidea Order *Camerata Wachsmuth & Springer 1885 *Camerida Order *Adunata Bather 1899 *Adunida Order Flexibilia Zittel 1879 Flexibilida Suborder *Sagenocrinida Springer 1926 *Sagenocrinina Suborder Taxocrinida Springer 1926 Taxocrinina Order *Inadunata Wachsmuth & Springer 1885 *Inadunida Suborder *Larviformia Wachsmuth & Springer 1885 *Larvina Suborder *Fistulata Wachsmuth & Springer 1885 *Fistulina Order Articulata Miller 1821 Articulatida Suborder Bourgueticrinida H. L. Clark 1939 Bourgueticrinina Suborder Pentacrinida Claus 1868 Pentacrinina Suborder Holopida Haeckel 1896 Holopina Order Comatulida (Parks 1891) A. H. Clark 1908 Comatulida Suborder Oligophreata A. H. Clark 1908 Oligophreina Suborder Macrophreata A. H. Clark 1908 Macrophreina Subphylum Asterozoa Leuckart 1848 Asterozoa Class Asteroidea Burmeister 1837 Asteroidea Order Phanerozonea Sladen 1889 Phanerozonida Order Spinulosa Perrier 1894 Spinulosida Order Forcipulata Perrier 1894 Forcipulalida Class Ophiuroidea Norman 1865 Ophiuroidea Subclass *Aegophiurida Matsumoto 1915 *Aegophiuria Order *Lysophiurida Matsumoto 1913 *Lysophiurida Subclass Myophiurida Matsumoto 1915 Myophiuria Order *Ophiocystiida H. L. Clark 1939 *Ophiocystiida Order *Aganasterida lH. L. Clark 1939 *Aganasterida Order Phrynophiurida Matsumoto 1915 Phrynophiurida Order Laemophiurida Matsumoto 1915 Laemophiurida Order Gnathophiurida Matsumoto 1915 Gnathophiurida Order Chilophiurida Matsumoto 1915 Chilophiurida Subphylum Echinozoa Leuckart 1848 Echinozoa Class Echinoidea Bronn 1860 Echinoidea Order *Bothriocidaroida Duncan 1889 *Bothriocidaroida Order Cidaroida Duncan 1889 Cidaroida Order Centrechinoida Jackson 1912 Centrechinoida [10] Suborder Aulodonta Jackson 1912 Aulodontina Suborder Stirodonta Jackson 1912 Stirodontina Suborder Camerodonta Jackson 1912 Camerodontina Order Exocycloida Jackson 1912 Exocycloida Suborder Holectypina Gregory 1900 Holectypina Suborder Echinoneina Hawkins 1925 Echinoneina Suborder Clypeastrina Gregory 1900 Clypeastrina Suborder Nucleolitina Hawkins 1925 Nucleolitina Suborder Cassidulina Hawkins 1925 Cassidulina Suborder Urechinina H. L. Clark 1925 Urechinina Suborder Spatangina Jackson 1912 Spatangina Order Perischoechinoida Jackson 1912 Perischoechinoida Order Echinocystoida Jackson 1912 Echinocystoida Order Perichoechinoida Jackson 1912 Periechoechinoida Class Holothurioidea Semper 1868 Holothurioidea Order Dendrochirota MacBride 1909 Dendrochirotida Order Elasipoda Theele 1882 Elasipodida Order Aspidochirota MacBride 1909 Aspidochirotida Order Molpadonia Ekman 1925 Molpadonida Order Apoda Lampert 1885 Apodida Phylum Priapuloidea Hyman 1940 Priapuloida Phylum Annelida Lamarck 1809 Annelida Class Archiannelida Hatschek 1893 Archiannelidea Class Polychaeta Grube 1851 Polychaetea Subclass Phaenerocephala Benham 1894 Phaenerocephalia Order Nereidiformia Benham 1894 Nereidiformida Order Spioniformia Soderstrom 1900 Siponiformida Order Terebelliformia Benham 1894 Terebelliformida Order Capitelliformia Benham 1894 Capitelliformida Order Scoleciformia Benham 1894 Scoleciformida Subclass Cryptocephala Benham 1894 Cryptocephalia Order Sabelliformia Benham 1894 Sabelliformida Order Hermelliformia Benham 1894 Hermelliformida Class Myzostoma Graff 1 884 My zostomea Class Oligochaeta Grube 1850 Oligochaetea Order Plesiopora plesiotheca Michaelsen 1930 Plesioptyorida plesiotheca Order Plesiopora prosotheca Michaelsen 1930 Plesiop^orida prosotheca Order Prosopora Michaelsen 1930 Prosoporida Order Opisthopora Michaelsen 1930 Opisthoporida Class Hirudinea Lamarck 1818 Hirudinea Order Rhynchobdellida Blanchard 1887 Rhynchobdellida Order Gnathobdellida Vaillant 1890 Gnathobdellida Order Pharyngobdellida Johansson 1913 Pharyngobdellida Phylum Echiuroidea Ricketts 1939 Echiuroida Class Echiurida Savigny 1817 Echiuridea Order Echiuroinea Bock 1942 Echiuroinida Order Xenopneusta Fisher 1946 Xenopneustida Order Heteromyota Fisher 1946 Heteromyotida Class Sactosomatida Fisher 1946 Sactosomatidea Phylum Sipunculoidea Hyman 1940 Sipunculoida Phylum Onychophora Grube 1851 Onychophora Phylum Arthropoda Siebold & Stannius 1845 Arthropoda Subphylum *Trilobita Schlotheim 1820 *Trilobita [11 1 Class *Hypoparia Beecher 1897 *Hypoparea Class *Opisthoparia Beecher 1897 *Opisthoparea Class *Proparia Beecher 1897 *Proparea Subphylum Chelicerata Dahl 1913 Chelicerata Class Merostomata Woodward 1878 Merostomatea Order *Eurypterida Woodward 1878 *Eurypterida Order *Synxiphosura Packard 1885 *Synxiphosurida Order Xiphosura Latreille 1806 Xiphosurida Class Pycnogonida Latreille 1804 Pycnogonidea Order Colossendeomorpha Cole 1905 Colossendeomorphida Order Nymphonomorpha Pocock 1904 Nymphonomorphida Order Ascorhynchomorpha Pocock 1904 Ascorhynchomorphida Order Pycnogonomorpha Pocock 1904 Pycnogonomorphida Class Arachnida Lamarck 1815 Arachnidea Order Scorpionida Latreille 1810 Scorpionida Order Palpigrada Thorelle 1888 Palpigradida Order Pedipalpi Latreille 1806 Pedipalpida Suborder Uropygi Thorell 1882 Uropygina Suborder Amblypygi Thorell 1883 Amblypygina Order SoLpugida Sundevall 1833 Solpugida Order *Anthracomarti Karsch & Scudder *Anthracomartida Order Phalangida Latreille 1802 Phalangida Suborder Cyphophthalmi Simon 1879 Cyphothalmina Suborder Laniatores Thorell 1876 Laniatorina Suborder Palpatores Thorell 1876 Palpatorina Order Chelonethida Duges 1834 Chelonethida Order Ricinulida Latreille 1802 Ricinulida Order Araneida Lamarck 1818 Araneida Suborder Liphistiomorphae Liphistiomorphina Suborder Mygalomorphae Banks 1905 Mygalomorphina Suborder Hypochilomorphae Petrunkevitch 1933 Hypochilomorphina Suborder Dipneumonomorphae Petrunkevitch 1933 Dipneumonomorphina Suborder Apneumonomorphae Petrunkevitch 1933 Apneumonomorphina Subclass Acarina Nitsch 1818 Acarinia Order Onychopalpida Nom nov Onychopalpida Suborder Notostigmata With 1903 Notostigmatina Suborder Holothyroidea Reuter 1909 ' Holothyroidina Order Parasitiformes Reuter 1909 Parasitida Suborder Megisthanina Tragardh 1946 Megisthanina Suborder Liroaspina Tragardh 1946 Liroaspina Suborder Microgyniina Tragardh 1942 Microgyniina Suborder Thinozerconina Tragardh 1946 Thinozerconina Suborder Zerconina Tragardh 1944 Zerconina Suborder Gamasides Tragardh Leach 1814 Gamasina Suborder Trachytina Tragardh 1937 Trachytina Suborder Uropodina Kramer 1881 Uropodina Suborder Diarthrophallina Tragardh 1946 Diarthrophallina Suborder Caelenopsina Tragardh 1938 Caelenopsina Suborder Fedrizziina Tragardh 1938 Fedrizziina Suborder Ixodoidea Leach 1815 Ixodina Order Trombidiformes Reuter 1909 Trombida Suborder Tarsonemidae Canestrini & Fanzago 1877 Tarsonemina [12] Suborder Endeostigmina Grandjean 1937 Endeostigmina Suborder Prostigmata Kramer 1877 Prostigmatina Suborder Tetrapodili Bremi 1872 Tetrapodina Order Sarcoptiformes Reuter 1909 Sarcoptida Suborder Acarida Latreille 1802 Acaridina Suborder Oribatei Duges 1833 Oribatidina Subphylum Mandibulata McLeay 1821 Mandibulata Superclass Crustacea Pennant 1877 Crustacea Class Eucrustacea Kingsley 1894 Eucrustacea Subclass Brancbiopoda Lamarck 1801 Branchiopodia Order Anostraca Sars 1867 Anostracida Order Notostraca Sars 1867 Notostracida Order Conchostraca Sars 1867 Conchostracida Order Cladocera Latreille 1829 Cladocerida Suborder Calyptomesa Sars 1865 Calyptomerina Suborder Gymnomera Sars 1865 Gymnomerina Subclass Ostracoda Latreille 1802 Ostracodia Order Myodocopa Sars 1866 Myodocopida Order Gadocopa Sars 1866 Cladocopida Order Podocopa Sars 1866 Podocopida Order Platycopida Sars 1866 Platycopida Subclass Copepoda Latreille 1831 Copepodia Order Eucopepoda Claus 1875 Eucopepida Suborder Calanoida Dana 1852 Calanoina Suborder Cyclopoida Burmeister 1834 Cyclopina Suborder Notodelphyoida Sars 1903 Notodelphina Suborder Monstrilloida Sars 1903 Monstrillina Suborder Caligoida Claus 1885 Caligina Suborder Lernaeopodida Stebbing 1910 Lernaeopodina Order Branchura Burmeister 1834 Branchiurida Suborder Arguloida Wilson 1932 Argulina Subclass Cirripedia Burmeister 1834 Cirripedia Order Thoracica Darwin 1854 Thoracida Suborder Turrilepadomorpha Clarke 1896 Turrilepadomorphina Suborder Lepadomorpha Darwin 1852 Lepadomorphina Suborder Verrucomorpha Darwin 1854 Verrucomorphina Suborder Balanomorpha Darwin 1854 Balanomorpbina Order Ascothoracieda Lacaze-Duthiers 1883 Ascothoracida Order Apoda Darwin 1854 Apodida Order Rhizocephala F. Midler 1862 Rhizocephalida Subclass Malacostraca Latreille 1802 Malacostracia Series Leptostraca Claus 1880 Leptostracia Division Phyllocarida Packard 1879 Phyllocarida Order Nebaliacea Clarke 1882 Nebaliacida Order *Rhinocarina Clarke 1882 *Rhinocarida Order *Ceratiocarina Clarke 1882 *Ceratiocarida Order *Hymenocarina Clarke 1882 *Hymenocarida Division *Nahecarida Broili 1928 *Nahecarida Series Eumalacostraca Grobben 1892 Eumalacostracia Division Syncarida Packard 1886 Syncarida Order Anispidacea Thomson 1892 Anaspidacida Division Pericarida Caiman 1904 Pericarida Order Mysidacea Boas 1883 Mycidacida Order Cumacea Kroyer 1846 Cumacida [13] Order Tanaidacea Hansen 1895 Tanaidacida Order Thermosbaenacea Thermosbaenacida Order Isopoda Latreille 1817 Isopodida Suborder Flabellifera Sars 1882 Flabelliferina Suborder Valvifera Sars 1882 Valviferina Suborder Asellota Latreille 1806 Asellina Suborder Pheatoicidea Stebbing 1903 Pheatoicina Suborder Epicarida Latreille 1831 Epicarina Suborder Oniscoidea Sars 1882 Oniscina Order Amphipoda Latreille 1816 Amphipodida Suborder Gammaridea Dana 1852 Gammarina Suborder Hyperiidea Dana 1852 Hyperiina Suborder Caprellidea Dana 1852 Caprellina Suborder Ingolfiellidea Hansen 1903 Ingolfiellina Division Eucarida Caiman 1904 Eucarida Order Euphausiacea Boas 1883 Euphausiida Order Decapoda Latreille 1802 Decapodida Suborder Natantia Boas 1879 Natantina Suborder Reptantia Boas 1879 Reptantina Division Hoplocarida Caiman 1904 Hoplocarida Order Stomatopoda Latreille 1817 Stomatopodida Superclass Progoneata Pocock 1893 Progoneata Class Pauropoda Lubbock 1866 Pauropodea Order Pauropoda Lubbock 1866 Pauropodida Suborder Ectomorpha Bagnall 1935 Ectomorphina Suborder Endomorpha Bagnall 1935 Endomorphina Class Symphyla Ryder 1880 Symphylea Order Symphyla Ryder 1880 Symphylida Class Diplopoda Latreille 1802 Diplopodea Subclass Pselaphognatha Latzel 1884 Pselaphognathia Order Ancyrotricha Cook 1895 Ancyrotrichida Order *Lophotricha Cook 1895 *Lophotrichida Subclass Chilognatha Leach 1914 Chilognathia Superorder Opisthandria Verhoeff 1894 Opisthandrida Order Limacomorpha Pocock 1894 Limacomorphida Order Oniscomorpha Pocock 1887 Oniscomorphida Suborder Sphaerotheria Brandt 1833 Sphaerotherina Suborder Glomeridia Brandt 1833 Glomerina Superorder Proterandria Verhoeff 1894 Proterandrida Order Colobognatha Brandt 1834 Colobognathida Order Nematophora Verhoeff 1913 Nematophorida Suborder Chordeumoidea Latzel 1884 Chordeumoidina Suborder Stemmiuloidea Cook 1895 Stemrmuloidina Suborder Striaroidea Cook 1896 Striaroidina Suborder Lysiopetaloidea Verhoeff 1900 Lysiopetaloidina Order Proterospermophora Verhoeff 1913 Proterospermophorida Suborder Polydesmidea Attems 1914 Polydesmidina Suborder Strongylosmidea Attems 1914 Strongylosmidina Order Opisthospermophora Verhoeff 1913 Opisthospermophorida Suborder Juloidea Meinert 1868 Juloidina Suborder Spiroboloidea Sylvestri 1896 Spiroboloidina Suborder Spirostreptoidea Pocock 1894 Spirostreptoidina Suborder Cambaloidea Bollman 1893 Cambaloidina I 14] Zoological Names, Page 14; After Order Symphyla Ixskio Superclass Opisthogoneata Pocock 1893 Class Cliilopoda Latreille 1802 Subclass Pleurostigmorphora Pocock 1902 Superorder Epimorpha Haase 188(1 Order Geophilomorpha Leach 1 SI 4 Order Scolopendromorpha Newport 1X44 Superorder Anamorpha Haase 1880 Order Lithobiomorpha Verhoeff 1907 Order Craterostigmorphora Pocock 1902 Subclass Notostigmorphora Pocock 1902 Order Scutigeromorpha Pocock 1895 Class Insecta Linnaeus 1758 Insectea Subclass Apteryguta Lang 188^ Apterygotia Order Protura S^lvestri 1907 Proturida Order Entotrophi Grassi 18^5$ Entotrophida Order Collembola Lubbock 1869. .^ . . ~,\ ■ ■ — . . J-. p. A. Collembolida Order Thysanura Lubbock 1669. S^4pd/XZA: