TO aN RSE A uit et “4 Naot ay rtf uh Ny Ruy NEN ied i Hey hel ate are, Te a A) . i! ai i ' nego in i iy AU Achat tah 1 Ce Wee Wek Ve ¢ Ayan) Yee) oF it NU yy a | PEN REL toi i as Py Oy y he mie cm Toe hy, Dy vc iy, Lea (4, i hate iss rear oO a | eG t 2 he a PN ee Ye f he ck bitte bond, ( Cth Pi oe Be Shatin. Si weenenTerena ets PEW EPO EVO rah ty NON tte 2 sais. 9 (od. oo d ay Pete Mtn AIRS cries seed Wed ee CAN aap caret ance ea a Ponca lace ad | ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN JAVA, AND THE NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS. BY THOMAS HORSFIELD, M. D. F.LS. M.G.S. ea A WIT o> LEO (EF ESOL We SEO OSE an) PENG Ua London: PRINTED FOR KINGSBURY, PARBURY, & ALLEN, , LEADENHALL STREET. 1824. 3 } SERRA RETR CRE t Ute e eect tetS =, S. M‘ Dowall, Printer, 95, Leadenhall Street. NR RNR RR we etree rere recenereeeeestiee.e Ws ) . TO THE HONOURABLE THE COURT OF DIRECTORS OF THE Monourable East Fndia Company, THIS WORK Is, WITH THEIR PERMISSION, RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY THEIR GRATEFUL AND OBEDIENT SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. IN the prosecution of this Work, the plan originally offered to the Public has been adhered to with every possible degree of solicitude. The design of the under-. taking was to exhibit accurate Figures, accompanied by detailed descriptions, of the most interesting Quadrupeds and Birds collected during my residence in Java. It was also stated, in the CORE CICerent: that, by the liberal permission of the Honourable Court of Directors of the East India Company, I had been enabled to avail myself of the valuable Collections forwarded by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles from Sumatra. The arrangement which has been made of these Collections under the orders of the Court, in the Company’s Museum at the India House, has greatly facilitated the means of introducing into this Work various subjects which had not previously been given to the Public. Throughout the continuance of these Zoological Researches, I have unin- terruptedly enjoyed the support of the Artists originally engaged for the illustra- tions. To William Daniell, Esq. I am indebted for the drawings of the Quadrupeds, and Mr. William Taylor has, with great assiduity, afforded the aid of his skill in the Engravings. The greatest proportion of the Birds has been drawn on stone by Mr. Auguste Pelletier, who has likewise been charged with the superintendence of their colouring. In several of the Birds Mr. John Curtis has afforded his assistance, both in the drawing and engraving: the illustration of the new genera requiring a minuteness of detail, which could not with equal effect be given on stone. Every exertion has been made to preserve the same style of execution in which the PREFACE. Work commenced. In order to afford sufficient time for the execution of the Plates, a small extension of the period in which the successive Numbers were engaged to be delivered, has been required: this, I trust, will not be a subject of disapprobation. I request the supporters of this Work to accept my cordial acknowledgements : I am happy to enumerate among these, many Gentlemen who have, since my arrival in England, honoured me with their friendship. To the distinguished patronage of the HonouraBLEe Court or Directors oF THE East Inp1a Company, the origin and progress of this Work is in a great measure indebted. At the conclusion, I entreat the permission of the HonouRABLE Court to tender: to them the tribute of my sincerest gratitude and obligation. The Work was originally dedicated to this Honourable Body, and with all its imperfections, it affords an additional evidence of the patronage afforded to science in their oriental possessions. As the Public has been prepared to expect a more general report of my Researches, in consequence of the favourable reference to them by the distinguished and enterprizing Author of the History of Java, in the Preface to that Work, I embrace this opportunity to state, that although some delay has occurred in the publication, the materials collected have not remained unexamined or undescribed. I am happy to announce, that my friends, William §. Macleay, Esq. and Robert Brown, Esq., have, with great disinterestedness, undertaken to give to the Public that part of my Entomological and Botanical Collections which may be most interesting, and a more particular notice of the Works proposed will appear without delay. ise Ny Bay V4 SIMIA SYNDACTYLA. Engraved. by W, Taylor. Leadenhall Street, J SIMIA SYNDACTYLA. SS Orv. II® Quaprumanes, Cuvier, 1° Famille, les Singes. Orp. I. Primates, Linn. Syst. Orp. II. Potuicata, Lliger. Fam. 1, Quadrumana. SIMIA, Linn. Briss. Schreb. Cuvier. Hy.osates, Ilhger. PitHecvs, Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire. PUVTVVVVTVVUTETTUTTTT DUBIN Simia aterrima, collo pectoreque nudis, indice et digito medio podariorum coadunatis. Stamang, of the Malays. Simia syndactyla, Sir T. S. Raffles’s Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra, Tr. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 241, 1821. TO the following description of the Simia syndactyla it may be proper to premise, that the generic name is employed, by Sir StaMrorD RaFFLEs, according to the classification of Linnzus. M. Cuvier, in preserving in the order of Quadrumanes the two Genera of Simia and Lemur, has found it necessary to divide each into several Sub-genera; and the celebrated Mliger, in his Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium, has established among those Quadrumana, which, according to his views, agree in generic characters with the Simia Lar, a distinct genus, denominated Hy osates: this is arranged immediately after the genus Simia, and is distinguished principally by the proportionally greater length of the anterior extremities, which, when the animal stands erect, reach to the ground, by the naked callosities on the buttocks, by a comparative! y short tmauzzle, and a facial angle of sixty degrees. Agreeably to the Tableau des Quadrumanes of M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, contained in the XIX" Volume of the Annales du Museum, the Simia syndactyla belongs to the genus PiTHEcus. The Simia syndactyla, as well as the Tupaia tana, which is described in the preceding article, form part of the Zoological Collection which was forwarded to the Honourable East India Company, by Sir Stamrorp Rarruzs, from Sumatra; SIMIA SYNDACTYLA. the arrangement of which is now in progress at their Museum at the India House, together with that of a general series of Quadrupeds and Birds from Java and other Islands of the Eastern Archipelago. Three specimens of the Siamang, of different sexes and ages, are placed in that Museum ; and, with the permission of the Honour - able Court of Directors, I am enabled to illustrate the description of Sir StaMForD Rarrces, contained in the thirteenth volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, by a figure of our animal from the pencil of Mr. Daniell, and to add some details regarding its dimensions, form, and bony fabric. “ The Simia syndactyla is of a jet-black colour throughout; it is upwards of three feet in height, and of a robust and muscular frame. It agrees with the Sima Lar of Linneus, in being tailless, having naked callosities, and arms reaching to the feet. It differs, however, essentially in having the index and middle toes, or rather fingers, of the hind feet united as far as the middle of the second phalanx; in having two loose and naked folds of skin on the throat, which I have observed to be occasionally inflated with air; and in being entirely black, with the exception of a few brown hairs on the chin, which appear to become gray with age. The hair is long and soft; the face is without hair, and black, as are also the breasts of the female. The orbits of the eye are circular, and remarkably prominent. The canine teeth are long.”—Tr. Linn. Soe. The Drmensions of the largest specimen, at the Museum at the India House, are the following :— Feet. Inches. Entire height from the heel to the summit of the head............ 3 2 Length of the head and neck .......0:.....:cceeseceessccrerocneeeecenneeereo ese 0 6 SeCReE Eanes LAUT ect a 0 BCP CERES eA RRB HTtare BAeE. eden descnaceaccacboncdcoucsiooccodanddonieeeiad & os Sas boocsecese (WiYe yi Vo) KY 209 WMP ES RMBEE Herc sBcnc décsncongsdce cooccocoasnoueoances aE QL bsnigscsaenonoce the; hand) and. fingers)... :-..pqessuseateea nem teeetorsees. O 5s see eencacas the! thigh /bOmey 20... . Urrer Jaw.—Front teeth, two on each side; the interior tooth oblique, compressed at the extremity, and - notched ; the exterior tooth obsoletely angular at the base, attenuated at the point, having the same direction as the interior tooth, to which it is closely applied. Canine teeth long, nearly erect, obsoletely triangular. Two false grinders, and three carnivorous teeth on each side, the first compressed, short, regular in its disposition; the second margined at the base, and compressed at the point which projects beyond the neighbouring grinders. Lowrr Jaw:— six grinders ; the three first with simple points, increasing successively in dimensions. Front teeth somewhat less distinctly emarginate than usual. Head, cuneate and broad above ; skull with a very slight distension posteriorly, a few bristly hairs scattered over the face; ears large, auricle plain, broad, obtuse, rounded anteriorly and posteriorly. Tragus short, linear, erect, obtuse. Wings narrow and of considerable extent ; bone of the fore-arm slender. Point of the tail lengthened. Interfemoral membrane slightly dotted. Fur of moderate length, of a sooty black tint above ; underneath, sooty, with a grayish cast. Length from the nose to the tail, three inches ; of the expanded membrane, ten inches. This species has much of the habit of European Vespertiliones. 7 V.—VESPERTILIO IMBRICATUS, Nod. V. capite rostroque latis brevibus, dentibus primoribus superioribus obliquis com- pressis emarginatis imbricatis, auriculis latis obtusis trago brevi semilunari subrefracto antice spectante, vellere fusco nitore fulvescente, pilis frontalibus erectis rostrum auriumque basin subtegentibus. Lowo-lessér, of the Javanese. VESPERTILIO TEMMINCKII. 4—4 55) DENTIUM FORMULA.—Primores =, Laniaru =, Molares Urrrer Jaw.—Front teeth, two on each side, oblique, compressed, emarginate, imbricate, the interior some- what larger. Grinders, four on each side; they are all carnivorous teeth, the first being somewhat smaller and compressed. Lower Jaw :—Grinders, five on each side, compressed, with points more elevated than usual. Of the two anterior teeth, the first is very minute and simple, and the second, margined at the base. The canine teeth are short, tending slightly outward, with a compressed anterior heel. The intermediate front teeth are subtrifid. The head is short and broad ; the forehead slightly elevated. The nose is broad, and the eyes are concealed by a thick fur, which also partially covers the short rostrum and the base of the ears. The nose is broad, and the eyes are obscure. The ears are as large as the head: the auricles are oblong, obtuse, rounded, and have a slight tendency backward ; the tragus is short, semilunar, obtuse, with the extremity pointing forward. The expansion of the wings is proportionally great, and the interfemoral membrane marked with transverse veins. The fur, both above and underneath, is brown, with a fulvous lustre. This species agrees in the length of the body with the Vespertilio tralatitius: the expansion of the wings is somewhat less. VI—VESPERTILIO PICTUS, Pallas Spicil. III. p. 7. V. auriculis ovalibus capite brevioribus latioribus quam longis trago subulato, vellere supra rufo aurato subtus flavicante, membrana antipedum juxta digitorum phalanges plagis dilute flavis notata.. Lowo-kembang, of the Javanese. Vespertilio pictus, auctorum. Vespertilion kirivoula, Geoff Ann. du Mus. Vi ol. VIII. p. 199. ( “Baer sung qos royapeey way Kenguns Mingsbuay A Beysnyny wapuoT, / “MINOT Mp wong Loyhoy ‘yy Ng poaniiug 3 | “SNOINVAVS SOAIOWULd PTEROPUS JAVANICUS. = ss S—— Orp. III" Carnassiers, Cuvier. 1° Famille. Les Cheiropteres. Orp. I. Primates, Linn. Syst. Orp. XI. Vouirantia, Iliger. Fam. 32, Chiroptera. PTEROPUS, Briss. Eraleb. Cuv. Geoff: Illig. VEsSPERTILIO, Linn. Gmel. Bodd. Spectrum, Lacep. Cuar. Gen.—Dentium formula; Primores +, Laniarii =, Molares =. Laniarii distincti, primoribus longiores, conici. Molares obducti, coronide in medio sulco exarata margine utrinque carina parallela tritoria preedita. Rostrum acutum. Nasus prosthemate nullo. Auricule mediocres oblonge. Corpus patagio digitali, lumbari, et anali, denudatis cinctum. Patagium anale excisum. Cauda aut brevis aut nulla. Mamme aperte due pectorales. Pedes pentadactyli, antici chiropteri, halluce et digito primo unguiculatis, reliquis digitis inermibus; postici ambulatorii. Ungues: falcule acute, antipedum digitis elongatis, tribus interioribus exunguiculatis. RVVVVTVTVDU0 22318 * EWCAUDATI. Pteropus niger, collo supra rufo-ochraceo, dorso pilis albis nigrisque commistis, rostro mediocri. Kalong, of the Javanese. Pteropus edulis, Geoffr. Mém. sur les roussettes. Ann. Mus. Tom. XV. p. 90. Note. MS. de M. Leschenault. Pteropus javanicus, Encyclop. Method. Mammalogie, p. 109. Par M. A. G. Desmarest, 1820. IN the examination of the Pteropus rostratus, no difficulty occurred 7 determining the species; the characters were strongly marked, and presented no variation in the numerous specimens contained in the collections of the Honourable East India Company. But the minuteness of the subject did not afford the means - PTEROPUS JAVANICUS. of illustrating the generic character in a satisfactory manner. For this purpose, the species selected for the present article is more particularly calculated: it is the largest hitherto discovered, and all the characters exist in a complete state of development. It may, however, be proper for me to state in this place, that the following details are not given as an original illustration of this genus; this has already been afforded to the scientific Public, both by M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, and by M. Fréd. Cuvier. I mention particularly the details of the latter, contained in his “ Memoires sur de nouveaux caractéres pour les genres des Mammiféres,” published in the Annales du Museum, &c., to which Memoirs I have on various subjects in the course of this Work, already referred with acknowledgment. But entertaining the desire to supply to the animals successively described, all the illustration which the materials in the Museum at the India House afford, I trust the present discussion on this genus will not be unacceptable to the patrons of these Researches. On the Plate of Illustrations I have represented, with all possible accuracy, the skull and the teeth of the Pteropus javanicus, of natural size; but before I proceed to the description of them in detail, I shall enumerate the essential characters of this genus, as given by M. Geoffroy and the Baron Cuvier. By the former they are comprised in the following terms :—crown of the grinders large, and terminated by two ridges: second finger of the hand provided with an unguiculate phalanx. M. Cuvier concisely expresses them thus :—the grinders have two longitudinal and parallel projections, separated by a groove, which are worn by detrition. As the celebrated Illiger has not included this peculiarity in his generic description, I have added it to the citation of this genus from his prodromus, placed at the head of this article. In the Plate of Illustrations, Figure Q represents the skull of the Pteropus javanicus. The form of the skull, its relative proportions, and the limits of the intermaxillary bone are distinctly exhibited. This species affords a sample of the genus in its intermediate state, between the extremes of elongation and brevity of the rostrum: the latter here constitutes about one third of the length of the skull; in other species it bears a much smaller proportion; in the Pteropus rostratus it is _ comparatively much longer. The longitudinal crest along the highest part of the skull is distinctly exhibited: an accurate examination of the skulls of the individuals of this genus may assist in future in affording distinctions, where other characters are insufficient. The teeth are 34 in number: namely, In tHe Urrer Jaw—4 front teeth, 2 canine teeth, and 10 grinders. In THE Lower Jaw—4 ditto 2 ditto — 12 ditto In the upper jaw the front teeth are semicircularly arranged, at equal distances; they are cylindrical, and present a transverse edge by the detrition of their inner PTEROPUS JAVANICUS. surface. The canine teeth are long, erect, grooved, and provided at the base, internally, with a semicircular ridge. Of the grinders the first is in most cases only rudimentary ; the second, third, and fourth have a similar construction ; their surface is greatly compressed. In a lateral point of view, they present anteriorly an elevated point, declining to the back part of the tooth, where it constitutes an obsolete notch: the anterior elevation is most prominent in the second, and gradually decreases to the fourth. Longitudinally their surface is individually divided by a groove, leaving on each side an elevated triturating ridge, which has been described above as consti- tuting the essential character of this genus. The fifth grinder is minute, nearly triangular, with an even triturating surface. In the lower jaw, the front teeth have the same arrangement as in the upper ; but the exterior teeth have double the size and thickness of the intermediate teeth. The canine teeth are shorter than these teeth in the upper jaw, and they are less deeply grooved. The first grinder is minute and cylindrical, having a single excavation in the middle of its circular surface. The second, third, fourth, and fifth grinders have the same construction as the second, third, and fourth in the upper jaw, and the sixth grinder is small, cylindrical, and even on the surface. In attempting to define the specific character of the Pteropus javanicus from a review of the specimens which I brought from Java, I met with perplexities which had not occurred in describing the Pteropus rostratus. These specimens are so diversified in their external marks, that they appeared to belong to distinct species ; but after the most careful examination, I came to the conclusion, that they indicate two strongly marked varieties. One of these corresponds to the specific character placed at the head of this article: the second requires a separate description; and I shall only state at present, that the principal distinction consists in a collar of a lighter brown, inclining to chesnut, and extending entirely around the neck; in a mixture of brown hairs with the black hairs, both on the back and on the abdomen; and in a more regularly defined line across the back, separating the brown hairs from the general black colour of the animal. Of the first variety there are four, and of the second five specimens in the Museum. They are sufficiently diversified to shew distinctly that the differences are not the effect of age; and of each variety there are young and old specimens. The longitudinal ridge on the summit of the cranium affords no distinction, and a careful comparison of the other parts of the skull appears to shew that they belong to the same species. The difficulty of discriminating the species of this strongly marked genus, in consequence of the uniformity of the external marks necessarily employed in defining them, is strongly pointed out by M. Geoffroy : it has occurred to me, not only in examining the Pteropus javanicus, but also in the review of the individuals of another species, provided with short PTEROPUS JAVANICUS. tails and marginated ears. In the latter, I have found in the specimens from Java, indications of a new species; and my inquiries have convinced me that many other species still remain to be added to this genus. One of these, which is a native of Bengal, was lately communicated to me by Joseph Sabine, Esq.; it is a large animal, and belongs to the first subdivision: it agrees with most of the species already known, in having a brown collar; but it possesses distinct characters in the peculiar distribution of this collar, and in the shortness and form of its muzzle. The Pteropus javanicus is the largest species of the genus hitherto discovered : in adult subjects, the extent of the expanded wings is full five feet, and the length of the body one foot. In the specimen which I have placed before me in this descrip- tion, the extent of the wings was five feet and two inches. The smallest specimen in the Museum has an expansion of three feet and ten inches across the wings: all the other specimens measure nearly five feet. The length of the arm and forearm together, from the union with the body to the origin of the phalanges, is fourteen inches; the latter are distributed as in other species of Pteropus. The naked thumb projecting beyond the membrane, measures two inches; and the claw, which is strong and sharp, has an extent of nearly one inch along its curvature. On the index the claw is minute, and by the particular inflexion of the phalanges, which was first pointed out by M. Geoffroy, and which is carefully represented on the Plate, it obtains a direction opposed to the plane of the membrane. The length of the posterior extremities is eight inches and an half. The toes, which are slender, compressed, and distinct, agree in size, with the exception of the exterior toe, which is almost imperceptibly smaller; they are disposed on the same plane. The claws have nearly the same size and extent of curvature as the claw of the thumb. The interfemoral membrane is regularly cut out in a circular manner, and forms a border along the inner side of the posterior extremities, about an inch and an half in breadth. The head, as in other species of Pteropus, is oblong, and the muzzle compara- tively of moderate length: it is very gradually attenuated, and measures less than one third of the entire length of the head. The nose is short, somewhat compressed at the sides, and deeply emarginated anteriorly: in dried specimens, this organ is somewhat contracted within the volume of the bony support of the rostrum. The nostrils are round anteriorly, and pass backward by a curve, resembling part of a volute. The ears are simple, long, narrow, and acuminate. The eyes, as in other species of this genus, are large and prominent, and the irides dark. The gape of the mouth terminates under the anterior canthus of the eye, and, in correspondence with the length of the muzzle, admits of considerable expansion. The nose projects but slightly beyond the jaw, and the lips are narrow, and form a neatly defined inclosure of the mouth. No vibrisse exist, but a few lengthened, bristly hairs are PTEROPUS JAVANICUS. scattered about the lips, nose, and eyes. On the upper part of the head, the crest of the skull shews itself as a longitudinal ridge, which is more prominent in adult individuals, and on the whole is more apparent in that variety of the Pteropus javanensis to which our animal belongs, than in the other. The general form of the body presents nothing peculiar: the anterior part of the breast in the female is as thickly covered with hairs as every other part, and the mamme are situated near the axilla. The organs of generation in the male are greatly developed. The colour of the flyimg-membrane is dark brown, inclining to black, with a slight tint of rufous. The general colour of the body and head is black, and of the neck and adjoining parts above, smoky brown ; but both the extent and intensity of these colours are subject to variations. In the specimen which was figured to illustrate this article, the hairs which cover the head are short, black, and scantily interspersed with hairs of a grayish hue. On the back, long black and white hairs are mixed in nearly equal proportion, so as to afford a gray appearance to these parts; they are closely applied to the skin. On the rump, hairs of a similar colour are long and frizzled. The covering of the under parts exhibits several modifications in different specimens. In some, the hairs are smooth, and purely black; in others, they have a sooty colour, and numerous tawny hairs are intermixed. The upper and lateral parts of the neck, and the adjoining parts of the back, between the shoulders, afford a principal distinction in the varieties of this species. In many individuals, the brown or rufous hairs form a complete collar round the neck, though the colour is always more intense above. The breadth of this collar varies considerably ; in some cases it extends from the middle of the head to beyond the shoulders; in others it is confined tothe neck and the back part of the head. The tint likewise varies from rufous to blackish brown, but in all cases it has a smoky hue. In young subjects the hairs are long, soft to the touch, and glossy; in old subjects they become crisp and rough. The Pteropus javanicus is extremely abundant in the lower parts of Java, and uniformly lives in society. The more elevated districts are not visited by it. Nu- merous individuals select a large tree for their resort, and suspending themselves with the claws of their posterior extremities to the naked branches, often in compa- nies of several hundreds, afford to a stranger a very singular spectacle. A species of Ficus, in habit resembling the Ficus religiosa of India, which is often found near the villages of the natives, affords them a very favourite retreat, and the extended branches of one of these are sometimes covered by them. They pass the greater . portion of the day in sleep, hanging motionless: ranged in succession, with the head downwards, the membrane contracted about the body, and often in close contact, PTEROPUS JAVANICUS. they have little resemblance to living beings, and by a person not accustomed to their economy, are readily mistaken for a part of the tree, or for a fruit of uncommon size suspended from its branches. In general these societies preserve a perfect silence during the day; but if they are disturbed, or if a contention arises among them, they emit sharp piercing shrieks, and their awkward attempts to extricate | themselves, when oppressed by the light of the sun, exhibit a ludicrous spectacle. In consequence of the sharpness of their claws, their attachment is so strong, that they cannot readily leave their hold, without the assistance of the expanded membrane; and if suddenly killed in the natural attitude during the day, they continue suspended after death. It is necessary therefore to oblige them to take wing by alarming them, if it be desired to obtain them during the day. Soon _after sunset they gradually quit their hold, and pursue their nocturnal flights in quest of food. They direct their course, by an unerring instinct, to the forests, villages, and plantations, occasioning incalculable mischief, attacking and devouring indiscriminately every kind of fruit, from the abundant and useful Cacao-nut, which surrounds every dwelling of the meanest peasantry, to the rare and most delicate productions, which are cultivated with care by Princes and Chiefs of distinction. By the latter, as well as by the European colonists, various methods are employed to protect the orchards and gardens. Delicate fruits, such as Mangos, Jambus, Lansas, &c., as they approach to maturity, are ingeniously secured by means of a loose net or basket, skilfully constructed of split bamboo. Without this precaution, little valuable fruit would escape the ravages of the Kalong. There are few situations in the lower parts of Java, in which this night wanderer is not constantly observed; as soon as the light of the sun has retired, one animal is seen to follow the other at a small but irregular distance, and this succession continues uninterrupted till darkness obstructs the view. The flight of the Kalong is slow and steady, pursued in a straight line, and capable of long continuance. The chace of the Kalong forms occasionally an amusement to the colonists and inhabitants, during the moonlight nights, which in the latitude of Java are uncommonly serene. He is watched in his descent to the fruit trees, and a discharge of small shot readily brings him to the ground. By this means I frequently obtained four or five individuals in the course of an hour; and by my observations I am led to believe, that the varieties above described, belong to one species, as they appear all to live in one society, and are obtained promiscuously. J have only further to add, that when it is considered that the numerous Chiroptera which are found in Europe, have only recently been distinguished with accuracy, some indulgence may be claimed in the determination of a species, collected in a distant climate, without the means of forming an acquaintance with the late additions to this genus in different countries. ee si Ce as a wi joa! : cesT Gar eas yoyuapoey uany ay kineuny hingsbuly OTT Ma PYGMY Upuey as : / “Lophey, yy Ag poanbug : | : : te "SHLVULGOU SnAdOwALd PTEROPUS ROSTRATUS. SS Orp. I1l™ Carnassters, Cuvier. 1 Famille. Les Cheiropteres. Orp. I. Primates, Linn. Syst. Orv. XI. Vorrrantia, Illiger, Fam. 32, Chiroptera. PTEROPUS, Briss. Eraleb.. Cuv. Geoffr. Ilhg. VEsPERTILIO, Linn. Gmel. Bodd. Spectrum, Lacep. Cuar. Grn.—Dentium formula; Primores +, Laniarii ==, Molares 2, Laniari distincti, primoribus longiores, conici. DMolares obducti tritores tuberculati. Rostrum acutum. Nasus prosthemate nullo. Auricule mediocres oblonge. Corpus patagio digitali, lumbari, et anali, denudatis cinctum. Patagium anale excisum. Cauda aut brevis aut nulla. Mamme aperte due pectorales. Pedes pentadactyli, antici chiropteri, halluce et digito primo unguiculatis, reliquis digitis inermibus ; postici ambulatorii. Ungues: falcule acute, antipedum digitis elongatis, tribus interioribus exunguiculatis. RRVVVDVV VDL VT VTS UT ODOT VT VAT ITIS * WCAUDATI. Pteropus corpore fusco concolore ex isabellino canescente, patagio saturatiore, rostro elongato. Lowo-assu, of the Javanese. IN one of the next succeeding Numbers of these Researches, I propose to exhibit a connected view of the various Chiroptera which I have observed in Java. seu =r Primores utrinque 6 intermedii breviores. Molares utrinque 5 aut 6: supra quartus maximus, interius gradu laterali antice auctus; quintus et sextus tritores. Infra quintus, seu quartus primo deficiente, sectorius maximus; sextus tritorius magnus. Caput elongatum, rhinario prominulo. Lingua retrorsum aculeata. Corpus codario et pilis longioribus vestitum. olliculus inter genitalia et anum. ' Pedes pentadactyli fissi. Ungues: falculee semiretractiles. Sect. II. Genettae II** sous-genre les Genettes. Follicules reduced to a simple excavation. RAVUDVUVDTTVATVVODAUTUATVIVITITA a Viverra corpore nigro et cinereo variegato, dorso obsolete striato, capite pedibus caudaque nigris, fascia frontali per aures ad latera colli oblique producta rhina- riique basi albentibus. Luwak, of the Javanese. Musang-bulan, of the Malays. Viverra Musanga, Str 1. S. Raffles’s Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra. Tr. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 253. Musang, Marsden’s Hist. of Sumatra, p. 118. THE Viverra Musanga so nearly resembles the Viverra Genetta in size, colour, and distribution of marks, that it has by several authors been described under that name. It constitutes, however, a distinct species, which is itself subject to several varieties. Its appearance in Java is here represented from an adult subject in a very perfect state, and of a full size. Its dimensions are as follow: VIVERRA MUSANGA. Length of the body and head, from the extremity of the nose to the’ root of thre’ tales f2. eee Pea eeae oes 1 Foot, 10 inches. TES tlie taal eee ae Ea Pee eT eee ee ECO Mn CO: Oe RES a the head see PN ee EME OL lsuacdesneoeed coiaoeeeeen lO Os Seta ccccenenes the/anterionextremitiesien.cce-ccee ees sss ccneseceseanccates eee OM Got oS the posterior extremities) \-..ssee-se et ea RG i > Soe eee ee : . Pe in Nee ST Ses a St re SSS 2 of a C a Cee : 2 oe FLD BNE I RE z (Se ee ee ed) SS eee : > (CES =— I MUS SETIFER. SSQ>{[_™_—@oQVour_ Orv. IV™ Ronceurs, Cuvier. 1° Division. Orv. IV. Gurres, Linn. Syst. - js Orv. IV. Prensicutantia, Iliger. Fam. 10, Muri MUS, Linn. Eraleb. Briss. Cuv. Illig. &e. Cuar. GEen.—Dentium formula; Primores =, . res 5. é mores inferiores scalpro compresso acuto. Pro Lamariis r ares abrupti, obducti, tritorii, tuberculati. i Yogy | eS Rostrum acutum. Labrum fissum. Saceuli ol uli. oblonge aut rotundate, nudiuscule. Cauda elongata aut mediocris, squamata, — H | Pedes distincti, ambulatorii, antici digitis 4 et ve Ungues falculares. Illiger. i pectorales et ventrales 4—12. Mus cauda annulosa elongata, corpore setoso n w it us cano, dorso setis suberectis rigidis hirto, uropygio setis e spectantibus obtecto, auriculis magnis rotundatis nud Tikus-wirok, of the Javanese, THE distinguishing ch the avanese is afforded by numerous rigid hairs, which ¢ are seat itis over tl parts of the body, and project widely from the gener: behind the neck; they increas the back, and being considerably lengthened on the rump, they constitute a lax investment about the root of the tail and the uropygium. This pe liar character has suggested the specific name MUS SETIFER. setifer, and associates our animal naturally with those species, which, in the article Mammalogie of the Encyclopédie, constitute the second section of this genus. It is however to be remarked, that these hairs are not of a spinous nature, as in the Mus fasciculatus and the Mus macrourus; they may properly be compared to bristles, having more consistence and rigidity than those of the Mus decumanus and giganteus; and in a natural arrangement, our animal stands between these species, and between those from which the character of the section is derived by M. Desmarest, and which, in a more rigorous sense, may be called spinous Rats. Our animal agrees in many particulars of its form and proportions with the Mus decumanus, the Brown or Norway Rat; but it is larger, and more robust. The head is lengthened, and somewhat depressed. The nose is acute, and marked above with a longitudinal ridge of delicate hairs, while the extremity, in which the nostrils are situated, is naked: it is well calculated for burrowing the ground. The upper lip is deeply divided; the lower lip is considerably shorter than the upper, and the front teeth, in both jaws, are largely exposed; their colour is reddish-brown, and more intense in the upper jaw. These teeth are proportionally larger, and more robust in our animal than in the Mus decumanus; they are broad, strongly curved, attenu- ated in form of a chisel, and abruptly terminated, exhibiting very powerful cutting edges. ‘The grinders, nearly resembling those of other Rats, are disposed in a per- fectly regular series; they are transversely grooved above, and marked at the sides with striz, or depressions. ‘The eyes are small, vivid, and prominent. The whiskers are black and numerous, arising promiscuously from a large portion’ of the cheeks. Above the eyes, and near the temples, a single bristle arises from a separate point. The ears are long, broad, rounded, and covered towards the margin with a very minute down; the extent of the external lobe exceeds that of the Mus decumanus; several transverse divisions are observable in the interior. The body of the Mus setifer is robust, lengthened, and cylindrical. In the proportion of the extremities to the body, our animal resembles the Norway Rat. The fore feet (in our specimens) are comparatively slender and weak; the thighs, in the posterior extremities, are remarkably robust. The feet are covered with hairs to the extremity; they are five-toed; in the fore foot the thumb is very minute, con- sisting of a somewhat lengthened compressed claw, removed far from the other toes, and supported by a tubercle, which when dried, acquires a corneous appearance; the other toes have the same proportions as the fingers in the human hand. The claws are slightly curved, obtuse, and apparently formed for perforating the ground. On MUS SETIFER. the posterior extremities the three intermediate toes are largest; they are robust, and nearly of equal length; the outer and inner toes are smaller; the latter is consi- derably removed from the others, and admits a more lateral motion. Underneath, the feet are naked, and provided with prominent tubercles. The body is posteriorly lengthened towards the uropygium or vent, affording thus a conical base to the root of the tail. This organ is nearly cylindrical, and very gradually attenuated to an obtuse point: it is covered with numerous delicate membranaceous rings; the disposition of these is regular in the highest degree; they are made up of oblong scales, placed in close contact, so as to exhibit the appearance of rings with crenulated margins, in which the separate squamz are not perceptible. The tail is more naked than that of the Mus decumanus; a few short delicate hairs arise, in very small tufts of two or three, from the scales composing the rings. The colour of our animal is dark brown above, and grayish underneath. The tint is more uniform than in the common Brown Rat. The separate hairs are gray, or tawny, at the base, and dark at the extremity, by which a slight variegation is produced on the surface. The covering is throughout rough and bristly; the hairs are short on the head and on the under parts generally, and they are here supplied with a little down at the base; among these, the rigid hairs or bristles, which give a character to our animal, are copiously scattered; they have an oblique direction on the back and the adjoining portions of the sides; they are here nearly an inch long; but on the rump they increase in length and in substance; their direction is more regular, and they constitute a lax covering about the posterior parts, which projects considerably beyond the body, and terminates in an abrupt manner. Several points of agreement between the Mus setifer and the Mus decumanus, or Brown Rat, have already been enumerated: in my comparisons with other species of this genus, I have had the assistance only of figures and descriptions. Besides the peculiar rough and bristly character of its hair, our animal differs from the Brown Rat in the extraordinary size of its ears, in the strength of its front teeth, in the comparative nakedness of the tail, and in several minuter particulars in its form and proportions, which, although not easily expressed by words, become obvious by comparison. Among other Indian Rats the Mus giganteus and the Mus perchal have some affinity to it. The former is carefully described by General Hardwicke, in the VIIth Volume of the Linnean Transactions; and detailed draw- ings, accompanied with notices as to its size, have been received at the Honourable MUS SETIFER. East India Company’s Museum, in Colonel Mackenzie’s collections. The Mus perchal is identified with the Mus giganteus by Fischer; but Geoffroy, in his Genus Echimys, distinguishes it with the specific name of perchal; and Desmarest has. placed it in the second section of the genus Mus, to which likewise the Mus setifer belongs. The Tikus-wirok is found in Java at the confines of forests and woods, and, _ agreeably to my observations, it rarely approaches the villages and dwellings of the natives. It is very shy in its habits, and is with great difficulty surprised and seized. Nowithstanding continued and careful research, I obtained but a small number of specimens, and by my inquiries I learned but few particulars as to its food and manners. The natives describe it as a bold and mischievous animal; the robustness of its form, and the remarkable size and strength of its front teeth, agree with this character. In its more prominent features, our animal agrees with several species of the first section of this genus; its nose is evidently employed in burrowing the ground in search of its food, and its tail has the character of those species which are in the habit of frequenting the water. A species of Rat, which greatly resembles the Mus setifer, and which belongs to the same section of the genus, is described and figured by Dr. Hamilton, with the name of Mus Icr1a. It has, in a very conspicuous degree, the character of the projecting dorsal and anal bristles. In its size it somewhat exceeds the Mus decu- manus. It lives in the neighbourhood of lakes, and the native name of Icria is significant of its superior strength and size. s SCG Sie LON “* 4 ay i / “_\ KS (Gale Rey CG iat = eee lew aU NS, oe fipe ah us \ ( ¢ Ake h, i Neh ae) Ff ( : ( b,, \ > 4 Urry x URS vn ( a o 1 {\ i SOON, Sib 3 Sa =) ¢\. A wy (Mi tay kK i ( On VEESO NO) ie ASO ‘ Kop, y\ AWA DR SS ou TY. NS Sw 5 SRST eANG (= ie NY 6 Lrches INSIGNIS. SCIURUS N we Y BS) NOTAVE: W, Dantedl Drawn by 7LE22. LParbury & Alien, Leadenhall Street, 0c; London, Lublished by Hingsbury, SCIURUS INSIGNIS. =a =» Orv. IV™ RoneeEurs, Cuvier. 1° Division. Orv. IV. Guires, Linn. Syst. Orp. IV. PrensicuLantia, Iliger. Fam. 9, Agilia. SCIURUS, Linn. Briss. Eraleb. Bodd. Cuv. Geoff: Illig. &c. Cuar. GEn.—Dentium formula; Primores =, Molares =. Primores superiores pagina antica leves, inferiores admodum compressi acuti. Pro Laniariis diastema. Molares abrupti obducti tritores, supra antico accessorio. Rostrum acutum. Labrum fissum. Sacculi buccales nulli. Auricule oblonge, peni- cillatee vel rotundatze simplices. Cauda elongata villosa, compressiusculo-disticha vel cylindrica. Mamme aperte. VRE T tet etlt: Sta ht ** Cauda cylindrica, vel apice tantum dtsticha. Sciurus fuscus griseo variegatus subtus albidus, striis tribus nigris longitudinalibus, hypochondriis femoribusque tenia ferruginea diffusa, lateribus colli et abdo- minis angusta notatis. Bokkol, of the Javanese. Sciurus insignis, Le Lary, Fréd. Cuv. Mamm. lithogr. 34° livraison. Encycl. Method. Mammatogie, Supplement, p. 544. Par M. A. G. Desmarest, 1822. THE discovery of numerous species of the genus Sciurus, in recent periods, has required the establishment of a second section, in which those individuals that are provided with a cylindrical tail, are separated from the common Squirrels of Kurope and North America, in which the hairs on this organ are disposed in two rows. Of these new species, some have been added from South America, others from the Islands of the Indian Archipelago; the latter are likewise distinguished by short rounded ears with a narrow helix closely applied to the head, destitute of a brush-like appendage of long hairs, and by genital organs, in the male, of uncommon size. SCIURUS INSIGNIS. The Bokkol of the Javanese, which is now to be described, belongs to this section. The covering is grayish-brown, inclining to tawny above and on the sides, and white underneath, with an intermediate streak of a ferruginous tint, extending from the angle of the mouth to the posterior extremities, with different shades of intensity, and diffusing itself irregularly over the thighs and flanks. But a distin- guishing -character is afforded to the Bokkol by three black lines, about one fourth of an inch in breadth, extending from the neck to the rump. One of these is placed in the middle, and follows the course of the spine; the others are parallel to it, one on each side, at a distance equal to the breadth of the lines. The upper parts are delicately variegated, in consequence of the alternate bands of gray, tawny, and black with which the separate hairs are marked. The muzzle and forehead are nearly uniformly gray, with a slight diffusion of a blackish brown colour. On the crown of the head, and on the neck above, this colour is more intense. The white colour of the under parts shews itself distinctly on the throat and neck; it is _ more obscure and contracted on the breast and abdomen. The intermediate ferru- ginous streak begins on the lateral parts of the head; on the throat and neck it is obscure and partial; it diffuses itself irregularly over the shoulders and along the abdomen, mixing with the gray of the sides, and the white of the lower parts. It is broader and more intense on the flanks, and spreads on the anterior part of the thighs, while the lower parts of the thighs, as well as the legs, on both extremities, agree in colour with the upper parts. The feet have the same tints as the muzzle - and forehead. The tail has a more intense colour than the body, and is obscurely undulated with brown and black, having gray hairs irregularly scattered over it. The claws are of a pale horny colour, and the front teeth are rendered conspicuous by a beautiful reddish-brown glossy tint. Several long black mustaches, closely applied to the head, arise near the lip from the extremity of the muzzle. The covering of the Bokkol is thick and close, consisting of long hairs, soft to the touch, closely applied to the body, and plentifully supplied at the base with soft down. The hairs of the tail are greatly lengthened. The characters which chiefly distinguish the section to which our animal belongs, from that which contains the European and North American species, are a cylindrical tail, and rounded ears. Towards the extremity of the tail, the hairs are loosely disposed in the Bokkol, but they never separate into two rows, as in the common Squirrel. The appearance of the ear is carefully represented in the figure. The interior portion is large and naked, and the helix is narrow, and closely applied to the head. The feet present nothing peculiar, and the muzzle is short and thick. The height of our animal is three inches and a half. From the root of the tail SCIURUS INSIGNIS. to the tip of the nose, it measures seven inches and a half, and the tail is as long as the body and neck together. The Bokkol is a rare animal in Java. I met with it once only in the forests of Blambangan, in the year 1806, and a drawing of it was then prepared. The specimen, which was collected at the same period, has been deposited in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company, and has been before me in arranging the preceding description. The Drawing of the figure which illustrates this article, was already in the hands of the engraver when the 34th Number of M. Fréd Cuvier’s Mammiferes Lithographisées reached this country. He has given the name used by the natives of Sumatra; and his specific name, by which it will be introduced into the systems, is placed at the head of this article. It may be presumed to be a rare animal in Sumatra as well as in Java, as it is not contained in the Catalogue of a Zoological Collection of Sir Stamford Raffles, printed in the Thirteenth Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society. =~ #& oe = 1 es P) e's WU i, SJ 3 Inches PLANTANI., SCIURUS Drawn by W, Daniell RY 8 Q & ) S 8 ws § aN 8 X N xX 3 x Ss) iS XS BE x eS SS & S RS) XN 8 S ‘S Ss Bt 3 & 8 § N SCIURUS PLANTANIL Orv. IV™ Ronegurs, Cuvier. 1° Division. Orv. IV. Guirres, Linn. Syst. Orp. IV. Prenstcutantia, Liliger, Fam. 9, Agilia. SCIURUS, Linn. Briss. Erxieb. Bodd. Cuv. Geoff: Illig. &c. a : mg CHar. GEN.—Dentium formula; Primores =, Molaseiees _ Primores superiores pagina antica leves, inferiores sana oie Rk Pro Laniariis diastema. Molares abrupti obducti tritores, supra antico accessorio. Rostrum Be se fissum. Stacculi buccales wulli. C2. eH ae wie L223 : SS ~ PS SS > & x LOM RHINOCEROS SONDAICUS. Orv. VI"° PachypErMEs, Cuvier. 2° Famille. Pachydermes ordinaires, 9% Division. Orp. II. Bruta, Linn. Syst. Orp. V. MULTUNGULA, Illiger. Fam. 18, Nasicornia. RHINOCEROS, Linn. Briss. Hraleb. Bodd. Cuv. Geoff: Ilig. Cuar. GEN.—Dentes primores his nulli, illis ‘supra duo minuti decidui, infra duo minuti conici inter duo majores cylindricos, omnes inclusi. Pro Laniaris diastema. Molares complicati tuberculati, supra infraque utrinsecus septem. Rostrum productum chilomate obtuso; labro in processum mobilem excurrente. Cornu unicum aut duo cornea solida acuta, naso imposita. -Auricule oblonge, capite multo breviores, basi infundibuliformes. Corpus setis raris obsitum. Cauda brevis. Mamme apertze duze ventrales. Pedes distincti ambulatorii, tridactyli, digitis cute obvolutis. Ungues: ungule tres insistentes, omnes antice. Illger. BS a ta tne thn oe he ed Rhinoceros cornu unico, rugis colli obsoletis, scutulis epidermidis margine angulatis medio concavis setis paucis brevibus obsitis, auribus margine caudaque subtus pilosis. Warak of the Javanese. Badak of the Malays, and of the inhabitants of the western parts of Java. Rhinoceros sondaicus, Cuvier, in Encycl. Method. Mammalog. p. 399, par M. A. G. Desmarest, 1822. . THE Rhinoceros sondaicus has so great a resemblance in its general phy- siognomy, to the Indian Rhinoceros, hitherto known by the name of One-horned Rhinoceros, that it requires considerable accuracy and: care to demonstrate its distinguishing characters. -Having had an opportunity, during my residence at _ Surakarta, the capital of the dominions of the Emperor of Java, to examine an individual, taken during infancy, and kept in confinement, or rather in a state of RHINOCEROS SONDAICUS. domestication, I propose here to detail concisely the peculiarities on which the specific distinction is founded, and to add some general remarks on the manners and distribution of this species through the Island. The separation of this, from the common Indian species, the Rhinoceros uni- cornis of Linné, and the Rhinoceros indicus of the Régne animal, was proposed by the Baron Cuvier, who applied to it the name of Rhinoceros sondaicus. I am acquainted with his account and definition of this species, only by the summary notice published by M. Desmarest in the Encyclopedia; and this has served for my com- parison. But the decision of M. Cuvier on this subject must be considered conclu- sive. To ascertain and establish the characters of a new species, he was prepared, not only by his unparalleled knowledge as a Zoologist, but also by his previous labours and researches concerning the common Indian, or One-horned Rhinoceros. We owe to him the most complete account that has yet been made public of this species; it is contained in the Ménagerie du Mus. d’ Hist. Nat., and illustrated by a beautiful and accurate engraving. The materials I have collected to enable me to contribute to the illustration of this species, consist in some remarks made at Surakarta, in 1817, and in a drawing, prepared under my inspection, by an artist, who, although educated in Java, had acquired considerable proficiency. On the Plate annexed to this article, a careful representation is given of this drawing, which, though deficient in some points that the skilful pencil of Mr. Daniell would have supplied from the living animal, exhibits, with scrupulous accuracy, the form .and proportions of our animal. This individual was, by measurement taken in 1817, nine feet long, and four feet three inches high at the rump. The Rhinoceros figured by M. Fred. Cuvier, in the 13th Livraison of the Hist. Nat. des Mammiferes, brought to Europe from the British possessions in India, was higher in proportion to its length, and its form was more unwieldy. The entire length was seven feet, and its height four feet and ten inches. The individual described by M. Georges Cuvier, in the Menag. du Mus. &c. had, according to the dimensions given, a more lengthened form; but the figure exhibits an animal, in comparison with the © Rhinoceros sondaicus, of greater bulk, and more gross dimensions. The head of our animal is strongly attenuated to the muzzle, and has a triangular form; the flexible upper lip is considerably lengthened, and the sides of the head are ‘marked with protuberances, or scutula, resembling those on the body, but no great roughnesses or folds are apparent. The characters therefore, given by M. Cuvier, as far as regard the form of the body and of the head, are confirmed by the drawing, and by the measures taken from life. The marks of distinction afforded by the folds of the external covering, are less evident than those afforded by the form of the body and the attenuated head. The following modifications may, RHINOCEROS SONDAICUS. however, be noticed :—The folds, on the whole, appear less rough or prominent than in the Indian Rhinoceros; those of the neck are comparatively smaller; and the posterior fold, which has an oblique direction towards the spine, is less extended. The thick covering, or coat, of our animal is divided on the surface into small tubercles, or polygonous scutula; and a few short bristly hairs, rising from a slight depression in the centre, constitute a peculiar character. The ears are bordered with a series of long stiff bristles, closely arranged ; and a similar series of bristles also extends along the tail, underneath, through its whole length. The distinguishing characters of our animal now detailed, are, a lengthened form of body; legs proportionally elevated; head acuminate; scutula many-sided, with a central depression, giving rise to one or to several short bristles, and a series of long hairs at the extremity of the ears, and under the tail: this is likewise the substance of the description of the Rhinoceros sondaicus, given by M. Desmarest, in the Encyclopedia. The individual which is represented in our Plate, and which has afforded the preceding details, was taken, while very young, in the forests of the Province of Keddu, and was conveyed to the Residency at Magellan, in the year 1815 or 1816. By kind treatment it soon became domesticated to such a degree, that it permitted itself to be carried in a large vehicle resembling a cart, to the capital of Surakarta. T saw it during its conveyance, and found it perfectly mild and tractable. At Sura- karta it was confined in the large area or square which bounds the entrance to the royal residence. A deep ditch about three feet wide limited its range, and for several years it never attempted to pass it. It was perfectly reconciled to its confinement, and never exhibited any symptoms of uneasiness or rage, although, on its first arrival, . harassed in various ways, by a large proportion of the inhabitants of a populous capital, whose curiosity induced them to inspect the stranger of the forest. Branches of trees, shrubs, and various twining plants were abundantly provided for its food ; _ of these the species of Cissus, and the small twigs of a native fig-tree were preferred. But plantains were the most favourite food, and the abundant manner in which it was supplied with these, by the numerous visitors, tended greatly to make the animal mild and sociable. It allowed itself to be handled and examined freely, and the more _ daring of the visitors sometimes mounted on its back. It required copious supplies of water; and when not taking food, or intentionally roused by the natives, it generally placed itself in the large excavations, which its movements soon caused in the soft earth that covered the allotted space. The animal rapidly increased in size: in the year 1817, having been confined at Surakarta about nine or ten months, the dimensions as RHINOCEROS SONDAICUS. already stated, were nine feet in length, and four feet three inches in height at the rump. In 1821, it had acquired the height of five feet seven inches. This informa- tion I received from my friend Mr. Stavers, who is now in England, on a visit from the interior of Java; and he favoured me further with the following details, which complete the history of the individual, whose figure is annexed to this article. Hav- ing considerably increased in size, the ditch of three feet in breadth was insufficient for confining it; but leaving the inclosure, it frequently passed to the dwellings of the natives, destroying the plantations of fruit-trees and culinary vegetables, which always surround them. It likewise terrified those natives that accidentally met with it, and who were unacquainted with its appearance and habits. But it shewed no ill-natured disposition, and readily allowed itself to be driven back to the inclo- sure, like a Buffalo. The excessive excavations which it made by continually wal- lowing in the mire, and the accumulation of putrefying vegetable matter, in process of time became offensive at the entrance of the Palace, and its removal was ordered by the Emperor, to a small village near the confines of the capital, where, in the year 1821, it was accidentally drowned in a rivulet. The Rhinoceros lives gregarious in many parts of Java. It is not limited toa particular region or climate, but its range extends from the level of the ocean to the summit of mountains of considerable elevation. I noticed it at Tangung, near the confines of the Southern Ocean, in the districts of the native Princes, and on the summit of the high peaks of the Priangan Regencies; but it prefers high situations. It is not generally distributed, but is tolerably numerous in circumscribed spots, distant from the dwellings of man, and covered with a profuse vegetation. On the whole, it is more abundant in the western than in the eastern districts of the Island. Its retreats are discovered by deeply excavated passages, which it forms along the declivities of mountains and hills. I found these occasionally of great depth and extent. In its manners, the Rhinoceros of Java is comparatively mild. It is not unfre- quently met in the wilds by Europeans and by natives. No instance of its shewing a disposition to make an attack has come to my knowledge; being the largest animal in Java, its passions are not roused, as in many parts of India, by contentions with the Elephant. It is rarely seen in a domestic state, but it is occasionally decoyed into pits, and destroyed. Our animal rambles chiefly at night, and often occcasions serious injury to the plantations of coffee and pepper, which are laid out in the fertile districts selected for its retreats. The horns and skin are employed for medicinal purposes by the natives. AUR i : "SMNVAVIVI SOWId Vi . 27a7ulOg MM NY DANOLOUT BY UMOLT TAPIRUS MALAYANUS. Orp. VI’ PacuyDERMES, Cuvier. 2° Famille. Pachydermes ordinaires, 9° Division. Orv. VI. Betivus, Linn. Syst. Orv. V. Muutuncuta, Llliger. Fam. 20, Nasuta. TAPIRUS, Cuv. Briss. Schreb. Fischer, Illiger, &e. HyDROCHOERUS Eraleb. Cuar. Gen. Dentium formula: Primores =, Laniarii =, Molares =. Primores inclusi, utrinque 6, contigui, subobliqui, supra quatuor intermedii incisorii, lateralis utrinque major, laniarium mentiens, infra quatuor intermedii superior- ibus zquales, lateralis utrinque minor. Laniari inclusi, supra a primoribus remoti, minimi; infra illis contigui, mediocres, primoribus superioribus exteri- oribus longitudine zquales. Molares supra utrinsecus 7 infra 6, complicati, coronide collinis rectiliniis duobus transversis. Rostrum acutum. Nasus elongatus mobilis. Auricule oblonge. Corpus pilis appressis rariusculis tectum. Cauda brevissima. Mamme............ Pedes antici tetradactyli digito externo breviore et minore, postici tridactyli. Ungues: ungulz omnes insistentes anticee. DUUVVTALUrVVvavvessaepsstsTANe Tapirus ejubatus niger, tergo lateribus abdominis uropygio auriumque apicibus albis. Tapirus Malayanus, Sir T. S. Raffles’s Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra. Trans. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 2. Le Maiba, Fred. Cuv. Mamm. lithogr. DESCRIPTION.—< The Malay Tapir resembles in form the American, and “ has a similar flexible proboscis, which is six or eight inches in length. Its general “‘ appearance is heavy and massive, somewhat resembling the hog. The eyes are «small. ‘The ears roundish, and bordered with white. The skin is thick and firm, “ thinly covered with short hair. There is no mane on the neck as in the American “ species. The tail is very short, and almost destitute of hair. The legs are short, “ and stout; the fore feet furnished with four toes, the hind feet with three. In the “ upper jaw there are seven molars on each side, one small canine inserted exactly “on the suture of the incisor bone, and in front six incisors, the two outer of “ which are elongated into tusks. In the under jaw there are but six molars; the “canines are large; and the number of the incisors, the outer of which are the TAPIRUS MALAYANUS. “ smallest, is the same as in the upper jaw.” (From the third in the upper, and the second in the lower jaw, the molars have individually two elevated transverse ridges, which are received into the corresponding grooves of the opposite sides; but the first and second in the upper, and the first in the lower jaw, have a longitu- dinal ridge, which, when the mouth is shut, passes the ridge on the opposite tooth obliquely.) “The general colour is glossy black, with the exception of the back, “rump, and sides of the belly, which are white, and separated by a defined line “ from those parts that are black.” : The preceding description is extracted from a Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, made in the Island of Sumatra, by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieut.-Governor of Fort Marlborough, and contained in the Thirteenth Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, published in May, 1821. This contains the substance of the original description by Major Farquhar, and com- municated by him to the Asiatic Society in 1816. The following account of a very young Tapir which Major Farquhar had alive in his house, forms part of a subse- quent communication to the Asiatic Society. “ It appears that until the age of four “ months it is black, and beautifully marked with spots and stripes of a fawn colour * above, and white below. After that period it began to change colour, the spots “ disappeared, and, at the age of six months, it had become of the usual colour of “ the adult.”. Major Farquhar says that he found this animal of a very mild and gentle disposition; that it became as tame and familiar as a dog; fed indiscrimi- nately on all kinds of vegetables, and was very fond of attending at table, to receive bread, cakes, or the like. “The living specimen,” Sir Stamford Raffles adds, “sent from « Bencoolen to Bengal, was young, and became very tractable. It was allowed to roam “ occasionally in the Park at Barrackpore, and the man who had charge of it, informed “me, that it frequently entered the ponds, and appeared to walk along the bottom « under water, and not to make any attempt to swim. The flesh is eaten by the “ natives of Sumatra. It is known by different names in different parts of the country. “ By the people of Limun it is called Saladang ; by those of the interior of Manna, ~ * Gindol; in the interior of Bencoolen, Babi Alu; and at Malacca, Tennu.” The following are the exact dimensions of two Malay Tapirs; one a male, de- scribed by Major Farquhar; the other a female, killed at Bencoolen. MALE. || FEMALE. Extreme length from the nose to the tail, measured Feet Inches.|| Feet. Inches. along the back........ fis HIME SE Iie De oats Raidastbacee ete 6 10; |) 8 I Circumference of the body Ons Teight, offathe shoulder). Wes) Seat isn dhe cccctee oes oes be By 8) A 3. 9 Ditto of the haunch TAPIRUS MALAYANUS. ‘To these extracts from the accounts of Major Farquhar and of Sir T. 8. Raffles, which comprise all the information that has hitherto been communicated from Sumatra relating to the Malayan Tapir, I have only to add an account of the discovery of this interesting animal. ‘The first intelligence of its existence in Sumatra was given to the Government of Fort Marlborough at Bencoolen, in the year 1772, by Mr. Whalfeldt, who was employed in making a survey of the coast. In the month of April of that year, it is noticed in the records, that Mr. W. laid before the Government his observations on the places southward of Cawoor, where he met with the Tapir at the mouth of one of the rivers. He considered it to be the Hippopotamus, and described it by that name; but the drawing which accompanied the report, identifies his animal with the Tapir. This mistake in the name may readily be explained, when it is recollected that in the Tenth Edition of the Systema Nature of Linnezus, the Tapir is placed as a species of Hippopotamus, while in the Twelfth Edition no mention is made of that animal. The learned Author of the History of Sumatra, William Marsden, Esq. was at this time Secretary to the Government at Bencoolen; and the Public owes to his zeal in collecting every valuable information relating to that Island, the first notice of the existence of this animal, which is by the Malays in many places denomi- nated Kuda-ayer, literally Hippo-potamus. After the first discovery in 1772, the Tapir was not observed for a considerable period. From the same Catalogue of Sir T. S. Raffles, which has furnished the preceding description, it appears that in the year 1805, a living specimen was sent to Sir George Leith, when Lieutenant- Governor of Penang. It was afterwards observed by Major Farquhar in the vicinity of Malacca. A drawing and description of it were communicated by him to the Asiatic Society in 1816, and a living subject was afterwards sent to the Managerie at Barrackpore from Bencoolen. At this place a drawing was made by Mr. Diard in the year 1818, which, accompanied by an extract from the description of Major Farquhar, was communicated to his friends in Paris, where, in March, 1819, M. Fred. Cuvier published it in his large Lithographic Work on the Mammalia of the Menagerie in Paris. In the month of September, 1820, the first specimen of the Malayan Tapir was received in England from Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, with the general Zoolo- gical Collection of Mammalia and Birds, the descriptive catalogue of which being contained in the Thirteenth Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, has been already referred to. This specimen of the Tapir was accompanied by a TAPIRUS MALAYANUS. complete skeleton, and the thoracic and abdominal viscera preserved in spirits of wine; and in giving this concise narrative, I am happy to state that Sir Everard Home has been enabled by these materials to illustrate the resemblance between the Sumatran and American species, in a manner highly instructive and interesting both to the Zoologist and the comparative Anatomist, in a paper read before the Royal Society, in the month of April of the present year, and which will appear in the volume of the Society’s Transactions now in the press. The specimen deposited in the Museum of the Honourable East India Com- pany, agrees in length and circumference of the body with the female, of which the dimensions are given by Sir Stamford Raffles ; it measures a few inches less in height at the shoulder and at the haunch. It is in a perfect state of preservation. In the Plate which illustrates this article, it is very faithfully represented by the pencil of Mr. William Daniell; and a desire to communicate to the Public, without delay, an accurate figure of this interesting animal, will, I hope, be accepted as an apology for introducing it into the first number of this Work. “8EIT 74d QeILIC DyoyUuepVeT UI?) YY At 119409 7 ‘INQs Our AQ LPYSI2ONS Ulpue TATU T MY My UmPLT “MVILNOW SMAW HMO 400g 2ug CERVUS MUNTJAK. <= *— Orv. VII™ Ruminans, Cuvier. Orv. V. PEecora, Linn. Syst. Orp. VII. Bisutca, Iliger. Fam. 25, Capreoli. - CERVUS, Linn. Briss. Eraleb. Schreb. Bodd. Cuv. Illig. Cuar. Gen.— Denies primores supra nulli, infra octo incisorii. Lanzara plerumque nulli, paucis (Tarando, Elapho) superiores parvi solitarii inclusi: (uno hucusque ~ cognito (C. Muntjak) exserti longissimi. Horsf.) Diastema inter primores et molares. Molares abrupti contigui obversi complicati tritores, utrinque seni. Rostrum productum aut chilomate aut rhinario instructum. Sinus lacrymales. Cerata frontalia decidua ossea plerumque ramosa, feminis sepius nulla, Awr- cule mediocres acuminate. Cauda brevissima. Mamme aperte quatuor inguinales. Pedes distincti ambulatorii bisulci, digitis duobus insistentibus, duobus szpius amotis parvis. Ungues: ungule due insistentes, et plerumque due succenturiate. Iliger. | PADEUA VEDA LALA TATATAELeTeTE ATES Cervus cornibus caule elongato insidentibus basi bipartitis ramo altero elongato sub- contorto apice uncinato altero brevi acuto, laniariis exsertis longissimis, sinubus lacrymalibus maximis, facie rugosa sulcata. Munijak, in the language of the Sunda Javanese, spoken in the western parts of the Island in the mountainous districts from Cheribon to Bantam. Kidang, in the Javanese language properly so called, employed in all the districts east of Cheribon. Kijang, in the Malayan language and in Sumatra. Marsden’s Hist. of Sumatra, 1783, p. 94: and Third Edition, 1811, p.117, with a figure. Rib-faced Deer, Pennants Hist. of Quadr. Second Edition, 1781, p. 107, n. 50. Chevreuil des Indes, Allamand, Edition d’ Hist. Nat. de Buffon. Amsterdam, ac. 1780. Buff: Supp. tome 6, pl. XXVI. Cuv. Régne anim, p, 257, CERVUS MUNTJAK. Cervus Muntjak, der Muntsax, Zimmerman Geographische Geschichte des Mens- chen und der vierfiissigen Thiere, II. Band, p. 131. Leipzig, 1780. (From the communication of Pennant.) Cervus Muntjak, Boddaert Elen. anim. I. p. 136, Rotterdam, 1785. Cervus vaginalis, zd. ad. Cervus Muntjac, Schreb. Stiugthiere. Tab. 254. Syst. Linn. Ed. Gmel. I. p. 180. Fischer Zoognos. ILI. p. 458. Shaw's Gen. Zool. Vol. II. Part II. p. 301. Cervus Moschatus, Blainv. nouv. Bull. de la Soc. Phil. 1816, p. 77. Cervus subcornutus, 2d. id. Eincycl. Method. ILammalog. Par. M. A. G. Desmarest, 1822. p. 442. Cervus Muntjak ? Sir T. S. Raffles’s Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra, Tr. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 265. Cervus Muntjac, Desm. Encycl. 1. cit. p. 441. Cervus Moschus, d. id. ALTHOUGH a very common animal in the Islands of the Indian Archipelago, the Cervus Muntsak or Kipance has only in very recent periods been distinctly known in Europe. The first clear account of our animal, as it occurs in Java, was communicated to the Public by Mr. Pennant, in the Second Edition of his History of Quadrupeds, which was published in 1781; and the learned author of the History of Sumatra, soon after this period, mentioned it with the name of Kisane, by which it is distinguished in that Island. The name of Cervus Muntjak was first employed by Zimmerman, in the German Edition of his Geographical Zoology. Schreber pub- lished a copy of Allamand’s figure of this animal, as it occurs in Bengal, with an incorrect modification of the native name, which had been communicated to Zim- merman by Pennant. Since this period we find this name generally adopted by systematic writers, as appears by the preceding references. Mr: Allamand had an opportunity, in the year 1778, of examining an animal, brought in a living state to Amsterdam from Bengal, which had all the characters of the Cervus Muntjak. He gave a very excellent description of it, with the name of CHRVREUIL DEs INDEs, in the edition of Buffon’s Natural History which he published in Holland; this was afterwards introduced, by the author himself, into the Sixth Volume of the Supple- ment of the Natural History of Quadrupeds and Birds, which appeared in 1782. The animal described by Allamand agrees in general character and in form with the | CERVUS MUNTJAK. Javanese Kidang, although it is sufficiently different in colour to constitute a variety. A detailed drawing of the head of the Rib-faced Deer from India, presented to the Honourable Company’s Museum by Dr. Francis Hamilton, exhibits this peculiar cha- racter of the face ; but the black lines which mark the forehead and the pedestals of the horns have a paler tint. Alamand illustrates his description with a good figure of the Indian Roe, which has been copied into several books on Natural History. Boddaert has described the Rib-faced Deer of Pennant asa species distinct from the Chevreuil des Indes of Allamand: the former—Cervus Muntjak, Bodd.—is charac- terized, cornibus trifartis uncinatis corpore crassiore facie sulcata ; the latter, which he names Cervus vaginalis, cornibus uniramosis parvis vaginis duabus convexis pilosis, ad os nasi coeuntibus, implantatis, sinubus lacrymalibus maximis. It will appear from the following details, that the horns, in the young Kidang, are undivided; that in the adult they are commonly bipartite and hooked (uncinate); that they are rarely trifid ; that the ribs of the face appear more distinct in the prepared specimens than in the animal during life; and that the species is always supplied with very large lacrymal sinuses. I have therefore considered Boddaert’s descriptions as applying to the same animal modified by age and circumstances. The specific character of Gmelin, founded on the description of Pennant, does not convey an accurate idea of our animal. I shall detail in the sequel my reasons for uniting in the table of Synonyms, the Cervus moschatus and the Cervus subcornutus of Dr. De Blainville, with the Cervus Muntjak. As several perfect specimens of the Kidang, which were forwarded from Sumatra by Sir Stamford Raffles, are contained in the Museum at the India House, a faithful drawing was prepared by Mr. Daniell, which I shall endeavour to illustrate by the fol- lowing description, adding some details regarding its history and peculiarities in Java. The name of MuntJak, introduced by Zimmerman as the specific name, is applied to our animal, in the Suada language, which is used in the western portion of the Island. In the Javanese language properly so called, which is employed in the eastern districts and at the Courts, the name is KiIpANG, which with a slight modifi- cation—Kisanc—is also employed in the Malayan language, and in most parts of Sumatra. : The distinguishing characters of the Cervus Muntjak consist in elongated pedestals supporting the horns, in canine teeth lengthened so as to constitute tusks, and in several large folds of the skin of the forehead, which in the prepared specimens CERVUS MUNTJAK. shew themselves in three distinct lines. These characters are represented with care and accuracy on the Plate of Illustrations which is added to this Number: one view exhibits, laterally, the naked skull, the other the anterior appearance of the head, covered with the integuments: the general outline of the skull agrees with that of the Cervus Elaphus, its peculiarities shew themselves in the following points. Near the upper extremity of the nasal bones, about three inches from the end of the muzzle, a rising commences on each side, forming a prominent ridge, rounded above, compressed and somewhat irregular at the sides, having nearly the dimensions of a small finger, and being continued on the outer margin of the skull, so as to constitute the base of the pedestal of the horns. A depression of the nasal bones, about three- fourths of an inch in breadth, intervenes between these two ridges at their origin, from which they gradually diverge, following the direction of the skull. Thus they continue, gradually increasing in size, until they have passed the orbits of the eye, where they enlarge by a lateral swelling, constituting an outer and inferior margin. Their form here is irregularly angular, being broader above, and having an even outer and inferior margin. They diverge now more abruptly from each other in a lateral direction, but in their ascent preserve the obliquity of the line bounding the skull above. Having passed the limits of the skull, they assume a cylindrical, some- what compressed form, and constitute, on each side, a pedestal three inches in length, which in its whole extent is covered with integuments and hair, and at the extremity is crowned with a notched margin or burr, supporting the horns. The surface of the skull, between the lateral ridges, is considerably excavated. The depression is deepest about an inch above the nasal bones. The frontal bones are united by a middle suture, extending to the nasal suture, in the direction of which, the skull has a gently rounded rising. This suture corresponds to the middle rib of the forehead, while the depressions on each side are calculated to receive the two lateral folds or ridges. All the sutures appear distinct on the surface, and agree with those of the other species of Cervus. The depressions for the reception of the lacrymal furrows are very extensive, and correspond to the remarkable size of these organs in our animal. The os unguis has a short, compressed process at the anterior margin of the orbit. The entire length of the cranium is nine inches. The length of the pedestal, from its origin at the orbit of the eye to the coronal margin, is five inches and one-fourth. The pedestal and horns together have a length of ten inches. The canine teeth are inserted into the jaw at its junction with the intermaxillary bone, to which they are applied for the space of half an inch. From a large and compressed base, which is obliquely fixed into the jaw, they are gradually attenuated, being curved in form of an arch, and tending at the same time obliquely outward. CERVUS MUNTJAK. They are extremely acute, and afford a powerful means of defence to the animal. A considerable space intervenes between the canine teeth and the grinders, along which the jaw is strongly compressed. The front teeth in the lower jaw, and the grinders in both, agree so completely with these teeth in the other species of Cervus, that they require no particular description. The Cervus Muntjak resembles the common Roe in form and general propor- tions ; but when in a state of full size and vigour, it exceeds that animal nearly one- fifth in dimensions. Its body is more lengthened, robust, and fleshy, while its limbs are more delicate and slender. Its name in the Sunda language expresses leaping or bounding; and, according to Mr. Marsden, the Kijang, with the Malayan poets, is the emblem of swiftness and wildness. The qualities of agility and spright- liness which characterize the Roe, belong to the Kidang in a more eminent degree. It is perhaps the most elegant and graceful animal of the genus to which it belongs. The drawing represents accurately its form and proportions; but it is not easy by a figure or by description to give an adequate idea of its beauty. The shortness of the tail is a defect to the appearance of the Roe; while the Kidang is provided with a tail of moderate length, the attitude of which in its rapid motions is highly ornamental. The outline of the head of our animal is similar to that of the Roe; it is, how- ever, somewhat more lengthened; the pedestals supporting the horns are more elevated, and the peculiar character of the horns distinguishes it at once from all other species of this genus. A reference to the anterior and lateral views which are given on the Plate, will better illustrate the form of the head, than a detailed description. The horns of the adult Kidang, in a perfect state, consist of one principal branch with a smaller additional antler, rising on the same base from the coronal margin of the pedestal, and projecting forward and inward. The latter is simple, very short, and from the common base one inch and a half in length. The principal branch, in the adult animal, is four inches and a half, and measured along its curve, five inches long. | It rises for the space of two inches, nearly erect, then forms a slight curve outward and forward, and, finally bending suddenly backward and inward, nearly at a right angle, forms a hook with an acute termination, the curve of which varies in different individuals. In its course it has a slight spiral curve, and is marked with deep longitudinal furrows, following in their direction the curve of the horn, tapering above into sharp ridges, having some irregularities in their course, but wanting those tubercles which occur on the horns in most species CERVUS MUNTJAK. of the Deer. ‘The base of the horns, at the union of the two branches, is com- pressed, and somewhat irregular. It is terminated by a burr, mewle in French, of an oblong form, surrounded by a margin decorated with numerous tubercles of irregular size and disposition, forming a rude capital. This is in part concealed. by the long bristly hairs which terminate the pedestals. After a certain period in the age of our animal, the horns are shed; but it remains for future inquiries to ascer- tain if the exchange, as in other species of Deer, is regular and annual: an anomaly which frequently occurs in the form of the horns, favours the opinion that the exchange is not regular. The most common deviation from the form above described, is an inequality in the horns of the opposite sides of the skull. This occurred in the Indian Roe described by Allamand. It also exists in a specimen of the anterior portion of the head, supporting the horns with the integuments of the face and adjoining parts, contained in a very perfect state of preservation in the | valuable and extensive Museum of Joshua Brookes, Esq., which he opens with great liberality for scientific consultation. A more singular anomaly exists in one of the specimens preserved in the Museum at the India House. The horn on the right side is perfectly regular; on the left side the principal branch has the usual direc- tion, but it is smaller than that on the opposite side; the anterior antler has the common origin and direction, but it is comparatively short and obtuse; a third antler, rising opposite to this from the same base, is slender, erect, and acute; the coronal base is considerably distorted, and the horn generally has a dwarfish appearance. In the female the place of the horns is marked with a tuft of black hairs. The relative size and direction of the principal branch and the antler, likewise varies occasionally in different individuals. The horns of the first growth of our animal have a character very different from that now described: they are short, simple, somewhat subulate, nearly erect, or slightly bent inward, and covered with small tubercles. The pedestals are greatly compressed, and destitute of any coronal margin or burr to support them. A skull contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, tends to explain the appearances which the horns exhibit in different ages; it belonged to an animal that had recently attained its full size. I have with scrupulous accuracy compared its dimensions in all points, with a perfect skull of an adult animal belonging to the Museum at the India House, and have found them strictly to agree. The peculi- arities of the skull at the College are the following :—The sutures are very distinct in all parts, and in several places the bones are still disunited. The canine teeth are completely formed, very perfect, smooth, and entire, and have none of the CERVUS MUNTJAK. fractures and irregularities which, from long continued use, appear in the other speci- mens. The first grinder in the upper jaw is not yet developed; it appears partially at the margin of the jaw; the other grinders are very perfect, and crowned with elevated sharp points, not in the least degree worn by mastication. In the lower jaw the points only of the three anterior grinders appear at the margin of the jaw, and, judging from their projection, they were, during the life of the animal, almost entirely concealed by the gums. The slenderness of the pedestals gives them the appearance of greater length than in the adult; but being brought into actual com- parison, I found them somewhat shorter. The lateral ridges are comparatively little prominent, and the anterior excavation of the skull is inconsiderable. A drawing of the skull of the Cervus Muntjak, or Kijang, published in the year 1811, by Mr. Marsden, in the Third Edition of the History of Sumatra, exhibits the skull of the animal with horns of the first growth; and the following statements will tend to shew, that no reasonable doubt can be entertained of the fact, that the drawing was made from a specimen which is now deposited in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of London. In the year 1792, Mr. Marsden received from the Resident of Bencoolen a drawing of the Sumatran Kijang, made by Mr. William Bell, well known by the account of the Sumatran Rhinoceros, which is contained in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1793. At the same time Mr. John Hunter also received a collection of osteological preparations from the same gentleman, who had been his pupil: among these was contained the skull of the male Kijang, provided with horns and tusks, having precisely the character of Mr. Marsden’s figure. The only notice which accompanied the drawing was its representing the skull of the Sumatran Kijang, and its having been made by Mr. Bell; and the result of my inquiries on this subject is confirmed by Mr. Marsden’s opinion, that it is in the highest degree probable that the skull which he sent to John Hunter’s Collection, was the identical specimen which he had thought deserving of being figured. I have accordingly united the Cervus moschatus of Dr. De Blainville, which was founded exclusively on the skull above mentioned, con- tained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, with the Cervus Muntjak. It is also necessary, by a few concise remarks, to state my reasons for giving, in the pre- ceding references, the name of the Cervus subcornutus of Dr.De Blainville,as a synonym of the Cervus Muntjak. The Cervus subcornutus was established, with the Cervus moschatus, from a cranium in the Hunterian Collection; and as Dr. De Blainville has with great caution observed, that both species should be admitted only provi- sionaily, I have extracted from the Bulletin des Sciences his original description, CERVUS MUNTJAK. and subjoined it in a note.* A very careful comparison, and a nice application of measures, both to the skull contained in the Museum of the College, which served for Dr. De Blainville’s description, and to the skull of the Cervus Muntjak, hasin a satisfactory manner convinced me that they belong to individuals of the same species. The imperfect state of the anterior portion of the skull contained in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, renders the characters, drawn from the defect of the canine teeth, liable to serious doubts, which are stated by Dr. De Blainville himself in the provisional definition of the species. The face affords a peculiar character to the Cervus Muntjak; it differs in a small degree in the living animal, and in the prepared specimens found in collections. In the former there exist two rough folds of the skin, which are considerably dis- tended and elevated; they are separated about an inch and a half above; and * Extrait d'une memoire: sur plusiers espéces danimaux mammiferes de Vordre des Ruminans ; par M. H. De Blainville. « Dans la seconde section du g. Cerf M. De Blainville, donne les caracteres de deux espéces dont il n’a vu, il est vrai, que le crane plus ou moins complet.” « Le premiére, quil propose de désigner sous le nom de Cervus Moschatus, a des bois trés-courtes, simples, coniques, un peu courbés en dehors et en arriére, trés tuberculeux, sans meules 4 leur base, portés sur de trés-longs_ pédicules comprimés, s’excavant en dedans et dont la racine se prolonge de chaque cété du chanfrein, de maniére a former une sorte de gouttiere dans toute la longueur de celuici. La machoire est en outre armée de deux longues canines tout 4 fait semblables a celles du WM. Moschiferus. M. De Bl. a vu de cette espéce une téte osseuse bien complete, provenant de Sumatra, mais sous aucune autre espéce de renseignement.”” « La seconde qu'il nomme C. subcornutus, ne lui est également connue que par une crane, mais sans os incisifs et sans machoire inférieure. Les bois de cette espece sont sensiblement plus grands et plus forts que dans la précédente, ils ont une meule bien formée, un petit andouiller simple, conique, un peu recourbé a la partie antérieure de Ja base du merrain, qui est terminé supérieurement par une pointe conique et fortement recourbée en arriére et en dedans; le pédoncule qui les porte est beaucoup plus fort, plus épais, mais un peu moins long et plus surbaissé, que dans l’espéce précédente ; sa racine forme de chaque coté du chanfrein une arréte encore plus saillante, mais moins prolongée.—I1 n’y a aucune trace des dents canines, et en outre, la comparaison minuteuse des différentes parties de ce crane ne permet aucune espéce de rapproachement avec le précedent.” «¢ M. De BL cherche ensuite si ces deux espéces étoient connues: il lui semble évident que la seconde a au moins beaucoup de rapports avec le Chevreuil des Indes de Buffon, observé et décrit vivant par Allamand, et qu ‘il parait que Gmelin a désigné sous le nom du Muntjac, sans cependant citer cet auteur, mais qu’elle ne lui est pas parfaitement identique. En effet le Chevreuil des Indes a ses bois, a ce qu'il parait, entiérement conformés comme le C. subcornutus ; mais celui-ci n’a aucune trace de dents canines, dont celui-la est pourvu; ainsi, 4 moins qu’on ne considére la téte décrite par M. De BI., comme ayant appartenu a un individu femelle du Cerf. Muntjac, et qui alors aurait des bois, on doit la regarder, au moins momentanement, comme une espéce distincte ; yay a la premiere, c'est a dire C. Moschatus, M. De Bl. n’a trouvé aucun auteur qui en fasse mention.” Bulletin des Sciences, par La Société Philomatique de Paris. Année 1816, p. 77 et 78. CERVUS MUNTJAK. following the direction of the prominent sides of the forehead, they unite below, so as to mark the face with the letter V. In the dried subject the folds are con- tracted, and three distinct ribs appear, which have suggested to Pennant the name of Rib-faced Deer: they are carefully represented in the drawing. The face is broad above, and gradually contracted towards the muzzle: at the sides it is bounded by two ridges, between which a considerable depression is observed, corresponding in form and outline to the skull. It is pervaded by two grooves, nearly one-fourth of an inch in depth, which arising opposite to the superior angle of the eye, gradually approach each other. In the middle of the face is a less distinct line: it rises on the forehead, and following the direction of the frontal suture, terminates with the lateral grooves at the lower extremity of the lacrymal sinus. The grooves are lined with delicate hair; their surface is glandular, and affords a peculiar secretion. The muzzle is nearly smooth, slightly tapering, and naked from the commencement of the nostrils to the tip, which is obtuse. The nostrils are lateral, narrow above, slightly curved, broad and rounded at the extremity. The eyes are remarkably beautiful and brilliant, and the irides brown. The lacrymal furrows have the same situation as in the stag, and are of great extent; they constitute a cavity, or sac, of a semilunar form, of considerable depth, surrounded at the external aperture with a series of bristly hairs, and lodged in a deep corresponding cavity of the skull: the form of this is distinctly exhibited.on the Plate of Illustrations. A few straggling delicate bristles are scattered over the face near the nostrils, and over the lower lip and chin. The ears are of moderate size, erect, oval, and internally bordered with a series of beautiful white hairs. The face is marked with two black lines, following the direction of the lateral ridges, and continued along the pedestals to the coronal margins by which they are terminated. The general colour of our animal is reddish brown, but it varies on different parts in its intensity. The specimens belonging to the Museum at the India House have a reddish brown tint, inclining to fulvous; it is glossy, and more saturated along the highest part of the neck and back; the sides are lighter, inclining to fawn colour, and the under parts of the abdomen and neck have a tawny hue. The inside of the thighs, the region of the pubes, and the under side of the tail, are white: the chin and lower jaw are whitish. ‘The head and upper portion of the face have a darker reddish brown tint than the back; towards the muzzle the colour becomes black, with a variegation of gray. The lower part of the thighs and the legs are dark brown, slightly variegated with gray, which tint becomes more saturated towards the extremity; but a streak of reddish brown extends along the legs posteriorly towards the tarsus, where it becomes dark and blackish. The hoofs have a blueish horny colour; they are elevated and delicate; the spurious hoofs are minute and distant; the tarsus has a direction obliquely CERVUS MUNTJAK. forward, which, with the delicacy of the legs, increases the sprightly appearance of our animal. The texture of the hairs is firm; they are rigid, bristly, and closely applied to the body, so that the appearance of the Kidang is generally sleek. A naked horny point serves to attach them to the skin, as in the European Roe; this is perfectly white; towards the extremity the tint has different shades and modifi- cations, agreeably to the external colour. The hairs are arranged in close contact, but have no woolly appendage at the base, and thus constitute a covering adapted to the climate; they are lengthened on some parts, and their distribution affords various ornamental tufts to our animal; one of the most conspicuous of these is along the course of the pedestals of the horns, and at their termination. The colour of the Cervus Muntjak varies in different periods of the year, and in different countries. 'The female also, at least in Java, is darker than the male. The reddish brown tint of the male, in the female is diversified with gray. This is the colour of the Indian Roe described by Allamand; and while our animal agrees with that in the structure of the horns, in the size and disposition of the lacrymal furrows, and in all the essential characters, it cannot be considered as specifically different, in consequence of a slight modification of colour. The drawing already mentioned from the collections of Dr. Hamilton, representing the head of the Rib- faced Deer, agrees in the reddish brown tint with the Javanese animal; but the lines passing along the face and horns are dark brown instead of black. The prepa- ration in the Museum of Mr. Brookes has the same tint; but the form of the horns, and the ribs of the face, agree strikingly with our animal. As far as I have been able to determine from the specimens, figures, and from descriptions, I consider the Chevreuil des Indes of Allamand, the Rib-faced Deer of Pennant and Hamilton, and the Kidang, or Kijang, of the Indian Islands, as belonging to the same species, the Cervus Muntjak of Zimmerman. Although the Cervus Muntjak resembles the Cervus Capreolus, or Roe, in many points, yet in determining its situation in a natural series, it is necessary to take a general view of all the species of Cervus hitherto discovered: it will then appear, that in several essential characters our animal differs from the Roe, and resembles the Cervus Elaphus. Among the characters, from which the species of Cervus have been arranged into groups, the elevation of the horns on pedestals is one ; but it does not associate the species in a natural manner. This character occurs in the Cervus Capreolus, in the Cervus Pygargus, in several American species of Deer resembling the Roe, to which the Cervus subulatus of Mr. Brookes belongs, and in the Cervus Muntjak. But this character is of a relative nature; and a pedestal CERVUS MUNTJAK. ‘supporting the horns exists in all species of Cervus, as is rendered evident on exa- mination of the skull, The characters which most obviously distinguish the Cervus Capreolus and the Cervus Muntjak, are the canine teeth and the lacrymal furrows: the latter are entirely wanting in the C. Capreolus, while their amplitude in the Chevreuil des Indes and in the C. Elaphus is pointed out by Allamand in the following terms.—“ Au-dessous (les yeux) sont deux larmiers trés remarquables par leur grandeur et leur profondeur, comme ceux du Cerf;” and the canine teeth of the latter, although short, afford another important character of agreement between it and the Cervus Muntjak. DIMENSIONS. Feet Inches Lines, Length of the body and head, from the extremity of the nose tOMche Lootgofntheytailh-cnsbec.. Jeeves. onecerasessedences ces: ae) name 4 0; 0 FO CGASAANGHEC Gliese eerntess cue oadacc cuancee send eee ease, canto k teal scot LOU 7 a0) Sabie ...-. from the extremity of the nose to the point of the horns 1 3 0 Soop banesiaceece LDS IEEE 6s € ope csbugcnuee Mee een eno nce RouMECn ao see coscre LD MUne pauea( eebabbenboeoee themmakcedy skal ic. ets seo c.iaa orev neeateereseset sss (On. Our O Sangodocbaccens the pedestal of the horns, from its origin at the orbit of the eye, to the coronal margin .................. Oona Sco ssopnieocosns the naked pedestal projecting beyond the skull ...... 0 3 0 Sbabec acocinaboo the pedestaliwathuthe shorn .s2scde.ce-cccc-ocees-e-cneeeseoos O10 4,0 Sedo mars the prneipalibranch of the horns)i...:-.-.. OD TV a FALCO CHRULESCENS. ————= 1 = 9 GS Orv. I* Les O1sEaux DE Proie, Cuvier. 1° Famille. Les Diurnes. 2° Division. Les Faucons. Orp. I Rapaces, Temminck. Orp. I. Accir1trEs, Linn. Syst. Orv. III. Rapratores, Idiger. Fam. 18. Accipitrini. FALCO, Linn. Lath. Cuv. Temminck. Illiger. CHAR. GEN.—Vide Falco Ichthyztus. RDU STOTT VT VDVTOTOTOTVVVOTOUTVIVVTVW Falco nigro-cerulescens subtus ferrugineus, hypochondriis tibiis postice plagaque laterali colli atris, remigibus rectricibusque intus albo fasciatis. Allap, or Allap-allap, of the Javanese. Falco cerulescens, Linn. Syst. 1. p. 129. 9.—Gmel. Syst. 1. p. 285.—Lath. Ind. — Orn. p. 50.—Gen. Zool. Vol. VII. Part 1, p. 208. Falco Bengalensis, Briss. VI. App. p. 20. Falco parvus indicus, Ger. Orn. 1. p. 66. ¢. 44. f. 1. Little black and orange Indian Hawk, Edw. 7. 108. Bengal Falcon, Lath. Syn. 1. p. 112. 97. IN giving in the present Number of these Researches the figure of the Falco cerulescens of Linnzus, I have in some degree deviated from the plan which I proposed to myself at the commencement; but as I have been enabled to offer to the patrons of the Work four original figures in Ornithology, I concluded it would not be unacceptable to them to meet, at the side of the largest species of Falcon which Java produces, another bird, remarkable on account of its minuteness and beauty. The Public has long been acquainted with the Falco czrulescens, which is considered as the smallest of the genus, and was first described by Edwards in his Natural History of Birds, published in the year 1750, from a specimen forwarded to Dr. Mrap from Bengal. FALCO CA;RULESCENS. ‘The Falco cerulescens, as it occurs in Java, has presented to me the following observations. It has a very robust fabric. The bill has a double notch, which is deeper than in any other species belonging to the “Falcones proprie sic dictt” of Bechstein that Ihave examined. The entire length is six inches and an half. Upper parts blueish black, and glossy. Throat, breast, axilla, sides of the neck, forehead, and a line continued from the environs of the bill over the eye and along the neck, white, with a ferruginous tint. Lower part of the breast, abdomen, vent, and thighs, ferru- ginous. Hypochondria, thighs posteriorly, and a broad patch extending from the eye along the side of the head, black; the plumes which cover the thighs behind, are terminated. by long silky filaments, or radii, which are straggling and pendulous, and by their laxity and irregularity afford a peculiar character to our bird. This is not noticed by Edwards in the description of the specimen which he delineated. From the General Zoology it appears that in one specimen, which was considered a male bird, the under parts agreed with the bird as found in Java, excepting the colour and distribution of the plumes just mentioned. In the bird figured by Edwards, the under parts were bright orange-yellow, and it exceeded our bird nearly one inch in length. I became acquainted with the Falco caerulescens in the year 1806, in the eastern districts of Java: here I obtained a single individual. I had no opportunity of observing its manners personally, but the natives described it as uncommonly bold in the pursuit of small birds. During the latter period of my abode at Surakarta, several individuals were brought to me from the range of southern hills, which are covered with forests. In other parts of the Island I have not observed it. ni by 15 app as Naan ny Lived ieee hy Ty i aaah. mp Wynn by Ly neers (AOL, ha Beret OR Wea Pik Me) Printed by C Halimande é FALCO LIMNAETUS. London. Lab: by Kingsbury, Parbury, and Allen, Leadenhall Street, April, 1828. FALCO LIMNAETUS. SPO Orp. It Les O1szavx DE Prore, Cuvier. 1° Famille. Jes Diurnes. g® Division. Les Faucons. Orp. If Rapaces, Zemminck. Orv. I. Acciritres, Linn. Syst. Orp. III. Raptatorss, Iliger. Fam. 18, Accipitrini. FALCO, Linn. Lath. Cuv. Temm. Ilig. CuHar. GEN.—Rostrum mediocre crassiusculum, aduncum, compressum, basi ceri- gerum, tomiis maxillaribus szepius dentigeris. Nares \aterales, ad marginem anticum ceromatis site, rotundate, patule, aperte. Lingua cartilaginea, apice acuta sepius fissa. Caput plumis densis tectum. Pedes mediocres, validi, insidentes, sepius hirsuti aut semihirsuti. Tarsus digito medio longior. Acrotarsia aut scutulata, aut clypeata, aut reticulata. Acro- dactyla scutulata. Ungues validi, incurvi, acutissimi. Pelma torulosum sca- brum. Iiliger. DRUWVUVTWTLVVOTVTVT OTITIS DODUDTTIVVTe Falco fuscus, cauda subtus preter apicem albido-cinerea, tarsis usque ad extremi- tatem dense plumosis. Wuru-rawa, of the Javanese. Falco Limneetus, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. _ Vol. XIII. p. 138. . Autour Unicolore, Nouveau Recueil de Pl. coloriées doiseaux, &c. par C. J. Temminck et M. Laugier, &c. &c. &c. 23 Livr. Pl. 134, Male adulte. Lake Falcon, Gen. Hist of Birds by J. Latham, M. D. Second Edition, 1821, Vol. I. p. 164, n. 89. THE Falco Limneetus is full two feet in length. The bill is shorter than the head, strongly compressed, and regularly curved from the base to the apex, which FALCO LIMNAZETUS. is acute and lengthened. The cutting edges of the upper mandible are deeply emar- ginate: the lower mandible is entire, and the point obliquely truncated. The cere is rather narrow. The nostrils are large, oval, and_ transversely disposed. The wings are shorter than the tail. The quill feathers, from the first to the sixth, are notched internally, and from the second to the seventh externally ; the first is short; the second and third increase successively ; the fourth and fifth are nearly equal, and longer than the others; from the fifth they gradually decrease in length. The legs: are somewhat elevated, and the tarsi are closely covered with plumes to the extre- _mity. The anterior claws are small, and nearly of equal size on all the toes; the claw of the hind toe is slightly enlarged. The general colour of the Falco Limneetus is dark brown: this covers every part except the base of the tail underneath, the eyes, the bill, and the feet and claws. It is deeper on the summit of the head, and on the extremity of the quill and tail feathers. In a certain position towards the light, the colour has a fulvous lustre. The tail consists of twelve feathers, which underneath are white at the base, and throughout nearly two-thirds of their length. The irides are yellow. The eye is sur- rounded by a space of a brown colour, on which the plumes are scattered very sparingly. The cere is blueish. The Falco Limneetus is described by M. Temminck, in the 23d Livraison of the new Series of coloured Plates of Birds, with the appropriate denomination of Autour Unicolore, and Mr. T. has preserved, for the systematic name, that which - was given to our bird in the Catalogue of Javanese Birds, contained in the XIIIth Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society. It was not till after the drawing which illustrates this article had been completed, that I had an opportunity of con- sulting M. Temminck’s description. This distinguished Ornithologist, whose remarks are always in the highest degree instructive, has entered into some discussion regard- ing the identity of the Falco Limnezetus and the Falco niveus, a new species like- wise from Java; and he has suspended his final decision until he should receive further information by remarks made on the spot. The facts which fell under my own notice, support the opinion that they are really distinct. Although the Falco niveus is not contained in the Catalogue above mentioned, I had an opportunity of observing its manners, and attending to the changes of its plumage, during many months that I had an individual in confinement. A careful drawing was also pre- pared; but as, by an accidental oversight, no specimen was prepared, the bird was not included in the Catalogue, which embraces those subjects only which are arranged in the Museum at the India House. The history of this bird I propose to give in FALCO LIMNAETUS. another place. I shall now only add, that both the testimony of the natives, and the remarks I personally made on the manners of our. bird, have fully conyance’ me that the Falco niveus is a species distinct from the Falco Limneetus. The extensive materials which M. Temminck received from Java, have enabled him to give a very beautiful figure of our bird, representing it in its most perfect state.of plumage. I was limited to a single specimen, in which the slight modifi- cation of a reddish tint on the head was less distinct. The external covering is very uniform in our specimen, and it was of a habit less full than that figured by M. Temminck, in consequence of which the tarsi appear considerably elevated. But it sufficiently accords with M. 'Temminck’s description, both in respect to the colour and the proportion of parts; and lengthened tarsi constitute, agreeably to the opinion of this distinguished naturalist, a peculiar character both of the Falco niveus and the Falco Limnezetus. The bill is represented in our figure, in a small degree too large in proportion to the size of the head. Indeed the smallness of the bill has appeared to me to afford a peculiarity; and as M. Temminck has made a remark on the view I have taken of the characters of this Bird, I shall add it in his own words.—«“ Les caractéres pris des doigts et des ongles de cet oiseau, servent 4 M. H. pour établir les différences propres 4 reconnaitre cet olseau de toute autre espéce. Elles peuvent étre employées comparativement aux autres espéces de rapaces Javans, mais on n’ en saurait faire usage comme moyen de comparaison dans la grande série des rapaces diurnes, parmi lesquels on trouve des espéces 4 doigts beaucoup plus courts, et a ongles plus égales entre elles.” In the Catalogue, however, already referred to, the bill is mentioned in conjunction with the smallness of the toes, and the plumose covering of the tarsi—“ & Orp. II™ Les PassEREAUX, Cuvier. 1° Famille. Les Dentirostres. Orp. III® InsEctivores, Temminck. Orp. VI. PassEeres, Linn. Syst. Orv. II. Amputatores, Idlger. Fam.11. Canori. TIMALIA, Nobis. CHARACTER GENERICUS.—Vide Timalia pileata. SSS San eee aa ae hate hat anata tat at arene Timalia supra fusca remigibus rectricibusque saturatioribus, subtus flavescens late- ribus olivaceis, gula pectoreque luteis lineis sagittatis notatis. _Motacilla gularis, Si 7. S. Raffies’s MS. Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra. Burung-Puding, of the Inhabitants of Sumatra. THE entire length of the Timalia gularis is five inches. Upper parts brown, with a rufous tint; inclining to olivaceous on the nape and back; deeper, and saturated on the crown of the head, wings, and tail. Underneath, yellowish; sides of the abdomen bounded by gray, with an olivaceous cast. Throat and breast intensely yellow, marked with black lines, gradually wider at their lower extremity, and having a sagittate form. Eye encircled by a patch of blueish-gray. Bill brown; tip and lower mandible lighter, having a plumbeous hue. Feet brownish-gray. The white colour of the axilla shews itself in a small spot on the margin of the wing. Plumes of the hypochondriz, thighs, and vent, long, pendulous, and decompound. Native of the Island of Sumatra; whence it was sent to the Museum of the Honourable East India Company by Sir T. 8. Rarrces. ie Bees, PES a a x : Se Pipe” aes MOTTE SY yyeol pill into lt ; a a 7 « ae i] oy ae ot to dibgtiat anita HE i orion odetih aot: esting st tose act mo: Netuites Oke Oia roe bees! gid ath nodsoqer), aft to aoa: k cae Ret ovine, PERL OM ore ats op ey Ns sts th atte Sonainelaaciend SOE PG ee aR NOR, ot es : % te ae: Bae if) ee Pi ee See ti : i % To aun IE ea 4. | Sala 4} he Ge: cestt-} eg 8 fede y Z 2 wy ve Vy s ed eae yr i ay Z rer ‘ pe f i Pa VA Ee Br a ) SPA Per eeiait crs REAR psa Santas fn ean cathe pote Pein isine. Sizer ratnprt nat sane aibeaee : IORA SCAPULARIS. IORA SCAPULARIS. Sa SS SS Orp. II® Les PasserEaux, Cuvier. 1° Famille, Les Dentirostres. Orp. III™ Insectivores, Temminck. Orv. VI. PassEres, Linn. Syst. Orp. II. AmputatTores, Illiger. Fam. 11, Canori. IORA, Nobis. CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS.—Rostrum mediocre, rectum, validiusculum, squaliter attenuatum, culmine rotundato. Mandibula robusta. Tomia dilatata, recta, acuta, diaphana, maxillaria emarginata. Ale breves, obtuse. Cauda mediocris, subrotundata. CHARACTER NATURALIS.—Rostrum longitudine caput «quans, rectum, validius- culum, basi latius, equaliter attenuatum, cuneiforme, culmine rotundato, leviter arcuato, post nares extenso, apice vix inflexo. Mandibula gnathidiis robusti- oribus, gonyde elongato, attenuato. Tomia dilatata, recta, acuta, diaphana, maxillaria ad apicem rostri leviter emarginata. Nares ovatz, parve, in fovea elongata antice attenuata sitz. Alz breves, obtuse. Remiges: prima spuria, quarta ad septimam externe tenuiter sinuate; tertia ad octavam longiores, subzquales, secunda abrupte, nona et sequentes gradatim breviores. Cauda mediocris, subrotundata. Pedes mediocres, congrui. Tarsus digito medio dimidio longior. Aeropodia obscura, scutulata. Digiti antici debiles, medio cum externo basi coalito; hallux validi- usculus. Ungues antici debiles, postico valido, fortius curvato: infra laminis sepius ab usu patulis, tenuis fissuris divisis. ArFinitas.—lIéra generi Sylvie pluribus notis affinitatem prabet, attamen rostro longiore, zqualiter attenuato, maxilla mandibulaque validis, tomiisque dilatatis, rectis, acutis, diaphanis manifeste discrepat. Iéra__ olivaceo-viridi-flava, remigibus nigricantibus externe flavido interne albo marginatis, alis maculis albis confluentibus scapulis parallelis notatis, abdomine pectoreque flavis. IORA SCAPULARIS. Cheetoo, of the Javanese. Iéra scapularis, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 152. Turdus scapularis, Sir T. S. Raffles’s Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra, Linn. Trans. Vol. XII. p. 311. Scapular Wagtail, Gen. Hist. of Birds by ae Latham, M. D. Second nih 1823, Vol. VI. p. 336, N. 25. THE Iora scapularis has various points of affinity both to the genus Sylvia and to Motacilla, and it is not easy to determine to which it be most nearly related. According to the views of many Ornithologists, it would be arranged in the former genus. The celebrated Dr. Latham, who first established this genus, has assigned a predominance to those characters which associate it with the Wagtails, and has described it with the name of Scapular Wagtail, in the Sixth Volume of the new Edition of the General History of Birds, which is now in progress of publication. The principles which have guided me in arranging the Systematic Catalogue of Birds from the Island of Java, contained in the XIIIth Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, have not permitted me to associate it either with Sylvia or Motacilla: I have therefore defined it as a distinct genus, with the name Iéra. In preparing a more detailed description for the present Number of these Researches, I have again instituted a careful comparison with the genus Sylvia, to which, according to my views, it is most nearly related, and I shall now detail the result. In the first place, it is necessary to remark, that the individuals composing the extensive genus Sylvia, have been divided by M. Temminck into six distinct sections, and that the second section has more particularly been kept in view in the following comparison. It appears, then, that the general habit of Idra, both regarding the form of the body and the proportion of. parts, is more compact. The body is short, the neck thick, and the head robust. The bill differs from that of the species of Sylvia with which I have compared it, in length, strength, and form: it is, in léra, as long as the head, of great strength, and very gradually attenuated. At the base the upper mandible is nearly angular; thence the sides have a very gentle rotundity, and meet in the culmen or back, which is strongly rounded above, and terminated, at the apex, with a very gradual curve. The rotundity of the sides is not distinctly perceived without a close examination; the bill, seen at a small distance, appears to be bounded by an even surface. The lower mandible, in parti- IORA SCAPULARIS. cular, is comparatively of great strength, and the sharp, erect, transparent, cutting edges, or tomia, afford a striking peculiarity: they are bounded by a straight line, and, in the upper mandible, have a notch at the extremity, which, though small, is very distinct. The bill, at the base, is broader than high, and very gradually and uniformly attenuated, so as to resemble a wedge. In Sylvia, on the contrary, the bill is slender, awl-shaped, and the sides are strongly rounded; the edges are bent inward; the lower mandible is small at the base, and the height of the bill exceeds the breadth: it is likewise considerably shorter than the head. The wings are proportionally shorter in Idra than in the second section of Sylvia; the quill feathers, from the fourth, in some instances from the third, to the seventh, are slightly emarginate exteriorly; and the almost equal length of these feathers, from the third to the eighth, renders the wings strictly obtuse. The tail, in proportion to the body, is shorter than in most sections of the genus Sylvia, which, however, considerably differ from each other in this point. The tarsi have the same proportional length as in Sylvia, but the toes are more robust ; the outer toe is united to the middle toe at the base. The claws, although compressed above, present, in the adult specimens, a character which appears to be the consequence of the pecu- liar habits of our bird: the points are much worn, and have the appearance of being used in scraping the bark of trees; the lamine, or plates which compose them, are often forcibly separated, and marked with slight scaly inequalities and fissures. In keeping the Iéra scapularis distinct from the extensive and multifarious genus Sylvia, and in proposing it as the type of a new genus, I gladly avail myself of the recent example of the celebrated M. Temminck, in a similar case. In the 29th Number of the Planches coloriées, he has figured two birds from Brazil, exhibiting the type of a new American genus, which he has named HyLopuiuus. This genus resembles Iéra in the strength of the bill, in the shortness of the wings, and in the rotundity of the tail; but it has a bill shorter in proportion to the head, more strictly wedge-shaped, tending more suddenly to a sharp point, and, in the figure, no notch is apparent, and the broad transparent cutting edges, which afford a distinguishing character to Idra, are not perceptible. I regret that M. Temminck has not given in the Number which contains the figures, a definition of the characters of this genus; but they are sufficiently evident to illustrate the views according to which he has established this genus. The entire length of the Iéra scapularis is five inches and a half; its weight four drams and one fourth. The general colour of the upper parts is olive green, IORA SCAPULARIS. inclining to yellow; it is more saturated on the back and neck, and becomes pale and yellowish on the coverts of the tail and forehead. The same colour, but more diluted, covers the abdomen and vent. The throat, breast, and cheeks have a bright lemon yellow tint. A narrow border of this colour also marks the outer margin of the quill and secondary feathers, while the latter have interiorly a whitish margin. Each of the greater coverts of the wing is terminated obliquely by a broad white band, and the disposition of these feathers occasions a single, or in some instances two irregular, nearly parallel, longitudinal lines on the wing. The general colour of the quill and secondary feathers is dark brown, inclining to black. The plumes of the lower part of the back and the abdomen, and hypochondriz, are greatly lengthened; and their filaments are soft, silky, and much subdivided, so as to con- stitute a thick coat surrounding these parts like a muff. The under side of the wing is brown at the extremity; a white discoloration extends obliquely backward, occasioned by the white border of the inner vane of the quill feathers. The tail consists of twelve feathers, which are close at the base, and inserted in a double series, above each other; the exterior feathers, and those that are lowest in their insertion, are somewhat shorter, so as to afford a moderate rotundity to the tail. The intermediate feathers are regular, and have an uniform tint of olive, inclining to brown; on the exterior feathers the inner vane is broader: they are somewhat obliquely inserted, and they have exteriorly, and at the extremity, a yellow border ; the shafts are deep brown. The irides have a white or pale yellow colour, and the bill and feet are blueish. The nostrils are posteriorly covered by a membrane, and a few short slender bristles, arising from the forehead, stretch over them. The Ira scapularis is a bird of social habits, and resorts to the vicinity of human dwellings : indeed it appears to have retired from the forests, and established itself in the trees and hedges which surround the villages and plantations. The structure of its wings does not enable it to take long continued excursions, but it shews itself by short and frequent flights between the trees and branches. It is most lively in the middle of the day, when, under a burning sun, the inhabitants uniformly retire to rest: early in the morning, and towards the approach of night, it is rarely perceived; but during the silence prevailing at noon, it enlivens the villages with the song of Cheetoo, Cheetoo, which it repeats at short intervals, during its sportive sallies between the branches. It feeds on small insects, and its economy is in some measure illustrated by the comparative length and sharpness of the bill, and by the broken or splintery state in which the claws are frequently found. The laminz, or plates which compose them, are separated, and the sides are marked with small fissures, which appear to be occasioned by incessant use in scraping the bark of trees. chit we ee vir ier ia aR. “Cllerer Ge ORIOLUS XANTHONOTTS. London. Lib. by Kingsbury, Farbury, Allen, Leadenhall Sivet Tp 1S 7 pb eos pH] C Crinleds OY & ORIOLUS XANTHONOTUS. Orp. II*® Les PassErEAUX, Cuvier. 1° Famille, Les Dentirostres. ‘Orp. II® Omnivores, Temminck. Orv. II. Pica, Linn. Syst. Sect. I. Pedibus ambulatoriis. Orv. II. Ampuratores, I/liger, Fam. 14. Coraces. ORIOLUS, Linn. Lath. Temm. &c. CORACIAS, Iliger. Cuar. GEN.—Rostrum mediocre, validiusculum, cultratum, culmine rotundato, maxilla ad apicem subadunca, emarginata, mandibula apice incisa acuminata. Vibrisse rigidz patentes, in angulo labiali. Caput dense plumatum. Nares basales, laterales, nude, membrana superne semiclausee, rima ovali longitudinali inferne aperte. Lingua cartilaginea, lineari-lancealata, apice fimbriata. dle longiuscule, acuminate. Remiges: prima spuria, secunda subelongata, tertia longissima. eee ambulatorii, mediocres, congrui. -Acropodia scutulata. Oriolus ater, pectore et ventre albidis nigro striatis, dorso uropygio scapulis axillis crisso rectricibusque interne flavis, rostro rubescente, pedibus nigris. Attat, of the Javanese, in the eastern districts.’ | Oriolus xanthonotus, Horsf. Syst. ie of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 152. Yellow-backed Oriole, Gen. Hist. of Birds, by John Latham, M. D, Second Edition, 1822, Vol. III. p. 143. N. 61. . Oriolus maculatus, Le Loriot Grivelé, Encyclopedie, art. Ornithologie, p. 695, addi- tion, &c. 1822.. The Female. THE Oriolus Xanthonotus has nothing to distinguish it from the true character of the genus Oriolus in the form of the bill and claws, or of the body. It is somewhat smaller than the Asiatic variety of the Oriolus Galbula of Latham, the Oriolus ORIOLUS XANTHONOTUS. | Chinensis of Linné, and the Couliavan of Buffon ; and, while this is common in most. parts of India and the Indian Islands, the Oriolus xanthonotus is found solitary in a few circumscribed situations in the Island of Java. The entire length of our bird is seven inches. In the male, the head and part of the neck, the wings and the tail- feathers, excepting a small portion of the inner vane, are black, with a slight tint of sooty brown. The posterior part of the neck above, the back, rump, vent, scapulars, and the extremity of the inner vanes of the tail-fea- thers, are bright yellow. Two of the intermediate tail-feathers are also black; on the others the yellow colour constitutes a band, which is narrow on the feathers next - the intermediate ones, and gradually increases in breadth, so as on the outer feathers to occupy more than half the vane. A little yellow also shews itself in a narrow margin along the outer vane of the quill-feathers: and the plumes of the shoulders, the axillz, and the thighs are slightly tinctured with yellow. The lower part of the neck, the breast, and abdomen are white, and marked with longitudinal black lines, which are formed by a regularly defined black streak occupying the middle of each plume, in the direction of the shaft. The bill is red or reddish brown, the irides are yellow, and the feet dark blue inclining to black. In the female, those parts which are black in the male, have a grayish-brown tint, inclining to yellow; the quill and tail feathers are brown, and the latter have the - extreme portion of the inner vane yellow, and defined as in the male. The rump only has a bright yellow colour; the back and adjoining parts are pale, and partake _of the grayish-brown tint of the upper parts. The head and neck have the general tint of the wings, but not separated from the yellow plumes of the back by a defined line, as in the male. The throat and the neck underneath are whitish, and varie- gated with gray; the breast and abdomen are likewise marked with regular black lines. In the addition to the Article Ornithology, of the Encyclopedie, which is now published in Paris, the female of our bird is described as Le Loriot Grivelé— Oriolus maculatus—with the following character :—Oriolus dilute flavus: gula pec- toreque maculatis ; rostro fusco, remigibus rectricibusque nigricante fuscis, his apice flavis. The specimen was from the Island of Java, and the author proposes the query, whether it be not the female of an unknown species ? I found this bird in Blitar, in a district covered with extensive forests: as far as I have observed, it never quits the closest shades. 'Two males only, and one female, are contained in the Museum at the India House. iia Satish 4 vehi LEOL E ONL? OL POYUBDUITL, UBD gg Manga BLIYQIDUL, YW Wag V2 oii TVA VT Ad VN JADPUMULIZI2ZT A D27UtIL f PLOLMIM A fF { : PRE NAYOPR OU EL Li. A, Male and Semale. SS SS Orp. II® Les PassEREAUX, Cuvier. 1" Famille, Les Dentirostres. Orp. II*® Omnivores, Temminck. Orp. II. Pics, Linn. Syst. Orv. II. Amputatores, Illiger. IRENA, Nob. Cuar. GEN. Rostrum mediocre, cultratum; maxilla apice adunca emarginata. Culmen arcuatum, elevatum, inter nares carinatum, utrinque a basi ultra medium usque sulco obsoleto exaratum, lateribus subconvexis. ares basales subrotunde, vibrissis rigidis plumisque velutinis obtecte. A/e cauda breviores. Remiges: 2—6 externe emarginatz, 3—6 longiores subaequales ; secunda sequente abrupte brevior, prima subspuria. Cauda mediocris, truncata. Tarsi digitique breves. -Acropodia scutulata. Ungues parvi, fortius curvati, debiles. Arrinitas. Oriolo, Turdo, Pastori genere affinis, differt tamen convexitate laterali rostri, tegmine velutino narium, brevitate tarsorum et debilitate unguium. Bo Ya Sh ht ta De th ete ee ciacth te te te hth Irena atra, corpore colloque supra cervice tectricibusque alarum primis, caudaque superioribus et inferioribus cyaneis, nitore saturato azureo. Bressi, of the Javanese. Biang-kapoor, of the Malays of Sumatra. Coracias puella, Lath. Ind. Orn. 171. Fairy Roller, Lath. Syn. Supp. p. 87. 21. Irena puella, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 153. THIS bird is not confined to Java, but is also found in Sumatra and the adjacent Islands. In enumerating it among the birds of Sumatra, Sir Stamford Raffles remarks—* Nothing can surpass the richness of the colours which distinguish the “male of this species; they far exceed what any painting can convey.” The crown of the head, the neck above, the back, lesser wing coverts, and the coverts of the tail, both above and beneath, are of a most resplendent smalt blue, while every other part is of the finest velvet black. IRENA PUELLA. The total length is from 83 to 94 inches. The bill measures from the gape to the tip, one inch and half a line. The form of the body is oval; the neck thick, and the wings pass but a small distance beyond the root of the tail. The tarsi are remarkably short, and the toes and claws weak. The bill and feet are black. In some individuals, two or three of the greater coverts, nearest the back, have an extreme band of blue, which appears in several spots on the wing; but these are neither constant, nor uniform in size, and in general they exist on one side only. Beyond the neck the blue colour of the upper part of the back spreads considerably, and unites with the blue of the lesser coverts of the wings, so that the black and blue of the sides of the neck meet in an irregularly defined line. The FEMALE is of the same size with the Male, and agrees with it accurately in the proportion and form of the bill and tarsi. The predominant colour is a dull blue, slightly inclining to olive, and which, when exposed to a strong light, exhibits an obscure reflection of sea-green. The plumes of the head, neck, and upper parts of the body are blackish brown at the base, and this colour shews itself on these parts, in very delicate transverse undulations. The quill-feathers are entirely brown, with darker shafts inclining to black: the greater coverts of the wing, and the secondary quill-feathers are brown, but have exteriorly a border of the general dull blue colour. On the rump and coverts of the tail, as well as on the upper side of the tail-feathers, the reflection of the sea-green colour shews itself strongly when these parts are turned to the light. The tail and wings beneath are brown. The Irena puella inhabits woods and forests, feeding on fruits and wild grains. In Java it is a very rare bird, and confined to a few districts, where it conceals itself on solitary hills, distant from the habitations of man, preferring rather elevated and cool situations. I met with it only in the western parts of the Island; once in the Province of Banyu-mas, and a second time on the ridges of hills situated south- west from Buitenzorg. A drawing, in the possession of Lady Impey, afforded to Dr. Latham the materials for the description contained in the Supplement to his Synopsis, p. 87. 21. It is here arranged among the Rollers; but it may be presumed that the characters were not accurately represented in the drawing. In the “ Zoological Catalogue,” Sir Stamford Raffles remarks, “ adverting to the form of the bill, compressed, carinated, “and notched, it seems doubtful whether this bird be truly a species of Coracias.” The result of my comparisons has been to place it in the family of Cornirostres of the celebrated Cuvier, and to arrange it as a distinct genus in that group which com- prises Turdus, Pastor, Oriolus, and Myiothera; and which is allied on one side to Edolius, and on the other to Philedon. It has been my endeavour in the generic LEGL EPL Df TOY uape8 Lf, Many ig detligead CANGOULTT YIOL TY ZAY YO UNQUOT “STVNAS VTTH Ad VNU paDUmucsInfy 9 Fd, PDAMYD SS Jf Sa IRENA PUELLA. description, to exhibit clearly the distinctive characters, consisting in the lateral con- vexity, the strongly arched culmen, and the terminal notch of the bill; in the velvet- like covering of the nares, from which strong vibrisse are protruded ; in the shortness of the legs and toes, and in the weakness of the claws: and it may not be improper to add in this place, a concise comparative view of the characters by which this genus is distinguished from the individuals of the group above mentioned. Oriolus resembles Irena in the proportional length of the bill, and in the carinated culmen or back; but it has this organ less considerably arched, with a smaller termi- nal notch, and a shorter hook at the tip; the sides are also less convex, and the nostrils completely naked. 'The tarsi in Oriolus are longer in proportion to the size of the body, and more robust. Pastor has a bill less elevated and arched than Irena, shorter in regard to the head, rounded above with a very slight terminal notch, and a large oblong groove for the nostrils: the plumes covering these, posteriorly and above, are not soft and delicate, so as to resemble velvet, but they differ in size only from the plumes of the forehead; the legs are stout, and the claws vigorous and strongly curved, indicating different habits, and a different mode of life. Myiothera of Idhger (with which in this comparison I also connect Pitta of Vieillot) differs in having slender and elevated tarsi, and a claw proportionally strong and robust to the hind toe: its bill is also more straight, cylindrical, horny, and thick, tapering very gradually to an obtuse very slightly notched point. Twrdus has naked nostrils, and in comparison with Irena, a slender somewhat compressed bill, with an obtusely carinated back, blunt point, and small terminal notch: it has likewise elevated tarsi and robust claws. A reference to the Plate of Illustrations will elucidate this comparison so far as regards the characters of Irena and Oriolus. In letter K the bill of Trena is repre- sented in profile (a), and seen from above (6): the letter (a) exhibits faithfully the curvature of the bill, the terminal notch and hook, the covering of the nares, and the slight lateral groove. Letter LZ exhibits twe views of the bill of the oriental variety of the Oriolus Galbula : in this genus the nares are naked, the arch of the bill is less considerable than in Irena, and the terminal notch is small: but the best illustration of my views is the comparison of the figures K and L. In Letter M two views of the bill of Coracias garrula are given, carefully taken from a very perfect specimen in the British Museum: it requires no further de- monstration to shew that our bird cannot be arranged in the genus Coracias, of which this species is the type. PYOUD ALPHA IS FZ 12 DIY. CSL E YUL OLY MOTACILLA SPECIOSA. <=> > eG Orp. II® Les PassEREAUX, Cuvier. 1™° Famille, Les Dentirostres. Orp. III™ Insectrivores, TZemminck. Orv. VI. Passeres, Linn. Syst. Orp. II. AmpuLatores, Ldhger. MOTACILLA, Latham, Temminck. Cran: GEN. Rostrum mediocre, rectum, cylindricum, gracile, subulatum, emargi- natum. Mazilla basi subtrigona, culmine inter nares carinato; mandibula sub- compressa. Nares basales, laterales, ovales, membrana nuda _semiclause. Cauda elongata zqualis seu forficata. Pedes ambulatorii: tarsi elongati, digito medio duplo fere longiores. Ungues parvi, hallucis medio antice majore. RR ata So aan hn eh 0h hn hn tt Motacilla atra, pileo cristato ventre uropygio fascia alarum rectricibus extimis totis, ceteris apicibus niveis, cauda longissima forficata. Chenginging or Kingking of the Javanese. Motacilla speciosa, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 155. THE plumes of black and white which ornament this bird, are so disposed as ’ to form a strong and beautiful contrast. The crest, lower part of the back, the rump, belly, vent, the two exterior tail feathers entirely, and the other tail feathers at their extremity, a broad band extending obliquely across the wings and the axilla ‘are white; the head (excepting the crest), the breast, back, and greatest part of the wings and tail are black. The white resembles the purest snow white, but the black has different shades: it is more intense on the head and breast, having a slight reflection of dark blue inclining to purple; on the extremity of the wings it has a tint of brown. A few minute black plumes bound the crest behind and at the sides, extending to the base of the bill. Three or four of the last secondary feathers have a narrow band of white; but the succession is not regular: it sometimes appears on the alternate feathers, or on the fourth after two intermediate feathers of the usual blackish-brown colour. The plumes of the Hypochondriz are elongated, and deli- cately villous. The length of the body and head is 43, and of the tail 6 inches: the bill is black, and measures 10 lines in length; the tarsi have nearly double the length of the middle toe, and are pale flesh-coloured, with a tint of yellow. MOTACILLA SPECIOSA. The Motacilla speciosa resembles in its habits and manners several European species of this genus. It is exclusively found near small rivulets: in the beds of these, particularly where they abound with rocks and gravel, it is seen running along with alacrity, moving its tail incessantly, and picking up worms and insects. It is very locally distributed, and uniformly deserts the neighbourhood of populous vil- lages. It is almost entirely confined to the southern coast of Java, which abounds in small streams, descending rapidly from the southern hills, and shaded by luxuriant shrubs. Here I first discovered this bird, in the district of Pajittan, in the year 1809. I afterwards met with it again, along this coast, in the district of Karang-bollong, and in the provinces south of Kediri. Among more central situations, it frequents the banks of an elevated lake near the declivities of the Mountain Prahu, where I found it more numerous than in any other part of Java. In the extensive forests of Pugar and Blambangan I never noticed it, although I devoted a considerable time to their examination. In comparing Motacilla speciosa with Motacilla flava, which is also found in Java, it may be remarked that its bill is proportionally long, broad at the base, then suddenly compressed, or tapering almost equally to a point, which is abruptly curved. It has also a more rounded back, the terminal notch is more obvious, and the point proportionally obtuse. The groove containing the nares is depressed, and the mem- brane covering the superior portion, large and prominent. The claw of the posterior toe of Motacilla flava is slender and elongated: in Motacilla speciosa it agrees with the character given of it in the generic description. But the remiges of our species have an arrangement different from those of the European Motacillz: in these the second is longest, and the first scarcely perceptible. In the Motacilla speciosa the first is short; from the second, which is of moderate length, they increase gradually to the fifth, which is longest: the sixth and seventh are gradually, and the remaining abruptly abbreviated. BRACHYPTERYX MONTANA. SSS =D“ S———- Orp. II* Les PassEREAUx, Cuvier. 1° Famille, Les Dentirostres. Orp. III™ InsEctTIVoREs, Zemmuinck. Orv. VI. PassEreEs, Linn. Syst. Orp. II. Ampuxiatores, I/liger. Fam. 11, Canori. BRACHYPTERYX, Nobis. CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS—Rostrum culmine inter nares carinato lateribus planis apicem versus rotundato lateribus convexis, tomiis subinflexis. Ale brevissime, obtusz. Cauda mediocris, rotundata. Pedes elongati, debiles; tarsi graciles, digiti gracillimi unguibus compressissimis hallucis majore. CHARACTER NATURALIS.—fostrum mediocre, validiusculum, subcultratum, basi latius quam altum, ultra medium subconicum, attenuatum: culmen inter nares carinatum, angulatum, lateribus planis, deinde subincrassatum, rotundatum, Jateribus convexis, apicem versus arcuatum, emarginatum. Mandibula basi depressa, lateribus erectis apicem versus intortis, myxa validiuscula apice sub- inclinata. Toma maxilla mandibuleque subinflexa. Nares maxime, in fovea subrotunda basali elongata obtusa site, supra et postice membrana clause. Ale brevissime, obtuse. Remiges integre, prima subspuria, secunda ad quintam gradatim increscentes, quinta ad decimam subzquales longiores, relique gra- datim breviores. Cauda mediocris, rotundata, rectricibus duodecim. Pedes elongati, debiles. Tarsi graciles digito medio duplo longiores. Digiti eom- pressi gracillimi, medio longissimo, lateralibus subzequalibus, externo medio basi subcoalito. Ungues compressissimi, acutissimi, hallucis medio duplo majore fortius arcuato. AFFINITAS.—Proximam Saxicol affinitatem genus exhibet, cui rostri forma pedi- busque elongatis convenit, sed alis brevibus obtusis et tarsis gracilioribus plane differt. DRVTRVLTUTVUTVSV8S9STTTU THI TITTIES BRACHYPTERYX MONTANA. Brachypteryx nigricante-cerulea nitore cano, subtus pallidior, abdomine albido, supra oculos macula alba, dorso alis supra cauda basi hypochondriis tibiisque (mari) badiis. Ketek, of the Javanese. Brachypteryx montana, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p, 158. Mountaineer Warbler, Gen. Hist. of Birds by John Latham, M. D. Second Edition, 1823, Vol. VII. p. 124, N. 138. IT was remarked, in discussing the natural situation and affinities of the Jora ~ scapularis, in the last Number of this Work, that in comparing this bird with Dr. Latham’s Sylvie, the second Section, established by M. Temminck in that extensive genus, had more particularly been kept in view. The Brachypteryx montana has again led me to this numerous assemblage of birds; and I have, with equal solicitude, extended my comparisons to all the sections. I shall therefore premise, to the description of our bird, a concise view of the Sylvia. Several of the more ancient Ornithologists have exceeded the moderns, if not in the correct- ness, at least in the number of their subdivisions. Of these M. Brisson deserves the first notice. His XLth genus, FicrpuLa, comprises almost all the European, and many of the foreign birds which are arranged in the genus Sylvia of Latham, in the following subdivisions: Curruca, Luscinia, Ruticilla, Phenicurus, Cyanecula, Rubecula, Regulus, Rubetra, Vitiflora, Motacilla, Asilus, Sylvia, and Ficedula. In the last Section, comprising several foreign birds, the Iora scapularis (of Number VI. of these Researches) is enumerated with the name of Ficedula bengalensis, and a figure in Edwards is referred to. The latter, although it affords a good representation of the colours of our bird, does not exhibit the character of the bill, which constitutes its remarkable peculiarity, with sufficient distinctness. As this was not indi- cated in the description of the Iora scapularis, I here subjoin a note, explaining the omission of the synonyms of several authors.* The different denominations by which it is designated by these, shew clearly that it possesses some peculiarity * Téra scapuLaris.—Ficedula hengalensis, Briss. Ornith. III. p. 484, N. 47. Motacilla Tiphia, Linn. Syst. Ed. XII. 1, p. 331, N. 13. Green Indian Fly-catcher, Edw. Birds, I. t.79. This bird has many characters in common with the Motacilla singalensis and M. zeylonica, which are introduced by Gmelin in the XIIIth Edition of the Systema Nature, from the 15th and 32d Plates of Brown’s Illustrations of Zoology. In the most extensive catalogue of birds that has yet appeared in this country, the Motacilla Tiphia, Linn., and the M. zeylonica, Gmel., (the Ceylon Black Cap of Brown), are considered as the same bird ;"the specific character of Dr. Latham, therefore, excluding the Idra scapularis, my attention was not directed to the Synonyms.. BRACHYPTERYX MONTANA. which was not rendered apparent in the figure of Edwards, and confirms the views which were given of the character of the genus, although, as a species of Sylvia, it was not noticed. Next to that of Brisson, the arrangement of Bechstein, as far as it regards the genus Sylvia, should be considered. He has established four sections, which he denominates families: wx. I. Curruca, Grasmuecken, comprising many of the Fauvettes-Curruce of Bressiou. II. Asttus, comprising the Pouillot-Asilus of Brisson, the Hippolais, and several other species. III. Ficrpuna, Hvzgentliche Saenger, comprising several of Brisson’s subdivisions, particularly Phzenicurus, Rubecula, and Trochilus; and IV. Saxtcota, Steinmaetzer, comprising Moteux— Vitiflora—of Brisson. M. Cuvier, in placing as his Grand-genre, MoraciLua of Linneus, has, in his subgenera, followed in part the divisions of Bechstein. Saxi- cola, Ficedula, Curruca, and Accentor are cited agreeably to this naturalist; but Regulus, Troglodytes, Motacilla in a limited sense, comprising only the Laven- diéres and Hochequeues, are employed according to his own views. M. 'Temminck has divided the genus Sylvia of Latham into five sections :—Riverains, Sylvains, Muscivores, Roitelets, and Troglodytes, which however do not include Saxicola; this he introduces as a distinct genus. Here it must be apparent, that both Cuvier and Bechstein have placed Saxicola at the extremity of the subdivisions which they individually establish, affording thus an indication of its deviating from the more regular forms of the genus. Brachypteryx deviates still further than Saxicola from Motacilla or Sylvia, as respectively employed by Cuvier and Bechstein ; and a concise comparative view will shew the necessity of separating Brachypteryx and Saxicola, in a natural arrangement. As far as regards the form of the bill, the difference is not considerable: in Saxicola Ginanthe this organ is comparatively slender; in Bra- chypteryx montana it is, upon the whole, larger in its vertical dimensions, more robust, and more strongly notched; the convexity of the sides of the upper man- dible is also more apparent. The tarsi, which are proportionally of great length in Saxicola Ginanthe, are still longer, and considerably more slender in Brachypteryx montana. In the great narrowness of the toes and claws, both genera agree. But the chief distinguishing character of our bird, and that which is strictly peculiar, is the shortness and abrupt termination of the wings; from this its name is properly derived In Saxicola @nanthe the wings are acute, and reach to the middle of the tail: the remiges increase abruptly to the third and fourth, which are longest. In Brachypteryx a very gradual elongation takes place to the fifth quill feather; and the following, to the tenth, are very nearly of equal length. ‘The wings are thus short and obtuse, scarcely extending beyond the abdomen, and only touching the -« BRACHYPTERYX MONTANA. base of the tail. This latter organ reaches to the extremity of the tarsi; it consists of twelve feathers; the exterior ones extend to the middle of the tail; the remaining gradually increase to the fifth and sixth, which are of equal length. From these statements it appears, that in the form of the bill, Brachypteryx and Saxicola very nearly agree; that in comparison with other birds of this family, the tarsi are more slender in Brachypteryx; but that the chief distinguishing character of the latter consists in the shortness and obtuseness of the wings. In our Plate the colours of the male and female bird are carefully exhibited. The weight of the former is five, and of the latter six drams. In the length of the two sexes scarcely any difference is perceptible. The measure is five inches and nine lines from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail: to the extremity of the claws the length is six inches. In the male, the head, neck, and breast have a dark indigo blue tint, inclining to black, with a grayish reflection on the surface, variegated with lighter and darker shades; on the throat and the lower part of the neck, this colour passes into gray; on the forehead it is more intense, inclining to black. Above the eyes is an oblong white spot. The back, the wings above, the shoulders, the coverts of the tail, the vent, hypochondriz, and thighs, are deep chestnut brown, with a ferruginous reflection. The wings underneath, and the tail at the extremity and underneath, are pure blackish brown; the shafts of the quill and tail feathers are black and shining. The inner vanes of the quills, and the tail feathers generally, have a very deep brown colour. The exterior vanes of the tail feathers are slightly tinted with the ferruginous lustre of the upper parts. The lower parts of the breast and the abdomen are whitish. The plumes, on the posterior portion of the body of our bird, are very thickly disposed; the vanes consist of long, delicate, silky, pendulous lamine or filaments, forming a lax covering about the lower parts of the abdomen, the hypochondriz, and the root of the tail. The irides have a dark hue. The bill is black, and the tarsi are deep brown. The tint of the claws is somewhat lighter. In the female, the dark blue tint, which in the male covers the head and neck, extends over the body generally, and also marks the exterior vanes of the quills. The interior vanes of the latter, and the tail feathers, are dark brown, inclining to black. The throat and neck underneath have a dark grayish tint. The abdomen is grayish white. Over the eyes it has, like the male, a white spot, and the bill and tarsi also agree with that. The covering of the abdomen, vent, and_ thighs is like- wise long, delicate, silky, and pendulous, BRACHYPTERYX MONTANA. I met with the Brachypteryx montana in one situation only, at an elevation of about 7000 feet above the level of the ocean. Like other animals already mentioned in this Work, it is probably found on all the mountain peaks of Java, which are covered with thick forests, accommodated to its peculiar habits. The recurrence of several quadrupeds and birds, at a certain elevation, is as regular in this Island as that of many plants and insects. Although local in its residence, our bird is very numerous on Mount Prahu; and in my daily excursions I uniformly observed, and occasionally surprised it in its short sallies among the openings of the forest. It is chiefly found on the lowest branches of trees, or on the earth. 'The shortness of its wings incapacitates it for elevated or distant flights, and its motions are low, short, and made with great exertion. It lives in the thickest coverts: here it forms its nest on the ground, and feeds on the larve of insects, worms, &e. . Our bird is a delightful resident in the forests of Mount Prahu, which, in the luxuriance of its vegetation and gloomy thickets, is probably not surpassed in any portion of the globe. It utters, almost without interruption, a varied song. Its common note is a quickly reiterated babbling, resembling that of the Curruca garrula of Brisson, and other birds of this family; it also has a protracted plaintive note, but it sometimes rises to higher and melodious warblings, which, in the general silence of these elevated regions, afford an Hesucealis sensation of delight to the mind of the solitary traveller. LEGLE OL US PY IAT , ULL) gf LNG ef MQIDUEY “YOY AY DY GOR LOUD T “VIW GL, XIU O NM MH dl PR 2ULED PADUDUPNLS (7 APD PHRENOTRIX TEMIA. Orp. II Les PassEREAUX, Cuvier. 3% Famille. Les Cornirostres, Div. Les Corbeaux. Orp. II® OmnivoreEs, Temminck. Orp. II. Picz, Linn. Syst. Orp. II. Ampunatores, Illiger. Fam. 14, Coraces. PHRENOTRIX, Nob. Cuar. Gen.—Rostrum mediocre, validum, altum, cultratum, basi crassiusculum. Mazxilla arcuata, lateribus subconvexis, levibus, sensim in culmen conniven- tibus. Capistrum latum, plumulis holosericis densis. ares capistro recondite, circulares, parve, in medio sulci transversalis ad basin rostri disposite. Ale rotundatz: remigibus integris 3 et 4 longioribus. Cauda corpore longior, cuneata, rectricibus 10 in paribus dispositis. Pedes congrui: digiti mediocres, exteriore medio ad basin levissime coalito. Acropodia scutulata. Ungues compressi: hallucis medio vix major. AFFINITAS.—Genus nostrum etsi Paradisiz et Corvo affine, characteres satis distinctos habet. DRWVVVVDETUDEDVTATOTVToTVUpIEDITODIVeT Phrenotrix fuliginosa nitore viride-olivaceo fuscescente, capistro atro. Chekitut or Benteot of the Javanese. Temia, Le Vaillant Afr. 56. Corvus varians, Lath. Suppl. Phrenotrix Temia, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XII. p. 162. THIS bird has a long and slender form; the body is proportionally small, and the tail large, and capable of great expansion. The feet are robust, the wings short, and the bill thick and powerful. The claws are comparatively large, strong, sharp, and much curved. The length of the body and head is five, and of the tail seven inches. The bill measures eleven lines from the gape to the point. The tail is cuneate, and consists of ten feathers, disposed in five pairs, gradually increasing in size; the two middle feathers are uncommonly broad, and rounded at the extremity, affording a peculiar appearance to this bird, in which it differs from its affinities. PHRENOTRIX TEMIA. The general colour of the Phrenotrix is sooty black, with a rich and very beautiful lustre of deep olive green, varying according to the degree of light to which it is exposed. The bill and feet are intensely black; the extremity of the wings and the tail underneath, have the general sooty ground colour; the reflection of olive green shews itself but slightly on the outer webs of the upper surface of the tail feathers; it is strongest on the body, scapulars, and back, where in some individuals it approaches to a metallic lustre. It varies likewise according to the age of the bird, and the more perfect condition of its plumage. A peculiar character of this bird is a border consisting of the most delicate and minute plumes, purely and intensely black, without the least reflection, resembling velvet in a certain aspect, which surrounds the upper mandible, and extending to the eyes, encircles them, and passes narrower around the base of the lower mandible. In this border Phrenotrix agrees with Paradisea; but the form of its bill and its other characters shew a nearer relation to Corvus Pica and Corvus senegalensis. The plu- mage of the body is thickly disposed, the webs of the separate plumes are fringed and elongated, terminating in a long, silky, delicate down, extremely soft and plea- sant to the touch. This peculiarity is faithfully noticed by M. Le Vaillant, who deserves the credit of having first described the Phrenotrix from the collection of Mr. Temminck in Amsterdam. It has appeared to me that the subject described by this celebrated ornithologist agrees specifically with our’s, although it is represented, both in the drawing and description, with the four middle tail feathers equal, and less expanded, and with a brownish colour, having a purple reflection. The Phrenotrix, although not a rare bird in Java, is by no means familiar, and never approaches the villages and habitations like many others. It can only be observed near solitary hamlets situated in tracts recently cleared for cultivation, where its food is abundantly supplied by the insects contained in the rich mould, and by the wild fruit trees about the skirts. In consequence of the shortness of the wings, its motions are slow: it is chiefly seen about noon sailing heavily through the air, in a right line towards the trees surrounding the openings in the forest. The strength of the bill and of the claws shews its adaptation to feed both on fruits and insects. It remains for me to give the reasons for separating Phrenotrix from the genus Corvus. Among the species of this genus which I have been able to obtain for com- parison, Phrenotrix is most nearly allied to Corvus senegalensis and to Corvus Pica. The latter M. Cuvier has arranged as a Sous-genre of Corvus, while M. Temminck has placed it in the second section of that genus. I have endeavoured, in order to PHRENOTRIX TEMIA. explain the considerations by which I have been guided, to represent in the Plate of Illustrations, a comparative view of the bill of Phrenotrix in letter NV. a. & b.; of Corvus Pica in letter O. a. & b.; and of Corvus senegalensis in letter P. Phrenotrix is distinguished by an elevated, regular, and smooth bill, gradually tapering to a rounded keel, equally arched from the base to the point, and by a thick velvet-like border which surrounds the bill and orbits: the nostrils also have a very peculiar form and disposition. ‘The Senegal crow has a similar diposition of the nostrils; but the bill, although smooth, regular, and arched, is more lengthened, and the culmen comparatively sharp. No traces of the velvet-like border exist, but the base of the bill is entirely without that peculiar character which is observed in Corvus Pica. Here it is covered by numerous, very stiff, decumbent, jagged bristles, pointing directly forward far beyond the nostrils; the latter are perfectly circular in a gradually narrowed depression. The form of the bill is lengthened, the arch less prominent, and it has a distinct terminal notch, which in Phrenotrix and in Corvus senegalensis is very obsolete. BEST {970 WOOLIS PIUYUSLOIT UA RH ALTIQLOT Kingsbury MQ PIys7ayg “UopuUozy Lonny iy powLbuy “sIing 7 hp umaeg °SONVEINOW SUNIHWOLVAOd POMATORHINUS MONTANUS. SSS Orp. II™ Les PasserEavux, Cuvier. 4™° Famille, Les Ténuirostres. Orp. VI™ AnisopacTyLes, Temminck. Orp. II. Pica, Linn. Syst. Orp. II. Amspuuatores, Illiger. Fam. 8. Tenuirostres. POMATORHINUS, Nobis. CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS. Rostrum validiusculum, integrum, ultra nares abruptius compressum. ares operculo corneo, convexo tecte. Ale rotundate. Cauda elongata. Unguis hallucis validior. CHARACTER NATURALIS. Rostrum mediocre, gracile, acutum, validiusculum, basi rectum, altius quam latum, ultra nares modice incurvum et abruptius com- pressum. JMaailla culmine elevato, carinato, rotundato; tomiis rectis vertica- libus, mandibule oppositis, acutis, subdiaphanis. Mandibula gonyde equaliter attenuato, tomiis rectis maxillz oppositis, diaphanis. Nares operculo corneo, oblongo, convexo, obtectz, margine juxta capistrum inflexo, apertura oblique postice spectante. Ale mediocres subrotundate. Remiges: prima et secunda abrupte, tertia et quarta gradatim increscentes, quinta, sexta, et septima longiores, subaquales, reliqui gradatim decrescentes, tertia ad septimam tenuiter emarginate. Cauda rotun- data elongata. Pedes subelongati. Digitus medius longior, cum exteriore basi levitur connexus ; hallux robustior. | Ungues compressi, arcuati, mediocres, hallucis validior. Acropodia scutulata; acrotarsia obscurior. AFFINITAS. Genus nostrum rostro valido ante nares abrupte compresso et operculo corneo nares obtegente, characteres distinctos habet, etsi rostro gracili, arcuato et integerrimo, aliisque notis, Cinnyri valde affine sit. DVS LVesepeaeasseseseeetetet ett et ete Pomatorhinus castaneus, capite cinerescente-nigro, striga oculari de rostri basi supra oculos ad nucham extensa gula pectoreque albis. POMATORHINUS MONTANUS. Bolick of the Javanese. Pomatorhinus montanus, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XXVI. p. 165. TO the concise remarks on the affinity of Pomatorhinus, which have been annexed to the generic character, it is necessary to add a few details regarding the comparisons which I have instituted, in order to ascertain, as far as possible, the relations of this genus, and its place in the natural system. Although it has been _ placed among the slender-billed birds, the Tenuirostres of M. Cuvier, it possesses various characters by which it is related to the Dentirostres of the same author. The most obvious of these are, a great validity of the bill and tarsi comparatively with other birds of the family of Tenuirostres. In reviewing the Dentirostres for this comparison, one genus prominently presented itself, which possesses various points of analogy to the slender-billed birds. ‘These shew themselves in the struc- ture of the bill and feet, in the manners, and in the food. Deriving the latter from sweet substances, which it extracts from flowers and other parts of vegetables, it has been named Melliphaga by Lewin, who first observed and described it in its native country, and Phiiedon by Cuvier. And from the more accurate examination of. later ornithologists, it appears that various birds, which have been placed in the genus Certhia of Linnzus, which comprised a large proportion of the slender-billed birds, belong to the genus Melliphaga: for instance—Certhia carunculata, Certhia cardinalis, Certhia atricapilla, and many others. It may be observed, however, that the genus Melliphaga is, even at the present period, not defined with critical accu- racy, and that birds of very different structure and habits are promiscuously arranged in it. The most prominent characters of Melliphaga are an arched bill, moderately compressed at the sides, rising in the middle to an elevated culmen or back, a lower mandible, nearly straight, and a covering to the posterior portion of the nares. In the feet, the two exterior toes are slightly connected at the base, and the claw of the hind toe is comparatively stout. These characters are also observed in Pomatorhinus; a more minute detail of the peculiarities of Melliphaga is therefore required to shew those points in which these two genera are different. In Melliphaga the extremity of the upper mandible is decidedly and uniformly notched; the nares extend, in form of a longitudinal groove, from the base towards the middle of the bill; their covering is partial and membranaceous; they are pervious, or pass into each other from the opposite sides; the edges of the upper mandible are slightly bent inward, while the apex is laterally rounded and distended. POMATORHINUS MONTANUS. Pomatorhinus has no analogy to any other genus of the family of Dentirostres. Although the bill has a small degree of validity, it possesses the essential character of the Tenuirostres, as defined by M. Cuvier. It is long, slender, arched, and entire. Agreeably to the comparisons which I have been able to institute, it is most nearly related to that division of the genus Cinnyris, as employed by M. Cuvier, the individuals of which have bills of moderate length. In order to afford the means of comparison, the bill of Pomatorhinus has been accurately represented in the Plate of Illustrations, and I proceed to detail the distinguishing characters in refer- ence to this. The bill is abruptly compressed immediately before the nares, and rises to an elevated rounded culmen or back; the sides are even and vertical; both man- dibles are nearly of equal breadth, and the tomia, or cutting edges, are directly opposed to each other: this character is of importance, as, together with the validity of the bill, it affords a clear distinction from Cinnyris, in which the edges of the mandibles are inflected, and the lower mandible is partially received into the upper. The covering of the nares, although it generally resembles that which exists in Cinnyris, is larger and more developed, constituting an arched operculum of an oval form and horny texture, which projects horizontally, and nearly conceals the anterior portion of the nasal aperture, while its outer margin is slightly inflected, and resembles the border of a very minute shell. The aperture itself is directed obliquely towards the forehead. _ As far as regards the affinity of Pomatorhinus, much research is still necessary for determining it. The materials which I have been enabled to consult, have exhibited chiefly its relations to Cinnyris; these appear from the preceding details. But its relations to the other genera of this family, and its connexions in a natural series, have not been ascertained satisfactorily. In the systematic catalogue, which contains a concise description of the birds which I collected in Java, the relations of Pomatorhinus to Prinia were pointed out as they exhibit themselves in the validity of the bill, its sudden compression before the nares, and the entireness of the cutting edges. But an interruption in a natural series still remains, between Prinia and Pomatorhinus. In Pomatorhinus montanus, the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, as well as the posterior portion of the neck, are brown; but this colour differs in its shades and degrees of intensity on different parts. It is chestnut, with a reddish hue, on the neck, back, and scapulars, while it becomes gradually obscure, and assumes an olivaceous tint, on the upper parts of the tail and wings. The colour of these parts underneath, as well as the extremity of the quill-feathers, is dark brown, inclining to black ; but the vivid chestnut tint of the neck and back is diffused over the lateral parts of the breast and abdomen. The head above and at the sides, and POMATORHINUS MONTANUS. the anterior parts of the neck, are black, withan obscure tint of gray. The throat, the breast, a narrow streak extending from the base of the bill over the eye to the . neck, and the abdomen at the lowest part, are pure white. On the lateral parts of the neck, the black and white portions are separated by a defined line; but on the other parts, the tints pass irregularly into each other. The plumes of the lower parts of the back and of the hypochondriz are lengthened, and the loosely diffused silky barbs are provided at the base with a down of a plumbeous colour, which also appears on the thighs. The general colour of the bill is yellow, but the upper mandible has a black mark, broad at the base, including the nares, and tending to a point in the middle of the bill. The irides are yellowish white, the feet brown with a plumbeous hue, and the claws have a pale horny colour. The entire length of our bird is eight inches, its weight nine drams. The wings are of moderate length, and the tail projects about two inches beyond them. The tarsi are elongated and rather slender. The claws are sharp, and strongly compressed. ‘The posterior toe is robust, and its claw proportionally large and strong; in this character our bird is analagous to the Philedons. The attitude and proportions of our bird are accurately given in the figure; and it is presumed that the details will clearly ‘illustrate the characters by which it is distinguished, as well from Cinnyris as from Philedon. The Pomatorhinus montanus belongs to those tribes of birds, which in Java are found exclusively in forests, covering mountains that have an elevation of about 7000 feet above the level of the ocean. It never migrates from these into the lower regions. Although necessarily confined in its range, and limited to the distant coni- cal summits of a series of mountains that extends longitudinally through the Island, it is very abundant in particular places. I met with it at various points; but the cold climate of the Mountain Merbaboo, one of the highest peaks in the central part of Java, and the summit of Mount Prahu, both of which exceed the elevation above mentioned, appeared its favourite places of residence. Here it builds its nest on high trees. Its food is plentifully supplied by the berries of various species of Rubus, as well as by the fruits of numerous vegetables, which cover these elevated districts. About the middle of the day, our bird is seen, through the openings of the forest, in small flocks; it then emits incessantly a loud note, in imitation of which the natives have applied to it the name of BoKKREK. Ms a ee PRINIA FAMILIARIS. London, Lublished by Kingsbury, Larbury,k Allen, Leadenhall St Tee Aprté 1824 . PRINIA FAMILIARIS. a Orp. II Les PassEREAUX, Cuvier. 4° Famille, Les Ténuirostres. Orp. VI™ AntsopactTyLes, Lemminck. Orp. II. Pica, Linn. Syst. Orp. II. AmBuLaTores, Idlger. Fam. 8, Ténuirostres. ae POE ila ok tami be icy stalasiy PRINIA, Nobis. CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS.—Rostrum apice validiusculum. Mazilla basi recta, apice levissime arcuata. Mandibula myxa longiuscula, sursum inclinata. Tomia maxille mandibuleque integerrima. Ale breves obtuse. Cauda elongata cuneata. Tarsi graciles longi. CHARACTER NATURALIS.—Rostrum mediocre, rectum, basi paululum latius quam altum, ultra nares sensim compressum, apice validiusculo integerrimo. Mazilla basi recta, apice levissime arcuata: cudmine inter nares carinato, deinde rotun- dato. Mandibula recta, basi depressa; myxa longiuscula, sursum inclinata. Nares basales, magne, in fovea oblonga antice angustiore posite, membrana tecte, parte inferiore rima longitudinali apertz. Ale obtuse. Remiges: prima abrupte, secunda et tertia gradatim breviores, reliquee subzequales, tertia ad septimam externe tenuiter emarginate. Cauda elongata cuneata. Pedes elongati; tarsi et digiti graciles. Digitus medius longiusculus, cum exteriore basi coalitus. Hallux medio antico parum validior. Ungues compressi, recti- usculi, hallucis medio antico duplo major. Acropodia et acrotarsia scutulata. AFFINITAS.—Genus hocce, etsi Sylvie nonnullam affinitatem preebet, tamen rostro integerrimo et compresso habituque toto, Certhiadis magis convenit: inter has juxta Orthotomum (Nostrum) vel Opetiorhynchum Cel. Temminckii, locum exposcere videtur. Pe ee tet eat etal asta t ete tate ce PRINIA FAMILIARIS. Prinia olivaceo-fusca, abdomine flavo, gula pectore fasciisque duabus alarum albis, rectricibus, intermediis subconcoloribus exceptis, fascia lata subterminali per- fusca. Prinya, of the Javanese. Prinia familiaris, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 165. Familiar Creeper, Gen. Hist. of Birds by John Latham, M. D. Second Edition, 1822, Vol. IV. p. 264. n. 72. , IN proposing our Prinia familiaris as the type of a new genus in Omithology, I foresee the objection that its characters are not sufficiently prominent. They are in some degree of a negative nature. They consist chiefly in the absence of a notch in the bill, in the narrowness of the transverse dimensions of this organ, and in a general external habit, which associates our bird with the Certhiade. If these do not afford it the rank of a distinct genus, our bird may be placed provisionally in the genus Sylvia; but the diversified character of the subjects which are at present arranged in this assemblage of birds, has deterred me from adding to it any bird which does not obviously belong to the true type of Sylvia. Our bird differs as much from this type as Troglodytes and Regulus; and the bill of the former, which is entirely without a terminal notch, shews, with its other characters, the existence of several distinct forms, which have hitherto been arranged under Sylvia, without the necessary discrimination. — The genus Prinia was first defined in the Systematic Catalogue of Javanese Birds, which was printed in the XIIIth Volume of the Linnean Society’s Trans- actions. In the detail of its characters, the genus Pomatorhinus was chiefly kept in view, and Prinia was stated to differ in the comparative straightness of the bill, in the more gradual attenuation of this organ, and in its being destitute of the horny covering to the nares. The examinations which I have again instituted, in preparing to give a figure of Prinia in this Work, have confirmed my original con- clusion, that it is more properly arranged among the Certhiade than among the Dentirostres. The affinity of our bird to Orthotomus, which in the Catalogue above mentioned is placed next to it, affords a further illustration of its character, and a guide in its natural arrangement. The straightness of the bill, which charac- terizes our bird, occurs in various cther Certhiade. The genus Opetiorynchos of M. Temminck is an instance of this. In the Analyse du Systeme general d’Omi- PRINIA FAMILIARIS. thologie, it is placed next to Certhia; and M. Temminck is of opinion, that our genus Orthotomus agrees essentially with Opetiorynchos. The bill of the Prinia familiaris agrees with the head in length. It is nearly straight at the base; from the middle of its length the upper mandible is very slightly arched; the lower mandible is comparatively robust ; it is greatly depressed at the base, increases in dimensions to the middle, where the myxa (in Illiger’s language) begins, and thence rises very gradually to the pot. Both mandibles are entire, and the cutting edges are somewhat diaphanous. The culmen of the upper mandible is rounded and broad, and the sides are regular, and very slightly convex. The general regularity of its form, the broad culmen, the smallness of the hori- zontal diameter at the base, and the complete absence of the terminal notch, distinguish our bird from Sylvia, as exhibited in the true type of that genus. The form of the bill is carefully expressed in the illustrations which are added to the Plate in letter (a). In the figure of the bird the bill appears somewhat larger in its vertical diameter than it isin nature. The nostrils are rather large, situated in an oblong depression near the base, covered in the upper portion with a mem- brane, and pierced in the lower part with a longitudinal aperture. Our bird is represented of natural size on the Plate. The entire length is five inches. The wings are short and, obtuse: the first of the quill-feathers is short; the second and third increase successively ; from the fourth to the seventh they are of equal length; the others, to the twelfth, are scarcely perceptibly shorter: from the third to the seventh the exterior vane is very slightly emarginate. The tail is wedge-shaped, and as long as the body. The tail-feathers are disposed in pairs; the first, or exterior pair, is short; the second abruptly longer ; the third, fourth, and fifth increase very gradually in length. The tarsi are slender and elevated, and the anterior toes delicate and compressed ; the middle toe exceeds the others in length, and is united to the outer, which is rather longer than the interior'toe, at the base; the hind toe is robust, and of moderate length. The claws are compressed, slightly arched, and nearly acute. The claw of the hind toe has double the size of that of the middle toe. The colour of our bird is dark brown above, with a faint tint of orange. The throat and neck anteriorly are white, and the breast and abdomen pale sulphureous yellow. The wings are crossed transversely, in an oblique direction, with two white bands. ‘The tail-feathers, with the exception of the two intermediate ones, are marked near the end with a broad band of blackish brown; the tips are dirty white. The intermediate tail-feathers have throughout a brownish tint underneath, PRINIA FAMILIARIS. and near the extremity an almost imperceptible transverse band of a deeper hue. The tarsi are yellowish, and the bill has both above and at the point a brown corneous tint, while its base is pale yellow. The irides are dark coloured. The Prinia familiaris is abundant in many parts of Java, near villages and gardens. In the confines of these it builds its nest on trees and shrubs. Its motions are sprightly. It sports among the branches in short rapid flights, and enlivens the neighbourhood with pleasant notes, from which the native name is derived. On our Plate the necessary illustrations of the bill and feet of Prinia familiaris are represented, under the letters a, b, c, and d. A separate view of the tail is also given, to shew the proportional length and disposition of the tail-feathers. CALYPTOMEN A VIRIDIS. CALYPTOMENA VIRIDIS. Sa SS SS Orp. II* PassEREAUX, Cuvier. Orp. II. Pica, Linn. Syst. Sect. III. Pedibus gressoriis. Orp. II. Amguratores, Illger. CALYPTOMENA, Raffles. Act. Soc. Linn. Lond. CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS.— Rostrum mediocre, crassum, arcuatim attenuatum. Mazilla calyptra plumosa velata, unguiculata, emarginata. ictus amplus. Vibrisse nulle. Nares tubulose, horizontales, apertura subrotunda ad margi- nem calyptre. Cauda rotundata brevis. Pedes gressorii. Digits compress, medio longitudine tarsi. CHARACTER NATURALIS.—Rostrum mediocre, crassum, validiusculum, sub oculi canthum posteriorem productum, de basi lata ad apicem arcuatim attenuatum. Mazsilla ad basin et ultra medium, calyptra plumosa velata, apice nudo, adunco, compresso; culmine carinato; dertro subelongato, unguiculato, emarginato. Tomia recta, acuta, plumulis calyptre lateralibus, multifidis, setaceis, recum- bentibus, in serie laxa subbifaria dispositis, obtecta. Mandibula depressa, gnathidus de rictu ad apicem recte protensis, zomdis acutis, apice emarginatis, gonyde brevi, angulo mentali magno plumulis setaceis vestito. ictus amplus. Vibrisse nulle. Nares tubulose: tubulus horizontalis longus apertura subrotunda simplici, ad mar- ginem anteriorem calyptre sita eyusque plumulis recondita. Lengua brevis. Ale \ongiuscule acuminate. Remiges: prima mediocris; secunda ad quartam, que longissima, gradatim longiores, tertia et quinta zequales, sexta abrupte brevior. Cauda brevis rotundata. Pedes breviusculi, gressorii. Tarsi robusti, basi plumosi. Acrotarsia oblique scutulata. Dzgitz compressi, tenues, medius longitudine tarsi; internus externo brevior, externus medio ad tertium, internus ad secundam phalangem connexus, hallux medio antico brevior robustior. Ungues compressi acutissimi: medii antici et hallucis mediocres equales, externi et interni minores. CALYPTOMENA VIRIDIS. AFFINITAS.—Hoe genus pedibus Eurylaimo maxime convenit; necnon aliis cha- racteribus illo similitudinem prebet. Rostri forma tamen Dentirostribus magis simile est. Multa itaque de victu, vita more et precipue de structura anatomica mox notanda sunt, priusquam in ordinem naturalem sit dispositum an inter Dentirostres an Syndactylos. Calyptomena viridis nitens, macula utrinque ad latus nuche fasciis alarum tribus obliquis remigibusque preter marginem exteriorem atris. Burong Tampo Pinang, of the Malays. Calyptomena viridis, Sir T. S. Raffles’ Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra, Tr. Linn. Soc. XIII. p. 295, 1822. “ 'THIS very singular and beautiful bird is about six inches and a half in length. Its colour is a brilliant green, like that of the Parrots. The head is rather large, and its feathers are directed forwards from each side, in such a manner as nearly to conceal the bill, giving the face a very peculiar appearance. A little above and before the eyes, the feathers are of a deep velvet-black at their base, and only tipped with green; and there is a similar spot of black immediately over the ears. ‘The wings are scarcely longer than the body, green, but crossed on the coverts by three velvet-black bands; the primary feathers, as well as the whole under- side of the wings, are dusky approaching to black, with the exception of the outer margins of some, which are edged with green. The tail is short, rounded, composed of ten feathers, which are green above, and blueish-black below. The whole of the under parts are green: this colour is lightest on the sides of the neck, and round the eyes. The bill is short, wide, much depressed at the base, deeply cleft, and hooked at the point. Nostrils oval at the base of the bill, and concealed by the filiform feathers that project over them. The eyes are rather large; the irides blueish. Legs blueish-black: a few feathers come down over the upper part of the tarsi. Feet gressorial; outer toe not much shorter than the middle one, with which it is united as far as the last joint. «“ The stomach of this bird contained nothing but vegetable substances, chiefly. wild grains. It is found in the retired parts of the forests of Singapore, and the interior of Sumatra; and being of the colour of the leaves, and perching on the higher branches of the trees, it is not easily procurable. The female does not differ in appearance from the male. The name of Calyptomena, (a xarvnrw, velo) is pro- posed for this genus.” ; CALYPTOMENA VIRIDIS. To the preceding description, which is given in the words of Sir Stamford Raffles, I have only to add a few remarks on the illustration of this genus, and on its affinity. Referring therefore to the Plate, in which the characters are given in detail, letter XY exhibits the bill as seen from above. It was necessary to give a separate view of this organ, as in the general figure of the bird, every part, except the tip and the margin of the lower mandible, is concealed. The object of this view is more particularly to shew the extent of the bill, its outline, and its gradual atten- uation, by means of a slightly arched margin. In the profile, letter Z, the extent of the tubular portion of the nostrils, and their relation to the plumose covering of the upper-mandible is indicated, together with the posterior union of both man- dibles, by which the wide-gaping mouth is formed. The structure of the bill in Calyptomena is, however, essentially different from that of the Hvantes of Mliger, comprising the Goat-suckers and Swallows, which have both a small bill, united to an excessively wide mouth and throat. But in Calyptomena the bill is quite as long as the head, although the posterior portion, including the nostrils, is hid from view by the beautiful plumes of the upper-mandible, which give a sin- gular and highly ornamental appearance to this bird. The structure of the feet and of the toes is distinctly shewn in letter Y. Although I have associated Calyptomena with Eurylaimus, which in the Second Number of these Researches has been arranged among the Syndactyles of Cuvier, T have to acknowledge that my ideas regarding its natural affinity are not yet clear. The examination of this genus has again excited the inquiry, whether Eurylaimus, to which it is so nearly related, is with propriety arranged among the Syndactyles of Cuvier. In the structure of the feet these two genera entirely agree: they also both have a wide-gaping mouth, and a bill notched at the extremity ; but in Calyptomena, this organ is much more nearly allied in structure to the bill of the Dentirostres of Cuvier than in Eurylaimus. It greatly resembles the bill of the genera Rupicola, Pipra, Phibalura, Pardalotus, Platyrhynchus, and Procnias. All these birds have further a natural resemblance in the structure of their feet, which consists in an union of the toes, particularly of the outer and middle toe, existing in different degrees, but perhaps most strongly in Calyptemena. The genera above mentioned are arranged, nearly in succession, by the celebrated Temminck, in his extensive order of Insectivores: it remains, therefore, still to be determined by future inquiries, whether, when more accurately known, they will not be found to constitute a distinct Family among the Passereaux of Cuvier, connecting the Family of Denti- rostres with that of Syndactyles. 5 a is - » Pi iat at NOP aan 8 a 4 S } , . “ . The Sia toys: ape ere ee) agony Se x 3 | a eT | v0 t 4 ey ; E ¢, is ) ‘Fi hi H jit 4 + by 7 f bora i att ty TER | F 5 y ‘ 7 S f p ; 2 J ra! 3 I hi. i} 4 { 1 Fe : } e “ty are aa t 1 3 pant ) wie 4 eat ; Corse é ; P r j dca A ‘ e i é * a Ce 5 i. oe re i ees! z $ ‘ ; Aer : i wt - f roe © +. P} ; x b 4 aN Z TS FERRI SH oie Tk ‘ J k f - y ey Mae f Y yi 1 BGT Gee ACR RRR : f ‘ SI a he , s : ik BE ete Bit) : BE Yas * eS °. : ‘ t - r : * ¥ c ey : 4 Wyse cy ¢ Rieke ek ay i F rt i Wades - i pee ty i Pay i - =| ic { ‘ } wae & e ‘ ; ee f { i i aa are * % i oa 4 b) 7 bo 1 4 isha ite :) Be 2s Os rs : \ * . ay ‘ } iF ae é a by j ¢ iy y i the noe s “ Y . ¥ : £ : { Said crf ; 3 fe ( se SRS ERE age yk f ay a fa: lie } A = " . in 3 ¥ ‘9 ~. : : i > r2, * Foy te 5 . Kj - 1 RAs har, cenit ianeaei pepuripRey 2 OQ WPGUR te “STSENANVAVE SADSUVGAOd wp GeP LOL KF i EURYLAIMUS JAVANICUS, =" SS SS Orp. II* Les PassrrEaux, Cuvier. 2° Division. Les Syndactyles: Orv. VII™ AtcionEs, Temminck. Orp. II. Pica, Linn. Syst. Sect. III. Pedibus gressoriis Orv. Ii. AmputatTores, Llliger. EURYLAIMUS, Nobis. CHARACTER ESSENTIALIS.—Rostrum capite brevius, validum, depressum, basi postice dilatatum. ictus amplissimus. Mazil/a culmine obsoleto, apice adunco, emargi- nato, tomiis verticalibus. Nares basales, subrotunde, aperte, nude. Pedes gressorii. Digiti compressi, medius fere longitudine tarsi. A/e cauda breviores. Rectrices 12. CHARACTER NATURALIS.—Rostrum capite brevius, validum, depressum, lateribus ad apicem in cuneum attenuatis, basi latissimum, corneum; postice utrinsecus dilalato-ampliatum, margine intracto, angusto, sub oculos producto. Mazilla lateribus parum inclinatis basi latioribus; cwdmine obsolete-carinato, rotundato, apice abrupte adunco, spatulato, emarginato; fomiis latis, porrectis, acutis, ver- ticalibus, nigris. Mandibula depressa, tomiis verticalibus, basi rectis, versus apicem maxilla congruenter curvatis, obsolete emarginatis, acumine brevissimo obtuso terminali. Vbrisse pauce mustacales. Rictus amplissimus. Nares basales, laterales, subrotunde, apertae, omnino nude. Ale cauda breviores. Remiges: prima brevior, secunda et quarta equales, tertia longiuscula, quinta gradatim, sexta et ceteree abrupte breviores. Cauda _subro- tundata: rectrices 12, externe paulatim breviores. Pedes mediocres, peso Tarsi basi plumis tecti. Digit? compressi, tenues, medius longus (longitudine fere tarsi), internus externo brevior, externus medio ad tertiam, internus ad secundam phalangem connexus, hallux medio antico paulo brevior, robustus. Ungwes compressi; medii antici et hallucis mediocres, externi et interni minores subzequales. AFFIniTas.—Genus hocce pedibus familia Syndactylarum quadrat, rostro generi Platyrhyncho, familie Dentirostrium affine; difficilis tamen dispositio naturalis. Pedes enim gressorii et totus habitus, consociationem Dentirostribus dissuadent. Syndactylis, nullo genere characteribus exterioribus convenit; moribus et victu tamen Alcedini simile. DUVVEVUDHVODHVETUTETIDVDETIEVEVVOBOD EURYLAIMUS JAVANICUS. Eurylaimus capite toto corporeque subtus vinaceis, dorso alisque perfuscis flavo variis, cauda atra fascia subterminali alba. Eurylaimus Javanicus, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XXII. p. 170. IN proposing again a new genus in Ornithology, it is necessary to detail with clearness the reasons and comparisons by which I have been guided in this propo- sition. The genus to which Eurylaimus, in a principal character, is nearly allied, is Platyrhynchus, as established by Mr. Desmarest, and which comprises, besides the species to be enumerated in the sequel, the Todus rostratus and Todus ‘nasutus of Latham. I have to remark, in the first place, that, although on a superficial view, there appears a resemblance between these two genera, it is, in my opinion, much less striking than that which exists between Pitta and Myiothera, of which the former constitutes an Asiatic group, which is supplied in America by the latter. As far as regards Platyrhynchus, we have the authority of Mr. Temminck for proving that, with probably one or two exceptions, its range is confined to America; while Eurylaimus has only been found in the Indian Archipelago. As types of the genus Platyrhynchus, Mr. Temminck gives Lanius Pitangua of Linneus, and Platyrhyn- chus olivaceus and Platyrhynchus cancromus, two new species, which are figured in the Second Number of PLANCHES CoLoRI&ES, a splendid Work, serving as a conti- nuation of the Planches Enluminées, and published jointly by Mr. Temminck and the Baron Laugier. ; Referring for the characters of Eurylaimus to the detailed description given in the natural character of that genus, I proceed to a comparison of the characters of Lanius Pitangua, and of the two species of Platyrhynchus above mentioned, as far as the figures referred to have enabled me to make it. The bill of Lanius Pitangua is essentially different; it is longer than the head; the culmen, or back, is proportionally prominent, and presents a defined ridge, from which the sides decline gradually, and constitute an elevated upper mandible; the cutting edges, or tomia, instead of being perpendicular, as in Eurylaimus, are rounded and inflected: the bill in Lanius Pitangua is also less broad at the base; the edges are continued nearly straight to the gape under the eye, and not extended backward under that organ into a narrow incurved margin, which forms an excessively wide throat, from which the generic name of Hurylaimus is derived. The nostrils in Lanius Pitangua, instead of being perfectly naked and open, are covered above by a small membrane, while numerous long decumbent vibrisse EURYLAIMUS JAVANICUS. pass over them. These characters are likewise exhibited in the figures of Platy- rhynchus olivaceus and cancromus. The tip of the bill, in all these species, consti- tutes a hook more long and acute than in Eurylaimus., In the feet the union of the outer and middle toe extends only to the first articulation; while in Eurylaimus these toes are completely united through the whole of the first and second phalanx, and the interior and middle toe adhere closely in the first phalanx, as is accurately represented in the Plate of Illustrations. ‘The tarsi are proportionally short. In taking all these characters into consideration, I have no hesitation to propose Eury- laimus as a distinct genus, to be arranged among the Meropide or Syndactyle. Les Syndactyles, Cuv. In further confirmation of my views, I shall adduce the opinion of Sir Stamford Raffles. In the Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, made in the Island of Sumatra under his direction, which has been communicated to the Linnean Society, at the conclusion of the Second Part, containing a description of birds belonging to this Collection, Sir Stamford remarks :—*“ Besides the birds above mentioned, which are “ referable to known genera, there are three belonging to the division of Pica, with “ gressorial feet, which differ essentially from all hitherto described, and must con- “stitute two new and distinct genera of that order.” After describing the first, he proceeds :—* The second genus belonging to the same order, is characterized “by a very large, thick, strong bill, wide and rounded at the base, hooked and * slightly notched at the point. The edge of the lower mandible is incurved under “the upper. Nostrils not covered. Feet gressorial. Of this genus there are two “ species; they are both found in the interior of Sumatra; and the second species “ enumerated is also met with at Singapura.”—-From these observations we can also, in some measure, determine the range of this genus; it extends from Sumatra eastward to Singapura, and thence South to the eastern extremity of Java, near the Straits of Baly, where I discovered it in the year 1806: since that period I have not met with it again. We are indebted to Sir Stamford Raffles for the following remarks on the first species :—*“ It frequents the banks of rivers and lakes, feeding on insects and “worms. It builds its nest pendant from the branch of a tree or bush which over- « hangs the water.”—I found it in Java, in one of the most distant and inaccessible parts, covered with extensive forests, and abounding with rivers and marshes. The entire length of the Eurylaimus javanicus is eight inches. The bill has half the length of the head, and measures nine lines. The head, sides of the neck, and the whole of the neck and body underneath are of a violet, or rather vinous colour, varying with different degrees of intensity. The plumes on the summit of the head are lengthened, and extend to the occiput, where they form a very obscure EURYLAIMUS JAVANICUS. crest. The ground of violet is variegated here with deep brown; in a certain light also it presents a reddish lustre. That part of the forehead which surrounds the bill is nearly black; behind the nostrils, near the gape, a few vibrisse are pro- truded, and the margin of the lower mandible is surrounded by stiff plumes of a dark colour, extending towards its base. The throat and the neck anteriorly have with the violet a plumbeous lustre, and on the breast and belly this colour is considerably diluted. The vent is yellow. The brown colour of the plumes which cover the upper part of the neck, becomes ‘darker towards the back, and assumes a sooty tint. The wings above are very deep blackish brown, more intense near the shoulder, and lighter towards the extremity. A yellow streak, formed by a series of narrow plumes, between the coverts and secondary quill-feathers, passes longitu- dinally along the wing, and meets, near its lower termination, an interrupted transverse band of the same colour, caused by a very small semilunar mark, on the exterior margin of the secondary quill-feathers, near their lower extremity. The quill-feathers are white from their base to about one-half of their length; but the coverts of the wing are so disposed, that they leave a part of the base open, which appears as an irregular white spot on the exterior margin. ‘The wings underneath, from the axilla towards the shoulder, are covered with yellow plumes, which appear in an exterior border of that colour. Below this, somewhat interiorly, is a brown spot, made up of very minute plumes, closely applied to the surface of the wing. The sides of the back are of an intensely brown colour; in the middle it is variegated with plumes, on which portions of black and yellow are unequally distributed. The coverts of the tail are lengthened, black at the base, and yellow towards the extremity, so that the uropygium appears yellow. From the lower part of the back a broad black spot stretches towards the hypochondriz. The tail consists of twelve feathers :—the two intermediate ones are entirely black ; the four next in order on each side are of the same colour, having near the extremity a white transverse band ; on the two exterior feathers this band is near the middle, and rather broader. The bill is reddish brown at the base; towards the extremity both mandibles are irregu- larly variegated, and striped: in the upper mandible the culmen, or back, is uniformly of a yellowish colour. The cutting edges are intensely black, and shining. The tarsi and toes have a dusky yellowish hue, and the claws are brown, inclining to black. On the Plate of Illustrations, in letter P. and Q., the bill and foot of Eurylaimus javanicus are represented, as far asis necessary for elucidating the generic description. A Pelletier ded Jhixeal by C- Meedimanitd ALCEDO BRU, Jondn. Lub“ by Mingsbixy. Furby and Allen. 7 Leadenhall: St? Jane, 1882. ALCEDO BIRU. es PassEREAUX, Cuvier. 2° Division. Les Syndactyles. me > ALcIONEs, Temminck. &, Sect. III. Pedibus gressoriis, Linn. Syst. D. UI, Anmozarones, Illiger. Fam. 6. Angulirostres. Y 5 ae Lath. Cuv. Temm. Mliger, &e. “ae Cuar. Gen.—Rostrum capite longius, rectum, porrectum, validum, tetragono- compressum, acuminatum, aeutum, culmine subdistincto, dorsato, recto, gonyde, ascendente, mandibulis subequal bs: Tomia subtilissime incisulo-fimbriata. -Pibrisse nulle. Nares in basi maxille prope « ‘culmen site, superne tecte, inferne rima longitudinali patentes. Lingua brevis, carnosa, plana, fere sagittata. Pedes breves, congrui, gressorii, tibia inferius denudata. Tarsus digiti medii dimidium tantum zquans. Digiti antici externi subequales, coadunati apice discreti, internus dimidio brevior, interdum nullus. Unguis medius acie interna dilatata. -Acrotarsia obsolete, acrodactyla apertius scutulata. (Illiger.) SBVT Trp ett ee ect erase reeset cee * Rostro gracili, culmine carinato. Alcedo subazurea nitore thalassino, remigibus interne caudaque subtus fuscis, gula jugulo abdomine macula colli laterali alisque subtus albis. Meninting-watu seu Burung-Biru, of the Javanese. Alcedo Biru, Horsf. Syst. “giana of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Ve ol. XIE. p. 175. ___IN the Systematic Catalogue of Birds from Java, which was printed in the XIIIth Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, the views of M. Tem- minck regarding Alcedo were adopted. When the Catalogue was prepared, the examination of the various species from that Island, suggested clearly a division of ALCEDO BIRU. the genus into two sections, founded on certain differences which exist in the form of the bill. After continued inquiries, and the examination of subjects from other parts of the world, I can now state with confidence, that the characters of each of these sections are sufficiently marked and permanent to sanction a separation into ° two distinct genera, the peculiarities of which I shall now enumerate. In the first the bill is very long, slender, gradually attenuated to a sharp point, compressed to such a degree that the height considerably exceeds the breadth, having both mandibles carinated, and marked with longitudinal grooves, and the cutting edges, or tomia, slightly bent inwards. The Alcedo Ispida furnishes a _ sample of this genus. In the second the bill is of a light consistence, greatly distended, broad at the base, and gradually tapering towards the extremity, which is moderately compressed. The upper mandible is even, or very slightly grooved from the nostrils to the point; the back, or culmen, is rounded, not prominent or keeled, and the extremity of the upper mandible forms a cavity for the reception of ' the lower: the latter is depressed at the base, swelled towards the middle, then gradually attenuated to a point, which is acute, and somewhat smaller than the upper. The cutting edges, tomia, are sharp; those of the upper mandible are slightly curved, while those of the lower are straight: near the tip the upper man- dible is slightly bent downwards, while the lower inclines upwards in a small degree. The Alcedo sacra furnishes a sample of this genus. Besides these, a third natural division of Alcedo, as it was defined by the earlier ~ Ornithologists, is afforded by the Gigantic Kingsfisher of New Holland. For this the name DacEto was proposed by Dr. Leach, and it has received the sanction of the celebrated Temminck, in the “Analyse du Systeme général d’Ornithologie,” . prefixed to the Second Edition of his Manuel. The bill in this genus does not exceed the head in length, and it is stronger and more dilated than the bill of the individuals belonging to the second genus. The cutting edges, towards the extre- mity, take a bold curve upwards, and are deeply cut out; the tip is greatly length- ened, and terminated by a small notch. The lower mandible is considerably swelled; the margin is not straight, but curved upwards, to meet the curve of the upper mandible. A new species, the Dacelo pulchella, described in the Second Number of these Researches, has lately been added to this genus from Java. The propriety of these views, as far as regards the division of Alcedo, of the earlier Ornithologists into two genera, is confirmed by the Author of the Zoolo- gical Illustrations, William Swainson, Esq: .In the Fifth Number of this work, the second genus is described. with the name of Hatcyon, while ALCEDo is applied to ALCEDO BIRU. the first, and the characters of both genera are’ clearly defined. In the Museum of Joshua Brookes, Esq. of Blenheim Street, the second genus is distinguished by the ‘name of ENToMoPHILA, from the Manuscripts of Dr. Leach; and the characteristic name of M. Le Vaillant, which has been applied to the second section of the genus Alcedo, in the Catalogue above mentioned, (p. 173,) has there suggested the name of KENTOMOTHERA. The Alcedo Biru is by no means uncommon in Java. I observed it chiefly in the interior, in low situations; but it is also found in the maritime districts. Its habits and manners are those of the European Kingsfisher. It darts in short, rapid flights along the surface among rivulets and lakes, emitting as it moves shrill sounds in a high key. These sounds are so strong and acute, that when the bird is near, they strike the ear in an unpleasant manner. Our bird is not unfrequently observed perched on trees on the banks of rivulets. Its food, as in the European species, consists of small fishes, and of aquatic insects. The Alcedo Biru has the general proportions of the birds belonging to the first section of Alcedo. The body is slender. The entire length is five inches and one fourth. The bill measures one inch and six lines. The feet and the tail are short. The colours are very simple. The whole of the upper parts, with a broad band covering the breast, have a beautiful tint, varying according to the light to which the bird is exposed, from pure azure-blue to sea-green. The throat, the lower part of the neck, the abdomen, the vent, the wings underneath, -a line extending from the base of the bill to the anterior angle of the eye, and a rhomboidal mark on the side of the neck, are white. The extremity of the wings, and the tail underneath, have a dark brown colour inclining to black, which is more saturated on the bill and feet. The blue colour of the upper parts is subject to a few slight modifications: on the crown of the head, and on the neck, it is variegated with transverse undulations of a brown tint: this tint agreeing with that of the extremity of the wings, also appears in the base of the. silky plumes which cover the back. The coverts of the wings have also transverse bands of a darker tint. The colour of our bird changes with its relative position to the light: it assumes various tints, from pure azure to blueish green, and to saturated verdigris-green. The white mark on the neck behind the ears, is formed by a loose tuft or series of plumes of a white colour, exceeding the other plumes in length, and provided at the extremity with long delicate silky barbs. In the Plate which illustrates this article, our bird appears in its greenish lustre, which is most intense on the lower part of the back, and on the coverts of the tail, Lrinted by 0 Mickle andel: CENTROPUS BUBUTVS. Londen LUé: by Mearascurd tarhivy and Mien - Centropus Bubu ~ Cuculus Bubw Sir CENTROPUS PHILIPPENSIS.. Var. JAVANICA. S'S Ss Orp. II1I™ Les Grimpeurs, Cuvier. Orp. V™ ZyYGODACTYLES, Temminck. Orv. II. Pica, Linn. Syst. Sect. II. Pedibus scansoriis. Orv. I. Scansorzs, Miger, Fam. 3. Amphiboli. CENTROPUS, Idig. Cuv. Temm. CUCULUS, Gmel. Lath. &c. Cuar. GEN.—ostrum capite brevius, incurvum, valde compressum, grypaneum. Tomia integerrima. Nares plumis recumbentibus tecte. Cauda gradata, elongata. Pedes scansorii, congrui. Digiti externi internis longiores, antici fissi, posticorum externus versatilis? Ungues incurvi, posticus internus reliquis aliquantum longior, rectiusculus, subulatus. Illiger. f fui Centropus cyaneo-nigro nifens, hil badiis. Bubut, of the Javanese. Centropus Philippensis, Cuv. Reg. anim. 426. Coucou des Philippines, Buf. VI. p. 369.— Pl. Einl. 824. | Cuculus egyptius, Var. 6 Li; n. Syst. Hd. Gmel. I. p. 420.—Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 213. Egyptian Cuckow, Lath. in. HI. p. 523. 16. A. s, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. - Pol. XIII, p. 180. : Raffles’ Cat. of a Zool. Coll. made in Sumatra. Trans. CENTROPUS PHILIPPENSIS. THE Bubut affords a good illustration of the genus Centropus. Among the species which compose it, is a small group, the individuals of which have a general agreement both in their external covering and in their cry, although distributed through very distant countries. They are found not only in New Guinea and in the Philippine and Sunda Islands, but their range extends to Madagascar, and thence through the Continent of Africa to Senegal and Egypt. The species which constitute this small group have as yet not been clearly defined ; and by several ornithologists of the first eminence, the adult and the young bird are described with different denominations. Although in the Systematic Description of Javanese Birds the Bubut has been enumerated as a distinct species, a re-examination of the various specimens in our Collection, and a comparison of the varieties in size and external marks with the figures of Buffon and Levaillant, have induced me, at least for the present, to unite it with the Centropus Philippensis of Cuvier. It tends to confirm the near relation which exists between the species composing the small group above mentioned *; their note has suggested nearly the same name in the most distant countries: it is Bubut with the Javanese; Houhou in Egypt ; and Toulou in Mada- gascar. They likewise resemble each other in their manners and their food. In the Islands of the Indian Archipelago, as well as in Egypt, they are seldom seen in forests, but frequent low bushes; they live solitary, or in single pairs, and they feed chiefly on locusts. Their external covering is similar, both regarding the distribu- tion of colours and the particular properties of the plumage. The feathers of the head, neck, back, breast, abdomen, and tail have a very dark blue tint inclining to black, with a strong gloss, which is purple on the summit of the head and neck, yellowish green with a metallic lustre on the tail, and more uniform and dark under- neath. But it varies in different individuals according to their age, and according to the light to which they are exposed. A peculiar property of the plumes covering the head and neck, which belongs to all Centropi, shews itself more strongly in the group which comprises the Bubut. The plumes are very rough and rigid, and the barbs are separated and again subdivided, constituting, according to Illiger, decom- pound plumes with bristly lateral filaments. The tail is gradated, and consists of ten broad feathers, decreasing regularly in size from the intermediate ones to the two exterior feathers, which are abruptly shorter. * T consider this small group to consist of the following species, agreeably to M. Cuvier’s arrangement, as given Regne anim. 426, in the note :—1. Cuculus Aigyptius and Senegalensis, which are united by M. Cuvier. 2. Centropus Philippensis, Cuv. 3. Centropus nigrorufus, Cuv. 4. Centropus Tolu. CENTROPUS PHILIPPENSIS. The Egyptian Cuckow, which is clearly described by Buffon and Latham, affords a general illustration of the birds of this group. The figure annexed to this article exhibits accurately the dress of the adult Javanese Bubut. The dark parts have a very strong gloss, modified as above described. Several specimens of the young bird, contained in the collections at the India House, shew the change which gradually occurs in the plumage of the Bubut. The general dark tint of the upper parts spreads partially over the wings; the colour is obscure and sooty on the tail, and without any metallic lustre. Although the Bubut does not belong, in strict propriety, to the design of the present Work, I have introduced it as exhibiting the Javanese dress of a bird belonging to an extensively distributed group, which preserves its manners and. note in the most distant regions; but I take this opportunity of stating, that to com- plete the number of original figures intended for this Work, an additional subject will be given in one of the following Numbers. In the figure which illustrates this article, the Bubut is represented somewhat less than half the natural size. Csi i, “ : DACELO PULCHELLA. Sa |] Orp. II Les PassEREAUXx Cuvier. 2" Division. Les Syndactyles. Orp. VII™ Aucrones, Temminck. Orv. II. Pica, Linn. Syst. Sect. 111. Pedibus gressoriis. Orp. II. AmpunaTores, Iliger. Fam. 6. Angulirostres. DACELO, Leach, Temminch. Cuar. Gren.—Rostrum mediocre, porrectum, validum, crassum, tetragono-attenu- atum, subdepressum. Mazwilla \ateribus planis, dilatatis, versus apicem deflexa utrinque profunde emarginata, ipsa extremitate truncata excisa, culmine rotun- dato obsoleto, tomiis acutis. Mandibu/a basi magis depressa, attenuata, acumi- nata gonyde subascendente. Nares basales, laterales, parte dimidia plumis obtectze, rima ovatiuscula patentes. Pedes breves, congrui gressorii. Digiti antici externi coadunati apice discreti internus breviusculus. - RRR Reet tt ttt ttttetetst8e. Dacelo supra thalassino atro alboque fasciata, capite badio saturato, vertice occipiteque azureis, gula juguloque albidis, abdomine ferrugineo diluto. Tengke-watu, Javanis. Dacelo pulchella, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XXII. p. 175. ALTHOUGH this bird has the habit and appearance of a Kine’s-fisher, its bill presents several strongly marked peculiarities distinct from the King’s-fishers in general, but agreeing with the gigantic species peculiar to New Holland, which is distinguished by the name of “ Laughing Jack-ass.” The peculiarities of the latter, as far as regards the bill, induced Dr. Leach to separate it from the King’s-fishers into a genus denominated Dacelo, which has been adopted by the celebrated M. Tem- minck, in his “ Analyse du Systeme Général d’Ornithologie,” prefixed to the Second Edition of his Manuel. In comparing our bird with the Gigantic King’s-fisher, I have observed, besides an agreement in the form of the bill, other points of resem- blance regarding the habit and general distribution of colours in both: these have already been stated in the Description of a Collection of Birds from Java, contained in Vol. XIII. of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, in the following remark :— “ In both the forehead and crown are regularly circumscribed by the lateral parts of DACELO PULCHELLA. « the head and a posterior collar. The under-parts are uniform; the wings above “ and the tail are transversely banded.” This bird fully deserves the epithet given to it in the specific denomination ; it exhibits a very beautiful display of colours, which requires little illustration by description. In its residence in Java, as far as I have been able to ascertain, it is extremely local. I found it once only, in a low range of hills, about twenty miles South East of Semarang, known in the central parts of the Island by the name of Hills of Prowoto. Here a single bird was obtained in the forest. The Dacelo pulchella has on the forehead and sides of the head a very saturated chesnut colour, which is continued in a broad band round the lower part of the neck. The crown of the head, the occiput, and the upper part of the neck, are covered with an oblong mark, with regularly defined sides of a beautiful azure, having a few transverse dots of white and black. The upper part of the wings and the back exhibit a beautiful variety of sea-green, black and white, disposed in trans- verse bands, which are produced by the distribution of colours in the plumes cover- ing these parts. The wing coverts, the scapulars, and the plumes of the back and uropygium, are marked alternately with bands of white and black, and have a ter- minal band of sea-green. The quill-feathers are entirely black, and the secondary feathers have alternately a broad black and a narrow white band. The tail-feathers are twelve in number; the shafts of all are intensely black and shining: of the eight intermediate feathers the interior barb consists of bands alternately black and white; and the exterior, of bands alternately black and blue. The feather next fol- lowing on each side has the interior barb like the others; but the exterior barb has the alternating bands partly blue and partly white; the exterior feather on each side has the barbs on both sides alternately banded black and white. Of the under parts the throat is whitish, and the breast and abdomen very diluted ferruginous. The wings beneath are whitish in the axilla, and as far as the base of the quill-fea- thers extends; the extremity of these is brown. ‘The bill has a saturated orange tint, which is paler towards the base; and the feet and claws agree in colour with the abdomen. CCIE APO SAC TIPOLLOV 02, LUA? PUuV MARGIN MDGNOUIY FI YR VOPUOT Pyeyapue | SA IINVAVE S MW lO oy AM PHENICOPHAUS JAVANICUS. Orv. III™ Les Grimpeurs, Cuvier. Orp. V™ ZyGopDactTYLEs, Temminck. Orp. II. Pica, Linn. Syst. Sect. II. Pedibus seansoriis. Orp. I. Scansores, Illiger. Fam. 3, Amphiboli. PHENICOPHAUS, Vieillot, Temminck. Les Matconas, Vaill. Cuv. _ Cuar. Gen.—Rostrum mediocre sive longiusculum, validum, crassum, glaberrimum, arcuatum, culmine rotundato, tomiis integerrimis. Nares laterales lineares aut . ovatiusculz, prope basin rostri site vel remote; vibrissee sparse ad basin rostri. Regio ophthalmica nuda mamillaris. Cauda gradata elongata. Ale breves © rotundate: remiges: prima ad quartam gradatim increscentes ; quarta et quinta longissimz. Pedes scansorii congrui. Digzti externi internis longiores. _Acro- podia scutulata. PRVVVDe reap pppeTepevesesesesetetes Pheenicophaus cano-viridescente niger, malis gula jugulo crisso cruribusque ferru- gineo-badiis, rectricibus apice albis. | Bubut-kembang, of the Javanese. Pheenicophaus javanicus, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans, Vol. XXII. p. 178. EVERY ornithologist is acquainted with the difficulties which not unfrequently occur in the classification of birds. After the most careful examinations and compa- risons, a doubt remains in many cases, as to the propriety of a disposition. This was the case with the bird which was described with the name of Phoenicophaus javanicus, in the Systematic Arrangement of Birds from Java, published in the XIIith Volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, and which has been selected for the present article. Our bird has a relation, as well to the genus Cuculus as to that of Phoenicophaus, while in some characters it differs from both; and I have now to state my reasons for associating it with the latter. The peculiarities which require notice, in discriminating these two genera, are the relative compression and length of PHGENICOPHAUS JAVANICUS. the bill, the form and disposition of the nares, and the presence of a naked mamillary space surrounding the eyes. In the general form of the bill, our bird is nearly allied _ to several oriental species of Cuculus, particularly to Cuculus clamosus; but the latter is not provided with vibrisse. In possessing these, as well as in the peculiar ‘lustre of the bill, our bird agrees with Phoenicophaus melanognathus; but a more accurate and critical examination of the bill of the Phoenicophaus javanicus, would probably suggest the propriety, either of establishing a distinct division in the genus Phoenicophaus, or of considering our bird as the type of anew genus. The nares of Cuculus xanthorhyncus, C. flavus, and C. fugax, possess, in a striking degree, the character which is given to them in the generic description; they are circular, and surrounded with a naked, tubular, membranaceous eminence. In Phoenicophaus * javanicus, on the contrary, they are linear, and partially covered by the vibrissze at the base of the bill; while in Phoenicophaus melanognathus they are nearly oval, situated at the base of the bill, and a longitudinal groove extends, parallel to the margin, toward the border. The naked mamillary circle about the eyes is less extensive in our bird than in Phoenicophaus melanognathus, but it exists im a sufficient degree to distinguish it from the Cuculi above mentioned, in which there is no trace of it. The feet of our bird present nothing peculiar, and in the wings it agrees strictly with Phoenicophaus. The general physiognomy of our bird is that of the Phoenicophai. The body and neck are slender, and the tail exceeds them considerably inlength. The entire length is eighteen inches, nearly eleven of which are occupied by the tail, which is gradated. The upper parts generally are greenish-gray ; a metallic lustre is diffused over them, shewing itself stronger on the upper parts of the tail, and on the extremity of the wings, on which the tint is saturated, inclining to black. The head is of a lighter tint, inclining to plumbeous, and without any lustre. The base of the bill is surrounded with vibrissz, straggling, and pointing anteriorly and posteriorly. The cheeks, the throat, the neck anteriorly, the vent, and the thighs, have a ferruginous- chestnut tint, which in the latter is darker, inclining to rufous. The lower parts of the breast and the abdomen have the plumbeous colour of the head, more diluted, and slightly variegated with chestnut. The bill is red and shining, the naked space about the eyes yellowish, and the feet are black. About half an inch of the extre- mity of the tail-feathers is tipped with white, and the irides have also a whitish hue. On the Plate our bird is represented two-thirds of the size of life. The Phcenicophaus javanicus is found in the society of various species of Centropus, at the confines of large forests, in plains covered with low shrubs, and solitary trees. It resembles the Phrenotrix Temmia in its habits and manners. The ‘shortness of its wings permits only interrupted flights. It is chiefly observed about noon, and is remarkable by the beauty of its form. It is not found in great abundance. eehuike’ Whore ‘ Neat bs) ee) AS 0) r i ur Cada “EE Pf £900 BAS DYOYUMIPUET L OYE ‘hung ny hangs buay 49 gp UAL ROPUIT “SIWGadaAT saTtToAVIoOoO ae ee = CUCULUS LUGUBRIS. =a SS 0 = Orp. III" Les Grimpeurs, Cuvier. Orp. V™ ZycopactryLes. Lemminck. Orp. II. Pica, Linn. Syst. Sect. II. Pedibus scansoriis. Orp. I. Scansores, Idiger. Fam. 3. Amphiboli. CUCULUS, Linn. Briss. Lath. Temm. Iliger, &c. CHar. GEN.—Rostrum mediocre, compressum, modice curvatum. Tomia integer- rima. ictus amplus. Nares prope rostri basin site, membrana nuda obtecte, ‘aut marginate, apertura ovali. Ale mediocres, remigum tertia longissima. Cauda gradata, elongata, rectricibus decem aut duodecim. Pedes scansorii, congrul. Zuarsi basi plumis tecti. Dzgiti externi internis longiores, antici basi leviter connexi, posticorum externus versatilis. Acropodia scutulata. Ungues omnes incurvi. Eve a a hn hh he ed Cuculus ater nitore viridi, remigibus exterioribus pogonio interno albo notatis, * rectricibus duabus externis crissoque albo fasciatis, tibiis postice albis. Awon-awon, of the Javanese. Cuculus lugubris, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 179. Mournful Cuckow, Gen. Hist. of Birds by J. Latham, M.D. 2d Edition, 1821. Vol. IIL. p. 286, N. 32. THE Cuculus lugubris is found in districts of secondary elevation, which are diversified with extended ranges of hills, and covered with luxuriant forests. The southern and western parts of Java are generally of this description. In the extensive central plains intervening between abrupt, conical, and elevated mountains, and which are generally in a high state of culture, and covered with flourishing towns and villages, I have rarely observed it. This bird retires into the deepest coverts, and, having a dark plumage, it is with difficulty surprised. Its peculia- rities, both as to voice and general habits, have not, as far as is known to me, been CCUCULUS LUGUBRIS. ‘observed. Its habits are very different from those of the Cuculus orientalis and the ‘Cuculus flavus, which are both very abundant in Java. The former, although it delights in shady woodland tracts, gladly seeks the confines of villages, and is univer- sally known by the cry of Zuhu-tuhu, from which the native name is derived. The Cuculus flavus descends into the plains and cultivated tracts, where it is heard in the morning from almost every tall tree. It has three distinct notes, which it repeats in great regularity with a loud but not unpleasant voice, although by — many natives it is considered as ominous of evil. But although our bird differs from the Cuculus orientalis in its habits, it greatly resembles it in the external covering. It ‘has a‘slender, somewhat lengthened form ; the tail is of moderate length, and wedge shaped, though in a less degree than in many other Cuckows. It is slightly forked, and the divisions are rounded at the ‘extremity ; this organ consists of ten feathers, of which the two exterior ones reach ‘scarcely to its middle. The others are of equal length, have very broad internal ‘vanes, and are disposed at the sides in two series, capable, to appearance, of being divaricated at the pleasure of the bird. In the form of the bill, the peculiarity of the nares which occurs in this genus, and in the structure of the feet and claws, it agrees with the true Cuckows. The general colour of our bird is deep greenish black; but a strong lustre is spread over the plumage, which varies, according to its position towards the light, from green, with a yellow metallic reflection, to purple and blue. This colour is darkest on the head and back. The wings underneath are brown. The quills are marked on the internal vane with a white spot, and col- lectively exhibit, when the wings are expanded underneath, a large transverse band. ‘The two short exterior tail-feathers are obliquely banded with white, the bands being distinct at the extremity, and gradually evanescent towards the base. The plumes of the vent have likewise delicate white bands: on the thighs the plumage is thick and somewhat lax, and a few white filaments appear among the black ‘feathers. The bill and feet are black: the irides dark coloured. ua Hie NA 7 y Th Hy elENe Pelletier, del Printed by CHullmandel CUCULUS XANTHORHYNCHUS. hondoa-LiUbeshed by Black, Kingsbury, Lurbu Ty, le lien, KB Leadenhall Stree Pebérua ry ABLE, CUCULUS XANTHORHYNCHUS. Orp. IIT™ Les Grimpevurs, Cuvier. -Orp. V® ZyGopactyLes, Temminck. Orv. II. Pica, Linn. Syst. Sect. I. Pedibus scansoriis. Orp. I. Scansores, Idiger. Fam 3. Amphiboli. CUCULUS, Linn. Briss. Lath. Temm. IIlliger, &e. Cuar. GEN.—Rostrum mediocre, compressum, modice curvatum. Toma integer- rima. zctus amplus. -Nares prope rostri basin site, membrana nuda obtecte, aut marginate, apertura ovali. -d/e mediocres, remigum tertia longissima, Cauda gradata, elongata, rectricibus decem aut duodecim. Pedes scansorii, congrui. Tarsi basi plumis tecti. Digit externi internis longiores, antici basi leviter connexi, posticorum externus versatilis. Acropodia scutulata. Ungues omnes incurvi. FNS a Sah th Ya Sh th nh th ete th th eth th nh a Cuculus violaceus, axillis ventre cruribus rectricibusque externis albo fasciatis, rostro flavo. Cuculus xanthorhynchus, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. X11. p. 179. THE yellow-billed Cuckoo of Java, comparatively with other species of this Genus, has a broad bill, a highly arched covering to the nares, and a greatly elon- gated exterior hind toe. The wings are also proportionally long and slender: in its other characters it agrees with the rest of the Genus. Among the Javan species it most nearly resembles the Cuculus flavus; it has a similar form and general distribu- tion of colour, but it is very rarely met with, and never allows itself to be approached. I have procured two individuals only, which agree in size and characters: I have not had an opportunity of observing it in a state of liberty. CUCULUS XANTHORHYNCHUS. Entire length, six inches and one half. Head and upper parts deep brown, with a beautiful violet reflection, which in a certain light exhibits a metallic lustre. Quill feathers, and four exterior tail feathers on each side, deep blackish-brown. Three exterior tail feathers banded with white: the smallest is tipped with white at the end, and the bands are nearly equal in breadth on both vanes; on the second, the bands on the external vanes are broader ; and on the third they are greatly con- tracted, and confined to the exterior vane. The breast, abdomen, thighs, and axille are pale ferruginous, and marked with regular transverse bands of deep brown, on which a metallic lustre is occasionally perceptible. The plumes of the front and crown of the head are capable of being elevated to a very slight crest. a ALilletwer ded Lrinted by Clilimarudel. IPI IRIDEX PERSON ATA . Londo Lub by hingsbury ,Larbuvy & Alen} PLeadenhatl: Sté. April IE Ef PERDIX PERSONATA. i a SS * SS Orv. IV™ Les Gatuinacks, Cuvier. Orv. XV™ Gauutnacts, Temminch. Orp. V. GALLINA, Linn. Syst. Orv. IV. Rasores, Llhger. Fam. 20, Gallinacei. PERDIX, Briss. Lath. Cuv. Temm. Illig. &c. Tetrao, Linn. Cuar. Gen.— Rostrum breve, crassiusculum, compressiusculum, basi nudum, maxilla fornicata, convexa, subadunca, mandibula gonyde 3 recta porrecta. Nares basales, laterales, squama fornicali superne cane ausee, ae ceimplumes. Lingua carnosa, integra, apice acuta. fy Caput plamatimn ; « circa. atiloe sepius macule implumes verrucose. “Ale | reves; cresting. tribus exterioribus gradatim brevioribus, quarta et quinta, vel ; seepius quinta, longioribus. oy a brevis,. deflexa, rectri- cibus densis. Pedes tetradactyli, insidentes, mediocres, congrui, nudi. Tarsus maris calcaratus, rarius tuberosus rare miuticus. __Tarsotheca clypeato- sseutalata) Acrodactyla scutulata. Hallux digito interno o plus dimidio brevior. << faleulares, paululum hae acutiuscu os Teno i bs ii Perdix supra fusca subtus tics eee . colo ie ad Riters eet superciliari albis, pileo colloque postice et ae i nigris, alis abdomine crissoque maculis transversis lunulatis nigris et Gastaneis. aa a a Perdix orientalis; Horsf. Syst. Arrangement y, Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XII, p. 165. eR THE Perdix personata, which is represented in our Plate of natural size, agrees with the Perdix javanica in the general contour of the body, in the shortness of the amet ‘ PERDIX PERSONATA. tail, and in the slenderness of the claws; but the naked area about the eyes is com- paratively small. The distribution of the white plumes over the face and neck, gives to our bird in some degree the appearance of wearing a mask: the name of personata is therefore now applied to it. In the Systematic Catalogue of Javanese Birds, printed in the Linnean Society’s Transactions, it was named orientalis; but the latter, being a fopical name, is not admissible, according to the present views of ornitholo- gists: I therefore make use of the opportunity still afforded me of proposing a name, against which this untoward objection does not lie. On each side of the bill, behind the nostrils, rises a small tuft of half erect plumes, of a white colour, which is con- tinued backward as a superciliary line, and after several interruptions, gradually dis- appears on the sides of the neck : the throat, the cheeks, and the anterior and lateral parts of the neck are covered with plumes of the same colour, which are regularly bounded and encircled at the sides and before, with the dark brown plumage of the neck and breast, which also passes upwards in a narrow band, encircles the eyes, and meets the base of the bill. The upper parts of the head and neck are very dark brown, inclining to black. The general colour of the plumage is brown; it is dark brown, with a faint tint of olive-gray above; underneath it passes into blueish-gray. The colour is uniform on the back, on the superior extremity of the wings, and on the tail; the scapulars and the lower portion of the wings are variegated with black and. chestnut: the greater coverts have, in many cases, a broad black band near the extremity, which marks the vanes unequally ; on that vane which is directed upward, it is defined by an oblique line extending towards the point ; on the opposite vane it follows the shaft, and occupies a greater portion of the feather: a chestnut band, about one line in breadth, crosses the black band near the extremity. On several of the interior of the secondary quill-feathers, and on the scapulars, a chestnut ground occupies the extremity, which has a rhomboidal mark on the shaft, and a black band at the extremity, with several indistinct dots of the same colour: several of the tail- feathers are: also marked with dotted bands of black. On the lower part of the breast the brown colour assumes a blueish cast, which becomes gradually fainter towards the abdomen, the lowest part of which, with the vent and thighs, is dirty white. The plumes of the hypochondriw and the vent-feathers are transversely marked near the end, (which has a brown band), with a broad black band, which in many cases is arched and semilunar. The colour of the feet and of the irides is pale reddish-yellow ; on the claws the tint is yellowish-white. This bird inhabits the elevated woods of the Province of Blambangan, near the eastern extremity of Java, and was once only observed during my travels. A. Pelletier ded. ARDEA SPECIOSA. London -Pub4 by Kingsbury, Parbury. & Alten, 7 Leadenhall Sts bet? 1623. Printed by CHallmandel. Lu ARDEA SPECIOSA. =a —* SS Orv. V™ Les Ecuassters, Cuvier. 3™ Famille, Les Cultirostres. Orv. XIII? Grautuatores, Temminck. Orv. IV. Gratita, Linn. Syst. Orp. VI. Gratuatores, I/liger. Fam 30, Herodii. ARDEA, Linn. Briss. Lath. Cuv. Temm. &c. Cuar. GEN.—Rostrum capite longius, crassum, rectum, compressum, elongato- conicum, acuminatum, acutum, mandibulis subaqualibus, maxilla utrinque sulco, antrorsum evanescente, exarata, culmine basi subdistincto, in apieem sensim deflexo. Tomia szpius subtilissime oblique incisula, maxillaria pone apicem emarginata. Nares prope basin in sulco laterali site, lineares, longitudi- nales, superne postice membrana tecte. Lingua mediocris, oblonga, plana, acuta, membranacea. Lora cum orbitis implumia. Ale tuberculate. Pedes grallarii, elongati, congrui, tetradactyli, colligati, digitis omnibus angusto- lomatinis. Hallux digitum medium dimidium vel zquans, vel superans, cum - digito interno basi connexus, incumbens. Ungues: falcule falcate, medius acie interna pectinatim incisula. Tarsus digito medio paulo longior. Acro- tarsia clypeata, clypeis superioribus see Or Ds, rarius scutulata. Acrodac- tyla scutulata. Illger. tt te th te te th ead Ardea cristata alba, dorso nigro, collo supremo flavescente antice pectoreque rufis, rostro basi albente. Biekko iréng, of the Javanese. Ardea speciosa, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement . Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 189. Ardea malaccensis, Linn. Syst. Ed. Gmel. 1, p. 648. Ardea senegalensis, Linn. Syst. Ed. Gmel. 1, p. 645. Crabier blanc et brun de Malac, Buff: Hist. Nat. des. Ois. VII. p. 394.—FPi. Enl, 911. Petit Héron roux du Sénégal, Pl. Eni. 315: ARDEA SPECIOSA. THE bird represented in the 911th Number of the Planches enluminées, and described by Buffon as Crabier blane et brun, from Malacca, is also very abundant in Java; and various specimens are contained in the Honourable Company’s Museum. The native name is BLEKKO: this is also applied to the Ardea speciosa, which is represented on the Plate annexed to this article, and the epithet of iréng, or black, is added for the sake of distinction. This bird, in its different states of plumage, was a frequent object of my inquiries; and it appears, from a reference to my notes, that in Java I considered the Ardea malaccensis and the Ardea speciosa as specifi- cally different, and as such they are enumerated in my Catalogue of Birds from that Island. It is therefore necessary, in this place, to give a concise comparative descrip- tion, from the specimens which I collected. In the Ardea malaccensis, which exhibits the dress of the Blekko in its younger . state, the head above, and the neck are covered with brown plumes, of a livid hue, which have a white or pale yellowish line along the shaft. The colour of these plumes is more intense on the crown of the head; on the lower parts of the neck, the longitudinal line is broader, and the neck appears marked with brown and yellowish streaks. In the specimens more advanced to maturity, plumes of a rufous colour are mixed with those that cover the head and neck. ‘The crest is entirely wanting in very young subjects; as the bird advances to maturity, it shews itself in a few very long, linear plumes, which have a chestnut coloured line along the shaft, and are bordered with brown. ‘The back has an intense livid brown colour, with a blueish reflection ; this is also observed on the tips of several of the secondary remiges. As the bird further passes to maturity, the plumes covering the anterior portions of the neck also gradually assume a chestnut tint, inclining to rufous. An indication of this tint also shews itself on the breast. The throat, the lower part of the breast, the abdomen, the wings, and the tail, are pure white. The feet and the upper mandible, throughout its whole length, are black. The irides are intensely yellow. In the Ardea speciosa, which represents the Blekko in its complete dress, the head above, and the adjoining portions of the neck, in its entire circumference, are Isabella yellow, with a rufous tint; this becomes more intense on the lower parts of the neck: on the long lax plumes,‘which cover the neck before and behind, the breast, and the anterior part of the abdomen, the colour is chestnut, with a rufous, slightly ferruginous hue. The colour of the back is intensely black, with a faint livid blue reflection when exposed to the light. The scapulars, and the tips of the ARDEA SPECIOSA. secondary quill feathers, have a diluted livid tint, inclining to brown, which gra- dually becomes fainter as the bird increases in age. The plumage on the wings, the tail, the lower part of the abdomen, the thighs, and the throat, are pure white. The feet are dark yellowish brown, and the tibiae naked, nearly half an inch above the tarsi. The crest consists of from four to six greatly lengthened linear plumes, of a very pure milk-white colour. The bill is dusky at the base; hence two-thirds of its length are pale yellowish white, and the tip is black. ‘The irides are yellow. The plumes on the neck and back are divided into numerous greatly lengthened filiform barbs, resembling, in some measure, those of the Egret. The entire length of our bird is nineteen inches. Buffon’s figure of the Crabier blanc et brun, exhibits the Blekko in its young state. After this period it assumes a different dress, the neck becomes rufous, and the long lax plumes which form the crest, distinctly shew themselves. ‘The Javanese specimens differ from Buffon’s figure in having black feet. The changes which the various species of Ardea undergo in their plumage, as they pass to the state of maturity, have been the cause of much inaccuracy and confusion in this genus, and in many instances the dress of the different ages of our bird has caused the description of a species. The labours of MM. Meyer and Temminck have pointed out many of these mistakes and “ double emplois.”. The Ardea malaccensis and the Ardea senegalensis, of the systems, both, according to M. Temminck, represent the same bird, which is shewn to be the young Blekko. Those Naturalists who do not admit the use of specific names of animals from the countries in which they have been discovered, will require no apology from me for abandoning the names of Malaccensis and Senegalensis, and for adopting a more appropriate denomination for a bird which is found in Senegal, in Malacca, in Java, and probably in various other parts of the East, and of which, as far as I have ascer- tained, the young bird only has been represented in an engraving. The Ardea speciosa lives, like other herons, near rivers and lakes, and feeds on fishes, insects, &c. In some parts of the Island it may be seen during the whole year; but many tracts are only visited in the rainy season, when the inundation of the rice plantations invites it in great’ numbers. It forms its nests on shrubs and trees: the eggs are collected, and disposed “of-in the markets; the flesh also is occa- sionally eaten by the natives. Our bird, if taken young, is easily domesticated, and is not unfrequently seen in this state, in the villages situated on the banks of rivers and lakes. oat Sy Kore “VIVUEALYS XVAOTOIS : SCOLOPAX SATURATA. SS SS '" Orv. V™ Les ECHASSIERS, Cuvier. 4°° Famille, Les Longirostres. Orp. XIII" GRALLATORES, Temminck. Orv. IV. Gratia, Linn. Syst. Orv. VI. Gratiatores, Tliger. Fam. 32, Limicole. SCOLOPAX, Linn. Briss. Lath. Cuv..Temm. Illiger, &c. Cuar. GEN.—Rostrum elongatum, gracile, molliusculum, teretiusculum, rectum, apicibus mandibularum obtusis, mortuis rugoloso-scabris, sulco medio exaratis, maxilla apice prominulo, incrassato. Mandibule sulco, tomia legente, culmen distinguente, versus apicem evanescente exarate. Mares basales membrana tectze, apertura lineari, longitudinali antrorsum patentes. Lingua mediocris, angusta, acuta. Facies attenuata, plumata. Ale tuberculate. . Pedes grallarii, mediocres, congrul, tetradactyli, fissi. Hallux phalangem digiti antici zquans, tenuis, apice insistens. Ungwes falculares. Tarsus digito medio brevior. Acropodia scutulata. (Illiger.) DUDA VA ee ee ett t tet neat tetetetetes ‘ Scolopax saturato-fusco castaneoque varia, supra fasciis alternis ineequalibus, collo antice pectoreque equalibus, abdomine et erisso dilutioribus, occipite obscuris. Tekken, of the Javanese. Scolopax saturata, Horsf. Syst. Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 191. / a THE Scolopax saturata belongs to the first section which M. Temminck has established in this genus. It agrees with the European and American Wodcocks, not only in its manners and place of abode, but also in certain external marks, which readily distinguish the birds of this section from the other species of Scolopax. These exhibit themselves in the tibia being covered with plumes to the knees, in a bill proportionally of great length, in a white extremity to the tail-feathers under- neath, and in three or four transverse bands on the posterior part of the head and & SCOLOPAX SATURATA. “neck. But our bird is distinguished from the Scolopax rusticola, and from the Scolopax.minor, by the darkness and uniformity of its colour, and by the regularity and simplicity of its transverse bands. The Scolopax saturata is generally variegated with alternate bands of deep brown and chestnut. On the upper parts the bands are nearly regularly transverse in their disposition, but the brown bands are considerably broader than those of a chestnut colour.. On the middle of the back, large patches of brown are irregularly scattered; and the extremity of the tail is dark, and terminated by a narrow band of a sooty colour. The forehead is variegated with small bands of deep’ brown and chestnut. On the back part of the head, and on the neck above, the tint is very dark inclining to black; and three transverse chestnut bands exhibit the character of this section. A black line extends from the base of the bill to the anterior canthus of the eye. At the base of the lower mandible is.a whitish spot. The throat, the anterior part of the neck, and the breast, are marked with alternate bands of brown and chestnut; of equal breadth. On the abdomen, vent, and thighs, the alternate bands are pale inclining to yellowish-white; and.in this peculiarity of a paler tint to the under parts, our bird agrees with the other Woodcocks. The tail also has the same disposition as in the Scolopax rusticola and minor. The tail-feathers are tapering towards the extremity, and have a white band underneath, at the tip. The feet and the bill have a brownish colour, inclining to tawny. In size, our bird agrees with the American Woodcock. It is figured on the Plate, of natural size. A single individual only of the Scolopax saturata is contained in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company. This was obtained near the banks of a _ mountain-lake, many miles from a human habitation, in the forests of Mount Prahu, about 7000 feet above the level of the ocean. This part of Java, which is rarely visited even by the natives themselves, contains a great variety of rare and interesting animal and vegetable productions. Not only on account of its locality, but also on account of its nocturnal habits, in which it agrees with the other birds of the section, it is obtained. with great difficulty. It forms its nest on the earth, and remains con- cealed during the greatest part of the day. Its food is most plentifully supplied by larvz of insects, and by worms of every description, which abound in the vegetable mould covering these elevated districts. A fetleteer Heb, Printed by C0 Halimanced: PARRA SUPERCILILOSA. Londow. Pieb “by Kingsbury, Tarbury & Alien Leadenhall St° April 1804¢ PARRA SUPERCILIOSA.' ‘* SD SO” Orv. V® Lzs Ecnassters, Cuvier. 5™ Famille, Les Macrodactyles. Orp. XIII™ Gratiatores, Temminck. Orp. IV. Gratitz, Linn. Syst. Orv. VI. Gratuatores, Idiger. Fam. 33, Macrodactyli. PARRA, Linn. Lath. Illig. Temm. &c. Cuar. GEN.—Rostrum mediocre, crassiusculum, rectum, compressum, - equale, apice conico-acuminatum, acutum, maxilla utrinque sulco lato antrorsum evanescente, basi subcerigera, ceromate basi supra et lateribus in paleam carun- culaceam plerumque exeunte, dertro altiore, in apicem convexo-deflexo, man- dibulze gonyde adscendente. -Nares in sulco maxille site, ceromate tecte, pone medium pertuse apertura elliptica longitudinali pervia. Ale calcarate: remige prima, secunda et tertia vix breviore. Cauda brevissima aut mediocris. Pedes grallarii, elongati, congrui, tetradactyli, fissi. Digiti elongati, graciles, g o mmmme gat, g cum. ynguibus ae _ equantes,hallux digito medio dimidio brevior, at cum ena -—ungue ila ut nt ees nen tenues, recti, acumi- ~~~ nati, compressi, i, subtus™ iculati; posticus reliquis duplo longior, subre- curvus. Zursus digitum medium equans. Acropodia scutulata. Parra atro-viridis nitens, lineis superciliaribus albis, dorso alisque viridi-olivaceo nitentibus, remigibus nigris, uropygio caudaque castaneo-rufis nitore violaceo. Pichisan, of the Javanese. Parsa superciliosa, Horsf. Syst. oe of Birds from Java, Linn. aes Vol. XIII. p. 194. Indian Jacana, Lath. Gen. Hist. of Birds, Second Edition, Vol. LX. p. 394. Var. A. THE Parra superciliosa is found both on the continent of Asia, and in the islands of the Indian: Archipelago. Dr. Latham enumerates several varieties of the Indian Jacana. ‘The description of one of these, from a Javanese specimen, agrees with our bird. In Dr. Hamilton’s drawings of Indian Birds, preserved in the Museum at the India House, it has the name of Parra superciliosa, and is indicated PARRA SUPERCILIOSA. as a variety, by the epithet of minor. In the Systematic Catalogue of Birds from: Java, this name was also applied to it; and this confirms the propriety of its employment, as it was given before any reference had been made to the drawings of Dr. Hamilton, to whom is due this notice of the priority of its application. Our bird agrees with the other Jacanas in the great length of the tarsi and toes. I have therefore to remark, that on our Plate the tarsi are represented in a small degree shorter than should have been the case; this has - arisen from the attitude in which the specimen in the Museum was placed. . The Parra superciliosa measures, from the point of the bill to the end of the tail, eleven inches and one half; the entire length of the bird, from the bill to the extended toes, is nearly eighteen inches: the individuals vary considerably in size. The plumage of the head, neck, breast, and body underneath, is deep black, with a reflection of the most saturated green, which, when exposed to the light, exhibits a gloss of deep emerald green. The greater and lesser coverts of the wings have a tint of deep olive green, with a metallic lustre, inclining to brown. All these feathers are lengthened, and directed across the wing, and are capable of being raised so as to expose the spur. The direction of the secondary quill-feathers appears to be similar; the wing is consequently of great breadth, and peculiarly fitted to assist the bird in walking. The quill-feathers, both primary and secondary, are black ; but this tint towards the extremity passes into brown, and has a considerable splendour. The tail has a brilliant brown colour, inclining to reddish ; this is more saturated on the coverts of the tail, and acquires a dark violet or purple gloss, which is observably more intensely tinctured on the lower part of the neck, and also slightly shews itself on the plumes which cover the back. A pure white line extends from the anterior angle of the eye along the head towards the neck, affording a strongly marked character to our bird. ‘The colour of the bill is sulphureous yellow on every part, excepting the upper mandible, from the nostrils to the forehead; here the membranaceous covering of the base of the bill, and the frontal clypeus, is of a dark blue colour inclining to brown; the clypeus itself is large, and almost regularly rounded. The feet have a brownish gray colour, and the irides are dark brown. The spur of the wings is conical, obtuse, of moderate length, and of a yellow colour. In Dr. Hamilton’s drawing of the Parra superciliosa, the distribution of colours - is precisely the same as in the Javanese specimens, but the tints are less brilliant. At the base of the upper mandible an attenuated red line, nearly half an inch in length, is observed, which is mentioned in Dr. Latham’s description. In its manners the Parra superciliosa agrees with other birds of this genus: it is by no means rare near the confines of lakes, or of artificial reservoirs of water, in many parts of Java. i aes He AL etleiier del. Printed by Halinarnes ANAS CATS CN ANS Tondon Tub? by Kingsbury, Larbury a Allen; 7 Leadenhall St dpril 1812 ANAS ARCUATA. Sa SS Go Orp. VI™ Les PatmipEpEs, Cuvier. 4% Famille, Les Lamellirostres. Orp. XV™ PautmirEpDEs, Temminck. 5 Orp. III. Ansrres, Linn. Syst. Orv. VII. Natatores, I/iger. Fam. 38, Lamellosodentati. ANAS, Linn. Briss. Lath. Cuv. Tilig. Temm. &e. CuHarR. GEN.—Rostrum mediocre aut capite longius, crassum, rectum, basi altius quam latum, interdum gibbosum, versus apicem depressum et ibidem paulo latius, epidermide (ceromate) tectum, dertro et myxa distinctis, unguiformibus, suborbiculatis, convexis, dertro apice deflexo obtuso; mandibula angustiore quam maxilla, hujus lateribus occultata, gnathidiis ad myxam usque distantibus. Tomia \amelloso-dentata, lamellis transversis longioribus, in mandibulis etiam gnathidiorum latera externa occupantibus. Margo externus maxille a host versus apicem recta porrectus. Nares laterales, culmini pleruamque propiores, membrana seu ceromate tecte, apertura pone medium aut ante basin sita ovali aut subrotunda, longitudinali, patula, pervia. Lingua margine fimbriata. Ale volatiles, szepius foberculate: Pedes breves, congrui, aversi, tetradactyli, pal- mati, jee mgem | equante, nune simplici, nunc lomate aucto, insis tente. Digitus medius lateralibus,. externus interno longior. Ungues falculares.. sa Sorter medio paulo | brevior. Podotheca reticulata, carina -acrotarsali « et acrodactylis plore scutulatis. Tiger. VVVVUVTVVDT VT VT SVT Ut ate e eee Anas supra nigrescente fusca subtus castanea abdomine saturatiore subvinaceo, alis supra medium badiis, collo lunulis nigris arcuato, plumis dorsalibus arcuatim fascia badia terminatis, capite supra nuchaque fuscis, gula pallidiore, Mehwis, of the Javanese. - Anas Javanica, Horsf. Systematic Arrangement of Birds from Java, Linn. Trans. Vol. XIII. p. 199. ~ ANAS ARCUATA. THE Anas arcuata is found in Java, both near the coast and in the interior ; but its residence is regulated by the changes of the seasons. During the period of the rains, it partially retires from the rivers and lakes, and visits the inundated grounds and marshes. ‘The delicacy of its flesh makes it a favourite object of pursuit with sportsmen; but it is not easily surprised. Several varieties are distinguished by the natives. The common Meliwis is represented on our Plate; in a some- what more diversified dress, it is called Melwis kembang; and a smaller variety has the name of Meliwis batu.. For the name of Anas javanica, originally applied to it, I have substituted the name by which, according to the information communicated to me by M. Temminck, it is distinguished by M. Cuvier, in the Museum of Paris, in the specimens presented by M. Leschenault. As far as I have ascertained, it has not yet been figured. ‘The name of arcuata corresponds with its external marks. The figure annexed to this article represents the Anas arcuata two-thirds of the natural size. The entire length, from the bill to the tail, is eighteen or nineteen inches. It is a bird of very beautiful form and attitude. The bill is of moderate length, and marked in the middle with an even prominent ridge, to which the broad sides rise with a moderate convexity : at the base the confines are perpen-_ dicular, and of great height. The neck and the sides of the head have a pale chestnut colour, inclining to a yellowish-gray ; this colour gradually increases in strength and intensity on the breast, and on the abdomen it assumes a reddish-brown tint, some- what vinaceous.. The summit of the head and neck is brown. All the quill-feathers, the outer coverts, the tail-feathers, and the back have a pure brown colour, of a very dark blackish hue. On the breast, neck, and upper parts of the back, semilunar marks, of the same brown colour, are transversely disposed ; and the plumes of the back are bordered at the extremity, in the form of an arch or semicircle, by a narrow chestnut band. The anterior and upper portion of the wings is covered with plumes of a very vivid chestnut tint. The vent-feathers, and several of the plumes of the flanks, which also shew themselves above at the base of the tail, are of a dirty yellow- ish white; on the thighs, plumes of the same colour are irregularly bordered with brown. The bill and the feet are black. General Catalogue of Sabanese BUDS, MUSEUM OF THE HONOURABLE EAST INDIA COMPANY. THE first column contains the names of the Systematic Arrangement and Description of Birds from the Island of Java, read before the Linnean Society of London, April 18, 1820, and published in the XIIIth Volume of their Transac- tions. The second column exhibits the changes which have been occasioned since this period, by the rejection of topical names, by the introduction of several names employed in the Nouveau Recueil de Planches coloriées d’Oiseaux, published by M. M. Temminck and Laugier, and by other necessary alterations in Nomenclature. Falco cerulescens, Linn. Falco Timnunculus, Linn. Falco severus, H. Falco Pondicerianus, Gm. Falco Ichthyetus, H. Falco Soloénsis, H. Falco melanopterus, Dazd. Falco Bido, H. Falco Limneetus, H. Strix Javanica, Gm. Strix badia, H. Strix Selo-pulo, H. Strix rufescens, H. Strix castanoptera, H. Strix Lempiji, H. Strix orientalis, H. Strix Ketupu, H. ARRANGED IN THE SS —S Orvo I. ACCIPITRES. Fam. II. Fatconip«. <=. Falco cuculoides, 7. Falco Bacha, Le Vaill. Fam. III. Srricips«. —=—_ Strix pagodarum, 7’. i: An vere distincta a S. Lempiji ? Strix noctula, Reinw. | * Strix strepitans, 7’. Strix Ceylonensis, Lath. Falco Aldrovandi, Reinw. |» » ~ GENERAL Orpvo II. Fam. LV. Podargus Javensis, H. Caprimulgus affinis, H. Caprimulgus macrourus, H. Hirundo esculenta, Osb. It. Hirundo fuciphaga, Act. Holm. 33, p. 151. Hirundo Klecho, H. Fam. V. CATALOGUE. PASSERES. HirunpDinipa. —=_ Podargus cornutus, 7. \§2 %. Hirundo longipennis, Reinw ? Cypselus longipennis, 7’. ? SvLVIAD2&. —=>- Leptopteryx leucorhynchos, H. Lanius Bentet, H. Edolius forficatus, A. Edolius cineraceus, Le Vaill. Edolius Malabaricus. Cebfepyris Javensis, H. Ceblepyris.striga, H. Muscicapa flammea, Gm. Muscicapa obscura, H. Muscicapa Indigo, H. Muscicapa Banyumas, H. Muscicapa Javanica, Sparrm. Turdus hemorrhous, A. Turdus ameenus, H. Gracula saularis, Linn. fs 'Turdus mindanensis, Gm. Turdus macrourus, Gm. Turdus analis, H. Turdus bimaculatus, H. Turdus strigatus, H. Turdus viridis, H. Turdus chalybeus, H. Turdus Javanicus, H. Turdus varius, H. Turdus cyaneus, H. Turdus flavirostris, H. Turdus ochrocephalus, Gi. Turdus gularis, H. Turdus dispar, H. Artamus leucorhynchos, Viei/l. Edolius longus, Le Vaill. Edolius retifer, T. =| % 2 3 Ceblepyris papuensis, 7. | Turdus orientalis, Lath. a Muscicapa hirundinacea, Reinw. {22 2. .- Muscicapa cantatrix, 7’. | 92.3. Muscicapa Psidu, Gm. To be cancelled. Lamprotornis cantor, 7’. %».) Turdus concolor, corrected, H. Turdus glaucinus, corrected, H. Pitta glaucina, J. 1% 22 Myornonus metallicus, 7’. GENERAL CATALOGUE. Timatia pileata, A. Idra scapularis, H. Oriolus Galbula, Lath.var. 93. Oriolus xanthonotus, H. ; Melliphaga Javensis, H. Treva puella, H. Myiothera affinis, H. Pastor griseus, H. Pastor Jalla, A. Pastor tricolor, H. Motacilla speciosa, H. Motacilla flava, Linn. Sylvia Javanica, H. Sylvia montana, A. Saxicola fruticola, H. BracuyPreryx montana, H. Bracuyrteryx, (?) seplaria, H. Mecaturvs palustris, H. Oriolus cochinchinensis, Briss. To be cancelled. Edolius puellus, 7’. Pitta cyanura, T. (2~) 5. Pastor cristatellus, 7. (i... © Enicurus coronatus, 7’. Saxicola caprata, corrected, H. = Malurus marginalis, Reinw. |¥ 2). Fam. VI. Frincitiapa. Mirarra Javanica, H. Parus atriceps, H. Fringilla Philippina. Loxia Philippina, Linn. Fringilla Manyar, H. Fringilla punicea, H. Fringilla punctularia. Loxia punctularia, Linn. Fringilla striata. Loxia striata, Linn. Fringilla prasina, H. Fringilla oryzivora. Loxia oryzivora, Linn. Fringilla Maja. Loxia Maja, Linn. Sitta frontalis, H. —=—- Fringilla Amandava, Linn. Fringilla sphecura, TJ. | §2/ - Sitta velata, 7’. Fam. VII. Corvipa. Colaris orientalis, Cwv. Eulabes religiosa, Cuv. Purenotrix Temia, H. Fregilus Enca, H. —- Cryesirina Temmia, Vieill. Corvus Enca, corrected, H. Fam. IX. Cerruiape. —_—- PoMaTorHINUs montanus, H. Prinia familiaris, H. OrtHotomus sepium, H. Cinnyris affinis, H. Cinnyris longirostra, H. Nectarinia Javanica, H. Nectarinia pectoralis, H. Nectarinia eximia, H. Diceeum cruentatum, Cwv. Diceum flavum, H. Evrytarimus Javanicus, H. Merops Javanicus, H. Merops Urica, H. Alcedo Meninting, H. Alcedo Biru, H. Alcedo tridactyla, Linn. Alcedo leucocephala, Gm. Alcedo Coromanda, Lath. Alcedo chlorocephala, Gm. Alcedo sacra, Gm. Alcedo melanoptera, H. Dacelo pulchella, H. Buceros Rhinoceros, Linn. Buceros undulatus, Shaw. B. plicatus, Shaw. Buceros albirostris, Shaw. B. Malabaricus, Lath. Picus Javensis, H. Picus Bengalensis, Linn. Picus miniatus, Gm, Picus puniceus, H.: Picus strictus, H. Picus minor, Linn. Picus tristis, H. Picus tiga, H. GENERAL CATALOGUE. Nectarinia inornata, 7". Nectarinia longirostris, 7. / 31; Nectarinia lepida, 7. (4.1) Nectarinia eximia, 7’. _ Nectarinia barbata, 7". Fam. X. Meroripaz. —<=__ Evurytaimus Horsfieldii, 7’. Merops Savigny? 7. Merops quadricolor, Le Vaiil. —{- Alcedo omnicolor, 7'. ) Fam. XI. Buceripe. —=—- Orpvo III. SCANSORES. Fam. XII. Picipz. pea NSS Picus leucogaster, 7". Picus dimidiatus, 7, f Picus Goensis, Gm. {-—-Picus analis, 7’. finan Picus poicilophus, 7’. ? Phcenicophaus melanognathus, H. Pheenicophaus Javanicus, H. Cuculus orientalis, Linn. Cuculus fugax, H. Cuculus flavus, Gm. Cuculus canorus, Linn. ~ Cuculus Pravata, H. Cuculus lugubris, H. Cuculus xanthorhynchus, H. Cuculus basalis, H. Centropus affinis, H. Centropus Bubutus, H. Centropus lepidus, H. Bucco Javensis, H. Bucco Philippensis, Linn. Bucco australis, H. Psittacus Osbecku, Lath. Psittacus Galgulus, Linn. GENERAL CATALOGUE. Fam. XIII. Cucutipaz. Ph. Rouverdin, Le Vaill. Coccyzus chrysogaster, 7’. To be cancelled. Cuculus chalcites, Iilig. 2 Centropus Philippensis, Cwv. To be cancelled. Fam. XIV. Bucconipz. Bucco Kotoreas, 7’. \ Bucco gularis, 7. Fam. XV. Psirracina. ——. Var. 6, Le Coulacissi, Buff: Orno IV. GALLINACE. Columba vernans, Linn. Columba litoralis, 7’. Columba melanocephala, Gm. Columba tigrina, 7’. Columba risoria, Linn. Columba Bantamensis, Sparrm. Columba bitorquata, 7’. Columba Javanica, 7’. Columba Amboinensis, Linn. Columba enea, Linn. Fam. XVI. —=— CoLumMBADz. Perdix Chinensis, Linn. Perdix Javanica, Lath. Perdix orientalis, H. Ortygis luzoniensis, Lath. Gallus Javanicus, H. Gallus Bankiva, 7. Pavo Javanicus, H. Vanellus melanogaster, Bechst. Vanellus tricolor, H. Charadrius Cantianus, Lath. Charadrius pluvialis, Linn. Charadrius Asiaticus, Gm. Charadrius pusillus, H. Cursorius Isabellinus,- Meyer 2 Glareola orientalis, Leach. Ciconia Javanica, H. Ciconia leucocephala, 7’. Ardea cinerea, Lath. Ardea purpurea, Linn. Ardea Egretta, Linn. Ardea affinis, H. Ardea Malaccensis, Gm. Ardea speciosa, H. Ardea nycticorax, Linn. Ardea sinensis, Gm. GENERAL CATALOGUE. Fam. XVII. Terrraonips. —=>- Perdix personata, H. Zool. Res. VIII. Fam. XVIII. Puasranipz. —<—>— | Gallus furcatus, 7’. Fam. XIX. Pavonipsz. —=->__ || Pavo muticus, Linn. Orvo V. GRALLA. Fam. XX. CwarapriaDe£. —=>_ Fam. XXI. ARDEADE. —=>—- Ciconia capillata, 7’. —— Ardea russata, 7". Name to be cancelled, as not distinct from A. speciosa. Name to be cancelled, as not distinct from A. lepida. ee Ardea flavicollis, Lath ? Ardea lepida, H. Ardea nebulosa, H. Ardea Javanica, H. Ardea cinnamomea, Gm. Numenius Phzopus, Lath. Scolopax saturata, H. Scolopax Gallinago, Linn. Totanus affinis, H. Totanus hypoleucos, 7’. ~ Totanus acuminatus, H. Totanus tenuirostris, H. Totanus Damacensis, H. Totanus Glottis, Bechst. Totanus Javanicus, H. Ryncheea orientalis, H. Limosa melanura, Leis/. Tringa subarquata, 7’. Himantopus melanopterus, Meyer. Parra superciliosa, H. Porphyrio Indicus, H. Gallinula gularis, H. Gallinula lugubris, ZH. Gallinula orientalis, H. Gallinula Javanica, HH. Rallus gularis, H. Rallus fuscus, Linn. Rallus quadristrigatus, H. Fulica atra, Linn. Pelecanus Philippensis, Gm. Pelecanus Javanicus, H. GENERAL CATALOGUE. An vere distincta ab A. lepida ? Ardea virescens, Linn. Fam. XXII. Trineipe. Scolopax Terek, Lath. Limosa Terek, 7’. R. varia, T. Fam. XXIII. Ratums. —=__— P. smaragdinus, 7’. Name to be cancelled, as not distinct from the following. Gallinula pheenicurus, Penn. Ind. Zool. Gallinula superciliosa, 7’. Orpo VI. PALMIPEDES. Fam. XXIV. Preecanipe. —— Name tobe cancelled, as not specifically distinct from the former GENERAL CATALOGUE. Carbo Javanicus, H. Carbo Africanus, Lath. . Plotus melanogaster, Gm. | Fam. XXV. Conymsipa. —=—. Podiceps minor, Lath. \ Fam. XXVI. Laripz. — Sterna minuta,' Linn. Sterna Javanica, H. Sterna melanogaster, T. a Sterna media, H. Sterna grisea, H. 7 ‘Sterna affinis, H. Fam. XXVIII. Awnatipe. —<=— Anas Javanica, H. || Anas arcuata, Cuwv. iv © The following order is proposed for the arrangement of the Subjects and Plates in the binding of the Volume. To facilitate the reference to the Plates of Illustration, the order in which the Subjects were given in the successive Numbers, is added. The Plates of Illustration should be bound, in the order of publication, at the end of the Volume. } —=s8@6|SD 18 eee =— { J \ Vespertilio Temminckii. MAMMALIA. Simia syndactyla. Semnopithecus Maurus. Semnopithecus Pyrrhus. Tarsius Bancanus. Cheiromeles torquatus. Nyctinomus tenuis. Rhinolophus larvatus. Rhinolophus nobilis. Pteropus Javanicus. \ Pteropus rostratus. \) Tupaia Javanica. Tupaia tana. _ Ursus Malayanus. Gulo orientalis. Mydaus meliceps. \ Viverra Musanga. . Viverra Rasse. Mangusta Javanica. Lutra leptonyx. _ Felis Javanensis. Felis Sumatrana. Felis gracilis. Mus setifer. Sciurus insignis. Sciurus Plantani. Sciurus bicolor. ; Pteromys genibarbis. J Pteromys lepidus. _ Rhinoceros sondaicus. » Tapirus Malayanus. » Cervus Muntjak. BIRDS. —=__ Falco Ichthyetus. Falco cerulescens. Falco Limnzetus.. Strix badia, Podargus Javanensis. Muscicapa Banyumas. Muscicapa hirundinacea. Muscicapa Indigo. Turdus varius. Turdus cyaneus. Timalia pileata. Timalia gularis. Iéra scapularis. Oriolus xanthonotus, Irena puella. Motacilla speciosa. Brachypterix montana. Phrenotrix Temia. Pomatorhinus montanus. Prinia familiaris. Calyptomena viridis. Eurylaimus Javanicus. Alcedo Biru. Dacelo pulchella. Pheenicophaus Javanicus. ~ Cuculus lugubris. Cuculus xanthorhyncus. Centropus Philippensis. Perdix personata. Ardea speciosa. Scolopax saturata. Parra superciliosa. Anas arcuata. J ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES, &c. : MAMMALIA. BIRDS. No. [.—Felis Javanensis. Irena puella, male. Felis gracilis. Irena puella, female. Viverra Musanga. Phrenotrix Temia. Tapirus Malayanus. Motacilla speciosa. No. II.—Mydaus meliceps. Eurylaimus Javanicus. Gulo orientalis. _Podargus Javanensis. —— Tarsius Bancanus. Turdus varius. Felis Sumatrana. Dacelo pulchella. No. [11.—Tupaia Javanica. Falco Ichthyzetus. Tupaia tana. Falco cerulescens, Simia syndactyla. Timalia pileata. Timalia gularis. Pteropus rostratus. Cuculus xanthorhynchus. i No. I V.—Semnopithecus Mautrus. Calyptomena viridis. Ursus Malayanus. Strix badia. Pteromys genibarbis. Alcedo Biru. Pteropus Javanicus. — Turdus cyaneus. No. V.—Nyctinomus tenuis. Pomatorhinus montanus. Mangusta Javanica. Phoenicophaus Javanicus. Sciurus insignis. Scolopax saturata. Pteromys lepidus. Muscicapa Indigo. No. VI.—Cervus Muntjak. Tora scapularis. Viverra Rasse. Falco Limneetus. Rhinolophus larvatus. ~ Oriolus xanthonotus. Rhinoceros sondaicus. Centropus Philippensis. No. VII.—Sciurus Plantani. Brachypterix montana. Lutra leptonyx. Ardea speciosa. Semnopithecus Pyrrhus. Muscicapa Banyumas. M. hirundinacea. Rhinolophus nobilis. Cuculus lugubris. No. VITT.—Sciurus bicolor. Prinia familiaris. Mus setifer. Perdix personata. Vespertilio Temminckii. Parra superciliosa. Cheiromeles torquatus. Anas arcuata. PRVVVTVVOTATVTUTNTATUDATVTTAAT ATA ERRATA. Article IRENA PUELLA, second page, four lines from the bottom, for Corntrostres read Dentirostres. Article PTEROMYS GENIBARBIS, first page, sixth line, for Peraurus read Prerauristus. Q fom ‘ F, . : ’ =, ' ' \ < 4 < = 2 + : se att ot c ~ @ @w = + : 4 ~ 5 E \ 73 - F fe - > = Fax + * 2. > = = x 5 — : eae Been 2 = < 2 2 > = x “hyp = iN LIN aN il Lonton,Fublished by Black, Kingsbury, Larbury, & Allen, Leadenhail Street, Jitly 2,1021. I Engraved ty W, Taylor. bo Grplanation of the Plate of Hllustrations TO THE FIRST NUMBER OF ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN JAVA, &c. Head of Felis gracilis: two-thirds of the natural size. Lateral view of the teeth as they appear exteriorly; (a) upper, (6) lower jaw. In this and the following figures, C. D. E. & F’., the objects are represented about one-fourth larger than the natural size. Lateral view of the teeth as they appear interiorly; (a) upper, (b) lower jaw. Front view of the teeth; (a) upper, (b) lower jaw. Fore foot; to shew the toes covered with fur, concealing the claws. Hind foot; shewing jive toes, and the fur removed, to illustrate the size, _ insertion, and disposition of the claws. Lateral view of the teeth of Viverra Musanga, of natural size; (a) upper, (5) lower jaw. Front view of the teeth of Viverra Musanga. Hind foot of Viverra Musanga. This is given to afford a comparison with the foot of Felis gracilis: Fig. Z. shews the naked claws of the former, as they naturally appear: Fig. H. the hairy covering of the latter. (See the generic description.) Bill of Irena puella; (a) profile, (6) seen from above. Bill of Oriolus galbula; (a) profile, (6) seen from above. Bill of Coracias garrula; (a) profile, (b) seen from above. Bill of Phrenotrix Temia; (a) profile, (b) the same, to shew the transverse groove at the base of the bill, containing the nostrils. Bill of Corvus Pica; (a) profile, (b) seen from above; the stiff decumbent vibrissee covering the nostrils, are removed on one side, to shew their form and disposition. ; Profile of the bill of Corvus senegalensis. Pats pidieet ; : 1 By it i SN a Mu y. 4 iit ‘ \. f f y al to 1 hy ‘ y = f i Males by } { + . ; ong : j \ B PY by af ’ nee ¥ re ’ We eae s ; P Disc th: i SAV SS OO S Lg ZN London, Liublished by Black, Kingsbury, Parbury dé Allen, Leadenhall Street, Nov) 1821. Lingraved by W, Layler. ate ase 8 mReNSZ & Erplanation of the Plate of Hllustrattons TO THE SECOND NUMBER OF ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN JAVA, &c. Profile of the head of Mydaus Meliceps, drawn from a young subject preserved in spirit of wine: in order to shew the structure of the ear, the long hairs which conceal the organ, are turned down. Profile of the head of Mephitis Dimidiata, Fischeri, the Cuincu of Buffon ; from a specimen sent from North America by Mr. Franklin. Skull of the Mydaus Meliceps, belonging to a very perfect skeleton, prepared at the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons, from a subject sent from Sumatra by Sir Stamford Raffles. Of this in Letter The upper-jaw is separately represented, to afford a distinct view of the teeth, f 1, 2, False grinders ; 3, Carnivorous; 4, Tuberculous tooth. Lower-jaw of the same; f 1, 2, 3 False grinders ; 4, Carnivorous; 5, Tuberculous tooth. Front view of the teeth of Mephitis Dimidiata ; (a) upper, (4) lower-jaw. Front view of the teeth of Tarsius Bancanus; (a) upper, (0) lower-jaw. In each jaw, f 1, front tooth ; 2, canine tooth ; 3, 4, 5, first grinders with single points; 6 and 7, large grinders. Rectum and anal-glands of the Mydaus Meliceps, drawn from a preparation preserved in spirit of wine: (a) muscular ring by which the duct leading from the gland to the rectum is closed; (6) one of the glands laid open, to exhibit the internal surface. Exhibits the relative situation of the rectum and anal-glands in a young subject of Mydaus Meliceps preserved in spirit of wine: (a) the rectum laid open; (c) (c) its external termi- nation ; (6) (8) on each side, the orifice of the duct by which the fetid matter is conveyed from the gland to the rectum. Anterior view of a preparation from the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, represent- . ing the rectum laid open, and in (a) the orifice of the duct conveying the fetid matter from the anal-gland, in (4) the internal surface of that gland, and in (c) the termination of the rectum. q Posterior view of the same preparation, exhibiting the relative situation of the anal-glands and the rectum in one of the species of Mephitis. Sole of the left fore foot of Mydaus Meliceps, shewing the relative disposition of the toes, and the length of the claws. One of the claws of Mydaus Meliceps separately. One of the claws of Mephitis Dimidiata. Bill of Eurylaimus Javanicus ; (a) profile, (0) seen from above. Anterior toes of the same, to shew their relative connection. Bill of Podargus Javanensis; (a) profile, (6) seen from above. Anterior toes of the same. I 1 - ! F j . af ° v it) ‘ aN, Ne , iy 4 7 wv) i ane ; { : Ne a La i < i * io i P } ' , a re ; , i i ; F % 6 4 : oe i ‘ * ; te * f i i \ \ , x : * i Pi , i A ¢ : in i 2 . ., ’ 4 » Mi . y 5 3 ‘ : ‘ ae ae pees f Pe RO 5 v Oy ’ - % i : ‘ mh ¥ ' } 7 } . Engraved by W, Laylor . Lonion, Fite By aS SANkR © Shar HOYAWS Crplanation of the Plate of HMustrations TO THE THIRD NUMBER OF ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN JAVA, &c. ae ee Profile of the head of the Tupaia tana: of natural size. The same, seen from above. Profile of the head of the Tupaia ferruginea: of natural size. The same, seen from above. ' Profile of the head of the Tupaia javanica, somewhat enlarged, to exhibit distinctly m (a) the structure of the external ear. Feet of the Tupaia tana; (a) the fore, (0) the hind foot. Fore foot of the Tupaia javanica. Hind foot of the same. Lateral view of the teeth of the Tupaia tana: A. upper jaw; (a) front, (b) canine tooth; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ‘7, grinders: B. lower jaw; (a) intermediate front tooth, with the rudiments of the two lateral ones; (0) canine tooth; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, grinders. Represents the distance and relative situation of the two front teeth of the Tupaia tana in the upper jaw. The intermediate front teeth of the Tupaia tana in the lower jaw. Teeth of the Tupaia ferruginea in their natural situation, in the upper jaw, seen from above; (a) front; (6) canine tooth; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, grinders. Teeth of the Tupaia ferruginea in their natural situation, in the lower jaw, seen from above; (a) front teeth; (b) canine tooth; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, grinders. View of the teeth of the Tupaia javanica: A. representing them in the upper jaw in profile, seen from within; (a) front, (0) canine tooth; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, '7, grinders: B. repre- senting them in the lower jaw in profile, seen from without; (a) front teeth, (0) canine tooth; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, grinders. Teeth of the Tupaia javanica, in their natural situation, in the upper jaw, seen from above ; (a) front, (6) canine tooth; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, grinders. Teeth of the Tupaia javanica, in their natural situation, in the lower jaw, seen from above ; (a) front teeth, (6) canine tooth; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, grinders. Hand of the posterior extremities of the Simia syndactyla. Bill of the Timalia pileata; (a) profile, (6) seen from above. Foot of the same. Bill of the Timalia gularis; (a) profile, (b) seen from above. Foot of the same. Bi} London, Lublished by Kingsbury, Parbury d& Allen, Leadenhall. Street S22. Lingraved by W, Taylor . } : a & Sab zy my 2 NN asia 8 = 9 = Sn explana oe of the ate of illustrations Bae NS, es 6 TO THE ‘FOURTH NUMBER OF ZOOLOGICAL RUSEARCHES IN JAVA, &c. Skull of the Semnopithecus Maurus, the natural size reduced one-third; the posterior portion having been removed in the preparation of the subject to which the skull belonged, the contour is indicated by a dotted line, from a skull contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Teeth in the upper jaw of the same, of natural size, seen from above. Profile of the same. Canine tooth in the upper jaw of the same, with the éntire roots; shewing the interior surfaces, and the grooves with which they are marked. Teeth in the lower jaw of the same, seen from above: a principal object of this view is to represent distinctly the five points of the posterior grinder, by which character the genus Semnopithecus is distinguished from Cercopithecus. Profile of the same, exhibiting an exterior view of the relative situation of the canine tooth, and of the first grinder (a). First grinder of the sanie, with its roots eptie. shewing its interior surfaces. Teeth of the Simia syndactyla, or Siamang, in the upper jaw, of natural size, seen from above, from a skull contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Profile of the same. _ Sa ae be Teeth in the lower jay ad the Lee seen ye n above. Profile of the same, exhibiting (a) the first grinder. Teeth in the upper jaw of a young spubliect, of Simia syndactyla, of natural size, seen from above: from the Museum of Joshua Brookes, Esq. Profile of the same. Teeth in the lower jaw, from the same, seen from above. Profile of the same. Skull of the Pteropus javanicus, of natural size. ‘ Teeth of the same, in the upper a seen from above. Profile of the same. ‘ Teeth of the same, in the lower jaw, seen from above. Profile of the same. Profile of the head of the Pteromys genibarbis, somewhat enlarged, to shew the bristles disposed on the upper lip, on the cheeks, and on the lobes of the ears. Bill of Calyptomena viridis, seen from above. Foot of the same. Profile of the bill of the same; in (a) the aperture and direction of the tubular nares. Taber rN ieee Rea te sh ty ee — ae Drawn ke Engraved by W, Taylor. London, Lublished by Kingsbury, Farbury & Allen, Leadenhall Street, Oct? 1522 . Saws SAN ROA RE DOAE. a) S NSS S Explanation of the Plate of Sllustrations TO THE FIFTH NUMBER OF ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN JAVA, &c. Skull of the Nyctinomus tenuis, of natural size. Skull of the same seen from above, magnified in the proportion of three to one. Profile of the same, magnified in the same proportion. Upper jaw of the same, separately represented, to afford a distinct view of the details of the teeth, corresponding to the description, magnified in the proportion of more than four to one; which proportion has also been preserved in the following Figures, E. F. G. H. and I. Lower jaw of the same. Profile of the teeth in the upper jaw of the same. Profile of the same in the lower jaw. Front view of the Incisors and Canine teeth in the upper jaw of the same. Front view of the Incisors and Canine teeth in the lower jaw of the same. Tongue and superior extremity of the trachea-arteria of the same, of natural size. Skull of the Mangusta javanica, of natural size. (This skull was taken from the largest specimen in the Museum at the India House; as the posterior extremity had been removed, the contour is added in a dotted line, from the vey Mangusta, in the-Collection of Joshua Brookes, Esq.) Upper jaw and teeth of the same. Lower jaw and teeth of the same. Front and Canine teeth of the same in the upper jaw. Front and Canine teeth of the same in the lower jaw. Grinders in the upper jaw of the same, in profile, as they appear interiorly. j Exterior Front teeth, Canine tooth, and grinders of the same, in profile, as they appear exteriorly. Grinders in the lower jaw of the same, in profile, as they appear interiorly. Exterior Front tooth, Canine tooth, and grinders of the same, im poe as they appear exteriorly.. Ear of the same, with the details illustrative of the description: (a) Helix; (0) Antihelix ; (c) and (d) Membranes passing transversely across the ear to the Antihelix; (e) Concha; (f/) and (g) Tragus and Antitragus, indicated very obscurely. Bill of Pomatorhinus montanus, in profile. A small portion of the same, to exhibit the corneous covering of the nares. Bill of the same, seen from above. Foot of the same. Ag 7 * Hah eee BRYAN Ie Drawn & Engraved by W, Laylor. i by Kingsbury, Farbury, & Allen, Leadenhall Street, April 1923. wy yah AS wb Explanation of the Plate of Jllustrations TO THE SIXTH NUMBER OF — ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN JAVA, &c. Profile of the skull of the Cervus Muntjak, oné-thivd of the natural size. Head of the Cervus Muntjak seen from above, one-third of the natural size. Upper jaw of the Rhinolophus vulgaris, affording x distinct view of the details of the teeth, magnified in the proportion of four to one; which proportion has also been preserved in the Figures D. E. F. and G. Lower jaw of the same. Intermaxillary bone and front teeth of the same. Front and canine teeth of the same in the upper jaw. Front and canine teeth of the same in the lower jaw. Bill of Iora scapularis, in profile. Bill of the same, seen from above. Foot of the same. tet 4 . it . - ¥ iy K.| ; Y ‘ ke y , ct : f si i g : ; “4 : me ( ri * ‘ Hy é : by Cray . : ‘ ie i . H aN Vea ; . airy ‘ \ i ue “ . y ‘ ‘ iS ys oh vee } i iF re ; i Ke hs : HN, Hh a, ; RAN DS iW AN a Se UN eR Wear Ni Hancea es kd SRR ia y ch unite EEN AR Rant i Mt Sa Pe Mie cy thal cy ony ee AGA Se Mp. map ue i) it Wy we a NGG UNS) BVA) ana if ni hi APRS yA y W, Laylor. a) rawn be Engraved D; ry be Allen, Leadenhall Street, O07 1823. y Kingsbury, Farbu London, Published Explanation of the Plate of Hllustrations TO THE SEVENTH NUMBER OF ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN JAVA, &c. A and B. Cand D. F and F. G and H.. I and K. Head of the Rhmolophus affinis. Head of the Rhinolophus minor. Head of the Rhinolophus vulgaris. Head of the Rhinolophus deformis. Head of the Rhinolophus insignis. Head of the Rhinolophus nobilis. 7 Contour of the Skull of the Rhinolophus unifer. Teeth of the Rhinolophus nobilis, in profile, in the upper jaw, as they appear exteriorly, magnified in the proportion of two to one; which proportion has also been preserved in the Figures O. P. and Q. Interior view of the same. Teeth of the Rhinolophus nobilis, in profile, in the lower jaw, as they appear interiorly. Exterior view of the same. Bill of the Brachypteryx montana, seen from above. Bill of the same in profile. Lateral view of the tarsus and foot of the same. Front view of the same. it My nay nabs rs eis Serres Prtig| ly A ye See 3) ic = Ye Se en. “ae PW Bo Dis ohm Sh MT se kan a eC ae Cai ay AY lee ot it 47 oe ee Ae Pe a ee i 1 ay! oS “ft sige) ‘ a yh, ae f “Mian Iie ih peed =e ae Bd SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES CST 3 9088 01348 8861