) ZOOLOGICA SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE PW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY IS : DEPARTMENT OF TROPICAL RESEARCH KARTABO, BRITISH GUIANA VOLUME VI. N Department of Tropical Research Cont|i L. vJ STUDIES OF A TROPICAL JUNGLE ONE QUARTER OF A SQUARE MILE OF JUNGLE AT KARTABO, BRITISH GUIANA By William Beebe | 'PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK, NEW YORK March 11, 1925 New fork Zoalojjiral Swrtetg General Office: 101 Park Avenue , New York City (§fltora President , Madison Grant; Vice-Presidents, Frank K. Sturgis and Henry D. Whiton; Chairman, Executive Committee, Madison Grant; ( Treasurer , Cornelius R. Agnew. Itmrfc nf Managers * dittos of 192fi Henry Fairfield Osborn, Lispenard Stewart, Charles F. Dieterich George F. Baker, Wm. Pierson Hamilton, Robert S. Brewster, Edward S. Harkness, William B. Osgood Field, Edwin Thorne, Percy A. Rockefeller, John E. Berwind, Irving K. Taylor. dittos on 92? Madison Grant, Wm. White Niles, Frank K. Sturgis, Ogden Mills,1 Lewis R. Morris, Archer M. Huntington, George D. Pratt, i Coleman du Pont, Henry D. Whiton, Cornelius R. ! Agnew, Harrison Williams, Marshall Field. dittos of 192B Percy R. Pyne, George Bird Grinnell, Cleveland H. Dodge, Anthony R. Kuser, Mortimer L. Schiff, Frederic C. Walcott, George C. Clark, Jr., W. Redmond Cross, Henry Fairfield Osborn, Jr., Arthur A. Fowler, George Gordon Battle, Bayard Dominick. William T. Hornaday, Director of the Zoological Park; W. Reid Blair, Assistant to the Director, and Veterinarian; Charles H. Townsend, Director of the Aquarium; Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator of Reptiles; William Beebe, Honorary Curator of Birds and Director of Department of Tropical Research; Lee S. Crandall, Curator of Birds; George S. Huntington, Prosector; H. C. Raven, Associate Prosector; Elwin R. Sanborn, Photographer and Editor. SMtmial (Cmmnttirr id Madison Grant, Chairman; William T. Hornaday, Charles H. Townsend, William Beebe, Elwin R. Sanborn, Sec’y. . Zoologica Vol. VI, No. 1. STUDIES OF A TROPICAL JUNGLE INTRODUCTION By Henry Fairfield Osborn The British Guiana Kartabo Station of the Department of Tropical Research of the New York Zoological Society was founded in January, 1916, after many conferences of Henry Fairfield Osborn, Theodore Roosevelt, Madison Grant and William Beebe. The site chosen was the district immediately around Bartica, British Guiana, in typical tropical rain forest, sixty- five miles from the coast and at an elevation of only twenty-five feet. The Station itself is at Kartabo, at the point of junction of the Cuyuni and Mazaruni Rivers, where intensive research work has been carried on in a quarter of a square mile of jungle and shore. Under the directorship of William Beebe, five expeditions have been made into this field. There have been thirty- six months of actual work, covering every season of the year. Research work at the Station has been carried on by thirty- three workers from America, England, Scotland and France, and three hundred and six visitors have been entertained. One hundred and fifty contributions have been been published, including five bound volumes. From the limited area under intensive investigation there have been collected notes, materials and specimens as follows: (1) Life history notes on 73 species of mammals, 464 species of birds, 130 species of reptiles and amphibians, and 150 species of fish. (2) Nests, eggs or breeding records of 206 species of birds, many new to science. (3) Skins, skulls and skeletons of 60 species and 750 in- dividual mammals. (4) 1738 bird skins. (5) 126 bird embryos. (6) Hundreds of specimens of reptiles, amphibians and fish. 1 (7) 85,000 insects, of which one item alone is the types of eighty-seven new species of termites. (9) 4,000 other invertebrates. (10) 550 KOH specimens. (11) 3000 photographic negatives. (12) 22,000 feet of motion picture film. (13) Specimens have been supplied to eight universities and five museums, while of living vertebrates there have been collected and sent to the New York Zoological Park 45 mammals, 215 birds, and 125 reptiles. (14) The chief collections of amphibians, reptiles, mammals and many invertebrates have been presented to the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History. It is interesting, in view of this successful prosecution of research work in the tropics, to consider the actual cost of the entire under- taking. From the beginning to the year 1924 the total income has been $49,600. This has included the salary of the director, his assistant and chief artist, the steamship fares, entire scientific outfit, boats, tents, bungalow, household expenses, servants, hunters, taxidermists and the general accommodation for the staff of workers. The five expeditions have averaged six and a half months each, with an average of eight staff workers, the total average cost of each trip being $9,920. 1 2 OUTLINE I — Geographical Position 1 Latitude and Longitude 2 Country, Rivers 11 — Meteorology 1 Seasons 2 Rainfall 3 Humidity 4 Sunshine 5 Temperature 6 Wind 7 Comparison with Coast and Interior III — Geology 1 Rocks, Minerals and Soil 2 Earthquakes IV — Physical Character 1 Land: Altitude, levels, swamps 2 Tidal area and shore 3 Water: creeks, rivers, tides V — Flora 1 Aquatic 2 Littoral 3 Jungle 4 Clearing VI— Fauna 1 Protozoa 2 Porifera 3 Coelenterata 4 Platyhelminthes 5 Nemathelminthes 6 Trochelminthes 7 Molluscoida 8 (Echinodermata) 9 Annulata 10 Mollusca 11 Arthropoda 12 Chordata III — Historical 3 4 STUDIES OF A TROPICAL JUNGLE;1 ONE QUARTER OF A SQUARE MILE OF JUNGLE AT KARTABO, BRITISH GUIANA By William Beebe (Plates A, B. Figs. 1-17 incl.) This study of the environment or ecology of Kartabo is offered as a general survey of the region. Every fact in it is as true and correct as I can make it, but all estimates are underestimates. For example, the number of species of amphibians represents probably three-fourths of the actual autochthonus fauna; the mammals ob- served could certainly in time be increased by twenty-five per cent., and so on. This is in spite of the fact that several of us have spent five seasons of work here, but even in this limited area, the life of the opaque waters, and that under ground, in the lofty treetops and of the night must still hide innumerable forms from us. This entire contribution outlines the more interesting and sig- nificant points of view which have presented themselves while I have been engaged in more specific, definite researches. It is intended as an introduction to the faunal papers which will follow in succeeding numbers of Zoologica. I — Geographical Position British Guiana, on the north-east coast of South America, is about twice as large as the State of New York. The Essequibo is the largest river of the Colony, and its most important tributary, entering at Bartica, is the Mazaruni. Six miles above this point, the Cuyuni joins the Mazaruni, and at the exact meeting point is Kartabo, the site of the Tropical Research Station of the New York Zoological Society. The Cuyuni winds for two hundred and fifty miles in a general north-west direction and rises somewhere in the wilderness heart of Venezuela; the Mazaruni, through one of its tributaries, twists and turns through an equal distance of gold and diamond country, and drains the very slopes of the mighty plateau of Roraima, on the Brazilian frontier. Kartabo, then, is in the north-central part of British Guiana, and its position relative to the three great rivers is such that its exact location is indicated on even the smallest of continental maps. Its position on the earth’s surface is 58° 42' West Longitude, and 6° 23' North Latitude. 1 Contribution, Department of Tropical Research. No. 190 5 Fig. 1. Orientation Map of Kartabo. Drawing by John Tee-Van. 6 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 7 The following distance lines of radiation may prove an addi- tional help in the orientation of Kartabo: The Atlantic Ocean is forty-five miles NNE. The Dutch Guiana frontier is 120 miles SE. The Equator is 400 miles S. Kaieteur Falls are 100 miles SSW. The Brazilian frontier is 128 miles WSW. The plateau of Roraima is 160 miles WSW. The Venezuelan frontier is 121 miles WNW. New York City is 2200 miles NNW. As may be seen by the accompanying map, a circle with a six mile radius from Kartabo includes Bartica and the banks of the Essequibo, together with the Mazaruni and the Cuyuni up to their first falls and rapids. The general research work has been carried on within the black area at Kartabo. Unless otherwise stated, the following account of this region, and the various articles which will follow in future numbers of Zoologica, dealing with more definite, intensive researches, refer altogether to this tract of land and water, measuring less than two thousand by four thousand feet, at the very point of juncture of the Cuyuni and Mazaruni Rivers — an area one-quarter the size of Central Park in New York City, or, to use a less local simile, a square of land measuring ten average city blocks on each of the four sides. This limited field of intensive research is the most important factor in the work carried on at the Station, and presents tropical abundance of life with a vividness which transcends any generaliza- tions or statements based on less definite grounds. 1 1— Meteorological Conditions Kartabo, British Guiana Introduction Accurate records of weather conditions have been kept for many years at His Majesty’s Penal Settlement, three miles N. E. by E. from Kartabo, on the north shore of the Mazaruni River, the station being fitted up as a Normal Climatological Station of the Second Order of the International Classification. Records of rainfall are taken at The Hills Plantation, three-quarters of a mile from Kala- coon, the first home of the Tropical Research Station. The Hills Plantation is situated on the south shore of the Mazaruni River, directly opposite the Penal Settlement. Fig. 2. Variations of weather conditions, Kartabo, British Guiana. 8 1925] Beebe : Ecology of Kartabo 9 Thus, the two stations, Penal Settlement and The Hills Plan- tation, form the base of the triangle of which Kartabo is the apex. Both places are approximately three miles down river from the Station at Kartabo, and are separated from each other by about three-quarters of a mile. The reports of these two stations may be taken as representing the weather conditions of Kartabo, and the immediate vicinity, some records extending back twenty years. The following state- ments and charts are entirely based upon the published and un- published records of observations of these climatological stations. Seasons Although the beginning and ending of the seasons cannot be stated in exact terms of weeks or days, the following four divisions are recognized as distinct : — Short Dry Season— -February, March, April. Long Wet Season — May, June, July. Long Dry Season— August, September, October, November. Short Wet Season — December, January. Adopting these seasons, the rainfall in inches and percentage is given in the following tables: — Seasons Number of Inches and Percentage of Yearly Rainfall Short Dry Season . . . . . . 17.05 Inches. . . . . . . 16.8 per cent Long Wet Season . . . ...38.84 “ .... ...38.4 “ “ Long Dry Season . . . ...25.27 “ .... ,...25.2 “ " Short Wet Season . . ...19,81 “ .... ,...19.6 “ “ Adding the rainy and dry seasons together as single seasons we have the following figures: — Rainy Seasons . . . . . , . . . .58.65 Inches. . . . . . .58.0 per cent. Dry Seasons . 42.32 “ .... ... 42.0 “ " Roughly speaking, three-fifths of the rains are to be found distributed through the five months assigned to the rainy seasons, and the other two-fifths to the seven months of the dry seasons. Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society 10 [VI; 1 This gives an average of 6.04 inches rainfall for the dry months, and 11.73 inches for the wet months. Rainfall The average annual rainfall is 100.53 inches. The months average as follows: — February 4.55 inches March 4.94 “ April. 7.56 “ May ..14.00 “ June 12.44 “ July 12.40 “ August 7.40 September 5.56 October 5.19 November. 7.11 “ December 10.93 January 8.87 “ The list of months given their position according to greatest rainfall becomes: — May April June August July November December September January October March February The available data, as to the number of days upon which rain falls, show an annual average of two hundred and nineteen days or fifty-nine per cent, of the whole year. During 1920, May and June each had twenty-seven days upon which rain fell, while February, the lowest month, had six days. The highest recorded annual rainfall is 117.75 inches in 1918, and the lowest 77.11 inches in 1911. The highest rainfall for a single month was in May, 1918, 22.34 inches, and the lowest occurred during February, 1912, a year of drought, and was .03 inches. Humidity The available records for humidity show observations taken three times a day, at 7 :00 A.M., 1:00 P.M. and 6:00 P.M. 11 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo The following table gives the mean of these observations: — 7:00 A.M. . . 1:00 P.M. . . 6:00 P.M. . . Average 90.9 79.0 82.2 84.2 per cent. u a a u u The following table gives the average of the humidity by months: — February March April May June July August September October. November December. January Yearly average 82.9 per cent. 81.5 “ 81.1 “ 85.3 “ “ 85.0 “ “ 85.2 “ 85.1 “ “ 82.1 “ “ 81.2 “ “ 82.9 “ . “ 87.0 “ 84.8 “ 84.2 “ Sunshine Available records for sunshine show the following monthly averages:— February 5.5 hours March .4.3 “ April .5.1 “ May .4.0 “ June .5.2 “ July 4.2 “ August 6.2 “ September 6.8 “ October 6.7 “ November 6.3 “ December 5.5 “ January 4.6 “ Average daily sunshine 5.3 “ The maximum amount of sunshine for a single day was 11.6 hours on July 30, 1920. 12 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society Temperature [VI; 1 Available records of average shade temperature are as follows :- February 78.0° Fahrenheit March 78.1° April 79.0° May 79.2° June 78.4° July A . .78.4° August 80.0° September 81.1° October 81.5° November 80.3° December 78.6° January 77.8° Average shade temperature 79.2° Placing these months in order, lowest temperatures first, we have the following list: — January April February May March August June November July September December October The mean, maximum and minimum shade temperatures are as follows: — it tt ft tt tt tt tt if tt tt tt ft Fahrenheit o February . . .82.8° maximum 73.3 March ............. . . .83.2° n 73.1 April ............... , . .83.8° tt 74.2' May. .............. . . .83.2° tt 75.1 June. .............. , . .82.8° tt 74.1 July . .83.3° tt 74.0' August . . . . . .85.0° u 75.2' September. ......... . . .86.5° tt 75.5' October . . . . . .85.2° tt 75.6' November. . . .85.9° tt 74.8' December. .......... . .83.5° tt 73.8' January . .82.5° u 73.2 Yearly average . . . .83.9° tt 74.3' minimum u tt tt a tt tt tt tt 1 1 tt tt 1925J Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo Wind 13 The Station and the research area at Kartabo are located upon an open expanse of four miles of water facing almost due east, so that full advantage is gained from the trade winds, which blow prevailingly from the east, with northeast winds a close second. These breezes from the sea, forty-five miles away, blow almost steadily during the day throughout most of the year, while during January, February and March they continue through much of the night as well. Occasionally, during the rainy seasons, the wind blows for a short time from the continental side, southeast or even south, and brings with it the heaviest falls of rain. The wind is remarkably even throughout the year, as shown by the accompanying tables, and varies from “ Gentle” to “Fresh” with very few gales and no hurricanes. Moderately severe thunder storms occur now and then, es- pecially during the changes in the rainy seasons. The table below gives the average for observation taken upon the force of the wind three times daily:-— February .............. ............ .3.5 miles per hour March ................. ............ .3.3 (( u u April .................. ............ .2.7 (( (l (( May ............ .2.5 a (( (( June. ................. .............2.9 (( u < i July ............ .3.1 u ( ( (t August ................ ............ .3.7 u (( << September. ............ ............ .3.6 u ( ( u October. .............. ............ .3.8 (( (( ( ( November. ............ .3.2 u u (C December. 3.1 (( ll ( ( January. .............. . .3.6 <( i ( a Summary Seasons Two Dry Seasons occupying seven months of the year, February, March, April, and August, Septem- ber, October, November; within which two-fifths of the rains fall. Two Wet Seasons occupying five months of the year, May, June, July, and December, January; within which three-fifths of the rains fall. [VI; 1 14 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society Rainfall Humidity Sunshine In ecological researches at Kartabo, the more natural method is followed of beginning the year with February, the first month of the Short Dry Season. Average, 100.53 inches (annual). Heaviest — May, followed in order by June, July, December, January. Lowest — March, February. Average, 84.2 per cent. Average 7:00 A.M., 90.9 per cent. 1:00 P.M., 79. “ 6:00 P.M., 82.2 “ “ Month of greatest humidity— December. Month of least humidity — April. Average, 5.3 hours daily. Greatest sunshine — November, April. Least sunshine — January, December, May. Temperature Average, shade temperature, 79.2° Fahrenheit. Coolest months — January, February. Warmest months — September, October. Wind Prevailing Direction — East to Northeast . Average rate of speed — 3.25 miles per hour. Meteorology of the Coast-lands and the Far Interior Compared with Kartabo* Along the flat, alluvial coastlands, records of weather con- ditions are taken at many places, the most important meteoro- logical weather station in the Colony being situated at Georgetown. Rainfall and other records have been taken at this Station since 1846, and the figures used are the averages for the available records of this period. The reports show that “the climate at Georgetown is a very equitable one, and one which . . . varies regularly and equitably.” In the far interior on the savannah country of the plateau regions, records are taken at Eupekari, and at Dada-nawa, both on the Rupunnuni River. Dada-nawa is situated about two hundred and fifty miles southwest by south from Kartabo, at 2° 49' 25.5" 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 15 north latitude, and 59° 29' 29. 3" west longitude. Eupekari is nearer Kartabo, about 195 miles in the same direction as Dada- nawa, and is at approximately 3° 40' north latitude and 59° 18' west longitude. At Dada-nawa the records show that the rainfall is far less regular than at Kartabo, and that it averages lower than the coast- lands, 4and much lower than the forested region within which Kartabo is situated. The temperature at the savannah stations also has a greater range, the maximum being higher and the minimum lower than at any of the coast stations. Meteorology of Kartabo Compared with that of the Coast-lands and the Far Interior Coast Lands Kartabo Interior Stations Rainfall. .... .94.37 inches 100.53 inches 51.88 inches Humidity . . . .78.1 per cent. 84.2 per cent. 86.5 per cent. Temperature .. 80.4° Fahr. 79.2° Fahr. 83.1° Fahr. Ill — Geology The Colony of British Guiana may be divided into three trans- verse zones: First, the narrow, flat, alluvial coast-land much of which is actually below high tide level, and which never exceeds an elevation of ten feet, and along the Essequibo River reaches about twenty miles inland. Second, a zone of sedentary sand and clay, in which Kartabo is situated. This lies back of the low coastal region, and extends clear across the Colony. The origin of the sand and kaolin is given later. This zone is one of low elevation, from fifteen to two hundred feet, and is of greatly varying width. The country is undulating and is generally covered with high, tropical rain forest. Third, the mountain zone consisting of un- dulating plateaus, rising successively from one thousand to twenty- five hundred feet, occasionally cut into deep gorges as the eight ‘hun- dred and ten foot fall of Kaieteur, and culminating in the flat- topped plateau mountain of Roraima, five thousand feet above the surrounding country and eighty-six hundred feet above the sea. \ Rocks, Minerals and Soil At low tide, a considerable extent of rock appears at Kartabo 16 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Point, extending along the shore from B 6 south to C 5. Again farther south at Boom-boom Point, h and I2, and Jx and J there is a great massive outcropping. Of these rocks Sir John Harrison writes that they “consist principally of grey granite but pegmitite or giant-granite is present in abundance. In places good specimens of graphic granite may be obtained. Mica is present in the giant- granite, sometimes in large plates, while here and there red garnets are fairly abundant in the pegnatite veins. A little to the westward the medium-textured light-gray granite is seen with a glistening darker-colored, fine-grained rock apparently intrusive in it. Both are traversed by veins of coarse pegmatite, which in places contain garnets. The fine-grained rock is seen, on microscopic examination, not to be an intrusive igneous rock, but a clastic sedimentary rock caught up in, and intensely metamorphosed by, the granite.” The gray granite almost at the very door of the Research Station represents the basic foundation of earth structure, the very skeleton of the planet, fashioned in planetary flame, upon which the other rocks rest, over which the rivers flow, and standing as a contrast to the evanescent plant and animal life existing upon its great masses. The granite at Kartabo and near-by points is the largest out- cropping in the Colony. Harrison describes it in detail as con- taining large irregular plates of orthoclase or potash felspar, in places with albite or milky-white felspar, numerous small plates of microcline and abundant ones of oligoclase. The felspars contain some inclusions of small granules of epidote and minute flakes of secondary muscovite, and irregular patches of quartz. The micas are in the form of large plates of muscovite and flakes and wisps of greenish biotite. A few grains of sphene, rarely minute crystals of zircon and some granules of iron-ore are present. The dominant inorganic character of the research area consists of sands and clays, residual deposits in distinct contrast to the fluvio-marine deposits of the alluvial coastal zone. The rapidity of disintegration of exposed granite in this region is almost unbelievable, breaking down into deposits which are distinguished from finely divided fluvio-marine matter by the relatively great abundance of heavy minerals in the former. Aplite, granite, pegmatite, quartz- porphyries, the more acidic granitites, and the gneisses and schists derived from them give rise to more or less sandy kaolins and pipeclays, varying in color from white to cream. The beach in 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 17 front of the Station consists of white quartz sand overlying firm deposits of creamy- white kaolin. The rocky bank back of this is seen in the process of actual erosion and disintegration. In these deposits from metamorphosed granites muscovite is present in abundance together with small crystalline grains of corundum. In addition to these tourmaline, topaz, beryl, garnet and spinel are found. At Kartabo the inorganic factor in the ecology is a relatively unim- portant one, but within short distances metals and minerals are of the utmost importance. Thirty-five miles to the southeast thou- sands of tons of kaolin have been mined, for the bauxite derivative of the contained alumina; in the Kartabo sand are occasional flakes of gold, while fifty miles to the west paying gold diggings begin, cul- minating in a spot like Omai, sixty-five miles to the south where from an area of sixty acres over ninety-five thousand ounces of gold have been taken. The diamond fields are no farther away. At first only a few stray stones were found, but today the diamond-bearing area includes three thousand eight hundred square miles. During the first twelve months of 1923, 1,141,425 diamonds were found, aggregating 214,475 carats. The largest stone weighed 48 y8 carats and was found on the right bank of the Kurupung. Gold mining began in the Cuyuni in 1863, but no great amount was taken out until 1886. The largest nugget found weighed 28 oz. 10 dwts. Earthquakes Earthquakes are felt now and then, usually slight and transitory occasionally more severe and with appreciable effects. One of these occurred on May 10th, 1922 at 3:00 A.M., lasting about twenty seconds, travelling from East to West. The laboratory was severely shaken, trees were loosened, and large amounts of earth slipped down along steep banks of the river and inland gullies. During seven years, six rather severe shocks have been re- corded : — March 26, 1915 12:25 A.M. March 29, 1915 7:00 P.M. February 24, 1918. 7:20 P.M. May 31, 1921 4:30 to 5:00 A.M. Two shocks. May 10, 1922 3:00 A.M. 18 Plato B. Area devoted to research at Kartabo. Drawing by .Tolin Tee-Van. 1925] 19 Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo IV — Physical Character Kartabo, British Guiana Within the approximately quarter of a square mile devoted to research work at the Tropical Research Station, the average height of the land mass may be placed at between thirty and fifty feet above the mean tides. Along the shore of the Mazaruni River, immediately surrounding the laboratory, the land is flat, averaging about five to fifteen feet above the mean level of the river. Three hundred feet west of the laboratory, and about four hundred feet from the river, the land rises sharply, forming a rounded hill about eighty feet in height, two to three hundred feet through at the base; continuing westward, expanding laterally, until in the western end of the research area it becomes over a third of a mile wide. The northern aspect slopes abruptly downward, while the slope on the southern side is very gradual, occupying about two-thirds of the width of the entire hill. This hill forms the beginning of the divide between the Mazaruni and Cuyuni Rivers, extending south westward, becoming higher and joining the southernmost extension of the Oko Mountains, thirty miles away. In the northwestern portion of the research area the hill nearly meets the shore of the Cuyuni River, while to the north and north- east are found swamps and moist lowlands. Southward of the hill rolling lowlands predominate, and swamps are fewer in number and less in extent. The majority of the swamps are formed by the rains, and rarely by springs or underground seepage of water. Tidal Area and Shore The shore area of the rivers influenced by tides is extensive and varied, occupying approximately six thousand linear feet, divided into the following: — Rocks . 300 feet Sandbeaches 650 feet Shore steep, edge of jungle, tree roots merging with tidal area 1200 feet Shallow, mud and sand-bottomed flats 3850 feet On the northern boundary of the research area from BB36 to DD32 on the Cuyuni River, the shore is shallow, with many rocks 20 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 scattered about on the mud and sand of the bottom. Jungle trees come to the edge of the water, their roots often forming an intimate portion of the tidal area, — the water lapping over many feet of their buttressed supports. From DD32 eastward to about EE22, the area including the two Cuyuni Islands and Emerson Bay, the tidal area is small and the shore drops away rapidly. Trees come to the edge of the water, but mangroves and a consequent shallow shore are not present, due mainly to many swirling whirlpools within the bay, and to the cur- rents of the Cuyuni on the outer portions, which at this point are very swift. There is much rock to be found on the shores of the two islands, especially about the easternmost larger one. This rock is continuous with a line or rocks which project northward for two . to three hundred feet, partially exposed at low water. The re- mainder of the Cuyuni shore from EE22 to the easternmost portion of B7 is shallow and shelves slowly, most of the bank being covered with mangroves. The point of land which marks the dividing line between the Cuyuni and Mazaruni Rivers has an extremely small tidal area, and is formed of rocks descending sharply into deep water. Passing around the rocks at the point of land to the Mazaruni side of the research area, the tidal space is first formed of coarse whitish-yellow sand (B5 to E4), shelving rapidly on its northern end, and merging to the south with shallow mud and sand bottom banks covered with mangroves; this shore descends very slowly into the deeper portions of the Mazaruni (E4 to H3). A large outcropping of gray granite forms the next portion of the shore, bare and forbidding in appearance (I2, J2), with many sharp, jagged pieces on the mud and sand bottom, which is continuous with the remainder of the shore. To the south of these rocks (J2 to Mi) is the beautiful, three hundred foot long sand beach, which extends in front of the labora- tory. This beach is mainly formed by the breaking down of the fifteen foot cliff-like bank of clay and sand in front of the station. It is continuous with the great bank of coarse, yellowish-white sand which extends down river for over three-quarters of a mile from the laboratory. This bank has been formed by the constant swirls and eddies caused by the meeting of the two great rivers. During very low tides, it is possible to walk down stream for over half a mile, without finding more than two feet and in many places only six inches of water. 1925) Beebe: Ecology of Kgrtabo 21 Below the sand bank another group of gray granite rocks are found (NO, followed by a steep, yellow clay bank (southernmost part of Ni and northernmost part of Ch), fifteen feet high extending for about fifty feet. This borders on shallow sand and mud flats which abutt on jungle trees and tree roots, and extends to the southeastern end of the area devoted to research work. Water The area at Kartabo devoted to research is bounded on the north by the Cuyuni River, which at this point is not quite half a mile wide (2500 feet), and on the east by the Mazaruni River, whose nearest point on the opposite shore is nearly a mile and a quarter away (6350 feet). The tides on these huge rivers are swift, the downward current running from one to three miles an hour. The average rise and fall amounts to from six to six and a half feet. During seasons of high water at full moon tides the waters are often six to eight feet higher than the usual high tides. Five miles above Kartabo the tides in both rivers end, as at that point the first rapids are found. At Georgetown and at the mouth of the Essequibo, forty-five miles downstream from Kartabo, the tides average about two and a half hours earlier than they do at the station. The time occupied in rising and falling is influenced greatly by the amount of water flowing down from the upper reaches of the rivers. The difference sometimes varies to the extent of a falling tide of nine hours and a rising tide of two and one half hours. The color of the water is a pale brown, mainly caused by the stains derived from the leaves of the wallaba tree ( Eperua falcata Aubl.). At 8:30 A.M. with the sky half covered with clouds, the color in the shade approaches nearest to olive-brown (Ridgway). But the influences of shade and depth are such that the water appears to have a greenish tinge instead of reddish. Lowering a white disk six inches in diameter into the water, the color is quite yellowish at the surface, becoming browner farther down, and near the point at which it disappears acquires a distinct orange tone. Experiments at 8:30 A.M. give the following color values, as compared with Ridgway’s “Color Standards and Nomenclature,” observed over a six inch white disk at different levels:— Surface White 22 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 1 inch Cartridge Buff 2 inches Colonial Buff 3 inches Deep Colonial Buff 4 inches Warm Buff 5 inches Antimony Yellow 6 inches Dull Capucine Orange 12 inches Zinc Orange 15 inches * Vinaceous Fawn 18 inches Russet Vinaceous From eighteen inches downward the colors become darker and darker, and at twenty -five inches the disk disappears from view. This depth of twenty-five inches at which the disk disappears is to a great extent independent of the position and intensity of light from the sun, and is brought about almost entirely by the amount of stains and coloring matter held in suspension by the water. Experiments with the sun directly overhead, or at an angle of 30 to 35 degrees give the same result, — a blocking out of the disk at twenty-five inches. Occasionally during heavy rains about the upper portions of the rivers, quantities of brownish yellow coloring matter, in ap- pearance much like the yellow-brown Amazon mud carried in suspension by the sea along the coast of Guiana, is brought down. During the second and third weeks of May, 1922, the waters of the Cuyuni were deep brownish-yellow, quite opaque, so much so that one’s hand disappeared from view six inches below the surface. The difference between the clear waters of the Mazaruni and the colored water of the Cuyuni was especially noticeable at Kartabo. On the sand beach in front of Kartabo, the temperature of the water below the surface and near the bottom averages 79-80 degrees Fahrenheit. Within the area devoted to research there are a few small streams, which disappear to a great extent during the dry season. At the northwestern portion of the research area is a single larger creek about ten feet across. V— The Flora of Kartabo The flora of Kartabo has been studied by no competent general botanist, and in this resume 1 have attempted nothing but an in- dication of the more conspicuous and abundant growths, particularly 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 23 those which possess an important relationship with members of the vertebrate fauna, either in the way of food, homes or media of support and progress. Fluviatile Blue-green, red and brown algae and diatoms are abundant but no collections have been made of them. Very remarkable purple algae have been found in the stomachs of puffers but not observed elsewhere. Both the two- and three-toed sloths have the well-known peculiar green algae growing on the dorsal hairs. Littoral The littoral flora is sharply delimited to between tide marks. Where the current is swift near shore, these forms are almost hidden by overhanging vines and lianas, dependent from the high jungle trees which crowd down to the very water. Along sandy and sloping muddy shores they are spread out, but even in such places do not extend more than a few yards from the high tide mark. Specific associations are well marked in the littoral flora, solid cultures of mangroves, sedge, mucka-mucka and others. The mangroves, Rhizophora mangle Linne, find root-hold in certain definite areas of the gently sloping mud-flats, feeling their way far out, with long steps, foliage held high out of reach of the water. They are in no sense shore builders, they do not attempt to stay the tide, but allow it freedom to wash back and forth. Back of them, on firm mud and sand, the tall graceful sedges live out their half aquatic, half aerial lives. The two dominant species are the White-plumed Sedge, Eleocharis geniculata R. Br., and the Starry Sedge, Cyperus sp. The former are gigantic in favor- able spots, with their triangular, forest-green stems reaching up twelve feet, while the latter present lowlier clumps topped with the fluffy white catkins. This one grows in denser clumps and is a better land holder, but the roots do most of the work. The stems survive the wash of waves by their pliability, giving instead of break- ing. In spots where the current is not too swift or waves too violent, appear rank upon rank of that aroid lily with the incongruous name of Mucka-Mucka, Montrichardia arborescens (Linne) Schott. The tall stout stem sends off great arrow-heads of leaves, and occasionally 24 Fig. 3. Mangrove beach at Kartabo. Photograph by John Tee-Van. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 25 a large white calla-like lily and later the pineapple fruit. Here and there are small patches of Horse Tails, Equisetum, hinting of epochs long since past. In 1919, these were confined to an area of not more than two square yards. Two years later this particular section had been washed away and 1 have found no further trace of these plants. Clustering around the sedge clumps, like dug-in outposts, are the low, white-flowered Diodia, creeping along the sand and helping the coarse grasses to cling to the shifting grains. The most con- spicuous flower stalks of the fore -shore are the tall Shore Gentians, Coutoubea spicata Aubl., which hold up their racemes of pinkish- white flowers well below high tide level. Their roots go deep and after a severe storm they seem to suffer less than some of the stronger growths. One of the most valuable shore -binders is the rush-like herb, Xyris tenella Kunth. Hundreds of these little grassy-leaved plants take root beneath the mangroves and their roots mat together while their tall, clubbed-top stems rise bravely and expand tiny yellow blooms. With them occur the straggly, jointed stems with the inconspicuous pea-like flowers of Vandellia difusa Linne. Very numerous, but so tiny and fragile that only close exam- ination reveals their existence, are Utricularias bearing minute yellow blossoms. On beaches of pure sand, fronting disintegrating, soil-covered banks, the plant association is of another character, all uniting to hold fast to as much as possible of the granitic talus which now and then slides down in sandy avalanches. Such is the beach directly in front of the laboratory. Every inch of the precipitous bank which offers foothold is covered with representatives of the clearing flora, — the pink and white Mazaruni primroses, Sipanea pratensis Aubl., being the only bright color note. At the foot of the bank the force of the tides is felt and the plants are no longer the gentle growths of a summer meadow, but must be sufficiently virile to hold- their position against water and wind. As opposed to the mangrove zone, the dominant plants here are grasses. Close to the bank clumps of great, coarse beach grass, Panicum sp., sprout, with stems bent, but measuring ten feet in length. Farther down shore are creeping grasses, Courmelina longicaulis Jacq., whose stems seek safety by allowing themselves to become half buried in the sand, with leaf tips coming up for breath. 26 Zoologica: N. Y . Zoological Society [VI; 1 These are perhaps the best sand-binders, and given half a chance will form a mat of their interlacing stems, which holds fast to the grains. Smaller clumps mimic the larger, and Sporobolus succeeds by developing strong roots but soft pliable stems, which, even in the air, lie prostrate, like green tresses combed back by the touch of the last wave, until the next incoming tide washes them to and fro like the softest algae. In surprisingly exposed places the curious little clover-like, purple-flowered Desmodium stands bravely in low, compact bunches, while Kyllinga with its small white flowers creeps feebly a few inches from its roots. These, with a few isolated plants of sedge, form the outliers of the plant world, in the ever shifting zone between solid land and the impassable barrier of low tide. The mangroves cheat the jungle and find their light and air far beyond the competition of the great moras and purpleheart, where, although thriving a few yards away, these mighty trees cannot follow. Like most get-rich- quick schemes, however, the mangroves yield to the law of compensation, and every branch, twig and root has its parasites and epiphytes. Bromeliads, in serried rows and clusters, are so abundant that they sometimes break down their very support. The roots above low water are coated with moss and lichens, while the branches are often put under terrific strain by burdens of heavy vines, such as Souroubea gui - anensis Aubl., and its interesting relations, several species of Marc - gravia. Even the topmost twigs are not free from invasion. While the mangroves’ own flowers are small and inconspicuous, the epi- phytic orchids are numerous and beautiful, and when they are in full flower their odor and color make it a delight to canoe through the arching roots. The most abundant forms are Epidendrum fragrans Sw., Epidendrum nocturnum Jacq., and Diacrium bicor- nutum (Hooker) Benth. While the actual flora of the tidal area is limited and fixed, yet this zone offers one of the most fertile fields for another phase of botany, — the flotsam and jetsam of the river current. Every receding tide leaves a host of stranded nuts and seeds. As I once wrote of this same current farther down stream, “There were spheres and kidney-shapes, half-circles and crescents, heads of little old men and pods like scimitars and others like boomerangs. Some were dull, others polished and varnished. They were red and green, brown and pink and mauve and a few gorgeous ones shaded from salmon into the most brilliant orange and yellow. Most 1925] Beebe : Ecology of Kartabo 27 were as lifeless in appearance as empty shells but there were many with the tiny root and natal leaves sprouting hopefully through a chink.”2 And so along the line of the highest tides scores of small plants are often found sprouting, which have drifted down many miles from hinterland jungles. Jungle Unless artificially altered by man, the littoral flora merges directly and abruptly with that of the jungle. The outermost trees may be a mangrove with strong buttressed trunk, and little to indicate its spidery, amphibious character farther riverward. Close alongside is a tall jungle tree, perhaps a mora, which reaches up a hundred and fifty feet, or a purple-heart almost as tall. At Kartabo some of the river jungle is swampy, with palms as a dominant association, mingled with hard and soft wood trees. Passing to dry or higher ground, we find the typical rain forest of Eastern South America. It is impossible to describe in accurate detail, for every square yard, every dense thicket or open glade has a character of its own. In the most luxuriant primeval jungle, the great trees rise at considerable distances from each other, with trunks straight as plummets, and often quite bare of branches for one hundred feet. They support such a dense canopy of their own and of parasitic foliage that there is always a dimness as of twilight beneath. The undergrowth is scanty and low, and the mid jungle is broken only by occasional lianas or aerial rootlets, all of which are as straight as the tree-trunks. Where plantations of the Dutch once existed in the far distant past, or more recent clearings made by the Indians for cassava, the new growth never quite regains its maximum development. In these changed conditions, while there are very many large, very tall trees, yet there is not the unbroken aspect of the roof of the jungle, and the undergrowth instantly reflects this in its more lush character, both in abundance of aspiring saplings and in lesser ferns and shrubs. Jungle of these and of intermediate types is found in the research area. In swampy areas Ichnosiphon grows luxuriantly, tall, smooth, reed-like green stems, with a burst of leaves at the summit. Ant- birds sometimes build in the heart of the foliage head, and the split 2 Jungle Peace, p. 75 Fig. 4. Palm swamp near the Research Station. Photograph by John Tee-Van. 28 1925 j Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 29 stems are used by the Indians in basket making. Comacuballi lianas climb trees and palms and thrust out masses of red berries beloved of birds. In these places wild ginger, escaped from long forgotten plantations, sends its six to twelve foot leaves up from compact clumps, and Heliconias run riot. Even in low jungle one can always see through the undergrowth for ten to thirty yards, and while interlacing vines sometimes make going difficult, usually it is only fallen trees and branches which hinder one. Thorns are rare, but when they do occur, as on the climbing palms, it is useless to force one’s way. They must be pa- tiently pushed aside or cut away. The jungle floor is never bare. One may tramp for hours and never know whether sand or black mold is the substratum underfoot. There is always a thick mat of fallen leaves and twigs, sometimes an inch or two, sometimes a foot deep. Digging down we find these gradually altering from the leaf which has just eddied down, through blackened, half decayed leaves to homogeneous, earthen mold, ready to be drawn up again into living sap. In the dry season the leaves crackle at every step, in the wet they are silent to the foot, and soaked, but always they are present. No thick growth of moss lies underfoot but every inch of twig and branch and trunk is painted and hung with fungi, lichens and moss. In deep jungle, flowers, up to man height, are not uncommon, but inconspicuous, but fallen petals and blooms are abundant, often having dropped a hundred feet from some obscure vine, not dis- tinguishable from the foliage at that height. Or zones of intense sweetness will indicate flowers which are invisible. If looked for, dozens of inconspicuous greenish blooms will be found low down or springing from the mold, but at the least hint of glade or open trail, color becomes evident, and the sombre jungle loses its meaning. Color in masses is to be found in the tree-tops when whole trees burst into a solid head of lavender or pink within twenty-four hours, or along the river banks, where hanging vines transform overnight into floral avalanches. Another source of color peculiar to the tropics is the brilliance of new leaves. A Kartabo spring reminds one of the northern woods at the height of autumnal change. This leaf coloring holds even in the dark jungle shade, and here too the pigmented place of flowers is taken by the leaves of caladiums, of Tontanea and of Coccocypselum, on whose chlorophyll palettes are spread splashes and lines of white, cream, pink and scarlet. 30 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Lichens, fungi and mosses are everywhere. Even in the dry season, they flourish in damp places, while during the rains they rival the flowers of the glades in color, and are of every conceivable form and shape, mimicking on a small scale all the greater growths of shrubs, trees, vines, besides adding such similes as umbrellas, lace- work, and pagodas. As for molds, smuts and rusts on the leaves of jungle growths, a mycologist who spent four days at the Research Station collected three hundred forms in a few trips along the trails. The importance of this density of vegetable growth covering every inch of dry land, cannot be appraised too highly, no matter what form of organic life we choose for intensive study. It actually brings into existence a new land of organic life, — secondary, pseudo meadows and aerial fields, a hundred feet or more above the solid ground, transferring to these hanging gardens the color and variety of foliage, flower and fruit, as well as specialized animal life of every group, which for our lowly structure and limited senses exists else- where only in open clearings. ✓ Jungle Trees from Sixty to One Hundred and Fifty Feet, Rarely Two Hundred Feet in Height, Found in the Research Area Dimorphandra excelsa (Schomb.) Baill. Mora: One of the tallest of jungle trees, often with enormous but- tresses; common close to tide or in swampy places. Nectandra rodiei Schomb. Greenheart : Another giant of the tropical rain forest, the most sought for commercial wood ; much heavier than water. Carapa guianensis Aubl. Crab wood, Guiana Mahogany: Very tall trees, second in value com- mercially only to greenheart. It is the cheapest Colony timber. Crab-oil is made from the kernel of the fruit. Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze. Trysil: Medium to large timber trees, usually near water; very finely divided foliage, long tasseled flower panicles attracting hosts of insects. In full flower throughout May. Aspidospermum excelsum Benth. Paddlewood, Yaruru: Several large trees in the area; stumps of 31 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo others show where the Indians have obtained paddles in past years. Rhizophora mangle Linne. Mangrove: Forms a pure culture littoral fringe in many places. Spachea elegans A. Juss. Pigeon-berry: A tree of medium height thriving both in jungle and clearing, covered in April with a dense mass of panicled blossoms, attracting hosts of insects and birds. A decoction of the bark is an astringent, used by the Indians for dressing cuts. Inga sp. Waikey: One of the few soft-wood trees; medium to large, smooth, whitish bark, moderate pointed leaves. Hevea sp. Hatteeballi : A tall tree of deep jungle. Sapium jenmani Hemsl. Wild Rubber: Grows to very large size; does not die when exposed to direct sunlight by the cutting of surrounding jungle; smooth- barked; the tallest trees develop thick buttresses. Vochysia tetraphylla DC. Etaballi : Tall jungle tree, with large bole, slightly roughened or scaly bark, rich, dark green foliage, golden brown wood with silver grain, bursts suddenly into bloom about April 1st, the flowering lasting throughout the month. A second season of less luxuriant blossoming begins August 15th. Cassia multijuga Rich. Guana: Tall white-barked tree, finely divided foliage, conspicuous yellow flowers, abundant along river banks and near clearings; very abundant. Height of flowering September 1st to 15th. Exceed- ingly attractive to insects. Anacardium rhinocarpus DC. Wild Cashew, Hoomalgee, Hubudi: Tall tree of deep jungle. Spondias lutea Linne. Wild Plum, Hog Plum, Hoobooballi: Tall jungle tree, thriving also in clearings. The yellow, oblong, delicious smelling fruit is eaten by birds, animals, and Indians; bark rough with longitudinal lines, pinnated leaves. Most individuals begin to drop fruit in late Feb- ruary, and continue steadily for four months, the last falling in July. 32 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Other trees, perhaps close by, but fewer in number, begin their season of ripened fruit August 15th and end in November. Copaifera pubi flora Benth. Purpleheart: Uncommon, very large jungle tree; one of the tallest in the research area recently fell into the waters of the Mazaruni. It showed three hundred and eighty annular rings. The heart is deep purple or magenta, and is extremely hard; logs free from sap- wood are sometimes a yard square. Piratinera guianensis Aubl. Letterwood, Snakewood: Chocolate wood with patches of brown and black, like the skin of some snakes; used for canes and small ornamental objects, and by the Indians for bows, although very brittle. The trees are small, full-grown ones being only sixty feet high; once abundant, as indicated by old Dutch reports of cargoes exchanged with the Indians for this wood; now a few small saplings only are left in this locality. Hymenaea combaril Linne. Locust, Siniri : Tall, with smooth bark, beautifully banded with red, gray and yellowish, like layers of clay; very finely divided foliage. The wood is orange-red. The Indians make wood-skin canoes from the bark. Hieronyma laxi flora Muell. Arg. Suradanni: Deep red wood, cross-grained, good for gun-stocks and canoes. One of the largest trees of the research area jungle is of this species. Simarupa amara or officinalis. Simarupa, Matchwood Tree: Wood milk-white, soft; one of the tallest trees, projecting high above the surrounding jungle. The only jungle tree we have been able to scale, reaching a height of eighty feet by means of two alternating rows of large spikes driven deep in. The second year a newly established nest of stinging bees made it impossible to climb. Deeply lined bark, well covered with moss and lichens, very finely pinnated foliage; used for boards and match sticks. Unidentified. Dalina : A tall forest tree with exceedingly hard wood. Trunk deeply grooved, often looking like a mass of lianas; leaves large and oval. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 33 Cecropia palmata. Cecropia, Congo Pump, Pumpwood, Wanasuru: Very tall and rapidly growing tree in jungle, also springing up in abandoned cas- sava fields. Wood light, used for floats. In tall jungle individuals, the base is supported by mangrove-like flying buttresses. Enormous leaves in a complex cyme, rattling together loudly in the slightest breeze. The sole food of three-toed sloths. Unidentified . Kurahara: Although producing logs fifty feet long by twenty inches square, and excellent for making furniture, canoes and spars, yet this tall tree is unidentified. The wood is reddish brown and takes a fine polish. In K 14 is a young tree with straight, bare stem and a rounded canopy of leaves, umbrella-like. The leaves form a large palmated cluster on the end of a very long, straight, horizontal stalk, arising directly from the trunk. Unidentified. Meerah-wood, Antwood: A very large tree, getting its name from harboring a species of stinging ant. Unidentified. Hooroowassa: A very large jungle tree, small, short-oval, pinnated leaves, and with small curved bean holding about ten seeds; bark light colored, flaking off in scales, as soft as pine. An enormous one in N 11, supporting masses of very large epiphytes. Myristica surinamensis Roland. Dalli: Very rapid growing, soft wood; rare, only one or two trees near laboratory. Trunk tall and straight, whitish, coarse pinnated foliage. Unidentified. Wareemeah: Common tall jungle tree. On one, which was cut close to the laboratory, ninety-three species of ants were found by Pro- fessor William M. Wheeler. Sprouts come up very quickly from the stump. Nectandra sp. Silverballi: Bark silvery white, branches wide spreading in young tree. Unidentified. Potchuwee: Tall tree, uncommon. 34 Photograph by Thomas Smolucha. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 35 Tapirira guianensis Aubl. Duka: Occasionally found in the jungle, eighteen inches through; the bark is reddish, not light, and the trunk marred with old branch stubs. Very rapid grower in new clearings. Has edible, purple, grape-like fruit. Unidentified. Arrancanduck: Moderately tall tree, large coarse leaves. Psidium guava. Cockreeou, Wild Guava: Medium tree, olive gray bark, smooth as if oiled. Many stems shoot up from old stumps; large broad leaves. Introduced from high lands. Humirium floribundam Mart. Tauroneero: Large tree, often with a few dead upper branches on which birds love to perch. Abundant. Fruit is edible, wood dark reddish, extremely hard. Tenipa americana Linne. Makreekoonee : Fairly tall jungle tree, variegated, slightly rough- ened bark, medium sized leaves. Bark makes a black dye. Jungle Palms Astrocaryum tucuma Mart. Cuyuru Palm, Acqueero: Thorny-stemmed, a tall sentinel in front of laboratory: fruit eaten by Indian children and by animals. t Maximilliana regia Mart. Kokorite Palm: Grows very tall; small, recently sprouted ones are common. Cocos nucifera L. Cocoanut Palm: A single one, full grown, in D 6. Mauritia flexuosa L. f. Eta Palm: Enormous stemmed and leaved, with equally large cur- tains of blossom and fruit. A very large one at edge of tide in G 3. The young, unopened leaves furnish the well-known tibireri twine, of which “grass” hammocks are made; the dry, pithy stems of the petioles make excellent razor strops. Euterpe edulis Mart. Manicole Palm: Characterized by huge palm-leaf fan fronds. 36 The jungle laboratory at Ivartabo, beneath giant bamboos planted 300 years ago by the Dutch. Photograph by Paul G. Howes. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 37 Clearing Immediately about Kartabo laboratory are twenty-five clumps of bamboo, covering a compound of three acres. These are a very tall Javan species, imported and planted by the Dutch two hundred and fifty or three hundred years ago. They are ideal for bungalow trees, as they provide abundant shade, yet let the air pass freely; they are almost immune from insect attack, and their dense carpet of leaves forms a clean dry footing and prevents the growth of weeds. They respond to the least care, and when a clump is cleared out, the young shoots appear and grow with astonishing rapidity. A new sprout two feet high may in a very short time tower far above one’s head. We made two estimates of growth, during the early part of the rainy season, and found that vigorous young shoots grew from eight to twelve inches a day. One of these increased in height from three and a half to sixteen feet in sixteen days. Parasites are unable to gain a foothold on the clean, hard, siliceous stems, and even the leaf-cutting ants have no use for the leaves. West of the laboratory is a clearing of seven acres which four years ago was in coarse grass. Even after this time it could still be called a clearing, but another full year reduced it to a glade, with tall saplings sprouting in all directions, and the jungle creeping in from all sides. This change is a most interesting one, and the al- teration from jungle affords opportunity for hosts of strange organ- isms, floral and faunal. Throughout the area covered by most of the research work at Kartabo Point, two thousand by four thousand feet, as well as further inland, numerous trails have been cut, which afford easy access to the lateral areas of jungle. To the south of the laboratory a field is cleared and under cassava, bordered by tall jungle trees, and this again exhibits entirely different associations rich in new conditions of floral relationship. In the clearing, every patch of open ground is carpeted with a dense growth of the cheerful little pink Mazaruni primroses, Sipanea pratensis AubL, — by far the dominant color note of the open and with many tiny weevils and other insect hosts. With them are numerous other small flowering plants, such as Spermacoce verti- cillata Linne and caerulescens AubL, and such curious little growths as the Christmas-tree plant, Dupatya. The waist-deep, meadow- like parts show dense growths of Vervain, Stachytarpheta cayennensis Vahl, and Velvet Leaf, Sida cor difolia Linne, together with clumps 38 Photograph by Paul G. Howes. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 39 of plume-grass and scores of unnamed growths. Scattered here and there are taller patches of Orinoco boneset, Mikania orinocensis H.B.K., some of which burst suddenly into flower at the end of December, while others blossom from March to May. It harbors many interesting Hemiptera, — coccids and membracids. Sprouting plants of Cashew, Anacardium occidental, are common. The fleshy, pear-shaped receptacle of the fruit is an edible astringent, greatly beloved of tanagers and other birds, and the kernel of the kidney-shaped fruit at the end of the receptacle, when roasted, is an article of commerce. The intermediate layer of fruit contains as acrid caustic oil. In unexpected places great clumps of strange lilies, Cruium, spring up, their beautiful white petals filling the whole compound with their fragrance, and isolated plants of scarlet tiger lilies tear colorful gaps in the mass of clearing green. The pinwheel flower, Tabernaemontana undulata VahL, shows one of the most amazing floral-fruit transformations, its gaping scarlet and black fruit de- veloping from the tiniest whorls of petals. There is also the Tree of Life, Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kury., as much at home as I have seen it in Ceylon and a score of other places. Sensitive plants, Mimosa polydactyla H. & B., wilt at a touch and scattered about are stray bushes of Indigo, Indigofer a sp., — heirlooms of thrifty Dutch settlers, which have handed down their seeds for perhaps three hundred years. Vines wind in and out, simulating the lianas of the nearby jungle, unnoticed until revealed by a sudden burst of blossoms, as the allamandas and convolvulus. A still larger growth may be defined as saplings, of which the Duka, Tapirira guianensis Aubl., is the most rapid grower. At present there are scattered through the western part of the clearing, dozens of their light-colored, lichen-marbled trunks, with oval, pinnated leaves. With these, young jungle trees, such as Waree- meah, are sprouting from stumps of the old forest. There are also a few lime trees, Citrus medica acida, planted many years ago, and smothered in low growths, but still bearing abundantly. Guavas, Psidium, also grow here and there, and attract birds and wasps and even small mammals which feast on their fruit. Here and in many other places, both clearing and jungle, Me- lastomas grow rank, some as trees, others as shrubs, bushes, or even crawling, vine-like, over open sandy places. One form, called Mes- sopra by the Bovianders, Belinda grossularioides Triana, is common 40 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 about the bungalow, with great, coarse rough leaves, woody, scaly stems and rounded white blossoms, all a haven for a whole fauna of insect life, while the whitish berries are delicious eating. The Clearing Trail, which is merely the beginning of the seventy- two mile Puruni Trail, where it leads westward through the clearing is perhaps the most interesting place near the laboratory. It lies along the seam, the very point of meeting of jungle and clearing, and a single yard to left or right often marks an entirely distinct flora and fauna. The jungle edge hides its bareness with a dense growth of shrubs and half trees, often flowering profusely and attracting hosts of insects and birds. Among these is torch wood, or Haiawa, Idea heptaphyllum Aubl., with its dense foliage, whose wood, when pounded and teased out, is used by the Indians for candles, Blood- leaf, Vismia ferruginea H.B.K., and guianensis Pers., with great leathery leaves, beloved by a multitude of insects, Trysil Trees, with the finest of pinnated foliage, Arrancanduck, and Cassia, whose great golden panicles are Mecca to all lovers of nectar, whether scaly or feathered, with six legs or two. Here too we find tree Cashews, Clusia, Wild Cocoa and Messopra, with small flowers, and Maibike with its stems lined with lavender bloom. Here grow the exquisite Shooting Star blossoms, Posequeria latifolia R. & S., whose ultimate seeds look like rounded pebbles of translucent quartz. Along shore, the edge of the jungle is varied by many smaller trees and vines, some of which are characterized by great solid masses of bloom at certain seasons. Here grows the wild cocoa, Pachira aquatica Aubl., flowering twice a year, each blossom a foot across, a plume-like mass of lilac- colored stamens, followed later by the great leather colored pods, the resemblance of which to cocoa pods gives the common name. The close-packed seeds are delicious, either raw or roasted. Cassia is common here, and Posequeria, but vines have the best chance and a single plant may sometimes ramify for several hundred feet along the wall of jungle foliage, climbing to the very top. Especially noticeable are Allamandas, Bignonias, Petrea, and Souroubea guian- ensis Aubl., the last with its glossy leaves and panicles of stiff, scarlet flowers, whose fragrance is delicate and very penetrating. When a tree is entirely covered with this vine in full flower, it is a source of constant attraction to honey-creepers, hummingbirds and hosts of bees. Its near relative, Marcgravia , vies with it in abundance along 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 41 the shore and sometimes presents a solid front, quite obscuring the foliage of its supporting host behind. Its umbels of curious nec- taries surmounted by the drooping circle of flowers are still a mystery as to their exact method of fertilization, whether by hawkmoth, hummingbird, or otherwise. Another shore plant, which in certain positions becomes almost a vine, is the caterpillar flower, Combretum laxum Loefl., with its brilliant yellow and scarlet blossoms, which day by day unfold more of their furry lengths. The Maibike, as the Akawais call it, or Aliku, Benda, or Waikee, as the Bovianders name it, Pithecolobium latifolium Benth., forms bushes or moderate sized trees growing along shore, flowering in mid-July — a mass of rose colored bloom, solidly lining the branches. Bees, butterflies and many other insects come to it in swarms. Spider lilies, Hymenocallis, hold up their drooping, streaming petals from among the sedges and reeds, while in swampy areas grow great clumps of ginger lilies, Hedychium coronarium Konig; in dry clearing edges appear, in the early rains, single plants of scarlet tiger lilies, Hippeastrum. Although the jungle growth is so luxuriant, yet the soil is very thin, a mere skim of black mold from six inches to two feet lying on the sand or clay. An Indian’s cassava field planted in fresh-cleared jungle soil will so deplete the ground that a second crop is never attempted, but the Indian allows the jungle to cover the clearing, while he cuts a new one. In this immediate vicinity, on the opposite side of the river at Kalacoon, three exhaustive attempts have been made to raise crops on a large commercial scale, first sisal hemp, then rubber, and finally cassava. All have failed, the first because the humidity was too great to dry the fibre satisfactorily, the second because of lack of vertical root space and a devastating leaf disease, and the third because of general expense of labor and constant fertilization. Nature hereabouts gives freely of its riches of gold and diamonds, man may tap the wild rubber trees of the jungle or with effort carry off a few mighty boles to be sawn into lumber, but as yet she suffers no permanent replacement of her primeval jungle with plants of man’s domesticating. Fig. 8. — a, Apparent relative abundance of Kartabo Phyla, b, Actual relative abun- dance of Kartabo Phyla, c, Relation of Kartabo Phyla to human life. 42 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 43 VI — The Fauna of Kartabo Foreword My treatment, in the present paper, of the fauna of the quarter of a square mile at Kartabo is of the most general character, in- tended as a preliminary skeleton framework for the more detailed ecological papers and monographs to follow. In addition it will serve to answer some of the numerous inquiries which I receive, relating to the presence or relative abundance of some family or other of organisms. In the case of the vertebrates I have included more detailed accounts of the interrelations in regard to food. Taking into consideration the fact that most of the groups of organisms have not yet been worked up, nor the innumerable new species been named, I have thought it best, in treating of them, to make use of the simplest, most conservative of classifications. As almost no two writers use our English terms of occurrence with the same meanings or relative values, I submit my own inter- pretation of the five relative terms: Terms of Occurrence Abundant — To be seen every day and on every walk. Common — To be found whenever searched for. Occasional — Uncommon. Rare — Observed but seldom. Unique — Recorded but once from the Research Area. Probable — Present in numbers just outside the Research Area. Phyla of the Animal Kingdom Found at Kartabo 1 — Protozoa II — Porifera I I I — C oelen terata IV — Platyhelminthes V — N ematelminthes VI — Trochelminthes VII — Molluscoida VII I — (Echinodermata) IX — Annulata X — Mollusca X 1— Arthropoda XII— Chordata Admitting these twelve Phyla in the Animal Kingdom, eleven are found within the zone of research at Kartabo. The missing one is Echinodermata, and while we are many miles from salt water, it was rather interesting and amusing to come across remains of sea urchins and starfish near the shore a few yards from 44 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 the laboratory. Unfortunately for our summary of living forms, however, these specimens of Echinoderms' were in blocks of coral brought as ballast two or three centuries ago by Dutch sailing ships from some distant salt-water port. Here they were dumped over- board to make room for cargoes of sugar and letter- wood. On this tiny portion of the earth’s surface, this quarter of a mile of jungle and water, the animal life is quite undisturbed by man, and just as it has evolved through the ages. To unaided human vision, backed by enthusiastic interest, two phyla occupy about nineteen-twentieths of the entire animal life. With criteria of size and visibility we must represent the Kartabo fauna as in the ad- joining Fig. 8, a. With actual number of individuals as guide the animal life would be rearranged as in b. Again, when the fauna is considered in its relation to the life of the native Indian, or in the case of our own physical life, it assumes a very different phase, illustrated in c. One Hour of Jungle Life The dearth of life and the silence in the tropical jungle is em- phasized and reiterated in book after book of travel, and as long as the observer is actually travelling, he will indeed see little more than the few frightened creatures which rush from his path. When he is content quite to cease being a traveller, and become a stander, or sitter or squatter, the wealth of tropical life begins to be apparent. Even the patient digger or grubber will reap a rich harvest, as when once I searched and found a thousand living beings in a square yard of jungle floor. Movement, not conspicuous clothing or human form, is the dis- turbing factor which drives a host of creatures into hiding just before the eyes can detect them, and makes a walk through a primeval forest often a disappointing experience. This can be mitigated by slow movements and intensive observation, and the following is the record of a walk within the research area, west from the Tropical Research Station at Kartabo, back along the Puruni Trail, from 7:30 to 8:30, on the morning of March 26, 1922. There was no wind; the first fifteen minutes were cloudy, while the sun shone brightly the remain- der of the time. I went slowly, making notes as I walked, for forty -five minutes. The last quarter of an hour 1 spent motionless in one spot near a deep 1925! Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 45 gully. Writing as rapidly as possible, with only an occasional glance at my note-book, I recorded every hint of living organism seen or heard, five hundred and thirty-six in all, and made a brief written or mental note about each observation. To this list I have added an occasional identification term to clarify my brief written word. It forms, I think, a satisfactory answer to statements of the paucity of jungle life. Organisms Observed in Forty-five Minutes Along a Tropical Jungle Trail Brain-fever Cotinga ( Attila ); heard the note of this beautiful bird as I left the Laboratory clearing at 7:30 A.M. Kiskadee Tyrant Flycatcher ( Pitangus ) seen and heard. Chestnut-breasted Seedeater ( Sporophila ) in full song. Spine-tailed Swifts ( Chaetura ), three flying over. Small Red Beetle. Giant Black Orioles ( Ostinops ) three seen and heard, one giving courtship performance. Cicada, heard south. Dusky Nighthawk ( Caprimulgus ) flying up from trail; a true jungle bird, often perching on high limbs of trees. Red-backed Caciques ( Cacicus ), two flying toward their nesting trees up the Mazaruni. Green Trogon ( Trogon strigilatus ) heard giving its breeding song. Black Cuckoo ( Crotophaga ) heard, whaleep! whaleep! Small Green Caterpillar. Green, Long-legged Fly ( Dolichopodidae ) walking swiftly about on leaf. Small, Black Ichneumon-Fly searching for spiders. Green Tree Snake ( Oxybelis ) moving slowly through branches. Large, Brown Cricket ( Eneopterides ) chirping with its vibrating wings. Green Membracids, eight of these attended by ants on a weed stem. Small Brown Ants, three running on ground. Green Dwarf Woodpecker ( Picumnus undulatus ) hammering at an insect’s cocoon in a rolled-up leaf. Small Brown Robber Fly ( Asilidae ) eating prey on leaf. Blackish Birds, two, unidentified, flying through jungle. Silver-beaked Tanagers ( Ramphocelus ) two in tree tops. Yellow-lined Grasshopper, a clearing species, rather out of place in the forest. Wax-covered Coccids, a group attended by ants. Large Blue Hunting Wasp ( Pompilid ) half flying, half walking over leaves. Antbirds ( Formicariidae ), three, unidentified, in dense foliage. Small Metallic Fly (V olucella) on leaf. Land Crab ( Cardisoma ) scuttling into underbrush. Metallic Flies, three more. Giant Green Grasshopper ( Acrididae ) crawling up tree trunk. Jungle Pigeons ( Leptoptila ruf axilla), two males calling loudly from neighboring trees. 46 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Organisms observed — continued Red Ants, four on guard with jaws raised, on leaf. Small Brown Cricket. Rufous Hermit Hummingbird (. Phaethornis ruber\ flying across trail. Small Brown Weevil. White-spotted Membracids, three in a row along stem. Caterpillar of black papilio butterfly ( Papilio ). Cicada calling, different species from other heard seven minutes before. Guiana Motmots ( Momotus momota), three perching in berry tree, swinging their tails from side to side. Small Brown Grasshoppers, two on leaves. Large Green Katydid on under side of leaf. Small White-Spotted Beetle ( Chrysomelidae ) on leaf. Turquoise-Winged Weevil. Green-and-Black Chalcid Wasp, very small, searching under leaves. Black-faced Frogs ( Leptodactylus mystacinus) two in a small pit. Green Ground Lizard ( Ameiva ), large male in pit. Cayenne Hermit Hummingbird ( Phaethornis super ciliosus) squeaking among some flowers in a tree-top. Robber Flies ( Asilidae ) two large, hairy individuals, mating. Oblique-Striped Jungle Lizard ( Anolis ) scurrying over leaves. Medium Metallic Bee ( Euglossa ) hovering close to ground. Carrion Flies, twenty-four, of five species, around dead frog. Land Minnows ( Rivulus stagnatus ) two of these land-traveling fish in a pit dug for trapping frogs. Wood Roach ( Blattidae ) small brown roach on dead leaf. Sulphur-and-White-Breasted Toucan ( Ramphastos vitellinus), calling to the north. Small Brown Caterpillars grouped together on leaf. Woodpecker, unidentified, hammering to the south. Small Gnats, a large cloud hovering overhead. Quadrille Bird ( Leucolepis musica) gave its wonderful call close to the trail three times, wholly different each time. Did not see it. Green Stick Grasshopper ( Tryxalid ) resting in center of leaf. Giant Black Solitary Ant ( Dinoponera ) walking up tree. Rufous Hermit Hummingbird flying about my face. Yellow-winged Deer Fly ( Tabanidae ) alighting on my hand. Common Ithomiid Butterfly ( Melinea ?) fluttering slowly along. Crackling Manakins ( Manacus manacus), a pair flying across trail. Small Army Ants, a file passing rapidly over leaves and ground. Bird-winged Morpho Butterfly ( Morpho menelaus ) zig-zagging rapidly past me up the trail. Robber Fly with a small wasp in its jaws. Hump-backed Flies ( Hylomyzidae ) resting on leaves. Brown Ant on leaf. Green Spider under leaf. Ichneumon-Fly with white antennae flying slowly. Small White-spotted Caterpillar on leaf. Giant Solitary Ants, three on stem. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 47 Organisms observed — continued Large Brown Spider in web. Ichneumon-Fly with yellow, black-spotted wings. Giant Lineated Woodpecker ( Coephleus lineatus ) flying over in the direction of the bird which had been hammering. Red Howling Monkeys ( Alouatta ) heard to the southward. Jungle Pigeons heard in a new direction. Green Spider devouring green fly. Small Brown Ants, six on one leaf. Large Chestnut Bee ( Xylocopa ) half buried in a yellow allamanda blossom. Minute Gnat flying close to my eye. Spot-winged Antcreeper ( Sclateria leucostigma ) two in vine near trail. Carrion Flies and Ants on bird dropping. Small Green Caterpillar looping along edge of leaf. ‘ Yellow-headed Vulture ( Cathartes urubitinga ) swooping low, close over the trees. Brown Coccids, many on a branch, attended by ants. Small Green Buprestid Beetle. Red-throated Caracara (Ibycter americanus) calling with loud raucous screams upon discovering me. Cinereous Antbird ( Thamnomanes glaucus ) calling just out of sight in the jungle, also annoyed by my presence. Quadrille Bird, a second individual appearing for a moment. Ithomiid Butterflies, two alighting on leaves. Green Wood Roach (P anchloridae) on green leaf. Brown Silk Cocoon with chrysalid moving about inside. Spiders, two fighting on small web. Large Antbird, unidentified, flying swiftly across trail. Callistes, Chlorophanes and Bright Colored Tanagers, eight in tall trees. Large Red Ant on ground. Small Black and White Butterfly ( Erycinid ) under leaf. Small Black Flies, three waving their wings and whirling about on leaf. Long-horned Grasshopper mimicking daddy-long-legs (captured). Black Chalcid Wasp attacking pink caterpillar. Guiana Wood Nymph Hummingbird ( Thalurania ) following me for some distance. Short-tailed Swift ( Chaetura ) flying over. Minute Gnats, three on a small flower. Azteca Ants around suspended nest. Metallic Jumping Spider with fly on leaf. Termites or White Ants making tunnel near their nest on tree. Black-fronted Antbird ( Myrmoderas ferruginea ) giving its teacher-teacher- teacher call near the trail. White-headed Tayra ( Tayra barbara) one of these giant weasels rushing down out of a tree and off through the underbrush with a great riot of noise. Minute, Red-Spotted Spider hanging from strand of silk. Hump-backed Flies ( Hylomyzidae ), two on leaf mating. Mottled Spider on huge web ( Argiope ), with two blossoms, but no living prey entangled. 48 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Organisms observed — continued Green-winged Macaws ( Ara chloroptera) , calling to the north, and later appear- ing, flying high overhead. Brown Loop Worm with front part of body sticking out from stem like a dead twig. Grey Jumping Spiders ( Attidae ) motionless on plant. Red Ant on ground. Hump-backed Fly. Tiny White Moth flying close to ground. Large Grey Robber Fly resting on twig. Large Species Hump-backed Flies, three on one leaf. Turquoise-backed Weevil under leaf. Mealy Amazon Parrots ( Amazona farinosa) two flying from tree with loud screams. Pygmy Antbird ( Myrmotherula pygmea ) heard. Woodpecker hammering loudly ahead. Small Reddish Moth on leaf. Small Hump-backed Fly on leaf. Olive-backed Ovenbird ( Automolus infuscatus) , two feeding on small tree. Woodpeckers, two small ones, too high for identification. White-breasted Antwren ( Rhamphocaenus albiventris ) one seen and others heard; this one hanging upside down picking at a leaf. Spot-Winged Antbird seen near trail. Antbirds, two, unidentified, with the Spot-wing. Small Parrots, probably Urochroma, flying overhead. Red Howling Monkeys, a second band heard far to the west. Green Mantis gesticulating on leaf. Brown Robber Fly with unidentified prey. Brown, Yellow-lined Grasshopper, a tree-top species, on leaf. Macaws heard (probably the same birds). Membracids shaped like small nuts, eight attended by four ants. Coccids attended by minute black ants. Membracid with pillar-shaped thorax (collected). Small Hump-backed Fly. High-arched Membracid on same plant, attended by ant. Purple-breasted Cotinga ( Cotinga coiinga) heard in distance. Small Inch- Worm on my sleeve. Small Brown Wood-Roaches, two running along trail. Crowd of Termites rushing out of their nest accidentally broken open. Metallic Carrion Fly on leaf. Lace-winged Fly (Chrysopidae) resting under leaf. Metallic Coppery Scarab Beetle resting on leaf. Dancing- Wing Flies ( Trypetidae ), gyrating on a leaf. Dumb-Bell-Shaped, Long-Legged Flies flying and on leaf, one elaborately courting the other. Small Metallic Green Fly ( Volucella ) on flower. Maggots ( Diptera ) thirty or more around a bit of carrion. Small Black and White Butterflies (Pierids, although an exact copy of Helicoyiids — genus Dismorphia) . 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 49 Organisms observed — continued Small Brown Dragonfly on tip of leaf. Small Birds, two in tree, not identified. Yellow-bellied Calliste Tanagers ( Tangara mexicana ) three in tree. Large Hump-backed Fly. Yellow-winged Deer Fly buzzing about my face. Green Spider on green leaf. Small Metallic Fly. Small Brown Grasshopper. Hairy Black Robber Fly. Termites, small colony of these with snapping jaws. Muscid Fly on leaf. Dark Saddle Membracids with four ant attendants. Golden Metallic Bee. Four Black Trigonid Bees. Two Ithomiid Butterflies. White Flower-like Spider. Two Volucella Flies. Slender Black Ant. Dolichopodid Fly. Sulphur- and- White-breasted Toucans, a pair calling. Guiana Motmots calling in their muffled tones ahead. Small Copper Beetle dropping to the earth at a touch. Minute White Moth. Brown, Long-legged Ctenid Spider. White-antennaed Braconid Wasp. Small Brown Ants, three carrying a bit of food. White-crowned Manakin ( Pipra leucocilla), a male flew past Yellow and Black Cercopid Bug (Tomaspis ruber). Minute Metallic Fly. Brown and Red Caterpillar. Red-rimmed Black Hemipteron on leaf. Giant Blue, Tarantula-Killing Wasp. Three White-crowned Manakins, two males and a female. Dusky Parrots (Pionus fuscus), three calling from tree overhead. Woodpeckers hammering, one west, a second south. White-throated Thrush ( Turdus phaeopygus ), parent and nestling hardly able to fly, pursued them but could not capture the young one. Large Rhinoceros Beetle flying past. Macaws heard, perhaps the same pair seen earlier. Black-throated Trogon ( Trogonurus curucui ) heard and seen. Yellow-throated Caracara ( Ibycter ater), flying out of low tree screaming loudly. Yellow-headed Vultures, two soaring past. Small Swift, unidentified. Small Gold-fronted Hummingbird, unidentified. Large Jungle Damsel-Fly ( Mecistogaster ) fluttering slowly over the trail. Small Hump-backed Flies, two on leaves. Metallic Jumping Spider with small insect. 50 Zoologica: Nt Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Organisms observed — continued Saddle Membracids, eight adults and young, attended by three ants. Furry Black Caterpillar eating leaf. Small Robber Flies, two mating. Tiny Red Caterpillar under rolled leaf. Walking Stick Insect ( Phasmid ) hanging by four legs from a leaf, the front pair stretched out along the antennae. Agouti (Dasyproda aguti flavescens) rushing away from a wild plum tree, grunting loudly. Small White Pierid Butterfly on flower. Red Howling Monkeys heard, probably the same as the last band. Cloud of Gnats in mid air. White-fronted Antbirds (Pithy s albifrons ) three chirping close to trail, all seen. Antbird, another species seen only for a moment. ’‘Army Ants (Eciton burchelli), a small fan of these ants, accounting for the presence of the antbirds. Three Wood-Roaches scurried out from among dead leaves. Two Daddy-Long-Legs hiding among the same leaves. Large Brown Millipede (P olydesmid) crawling on ground. Small Flies, six hovering over a dead spider. Two More Wood Roaches. Harlequin Jungle Cricket ( Rhipipteryx ) flew ahead of me. White-fronted Antbird, a fourth individual. Wedge-billed Woodhewer ( Glyphorhynchus cuneatus) creeping up trunk of tree. Yellow Chalcid Wasp resting on leaf. Antbirds, flock of about a dozen in tall tree, unidentified. Ameiva Lizard, rushing into hole as I approached. Long-legged Dolichopodid Fly on leaf. Giant Metallic Blue Bee flying past. Tryxalid Grasshopper motionless on leaf. Azteca Ants in nest suspended over trail. Reached Gully at 8:15 and Observed the Following Organisms within Fifteen Minutes : Red-fronted Woodpecker (Tripsurus rubrifrons ) seen and heard hammering almost overhead. Olive-backed Ovenbird ( Automolus ) seen picking up food from bottom of gully. Amazon Parrots calling, not seen. Mouse-Colored Bushbird ( Hypolophus murinus ) calling. Small Ichneumon-Fly alighting on my hand. Two Muscid Flies hovering over flower. Minute Grey Moth flying nearby. Brown Cricket calling a few feet away. Palm Tanagers (Thraupis palmarum ) heard and seen in tree. Guiana Squirrel ( Guerlinguetus aestuans) scolding me a minute or more from the center of a bush across the gully. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 51 Organisms observed — continued Red Howling Monkeys making a great uproar to the north, probably a new band. Two Small Flies in mid air. Minute Gnat flying about my eyes. Macaws again, probably the same pair. Reddish Robber Fly resting on leaf. Ring-tailed Monkeys ( Cehus apella apella ) swinging by within fifty feet, passing close to the ground. Large Ant with the tip of the abdomen jet black. Trypetid Dancing- wing Fly. Long-tailed Hummingbird, probably Phaethornis, flying swiftly. Minute Yellow Ants, twenty in small flower. Deer Fly buzzing close to my face. Small Yellow Caterpillar under nearest leaf. Small Ithomiid Butterfly flying slowly past. Variegated Tinamou ( Crypturus variegatus ) calling to the south. Papilio Butterfly alighting nearby and walking over leaf. 8:30 A. M. Summary of Organisms Observed Within an hour’s time I made two hundred and forty-six obser- vations and recorded five hundred and thirty-six living creatures. This included all five phyla of vertebrates, of which one hundred and twenty-eight individuals were birds. The details of this summary are as follows: Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes Insects: Lepidoptera, Imagos Lepidoptera, Caterpillars Hymenoptera . Diptera Orthoptera Hemiptera Coleoptera Odonata Isoptera Spiders Phalangida Millipedes Crabs . Observations Individuals 8 12 71 128 4 4 1 2 1 2 13 16 LI 11 39 95 + 47 139 + 20 25 13 43 9 9 2 2 3 30 + 11 13 1 3 1 1 1 1 246 536 52 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 PHYLUM I— PROTOZOA To write of the single-celled animals of a locality is like consid- ering the snow crystals of Greenland or the sand grains of Kartabo beach. My Indians know nothing of their existence, yet they help to make his benab livable, they compel him to cook his game almost at once, and in the end they usually kill him. Even we who in the past have studied them and watched their successive generations, who can give names to some, and predict their haunts and reactions, almost never think of them until an injury be- comes infected, or until the clear water of an aquarium changes to opacity in a few days. Unarmed with a microscope we would admit Protozoa to but small part in the fauna. In an aquarium on my table one day were several armored cat- fish, and a floating leaf of a tropical water weed. Within a week the water became green and opaque, but without slime or odor. I found that it was almost a pure culture of the green flagellate Chlamydo- monas, wjth a scattering of Vorticella. I estimated the number of large drops in the six thousand cubic centimetres of the aquarium at one hundred and twenty thousand. A greatly underestimated count of these green-shelled flagellates gives one hundred thousand to a drop of water, spread over a cover-glass. Another calculation, and I look at the aquarium with awe, for at the lowest estimate it con- tains twelve billion Chlamydomonas — all active, kicking themselves about with their several flagella, busily dividing into more billions and incidentally furnishing the five large catfish with the where- withal, apparently both oxygen and nourishment, for three months of undisturbed existence in this aquarium. Observations on Protozoa have all been incidental to other work, but some general facts have been recorded. Of the three hab- itats, river plankton, swamp-mud and water, and the water in bro- meliads, the last has proved to be by far the richest in microscopical life of all kinds. Four Classes of Protozoa are recognized : Class I — Sarcodina Class III — Sporozoa Class II — Mastigophora Class IV — Infusoria All of these are represented in the Kartabo fauna. Class I — SARCODINA Amoebae of several species and Arcella, the latter occasionally 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 53 in great numbers, abound in mangrove bromeliads; Difflugia has been found both on debris in Mazaruni current-moved plankton, and in deep swamp pools; Actinophrys, or a closely related form, occurs in plankton. Class II— MASTIGOPHORA Euglena, Ceratium and Volvox in bromeliads; Chlamydomonas and many other forms of this Class both in bromeliad and swamp water. Gonium is one of the most interesting of this group, the few cells clinging together with just sufficient definition of arrangement and division of labor, to adumbrate Metazoa. Class III— SPOROZOA Plasmodium is occasionally brought in the blood from George- town and other parts of the coast, but there is no indigenous malaria at Kartabo, owing to the complete absence of mosquito carriers. Class IV— INFUSORIA Paramoecium is common in bromeliads; Stentor has been dredged in Mazaruni mud, and found growing on the eggs of the small, sur- face-swimming minnow Tomeurus; Vorticella occurs commonly in infusions, in mid-river plankton, on fresh-water sponges below low tide mark one hundred feet from shore, and has been observed in good-sized colonies near the gill openings of healthy tadpoles of Lep- todactylus rhodomystax. Almost as common as Vorticella , in plankton, are colonies of Epistylis, but decidedly rare are the beautiful little sessile, cupped Cothurnia. Opalina, of several species, are common parasites of Amphibia. PHYLUM II— POR1FERA This phylum plays one of the smallest parts in the fauna of Kartabo. It is of great interest, however, in being one of the marine invaders of this fresh-water region — pioneers from the great oceanic fauna of sponges. Class I— DESMOSPONGIAE Family SPONGILLIDAE The presence of fresh-water sponges is evident from any slide of plankton or river-mud debris, spicules being almost always visible, 54 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 mingled with the desmids and diatoms. Living sponges are not un- common on disintegrating rock a hundred yards off the Laboratory beach, about a foot below low tide level. The rocks show colonies two to four inches in diameter, masses of spicules rising in glassy clus- ters like some strange crystals above the surface of the stone, the lower, living portion being covered with a thin, green veil of tissue. The spicules are very uniform, simple, smooth, transparent, slightly curved, blunt, almost truncate, thick and uniform in thickness throughout their length: they average .4 mm. long by .05 mm. in diameter. Star-shaped spicules with six rays, and simple spicules with lateral irregularities are also found now and then in plankton. Quite another type of sponge coats the under side of stones in one or two streams in the research area and especially in swift-flowing side streams of the Cuyuni above the first rapids. It is like a brown moss in life, and the spicules are very slender, simple, smooth, curved and needle-pointed at both ends, reaching an extreme length of 1 mm. PHYLUM III— COELENTERATA This is probably the least important Phylum in the research area, and as with Porifera, is an example of marine invasion. Both among the plants of Victoria regia and in the water of jungle creeks, I am always on the lookout for the fresh-water free-swimming medusa Lymnocodium, but have never found it. Class I— HYDROZOA Several times 1 have detected hydras, both green and brown, in bromeliad water, and twice a long tentacled form appeared in plank- ton debris from mid-river. PHYLUM IV — PLATYHELM1NTHES Flatworms are common organisms in the research area, and few fallen logs are without one or more of the larger forms while as in- ternal parasites they are less numerous. All four Classes are repre- sented. Class I — TURBELLARIA The Kartabo Turbellarians or Land Flatworms are truly trop- ical in size and colors. Their habitat is rotten logs and dead bark, or less frequently the under side of moist jungle leaves. Some attain 1925] Beebe : Ecology of Kartabo 55 a length of three inches. They may be leaf brown, with delicate shadings of darker along the edge, or mottled like lichens, or marbled grey and white, or with pink and black like the brevicipitid frog Atelopus. There is occasionally remarkable mimicry or at least a pattern paralleling that of slugs living in the same environment. Class II — TREMATODES Doubtless abundant, but I have observed them chiefly as para- sites in fish; forms closely resembling Cotylaspis occurring in the gills, together with others quite unlike any usual type of fluke. Class III— CESTODES Tape-worms do not seem to be very abundant. Although no special search has been made for them they have been observed in all groups of vertebrates. Class IV— NEMERTEA A few small Geonemertean-like worms have been examined, liv- ing in decayed wood near the shore. PHYLUM V— NEMATELMINTHES Two Classes of Round Worms are present in the fauna of the research area. Class I— NEMATODA Parasitic round worms exist in enormous numbers as internal parasites in all groups from Arthropods to Mammals. Sometimes, as in the snakes of the genus Xenodon, large balls of hundreds of full- grown Nematodes are found in the intestine. A small round worm appeared under the skin of the instep of one of our members and lived for a week, moving slowly about until killed. Filaria occurs as a parasite in the blood of most of the Indians and Bovianders or half-breeds who come to the station. It does not develop as elephantiasis as often as on the coast. Class II— GORDIACEA Hair worms are occasionally seen when dissecting insects, and several times dark brown ones, eighteen inches or more in length, have been caught in the water of the jungle creeks. 56 [VI; 1 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society Class III— ACANTHOCEPHALA These rotifer-like worms are common in the stomach and intes- tines of various fishes. A straight, oval form in Pimelodus, and a curved species in six or seven wholly unrelated types of fishes are both members of the family Echinorhynchidae. PHYLUM VI — TROCHELM1NTHES Class I— ROTIFERA Rotifers are abundant in all suitable places, infusions, creeks and river water, in isolated jungle pools and especially in bromeliads. Some are most remarkable forms and would well repay intensive study. PHYLUM VII— BRYOZOA Small colonies of Plumatella have been found in widely separated pools in the jungle, but this is one of the most poorly represented of all eleven phyla. PHYLUM IX— ANNULATA The true worms are represented by two Classes, the two remain- ing ones being altogether marine. Class I— CHAETOPODA Order I— POLYCHAETA One of the greatest surprises of the Kartabo fauna was to find examples of this marine Order, so far beyond the reach not only of salt but even brackish water. When digging worms for bait in sandy mud close to the shore in H3, in an area which is covered with water at high tide, Nereis worms were uncovered. When a six-inch individual was cut in half accidentally, a new head was regener- ated in a few weeks at the front end of the posterior half. In 1919 in this extremely limited locality the worms were found to be fairly common. Two years later not a single individual could be found. They represent a new species. Order II— OLIGOCHAETA The Oligochaete fauna is a rich one at Kartabo; many species are common in plankton, in quiet jungle pools and swamps, and especially in bromeliad water. Very remarkable oligochaetes are occasionally seen in the latter environment. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 57 Lumbricidae or earth worms are abundant both as to species and individuals. 1 have seen giants three feet in length living in swamp soil, while in every fallen log and under dead bark often high up in trees are small, scarlet, intensely active angle worms. Class II— HIRUDINEA One of the greatest distinctions between the jungles of Kartabo and those of the Eastern tropics is the total absence of land leeches in the former place. They are never seen on leaves or twigs, and for that matter are rare in any environment. Small ones are oc- casionally found in the water of creeks, and minute individuals in the gills of tadpoles and fish. A large, five-inch, blood-red leech was once taken in mud. It showed little sign of external segmentation and had an extremely flattened head. After an hour in clear water it was found broken up into many small pieces, and had extruded a large Nematode. PHYLUM X— MOLLUSCA Although the Mollusca of the Neotropical Region are, as a whole, exceedingly abundant, this is not the case at the Kartabo Research Station. Whether due to the lack of lime or other cause, snails and slugs are far from numerous, especially as regards species. The group has not yet been worked up, but there are probably not more than twenty species altogether. All but one of these are Gasteropods, of which about one -fifth are Prosobranchs, and the remainder Pulmonates. An unnamed species of Helicina is found on the leaves of low jungle growths. This small, hairy form is an air-breathing Proso- branch. A giant banded Ampullarius is locally common in shallow water and near the coast forms the chief food of the hawk, whose beak seems formed especially for extracting the inmate from its curved shell. Clusters of greenish eggs of this snail are often seen on the stems of the mucka-mucka. The giant among mollusks is Orthalicus sultana , extremes being four or even five inches in length, and conspicuously clouded and banded. Once during a short dry season, a large snail of this species aestivated on a beam at one side of the laboratory entrance, and we used it as a living knocker, beating a rat-tat-tat with the shell day after day without disturbing the hibernating occupant. A new subspecies of Auris distaeta lives on leaves, sometimes 58 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 high up in the jungle. The most brilliant snail of this region is an unnamed Corona , with markings of yellow, brick red, grey and white. Several species of large slugs of the genus Veronicella occur, brown or black in color, and are eaten by Bufo marinus and Leptog - nathus variegata. On a few half-exposed rocks in mid-river are found a few bivalves, small fresh-water unios, probably of the genus Saxicava, the only representatives of this great group. Mollusca is decidedly not a conspicuous or important phylum in .this area of British Guiana. Phylum XI— ARTHROPODA Class I— CRUSTACEA Crustaceans are in constant evidence along the tidal area, but inland they are seen only occasionally, in the shape of land crabs, or smaller types hidden within decayed wood. Subclass I — Entomostraca All the Orders of this group except the barnacles ( Cirripedia ) are represented at Kartabo. Order I— PHYLLOPODA Among many others, Daphnia- and Bosmina- like forms are abundant in river plankton. I have found eighty-two individuals of the former in the stomach of Tomeurus, a surface-feeding minnow, less than half an inch in length. Order II— COPEPODA Cyclops and related genera occur in jungle pools and also in bromeliads. In river plankton their perfect, cast skins are present in enormous numbers, and the living animals are sometimes so abundant as to appear like a fine milky precipitate. Strange parasitic forms of Argulus occur in several species and in various places, such as the tails of tadpoles and in the mouths of Perai fish. An undescribed species of Dolops lives on big six-foot catfish. Order III— OSTRACODA Cypris and another closely related form occur in bromeliads. 1925] 59 Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo Subclass II — Malacostraca DIVISION I— ARTHROSTRACA Order I— AMPHIPODA Gammarus- like forms have been observed on three occasions but none collected. Order II— ISOPODA Parasitic Isopods are abundant, Cymothoidae on the gills of Pimelodus and other small catfish, and Bopyridae within the gill- covers of shrimps. This latter, a species of Probopyrus, is present on either the right or left side in twenty percent of the adult shrimps. Sowbugs and pillbugs are abundant in the research area, under bark and in the wood of decayed fallen logs. The species are numerous. Small, dark-mottled Oniscidae, allied to Philoscia and Porcellio live under bark. I have found as many as seven in the stomach of a Dendrobates frog. Larger, dark-banded forms, fifteen millimetres long, with scarlet head and antennae, prefer moist leaves on the jungle floor as well as rotten wood. They belong to the marine family Ligydidae. Armadillidae-like forms, rolling into perfect balls at the slightest hint of danger, live under bark. At least eight species of Isopods have been collected in the quarter of a square mile, of which four are undescribed. DIVISION II— THORACOSTRACA Order I— DECAPODA Suborder A — Macrura While there are doubtless many species of shrimps, the most abundant of the river shallows is Palaemon amazonicus Heller. It occurs in great numbers and is caught and used as bait by the In- dians. Small, split bamboo traps called mahswas are used expressly for this purpose. Smaller species are found far up in the jungle creeks. The river shrimps are omnivorous and scavengers, being attracted by various jungle seeds, dough, termite nests, or old fish and meat. A giant species, lobster-like in size, of the family Atyidae is much rarer. It is rich brown in color, striped with yellow and buff with delicate blue mouth parts. 60 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Suborder B — Brachyrua Several forms of crabs are not uncommon and one is abundant. The small mangrove crab lives in large numbers in the crevices of rocks, under stones and in the pockets of tree buttresses. Its favorite haunt is the mangrove roots up which it climbs for many feet. One specimen weighed 2.1 grams, was 16 mm. between the eyes, and had been feeding on vegetable debris and small insects. There is great variation in color, the general tone being neutral, like the mossy or lichened or muddy mangrove roots, the chelae being dull yellow. Large land crabs are found near the shore in the dry season and several miles inland during the rains. They are handsome crus- taceans with the legs brilliant scarlet, the claws yellow, and the carapace purplish-black, bordered with pale yellow. A female had eight young in her caudal sac on May 10. They were 10 mm. across the carapace. She was of large size with her chelae stretching laterally 200 mm. Her carapace was mahogany- colored, exactly like a mora seed. Nine species of birds have been found feeding on crabs. Class II — ARACHN OIDEA Of the ten Orders of this Class, I have found seven at Kartabo. The Palpigradi have not yet been found although they are known to occur both in Paraguay and Texas; Solpugi have escaped notice although this is within their range, and I have detected no Lingua- tulid. These latter have been found in an autochthonus family of fish, so that all the groups are probably represented. Order I— SCORPIONIDA Scorpions are common under bark and in old rotten logs, but very rarely seen about the laboratory. Two families are most abundantly represented; Chactidae, to which the majority of the individuals belong, with thick, short chelae and two lateral eyes, and Buthidae, less common, with slender thin chelae and three lateral eyes. They breed during the rainy season and it is not uncommon to find a mother scorpion with ten to twenty pale colored young riding on her back. I have been stung once and three of my staff have at various 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 61 times had the experience which is like that of the sting of a medium- sized wasp. Twice I have seen these creatures striving to defend themselves against the attacks of army ants ( Eciton ), by picking the ants off one by one, with their claws, but this sort of defense is useless against these terrible insects, and again and again the ants are seen carrying the segments and even the sting of small scorpions. Order III— PEDIPALPI Whip scorpions are rather uncommon; found in much the same places as scorpions, with a preference for over-shot banks and the hollows of trees. A pair which crawled out of a deep hollow when a purple-heart tree was cut down were very large, the whips of the male spreading twenty-three inches. These belonged to the family Tarantulidae. Very small, tailed whip scorpions of the family Shizonotidae live in rotten wood. In six months of constant searching for termite nests in logs, one of my staff captured ten and saw about fifty. Order V— PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA Family CHELIFERXDAE Members of the genus Chelifer are common in rotten logs, fifty or sixty having been seen in a day. Chelanops and closely related genera are rarer, and usually under loose bark. Single large specimens have been taken clinging to longicorn bettles and to common bats (Molo^sus), but usually these creatures are found on their volant hosts in pairs. Obisium of the family Obisiidae has been found only in the stomach of a Dendrobates frog. Order VI— PHALANGIDA Harvestmen or daddy-long-legs are very abundant both as to species and individuals, more especially on the edge of glades and clearings and on the upper beaches. They spend the day under leaves and come out at dusk. They sometimes gather in large moss- like masses. Their principal diet inland is dead insects, droppings and half-rotten fruit, but the beach forms are aggressively car- nivorous, and kill and devour ants, crickets and newly emerged dragonflies. Many superficially resemble our northern harvestmen, others are large and more brilliantly colored. 62 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 They seem unusually immune from molestation, as I have de- tected their remains in the stomachs of only three vertebrates, Bufo marinus, that most omnivorous of amphibians, and of two birds, one a cuckoo, Crotophaga ani, and the other an antbird, Sclateria naevia. Order VII— ARANEAE Spiders perhaps lead the Arthropoda in point of species, and are second only to the ants and termites in actual numbers. They are as inconspicuous as the ants are dominantly visible, but a few seconds with a sweep net, or an examination of under foliage, or rolled leaves, reveals the enormous numbers of these creatures. Some fashion individual webs of great beauty, while others build communal webs extending over many square yards and forming excellent collecting places, where many interesting insects become entangled. Leaping spiders hunt down their prey, flower spiders bite out parts of blossoms and sit in the gap, simulating the lost petals, small tarantulas nest in curled up leaves or build subter- ranean trap-door tunnels in the laboratory compound, others of the largest size inhabit the roof of the Station bungalow, and vie with us in hunting insects attracted to the lights. The variety of habits, forms, patterns and colors of spiders is endless and the group would form a splendid subject for research. They occupy a midway position in the life and death struggle of these tropics — feeding on living prey of many kinds, and being themselves the sole food of hundreds of species of organisms. With thousands of hymenoptera hunting every leaf and twig to store their cells and caves, and with flocks of hungry birds and scores of lizards searching for food every hour of daylight, it is a wonder that these soft-bodied creatures can keep from extermination. Besides their many Arthropod enemies 1 have found spiders in the stomachs of two fish, three amphibians, four reptiles, one mammal and no fewer than fifty-three species of birds. Order VIII— ACARINA Mites are exceedingly abundant, being found on all sorts of hosts and in every conceivable environment. Unattached ticks are rare in the jungle and it is seldom that I see more than one a week. The scavenger mites, Gamasidae, are found on many hosts, weevils being the commonest. Large-sized ticks, Ixodidae, are found singly 63 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo on snakes, lizards, amphibians and mammals, and very rarely on birds. Harvest mites, Trombidiidae, locally known as bete rouge, are troublesome at times and places, especially in grass, although I have never known them to be as bad as on Long Island and the Virginian coast. They persist throughout the year, but are more abundant, or at least more irritating, in the dry seasons. The human blood seems to develop an immunity to the irritation of these mites, and after a few weeks their presence is seldom noticed. Almost every individual mammal, bird and land reptile is infested with these pests, usually in the form of clusters on various parts of the head. A very few birds and lizards feed on mites, and the very tiny, newly-emerged Bufo marinus often make them their chief food. Order X— TARDIGRADA Two water-bears have been observed in a slide of water from mangrove bromeliads. Class III— TRACHEATA t DIVISION I— ONYCHOPHORA Peripatus is not rare when searched for in rotten legs, both in deep jungle and in clearings. Three were found in a certain rotten log lying out in full sunlight in the laboratory clearing, and two more in the same place a year later. I have collected five back of the laboratory in the open clearing among the stems and roots of short grass, where there were no logs or wood of any kind, and very little protection from the sun’s direct rays. They live well under damp bark, and I have had as many as eight young born from a single female. DIVISION II— MYRIAPODA Millipedes and centipedes are common, some of the former abundant, climbing up the trunks of trees, under bits of loose bark and in rotten logs; centipedes in dryer places, rarely in tents and dwellings. The bite of one of the twelve-inch centipedes would doubtless be very unpleasant, but certainly not dangerous if treated. Millipedes would seem but indifferent food, yet many organisms choose them. Among others, millipedes are eaten by black cuckoos, Crotophaga, by Thamnophilus and Formicarius among antbirds, 64 Zoologica : N. Y . Zoological Society [VI; 1 Fig. 9. Peripalus; one of the most primitive of Arthropods. It is viviparous, and three newly born young are seen in this picture. Photograph by John Tee-Van. Xiphorhynchus and Dendrocolaptes among woodhewers, besides Bufo marinus, Dendrobates, Ameiva and Plica. Centipedes fall victims to the same species of birds with the addition of the hawk, Leucopternis, the antbird Hylopezus, and a jay Cyanocorax, in addi- tion to Bufo typhonius, anolis lizards and the mammal coatimundi, Nasua. Small, many-segmented, dark-colored millipedes of the family Julidae with eyes in clusters are fairly common and are eaten by Ameiva lizards, but by far the most abundant millipedes are the big brown Polydesmids, on trees, in fallen logs and under bark. There are nineteen body segments, they are two to three inches long, and roll up at a touch. When annoyed they exude an ill-smelling brown liquid, and are altogether forbidding as food, yet the insatiable Bufo marinus seem to enjoy them. , Giant centipedes with twenty-one segments, Scolopendra, are found occasionally, the largest so far being thirteen inches long. Two nine-inch ones were taken in a tent and a smaller individual was seen on a lofty dead branch feeding on a buprestid beetle. In the low jungle these are replaced by small ones, of twenty-three segments, with long, whip-like hind legs; all, however, are decidedly uncommon. Notophilidae and Geophilidae are represented by small-sized centipedes in rotten logs and on jungle debris. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 65 DIVISION III— INSECTA It would be indeed a rash thing to attempt an adequate survey of the insect life of even this quarter square mile of tropical jungle. Our present knowledge of it is most fragmentary, but sufficient to indicate the general relative abundance of the various groups and to reveal the dimensions of this extraordinary field of research. Together with birds, the insects assuredly hold the position of dominant organisms of the present day at Kartabo. Every Order of Insect Is Represented at Kartabo 1 — Thysanura II — Orthoptera III — Isoptera IV — Euplexoptera V — Mallophaga VI — Corrodentia VII — Zoraptera VIII — Plecoptera I X — Ephemerida X — Odonata XI — Hemiptera X 1 1— Homoptera XIII — Parasitica XIV — Thysanoptera XV — Neuroptera XVI — Mecoptera XVI I — Trichoptera XVI II— Lepidoptera X 1 X — C oleop tera XX— Strepsiptera XXI — Diptera XXII— Siphonoptera XXfll — Hymenoptera Order I— THYSANURA Suborder I — Cinura These lowly insects are abundant, no rotten log or mass of dead leaves being free from so-called fish-moths. They are free living, many as long as eight or ten millimetres, usually pale yellow, and very active, scurrying about the porous wood, and so delicate that they are very difficult to capture without damaging antennae or cerci. Smaller, translucent green forms are found in myriads on the under surfaces of leaves and still others such as Atelura are termitophilus or found associated with ants. Nicoletia is also not uncommon. Suborder II — Collembola Collembola are less numerous than Thysanura, but occur in much the same places. One of the most remarkable forms is a little creature of a wrinkled, velvety indigo color, with a reduced springing apparatus. Others, Poduridae, are abundant not only on 66 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 rotten wood but in the debris of the upper beach, where they gather at night in hundreds about half-rotten fruit or other organic flotsam and jetsam. Borecus pinnatus is very abundant in termite nests. One group of tiny wasps, Microstigmus, stock their hanging, bell- like nests with nothing but spring-tails. Order II— ORTHOPTERA Family BLATTIDAE The common roaches of the bungalow are wide-spread species of Periplaneta and Pycnoscelus which, until we encouraged tarantulas and geckos, gnawed our clothes and books, and destroyed all insect specimens which were not kept on swinging shelves. In the jungle, roaches outnumber all the other Orthoptera, occuring chiefly among fallen leaves and debris, but as they enter into the food of many tree-climbing and leaf-searching birds, they must be almost universal in their love of hiding places. At least a score of species may be called abundant or common. Family MANTIDAE Egg-cases, newly hatched broods and full-grown mantids occur everywhere that green leaves are found, but they are common rather than abundant. The majority of the species are brown, but others are green, with sometimes discolored or transparent spots. Some are ornamented with brilliantly colored ocelli and other patterns, while the flower mantids vie with any orchid in coloration. These insects are readily kept alive for months, exhibiting inter- esting feeding habits, now and then depositing a mass of eggs, and becoming quite tame. Two lizards and at least five species of birds include mantids in their diet. Many jungle forms fly to our lamps at night. Over twenty-one well-known species have been taken, besides many still undescribed. Family PH ASM ID AE It is in this family that tropical Orthoptera reach their most bizarre development. On the leaves and branches of low bushes in clearings, in mid- jungle and on the foliage of trees which are chopped down, are found walking sticks, minute, medium, and occasional giants eleven inches long. Some are smooth and enamelled, others roughened, or with foliaceous excrescences: wingless, or with tiny parodies of wings, or fully functional expanded membranes: and 67 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo finally insects which appear to be nothing but animated green, veined leaves. When the wings are too small to fly with, they often function as flash organs. A stick insect will suddenly snap open a sheet of brilliant yellow and scarlet, the colors shooting out from an ap- parently dead twig, in the most startling manner. These insects have learned to support themselves on three or four legs, and to dangle the remainder in midair; they also sway when disturbed, as if a breeze were moving them. They do not do well in captivity. Family ACRIDIIDAE The short-horned grasshoppers are first among the families of Orthoptera in numbers, and they swarm in every open glade, and es- pecially in clearings. They fly up at every step and their flight is directed invariably toward or into the shelter of the denser jungle. About thirty species are common. Tribe Tettigides Ten species of the little tettix hoppers, with solid dorsal armor, are common and found almost exclusively on the trunks of dead or fallen trees. They are remarkably like the hue of their particular trunk, and within fifteen feet I have found a brood of very dark tettix on a dark-barked trunk, and pale, mottled ones on a tree covered with parti-colored lichens. Tribe Tryxalides These stick grasshoppers are such good imitations of dead twigs that they choose to rest quietly on branches quite exposed throughout the day, waiting for night to come. Or if they become too hungry, they begin eating the edge of leaves with very slow and deliberate movements, scarcely to be distinguished from the motion of the leaf on which they rest. Head, body, antennae, legs, all are twiggy, and so completely do they trust to their invisibility that they may be picked up without careful approach. They are common but never abundant. Tribe Acridiides As in northern lands, these “meadow” grasshoppers are the dominant form of Orthoptera. As members of the same tribe we must count the tropical giants which reach a length of six inches, 68 Zoologica: N. Y . Zoological Society [VI; 1 whose wings when spread in flight are as large as those of a good- sized bird, and more brilliant than many. These insects prefer the edge of the jungle and clearings. Another large form is clad in a livery of scarlet and black, and the wingless mynphs appear in a solid phalanx of one or two hundred, travelling steadily through the jungle or across a grassy clearing, walking slowly, and hopping only when frightened. They show no fear of birds or lizards, and although anis eat them, and an occasional one is found in an Ameiva’s stomach, they flaunt their brilliancy because of a general immunity. All my pet monkeys and birds refused them, even when sandwiched in between edible species which were seized and eaten ravenously. Jungle grasshoppers are found singly, many with leaf markings, « or a broad ruptive streak down the back, and often with hidden flash colors, such as scarlet inner thighs, or abdominal tints, visible only in flight. Family TETT1GON11DAE Long-horned grasshoppers are almost all extremely protectively colored, and as they are nocturnal, discovery of them in the daytime is usually accidental. They frequently come to light. Under the leaves of bushes and trees the narrow and broad-winged katydids rest, climbing to the upper surface and becoming active just before dusk. The extreme to which hypertely is carried is astounding — green leaves gnawed and jagged around the edges, leaves decayed to red and yellow hues; leaves with a center of skeletonized network; most of these belong to the tribe Meconemides. A second tribe Mecopodies, is represented by fewer numbers, but very striking species; great three-inch, winged forms, lichened in hue and texture, living on tree-trunks and old logs, and brown- leaved long-horns clinging to bare branches like the last dangling sear leaf. Family GRYLL1DAE This family ranks fourth in numbers and conspicuousness, but in audibility it stands first. Of the seven known tribes, all occur at Kartabo, five are common, two rare, although Myrmecophilides would undoubtedly be recorded more frequently if the nests of ants were searched systematically. 1 once found representatives of all seven tribes of Gryllidae in a single day. Crickets are found from the very margin of the river to the highest dryest jungle, but seldom 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 69 at a greater elevation than a few feet from the ground, while the majority are wholly terrestrial. The season makes some difference in their numbers, and more in regard to their singing— the season of mating being dominantly the early part of the two rainy seasons, about May and November. Three tribes come occasionally to light, but singly and only on rainy evenings. Tribe Tridactylides Common and sometimes abundant along jungle trails is Rhipip- teryx, a black and white member of this interesting and little-known tribe. They are not wary, but are very conspicuous, and when frightened escape by tremendous leaps, followed by a long scaling flight. They feed upon the juices of decayed wood, and perhaps of leaves as well, and are sometimes found in scores in and on a single dead log. The hind legs have been so modified for leaping that they have quite lost their walking function, and these insects are wholly quad- rupedal. I have twice detected robber flies, Asilids, in the act of devouring these Orthoptera. A very minute, closely related, similarly modified insect is found on the sand of the beach in company with springtails, and newly-hatched mole-crickets. Tribe Gryllotalpides There are two general types of mole-crickets at Kartabo. A large, very pale species confined to the sandy beaches and a smaller black kind, which occasionally comes about the waste baskets. Both are attracted by light, the beach one more frequently. The littoral species is always to be found after dark, running over the sand. At the very edge of the water at low tides many young ones often run about, and individuals of all sizes are occasion- ally seen swimming. They are very fierce and cannibalistic, and if several are confined together, one only will be found in the morning. In the daytime holes and long tunnels are visible. There is no doubt that these insects spend the time of high tide hidden in the sand, beneath the water. When placed in a thick layer of sand and covered with water, they are well and lively after eight hours’ immersion. Tribe Gryllides The true crickets are represented by a number of species, most of which have habits similar to those in the north. They are usually 70 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 \ terrestrial, and in the jungle very tiny black ones are found under the fallen leaves. Others live beneath bark. Some of large size and others with square, yellow-rimmed wing covers, are very fleet of foot, and flat enough to creep into the smallest crevice. Tiny pale brown crickets come to the lamps in the evening, and numerous small, nocturnal voices are doubtless traceable to insects of this group. Tribe Oecanthides Although arboreal crickets are found in the highest jungle trees, true crickets are rare and 1 have seen but two individuals of a small green form, closely resembling a similiarly colored species of Trigonid. Tribe Trigonidiides The beautiful little Harlequin crickets prefer the more open trails and clearings to the darker jungle, and are found on bushes and low-growing vines, seldom quiet but running rapidly about, with palpi rapidly vibrating. There are a number of species, almost all of bright coloring, although one is dull brown and another pale green. The nymphs of one Harlequin afford the most perfect mimicry of ants I have ever seen. The resemblance is exact to every superficial detail, the tell- tale thick hind femora being of a pale translucent green, which is invisible against almost anything, and yet ready at an instant’s warning to carry the wingless insect at least a hundred times its own length. They associate with certain ants with impunity, and 1 have seen them crawling over membracids in company with a crowd of ants. In the ant1 mimics, the antennae are short, but in others which are very like small wasps, *the antennae, while long, are am- putated by a terminal white portion, reducing the optical length to the correct hymenopteron extent. Tribe Eneopterides A large jungle leaf-cricket is the most abundant of its family at Kartabo. It lives on leaves in the jungle, or among bushes of the clearings. It is leaf-brown above and black on the sides, the color division cutting abruptly through face, antennae, eyes, body and wings. It is a persistent singer, and easily located from 5:00 P.M. until dark, on a leaf of some low bush, with wings elevated at right angles to the body, and hind legs drawn up to the same angle. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 71 The song is a true trill, less than half a note apart, the wings vibrating slightly, but not enough to blur them. The tone comes in successive waves and is about an octave below middle C, although the quality makes it difficult to key it. Order III— ISOPTERA From the point of view of an intruding human being, termites or “white ants” rank second in a list of dominant organisms at Kartabo. These insects are without doubt the chief agency in the disintegration of dead wood in the tropics, with the consequent rapid return of the decaying plant material to the soil, thus making possible its utilization for the growth of other plants that spring up in place of the trees that have fallen. The burrows of termites also open the way for the invasion of molds, fungi, bacteria and water, which further the process of decay. It is Prof. Emerson’s conviction that much of the luxuriant and rapid growth of plants in the tropical forest is owing directly to the activities of these insects. The habit of using sand and dirt in the construction of nests together with the burrows that many species of termites make in the soil, results in the mixing and aeration of the soil. In addition to these two influences which termites exert with the consequent enormous effect on the plant life of the region, these insects are so abundant in numbers that they form the chief food supply for a number of animals, particularly three species of ant- eaters, Myrmecophaga, Tamandua and Cyclopes , two species of burrowing snakes of the genus Leptotyphlops, and several species of woodhewers, woodpeckers and antbirds, such as Glyphorhynchus, Chloronerpes and Formicarius. Certain social wasps of the genus Polybia collect the winged forms as well as soldiers and workers, and several Ponerine ants (especially Neoponera commutata Roger) raid the open termite trails and enter their nests. During swarms almost every insectivorous creature from centipedes and spiders to hawks and bats feed largely upon these insects, and such unsuspected animals as terns and monkeys. The nests of the termites, both terrestrial and arboreal, on account of their constant temperature, permanency, food supply of termites or debris, and because of the social instincts of the termites, offer a haven to numbers of specially adapted animals, mostly insects, which are fed and often even reared by the termites them- selves. Over fifty species of arthropods have been found in termite 72 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 nests near Kartabo, forming with the termites, remarkable biocoe- noses, with fascinating and remarkable interrelationships between the animals composing them. Birds such as trogons and parrakeets, and the large tegu lizards make their nesting burrows in the very heart of termite nests. The intensive study of Kartabo termites from the quarter square mile of jungle, carried on by Prof. Emerson, demonstrates the great value of such restricted research. Until his studies began, there were sixteen species of termites known from the whole of British Guiana. He has now recorded from the tiny restricted fraction of the Colony under investigation, eighty-five species, which means that the completed census will most certainly tally over one hundred forms. Order IV— EUPLEXOPTERA Earwigs are much rarer than in the jungles of the Eastern tropics, where in Borneo and the Malay States I have found them in great abundance. At Kartabo they occur in varied environments, under stones near the water, under bark of dead trees and among leaves. An interesting blind form was dug up four feet beneath the surface of undisturbed soil. Order V— MALLOPHAGA Mallophaga or bird lice are found epizoic upon almost all the birds of this region, and a considerable number of mammals. Al- though I have collected them from many hundreds of freshly-killed vertebrates I have never found them occurring to excess. Order VI— CORRODENTIA These curious little insects have been observed several times in the jungle, twice under bark on hard, undecayed dead wood. In the laboratory Psocids or book lice are found in numbers running about the inner bindings of any book which is not in frequent use. Order VII— ZORAPTERA This exceedingly rare order of insects is represented thus far by a single wingless specimen captured in a termite nest. Order VIII— PLECOPTERA The little known stone flies are rare, and only a very few larvae and adults have been observed, the former in the sand of Cuyuni creeks. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 73 Order IX — EPHEMERIDA Mayflies are common and at certain seasons abundant, immense swarms emerging at one time, and dancing in mid-air. The one most frequently seen is a large form with a line of silvery white down the back of the abdomen. I have watched a vast swarm of these insects twenty feet up, dancing for hours. Facing upwind, they hold the wings steady, slowly sinking for a few seconds, when with a single downward sweep of the wings, they regain their former altitude, and again float like tiny airplanes for a time. Occasionally the surface of the rivers is covered with their wings and bodies. Among many others, a species of Campsurus with its degenerate meso- and meta-thoracic legs is common about the laboratory lights in the rainy seasons. Order X— ODONATA A great many species of dragon- and damsel-flies have been taken in the quarter mile research area, but no attempt has as yet been made to identify them beyond families. Of the first mentioned group, all four families are present. To the Gomphidae belong good-sized insects which keep to the vicinity of water. Although not as swift fliers as some others, they are not often seen or captured, for they usually fly among thick undergrowth. The largest dragon-flies belong to the Aeshnidae. They are haunters of the jungle and come to any pit or tub of water however small. When I sink a tub for aquatic Coleoptera a single large Epiaeschna or Nasiaeschna appears at once and takes possession. It drives away any related intruders, and flies back and forth over the diminutive pond, occasionally laying an egg in a crevice of the soil near by. When at rest it hangs suspended from a leaf, with the wings, which spread four or five inches, opened and flat. They are far from wary insects and will alight on one’s hat or clothing. Members of this family are often seen hawking about in the air in close association with martins and swifts, feeding on swarming termites or ants, and they join the bats in crepuscular hunting as well. Smaller dragonflies belong to the Cordulidae, and have the wings usually quite clear, and the abdomen often of a deep purple or red color. Numerous species, some very common, are included in Libel- 74 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI;, 1 » lulidae, often with banded or spotted wings or dashes of color. They are the typical dragonflies of the jungle trails and of dry clearings far away from water. Two families of the damsel-flies Zygoptera, vary in size from the most delicate, azure-bodied beings, fluttering tremulously on the tiniest of gauzy wings over creeks, swamps and the shores of the river, to the marvellous, giant Mecistogaster of the high jungle. These have wings which expand five and six inches and slender abdomens which trail out behind to an equal length. Their wings may be clear, or tipped with spots of yellow or white, and in shadowed aisles of the jungle these terminal spots, weaving about in confused motion, are often the only part of the insect visible to the eye of the onlooker. They breed in the water of the bromeliad leaves, high up on the trunks and branches of trees. The smaller damsel-flies have brilliantly colored bodies and sometimes spots of scarlet on the wings. Agrionidae is the more abundantly represented family. Nymphs of Odonata are abundant in all conceivable aquatic places, in the waters of creeks, both slow and rapid flowing, along shore and even in the deep water of the river, in isolated pits and the water of air-plants. Order XI— HEMIPTERA CRYPTOCERATA The distribution of these is of course restricted to water, which, apart from the rivers, consists of temporary rain pools, mica pits, small creeks, and, in the vicinity of the laboratory, flooded pit traps. Certain Hebridae and Notonectidae frequent these places. The bromelias found on the mangroves harbour at least two species of Hebridae. Group GYMNOCERATA Judged from this standpoint the immediate neighborhood of Kartabo seems to support two distinct groups of bugs. The first, and larger, both in number of species and individuals, belongs to the clearings, and as might be expected, this hemipterous fauna does not appear to differ very greatly from that of the cleared plantation lands near the coast. Indeed, it is probably immigrant, and likely to extend in range as the cleared land increases in extent. The second, and apparently smaller, is probably the older fauna, native 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 75 to the primeval jungle, in which the clearings are made. It should be understood that the terms aboriginal and immigrant are used merely for convenience in this connection. The neighborhood of Kartabo has been occupied by Dutch and British settlers for the last three hundred years at least, and the addition of forms from more open country to the original forest fauna must have taken place throughout this time. Except perhaps as regards the carnivorous bugs, this jungle fauna is more restricted both in species and in- dividuals than that of the clearings. In both cases, the relative abundance of different species in proportion to the number of in- dividuals obtained is very marked. The occurrence of the different species is probably influenced considerably by rainfall and other climatic factors, as Hemiptera of all families are relatively more abundant in September than during the rains of June and July. Three large families of Heteroptera predominate in the area, Re- duvidiidae, Coreidae, and Pentatomidae, in numbers both of species and of individuals. The first family is abundant in jungle and clearings. These three families include species of every size, and in the Reduvids of considerable diversity of form. The Pyrrhocoridae and Anthocoridae include none but small forms, mostly confined to the clearings, and the same may be said of the Phymatidae. Family PENTATOMIDAE This is a large and dominant group. Some of its numbers are conspicuous in size and coloration, others are small, sober-hued forms. On the whole, the Pentatomids frequent clearings and sunny trails, although certain forms of considerable interest are confined to the deep jungle. Family COREIDAE Perhaps the most remarkable group of Heteroptera in size, number of species and diversity of form are the Coreidae. Coreid bugs are found in the clearings and in deep bush. Some exhibit curious and almost grotesque developments of the antennae and limbs; others are brilliantly colored, perhaps to repel enemy attacks, or else are inconspicuous to avoid being observed. The nymphal stages are frequently very different from those of the adult; and some species appear to live on decaying organic matter rather than on plant juices. 76 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Family LYGYDAE In comparison with the above the Lygydae are not only less abundant in species, but the individuals are less conspicuous in size and coloring. Families ANTHOCORIDAE, CAPRIDAE, PYRRHOCORIDAE These are represented at Kartabo by a number of small forms, generally obtained in the clearings by sweeping, and readily over- looked. Family PHYMATIDAE Represented by a few species frequenting open places. The same forms are much more abundant in the grasslands near the coast, and may even have appeared up the river comparatively recently in the wake of negro settlers and consequent clearing of jungle. « Family ARADIDAE A few interesting bark-dwelling forms, protectively colored, are found on tree trunks in the jungle. Family REDUVIDAE Ranks with the Coreidae as one of the dominant families. There is great diversity of form, size and habitat. Certain species show remarkable resemblance to insects of other groups inhabiting the same area. Thus one “ mimics” a sawfly, another an ichneu- monid, two others resemble two different pompilid wasps, another apes an inconspicuous grasshopper, and so forth. Order XII— HOMOPTERA Family FULGOR1DAE The most striking of these insects are the huge lantern- or peanut- headed insects which are seen very rarely on tree-trunks. Smaller fulgorids of the most bizarre shapes and colors are more common. A very typical jungle form is a large insect with black wings covered with turquoise dots, and a remarkable tuft of long, curving, waxen filaments at the end of the abdomen. They are sometimes common, clinging to the trunks of trees, and present a very curious sight when flying. Family CICADELLIDAE These are perhaps the most abundant of the volant Homoptera 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 77 in the Kartabo fauna. They are mostly small, with very brilliant colors and striking pattern and seem to court observation by alighting conspicuously on the upper surfaces of leaves. Family MEMBRACIDAE Abundant, especially in half-over-grown clearings, where eggs, immature and adults spend their lives on a single stem, attended by their guardian and shepherd ants. The forms are beyond de- scription in weird outlines, hooks, humps, knobs, blades, handles, pillars, curved projections forming absurd initials (in one case E L). All this elaborate protection is inexplicable, as no creature seems to feed on them, and most of the adults have the advantage of eyesight, leaping powers and wings. Seventy-four species have been re- corded, in an unpublished monograph by Maud D. Haviland, of which twenty-six have proved to be new to science. Almost all are tended by ants of various species. Family CERCOPIDAE Frog-hoppers are common, a few abundant, many dull-colored, others brilliant, but not as a rule of unusual shape. By far the dominant form is Tomaspis ruber , black with two conspicuous yellow cross-bands, which always alights and remains in full view. Family CICADIDAE While not abundant as collecting goes, cicadas are aurally the most dominant form of insect life, their voices rising above all other sounds during the dry season. They range from very large to small forms, some with curious ocelli, others very like our northern cicadas. A common form with brown wings is frequently attracted to our lights in the evening, while others come more rarely. The "six-o’clock bee” of the colonist is a cicada, and is so-called because of its regularity of utterance each evening. Some of the jungle cicadas call from high up in the trees with vibrations of tremendous power, either single notes, or two, separate at first and merging into a true trill. Only once have I found cicadas gathered in any numbers, in May, when I observed thirty-six on the stems of a low Dalli sapling. Five birds and a lizard are known to feed upon cicadas in the research district. 78 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Family PSYLLIDAE Two mutilated specimens have been taken from the mouth of a tiny frog. A few living species collected, one being an interest- ing gall-forming type, causing malformations which harbor a number of parasites and inquilines whose bionomics are very complicated. Family APHIDIDAE This family is mentioned to emphasize its almost complete absence, its place being taken by membracids. Only two true aphids have yet been found at Kartabo. They are not rare on the sea-coast. Family ALEUROD1DAE The commonest member of this small group is an active larva which crawls over the leaves completely concealed by an astonishing growth of long flaxen filaments which project in every direction. Other nymphs are tended by ants. Winged adults are seen more rarely flying about among the leaves and low bushes of the jungle. Family COCCIDAE Coccids are legion, both unattached and in intimate association with ants and other insects. Sometimes a tree-trunk will be almost completely covered with small earthen mounds, each of which is a stable built for a coccid by some species of ant. Large brilliantly colored ones are found in the nest of Azteca, but for the most part they are dull of hue, or covered with a whitish exudation of wax. Order XIII— PARASITICA If one watches the daily ministrations of the Indians and native Boviander mothers to their children, the presence of repre- sentatives of the family Pediculidae cannot be doubted. No true lice have been found on any of the jungle mammals. Order XIY— THYSANOPTERA Thrips are found in every likely and unlikely place, most abun- dantly in flowers and under bark. On recently fallen trees scarlet immature thrips will suddenly appear in uncountable numbers under the bark, creeping out in the blazing sun of midday to go through most remarkable dances. They disappear as quickly as they come. The adults are far less numerous and fly with great difficulty, sometimes collapsing after a few inches of aerial progress. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 79 Order XV— NEUROPTERA Family HEMEROBXIDAE . Only the larvae of these insects have been observed, and rather rarely, walking about on leaves in the jungle, each presenting a most curious appearance in being completely covered with bits of debris, its own old skins and the skins of the insects it has eaten, all fastened together with silk. Family CHRYSOP1DAE The presence of the delicate lace-winged flies is more often indicated by their curious stalked eggs than by the larvae or imagos themselves. Often along the edge of a leaf, and sometimes on articles in the laboratory, lines of the long-stemmed, knobbed affairs are seen, each egg supported on a long, slender hair. The debris- covered larvae, encased usually in the down or hairs of plants, are found on leaves and stems in the jungle, which after a short pupal phase, also in a mound of detritus, emerge as the beautiful golden- eyed adults. These come occasionally to light, and I have reared them in stender dishes. Family MYRMELEONIDAE I have seen no ant-lions in the jungle, either the pits of the larvae or the adults. The dry sand under the laboratory is pitted with their traps, and the adults are taken now and then. Others are found in the clearing near the jungle, and in old Indian cassava fields. An inch or two below the surface of the sand are found the globular sandy cocoons, the enclosing grains held tightly together with silk, and, if the adult has emerged, holding the perfect cast pupal skim Family ASCALAPHIDAE The adults, looking like ant-lions but with long, butter-fly-like antennae, come occasionally to light, and the larvae are found on leaves, looking strangely out of place. In shape they are like ant- lion larvae, but instead of being humped, they are unbelievably flat, and when resting on a bit of brown leaf are quite invisible. Family MANT1SPIDAE Decidedly rare in the research area. A large insect, apparently a wasp, flew from a tree-trunk directly on to my sleeve, one day. I brushed it off, and when it flew again and again at me, I retired 80 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; l hastily, for a sting from a large tropical wasp often means a few days of fever. It flew after me and alighted on my gun, when I recognized it as a remarkable mantis mimicking a wasp. Not until. I later pinned the insect did I realize that I had twice been fooled, and that it was in reality a member of this family, and quite unre- lated to the Orthopteran mantids. I once found the remains of a mantispid in the stomach of a woodhewer, Dendrocincla. The larvae and pupae of mantispids have been found in cells made by spider-storing wasps in the nest of one of the Armitermes termites. Order XVI— MECOPTERA All I know of scorpion flies, Panorpidae, is that now and then the adults come to my light at night in the laboratory. Order XVII— TRICHOPTERA Caddis flies play but a small part in the fauna of Kartabo. Imagos come now and then to our lamps in the evening, but the larvae and their cases are common in the river and locally abundant in the jungle streams. Under stones in front of the laboratory are small scarlet forms living in soft linear cases made of muddy debris; also the more attractive Helicopsyche occurs, tiny mosaics of sand grains resembling coiled mollusk shells. In creeks farther up-river are large caddis-worms inhabiting houses of large pebbles, held together with a silken web. The larvae themselves are most remarkable, with elongated gills on the protected areas of the body, the anterior segments being hard, and the whole of most brilliant, varied colors, some individuals dominantly turquoise blue, others green. Order XVIII— LEPIDOPTERA The moths and butterflies form one of the most conspicuous groups of insects to be found within the quarter square mile of re- search area at Kartabo. The range of color and size among them is great, the size varies from minute micro-lepidopterons smaller than mosquitoes, to great moon moths, twelve to fourteen inches across the wings; the colors range from dull grays and browns through the chromatic scale to the brilliant, metallic-blue, refraction iridescence of the morpho butterflies. The number of species observed and taken at Kartabo is very considerable, about 1215 in all, of which about 401 are butterflies and approximately 814 moths. It is probable that half as many again remain to be recorded. 1925] 81 Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo Suborder Heterocera For some wholly unknown reason sugaring and jacking are almost failures as regards moths at Kartabo. One hundred miles away in the Northwest District of Guiana I have had remarkable success with both methods, but at Kartabo none of the dozens of at- tempts has produced any but negative results. Hence the collection has had to consist of the casual individuals which flew into the bungalow on rainy nights, or whatever species were alarmed and caught in flight in the daytime, or what could be reared from larvae. Jungle moths are at the height of their abundance about mid-Sep- etmber. The 800 forms recorded probably represent only a very small fraction of those actually present. The following twenty-three familes of moths have been taken in the research area at Kartabo: Sphingidae Saturniidae Ceratocampidae Castniidae Hypsidae Amatidae Arctiidae Noctuidae Periopidae Geometridae Uraniidae Epiplemidae besides a host of Microlepidoptera. These comprise in all 814 species of moths, rather unevenly dis- tributed, as the three families of Noctuidae, Geometridae and Pyra- lidae include 55 per cent, of the whole number. Among the more interesting are the following: Family SPHINGIDAE Although fairly strong in number of species, the family of sphinx moths is not especially abundant in individuals, and these are seldom seen unless searched for in the vicinity of sweet-scented nocturnal blossoms. One form of day-flying hummingbird moth is common, and always to be found at four in the afternoon in the clearings, about the Mazaruni primroses, Sipanea. Notodontidae Liparidae Melalophidae Cicinnidae Eupterotidae Lasiocampidae Cossidae Dalceridae Limacodidae Megalopygidae Pyrolidae Micropterygidae, 82 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Family SATURNIIDAE Fairly well represented, mostly with conspicuous ocelli on the hind wings, and usually clad in shades of brown and dull yellows. Therinia is a beautiful and abundant form, resting flatly and con- spicuously on jungle leaves, and closely resembling a white fungus patch or the excrement of a bird. Family CERATOCAMPIDAE Three species only have been collected, two of which are large and very beautiful. Family CASTNIIDAE Three species; one very large. The commonest often escapes observation when at rest by a very close resemblance to an orchid. On the coast this family is one of the worst sugar-cane pests. Family HYPSIDAE . Small, rare and very beautiful moths, superficially resembling several forms of Rhopalocera. Family AMATIDAE Sixty-odd species of these exquisite little creatures. The dominant character of the Amatids is the resemblance of many to wasps. Both in transparency of wings, constricted abdomen, coloration and especially in the habit of curving the abdomen quickly around, these so closely mimic stinging hymenoptera that we have been deceived again and again. Correbia is almost exactly like Calopter among the Lycidae coleoptera. Family ARCTIIDAE Fifty species, mostly small, but of the most exquisite colors and patterns. Family NOCTU1DAE Over 150 species of bewildering variety from the tiniest of little brown “millers” to the giant Erebus moon-moths twelve to fourteen inches across the wings. Chiefly leaf-brown and grey in color. Family GEOMETR1DAE Eighty species defying any resume, so widely diverse are their extremes in color, pattern, and size. All are delicate, and many show soft shades of green. Perhaps the most common moth at Kartabo 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 83 is the exquisite Chrysocestis — whose wings are tiny sheets of mother- of-pearl, bordered with sealing-wax drops of gold. Family URANIIDAE With only two*species, this family is more in evidence to the casual observer at Kartabo than a half dozen other groups with scores of forms. Urania, the big, green, day-flying moth, is common in migration and flying over the water every week in the year, and few days pass without a dozen or more being seen. Family PYRALIDAE Over one hundred small, inconspicuous moths of this vast group have been collected and named, and probably three or four times this number await more careful search. Suborder Rhopalocera Four hundred and one species of butterflies, representative of the following twelve families have been found at Kartabo: Papilionidae Heliconiidae Pieridae Nymphalidae Danaidae Riodinidae Satyridae Erycinidae Brassolidae Lycaenidae Morphidae Hesperiidae Family PAPILIONIDAE Aristolochiad papilios, “poison-eaters,” velvety black with spots and bars of brilliant red and green, are the commonest forms of this family to be found at Kartabo. They are essentially insects of the jungle, ranging from near the ground upward, but seldom reach- ing the tree-tops. Occasionally individuals may be found within the clearings, drawn out of their shaded homes into the sunlight by the greater quantity of flowering plants to be found in the open spaces. These butterflies are slow-flying, the wings moving con- tinuously, never sailing with set wings, they are fearless of man, and usually alight in the most conspicuous spots on the tops of leaves. The caterpillars are mottled greens, grays and browns, sometimes marked with white or yellow. A few species as they sit in their usual diurnal position in the center of a leaf, resemble the excrement of birds. Representing another group of papilios is the southern form of 84 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI ; 1 our northern swallow-tail, or “orange dog,” although it is by no means common. It is a swift and powerful flier, always found in clearings, and never within the jungle. The family, as a whole, ranks among the common insects to be found within the research area. Family PIERIDAE This family is rather well represented, especially in forms fre- quenting the clearings. At certain times of the year, large migra- tions of male butterflies of the genus Catopsilia occur at Kartabo and many other places in British Guiana. These migrations are prac- tically always to the northwest of Kartabo, and sometimes continue for days, the number of insects taking part mounting into hundreds of thousands. Occasionally, for a short time, the direction of the migration may be reversed. These butterflies are capable of long sustained flights, usually flying when on migrations from two to six feet from the ground, following closely the contour of the country, over rivers, through clearings and, when the jungle is reached, flying straight across the top, and continuing onward over the roof of the forest. The larger pierids, — yellows, oranges and whites, in appearance and habits much like our northern cabbage butterflies, — inhabit the open clearings. One or two species of this group have adopted the colors of some of the jungle butterflies and have left their clearing homes for the shaded jungle. Instead of possessing broad wings and the usual self colors of the pierids, these butterflies ( Dismorphia ) have long narrow wings, white, bordered and barred with dark greenish brown above, and with a broken brilliant orange band on the lower surfaces of the hind wings. In these forest forms, the flight has also changed, and has become slower, simulating the flight of the species they most closely resemble, especially the danaid Aeria. Family DANAIDAE The southern form of the monarch is occasionally found in the research area at Kartabo, but it is by no means common. It in- habits clearings, and caterpillars have been found feeding upon Costus spicatus. Ithomiids are the butterflies most typical of the forest about the research station. The greater number of forms are bright yellow and brown, with black bars and patterns; some have opaque wings and others are quite transparent. Their flight is slow, the wings 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 85 moving continually, gently and softly. These are found in low and mid-jungle, seldom ascending to the tree-tops or upper por- tions of the jungle. Small glades and trails within the forest are their favorite spots, where they flit slowly about, their brilliant colors flashing forth as the sunlight falls upon them. Many of these butterflies have social sleeping habits, numerous individuals as- sembling each evening on one or two bushes, and spending the night close together. Other species have peculiar dancing habits. These, as we have demonstrated again and again, are distasteful to monkeys, lizards and most birds, and as they are more numerous in individuals, they have served as models for many more edible, but less abundant, butterflies, So close is the resemblance, down to most minute details, that in many cases it requires careful exam- ination with a hand lens to distinguish between them. Family SATYR1DAE Satyrs and wood-nymphs are common, many species being found, living entirely within low jungle and near the jungle floor. All are dull browns and grays and blues, while in a few species the wings are wholly transparent. Almost all are characterized by the possession of bright-colored ocelli on the hind wings. The trans- parent species never alight anywhere but near the ground, immedi- ately vanishing from sight. Family BRASSOLIDAE Equally as common as the Morphos are the insects belonging to this family. The most abundant forms are. owl butterflies ( Caligo ) with dull purplish upper surfaces of the wings, and mottled gray, white and brown under surfaces, ornamented with a large bluish ocellus on each hind wing. These butterflies are crepuscular and delight in flying up and down trails within the jungle, and along the edges of clearings. Caterpillars are often found, and are especially common on the long leaves of banana. A number of other species are found within the research area, always in the jungle, and possessing sombre shades of brown and buff above, occasionally with brilliant patches or bands of bright blue, yellow or purple. The undersides of the wings are covered with intricate patterns of grays and whites and browns. Family MORPHIDAE The most brilliantly colored butterflies are the Morphos. Dur- 86 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 ing the beginning of the rainy seasons Morpho menelaus is especially abundant. These magnificent insects may be seen flying through the jungle, preferring trails and glades and especially open spaces above streams, and occasionally entering the clearings. During flight the wings move slowly, the insect progressing in undulating waves, the crest of each wave from six to fifteen feet beyond the preceding. This species is seldom seen above mid-jungle. Occasionally, high in the air, over the tree-tops, may be seen the brown and yellow females of Morpho hecuba. Unlike the more brilliantly colored species these seldom descend to the ground or low jungle, but remain in and above the tree-tops. Three broods of morpho caterpillars have been found. All were found in daylight, congregated on the upper surfaces of leaves suspended over the waters of the river. All the caterpillars were brilliant scarlet, with pale green saddles and cross-patterns, and extremely conspicuous. A sleeping Danaicl butterfly, Melinaea mneme Linn. Photograph by William Beebe. Fig. 10. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 87 Family HELICONIDAE This essentially neotropical group is quite well represented at Kartabo. Like the ithomiids, which they closely resemble in form and often in pattern and color, they are insects of the jungle, seldom entering clearings, preferring trails and shaded glades. One species resembles the common yellow, brown and black ithomiid, forming with a similarly colored but rare danaid, a mimicry ring. The forms most common within the research area are black, with red cross-bars on the wings, or irregularly marked and spotted with yellow, blue and red. A very small, yellow-brown heliconid, belonging to the genus Eueides, is very often found along the edge of the clearing, resembling a common nymphalid, Colaenis , in form and color, but distinctly smaller in size. Family NYMPHALIDAE Many of the tree-top forms belong to this group, and they are also found distributed through the jungle. Their colors and forms are varied and no generalizations can be made as to their appearance. Some of the commoner forms are among the most beautiful insects to be found at Kartabo, such as Ageronia , the Calico, with its in- describable mottling of grays, blues and browns, or Nessaea, brilliant green beneath, and orange, black and shining blue above. Family RIOD1NIDAE Seven species only have been found of this small family, the most abundant and striking being Helicoyis, a small moth, pale yellow and black, with gold bespangled hind wings drawn out into six pairs of tails. Family ERYCINIDAE This group is represented by many species, but a comparatively small number of individuals. Mimicry of other forms is evident, and some of the resemblances, especially among those mimicking satyrids, are quite remarkable. These butterflies are small to medium in size, found entirely within the jungle, especially near trails and in low jungle. In coloration they vary from yellow and dull grays and greens to brilliant orange, barred and mottled with black and white, but on the whole are of bewildering variety of form and color. In alighting the erycinids have one habit in com- mon,— they always rest on the under surfaces of leaves. 88 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Family LYCAENIDAE This family is only moderately represented by about thirty-five forms at Kartabo within the research area, and is only fairly common in individuals. The hair-streaks and blues that are to be found, are confined to the jungle and to the edge of the denser thickets, and are most easily captured as they fly near trails. Family HESPERIDAE The Skippers form one of the most abundant families to be found within the research area. They are especially common within the clearing and along the edge of the jungle. Their color is usually brown, with spots of white or buff, or bold splashes of yellow. Within the clearing, the most common form is a small mottled gray and white species of Hesperia. It is always present and seldom flies more than three feet above the ground. This skipper, unlike most of the other representatives of its group, flies rather slowly, the wings moving continually as the butterfly threads its way among the twigs and branches of the smaller bushes near the ground. When alighting the wings are held half way between vertically and horizontally, and after one or two soft wavings, their position changes to vertical, and the upper surfaces face and touch each other. A number of hesperid caterpillars have been found feeding upon the leaves of the giant bamboos about the station. Order XIX— COLEOPTERA About forty families of beetles have been recognized in the quarter square mile under observation. No detailed classification has yet been attempted and the number of families will undoubtedly be greatly increased when this is done. The number of species of beetles far exceeds that of any other group of insects. A conservative estimate of the coleopterous fauna of the quarter square mile, based on a composite of the number suggested by several entomologists, is ten thousand, of which over half would be divided between the three families of Chry- somelidae, Staphylinidae and Rhyncophidae, the flower beetles, rove beetles and weevils. The food content of many hundreds of birds’ stomachs gives a similar indication of the great abundance of beetles, as more than one hundred and thirty species of birds have been found feeding on 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 89 them, Hymenoptera being second, having entered into the diet of ninety-five species. Yet as far as individuals goes there is no comparison with ants, wasps, termites or flies, all of which infinitely outnumber the beetles. But in number of species the latter far excel the other families. Family PASSALIDAE These big, black, slow-moving beetles are the commonest in- habitants of dead logs. At least half a dozen species have been taken without any special search. They would well repay careful study, because of their interesting social and family life, the adults and larvae living together and communicating by audible squeaks. Family SCARAB AEIDAE This is one of the most interesting and numerous families. Especially the Coprides, which come in numbers to carrion, in be- wildering variety. They range from the tiniest of tumble-bugs to giant purple and glowing copper scarabs. Thirty-five species came within a few days to carrion which we exposed. The other tribes of this family, including the cockchafers, so-called June bugs and cetonids are all found in abundance. The latter especially can be collected in numbers about recently felled trees. Family CICINDELIDAE Tiger-beetles are not very abundant, apparently not being well adapted to life in the dark humid jungle. In the clearings, however, they are found, and scores of “doodle-bugs” make their tunnels in the compound of the laboratory. Family CARABIDAE Ground beetles are not nearly as abundant as in the north. The most abundant is a good-sized black species with large jaws, common in pits and eaten by Bufos. In the compound big yellow and black bombardier beetles are abundant at certain seasons, shooting out a spray over one’s fingers which in odor and stain is exactly like iodine. On the sand of the beach tiny nocturnal carabids mimic young mole crickets in arenaceous coloring and in their palmate fossorial front tarsi. Under bark is a favorite place for many carabids. Family HALIPLIDAE Minute, rather slow-swimming beetles, quite common in pits and artificial water-holes. 90 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Family DYTISC1DAE Abundant both in species and individuals. A dozen species were taken in a small tub of water sunk in the jungle. Family GYRINIDAE Much more common in the river than in the jungle creeks or pools. When not gyrating some species spend the heat of the day in pairs on the shady side of stakes well above the water. Family IIYDROPHI LID AE Found both in the river and in the jungle, but less common than the dytiscids. Family PSELAPHIDAE Three species of these small interesting beetles have been taken in the nests of termites. Family STAPHYLINIDAE Rove beetles form one of the three dominant families of cole- optera, at least in point of numbers of species and individuals. They are found under every condition where coteoptera live, espe- cially on decaying animal matter, fungi and under fermenting bark. They show extreme adaptation to the various environments in color, size and shape, and offer an almost untouched field to the neotropical coleopterist. Family HISTERIDAE Although always with the rounded, shining black characters of the family, these beetles differ widely in habitat and the mere glimpses I have had of their larvae show that the diversity in ap- pearance and habits is very great. Carrion, fungi and rotten fruit attract the greatest numbers. Family SILVANIDAE These come to lights and several times have been found under bark. Family EROTYL1DAE Fungi appears to be the almost exclusive haunt of these ornate beetles, where they are found in numbers, varying widely as to size but usually of a red color. Family COCCINELLIDAE Lady-birds, like some other tropical creatures, far transcend 91 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo our northern species in brilliance of pattern and coloring, but almost all are small. Family DERMESTIDAE Various species quite unlike our northern pests are found in- festing our insect collections if not carefully watched. Family BYRRHIDAE A remarkable assemblage of small beetles whose antennae, head and legs fit so perfectly into grooves that they appear to be merely lines etched on a curved, perfectly smooth surface. Family PTINIDAE Small beetles occasionally coming to light; these have been found in dry bark. Family LAMPYRIDAE Fireflies are abundant in species and individuals at certain seasons, and glow worms are occasionally found. There is great variety in intensity and in color of the light. Still more numerous are beetles ( Telephorides ) similar to our soldier beetles of the north, and large black and yellow wide-elytraed Lycides. These latter are often very abundant about recently felled trees. Family CLERIDAE Small, brightly ornamented beetles, seldom seen. Family ELATERIDAE One of the dominant families in size and numbers. On a recently fallen tree many species can be taken as they zoom past, looking for a place suitable for their eggs. The giant lightning bugs which illumine the jungle are click beetles. In a new camping place a flash-light or lantern will often draw fifteen or twenty, which come streaking like meteors through the trees. Family BUPRESTIDAE The two first sentences under Elateridae apply with equal force to these insects. They are the wasps of the beetle world, nervous, quick, wary and of brilliant color and pattern. They fly swiftly to dead tree-trunks and run with equal facility over the bark. The largest of all the Kartabo beetles, — the “sun-bee” of the 92 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 natives and “ chee-ree-gib-bee-puh ” of the Akawai Indians is a monster iridescentally metallic buprestid, three inches long. Family TENEBRIONIDAE A very large and diversified family, living chiefly in dead wood and fungi. A large black species inhabits the roof of the laboratory. Family CISTELIDAE Fewer in numbers than the preceding, but resembling it in general appearance and habits. Family MORDELLIDAE Common at certain seasons, resting on the leaves of low bushes in clearings. Brilliant in coloring and equally efficient in leaping, running and flying. Family RHIPIPHORIDAE Medium-sized beetles with narrow elytra, plumose antennae, and variegated patterns, on flowers and leaves. Family CANTHORIDAE No adults have been taken, but the larvae have been occasion- ally found attached to bees. Family BRUCHIDAE A great variety of beetles come under this family, some large and tenebrionid-like, others small, with marvellous patterns, re- sembling some of the active bark weevils. Family CHRYSOMELIDAE The number and variety of these flower beetles is unbelievable. Only a comparatively few species are taken in numbers, while many of the forms are uniques, seen only once during five years of col- lecting. The dominant characters are smallness of size, the mar- vellous colorings and patterns, and a universal habit of death- feigning when alarmed. The variety of situations in which they are found suggests a corresponding diversity of habits and conditions of development. Most of those living under bark are lichen- and wood-hued and of paper flatness, while those on leaves may be extremely convex and glowing like living gems. Most creatures refuse them as food, but cuckoos, toads and organisms with a corresponding catholicity of taste devour them greedily. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 93 Family CERAMBYCIDAE The tropics are famous for their wonderful longicorns, and Kartabo sustains this reputation. While well to the fore in numbers, this family probably excels in diversity of form and pattern. Some are tiny, with a negligible, almost thread-like body, larger ones have the elytra covered with hieroglyphics which appear almost decipherable; others have immense tufts of parti-colored hairs on the antennae or the hind legs, while the giant long-legged Acrocercus is in a class by itself. In mimicry alone this family is supreme, and I occasionally take forms which in shape, size, color, pattern and, most astonishing of all in action, are perfect imitations of bees and wasps. By far the commonest, and almost the only form which ever comes to light, is the green and yellow Chlorida f estiva. A coleopterist could spend a life-time at Kartabo, studying this family alone, and have but little time hanging heavily on his hands. Family ANTHRIB1DAE Fairly common, but difficult to define and no definite notes have been made upon their haunts or habits. Family CURCULIONIDAE One of the three dominant families, if not actually in first place itself in point of species. Weevils are not conspicuous to the casual walker through the jungle, but in week after week of collecting, the weevil boxes are the ones which soon fill to overflowing. Again we find rather an enormous number of species represented by one or a very few individuals, than any great preponderance of beetles themselves. Giant palm weevils and others equally large with in- explicable furry beaks covered with dense auburn hair are at one extreme, while the small wasp-like, active bark beetles represent a wholly different type. Mother-of-pearl weevils which close up and drop to earth at a touch are the most abundant on the leaves of the undergrowth. Family BRENTH1DAE These are usually bronzy beetles with enormously elongated thoraxes. The largest species are found under bark, never doing anything as far as my brief observations go. They are slow walkers and do little to avoid capture. 94 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Order XX— STREPSIPTERA Family STYLOP1DAE Twice only have we observed a member of this parasitic group imbedded between the segments of the abdomen of a wasp. Order XXI— DIPTERA Very large collections of two-winged flies have been assembled, but only a beginning has been made in specific identification. They are present in enormous numbers, but under ordinary circumstances are not conspicuous. On a walk through the jungle, only here and there is a fly seen resting on a leaf or hovering motionless in mid-air. At the laboratory there is almost never a fly on the dining table, and at our work a few midges in early morning during the rainy season are all that interfere. One species of biting fly alone is ever troublesome, and this in extremely small numbers, easily killed, and in the rainy season only. At the most two or three may attempt to bite during a long walk. But at a bit of decayed meat, or a sudden growth of fungi or oozing sap, hosts of flies will gather at once. Also, several sweeps of a fine-meshed net among the jungle undergrowth will often take hundreds which, in the dim light, were invisible to the eye. Out of seventy-one families of Diptera in the world, forty-two, or about 60 percent have been already detected in the quarter of a square mile of jungle under observation, and future search should bring the total up at least to sixty families, as that number should reasonably occur, according to geographical distribution. Family CECIDOMYIIDAE These minute insects are taken in the sweep net both in clear- ings and the jungle and their galls are abundant, seen on weeds, bushes and the smaller twigs of trees. Family MY CETOPHILIDAE A few have been observed on fungus. Doubtless a careful search would reveal large numbers. Family CULICIDAE Many species of mosquitoes are found in the jungle, but only under abnormal and very unusual conditions are they ever trouble- some. Ordinarily no nets are ever used in the sleeping tents and 1925) Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 95 one may sit quietly for hours in the midst of a swamp without hearing a mosquito or being bitten. The unprecedented drought of the spring of 1924 resulted in the formation of large numbers of isolated pools near the rapids of the Cuyuni in which vast numbers of mosquitoes developed before the beginning of the long delayed rains. These spread over the country, became infected by the Indians, and for the first time we all suffered from brief attacks of malaria. Most of the natives have chronic fever but make no attempt to combat it. Giant, brilliantly colored mosquitoes breed in the bromeliad water, and go piping through the jungle, sounding like young birds calling for food. Family SIMULIIDAE “Black flies ” are very rare at Kartabo and their place is taken by the following family. Family CHIRONOMIDAE The larvae of these midges form an important item in the food of the smaller shore fishes, and the imagos emerge at intervals in countless swarms. These aquatic species confine themselves, how- ever, to the boats and stellings; they do not bite, and seldom fly more than a foot or two above the water or shore. Tiny black midges are sometimes troublesome for an hour in early morning and late afternoon. Family PSYCHODIDAE The tiny moth flies are locally very common. A large species is abundant about out-houses, and a very small grey-haired form has been reared from fungus. Family DIXIDAE Inconspicuous flies, rather rare, long-legged and buffy in color, taken in sweep-net in jungle trails. Family TIPULIDAE Crane flies of all sizes are common, especially in the dark cavities of hollow stubs, under over-hanging banks and at lights in the evening. Family BIBIONIDAE Not rare, the commonest being a large smoky- winged species with red thorax hovering about fallen logs. 96 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Family RHYPHIDAE Small, mosquito-like flies of this family are occasionally taken in jungle trails. Family STRATIOMYIDAE An abundant group, some very large, and many with bizarre shapes and brilliant colors. They are found over water and on the damp bark of trees. Some have a transparent window at the base of the abdomen, giving the appearance of a slender, wasp-like pedicle. A yellow-faced species has a circular body, purple, touched with grey. Family LEPTIDAE Medium-sized flies, with marbled or otherwise variegated wings, common in the jungle, chiefly about decayed fruit or rotten wood. Family TABANIDAE Abundant in a great variety of places, including some very large species. The yellow, band-winged “ deer-fly” is the only fly which ever bites one along the jungle trails. The beautiful pale- green Tabanus mexicanus is occasionally found in the laboratory at light, but is seldom seen outdoors. Family THERE VIDAE# Medium-sized flies, closely resembling small robber flies and with similar habits. Family BOMBYLIIDAE Bee flies are not common, but very beautiful, heard and seen hovering in mid-air, often close to the jungle floor. They are so wary that it requires the most careful stalking to capture them. Family ACROCERIDAE (CYSTIDAE) The commonest species resembles a good-sized metallic bee, with enormous eyes and- a proboscis so long that it extends back twice the length of the entire body. Family MYDAIDAE Very large flies resembling asilids, but with slow flight among the undergrowth. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 97 Family ASILIDAE One of the largest groups of flies and by far the most con- spicuous. A dozen species can be seen on a single walk along a jungle trail. They rest on leaves waiting for their prey to come in sight, and return to the same position to devour it. Their diet includes almost all kinds of insects, with flies and bees, and especially trigonid bees, in the majority. Robber flies are of all sizes and colors, some being almost mosquito-like in their delicacy, others closely resembling in size and color and hairiness the largest Xylocopa bees, doubtless an authentic case of aggressive mimicry. Family EMP1DAE A hundred of these tiny flies may be taken at times in the jungle with a few sweeps of the net, but to the non-Dipterist they form but a slight visible proportion of the life of the jungle. Family DOLICHOPODIDAE These come second to the asilids in general visibility. A few steps along any jungle trail is sure to reveal one of these long-legged, iridescent-bodied flies running over the surface of a leaf, or waiting quietly for the small creatures which form its prey. I have never seen them in any other situation. Family PHORIDAE Abundant around dead animal matter and in mid-air in trails. Wingless phorids are common on fungi and as guests of army ants. Family PIPUNCULIDAE Tiny flies with enormous heads and eyes are captured in sweep-nets in the deep jungle. Family CONOPIDAE The commonest species are remarkably perfect mimics of wasps, and the advantage of this is very evident when we know that the females lay their eggs on the bodies of various hymenopters. Family SYRPH1DAE Flower flies are relatively less abundant than several other groups, but all are dazzlingly brilliant or decorated with bright • yellow. They are chiefly to be found hovering in mid-air in clear- ings. 98 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Acalyptrate MUSCIDAE This hodge-podge of flies is represented by a vast number of widely varying forms, some iridescent, others with beautifully marbled wings, while some have legs of enormous length. Many species are found walking about on sap-covered bark laying their eggs in crevices. Drosophilids, as elsewhere, are abundant on over- ripe fruit, and hosts can be taken in a few sweeps of the net in the jungle. The following are a few of the families which have been dis- tinguished : Sciomyzidae Trypetidae Geomyzidae Sapromyzidae Drosophilidae Ortalidae Psilidae Agromyzidae Tanypezidae Family ANTHOMYIIDAE These are small editions of house flies which are abundant about decaying animal remains. Family TACH1NIDAE A few of these big, hairy flies have been taken in the jungle, but the majority of the species and individuals have been hatched as parasites from caterpillars and chrysalids of lepidoptera. Family DEX1IDAE Several flies, closely resembling Tachinids, conform to the characters belonging to this family. Family SARCOPHAGIDAE Very abundant on all decaying animal matter but never coming into the laboratory or tents. This is inexplicable, as thousands may cover a dead animal or bird which has been put out a few yards away, to attract vultures, and yet no member of this family is ever found on our dining or work tables. Some appear exactly like northern house flies, others are large and marked with beautiful patterns. From the body of a small antbird in a state of advanced de- composition, I took, within a period of fifteen minutes after ex- posure, twenty-two species and eleven hundred and forty individual flies, the majority of which belonged to this family. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 99 Family OESTRIDAE The larvae are frequently found under the skin of wild animals, and are sometimes so abundant on nestling birds that they cause death. Imagos, sometimes of very large size, are captured now and then. The largest measured over an inch and a half in length. I, and several members of -the staff, have had “ mosquito worms” deposited in the shoulder or behind the ear. Our love of science fell short of allowing them to develop! Family HIPPOBOSC1DAE These strange flies are not uncommon on certain wild mammals. 1 have taken forty dealated individuals from a small deer. A large collection of feather flies has been made from birds — the gallinaceous forms almost always having several swimming through and over the plumage. Family STREBL1DAE Winged flies of this remarkable family are taken occasionally on bats. Family NY CTERIBIIDAE These strangest of flies, wingless and highly specialized for their limited environment, are found only in the fur of bats, and each species of bat appears to have its particular form of nycteribid. Order XXII— SIPHONOPTERA Family PULICIDAE Fleas have been found on a number of wild animals, while “jiggers” are abundant on the sandy floors and yards of Indian benabs. Order XXIII— HYMENOPTERA As far as any adequateness of treatment is concerned I might just as well say that ants, wasps and bees are present in vast numbers in the quarter square mile of jungle, and then turn to the next group of organisms. I have made only the most casual attempts to divide them into families, and no group has as yet been studied completely by any competent Hymenopterist. Although quite inadequate for any thorough, modern, taxo- 100 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 nomic treatment, Sharp’s general arrangement of Hymenoptera in the Cambridge Natural History has proved satisfactory for my present purpose. So I have constantly adhered to it, merely raising a number of his subfamilies or tribes to the more modern view of families. Out of forty of his families, neotropical in range, I have found about thirty at Kartabo. Family TENTHREDINIDAE Saw-flies are not nearly as abundant as they are in the north, while the relatively great abundance of individuals of the species is more like northern organisms than is usual in the tropics. The commonest is a small species which crawls slowly about on the leaves of the jungle, while at times a yellow-bodied form is extremely numerous, flying slowly along close to the jungle floor. The function of this family is most certainly usurped in the research area by some other group. Family CYN1PIDAE These little insects and their galls are abundant but no notes have been made upon them. Family PROCTROTRYPIDAE Numbers of species of these very minute wasps have been bred from butterfly eggs. The only notes made have been on the number of individuals in each egg, and the sex. From eleven to twenty-five proctrotrypids find nourishment and the wherewithal for growth and development in each lepidopterous egg, and in several dozen carefully observed instances there has never been more than a single male, who fertilizes all of the females as they emerge. Family CHALC1DIDAE Found everywhere in bewildering variety, a few of remarkably large size, most beautifully sculptured and patterned, and in color from buff, yellow, red and blue to the most intense iridescence. Over fifty percent of all the lepidopterous caterpillars taken are parasitized with these or closely related forms. Families ICHNEUMONIDAE, BRACONIDAE I have bracketed these two families because of the similarity in superficial appearance in the field and the identity of habits of the 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 101 more conspicuous forms. On a single long walk I have taken about fifty individuals, which would prove to be about evenly divided between the two families. They are found flying low through the underbrush searching leaf after leaf, both upper and under sides, for the prey which they parasitize. The majority of the larger forms of both families have yellow- and black-banded wings. Family STEPHAN1DAE A small family of insects resembling the above. Family EVANIIDAE Not rare and most remarkable in shape, some appearing as if the abdomen had been amputated, this portion being reduced to a tiny knob protruding from the upper part of the thorax while others have enormously elongated abdomens which are parti-colored and held aloft. Family PELECINIDAE A half dozen specimens with greatly elongated abdomens have been taken of these insects. Family CHRYSIDIDAE Fairly common insects clad in magnificent reticulated armor of glittering blue-green. Family MELIPONIDAE This family is the most characteristic group of Tropical bees. It includes the Melipona and Trigona, mostly small black or brown insects about 6 mm. long. These are stingless, social bees, usually building mud or waxy nests in logs, in the ground, in odd corners of buildings or even in termite nests. One large colony had appar- ently experienced considerable difficulty in working over the nest carton and maintaining their entrances against the termites. Both entrances extended several inches beyond the normal circumference of the nest, giving evidence of a long struggle before the termites gave up and allowed the entrances to remain open. The open mud nests were subject to enlargement by the addition of further hanging galleries until the colony reached its maximum size and swarming occurred. These nests were further characterized by the presence of bee-bread and honey pots, maintained in place by short, strong braces of wax and mud. 102 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; l A considerable variation in pugnacity was found among the different colonies; the one described above would swarm out angrily and bite viciously if the nest were even jarred by a blow against the tree on which it was located. Other colonies could be examined at close range without apparently disturbing the inhabitants. Some twenty odd species have already been described from Kartabo. % Family XYLOCOPIDAE Seven species of these wood borers have been found at Kartabo and vicinity. They usually proved quite wary and were difficult to collect. The higher flowers were their favorite haunts, adding still more to their safety. One species reached a length of 35 mm., the females being black and the males mostly brown. In several other species, both sexes were black with hairy, ferruginous thorax. Family CERATINIDAE Few individuals of this family of carpenter bees were noted at Kartabo. Possibly three species. They are very small in com- parison to the other family of borers, the Xylocopidae. Family BOMBIDAE In number of species, this family was poorly represented, only two having been described as yet. Even these species are open to question, it being possible that they are identical. The individuals are very numerous, however, and can be collected from any plant or shrub along trail or -road, in cleared ground or on river banks. They are dull, slow of flight, and easily captured. Family AUGOCHLORIDAE About seven species of these little iridescent bees of the genus Halictus and the genus Augochlora have been noted. They are true tunnel makers, preferring the soft earth of the side of a pit or bank for their homes. Although they may use a common gallery into the earth, each bee has its own branch, this family being truly solitary. Family ANTHOPHORIDAE Seven species of Centris of the subfamily Centrinae are plenti- fully represented in the Kartabo region. Possibly the most numer- 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 103 ous species were large brown bees, invariably found around rivers. They seemed to enjoy basking in the sunshine on logs or planks; whirling in erratic flight about a passing boat or canoe; or investi- gating, with much interest, the paddler’s hat or perhaps even his insect net. Their white-marked faces gave an odd impression of intelligence, well borne out by their elusiveness when pursued and their delight in taunting the pursuer by whirling past him with terrific speed. Two species of Melitoma , also belonging to this family, were found. Family MEGACHILIDAE Four species of Megachile and at least one of Coelioxys have already been described. Those of the genus Megachile are the true leaf cutters and build nests or burrows lined with sections cut from leaves. Family EUGLOSSIDAE This family of long tongued bees is without doubt the most striking family found around Kartabo. Possibly fifteen species or more have been collected. Brilliant reds, greens and blues, com- bined with yellow and black, solid greens and solid blues and purples, present an assortment of color that cannot be rivaled. They possess an extremely rapid wing beat, enabling them to maintain themselves stationary in the air, while collecting their food from flowers. They are solitary, building in the ground or even in termite nests. Including other unclassified specimens with the groups consid- ered above, one is justified in believing that from one hundred to one hundred and twenty species of bees have already been collected from the Kartabo region. Those listed above are the most common families, others occurring rarely. Family EUMENIDAE The small potter wasps are not nearly as abundant as a northern hymenopterist would expect them to be. Several species build their nests in the laboratory. Family VESPIDAE This is the largest family of wasps and hornets, or marabuntas, 104 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 as the natives call them. Their nests, large and small, are seen along the trails and in the deep jungle, near the ground and in the tree- tops. Family MUTILLIDAE The wingless, velvet wasps are present in numbers and there is an abundance of species. The wingless females are more often seen than their mates, and are gay with spots of gold and scarlet. Family SCOL1IDAE A widely varying and numerous group, some big, yellow and hairy, others small and iridescent green. I have found two of the extremes of size parasitizing larvae of Scarabaeidae, so it is reason- able to suppose that many intermediate types have the same habits. Family SAPYGIDAE Only a few of these have been collected, closely resembling members of the preceding family. Family POMPILIDAE (PSAMMOCHARIDAE) Very numerous, many of large size with black or orange wings, others grey, with banded wings. Some are very tiny and stick their mud cells to the beams of the laboratory. They tirelessly hunt dead and living leaves, trunks and twigs for their spider prey. Family SPHEGIDAE These strong mud-daubers are abundant, and certain of their number are among the largest of Kartabo hymenoptera, one specimen reaching an extreme length of two and one-half inches, and with a sting which would surely send a human victim to bed with a week of fever. Family LARR1DAE Moderate to large wasps, most of which nest in the jungle floor, while others build beautiful nests of plant-down on the under sides of leaves. Their colors are greatly^ varied, and they are only fairly abundant. Family TRYPOXILONIDAE The most familiar families of wasps at the laboratory are little black fellows which we call vial wasps, from their habit of seizing 1925] Beebe : Ecology of Kartabo 105 upon every empty horizontal vial they can find, to divide it into little cells and stock with spiders. The group is small and only occasionally is one taken in the jungle. Family BEMBECIDAE These wasps have the untropical character of being only fairly numerous as to species with exceedingly abundant individuals. Every area of sunny sand in a jungle trail or clearing is sure to have dozens buzzing about or digging frantically, throwing up little spurts of sand as they sink from view. Persons new to the jungle have to be assured that, although these big, yellow wasps love to buzz alarmingly close to one’s face, they are never known to sting without strong provocation. Family NYSSONIDAE A small family with a few species, resembling the preceding in many characters. Families PHILANTHIDAE, CRABRONIDAE Two unimportant Kartabo families of small, yellow-banded wasps, more abundant during the dry than the rainy seasons. Their habits vary widely and 1 have found them nesting both in the ground and in hollow twigs. Family FORMICIDAE One’s first walk through the jungle, as well as the last day of many years’ residence, results in the same conclusion, that ants by far outnumber all other groups of insects. But not until Prof. William Morton Wheeler had spent several months collecting them, did I realize the great number of species represented in our quarter square mile. Even in the much more restricted area of the laboratory compound, he found every genus of fungus-making ant known in the world, and on a single tree only one hundred and fifty feet away from the laboratory, Prof. Wheeler collected ninety-six species of these insects. The abundance and remarkable habits of the army ants Eciton, and leaf-cutting ants, Atta, have led me to write several essays about them.3 But scores of others are equally interesting and would repay 3Jungle Peace, Chapter IX; Edge of the Jungle, Chapters III, VII, VIII. 106 Fig. 11. Adaptions of Kartabo fish to their environment. Drawing by John Tee- Van. 1925] Beebe : Ecology of Kartabo 107 months of study. The most conspicuous ant in the deep jungle is Ectatomma tuberculatum, which waits, solitary and patiently, on leaves for the approach of victims. Up and down the trunks travel the giant black Neoponera ants, the pain and swelling of whose sting last for many days. One fact, from the host which comes to the eye of the casual observer, is the specialized diet of some of these Ponerine ants, one of which feeds solely upon giant termites of the genus Syntermes. Several times a year army ants clear our laboratory of all roaches and tarantulas, while, on the other hand, leaf-cutters render hopeless all our attempts at gardening— destroying both flowers and vegetables. Tiny red ants make it necessary to keep all fresh specimens on swinging shelves, but aside from this no ant disturbs or injures our possessions. CHORDATA or VERTEBRATES Within the small area set aside at the Tropical Research Station at Kartabo for intensive study, I have recorded eight hundred and eighteen species of vertebrates, almost exactly 60 per cent, of the total number so far known from the whole Colony of British Guiana. This may be taken as showing either the wide distribution of ver- tebrate forms of life and their abundance in a small area in the tropics, or it may indicate the very great number of species still to be discovered when intensive investigation similar to mine in my quarter of a square mile, is applied more widely. The truth lies probably between the two. As the area under consideration is only one-three hundred and sixty thousandth (1-360, 000th) of British Guiana, this record is rather remarkable. It is as if there were found within half the area of the New York Zoological Park, or one quarter of Central Park, New York City, more than half of all the vertebrate animals of New York and Pennsylvania combined. Among the invertebrates, the insects, and more especially ants, are by far the dominant forms; with vertebrates, birds are ahead to such an extent that there is relatively no second place. This is distinctly shown in the following table, together with other side-lights upon the general aspect of the back-boned animals of this limited area. 108 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Vertebrate Classes No. of Species Percentage of Whole Number Indi- viduals Dominant Visually Dominant Vocally Dominant in Color Ex- tremes in Size Danger to Man Fish 150 ’ 18.6% 1 5 5 3 2 2 Am- phibians 37 4.5% 2 3 2 4 5 5 Reptiles 93 11.4% 4 2 4 2 3 1 Birds 464 56.5% 3 1 1 1 4 4 Mammals 73 9 % 5 5 3 5 1 3 The Fish of Kartabo The study of the fish life in the research area at Kartabo has been made doubly delightful by constant reference to Dr. Carl H. Eigenmann’s “ Fresh-water Fishes of British Guiana.” An addi- tional source of interest lies in the fact that the Station is situated at the junction of the only two great rivers in the Colony which Eigenmann did not explore so that every capture or note which we make is certain to contribute a wholly new fact to our knowledge at least of the distribution of forms. Within the few hundred yards included in the shallow water along the shore of our research area, and in one or two adjacent creeks, we have secured one hundred and fifty species of fish, rather more than one-third of the entire number secured by Dr. Eigenmann in his exploration of the Colony at large. While the low mentality of fish is undoubtedly a fact, yet this is compensated by the interest of their great diversity of form and size, marvellous beauty and remarkable habits, and perhaps most of all by their vital suggestions of past evolution and the vivid evidence of evolution going on today, which they express in their bodies and their life habits. As in the jungle, so the tropical waters teem with unexpected and strange organisms, and there is no level or niche left unexplored or unoccupied by one or more species of fish. I shall mention only a few of the many interesting aspects of fish life about the Station. In extremes of size we find schools of little sword-finned minnows close inshore, measuring less than an inch in length, while farther out, great lau-lau catfish swim about, brobdignagian bull-heads six to twelve feet in length, with grinning mouths two feet wide. They 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 109 will occasionally take the hook but put up no more fight than would a barrel of cement. The largest fresh-water fish in the world and one of the most gamey also inhabits Guiana waters, the ara- paima, which reaches a length of fifteen feet and a weight of over four hundred pounds. We have, however, not yet taken it at the Research Station. The flesh of all these fish is most delicate. Many of the fish are very beautiful, but on the whole there is hardly an average of greater brilliancy of pigment than in the fishes of temperate waters. Scarlet eels and golden catfish with fins of flame-color are astonishing when they swim up through the brown water; and many-colored ocelli or eyed spots are rather common both on fins and bodies. As to variety of form there is no end. To take mouths alone, there is the elongated tube of the pipefish, the swordfish-like needlefish and the halfbeak with its minute upper mandible and enormously lengthened under jaw. Most frightful looking fish come up in the seine, such as the silvery biara or dog- toothed fish, with teeth so long that they pass clear through the head and project into the water above, yet which is a fish wholly innocuous; on the other hand a meek appearing sunfish is in reality the notorious perai, one of the most dangerous of all fishes. Nothing more hopeless can be imagined than to be attacked by a school of these razor-toothed little fiends. The sand gobies, when frightened, flatten out on the bottom, and draw over themselves a mantle of color identical with that of their background ; the comical green- and black-banded puffers, on the contrary, distend themselves with air into a taut, skinny, inedible ball, and float out of reach upon the surface until danger is past. The fish about Kartabo show three important radiations; first, intrusions from the salt water of the open sea, fifty miles away by water line; second, aerial attempts, and third, terrestrial trials. As unexpected intrusions from the sea we find the gobies and the young gar or needlefish is also essentially marine. Most remark- able are the sting rays, two species of which have deserted salt water and inhabit our rivers. The last ocellated ray which we caught on a set line, gave birth to five young rays in the boat; in an aquarium the little rays flapped slowly about on the sandy bot- tom and the back of the mother. The four-eyed fish is also essentially a lover of salt or brackish water but occasionally it enters the fresh waters about Kartabo. It is, however, as an invader of the air that it holds greatest interest, 110 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 the upper part of the eyes being modified for atmospheric vision, while it appears unable to dive more than a foot or two beneath the surface. The second aerial aspirant is the fresh-water flying fish, built rather on the lines and method of operation of a hydroplane than an airplane, as it rises with a rush and slithers along the surface, its deep keel usually cutting a tiny furrow as it goes. The piscine land invaders are of extreme interest, both on ac- count of their individual specializations and their evolutionary sig- nificance. When a pool forms after a heavy rain, deep within the jungle, or on a hillside well away from water, it soon contains fish as well as tadpoles and whirligig beetles; fish not descended with the rains, as the old legend has it, but which have scrambled and leaped and finned their way from the abundance of their element in the great rivers to this meagre, temporary cupful of water in the midst of a host of terrestrial dangers. Why the impulse comes to them, or to them and not to many others, we cannot even imagine. Other land-loving fish are the primitive hassas or armored cat- fish, which come out at low tide and flip about the mud, regardless of sun or drought. These and the marsh eels are most unsatisfactory aquarium fish, for they are continually climbing out and seeking the seclusion of dusty corners. I may here only mention the astounding electric eel with its double dynamos of living flesh, and the nurse fish, whose young find sanctuary by the half hundred in the mouths of their parents. While there is no lack of fish, large and small, near the Station, yet the least successful method of capture is by rod and line. This is due to several reasons, chief among which is the low visibility of the brown jungle water, combined with the abundance of natural food which the fish find ready at hand. Fish hold an important place in the diet of the Indians about Kartabo and they are skilful in shooting them with bow and arrow, poisoning and trapping them. They know the exact edibility of the various species and of the poisonous parts of specific ones such as the liver of the large catfish. They have names for almost all and even distinguish between forms which bear a very close superficial resemblance. Our collections have been made almost altogether by means of set lines and seining. Within the research area I have a record of forty-seven species of vertebrates feeding on fish, of which about half probably devour no other forms of life. If several more thousands of stomachs could 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 111 be examined this number would be considerably increased, especially among the fishes themselves. These enemies of fish vary from creatures like the snakebird, kingfisher and dolphin which seem fundamentally adapted for a piscine diet, to the kiskadee flycatcher which has only recently taken to fishing. The piscivorous vertebrates of Kartabo are as follows: Fish 12 Birds 26 Amphibia 1 Mammals 3 Reptiles 5 The remarkably general distribution among varied orders of vertebrates is well indicated in the following list: Class PISCES Order Genera Batoidea Potamotrygon Nematognathi Paulicea Br achy platy stoma (3 sp.) Ageniosus Heterognathi Serrasalmo Hydrolicus Cynopotamus Hydrocynus Symbranchii Symbranchus Percomorphi Plagioscion Class AMPHIBIA Cystignathidae Leptodactylus Class REPTILIA Boidae Eunectes Ilysiidae Ilysia Colubridae Hydrops Elapidae Micrurus Crocodilidae Caiman Class AYES Ralliformes Heliornis Lariformes Phaetusa Sterna (2) Rhynchops 112 [VI; 1 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society Gruiformes Mycteria Ardeiformes Herons (11) Pelicaniformes Phalacrocorax Anhinga Accipitriformes Pandion Coraciiformes Kingfishers (5) Passeriformes Pitangus Class MAMMALIA Marsupial ia Chironectes Carnivora Lutra Odontoceti Inia Class PISCES Order BATOIDEA Family PRISTIDAE Sawfish Rays: There are four records of sawfishes caught at Kartabo before our first arrival, and twice during our absence twelve-inch individuals have been secured by Indians in creeks. This is distinctly a marine intrusion, with the precedent of what is probably the same species ascending the Mississippi for a consider- able distance. Family DASYATIDAE Sting Rays: Strictly marine rays are found abundantly in the lower Essequibo, but from Bartica up, two species of fresh-water rays occur, one rather commonly. Five miles higher, above the rapids and from there for many miles up river these are numerous and a constant source of danger to gold and diamond seekers. The mucous of these fresh-water forms seems more virulent than that of the sea rays. Both species have been taken at Kartabo, and the young to the number of five been born alive in captivity. They are carnivorous bottom feeders, taking worms, small fish, shrimps and drowned organisms. Order NEMATOGNATHI Fresh-water catfish are especially characteristic of the Amazon and Guiana regions. Thirty-four species have been found at the Station, divisible into five families. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 113 Family SILURIDAE Twenty species belong under this family. Among them are the common bottom or mid-water forms, one of which, a Pimelodus locally known as Larima is actually abundant. These are of small or moderate size, but in this same genus are the giants of these waters, such as Br achy platy stoma, the lau-lau, which ranges from a length of not uncommonly seven feet, to reputed giants of twelve feet. The smaller catfish are mostly bottom feeders and embrace in their diet worms, small fish, mollusks, shrimps and hosts of drowned terrestrial insects. The giant mid-water forms feed alto- gether on medium-sized fish, and spend most of their time well out from shore where they can be caught on strong set lines at night. Occasionally however they come close in and can be heard grunting and booming among the rocks and mangroves. Family HELOGENIDAE A single, small, mottled catfish of this family is occasionally taken in jungle creeks. Family PYGIDIIDAE Two species, one quite eel-like in shape, also occur in creeks. Family CALLICHTHY1DAE Three species of these interesting armoured catfish occur, all feeding on muddy vegetable debris. Family LORICARIIDAE Seven species of this family show two general types of structure, one of which, Loricaria, is exceedingly flattened for a strictly bottom life, while Plecostomus is triangular in transverse section and is almost as much at home on the mud of the shore as in the water. All feed on vegetable debris and small organisms. Plecostomus is eaten by the small river cormorants. Order HETEROGNATHI Family CHARACIDAE In number of forms and variety of types the Characins of Kar- tabo may be compared with the Passerine group of birds. We have collected fifty-one species, comprising nearly forty per cent of the entire fish fauna. These are distributed through seventeen families. 114 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Many are very small and inconspicuous looking fish, and among them are the most abundant shore forms. None are true bottom livers but are found in mid-water and on the surface, chiefly in creeks or along the shore. A few are brilliantly colored. Several have enor- mously developed canine teeth and are aquatic wolves; the notorious Perai has moderate teeth but is the most dangerous, fiercest fish here, if not in the world. Its closest relative is a harmless vegetarian. The fresh-water flying fish are Characins, skimming for long distances along the surface. A few of the larger species form the chief food of the Indians. Worms, insects, shrimp and other fish form the principal items of diet of these fish. Order GLANEN CHELI Family GYMNOTIDAE The eels of Kartabo number eight species distributed unequally among four subfamilies. All are interesting forms but the electric eel is preeminent, and specimens over five feet in length have been taken. We have occasionally had a shock transmitted by the water when swimming but any danger is imaginary. It feeds on shrimp, tadpoles, fish and other small organisms and except when small is found in the open river. The other eels are inhabitants chiefly of jungle creeks and several are brilliantly colored. They feed on shrimp, caddis-worms and insects. Order SYMBRANCHI Family SYMBRANCHIDAE This eel in appearance and habits resembles so closely the limbless anYphibian Typhlonectes that we considered it as such for a long time. It lives in swamps and in the mud along shore, and forms the chief food of coral snakes and of two of their mimics. It feeds in turn on fish and crabs. Order ISOSPONDYLI Family ENGRAULIDAE Two small species of Stolephorus are found along the shore, one very abundantly. They are small, silvery fishes with such delicate, deciduous scales that the least touch dislodges a shower. A species of Lycengraulis is considerably larger than the two pre- ceding. The food is minute insects and entomostracans. 1925] 115 Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo Order MICROCYPRINI Family POEC1LIDAE Five interesting small fish represent this minnow-like family. Rivulus is the most terrestrial of all the Kartabo fish fauna, and is found in isolated rain pools deep in the jungle, a half mile or more away from the river. Anableps is essentially a salt-water form, the Four-eye adapted equally well to see under water as well as in the air. Three small ones among the mangroves are all we have on record at the Station. The Sword-finned Minnow, Tomeurus, is a very abundant and persistently littoral form, with the male showing most remarkably specialized sexual characters. Entomostracans form their principal food. Order SYNENTOGNATHI Family BELONIDAE A small gar-like fish is very rare at Kartabo. Family HEM IRH AM PHID AE A curious fish, with enormously elongated under jaw, and a short stump of an upper jaw, lives along the shore and feeds on spiders, gnats and small mollusks. Family ESOCIDAE There is one record of a Tylosaurus. Order LOPHOBRAN CHII Family SYNGNATHIDAE A small pipe-fish is not uncommon. All the specimens secured have been females with the ventral brood pouch filled with eggs more or less advanced in development. Order PERCOMORPHI Family CICHLIDAE An interesting family of which seven species are present. Geophagus is common along shore, the parents sheltering the young fish in their mouths in time of danger. Crenicichla, a very brightly colored carnivorous form, lives in mid-water. Family SCIAENIDAE Three species, one of which, Plagioscion, is very -common and an important food-fish. 116 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Family POLY CENTRIDAE One small, vertically flat, black, changeable colored fish of the deep jungle is occasionally found. Family GOBIIDAE Three very common forms of sand gobies. One, an Eleotris with most remarkable color changes, spends much time in the open air or in small tide-pools. Two sand gobies are found intensively associated, resembling each other in size, shape, general sandy pattern, carnivorous habit, yet belonging to very distinct genera — Evorthodus and Awous. Order HETEROSOMATA Family PLEURONECTIDAE A small species of flounder is rare and very local in distribution. Native fishermen say that it was first found here four years ago, so is evidently a recent invasion. Nothing has been found in its stomach but sponge spicules and Chironomid larvae. Family SOLEIDAE Two species, of which one, a small flounder of the genus Achirus, is somewhat more common than the other, all the specimens being under three inches in length. Order PLECTOGNATHI Family TETRADONTIDAE A small, green- and black-banded puffer is common along shore. It also occurs as a surface feeder out in the open river and is especially numerous at the mouths of jungle creeks. It is an omnivorous feeder, and is fed upon by Ardea cocoi. » FISH STOMACH CONTENTS Sponge Spicules — Pimelodus clarias Achirus fasciatus Worms — - Potamotrygon hystrix Leporinus arcus Poecilurichthys abramoides Gymnotus carapo Oligochaetes — Hemidoras carinatus Leporinus nigrotaeniatus Pristella riddlei Gymnotus carapo Eigenmannia virescens Gymnorhamphichthys hypostomus 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 117 Fish stomach contents — continued Leeches — Stolephorus surinamensis Mollusks— Pimelodus clarias Megalodoras sp. Hyporhampus roberti Colomesus psittacus Entomostracans — Stolephorus surinamensis Baphnia — Stolephorus surinamensis Tomeurus gracilis Cyclops — Hemidoras carinatus Stolephorus surinamensis Isopods — Shrimps— Sternopygus macrurus Potamotrygon hystrix Pimelodus clarias Pimelodus ornatus Chalcinus rotundatus Hydrolicus scomber oides Electrophorus electricus Gymnorhamphichthys hyposiomus Stolephorus surinamensis Plagioscion auratus Crenicichla alta Crabs — Pimelodus clarias Symbranchus marmoratus Crustaceans — Pimelodus clarias Pimelodus ornatus Leporinus alternus Poecilurichthys abramoides Stolephorus surinamensis Tomeurus gracilis Colomesus psittacus Chelifera— Pimelodus clarias Hemidoras carinatus Spiders— Leporinus alternus Chalcinus rotundatus Tomeurus gracilis Hyporhampus roberti Colomesus psittacus Mites — Hemidoras carinatus Leporinus nigrotaeniatus Eigenmannia virescens Millipedes — Pimelodus clarias Leporinus nigrotaeniatus 118 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Fish stomach contents - Dragonfly Larvae — —continued Sternopygus macrurus Gymnorhamphichthys hypostomus Plagioscion auratus Orthoptera— Roaches — Colomesus psittacus Potamotrygon hystrix Rhamdia sebae Chalceus macrolepidoptus Cynopotamus essequibensis Hemiptera — Hemidoras carinatus Leporinus arcus Creatochanes caudomaculatus Hyporhampus roberti Moths— Chalcinus rotundatus Caterpillars — Caddis Larvae — Potamotrygon hystrix Hemidoras carinatus Leporinus arcus Sternopygus macrurus Eigenmannia virescens Colomesus psittacus Diptera — Rhamdia sebae Pimelodus ornatus Hemidoras carinatus Creatochanes affinis Creatochanes caudomaculatus Holobrycon pesu G aster opelecus sternicla Sternopygus macrurus Stolephorus surinamensis Rivulus stagnatus Tomeurus gracilis Hyporhamphus roberti Plagioscion auratus Geophagus surinamensis Evorthodus breviceps Chironomids — Pimelodella cristata Pimelodus clarias Pygidium guianensis Stolephorus surinamensis Geophagus jurupari Achirus fasciatus Colomesus psittacus Neuropterous Larvae— Pygidium guianensis Chalceus macrolepidotus 119 1925] Beebe : Ecology of Kartabo Fish stomach contents- -continued Electrophorus electricus Sternopygus macrurus Gymnorhamphicthys hypostomus Stolephorus surinamensis Beetles — Hemicetopsis macilentus Leporinus nigrotaeniatus Moenkhausia grandisquamis Creatochanes affinis Poecilurichthys abramoides Holobrycon pesu Chalcinus rotundatus Carnegiella strigata Gasteropelecus sternicla Myloplus rubripennis Cynopotamus essequibensis Gymnotus carapo Eigenmannia virescens Eleotris amblyopsis Ants — Pimelodus clarias Leporinus alternus Tetragonopterus chalceus Moenkhausia grandisquamis Pristella riddlei Creatochanes affinis Creatochanes caudomaculatus Poecilurichthys abramoides Holobrycon pesu Chalceus macrolepidoptus Chalcinus rotundatus Carnegiella strigata Myloplus rubripennis Gymnotus carapo Sternopygus macrurus Rivulus stagnatus Hyporhampus roberti Crenicichla lugubris Colomesus psittacus Muddy Debris — Potomotrygon hystrix Pimelodus clarias Callichthys callichthys Hoplosternum thoracatum Corydoras punciatus Plecostomus plecostomus Hemiancistrus braueri Xenocara gymnorhynchus 120 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Fish stomach contents — continued Ancistrus sp. Vegetable Matter- Loricaria cataphracta Loricariichthys griseus Loricariichthys stewarti Electrophorus electricus • Geophagus surinamensis Geophagus jurupari Eleotris amblyopsis — Pimelodella cristata Hemisorubim platyrhynchos Doras granulosus Hemidoras carinatus Tr achy cor ystes obscurus Hemicetopsis macilentus Bivibranchia protractila Curimatus spilurus Curimatus schomburgki Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus Anastomus anastomus Laporinus nigrotaeniatus Laporinus alternus Poecilurichthys abramoides Holobrycon pesu Brycon falcatus Myloplus rubripinnis Myloplus rhomboidalis Myleus pacu Electrophorus electricus Gymnotus carapo Gymnorhamphichthys hypostomus Rivulus stagnatus Hyporhampus roberti Geophagus surinamensis Colomesus psittacus Seeds — Doras granulosus Algae — Anisitsia notata Leporinus fasciatus Creatochanes affinis Myleus pacu Symbranchus marmoratus Eleotris amblyopsis Colomesus psittacus Fish— Potamotrygon hystrix Paulicea lutkeni 121 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo Fish stomach contents — continued Br achy platy stoma rousseauxi Br achy platy stoma vaillianti Ageniosus marmoratus Serrasalmo rhombeus Hydrolicus scomber oides Cynopotamus essequibensis Hydrocynus cuvieri Symbranchus marmoratus Plagioscion auratus Crenicichla lugubris Eleotris amblyopsis Tadpoles— Electrophorus electricus Class AMPHIBIA In the quarter mile of research area I have found thirty-seven certainly identified species of Amphibians, together with eight ad- ditional species represented only by tadpoles or other insufficient material. The thirty-seven species are grouped in two orders and seven families. One of the most remarkable facts about this Class is the total absence of Urodeles. As far as we know not a single newt or salamander is found in the entire Colony. Apoda, the first order, with a single family Coecilidae, is repre- sented in my restricted area by only one species, Siphonops annu - latus, a legless, earthworm-like amphibian. It is a burrowing form, apparently very rare, and in its structure a most remarkable com- bination of ancestral and specialized characters. The comparative relationships of the six families of Anura, the toads and frogs, is shown in this table: Families No. of Species Relative number of of Indi- viduals Relatively dominant Visually Relatively dominant as to Color Relatively dominant as to Style Relatively dominant Aurally 1 Pipidae 2 6 6 6 6 6 2 Bufonidae 3 4 1 5 1 3 3 Hylidae 11 2 3 1 3 1 4 Cystignathidae 11 1 2 3 2 4 5 Engystomatidae 4 5 5 4 5 5 6 Ranidae 5 3 4 2 4 2 122 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Order ANURA Family PIPIDAE The classic Surinam Toad is confined to the Guianas and the adjacent portion of Brazil, but heretofore has been found only on the coast and not in the interior. Up to the present two individuals only of Pipa americana have been recorded from the research area, one full-grown. In March 1924 I made a search for Pipas in the pool where a small species was found two years preceding, and although it was almost dried up I discovered five, one large female, a smaller male and three small ones. Later in the year several breeding females were found by Dr. Emerson, and the species con- firmed as a second, small member of the genus, Pipa aspera. Family BUFONIDAE Three toads inhabit this area, two of them common. One of these, the Marine Toad, might be termed familiar, for it lives about, and even in and under the laboratory, and offers little objection to capture and handling. Its catholicity of taste in diet is astonishing, quite as much so as its almost complete lack of enemies. Were mankind an important factor in this area, this toad would be of the utmost value, for it feeds on the most noxious insects. In the stomach of a medium-sized individual over seven hundred Attas or leaf-cutting ants were found, besides fifty other ants, millipedes, centipedes and scorpions. The very young toads devour ticks, mites and bete rouge. The deep-throated, continuous roar of these frogs is heard off and on throughout the year, but is at its height during the first part of the rainy seasons. The sound carries over a mile across the water. The Marine Toad excels all other Kartabo amphibians in size, reaching a weight of one and one-half pounds, v and in vocal power is surpassed only by the Giant Hyla. Family HYLIDAE The tree-toads form one of the most characteristic and inter- esting tropical families of amphibians. Eleven species have been found in the research area. Probably one-third as many more remain to be discovered when the tree-tops and the ultimate leaves of the deep jungle have yielded their batrachian secrets. The most brilliant colors are found here and voices which far outdo all other sounds of the night. Hyla rubra is the familiar of this group, coming into the laboratory and depositing its eggs in our aquariums and vivariums. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 123 Family CYSTIGNATHIDAE In this family are included eleven frogs varying in form from the amazing huge-headed Ceratophrys and the nine-inch tadpole of Pseudis to the tiny Leptodactylus minutus. Those of the genus Leptodactylus are strong, fierce creatures, never reconciled to cap- tivity, cannibals on occasion, with many strange habits such as uttering an appalling scream when captured. Family BREVICIP1TIDAE Four anomalous species, chiefly walkers, and except Atelophus, swamp burrowers, extremely difficult to find. All are rare. Family RANIDAE Two little leaf -walkers are common and noisy in the rains, the male Dendrobates carrying the tadpoles about upon his back. The green Guiana Bull-frog is found along the shore and also deep in the jungle. Enemy and Prey Ecology Enemies of Amphibians Twenty species of vertebrates have been found to prey on Amphibians: Two fish — Plagioscion and Serrasalmo. Four amphibians devour their own kind, three species of Lepto- dactylus, while the tadpoles of Phyllomedusa aggressively attack and devour other species of tadpoles. Seven species of snakes, Herpetodryas (2 sp.), Bothrops (2 sp.), Liopkis, and Xenodon (2 sp.), feed on seven species of Anura. Five birds, Europyga, Theristicus, Ardea, Cochlearms and Urubitinga. Two mammals, Lutra and Nasua . AMPHIBIAN STOMACH CONTENTS Isopods — Leptodactylus pentadadylus Phyllobates inguinalis Dendrobates Scorpions — Leptodactylus pentadadylus Hyla maxima Crabs 124 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Amphibian stomach contents — continued Pseudoscorpions — Dendrobates Harvestmen — Bufo marinus Spiders — Bufo marinus Leptodactulys caliginosus Phyllobates inguinalis Acarina — Bufo marinus Bufo marinus (newly hatched) Myriopods — Bufo marinus Dendrobates Leptodactylus pentadactylus Chilopods — Bufo typhonius Insecta— Thysanura— Leptodactylus pentadactylus Dendrobates Isoptera— Hyla pardalis Yellow green Hyla Leptodactylus caliginosus Gastrophryne ovale Atelopus flavescens Gastrophryne microps Phyllobates inguinalis Qrthoptera — Bufo marinus Hyla pardalis Hyla rubra Leptodactylus caliginosus Leptodactylus mystacinus Leptodactylus stictigularis Leptodactylus pentadactylus Phyllobates inguinalis Hyla maxima Hyla albomarginata 9 Hemiptera — Bufo marinus Leptodactylus pentadactylus Leptodactylus caliginosus Leptodactylus mystacinus , Membracids — Phyllobates inguinalis Hyla albomarginata . Lepidoptera — Hyla rubra 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 125 Amphibian stomach contents — continued Diptera — Bufo marinus Coleoptera — Bufo guttatus Leptodadylus caliginosus Bufo marinus Bufo typhonius Bufo guttatus Hyla rubra Hyla boans Leptodadylus lineatus Leptodadylus pentadadylus Leptodadylus caliginosus Leptodadylus mystacinus Leptodadylus rhodomystax Phyllobates inguinalis Hymenoptera — Ants — Bufo marinus (a. 700 Attas, 50 Pachycondyla.) (b. 400 Attas.) Bufo typhonius Bufo guttatus Hyla rubra Leptodadylus caliginosus Leptodadylus mystacinus Gastrophryne microps Dendrobates Phyllobates inguinalis Hymenoptera — Wasps— Bufo marinus Leptodadylus stidigularis Vertebrates — Frogs — Leptodadylus pentadadylus Leptodadylus caliginosus Leptodadylus stidigularis Phyllomedusa bicolor (tadpoles carnivorous) Class REPTILIA Within the research area at Kartabo 1 have collected ninety- three species of reptiles. Although there is no special list of the reptiles of British Guiana, in literature I find mention of one hundred and twenty forms. Hence over seventy-seven percent of this colonial total is represented in the quarter mile under observation. Four orders are included and nineteen families, and there un- doubtedly remain many more species as yet undetected. 126 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Number of Families Number of Species Relative Number of Indi- viduals Relative Domi- nance Visually Relative Color Domi- nance v Relative Extreme in Size Relative Danger to Man I — Testudinata 5 8 HI IIT III IV II — Crooodilia 1 2 IV IV IV II .11 III — Lacertilia 5 31 1 I II III — IV — Serpentes 6 52 II II I I I Class REPTILIA Order TESTUDINATA Tortoises and turtles form a very unimportant group of Kartabo organisms, both in number of species and in specimens. Five families are represented, and eight species. Family CINOSTERNIDAE Cinosternum scorpioides: This species appears to be confined to Guiana and is the only South American representative of the family of our common mud turtle of New York. Only two small specimens have been found in the research area. Family TESTUDINIDAE Nicoria punctularia: This turtle is not rare, a half dozen being found in the creeks each season. Testudo denticulata: This bright-colored land tortoise is the only common Chelonian in the area, and is frequently to be found wandering about in the jungle, in both dense and open growths. They reach an unusually large size, over two and a half feet in length of shell, but apparently breed when quite small. I have heard them utter musical grunts during the breeding season. Three times they have been found freshly scooped out of their shells, prob- ably the work of an ocelot or jaguar. Family CHELONIDAE Chelonia mydas: Only two sea turtles have been recorded, both very small, one from below and the other just up-river from the station. The eggs of this species are common in sand banks in the Essequibo above Bartica, where they are dug out and eaten by the. Indians. 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 127 Family PELOMEDUSIDAE Podocnemis unifilis; Podocnemis expansa: Two young specimens and one adult of the first species, and a single adult of the second taken from the jungle creeks. Family CHELYDIDAE Chelys fimbriata: No mata-mata has been found within the exact research area but there are records a very short distance away to the north in Cauria Creek (two specimens reported by warder and convicts), one medium specimen east, from Kalacoon, and one from the south, just this side of Ororabo. The largest measured was eighteen inches, the smallest five and a half inches in length. Platemys platycephala: The fiat-shelled turtle is found only at the mouth of jungle creeks. Several six-inch individuals have been taken north alive. Order CROCODILIA Family CROCODYLIDAE Caiman niger: The giant black crocodile of the upper reaches of the rivers of Guiana has been seen only twice near the Station. A ten or twelve foot specimen spent several days on a ledge of rocks a few hundred yards from the laboratory in 1920, and a second was observed by me on the shore some distance up the Cuyuni. Caiman sclerops: The common crocodile of the rivers hereabouts. Four or five foot individuals nest in the trenches about the Penal Settlement, and small ones are occasionally taken in fishermen’s nets near the Station. A young male three feet long and weighing five pounds had the following in its stomach: Many small, white quartz stones, Two large spiders, Fifteen lizard and fish bones, Three pieces of half-burned wood. Order LACERTILIA The lizards of the Kartabo quarter square mile, as in most places in the tropics, are an important group. Of the four orders of Reptilia they are first in point of number of individuals and visual dominance, second in species and brilliance of color, and third in extreme size. Thirty-one species have been identified with certainty, varying in size from tiny geckos an inch and a half in total length to iguanas 128 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Fig. 12. A jungle Anolis; one of the common lizards. Photograph by John Tee-Van. over six feet from snout to tail-tip. These are scattered through five families, of which Iguanidae has ten and Teiidae sixteen species. Twenty-one genera complete the group divisions. While there is considerable change of color among a number of species, yet the pigmentation as a rule, both as to pattern and color, reflects the particular haunts of the various species. The ground forms, like Mabuia, are brown, or ruptively colored green and brown as Ameiva. The trunk-loving forms are grey as in Ophryoessa, or brown like the Geckos, and the foliage-haunting species are green, such as Iguana, Polychrus, Plica and some Anoli. The burrowing lizards such as Amphisbena are white, black or irregularly blotched. In distribution the lizards of Kartabo range from the topmost branches of trees to several yards underground. Only one form is adaptively aquatic, although most can swim readily when need arises. The following represents in a general way the zone in which the various genera are usually found : 1925] 129 Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo Aquatic Neusticurus Burrowing Cophias Amphisbena Terrestrial Jungle Tupinambis Iphisa Leposoma Mabuia Near Clearings Ameiva Cnemidophorus Prionodactylus Arboreal Logs and Hollow Trees Gonatodes Thecadactylus Sphaerodactylus Low Trunks and Branches Anolis (brown) Tropidurus Centropyx Ophryoessa Trunks, Mid- Jungle Plica Foliage, Mid- Jungle Polychrus Foliage, Low-Jungle Anolis (green) Near Creeks and Clearings Iguana In Houses Thecadactylus Sphaerodactylus As regards occurrence no species in undisturbed environment can be said to be abundant. The numbers of the two Geckos in the laboratory itself and the young Ameivas and Cnemidophorus which scamper about the compound are adaptations to the altered conditions induced by our occupation. In the jungle the brown forms of Anolis and the two clearing lizards mentioned are common, * but all others are occasional or rare. Enemy and Prey Ecology Lizards are eaten by at least thirteen vertebrates in the quarter mile under observation, these being three snakes, nine birds and one mammal. All three species of the Cotingine genus Attila feed to a 130 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 large extent on small lizards, as does the Furnarian Automolus. The two hawks Leucopternis and Gampsonyx devour Cnemidophorus, as does the snake Oxybelis , while Elanoides catches Polychrus , Harpagus eats Anolis, and Boa constrictor and Clelia kill Ameiva . The coati-mundi, Nasua , takes lizard eggs whenever he finds them, and in one individual I found three of the rare Cophias flavescens. Of the thirty species of lizards only one is a strict vegetarian. This is Iguana, while Polychrus eats berries and leaves as often as animal food. The only vertebrates so far found in a lizard’s diet are Cnemidophorus and the spiny rat, Proechimys, eaten by Tupinambis. LIZARD DIET Leaves Iguana Polychrus Berries Polychrus Earth Worms Anolis Mollusks Thecadactylus Crabs Tupinambis Isopods Cophias Millipedes Plica Ophryoessa, Centipedes Anolis Plica Acarina Thecadactylus Spiders Tupinambis Anolis Cicadas Plica Moth Flies Thecadactylus Mosquitoes Anolis Crane Flies Leposoma General Diptera Thecadactylus Termites Anolis (two species) Thecadactylus Wood Roaches S phaerodactylus Anolis Thecadactylus 1925] Beebe: Ecology of Kartabo 131 Lizard diet — continued Mole Crickets Amphisbena Anolis Long-Horned Grasshoppers Polychrus Tupinambis Plica Beetles Plica (two species; Polychrus Tupinambis Centropyx Amphisbena Thecadactylus Anolis Cophias Mierolepidoptera Cophias Caterpillars Anolis Ophryoessa Wasps Tupinambis Ants Anolis (two species'* Plica (two species) Tupinambis Cophias Thecadactylus Cnemidophorus Tupinambis Spiny Rat Tupinambis I have omitted the two most abundant species of lizards, Ameiva and Cnemidophorus, from this list, in order to demonstrate the wide range of diet of these ground saurians, and the interesting comparison of relative numbers. I have selected forty individuals of each and have ranged the items of diet in the order of their num- ber of occurrences: Diet < of Two Lizard Species Ameiva Cnemidophorus Roaches 18 Beetles 18 Beetles 16 Grasshoppers 15 Grasshoppers 14 Spiders 13 Centipedes 9 Wasps 11 Spiders 8 Caterpillars 7 Scorpions 7 Ants 5 ; ( 132 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 1 Diet of two lizard species — continued Ants 7 Flies 5 Snails 4 Roaches 4 Millipedes 4 Crickets 3 Termites 4 Heteroptera 3 Mantids 3 Bees 3 Caterpillars 3 Beetle larvae 2 Diptera 3 Centipedes . 2 Dipterous larvae 2 Snails 2 Crickets 2 Fruit 2 Earth worms 1 Cnemidophorus tails 1 Earwigs 1 Butterflies 1 Hemiptera 1 Membracids 1 Wasps 1 Termites 1 Dragonflies 1 Mole crickets 1 Crabs 1 Flowers 1 The breeding of the lizards of Kartabo, when charted, resolves into two unequal nodes, both occurring at the end of the rains, or the beginning of the dry seasons. April, May, October ^nd No- vember are the low months, and January, July and August the high ones, the latter being the month of intensest breeding by several hundred per cent. The latitude of breeding throughout the year is probably considerably greater than is apparent from my records. Anolis shows the following relative mensual percentages of breeding records : January 10 per cent. July 10 per cent. February 20 0mtg General Office: 101 Park Avenue, New York City QDfltora President, Madison Grant; Vice-Presidents, Frank K. Sturgis and Henry D. Whiton; Chairman, Executive Committee, Madison Grant; Treasurer, Cornelius R. Agnew. Ifoarfc uf managers (Class of 1923 Henry Fairfield Osborn, Lispenard Stewart, Charles F. Dieterich, George F. Baker, Wm. Pierson Hamilton, Robert S. Brewster, Edward S. Harkness, William B. Osgood Field, Edwin Thorne, Percy A. Rockefeller, John E. Berwind, Irving K. Taylor. (Class of 192f Madison Grant, Wm. White Niles; Frank K. Sturgis, Ogden Mills, Lewis R. Morris, Archer M. Huntington, George D. Pratt, Coleman du Pont, Henry D. Whiton, Cornelius R. Agnew, Harrison Williams, Marshall Field. (Class of 1923 Percy R. Pyne, George Bird Grinnell, Cleveland H. Dodge, Anthony R. Kuser, Mortimer L. Schiff, Frederic C. Walcott, George C. Clark, Jr., W. Redmond Cross, Henry Fairfield Osborn, Jr., Arthur A. Fowler, George Gordon Battle, Bayard Dominick. William T. Hornaday, Director of the Zoological Park; W. Reid Blair, Assistant to the Director, and Veterinarian; Charles H. Townsend, Director of the Aquarium; Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator of Reptiles; William Beebe, Honorary Curator of Birds and Director of Department of Tropical Research; Lee S. Crandall, Curator of Birds; George S. Huntington, Prosector; H. C. Raven, Associate Prosector ; Elwin R. Sanborn, Photographer and Editor. lEMtorial Cnmmfttrc Madison Grant, Chairman; William T. Hornaday, William Beebe, Charles H. Townsend, Elwin R. Sanborn, Sec’y. Zoologica, Vol. VI. No. S. THE VARIEGATED TINAMOU1 Crypturus variegatus variegatus (Gmelin) By William Beebe Contributions to the Life History and Anatomy of the Birds of Kartabo, Bartica District British Guiana Besides the life history, my object in this resume of certain characters of the birds of Kartabo, is to present a study of the hyoid and of the syrinx, combined and correlated with the voice itself. I have supplemented this with other characters which Ridgway and Chubb have necessarily been compelled to give inac- curately from dried skins, such as total length, or have quite omitted, as extent, weight, tongue, hyoid, the fresh, unshrunk tarsus, etc. The Variegated Tinamou Crypturus variegatus variegatus (Gmelin) (Plates A-B; Figs. 18-22 inch) Type Description: Tetrao variegatus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I. 1788, p. 768 (Gujana). Names: Colonial; Small Maam, Mamoo Swagger. Akawai; Orri-orri. Field Characters: Medium-sized tinamou; head dark; upper parts, wings and sides black, narrowly barred with buff ; neck all around and breast chestnut; chin, throat and abdomen white. Haunts: Floor of the jungle, rarely coming to the bank of the rivers, and never into clearings. I have found them both in low, almost swampy spots, and on high, dry, sandy ridges. Abundance: Second to Tinamus major, and away from the rivers probably exceeding it in numbers. Within the research zone of a quarter square mile at Kartabo, I have counted, with no duplication, the calls of sixteen individuals in the course of an hour’s continuous walk. Home Range : By means of slight peculiarities in the call-notes, 1 have been able in two instances, to locate with certainty the home range of the Variegated Tinamou. One bird, a female as it ulti- 1 Contribution, Department of Tropical Research No. 191. 195 Plate A. British Guiana Tropical Research Station of the New York Zoological Society. The circle represents a radius of six miles. 196 1925] Beebe: The Variegated Tinamou 197 mately proved, was always to be found in one of two small snarls of lianas and underbrush within the hundred foot square of AA26. Any time during the night the bird could be flushed from this spot. In the morning about 5:30 she began calling, timidly at first, then with more assurance. As it grew light she left her retreat and moved slowly west across one of our trails and then turned south to several trees with fallen fruit. Here the calling ceased for about half an hour and then recommenced as she retraced her steps, turned west again and went on until 1 lost her in the maze of thick jungle. Her last call was given about seven o’clock. During the period of a full month she followed this identical routine every one of the eighteen mornings on which I trailed her, with a single change to a new feeding ground when the supply from the first gave out. On five evenings 1 found her back in the brush pile, when she began a new period of calling, usually beginning about 5:15 and continuing intermittently until nearly seven o’clock. A third period is often marked among these birds, from nine to ten P.M. Geographic Distribution: This form of tinamou extends to Venezuela and north Brazil. Sociability: These birds are decidedly solitary, found together only by accident for an hour or two when feeding under the same tree, and for little longer when the mating takes place. Specific Individuality: The partridge-like gait is like that of other tinamou; the flight is sudden, noisy and direct. It is wary even when never shot at, and suspicious of any unusual sight or sound. Intercommunication: The calls I have described in “Tropical Wild Life,” p. 268. An important addition is the preliminary note. Before the beginning of the regular staccato trill, a single, high, sweet, long-drawn-out note is uttered, of about two seconds’ duration, followed by an interval of three or four seconds, when the call proper is given. Rarely, when the bird becomes suddenly suspicious, the first note is given alone, but almost invariably it is the precursor of the call. Once 1 heard a low chuck! chuck! uttered by a male with a half-grown chick in tow. When the birds rise they are always silent, unlike pheasants, no matter how terrified they may be. On moonlit nights I have heard their usual call at intervals throughout the night, on cloudy days it is sometimes uttered at noon, while during no month of the year is the Variegated Tinamou wholly silent. It is, of course, always given from the ground, and probably 198 Plate B. Area devoted to research at Kartabo. Drawing by John Tee- Van. 1925] Beebe: The Variegated Tinamou 199 nine-tenths of the utterances occur between 5:00 and 7:00 P. M. and 5:30 and 6:30 A. M. The first note of the call is usually on F natural, and is very sweet and penetrating, with considerable carrying power, being audible for long distances through the jungle. Several times I have heard these birds across the Cuyuni River, almost a mile away. It is a characteristic vocal utterance of solitary birds which inhabit deep woods, taking the place of motion, elaborate plumage, pattern and color of birds which have more of a chance to communicate by sight. There is only slight variation in the calls of these birds; five individuals, whose notes 1 studied carefully, were unmistakably distinct; one had an unusually high tone, two others a nasal break, either in the first or second note, a fourth always uttered two, short, preliminary notes instead of a single long one, and the fifth called so regularly from exactly the same spot each evening and morning, with invariably seven notes in its refrain, that there was no doubt about its being the same bird week after week. I shall have more to say of the voice of this bird under courtship. Natural Enemies: Three times 1 have found the feathers or other remains of this species in the jungle, once accompanied b}^ the tracks of a margay cat or ocelot, and again by the pugs of some smaller carnivore; another record is of feathers of a tinamou in juvenile plumage, in the stomach of a spectacled owl. Variegated Tinamou are naturally timid birds with a regular system of escape. When flushed in deep jungle they rise with a sudden rush of wings and scale off for twenty or thirty yards. They then come to earth and freeze for ten or fifteen minutes. If, as rarely happens, their landing place is accurately located, either by actually seeing the bird descend or the leaves moving, it is an easy matter to approach quite close and watch the bird for some time. It never moves while under surveillance, but stands like a bit of mottled jungle debris with its eye full upon the disturber of its peace. Nine times out of ten, the individual flushed evades all scrutiny or search. Even more than Tinamus major the plumage of this species merges with the jungle floor. There is no doubt that the birds unconsciously trust to their protective coloring, both in per- mitting a close approach at first, and in freezing after the escape dash. When one is crashing through dense undergrowth, the birds escape by creeping silently to one side, as 1 have now and then 200 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 2 observed when crouching at one side and watching the progress of one of my party near by. Few individuals are free from ticks and bete rouge, two or three of the former being often scattered about on the face or between the upper scales of the legs, while the latter pests occasionally form large sores on the occiput and hind neck, with scarlet patches of the mites on the lores. Once I saw a bird collide with a tree-trunk and fall stunned, although it ultimately recovered. But I believe that such acci- dents, due to imperfect steering ability, occur more frequently in the large tinamou than either in Crypturus variegatus or soui. One bird brought in by an Indian hunter showed all the symp- toms of old age, — worn beak, roughened tarsi, skull thicker than usual, and its flesh was unusually tough. I had, of course, no means of knowing how old it actually was. Natural friends: These solitary birds seem to have no especial association with any other creatures of the jungle; more than once I have seen them stop feeding and look up in alarm at the warning rattle of an ant-bird which had discovered me, but this recognition of the quality of alarm in other birds’ notes is common to most of the jungle fraternity. Food : Of fifty stomachs, all contained vegetable matter, there being, in addition, insect remains. Small berries or fruits form almost the whole vegetable diet, many cherry-like with round pits, wild plums with oblong stones, hard acorn-like seeds, and occasion- ally fleshy fruits without pits or seeds. Of the four containing animal matter, number one had unidentifiable insect remains; number two, several small beetles and wire-worms; number three, a harvestman and a small beetle, and number four a roach. All the food is procured on the ground, and the birds in company with accouries have favorite berry trees, under which, at the season of falling fruit, they may be found day after day. Roosts: Variegated Tinamou are as solitary in their roosting as in other ways; they roost on the ground, or, as in two cases at least, on fallen logs a few inches up. Usually the choice of a place is deep within a tangle of lianas and vines, from which the bird could not possibly take immediate flight. The persistence and lengthened duration of these spots are shown by the considerable amount and limited locale of sign. I have kept close watch on a bird which eventually proved to be female, through a brief period 1925] Beebe: The Variegated Tinamou 201 of intensive vocal courtship, and neither during it nor afterwards did the tinamou fail each night to roost by herself in her solitary tangle. Breeding: My breeding records of this species, taken as a whole and including breeding adults, half-grown birds and eggs, show an unmistakable correlation with the seasons. They are as follows: February 0 August 2 March 2 September 2 April 3 October 1 May 7 November 0 June 5 December 1 July 8 January 0 The half-grown young birds must be shifted into their rightful place in the month preceding their capture, and the egg of nest number 107 collected on July 4th with chick ready to hatch, must be accredited to June. There results a low average level for the duration of both dry seasons, and the short wet one, while a well- balanced peak of greatly increased breeding arises during the long rainy season, culminating near its beginning in May. There are only three months during which I have no record of breeding and these would undoubtedly be filled up if I had more thorough knowledge of the field under observation. The calling of the females during every month would indicate that there is no absolute cessation of breeding, as there is in the case of Tinamus. This is undoubtedly directly correlated with the remarkable differ- ence in nesting habits, —the simultaneous brooding of four to twelve eggs of Tinamus, and a single laying, repeated several times in suc- cession, in Crypturus. The males of these tinamou take full charge of the single egg and the subsequent rearing of the chick. As I have mentioned elsewhere (p. 202) I have found a male, attended by a three-quarters grown chick, incubating a newly laid egg. I should not like to make any assertion as to a single male taking charge of more than three eggs in succession, but from two- month period reawakenings of vocal calling in the vicinity of a single nesting area, and the number of young secured or reported from that place, I am quite sure that three eggs, one after the other, were incubated. It is interesting to note that the same female, judging from the break in a preliminary note of its call, in the time under consideration, underwent at least three other periods of song develop- 202 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 2 Inches RAINFALL 5 10 15 ZO Fig. IS. Correlation of tlie rainy seasons and the nesting of Cvyptuvus variegatus va.viega.tus (Gmelin). ment in an area somewhat to the northward, and although I could never locate a nest or a brooding male there, it is probable that she was courting if not actually laying eggs for another male bird. In addition to this instance, at the end of March I have secured a male Variegated Tinamou with one-third of the juvenile plumage still on the body, incubating an egg with a week-old embryo, and twice I have seen half-grown young birds in company with a single adult, presumably the male parent. My early experience with these birds indicated the remarkable proportion of sexes of eight males to one female. I now have a much larger series for comparison, and of forty birds secured within the area under observation, thirty-two are males and eight females, a very exact proportion of four to one. This is very probably the correct percentage. Almost all of the usual calling is done by the females, while the more excited vocal courtship is wholly feminine. Only once have I ever heard two birds directly answering each other, and on this same occasion 1 had my first glimpse of tinamou courtship. The male (presumably) was perched on a fallen log near my hiding place, 1925] Beebe: The Variegated Tinamou 203 while an approaching bird (later proven a female) came slowly, by short quick runs, from a bit of open jungle farther west. In the intervals between runs she gave utterance to a veritable ecstasy of calling — the usual dignified, deliberate scale being run and jumbled together, in an excited, high-pitched flood of tone. The male an- swered from time to time with the usual call, quite unexcitedly; with perhaps several months of brooding cares behind him, and more to come, we can hardly blame him for a restrained, philo- sophical exhibition of emotion. As the female approached, her runs became shorter and more irregular, her body plumage flattened, the head and neck were raised almost straight, and with rapid, mincing steps, her body vibrating with the effort of the continuous notes, she zigzagged toward the calm recipient of her attention. An abominable ant-bird discovered me at this moment and rattled and screamed his loudest. Both tinamous seemed to perceive me at once, the male slipped off his log, and the female rose in a sharp, twisting spiral and I shot her as she turned, to make certain of the presumed fact that it was indeed the females which did the courting. A few weeks later I was hidden between two fallen logs waiting for a quadrille bird to return to its nest, when a tinamou walked into view, jigged, I might have said, for the bird was stiff-legged, and taking little mincing steps which shook her whole body and scuffed up the fallen leaves. It was exactly the tremulous heel-walk of an East Indian dancer when, with motionless body, he moves or almost floats across the floor with short, rigid, almost imperceptible jerks. The tinamou revolved slowly, and when her tail came around into view 1 could hardly believe it was the usual dull-hued species. The tail, or rather the ten, loose-vaned feathers which represent this almost obsolete organ, were upright, thereby pushing up all the elongated feathers of the lower back and rump. Closely applied behind were the under tail-coverts and even the feathers of the flanks, which now, flattened and with much of their surface exposed, proved to be really brilliant in color. With a shaft of sunlight striking them they fairly glowed; the tips of the tail feathers were buffy brown, then came a row of rich chestnut, then two rows of pale creamy buff with semi-circular narrow bands, then a beautiful patch of variegated feathers, white-tipped, with broad black and russet red bars, and finally the softer, black-banded flank feathers. The wings drooped, the tips nearly touching the ground, the beak pointed upward, and the rich cinnamon breast feathers were puffed out. 204 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 2 Three and a half turns did the courting bird make before she pirouetted behind the second log. What followed 1 did not see. 1 knew that the least movement on my part would send the bird headlong. My quadrille bird subsequently returned, 1 learned what I wished about her, and then, stiff from a prolonged squat, I arose painfully. Like a shot, two tinamou were up and bludgeoned off. Not a sound had they uttered, and after the faint scuffling of leaves which continued for a few moments after the bird disappeared, I had no knowledge that any tinamou remained in the vicinity. The proportion of the sexes makes it almost certain that these birds are polyandrous, although, judging by the slender spatial and temporal bond between them, promiscuous would probably be the more appropriate term. The lack of spurs and the insistence of vocality indicates that courtship and rivalry are carried on in lady- like fashion. It is difficult to imagine more remarkable contrasts than in the breeding habits of these two genera of tinamou. There are hardly any radical differences, either external or internal, between them, and no specialized characters on the part of the Crypturus males to help carry them through the long months of arduous incubation and feeding of the young. The single egg and young are the only factor of amelioration in this unusual achievement. And the life of ease of the female has no apparent compensation, unless it is the need to be so much more on the constant lookout for the dangers to which her continual calling must subject her. Nesting site: Of six nests found within the quarter mile of jungle under observation, three were in dry, moderately flat jungle, two in somewhat swampy places, and one on a trail half-way up the slope of a low hill. They are apparently chosen without any thought of escape, for in three instances when the bird got up, it either struck against intervening lianas, or had some difficulty in getting away clear. There is little doubt but that the site is chosen by the male; the hen tinamou sticks too closely to her calling place, her feeding and roosting areas to do more than court the male and lay her single egg. Once 1 was sure of a second site being near a former one. I took an egg in a damp low bit of jungle, and a week later flushed the bird from a new, well-formed, but as yet eggless hollow eight feet distant from the first. He did not however, return after this second alarm. Nest: No attempt is made to form a nest. Attracted by some 1925] Beebe: The Variegated Tinamou 205 unknown choice, a spot is selected, and is made into a home literally by squatting. If leaves and twigs or other jungle litter are beneath the breast of the bird, they are pressed down and form the sole lining; if not, the mold alone receives the pressure and is gradually rounded into a shallow form. Egg: A single egg is laid at one time and incubated. Six eggs have been collected from as many nests generally distributed in the Kartabo research area, and these show weights, dimensions and stages of incubation as follows: 30 grams . . . . .47 X 34.5 mm. Four day embryo 29 “ . . . . .45.5 X 34.8 “ Fresh 34 “ . . . . .51.2 X 36.1 “ Two day embryo 31.3 “ . . . . . ..49.5 X 36 “ Full-grown embryo 29.5 " . . . . . . .45.5 X 35 “ Seven day embryo 34.2 “ . . . . .50.7 X 36.7 “ Fresh There is perfect correlation between weight and dimension, but, as is evident from the following table, there is no relation between weight and incubation : Average of Weights length and width Incubation 29 grams . . , . . .40.1 mm, ...... . Fresh 29.5 “ . . . . . .40.2 “ .Seven day embryo 30 “ . .40.7 “ . Four day embryo 31,3 “ . . . . . .42.7 “ .Full-grown embryo 34 “ . . . . . .43.6 “ ...... . Two day embryo 34.2 “ . .43.7 “ ...... . Fresh 11 1 2 2 5 3 3 4 4 4 6 5 5 3 6 6 2 The extreme weights are 29 and 34.2; average 31.3 grams. The extreme dimensions occur in the two fresh eggs, 47 by 34.5 and 50.7 by 36.7, the average being 48.2 by 35.5, or compounded 41.8 mm. There is little variation in the color, the surface showing an exquisitely delicate tint which is but poorly expressed in our English Fig. 19.^ Nest and egg of the Variegated Tinamou Crypturus variegatus variegatus (Gmelin). 206 1925] Beebe: The Variegated Tinamou 207 term of light purple-vinaceous. There are sometimes zones of lighter tint about the larger or smaller end, due to some physiological cause in the lower portion of the oviduct. 1 consider the color of Crypturus eggs as distinctly protective, much more so than those of Tinamus whose turquoise sheen is readily seen against the jungle debris. As such it is at least one ameliorative factor in the risk of the small number, and the danger of the continuously breeding male bird. The birds always sit close, however, and only when almost stepped on, do they boom up and away. Many an egg would go undetected if instead the sitting tinamou would creep stealthily off at the first hint of danger. The gloss of the egg is not quite as high as in Tinamus, but it is still far ahead of any other bird’s egg with which I am familiar, — one of the most beautiful shells in the world. Out of the observation area 1 have known three eggs of the Variegated Tinamou to disappear suddenly long before incubation was completed, but only in one case do I know the cause, when a herd of peccaries trod heavily over the nest and all the neighborhood, a few fragments of yolk-stained shell showing how a single crunch had provided some wild pig with a delicious mouthful. 1 have taken a fully-formed, but white and glossless egg from a bird more than half-way down the oviduct, so the pigment and gloss must be added very far down, just before the egg is laid. Young: Incubation lasts about twenty-one days, and I have two notes, one of my own and the other by an assistant, of nests being deserted twelve hours and twenty-four hours after hatching. The parent therefore has at least the precocity of his offspring to lighten his labors. We have secured two young birds of about two and five weeks respectively, feeding by themselves at a distance from the parent, so the precocity extends to the independent juve- nile life, thus allowing the male to take up, unhampered, a new round of domestic duties. Relation to man: The Indians know the Variegated Tinamou as Orri-orri, and shoot it for food. As to hunting, the account to come under Tinamus holds, word for word, for this species as well. External Characters Weight: Adult Variegated Tinamous weigh from 345 to 393.5 grams; or 3/4 to 6/? of a pound. Males vary from 345 to 374 grams; females from 356 to 393.5 with an average of 352 and 372 respectively, giving the dominant sex an excess of almost ten per cent. 208 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 2 Dimensions Males Aver. Females Aver. Total length . . . 291. -325. 310.7 310. -331. 323. 4% Culmen 28.- 31. 29.8 29.5- 32. 30.7 3% Width of nostrils 5.5- 6.2 5.9 5.5- 7. 6.4 8% Eye diameter . . 8.5- 9.3 8.9 8.4- 9.4 8.9 — Wing. ........ 155. -170.2 161. 159. -174.2 165.5 3% Tail. 45.- 50. 47.6 39.- 50.3 47.7 — Tarsus 42.- 47. 43.8 44. - 48. 45.6 4% Middle toe only 24. - 27.5 25.3 25.2- 26.8 25.5 Extent 515. -540. 529.5 536. -551. 546. 3% For a sex dominant in courtship, female tinamou exhibit re- markably little specialization of secondary sexual characters; with plumage hardly to be differentiated, the birds show greatest dif- ferentiation in weight (10 per cent). In six body characters the females show an average excess of a fraction over four per cent, being equal in eye diameter, tail and length of middle toe. Fleshy colors: There is little or no variation in the sexes in these colors. Beak, the upper mandible and the cutting edge of the lower are black; terminal half of lower, dusky; remainder of lower, cream buff. Eyelids, citrine drab. Iris, dark chestnut. Legs and feet citrine drab; claws on middle toes somewhat lighter. Face and eyelids: In the full-sized young bird there are more feathers around the eye than in the fully adult. At first there are two complete rows, while in older birds these are reduced to a short row of about nine to ten minute feathers above and a short double row below. Oil gland: Low, dark, spreading, truncate, anteriorly super- ficially divided by a slight crease; with two tufts of down on the summit, or occasionally four in the fully adult, the latter number arranged in the form of a square. Claws: The thumb is without a claw in the adult; the index finger has a well-developed one, sometimes unworn and curved, or again worn down to a rounded nodule. Wing graph: The wing is short and much rounded, with a deep inferior concavity; the outline of the primaries in the spread wing forms more than half a circle, while the corresponding outline of the secondaries is a very shallow segment of a circle. There are ten primaries, the outermost or 10th being considerably less than one- half the length of the 9th. A rather unusual condition exists at the 1925] Beebe: The Variegated Tinamou 209 juncture of the two main series of flights; the 11th flight feather, in size, curvature, shape, pattern and follicle isolation is a true second- ary, yet in actual position it arises quite distinctly from the head of the metacarpal and not from the ulna. I have chosen, however, to consider it as the 1st secondary which has been carried over the basal limits of this series. There are twelve secondaries, followed by three more feathers in the same linear series, but which are so soft and of such small size that they can take no part in actual flight. Immature plumage: A two-thirds adult bird, weighing 303 grams, has the top of the head like the adult, except that it is dead black without a greyish cast; short feathers behind the eye and a few on the nape have pale-buff, subterminal, lateral spots; chestnut of the neck and upper mantle are much duller than in the adult. The dorsal contour and upper wing coverts are about one quarter juvenile, and three-quarters post-juvenile. On the dorsal body the juvenile feathers are pale, dull Saccardo’s umber. In the last juvenile feather to come in there is a small, central subterminal black spot, below which is a touch of cinnamon buff; the first adumbration of the adult colors. This color is interesting as being an exact shade of darker, more generalized color than cinnamon buff (Ridgway’s Color Standards, Plate XXIX, 15” d and 17” k). In the post-juvenile plumage the spot has expanded into a broad, wedge-shaped, sub- terminal band, wholly bounded by cinnamon buff, the tips of the barbs black. The latest appearing feathers, still partly ensheathed, show the three adult cinnamon buff bands dull but fairly well developed. In the post-juvenile moult the lengthened lower back and rump feathers are developed. On the juvenile tail-coverts, which in this plumage exceed the tail in length, the umber is here so ex- tensive that it encloses a very broad band of the basal block. The corresponding plumage on a fully adult bird shows the wedge-shape lost, the markings having become straight cross bands, and the feathers themselves much wider and more truncate. There are two solid bands of golden cinnamon buff and distinct traces of a third, all separated by wider bands of black, the distal one being terminal. The ventral plumage in the immature bird is much more juvenile in pattern than the upper. The breast shows only a sprinkling of adult, self-colored cinnamon feathers, the present plumage exhibiting the juvenile, subterminal, elongated black patch, with the large, rounded, central, terminal white spot. On the lower breast the black 210 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 2 disappears, the white widens to a band, and the basal cinnamon fades until on the abdomen the feathers become pure white. On the sides there is a mingling of pectoral and dorsal patterns, resulting in many combinations of spots and bands, black, cinnamon, buff and white. On the greatly elongated femoral wing, which is wholly distinct from the lengthened dorsal plumage, the basal color is dull cinnamon brown, with a wide, terminal band of white, bordered by an irregular, dark clouding. This tract extends from the front of the femur quite to the lateral rectrices, and the feathers are 40 mm. in length; they curve around between the thighs and the tail, meeting in midline, tips on, and covering all but the longest under tail-coverts. The under tail-coverts, are, as in the adult, the most brilliant of the whole plumage, but strangely enough, they are even more con- spicuous than in the adult, and when all in position, form very closely defined zones of color. The smallest, basal, anterior feathers are rich chestnut with a wide border all around of creamy buff and an arfow-shaped center of deep black; the following several rows of larger feathers are clear vinaceous buff; the last, largest row is parti- colored, considerably longer than the juvenile rectrices, with worn tips, showing how they have been functioning as tail feathers. Those on each side have the outer webs mostly chestnut, farther in, the black-center-buff-edged type prevails, while the central pair are almost wholly buff. The juvenile rectrices are ten in number, the longest 41 mm.; the visible areas dull chestnut, mottled with black. Moult begins with the outer pair, the post- juveniles being almost clear black, with two, wavy but complete transverse bands of golden cinnamon buff, and more or less distinct traces of a third. This two-thirds grown bird shows four nodes of moult in the wings. There are ten primaries, eight secondaries, and six terti- aries. The outermost, 10th, short primary is just losing the last basal sheaths of its long delayed growth; the innermost, or 1st pri- mary, together with the 2nd and 3rd are new and full-grown, the latter still with blood at the base; 4th four-fifths grown, 5th a one- inch blood sheath, 6th to 10th old; 1st to 5th secondaries old, 6th just shed, 7th small blood sheath, 8th four-fifths grown; 1st tertiary half-inch sheath, 2nd to 6th old. Thus we see four moults, in the 10th primary, 1st primary, 8th secondary and 1st tertiary, the two distal being centrifugal, the two distal centripetal. Fig. 20. Crypturus variegatus variegatus (Gmelin). Female in the position of courtship. From a color drawing by Helen Damrosch Tee-Van. 211 212 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 2 Juvenile primaries have a faint, outer, terminal edge of russet and in the next moult this is reduced to a single subterminal notch of pale buff; the second post-juvenile moult sees the disappearance of this spot, and the primaries immaculately adult. In the juvenile plumage, the only difference in the feathers from the 6th tertiary to the 3rd secondary, is a gradual reduction of the russet on the tips and outer webs, correlated with the amount of exposed surface in the closed wing and a thin line of white along the outer web of the outer secondaries. In the innermost tertiary this russet covers half the entire feather, while in the 3rd secondary it is reduced to a broad, mottled, outer margin. The new secondary moult beginning with the 8th, marks a radical change to the adult, where the feather is wholly blackish brown except for clear-cut mottling along the outer third and a subterminal band of pale golden buff, reaching almost to the rhachis. Comparison of the relative dimensions of birds in juvenile plumage with those fully adult, reveals some interesting facts. Such a comparison is as follows, with the ratio of percentage of the young birds : Juvenile Adult Length 244 . .310.7. . . . . .78 per cent. Culmen. ....... 24.5. . . . . . 29.8. . . . . .82 (( u Eye diameter . . . . . . . . 8. . . . . .. 8.9... . . .90 ( i a Wing. ......... . . . . .142. . . . . . .161. . . . . . .88 a a Tail ........... . . . . . 40.5. . . . . . 47.6. . . . . .83 a u Tarsus. 41.5. . . . . . 43.8. . . . . .94 u u Middle toe ..... . . . . . 24.5. . . . .. 25.3... . . .97 u i i Extent . . . . .465. . . . . . .529.5 . . . . .87 (( u Weight. ....... 241 . .359.5. . . . . .67 u (C The significance of these figures is apparent when we rearrange them in the numerical order of percentage values. First, and nearest to the adult is the toe length, 97 per cent. ; the organs which of all others are of most importance in avoiding danger and seeking food. Closely following and directly connected with the toes is the tarsus, 94 per cent., while the eye, 90 per cent,, deserves its high place as the second most important vital organ in the life of these birds. The wing, 88 per cent., comes next and it and its necessary corollary, the extent, 87 per cent., are the chief secondary line of defense when escape by foot is impossible. The tail, 83 per cent., 1925] Beebe: The Variegated Tinamou 213 is of less vital need, and the beak, 82 per cent., functions as well whether it is a few millimetres shorter or longer. The total length 78 per cent, is of no dominant importance in viability, nor is the weight, 67 per cent. Taken all in all, this table of statistics becomes really vitally significant when we interpret it in terms of the actual life of the organism. Scalation: Front; Twelve to fourteen scales, the uppermost split in two, above this a group of faintly marked scales. Inner; Acrotarsium 30, 50, 50, 50, 30, planta tarsi about 20, between these are several rows of irregular diamond and hexagonal shaped scales. Back; Many small, irregular, hexagonal pavement scales on upper half of heel, from middle of heel to base of tarsus, ten to twelve scales, lowermost divided into two. Outer; Similar to inner, but often with less of acrotarsium, and more of planta tarsi visible. Adult plumage : Crown of head and nape, black, paling to slate grey on sides of head, crown, forehead and lores. Ear coverts blackish brown; chin and throat, white; neck, dorsal and sides, chestnut; neck below, tawny, shading into cinnamon on mid-breast, and cinnamon buff on lower breast, many of the feathers faintly ringed with both hues. Mantle, back, wing-coverts and tail and sides of body, black, barred on mantle and back with a sub-terminal and terminal bar of golden cinnamon buff, the terminal bar changing to pinkish buff on the wing-coverts, longer tail-coverts and sides of body, and into greyish white on the flanks. Under tail-coverts variable, russet toward the base, followed by more or less black and tipped with pinkish buff. Alula feathers along front edge of wing, primary coverts, primaries and secondaries, blackish brown ; secondaries barely edged with pinkish buff on the proximal outer edge of outer web. Lower breast merges posteriorly into pinkish buff and on middle abdomen to greyish white. Tail feathers, neutral grey, with faint irregular terminal mottlings of russet and black. Powder downs: In this Crypturus these tracts are dorsal and paired, consisting of two elongated patches down each side of the back, beginning 15 mm. back of the tips of the scapulars and ending at the antero-laterai base of the oil gland; each patch is a dense growth of long, greyish-white down, 15 mm. wide in front, narrowing to eight posteriorly, and 70 mm. in total length. These feathers penetrate the skin more deeply than the bases of the contour plumage, and lie almost flat, arranged in seventeen lines, a double row of feathers in each line. 214 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 2 Aftershaft: This structure is well developed on the contour plumage, the length averaging more than half the total length of the feather. Parasites: Like all animals of the jungle floor, these birds suffer considerably from the attacks of bete rouge, those ever-present, larval Thrombidium, which attach themselves in great numbers to the more inaccessible portions of the body, such as the lores, ear openings and especially the rear crown and nape. The feathers here are sometimes quite worn away, or their follicles destroyed by the dermal irritation set up by the masses of mites. A tick is oc- casionally found clinging to the aural aperture, but these creatures offer little inconvenience. Mallophaga are moderately abundant, but always present. On one individual I have found an elongated species, with spade-shaped head, and a series of lateral, brown sclerites which do not meet across the abdomen; together with another species, a broad-bodied, reddish-bordered insect, with large head, with wide and backwardly- directed horns. The latter are about ten times as abundant as the former. Nematodes of two small species are present in almost all tinamou, while tape-worms are much rarer. I have taken one of the latter, one hundred millimetres long, with one hundred and fifty segments, from an immature female bird. Internal Characters. Pecten: 2 mm. high; 6.5 long at base, 3 mm. at summit; twenty- three folds. Eye-ball 16.5 mm. in diameter. Palate: Palatine fissure very far back; no denticulations on palate; the fissure has narrow, parallel sides for the anterior three- fourths of its length, expanding posteriorly. Tongue and glottis: The tongue is very simple, triangular, with the longest arm in front, blunt, fleshy, posterior cornua with a gentle curve along the posterior side; tongue length 8, width 7 mm.; mandible length 53, width 17 mm. Glottis immediately behind the tongue, a well-developed epiglottid fold intervening; the opening long and parallel-sided, with rounded ends, no denticulation. In a half-grown bird the tongue has much terminal pigment; the dimensions are length 7.5 mm. by 5 mm. broad. Faint lines along the posterior edge of the tongue and around the glottis may indicate vestiges of buccal teeth. 1925] Beebe: The Variegated Tinamou 215 Syrinx: Extrinsic muscles arise at the 18th tracheal ring, where they close at once across the entire trachea, forming a nearly opaque sheath of muscle which extends quite to the larynx, slightly thinning as it goes; the fibres of one side of the overlapping extrinsics are usually dominant and overlaid upon the other; usually the left- hand ascending fibres overlie those of the right, before merging in the general longitudinal sheath. The free part of the extrinsic is about 25 mm. in length, very broad, 3 mm. in width, and curves around the lateral portion of the trachea as a curved sheath ; farther on it narrows to 2.5 mm. in width and continues as a very thin ribbon-like muscle to its attachment on the sternum. Posteriorly almost all the fibres of the extrinsics extend on up the sides of the trachea, the extension across the centre being much thinner than in front. The intrinsics are absent; posteriorly a very thin transparent, silvery, tendonous sheath extends down the centre of the trachea, covering more than half its width from the juncture of extrinsics to the syringeal collar; it here divides and is continued down the bronchi to the lung tissue, hence it may be considered as a second pair of extrinsic muscles. Underlying this tendonous tissue is a very thin layer of muscular fibres, which increase slightly in density on the syrinx proper, but are wholly insufficient to manipulate the internal vocal pads. This posterior layer does not extend down the bronchi, but exhibits an abrupt attachment at the 1st tracheal ring, and passes in a solid sheet on to the aesophagus. • The tracheal length from the larynx to the 1st tracheal ring is 105 mm. Just back of the glottis the trachea is enlarged, but after a short distance the calibre rapidly becomes smaller, remaining so as far as the insertion of the extrinsic muscles. Here it again enlarges into an elongated cartilage box extending to the syrinx proper. The diameter behind the glottis 5 mm., midway down the neck 3.3 mm., largest diameter of the cartilage box 4.4 mm. The trachea is round throughout except for the box which is slightly compressed. There are 125 to 130 rings from the larynx to the 1st tracheal ring. These are moderately wide and even-edged, with very rarely any traces of median thinning. Usually they are of the same calibre throughout, averaging half a millimetre in breadth, and they lie close together, separated when contracted, by an eighth to a third Fig. 21. Syrinax and cross-section of the bronchi of Crypturus variegatus variegatus (Gmelin). When the aperture is widest, the lowest note is produced. The gradual variation of the aperture is shown in a, b, c, d. of their width of membrane, and when stretched, being only half their width apart. The first change in character is at the level of insertion of the extrinsic muscles. From here the diameter increases and then decreases again to the syrinx, so that the trachea here assumes a slightly swollen, bulbous appearance, with an increase at the greatest diameter of almost 50 per cent. This diameter is reduced to 4 mm. at the upper neck of the syringeal collar. Another change is the still greater reduction of inter-annular membrane, so that this is prac- tically, as I have said, a cartilaginous box, with extremely little mobility. An interesting thing is the frequent presence of numerous angular granules of dark pigment scattered along the fine membrane joints of this box, often extending on to the syrinx proper and even over the extrinsic muscles. 1925] Beebe: The Variegated Tinamou 217 This specialized area begins about the 20th tracheal ring. At the level of its greatest diameter, the 7th ring shows a very slight downward bend anteriorly, and this increases rapidly in the suc- ceeding rings, the sides maintaining their narrow calibre. In the 4th and 3rd rings, there are wide, triangular, downward projections in front, while the 2nd and 1st rings become again equal in breadth throughout. This last ring has a very steep downward slope and forms the arch of the bronchi. The anterior ends of the 1st bronchial semi-rings articulate at the arch with the apex of the 1st tracheal ring, and in fact are closely connected with that ring throughout; in the relaxed, un- stretched trachea the 2nd pair of semi-rings also concentrate at the arch and extend slightly obliquely upward from that point; the anterior ends of the 3rd semi-ring in their turn, lie ascloselyas possible to the arch, and extend out nearly horizontally. In the fully stretched syrinx the 2nd semi-rings are the horizontal ones, re- sulting in a considerable extent of membrane between these and the 1st semi-rings. The 3rd pair of semi-rings, in this extended con- dition, shows a very strong, downward curve at the sides, the anterior ends reaching up with their elongated tips toward the arc. There are thus two very wide expanses of membrane between the first three pairs of semi-rings. The first four pairs of semi-rings are seen in their most normal relationship only in the fresh, relaxed syrinx. They are rounded and rod-like, in pronounced contrast with the flattened rings above, and semi-rings below, and are much longer than the neighboring rings, projecting considerably in front, often with a diameter of a third greater than the antero-posterior diameter of the tracheal box above. The anterior bellying is due to the projecting and over- lapping ends of the first three pairs of semi-rings. There are sixteen undifferentiated semi-rings ending in the lung tissue, making twenty altogether. Posteriorly, the structure of the syrinx is quite as simple as in front. The 1st tracheal ring and often the 2nd is broken. These, together with the ends of the 1st and 2nd semi-rings, are, as in front, all rather concentrated toward the bronchial arch, lying in two parallel rows in a sort of elongated, median groove which, were it a single sheet of membrane, might be called a bronchidesmus. The exact method of voice production in this bird, is, I believe, unknown, and as long as only alcoholic specimens were available 218 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 2 there was slight chance of its being demonstrated. Acting on my accidental discovery, in the case of Ibycter americanus, of the possi- bility of reproduction of the whole vocal gamut by manipulation of a decapitated specimen, I attempted a similar feat with Crypturus. With four individuals I had no results whatever, and my efforts with the fifth were half-hearted, but met with instant success. Holding the bird on its back, and seizing the neck firmly, I stretched it to full extent and struck a sharp blow on the side of the breast muscles. At the second attempt 1 obtained a clear, high note, which if prolonged, would correspond exactly to the first long-drawn- out note of the bird’s call. 1 repeated this several times, and then by slightly relaxing the tension I extracted a higher note, and so on until nothing but a shrill hiss of air came through the almost closed syrinx. This mechanical stretching and contraction of the respir- atory organs followed the natural movement of the bird’s neck when it was calling, the head and neck being drawn slightly downward as its notes rise successively higher in the scale. The physiological method of voice production is seen clearly if the trachea be amputated just above the syrinx, and the latter held upright under a low-power lens. With a forceps grip at the edge of the trachea and another on the lowermost semi-ring of one of the bronchi, we may approach closely to a realization of the modus operandi of vocality. To reverse the sequence of tones, if I allow the structure to shrink together by its own weight, and then look directly downward, the bronchus is seen to be completely closed. A barely distinguishable seam extends straight across the center of the lumen. At a slight pull on the trachea, a tiny rounded opening appears in the seam, considerably nearer the posterior aspect of the syrinx; another pull and this widens, extending as a broad, open band quite to the posterior rim, and tapering anteriorly to a point more than half-way across the bronchus. The area of the original rounded opening opens out laterally into two flange-like windows. Again a tug, which takes up almost all the slack, and the vocal slit extends across the entire diameter, the lateral projections having become wider, almost wing-like. The plate (Fig. 21, a, b, c, and d) demonstrates these four phases far better than any mere descrip- tion. No matter how little or much stretching tension is applied, only the syrinx and bronchi are affected; the tracheal box being quite immobile from the 1st tracheal ring upward. There are two large cartilaginous cushions or partitions on each 1925] Beebe : The Variegated Tinamou 219 side of each bronchus, the separation Of which medianly is brought about by the extension of the syrinx and bronchial tubes. The most careful examination of this internal tissue reveals no trace of muscular fibre, only very soft elastic cartilage, of exactly the right mobility and elasticity to separate and close at the will of the external muscles. A longitudinal section of the syrinx and upper bronchus shows that the lateral wing-like extensions in the partially open bronchus are due to a contracted area in the cartilage at that point. Even in the closed condition this division is very conspicuous on the inferior profile, and in this we have a clue as to the actual production of these lateral openings. The cartilages are thick and rounded, while on the outer and inner walls this tissue extends, as a gradually thinning sheet, down the bronchus. When the bronchus is stretched, these tracts are drawn down, the rounded, constricted syringeal cartilages are somewhat rotated inward, toward one another, and the ventral constriction, also rotating inward, produces a mutual gap, rounded at first, and extending more and more laterally as the stretching tension and rotation are increased. There is no marked difference either in the analogy or homology of this phenomenon in juvenile and adult tinamous. Syringeal Variation: I have described an average, normal syrinx, but examination of several dozen of this species reveals a number of individual variations, showing that there is a slight latitude in the architecture of the organ which produces very similar sounds.2 A progressive tendency due to age is an increased ossification of the lower tracheal rings, both in front and behind. In the juvenile syrinx of two individuals the 1st tracheal ring was not quite con- nected anteriorly, making it actually in these isolated cases, the 1st semi-ring; posteriorly in three young birds the lowermost three tracheal rings were all broken, while in one juvenile bird, four tra- chael rings were broken behind. As a rule in the adult the 1st tracheal ring is complete anteriorly and posteriorly the 1st and 2nd tracheal rings are broken. In old birds the 1st tracheal and the 1st semi-rings may be united by an osseous bridge across the anterior centre, rarely with a foramen in the middle, or, as in two extremely old females, the 1st bronchial, and the 1st and 2nd tracheal rings may be solidly fused in front, while posteriorly, very rarely, even the 1st tracheal ring may be solid. J See page 216 for variation in the voice of Crypturus. 220 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 2 Visceral anatomy: described from adult female, W. B. Coll. Vert. No. 591. The flesh is pale greyish-green in color. The crop is large, about 15 mm. in diameter when partly filled, and lying in the inter-furcular hollow; liver large, capping the giz- zard, the lobes somewhat unequal, the left the larger, 24 mm. long, the right being 29; the left sends down internally a 10 mm. lobe, lying on the gizzard, while the projection of the right lobe is nar- rower but slightly larger, and applied to the side of the gizzard. The proven triculus is 25 mm. long and 11 in diameter. The gizzard is large and its anterior edge is turned slightly toward the right, dimensions 36 long by 34 deep by 22 wide. The lining of the pro- ventriculus is loose and about to be shed, thin, white, and filled with large, vacuole-like glandular pits; the gizzard lining is also ready for sloughing; it is dark brown, rough, with numerous irregular cracks and pits, much like the bark of a chestnut tree. The small intestine has an average diameter of 5 mm. ’and the remarkable length of 1030 mm. (40l/2 in.); the large intestine is 10 mm. in diameter and 85 mm. (373 in.) in length; the caeca are extremely large, elongated lobes, constricted at the neck and in- creasing in girth to the extremity; they are 5 to 15 mm. in diameter and 75 in length. The large intestine and caeca are darker in color than the small intestine. Heart moderate in size, 17 mm. long by 14 wide. Chick of Crypturus variegatus. On June 9th, 1922 a single egg of the Variegated Tinamou (set number 234%) was taken from a nest on the ground in the jungle in S17. It was light purple-vinaceous with the usual highly polished surface, weighing 33 grams, and with the dimensions 47.3 by 35.6 mm. As well as 1 could determine through the dense pig- mentation, the embryo was five or six days old. The egg was placed in the incubator in a temperature of 100 to 103 degrees and dampened and turned regularly. Sixteen days later, on June 25th, the egg was pipped at ten o’clock in the morning. Two hours later the chick was out, partially dried and creeping about all over the shelf. It was a male, as was ascer- tained later, weighed 16 grams, and the two pieces of egg-shell weighed 2 grams. A very considerable residue remained in the small end of the shell and weighed 2 grams more. Compared with Tinamus major these weights are as follows: 1925] Beebe: The Variegated Tinamou 221 Tinamus Crypturus Egg 53 33 62 per cent. Chick 38 16 42 “ “ Shell...... 5 2 40 “ Adult 1133 362 32 “ “ The shell was broken by direct outward pressure of the egg- tooth at twelve distinct places around a very straight line, exactly 10 mm. or one-fifth of the total distance from the large end. The dimensions of the one day chick compared with the average of twenty-eight adult males are as follows: One day Adult Chick's Chick Male Dimensions Total length ........... 103 310.7 33 percent* Culmen ............... ....... 12.5 29.8 42 u fi Width at nostrils ....... 3.4 5.9 57 “ “ Eye diameter .......... ....... 5.8 8.9 65 “ “ Wing. ................ ....... 23.5 161 14.5 “ “ Tail ................... ....... 20 47.6 42 “ “ Tarsus ................ ....... 19.5 43.8 44 “ “ Middle toe only ........ ....... 16 25.3 63 “ “ Extent ....... 90 529.5 17 “ “ The most significant fact in this table is that the three dimen- sions in which the chick reached more than 50 per cent, (width of bill 57 per cent., eye diameter 65 per cent, and middle toe 63 per cent.) are of organs of apprehension, of sight and of speed, the three most necessary qualities in the life of the newly hatched chick. The beak is pinkish grey, shading to fuscous on nostril tube, gape and tip; the bare portion of the lower eyelid is light purplish grey, the very narrow fleshy eye rim dull olive brown ; iris dark hazel ; legs and feet yellowish buff touched with pink, heels and sole pads dark purplish grey, tips of toes and upper half of claws grey, claws cream color. There are numerous, small, golden, tawny down feathers around the eye, a single row in front, increasing to three or four at the back; the upper lid is densely feathered with normal head down, upper half of lower lid bare, lower half fairly densely covered with bristly tipped down. Oil gland conspicuous, flat-topped, deeply bisected, surmounted 222 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 2 with three tufts of down, dark and slender at base, fluffy and pale buffy at the tips. There are small but perfectly distinct claws on the pollux, and large, well-developed, subterminal blunt ones on the index fingers. The egg-tooth is low, not very sharp, and at the extreme tip of the upper mandible. It spreads out into a large, flat base, extending one-sixth of the total length of the culmen. It is an ideal pressing tool, the pressure force being distributed over a large surface of the soft beak. The position of the chick in the egg is also very obviously an adaptation to facilitate shell breaking. The neck and head are folded close to the breast and abdomen, while the right leg is raised far forward and sideways until the beak rests directly on the under side of the flexed tarsus. Pressure is thus brought to bear on the shell not only by movements of the head but the slightest effort at extention of the leg and foot automatically forces the beak in general and the egg-tooth in particular against the inner wall of the egg- shell. A very deep lateral groove begins near the tip of the maxilla and extends back to the nasal fossa. The nostrils are large, with a light-colored operculum covering half of the deep opening, and ex- tending back into a conspicuous, swollen tube, directed slightly upward. A very deep groove on the mandible pinches off the swollen median portion extending along the gonys quite to the rami, cor- responding in size and position to the area shut off by the groove on the maxilla. In the wing of the newly hatched chick, five primaries are already so far developed that the prenatal down is supported on their tips well above the skin. On the morning of the third day when the chick died, these feathers showed very considerable additional growth. There are in all nine primaries visible. The outermost or 10th is well developed but short, the next five are very long, and the inner three are short. The average length of the five long ones is 6.3 mm., of the four short primaries 3.6. The 1st primary is not distinguish- able except as down, and the same is true of all the secondaries. A typical mid-dorsal down is 18 mm. long, and consists of about twenty barbs, which are simple and spring mostly from the basal sheath, although a main shaft is distinguishable, with several shorter side barbs. The barbules are long and very fine and silky, and of 1925] Beebe: The Variegated Tinamou 223 equal length throughout, dying out abruptly and leaving a long bare tip. They are greyish white at base, black throughout the middle length, and suddenly and strongly tawny red on the last distal barbules and the long terminal shaft. The tail down is surprisingly long, both in front of the oil gland on the lower rump, and behind it where the future rectrices will appear. In fact a semi-circle of sixteen or twenty large down curved along the tail area are unusually strong, and may be twenty-three mm. long, the tips curved conspicuously around and down, giving the chick an appearance unlike any other young bird. This tail down is decidedly dendritic, with only six or eight barbs arising basally, the others branching from a thick main shaft, which only near the summit trivaricates into barbs equal in size to the others. The barbules differ from those of the dorsal down in being shorter, farther apart, standing out from the barbs at wider angles, and also in giving the appearance of a radial rather than a bilateral arrange- ment. The whole down is solid russet in color. The Scalation resembles that of the adult as regards the larger scales of the acrotarsium and plantar tarsi, but the outer and inner aspects are much simpler, with far fewer scales than in the old tina- mou. Front: fourteen scales, the top three broken into two or three; inner: acrotarsium 40, 40, 50, 50, 60, and 20 per cent., plantar tarsi 50, 50, 40, 40, 30, and 30 per cent., the narrow slit between forming a simple out-bent fold of skin; back: twelve plantar tarsi tarsi scales, beginning on heel, lowermost split into three, nine hexagonal, irregular scales down inner side, which might be con- sidered as a scale row of the inner aspect; outer: 10, 40, 50, 50, 50, 50, and 60 per cent., plantar tarsi 20, 20, 20, 20, 10 per cent., the re- maining surface covered with two, or for a short distance three, rows of small hexagonal scales. Plumage: The chick of Cry plums variegatus is much more bril- liantly colored than that of Tinamus major and the body pattern is simpler. Taken as a whole, the colors are curiously reversed, the dark chestnut back color of Crypturus being ventral and lateral in Tinamus, and the golden tawny of Crypturus ’ breast being found on the back of the larger chick. The forehead of Crypturus back almost to midcrown, a broad band over the eye and back to the nape, together with the facial down, tawny olive, becoming lighter and more silvery well back of the eye. The basal half of the loral down is black, giving this area 224 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 2 a dark appearance. At the posterior corner of the eye a narrow band of bay extends backward over the ear-coverts, widening on the side hind neck and merging with the dorsal color. This is bordered narrowly with black. The crown and upper nape are bay, except for a median spot and a narrow irregular line of tawny olive which begins on the mid-crown, well behind the forehead color, and extends medianly back to the hind neck. The entire upper and lateral body down is uniform bay or dark chestnut, reaching well down in front of the wings, including the lesser wing-covert down and the more dorsal elongated tail down. It is separated laterally from the ventral colors by a well-marked line of black. The chin and throat are whitish, becoming ochraceous tawny on the breast, lower sides, flanks and thighs. The side breast is deeper tawny and the abdomen paler buff. The greater mass of tail down is russet. The greater wing-covert down is ochraceous tawny, the sprouting quills blue- black. Biology of Crypturus Chick: The chick pipped the shell at ten in the morning and, as I have already related, was out and partly dried at noon. The down dried well except on the back and head, until 1 put in a circular band of flannel, into which the chick crept and by rubbing around as it would under its parent’s plumage, the dorsal down dried huffily. There is no doubt that the young bird would never dry well without the constant friction of the old bird’s feathers during the first twelve hours after hatching. This con- dition of the down is apparently a rather serious thing, for when the down dries flat and matted together, it causes such irritation that the little chick wastes much time and strength in trying to preen the bad places. Even a slight thing like this might very well be a matter of life and death, at a time when every moment of learning to correlate eye and beak is of the utmost importance. I observed that the banging of the incubator door caused instant fear reaction — the chick squatting at once, but no other observations were made until the following day at ten in the morning when it was taken into the compound in a vivarium. Placed on the ground the Crypturus chick twice showed fear reactions, and then perched of its own accord. I worked with it off and on all day, and at last it took four small pieces of worms. On the whole it was far less apt in learning to calculate distances than Tinamus major of equal age. This was so marked that I believe it to be another example of very delicate balance between necessity Fig. 22. Three day chicks of Cry plums variegatus variegatus (Gmelin). Lateral and dorsal views, natural size. From a color drawing by Isabel Cooper. 225 226 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 2 and practice. In Tinamus there is a single adult to look after a brood of six to ten, while the solitary Crypturus chick has the whole attention of its parent, so there is far less need for extreme precocity in this case than in the former. With only a single chick to look after, greater care will be taken, and more time devoted to feeding and guiding the offspring. In Tinamus the young are compelled to forage more on their own, having the disadvantage of only a fraction of parental solicitude. Another characteristic peculiar to this species in comparison with Tinamus is its relative silence. The other chicks, or even one by itself, were always cheeping or calling, whereas this one utters only very low calls and at infrequent intervals. Even these are given only when the bird is quiet and undisturbed, and seem to be more of the nature of content calls than otherwise. It is readily seen that it is important for a covey of chicks to keep in touch with one another by frequent calls, whereas a single chick following its parent could with safety do so in comparative silence. The Crypturus chick learned the use of its legs and by two P.M. could make its quick, short spurts without falling over at the end. It never walked slowly more than a step or two, but usually after several futile pecks at the bit of worm which I proffered, if it heard a sudden noise, it darted swiftly away for one or two feet and squatted flat. I tested it with various sounds and found that 1 could cry out loudly, or clap my hands together near it without effect, but the least deep or hollow sound, such as striking the glass side of the empty vivarium, caused it to jump and flatten. Its pecking, as in Tinamus, was always forward and downward at the ground, and its constant fault was to strike beyond the object aimed at. The chick was uncomfortable on a white handkerchief and scuttled to bare ground as quickly as possible. It pecked at worms and spiders much more readily on the ground, even when they were of the same color as their surroundings, than when they were laid conspicuously on light bamboo leaves or when held in the forceps. 1 tried calls and whistles with no apparent effect, until I imi- tated the note of Crypturus itself. Like a flash the chick turned in my direction, ran six feet toward me, and crouched beside my foot. I tried it again and again, then summoned the members of my staff to watch. The shrillest whistle brought no response, but the very first note on G sharp above middle C, attracted and held the little 1925] Beebe: The Variegated Tinamou 227 bird’s attention, and the following notes brought it headlong. After such a reaction it was much more alert and willing to attempt another bit of food, and not only this, but its sense of direction was all but perfect. When I held my face close to the ground and called, the chick ran, not only toward me, but stopped at my mouth, although 1 had finished calling before it reached me. This instinctive and perfect reaction to the call of the species, together with its disregard of the call of Tinamus and other terrestrial jungle birds, was wholly unexpected. I have known chicks of other groups to crouch instinctively at the cry of a hawk, or the alarm note of their own or other birds, but to recognize among many other imitations, the exact summons call was very interesting, and threw a new light on the instinct reactions of this very generalized type of bird. It did not enjoy being in the hot sun, but ran with quick darts toward the shade. Like the other tinamou chicks it never showed the slightest fear of our, to it, enormously tall figures stalking about. In fact, if anyone passed while 1 was attempting to induce it to eat, it invariably rushed off and followed them and had to be brought back and started over again in food interest. Unlike the Tinamus chicks no shuffling of hands or feet in scratching motions and sounds had any effect. Like so many of the small creatures I have watched in the labor- atory compound, the chick persisted invariably in working toward the east or north-east. Again and again I turned it about and always it changed direction and started back. I place no special significance at present upon this, but present it as an interesting fact, as applying to mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and even to armored catfish. When, however, 1 gave the parent’s call, the chick never failed to turn and run toward me, regardless of direction. While it learned to peck and swallow bits of food and quartz with fair accuracy, I could not give it the constant attention and encouragement which it needed, and it died on the third day. ZOOLOGICA SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY DEPARTMENT OF TROPICAL RESEARCH KARTABO, BRITISH GUIANA VOLUME VI. NUMBER 3 Department of Tropical Research Contribution Number 192 THE MEMBRACIDAE OF KARTABO BARTICA DISTRICT, BRITISH GUIANA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND BIONOMICAL NOTES By Maud D. Haviland (Mrs. H. H. Brindley) Lately Fellow of Newnham College , Cambridge PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK, NEW YORK March 16, 1925 Nfiu fork Zoulngiral Swtrtg General Office: 101 Park Avenue, New York City (iffurms President, Madison Grant; Vice-Presidents , Frank K. Sturgis and Henry D. Whiton; Chairman, Executive Committee, Madison Grant; Treasurer, Cornelius R. Agnew. laarb of (Ulaas of 1928 Henry Fairfield Osborn, Lispenard Stewart, Charles F. Dieterich, George F. Baker, Wm. Pierson Hamilton, Robert S. Brewster, Edward S. Harkness, William B. Osgood Field, Edwin Thorne, Percy A. Rockefeller, John E. Berwind, Irving K. Taylor. (Elaaa of 192? Madison Grant, Wm. White Niles, Frank K. Sturgis, Ogden Mills, Lewis R. Morris, Archer M. Huntington, George D. Pratt, Coleman du Pont, Henry D. Whiton, Cornelius R. Agnew, Harrison Williams, Marshall Field. QUasH of 1928 Percy R. Pyne, George Bird Grinnell, Cleveland H. Dodge, Anthony R. Kuser, Mortimer L. Schiff, Frederic C. Walcott, George C. Clark, Jr., W. Redmond Cross, Henry Fairfield Osborn, Jr., Arthur A. Fowler, George Gordon Battle, Bayard Dominick. William T. Hornaday, Director of the Zoological Park; W. Reid Blair, Assistant to the Director, and Veterinarian; Charles H. Townsend, Director of the Aquarium; Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator of Reptiles ; William Beebe, Honorary Curator of Birds and Director of Department of Tropical Research; Lee S. Crandall, Curator of Birds; George S. Huntington, Prosector; H. C. Raven, Associate Prosector; Elwin R. Sanborn, Photographer and Editor. lEfoitmial dommittpp Madison Grant, Chairman; William T. Hornaday William Beebe, Charles H. Townsend, . Elwin R. Sanborn, Sec’y. THE MEMBRACIDAE OF KARTABO* Through an oversight, printer's proofs of my paper, “The Mem- bracidae of Kartabo” (Zoologica, Vol. VI, No. 3 — March 1925) were not submitted to me, before publication, and in consequence a number of errors appear in the text. I therefore avail myself of this oppor- tunity to make the corrections which follow under Errata, and also to include a note on a point of nomenclature which came to my knowledge after the despatch of the manuscript. [Maud D. Haviland] (Mrs. H. H. Brindley) Note. — Professor J. Graham Kerr, F.R.S. has directed atten- tion to a number of Fabricius’ types in the Hunterian Collection at Glasgow; {The Glasgow Naturalist , Vol. II, No. 4, 1910) and he has kindly enabled me to examine them. The collection includes two specimens of Encheno pa {Campy lenchia) nutans , Germ, labelled Mem- bracis hastata. As this species is described in the Mantissa Insectorum , 1787, and Germar, who does not allude to Fabricius’ species, described Enchenopa nutans in 1821 ( Mag , der Ent ., IV, p. 28) Fabricius ’ name claims pri- ority over that of Germar. ERRATA Page CC C C CC c c cc cc C C CC C C cc u C C CC CC cc cc cc C C cc cc cc cc Cl k c Cl Cl cc 231. 236, 248, 249, 249- 249, 255, 255, 257, 258, 261, 261, 262, 262, 262, 267. 269, 273, 275, 276, 277, 279, 279. 282, 281, 287, 288, 290, 290, et seq CC CC line 31 “ 15 “ 19 “ 36 et seq. footnote et seq. It It line 41 line 4 “ 20 15 heading line 33 29 “ 2 C C For Haviland-Brindley, read Haviland “ Tropidocyta , read Tropidoscyta Read “Not uncommon; resembles T. cimicoides in habits’ For 909, read 1909 “ gnats, read ants “ metopodium, read metopidium “ Polyglytodes, read Polyglyptodes “ Kinkaldy, read Kirkaldy “ Telemona spiniger , read Telemona spinigera “ Stegaspis laevipennis , Fairm., read Lycoderes laevipennis , Fairm. “ Condate, read Cordate nov. nom., read nom. nov. “ scutellus , read scutellatus “ had, read has “ Lophyraspis, read Lophyraspis insonspicuous, read inconspicuous Havildand, read Haviland Aphetae, read Aphetea spinigena, read spinigera monocercus , read monoceros Stictocephala> read St*/ 1 1 “ 3 “ Cyphcnid., lead Cyphonia paragraph 3 a io 4 should run on line 8 7 or Cephonia , read Cyphonia "33 “ Aphetes . read Aphetea “ 26 11 Leiocyta, read Leioscyta “ 29 u guianensis, read guianae “ 15 “ highest, read lowest “16 “ crests, read crest hoT Zoologica, Volume VI. No. Zoologica Vol . VI, No. 3. THE MEMBRACIDAE OF KARTABO1 BARTICA DISTRICT, BRITISH GUIANA. WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND BIONOMICAL NOTES. By Maud D. Haviland (Mrs. H. H. Brindley). Lately Fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge . (Fig. 23; Plates I-VI incl.) OUTLINE. Introduction List of Species Geographical Distribution Life-histories and Habits Attendance by Ants Enemies Field Observations on Form and Colour The Nymphal Forms Key Introduction. In 1922, by the courtesy of the Director, Mr. William Beebe, 1 spent five months at the Tropical Research Station of the New York Zoological Society at Kartabo, on the Mazaruni River, in British Guiana, and during that time, I made some studies of the Mem- bracidae of the district. The collecting area, which was confined chiefly to a distance of two miles inland from Kartabo Point, included cassava plantations and clearings, mangrove swamp and forest. Most of the forms described here were taken by myself; but a few species, previously obtained at the Station, have been included. These are marked in the following pages with an asterisk. The determination of certain examples presented difficulties, as the types of the older writers were not always available, and I have been obliged sometimes to rely upon the identifications of others in the collections of the British Museum and of Oxford. The types of the new species described here are in the British Museum of Natural History. 1 Contribution, Department of Tropical Research No. 192. 229 Plate A. British Guiana Tropical Kesearch Station of the New York Zoological Society. Circle represents a radius of six miles. 230 1925] Haviland-Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 231 The synonymy of each species makes no pretension to com- pleteness, but indicates merely where an earlier description can be found. My thanks are especially due to the Royal Society for a grant enabling me to visit South America; to the authorities of Newnham College for leave of absence during the last three months tenure of my Fellowship; and to Mr. William Beebe for permission to work at the Station, and for . much kindness during my stay there. I must also express my obligations to Mr. Funkhouser of the University of Kentucky, who has examined many specimens for me and compared them with the types of neotropical Membracidae in his collection; and to Dr. Hugh Scott of the University of Cam- bridge (England) who has given me much valuable assistance on taxonomical points while writing this paper. Maud D. Haviland-Brindley The Zoological Laboratory, Cambridge ( England ) List of Species Found at Kartabo Point, Bartica District, British Guiana Membracis arcuata (Oliv.). Membracis arcuata, Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2, IV, p. 247, 1846. In the nymphal stages, this species is gregarious, and resembles M, tectigera, M. c-album, etc. The adult is often solitary, and is rather sedentary, feeding on the young shoots of low shrubs in light trails and clearings. Membracis c-album Fairm. Membracis c-album, Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2, IV, p. 244, 1846. # (PL VI, fig. 9, nymph.) This species appeared from time to time between June and September, and is apparently gregarious at all stages. Colonies of the adults and mealy white nymphs occur on the twigs of trees and shrubs of various kinds in open places. The adults are rather sluggish, and when disturbed soon return to their original position. Membracis carinata (Fabr.). Membracis carinata, Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2, IV, p. 244, 1S46. One example (female) taken 6-IX-1922, on low foliage in an open place in the forest. 232 Fig. 23. — a, Colony of Enchenopa lanccolata; b, Nymplis of Mcmbracis tccligera on Vismia fcrrvginca. 233 1925] Haviland- Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo Membracis fasciata (Fabr.). Membracis fasciata, Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2, IV, p. 245, 1846. One male, collected at the Station, 3-1-21. Membracis fusca de Geer. Membracis fused, Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2, IV, p. 244, 1S46. A few examples were taken early in June, in the middle of the rainy season, after which no more were obtained until September, when they appeared in numbers on a flowering tree which provided several other species of Mem- bracidae. The form of the nymphs and general habits resemble those of M. c-album, and M. tectigera. There is considerable variation in size, but this does not appear to be altogether a sexual character. Membracis humilis Fowler, var. Membracis humilis, Fowler, B.C.A., Homop., II, p. 6, 1909. One female specimen (no date) collected at the Station. The white fascia on the metopidium is absent. Membracis tectigera (Oliv.). Membracis tectigera, Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2, IV, p. 246, 1846. Common from June to September on trees and shrubs in open places, and resembling M. c-album in its mealy young, and gregarious habits at all stages. One example was taken from the web of a spider. The males are considerably smaller than the females, but the latter vary a good deal in size, and many are not larger than the males. A variety taken at the Penal Settlement in 1917 is pale fawn colour, and lacks the white band on the metopidium. Enchenopa albidorsa (Fairm.). Enchenopa albidorsa. Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Brit. Mus., p. 481, 1850. Three females taken at the end of July, in the shade of the forest. Enchenopa bif enestrata Funkh. Enchenopa bif enestrata, Funkhouser, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXX, No. 1, p. 1, 1922. (PL I, fig. 4, eggs. PL VI, fig. 2, nymph.) I am indebted to Mr. Funkhouser for determining this species by com- parison with his types. It was a small, inconspicuous form, common on the twigs of Vismia and other woody plants in the clearings. The egg-cases are flat, brown, scale-like objects. (PL I, fig. 4.) Oviposition took from one to three days, and the female frequently remained seated upon 'the eggs after the process was completed. This species was social, and often occurred in company with Tragopa and Horiola spp., sharing with them the visits of ants. Enchenopa lanceolata (Fabr.). Enchenopa lanceolata. Walker, List Homop *Ins. Brit. Mus., p. 481, 1850. This species was common on the bank of the river near the Station, but seemed to be confined to one host plant, a herb of the order Scrophulaceae with Plate I. — Egg-clusters of, 1, Tropidocyta gibbosa, de Geer.; 2, T. bulbosa; 3, T. pruinosa 4, Enchenopa bifenestrata, Funkh. ; 5, Leioscyta spiralis; 6, Campylenchia nutans, Germ. 7, Bolbonota aspidistrae; 8, Endoiastus productus, Osborn; 9, Aconophora compressa. Walk. 10, Lophyraspis armata; 11, Aethalion reticulata, Linn. ♦ 234 1925] Haviland- Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 235 large, greenish-white flowers. The eggs of the Membracids were laid in masses of twenty to twenty-five together in punctures in the epidermis of the stem, and were covered externally with a glistening, white deposit of froth-like wax. The adults did not remain upon the eggs, as is the habit of Enchenopa bifenestrata and others of the genus. The eggs hatched in five to six days. The nymphs were white and mealy at every stage, unlike those of the northern form, E . binotata Say, which, according to Matausch ( Journ . N. Y. Ent . Soc., XX, no. 1, 1912) lose the white coat after the second moult. They were plentifully at- tended by ants, in this respect again differing from the allied form (Funkhouser, Journ. Econ. Ent., 8, June, 1915). I made considerable collections and records of the development of this species, but my observations as to the number and form of the different instars agree so nearly with what has been written by the authors just cited that it is unnecessary to include them here. The duration of the nymphal stages is discussed elsewhere in a more general connection. The last ecdysis is very striking. The skin splits longitudinally along the dorsum, and the perfect insect, soft and pale, creeps out, leaving the moulted skin attached to the stem by the fore-legs. At first the anterior and posterior pro- cesses of the pronotum are equal in size, their axes lying parallel to the long axes of the body; but within seven to ten minutes, literally under one’s eyes, the frontal horn elongates, erects itself, and takes on the distinctive form and curvature of the adult, although it requires another two hours or so for the chitin to become black and hard. Enchenopa monoceros (Germ.). Enchenopa monoceros, Amyot et Serville, Hemip. Hist. Nat. Ins., p. 535, 1843. Four females taken together on the flowering twigs of a leguminaceous tree in a clearing, August 8, 1922. These examples vary considerably in depth of colour. Enchenopa pulchella Funkh. Enchenopa pulchella Funkliouser, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., No. 1, p. 2, 1922. Four examples taken in August, all obtained by sweeping in the low herbage of a cassava clearing near the Station. One of these (female) has the pronotum unicolorous golden orange, with a black-edged dorsal carina. Campylenchia nutans (Germ). Enchenopa ( Campylenchia ) nutans, Fowler, B.C.A., Homopt., II, p. 12, 1909. (PL I, fig. 6, eggs. PI. VI, fig. 3, nymph.) This form was taken sparingly in June, on a small straggling tree with reddish bark which was common in clearings near the Station. The egg-masses, on which the females remained seated, were elliptical waxy bodies, deposited on twigs and on the under sides of leaves. The species was attended by ants. The horn varies considerably in size and curvature, but this is not apparently a sexual character. The nymphs are a bright chestnut brown, furnished on the dorsum with two pairs of long, black, divergent spines. The extremity of the 236 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 anal tube is provided with a pair of even longer spines, which project outwards at right angles to the long axis of the body. I can throw no light on the function of these curious appendages. Tropidocyta bulbosa, sp. nov. (PL I, fig. 2, PL II, fig. 3, PL VI, fig. 8.) Head sooty brown, clothed with thick yellow pubescence, much longer than wide; margins of genae foliaceus; clypeus spatulate, margin somewhat foliaceus, rounded at the apex; eyes brown; ocelli yellow, small, nearer to each other than to eyes, and situated on a level with the upper margins of the eyes. Pronotum pitchy brown, thickly covered with yellow pubescence; convex in front, not produced into an eminence or horn; humeral angles sub-triangular, blunt; a transverse sulcus above each eye; median carina strongly percurrent; on either side a well-marked lateral ridge extends from the apex of the meto- pidium over the shoulders to the middle of the posterior process where it ter- minates in a shallow depression, and another slight depression lies behind the shoulders; posterior process acute, tectiform, not reaching to the tip of abdomen. Tegmina opaque, brown, sub-hyaline at the apex; veins brown, broad and very hirsute; three discoidal cells. Underparts and legs pitchy brown; hind tibiae strongly spined; tarsi yellow. Long. 3.0 mm. Lat. 1.75 mm. Type: Female. Sexes alike. This species is allied to T. minuta Funkh., but Mr. Funkhouser, who has compared examples from Kartabo with the types in his possession, considers it distinct. T. bulbosa is a small, dark, globose insect, which in the field has the facies and habits of a Bolbonota. It was taken in June and July on foliage in the trails in company with B. aspidistrae and the eggs were found in July on the twigs of a flowering shrub in a clearing near the Station. The egg masses are of the same type as those of B. aspidistrae, but are thicker, whiter and more definitely cup-shaped. Under the microscope, this nest is a beautiful object, and is very large for the size of the insect. The eggs, to the number of twelve to fifteen, lie in the plane of the long axis of the parent’s body, and are arranged radially in a semi- circle. The colleterial secretion issues in the form of a lustrous white thread of waxy material, which is wound and piled around and over the eggs in an elaborate manner to form a cup in which the female sits, freely attended by ants. These egg-masses sometimes occur singly, but more often in clusters, and formed quite conspicuous objects against the dark bark. Two females and a male of the series differ somewhat from the description given above, without meriting specific rank. They are smaller (Long. 2.5 mm.; Lat. 1.5 mm.) and darker in colour. The median carina is ferruginous, and an additional small carina extends over the shoulder. The tegmina are dark and less hairy than in the type form; the apical areas are clear hyaline, and there is a conspicuous clear spot at the apex of the clavus. 1925] Haviland- Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 237 Tropidocyta gibbosa (de Geer). Cicada gibbosa de Geer, Afein. V., p. 211, 1775. Membracis bicristata Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 2, IV, p. 256, 1846. Tropidocyta gibbosa, Stal, K. Sven. Vet-Akad. Handl. 8, p. 45, 1869. ? Tropidocyta albipes Funkhouser, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXX, no. 1, p. 4, 1922. (PI I, fig. 1, eggs.) The figures and descriptions of de Geer and Fairmaire leave little doubt that this is the form whose synonomy is given above. This species is of interest as being the only Membracid in the collection from Kartabo which invariably caused a definite local deformity of the host plant. It was found in August, in dark places in the forest, on a certain strag- gling shrub with waxy pink flowers which were borne in a loose inflorescence. While still in bud, this inflorescence was attacked by T . gibbosa. It became distorted and lignified; and the bud that it bore shrivelled and fell off. The eggs in masses of forty to fifty together were laid on this deformed stump. The adults and nymphs, attended by ants, clustered upon it and were never observed to feed on any other part of the plant. Tropidocyta neglecta, sp. nov. (PL II, fig. 4.) Head pitchy black, thickly beset with golden pubescence, longer than wide; margins of genae sinuate, acutely lobed at the apex; clypeus sub-tri- angular, foliaceus, projecting for more than half its length beyond genae; eyes brown; ocelli yellow, small, inconspicuous, twice as far from one another as from eyes, and situated on a level with the upper margins of the eyes. Pronotum dark ferruginous brown, roughly sculptured, pubescent, not punctate, sub-angulate in front, not produced into a horn. Metopidium about as wide as high, furnished with a strong percurrent carina which is ferruginous brown, high and sharp; posterior process acuminate, somewhat compressed laterally at two points behind the middle, slightly depressed at the apex, not reaching tips of tegmina; on either side a strong lateral carina extends obliquely over the shoulder to the margin behind the base of the tegmen. Tegmina brown, opaque, punctate at the base, paler at the apex; veins very pubescent; three discoidal cells. Long. 4.5 mm. Lat. 2.0 mm. Type: Female. One example taken on Vismia ferruginea by sweeping, 2-IX-22. Tropidocyta pruinosa, sp. nov. (PL I, fig. 3; PI. II, fig. 5.) Dark purplish brown, punctate; head, prothorax and underparts thickly clothed with silvery pubescence, which gives the insect a frosted bloom. Head about as long as wide; margins of genae semi-foliaceus, lobed; clypeus foliaceus, broad and rounded at the apex, which projects considerably beyond 238 1925] Haviland-Brindley: Membracidae of Kartaho 239 margins of genae; eyes yellowish grey, rather prominent; ocelli amber colored, nearer to the eyes than to the median line, and situated on a level with the centres of eyes. Prothorax furnished with a very short, conical, blunt horn slightly recurved at the apex; anterior border straight; metopidium traversed by a faint, median ridge; humeral angles rounded, not prominent; posterior process narrow, acuminate, just reaching the tip of abdomen, and furnished with a sharp, per- current carina; a pair of lateral carinae on each side, the superior, which is sharp and strongly marked, extends from the tip of the frontal horn to the margin of the posterior process, half way to the apex, the inferior is less pronounced and extends from the metopidium to the humeral angles; edges of the carina black, the intervening spaces heavily clad with white pubescence; tegmina entirely free, brown, opaque, and with a velvety bloom; a small sub-hyaline spot at the base of the internal apical cell; veins very broad, raised, and together with the basal areas of the corium and clavus, clothed with white, silky hairs; one dis- coidal and five oblong, narrow, straight, apical areas. Legs pale, sordid yellow; tibiae scarcely foliaceous, the hind pair furnished with row of spines; tarsi tipped with black. Long. 5.4 mm. Lat. 2.0 mm. Tegmen; 5.0 mm. Type: Female. This species is very distinct. It has the facies of a Tropidocyta, and in spite of the non-foliaceus legs and the single discoidal cell, should probably be placed in this genus, for the venation is obscure, and as the description is based on a single example, the disappearance of a cross vein may be an individual abnormality. This species was rare at Kartabo. In the beginning of June, my attention was attracted by white, spiral threads of some viscous or waxy substance, twined round the twigs of shrubs, five or six feet above the ground; but it was not until the 26th of the month that I recognized these as the unfinished nur- series of this Membracid. The thread is wound many times above and below the egg-case, which is a lenticular, glistening, white body, in which the eggs are embedded. The female sitting upon this egg-mass was not attended by ants. The purpose of the thread is not known. It may be a protection against predatory enemies, but after removal of the female, I kept the nest under ob- servation for some time, and on the following day found that it was invaded by ants, although the thread was intact. The egg-case gradually disintegrated; only two nymphs were hatched, and these disappeared a day or two later. The number of nests of this elaborate plan that were left uncompleted is striking; for early in July, I found two more, but neither searching nor sweeping produced another example of the Membracid. Leioscyta beebei, sp. nov. (PL II, fig. I.) Head ochreus, shaded with dark brown; margins of genae arcuate and acutely lobed below; clypeus lobed at its articulation with genae, and with the free margin foliaceus and broadly rounded; eyes grey; ocelli yellow, equidistant between the eyes and the median line, and situated just above the level of the centres of the eyes. 240 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 Pronotum testaceous yellow, punctured densely in front and more coarsely behind, obtusely angular, not horned at the frontal apex; metopidium high, perpendicular, furnished with a carina which is strong and percurrent on the dorsum; humeral angles not prominent; a strong lateral carina on either side extending from the metopidium to the pronotal margin half-way to the apex of the posterior process; three, faintly marked ridges on either side of the meto- pidium, below and in front of the lateral carina; posterior process acuminate, not quite reaching tip of abdomen, white, black at the apex, and furnished with a bright, chestnut spot on the dorsum between the lateral carinae. Tegmina chocolate, with a yellow, sub-hyaline patch at the apex. Abdo- men, underparts and legs ferruginous black; tarsi yeftow. Long. 5.0 mm. Lat. 2.0 mm. Tegmen: 4.25 mm. Type: Female. Sexes alike. A male and female collected at the Station 29-X-20. I have much pleasure in naming this species after Mr. William Beebe, Director of the Tropical Research Station at Kartabo. Leioscyta spiralis, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 5, PI. II, fig. 2,) Head ochreus brown, finely punctate, clothed with silky white pubescence, longer than wide; margins of genae foliaceus; clypeus foliaceus, rounded later- ally, and with the apex truncate; eyes brown; ocelli yellow, rather large, nearer to the eyes than to one another, and situated on a level with the upper margins of the eyes. Pronotum sordid ochre, clouded with umber brown, paler behind, punctate, pubescent; metopidium carinate, sloping, rounded at the summit, not furnished with an eminence or horn; humeral angles sub-triangular, not produced; posterior process roughly sculptured, coarsely punctate, very acute, just reaching to the tip of the abdomen; median carina high, sharp, and per- current; on either side, a strong curved lateral carina extending from the summit of the metopidium over the shoulders to the lateral margin of the posterior process, two large spots on the dorsum and the apex of the posterior process, chocolate brown. Tegmina brown, coriaceous and opaque at the base, and with a dark spot at the apex; veins pale brown, broad and hirsute. Underparts dark brown, pubescent; tibiae sordid yellow. Long. 6.0 mm. Lat. 3.5 mm. Length of Tegmen: 6.0 mm. Type: Female. This species resembles the type of Enchenopa quadricolor Walk, in the British Museum, but differs in the stouter form and position and curve of the lateral carinae. This, the only example obtained, was taken from a curious egg-mass of the type of that of Tropidocyta pruinosa . The eggs themselves were embedded in an imbricated, brown, waxy mass, and the twig below was encircled about a dozen times with a white viscous thread. During the time that the nest was under observation, it was not visited by ants, but I found by experiment that the thread was no bar to these insects, which were running in numbers over the tree. 1925] Haviland- Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 241 Bolbonota aspidistrae, sp. nov. (PL I, fig. 7, PL II, fig. 6, PL VI, fig. 1.) Head black, with golden pubescence, much longer than wide; genae acutely lobed at the apex; clypeus foliaceus, lozenge-shaped, with angles sub-acute; base of head convex and rather prominent; eyes dark brown; ocelli translucent, twice as close to eyes as to each other, and situated on a level with upper margins of eyes. Prothorax bronze black, pubescent, punctate, highest between shoulders, with humeral angles conical, blunt and prominent; dorsum furnished with two tubercles of equal size; the anterior conical, and not laterally extended; the posterior strongly carinated and extended transversely to the lateral margins of the pronotum. A percurrent, median carina extends over the metopidium and tubercles to the apex of the posterior process, which is sub-acute, roughly sculptured and not especially depressed. A strong, semicircular, lateral carina extends backwards from the metopidium on each side of the anterior tubercle. This species is variable in colour. In some examples the whole insect is deep, sooty black, and the tegmina are black and opaque, occasionally spotted with white, and hyaline at the apex. In others, the genae and clypeus are bordered with ochreous;the prothorax and abdomen are ferruginous; the dorsum, including the carina, tubercles and apex, and the legs are ochreous yellow. In such a case the tegmina are ferruginous, marked conspicuously with white and yellow. Long. 3.0 mm. Lat. 2.0 mm. Type: Female. * Sexes alike. This species, like B. corrugata, B. inaequalis and B.pictipennis, was common in the more open, forest trails on the upper surface of leaves of Aspidistra and other plants. All these forms readily take wing, but are otherwise well pro- tected, owing to their resemblance to small pieces of bark and withered buds which fall in profusion from the foliage overhead. In July, I found a small colony breeding on a shrub beside a trail. The nests are crescentic, white structures, hollow above, and usually placed two or three together at the base of a petiole. The female sits in the concavity until the brood is hatched, unless accidentally disturbed, and if she departs, she does not find her way back again. The nymphs are dull green and active. Soon after hatching, they crawl up the stem and feed on the under side of the leaves on the mid-rib. The nesting females and nymphs are visited by swarms of ants, which muster to the attack if the plant is shaken, but the free-living adult Membracids, probably owing to their restless habits, are never thus attended. A small series in the Hope Museum at Oxford is labelled in Canon Fowler’s handwriting as Tylopelta gibbifera Stal. It is undoubtedly near to B. aspi- distrae, from which it differs in its smaller, more elongate form, and in the less prominent humeral angles and carinae. I am unable to trace this species unless it is identical with Tropidocyta gibbera Stal. which Fowler (H.C.A., p. 15) removed to his new genus Tylopelta, but it does not altogether correspond with the descriptions of that form. 242 Zoological N . Y . Zoological Society [VI; 3 Bolbonota corrugata Fowler. Bolbonota corrugata Fowler, B.C.A., Homopt. II, p. 19, 1909. Two examples among a series of B. aspidistrae obtained in the forest, June 26th, 1922. Bolbonota inaequalis (Fabr.). Bolbonota inaequalis, Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2, IY, p. 259, 1846. Two females taken by sweeping in the forest, June 14th, 1922, and a third, and two nymphs of the last instar, obtained on a twig in rather a dark place in the forest, July 1st, 1922. The nymphs were covered with mealy white powder, and were attended by ants. Bolbonota pidipennis Fairmaire. Bolbonota pictipennis Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2, IV, p. 258, 1846. One female taken by sweeping in the forest, Sept. 22nd, 1922, and deter- mined by comparison with the series in the British Museum. Pterygia uropygii Buckt. Pterygia uropygii Buckton, Monograph of the Membracidae, p. 72, 1903. One female was taken on leaves in the forest, July 24th, 1922. This remarkable form is a very beautiful object under low power of the microscope, the spines along the dorsum and lateral horns being touched with purplish pink. Stoll figures what is evidently meant for this species (Cic., fig. 8) under the title “Het Kruis,” or “The Cross.” Sphongophorus guerini Fairmaire. Sphongophorus guerini Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2, IV, p. 262, 1846. This species was solitary, and not uncommon on shrubs and low foliage in the clearings. It was rather sluggish, and could easily be caught by hand. According to my observations, it was never attended by ants. Hypsoprora aspera, sp. nov. (PL II, fig. 7.) Head covered with white encrustation, punctured with black, rather longer than wide; margins of genae straight, acutely lobed at apices; clypeus extending far below genae, spatulate, with the free margin slightly rounded and pilose; eyes grey and prominent; ocelli grey, twice as far from each other as from eyes, and situated on a level with the upper margins of the eyes. Prothorax rugose, black, profusely decorated with white, punctured and studded with small spines; furnished with a stout, erect, frontal horn, which is truncated, not compressed, and carinated at the apex; posterior process long, carinate, much compressed laterally, with the apex blunt and decurved, reaching the tips of the tegmina; dorsum provided with two tubercles, a small one at the base of the frontal horn, and a large, rounded protuberance behind it. On either side of the latter is a strong, lateral ridge, which extends to the apex of the posterior process. 1925] Haviland-Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 243 Tegmina chocolate brown, black and punctate at the base and decorated with white patches on the claval and costal margins; venation somewhat ob- scured. Abdomen and underparts black, decorated with white; femora and tarsi black; tibiae very foliaceus, white and punctate. Long. 5.50 mm. Lat. 2.50 mm. Alt.: 3.50 mm. Type: Female. This form is very close to Hypsoprora ( Pterygia ) pileata, Fairm. A single example was taken by sweeping in a clearing, July 23rd, 1922. Aconophoroides gladiator (Walk.). Aconophoroides gladiator , Fowler, B.C.A., Homopt., II, p. 48, 1909. This species seemed rather scarce at Kartabo. Three examples were taken at the beginning of June, and another male in September, in every case on the reddish bark of a shrub of species undetermined. On once occasion a specimen had just been captured by a spider. The horn of the male is much shorter than that of the female, and may be almost obsolete. * Umbonia spinosa (Fabr.). Umbonia spinosa, Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2, IV, p. 276, 1846. Four specimens taken p.t the Station, August 16th, 1922. Darnis latior Fowler. Darnis latior Fowler, B.C.A., Homopt., II, p. 52, 1909. Single individuals were found occasionally in the darker parts of the forest, feeding in the axils of the leaves of herbaceous plants. Darnis partita Walk. Darnis partita Walker, Ins. Saunders., Homopt., p. 75, 1850. More common than the last, and fed in the axils of leaves, in lighter parts of the forest. Usually it occurred singly, but occasionally two individuals were found together. Stictopelta indeterminata (Walk.). Stictopelta indeterminata, Fowler, B.C.A., Homopt., II, p. 59, 1909. Three specimens collected at the Station, July 21st, 1922, evidently belong to this species, which, following Fowler, I have included in the genus Sticto- pelta. I am, however, inclined to think that it would be more properly placed in Fowler’s own genus, Hebeticoides, for the distinguishing characteristics, the contiguity and position of the bifurcation of the ulnar veins, are variable even in the small series of examples that I have had for comparison. Aconophora compressa Walk. Aconophora compressa Walker, List. Homopt. Ins. Brit. Mus., p. 541, 1850. (PI. I, fig. 9, eggs.) Taken in July and later in August and September, on the stems of a shrub in a shady place. The adults readily take wing, but soon return to their original 244 ' Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 position. The egg-cases are brown, elliptical bodies, each containing a score or more eggs, which are embedded in the waxy substance of the case and not inserted in the tissues of the plant. Each female remains seated on her eggs unless disturbed. The long frontal horn appears remarkably like a thorn or broken twig when the insect is seen thus in situ, and this character is also well marked in the nymphs. It is of course relatively little developed in the early instars, which are dingy ochreous and black forms; but already by the fourth instar the frontal horn and dorsum are conspicuously marked with bright, fer- ruginous brown, and the sides of the body are decorated with white, flocculent patches. The nymph of the fifth instar is much more gaily coloured than the adult. The head, wing-cases and underparts are black; the pronotum is bright chestnut, marked heavily along the sides with black, and with a black stripe down the carinated metopidium. The rest of the thorax and abdomen are black, conspicuously variegated with yellow and white, and the legs are black with yellow femora. The nymphs of every stage are furnished with four pairs of long, black, dorsal spines; the first, on the mesonotum, are somewhat recurved, and project back on either side of the posterior process. The remaining pairs are on the first, second and third abdominal segments. At all stages the nymphs are active and run rapidly down the stem when disturbed. Their long, red-tipped horns give them the semblance of a row of thorns, although the plant on which they were found in this instance is not thorny. They excrete large quantities of “honey- dew,” which smears the surrounding foliage, and attracts many ants. Cymbomorpha vaginata (Germ.). Cymbomorpha vaginata Stal, K. Sven. Vet-Akad. Handl. 8, 1, p. 34, 1869. Two females, dated the 15th and 22nd of July, 1922. One had been carried off by a hunting spider. Rhexia kartabensis, sp. nov. (PI. II, fig. 8.) Head pale green, shining, punctate, sub-triangular, broader than long; genae straight; clypeus small, rounded, hairy at apex, not produced beyond margins of genae; eyes red, prominent; ocelli yellow, twice as far from each other as from eyes, and situated on a level with the upper margins of eyes, Pronotum pale translucent green, shining, very finely punctured, convex, highest above shoulders, non-carinate; metopidium sloping, twice as wide as high; humeral angles blunt, slightly produced; posterior process sub-acute, much compressed behind shoulders, margin sinuate, not quite reaching apex of tegmina; a dark brown median line from metopidium extending along dorsum; lateral margins and apex of posterior process much suffused with olive green. Tegmina entirely free, yellowish brown, semi-opaque, with a broad dark band across the distal third and hyaline at the apex; veins pale brown, punctate. Underparts green; legs yellow; hind tibiae with three rows of small black spines. Long. 6.0 mm. Lat. 4.0 mm. Type: Female. One example taken on foliage in a trail, attended by ants, Sept. 4th, 1922. 245 1925] Haviland-Brindley: Memhracidae of Kartabo Heteronotus armatus Lap. Heteronotus armatus Laporte, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1, IV, p. 97, 1832. (PL III, fig. 8.) The Kartabo series has been identified by comparison with specimens determined by Fowler in the Hope Museum, and also with those in the British Museum. H. confusus Butl. is possibly a synonym; and Fairmaire is probably right in supposing that H. spinosus Lap. is only a pale form of H . armatus. This fine insect was not uncommon round the Station in August and September, but the nymphs were not found. The adults were solitary, and inhabited the edges of clearings. They sat in full view on the upper side of the foliage, and readily took wing with a loud buzzing noise. I procured examples of two other forms of this genus allied to H. armatus , but which do not correspond to any named specimens or descriptions of species to which I have access. Both were taken in the same surroundings, and have the same general facies and habits as H. armatus. It is probable that many of the described forms of this type will prove to be varieties of a single species. At present the difficulty of determining examples from brief descriptions, often unsupplemented by figures, is very great. Heteronotus albospinosus, sp. nov. (PL III, fig. 6.) Head gamboge yellow with two black stripes. Prothorax armed anteriorly with two, long, slender, yellow spines, diverging outwards for the first half of their length and then curved almost to a right angle and directed backwards. Posterior process divided into three nodes or swellings, the first being the small- est, and the second and third nearly equal in size. The third, which is borne at the end of a peduncle equal in length to half the diameter of the node, is fur- nished with one ventral and two dorso-lateral, slender, backwardly-directed spines. Pronotum ochre yellow, bordered with cream colour. On either side of the metopidium, a black stripe, continuous with the facial stripe, extends obliquely to the lateral margin, where it joins a second black stripe rising behind the eye, and reaches the humeral angle; between the anterior spines, a circular black spot, interrupted by a median yellow line; second and third nodes laterally suffused with black. Spines wholly yellow, with the exception of the posterior dorso-lateral pair which are white for the distal third of their length. Rest of body and limbs yellow. Tegmina hyaline yellow with black veins. Length of body to end of abdomen 7.5 mm. Length of body from frons to tip of posterior spines. 10.0 mm. Length of tegmen 8.0 mm. Width between tips of anterior spines 5.3 mm. Type: Female. A specimen in the Hope Museum, collected by Bates on the Amazon in 1861, and labelled “? sp.” in Canon Fowler’s writing, belongs to this form. Plate III. — 1, Tragopa occulta; 2, T. guianae ; 3, Telemona spinigera, prothorax; 4. Aphetes affinis; 4a, A. affinis, tegmen; 5, Vanduzea testudinea; 6, Heteronotus albospinosus, posterior process; 7, H. vespiformis , posterior process; 8, H. armarus, Lap., posterior process; 9, Amastris funkhouseri, prothorax; 10, Boethoos globosa, prothorax. 246 1925] Haviland-Brindley : Membracidae of Kartabo 247 Heteronotus vespiformes, sp. nov. (PI. HI, fig. 7.) This form is close to H. divisus, Wlk., but the peduncle of the posterior node is somewhat differently constructed. Head gamboge yellow with two black stripes. Pronotum gamboge yellow, decorated with two, broad, black stripes, which are joined by a transverse band at the base of the posterior process, and are interrupted by a large, cuneiform, yellow spot on either side of the metopidium and by a circular, yellow area round the base of the anterior spines, which are black, stout, and directed slightly backwards. Posterior process ochre yellow, with a low tubercle at the base and two nodes; the first large, black, not con- stricted in front, rounded behind; the second smaller, oval, arising by a short peduncle not equal in length to half the width of the node, heavily marked with black and furnished with one ventral and two dorso-lateral, stout, almost straight and backwardly diverging spines. Rest of body and legs yellow; tarsi black. Tegmina yellowish hyaline, shining, with black basal, and brown apical, veins. Length from frons to tip of abdomen 8.0 mm. Length of tegmen . 10.0 mm. Length from frons to tip of posterior spines 10.0 mm. Width between tips of anterior spines 6.0 mm. Type: Female. Tragopa cimicoides (Fabr.). Tragopa cimicoides, Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2, IV, p. 485, 1846. (PL VI, fig. 6, nymph.) Commonly taken from June to September, and showing considerable variation in the amount of black colour on the pronotum. The eggs were laid in clusters of 30-40, in slits in the epidermis of the stems of various woody plants. The females sat on the eggs, and were much visited by ants. When breeding, they were eminently gregarious, so much so that an infested twig looked as if it were crowded with brown berries, or possibly with galls, though I would not go so far as to suggest cryptic resemblance as an interpretation of the peculiar form. When not breeding, the adults tended to solitary habits, and were frequently taken by sweeping in herbage in the clearings. Tragopa guianae, sp. nov. (PL III, fig. 2.) Head pale ochreous, spotted with brown, shining, not punctate, not pubes- cent, twice as broad as long, margins of genae short, slightly arcuate, lobed at apex; clypeus small, the free margin tri-lobed, hairy at the apex, not pro- jecting beyond margin of genae; eyes grey, prominent, and directed laterally; ocelli yellow, nearer to eyes than to each other, and situated on a level with the centres of eyes. Prothorax dirty white in ground colour, finely and densely punctured with brown, and furnished with short, scattered hairs, shield shaped, 248 Zoologica: N . Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 excavated behind shoulders, which are rounded and not prominent; metopodium sloping, very much wider than high; dorsum convex, highest in the middle, non-carinate; posterior process blunt, just covering apex of abdomen and teg- mina. A chocolate-brown, irregular, transverse band rising behind the shoulders and extending backwards across the middle of the dorsum; behind this on either side a large sub-triangular brown spot; apex of posterior process brown. Exposed portions of tegmina bright brown, shining, not punctate. Under- parts chocolate-coloured, pubescent; legs yellow; tarsi black. Long. 3.50 mm. Lat. (int. hum.) 2.5 mm. Type: Female. Two females taken in a colony of Vanduzea testudinea, August 2nd, 1922. The resemblance in colour and pattern between the two forms is so close, that without careful examination, they might be mistaken for varieties of the same species. Tragopa occulta, sp. nov. (PL III, fig. 1.) Head black, shining, finely and remotely punctate, half as long as wide; margins of genae arcuate; clypeus small, sub-quadrate, and projecting for about half its length beyond genae; eyes dark brown; ocelli yellow, nearer to eyes than to each other, and situated just above the level of the centres of the eyes. Prothorax convex, black, shining, finely and thickly punctate, destitute of median line or keel; anterior margin rounded; metopidium sloping, highest above shoulders; humeral angles sub-triangular, only slightly produced; posterior process excavated behind shoulders, apex plicate and sub-acute. Tegmina with the exposed portion coriaceous, black, and thickly punctate. Underparts and legs rusty black. Long. 4.50 mm. Lat. 2.75 mm. Type: Female. One example taken in deep forest, July 5th, 1922. This form may prove to be merely a dark variety of some species already known. Tragopa scutellaris Buckt. Tragopa scutellaris Buckton, Monograph of the Membracidae, p. 156, 1903. Not uncommon; resembles the last in habits. Tragopa tripartita Fairm. Tragopa tripartita, Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2, IV, p. 490, 1846. I am indebted to Mr. Funkhouser for determining this most variable form. At first sight the different variations look like distinct species; but the types of colour and patterns imperceptibly grade into one another, and slight differences of size and proportion are not constant and may occur with any colour com- bination. The variations are not due to sex. The principal varieties in the Kartabo collection are: Var. 1. Entirely bronze black. 1925] Haviland-Brindley : Membracidae of Kartabo 249 Var. 2. Head and anterior part of pronotum pale ochreous brown, with a very broad, transverse band, usually black but occasionally chestnut behind the shoulders, and sometimes with the apex of the posterior process black. . Var. 3. Like the last, but with the median band interrupted on the dorsum. Var. 4. Like the last, but with the transverse band marked with a lateral testaceous spot, and the apex of the posterior process olive-brown. Var. 5. Pronotum bright reddish brown, obscurely marked behind the shoulders and across the posterior process with darker brown. This was a common species taken on Vismia ferruginea and other plants, frequently in company with Tragopa cimicoides and Horiola arcuata. The dif- ferent varieties were found together in the same colonies. They were always visited by ants, which often built shelters of vegetable fibre over and around them. Horiola arcuata (Fabr.). Horiola arcuata, Fowler, B.C.A., Homopt., II, p. 86, 909. A gregarious species which sometimes occurred in considerable numbers, often in association with Tragopa tripartita Fairm. It fed on various plants, but especially on the twigs of Vismia ferruginea , where it was frequently en- closed in shelters of vegetable fibre which had been built over it by the gnats which always attended it. The eggs were laid in clusters of 30-40 together in slits in the epidermis of the stems. Horiola ferruginea Fairm. Horiola ferruginea Fairmaire, Ann . Soc. Ent. Fr., 2, IV, p. 493, 1846. One male taken in a colony of H. arcuata. I believe this to be Fairmaire’s species, although the “tres petite ligne blanchatre” at either side of the ex- tremity of the posterior process is replaced in my specimen by a minute white spot. Boethoos cinctata, sp. nov. (PI. IV, fig. 5.) Head chestnut brown, polished, not punctate, with scattered hairs, surface somewhat irregular, sub-triangular, about as long as wide, projecting forwards; margins of genae oblique, somewhat plicate and extroverted; clypeus small, not extending below genae, tip blunt and thickly hairy; eyes brown, prominent; ocelli yellow, equidistant from each other and from eyes, and situated just below the level of the centres of the eyes. Pronotum bright chestnut brown, with metallic lustre, punctate, thickly hairy, with a broad transverse gamboge-yellow band over the dorsum behind the shoulders, convex, with the median carina faintly marked; metopodium sloping, wider than high; humeral angles sub-triangular, not much produced; posterior process excavated, and somewhat compressed behind shoulders; lateral margin sinuate; apex rounded. Tegmina hyaline, with thick dark veins and two infuscated patches at the apex. Underparts and legs light brown, shining, and rather pubescent. Long. 7.0 mm. Lat. 3.5 mm. 250 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 Type: Female. One example collected in a clearing, August 15th, 1922. A second female in Mr. Beebe’s collection, dated July 15th, 1922, is evi- dently of the same species, but the transverse band is faint sordid yellow. Boethoos distinguenda Fowler. Parmula distinguenda Fowler, B.C.A., Homopt., II, p. 91, 1909. Parmula — Boethoos , Kirkaldy, Ent., 37, p. 279, 1904. Somewhat scarce. Single individuals were found breeding in August and September near colonies of Tragopa cimicoides, and other social forms, with whom they shared the attentions of ants. Boethoos globosa, sp. nov. (PI. Ill, fig. 10.) Head ferruginous brown, shining, faintly punctate, wider than long, pro- jecting forwards; margins of genae arcuate, produced and extroverted, bordered with yellow; clypeus small, rounded, not projecting beyond genae; eyes grey and prominent; ocelli grey, twice as far from one another as from eyes, and situ- ated on a level with the centres of the eyes. Pronotum ferruginous brown, polished, finely punctate, slightly pale behind, highest above shoulders; metopidium convex, sloping, twice as wide as high; humeral angles sub-triangular, bordered with yellow; posterior process tectiform, slightly carinate, sub-acuminate, depressed transversely behind shoulders; a bright yellow spot at the middle of the lateral margin on either side. Tegmina yellowish brown, semi-transparent, the proximal discoidal cell infuscate; veins broad, dark, punctured at the base. Abdomen short and globose; underparts and legs ferruginous; tibiae dec- orated with yellow; tarsi black. Long. 3.50 mm. Lat. 1.75 mm. Type: Female. A small reddish brown shining globose species, taken August 5th, 1922, among a colony of Horiola arcuata which had been partly covered with vegetable fibre by ants. Boethoos reticulata , (Fabr.). Parmula reticulata, Stal, K. Sven. Vet-Akad., HandL, 8, 1, p. 29, 1869. Parmula = Boethoos, Kirkaldy, Ent., p. 279, 1904. (PI. VI, fig. 7, nymph.) Small colonies were found on June 28th, 1922, and on August 4th, 1922, in each case completely enclosed by ants under a shelter of vegetable dust. Early in September, broods appeared on a flowering leguminaceous tree in a clearing which seemed to be attractive to Membracidae, for other forms, such as M. fusca and M. c-album and E. monoceros, etc. were taken upon it. Here, although ants swarmed over the tree and visited the different Membracid colonies, B. reticu ata lived free, and uncovered. There is considerable variation in the depth of the 1925] Haviland-Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 251 ground colour of the pronotum, and in the extent and continuity of the mark- ings, but my collections show that this is not dependent on whether or no the species is covered up by ants. Vanduzea testudinea, sp. nov. (PL III, fig. 5.) Head greenish yellow, marked with brown, polished, shining, sparingly pubescent and punctate; base somewhat sinuate; genae rounded, with margins extroverted; clypeus very small, rounded, not projecting beyond genae, hairy at the apex; eyes yellowish grey; ocelli yellow, nearer to margins of eyes than to each other, and situated on a level with the centres of the eyes. Prothorax sordid white, pubescent, densely punctured with brown, convex, highest above shoulders; humeral angles blunt, not prominent; median carina very slight; metopidium sloping, wider than high; posterior process blunt, tectiform, excavated behind the shoulders, not quite reaching tips of the teg- mina. A narrow band along the anterior margin, borders of humeral angles, and apex of the posterior process brown. A broad, irregular, dark brown band extending over the metopidium on either side, often confluent in the middle of the dorsum behind the shoulders, and then turning at an obtuse angle to the lateral margin; a second transverse brown band extending across the dorsum half-way to the apex of the posterior process. Tegmina hyaline; with a dark, clouded spot in the middle, and another at the apex; veins black and boldly marked. Underparts brigh: brown; legs brown, spotted with yellow. Long. 4.0 mm. Lat. 2.0 mm. Type: Female. Sexes alike. A small series taken August 19th, 1922, on Vismia ferruginea, where they were attended by ants, which had built a slight shelter of vegetable fibre round them. Amastris elevata Funkh. * Amastris elevata Funkhouser, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXX, no. 1, p . 27, 1922. (PL VI, fig. 5.) This form, which Mr. Funkhouser has kindly determined for me by com- parison with his type, is evidently near to A. ohtegens Fabr. It is a bright green shining species, taken in July and August on a coarse, green herb in a clearing close to the Station. The eggs are laid in clusters of 30-40 in the epidermis of the stem. The nymphs are green; and as they feed flattened close to the petioles and mid-ribs of the leaves, they are almost invisible to a casual glance. Their presence, however, is often betrayed by the swarms of ants which attend them. Amastris funkhouseri, sp. nov. (PL III, fig. 9.) Head pale green, roughly sculptured, punctate, coarsely pubescent, about as long as wide; margins of genae sinuate; clypeus small, hairy, not extending 252 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 much beyond genae; eyes pink; ocelli bright red, equidistant from each other and from eyes, and situated on a level with the centres of the eyes. Pronotum greenish yellow, obscurely marked with orange, roughly sculp- tured, punctate, hirsute; metopidium wider than high, perpendicular, convex, w th a faint yellow keel; humeral angles blunt, little produced; dorsum rising abruptly behind the shoulders in a high carinate ridge which slopes backwards and downwards to the apex of the posterior process, which is sub-acute, tecti- form, laterally compressed, somewhat excavated behind shoulders, and just reaches the apex of the tegmina. Tegmina yellowish hyaline, punctate along the costa and at the base; veins pale brown. Abdomen orange; underparts and legs yellow; tarsi black. Long. 4.2 mm. Lat. 2.0 mm. Type: Female. One female taken by sweeping in a clearing, September 4th, 1922. I have much pleasure in naming this species after Mr. W. D. Funkhouser of the Uni- versity of Kentucky, in recognition of his assistance in the determination of this and other specimens. Amastris vismiae, sp. nov. (PI. IV, fig. 4.) Head yellowish brown, shining, faintly punctate, rather roughly sculptured, sub-triangular, broader than long, margins of genae nearly straight and slightly raised; clypeus small, sub-quadrate, hairy at the apex, and not projecting beyond margins of’genae; eyes crimson, large, prominent; ocelli yellow, equidistant from each other and from eyes; and situated on a level with centres of eyes. Pronotum bright reddish brown, punctate, with scattered hairs, arcuate, highest above shoulders, laterally compressed, furnished with a strong median Carina which is edged with black; metopidium perpendicular; humeral angles rounded, not prominent; posterior process acute, just reaching apex of tegmina. Tegmina yellowish hyaline; veins brown; clavus and half of the corium covered by the pronotum. Long. 5.0 mm. Lat. 2.0 mm. Type: Female. Male with the abdomen pinkish orange; otherwise sexes alike. A small series taken in the latter part of July and in August on the brown flowering twigs of the Vismia ferruginea, where they were attended by ants. This species readily takes wing when disturbed, but soon returns to the food- plant. Aphetea affinis, sp. nov. (PL III, fig. 4, 4a.) Head wider than long, coarsely punctate, base slightly sinuate; margins of genae arcuate; clypeus small, blunt, and not projecting beyond genae; eyes brown; ocelli pink, very small and inconspicuous, twice as far from one another as from eyes, and situated on a level with the centres of the eyes. 1925] Haviland-Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 253 Pronotum coarsely punctate; metopidium rounded, sloping, twice as wide as high; dorsum slightly sinuate in the middle, somewhat excavated behind the shoulders; humeral angles blunt, not prominent; median carina percurrent, not very marked; posterior process tectiform or boat-shaped, with the apex acute and just reaching the tips of the tegmina. Tegmina with the costal area very coriaceous, heavily punctate and coloured like the pronotum; remainder of the corium and the clavus, hyaline, with a small black spot at the apex; three parallel basal veins; discoidal cells absent. The first, second, fourth and fifth apical cells are arranged radially round the apex of the third basal area, and the third apical cell is strongly stylate. Long. 3.0 mm. Lat. 1.5 mm. Type: Female. A small inconspicuous species which varies considerably in colour. Eight of the nine females in the series have the head and the pronotum pale grass- green in life, but the colour fades in cabinet specimens. The males and the remaining female are greenish brown, with a few obscure brown blotches on the lateral margins and the apex of the posterior process. This form was taken early in July on the shoots of a vine in an open place in the forest. The eggs were laid in clusters of twenty to thirty together, in slits in the epidermis of the stems. The females remained seated on the eggs, and they and the nymphs, which ran actively over the plant, were much visited by ants. Cyphonia clavata (Fabr.). Cyphonia clavata , Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2, IV, p. 503, 1846. This species was found from June to September in small numbers on certain favourite shrubs. Both sexes were taken, but I was not able to find the earlier stages, and attempts to induce the adults to oviposit on “sleeved” twigs met with no success. C. clavata readily takes wing, but soon returns to the plant. A score or more may be found on the same branch, feeding on the under-sides of the leaves, but they are not gregarious in the sense in which that term has been elsewhere in this paper. Ants abounded on the same foliage, but were never observed to feed from the Membracids. Nevertheless the resemblance between the two forms was very striking in the field, and the mimicry only failed because the Homoptera were sedentary unless disturbed, and did not run restlessly about as the ants did. * Cyphonia nasalis Stah Cyphonia nasalis Stal, K. Sven., Vet-Akad. Handl., 3, 6, p. 34, 1858. A female collected at the Station, November 5th, 1920, answers to Stal’s description of this species. It has the facies of C. clavata, but is larger and has longer and coarser black hairs. The abdomen and legs are pale with black apices; the paired spines at the base of the posterior process are blunt; and below each, on the side of the thorax, is a shining swollen white spot. Ceresa vitulus (Fabr.). Ceresa vitulus, Amyot et Serville, Hist . Nat. Ins. He?nip., p. 540, 1843. Ceresa vitulus, var. minor, Fowler, B.C.A., Homop., II, p. 103, 1909. Both the type form and the variety were equally common on the coarse herbage in the clearing at the back of the Station. Plate IV. — 1, Hille herbicola, prothorax; la, H. herbicola, tegmen; 2, Gelastigonia hir- suta, prothorax; 2a, G. hirsuta, tegmen; 3, Polyglyptodes flavicostatus, prothorax; 3a, P. flavi- costatus, tegmen; 4, Amastris vismiae; 5, Boethoos cinctata ; 6, Centruchoides felinus; 7 Ste- gaspis galeata, Walk., male. 254 1925] Haviland-Brindley : Membracidae of Kartabo 255 Polyglytodes flavocostatus, sp. nov. (PL IV, fig. 3, 3a.) Head testaceous brown, punctate, not shining, wider than long, base sinu- ate; margins of genae nearly straight; clypeus very small, articular margin angular, apex rounded, bristly, scarcely extending beyond margins of genae; eyes brown; ocelli small, yellow, equidistant from each other and from the eyes, and situated on a level with the centres of the eyes. Prothorax yellowish brown, strongly punctate, furnished with a short, straight horn projecting obliquely forwards and continuous behind with the line of the dorsum, which is non-sinuate and straight from the tip of the frontal horn to the middle of the posterior process, whence it is gradually curved to the apex; basal part of the metopidium carinated, nearly perpendicular and forming an obtuse angle with the frontal horn; humeral angles insignificant; median carina yellow, edged with black, very strong, percurrent; posterior process acute, tectiform, just reaching tip of tegmina, furnished with five yellow costae on either side, extending from the shoulders to the apex. Tegmina with one discoidal area, the third apical area small; clavus very large; basal and costal regions semi-coriaceous, and punctate, with raised yellow veins. Underparts and legs brown; tarsi black. Long. 6.50 mm. (sine cornu. 5.50 mm.). Lat. 2.0 mm. Type: Female. A single example was taken August 18th, 1922, on the Vismia tree. Species ? The determination of the two following species has presented some dif- ficulties According to the keys of Stal, they should be referred to Oxygonia Fairm.2 and Hille Stal, respectively, on the strength of the presence or absence of a discoidal cell in the tegmen. But Fowler remarks that this character is not always reliable, and moreover Hille , according to Stal, is furnished with longi- tudinal ridges on the pronotum, which are obscure in my series. A closely allied species in the Hope Museum at Oxford is labelled Hemitycha ( = Oxy- gonia Fairm.) erythropus Burm. Mr. Funkhouser has kindly examined my specimens, and refers them to Polyglytodes Fowler, but they are different in facies to the types in the British Museum, and the humeral angles, though not very prominent, are more conspicuous. On the whole it has seemed best to follow StaLs arrangement, though when the long-needed revision of this part of the Smiliinae is undertaken, it may be necessary to remove these forms else- where, or perhaps include them both in the same genus. Hill© herbicola, sp. nov. (PL IV, figs. 1, la.) Head pale green, punctate, shining, wider than long, with a dark median line; base slightly sinuate; margins of genae sinuate; clypeus rounded and hairy at the apex, and not projecting for as much as half its length beyond genae; eyes red; ocelli yellow, equidistant from each other and from eyes, and situated on a level with the centres of eyes. 2 Oxygonia = Gelastigonia Kinkaldy, Ent. 37, 1904. 256 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 Pronotum grass-green, coarsely punctate, not pubescent, with a few, slight, irregular, yellowish costae along the lateral margin; metopidium perpendicular, rising into a short, straight, laterally-compressed horn, which is rather variable in height, non-carinate at the sides, and marked broadly with dark brown; median carina sharp, percurrent, edged with black; humeral angles obtusely triangular, not very prominent; dorsum sinuate at base of horn, and gradually sloping to the apex of the posterior process, which is tectiform, acute, and just reaches the tips of the tegmina. Tegmina with the exposed portion green, coriaceus, and heavily punctate at the base, and infuscate and sub-hyaline at the apex; space divided by the claval suture very large and hyaline; three basal veins; basal areas long and narrow; one discoidal cell; apical areas elongate, the third strongly stylate and very small. Underparts and legs greenish yellow; femora black. Long. 6.00 mm. Lat.: 2.50 mm. Type: Female. Sexes alike. Social: taken in June on low herbage in a clearing near the Station, and attended by ants. The nymphs are green, elongate, and very effectually con- cealed in their natural surroundings, as they feed flattened against the stems of the host plant. A specimen labelled T. notata Walk, in the British Museum, is evidently very close to this species. Gelastigonia hirsuta, sp. nov. (PI. IV, fig. 2, 2a; PI. VI, fig. 4.) Head green, with a black, median line, sub-triangular, rather wider than long; base slightly sinuate; margins of genae nearly straight; clypeus hairy, sub-acute, and not projecting for quite half its length beyond genae; eyes red; ocelli yellow, equidistant from each other and from eyes, and situated on a level with the centres of eyes. Pronotum grass-green, coarsely punctate, hirsute; metopidium carinate, perpendicular, about as wide as high, continued above into a short, straight, laterally-compressed horn, which is provided with three carinae on either side, and with an irregular, black stripe which is continued downwards over the shoulders; humeral angles sub-triangular, not very prominent; dorsum strongly carinate, scarcely at all sinuate at base of horn; posterior process tectiform, acute, just reaching apex of tegmina, and furnished on each side with five or six longitudinal costae. Tegmina with the exposed portion green, punctate, and coriaceous, in- fuscate towards the apex and along the third basal area; venation as in the last species, but destitute of a discoidal cell. Underparts and legs greenish yellow. Long. 6.00 mm. Lat. 2.75 mm. Type: Male. Two examples taken June 16th, 1922, in a colony of Hille herbicola, which species they closely resemble. 1925] Haviland-Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 257 *Telemona spiniger, sp. nov. (PL III, fig. 3.) Head wider than long, roughly sculptured, polished, shining; margins of genae sinuate; reflexed; clypeus very small, laterally bi-lobed and rounded at the apex, not projecting beyond margins of genae; base of head somewhat sinuate; eyes pale grey, prominent; ocelli translucent, equidistant from each other and from eyes, and situated on a level with the centres of the eyes. Pronotum rough, coarsely punctured, shining, not pubescent, much com- pressed behind shoulders; metopidium twice as high as wide, inclined backwards, slightly sinuate when seen from the side, carinate; humeral angles triangular, strongly produced; dorsum furnished with a high blunt prominence above the shoulders; median carina percurrent and strongly compressed; posterior process very acuminate, lateral margins arcuate when seen from the side, just reaching apex of tegmina. Tegmina entirely free, yellow, hyaline, punctured at the base, and with a small black spot at the apex of the clavus; veins brown. Femora somewhat swollen; tibiae spined. Long. 11.0 mm. Lat. (int. hum.): 6.0 mm. Alt: 6.0 mm. Type: Female. Described from a female collected at the Station, June 24th, 1922. The colours are evidently faded. The head and pronotum are yellow (? green in life) thickly mottled and punctured, especially along the dorsum, with ferruginous (? red) and the underparts and legs are yellow (? green). This form differs from other species of the genus with which I am acquainted in the shape of the metopidium and posterior process. Bocydium globular e (Fabr.). Bocydium globulare, Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2, IV, p. 508, 1846. This remarkable Membracid was taken by sweeping in June and again more abundantly in September. The nymphs were not found; and all the examples of both sexes that were obtained were feeding singly on the under- sides of green leaves where they were comparatively conspicuous objects. They took wing readily when disturbed, and apparently were never attended by ants, although the latter were common on the foliage around them. Centruchoides felinus, sp. nov. (PI. IV, fig. 6.) Head ferruginous, with thick yellow pubescence, wider than long, base arcuate and emarginate; margins of genae prominent, sinuate, deeply notched at the apex; clypeus small, depressed, trilobed, with the lateral lobes small and angular and the median lobe larger and rounded, not projecting much beyond genae; eyes brown, prominent; ocelli grey, equidistant from each ocher and from eyes. Pronotum ferruginous, punctate, thickly pubescent, furnished above the shoulders with two, stout, pointed horns; metopidium perpendicular, carinate; horns strongly tri-carinate, flattened above, their breadth at base almost equal 258 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 to their length; a well-marked percurrent earina arises between the horns and extends to the apex of the posterior process. Posterior process very acuminate, slightly longer than the abdomen and triangular in section; seen from above, it is narrow at base, slightly expanded behind the scutellum and tapers gradually to the apex; seen from the side, it is sinuate, sloping abruptly to the scutellum, and is then slightly raised again and depressed towards the apex. Scutellum dark brown, with white tomentose patches, about as wide as long, truncate behind, with a pale denticle lying on either side of the posterior process. Tegmina ferruginous, semi-opaque, not quite half as long again as ab- domen, with numerous, brown, scale-like patches; veins brown, base and costal margin heavily punctate; one discoidal and five apical areas. Wings hyaline grey, with four apical cells. Abdomen rufous brown; ovipositor long and stout; underparts and femora sooty brown to black, with white tomentose patches; tibiae ferruginous, flattened and dilate; tarsi sooty. Long. 8.0 mm. Lat. (int. corn.): 3.0 mm. Type: Female. Sexes alike, except that the abdomen of the male is short and crimson in colour. Four females and a male taken in August on the branches of a small tree with reddish bark, common in the clearings. The venation of this form differs somewhat from that of Fowler’s type species (C. laticornis). Lycoderes hippocampus (Fabr.). Lycoderes hippocampus, Stal. K. Sven, Vet-Akad. Handl., 8, p. 52, 1869. A solitary and rather scarce species, taken occasionally in August and September. The early stages were not found. The insect fed in the axils of the leaves of low shrubs in shady places. The pale green body, seen through the transparent part of the tegmina, and enclosed by the dark apical areas behind and by the pronotum above, gives the whole insect a remarkable resemblance to a partly withered leaf stipule. This form, according to my observations, is not visited by ants. Stegaspis laevipennis (Fairm.). Stegaspis laevipennis, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Brit. Mus., p. 635, 1850. Two females taken September 9th, 1922, on a red-barked shrub in a clear- ing. The insects fed in the axils of the leaves, and bore an unmistakable re- semblance to stipules. Stegaspis galeata Walker. Enchenopa galeata Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Brit. Mus., p. 486, 1850. Stegaspis galeata Walker, Ibid, Supp., p. 341, 1858. Hypsoprora insignis Buckton, Mon. Mem., 1909. Stegaspis insignis, Funkhouser, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXX, no. 1, p. 34, 1922. (PI. IV, fig. 7; PL V, fig. 5.) A gregarious form, attractive to ants, and not uncommon on green vines and juicy shoots in shady places from June to September. The colour of my 1925] Haviland-Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 259 series varies from ochreous brown to rusty black, and the sexes are dimorphic, for the male lacks the frontal horn. The above synonomy is suggested after examination of Walker’s specimens in the British Museum, which are identical with the examples from Kartabo. Mr. Funkhouser has suggested to me that S. folium Oliv. may be a synonym. Stal (K. Sven. Vet-Akad Hand!., 8, p. 54, 1869) supposes S. folium to be identical with S. melanopetala Oliv. Stal’s description is of the male sex, and Stoll’s figure 80, and possibly 48 also, probably represents this unhorned form. Stoll’s figure 31, according to Stal, is of S. fronditia Fabr., and this is evidently near to, if not identical with, the female of the species under discussion. Until the types of the older writers can be re-examined, Walker’s name has priority over that of Buckton. I schnocentrus niger Stal. Ischnocentrus niger Stal, Ofv. K. Vet-Akad. Fork., p. 293, 1869. A male and female taken at the beginning of August, feeding singly on the bark of twigs in a shady place. Their appearance was very ant-like, and some of the ants, which were numerous on the foliage, were gathered round them. Fowler ( B.C.A. , Homop., II, p . 155) regards Stal’s species, I. niger and I. ferruginosus, as the sexes of the same form. This conclusion is borne out by my two examples, of which the male is black and the female is rich brown. The only structural difference between them is that the posterior process of the male is slightly reflexed, while that of the female is straight. Tolania scutata Stal. Tolania scutata Stal, K. Vet-Akad, Handl., 3, 6, p. 37, 1858. A female, taken September 5th, 1922, on the bark of a shrub at the edge of a clearing. Stal’s type was a male, but I have little doubt from his description that this belongs to the same species. Tropidaspis carinata (Fabr.) Tropidaspis carinatus, Stal, K. Sven. Vet-Akad. Handl., 8, p. 56, 1869. (PI. V, fig. 4.) This form was fairly common in shady places on the bark of twigs, and was invariably attended by ants. It was, moreover, the only species over which the ants showed any solicitude when disturbed. Twice I found a small colony with their eggs completely enclosed with some Coccids under an earth-crust. When the latter was broken into, some of the nymphs were seized by the ants and carried for a short distance, but they were soon abandoned. At other times, T. carinata fed in the open; and although the ants visited the colonies, they did not display unusual perturbation when the Membracids were interfered with. In the males of my series, the tegmina are more opaque and the general colour is darker than in the females. The pale fascia across the scutellum is some- times almost absent in both sexes. Tropidaspis minor, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 3.) Head deflexed, longer than wide, punctate; ocelli situated close to upper margins of eyes. Plate Y. — 1, Tropidaspis cornuta ; la, T. cornuta, frontal view of head; 2, Lophyraspis armata ; 2a, L. armata, frontal view of head; 2b, L. armcita, head of nymph of the third instar; 3, Tropidaspis minor, frontal view of head; 4, T. carinata, Fabr., 5, Stegaspis galeata,'WdTk., nymph of the fifth instar. 260 1925] Haviland- Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 261 Pronotum with the humeral angles blunt and little produced; somewhat excavated behind the shoulders; posterior margin gently sinuate, and furnished with a slight median carina. Scutellum as long as the abdomen, acuminate, and with a sharp percurrent carina extending to the apex. Head, prothorax and scutellum pale testaceous, densely punctured and variegated with black and chestnut brown. Tegmina hyaline, coriaceous, and punctate at the base; veins raised and broad, spotted with brown and white. Legs and tarsi sordid ochre; the hind tibias curved and furnished with three rows of spines. Long. 3.50 mm. Lat. 1.50 mm. Type: Female. Resembles the last species, but is smaller and paler in colour, and the base of the head is more acutely lobed. Two females were taken at the end of July on their flat oval egg-cases on the bark of a shrub in the jungle, attended by ants. Tropidaspis cornuta, sp. nov. (Plate V, figs. 1, la.) Greenish yellow, heavily mottled and punctate with black and brown. Head sub-triangular, much longer than wide, base produced into two conical lobes above the eyes; margins of genae somewhat arcuate; clypeus very small and scarcely projecting beyond genae; eyes brown; ocelli yellow, situated at the base of the lobes, close to, but above, the inner margins of eyes. Pronotum hexagonal, with the anterior margin rounded and raised, posterior margin straight, and somewhat impressed in front of shoulders; furnished with a strong keel, which is produced above the shoulders to form a high, laterally- compressed, rounded crest, projecting forwards. Scutellum not quite as long as the abdomen, very narrow, acuminate, with a sharp percurrent keel, which, seen from the side, is somewhat sinuate, and laterally-compressed behind the middle. Tegmina semi-opaque, coriaceous, punctate at base and along the costal and claval margins; veins broad, raised, and decorated with lighter spots. Under parts pitchy brown; tibiae and tarsi yellow, spotted with black; hind tibiae curved and furnished with three rows of small, black spines. Long. 3.50 mm. Lat. 1.50 mm. Type: Female. Male slightly smaller and paler. The absence of discoidal cells, the position of the ocelli and the unarmed scutellum justify the inclusion of this form in Tropidaspis. The lobes of the base of the head are much more pronounced than in the type species, but T. minor is transitional in this respect. T. cornuta is a small brown rough-looking insect. Two examples were taken in August on the petiole of a shrub in dank jungle. The female was sitting on a flat condate egg-case, attended by ants. Lophyraspis fowled, nov. nom. Gerridius scutellatus Fowler, B.C.A[, Homop., II, p. 166, 1909. ( nec Lophyraspis scutellatus Stal.) After a careful comparison of the characters determining the genera 262 Zoologica: N. Y, Zoological Society [VI; 3 Lophyraspis Stal and Gerridius Fowler, I have come to the conclusion that the distinctions between them are not well defined, and that therefore Fowler’s genus, erected in 1909, cannot stand. Mr. Funkhouser writes to me that he is also of this opinion. The name scutellus being preoccupied in Lophyraspis, it is necessary to re-name Fowler’s type species, and I suggest that it be known henceforward by the specific designation fowleri. L.fowleri was found in July, in a shady clearing, on the shoots of a shrubby plant infested with L. armata. It was gregarious and was attended by ants. The Membracid itself has a peculiarly ant-like appearance when feeding, owing to its habit of raising its long, curved, hind tibiae and gently waving them to and fro in the same manner as its congener L. armata and many Aphididae. The determination of the two following species has presented some dif- ficulties, as I have not seen Stal’s types. The structure of the head closely resembles that of Ischnocentrus and Tropidaspis. Stal separated Lophyraspis and Lamproptera on the form of the base of the head, and the number of discoidal cells. Fairmaire remarks of Lamproptera , “elytres tout a fait semblables a celles des Lycoderes pour les cellules,” and figures L. vacca with one discoidal cell as in Lycoderas. The only example of the genus to which I have had access is the single specimen of Lamproptera stylata Buckt., in the Hope Museum, and there the venation is identical with that of Lophyraspis; Tropidaspis, according to Stal, had no discoidal cell, and yet the venation is unmistakably of the same type. The discrepancy is due to the use of the term discoidal. In Lophyraspis the external, and only true, discoidal cell, is formed by the forking of the radial vein. The internal cell is really the radial-medial basal area, for the radial and medial veins are conjoint for some distance from the base of the tegmen. The same thing occurs in Lamproptera stylata. In Tropidaspis, all three main veins are distinct at the base, and the radial areolet is so elongated that its discoidal nature is masked. Fowler remarks that in his types of Tropidaspis affinis, there are two discoidals on one side and one on the other; this is probably due to the shifting of the bifurcation of the radial vein. Lophyraspis armata, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 10; Plate V, figs. 2, 2a, 2b.) Head bronze-black, punctate, triangular, rather longer than wide, base raised into a high, slightly sinuate crest, which is obtusely angulate laterally, and bi-cornulate only in the nymph; lower margins of the vertex produced above a deep sulcus in which the antennae are inserted; margins of genae sinuate; clypeus trilobed, not projecting beyond genae; ocelli equidistant between eyes and median line, and situated on a level with the upper margins of eyes, vertex between them strongly impressed. Pronotum bronze-black, punctate, strongly convex; humeral angles obtuse and slightly prominent; median carina slight in front and rising behind into a high, backwardly projecting pointed crest, with the anter or edge ferruginous, blunt, and the posterior sharp and knife-like, with a black fascia bordered behind with white; posterior margin arcuate. 1925] 1 Haviland-Brindley : Membracidae of Kartabo 263 Seutellum ferruginous, shining, acuminate, scarcely longer than wide, marked laterally with white tomentose patches; median carina developed into a crest as high as that of the pronotum, rounded in front, recurved behind and bordered with black and white fascia; apex white* Tegmina hyaline, shining, polished, coriaceous and punctured at base, with a median cloudy brown spot; veins and margin brown. Underparts and femora sordid yellow; tibiae and tarsi black; hind tibiae long, curved, hairy, furnished with numerous small spines; hind tarsi very long. Long, (front of head to apex of tegmen): 4.00 mm. Lat. 1.20 mm. Type: Female. Male similar, but with dorsal crests less developed. These Membracids were taken several times between June and August* on twigs in shady places. They are social, and remain upon, or near, their egg- cases, where they are much visited by ants. They and the dull green nymphs are active and move about freely. When feeding, the adults have a curious habit of waving their long hind tibiae in the air as Aphides are accustomed to do. This gives them a remarkably ant-like appearance in the field; and when ants are present in numbers it is difficult to distinguish one from the other. Stal ( K . Sven. Vet-Akad. Hand., 1869, p. 56) in a footnote describes L. cristata, in which the pronotum and seutellum are both furnished with high crests. The description is inadequate for accurate determination, but it is quite possible that L. cristata is identical with the form described here. Lophyraspis pygmaea (Fabr.). Lophyraspis pygmaea, Stal, K. Sven. Vet-Akad. Handl., 8, 1, p. 55, 1869. This form resembles the last but is smaller. The pronotum is bronze- black and punctate, convex and rounded behind, with a very slight median keel. The base of the head and seutellum are bright brown, and the underparts and legs are sordid yellow. *The seutellum is triangular, rather longer than wide, transversely convex, with a black median keel more developed behind, where it dips abruptly to the apex which is white and very acute. Tegmina as in the last; but with the apical margin more broadly infuscate. The hind tibiae are long and curved, and furnished with short close spines. Endoiastus productus Osborn. Endoiastus productus Osborn, Zoologica, Vol. Ill, no. 10, p. 233, 1921. (Plate I, fig. 8, eggs.) The genus Endoiastus was erected by Fowler for the reception of E. caviceps; E. productus, which differs from the type species in its dark colour, more slender form and narrower head, was described by Osborn from material collected by Dr. Wheeler from Tachigalia at Kartabo in 1920. In 1922, I found this Membracid only in one spot, where, however, it bred in numbers from June to September. The eggs were laid in slits in the epidermis of the stems, petioles, and on the undersides of the leaves of the Tachigalia. About thirty were deposited together, usually in a double, but sometimes in a single, row, and the adults and nymphs clustered together in crowds under the foliage. The nymphs were active, dark green and not mealy, but the adults were sluggish and seldom moved unless touched. Plate VI. — Nymphs of, 1, Bolbonota aspidistrae, fifth instar; 2, Enchenopa bifenestrata, Funkh., second instar; 3, Campylenchia nutans, Germ., fifth instar; 4, Gelastigonia hirsuta, fifth instar; 5, Amastris elevata, fifth instar; 6, Tragopa cimicoides, Fabr., fifth instar; 7, Boethoos reticulata, Fabr., fifth instar; 8, Tropidocyta bulbosa, fifth instar; 9, Membracis c-album, Fairm., fifth instar. 264 1925] Haviland-Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 265 Dr. Wheeler (op. cit., no. 4) has given an account of the relations of the host plant to the ant which live in the hollow petioles of the leaves and feed on the excreta of the Membracids. Aethalion reticulatum (Linn.), var. albo-nervosum. Aethalion reticulatum, Germar, Mag. der Ent., IY, p. 95, 1835. Aethalion reticulatum, var. albonervosum Fowler, B.C.A., p. 171, 1909. (Plate I, fig. 11, eggs.) Taken in some numbers in August on the branches of a tree within fifty yards of the Station landing-stage. This species is gregarious and the females, which are sluggish and reluctant to take wing, can be picked off the eggs with the fingers. The egg-cases, though large, are of the usual Membracid type, with the eggs embedded in pale brown elliptical masses of wax. The colony was much visited by ants. This form possesses scarcely a single distinctive Membracid character. But the head of the nymph, apparently less modified than that of the adult, shows affinities with certain Centrotinae; and therefore it has seemed best here to follow Fowler’s arrangement, and include this anomalous genus in the Membracidae. Geographical Distribution. The Membracid fauna of the Kartabo forest is intermediate between that of the Panama region and the Amazon basin. Thus of forty species whose distribution is given by previous writers, twelve are peculiar to Guiana and Brazil, and ten to Guiana and the Central American area. As sixteen are common to all three regions, it is evident that many neotropical Membracidae have an extensive range; and as further data are obtained, we shall probably find that numerous forms have a wider distribution than appears at present. This is already clear if we take the genera rather than the species, for almost every genus of the Kartabo collection is widely distributed between Lat. 20° N. and Lat. 25° S. At the same time, the extensive range of many forms is rather remarkable, for, as I have pointed out elsewhere, the primaeval forest which occupies so much of the South American Continent is not the most favoured environment for most Membracidae. Thus of sixty-nine species at Kartabo, forty-two were taken in and around clearings, and only thirteen inhabited the deeper forest. Fourteen were intermediate in their haunts, but even this group was confined to the lighter trails and glades where the shade was not too dense. Of course even the clearing dwellers are shaded by vegetation. The only form which seems able to bear the full glare of the sun is Enchenopa lanceolata, which inhabits low plants on the open river 266 Plate B. Area devoted to research at Kartabo, Drawing by John Tee- Van. 1925] Haviland- Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 267 bank, and is exposed from sunrise to sunset. But the darker, damper parts of the forest are poor in Membracidae, and as the greater part of equatorial South America is clothed with this deep forest, the wide dispersal of the light-loving forms is curious. Unless they can sustain themselves among the tree-tops, a point on which at present we have no information, they must have followed the lines of more open forest, and clearings in virgin jungle are relatively scarce and restricted in extent. We are perhaps too apt to regard the tropical forest zone as a homogeneous area, and overlook that within its bounds conditions vary greatly, so that, to many species, migra- tion is only possible along certain definite tracks or routes. Life-Histories and Habits. The Membracidae of Kartabo are divided rather sharply into two natural groups, the forest forms and the clearing, forms. The first group is much the smaller, and except for Darnis partita and D. latior, includes chiefly such insonspicuous species as Tropidocyta gibbosa, Tropidaspis carinata, Endoiastus productus and the Bolbo- notas. Even of these, many haunted places where the shade was not too dense; and the dark swampy forest along the river banks was almost destitute of Membracidae. On the other hand, the secondary growth round the Station, and in the abandoned cassava clearings further afield, was rich both in individuals and in species. This was partly owing to the change in flora induced by felling of the forest, and partly because Membracidae are light-loving insects. This is not to imply that they seek the full sunshine, — the only species that seemed able to tolerate the open ground was Enchenopa lanceolata,-— but most other forms sought bright diffused light under foliage round the clearings. Professor Poulton ( Buckton , Mon . Mem.} p.9) quotes Mr. Nelson Annandale’s observations in Malacca, where “insect-eating animals retire to rest during the hottest hours of the day, and at this very time, insects, including such cryptic forms as the stick-like Phasmids, move about freely, assume forms, and occupy environments in which they are quite conspicuous.” Funkhouser (Mem. Cornell Univ . Agric. Exp. Stat., p. 392, 1917) observed that the Membracidae of the Cayuga Lake Basin were most active during the hottest parts of the day. Possibly the Kartabo Membracidae were on the whole more active in the morning, and the usual time for the emergence of 268 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 the adults was in the forenoon; but this is only a general impression, and the eggs seemed to hatch at all hours. I have captured Tragopa cimicoides and Ceresa vitulus on the exposed tops of herbage in clearings between three and four o’clock in the afternoon; but most of the insects appeared to take cover under the leaves when the sun was high. Nearly all the species recorded are rather sedentary, and occupy positions where they are permanently shielded from the direct rays of the sun. The marked division of the Kartabo Membracid fauna into forest and clearing forms opens the question whether many of the latter have extended their range of late years, in correlation with the extension of settlements and cultivated ground. From exam- ination of collections in the Georgetown and New York Museums, it appears that the species from Kartabo, when represented, are gener- ally distributed along the coast and up the rivers as far inland at any rate as Kaieteur, and probably have a foot-hold everywhere where the forest is scanty enough to afford the optimum of light and shade. Many places up the rivers have been cleared and settled for the last two hundred years, and the immigration of light-loving forms is not necessarily recent. Without special botanical knowledge, it has not been possible to give a list of hosts, but my notes indicate that many forms are monophagous, or at least restricted to a few species of plants. Probably this is the reason why many species are gregarious and form colonies, not only with their own kind, but with other genera. Some of these are recorded below: Tragopa cimicoides Enchenopa bifenestrata Tragopa partita Tragopa cimicoides Horiola arcuata Boethoos distinguenda Membracis c-album Membracis jusca Boethoos reticulata Enchenopa monoceros Horiola arcuata Boethoos globosa Vismia ferruginea Horiola jerruginea 1925] Havildand-Brindley : Membracidae of Kartabo 269 Vanduzea testudinea Tragopa guianae Vismia ferruginea Tragopa tripartita In passing, one might perhaps comment on the superficial resemblance of some of these gregarious forms. Such, for instance, are Tragopa guianae and Vanduzea testudinea, Horiola arcuata and H . ferruginea and Boethoos globosa . The Membracidae often occur in such numbers on an individual host that it is rather remarkable that the plants attacked are seldom distorted or galled. The only species at Kartabo which regularly gives rise to a specific deformity is Tropidocyta gibbosa. Here the inflorescence of a certain shrub is attacked when in bud. The stem becomes nodose and woody, and the buds abort and fall off. The reason for the apparent immunity of most hosts is that the Mem- bracids infest only the stem, and do not touch the shoots or leaves until the latter are fully formed. The egg-masses of Membracidae are usually distinctive objects, and those of which 1 have records can be referred to two principal types. In one the eggs are deposited in a mass of waxy colleterial fluid, which soon hardens on exposure to the air, and the epidermis of the plant is little, if at all, lacerated. In the other, there is very little fluid, and the eggs are deposited in incisions in the plant’s tissues. With certain exceptions, the first is the general type of the Membraeinae and Centrotinae; the second is that of the other sub- families. The form and colour of egg-cases of the first type have already been dealt with in the list of species at the commencement of this paper, and vary considerably in different genera. Some older writers have credited the Membracidae with parental care for their eggs, on the ground that some forms remain seated on the mass for some time after oviposition is complete. The idea probably arose because the process is often a somewhat lengthy one, and the mother sits quietly sucking for hours or even days while the mass beneath her grows larger. But I am not quite sure that the idea is as far-fetched as some other writers have supposed. There is no need to credit the female Membracid with conscious instincts of maternity; but the fact that she remains on her nursery may serve to protect it, either by keeping away certain enemies, or, con- ceivably, by regulating the temperature or moisture. 270 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 Early in July I had colony of Bolbonota aspidistrae under daily observation, and the following are extracts from my diary: July 4th: July 5th: July 7th: July 8th: July 10th: July 12th: Six nests and some late nymphs beside the Puruni Trail. Females in five of the nests. Two more nests with females on the same plant. Took three females away from nests. Three out of four remaining females still on eggs. One unoccupied nest hatching. More nymphs hatching from one occupied and one empty nest. Ants round all nests. Two deserted nests look crumbling. Nymphs still emerging. Two empty nests rather shriv- elled and discoloured ; a third half broken away. All females gone and the two latest nests beginning to hatch out. The nest originally unoccupied and two whose females were removed do not seem to have pro- duced nymphs, for the eggs are shrivelled. Observation on three more marked nests of the same species later on showed that nymphs would appear when the female was removed ; but out of fifteen or so eggs in each mass, only half a dozen nymphs emerged, and examination showed that the remaining eggs were flaccid, shrivelled and apparently broken. On the other hand, some experiments with Enchenopa bifene - strata gave negative results, and the proportion of hatching eggs seemed unaffected by the removal of the female. The duration of embryonic life is not easy to determine since the eggs are not all laid at once and therefore hatch at irregular intervals. Observations on certain species gave the following ap- proximate results: Enchenopa bifenestrata 8 days Enchenopa lanceolata 6 days Tragopa partita . ?5 days Bolbonota aspidistrae 6 days Campylenchia nutans 7 days The nymphal period was longer than I expected to find it in the tropics where all life seems keyed to such a high and exuberant pitch. The following list is compiled from certain species whose nests were isolated and kept under daily observation: 1925] Haviland-Brindley : Membracidae of Kartabo 271 Instars 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Bolbonota aspidistrae 2 days 5 days 4 days 6 days 7 days Lophyraspis armata ?4 days 6 days 8 days Aconophora compressa 3 days 5 days ?4 days 6 days 9 days Enchenopa bifenestrata 3 days 3 days 5 days 9 days I have also kept colonies of fifth instar nymphs of M. tectigera and Enchenopa nutans under observation for eight days and ten days respectively. The nymphs of most of the species described in this paper are often quite active, and seek to escape by dodging round the stem of the plant, but in no case were they ever seen to hop. The adults are frequently disinclined to move, but when they make up their minds to leave the plant, they spring away like lightning. It is easy to see a Membracid arrive. It is, still more easy to see a valu- able specimen depart; but in the intermediate stages of its transit it is usually invisible. Many forms have a remarkable homing faculty; and within half an hour of their departure, they may be found feeding again on the very branch from which they previously fled headlong. Attendance by Ants. It has long been known that certain species of Membracidae are visited by ants for the sake of their excretion, the so-called “honey- dew.” Belt ( Naturalist in Nicaragua, p. 227, 1874), Rice ( Insect Life, p. 243, 1893), Baer (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 306, 1903), Branch (. Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., VIII, 1913), Lamborne (Trans. Ent. Soc., January, 1914), Funkhouser (Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Station, II, 1917), and others, have published observations on this point. In all the known cases, the association seems to be a sort of loose commensalism, and not the close interdependence that is found between ants and some other insects. Rice states that the nymphs of Entylia sinuata reached the adult state in two weeks if ants were present and in one if they were absent; but the statement is rather general, and possibly experiments with different controls might have given other results. Branch considered that ecdysis was irregular in the absence of ants; but as the experiments were conducted in the laboratory, it is more probable that malnutrition was responsible. Funkhouser, who investigated this problem, found 272 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 that the presence or absence of ants had no effect on development. I endeavoured to work out this point, but the attempts were not wholly successful, owing to the difficulty of isolating the colonies of Membracids on their natural food-plant under conditions where ants were numerous and heavy rain-storms frequent. As far as they go, my results confirm those of Funkhouser. Most of the records suggest that the ants feed only from the anal tube. This is not altogether correct, for although the visitors have learned that stimulation of the Membracid secures the extrusion of a drop of excreta, yet they readily take what had already fallen. This gives the key to the origin of the association. Ants of various species swarm over the foliage in the forest whether Membracids are present or not. They visit the nectaries on the leaves of plants, bird-droppings, excreta of other insects, such as Coccids, etc. Hence a colony of Membracidae is a god-send and a crowd quickly gathers round it. In fact, so numerous and so ubiquitous are foraging ants, that where a few examples only of a species of Membracid are taken, it is not always easy to say whether it is regularly visited or not, and it is no wonder that most gregarious Membracidae are thus attended. The list of unattended forms given elsewhere in this paper shows that they all are solitary when adult.3 In fact habit rather than physiology seems to determine whether ants shall or shall not visit them. Thus Stegaspis laevipennis and Ly coder es hippocampus were not attended; Stegaspis galeata, which occurs in colonies, was visited freely. Howver, Funkhouser (op. cit., p. 399) brings evidence to suggest that social habits are not the only factor concerned. The host plant often plays a considerable part. Endoiastus pro - ductus feeds on Tachigalia shoots, and the hollow petioles are occupied by ants (Wheeler, Zoologica, 1921), which naturally resort to the manna that the Membracids strew at their doors. According to my observations at Kartabo, when an ant-attended colony is disturbed, the ants attack the invader savagely, but pay no attention to the Membracids. The only exception to this was in a colony of Tropidaspis carinata, which had been completely covered up with vegetable fibre. When the roof was broken in, half a dozen ants each seized a nymph, but after carrying them aim- lessly for a short distance, they dropped them without further in- terest. T. carinata, Horiola arcuata, and Boethoos reticulata were the 3 The early stages are not known. 1925] Haviland-Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 273 only forms that I found completely enclosed in ants’ nests on twigs. Here at least 1 expected to find evidence of more interdependence; but after some study I came to the conclusion that the association was fortuitous, for all three species flourished equally well when unenclosed. The covered twig was always infested with Coccids, and probably these, rather than the Membracids, were objects of care. The Membracids seem indifferent whether the ants cover them up or not. When the shelters are broken, the adults jump away and the exposed nymphs, as I have frequently observed, continue to feed, sometimes for days afterwards, on the exposed bark, although movement a few centimetres to right or left would bring them under cover again. I must express my thanks to Dr. W. M. Wheeler, who has been good enough to determine the following species of ants for me: Camponotus femoratus Fabr. ; taken in attendance on Tragopa cimicoides , Endoiastus productis, Lophyraspis armata, Horiola arcuata. Crematogaster ( Orthocrema ) limata Smith; var. taken in attendance on Horiola arcuata. Azteca paraensis Ferel; taken in attendance on Campy - lenchia nutans. Pheidole sp.; taken in attendance on Amastris elevata. Pheidole fallax Mayr.; taken in attendance on Boethoos tesiudinea. Enemies. Our present knowledge of the enemies of Membracidae is very inadequate, and 1 regret that I am able to add little or nothing to it. Aconophoroides gladiator and Cymbomorpha vaginata were oc- casionally found to be captured by hunting spiders, and Membracis tectigera was taken from a web. Internal parasites in the nymphs were not observed. Possibly the constant visits of ants tend to prevent this kind of attack. Nevertheless a Myrmarid, of species as yet undetermined, was seen to parasitize the eggs of Tragopa cimicoides, Aphetae affinis, and Campylenchia nutans. The Myr- marid, which was slow and furtive in its movements, like many of its family, crawled leisurely over the eggs, ovipositing in each, in some cases while the Membracid female was still sitting on the mass, and before laying was finished. Ants were running around, 274 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 and even over the Membracid, but the parasite completely disre- garded them and crept under the mother’s wings to accomplish its task. Field Observations on Form and Colour. Buckton’s Monograph o] the Membracidae includes an interesting and suggestive essay by Professor Poulton, on the “ Meaning of the Shapes and Colours of the Membracidae.” In the writer’s own words, his remarks are merely suggestions, and are in no sense dog- matic utterances. “I feel,” he says, “that in this most remarkable group of insects, the examination of figures, or even of the specimens themselves in a museum, can only occasionally afford us the founda- tion for a valuable opinion as to the bionomic meaning of the forms and patterns. But such an examination continually suggests pos- sible interpretations which may lead the observer of the living species to think, and may sometimes even direct him into the right track.” It has been of interest to compare my notes taken in the field with the interpretations that study of similar forms in the cabinet suggested to such an authority as Professor Poulton; and possibly a discussion of observations made independently from the two points of view may not be out of place here. It may well prove that my own conclusions will not hold good for the same species found under different conditions elsewhere; but field observations on tropical Membracidae are somewhat scanty, and if only for this reason, the following notes may be worth recording. Following Professor Poulton, let us take first the genus Mem- bracis. All the forms collected at Kartabo are comparatively large and conspicuous insects, black, usually variegated with white, and in one instance (M. fasciata ) with orange. Professor Poulton suggests that the foliaceous pronotum may resemble one of the semi- circular pieces of leaf that the leaf-cutting ants carry in procession to their nests. This theory, though ingenious, is hardly acceptable to anyone who has seen the supposed mimics and models in their natural haunts, although it is true that the ants will carry off, not only blackened leaves, but also bits of stick and petals of flowers. The general type of colouring that prevails throughout the genus is bold and striking, and by no means harmonizes with the surroundings. This kind of colouring is usually supposed to be associated with 1925] Haviland-Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 275 “ unpalatableness, ”4 and I advance another explanation, which is, however, quite hypothetical. These Membracids are gregarious, and adults and young frequently feed together on the same twigs. The young forms are covered with a white flocculent powder, which renders them so conspicuous that we can only suppose that enemies which hunt by sight recognize them as unpalatable and pass them by. The colour pattern of, say, M. tectigera is bold enough by itself, but when seen upon a plant infested with nymphs of its own kind, it possibly has some cryptic value, falling into line, not with its vege- table surroundings, but with its own conspicuous and unpalatable brood. 1 put forward this theory with reserve, for it could hardly apply to the orange and black species with whose bionomics I am not acquainted; but it would cover the case of Enchenopa lanceolata, also a black and white form, with a curved frontal horn, which bears not the least resemblance to a cut leaf. This species has likewise mealy white young, and forms conspicuous colonies on low-growing plants. On the other hand, Atta mimics may well exist, and the instance observed by Slater (Poulton, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 4, June, 1891) may be a case in point. Infestation by Amastris elevata has a superficial resemblance to an Atta raid in progress. The green crescentic forms of the Membracidae are certainly very like pieces of cut leaf, and as the colonies are usually attended by ants, the mise en scene is com- plete. But it seems unnecessary to interpret this as mimicry of harvesting ants. The colour and form of the Membracids are equally well adapted to resemble leaf stipules, or the foliaceous expansions of the stem which are sometimes found in green plants, and this I believe to be the real explanation. Other forms in my collection to which this applies are Cymbomorpha vaginata, Telamona spinigena. Hille herbicola and Gelastigonia hirsuta . It may be remarked that all those species were taken only on green plants. Amastris vismia , a brown species close to A. elevata in all but colour, was taken only on the reddish twigs of Vismia ferruginea. The suggestion that the general form and colour of genera such as Enchenopa and Tropidocyta are cryptic is supported by my field observations. T. neglecta and Campylenchia nutans fed in the axils 4 Mottram {Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 253, 1917), has sought to determine experimentally the factors which cause animal colour patterns to appear conspicuous in nature. According to his conclusions such a form as M. c-album must be considered eminently conspicuous, for it is black with white superimposed upon it, and one at least of the component colours is nearly circular in outline. 276 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 of leaves, and simulated buds or stipules. The long-horned forms such as E . albidorsa and E. monocercus resembled broken petioles or thorns, though it should be remarked that in every case the host plant itself was thornless. Aconophora compressa, which is super- ficially similar in shape to the last two species, likewise resembled a bit of stick; and the nymphs, which have short red horns, fed in rows along the stems and were very thorn-like. The question of the colour background is of interest. Most of the Membracids collected fed, not on the green leaves, but on the brown or reddish stems of the plants, and I never found a bright green Membracid on a brown stem. A certain slender straggling tree, common in open places, had the twigs and undersides of the leaves covered with rusty brown powder. This tree was the chosen host of many Membracidae, themselves all brown. Such were Enchenopa monoceros , Campylenchia nutans, Aconophoroides gladi- ator, Centruchoides jelinus, and the solitary form Stegaspis laevipennis, which was almost indistinguishable from a leaf stipule. On the other hand Stictocephala indeterminata, Aphetea affinis, Amastris elevata, etc. appeared only on green stems or twigs. Nevertheless complete colour harmony with surroundings is not nearly so important (speak- ing from the point of view of a human being) as some students of animal coloration would have us believe. One is gradually forced to the conclusion that an insect with variegated pattern can pass muster very well anywhere in the chequered light and shade of the forest, among the bewildering profusion of vegetable shapes and forms. For instance, the remarkable genera Pterygia and Hypso - prora are roughly sculptured and coloured black and white, a form and pattern which, if seen in a museum, would immediately suggest imitation of a natural background of lichened bark. Unfortunately 1 obtained only one example of each genus, but in each case the in- sects were taken on green foliage. The Pterygia was actually feeding at the base of a leaf some distance from the ground, and until I took it in the net, I mistook it for a resting beetle or microlepidopteron, deceived by the long antenna-like supra-humeral processes. The Hypsoprora resembled a bit of fallen bark or a bird dropping; but in this case I am not sure that the insect had not been disturbed by my passage, and alighted momentarily on the leaves. Sphongophorus is represented in the collection by S. guerini. This grotesque insect was found singly on the shoots of shrubs and 1925] Haviland- Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 277 herbaceous plants in clearings, and bears an undoubted resemblance to a broken or withered leaf stem. Species of the genus Umbonia have been compared to red- striped thorns. U . spinosa has been taken at Kartabo, but I did not find it myself, and made no field observations. There seemed to be no common plant with thorns of this type. Aconophoroides gladiator , which has a brown striated body and a sharp red-tipped horn, was found on brown thornless twigs. In both cases colour alone probably affords adequate concealment, and the shape of the pronotum is relatively unimportant. The genera Boethoos, Vandnzea, and Stictocephala were generally represented at Kartabo by small forms whose colour and pattern, while inconspicuous, did not appear to have any special cryptic or mimetic design. The same applies to various species of Tragopinae. Some of these Membracids form colonies and are attended by ants under shelters of vegetable debris; others feed openly on leaves and stems. It must not be overlooked that forms which are individually inconspicuous may be quite ’obvious when present in numbers. A single example of Tragopa cimicoides, for example, is easily missed; but a branch where the egg-laying females cluster like berries is a comparatively striking object. Ceresa vitulus and its variety minor were abundant in the sun- bleached herbage of clearings. Their greenish colour serves to conceal them, and the sharp supra-humeral spines suggest that they would be unpalatable to some enemies. The habits of Bolbonota are interesting. Professor Poulton thus comments on the genus: “They closely resemble seeds, also small lumps of earth. They would be well-concealed upon rough bark.” According to my observations, Bolbonotae of all species sat in plain view on the broad leaves of Aspidistra and other plants in open trails and clearings. In spite of their small size, they were visible several feet away; but they were not readily recognized be- cause they closely resembled the little shrivelled scales and bits of bark which fell in profusion from the foliage overhead. They were very active, taking wing at the least alarm, and when they were present in numbers, the pit-pat when they alighted on the leaves was plainly audible. Troptdocyta bulbosa was frequently taken in the same places. In fact, from the point of view of habits, this species is very closely related to Bolbonota. 278 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 Darnis partita and D. latior are solitary when adult, and are both conspicuously coloured black and yellow forms. They feed in the axils of leaves in the shade of the forest. Certain other Homoptera, for instance, some of the Cercopidae and Jassidae, which haunted the deeper forest, likewise tended to conspicuous patterns of black, red and yellow. Stegaspis and Ly coder es are both cryptically coloured genera. Ly coder es hippocampus, which fed in the axils of leaves of low-growing plants, was a fine example of resemblance to a bract or stipule. S. galeata is beautifully fashioned like a bit of dead leaf. The sexes are dimorphic, since the male has no pronotal horn and the nymph is a remarkable form with foliaceous legs and an elongated abdomen with ctenate lateral lobes. It feeds closely pressed against rough twigs with which its colour harmonizes admirably and the comb-like processes which clasp the stem on either side further tend to obscure its outline. Bocydium globulare was not uncommon, but I am unable to suggest an explanation of its extraordinary form. It was a soli- tary and comparatively active species, usually found a few feet from the ground. At first sight 1 occasionally mistook it for a Culicid or other small Dipteron, though to suggest mimicry here is hardly justified. That remarkable insect, Heteronotus armatus and its allies must be regarded as mimics of Hymenoptera. This species frequented the upper surfaces of leaves in open sunny places. They took wing with a loud buzzing noise and were capable of considerable, though slow, flights. Their appearance when flying is much like that of a large Chalcid or yellow Aculeate, and it is quite possible that we have here an example of Mullerian rather than of Batesian mimicry, for the spines of the pronotum are capable of inflicting a sharp stab when the insect is handled. The resemblance to a Hymenopteron is less striking when the Membracid is at rest, as it lacks the quick jerky movements of a wasp. Perhaps in compen- sation for this Heteronotus is wary and readily takes wing. This applies also to the curious species Cyphonia clavata, which was not exactly gregarious, although several individuals were generally to be found on the same bush. The resemblance to an ant is as striking in the field as in the cabinet, but, having achieved the appearance of the model, the mimic fails to reproduce its behaviour. It feeds chiefly on the undersides of the leaves in open places, and as it is sedentary, unlike the restless ants, which it should be remarked are common on the foliage round it, its immobility tends to betray it. 1925] Haviland-Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 279 But like Heteronotus, it is wary, and a rustle, such as would be produced by a bird alighting on the bush, is sufficient to send every Cyphonia into the air. I agree with Professor Poulton ( Proc . Ent. Soc. London , p. 19, 1913) that the fact that a mimic does not reproduce the actions of its supposed model, is no argument for assuming that the resemblance between them is due to chance; and where an insect is structurally incapable of mimicking behaviour, it is interesting to find greater wariness or wing power by way of compensation, so that if the de- ception is detected, the mimic can fall back on its second line of defence, and take refuge in flight. Some of the small Centrotinae show the exact reverse of the Cyphonia case. Ischnocentrus niger, Lophyraspis fowleri , and Lophyraspis armata are not in the least ant-like in form and yet they are apparently ant mimics. These forms are social and cluster thickly along twigs and stems where they are freely visited by ants. The hind legs are long, black, and curved and during feeding they are raised into the air and waved to and fro. The casual observer has the impression of a mass of ants with restless limbs. When the plant is shaken, the ants rush hither and thither to attack, and the Membracids, which are alert and active, rush up and down with them. Without close inspection it is im- possible to distinguish between the Homoptera and their attendants. Probably the action was originally nothing more than a rhythmical motion similar to what we see in sucking Aphides, and has. secondarily become an effective “mimicking'’ device. The association of Membracidae with ants has perhaps played a part in the evolution of their colour and form. The ants attack any creature which touches the plant, and thus undoubtedly afford pro- tection to the colonies of Homoptera that they attend. At the same time, their bustling presence often betrays their hosts . A list, which is given in detail below, was prepared of the Kartabo Membracidae, not including those species of which only one example was obtained, or of which no notes were made. The remaining species were divided into those attended, and those not attended by ants; and each division was as far as possible classified into cryptic, mimetic and neutral forms, the last including all species which were inconspicu- ously coloured and yet bore no apparent resemblance to natural objects. As far as they go, the results are interesting. Out of thirty-five ant-attended species, sixteen are cryptically coloured, 280 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 three are ant-mimics by behaviour, and eleven are neutral. Certain black and white Membracids are included, but could not be classified. In eleven species not attended by ants, four are cryptic, four are mimetic, and two have conspicuous colouring of the type usually called “ warning.” Bocydium globulare is included, but could not be classified. The results are proportionately the same if the genus instead of the species is taken as the basis of the table. The conclusion to be drawn is that ant-attended forms actually have less need for exact cryptic or mimetic resemblance, and thus from the point of view of colour and form tend to fall into panmixia. This division contains a high proportion of neutral forms, and none that are structural mimics of other insects. The unattended species are usually solitary; probably the ant-association was due in the first place to gregarious habits. The list included all the structural mimics, three striking examples of cryptic colouration and no neutral forms. The inference is that unattended species have greater need of protective devices. The cases of Bolbonota aspidistrae and Tropidocyta bulbosa are of interest. The adults are well protected by habit and appearance, and are not attended by ants except when egg-laying. Then the female sits motionless, sometimes for days together, on a white egg- case many times her own size, and thus forms part of a compara- tively conspicuous object. At these times, and also during nymphal life, both species are freely visited by ants. This supports the view that gregarious habits conduce to the ant-association ; and that ant- attendance partly compensates for imperfect cryptic or mimetic resemblance, and may even have helped to account for that con- dition. Professor Poulton holds the view that the remarkable forms and colours of many of the Membracidae have been produced through strict natural selection. The sanction for this selection is the as- sumption that the enemies of the Membracidae have visual powers at least equal to those of man. Birds and reptiles suggest themselves as possible enemies, but evidence on this head is still very scanty. The principal enemies that I observed at Kartabo were spiders, and in this connection it may be remarked that two out of the three species taken were cryptically coloured. The present state of our knowledge is too imperfect to allow us to dogmatize, but it is difficult to believe that the number and vigi- 1925] Haviland- Brindley : Membracidae of Kartabo 281 lance of enemies that hunt by sight can account for a natural selection strict enough to produce the mimetic forms that we think we see. I say think we see advisedly, because among the wealth of animal and vegetable forms in the tropical jungle, it is easy to be over-ridden by a fascinating conception, and seek mimetic interpre- tation where simpler explanations would suffice. It should be understood that this is not to deny the justice of many such inter- pretations— Cephonia clavata or Sphongophorus guerini by themselves would silence such wrong-headed scepticism— but after some time spent in the jungle, I am driven to the conclusion that any object, preferably coloured green or brown, stands a reasonable chance of being overlooked. The advocates of protective resemblance by natural selection urge that the selection is so strict that the least deviation from the optimum is wiped out. But critics of this theory have frequently pointed out that in the earlier stages there can have been no such close likeness to the model, and yet the mimic survived. Further, the more closely the mimic approached to the model, the less strict would the selection become, because the chance of escaping enemy scrutiny would be greater. 1 confess that, in spite of Cyphonia clavata and Sphongophorus guerini, I find this objection unanswerable at present. Species Attended by Ants. Enchenopa monoceros bifenestrata Campylenchia nutans Bolbonota aspidistrae inaequalis Tropidocyla bulbosa Aconophoroides gladiator Aconophora compressa Amastris elevata vismiae Gelastigonia hirsuta Hille herbicola Aphetes affinis Centruchoides felinus Stegaspis galeata Aethalion reticulatum I schnocentrus niger Lophyraspis fowleri armata cryptic mimetic 282 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 Tropidocyta gibbosa Vanduzea testudinea Boethoos distinguendo reticulata Tragopa cimicoides “ scutellaris guianae “ tripartita Horiola arcuata Endoiastus productus Tropidaspis carinata neutral Membracis c-album “ fusca “ tectigera “ arcuata Enchenopa lanceolata not classified Species Not Attended by Ants. Lycoderes hippocampus Stegaspis laevipennis Sphongophorus guerini Ceresa vitulus cryptic Heteronotus armatus “ albospinosus “ vespiformis Cyphonia clavata mimetic Darnis partita “ latior non-mimetic, ? warning Bocydium globulare not classified The Nymphal Forms. The nymphs of the neotropical Membracidae are not often seen in collections; for owing to their soft bodies, they do not make satis- factory pinned specimens, and the collector, unless he is especially interested in the group, passes them by in favour of the adults. The development of some North American species, however, has been studied in detail, notably by Funkhouser ( Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp . Sta.} mem. II, 1917) The nymphs of most species, as far as is known, are imperfect editions of the adult form, and already the 4th and 5th instars fore- 1925] Haviland-Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 283 shadow, as it were, the horn of Enchenopa, the rounded hood of Boethoos and Tropidocyta, the lateral processes of Tragopa, etc. The colouring also follows that of the adult in a general way. For in- stance, the nymphs of Hille herbicola and Amastris elevata are green, while those of Enchenopa monoceros and Campylenchia nutans are brown. The fact that the resemblance of form is less exact than that of colour supports the view that in many instances the Mem- bracidae escape notice more by a general harmony with their sur- roundings than by definite resemblance to particular objects. The soft-bodied nymphs, which seem to need at least as much protection as the hard-bodied adults, often live side by side with the latter in the same environment, and yet lack those details of form and pattern which give their parents such wonderful likeness to surround- ing objects; and which, we are sometimes told, are necessary to concealment, owing to the strict natural selection to which the species has been exposed. We are hampered in any discussion of this subject by our ig- norance of the early stages of some of the most wonderful of the “protected” species, such as Hypsoprora, Sphongophorus , Het - eronotus, and certain Ly coder es. Nevertheless it is perhaps safe to venture on the generalization that as a rule conspicuously coloured adults have conspicuous nymphs and vice versa, although the con- spicuousness is not always produced in the same way. For instance, at Kartabo, the black and white forms, Membracis and Enchenopa lanceolata, have nymphs with a white flocculent covering, frequently spotted with black. In the same way, adults which are cryptic as a rule possess nymphs which are cryptically, or at all events “neu- trally” coloured. The only Kartabo species whose nymph is more brightly coloured than the adult is Aconophora compressa, in which the young of the 4th and 5th instars have rudimentary sharp red- tipped horns, and are decorated with white patches. It is possible that the frequent association with ants, as suggested elsewhere in this paper, may partly compensate for the absence of special pro- tective devices in the nymphs of some species. But certain forms do possess adaptive characters peculiar to the nymphal stages. Such are the pectinate lateral processes of Stegaspis galeata, which clasp the stem and undoubtedly tend to obliterate the outline of the insect; and the ? Stegaspis nymph, figured by Poulton (. Proc . Zool. Soc., p. 462, 1891) as an Atta mimic is perhaps another example of especial cryptic adaptation during development. Fowler 284 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 (. B.C.A. , p. 4, 1909) remarks that the nymphs of Membracis “are very curious, being of the same shape as the perfect insect, but formed of separate upright narrow plates of different heights/’ This general statement is probably based on the remarkable specimen in the Hope Museum, figured by Buckton {Mon. Membracidae, pi. II, 4a) as the nymph of M. continua; but this form is not invariable for the genus, since the nymph of a typical species such as M. c-album is quite different in appearance, and has a semi-circular hood. * The nymphs of many genera possess dorsal spines which may be defensive in function. The number and arrangement vary a good deal even within the genus. For instance, according to Funkhouser, the nymph of Campylenchia latipes is furnished with broad median dorsal plates, whereas the nymph of C. nutans possesses long curved paired spines on the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments, and near the orifice of the anal tube. These anal spines are remarkable and noth- ing is known of their function. Enchenopa monoceros has a double row of little bristly lappets along the dorsum; E. bifenestrata is covered only with a short pilose coat; Tragopa cimicoides, Amastris elevata and Gelasiigonia hirsuta are spineless; Bolbonota inaequalis has a double row of minute bristles; Aconophora compressa has a pair of strong curved spines on the meso- thorax and on abdominal segments 2-4. The white nymphs of Membracis and Enchenopa lanceolata are thickly spined along the dorsum, but there seems to be no correlation between the con- spicuous colouring and the presence of dorsal spines, for the crypti- cally coloured nymphs of Boethoos reticulata are spinous also. There are some remarkable nymphal forms in the Hope Museum. One, figured by Buckton {op. cit., pi. 19, fig. 6) as Holophora pertusa, has a pair of stout backwardly-projecting spines on the meso thorax only. If it really belongs to this species and not, as is more probable, to Umbonia, it is of interest because the pronotum is developed into a high sharp point above the shoulders, which is lacking in the adult. Another specimen, labelled Triquetra nigrofasciatus Buckt. possesses both meso- and meta-thoracic spines. Two very curious forms appear in the Cyphonia series in this collection. One has the meso- thorax and abdominal segments 2-3 strongly spined, and in addition, the pronotum is produced in front into a high bifid spike. Another has strong paired spines on the metopidium, and on the posterior process, while the mesothorax and abdominal segments 2-7 are likewise armed. 1925] Haviland-Brindley : Membracidae of Kartabo 285 The phylogenetic value of the nymphal form is very doubtful, but if we are prepared to accept such evidence, we must suppose that the Centrotinae with their exposed scutellum are nearest to the ancestral type, although the extraordinary diversity of form in the sub-family forbids us to theories. But certain Centrotinae possess a second character which is found only in the nymphs of other sub- families, namely the raised margin of the base of the head above the occiput. In Tropidaspis carinata this is small and only slightly lobed. In T. minor , the elevated part is more strongly bifid, while in T. cornuta, it is deeply cloven and bicornulate, almost as in Lamproptera capreolus. In L. stylata the lobes are produced into horns long enough to bear a superficial resemblance to antennae. In En- doiastus productus the head is laterally compressed and produced into two narrow lobes, divided by a groove. In Lophyraspis pygmaea the base of the head is little raised and scarcely sinuate, while in L. armaia it is high, obtusely cuneiform, and almost straight. But the nymphs of both the last named species have the base of the head strongly divided into two conical horns as in Tropidaspis cornuta , and this character can be seen in the nymphs of other sub- families at certain stages. In Amastris elevata, for example, it is not distinguishable after the second or third instar, but in Enchenopa bifcnestrata it persists up to the fourth. The wing venation of some of the Centrotinae, such as Bocydium , Lycoderes and Centruchoides, is in its way as specialized as that of the other sub-families, but the venation of the Tropidaspis-Lophy - raspis group, although it has suffered the modification by reduction common to all the Membracidae (Funkhouser, Ann. Ent. Soc . Amer.y vol. VI, no. 1) is in some respects more generalized. There is ap- parently no anastomosis between radius, media and cubitus, save that in Lophyraspis the two former are united for the basal third of their length. The important inter-radial and medio-cubital cross- veins occupy typical positions, and the only other cross-vein is a radio-medial as in some Membracinae. Mr. Funkhouser, in his valuable paper cited above, figures the wing pad of the nymphs of some species, and it is impossible not to notice that the venation of the adult Tropidaspis follows the primitive tracheation of more specialized forms, especially as regards the tracheation of the hind wing, which, although the venation is reduced, is in some respects more generalized than the tegmen. 286 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 Key to Species Included in this Paper. The following key to the species included in this paper is intended primarily for field workers in British Guiana, and is therefore necessarily somewhat arbitrary. It is based on the keys of Fowler in the Biologia-Centrali-Americana, but I have relied as far as possible upon the form and colour of the pronotum, rather than upon the characters of the venation, which are often confusing to those who have not previously studied the group. (B) A. Scutellum wanting, or obsolete, or entirely concealed by the pronotum.5 (53) 1. Tarsi of equal length, or with the posterior pair the longest. (21) 2. Anterior tibiae dilated and foliaceous (Membracinae). (6) 3. Pronotum foliaceus, elevated, semi-circular or nearly so when seen from the side ( Membracis ). (5) 4. Black, or black and white. a. Entirely black Membracis fusca. b. With an oval, and a crescentic, white spot .Membracis c-album. c. With two oval white spots Membracis carinata. d. With a horizontal white band Membracis arcuata. e. Anterior border and a spot on the dorsum, white. Membracis tectigera. f. With two quadrate white spots on the dorsum Membracis humilis . (4) 5. Black, variegated with orange . . Membracis fasciata. (3) 6. Pronotum not rounded, nor foliaceous nor elevated when seen from the side. (12) 7. The pronotum produced in front into a longer or shorter horn. (Enchenopa) . (11) 8. Dorsum even when viewed from the side. (10) 9. Horn not lobed at the apex. a. Colour chestnut: horn long Enchenopa monoceros. b. Colour fawn-brown: horn curved Enchenopa nutans. c. Colour black with a white band on dorsum Enchenopa albidorsa. d. Colour orange or red: horn short Enchenopa pulchella. e. Colour black, with white dorsal spots. .Enchenopa lanceolata. f. Horn short and stout: black with dirty-white mark on dorsum .Enchenopa bifenestrata. (9) 10. Horn bi-lobed at apex: legs not very foliaceous ( Lycoderes , Centro - tinae) . a. Horn stout: form triangular: colour brown Lycoderes laevipennis. b. Horn black and slender: abdomen green Lycoderes hippocampus. 5 The genera Lycoderes and Stegaspis properly belong to the sub-family Centrotinae, which has the scutellum developed and uncovered ; but the foliaceous species included here are so readily confused with some of the Membracinae, that it has been thought better to place them in the first part of this key. 1925] Haviland-Brindley : Membracidae of Kartabo 287 (8) 11. Dorsum tuberculate when seen from the side. Horn truncate at the apex. a. Black and white: very asperate: not laterally compressed Hypsoprora aspera. b. Black or brown: foliaceous: much compressed laterally. (No horn in male) Stegaspis galeata [CentrotinaeJ. (7) 12. Pronotum not horned in front. (14) 13. Pronotum with fungiform processes on dorsum. Head 3-lobed. ( Sphongophorus ) with the processes resembling the capita] letters EL Sphongophorus guerini . (13) 14. Pronotum without fungiform processes. (16) 15. Pronotum with two long lateral processes above the shoulders, and a sharp tubercle at the posterior apex. Black and white Pterygia uropygii . (15) 16. Pronotum without lateral processes above the shoulders. (20) 17. Pronotum obtusely angulate or rounded in front and strongly carinate. Dorsal ridge even, when viewed from the side. Legs scarcely foliaceous. (19) 18. Tegmina with three discoidal areas ( Tropidocyta ). a. Covered with white tomentose hairs . . . Tropidocyta pruinosa . b. Legs and pronotum pale ochreus, with an ill-defined brown * patch on dorsum. On distorted shoots Tropidocyta gibbosa . c. Small and globose: dark brown: pronotum rounded in front, as in the last Tropidocyta bulbosa . d. Rather larger than the last two, and with the pronotum obtusely angulate in front Tropidocyta neglecta . (18) 19. With two discoidal areas, but otherwise resembling the last genus (Leiocyta). a. Pale, with a large bright chestnut mark on the dorsum Leiocyta beebei . b. Brown, with two ill-defined darker spots on the dorsum Leiocyta spiralis. (17) 20. Form very small and globose: pronotum rounded in front and cor- rugated, rugose or tuberculated on the dorsum. Colour black or dark brown {Bolbonota) . a. Very small: with the tegmina entirely transparent Bolbonota inaequalis. b. Larger: tegmina opaque, and often spotted with yellow: dorsum corrugated Bolbonota pictipennis. c. As in (b) : dorsum with two carinated tubercles Bolbonota aspidistrae . d. As in (c) but with the tubercles less high, and expanded transversely . Bolbonota corrugata. (2) 21. Anterior tibiae not foliaceous. (33) 22. Central (3rd) apical areole of the tegmen elongate, and truncate at its base. (Darninae.) 288 (32) 23. (27) 24. (26) 25. (25) 26. (24) 27. (29) 28. (28) 29. (31) 30. (30) 31. (23) 32. Black and yellow wasp-like forms (22) 33. (39) 34. (38) 35. (37) 36. (36) 37. (35) 38. (34) 39. (43) 40. (42) 41. Ant-like forms Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 3 Tegmina not more than half as long as wings: pronotum not nodose nor spined. Pronotum covering at least half of corium: head much broader than long. • Colour black and yellow: surface polished. a. With three transverse dorsal yellow bands.. Darnis partita. b. With the lateral margins only yellow Darnis latior. Colour green ' Stidopelta indeterminata. Tegmina almost free. Pronotum with a long horn: superficially resembling Enchenopa Aconophora compressa. Pronotum without a horn: colour green. Pronotum compresso-elevate, semi-circular in side view Cymbomorpha vaginata. Pronotum not elevated, but tectiform and convex Rhexia kartabensis. Tegmina twice as long as wings: pronotum nodose and spined ( Heteronotus ). a. With the posterior spines comparatively short and stout Heteronotus armatus. b. With the posterior spines longer and more slender Heteronotus vespiformis. c. With the spines as in the last, but paler, and the form of the of the nodes somewhat different. .Heteronotus albispinosus. The central (3rd) apical areole of the tegmen petiolate, that is to say, enclosed by a forked (Y-shaped) vein. Tegmina very coriaceous externally, with the veins scarcely dis- tinguishable, and the free margins broad (Tragopinae). Tegmina almost entirely concealed by the pronotum ( Tragopa ). Shoulders produced: colour greenish brown. a. Shoulders very prominent Tragopa cimicoides. b. Shoulders less pronounced Tragopa scutellaris. Shoulders not produced: colour various. a. Entirely black Tragopa occulta. b. Greenish: broadly marked with brown on the dorsum Tragopa guianensis. c. Colour very variable, ranging from black to red; and the pattern also very diversified Tragopa tripartita. Tegmina with the external half free ( Horiola ). a. Chestnut, with a pale saddle-shaped mark. .Horiola arcuata. b. Bright brown, with the shoulders outlined with yellow Horiola ferruginea. Tegmina membranous or coriaceous only along the external margin: veins distinct (Smiliinae). Tegmina with the clavus uncovered. Posterior process of the pronotum trifurcate ( Cyphonia ). i a. Pronotum entirely black . .Cyphonia clavata. b. With a white spot on either side of the prothorax (_ Cyphonia nasalis. 1925] (41) Haviland-Brindley: Membracidae of Kartabo 289 42. (40) 43. (47) 44. (46) 45. (45) 46. (44) 47. (49, 50) 48. (50) 49. (48, 49) 50. (52) 51. Pronotum not trifurcate, but rounded, and furnished with two humeral spines. Colour greenish Ceresa vitulus. Tegmina with the clavus, and more or less of the corium, covered.’ Pronotum horned in front. Horn erect: colour green. a. Surface glabrous, not hairy nor costate. .Hille herhicola . b. Surface hirsute and costate. .......... .Gelastigonia hirsuta . Horn projecting obliquely forwards: colour brown, with yellow costae Polyglyptodes flavicostatus. Pronotum not horned. Pronotum compresso-elevate, semicircular in side view. a. Green Amastris elevata . b. Brown Amastris vismiae . Pronotum compresso-elevate, not semicircular in side view. a. With an obtusely angulate process above the dorsum Telemona spinigera . b. Flattened in front and raised and carinate behind Amastris funkhouseri . Pronotum not compresso-elevate, but convex, tectiform, though scarcely keeled. Ground colour black or brown, variegated with white or yellow. a. Large, hairy, with a transverse yellow dorsal band Boethoos cinctata. b. Smaller than the last, and with a lateral yellow spot or streak Boethoos distinguenda . c. Black, variegated with white.. Boethoos reticulata . d. Brown, with the dorsum depressed behind the middle Boethoos globosa. (51) 52. Ground colour green, or sordid white. a. Hairy, and broadly marked across the dorsum with chestnut Vanduzea testudinea. b. Very small: colour green or sometimes brown . . Aphetea affinis . (1) 53. Posterior tarsi much shorter than the other pairs (Holophorinae). (55) 54. Wing with four apical cells: horn projecting forwards: colour brown Aconophoroides gladiator . (54) 55, Wing with three apical cells: horn situated on the middle of dorsum: colour green Umbonia spinosa . B. Scutellum distinct, and more or less uncovered by the pronotum. (13) 1. Either or both the pronotum and scutellum armed with processes, crests, or carinae. (3) 2. Pronotum armed with a posterior process; scutellum unarmed. a. Posterior process of the pronotum lying close to the abdomen and extending almost to the apex of the latter: a pair of broad lateral processes above the shoulders Centruchoides felinus. b. Posterior process long and styliform, remote from abdomen, and springing above the head from an erect process, which 290 (2) (5) (4) (7, 12) (6, 12) (ID (10) (9) (8) (6) (7) (n Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI ; 3 is furnished in front with four black petiolated swellings. Bocydium globulare. c. Posterior process short and spike-like, and hardly reaching half way along the abdomen. Size small: hind tibiae long, black, curved, and covered with minute regular spines I schnocentrus niger. 3. Pronotum without a posterior process: scutellum unarmed. 4. Pronotum armed with two lateral processes in front: scutellum pale Tolania scutata. 5. Pronotum without lateral processes. 6. Either or both the pronotum and scutellum provided with a pro- nounced median carina or crest. The hind tibiae long, curved and furnished with numerous minute spines. ( Lophyraspis , Tropidaspis.) 7. With a crest or crests. 8. Both pronotum and scutellum crested. 9. The crests sharp, high, recurved and bordered behind with white. a. The two crests of equal height Lophyraspis armata. b. The crest of the pronotum highest: size smaller Lophyraspis pygmea. 10. The pronotal crests rounded and inclined forwards: not bordered with white behind: scutellum not crested but strongly carinate Tropidaspis cornuta. 11. The scutellum alone furnished with a crest, which is erect, com- pressed, and bordered with white behind . . Lophyraspis fowleri. 12. Pronotum and scutellum not crested but carinate. a. Upper margin of the head sinuate. . . .Tropidaspis carinata. b. Upper margin of the head bi-lobed: size smaller Tropidaspis minor. 13. Pronotum and scutellum either completely unarmed, or at most faintly carinate. a. Size rather large and square: colour brown: venation thick- ened and reticulate: legs without spines, and yellow, con- spicuously spotted with black: upper margin of head almost flat ' Aethalion reticulatum. b. Size very small and elongate: colour bronze black: tegmina opaque, but venation not reticulate: upper margin of head produced into two narrow lobes .. Endoiastus productus. ZOOLOGICA ' ■ SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY DEPARTMENT OF TROPICAL RESEARCH KARTABO, BRITISH GUIANA VOLUME VI. NUMBER 4 Department of Tropical Research Contribution Number 193 THE TERMITES OF KARTABO BARTICA DISTRICT, BRITISH GUIANA By Alfred Edwards Emerson University Pittsburgh PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK, NEW YORK July 29, 1925 2Cnu |Iork Zoolngtral 8>nmtg General Office: .101 Park Avenue, New York City . ' 5 ;/ President, Madison Grant; Vice-Presidents, Frank K. Sturgis; and Henry D. Whiton; Chairman, Executive Committee, Madison Grant; Treasurer, Cornelius R. Agnew. loarfr of fHanagpra (Elaaa of 1923 Henry Fairfield Osborn, Lispenard Stewart, Charles F. Dieterich, George F. Baker, Wm. Pierson Hamilton, Robert S. Brewster, Edward S. Harkness, William B. Osgood Field, Edwin Thorne, Percy A. Rockefeller, John E. Berwind, Irving K. Taylor ' (Elaaa of 192f Madison Grant, Wm. White Niles, Frank K. Sturgis, Ogden Mills, Lewis R. Morris, Archer M. Huntington, George D. Pratt, Coleman Du Pont, Henry D. Whiton, Cornelius R. Agnew, Harrison Williams, Marshall Field (Elaaa of 1923 Percy R. Pyne, George Bird Grinnell, Cleveland H. Dodge, Anthony R. Kuser, Mortimer L. Schiff, Frederic C. Walcott, George C. Clark, Jr.( W. Redmond Cross, Henry Fairfield Osborn, Jr., Arthur A. Fowler, George Gordon Battle, Bayard Dommick i>npntitfc 0taff William T. Hornaday, Director of the Zoological Park; W. Reid Blair, Assistant Director; Charles H. Townsend, Director of the Aquarium; Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator of Reptiles ; William Beebe, Honorary Curator of Birds and Director of Department of Tropical Research; Lee S. Crandall, Curator of Birds; George S. Huntington, Prosector; H. C. Raven, Associate Prosector; Elwin R. Sanborn, Asst, to Sec’y. and Editor. lEtotoml OIommittTP Madison Grant, Chairman; William T. Hornaday Charles H. Townsend William Beebe Elwin R. Sanborn, Sec'y Zoologica Vol. VI, No. Jf THE TERMITES OF KARTABO** 1 BARTICA DISTRICT, BRITISH GUIANA By Alfred Edwards Emerson University of Pittsburgh (Figs. 24-94 incl.) OUTLINE Introduction Historical Summary Comparative Statistics of Termites Statistical Summary Localities (Approximate Position) Distribution Classification New Specific and Subgeneric Names Measurements and Terms Species Recorded; British Guiana Use of Key: British Guiana Termites Key: British Guiana Termites List of Species Description of Species Bibliography Introduction The material upon which the following report is based was largely collected by the author during three successive trips to British Guiana, the first from March to October 1919, the second from May to December 1920 and the third from February to Sep- tember 1924. Practically the entire time was spent at the Tropical Research Station of the New York Zoological Society at Kartabo, British Guiana, sixty miles from the coast in the midst of the luxu- riant tropical rain forest. I made the attempt to survey the termite life in the immediate neighborhood of the Research Station thor- oughly, but so many new problems greeted me at every turn that I only partially succeeded. I do believe, however, that the majority of the species of termites in the vicinity were collected, so that the * Thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell Uni- versity in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 1 Contribution, Department of Tropical Research No. 193. 291 Plate A. British Guiana Tropical Research Station of the New York Zoological Society. Circle represents a radius of six miles. 292 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 293 systematic report should be fairly complete for the locality. I imagine that the more arid savannah regions of British Guiana will prove in time to possess a somewhat different fauna. My work was primarily of an ecological and biological nature, but the need for a thorough systematic account of the species was imperative. Preceding this report, numerous papers have appeared on the life of the termites and their guests with systematic and morphological accounts of the termitophiles which proved to be abundant in the nests of certain genera. [Brues (1923), Chamberlin (1923), Folsom (1923), Mann (1923), Mclndoo (1923), Morrison (1923), Silvestri (1923).] Other papers are in preparation. The material collected at Kartabo has been supplemented by valuable collections made in British Guiana by Dr. F. M. Gaige of the Museum of Zoology at Ann Arbor, Mr. G. E. Bodkin and Mr. L. D. Cleare, Jnr. of the Department of Agriculture of British Guiana, Mr. William Beebe, the director of the Tropical Research Station of the New York Zoological Society, Mr. John Tee- Van of the staff of the Tropical Research Station and Dr. William M. Wheeler and Dr. I. W. Bailey of Bussey Institution. I have also included records of a number of British Guiana species which I collected in the West Indian Islands on trips to and from British Guiana. For continued helpful criticism and suggestions during the time spent in the field I am greatly indebted to Mr. Beebe, to whom I owe the opportunity for this study and to Prof. Wheeler, who was a constant source of inspiration during the few months in which he studied ants at Kartabo. I am also indebted to Prof. J. C. Bradley and Prof. 0. A. Johannsen of Cornell University and to Dr. T. E. Snyder of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology for criticism of the manuscript. Both in the field and in the preparation of the manuscript I was greatly helped by my wife, Winifred Jelliffe Emerson. In the course of my studies I have examined the collections of termites at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the American Museum of Natural History and the United States National Museum. The collection of type specimens is deposited with the New York Zoological Society. Duplicate specimens and paratypes are de- posited with the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, U. S. National Museum, Washington, and with the ento- 294 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 mological collection of Cornell University. Historical Summary. The first termites to be reported from British Guiana were Termes decumanus ( = Syntermes grandis) and Termes morio ( = Cop- totermes testaceus) by Erichson (1848) in Schomburk’s “Reisen in Britisch-Guiana.” Walker (1853) reported Syntermes grandis and Syntermes dims. Hagen (1858) included Coptotermes testaceus and Anoplotermes cingulatus in the fauna. No collection of any im- portance was reported upon from British Guiana until Banks (1918) identified a collection made by F. E. Lutz which included eight species determined by Banks as Leucotermes tenuis, Rhinotermes marginalis, Cornitermes acignathus, Nasutitermes ephratae, Nasuti- termes guayanae, Nasutitermes holmgreni, Nasutitermes octopilis, and Capritermes cingulatus. Recently Silvestri (1923) has described four more species, Syntermes parallelus, Capritermes bodkini, Hami- termes excellens, and Eutermes parvellus, making sixteen species in all reported from this locality. My collections include all except three of these species. Two ( Coptotermes testaceus and Anoplotermes cingulatus) have been so inadequately described that their deter- mination is practically impossible. Syntermes grandis, however, is a well described form and occurs within the borders of British Guiana, although I did not collect it. The British Guiana forms re- ferred to Syntermes dims probably belong to S. snyderi. All of the rest formerly reported from British Guiana are described in this re- port with the following changes in the names: — Cornitermes acignathus as reported by Banks is identical with Cornitermes pugnax, sp. nov.; the name of Nasutitermes holmgreni has been changed to Nasuti- termes banksi; specimens determined by Banks as Capritermes cingulatus are probably the same as Capritermes angusticeps, sp. nov.; Hamitermes excellens is referred to as Amitermes excellens and Eutermes parvellus is referred to as Nasutitermes ( Subulitermes ) parvellus. My collections add 15 formerly described species to the fauna and 51 species in the collections seem to be new to science, making in all a total of 81 species reported from British Guiana. Comparative Statistics on Termites Number of known families 4 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 295 Number of families found in British Guiana . 3 Number of known genera and subgenera 118 Number of known neotropical genera and subgenera 41 Number of known British Guiana genera and subgenera. . 30 Number of described species of the World 1094 Number of described species from the New World. ...... 292 Number of described Neotropical species. 263 Number of described British Guiana species 81 Statistical Summary of this Report Number of species described from British Guiana 78 Number of species found at Kartabo 74 Number of species found in Bartica District 76 Number of species in this report formerly described 27 Number of species in this report new to science . . . 51 Number of subgenera in this report new to science 3 Number of species in this report formerly known from only one caste, or castes described separately 16 Number of formerly known species to which a caste has been added or separately described castes connected . . 14 Number of species in this report for which the imago and soldier if it exists are known ( Anoplotermes included) . . 66 Number of species in this report for which only the imago or soldier is known (excluding Anoplotermes) 12 Localities Mentioned Approximate Position Amatuk, B. G. 59° 18' W., 5° 18' N. Antigua, W. I. 61° 40'-61o 50' W., 17°-17° 10' N. Arepo Savanna, Trinidad. Asuncion, Paraguay. 57° 30' W., 25° 25' S. Barakara, B. G. 58° 41' W., 6° 23' N. Bartica, B. G. . 58° 38' W., 6° 24' N. Camaria, B. G. 58° 48; W., 6° 25' N. Canister Falls, B. G. 58° 30' W., 4° 54' N. Carabaya Mts., Peru. 70° W., 14° S. Castries, St. Lucia, W. 1. 61° W., 14° N. Chaquimayo, Peru. Near 71° W., 14° S. 296 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Cow Island, B. G. 58° 38' W., 6° 25' N. Coxipo (Cuyaba), Brazil. 56° W., 15° 30' S. Cuyuni River. 58° 41'-61° 45' W., 5° 45/-7° N. Dominica, W. 1. 61° 10'-61° 30' W., 15° 10'-15° 40' N. Dunoon, B. G. 58° 18' W., 6° 25' N. Ephrata, Surinam. 54° 40' W., 10° N. Fort de France, Martinique, W. I. 61° 5' W., 14° 40' N. Georgetown, B. G. 58° 10' W., 6° 50' N. Grenada, W. 1. 61° 34'-61° 50' W., 12°-12° 16' N. Issororo River, B. G. 58° 53'-59° 8' W., 7° 10'-7° 16' N. Kaieteur Falls, B. G. 59° 27' W., 5° 11' N. Kartabo, B. G. 58° 42' W., 6° 23' N. Martinique, W. I. 60° 50'-61° 12' W., 14° 25'-14° 55' N. Mazaruni River, B. G. 58° 38'-60° 42' W., 5° 31'-6° 26' N. Mojos (Prov. Caupolican), Bolivia. 69° 10' W., 13° 45' S. Monserrat, W. 1. 62° 20' W., 16° 40' N. Onderneeming, B. G. 58° 28' W., 7° 5' N. Penal Settlement, B. G. 58° 40' W., 6° 24' N. Port of Spain, Trinidad. 61° 25' W., 10° 42' N. Potaro Landing, B. G. 59° 9' W., 5° 23' N. Potaro River, B. G. 58° 52'-59° 53' W., 4° 58'-5° 25' N. St. Croix, W. I. 64° 35'-65° W., 17° 40'-17° 45' N. St. Jose de Marabitanas, Brazil. 66° 40' W., 0° 55' N. St. Joseph, Trinidad. 61° 23' W., 10° 40' N. St. Kitts, W. I. 62° 35'-62° 50' W., 17° 10'-17° 25' N. St. Lucia, W. I. 60° 50'-61° 5' W., 13° 45'-14° 5' N. St. Thomas, W. 1. 64° 50'-65° W., 18° 20'-18° 25' N. Sanchez, Dominican Republic. 69° 40' W., 19° 20' N. Santarem, Brazil. 54° 20' W., 2° 30' S. Santiago, Dominican Republic. 70° 40' W., 19° 30' N. Taboga Island, Panama. 79° 25' W., 8° 55' N. Tuiche River (Prov. Caupolican), Bolivia. 67° 25'-68° 40' W., 13° 20'-15° S. Tukeit, B. G. 59° 25' W., 5° 13' N. Tumatumari, B. G. 59° 25' W., 5° 22' N. Union, St. Lucia, W. I. Near Castries. Wenamu River. 61° 8'-61° 21' W., 5° 57-6° 42' N. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 297 Distribution A number of genera of termites are found in all the warmer parts of the world showing a rather ancient history which, when studied carefully may give some interesting clues to the larger problems of distribution. The groups which have been reported from the Australian, Oriental, Ethiopian and Neotropical Regions are Kalotermes, s. str., Neotermes, Cryptotermes, Glyptotermes, Pro- rhinotermes , Coptotermes, Nasutitermes, s. str., Subulitermes, Ami- termes, s. str., Mirotermes, s. str., and Microcerotermes. The faunas of Africa, Madagascar and the Oriental Region are more closely related than any of these regions are to South America. The South American termite fauna is more closely related to the Ethiopian and Oriental than to the Australian Region. Following is a list of the groups which so far have been reported only from the New World: Rugitermes, Eucryptotermes, Rhinotermes, s. str., Serritermes, Syntermes, Cornitermes, s. str., Armitermes, Convexitermes, Diversi- termes, V elocitermes, Constrictotermes, Angularitermes, Cylindro- termes, Crepititermes, Cavitermes, Spinitermes, and Orthognathotermes. Many of these groups are small, but the larger ones are sig- nificant in their distribution. In working over the collections of British Guiana termites I have been impressed with certain obvious relationships to the surrounding regions. The island of Trinidad possesses many species identical with those found in British Guiana and the West Indies show a number of species which correspond to British Guiana species. The fauna of Panama, however, seems to be quite different, the only species that are common to the two regions being those of wide dis- tribution such as Coptotermes marabitanas' and Leucotermes tenuis . Many of the forms described from Peru and Bolivia by Holmgren are very close to the British Guiana forms, but often differ by specific or subspecific characters which are very slight. The fauna from southern South America described by Silvestri (1903), however, seems to be much more distinct from that of British Guiana than is the Peruvian and Bolivian fauna. A study of the Amazon basin should give us many connecting links between British Guiana and western and southern South America but unfortunately little is yet known concerning the termites of this region. 298 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Classification After having nearly completed the manuscript of this report, 1 received two papers by S. F. Light (1921 & 1921a) which ad- mirably set forth many of my own views on termite classification. It is a great pleasure to find another new student of this group who has independently arrived at the same conclusions with regard to many rather complicated systematic problems. In general I have followed Holmgren’s classification (1911 & 1912) as it is certainly the best yet introduced for the termites of the world. However, as Light and Banks have pointed out, certain of Holmgren’s names are not based upon the generally accepted rules of nomenclature and I prefer to follow Light in the family names. 1 have followed Banks (Banks & Snyder, 1920) in re- taining the old spelling of Kalotermes and have also used the name Nasutitermes for the old genus Eutermes Fritz Muller, retaining Microcerotermes, however, as explained in the pages following. I am also of the opinion that Prorhinotermes should replace Arrhinotermes as used by Holmgren and that Termes should replace Odontotermes as used by Holmgren, as Banks has already suggested. Termes fatalis Linnaeus, although probably impossible to determine as a modern species, seems to belong to Holmgren’s Odontotermes with some doubt, as he himself has pointed out (1912). If T. fatalis Linn, cannot be considered the type, then T. capensis is type, accord- ing to Holmgren, 1912 and Fuller, 1921, p. 17. Holmgren’s subgenus Macrotermes has been made to include the entire genus Termes of Holmgren. This leaves Holmgren’s subgenus Termes without a name and I propose a new name Bellicositermes for this subgenus with Macrotermes ( Bellicositermes ) bellicosus Smeathman as the type species. Light has thought it best to raise many of Holmgren’s subgeneric groups to generic rank. Silvestri (1914) and Banks (Banks & Snyder, 1920) have also largely dropped the use of subgeneric names. I agree heartily with these authors that the use of subgeneric names is cumbersome, but feel that many of Holmgren’s subgenera need further study before raising them all to generic rank and I do not believe that a few should be raised to generic rank without publish- ing a list of world species and genera. Arbitrarily raising all of Holmgren’s subgenera to genera would certainly cause confusion, especially in such groups as Nasutitermes, where many of the sub- 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 299 genera are not yet fully established. I have therefore retained most of Holmgren’s generic and subgeneric names with the belief that at present such a procedure will cause less confusion. New Specific and Subgeneric Names (Proposed for formerly described species and subgenera) Bellicositermes to take the place of Termes, s. str. as used by Holmgren (1912). Type species: Macrotermes (Bellicositermes) bellicosus ( Smeath- man). Nasutitermes ( N .) banksi, new name for Nasutitermes holmgreni Banks. Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) thompsonae, new name for Eutermes incola Holmgren. Anoplotermes (A.) meridianus, new name for Anoplotermes morio (Latr.) Silvestri. The reasons foi these changes will be found elsewhere in the paper. Measurements and Terms Following Light’s suggestion, I believe that an explanation of some of the terms used in describing the forms in this report which might be misinterpreted may save confusion. Bristles.— Long, relatively stiff hairs found on head, thorax, and abdomen. 1 have usually used this term to contrast the longer hairs with the shorter hairs when they are found together. The term is thus comparative. Cilia. — The short hairs often found on the margins of the wings. Constriction. — A narrowed region running across the top and sides of the head. This term is used particularly in the description of the soldiers of Nasutitermes. Costal margin. — The thickened vein-like margin found on nearly all termite wings. Cubitus. — The large inner vein of the wing which, in termites, always has a number of parallel branches running to the inner margin. 300 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society VI; 4 Diameter of eye. — The widest part of the compound eye. Eye. — Used to designate the compound eye. Fontanelle. — The opening of the frontal gland. This term is also used for the fontanelle plate as defined by Light (1921a). Frontal tube. — A short projection with the opening of the frontal gland at the end, usually found in Syntermes and Cornitermes. This structure is homologous with the nose of Ar miter mes and Nasuti- termes. f Holotype. — 1 use this term to designate the single specimen upon which the species is based. It may be either the soldier or imago, usually depending upon which shows the most clean-cut specific characters. Imago. — -This term is used for any first form reproductive in- dividual whether a king, queen, or winged specimen. Length of anterior wing. — Taken from the suture to the tip. Length of head. — In imago, used to measure from the back of the head to the tip of the lab rum; in the soldier with mandibles, from the tip of the mandibles to the back of the head; in the soldier without mandibles, from the tip of the nose to the back of the head. Length of head without mandibles. — Taken from the back of the head to the tip of the labrum. Length of pronotum. — Always measured at the median line whether the margins are emarginate or not. Major soldier. — The largest soldier form in those species with polymorphic soldiers. Media.— The vein between the radius and cubitus. Minor soldier. — The smallest soldier form in those species with polymorphic soldiers. Morphotype. — A single specimen of the caste (usually a soldier or imago) which has not been designated as the Holotype. In every case the single specimen is from the same colony as the Holotype. Muscle insertions: — A term used by Holmgren to indicate certain areas visible from the outside which usually form spots of a 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 301 lighter color in back of the postclypeus. Presumably muscles are attached to the chitin at these points. Nose:— The projection in front of the head in the soldiers of certain genera. Nymph: — I follow Comstock in calling all immature forms of termites nymphs. Postclypeus or posterior clypeus.— The posterior sclerite of the clypeus. In termites the clypeus is usually divided into two parts, the anteclypeus in the imago usually being white and the postclypeus pigmented with or without a median longitudinal suture. Radius. — The vein which runs close to the costal margin from the suture to the tip of the wing. In all except certain species of Kalotermes it is unbranched and thickened. Scale. — This term is used to designate that part of the wing behind the suture which remains on the sexual forms after the wings are shed. Vertex.— The dorsal posterior portion of the head. Width of head. — Taken at widest point. In the imago it always includes the eyes. Species Recorded: British Guiana Kalotermes (Neotermes) clearei, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Neotermes) kartaboensis, sp. nov. Kalotermes ( Neotermes ) holmgreni Banks Kalotermes (Rugitermes) bicolor, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Rugitermes) flavicinctus, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Rugitermes) magninotus, sp. nov. Kalotermes ( Cryptotermes ) brevis (Walker) Kalotermes (Cryptotermes) verruculosus, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Cryptotermes ?) cubicoceps, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Glyptotermes) pellucidus, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Glyptotermes) perparvus, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Glyptotermes) guianensis, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Glyptotermes) hospitalis, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Lobitermes) nigriceps, sp. nov. 302 Plate B. Area devoted to research at Kartabo. Drawing by John Tee- Van. 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 303 Leucotermes tenuis (Hagen) Leucotermes crinitus, sp. nov. Coptotermes marabitanas (Hagen) ^Coptotermes testaceus (Linn.) (doubtful species) Rhinotermes ( Rhinotermes ) nasutus (Perty) Rhinotermes ( Rhinotermes ) marginalis (Linn.) Rhinotermes (Rhinotermes) hispidus, sp. nov. Rhinotermes (Rhinotermes) longilabius, sp. nov. Rhinotermes (Rhinotermes) tenebrosus, sp. nov. Rhinotermes (Rhinotermes) subfusciceps, sp. nov. Syntermes snyderi, sp. nov. Syntermes territus, sp. nov. *Syntermes grandis (Rambur) Syntermes parallelus Silvestri Cornitermes ( Labiotermes ) labralis Holmgren Cornitermes (Cornitermes) pugnax, sp. nov. Armitermes ( Armitermes ) albidus (Hagen) Armitermes (Armitermes) percutiens, sp. nov. Armitermes (Armitermes) teevani, sp. nov. Armitermes (Armitermes) grandidens, sp. nov. Armitermes (Armitermes) minutus, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (N asutitermes) guayanae (Holmgren) Nasutitermes (. Nasutitermes ) costalis (Holmgren) Nasutitermes (. Nasutitermes ) ephratae (Holmgren) Nasutitermes (. Nasutitermes ) octopilis Banks Nasutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) surinamensis (Holmgren) Nasutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) acajutlae (Holmgren) Nasutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) intermedius Banks Nasutitermes (Nasutitermes) comstockae, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Nasutitermes) wheeleri, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (. Nasutitermes ) banksi, new name Nasutitermes (Nasutitermes) gaigei, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Nasutitermes) brevipilus, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) baileyi, sp. nov. Nasutitermes ( Subulitermes ) parvellus (Silvestri) Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) oculatissimus, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) raripilus, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) osborni, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) snyderi, sp. nov. Nasutitermes ( Convexitermes ) nigricornis (Holmgren) 304 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Nasutitermes (Convexitermes) kartaboensis, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Convexitermes) mazaruniensis, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Convexitermes) manni, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Velocitermes) beebei, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Constrictotermes) cavifrons (Holmgren) Nasuitermes (Angularitermes) nasutissimus, sp. nov. Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) silvestrii, sp. nov. Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) banksi, sp. nov. Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) brevipilus, sp. nov. Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) subterraneus, sp. nov. Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) nigripunctatus, sp. nov. * Anoplotermes (. Anoplotermes ) cingulatus (Burmeister) (doubtfuL species) Anoplotermes (Speculitermes) arboreus, sp. nov. Cylindrotermes nordenskioldi Holmgren Amitermes ( Amitermes ) excellens Silvestri Mirotermes (Crepititermes) verruculosus, sp. nov. Mirotermes ( Mirotermes ) nigritus (Silvestri) Mirotermes (. Mirotermes ) hispaniolae Banks Mirotermes (Mirotermes) acutinasus, sp. nov. Mirotermes (Mirotermes) inquilinus, sp. nov. Mirotermes (Cavitermes) tuberosus, sp. nov. Mirotermes ( Spinitermes ) trispinosus (Bates) Capritermes (N eocapritermes) bodkini Silvestri Capritermes (Neocapritermes) angusticeps, sp. nov. Capritermes (Neocapritermes) planiceps, sp. nov. Orthognathotermes macrocephalus (Holmgren) Microcerotermes arboreus, sp. nov. Species marked with an (*) are not described in this report. Use of Key: British Guiana Termites The following key to the species of termites found in British Guiana is made for ease in determination. Where systematic ar- rangement could be followed without sacrificing simplicity, I have done so. Explanation. — If the student has procured both the imago (king, queen or winged adult) and the soldier, he will find it easier to determine the species by starting at 2. If he has only soldiers before him he should start at 70. In 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 305 this case the key often will refer to preceding numbers. If he has only the imago and is reasonably certain that soldiers did not exist in the colony, he should start with 2. A single genus, Anoplotermes, lacks soldiers, the imago being told from related groups by the presence of deep narrow notches on the posterior margins of the meso- and metanota. 1 have not included a key for the determination of the imagos alone, because they are very difficult to determine in this way, the keys usually being unsatisfactory even for the specialist in the group. With this key and the descriptions and figures for help, even an inexperienced person should be able to determine the species so far reported from British Guiana. Accuracy of measurement is absolutely necessary. The meas- urements used here were made with a micrometer disc in the eyepiece of the microscope. Key: British Guiana Termites 1. Imago, soldier (when present), and worker procured. 2. Only the soldier procured , 70. 2. Scale of forewing of imago much larger and usually overlapping scale of hindwing 3. Scale of forewing of imago only slightly larger and never over- lapping scale of hindwing 18. 3. Clypeus of imago projecting, forming a conspicuous nose-like structure 4. Clypeus of imago not projecting conspicuously 8. 4. Head of minor soldier conspicuously constricted behind; anterior margin of pronotum projecting forward; head darker than rest of body. Rhinotermes (R.) subfusciceps , sp. nov. p . 356. Head of minor soldier not conspicuously constricted behind 5. %. Labrum of major soldier wide 6. Labrum of major soldier narrow. 7. 6. Right mandible of major soldier with two teeth. Rhinotermes (R.) hispidus , sp. nov. p. 350. Right mandible of major soldier with one tooth. Rhinotermes (R.) marginalis (L.) Hagen, p. 349. 7. Right mandible of major soldier with 2 large separated teeth. Rhinotermes (R.) tenebrosus, sp. nov. p. 354. Right mandible of major soldier with a large double-pointed tooth. Rhinotermes ( R .) longilabiu's, sp. nov. p. 351. 8. Head of soldier proportionately long, brownish or yellowish; mandibles normal 9. Head of soldier proportionately short, partially or entirely black; mandibles short 16. 306 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 9. Mandibles of soldier without teeth except near base 10. Mandibles of soldier with conspicuous teeth along the inner margin 12. 10. Soldier with large conspicuous opening to frontal gland at base of clypeus; head proportionately wide, narrowing toward front. Coptotermes marabitanas (Hagen) p. 345. Soldier without conspicuous opening to frontal gland; head pro- portionately long with sides nearly parallel 11. 11. Head of soldier sparsely covered with hair; anterior angles of pronotum rounded. Leucotermes tenuis (Hagen) p. 341. Head of soldier thickly covered with hair; anterior angles of pronotum sharp. Leucotermes crinitus sp. nov. p. 343. 12. Forehead of soldier deeply lobed and steep 13. Forehead of soldier not deeply lobed; front sloping at an angle of about 45° 14. 13. Small species; width of head of soldier .76-.84 mm. Kalotermes (■ Glyptotermes ) perparvus, sp. nov. p. 334. Larger species; width of head of soldier 1.18-1.25 mm. Kalo- termes ( Glyptotermes ) guianensis, sp. nov. p. 335. 14. Antennae of soldier with 11 or 12 segments, 3d segment shorter than 2d. Kalotermes ( Glyptotermes ) hospitalis, sp. nov. p. 336. Antennae of soldier with 15-17 segments, 3d segment longer than 2d 15. 15. Large species; width of head of soldier 2.71-2.76 mm. Kalo- termes ( Neotermes ) clearei, sp. nov. p. 318. Width of head of soldier 1.80-2.07 mm. Kalotermes ( Rugitermes ) bicolor , sp. nov. p. 322. Width of head of soldier 1.38-1.48 mm. Kalotermes ( Rugitermes ) magninotus, sp. nov. p. 325. Width of head of soldier 1.19-1.35 mm. Kalotermes ( Rugitermes ) flavicinctus, sp. nov. p. 324, 16. Forehead of soldier conspicuously tuberculate . 17. Forehead of soldier not tuberculate. Kalotermes ( Lobitermes ) nigriceps, sp. nov. p. 338. 17. Top of head of soldier tuberculate for about % its length; anterior margin of the pronotum concave. Kalotermes ( Crypto - termes) brevis (Walker) p. 327. Top of head of soldier tuberculate for nearly Y% its length; an- terior margin of pronotum emarginate. Kalotermes ( Crypto - termes) verruculosus, sp. nov. p. 329. Top of head of soldier not tuberculate; anterior margin of pro- notum emarginate. Kalotermes ( Cryptotermes ?) cubicoceps, sp. nov. p . 331. 18. Colonies without soldiers; posterior margins of meso- and meta- nota narrowly and deeply emarginate. . 19. Colonies with soldiers 23. 19. Width of head of imago 1.44-1.67 mm.; fontanelle much larger than ocelli, circular; 3d antennal segment equal to the 4th 20. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 307 Width of head of imago 1.06-1.16 mm.; fontanelle darker than head; 3d antennal segment smaller than the 4th. Ano- plotermes (A.) nigripunctatus, sp. nov. p. 427. Width of head of imago .73-. 90 mm.; fontanelle lighter than head; 3d antennal segment smaller than 4th 21. 20. Width of pronotum of imago about 1.61 mm.; workers with dark heads. Anoplotermes ( Speculitermes ) arboreus, sp. nov. p. 428. Width of pronotum of imago 1.33-1.40 mm.; workers with light heads. Anoplotermes (A.) silvestrii, sp. nov. p. 422. 21. Fontanelle of imago about as large as the ocelli, light and con- spicuous; width of head .83-. 87 mm. Anoplotermes (A.) subterraneus, sp. nov. p. 425. Fontanelle of imago small and inconspicuous 22. 22. Length of hind tibia .63-. 73 mm. Anoplotermes (A.) brevipilus, sp. nov. p . 424. Length of hind tibia .83-. 97 mm. Anoplotermes (A.) banksi, sp. nov. p. 423. 23. Mandibles of soldier degenerate, not functional; front of head pro- longed into a conspicuous nose .25. Mandibles of soldier well developed 24. 24. Front of head of soldier prolonged into a conspicuous nose reaching nearly to or beyond the end of the mandibles. .51. Front of head of soldier not prolonged into a nose that nearly reaches the end of the mandibles or beyond 54. 25. Head of soldier with conspicuous constriction in the middle; legs proportionately very long, the hind tibia usually being longer than the head .26. Head of soldier with a slight constriction in the middle; legs not proportionately long, the hind tibia always conspicuously shorter than the head .28. Head of soldier with no constriction in the middle; legs not pro- portionately long, the hind tibia always conspicuously shorter than the head 31. 26. Nose of soldier very large and long, covered with short hairs. Nasutitermes ( Angular iter mes ) nasutissimus, sp. nov. p. 420. Nose of soldier comparatively slender, hairs only on the tip. . . 27. 27. Antennae of soldier with 15 segments; length of head 1.56-1.70 mm. Nasutitermes ( Constrictotermes ) cavifrons (Holm.) p. 419. Antennae of soldier with 13-14 segments; length of head 1.25-1.50 mm. Nasutitermes (V elocitermes) beebei, sp. nov. p. 416. 28. Head of soldier with only 6 bristles and no short hair 29. Head of soldier covered with short hairs and a few bristles. N asutitermes ( Subulitermes ) snyderi, sp. nov. p. 406. 29. Length of head of soldier 1.13-1.16 mm. Nasutitermes ( Sub- ulitermes) oculatissmus, sp. nov. p. 402. Length of head of soldier 1.22-1.38 mm. .30. 308 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 30. Eye of imago very large, .43 mm. in diameter. Nasutitermes ( Subulitermes ) osborni, sp. nov. p. 404. Eye of imago medium sized,, .30 mm. in diameter. Nasutitermes ( Subulitermes ) raripilus, sp. nov. p. 402. (Note: Soldiers of these two species are hard to distinguish.) 31. No hair on nose of soldier except at tip 32. Nose of soldier sparsely covered with bristles or covered with minute hair. . . 43. 32. Top of head of soldier covered with short hair besides a few longer bristles 42. Top of head and base of nose of soldier with bristles but short hair absent 33. 33. 4 bristles near the base of the nose of soldier and 4 or more bristles on top of head 40. 4 bristles near base of nose of soldier and 2 bristles on top of head 34. 34. Abdominal tergites of soldier covered with long hair in addition to longer bristles 35. Abdominal tergites of soldier covered with minute hair and a row of longer bristles 36. 35. Width of head of soldier .80-1.00 mm. Nasutitermes (N.) com - stockae, sp. nov. p. 390. Width of head of soldier 1.10-1.22 mm. Nasutitermes ( N .) suri- namensis (Holmgren) p. 386. 36. Antennae of soldier with 13 segments : 38. Antennae of soldier with 11 or 12 segments 37. 37. Nose of soldier slender 29. Nose of soldier stout. Nasutitermes (N.) ephratae (Holmgren) p. 382. 38. Small species, length of head of soldier 1.16-1.24 mm. Nasuti- termes (N.) gaigei, sp. nov. p. 395. Larger species, length of head of soldier over 1.34 mm 39. 39. Imago with ocelli less than their diameter from the eyes. Nasuti- termes (N.) ephratae (Holmgren) p. 382. Imago with ocelli more than their diameter from the eyes. Nasutitermes {N.) costalis (Holmgren) p. 379. (Note: Soldiers of these two species are very hard to distinguish.) 40. Head of soldier yellow; 4 bristles at base of nose and 4 bristles on top of head. Nasutitermes (N.) octopilis Banks p. 384. Head of soldier brown; 4 bristles at base of nose and 6 or more on top of head 41. 41. Antennae of soldier with 14 segments; nose stout. Nasutitermes (N.) guayanae (Holmgren) p. 378. Antennae of soldier with 13 segments; nose slender. Nasutitermes (N.) intermedius Banks p. 389. 42. Small species; length of head of soldier 1.06-1.26 mm. Nasuti- termes (N.) banksi, n. name p. 393. Larger species; length of head of soldier 1.64-1.80 mm. Nasuti- termes (N.) wheeleri, sp. nov. p. 391. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 309 43. Head of soldier with no short hair besides the bristles on top of head. . . . . 29. Head of soldier with very short hair covering top of head and usually with a few longer bristles 44. Head of soldier with proportionately longer hair covering top of head 46. 44. Comparatively large species, length of head of soldier 1.33-1.70 mm. . 45. Comparatively small species, length of head of soldier 1.03- 1.12 mm. Nasutitermes ( Subulitermes ) bailey i, sp. nov. p. 399. 45. Profile of head of soldier from tip of nose to top of head concave. Nasutitermes ( N .) brevipilus, sp. nov. p. 396. Profile of head of soldier from tip of nose to top of head convex. Nasutitermes ( Convexitermes ) manni, sp. nov. p. 413. 46. Comparatively large species, length of head of soldier 1.73-1.83 mm.; antennae with 13 segments. Nasutitermes ( N .) aca « jutlae (Holmgren) p. 388. Comparatively small species, length of head of soldier less than 1.35 mm.; antennae with 11 or 12 segments 47, 47. Antennae of soldier with 12 segments. Nasutitermes (Subuli- termes) parvellus (Silvestri) p. 400. Antennae of soldier with 11 segments 43. 48. Nose of soldier conical; profile nearly convex from tip of nose to back of head, no constriction in the middle. .49. Nose of soldier straight and slender; profile not as above, a slight constriction in the middle of the head. Nasutitermes (Subuli- termes) snyderi, sp. nov. p . 406. 49. Nose of soldier very stout at base; length of head 1.00-1.07 mm.. . , . . .59. Nose of soldier not very stout at base, length of head 1.25-1.35 mm. Nasutitermes (Convexitermes) nigricornis (Holmgren) p. 409. 50. Nose of soldier dark brown; length of anterior wing of imago 7.70- 7.87 mm. Nasutitermes (Convexitermes) kartaboensis, sp. nov. p. 410. Nose of soldier brown; length of anterior wing of imago 6.20-6.73 mm. Nasutitermes (Convexitermes) mazaruniensis, sp. nov. p. 412. 51. Mandibles of soldier extending beyond tip of nose; antennae with 14 segments. Armitermes (A.) percutiens, sp. nov. p. 370. Mandibles of soldier not reaching tip of nose. 52. 52. Antennae of soldier with 15 segments. Armitermes (A.) teevani , sp. nov. p. 372. Antennae of soldier with 13 or 14 segments. .53. 53. Large species, length of head of soldier 3.21-3.37 mm.; antennae with 14 segments. Armitermes (A.) grandidens, sp. nov. p. 373. Medium sized species, length of head of soldier 1.80-1.95 mm.; ant- tennae with 13-14 segments. Armitermes (A.) albidus (Hagen) p. 368. Small species, length of head of soldier 1.50-1.54 mm.; antennae with 13 segments. Armitermes (A.) minutus, sp. nov.p. 375. 54. Mandibles of soldier extremely asymmetrical 55 310 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Mandibles of soldier more or less symmetrical 57. 55. Posterior margin of head of soldier lobed; head very flat. Capri- termes {N eocapritermes) planiceps, sp. nov. p. 449. Posterior margin of the head rounded; head not flat 56. 56. Head of soldier long and narrow; sides parallel. Capritermes (N eocapritermes) angusticeps, sp. nov. p. 448. Head of soldier proportionately wide, sides converging anteriorly. Capritermes (N eocapritermes) bodkini Silvestri p. 447. 57. Mandibles of soldier very slender, without teeth except at base; used for snapping 58. Mandibles of soldier used for biting, usually powerful and toothed 62. 58. Forehead of soldier flat without projection; antennae with 13 segments. Mirotermes ( Crepititermes ) verruculosus, sp. nov. p. 434. Forehead of soldier with conspicuous projection or nose; antennae with 14 or 15 segments 59. 59. Forehead and soldier with short conspicuous single-pointed nose without sharp ridge from point to base of antennae 60. Forehead of soldier wide; projection with short point in middle and a distinct sharp ridge from point to base of antennae. Mirotermes ( Cavitermes ) tuberosus, sp. nov. p. 442. 60. Nose of soldier extending well beyond base of antennae; width of head .97 mm. Mirotermes {M.) acutinasus, sp. nov. p. 439. Nose of soldier not extending much beyond antennae base 61. 61. Width of head of soldier 1.30-1.45 mm. Mirotermes (M.) in- quilinus, sp. nov. p. 441. Width of head of soldier 1.09-1.16 mm. Mirotermes (M.) his- paniolae Banks p. 438. Width of head of soldier .77-1.00 mm. Mirotermes (M.) nigritus (Silvestri) p. 436. 62. Forehead of soldier with 3-pointed projection. Mirotermes (. Spinitermes ) trispinosus (Bates) p. 444. Forehead of soldier without 3-pointed projection 63. 63. Mandibles of soldier sickle-shaped 64. Mandibles of soldier elbowed, the anterior portion bent outward, tips curyed inward; a single tooth on the inner edge at the elbow. Orthognathotermes macrocephalus (Holmgren) p. 452. 64. Pronotum of soldier with sharp lateral points; very large species. .... .65. Pronotum of soldier without sharp lateral points; medium sized or small species ...... 66. 65. Head of soldier thickly covered with short bristles; right mandible with a large tooth; width of head 6.74-6.85 mm. Syntermes snyderi, sp. nov. p. 359. Head of soldier sparsely covered with short bristles; right mandible with no large teeth; width of head 4.75-4.96 mm. Syntermes territus, sp. nov. p. 360. Head of soldier sparsely covered with bristles; right mandible with no large teeth; width of head 2.97-3.32 mm. Syntermes parallelus Silvestri. p. 361 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 311 66. The inner edges of the mandibles of the soldier with minute den- tations. Microcerotermes arboreus, sp. nov. p. 454. The inner edges of mandibles of soldier without minute dentations. ..... 67. 67. Length of head of soldier with mandibles 2.01-2.33 mm.; man- dibles short in relation to head; head proportionately long, sides parallel. Cylindrotermes nordenskioldi Holm. p. 430. Length of head of soldier with mandibles over 3.00 mm. 68. 68. Soldier with short tube projection on forehead; mandibles not strongly hooked at the end 69. Soldier without short projection on forehead; mandibles strongly hooked at the end; left mandible with a single tooth near the base. Amitermes (A.) excellens Silvestri p. 432. 69. Labrum of soldier nearly reaching tip of mandibles; left mandible without much dentation. Cornitermes ( Labiotermes ) lab - ralis Holmgren p. 364 Labrum of soldier not nearly reaching tip of mandibles; left mandible with a number of dentations. Cornitermes (C.) pugnax, sp. nov. p. 366. 70. Mandibles of soldiers degenerated into small functionless struc- tures with or without points; long projection in front of the head 71. Mandibles of soldier not degenerate. .76. 71. Projection in front of head of soldier long and narrow, forked at tip. ...... 72. Projection in front of head of soldier not forked at tip. .25. 72. Head of soldier conspicuously constricted behind; anterior margin of pronotum projecting forward; head slightly darker than the rest of the body. Rhinotermes (R.) subfusciceps, sp. nov. p. 356. Head of soldier not conspicuously constricted behind; anterior margin of pronotum not emarginate at tip .73. 73. Antennae with 14 segments. Rhinotermes (R.) longilabius, sp. nov. p. 352. Antennae with 15 or 16 segments 74. 74. Head brown. Rhinotermes (R.) tenebrosus, sp. nov p. 354. Head yellow 75. 75. Head with about 8 long bristles scattered about. Rhinotermes (R.) marginalis (Linne) p. 349. Head with numerous bristles scattered about. Rhinotermes ( R .) hispidus, sp. nov. p. 351. 76. Soldier with degenerate eyes visible as light spots behind the base of the antennae except in a few cases where the head is mostly black and foreshortened .77. Soldiers without degenerate eye; head nearly always light in color. ..... .78. 77. Head of soldier proportionately long, brownish or yellowish; mandibles normal .12. Head of soldier proportionately short, partially or entirely black; mandibles very short .16. 78. Front of head of soldier prolonged into a conspicuous nose reaching to or beyond the tip of the mandibles 51. 312 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Front of head with or without conspicuous nose; if present, the nose is much shorter than the mandibles 79. 79. Mandibles of soldier extremely asymmetrical 55. Mandibles of soldier more or less symmetrical 80. 80. Mandibles of soldier very slender, without teeth except near the base; used for snapping 58. Mandibles of soldier used for biting, usually powerful and toothed 81. 81. Pronotum of soldier with sharp lateral points; large species. . . . ! .65. Pronotum of soldier without sharp lateral points; medium sized or small species 82. 82. Left mandible of soldier with 2 large conspicuous teeth 5. Left mandible of soldier without 2 large conspicuous teeth 83. 83. Mandibles sickle-shaped 84. Mandible elbowed, the anterior portion bent outward, tips curved inward; a single tooth on the inner edge at the elbow. Orthognathotermes macrocephalus (Holmgren) p. 161. 84. Left mandible without teeth or dentations except near the base 85. Left mandible with one or more conspicuous teeth or dentations 87. 85. Forehead of soldier with 3-pointed projection. Mirotermes ( Spinitermes ) trispinosus (Bates) p. 444. Forehead of soldier without 3-pointed projection 86. 86. Head proportionately very long; mandibles short, .65-. 75 mm. long; antennae with 11 segments. Cylindrotermes nordenski- oldi Holmgren p. 430. Antennae with 14-16 segments; mandibles .90-1.25 mm. long 10. 87. Both mandibles with minute dentations along entire inner edge. Microcerotermes arboreus, sp. nov. p. 454. Mandibles without minute dentations along the entire inner edge 68. List of Species Family KALOTERMITIDAE p. 316 Subfamily Kalotermitinae Genus Kalotermes Subgenus Neotermes Kalotermes (Neotermes) clearei, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Neotermes) kartaboensis, sp. nov. Kalotermes ( Neotermes ) holmgreni Banks Subgenus Rugitermes p. 320 Kalotermes (Rugitermes) bicolor, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Rugitermes) flavicinctus, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Rugitermes) magninotus, sp. nov. Subgenus Cryptotermes p. 326 Kalotermes ( Cryptotermes ) brevis (Walker) 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 313 Kalotermes (Cryptotermes) verruculosus, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Cryptotoermes ?) cubicoceps, sp. nov. Subgenus Glyptotermes Kalotermes (Glyptotermes) pellucidus, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Glyptotermes) perparvus, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Glyptotermes) guianensis, sp. nov. Kalotermes (Glyptotermes) hospitalis, sp. nov. Subgenus Lobitermes Kalotermes (Lobitermes) nigriceps, sp. nov. Family RHINOTERMITIDAE Subfamily Leucotermitinae Genus Leucotermes Leucotermes tenuis (Hagen) Leucotermes crinitus, sp. nov. Subfamily Cqptotermitinae Genus Coptotermes Coptotermes marabitanas (Hagen) Subfamily Rhinotermitinae Genus Rhinotermes Subgenus Rhinotermes Rhinotermes ( Rhinotermes ) nastus (Perty) Rhinotermes ( Rhinotermes ) marginalis (L.) (Hagen) Rhinotermes (Rhinotermes) hispidus, sp. nov. Rhinotermes (Rhinotermes) longilabius, sp. nov. Rhinotermes (Rhinotermes) tenebrosus, sp. nov. Rhinotermes (Rhinotermes) subfusciceps, sp. nov. Family TERMITIDAE Genus Syntermes Syntermes snyderi, sp. nov. Syntermes territus, sp. nov. Syntermes parallelus Silvestri Genus Cornitermes Subgenus Labiotermes Cornitermes ( Labiotermes ) labralis Holmgren Subgenus Cornitermes Cornitermes (Cornitermes) pugnax, sp. nov. p. 331 p. 337 p. 340 p . 344 y. 346 p. 357 p. 363 p. 365 Genus Armitermes Subgenus Armitermes p. 367 314 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Armitermes ( Armitermes ) albidus (Hagen) Armitermes (Armitermes) percutiens, sp. nov. Armitermes (Armitermes) teevani, sp. nov. Armitermes (Armitermes) grandidens, sp. nov. Armitermes (Armitermes) minutus, sp. nov. Genus N asutitermes Subgenus Nasutitermes N asutitermes ( N asutitermes ) guayanae (Holmgren) N asutitermes (N asutitermes) costalis (Holmgren) N asutitermes (N asutitermes) ephratae (Holmgren) Nasutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) octopilis Banks Nasutitermes (N asutitermes) surinamensis (Holmgren) N asutitermes (N asutitermes) acajutlae (Holmgren) N asutitermes (N asutitermes) intermedius Banks Nasutitermes (Nasutitermes) comstockae, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Nasutitermes) wheeleri, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Nasutitermes) banski, nom. nov. Nasutitermes (Nasutitermes) gaigei, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Nasutitermes) brevipilus, sp. nov. Subgenus Subulitermes Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) baileyi, sp. nov. Nasutitermes ( Subulitermes ) parvellus (Silvestri) Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) oculatissimus, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) raripilus, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) osbomi, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) snyderi, sp. nov. Subgenus Convexitermes Nasutitermes ( Convexitermes ) nigricornis (Holmgren) Nasutitermes (Convexitermes) kartaboensis, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Convexitermes) mazaruniensis, sp. nov. Nasutitermes (Convexitermes) manni, sp. nov. Subgenus Velocitermes Nasutitermes (Velocitermes) beebei, sp. nov. Subgenus Constrictotermes Nasutitermes ( Constrictotermes ) cavifrons (Holmgren) Subgenus Angularitermes, subg. nov. Nasutitermes (Angularitermes) nasutissimus, sp. nov. p. 375 p. 397 p. 407 p. 414 p. 416 p. 419 Genus Anoplotermes Subgenus Anoplotermes p. 420 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 315 Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) meridianus, nom. nov. Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) silvestrii, sp. nov. Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) banksi, sp. nov. Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) brevipilus, sp. nov. Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) subterraneus, sp. nov. Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) nigripunctatus, sp. nov. Subgenus Speculitermes Anoplotermes (Speculitermes) arboreus, sp. nov. Genus Cylindrotermes Cylindrotermes nordenskioldi Holmgren Genus Amitermes Subgenus Amitermes Amitermes ( Amitermes ) excellens Silvestri Genus Mirotermes Subgenus Crepititermes subg. nov. Mirotermes (Crepititermes) verruculosus, sp. nov. Subgenus Mirotermes Mirotermes ( Mirotermes ) nigritus (Silvestri) Mirotermes ( Mirotermes ) hispaniolae Banks Mirotermes (Mirotermes) acutinasus, sp. nov. Mirotermes (Mirotermes) inquilinus, sp. nov. Subgenus Cavitermes, subg. nov. Mirotermes (Cavitermes) tuberosus, sp. nov. Subgenus Spinitermes Mirotermes ( Spinitermes ) trispinosus (Bates) Genus Capritermes Subgenus Neocapritermes Capritermes ( Neocapritermes ) bodkini Silvestri Capritermes (Neocapritermes) angusticeps, sp. nov. Capritermes (Neocapritermes) planiceps, sp. nov. Genus Orthognathotermes Orthognathotermes macrocephalus (Holmgren) Genus Microcerotermes Microcerotermes arboreus, sp. nov. p. 427 p. 428 p. 430 p. 432 p. 435 p. 442 p. 444 p. 445 p. 451 p. 453 316 [VI; 4 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society Family KALOTERMITIDAE Banks Holmgren (1911) divided this family (= Protermitidae) into four sub- families, namely Termopsinae, Hodotermitinae, Stolotermitinae, and Kalo- termitinae. Of these only the Kalotermitinae are known from British Guiana. Subfamily KALOTERMITINAE Holmgren Holmgren (1911) placed two genera, Porotermes and Kalotermes, in this subfamily. Several authors have divided up the large genus Kalotermes into several genera but it seems less confusing to use Holmgren’s classification for both genera and subgenera for the present, as no one has studied the group as a whole since 1911. Many of Holmgren’s subgenera, however, seem distinct enough to warrant generic rank. Kalotermes is well represented in British Guiana. Genus Kalotermes Hagen Holmgren (1911) recognizes ten subgenera belonging to this genus. Of these five are known from British Guiana. Subgenus Neotermes Holmgren In the sense used by Holmgren this subgenus has a large distribution with fifty-two species. It is well represented in the Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, Palaearctic and Neotropical regions. Three species were found in British Guiana, two of which seem to be new. Kalotermes (Neotermes) clearei, sp. nov. » & $1* & * \ (Fig. 24) % Imago. — Head widely oval, rather short; brownish yellow; clothed with a number of rather short bristles; no median line or Y-suture visible. Antennae with 18-19 segments, 2d segment equal to the 3d, 4th smaller than the 3d or about equal. Eyes large, front margin straight near the base of the antennae. Ocelli medium sized, very close to the eyes. Pronotum brownish yellow with numerous bristles; front margin concave, sides rounded, posterior margin rounded with middle very slightly emarginate. Pulvillus present. Wings transparent yellow brown; subcosta, radius, and media brown and distinct, cubitus not so distinct, with 12-16 branches; many small veins or thickenings between the radius and media in the outer half of the wing. Abdominal tergites yellow, with numerous bristles. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 317 Fig. 24. Kalotermes ( Neotermes ) clearei, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, imago, wing; d, soldier, dorsal view of head and pronotum; e, soldier, lateral view of head. M easurements. — Length with wing. 15.00-16.00 mm. Length without wings 9.00-11.00 mm. Length of head 1.82- 2.02 mm. Width of head 1.71- 1.76 mm. Length of antennae 2.73 mm. Diameter of eye . . . .67 mm. Length of pronotum .80 mm. Width of pronotum 1.90 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.45 mm. Length of anterior wing 11.50 mm. Width of anterior wing. . 3.07 mm. Comparison with other species. — K. ( Neotermes ) arthuri-muelleri von Rosen, K. fulvescens Silv., K. hirtellus Silv. and K. modestus Silv. are all smaller. K. castaneus (Burm.) Banks has only 16 segments in the antennae. K. chilensis (Blanchard) Desn., and K. holmgreni Banks have rounder eyes. Soldier. — Head brownish yellow, elongated; sides straight and parallel; front rather flat, sloping at an angle of about 35°; sparsely covered with short bristles. Antennae with 15-17 segments, in all cases 3d segment conspicuously longer than 2d or 4th. Eyes unpigmented, oval, about their length removed from the base of the antennae. 318 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Mandibles black; left with 3 conspicuous teeth; right with 2 large teeth. Pronotum yellow, front margin evenly concave; sides rounded not converg- ing toward the rear; posterior margin nearly straight; pronotum about the same width as the head. Spines on tibia and claws on tarsi with dark points. Pulviilus absent. Abdomen pale yellow. Measurements. — Total length 11.82- 12.94 mm. Length of head 6.15 mm. Width of head . . . 2.71- 2.76 mm. Length of antennae 2.41- 2.53 mm. Length of pronotum 1.18- 1.23 mm. Width of pronotum . 2.53- 2.88 mm. Length of hind tibia ......... 1.71- 1.82 mm. Length of left mandible 2.12- 2.23 mm. Comparison with other species. — K. castaneus (Burm.) Banks has the 3d segment of the antennae not larger than the 2d. K. wagneri Desn. close, but the eye is pigmented and the measurements are larger. K. fulvescens Silv., K. hirtellus Silv., K. latifrons Silv., and K. modestus Silv. are all smaller. Type locality. — Georgetown, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Winged Imago. Morphotype. — Soldier. Described from four winged imagos and two soldiers collected by L. D. Cleare, Jr. at Georgetown, B. G., in September, 1914, from a single colony in the Botanic Gardens. I take pleasure in naming the species in honor of the collector. Kalotermes (Neotermes) kartaboensis, sp. nov. (Fig. 25, a, b, c) Imago. — Head yellow brown with numerous bristles; oval. Antennae with 18 segments; 2d, 3d, and 4th equal. Eyes rather large, about ^ their diameter from the lower margin of the head (.29 mm.). Front margin straight. Ocelli medium sized, in contact with the eyes. Pronotum yellow brown with numerous bristles; wider than head; sides rounded, posterior margin nearly straight. Pulviilus present between claws. Wings hyaline, veins near costal margin brown; subcosta, radius, and media distinct; cubitus indistinct except near the base. Radius with 6-8 branches; crossveins between the radius and media; cubitus 11-14 branched. Abdomen yellow brown, tergites with numerous bristles. Measurements. — Length with wings . 13.00-14.00 mm. Length without wings. 8.00- 8.50 mm. Length of head. . 2.00- 2.12 mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 319 Fig. 25. Kalotermes ( Neotermes ) kartaboensis, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, imago, wing. Kalotermes ( Neotermes ) holmgreni Banks, d, imago, lateral view of head; e, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum. Measurements. — Width of head 1.76 mm. Length of antennae . 2.95 mm. Diameter of eye 43- .47 mm. Length of pronotum 1.23 mm. Width of pronotum 2.06 mm. Length of anterior wing 10.29 mm. Width of anterior wing 2.94 mm. Comparison with other species. — K. castaneus (Burm.) Banks has only 16 segments in the antennae. K. hirtellus Silv. has 19 segments in the antennae and is smaller. The wings are wider in K. chilensis (Blanchard) Desn. The eye in K. holmgreni Banks is only ^ its diameter from the lower margin of the head and is round in front. K. arthuri-muelleri von Rosen, K. fulvescens Silv. and K. modestus Silv. are all smaller. Type locality .- — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Winged imago. Described from five imagos collected by the author at Kartabo. Kalotermes ( Neotermes ) holmgreni Banks Neotermes holmgreni Banks (1918), p. 659, pi. 'Ll, fig. 9 (imago). (Fig. 25, d, e) Imago. — Head reddish yellow, short, widely oval with a number of rather long bristles. Antennae with 17 segments, 2d segment larger than the 3d, 3d equal to the 4th. Eyes large, a littles less than 3^ their width (.19 mm.) from the lower margin; front margin rounded. Ocelli very close to the eyes, oval. Pronotum the same color as the head and about the same width as the head. Pulvillus conspicuous. 320 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Wings brownish yellow, transparent; costal veins, radius, subcosta and media distinct; cubitus not so distinct and with 11-14 branches. Venation very similar to K. kartaboensis, n. sp. Abdominal tergites yellow. Measurements. — Length with wings .... Length without wings . . Length of head Width of head Length of antennae . . . . Diameter of eye ....... Length of pronotum . . . Width of pronotum Length of hind tibia . . . Length of anterior wing Width of anterior wing . 14.00 mm. 8.00 mm. 1.83 mm. 1.57 mm. 2.25 mm. .64 mm. .80 mm. 1.57 mm. 1.35 mm. 10.25 mm. 2.95 mm. Comparison with other species. — K. castaneus (Burm.) Banks larger and an- tennae with 16 segments. K. chilensis (Blanchard) Desn. larger. K. ful- vescens Silv. close but smaller. K. hirtellus Silv. close but wings differ in shape and the measurements are slightly smaller. K. modestus Silv. has a wider pronotum. Type locality. — Panama, Taboga Island (Banks, 1918). New locality. — Georgetown, British Guiana. Range. — Panama, British Guiana. This description is taken from a single winged imago collected by the author in Georgetown, B. G., May 26, 1920. It seems to answer the description given by Banks (1918). Subgenus Rugitermes Holmgren This subgenus is small, formerly known only from southern South America and including three species. Three species were found at Kartabo, all of which seem to be new. Kalotermos (Rugitermes) bicolor, sp. nov. (Fig. 26) Imago (Queen). — Head black or very dark brown. Antennae yellow (broken beyond 9th segment), 2d, 3d, and 4th segments about equal. Eyes small, .26 mm. removed from the lower margin of the head. Ocelli rather small, .08 mm. removed from the eyes. Labrum yellowish. Clypeus pale. Sides of thorax dark. Pronotum yellow, contrasting strongly with the head and wing scales; front margin concave, sides rounded, hind margin somewhat concave. Coxae, femora and upper part of tibiae dark, lower part of tibiae yellowish. Wing scales very dark brown, contrasting strongly with the pronotum. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 321 Fig. 26. Kalotermes ( Rugitermes ) bicolor, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head and pronotum; d, soldier, lateral view of head; e, soldier, mandibles. Abdominal tergites and sternites yellow. Measurements.— Length of head 1.86 mm. Width of head 1.51 mm. Diameter of eye 35 mm. Length of pronotum 77 mm. Width of pronotum 1.65 mm. Length of hind tibia : 1.28 mm. Length of queen 8.27 mm. Comparison with other species. — Differs from K. magninotus , n. sp., and K. flavicinctus, n. sp. in that the upper part of the tibia is the same color as the femur while the lower part near the tarsus is conspicuously lighter. K. bicolor is also larger than these two species. K. rugosus Hagen Silv. is smaller. K. oc- cidentals Silv. differs in the following measurements; width of head 1.35 mm., length of pronotum 1.00 mm., width of pronotum 1.70 mm. K. nodulosus Hagen differs in that the pronotum is narrower than the head. Soldier. — Head yellowish brown, darker in front than behind; rectangular, sides straight and parallel. Front covered with numerous bristles which grow scarce toward the rear. Forehead rather flat, sloping gradually. Antennae with 14-17 segments; in all cases the 3d segment is conspicuously larger than the 2d, the 2d somewhat longer than the 4th. Eyes unpigmented. A small white spot above the eye may possibly be a rudimentary ocellus. 322 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 27. Kalotermes ( Rugitermes ) flavicinctus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, lateral view of head; d, soldier, dorsal view of head and pronotum; c, soldier, mandibles. Mandibles black, the left with several rather small teeth, the right with 2 conspicuous teeth. Pronotum yellow, same color as back of head; front margin concave, sides rounded, posterior margin bow-shaped, forming an angle with the sides. Pulvillus present. Abdomen yellow. Measurements.— Total length Length of head .... Width of head Length of pronotum Width of pronotum . Length of hind tibia 8.86-10.99 mm. 3.78- 4.25 mm. 1.80- 2.07 mm. .67- .93 mm. 1.67- 2.15 mm. 1.28- 1.35 mm. Comparison with other species. — K. magninotus and K. flavicinctus are both conspicuously smaller. In K. occidentalis Silv. the width of the pronotum is 2.40 mm. and the length of the pronotum 1.20 mm. In K. rugosus Hag. Silv. the width of the head is 1.70 mm. and the length of the pronotum 1.00 mm. The antennae of K. rugosus has 13 segments. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype.— Queen. Morphotype. — Soldier. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 323 The description was taken from a single queen and numerous soldiers col- lected by the author from a single colony at Kartabo. Kalotermes (Rugitermes) flavicinctus, sp. nov. (Fig. 27) Imago (Queen). — Head medium dark brown, contrasting strongly with the pronotum; widely oval. Antennae yellow, the 2d segment slightly longer than the 3d, the 3d slightly longer than the 4th. Eyes rather small, .126 mm. removed from the lower margin of the head; somewhat oval in shape. Ocelli medium sized, oval, .032 mm. removed from the eyes. Labrum yellow, clypeus white. Sides of thorax yellow, about the same color as the abdomen, Pronotum yellow, contrasting strongly with the dark head and wing scales. Legs yellow throughout. Pulvillus conspicuous. Wing scales nearly as dark as the head, contrasting strongly with the yellow pronotum. Abdominal tergites yellow; sternites brownish, much darker than the tergites. Measurements. — Length of head 1.38 mm. Width of head. 1.19 mm. Diameter of eye 32 mm. Length of pronotum 61 mm. Width of pronotum 1.16 mm. Length of hind tibia 93 mm. Length of queen 5.67 mm. Comparison with other species. — This is the smallest species of Rugitermes yet known and differs from K. bicolor, K. magninotus, K . nodulosus, and K . rugosus in having the sides of the thorax the same color as the abdomen and the legs uniformly yellow throughout. Soldier.— Head yellow brown in back, darker in front; clothed with numerous bristles which grow scarcer toward the rear; head long, sides straight and parallel, hind margin rounded, front sloping slightly with a very shallow groove in the middle. Antennae with 15-16 segments, the 3d segment longer than the 2d and enlarged at the tip, the 2d segment longer than the 4th. The first 3 segments are darker than the rest, which are yellow. Mandibles black, the left with several rather small teeth and the right with 2 conspicuous teeth. Pronotum yellow with numerous bristles; front margin concave, sides rounded, hind margin with 2 very wide angles. Pronotum about the same width as the head or very slightly wider. 324 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI ; 4 Abdomen yellow with numerous bristles on the tergites and sternites. Measurements. — Total length 6.03 mm. Length of head 2.89-3.28 mm. Width of head 1.19-1.35 mm. Length of pronotum 58- .67 mm. Width of pronotum 1.19-1.35 mm. Length of hind tibia .83- .99 mm. Comparison with other species. — Differs from K. occidentalis Silv. in size and the proportion of the width of the pronotum to the head. Differs from K. magninotus in the pronotum being the same width as the head while in K. magninotus the pronotum is wider than the head and is also proportionately longer. The femora of K. flavicindus are proportionately more slender than in K. magninotus. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Queen. Morphotype. — Soldier. The description was taken from one queen and three soldiers collected by the author from a single colony at Kartabo. Kalotermes (Rugitermes) magninotus, sp. nov. (Fig. 28) Imago (King).— Head black. Antennae yellowish, the 2d segment equals the 3d, the 3d is a little longer than the 4th. Eyes rather small, .26 mm. removed from the lower margin. Ocelli small, .064 mm. removed from the eyes. Labrum yellow. Clypeus white. Sides of thorax brown. Pronotum yellow, anterior margin concave, sides rounded, converging somewhat near the rear; posterior margin somewhat emarginate. Legs yellowish brown throughout; pul villus conspicuous. Wing scales dark brown, contrasting strongly with the yellow pronotum and abdomen. Abdominal tergites yellow; sternites brownish yellow, a little darker than the tergites. Measurements. — Length of head 1.48 mm. Width of head 1.25 mm. Diameter of eye 32 mm. Length of pronotum 71 mm. Width of pronotum 1.35 mm. Length of hind tibia .1.00 mm. Comparison with other species. — Differs from K. flavicindus in being a 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 325 Fig. 28. Kalotermes ( Rugitermes ) magninolus, sp. nov. o, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head and pronotum. little larger, the head and wing scales are a little darker, the sides of the thorax are conspicuously darker, and the legs are darker. Differs from K. bicolor in having the legs uniform in color throughout. K . magninolus, is close to the description of K. rugosus and may possibly be that species. However, as the soldiers which Silvestri (1903) assigns to this species differ so much in size from those of K. magninolus , it seems best to keep the species separate for the present. K. occidentalis is larger. The descriptions of K. nodulosus are not detailed enough to be sure of the species, but as Hagen (1858) describes the feet as yellowish except near the base and states that the pronotum is narrower than the head, I do not believe that K. magninolus can be assigned to K. nodulosus. Soldier. — Antennae with 13-14 segments. Differs from K. flavicincius in size, the femora are proportionately much larger and the pronotum is proportionately wider and longer in relation to the head. K. rugosus Hag. Silv. and K. occidenlalis Silv. are larger. Measurements. — • Length of head .3.21-3.53 mm. Width of head 1.38-1.48 mm. Length of pronotum 71- .83 mm. 326 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Measurements. — ■ Width of pronotum 1.51-1.67 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.03-1.12 mm. Length of left mandible 1.42 mm. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — King. Morphotype. — Soldier. Described from one king and numerous soldiers collected by the author from three different colonies at Kartabo. Subgenus Cryptotermes Banks This subgenus now contains twenty-seven described species and is known from the Oriental, Australian, Ethiopian, Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Two of the three species found in British Guiana are new, which makes seven Neotropical species of the subgenus. Kalotermes ( Cryptotermes ) brevis (Walker) The following synonymy is taken from the literature and very probably contains more than one species, as the imagos of this subgenus are rather difficult to separate: Termes brevis Walker (1853), p. 524 (imago). Calotermes brevis Hagen (1858), p. 68 (imago), pi. 2, fig. 6; pi. 3, fig. 5 (imago). Termes indecisus Walker (1853), p. 524 (imago). Termes flavicollis Walker (1853), p. 502 (No. 1, imago). Termes lucifugus Walker (1853), p. 505 (No. 2, imago). Calotermes brevis Hagen (1858a), p. 10 (imago). Calotermes brevis Hagen (1860a), p. 101 (biology, etc.). Calotermes ( Cryptotermes ) brevis Holmgren (1911), p. 55. Calotermes brevis Desneux (1915), p. 6. Cryptotermes brevis Banks (1919), p. 476 (locality). Cryptotermes brevis Banks (and Snyder) (1920), p. 36, text-fig. 23(3) (soldier) . (Fig. 29) Imago. — Head medium reddish brown, lighter on the sides and in front; oval; clothed with short hairs. Antennae with 16-18 segments; the 2d segment about equal to the 3d or 4th. Eyes of medium size, shape varying somewhat from subtriangular to cir- cular in individuals from the same colony; about % their diameter from the lower margin of the head. Ocelli of medium size; in contact with the eyes. Pronotum same color as the head; narrower than the head, sides depressed and rounded; posterior margin slightly emarginate; covered with short hairs. Wings hyaline; costal margin and radius brown, radius with numerous ac- cessory veins; subcosta and radius distinct, media and cubitus indistinct, the media running into the radius about 34 the length of the wing from the tip; cubitus with 11-17 branches. Abdomen same color as the head; clothed with short hairs. 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 327 Fig. 29. Kalotermes ( Cryptotermes ) brevis (Walker), a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, imago, wing; d, soldier, dorsal view of head and pronotum; e, soldier, lateral view of head. M easurements. — Length with wings . . . . . Length without wings . . Length of head Width of head Length of antennae . . . . Diameter of eye . Length of pronotum . . . Width of pronotum . . . . Length of hind tibia . . . Length of anterior wing Width of anterior wing. 10.59-11.76 mm. 5.00- 5.88 mm. 1.23- 1.35 mm. 1.05- 1.12 mm. 1.76- 1.93 mm. .11- .13 mm. .59- .65 mm. .94- 1.00 mm. .90 mm. 8.65- 8.74 mm. 2.23- 2.35 mm. Comparison with other species. — K. brevicollis Banks much smaller. K. dudleyi Banks seems to be a little smaller, otherwise the description is very close. K. cavifrons Banks is smaller and the antennae have 15 segments. K. infumatus Banks differs in that the cubitus bends upward and meets the radius near the tip of the wing. Agrees with the description of K. pseudobrevis Fuller and is probably the same species. Remarks. — Walker gives the length as 18 mm. (8 lines). Hagen, however, gives the length with wings as 9 mm. and Hagen supposedly went over Walker’s collection. Soldier.— Head black merging to dark brown on the sides and back; clothed with numerous short hairs; short, top concave and front concave leaving sharp ridges between the front and sides and the front and top, ridges between the top and sides not as sharp as the others but distinct; front, top, and anterior portion of the sides above the base of the antennae roughened. Antennae yellow; with 13 segments, the 3d segment very short. 328 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 30. Kalotermes ( Cryptotermes ) verruculosus, sp. nov. . a , imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, soldier, dorsal view of head and pronotum; c, soldier, lateral view of head. Eyes distinguishable behind the base of the antennae, lighter than the head and darker than the antennae. Mandibles black. Pronotum the same color as the head except a few spots of opaque yellow; anterior margin strongly concave, ending in 2 sharp points where it meets the sides; sides and posterior margin rounded. Legs pale. Abdomen pale with numerous short hairs. M easurements. — Total length. 7.76 mm. Length of head 1.88 mm. Width of head 1.35 mmt Length of antennae 1.18 mm. Length of pronotum 71 mm. Width of pronotum 1.29 mm. Length of hind tibia ■ . .94 mm. Comparison with other species. — K. brevicollis Banks smaller, front smooth. K. dudleyi Banks not roughened above, pronotum without anterior points. K. longicollis Banks much smaller, shape of head and pronotum entirely dif- ferent. K. cavifrons Banks with smooth top. Agrees with the description of K. pseudobrevis Fuller and is probably the same species. Type locality. — Jamaica. New localities. — British Guiana: Georgetown, Penal Settlement, Kartabo. Range (not well established). — Mexico, Central America, West Indies, Colombia, British Guiana, Brazil. The description is based upon numerous winged imagos and a soldier from 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 329 a single colony collected by the author in Georgetown. Several other winged imagos from the Penal Settlement and Kartabo agree with the Georgetown specimens. I am not certain that this is Kalotermes brevis Walker, because no adequate description of either the imago or soldier has ever been published. The British Guiana specimens, however, agree with specimens from the West Indies, the soldier of which has been figured by Banks and Snyder (1920), and which they refer to K. brevis. I am also of the opinion that this is the same species described by Fuller, 1921, as Cryptotermes pseudobrevis and if the name brevis is discarded, Fuller’s name should be applied to this species. Kalotermes (Cryptotermes) verruculosus, sp. nov. (Fig. 30) '/ Imago. — Head reddish yellow. Antennae with the 3d segment shorter than the 2d, the 2d equal to the 4th. Eyes .192 mm. from the lower margin of the head. There seems to be little difference between this species and K. brevis except in size. Measurements.— (The measurements of the winged specimens were taken from individuals not associated with the queen and soldier types.) Length with wings. 9.45 mm. Length without wings 4.73 mm. Length of head. . 1.12 mm. Width of head .96 mm. Length of pronotum 51 mm. Width of pronotum. 87 mm. Length of hind tibia 71 mm. Length of anterior wing 6.85 mm. Width of anterior wing 1.89 mm. Length of queen 4.82 mm. Comparison with other species. — No distinct difference exists between this species and K. brevis except in size. K. infumatus Banks has different wing venation. K. brevicollis Banks is smaller. K. dudleyi Banks is larger. Soldier. — Head black in front, reddish yellow brown in back; a few bristles at the back of the head; shape similar to K. brevis but differs in the top of the head not being indented so strongly and not as tuberculate. Forehead tuber- culate; profile not as straight as K. brevis. Antennae pale, 11-12 segmented; 3d and 4th segments equal and very short, 2d as long as the 2d and 4th together. Eyes visible in back of the antennae bases. Mandibles black and short. Pronotum same color as back of head; front margin emarginate with a distinct angle in the middle; anterior angles rounded, not pointed as in K. brevis. Abdominal tergites yellow. 330 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, imago, wing. Kalotermes (Cryptotennes ?) cubicoceps, sp. nov. d, soldier, lateral view of head; e, soldier, dorsal view of head and pronotum. Measurements. — Total length 4.50 mm. Length of head 1.28-1.38 mm. Width of head 1.03 mm. Length of antennae .81mm. Length of pronotum (middle) 58- .61 mm. Width of pronotum .96 mm. Length of hind tibia .61 mm. Comparison with other species. — The front angles of the pronotum are more round than in K. brevis and the top of the head is not so strongly tuberculate. Heads of K. dudleyi, K. brevicollis, and K. longicollis are not so tuberculate on top. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Soldier. Morphotype. — Queen. Described from one queen and six soldiers from two different colonies. A single winged imago taken separately seems to agree with the queen, so the measurements are added. Kalotermes (Cryptotermes ?) cubicoceps, sp. nov. (Fig. 31, d, e) Soldier. — Head yellow brown, front black; only 2 or 3 bristles on head; shape short and thick, front concave with a thick ridge between the front and top and the front and sides. Front with 2 pairs of short rounded projections, one on each side of the base of the mandible and one on each side of the clypeus. Top of head concave near the front, rest smooth and convex; ridge between 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 331 the top and front deeply indented in the middle; ridges and front tuberculate. Antennae yellow; with 12 segments; 3d segment shorter than the 4th, 4th shorter than the 2d. Eyes practically invisible, same color as the head. Mandibles short and black. Pronotum yellow brown with numerous bristles; anterior margin widely emarginate, sides rounded, posterior margin nearly straight; angles between anterior margin and sides rounded. Abdominal tergites pale with numerous bristles. Styli present, not rudi- mentary. Measurements. — Total length 5.88 mm. Length of head 2.65 mm. Width of head 2.12 mm. Length of antennae 1.53 mm. Length of pronotum 1.23 mm. Width of pronotum 1.88 mm. Length of hind tibia. 1.25 mm. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Soldier. Described from a single soldier collected by the author in a dead liana stem at Kartabo. When collected I thought that it belonged to a colony of the species I am describing as Kalotermes ( Glyptotermes ) pellucidus, n. sp. although I did not see it with any termites. As the imago, however, has the character- istics of the subgenus Glyptotermes and the soldier does not, I think that they must be separate species. This soldier differs from Holmgren’s description of the subgenus in that the styli are distinct and are not rudimentary. Subgenus Glyptotermes (Froggatt) The characteristics of a number of South American species agree with this subgenus and I am therefore referring them to Glyptotermes. Species belonging to Glyptotermes have been reported from the Australian, Oriental and Ethiopian regions. I also believe that K. taurocephalus Silv., K. temnocephalus Silv., and K. triceromegas Silv. belong to this subgenus, all three reported from South America. Counting the new species described in this report, there are now twenty-seven species known belonging to this subgenus. They are distributed as follows: — Australian Region seven, Oriental Region eight, Neotropical Re- gion eight, Madagascar and adjoining islands two, Africa one, unknown habitat one. Kalotermes (Glyptotermes) pellucidus, sp. nov. (Fig. 31, a, b, c ) Imago. — Head brownish yellow; widely oval; clothed with a few hairs. 332 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Antennae with 13 segments, the 2d, 3d and 4th equal. Eyes of medium size, nearly % their diameter from the lower margin of the head. Ocelli small, in contact with the eyes. Pronotum brownish yellow; clothed with a few hairs; slightly narrower than the head, sides depressed and rounded, posterior margin nearly straight. Femora of legs somewhat enlarged, pulvillus present. Wings hyaline; subcosta joining costal margin about 7n the length of the wing from the base; radius parallel to the costal margin, with no branches except near the tip; media usually coalescing with the radius in at least one forewing, usually for a distance of about 1I5 the length of the wing from the base and then running parallel to the radius for the rest of the length of the wing. The subcosta, radius, and media distinct; the cubitus indistinct with 13-16 branches. Abdominal tergites brownish yellow, with a few hairs. Measurements. — Length with wings 7.00-8.00 mm. Length without wings 4.41-4.70 mm. Length of head 1.06-1.12 mm. Width of head 88- .94 mm. Length of antennae 1.00-1.05 mm. Diameter of eye 27- .29 mm. Length of pronotum 52- .53 mm. Width of pronotum .82- .85 mm. Length of anterior wing 5.76-5.88 mm. Width of anerior wing 1.59-1.63 mm. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality Holotype. — Winged imago. The description is based upon eight winged imagos and two dealated speci- mens which were found at different times, the winged forms in every case flying to lights singly. The dealated specimens, together with several nymphs, were found in a dead liana stem from which the single specimen of K. cubicoceps was taken. They were not seen together, and as the soldier shows a close re- lationship to Cryptotermes and the imago compares well with the winged imagos which have the characteristics of Glyptotermes, I have described them separately. However, it is possible that they are the same species. Kalotermes (Glyptotermes) perparvus, sp. nov. (Fig. 32) Imago. — Head dark brown with a few bristles; suboval, relatively thick; Y-suture present; two round muscle insertions half-way between the ocelli and clypeus. Antennae a little lighter than the head, with 11-12 segments, the 2d, 3d, and 4th equal. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 333 Fig. 32. Kalotermes ( Glyptotermes ) pcrparvus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, imago, wing; d, soldier, dorsal view of head and pronotum; e, soldier, lateral view of head; /, soldier, mandibles. Eyes medium sized, about 3^ their diameter from the lower margin. Ocelli medium sized, very close to the eyes. Pronotum dark brown, slightly lighter than the head; clothed with a few bristles; anterior margin rounded, sides somewhat depressed; pronotum a little narrower than the head. Wings hyaline, the costal border, radius and media dark; membrane stip- pled, giving a rather dark appearance to the wings; 2 short veins running from the wing suture into the costal border, one distinct, the other barely visible; radius and media parallel, unbranched; outer portion of the cubitus indistinct. Abdominal tergites dark brown, same color as pronotum; clothed with a few bristles. Measurements. — Length with wings .... Length without wings . . Length of head Width of head Length of pronotum . . . Width of pronotum Length of anterior wing Width of anterior wing . Length of queen Length of king. 5.80-6.47 mm. 3.40- 4.00 mm. .86- .94 mm. .76- .77 mm. .47- .51 mm. .61- .66 mm. 4.40- 4.59 mm. 1.18-1.20 mm. 5.14 mm. 4.02 mm. Soldier. — Head dark reddish brown in front, posterior part lighter; clothed with a few short bristles; long, sides straight and parallel, posterior margin rounded; forehead steep but not vertical, front conspicuously lobed. 334 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 33. Kalotermes ( Glyptotermes ) guianensis, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum ; b, imago, lateral view of head ; c, soldier, dorsal view of head and pronotum ; d, soldier, lateral view of head; e, soldier, mandibles. Antennae pale yellow, with 10-11 segments. Eyes unpigmented. Mandibles black, strongly toothed, the right with 2 distinct teeth and the left with 3. Pronotum same color as back of head, with a number of bristles on the margins but only a few in the middle; anterior margin very slightly emar- ginate; sides somewhat depressed. Legs pale yellow, femora stout. Abdominal tergites with a few short bristles. Measurements. — Total length 4.50-4.60 mm. Length of head 1.59-1.73 mm. Width of head 76- .84 mm. Length of antennae 75- .86 mm. Length of pronotum 40- .42 mm. Width of pronotum 76- .77 mm. Length of left mandible. .57 mm. Comparison with other species. — The soldier is smaller than K. temnocephalus Silv., K. triceromegas Silv., and K. taurocephalus Silv. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Winged imago. Morphotype. — Soldier. Described from many specimens of each caste taken from six different colonies at Kartabo by the author. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 335 Kalotermes (Glyptotermes) guianensis, sp. nov. (Fig. 33) Imago. — Head medium light brown; widely oval, widest behind the eyes (eye not included); clothed with numerous bristles. Antennae pale (broken in specimen). Eyes large, nearly y2 their diameter from the lower margin of the head. Pronotum same color as the head; a little narrower than the head; sides rounded, posterior margin slightly rounded; clothed with numerous bristles. Abdominal tergites same color as the head, clothed with numerous bristles. Measurements. — Length of head 1.38 mm. Width of head 1.30 mm. Length of pronotum .69 mm. Width of pronotum 1.05 mm. Length of queen 6.40 mm. Comparison with other species. — Very close to K. taurocephalus Silv., and may possibly be that species. Soldier. — Head brownish yellow, darker in front; long, sides straight and parallel; forehead steep but not vertical, rather deeply lobed; clothed with a few bristles. Antennae brownish yellow, with 11 or 12 segments. Eyes unpigmented. Mandibles brownish black, fairly long and powerful; left with many teeth, right with teeth only on basal half. Pronotum brownish yellow with a few bristles; about the same width as the head; sides rounded, posterior margin very slightly emarginate. Abdominal tergites with a few bristles. Measurements. — Total length 5.20-5.59 mm. Length of head 2.52-2.88 mm. Width of head 1.18-1.25 mm. Length of antennae 1.19 mm. Length of pronotum .59- .70 mm. Width of pronotum 1.18-1.20 mm. Length of hind tibia 76- .88 mm. Length of left mandible. . . . j 1.12 mm. Comparison with other species. — Very close to K. taurocephalus Silv., and may possibly be that species. A specimen determined by Holmgren, however, differs in having a little steeper forehead and a little thicker head. The den- tation of the mandible in Silvestri’s figure (1903) seems to be different also. K. temnocephalus Silv. is smaller. K. triceromegas Silv. according to Silvestri’s figure (1903) has a proportionately shorter head. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. 336 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Holotype.— Soldier. Morphotype. — Dealated imago. The description is based on a single dealated imago, the queen of a colony, and fifteen soldiers taken from two different colonies. Kalotermes (Glyptotermes) hospitalis sp. nov. (Fig. 34) Imago . — Head yellow, with numerous bristles; widely oval. Antennae broken, 3d segment slightly larger than the 4th, 2d about equal to the 3d. Eyes of medium size, about 4/6 their diameter from the lower margin. Ocelli of medium size, close to the eyes. Pronotum yellow, with numerous bristles; a little narrower than the head; sides converging somewhat toward the rear, posterior margin not emarginate. Wing scales brown, contrasting somewhat with the pronotum. Abdominal tergites yellow, with numerous bristles. M easurements. — Length of head 1.46 mm. Width of head 1.35 mm. Diameter of eye 31 mm. Length of pronotum 65 mm. Width of pronotum 1.18 mm. Length of queen 6.47 mm. Soldier. — Head yellow brown, growing darker toward the front; clothed with numerous bristles; head long, sides straight and parallel; front sloping at an angle of about 45°, slightly lobed. Antennae lighter than the head, with 11-12, rarely 13, segments; if with 11 segments, the 3d and 4th are equal, if with 12 segments, the 3d is conspicu- ously shorter than the 2d or 4th. Eyes unpigmented, oval and small; about their length from the base of the antennae. Mandibles black, the left with 3 small teeth, the right with 2 small teeth. Pronotum nearly the same color as the head, with numerous bristles; sides nearly straight; posterior margin nearly straight. Abdominal tergites with numerous bristles. Measurements. — - Total length 5.88-9.00 mm. Length of head 3.24-3.25 mm. Width of head 1.53 mm. Length of antennae 1.47-1.59 mm. Length of pronotum .65 mm. Width of pronotum. 1.29-1.47 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.12-1.18 mm. Length of left mandible 1.24 mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 337 Fig. 34. Kalotermes ( Glyptotermes ) hospitalis, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head and pronotum, d, soldier, lateral view of head; e, soldier, mandibles. Comparison with other species. — K. ( Neotermes ?) latifrons Silv. has a shorter and wider head. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Soldier. Morphotype. — Queen. Described from one queen and numerous soldiers collected by the author from a single colony at Kartabo. I am not sure that this species belongs to Glyptotermes because I have no winged specimen. It seems to come closest to this subgenus, however, so I am tentatively referring the species to Glyptotermes. Subgenus Lobitermes Holmgren Holmgren referred two species to this subgenus, one from Sarawak and the other from Argentine. If the species found at Kartabo is new, as I believe it is, the subgenus is thus represented by three species. Kalotermes (Lobitermes) nigriceps, sp. nov. (Fig. 35) , Imago. — Head dark brown, with numerous bristles; widely oval, thick; 2 round muscle insertions above the base of the antennae. Antennae yellow brown with 13 segments. Eyes fairly large, .17 mm. removed from the lower margin of the head. Ocelli of medium size, close to the eyes, Labrum yellow-brown. Pronotum dark brown with numerous bristles; as wide as the head; posterior margin very slightly emarginate, sides rounded. Pulvillus present. 338 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 35. Kalotermes ( Lobitermes ) nigriceps, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, imago, wing; d, soldier, dorsal view of head and pronotum; e, soldier, lateral view of head; f, soldier, mandibles. Wings dark; costal margin, radius, and media dark brown, cubitus in- distinct; membrane stippled with brown dots. Costal margin ciliated, inner margin not ciliated. Two short veins run into the costal margin, one near the base, the other about 1/5 the length of the wing from the base; costal margin, radius, and media run parallel without branches. Abdominal tergites dark brown. Measurements. — Length with wings Length without wings . . Length of head Width of head Length of antennae . . . . Diameter of eye Length of pronotum . . . Width of pronotum . . . . Length of anterior wing Width of anterior wing . 6.82-8.00 mm. 4.35-5.20 mm. 1.10-1.16 mm. .94-1.01 mm. 1.55-1.59 mm. .26 mm. .45- .53 mm. .88- .93 mm. 5.18-5.30 mm. 1.29-1.30 mm. Comparison with other species. — The imago of K. lobicephalus Silvestri has never been adequately described. Holmgren (1911) gives subgeneric characters based upon K. lobicephalus, but his photographs do not give specific characters. Holmgren places C. canellae Fr. Muller as a synonym of K. lobicephalus but Muller’s description (1873) is too meagre for determination. Soldier. — Head entirely black or back of head yellowish brown with the front black; short; forehead nearly vertical and deeply lobed; sides straight and parallel; clothed with a few bristles; no sculpturing visible. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 339 Antennae with 11 segments, the 3d very short, the 2d much longer than the 4th, which is a little longer than the 3d. Antennae yellow with the ex- exception of the 1st and 2d segments. Eyes visible in back of antennae bases if the head is not entirely black. Labrum nearly as dark as the head. Mandibles black, short, and strongly toothed Pronotum yellowish brown with numerous bristles; front margin deeply concave, hind margin widely emarginate, forming a longitudinal constriction in the middle; sides fairly straight, angles rounded. Legs short; one of the 3 spines on the prothoracic tibia conspicuously larger than the other two; pul villus absent. Abdomen rather dull yellow. Sometimes the segments are outlined in black, in which case the head is always entirely black Tergites with numerous bristles. Measurements. — Total length 3.80-4.40 mm. Length of head 1.60-1.93 mm. Width of head 1.15-1.24 mm. Length of antennae. . 76- .96 mm. Length of pronotum (middle) . .39- .41 mm, Width of pronotum. 1.15-1.25 mm. Length of hind tibia 64- .67 mm. Length of left mandible .61 mm. Comparison with other species. — Silvestri’s description (1903) of the soldier of K. lobicephalus does not agree with this species. His measurements are uniformly larger and his figures are entirely different. However, photographs of K. lobicephalus in Holmgren (1911) are much closer, although there still seems to be a difference in the shape of the pronotum. The photograph of the soldier shows the hind margin of the pronotum rounded while in K. nigriceps it is widely emarginate. A single soldier from a colony possessing a normal sized king and queen was found to be smaller, the width of the head being 1.03 mm. and other measurements proportionately smaller. I believe, however, that this was a young colony and the soldier was probably hatched from one of the first eggs laid by the queen. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Other localities.— Barakara, British Guiana. Range.— British Guiana. Holotype. — Winged imago. Morphotype. — Soldier. Described from many specimens of winged imagos, kings, queens and soldiers collected by the author from six different colonies at Kartabo and one colony at Barakara. 340 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Family RHINOTERMITIDAE Light Holmgren (1911) divided this family ( = Mesotermitidae) into six sub- families, of which three, Leucotermitinae, Coptotermitinae, and Rhinotermitinae, are found in British Guiana. Subfamily Leucotermitinae Holmgren Holmgren (1911) included a single genus, Leucotermes, in this subfamily which he later (1913) divided into two subgenera, Leucotermes, s. str. and Re- ticulitermes. Banks (Banks & Snyder, 1920) later raised Reiiculitermes to generic rank. No species of Reiiculitermes has yet been recorded from South America except a soldier determined by Wasmann (1902) as a new subspecies of the common North American species, Reiiculitermes flavijpes. This record from Para, Brazil, may have been an introduction of a foreign species, or more likely, was a form of Leucotermes, s. str. Only the genus Leucotermes has been found in British Guiana. Genus Leucotermes Silvestri Formerly eight species of this genus have appeared in the literature. Also, there are two species recorded from the genus Heterotermes in Australia, the relationships of which seem to be close to Leucotermes. Upon examination of series from different parts of South America, Central America, and the West Indies, however, I have come to the conclusion that there are numerous more or less well defined species which have formerly been included under Leucotermes tenuis (Hagen). Dr. T. E. Snyder is working on this genus. Including the new species described in this report, the distribution of the genus is as follows: Oriental region, four; Australian region, two (not including Heterotermes ); Cocos Islands, one; Neotropical region, two (several more species undescribed). Leucotermes tenuis (Hagen) I am convinced that numerous species have been referred to this species in the literature and am therefore not publishing the complete synonymy until the Neotropical forms have been revised by Snyder. Termes tenuis Hagen (1858), p. 231 (imago), pi. 3, fig. 35 (imago). Termes tenuis Hagen (1858a), p. 33 (imago). (Fig. 36, e, f, g) Imago. — Head rather long, brownish yellow; oval; darker on top than on the sides, fontanelle and 2 pair of muscle insertions in front lighter in color; covered with long hairs. Antennae with 17 segments, the 3d shorter than the 4th, the 4th shorter than the 2d; yellow. Eyes rather small, somewhat triangular in shape with the corners rounded; .18 mm. from the lower margin of the head. Ocelli rudimentary or absent. Labrum and clypeus yellow. Pronotum covered with long hairs; borders darker than the top of the head, 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 341 Fig. 36. Leucotermes crinitus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head and pronotum; d, soldier, man- dibles. Leucotermes tenuis (Hagen), e, imago, lateral view of head; /, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; g, soldier, pronotum. the middle about the same color; anterior margin emarginate; sides converging posteriorly; posterior margin slightly emarginate. In dealated specimens the front wing scales do not meet in the middle and the posterior margin of the mesonotum is clearly visible behind the wing scales. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota somewhat emarginate. Wings yellow and cloudy. Legs yellow. Abdominal tergites covered with long hairs, brownish yellow.. Measurements. — Length with wings. 10.64 mm. Length without wings 5.32- 6.50 mm. Length of head. . 1.29 mm. Width of head 1.00- 1.03 mm. Length of antennae. 2.09 mm. Diameter of eye .28 mm. Length of pronotum .52 mm. Width of pronotum .80 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.03 mm. Length of anterior wing . 8.27 mm. Width of anterior wing 2.13 mm. Soldier. — Head yellow; long; sides parallel, slightly rounded; head covered with hairs sparsely scattered. Antennae with 15-17 segments. Mandibles dark reddish brown; inner margins smooth except near the base, where a few small teeth occur. Frontal gland visible as a small dark spot in the middle of the forehead. Pronotum yellow; front margin emarginate, hind margin slightly emar- ginate; sides and angles rounded; rather sparsely covered with hair. Legs yellow. Abdomen yellow; tergites rather sparsely covered with hair. 342 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Measurements. — Total length 5.55-5.91 mm. Length of head 2.41-2.80 mm. Width of head 93-1.07 mm. Length of antennae ' 1.61-1.70 mm. Length of pronotum 42- .48 mm. Width of pronotum 71- .93 mm. Length of hind tibia 81- .83 mm. Length of left mandible 1.16-1.25 mm. Comparison with other species. — Differs markedly from L. crinitus in having fewer hairs on the head of the soldier. The imago has smaller eyes. Type locality. — Brazil (Hagen’s collection at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass.). New localities. — Kartabo, British Guiana; Dunoon, British Guiana. Range. — Brazil, British Guiana, Colombia, Panama, West Indies, Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay, Argentina, St. Helena. (It is probable that several species are included in these various records and therefore the range needs accurate re- vision.) The description is based on examination of numerous winged imagos and soldiers collected by Mr. John Tee-Van and the author at Kartabo from four different colonies, and from numerous soldiers from a single colony collected by Mr. F. M. Gaige at Dunoon. Dr. T. E. Snyder kindly compared specimens from Kartabo with the type imago from Brazil in the Hagen Collection. Al- though the type was dried, there seemed to be little doubt that the specimens belong to the same species. Leucotermes crinitus, sp. nov. (Fig. 36, a, b, c, d ) Imago. — Head yellow, slightly brownish on top; long, oval and high above the eyes, forming a hump; several muscle insertions visible as light dots; fon- tanelle rather inconspicuous, but visible as a light dot. Head thickly covered with long hairs. Antennae with 17 segments, 3d slightly smaller than the 4th, 4th shorter than the 2d. Eyes of medium size, front margin somewhat straight. Ocelli barely visible as light dots near the eyes. Pronotum same color as the head; front and hind margins emarginate; sides fairly straight; angles rounded. Forewing scales nearly touch in the middle, their posterior margins making nearly an even continuous line across the thorax; nearly or just cover the hind margin of the mesonotum; hind margins of meso- and metanota very slightly emarginate. Wings yellow and cloudy. Abdominal tergites yellow. Measurements. — Length of head 1.35 mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartaho 343 Fig. 37. Coptotermes marabitanas (Hagen), a, imago, dorsal view of head and pro- notum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, mandibles. Measurements. — - Width of head 1.12 mm. Length of antennae .2.15 mm. Diameter of eye 32 mm. Length of pronotum 58 mm. Width of pronotum 87 mm. Length of hind tibia. 1.09 mm. Length of anterior wing 9.10 mm. Width of anterior wing 2.55 mm. Comparison with other species. — Measurements uniformly larger than in L. tenuis. Eye is proportionately larger, pilosity greater and forewing scales form a continuous line across the thorax. The color is also lighter on the head, pronotum and abdomen than in L. tenuis. Soldier. — Very similar to L. tenuis, but differs in the head being much more thickly covered with hair. The anterior angles of the pronotum are also much sharper. The soldiers vary somewhat in size. Measurements. — Total length. 6.15 mm. Length of head. .2.73 mm. Width of head 1.22 mm. Length of antennae 1.61 mm. Length of pronotum 39 mm. Width of pronotum. . 80 mm. Length of hind tibia 77 mm Length of left mandible 1.22 mm. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype.— Winged imago. Morphotype. — Soldier. 344 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Described from many winged imagos and numerous soldiers collected by the author at Kartabo from four different colonies. Subfamily Coptotermitinae Holmgren Holmgren (1911) included two genera, Prorhinotermes ( = Arrhinotermes ) and Coptotermes, in this subfamily. Only Coptotermes has been found in British Guiana. Wasmann (1902) described the genus Arrhinotermes for one species, A. heimi, which belongs to Coptotermes. Therefore Arrhinotermes is synonymous with Coptotermes in spite of the fact that another species, A. oceanicus, was also included as a species of Arrhinotermes by Wasmann. A. oceanicus was left without a generic name and as it is a Prorhinotermes, a genus described by Silvestri in 1909, it must be included in that genus, although it was not men- tioned by Silvestri in his original description. Genus Coptotermes Wasmann There are twenty-nine species and two varieties of this genus recorded in the literature. These are distributed as follows: Oriental region twelve, Aus- tralia and New Guinea nine, Africa and Madagascar four species and two varieties, and South and Central America four. One species, C. tesfaceus, has never been described adequately and may not be valid. One species was common at Kartabo and does considerable damage to buildings in Georgetown. Coptotermes marabitanas (Hagen). Termes Marabitanas Hagen (1858), p. 191 (imago, soldier), pi. 1, fig. 4 (soldier), pi. 3, fig. 25 (imago). Termes Marabitanas Hagen (1858a), p. 26 (imago). Coptotermes marabitanas Silvestri (1901), p. 4. Coptotermes marabitanas Silvestri (1903), p. 46 (imago, soldier, worker), p. 115 (biology), pi. 2, figs. 70-72 (soldier), figs. 73-74 (worker). Coptotermes marabitanas Desneux (1915), p. 7 (locality). Coptotermes marabitanas Banks (1918), p. 662 (locality). (Fig. 37) Imago. — Head brownish black with long hairs; widely oval; fontanelle small; two large indistinct muscle insertions in front of the ocelli; mandibles yellowish. Antennae with 19-20 segments, 3d shorter than the 4th, 4th shorter than the 2d. Eyes small, about 1/3 their diameter (.13 mm.) from the lower margin of the head. Ocelli of medium size (.14 mm. long), less than their length from the eyes (.08 mm.). Clypeus yellowish; posterior portion short; median groove present but no median line visible. Pronotum brownish black with long hairs, usually narrower than the head but sometimes wider. Hind margins of meso- and metanota very slightly emarginate; angles rounded. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 345 Wings dark smoky; scales with long hairs; margins of wings ciliated; membrane covered with short hairs; veins rather distinct. Abdominal tergites brown; sternites yellow to brown. M easurements. — • Length with wings Length without wings . . Length of head Width of head Length of antennae . . . . Diameter of eye Length of pronotum. . . Width of pronotum . . . . Length of hind tibia . . . Length of anterior wing Width of anterior wing . 13.59-16.00 mm. 7.94- 9.00 mm. 1.61- 1.82 mm. 1.48- 1.56 mm. 2.57- 2.94 mm. .38 mm. .81- .96 mm. 1.38- 1.51 mm. 1.38 mm. 11.35-11.82 mm. 3.31- 3.56 mm. Comparison with other species.- — Seems to vary considerably in size, pro- portion of pronotum to head, and color of sternites. I can find no good char- acter to separate this species from Hagen’s description of C. testaceus and it is possible that they are the same species. C. marabitanas is distinguished from C. niger Snyder in the ocelli being less than their length from the eye. Soldier.— Head yellow with sparsely scattered erect bristles; oval, narrow- ing toward the front. Antennae pale, with 14 segments. Labrum with rounded sides; and pointed; widest near the base. Mandibles red brown, long, pointed; ends curved; the inner edges smooth except near the base. Left mandible with a conspicuous rounded tooth near the base and 4 dentations immediately in front of it. The right mandible with no teeth or dentations. Gland opening large, near the base of the clypeus. Pronotum yellow with long bristles on the margins; anterior margin emarginate, posterior margin very slightly emarginate; sides converging toward the rear; angles rounded. Abdomen pale. Measurements.- — Total length. .3.88-6.00 Length of head 2.09-2.23 Width of head. .1.06-1.20 Length of antennae 1.77 Length of pronotum. 35- .48 Width of pronotum 53- .77 Length of hind tibia , 90-1.06 Length of left mandible 94- .96 mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. Comparison with other species. — C. niger Snyder is difficult to distinguish from this species. Type locality. — St. Jose de Marabitanas, Brazil. New localities. — Upper Wenamu River, Lower Cuyuni River, Dunoon, Georgetown and Kartabo, British Guiana; Port of Spain, Trinidad. 346 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 38. Rhinotermes ( Rhinotermes ) nasutus (Perty). a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head. Range. — Brazil, British Guiana, Trinidad, Panama. Description based upon many winged imagos and many soldiers collected in various localities from numerous colonies as follows: Winged imagos from Upper Wenamu collected by Lavarre, winged imagos from Lower Cuyuni River collected by Lavarre; numerous soldiers and workers collected by F. M. Gaige at Dunoon; many soldiers, winged imagos and workers collected by the author at Georgetown; many winged imagos, soldiers, and workers collected at Kartabo by the author; and numerous soldiers and workers collected at Port of Spain by the author. Subfamily Rhinotermitinae Froggatt Holmgren (1911) included two genera in this subfamily. Of these two genera one, Par rhinotermes, is known from the Oriental and Australian regions only. The other genus, Rhinotermes, has a wide distribution and is well repre- sented in British Guiana. Genus Rhinotermes (Hagen) Holmgren (1911 & 1913) has divided this genus into three subgenera. Of these one, Schedorhinotermes, has been raised to generic rank by Silvestri. The subgenus Macrorhinoiermes is known only from a single species from South- east Borneo. The subgenus Schedorhinotermes contains fifteen known species and one subspecies distributed as follows: Oriental region eight, Africa three, and Australian region, including German New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago, four species and one subspecies. The subgenus Rhinotermes, s. str. is known only from the Neotropical region. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 347 Subgenus Rhinotermes Hagen This subgenus has been known for many years only from two species, R. marginalis (L.) and R. nasutus (Perty). It was rather surprising, therefore, to find six well defined species at Kartabo, four of which I am describing as new, and two of which I refer to R. marginalis and R. nasutus. This subgenus is of particular interest because of the remarkable dimorphism exhibited in the soldier caste. Rhinotermes ( Rhinotermes ) nasutus (Perty). Termes nasutus Perty (1830), p. 127, pi. 25, Jig. 10 (imago). Termes nasutus Hagen (1858), p. 237 (imago), pi. 2, fig. 14, pi. 3, fig. 1 (imago). Termes nasutus Hagen (1858a), p. 33 (imago). Rhinotermes taurus Desneux (1904), p. 146 (soldier). Rhinotermes taurus Holmgren (1906), p. 531 (imago, soldier, worker), text-fig. B (imago), text-fig. C (major soldier), text-fig. D (minor soldier), text-fig. E (worker). Rhinotermes taurus Holmgren (1909), p. 94 (anatomy), p. 95, fig. 27 (worker), fig. 28 (major soldier), p. 96, figs. 29, 30 (minor soldier). Rhinotermes ( Rhinotermes ) nasutus Holmgren (1911), p. 80 (synonymy), pi. 6, fig. 6 (major soldier), fig. 7 (minor soldier). Rhinotermes nasutus Holmgren (1912), p. 19, text-fig. 2 (mandibles of major soldier). (Fig. 38) Imago. — Head orange yellow with a number of bristles; round; two large conspicuous muscle insertions in front of the ocelli. Antennae yellow orange; with 20 segments, the 3d very large and long, three times the length of the 2d and conspicuously longer than the 1st, en- larged at the tip. Eyes rather large, l/i their diameter from the lower margin. Ocelli rather large, less than their diameter from the eyes. Clypeus projecting as in other members of this subgenus. Thorax with numerous bristles. Pronotum orange yellow, nearly as wide as the head; sides rounded; posterior margin slightly emarginate. Posterior margins of meso- and metanota straight. Wings hyaline, base brownish near the suture; reticulated. Legs orange yellow. Abdomen orange yellow with numerous bristles. Measurements. — Length with wings Length without wings . . Length of head Width of head Length of antennae . . . . Diameter of eye Length of pronotum. . . Width of pronotum . . . . Length of hind tibia . . . Length of anterior wing Width of anterior wing . 18.91 mm. 10.00-11.00 mm. 2.47- 2.57 mm. 2.28- 2.35 mm. 3.85 mm. .65 mm. 1.25- 1.28 mm. 2.12- 2.15 mm. 2.70- 2.73 mm. 14.18 mm. 4.02 mm. Comparison with other species. — Differs from R. marginalis in being lighter 348 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 39. Rhinotermes ( Rhinotermes ) marginalis (L.) (Hagen), a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, imago, mandibles; d, major soldier, dorsal view of head; e, major soldier, mandibles; /, minor soldier, dorsal view of head. in color, of larger size, and the 3d segment of the antennae is conspicuously larger than the 1st segment. Type iocality. — Northern Brazil. New localities. — British Guiana; Issororo, Kartabo. Range. — Peru, Northern Brazil, Surinam, British Guiana. Described from three winged imagos, one collected at Issororo, British Guiana, by G. E. Bodkin, the other two collected by the author on different occasions at Kartabo. Rhinotermes ( Rhinotermes ) marginalis (Linne) Hagen. Hemerobius marginalis Linnaeus (1758), ed. 10, p. 550; ed. 12, p. 912. Perla nasuta Degeer (1778), p. 568; ed. Goetze, p. 367; ed. Retzius (1783), p. 60. Termes nasutum Latreille (1805), p. 69; (1805a), p. 61. Termes nasutus. Burmeister (1839), p. 764. Termes ( Rhinotermes ) marginalis Hagen (1858), p. 234 (imago). Termes marginalis Hagen (1858a), p. 33 (imago). Rhinotermes marginalis Holmgren (1906), p. 537-539 (imago, minor soldier, worker), text-fig. F (imago). Rhinotermes marginalis Holmgren (1909), p. 93 (anatomy), p. 94, fig. 25, 26 (imago). Rhinotermes ( Rhinotermes ) marginalis Holmgren (1911), pi. 6, fig. 5 (imago) . Rhinotermes marginalis Banks (1918), p. 666 (locality). Rhinotermes marginalis Banks (1919), p. 480 (major soldier, minor soldier), pi. 1, fig. 1 (major soldier), fig. 5 (minor soldier). (Fig. 39) Imago. —Head brown, back of head and around antennae bases lighter; clothed with a few long bristles; round; two large muscle insertions in front of the ocelli. Antennae with the 3d segment about twice the length of the 2d and about the same length as the 1st, enlarged at the tip. Eyes fairly large; about 34 their diameter from the lower margin of the head. Ocelli large, less than their length from the eyes. Clypeus lighter than the head, conspicuously projecting. Pronotum a little lighter than the head with an inconspicuous light T- shaped mark in the middle; clothed with numerous bristles; sides rounded, posterior margin very slightly emarginate. 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 349 Wings hyaline, not as distinctly pigmented near the suture as in R. nasutus; wing membranes and margins entirely free from hairs and pigment spots. Legs yellow. Abdominal tergites brown, a little darker than the pronoturm Measurements. — Length with wings .... Length without wings . . Length of head Width of head Diameter of eye Length of pronotum . . . Width of pronotum . . . . Length of hind tibia . . . Length of anterior wing Width of anterior wing . 14.50-15.60 mm. 8.50-10.00 mm. 1.90- 2.00 mm. 1.90- 1.96 mm. .51- .53 mm. .93- 1.00 mm. 1.60- 1.78 mm. 2.40- 2.70 mm. 10.28-11.00 mm. 3.31- 3.41 mm. Comparison with other species.— The imago is smaller in size and darker in color than R. nasutus; the 3d segment of the antennae is about the same length as the 1st and the pronotum is somewhat smaller in proportion to the head. Major soldier.- — Light reddish yellow. Head clothed with a few sparsely scattered bristles; somewhat rectangular, sides somewhat rounded, hind margin slightly bow-shaped. Antennae with 17 segments, the 3d conspicuously longer than the 2d or 4th, the 4th very slightly longer than the 2d. Labrum rather wide, rounded at the tip and grooved in the middle. Mandibles dark red brown with long, sharp, slightly curved points. Left mandible with one large tooth in the middle of the inner edge and a much smaller tooth just behind the first. Right mandible with a single large tooth in the middle of the inner margin. Pronotum with a few long bristles; sides rounded, hind margin emarginate. Measurements. — Total length 6.50 mm. Length of head. 3.37 mm. Width of head 1.99-2.12 mm. Length of antennae , 2.47 mm. Length of pronotum .64 mm. Width of pronotum 1.28 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.99 mm. Length of left mandible 1.41 mm. Comparison with other species. — The specimens agree with both Holmgren’s description of R. nasutus and Banks’ description of R. marginalis. Minor soldier. — Body entirely reddish yellow. Head with about 8 long bristles scattered over it; widest in the middle; very slightly constricted toward the rear. Antennae with 15-16 segments (usually 16), the 3d conspicuously longer than the 4th, the 4th slightly longer than the 2d. 350 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 M easurements. — Total length Length of head .... Width of head Length of antennae . Length of pronotum Width of pronotum . Length of hind tibia 3.78 mm. 1.54-1.77 mm. .67- .70 mm. 2.25 mm. .35 mm. .55 mm. 1.19 mm. Type locality. — America. New localities. — British Guiana, Kartabo, Dunoon; Martinique, W. I. Range. — Peru, Surinam, British Guiana, Martinique, Haiti. Remarks. — Unfortunately no single colony with imagos, major soldiers, and minor soldiers was found. Therefore I am not absolutely certain that the major soldiers described here belong to the imago. However, minor soldiers found with the imago and minor soldiers found with the major soldiers agree so closely that I feel little doubt that all the castes belong to a single species. The descriptions are based upon several winged specimens collected by the author at Kartabo; many dealated specimens, some of which were found with young colonies containing workers and minor soldiers of a small size, all collected at Kartabo by the author; many major soldiers from several different colonies collected by the author at Kartabo; many minor soldiers also collected at Kartabo, often with major soldiers; numerous major soldiers collected by F. M. Gaige at Dunoon; and a few major and minor soldiers collected in Martinique by the author. Rhinotermes (Rhinotermes) hispidus, sp. nov. (Fig. 40) Major soldier. — Entire body light reddish yellow. Head covered with bristles, many more than in R. marginalis. Head somewhat rectangular; sides nearly straight; hind margin slightly bow-shaped. Antennae with 16 segments, the 3d conspicuously longer than the 2d, the 2d equal to the 4th. Labrum proportionately wide, tip rounded, a groove in the middle. Mandibles dark red brown except at the base. Left mandible with 2 teeth, the 1st larger than the 2d. Right mandible with 2 teeth, the 1st smaller than the 2d, more separated than the teeth of the left mandible. Pronotum with numerous bristles, sides rounded, hind margin only very slightly emarginate. Measurements. — Total length Length of head .... Width of head Length of antennae . Length of pronotum Width of pronotum . 6.15- 7.68 mm. 3.21-3.55 mm. 1.83-1.96 mm. 2.41 mm. .64- .67 mm. 1.16- 1.22 mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 351 b Fig. 40. Rhinotermes ( Rhinotermes ) hispidus, sp. nov. a, major soldier, dorsal view of head; b, major soldier, mandibles; c, minor soldier, dorsal view of head. Measurements. — Length of hind tibia .1.70-1.86 mm. Length of left mandible. 1.55-1.67 mm. Comparison with other species. — Differs from R. marginalis and R. nasutus in the large number of bristles found on the head and the dentation of the mandibles. Minor soldier. — Head with numerous bristles, many more than in R. marginalis. The head is not as constricted toward the rear as in R. subfusciceps. Antennae with 15-16 segments (type specimen with 15 segments), the 3d usually not longer than the 2d or 4th. The specimens from different colonies vary considerably, but as the major soldiers do not differ I feel sure that only one species is represented. 3.90 mm. 1.70-1.93 mm. .74- .83 mm. 1.83-2.41 mm. .38- .48 mm. .61- .74 mm. 1.16-1.28 mm- Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype.- — Major soldier. Morphotype. — Minor soldier. Measurements. — Total length Length of head .... Width of head Length of antennae . Length of pronotum Width of pronotum . Length of hind tibia The descriptions are based upon numerous major and minor soldiers col- lected from two different colonies by the author at Kartabo. Although no soldiers were found with R. nasutus and no imagos found with R. hispidus, 352 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 I hardly think it possible that these are the same species, because the descriptions of the soldiers of R. nasutus in the literature are very different from this species. Rhinotermes (Rhinotermes) longilafoius, sp. nov. (Fig. 41) Imago. — Head brown, yellow around the base of the antennae; mandibles with dark borders; head clothed with a few long bristles; round; two large conspicuous muscle insertions in front of the ocelli. Fontanelle small, on a line between the ocelli. Front of head raised to meet the base of the clypeus; several dark wrinkles sloping away from in front of the fontanelle. Antennae yellow, with 20 segments, the 2d, 3d, and 4th about equal in length. Eyes rather large, 2/6 their diameter from the lower margin of the head. Ocelli small, less than their diameter from the eyes. Clypeus yellow, prolonged above the labrum, proportionately wide at the base; a groove extending along the median line. Pronotum brown with a light T-shaped mark in the middle; same width as the head; clothed with a few long bristles. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota nearly straight. Wings dark and reticulated. Abdominal tergites brown. Sternites yellow tinged with brown. Tergites with many bristles. Measurements. — Length with wings 8.00- 8.50 mm. Length without wings 5.50- 5.80 mm. Length of head 1.29- 1.50 mm. Width of head 1.28- 1.29 mm. Length of antennae 2.35 mm. Diameter of eye .29 mm. Length of pronotum 50- .59 mm. Width of pronotum 1.06- 1.07 mm. Length of anterior wing 5.36- 5.59 mm. Width of anterior wing 1.85- 2.00 mm. Length of queen 12.50 mm. Comparison with other species. — Differs from R. tenebrosus in the lighter colored sternites and the conspicuous T-shaped mark on the pronotum. Major soldier. — Head yellow with numerous bristles, broadest in back. Antennae pale, with 16 segments, the 3d slightly longer than the 2d or 4th. Labrum elongated, nearly reaching the tip of the mandibles; tip slightly emarginate. Mandibles large. Left mandible with 2 large pointed teeth, the 2d some- what smaller than the 1st, a very small 3d tooth also visible near the base. Right mandible with one large double pointed tooth, the 1st point on the an- terior side and the 2d point at the apex of the tooth; a 3d microscopic tooth is also present nearer the base. Pronotum yellow, with numerous bristles. Legs pale. Abdomen yellow. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 353 Fig. 41. Rhinotermes ( Rhinotermes ) longilabius, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, major soldier, dorsal view of head; d, major soldier, mandibles; e, minor soldier, dorsal view of head. Measurements. — Total length 3.65-4.10 mm. Length of head 1.65-1.76 mm. Width of head 1.06-1.10 mm. Length of antennae 1.53-1.55 mm. Length of pronotum 35- .38 mm. Width of pronotum 65- .66 mm. Length of hind tibia 65- .76 mm. Length of left mandible. . . : 70- .75 mm. Comparison with other species. — Easily distinguished from R. tenebrosus by the difference in the dentation of the mandibles and the yellow color. Minor soldier. — Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, legs and antennae pale. Head, thorax and abdomen with numerous bristles. Head widest behind the antennae; posterior margin rounded. Labrum elongated, narrow, forked at the tip. Mandibles vestigial. Antennae with 14 segments (specimen from a young colony with 12 segments). M easurements. — Total length 2.35-3.50 Length of head 1.10-1.12 Width of head .53 Length from the tip of the labrum to the fontanelle. . .53 Length of antennae 1.28-1.29 Length of hind tibia 45- .59 Length of pronotum 22- .23 Width of pronotum 40- .41 mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. 354 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Holotype. — Major soldier. Morphotype.— Winged imago. The descriptions are based on many specimens of each caste collected from twelve different colonies at Kartabo by the author. Rhinotermes (Rhinctermes) tenebrosus, sp. nov. (Fig. 42) Imago. — Head dark brown with numerous long bristles; broadly oval. Antennae yellow with 20 segments, the 2d equal to the 3d, the 3d a little larger than the 4th. Eyes of medium size, about Y^ their diameter from the lower margin. Ocelli small, slightly larger than the fontanelle, a little more than their length from the eyes. Tip of clypeus yellow, projecting; rounded at the tip. Pronotum dark brown, margin with numerous long bristles; much narrower than the head, sides rounded, posterior margin slightly emarginate. Legs yellow. Wings dark smoky, lacking marginal cilia; media and cubitus indistinct, merged with irregular thickenings to form a reticulate pattern. Abdominal tergites dark brown with many bristles. Sternites brown, contrasting strongly with yellow thorax and legs. Measurements. — Length with wings 8.53-8.82 mm. Length without wings 5.00-5.88 mm. Length of head 1.29-1.35 mm. Width of head 1.18-1.24 mm. Length of antennae 2.35-2.41 mm. Diameter of eye .24 mm. Length of pronotum .59 mm. Width of pronotum 93-1.00 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.45 mm. Length of anterior wing 5.88-6.06 mm. Width of anterior wing. 1.82 mm. Comparison with other species. — This species can be distinguished from R. longilabius by the dark sternites, the pronotum being proportionately smaller than the head, and the T-shaped mark on the pronotum is not as conspicuous as in R. longilabius. Major soldier. — Head brown, covered with numerous erect bristles; longer than broad, a little wider behind than in front; posterior margin rounded. Antennae pale, with 16 segments, the 3d longer than the 2d or 4th. La- brum narrow and elongate reaching at least 2/3 the length of the mandibles, rounded at the tip. Mandibles large and powerful. The left with 2 large teeth rather far apart and a third inconspicuous microscopical tooth near the base; the 1st tooth much larger than the 2d. Right mandible with 2 large teeth and a 3d distinct 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 355 a e Fig. 42. Rhinotermes {Rhinotermes) tenebrosus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, major soldier, dorsal view of head; d, major soldier, mandibles; e, minor soldier, dorsal view of head. small tooth near the base; a rounded angle between the 1st and 2d teeth, the 2d tooth much larger than the 1st. Pronotum brown, covered with numerous bristles. Legs pale. Abdominal tergites covered with numerous bristles. Measurements. — Total length 3.70-5.80 mm. Length of head 1.76-2.03 mm. Length of head to tip of labrum 1.65-1.73 mm. Width of head 1.10-1.12 mm. Length of antennae 1.71-1.82 mm. Length of pronotum 35- .38 mm. Width of pronotum 64- .71 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.00-1.12 mm. Length of left mandible 95-1.00 mm. Comparison with other species.— Easily distinguished from all other known major soldiers by the dentation of the mandibles. Minor soldier. — Head, thorax, and abdominal tergites brown, with numerous bristles. Legs and antennae pale. Head widest behind the antennae, sides converging toward the rear. Posterior margin of the head rounded. Labrum very elongate, narrow, forked at the tip. Mandibles vestigial. Antennae with 15-16 segments. Measurements. — Total length Length of head .... Width of head Length of antennae . Length ‘of labrum . . Length of hind tibia Length of pronotum Width of pronotum. 3.43-3.80 mm. 1.47-1.50 mm. .64- .70 mm. 1.71-1.76 mm. .75- .76 mm. .75- .82 mm. .32- .35 mm. .42- .53 mm. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Major soldier. Morphotype. — Winged imago. 356 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 The descriptions are based upon many specimens of all the castes collected at Kartabo by the author from six different colonies. Rhinotermes (Rhinotermes) subfusciceps, sp. nov. (Fig. 43) Imago (one queen). — Head reddish yellow, widely oval, with a few long bristles. Antennae broken, the 3d segments longer than the 2d or 4th and not as long as the 1st, the 2d equal to the 4th. Eyes of medium size, .13 mm. from the lower margin; oval in shape. Ocelli of medium size, oval, about their length removed from the eyes. Clypeus projecting, from the side appearing to be pointed at the tip. Pronotum reddish yellow with numerous long bristles; sides and posterior margin making nearly a perfect semicircle; posterior margin not emarginate. Wing scales brownish yellow. Abdomen brownish yellow. M easurements. — Length of head Width of head Diameter of eye Length of pronotum Width of pronotum . Length of queen 1.51 mm. 1.35 mm. .32 mm. .67 mm. 1.06 mm. 8.27 mm. Comparison with other species. — Much smaller than R. nasutus or R . mar - ginalis . Larger and lighter in color than R. tenebrosus or R. longilabius. Minor soldier. — Head golden brown, contrasting somewhat with the abdomen. Head somewhat constricted behind, making the sides concave; widest in front of the middle; clothed with a number of bristles. A tubercle is visible in back of the base of each antenna. Antennae with 15 segments, the 3d longer than the 2d or 4th and a little enlarged at the tip, the 2d equals the 4th. Labrum much elongated, thin, forked at the tip; a groove extending down the middle. Mandibles vestigial but visible as sharp points beneath the labrum. Pronotum nearly the same color as the head, widest portion in the middle; posterior margin not emarginate; front prolonged somewhat into a wide lobe. Abdomen reddish yellow. Measurements. — Length of head 1.48 mm. Width of head 65- .68 mm. Length of antennae. 1.77 mm. Length of pronotum .42 mm. Width of pronotum. . . .51 mm. Length of hind tibia ?.06 mm. Comparison with other species.— Easily distinguished from all other de- 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 357 Fig. 43. Rhinotermes ( Rhinotermes ) subfusciceps ; sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, minor soldier, dorsal view of head. scribed minor soldiers of Rhinotermes by the color of the head and the constriction in the head. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype.— Queen. Morphotype. — Minor soldier. Described from a single queen and many minor soldiers collected by the author at Kartabo from two different colonies. In both cases each colony was thoroughly searched for major soldiers but for some unaccountable reason no specimens of this caste seemed to be present. Family TERMITIDAE Light Although Holmgren (1910b) tentatively divided this family (= Metater - mitidae ) into several subfamilies, he later (1912) did not recognize them, but instead divided the whole family into groups of genera. The family as a whole needs further study before well defined subfamilies can be distinguished. This is by far the largest of the four known families of termites, approxi- mately 75 per cent, of the known species belonging to the Termitidae. It has not been able to spread as far north as the Rhinotermitidae, but is found in all the tropical and subtropical parts of the globe. Banks (Banks & Snyder 1920) combined this family with the Rhinotermitidae into a single family but I feel that the characteristics of the two groups warrant Holmgren’s division into families. Genus Syntermes Holmgren Including the species described in this report, this genus now includes thirteen species, "'all confined to South America. Of these, three species were found at Kartabo, two of which are new. S. grandis (Rambur) has also been reported from British Guiana but was not found by the author. 358 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 44. Syntermes snyderi, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota ; b, imago, lateral view of head ; c, soldier, dorsal view of head and pronotum; d, soldier, mandibles. Syntermes snyderi, sp. nov. (Fig. 44) Imago. — Head orange yellow, clothed with a few short bristles; oval and proportionately thin; fontanelle large and round, its diameter much longer than the ocelli; muscle insertions in front of the ocelli. Antennae with 19-20 segments. Eyes small, about 3/6 their own diameter from the lower margin. Ocelli proportionately small, twice their own length from the eyes. Posterior clypeus with a faint median line. Pronotum a little lighter than the head; conspicuously wider than the head; anterior angles sharply pointed; posterior margin emarginate, anterior margin slightly emarginate; margins clothed with short bristles. Meso- and metanota lighter than the pronotum, yellowish; posterior margins widely concave. Wings dark smoky. Abdominal tergites dark brown; nearly smooth, with only a few short marginal bristles. Measurements. — Length with wings . . . Length without wings Length of head Width of head ...... Length of antennae . . Diameter of eye Length of pronotum . Width of pronotum . . 35.00- 40.00 mm. 17.00- 21.00 mm. 4.77- 4.85 mm. 3.84- 3.86 mm. 5.90 mm. .71 mm. 2.01 mm. 4.37 mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 359 Measurements. — Length of hind tibia 7.09 mm. Length of anterior wing 30.50 mm. Width of anterior wing 7.80 mm. Remarks. — The angles of the pronotum do not project as far as they do in Hagen’s figure of S. dirus. Soldier. — Head brownish to orange yellow, front a little darker; thickly covered with short bristles; widest behind, sides straight. Antennae darker than the head, with 19 segments. Labrum with a 3-lobed hyaline point. Mandibles black, strong, with a large tooth on each mandible (see fig.). A small frontal tube is present in the middle of the head. Thoracic nota with long, strong, cylindrical pointed spines, the spine of the pronotum extending out straight and those on meso- and metanota pointed somewhat backward. Pronotum with many short bristles; same color as the head; anterior lobe very slightly emarginate. Measurements. — Total length 22.00 mm. Length of head. 9.10- 9.20 mm. Width of head 6.74- 6.85 mm. Length of antennae 8.19 mm. Width of pronotum 5.79 mm. Length of hind tibia 6.74 mm. Length of left mandible 4.14 mm. Remarks. — This soldier seems to be larger than the measurements of S. dirus given by Holmgren (1911a) in his key. Hagen (1858) states that the length of the soldier of S. dirus is 19.00 mm. I believed at first that this termite was S. dirus, but Dr. T. E. Snyder compared it with a type at the Mus. Comp. Zooh, and states that the teeth on the mandibles differ and S. snyderi is larger. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holoiype. — Soldier. Morphotype. — Imago. Described from two winged imagos and many soldiers collected by the author from four different colonies at Kartabo. The species is named in honor of Dr. T. E. Snyder. It is probable that the specimens from British Guiana referred to S. dirus by Walker (1853) and Hagen (1858a) belong to this species. Syntermes territus, sp. nov. (Fig. 45) Imago. — Head dark brown, oval, proportionately thin; clothed with only a few bristles; four muscle insertions in a row in front of the ocelli. Fontanelle subcircular, about the same length as the ocelli. Antennae yellow brown with 19-20 segments, the 3d sometimes showing signs of dividing. 360 Zoologica: N. Y . Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 45. Syntermes territus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head and pronotum; d, soldier, mandibles. Eyes small, about 3^ their diameter (.29 mm.) from the lower margin of the head. Ocelli of medium size, nearly twice their length from the eyes. Labrum yellow brown. Posterior clypeus yellow brown with a median line. Pronotum dark brown, about the same width or slightly narrower than the head; margins hairy. The anterior region of the pronotum somewhat elevated; anterior margin slightly emarginate; anterior angles forming right angles; posterior margin conspicuously emarginate. Posterior margins of meso- and metanota straight or slightly concave. Wings dark brown, smoky; veins distinct throughout. Abdominal tergites dark brown, with short bristles. Measurements. — Length with wings .... Length without wings . . Length of head Width of head Length of antennae .... Diameter of eye Length of pronotum . . . Width of pronotum .... Length of hind tibia . . . Length of anterior wing Width of anterior wing . Comparison with other species. — Seems to differ from the descriptions of S. grandis in that the wings are not white and transparent. Also Hagen’s (1858) measurements are a little smaller. Soldier. — Head brownish orange yellow, front somewhat darker; sub- rectangular, the sides nearly parallel; sparsely covered with short bristles, conspicuously fewer than on S. dirus. 32.00-34.00 mm. 18.00 mm. 3.75- 3.78 mm. 3.24 mm. 5.00 mm. .58 mm. 1.54 mm. 3.19 mm. 4.49 mm. 24.50 mm. 6.00 mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 361 Antennae with 19 segments. Labrum brownish yellow with a 3-lobed hyaline tip. Mandibles black; left with short teeth, an incision in front of the 1st tooth; 2d tooth very blunt and small; right mandible with a nearly smooth inner edge. A very small tube is present in the middle of the forehead. Thoracal nota slightly darker than the head, each with a pair of con- spicuous sharp spines on the sides, these being relatively short and small, compared to the spines of S. dims. Pronotum with a few short bristles, an- terior portion raised, margin slightly emarginate. Abdominal tergites with a row of bristles on the margins. Measurements. — • Total length .................. 16.00- -17.00 mm. Length of head 8.27 mm. Width of head ......... 4.75- - 4.96 mm. Length of antennae ............ 5.32 mm. Width of pronotum ......... 3.55- - 3.63 mm. Length of hind tibia 4.37 mm. Length of left mandible. ........ 3.19 mm. Comparison with other species. — Differs from S. grandis in the sides of the head being nearly parallel. The mandibles are more curved than in S', silvestrii and the right mandible has a nearly smooth inner margin. S. territus must be close to S. bolivianus but Holmgren’s (1911a) description is too meagre to be sure of the relationship of these species. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Soldier. Morphotype.- — Winged imago. Described from numerous specimens collected by the author at Kartabo from five different colonies. Syntermes parallelus Silvestri. Syntermes parallelus Silvestri (1923), p. 318 (imago, soldier, major worker minor worker), pi. XV (imago, soldier, worker). (Fig. 46) Imago.— Head dark brown, oval. Fontanelle lighter than head, larger than ocelli. Four muscle insertions in a line in front of the ocelli. Antennae with 19 segments, the 2d a little smaller than the 3d and much longer than the 4th (Silvestri). Eyes proportionately small, a little less than their width from the lower margin. Ocelli proportionately small, twice their length removed from the eyes. Postclypeus a little lighter than the head; with median line. Pronotum lighter and nearly as wide as the head; anterior angles rather sharp, posterior margin emarginate. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely concave. 362 Zoologica: N. Y . Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 46. Syntermes parallelus Silvestri. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, soldier, dorsal view of head ; c, soldier, lateral view of head ; d, soldier, left mandible. Wings smoky, membrane covered with small hairs. Abdominal tergites almost as dark as the head. Measurements. — Length with wings 29.00 mm. (Silv.) Length without wings .17.00 mm. (Silv.) Length of head 3.67 mm. Width of head 3.15 mm. Length of antennae 5.00 mm. (Silv.) Diameter of eye 57 mm. Length of ocellus 27 mm. Length of pronotum 1.17 mm. Width of pronotum 2.93 mm. Length of hind tibia . 4.00 mm. (Silv.) Length of anterior wing 24.50 mm. (Silv.) Width of anterior wing 5.80 mm. (Silv.) Soldier.- — Head brownish yellow, covered with short hairs; sides straight and almost parallel. A short frontal tube in the middle of the forehead. Antennae with 19 segments (Silvestri). Mandibles black. Left with an indentation about the length of the mandibles and several rounded teeth at the base. Right with a small obtuse tooth about 2/s the length of the mandible from the base. Thoracic nota with a rather short spine on each lateral margin. Measurements. — Total length . 12.00 mm. (Silv.) Length of head 6.34- 6.80 mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 363 Fig. 47, Cornitermes ( Labiotermes ) labralis Holmgren, a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, mandibles. Measurements. — Width of head Length of antennae . . . Length of hind tibia . . . Length of left mandible 2.97- 3.15 mm. 4.60 mm. (Silv.) 3.00 mm. (Silv.) 2.45 mm. Type locality. — Canister Falls (Demerara River), British Guiana. . New locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — British Guiana. The description is based upon several soldiers and three imagos found in the stomach contents of Bufo typhonius at Kartabo. The specimens were not in good condition and therefore a number of measurements and some of the description is taken from Silvestri’s (1923) original description. Genus Cornitermes Wasmann Holmgren (1912) divided this genus into two subgenera, both of which have representatives in British Guiana. Subgenus Labiotermes Holmgren There are six known species belonging to this subgenus, two of which are reported from the Belgian Congo, and the other four species are Neotropical. A single species was found at Kartabo, which I refer to C. labralis Holmgren described from specimens collected in Peru. i Cornitermes ( Labiotermes ) labralis Holmgren. Cornitermes labralis Holmgren (1906), p. 553 (imago, soldier, worker), text-fig. N (imago), text-fig. O (soldier), text-fig. P (worker); (1909), p. 80 (anatomy), fig. 15 (imago). Cornitermes ( Labiotermes ) labralis Holmgren (1912), pp. 50, 51, text-fig. 22 (soldier mandibles). (Fig. 47) Imago. — Head dark brown, oval, clothed with a few bristles. Fontanelle white, conspicuous, triangular. 364 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Antennae with 17 segments (perfect in both the king and queen), the 2d much larger than the 3d, the 3d slightly larger than the 4th. Eyes very large, prominent, and very close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli large (.94 mm. long), .24 mm. from the eyes. Posterior clypeus yellowish brown with a faint median line. Pronotum same color as the head; front margin straight; sides and posterior angles rounded; hind margin emarginate; clothed with many bristles. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely emarginate. Wings light yellow brown; costal border and radius dark brown at base and yellow near the tip. Abdominal tergites brown; sternites yellow. M easurements. — Length with wings 20.00-21.00 mm. Length without wings 10.00-11.00 mm. Length of head. . . 2.01- 2.13 mm. Width of head 1.90- 1.96 mm. Length of antennae 2.80- 3.05 mm. Diameter of eye 73- .77 mm. Length of pronotum 90- .96 mm. Width of pronotum 1.56- 1.61 mm. Length of hind tibia 2.73- 2.89 mm. Length of anterior wing 16.00-16.80 mm. Width of anterior wing 4.90- 5.25 mm. Length of queen 27.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 8.50 mm. Length of king 8.50 mm. Remarks. — Holmgren (1906) states that the head of the imago of C. labralis is without hair and smooth, but a few bristles on the head were found on speci- mens from Trinidad. Soldier. — Head yellow, narrowed in front, sides and posterior margin rounded; a very few short bristles scattered over the head. Antennae with 15 segments, the 2d equal to the 3d, the 4th shorter than the 3d. Labrum elongated, subtriangular; tip hyaline, rounded at the end. Mandibles dark brown, curved only slightly at the tip. Left mandible with an indentation about the middle and a 2d larger indentation near the base. Right mandible with an indentation about the middle and between this and the base are four small blunt teeth. Short frontal tube with a white tip present in the middle of the forehead. Pronotum with large bilobed anterior lip, anterior margin conspicuously emarginate, posterior margin evenly curved. Pronotum about the same color as the head. Legs pale. Abdomen the color of the contents of the intestines. Measurements. — Total length 8.86 mm. 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 365 Measurements. — Length of head 4.02 mm. Width of head 2.24- -2.36 mm. Length of antennae 2.41 mm. Length of frontal tube 16- - .19 mm. Length of pronotum .87 mm. Width of pronotum 1.22- -1.25 mm. Length of hind tibia 2.25 mm. Length of left mandible 1.67 mm. Comparison with other species. — C. longilabius Silvestri is smaller. The dentation of the mandibles of C. orthocephalus Silvestri and C. laticephalus Sil- vestri is entirely different. Type locality. — Chaquimayo, Peru. New localities. — Kartabo, British Guiana; St. Joseph, Trinidad, W. I. Range.— -Trinidad, British Guiana, Peru. The description is based upon the king, queen, and soldiers from a colony collected by the author in Trinidad and upon a queen, winged imagos and soldiers collected from two colonies by the author at Kartabo. Subgenus Cornitermes, s. str. Holmgren This subgenus formerly included eight species. The single species collected in British Guiana seems to be new, thus making nine known species belonging to the subgenus, all of which are found only in the Neotropical region. Cornitermes (Cornitermes) pugnax, sp. nov. (Fig. 48) Imago. — Head dark brown, widely egg-shaped; clothed with a few long bristles; fontanelle large, oval and dark, longer than the ocelli. Two large muscle insertions in front of the ocelli. Antennae with 15 segments, the 3d sometimes showing signs of division. Eyes large and prominent. Ocelli large, distinctly more than their own length removed from the eyes. Labrum yellow brown. Posterior clypeus dark brown, no median line visible. Pronotum dark brown, a T-shaped series of light streaks in the middle; middle with few hairs but the margins with many; sides straight, converging strongly toward the rear; posterior margin somewhat emarginate. Wings dark smoky. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely emarginate; angles of the mesonotum sharp. Abdominal tergites and sternites dark brown. Measurements. — Male Length with wings . 16.40 mm. Length without wings 9.50 mm. Length of head 2.02 mm. Width of head 1.99 mm. Diameter of eye 38 mm. Female 19.00 mm. 11.00 mm. 2.57 mm. 2.31 mm. .55 mm. 366 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI: 4 Fig. 48. Cornitermes ( Cornitermes ) pugnax, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, mandibles. Measurements. — Length of pronotum ... .80 mm. .96 mm. Width of pronotum . . . 1.67 mm. 1.83 mm. Length of hind tibia . . . 1.54 mm. 2.18 mm. Length of anterior wing . . .13.35 mm. 14.60 mm. Width of anterior wing . . . 3.75 mm. 4.00 mm. Length of queen 38.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen. . . . 7.00 mm. Comparison with other species. — C. similis (Hagen) Silv. is lighter in color and the fontanelle is white. Soldier. — Head yellow, subrectangular, widest toward the rear, narrowed somewhat in front; clothed with numerous medium long bristles. Antennae yellow, with 15 segments. Labrum yellow, pentagonal or rounded in general shape, tip hyaline. Mandibles large and powerful. Right mandible with one large tooth behind the middle and another small tooth near the base. Left mandible with rather coarse serrations. Frontal tube at least .29 mm. long, upturned and fringed on the end with hairs. Pronotum yellow, bristles only on the margins; anterior margin slightly emarginate. Legs pale. Abdomen pale, tergites with many bristles. Measurements. — Total length 8.00-9.00 mm. 3 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 367 Measurements. — Length of head 4.30-4.40 mm. Width of head 2.67-2.78 mm. Length of antennae 2.57-2.65 mm. Width of pronotum 1.28-1.38 mm. Length of hind tibia 2.09-2.14 mm. Length of left mandible 1.73 mm. Comparison with other species. — Closest to C. acignathus Silvestri in size and shape of head, but it seems to differ in the dentation of the mandibles as figured by Silvestri (1903). It is possible, however, that this is the same species. Banks (1918) records C. acignathus from British Guiana and my specimens agree with his. Type locality. — Kartabo. British Guiana. Other localities. — Dunoon, British Guiana. Holotype.- — Soldier. Morphotype— Winged imago. Described from numerous winged imagos, four reproductive forms and numerous soldiers collected by the author from six different colonies at Kartabo and several soldiers collected by F. M. Gaige from a single colony at Dunoon. Genus Armitermes Wasmann Holmgren (1912) divided this genus into three subgenera. It contains ten species distributed as follows: Armitermes, s. str. (seven), Curvitermes (two), Rhynchotermes (one). All subgenera are known only from the Neotropical region. Only one subgenus, Armitermes, s. str. has been found in British Guiana. Four new species described in this report bring the total number of species known in the genus to fourteen. Subgenus Armitermes, s. str. Holmgren Five species belonging to this subgenus were found in British Guiana, of which four proved to be new. Armitermes ( Armitermes ) albidus (Hagen). Termes albidus Hagen (1858), p. 225 (imago, soldier), pi. 3, fig. 34 (imago'). Termes albidus Hagen (1858a), p. 32 (imago). (?) Armitermes albidus Silvestri (1901), p. 7. (?) Armitermes albidus Silvestri (1903), p. 79 (imago, soldier, worker), p. 131 (biology), pi. 3, fig. 40 (soldier). Armitermes euamignathus Silvestri (1901), p. 6 (imago); (1903), p. 76 (imago, soldier, worker), p. 129 (biol.), text-fig. 19 (wings), text-fig. 46 (nest), pi. 3, fig. 133 (imago), fig. 134 (soldier), figs . 135-137 (2d form, king and queen). (Fig. 49) Imago. — Head brownish black, oval; clothed with numerous long hairs. Fontanelle very small and inconspicuous. Antennae with 15 segments, the 3d slightly shorter than the 2d, the 4th about the same length as the 3d. Eyes of medium size, .064 mm. from the lower margin of the head. 368 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society VI; 4 Fig. 49. Armitermes ( Armitermes ) albidus (Hagen), a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota ; b, imago, lateral view of head ; c, soldier dorsal view of head ; d, soldier, lateral view of head ; e, soldier, left mandible. Ocelli oval, prominent, less than their diameter removed from the eyes. Labrum lighter than the head. Posterior clypeus brownish black, faint median line visible. Pronotum brownish black; clothed with numerous long hairs. Pronotum not quite as wide as the head, sides fairly straight, posterior margin emarginate and angles rounded. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota emarginate, angles rounded, sides with a white band reaching nearly to the posterior margin. Wings dark smoky. Abdominal tergites a little lighter than the pronotum. Measurements. — - Length with wings 12.00-12.50 mm. Length without wings 5.00- 6.50 mm. Length of head 1.35 mm. Width of head 1.16- 1.19 mm. Length of antennae 1.77- 1.80 mm. Diameter of eye .35 mm. Length of pronotum .61 mm. Width of pronotum 1.00 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.64 mm. Length of anterior wing. 9.10 mm. Width of anterior wing 2.57 mm. Length of queen 23.50 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 6.00 mm. Length of king 5.00 mm. Soldier. — Head brownish yellow, clothed with a few long hairs. Antennae with 13-14 segments. Mandibles red brown, strongly curved, 1925] Emerson: Termites oj Kartabo 369 a conspicuous tooth in the middle of each mandible. The tooth of the left mandible obliquely truncated, larger than the tooth of the right mandible. Nose stout, usually somewhat turned up at the end. Pronotum with marginal bristles and shorter hairs, anterior margin about the same color as the head. Legs pale. Abdomen the color of the contents of the intestine; tergites covered with long hairs and a row of bristles on the posterior margins. Measurements. — - Total length 4.00-7.00 mm. Length of head 1.80-1.95 mm. Width of head 1.00-1.07 mm. Length of antennae 1.50-1.60 mm. Length of pronotum .32 mm. Width of pronotum 61- .64 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.00-1.07 mm. Length of left mandible .64 mm. Remarks.— This species does not agree very well with Silvestri’s descriptions and figure, but agrees with Hagen’s types in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., and also agrees with Hagen’s description. Speci- mens of A. euamignathus Silvestri, determined by Silvestri from Asuncion, Paraguay, agree perfectly in both imago and soldier characters with the Kartabo specimens. Type locality. — Santarem, Brazil. New localities. — Kartabo, British Guiana; Port of Spain, Trinidad. Range. — Brazil, British Guiana, Trinidad, Paraguay, Matto Grosso. The description is based upon many specimens of all castes collected by the author from nine different colonies at Kartabo. Several soldiers and workers collected by the author from a single colony in Trinidad also agree with the Kartabo specimens. Armitermes (Armitermes) percutiens, sp. nov. (Fig. 50) Imago. — Head light brown, light dots at the base of every hair, giving a speckled appearance, region around the base of the antennae yellow; widely oval; clothed with long hairs. Fontanelle small, inconspicuous. Antennae pale, with 15 segments. Eyes large, prominent, close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli fairly large, less than their diameter from the eyes. Labrum yellow. Postclypeus yellow with median line. Pronotum yellow, lighter than the head;5 hind margin emarginate, sides rounded. Wings hyaline, covered with short hairs. Measurements. — Length with wings 12.00-13.00 mm. Length without wings 6.50- 7.50 mm. 370 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 50. Armitermes ( Armitermes ) percutiens, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, lateral view of head; e, soldier, left mandible. Measurements. — Length of head ........ 1.18- 1.22 mm. Width of head 1.12- 1.18 mm. Length of antennae 1.85- 1.93 mm. Diameter of eye .42 mm. Length of pronotum .55 mm. Width of pronotum 96- 1.00 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.51 mm. Length of anterior wing 10.40 mm. Width of anterior wing . 2.78 mm. Comparison with other species. — Very close to A. neotenicus Holmgren, but seems to differ in the fontanelle not being triangular. The eyes also seem to be a little larger than in Holmgren’s figure. Soldier. — Head yellow, somewhat rectangular, sides a little rounded, profile straight or slightly convex: clothed with a few bristles. Antennae pale, 14-segmented, the 2d shorter than the 3d, the 4th shorter than the 2d. Mandibles longer than the nose, strongly curved; base yellowish, tips dark. The left mandible with a conspicuous, pointed, triangular tooth, usually with a tendency toward being truncate, and another obtuse tooth near the base; inner edge between the tip and 1st tooth with microscopical serrations. Right mandible with a conspicuous tooth in the middle. Pronotum pale, front margin emarginate. Legs pale. Abdominal tergites hairy. Abdomen the color of the intestinal contents. Measurements.— Total length 5.00- -6.50 mm. Length of head 2.18- -2.25 mm. Width of head 1.28 mm. Length of antennae 1.93 mm. Length of pronotum. 40- - .42 mm. Width of pronotum .75- - .77 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.12 mm. Length of left mandible 1.09 mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 371 Comparison with other species. — Differs from A. neotenicus in the mandible being a little more curved and the profile straighter. ^Specimens of soldiers from the Putymayo, Peru collected by Dr. J. C. Bradley, which I am tentatively referring to A. neotenicus, are a little larger than A. percutiens and the tooth of the left mandible does not have so much of a tendency to be truncate. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Winged imago. Morphotype. — Soldier. The description is based upon many specimens of winged imagos and soldiers collected at Kartabo by the author from ten different colonies. Only one queen of the first form was found in these colonies but many kings and queens of the second form were found. Armitermes (Armitermes) teevani, sp. nov. (Fig. 51) Imago. — Head dark brown, oval, covered with a few bristles. Antennae with 16 segments, the 2d, 3d and 4th about equal. Eyes large, prominent and close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli large, oval, .26 mm. long, about their length from the eyes. Labrum yellow brown. Posterior clypeus yellow brown with no median line. Fontanelle conspicuous, smaller than ocelli. Pronotum brown, lighter than the head; a series of Y-shaped light dots in the middle ending near the posterior border in two dots on either side of the median line. Sides straight, converging strongly toward the rear; posterior margin only slightly emarginate; angles rounded; front margin straight. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota concave; angles of mesonotum rather sharply rounded. Wings transparent with a yellowish tinge; costal margin and veins brown- ish; base of wing near the suture brownish; membrane covered with short hairs. M easurements. — Length with wings .... Length without wings . . Length of head Width of head Length of antennae . . . . Diameter of eye Length of pronotum . . . Width of pronotum. . . . Length of hind tibia . . . Length of anterior wing Width of anterior wing . 18.00-19.00 mm. 9.00-10.00 mm. 1.93- 2.09 mm. 1.86- 1.99 mm 2.73 mm. .65- .67 mm. .80 mm. 1.51- 1.64 mm. 2.35 mm. 14.10 mm. 4.00 mm. Soldier. — Head yellow brown, large, profile nearly straight; clothed with a few hairs. 372 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 51. Armitermes ( Armitermes ) teevani, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, left mandible; d, soldier, dorsal view of head; e, soldier, lateral view of head. Antennae with 15 segments, the 4th longer than the 3d, the 2d equal to the 4th. Mandibles dark red brown, strongly curved, a conspicuous large triangular tooth near the middle of each; right and left mandible nearly the same. Nose very long and large, nearly as long as the rest of the head. Pronotum with bristles and short hairs, front margin only very slightly emarginate. Abdomen the color of the intestinal contents; tergites with long hairs and bristles. Measurements. — Total length 5.50-7.00 mm. Length of head 3.12-3.20 mm. Width of head 1.57-1.64 mm. Length of antennae 2.73 mm. Length of pronotum .43- .51 mm. Width of pronotum .96 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.90 mm. Length of left mandible 1.35 mm. Comparison with other species. — The mandibles are more strongly curved than in any other member of this subgenus. . Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Other localities. — Onderneeming, British Guiana. Holotype. — Winged imago. Morphotype. — Soldier. The description is based upon several winged imagos and soldiers collected at Kartabo by Mr. John Tee-Van, many soldiers collected at four different colonies at Kartabo by the author and several soldiers collected at Onderneeming from a single colony by Mr. G. E. Bodkin. I take pleasure in naming the species in honor of Mr. John Tee-Van, who collected the only specimens of winged imagos and who helped me in many other ways in my work on termites at Kartabo. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 373 Fig. 52. Armitermes ( Armitermes ) grandidens , sp. nov. a, soldier, dorsal view of head; b, soldier, lateral view of head ; c, soldier, left mandible. Armitermes (Armitermes) grandidens, sp, nov. (Fig. 52) Soldier. — Head brownish yellow, roundly oval with a convex profile; usually covered with about 6-10 bristles. Antennae with 14 segments, the 2d equal to the 3d, the 4th a little shorter than the 3d. Labrum with a rounded tip. Mandibles dark red brown, strong and curved, about 2/3 the length of the nose. Left mandible with a large strong triangular tooth in the middle, somewhat pointed up. Right mandible some- what similar to the left. Nose long and stout, slightly reddish. Pronotum with the anterior margin yellow; margins with long bristles. Abdomen the color of the contents of the intestine; sternites with long hairs. Measurements. — Total length. ,7.50-8.00 mm. Length of head 3.21-3.37 mm. Width of head 1.71-1.77 mm. Length of antennae 2.15-2.25 mm. Length of pronotum .53- .57 mm. Width of pronotum .96-1.03 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.54-1.60 mm. Length of left mandible. . 1.22 mm. Comparison with other species. — Closest to A. peruanus Holmgren, but smaller. The tooth of the mandible proportionately larger than in Holmgren’s figure (1912, p. 57). 374 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 53. Armitermes ( Armitermes ) minutus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal not a; b, -imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head ; d, soldier, lateral view of head ; e, soldier, mandibles. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype.— Soldier. The description is based upon numerous soldiers collected by the author from two different colonies at Kartabo. The nest and reproductive forms were never discovered. Armitermes (Armitermes) minutus, sp. nov. (Fig. 53) * Imago (king). — Head brown, oval, somewhat angular behind; covered with a few bristles. Fontanelle dull, large and triangular. Muscle insertions in a curved row in front of the fontanelle. Antennae pale, with 14 segments, the 3d much smaller than the 2d, the 2d equal to the 4th. Eyes large, prominent and close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli of medium size, prominent, less than 3^2 their diameter from the eyes. Labrum lighter than the head. Posterior clypeus lighter than the head, long, with median line. Pronotum brown, narrower than the head; sides straight, angles rounded, posterior margin emarginate. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota emarginate, angles rounded. Abdominal tergites brown, hairy. Measurements. — Length of head 1.03 mm. Width of head 94 mm. Length of antennae 1.30 mm. Diameter of eye 30 mm. Length of pronotum 43 mm. Width of pronotum 77 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.06 mm. Length of king 3.40 mm. Comparison with other species.— Smaller than any other known species of this subgenus. 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 375 Soldier. — Head yellow brown, roundly oval with a straight profile; sparsely covered with bristles. Antennae pale, with 13 segments, the 3d nearly as long as the 2d, the 4th shorter than the 3d. Mandibles darker than the head, nearly as long as the nose, strongly curved. The left mandible with large tooth obliquely truncated; the inside edge of the mandible between the apex and the tooth with minute serrations pointed backwards. The tooth on the right mandible is triangular. The nose slightly darker than the head, of medium length and rather large. Pronotum with the anterior margin the same color as the head. Abdomen the color of the intestinal contents; tergites hairy. Measurements. — Total length. .3.00-5.50 mm. Length of head. 1.50-1.54 mm. Width of head .87 mm. Length of antennae 1.35 mm. Length of pronotum .21 mm. Width of pronotum .53 mm. Length of hind tibia 75- .83 mm. Length of left mandible .71 mm. Comparison with other species. — Smaller than any other known member of this subgenus. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — -Soldier. Morphotype. — King. The description is based upon a single king and many soldiers collected from seven different colonies at Kartabo by the author. Many 2d form queens and a single 2d form king were also found. Genus Nasutitermes Banks The name of this genus, long known as Eutermes, has recently been changed to Nasutitermes by Banks (Banks & Snyder, 1920) because specimens determined by Hagen as Eutermes debilis Heer, the type of the genus, have proved to belong to Microcerotermes. This change has caused consternation among many workers and my impression is that numerous authorities will not accept the change of names, at least at present. However, Banks is right in saying that the name Eutermes should be given to the genus to which Eutermes debilis Heer belongs. Banks, however, has not seen the type specimen and I have the impression that Hagen may very likely have been wrong in his determination of Eutermes debilis as a West Indian species, now known as a Microcerotermes. It is well known how difficult it is, even with our present knowledge of termites, to determine genera accurately from the imago alone, and Hagen knew little of our modern generic divisions and the characters by which they are separated. I expect 376 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 that I have no good cause to doubt this determination without seeing the original copal specimen which Hagen states is in the “Zurich Museum,” but as this change of generic names involves the change of a great many specific names of species of Microcerotermes which have been given the same specific names as species of Eutermes, I feel that I have the right not to accept this change of names until the matter has been cleared by the accurate determination of the type specimen. Thus, in order to avoid the change of so many specific names now and in the future, I have resolved to confine the name Eutermes to the original species, to use the name Nasutitermes in place of the generally accepted name Eutermes, and to leave the name Microcerotermes as it is. With this method, the different specific names can remain unchanged at present until Eutermes debilis Heer has been carefully examined and compared with modern genera. Neither of the generic names I use in this report should confuse the various workers. I use the term Nasutitermes to include all those forms which possess nasuate soldiers with degenerate mandibles. I have also placed the forms in subgenera using Holmgren’s (1912) classification, although I realize that the group as a whole needs to be thoroughly revised with material from all parts of the world, before all these subgenera are well established. Many of them may also be raised to generic rank in the future, but at present I believe it will be less con- fusing to treat them all as belonging to a single genus. In the sense in which I use the name, the genus Nasutitermes is the dominant genus of the world. It is found in all tropical countries the world over and includes 288 species, over half of which belong to the subgenus Nasutitermes, s. str. Nasutitermes has been divided into twenty subgenera, five of which were found in British Guiana. One new species differed so much from the known species of the genus that I have placed it in a new subgenus, Angularitermes . Altogether there are nine subgenera reported from the Neotropical region including Angularitermes. Of these six are known to occur in British Guiana. * Subgenus Nasutitermes, s. str. This subgenus now contains 154 species including the new forms described in this report. Its distribution is the widest of any of the subgenera of Nasuti- termes. It is found in all the tropical regions of the world and is distributed as follows: Australia, South Sea Islands and New Guinea twenty-two; Africa, Madagascar and surrounding islands twenty-four; Oriental region thirty-seven; Neotropical region seventy. Twelve species were found in British Guiana which I am referring to this subgenus, four of which are described as new. N asutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) guayanae (Holmgren). Eutermes ( E .) guayanae Holmgren (1910), p . 254 (soldier, worker), text- fig. 36 (soldier). Nasutitermes guyanae Banks 1918, p. 666 (locality). (Fig. 54) Imago.— Head brown to dark brown, widely oval; clothed thickly with short hairs and longer bristles; fontanelle slit-shaped, forked at the anterior end, nearly as long as the ocelli. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 377 Fig. 54. Nasutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) gvayanae (Holmgren), a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum ; b, imago, lateral view of head ; c, soldier, dorsal view of head ; d, soldier, lateral view of head. Antennae lighter than the head, with 16 segments, the 3d segment a little narrower than the 2d, the 2d equal to the 4th. Eyes fairly large and somewhat close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli of medium size, about their length removed from the eyes. Labrum lighter than the head. Postclypeus lighter than the head, short, median line visible. Pronotum same color as the posterior clypeus, not as wide as the head, sides nearly straight, posterior margin emarginate, angles rounded; thickly covered with hair and longer bristles. Meso- and metanota same color as posterior clypeus; posterior margins emarginate. The angles vary from sharp to round. Abdominal tergites and sternites with long hairs. Measurements. — Length with wings 17.00 mm. Length without wings . 9.00-10.00 mm. Length of head. 1.67- 1.77 mm. Width of head. 1.51- 1.54 mm. Length of antennae. . 2.40 mm. Diameter of eye .48 mm. Length of pronotum 67- .71 mm. Width of pronotum 1.25- 1.28 mm. Length of hind tibia. 1.83 mm. Length of anterior wing 12.76 mm. Width of anterior wing 3.66 mm. Length of queen 26.00 mm. Length of king 7.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 7.00 mm. 378 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Comparison with other species. — Specimens of N. columbicus (Holmgren) from Panama lent to me by Dr. T. E. Snyder are before me. The imago is shorter in length and the eyes are conspicuously smaller than in N. guayanae. It is undoubtedly a distinct species. Soldier. — Head red brown to dark brown, base of antennae sometimes somewhat lighter; covered with a number of long bristles, 4 at the base of the nose and from 6-12 on the vertex. Head without nose egg-shaped, widest near the posterior part. Profile nearly straight, with an elevation at the base of the nose. Antennae with 14 segments, the 3d very slightly smaller than the 2d, the 2d and 4th about equal or the 2d is slightly smaller. Nose fairly large, of medium thickness, the end sometimes lighter than the rest of the head. Pronotum with a row of minute hairs, longer bristles on the anterior margin; anterior margin dark, not emarginate. Abdomen somewhat lighter than the head; tergites with a single row of bristles on the posterior margins but entirely lacking short hairs. Measurements. — Total length 4.00-5.20 mm. Length of head 1.73-1.80 mm. Width of head 1.05-1.15 mm. Length of antennae 1.54 mm. Width of pronotum. .58 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.35-1.38 mm. Remarks. — The nose varies considerably in the proportionate length and the elevation at the base of the nose is more conspicuous in some cases than in others. The variations in color are also rather striking. However, in the large series before me from Kartabo I can find no characters which will distin- guish any definite forms. Comparison with other species. — There seems to be no difference distinguish- able between N. columbicus and N. guayanae soldiers. Holmgren’s distinctions do not hold, as specimens of N. guayanae agree with his description of N . colum- bicus and also specimens of soldiers from Panama which I refer to N. columbicus do not differ in any appreciable way, although the imagos are easily distinguished. Type locality. — Upper Surinam. Other localities. — British Guiana: Tukeit, Kaietur, Amatuk, Tumatumari. New localities.— British Guiana: Kartabo, Dunoon, Upper Cuyuni River, Wenamu River. The description is based upon several winged imagos, many first form reproductive individuals, and many soldiers collected by the author from thirty- two different colonies at Kartabo. Specimens collected by F. M. Gaige from six different colonies at Dunoon, specimens from a single colony collected by Mr. John Tee-Van at Tukeit, and specimens collected by Lavarre from the Upper Cuyuni and Wenamu rivers also agree with the Kartabo specimens. 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 379 N asutitermes (N asutitermes) costalis (Holmgren). This species is very variable and has been described under many different names by various authors. I have before me, however, an excellent series of both imagos and soldiers from British Guiana and the West Indies and feel that all doubtless belong to the same species. The specimens from Kartabo alone were found to agree with the various descriptions, and the added knowledge of the imagos makes their identification quite certain. Banks (Banks and Synder 1920) made N. morio (Latr.) the type of the genus Nasutitermes. Fabricius (1793), however, had already described a Termes morio which is now doubtfully placed in synonomy with Coptotermes testaceus (L.). It seems probable that Hagen’s Termes morio is synonymous with Latreille’s. The name of this species, therefore, has to be changed and I have chosen the name N . costalis from among the various species described by Holmgren (1910) as the one that has the least doubt concerning its identity. Therefore, N. costalis (Holmgren) will be the type species of N asutitermes. Nasutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) costalis (Holmgren). Termes morio Latreille (1805), p. 69; (1805a), no. 3. Termes morio Hagen (1858), p. 200, pi. 3, fig. 29; (1858a), p. 27 (imago); (1860a), p. 122 (imago, soldier). Termes morio Burmeister (1839), p. 767. Eutermes costalis Holmgren (1910), p. 293 (imago), text-fig. 64 (imago). Eutermes Sanctae-Luciae Holmgren (1910), p. 226 (soldier, worker), text- fig. 17 (soldier). Eutermes martiniquensis Holmgren (1910), p. 238 (soldier, worker), text-fig. 25 (soldier) . Eutermes cayennae Holmgren (1910), p. 232 (soldier, worker), text-fig. 21 (soldier) . Eutermes Cayennae, form atriceps Holmgren (1910), p. 234 (soldier), text-fig. 21 (soldier). Eutermes Cayennae, form brcvinasus Holmgren (1910), p. 234 (soldier, worker) . Eutermes Cayennae, form lividus Holmgren (1910), p. 232 (soldier, worker). Eutermes Sanchezi Holmgren (1910), p. 236 (soldier), text-fig. 23 (soldier). Termes ( Eutermes ) morio Desneux (1915), v. 9 (locality). Nasutitermes morio Banks (1919), p. 486, 482 (imago, soldier). Nasutitermes sanchezi Banks (1919), p. 487 (imago), p. 482 (imago, soldier). (Fig. 55 a, b, c, d ) Eutermes insularis Holmgren (1910) is somewhat larger than any speci- mens of N asutitermes costalis that I have seen, but I am inclined to believe that it is probably the same species. Banks (Banks & Snyder, 1920) described a species referred to N asutitermes costaricensis from soldiers which coincides with Nasutitermes costalis. However, Holmgren (1910) in his key states that the eyes of N. costaricensis are larger than those of N. costalis. Imago.— Head dark brown, widely oval. Fontanelle small, forked at the tip. Muscle insertions in a curved row in front of the fontanelle. Antennae lighter than the head, with 15 segments, the 3d slightly shorter than the 2d, the 3d equal to the 4th. Eyes small, .14 mm. removed from the lower margin of the head. Ocelli small, .096 mm. long and .16 mm. removed from the eyes. Labrum lighter than the head. Postclypeus lighter than the head, median line present. Pronotum nearly the same color as the head, light streaks in the middle often form T-shaped marks; sides straight, posterior margin not or very slightly emarginate. 380 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 55. Nasutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) costalis (Holmgren), a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; 6, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, lateral view of head. Nasutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) ephratae (Holmgren), e, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; /, imago, lateral view of head; g, soldier, dorsal view of head; h, soldier, lateral view of head. Posterior margins of meso- and metanota widely emarginate. Wings dark smoky, usually lighter between the media and cubitus. Measurements. — Length with wings 14.00- -15.00 mm. Length without wings ....... 7.50- - 8.50 mm. Length of head . ....... 1.54- - 1.64 mm. Width of head 1.38- - 1.45 mm. Length of antennae 2.25 mm. Diameter of eye . ....... .32- - .35 mm. Length of pronotum . 67- - .74 mm. Width of pronotum 1.15- - 1.28 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.61- - 1.64 mm. Length of anterior wing 11.58 mm. Width of anterior wing 3.19 mm. Length of queen 29.50 mm. Width of abdomen of queen. 7.00 mm. Remarks. — Specimens from Dominica and St. Lucia are slightly smaller than those from British Guiana but otherwise no difference can be detected. Specimens from Antigua are usually lighter in color than those from Dominica, St. Lucia, Trinidad and British Guiana. Soldier. — Head dark reddish brown, lighter around the base of the an- tennae. Oval in shape, not including the nose, profile with elevation at the base of the nose. Clothed with 6 bristles, 4 at the base of the nose and 2 on the vertex. Antennae yellowish near the end, with 13 segments, the 3d longer than the 2d, the 2d equal to the 4th. End of nose lighter than the base; nose rather short and fairly stout at the base. Pronotum with a brown anterior margin lined with bristles and micro- scopical hairs. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 381 Abdominal tergites yellowish brown with a single row of bristles on the posterior margins and also covered with microscopical hairs. Hairs on the sternites longer. Measurements. — Total length Length of head .... Width of head Length of antennae . Width of pronotum . Length of hind tibia 3.50-4.50 mm. 1.41-1.54 mm. .83-1.00 mm. 1.61 mm. .50- .53 mm. 1.12-1.16 mm. Remarks .■ — The nose in some cases is stout and in others medium, the elevation at the base of the nose is conspicuous in some cases and in others nearly absent. Measurements also vary considerably. However, I found some of Holmgren’s forms of E. Cayennae in the same nest in British Guiana, so I believe that these variations are not definite enough to separate races or forms. Type locality. — Trinidad. New localities. — British Guiana: Kartabo, Georgetown; Trinidad: St. Joseph, Port of Spain; St. Lucia: Union, Castries; Martinique: Fort de France; Dominica; Antigua; St. Kitts; Grenada; Dominican Republic: Santiago, Sanchez. Range. — Brazil, French Guiana, Surinam, British Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad, Grenada, St. Lucia, Martinique, Dominica, St. Kitts, Monserrat. Antigua, St. Croix, Porto Rico, Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, Guatemala, Pa- nama. (Some of these localities need verification.) The description is based upon a series from the following localities: Kartabo, British Guiana (many 1st form reproductive individuals and soldiers from sixteen different colonies collected by the author); Georgetown, British Guiana (several first form reproductive individuals and soldiers collected from two dif- ferent colonies by the author and G. E. Bodkin); St. Joseph, Trinidad (many first form reproductive individuals and soldiers from five different colonies collected by the author) ; Port of Spain, Trinidad (many soldiers collected from two colonies by the author) ; Grenada (many first form reproductive individuals and soldiers collected from three different colonies by the author); St. Lucia (several first form reproductive individuals and winged imagos collected from five different colonies by Dr. J. C. Bradley and the author); Martinique (numerous soldiers collected from two colonies by Dr. Wm. M. Wheeler and the author); Dominica (several winged imagos and soldiers collected from six different colonies by the author); Antigua (several winged imagos, kings and queens and soldiers col- lected from three colonies by the author); St. Kitts (several soldiers collected from four different colonies by the author; Santiago and Sanchez, Dominican Republic (many soldiers collected from two colonies by H. B. Sherman. Nasutitermes (N asutitermes) ephratae (Holmgren). Eutermes ephratae Holmgren (1910), p. 223 (imago, worker), text-fig. 14 (imago). Eutermes Klinckowstroemi Holmgren (1910), p. 225 (soldier), text-fig. 16 (soldier) . 382 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Nasutitermes ephratae Banks (1918), p. 665 (imago, soldier), p. 666 (locality), pi. II, fig. 2 (right) (imago), fig. 11 (soldier). (Fig. 55, e, f, g, h ) Imago. — Head brown (the mature reproductive forms have lighter heads), widely oval. Fontanelle small, slit-shaped. 4 muscle insertions in a curved row in front of the fontanelle and 2 large ones in front of the ocelli. Antennae with 15 segments, the 3d longer than the 2d or 4th and shorter than the 1st, the 2d equals the 4th. Eyes of medium size, oval, .125-. 16 mm. from the lower margin of the head. Ocelli rather large and close to the eyes (variation in the distance of the ocelli from the eyes was noticed in imagos from the same colony), in all cases the ocelli are less than their width removed from the eyes. Labrum brownish yellow. Postclypeus brownish yellow with median line. Pronotum brownish yellow, rather small; sides somewhat rounded, posterior margin very slightly emarginate. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely emarginate, angles not very sharp. Legs yellow. Wings light yellow, rather opaque. Abdominal tergites brownish, nearly the same color as the pronotum. Measurements. — Length with wings Length without wings ..... Length of head Width of head Length of antennae Diameter of eye Length of pronotum Width of pronotum Length of hind tibia Length of anterior wing . . . Width of anterior wing .... Length of queen Width of abdomen of queen Length of king 12.50-14.50 mm. 7.00- 9.00 mm. 1.54- 1.77 mm. 1.32- 1.51 mm. 2.38- 2.57 mm. .42- .45 mm. .55- .71 mm. .96- 1.38 mm. 1.61- 1.67 mm. 10.05-11.58 mm. 2.84- 3.19 mm. 24.00 mm. 5.50 mm. 8.50 mm. Comparison with other species. — Can be easily distinguished from N. costalis by the larger eye and the ocelli less than their diameter from the eye. Soldier. — Head rather dark reddish brown, oval without nose; clothed with 4 bristles at the base of the nose and 2 on the vertex; profile with elevation at the base of the nose. Antennae yellow, a little darker near the base, with 12 or 13 segments. If with 13 segments, the 3d is nearly as long as the 1st and much longer than the 2d or 4th, the 2d equals the 4th. If with 12 segments, the 4th is as long as the 3d, sometimes the 4th showing signs of dividing. Nose about medium size and thickness, the same color as the rest of the head. Pronotum yellowish, anterior margin brown and rounded. Legs yellow. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 383 Abdominal tergites brownish yellow with marginal bristles and micro- scopical hair which is hardly visible. Sternites yellow. Measurements. — Total length 4.00-4.25 mm. Length of head 1.25-1.61 mm. Width of head 74-1.06 mm. Length of antennae 1.61-1.73 mm. Width of pronotum 42- .55 mm. Length of hind tibia. 96-1.22 mm. Comparison with other species . — Very close to N . costalis, but the nose is generally more slender and the abdominal tergites do not have as conspicuous microscopical hair as in N. costalis. Remarks. — The description of N . klinckowstroemi (Holmgren) agrees with this description and I am of the opinion expressed by Banks (1918) that they are the same species. Type locality. — Ephrata, Surinam. New localities. — British Guiana: Kartabo, Penal Settlement, Dunoon, Kaieteur; Trinidad: St. Joseph. Range. — Surinam, British Guiana, Trinidad, Panama. The description is based upon many winged imagos, kings, queens, and soldiers collected at Kartabo from twenty-four different colonies by the author; soldiers from Kaieteur collected by Mr. John Tee-Van from a single colony; winged imagos, queens and soldiers from Dunoon collected from a single colony by F. M. Gaige; kings, queens and soldiers from the Penal Settlement collected from 2 different colonies by the author; and soldiers from a single colony from Trinidad collected by the author. N asutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) octopilis Banks. Nasutitermes octopilis Banks, 1918, p. 666 (soldier, biology), text-fig. (soldier) . (Fig. 56) Imago. — Head brown, widely oval, Y,-suture distinct; clothed with hairs and bristles. Fontanelle small, triangular. Antennae yellowish, with 15 segments, the 2d, 3d, and 4th equal. Eyes very large, prominent, and very close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli very large, prominent, and very close to the eyes. Labrum lighter than the head. Postclypeus lighter than the head, median line faint and indistinct. Pronotum about the same color as the head or somewhat lighter, particu- larly near the middle; covered with hairs and bristles; a little narrower than the head, angles and sides rounded, posterior margin emarginate. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely emarginate. Wings light yellow brown, the radius, media, and first few branches of the cubitus near the scale darker. All the veins in the outer half of the wing light. Abdominal tergites about the same color as the head. 384 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 56. Nasulitermes ( Nasutitermes ) octopilis Banks, a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum ; b, imago, lateral view of head ; c, soldier, dorsal view of head ; d, soldier, lateral view of head. Measurements. — Length with wings 16.00-17.00 mm. Length without wings 8.00- 9.50 mm. Length of head 1.77- 1.92 mm. Width of head 1.54- 1.61 mm. Length of antennae 2.31- 2.73 mm. Diameter of eye 55- .61mm. Length of pronotum 71- .74 mm. Width of pronotum 1.36- 1.45 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.86- 1.96 mm. Length of anterior wing 12.50-13.95 mm. Width of anterior wing 4.35- 4.49 mm. Length of queen 23.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 6.00 mm. Comparison with other species. — The description of the imago of N. acajutlae is very close, but the soldier is quite different. Soldier. — Head yellow, subglobular without nose, profile rather concave from the tip of the nose to the vertex; clothed with 4 bristles at the base of the nose and 4 on the vertex. Antennae pale yellow, with 13 segments, the 3d longer than the 2d, the 2d equal to the 4th. Nose light reddish brown, slender, of medium length. Thorax same color as the head. Pronotum with minute hairs on the anterior margin and often a few bristles; front margin rounded. Abdomen same color as the head. Tergites with a row of marginal bristles but no hair. Sternites hairy. Measurements. — Total length 4.70-5.00 mm. Length of head 1.77-2.09 mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 385 Measurements. — Width of head . 1.06-1.34 mm. Length of antennae 1.51-1.64 mm. Width of pronotum 51- .56 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.24-1.28 mm. Comparison with other species. — Differs from N. rotundatus Holmgren in that the tergites have no hair, but only marginal bristles. Type locality. — Tukeit, British Guiana. New localities. — British Guiana: Kartabo, Dunoon. Range. — British Guiana. The descriptions are based upon many winged imagos, soldiers, and four kings and queens from twenty different colonies collected by the author at Kartabo. Winged imagos and soldiers collected from two colonies at Dunoon by F. M. Gaige agree with the Kartabo specimens. Nasutitermes (N asutitermes) surinamensis (Holmgren). Eutermes surinamensis Holmgren (1910), p. 251 (soldier, worker), text-fig. 33 (soldier). (Fig. 57 a, b, c, d) Imago (queen). — Head dark, brown, oval; covered with hairs and long bristles. Fontanelle small, short, and forked at the tip. Antennae broken, the 2d segment equal to the 3d, the 4th a little longer than the 3d. Eyes large, not particularly prominent, fairly close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli rather small, lying nearly flat on the head, slightly more than their diameter from the eyes. Labrum a little lighter than the head. Postclypeus dark brown, median line absent or inconspicuous. Pronotum dark brown, lighter in places than the head; narrower than the head, sides rounded, posterior margin deeply emarginate, angles rounded. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely emarginate, angles sharp or rounded. Abdominal tergites dark brown. Measurements.— Length of head 1.96-1.99 mm. Width of head 1.83-1.86 mm. Diameter of eye 55- .57 mm. Length of pronotum 87- .90 mm. Width of pronotum 1.57-1.70 mm. Length of hind tibia. 1.93-2.02 mm. Length of queen 27.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 6.00 mm. Soldier. —Head reddish brown, large, profile straight with elevation at the base of the nose hardly distinguishable; 4 bristles at the base of the nose and 2 on the vertex. 386 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 57. Nasutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) surinamensis (Holmgren), a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d. soldier, lateral view of head. Nasutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) comstockae, sp. nov. e, soldier, dorsal view of head; /, soldier, lateral view of head. Antennae yellowish with 13 segments, the 3d longer than the 2d, the 4th equals the 2d or is somewhat longer. Nose a little darker than the head, large and thick. Pronotum yellowish, front margin brownish with short hairs and a few longer bristles. Legs yellowish. Abdominal tergites yellowish, covered with long hairs and also with a row of marginal bristles. Measurements. — Total length Length of head Width of head Length of antennae Width of pronotum . Length of hind tibia Type locality. — Surinam: Ephrata. New localities. — British Guiana: Kartabo, Tukeit. Range. — Surinam, British Guiana. The description is based upon one king, two queens, and many soldiers collected by the author from seven different colonies at Kartabo. Soldiers collected from a single colony at Tukeit by Dr. F. E. Lutz agree with the Kartabo specimens. 4.00-5.00 mm. 1.65-1.83 mm. 1.10-1.22 mm. 1.80-1.90 mm. .48- .61 mm. 1.45-1.54 mm. 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 387 Fig. 58. N asutitermes {N asutitermes) acajutlae (Holmgren), a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, sol- dier, lateral view of head. N asutitermes (N asutitermes) acajutlae (Holmgren). Eutermes Acajutlae Holmgren (1910), p. 262 (imago, soldier, worker), text-fig. 42 (imago). N asutitermes creolina Banks (1919), p. 482, 484 (soldier only). (Fig. 58) Imago (queen). — Head dark brown, widely oval, covered with rather long hairs. Antennae yellow brown, the 3d segment longer than the 2d and slightly longer than the 4th. Eyes very large and fairly prominent, very close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli large, prominent, very close to the eyes. Labrum yellow brown. Postclypeus yellow brown, with median line. Pronotum yellow brown, contrasting with the head; clothed with many hairs and bristles which are thicker on the margins; angles and sides rounded, posterior margin somewhat emarginate. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota emarginate, angles rounded. Abdominal tergites lighter than the head. Measurements. — Length of head. 2.02 mm. Width of head. 1.77 mm. Diameter of eye. .71 mm. Length of pronotum .83 mm. Width of pronotum 1.64 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.80 mm. Length of queen 26.50 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 8.00 mm. Soldier . — Head dark to medium dark reddish brown, lighter around the base of the antennae; thickly covered with long hairs and a few longer bristles; oval from above, profile nearly straight, slightly concave, a very slight elevation at the base of the nose. 388 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Antennae yellowish, with 13 segments, the 3d longer than the 4th, the 4th somewhat longer than the 2d. Nose with a few hairs; rather short and stout. Thorax pale. Pronotum yellow, front margin brown and emarginate; covered with long hairs and a row of longer bristles on the front margin. Legs yellow. Abdominal sternites and tergites yellow, thickly covered with long hairs in addition to rows of marginal bristles. Measurements. — Total length 5.00-6.00 mm. Length of head 1.73-1.83 mm. Width of head 1.05-1.16 mm. Length of antennae 1.73-1.77 mm. Width of pronotum 61- .64 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.38-1.51 mm. Comparison with other species. — Distinguished from N . pilifrons (Holmgren) by the emarginate anterior margin of the pronotum. Type locality .- — San Salvador. New localities. — British Guiana: Kartabo, Camaria, Dunoon; St. Croix. Range. — British Guiana, St. Croix, St. Thomas, San Salvador. The description is based upon a single queen and many soldiers from two different colonies collected by the author at Kartabo. Soldiers collected by the * author from a single colony at Camaria, soldiers collected by F. M. Gaige from a single colony at Dunoon, two queens and many soldiers collected by the author from four colonies at St. Croix, W. I., and one queen and many soldiers collected from five different colonies by the author at St. Thomas, W. I., all agree with the Kartabo specimens. Although the soldier of N . creolina Banks is undoubtedly the same species as N. acajutlae , the imago he describes from Monserrat does not belong with the soldier. As N. creolina is based on the soldier, this name must go into the synonymy of N. acajutlae. Nasutitermes (N asutitermes) intermedius Banks. Nasutitcrmes intermedius Banks (1919), p. 4S5, 4S2 (soldier, worker), pi. 2, fig. 13, 25 (soldier). (Fig. 59) Imago. — Head rather dark brown, widely oval. Fontanelle 3-pointed, nearly as long as the ocelli or longer, no conspicuous line from the fontanelle to the posterior margin as in N. octopolis. Antennae with 15 segments, the 3d sometimes showing signs of dividing. Eyes large, very close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli large but proportionately smaller than in N. octopilis, very close to the eyes. Labrum reddish yellow. Postclypeus reddish yellow, median line faint. Pronotum reddish yellow, much lighter than the head; hind margin not, or very weakly emarginate, sides rounded, angles rounded. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota not very strongly emarginate, angles fairly sharp. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 389 Fig. 59. Nasutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) intermedius Banks, a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, lateral view of head. Wings brownish yellow, veins darker near the base. Abdominal tergites brown, sternites yellowish in the middle. Measurements. — • Length with wings Length without wings . . Length of head Width of head Length of antennae . . . . Diameter of eye Length of pronotum. . . Width of pronotum . . . . Length of hind tibia . . . Length of anterior wing Width of anterior wing . 13.50-15.00 mm. 7.00- 8.50 mm. 1.45- 1.64 mm. 1.38- 1.45 mm. 1.93 mm. .54- .58 mm. .64- .67 mm. 1.09- 1.22 mm. 1.48 mm. 10.87-11.11 mm. 3.19 mm. Comparison with other species. — I am much inclined to believe that this species is N . montanae (Holmgren) as Holmgren’s description is very close. However, he states (1910), that the antennae of N. montanae are 16-segmented while the specimens from Kartabo rarely have even an indication of a 16th segment. Also the fontanelle of the Kartabo specimens seems to be larger than in the figure of M. montana, so I have decided to keep the names separated until more material can be examined. Soldier. — Head brown, roundly oval without the nose; clothed with a number of bristes, 4 at the base of the nose and from 6-10 on the vertex. Antennae lighter than the head, with 13 segments, the 3d longer than the 2d, the 2d longer than the 4th. Nose same color as the head, slender and of medium length. Thorax yellow brown. Pronotum with marginal bristles and very short hairs; anterior region not particularly raised. Abdominal tergites with short hairs in addition to a row of marginal bristles. Sternites with long hair. Ab- domen yellow brown. 390 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Measurements. — Total length . 3.50-4.50 mm. Length of head 1.54 mm. Width of head 96-1.05 mm. Length of antennae 1.35-1.38 mm. Width of pronotum .46 mm. Length of hind tibia 87- .93 mm. Comparison with other species. — Easily distinguished from N . guayanae by the presence of short hairs in addition to marginal bristles on the abdominal tergites. Also the nose is more slender. Type locality.— Arepo Savanna, Trinidad. New locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — British Guiana, Trinidad. The description is based upon many winged imagos and soldiers taken from seven different colonies by the author at Kartabo. The soldiers agree perfectly with specimens from Trinidad determined by Banks. Nasutitermes (Nasutitermes) comstockae, sp. nov. (Fig. 57 e, /) Soldier. — Head reddish brown, profile straight with a very slight elevation at the base of the nose; usually with 4 bristles at the base of the nose and 2 on the vertex. Antennae yellowish, with 12-13 segments. If with 13 segments, the 3d is longer than the 4th and the 4th is somewhat longer than the 2d. Nose darker than the head, proportionately very large and thick. Pronotum with a few bristles and many short hairs; anterior margin brownish. Legs yellowish. Abdomen yellowish; tergites covered with long hair and longer bristles on the margins. M easurements. — - Total length ...... Length of head .... Width of head Length of antennae . Width of pronotum . Length of hind tibia 4.00-4.20 mm. 1.48-1.70 mm. .80-1.00 mm. 1.61-1.93 mm. .38- .55 mm. 1.25-1.35 mm. Comparison with other species. — Close to N . surinamensis, but differs in the proportionately narrower head and somewhat thicker nose besides the much smaller size. Differs from N. hubbardi Banks in having no minute hairs on the head. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Soldier. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 391 Fig. 60. Nasutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) wheeleri, sp. nov. a, soldier, dorsal view of head; b, soldier, lateral view of head. Described from numerous specimens of soldiers collected by the author from two different colonies at Kartabo. I take pleasure in naming this species after Mrs. A. B. Comstock, to whom I owe much of my early training and en- thusiasm for the study of biology. Winged nymph. — Antennae with 15 segments. Eyes not very large. Ocelli rather far from the eyes. Posterior margin of the pronotum conspicu- ously emarginate. Soldier. — Head dark reddish brown, wide, globular; profile rather straight or slightly concave, with an elevation at the base of the nose; clothed with hairs which are shorter than those of N. acajutlae, longer bristles also visible, 4 at the base of the nose and 4 on the vertex. Antennae yellowish except near the base, with 14 segments, the 3d shorter than the 2d, the 2d about as long as the 4th. Nose about the same color as the rest of the head, of medium length and thickness, without hairs except at the tip. Pronotum dark brown, front margin with long bristles and short hairs, somewhat emarginate. Legs brownish yellow. Abdominal tergites dark brown*, covered thickly with hair and the margins with a row of bristles. Sternites lighter. Measurements. — Nasutitermes (Nasutitermes) wheeleri, sp. nov. (Fig. 60) Total length Length of head . . . . Width of head Length of antennae Width of pronotum 4.00-5.00 mm. 1.64-1.80 mm. 1.16-1.25 mm. 1.93 mm. .55- .61 mm. 392 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 61. Nasutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) banksi, sp. nov. a , imago, dorsal view of head; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, lateral view of head. Measurements. — Length of hind tibia 1.28-1.32 mm. Comparison with other species. — N. pilifrons (Holmgren) has a lighter colored abdomen, antennae with 13 segments, and is on the average smaller. N. arenarius (Bates) (Holmgren) has a less hairy head. N. acajutlae (Holm- gren) has yellow tergites and the nose has a few hairs. The description is based upon many soldiers and winged nymphs collected by the author from a single queenless colony at Kartabo. I take pleasure in naming this species in honor of Prof. Wm. M. Wheeler, who was a constant in- spiration to me during my studies at Kartabo. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Soldier. Nasutitermes (Nasutitermes) banksi, nom. nov. , Nasutitermes holmgreni Banks (1918), p. 667 (soldier), text-fig. (soldier). (Fig. 61) Another species of the genus Nasutitermes belonging to the subgenus Trinervitermes was described by von Rosen (1912) from Liberia under the name Eutermes Holmgreni. Therefore it is necessary to change the name of the British Guiana species and I take the opportunity to name it after Mr. Nathan Banks, who first described the species. Imago. — Head brownish black, oval, covered with hair and a few long bristles. Fontanelle inconspicuous. Antennae with 13-14 segments. If with 13 segments, the 3d is longer than the 2d, the 2d is equal to the 4th. If with 14 segments, the 3d is very short, the 4th is shorter than the 2d and the 2d is equal to the 5th. Eyes large, prominent and quite close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli large, about their width removed from the eyes. Labrum lighter than the head. Postclypeus lighter than the head, median line faint. 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 393 Pronotum brown, much lighter than the head, posterior margin emarginate. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely emarginate. Legs brownish, lighter than the prothorax. Wings rather dark, smoky. Abdominal tergites brown. Sternites light in the middle. M easurements. — Length with wings . .10.50-11.00 mm. Length without wings . . 5.50- 6.50 mm. Length of head . . 1.09- 1.16 mm. Width of head . . .96- 1.03 mm. Length of antennae . . 1.28- 1.45 mm. Diameter of eye .32 mm. Length of pronotum . . .42- .45 mm. Width of pronotum . . .71- .80 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.00 mm. Length of anterior wing . . 8.39- 8.75 mm. Width of anterior wing . . 2.36- 2.48 mm. Soldier. — Head dark reddish brown, darkest at the base of the nose, profile convex with no elevation at the base of the nose. Top of head covered with short hairs and a few longer bristles at the base of the nose and on the vertex. Antennae yellowish, 11-12-segmented. If with 11 segments, the 3d is much longer than the 2d or 4th and the 2d is slightly longer than the 4th. If with 12 segments, the 3d is very short, the 4th equals the 5th and the 2d is slightly longer than the 4th. The tip of the nose is a little lighter than the rest of the head. The nose is of medium length with a few microscopical hairs scattered over it. Thorax brown. Front margin of pronotum dark brown, not emarginate. Legs brownish yellow. Abdominal tergites brown, lighter than the head. Sternites yellowish. Tergites covered with microscopical hair, posterior margins with a single row of long bristles. M easurements.— Total length Length of head .... Width of head Length of antennae . Width of pronotum . Length of hind tibia 2.40-3.40 mm. 1.06-1.26 mm. .67- .74 mm. .96-1.12 mm. .29- .32 mm. ,58- .64 mm. Type locality. — Tukeit, British Guiana. New locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from British Guiana. The description is based upon many winged imagos and soldiers from eleven different colonies collected by the author at Kartabo, and from soldiers collected from a single colony at Kartabo by Dr. Wm. M. Wheeler. 394 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Nasutitermes (Nasutitermes) gaigei, sp. nov. (Fig. 62.) Imago.— Head dark brown, a little lighter on the queen, oval; covered with hairs and a few bristles. Fontanelle fairly large and distinct, forked at the tip. Antennae lighter than the head, with 15 segments, the 2d equals the 3d, the 4th is a little shorter but wider than the 3d. Eyes of medium size, fairly prominent and fairly close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli of medium size, a little less than their length removed from the eyes. Labrum lighter than the head. Postclypeus lighter than the head and with a median line. Pronotum nearly as dark as the head, covered with hair and a few longer bristles; sides slightly rounded, posterior margin nearly straight or rounded, very rarely slightly emarginate. Posterior margins of meso- and metanota widely emarginate, angles rather sharp. Wings rather dark and smoky, a light streak visible between the media and cubitus, particularly near the base. Abdominal tergites nearly as dark as the head. Measurements. — Length with wings Length without wings . . Length of head Width of head Length of antennae .... Diameter of eye Length of pronotum . . . Width of pronotum .... Length of hind tibia . . . Length of anterior wing Width of anterior wing . Length of queen Length of king Comparison with other species. — Very close to Holmgren’s (1910) description of N. longirostratus, but N. gaigei is smaller in all measurements. Soldier. — Head brownish yellow, oval, profile with a slight elevation at the base of the nose; 4 bristles at the base of the nose and 2 on the vertex. Antennae yellowish, with 13 segments, the 3d equal to or slightly longer than the 2d, the 4th shorter than the 2d. Mandibles with a distinct sharp point. Nose dark brown, slender and rather long. Thorax yellowish. Pronotum with a fringe of very short hair on the front margin, no bristles present; front margin not emarginate. Legs yellowish. Abdomen yellowish; tergites covered with microscopical hairs and a single row of bristles on the posterior margins. 9.00- 9.60 mm. 5.00- 6.00 mm. .96-1.06 mm. .86- .93 mm. 1.61-1.70 mm. .26- .29 mm. .45- .46 mm. .74- .77 mm. 1.06-1.09 mm. 6.85-7.45 mm. 2.01- 2.13 mm. 11.00 mm. 4.50 mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 395 Fig. 62. Nasutitermes ( Nasutilermes ) gaigei, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, lateral view of head. Measurements. — Total length Length of head .... Width of head Length of antennae . Width of pronotum . Length of hind tibia 3.00-3.50 mm. 1.16-1.24 mm. .57- .61 mm. 1.36-1.45 mm. .32- .38 mm. .70- .80 mm. Comparison with other species. — Very close to N. longirostratus, but smaller in all measurements. Type locality . — Kartabo, British Guiana. Other locality. — Dunoon, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from British Guiana. Holotype. — Winged imago. Morphotype. — Soldier. The description is based upon several winged imagos, several kings and queens and many soldiers collected by the author from ten different colonies at Kartabo, and upon several winged imagos and soldiers collected by F. M. Gaige from a single colony at Dunoon. I take pleasure in naming the species in honor of Dr. Gaige. Nasutitermes (Nasutitermes) brevipilus, sp. nov. (Fig. 63) Imago. — Head dark brown, oval, covered with short hair and a few long bristles. Fontanelle short, but conspicuous, forked at the tip. Antennae with 15 segments, the 3d smaller than the 2d or 4th, the 2d equal to the 4th. 396 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 63. Nasutitermes ( Nasutitermes ) brevipilus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, lateral view of head. Eyes proportionately large and prominent, close to the lower margin of head. Ocelli large and fairly close to the eyes (.033 mm. removed). Postclypeus lighter than the head, median line rather faint. Pronotum brown, a little lighter than the head; sides rounded, posterior margin somewhat emarginate, anterior angles fairly sharp. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota deeply emarginate. Wings smoky, a light streak between the media and cubitus. Abdominal tergites about the same color as the pronotum. Measurements.— Length with wings 11.50- 12.00 mm. Length without wings 6.80- 7.20 mm. Length of head 1.10- 1.17 mm. Width of head 96- 1.07 mm. Length of antennae 1.73- 1.83 mm. Diameter of eye .37 mm. Length of pronotum . 48- .57 mm. Width of pronotum 77- .83 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.43- 1.47 mm. Length of anterior wing 8.80- 9.62 mm. Width of anterior wing ........ 2.40- 2.88 mm. Soldier.— Head yellow, widely oval without the nose, profile concave with no elevation at the base of the nose; thickly covered with minute hairs and a few short bristles at the base of the nose and on the vertex. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 397 /~\ /H\ Fig. 64. Nasutitermes ( Subulitermes ) parvellus (Silvestri). a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, lateral view of head. Nasutitermes ( Subulitermes ) baileyi, sp. nov. e, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; /, imago, lateral view of head; ej, soldier, dorsal view of head; h, soldier, lateral view of head. Antennae with 12 segments, the 2d shorter than the 3d, the 3d equal to the 4th. Mandibles with a distinct point. Nose slightly darker than the rest of the head, very slender and quite long. Pronotum yellow with minute hairs on the margins; anterior region sharply raised. Abdomen the color of the contents of the intestines. Tergites covered with short hairs and a row of short bristles on the posterior margins. Measurements. — Total length Length of head .... Width of head Length of antennae . Width of pronotum . Length of hind tibia 4.00-4.30 mm. 1.35-1.70 mm. .64- .73 mm. 1.15-1.40 mm. .43- .46 mm. .86- .96 mm. Comparison with other species. — Differs from all other New World species of this subgenus in having very short hair on the head and the profile concave with a long and slender nose. Type locality.— Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Imago. Morphotype. — Soldier. Described from many winged imagos and soldiers collected by the author from five different colonies at Kartabo. Subgenus Subulitermes Holmgren Including the species described in this report, this subgenus now comprises fifteen species which are rather widely distributed. There are four species reported from the Oriental region, two from Africa, one from Australia and eight from the Neotropical region. The species are usually rather small and in- conspicuous and it is my belief that many forms of the group will ultimately be discovered. 398 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Six species were found in British Guiana and all se'em to be new with the exception of one species recently described by Silvestri. Several of these species have slight constrictions of the head and I believe that some of the small species described by Banks and included in the genus Constrictotermes may belong to this subgenus. Holmgren (1910) described a species of this subgenus under the name Eutermes incola. Wasmann (1893) had already described a species under the name Eutermes incola which is now placed in the genus Capritermes. Therefore Eutermes incola Holmgren must be given a new name. I suggest the name N asutitermes {Smbulitermes) thompsonae, new name for this species in honor of the late Prof. Caroline B. Thompson of Wellesley College, who has added much to our knowledge of termite morphology. Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) baileyi, sp. nov. (Fig. 64 e, /, g, h ) Imago. — Head dark brown, oval, narrow; covered with very short hairs and a few longer bristles. Fontanelle very small, slit-shaped and forked at the tip. Antennae dark, with 14 segments, the 3d longer than the 2d, the 4th slightly shorter than the 2d. Eyes fairly large, rather close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli of medium size, less than half their length removed from the eyes. Labrum light. Postclypeus nearly as dark as the head, large, median line absent, posterior border strongly curved. Pronotum nearly as dark as the head, semicircular in outline; sides and posterior margin making an even curve without an emargination; a T-shaped series of marks in the middle. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely emarginate. Wings dark smoky with a lightish streak between the media and cubitus, radius and first few branches of the cubitus dark. Abdominal tergites dark. M easurements.— Length with wings 8.50-9.00 mm. Length without wings 5.00-6.00 mm. Length of head 80- .86 mm. Width of head. 64- .69 mm. Length of antennae 1.33-1.38 mm. Diameter of eye .20 mm. Length of pronotum 40- .43 mm. Width of pronotum 57- .61 mm. Length of hind tibia .94- .97 mm. Length of anterior wing 5.69-6.40 mm. Width of anterior wing. . 1.53-1.64 mm. Comparison with other species. — Differs from N. microsoma in the darker color, smaller fontanelle and smaller pronotum. Soldier. — Head yellow with reddish brown nose, profile straight with a 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 399 slight elevation at the base of the nose, oval from above without the nose; covered with short hair and also with 4 rather short bristles at the base of the nose and 2 on the vertex. Antennae with 11 segments, the 3d longer than the 2d, the 2d equal to the 4th. Nose darker than the head, long and slender, covered with short hair. Pronotum pale yellow. Abdominal tergites with short hair and very short marginal bristles which are only a little longer than the hair. Abdomen pale yellow. M easurements. — Total length 2.70-3.50 Length of head 1.03-1.12 Width of head 45- .48 Length of antennae 86-1.00 Width of pronotum .30 Length of hind tibia .50 Comparison with other species. — Close to N. microsoma, but smaller. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Winged imago. Morphotype. — Soldier. The descriptions are based upon many winged imagos, a single king and queen, and many soldiers collected from six different colonies at Kartabo by the author. The species is named in honor of Dr. I. W. Bailey of Bussey Institution, who helped me considerably in my work on termites at Kartabo. Nasutitermes (. Subulitermes ) parvellus Silvestri. Eutermes parvellus Silvestri (1923), p. 307 (imago, soldier, worker), pi. XI (imago, soldier). (Fig. 64 a, b, c, d) Imago. — Head brown, speckled minutely, lighter on the sides and around the antennae; oval; covered with fairly long hairs. Fontanelle slit-shaped, about as long as the ocelli, forked at the tip. Muscle insertions conspicuous. Antennae pale, with 14 segments, the 2d, 3d, and 4th equal or the 3d slightly longer than the others. Eyes fairly large, not particularly prominent, very close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli proportionately large, close to the eyes. Labrum pale. Postclypeus pale, with a median line. Pronotum lighter than the head, a T-shaped light mark in the middle; half-moon-shaped, sides and posterior margin forming a perfect curve. Posterior margins of meso- and metanota minutely emarginate, sides strongly converging. Wings pale smoky, costal margin light near the apex, radius dark near the base. Abdominal tergites same color as the pronotum mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. the soldier is 400 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Measurements. — Length with wings ? 9.00-10.00 mm. Length without wings. 6.00- 6.50 mm. Length of head .90 mm. Width of head 73- .77 mm. Length of antennae 1.17- .138 mm. Diameter of eye .27 mm. Length of pronotum 33- .40 mm. Width of pronotum 53- .57 mm. Length of hind tibia .80 mm. Length of anterior wing. 6.56- 7.00 mm. Width of anterior wing 1.77- 1.90 mm. Soldier. — Head yellow, oval, profile flatly convex; covered with small hairs, longer hairs on the forehead and vertex. Antennae pale, with 12 segments, the 3d longer than the 2d, the 2d equal to the 4th. Nose dark, straight and slender, covered with small hairs. Pronotum pale. Abdomen pale; tergites covered with long hairs, posterior margins with a single row of bristles. Measurements. — Total length Length of head .... Width of head Length of antennae . Width of pronotum . Length of hind tibia 2.30-4.00 mm. .95-1.03 mm. .53- .57 mm. .86-1.00 mm. .31 mm. .52- .57 mm. Comparison with other species. — Differs from N . microsoma and N. thomp- sonae in having comparatively long hair on the head and abdominal tergites. Type locality. — British Guiana: Kartabo. New localities. — British Guiana: Potaro River, Dunoon; Trinidad: Port of Spain. Range. — British Guiana, Trinidad. The description is based upon many winged imagos and soldiers collected from nine different colonies at Kartabo by the author. Soldiers collected from a single colony at Dunoon by F. M. Gaige and soldiers collected from three different colonies at Trinidad by the author agree with the Kartabo speci- mens. Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) oculatissimus, sp. nov. (Fig. 65) Imago. — Head dark brown, oval; covered with rather long hair and a few long bristles. Fontanelle slit-shaped, forked at the tip. Antennae with 14 segments, the 3d a ‘little longer than the 2d, the 4th shorter than the 2d. Eyes very large and prominent, very close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli very large and prominent, very close to the eyes. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 401 Fig. 65. Nasutitermes ( Subulitermes ) oculatissimus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, lateral view of head. Labrum brownish yellow. Postclypeus a little lighter than the head, median line inconspicuous. Pronotum same color as the postclypeus, sides somewhat angular, anterior angles rather sharp, posterior margin nearly straight. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota rather widely emarginate. Wings dark smoky, a light streak between the media and cubitus. Abdominal tergites about the same color as the pronotum. M easurements. — Length with wings 9.50-10.00 mm. Length without wings 5.00- 6.00 mm. Length of head 1.00- 1.03 mm. Width of head .90 mm. Length of antennae 1.80 mm. Diameter of eye .33 mm. Length of pronotum .50 mm. Width of pronotum .73 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.20- 1.23 mm. Length of anterior wing 8.50 mm, Width of anterior wing. 2.50 mm. Comparison with other species. — Differs from N. osborni in being smaller and the ocelli are much larger. The eyes are proportionately as large as in N. osborni . Soldier. — Head yellow, oval from above, with a conspicuous constriction behind the base of the antennae, profile with a slight indentation in the middle, fairly straight; 4 bristles at the base of the nose and 2 on the vertex, no short hairs present. Antennae with 12 segments, the 3d smaller than the 2d, the 2d equal to the 4th. Mandibles without sharp points. 402 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Nose brown, of medium length and slender, slightly pointed up in the profile; without hair except at the tip. Thorax pale. Abdomen the color of the contents of the intestines; tergites with a row of bristles on the posterior margins and a few inconspicuous micro- scopical hairs scattered over the surface. Measurements. — Total length 3.00-3.30 mm. Length of head 1.13-1.16 mm. Width of head .57 mm. Length of antennae 1.23 mm. Width of pronotum .37 mm. Length of hind tibia 77- .80 mm. Comparison with other species. — Nose proportionately shorter than in N. osborni and profile with a more conspicuous elevation at the base of the nose. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Winged imago. Morphotype. — Soldier. The description is based upon several winged imagos and numerous soldiers collected from a single colony by the author at Kartabo. Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) raripilus, sp. nov* (Fig. 66) Imago (queen). — Head dark brown, widely oval, covered with long bristles and hairs. Fontanelle about as long as the ocelli, forked at the tip. The 2d, 3d, and 4th segments of the antennae about equal in length, the 3d narrowest and just dividing from the 4th. Eyes prominent, fairly large, close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli large and prominent, about their length from the eyes. Labrum yellow brown. Postclypeus somewhat lighter than the head, median line present. Pronotum nearly as dark as the head, an indistinct T-shaped light mark in the middle; relatively wide, sides only slightly rounded, posterior margin nearly straight, posterior angles rather sharply rounded. Posterior margins of meso- and metanota widely emarginate. Abdominal tergites about the same color as the pronotum. M easurements. — Length of head 1.08 mm. Width of head. 1.03 mm. Diameter of eye 30 mm. Length of pronotum .52 mm. Width of pronotum 87 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.17 mm. 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 403 Fig. 66. Nasutitermes ( Subulitermes ) raripilus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, lateral view of head. M easurements. — Length of queen 16.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 3.00 mm. Soldier.-— Head yellow, oval from the top with a slight constriction in back of the base of the antennae, profile from base of nose to rear margin convex; smooth except for 4 bristles at base of nose and 2 on the vertex. Antennae with 11-12 segments, the first segments variable in size. Nose brown, slender and long, end covered with microscopical hairs. Thorax pale. Pronotum with short hairs and a few long bristles on the front margin. Abdominal tergites with very short hairs and a row of marginal bristles; pale. Total length 3.50-4.50 mm. Length of head ,1.22-1.38 mm. Width of head .69- .77 mm. Length of antennae. 1.22-1.33 mm. Width of pronotum .43 mm. Length of hind tibia 73- .75 mm. Comparison with other species. — Differs from N . thompsonae and N . micro- soma in the head not being clothed with microscopical hairs. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Queen. Morphotype. — Soldier. The description is based upon a single queen and numerous soldiers col- lected from t\vo different colonies by the author at Kartabo. 404 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 67. Nasutitermes ( Subulitermes ) osborni, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, lateral view of head. Imago (queen). — Head dark brown, oval. Fontanelle slit-shaped, about the same length as the ocelli. Muscle insertions rather plain. The 3d segment of the antennae nearly equal to the 2d, the 4th longer than the 2d. Eyes very large and very close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli large, very close to the eyes. Postclypeus conspicuously lighter than the head, median line distinct. Pronotum lighter than the head; sides slightly rounded, anterior angles rather sharp, posterior margin nearly straight, somewhat concave. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely concave. Abdominal tergites about the same color as the pronotum. Measurements. — Comparison with other species. — A little larger than N. oculatissimus and the ocelli smaller. Eye very much larger than in N. raripilus. Soldier. — Head yellow, egg-shaped from above, with a small constriction in back of the base of the antennae, profile convex with only a slight indentation Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) osborni, sp. nov. (Fig. 67) Length of head .... Width of head ...... Diameter of eye Length of pronotum Width of pronotum . Length of hind tibia Length of queen . . . 1.17 mm. 1.07 mm. .43 mm. .57 mm. .83 mm. 1.44 mm. 6.20 mm. 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 405 in the middle; 4 bristles at the base of the nose and 2 on the vertex, no small hairs visible. Antennae with 12 segments, the 3d much smaller than the 2d, the 2d equal to the 4th. The 3d segment just dividing from the 4th. Mandibles with no point present. Nose brown, long and slender, not turned up in profile; small hairs at the tip of the nose and along the outer end. Thorax pale. Abdomen the color of the intestinal contents. Tergites with a marginal row of bristles and covered with very minute hairs. Measurements.— Total length 3.20-3.35 mm. Length of head 1.30-1.33 mm. Width of head 63- .67 mm. Length of antennae 1.27 mm. Width of pronotum 40- .41 mm. Length of hind tibia 67- .77 mm. i Comparison with other species. — Nose longer and proportionately more slender than in N . oculatissimus, elevation at the base of the nose not so con- spicuous in profile. So close to N. raripilus that I have found no good character to distinguish them apart. N. osborni is generally a little smaller, but the largest specimens of N. osborni seem to be about the same as the smallest of N .raripilus* Type locality. — Cow Island, British Guiana (Bartica District). Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Queen. Morphotype. — Soldier. The description is based upon a single queen and numerous soldiers col- lected from a single colony by the author at Cow Island, about six miles from Kartabo, near Bartica. I have named the species after Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn, President of the New York Zoological Society, whose interest and encouragement has made possible the founding and the continuation of the Tropical Research Station of the Society at Kartabo. Nasutitermes (Subulitermes) snyderi, sp. nov. (Fig. 68) Imago. — Head dark brown, oval; covered with hair and a few bristles. Fontanelle slit-shaped and forked at the tip. Antennae rather dark, with 14 segments, the 2d slightly larger than the 3d, the 3d about equal to the 4th. Eyes rather large and prominent, close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli proportionately rather large, less than Y their diameter from the eye. Labrum light. Postclypeus nearly as dark as the head. Pronotum nearly as dark as the head, hind margin not emarginate, sides and angles rounded. 406 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 68. Nasutitermes ( Subulitermes ) snyderi, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, lateral view of head. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely emarginate. Wings dark smoky, a light streak between the media and cubitus. Abdominal tergites about as dark as the pronotum. Measurements. — Length with wings .... Length without wings . . Length of head Width of head Length of antennae . . . . Diameter of eye Length of pronotum . . . Width of pronotum . . . . Length of hind tibia . . . Length of anterior wing Width of anterior wing . 7.00-8.00 mm. 3.50-4.50 mm. .76- .80 mm. » .67- .70 mm. 1.33 mm. .23 mm. .37- .40 mm. .50- .53 mm. .83 mm. 6.56 mm. 1.83 mm., Soldier. — Head yellow, oval from above, with a very slight constriction behind the base of the antennae, profile from the base of the nose to the vertex roughly convex with a slight indentation in the middle; covered with small hairs and a few longer bristles at the base of the nose and on the vertex. Antennae with 11 segments, the 2d, 3d, and 4th about equal. Mandibles without sharp points. Nose brownish yellow, straight and slender, covered with minute hairs. Abdomen the color of the contents of the intestines; tergites with a row of marginal bristles and covered with fairly long hair. M easurements. — Total length . . Length of head Width of head . 2.50-2.80 mm. .90- .93 mm. .40- .43 mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 407 M easurements. — Length of antennae 83- .87 mm. Width of pronotum .30 mm. Length of hind tibia 50- .53 mm. Comparison with other species. — Seems to be fairly close to Banks’ (1919) description of “ Constrictolermes” flaveolus, but differs in being smaller and in having hairs all along the nose; also, the shape of the head is different. Remarks. — Banks (1919) has placed similar species in Constrictolermes on account of the slight constriction. I am not of the opinion, however, that the constriction is of such fundamental importance as a subgeneric or generic char- acter, especially in this group, where the constriction is often so slight that it is not easily distinguished. Certainly the differences between such species as N. cavifrons Holmgren and N. snyderi are very much more obvious than between N. parvellus and N. snyderi. The characters in the mandibles given by Holm- gren seem to me to be of greater significance. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Other locality. — Port of Spain, Trinidad. Range. — British Guiana, Trinidad. Holotype. — Winged imago. Morphotype. — Soldier. Described from numerous winged imagos and soldiers collected from two different colonies at Kartabo, and from numerous soldiers collected from a single colony by the author at Trinidad. The species is named in honor of Dr. Thomas E. Snyder of the Bureau of Entomology in Washington, who has done such excellent work on the biology of the North American termites. Subgenus Convexitermes Holmgren This subgenus has formerly included only two species described by Holm- gren (1906) from Peru. I was therefore somewhat surprised to find a series of four species at Kartabo including three new species. The other seems to conform with a species already described from Peru. This subgenus, as in the case of Subulitermes, is also composed of small, rather inconspicuous species, which the ordinary observer would not find. It is to be expected, therefore, that numerous other species of the group will be discovered when more careful work is done in South America. Nasutilermes ( Convexitermes ) nigricornis (Holmgren). Eutermes nigricornis Holmgren (1906), p. 600 (soldier, worker), text-fig. Y' (soldier), text-fig . 7J (worker). Eutermes nigricornis Holmgren (1910), p. 218, 297 (soldier, worker), text-fig. 67 (soldier). (Fig. 69) Imago. — Head brown, not very dark, oval. Fontanelle slit-shaped. 4 muscle insertions in a curved row in front of the fontanelle and 2 large ones in front of the ocelli. 408 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI ; 4 Fig. 69. Nasutitermes ( Convexitermes ) nigricornis (Holmgren). a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum ; b, imago, lateral view of head ; c, soldier, dorsal view of head ; d, soldier, lateral view of head. 3d segment of the antennae very small, the 2d equals the 4th. Eyes very large and very close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli fairly large, much less than 3^ their width from the eyes. Postclypeus brownish yellow, much lighter than the head, median line rather faint. Pronotum lighter than the head, sides somewhat rounded, posterior margin slightly emarginate. Posterior margins of meso- and metanota widely emarginate. Abdominal tergites pale, lighter than the pronotum. Measurements. — Length of head 1.07 mm. Width of head 87- .90 mm. Diameter of eye .40 mm. g Length of pronotum .50 mm. Width of pronotum 73- .76 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.37-1.40 mm. Length of queen 18.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 4.00 mm. Soldier.— Head yellow, round from above, profile convex; covered with fairly long hairs and a few long bristles. Antennae with 11 segments, the 3d longer than the 4th, the 4th a little longer than the 2d. Nose brownish, darker than the head, conical, thick at the base, but not nearly so much so as N. Jcartaboensis; covered with short hairs. Pronotum pale. Abdomen the color of the intestinal contents. Tergites covered with long hair and the posterior margins with a row of bristles. Measurements. — Total length 3.50-3.70 mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 409 Fig. 70. Nasutitermes ( Convexitermes ) kartaboensis, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, lateral view of head. Measurements. — Length of head .... Width of head Length of antennae . Width of pronotum . Length of hind tibia 1.25-1.35 mm. .80- .82 mm. 1.16 mm. .43 mm. .73- .77 mm. Remarks. — Seems to conform with Holmgren’s description in detail. The longer bristles on the head, however, stand out more than in Holmgren’s figure. Type locality.- — Chaquimayo (Carabaya), Peru. New locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Peru, British Guiana. The description is based upon a king and queen and many soldiers taken from two different colonies at Kartabo by the author. Nasutitermes (Convexitermes) kartaboensis, sp. nov. (Fig. 70) Imago. — Head dark brown, oval. Fontanelle slit-shaped and forked at the tip. Antennae with 14 segments, the 2d equals the 3d, the 4th is shorter than the 3d. Eyes fairly large and prominent, fairly close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli of medium size, usually a little more than y2 their width from the eyes. Postclypeus slightly lighter than the head, median line faint or absent. Pronotum slightly lighter than the head, sides somewhat rounded, posterior margin nearly straight, anterior angles fairly sharp. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely concave. 410 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Wings smoky, conspicuously larger than in N. mazaruniensis. Abdominal tergites about the same color as the pronotum. Measurements. — Length with wings 9.00- 10.00 mm. Length without wings 5.00- 6.00 mm. Length of head 93- .97 mm. Width of head 83- .85 mm. Length of antennae 1.43- 1.47 mm. Diameter of eye ... 27- .29 mm. Length of pronotum 46- .47 mm. Width of pronotum 70- .73 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.03- 1.07 mm. Length of anterior wing 7.70- 7.87 mm. Width of anterior wing . 2.26- 2.33 mm. Comparison with other species. — Pronotum slightly larger than in N. maza- runiensis and the wings conspicuously longer. Soldier. — Head yellow, egg-shaped from above, with a very slight constric- tion in back of the base of the antennae, profile fairly straight or slightly convex; head covered with rather long hairs and a few longer bristles. Antennae with 11 segments, the 2d equals the 4th, the 3d a little longer than the 2d. Nose dark brown, contrasting more with the rest of the head than in N. mazaruniensis. Nose rather thick at the base, cone-shaped and covered with short hairs. Pronotum pale. Abdomen the color of the intestinal contents. Tergites covered with rather long hairs and with a row of bristles on the posterior margins. Measurements.— Total length 3.30-3.50 mm. Length of head 1.07 mm. Width of head 55- .57 mm. Length of antennae .93 mm. Width of pronotum .36 mm. Length of hind tibia. 53- .57 mm. Comparison with other species. — Close to N. nigricornis, but much smaller, and the head has a slight constriction which is not present in N. nigricornis. Very close to N. mazaruniensis and I have been unable to find any good character to separate the soldiers. Every case examined, however, showed that N. kar- taboensis had a little darker nose than did N. mazaruniensis. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Winged imago. Morphotype. — Soldier. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 411 Fig. 71. Nasutitermes ( Convexitermes ) mazaruniensis, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head. The description is based upon many winged imagos and several soldiers from Kartabo collected by the author from three different colonies. Nasutitermes (Convexitermes) mazaruniensis, sp. nov. (Fig. 71) Imago.- — Head dark brown, oval. Fontanelle slit-shaped, forked at the tip. Antennae with 14 segments, the 3d equals the 2d, the 4th is shorter than the 3d. Eyes fairly large and prominent, and fairly close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli fairly large, less than 3^ their width from the eyes. Postclypeus a little lighter than the head, median line faint. Pronotum slightly lighter than the head, sides and posterior margins fairly straight, angles fairly sharp. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely concave. Wings smoky. Abdominal tergites a little lighter than the head. Measurements. — ‘ Length with wings 6.95-7.20 mm. Length without wings 5.50-6.00 mm. Length of head 87- .97 mm. Width of head 77- .85 mm. Length of antennae 1.43 mm. Diameter of eye 27- .29 mm. Length of pronotum 41- .43 mm. 412 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Measurements. — • Width of pronotum 63- .68 mm. Length of hind tibia 93-1.06 mm. Length of anterior wing 6.20-6.73 mm. Width of anterior wing 1.80-1.83 mm. Comparison with other species .• — This species is very close to N .kartaboensis, but differs conspicuously, in the length of the wings. Soldier. — Head yellow, egg-shaped from above with a slight constriction at the base of the antennae, profile of head and nose nearly straight or slightly convex. Antennae with 11 segments, the 2d equals the 4th, the 3d is slightly longer than the 2d. Nose brownish, not contrasting as strongly with the head as in N. karta- boensis. Nose cone-shaped, rather thick at the base, covered with short hairs which are shorter than the rather long hairs on the head. Several longer bristles also on the head. Thorax pale. Abdomen the color of the intestinal contents. Tergites covered with rather long hair and with a row of bristles on the posterior margins. Measurements. — Total length 3.30-3.50 mm. Length of head 1.00-1.07 mm. Width of head 54- .57 mm. Length of antennae 1.00 mm. Width of pronotum .33 mm. Length of hind tibia 56- .60 mm. Comparison with other species. — Very close to N. kartaboensis, but the nose is not quite as dark. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Winged imago. Morphotype. — Soldier. The description is based upon several winged imagos, soldiers and a single king and queen collected from two different colonies by the author at Kartabo. Nasutitermes (Convexitermes) manni, sp. nov. (Fig. 72) Imago. — Head dark brown, oval. Fontanelle slit-shaped, longer than the ocelli, forked at the tip. Head clothed with hair and a few long bristles. Antennae with 14 segments, the 4th a little larger than the 2d, 3d larger than the 4th. Eyes fairly large, prominent, fairly close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli fairly large, about % their width removed from the eyes. Postclypeus slightly lighter than head, median line faint. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 413 Fig. 72. Nasutitermcs ( Convexitermes ) manni, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum ; b, imago, lateral view of head ; c, soldier, dorsal view of head ; d, soldier, lateral view of head. Pronotum slightly lighter than head, posterior margins of meso- and metanota widely emarginate. Wings smoky, a light streak between the media and cubitus, membrane covered with hairs and pigment spots. Abdominal tergites about the same color as the pronotum. M easurements. — Length with wings 9.00-9.25 mm. Length without wings 5.00-6.00 mm. Length of head 93-1.00 mm. Width of head 83- .87 mm. Length of antennae 1.67-1.73 mm. Diameter of eye 25- .27 mm. Length of pronotum 43- .46 mm. . Width of pronotum 67- .74 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.02-1.07 mm. Length of anterior wing 6.83-7.50 mm. Width of anterior wing 1.93-2.10 mm. Soldier. — Head yellow, nearly round from above without the nose, posterior margin with a slight groove, profile convex. Head covered with very short hairs, 2 longer bristles on the vertex, bristles at the base of the nose either absent or present. Antennae with 11 segments, the 3d a little longer than the 2d, the 4th about equal to the 2d. Nose brown, darker than the head, covered with short hair, more slender than in N. convexifrons. Pronotum pale, anterior margin emarginate. Abdomen the color of the intestinal contents. Tergites covered with short hairs, no marginal bristles present. 414 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 73. Nasutitermes ( Velocitermes ) beebei, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, major soldier, lateral view of head; d, major soldier, dorsal view of head; e, minor soldier, lateral view of head; /, minor soldier, dorsal view of head. M easurements. — Total length Length of head .... Width of head Length of antennae . Width of pronotum . Length of hind tibia 3.00-3.40 mm. 1.27-1.53 mm. .77- .87 mm. 1.03-1.10 mm. .40- .45 mm. .67- .83 mm. Comparison with other species. — The soldier is very close to N. convexifrons (Holmgren), but differs in having a more slender nose. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Soldier. Morphotype. — Imago. The description is based upon many soldiers and winged imagos taken from six different colonies by the author at Kartabo. I take pleasure in naming this species in honor of Wm. M. Mann of the U. S. National Museum, who has determined a large number of the termitophilous Coleoptera found at Kartabo. Subgenus Velocitermes Holmgren This interesting subgenus is known only from four species including the new species described below. All these species are confined to the Neotropical region and only one, N. antillarum (Holmgren) from Hispaniola, is to be found off the South American continent The peculiar dimorphism among the 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 415 soldiers is very remarkable and as far as I know, nothing definite is yet known concerning the function of the different types. A single rare species was found at Kartabo which proved to be new. Nasutitermes (Velocitermes) beebei, sp. nov. (Fig. 73) Imago (male). — Head dark brown, oval, clothed with short hair and longer bristles. Fontanelle white, slit-shaped, not quite as long as the ocelli. Antennae with 15 segments, 3d much longer than the 2d and slightly shorter than the 1st, 2d and 4th about equal. Eye rather large, very prominent and close to the lower margin. Ocelli rather large, facing laterally, about their width removed from the eyes. Postclypeus slightly lighter than the head, median line present. Pronotum somewhat lighter than the head; proportionately rather long; posterior margin not or very imperceptibly emarginate; covered with hairs and bristles. Wings smoky, a light streak between the media and cubitus. Membrane covered with short hairs and pigment spots. Abdominal tergites same color as the pronotum. Measurements. — Length with wings 12.80 mm. Length without wings 6.00 mm. Length of head. 1.37 mm. Width of head 1.30 mm. Diameter of eye 40 mm. Length of pronotum ,70 mm. Width of pronotum . 1.10 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.83 mm. Length of anterior wing 10.35 mm. Width of anterior wing 3.06 mm. Major soldier. — Head dark brown, larger and thicker than that of the minor soldier, widest in the region of the antennae, elevation at the base of the nose very conspicuous, posterior margin straighter than in the minor soldier; 4 bristles over the base of the nose, 2 on the vertex, 2 on the sides near the constriction and 2 on the cheeks; middle of head very conspicuously con- stricted. Antennae about the same color as the head, with 14 segments, the 2d, 3d, and 4th equal in length but the 3d is not as thick as the 2d or 4th. Mandibles distinct, relatively large, with sharp points. Tip of nose lighter than the head; nose relatively shorter than the minor soldier, slender and slightly enlarged at the tip. Pronotum with minute hairs and a few bristles on the anterior margin. Abdominal tergites somewhat lighter than the head, with a row of bristles on the posterior margin, hair absent. Sternites with long hairs and bristles. 416 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 M easurements. — Total length 4.00 mm. Length of head 1.34-1.50 mm. Width of head ' 68- .73 mm. Length of antennae 1.92-2.00 mm. Width of pronotum .60 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.54-1.60 mm. Minor soldier. — Head same color as major soldier, constricted in the middle, profile with a faint elevation at the base of the nose; with only a few bristles, 4 at the base of the nose and 2 on the vertex. Antennae long, sometimes with 14 segments, but more often with 13. When with 13, the 3d is over double the length of the 2d and the tip is enlarged, the 4th is longer than the 2d. When with 14 segments, the 3d is about equal to the 2d and is without bristles. Nose slender, fairly long, pointed up. Pronotum with a raised anterior margin which is not emarginate; without bristles but covered with small, fine hairs. Abdominal tergites with a row of bristles on the posterior margins, but no hairs are present. M easurements. — Total length 3.50-4.20 mm. Length of head 1.25-1.50 mm. Width of head 57- .73 mm. Length of antennae 2.40-2.67 mm. Width of pronotum 40- .47 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.35-1.53 mm. Comparison with other species. — Closest to N. heteropterus (Silvestri) but both castes of soldiers are quite distinct in shape and size. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Major soldier. Morphotype. — Minor soldier and winged imago. The description is based upon a single winged imago, several major soldiers and many minor soldiers collected from five different colonies by the author at Kartabo. I have named the species in honor of Mr. William Beebe, the Director of the Tropical Research Station of the New York Zoological Society at Kartabo,, to whom I owe the wonderful opportunity for spending twenty-four months at the station working upon the termites of the region. Subgenus Constrictotermes Holmgren This subgenus includes three species in the sense in which Holmgren (1912) * • • defined the subgenus. I do not believe that any of the species included in the paper by Banks (1919) in Constrictotermes rightfully belong to this group. 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 417 Fig. 74. Nasutitermes ( Constriclotermes ) cavifrons (Holmgren), a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b , imago, lateral view of head; c, imago, hind margins of thoracal nota; d, soldier, dorsal view of head; e, soldier, lateral view of head. • -y ' Without examining any of these species, I believe that most of them will fit into the subgenera Subulitermes or Tenuirostritermes as defined by Holmgren (1912). The three species included in the subgenus Constrictotermes are, so far, known only from South America. One of these, which was described from Surinam, was found rather commonly in British Guiana. Nasutitermes ( Constrictotermes ) cavifrons (Holmgren). Eutermcs ( Constrictotermes ) cavifrons Holmgren (1910), p. 318 (soldier, worker), text-fig. 78 (soldier). Eutermes ( Constrictotermes ) cavifrons Holmgren (1912), pp. 65, 67, text-fig. 43 (mandibles of soldier). (Fig. 74) Imago. — Head brownish black, sparsely covered with fairly long hair; widely oval. Fontanelle slit-shaped, forked at the tip, as long as the ocelli. Antennae lighter than the head, with 15 segments, the 2d equal to the 4th, the 3d more than double the length of the 2d. Eyes large and prominent, close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli large and prominent, about their own length removed from the eyes. Labrum lighter than the head. Postclypeus brownish black, without distinct median line. Pronotum lighter than the head, sparsely covered with fairly long hair; large, as wide as the head or nearly so, sides and angles rounded, posterior margin very faintly emarginate. Posterior margins of meso- and metanota deeply emarginate. Wings dark smoky, venation distinct. Abdomen brownish black. Soft parts of the abdomen of the queen yellowish in life. Measurements. — Length with wings 17.00-19.00 mm. Length without wings 8.00-10.00 mm. 418 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 75. Nasutitermes ( Angularitermes ) nasutissimus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, lateral view of head; e, soldier, mandibles. Measurements.— Length of head 1.83- 1.90 mm. Width of head 1.69- 1.83 mm. Length of antennae 2.53- 2.57 mm. Diameter of eye 50- .53 mm. Length of pronotum 1.00- 1.03 mm. Width of pronotum 1.73- 1.83 mm. Length of hind tibia 2.16- 2.43 mm. Length of anterior wing 13.50-15.00 mm. Width of anterior wing 3.76- 4.11 mm. Length of queen 18.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen . 4.20 mm. Soldier.— Head brownish black, region around the antennae lighter; with a strong constriction in the middle; 4 bristles at the base of the nose and a number on the vertex. Antennae with dark rings about the same color as the head, very long, with 15 segments, the 3d nearly double the length of the 2d, the 4th a little shorter than the 3d, the 5th equal to the 3d. Nose pointing up, tip lighter than the head. Thorax yellow. Pronotum covered with a few bristles, anterior margin with fine hairs. Legs relatively very long. Coxae and tarsi yellow, femora and part of tibiae next to the femora darker. Abdominal tergites brownish black, with numerous bristles and few hairs. Sternites yellow, covered with hair and also with marginal rows of bristles. 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 419 Measurements.— Total length . . 5.00-5.50 mm. Length of head 1.56-1.70 mm. Width of head 1.00-1.12 mm. Length of antennae 3.40-3.58 mm. Width of pronotum 67- .70 mm. Length of hind tibia 2.00-2.27 mm. Type locality. — Surinam. New localities. — British Guiana: Kartabo, Bartica, Dunoon. Range. — Surinam, British Guiana. The description is based upon many winged imagos, kings, queens, and soldiers collected from eight different nests by the author at Kartabo. Soldiers collected by Mr. G. E. Bodkin from a single colony at Bartica, and soldiers collected by F. M. Gaige from a single colony at Dunoon agree with the Kartabo specimens. Subgenus Angularitermes subgen. nov. A single species of Nasutitermes found at Kartabo obviously did not belong to any subgenus yet described and I have therefore referred it to a new subgenus, Angularitermes, named for the distinctly angular character of the head of the imago. The soldier differs from other subgenera in the tremen- dously large nose in proportion to the rest of the head and in the mandibles, the description of which follows. Every other species with which I am familiar which possesses long legs such as the members of the subgenera Constrictotermes and Velocitermes, etc., are able to run swiftly, but this species is slow in its habits. Nasutitermes (Angularitermes) nasutissimus, sp. nov. (Fig. 75) Imago. — Head dark brown, sparsely clothed with long hairs; oval, posterior margin behind the eyes angular from above, profile with a conspicuous eleva- tion above the eyes. Fontanelle oval, about the same length as the ocelli. Antennae yellow brown, the 3d segment about the same length as the 2d, the 4th segment a little longer than the 3d. Eyes large, close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli relatively large, a little less than their own width removed from the eyes. Labrum yellowish. Postclypeus somewhat lighter than the head, not quite as long as half its width, strongly arched, with median line. Pronotum nearly as dark as the head, a light spot near each anterior angle, 2 light spots together in the middle near the posterior margin; subtriangular, angles rounded, sides straight, strongly converging toward the rear. Pronotum narrower than the head. Meso- and metanota lighter than the pronotum, posterior margins widely emarginate. Abdominal tergites about the same color as the pronotum. 420 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 M easurements. — Length of head 1.50-1.60 mm. Width of head 1.36-1.43 mm. Diameter of eye .43 mm. Length of pronotum 70- .73 mm. Width of pronotum 1.20-1.26 mm. Length of hind tibia 2.17 mm. Length of queen 12.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 3.00 mm. Soldier. — Head yellow brown, constricted behind the antennae; thickly covered with bristles. Antennae same color as the head, with 14 segments, the 3d one and one- half times the length of the 2d, the 4th equals the 3d or is very slightly longer. Mandibles with long points, the left with a very small microscopical tooth near the base, the right without a tooth near the base. Nose darker than the head, very thickly covered with short hairs from the constriction in the head to the tip; very large, long, and thick at the base. This is the most extreme case of the development of the nose among all the nasuate soldiers known to me. Thorax brownish yellow. Pronotum with bristles on the margins; an- terior margin also with small hairs, slightly emarginate. Legs proportionately very long. Abdominal tergites brownish yellow, covered thickly with long bristles. Measurements. — ■ Total length 6.00-6.50 Length of head 2.69-2.73 Width of head 1.00-1.10 Length of antennae 3.20-3.30 Width of pronotum 63- .73 Length of hind tibia 2.13-2.33 Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Soldier. M orphotype. — King. The description is based upon a single king and queen and many soldiers from two colonies at Kartabo collected by the author. Genus Anoplotermes Fr. Muller This genus has been divided into two subgenera, both of which are repre- sented in British Guiana. Subgenus Anoplotermes , s. str. Holmgren For a long time it was supposed that this subgenus was confined to the mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 421 Neotropical region. Silvestri (1914), however, has referred a number of Afr'can species to Anoplotermes. Including the species described in this report, there are twenty-seven known species of the group, eleven species reported from Africa and seventeen species reported from the Neotropical region. Many of the species, however, have not been described accurately enough to permit determination. Where there are no soldiers to give us comparatively easy characters for determination, the imago should be described with the utmost care. I found five distinct species which I refer to the subgenus Anoplotermes in British Guiana. One other species has been reported by Hagen (1858) from British Guiana, but this species, Anoplotermes cingulatus (Burmeister), was not described well enough by Hagen to permit determination with accuracy. The species described by Silvestri (1903) under this name does not agree with any of my specimens and I think it probable, due to the difficulty of recognizing imagos, that Hagen may have included two species under his one description. It may, therefore, be possible that I have the species referred to, but I believe that it will avoid confusion to give it another name. All the species at Kartabo seem to be new. Silvestri (1903) describes a species under the name Anoplotermes morio (Latreille). I have already pointed out in my discussion of the synonymy of Nasutitermes (N asutitermes) costalis (Holmgren) that Fabricius (1793) had already described a species under the name Termes morio which I doubtfully have placed in synonymy with Coptotermes testaceus. I have also placed Termes morio Latreille in synonymy with N asutitermes costalis following Hagen (1858). Latreille’s species, however, is rather doubtful. Whatever the synonymy is, however, Silvestri’s species needs a new name and I suggest the name Anoplo- termes ( Anoplotermes ) meridianus for it, with the following synonymy: Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) meridianus, nom. nov. Anoplotermes morio Silvestri (1901), p. 8 (imago). Anoplotermes morio Silvestri (1903), p. 99, 100 (imago, worker), text-fig. 32 (wing), p. 142 (biology), pi. 5, figs. 225, 226 (imago), fig. 227 (worker). Anoplotermes ( Anoplotermes ) morio Holmgren (1912), pp. 73, 74, text-fig. 46 (mandibles of imago). Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) silvestrii, sp. nov. (Fig. 76) Imago. — Head brownish black, widely oval, posterior margin round; covered with hairs of varying length. Fontanelle very large, round, a little lighter than the head. 2 conspicuous muscle insertions in front of the ocelli. Antennae with 15 segments, the 3d very slightly shorter or as long as the 4th, the 4th slightly shorter than the 2d. Eyes rather small, not very prominent, about 34 their diameter from the lower margin of the head. Ocelli prominent, about their own length from the eyes. Labrum pale. Postclypeus a little lighter than the head, median line faint, nearly as long as 34 their width. Pronotum a little lighter than the head, sides rounded, posterior margin weakly emarginate. 422 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI ; 4 Fig. 76. Anoplotermes ( Anoplotermes ) silvestrii, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head. Fig. 77. Anoplotermes ( Anoplotermes ) banksi, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head; pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head. Posterior margins of meso- and metanota deeply emarginate, angles sharp, sides strongly converging. Wings smoky, venation distinct throughout; with fine short hairs on the margins and veins, very few in the membrane of the wing. Abdominal tergites a little lighter than the head. Measurements. — Length with wings 14.50-18.00 mm. Length without wings 8.0‘0-12.00 mm. Length of head 1.55- 2.00 mm. Width of head 1.44- 1.60 mm. Length of antennae 2.36- 2.60 mm. Diameter of eye .36 mm. Length of pronotum 77- .87 mm. Width of pronotum 1.33- 1.40 mm. Length of hind tibia 2.00 mm. Length of anterior wing 12.50-15.00 mm. Width of anterior wing 2.90- 3.50 mm. Length of queen 46.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 7.00 mm. Comparison with other species. — Close to A. paci ficus, but it seems to have a larger fontanelle than indicated by Silvestri’s (1903) figure. A. turricola differs in the size of the antennae segments and in the fontanelle. Remarks. — Differs from Holmgren’s characters of the subgenus in that 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 423 the 3d segment of the antennae is nearly as long as the 4th. The head of the worker, however, is light in color. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Winged imago. The description is based upon many winged imagos, kings and queens collected from eight different colonies by the author at Kartabo. I take pleasure in naming this species after the distinguished Italian specialist, Prof. Filipo Silvestri, who has done so much to further our knowledge of termites from all parts of the world. Anoplotermes (Anoploterm.es) banksi, sp. nov. (Fig. 77) Imago.- — Head dark brown, oval, thickly covered with rather long hairs. Fontanelle small and inconspicuous. 2 large muscle insertions in front of the ocelli. Antennae with 15 segments, the 3d very minute, the 4th smaller than the 2d. Eyes of medium size and not particularly close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli rather small, their own length or slightly less removed from the eyes. Postclypeus a little lighter than the head, median line present. Pronotum a little lighter than the head, a Y-shaped mark in the middle, the stem of which is light and the branches of which are dark; sides rounded, posterior margin very slightly emarginate. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota narrow and deeply emarginate. Wings light smoky in alcohol, veins indistinct near the apex. In some specimens the veins are more distinct and the area between the radius and media is reticulated. In life the wings have a bluish gray color. Abdominal tergites about the same color as the pronotum. Measurements. — Male Length with wings 8.00-8.50 mm. Length without wings . . .4.50-5.00 mm. Length of head .90- .93 mm. Width of head 77- .83 mm. Length of antennae 1.33-1.36 mm. Diameter of eye 20- .21 mm. Length of pronotum 43- .46 mm. Width of pronotum 60- .70 mm. Length of hind tibia 83- .97 mm. Length of anterior wing. .7.00-7.26 mm. Width of anterior wing. . . 1.67-1.73 mm. Length of queen Female 9.50- 10.00 mm. 5.50- 6.00 mm. .97- 1.06 mm. .82- .90 mm. 1.40- 1.50 mm. .23 mm. .46- .48 mm. .71- .73 mm. .91- .94 mm. 7.95- 8.00 mm. 1.90- 1.95 mm. 25.00 mm. Comparison with other species. — Close to A. ater Hagen, but the measure- ments are smaller. 424 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Winged imago. The description is based upon many winged imagos, kings and queens taken by the author from eight different colonies at Kartabo. The species is named in honor of Mr. Nathan Banks, the distinguished American entomologist, who has done so much valuable work upon the termites of the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) brevipilus, sp. nov. (Fig. 78) Imago. — Head dark brown, oval, hair somewhat shorter than in A. banksi. Fontanelle small and inconspicuous. Antennae with 15 segments, the 3d minute, the 4th shorter than the 2d. Eyes of medium size, not very close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli fairly large, a little less than their width removed from the eyes. Postclypeus a little lighter than the head, no median line visible. Pronotum a little lighter than the head, crescent-shaped, light marks in the middle faint; posterior margin and sides form an even curve, anterior margin concave. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota narrowly and deeply emarginate. Wings light smoky in color in alcohol. Abdominal tergites the same color as the pronotum. Measurements. — Male Length with wings 7.00-7.40 mm. Length without wings . . .4.20-4.75 mm. Length of head 76- .80 mm. Width of head 68- .73 mm. Length of antennae 1.07-1.10 mm. Diameter of eye .20 mm. Length of pronotum 33- .36 mm. Width of pronotum 53- .56 mm. Length of hind tibia 63- .67 mm. Length of anterior wing. .5.70-5.95 mm. Width of anterior wing. . . 1.43-1.50 mm. Female 8.25-8.50 mm. 5.00-5.80 mm. .83- .85 mm. .70- .77 mm. 1.10-1.25 mm. .22- .23 mm. .36- .40 mm. .57- .60 mm. .70- .73 mm. 6.82-7.00 mm. 1.63-1.73 mm. Comparison with other species. — Close to A. banksi, but smaller, and hair on head, pronotum and sternites somewhat shorter. The figure of the pro- notum of A. schwarzi Banks (1919) is inaccurate. A. schwarzi is 14.00 mm. long and the width of the head is 1.30 mm. The specimens described as A. fumosus (Hagen) by Banks have larger mandibles and the antennae segments differ in the figure (Banks & Snyder, 1920). Hagen’s (1860a) original de- scription of A. fumosus gives the length with wings as 14.00 mm. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 425 Fig. 78. Anoplotermes ( Anoplotermes ) brevipilus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head. Fig. 79. Anoplotermes ( Anoplotermes ) subterraneus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Winged imago. The description is based upon many winged images, kings and queens taken from eleven different colonies by the author at Kartabo. Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) subterraneus, sp. nov. (Fig. 79) Imago . — Head dark brown, widely oval, covered with medium long hair; 2 large muscle insertions in front of the ocelli. Fontanelle about the same size as the ocelli, white and conspicuous. Antennae with 15 segments, the 3d small, the 4th shorter than the 2d. Eyes of medium size, not very close to the lower margin. Ocelli rather large, less than their width from the eyes. Postclypeus lighter than the head, no median line visible. Pronotum lighter than the head, posterior margin and sides forming nearly an even curve, anterior angles sharp; a light line in the middle of the pronotum. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota narrowly and deeply emar- ginate. Wings smoky, veins fairly distinct throughout. Abdominal tergites same color as the pronotum, a light spot on the anterior border on each side. Measurements. — Length with wings . . . Length without wings Length of head Width of head Length of antennae . . Diameter of eye Length of pronotum . 9.50- 10.50 mm. 4.50- 6.20 mm. .97 mm. .83- .87 mm. 1.43- 1.50 mm. .23 mm. .41- .46 mm. 426 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 r\ of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head. Fig. 81. Anoplotermes ( Speculitermes ) arboreus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago lateral view of head. Measurements Width of pronotum 67- .73 mm. Length of hind tibia 76- .80 mm. Length of anterior wing 7.17- 8.40 mm. Width of anterior wing 2.00- 2.18 mm. Comparison with other species. — A. ater a little larger and without the con- spicuous fontanelle. A. banksi, A brevipilus, A. schwarzi, and A. fumosus all without the conspicuous fontanelle. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Winged imago. Described from many winged imagos taken from a single colony by the author at Kartabo. Anoplotermes (Anoplotermes) nigripunctatus, sp. nov. (Fig. 80) Imago (queen). — Head dark brown, oval. Fontanelle darker than the head, easily visible but small. Two muscle insertions in front of the ocelli. Antennae light colored, the 3d segment small, the 4th shorter than the 2d. Eyes rather small, not very close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli of medium size, about their own length removed from the eyes. Postclypeus a little lighter than the head, median line very faint. Pronotum nearly as dark as the head, a T-shaped series of light marks in the center; sides and posterior margin nearly make a perfect curve. Posterior margins of meso- and metanota narrowly and deeply emarginate. Abdominal tergites about the same color as the pronotum, 2 light spots on the anterior margins. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 427 Measurements.— Length of head. 1.25-1.33 mm. Width of head 1.06-1.16 mm. Diameter of eye .28 mm. Length of pronotum 57- .58 mm. Width of pronotum 90-1.00 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.30 mm. Length of queen 40.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 6.00 mm. Comparison with other species. — Close to A. meridianus, but Silvestri’s figure shows the posterior margin of the pronotum somewhat emarginate. Hagen’s (1858) description of A. tenebrosus states that the fontanelle is yellowish. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range.— Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Queen. The description is based upon a single king and three queens collected from three different colonies by the author at Kartabo. Subgenus Speculitermes Wasmann Including the new species described in this report, 3 species have been referred to this subgenus, the genotype from India and Ceylon, the others from South America. Anoplotermes (Speculitermes) arboreus, sp. nov. (Fig. 81) Imago. — Head black brown, oval, with rather short hair and longer bristles. Fontanelle same color as the head, large and round, similar to that of A. sil- vestrii. Antennae with the 2d segment a little longer than the 3d, the 3d equal to the 4th. Eyes of medium size, not close to the lower margin. Ocelli rather large, prominent, about their own width removed from the eyes. Postclypeus black brown, median line faint or absent. Pronotum black brown, sides rounded, posterior margin somewhat emar- ginate. Sides of meso- and metanota with a white border, posterior margins narrow and deeply emarginate. Coxae and femora dark brown, most of tibiae of the prothoracic legs dark, rest yellow; most of tibiae of the meso- and metathoracic legs yellow and tarsi yellow. Abdominal tergites black brown. Measurements. — Length of head 1.83 mm. 428 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Measurements. — Width of head 1.67 mm. Diameter of eye 43 mm. Length of pronotum 90 mm. Width of pronotum 1.61 mm. Length of hind tibia 2.30 mm. Length of queen 19.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 4.80 mm. Comparison with other species. — Silvestri (1903) described A. reconditus with a small oval fontanelle, while Holmgren (1906) described the fontanelle as slit-shaped. I think it likely that Holmgren’s species from Bolivia and Peru is distinct from Silvestri’s (1903) species from Argentina, Paraguay, and the Matto Grosso. However, the species from Kartabo seems to be distinct from them both. Remarks — As the name signifies, this species was the only Anoplotermes found nesting more than a few feet from the ground. The head of the worker is dark, thus distinguishing this species from all the others found in British Guiana. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Queen. The description is based upon a single queen taken from a colony by the author at Kartabo. The species is evidently rather rare at Kartabo, because only three colonies were found. The nest was very different from all other nests in the vicinity and, being conspicuous, would have been seen if there had been many. Genus Cylindrotermes Holmgren This genus is known only by a single species from South America. For- merly it had only been reported from Bolivia. The specimens from British Guiana, however, seem to coincide with the description of the Bolivian species, so the range is doubtless rather extensive Cylindrotermes nordenskioldi Holmgren. Cylindrotermes nordenskioldi Holmgren (1906), p. 543 (soldier, worker), text-fig. G (soldier), text-fig. H (worker). Cylindrotermes nordenskioldi Holmgren (1912), p. 86, text-fig. 55 (soldier), pi. 4, fig. 21 (soldier). (Fig. 82) Imago. — Head medium dark brown, stippled with white, oval, arched between the eyes; covered with thick short hair and numerous bristles. Fon- tanelle small, round, a little lighter than the head. Muscle insertions not very distinct. Eyes of medium size, not very close to the lower margin. Ocelli of medium size, about their width removed from the eyes. Labrum yellowish. Postclypeus somewhat lighter than the forehead, 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 429 Fig. 82. Cylindrolermes nordenskioldi Holmgren, a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, imago mandibles; d, soldier, dorsal view of head; e soldier, mandibles. median line not visible. Suture between the forehead and the postclypeus very faint. Mandibles as in the figure. Pronotum slightly lighter than the head, with a Y-shaped series of light marks in the center; long and narrow, sides rounded and somewhat depressed, posterior margin deeply emarginate. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota emarginate. All tibiae with 3 apical spines. Wings smoky, veins distinct, media close to the cubitus with 2-4 branches, cubitus with 9-12 branches. Abdominal tergites a little lighter than the head. Measurements.— Length with wings 7.50- 8.00 mm. Length without wings 5.00- 5.30 mm. Length of head 96- 1.00 mm. Width of head 86- .87 mm. Length of antennae 1.27- 1.30 mm. Diameter of eye .27 mm. Length of pronotum 43- .45 mm. Width of pronotum 60- .63 mm. Length of hind tibia .73 mm. Length of anterior wing 6.54 mm. Width of anterior wing 1.30 mm. Length of queen 10.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 1.50 mm. Soldier.— Head yellow, front a little darker, covered with short bristles; very long, sides parallel, posterior margin rounded. Antennae with 11 segments, the 3d sometimes showing a tendency to divide. Mandibles red brown, short and curved, ends sharp, a single tooth near the base, left and right very similar. 430 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Frontal gland opening present, very small, situated between the bases of the antennae. Pronotum yellow, covered with short bristles; anterior lobe distinct, weakly emarginate in the middle. Legs pale yellow, front tibiae with 3 apical spines, rest of tibiae with 2 api- cal spines. Abdomen pale yellow. Tergites covered with short hairs and numerous longer bristles. Measurements. — Total length 3.46-4.40 mm. Length of head with mandibles 2.01-2.33 mm. Width of head 77- .87 mm. Length of antennae .90-1.03 mm. Length of pronotum 32- .40 mm. Width of pronotum 57- .61 mm. Length of hind tibia 57- .63 mm. Length of left mandible 65- .75 mm. Type locality. — Tuiche (Prov. Caupolican), Bolivia. New locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Bolivia, British Guiana. The description is based upon several winged imagos, a single queen, and numerous soldiers collected by the author from four different colonies at Kartabo. Genus Amitermes Silvestri Silvestri (1903, p. 217) changed the spelling which he originally used (1901) to Hamitermes. Silvestri, Holmgren, and Mjoberg have continued to use the later spelling because hook in Latin is spelled hamus. Banks (Banks & Snyder, 1920) went back to the original spelling and I have followed the international code rule in this respect. This genus now contains six subgenera, Euhamitermes, known from two species from the Oriental Region, Drepanotermes, known from five species from Australia, Monodontermes, known from three species from Australia, Synhami- termes, known from three species, two of which are found in Ceylon and India and one known from the southern part of South America, Globitermes, known from three species all confined to the Oriental region, and Amitermes , s. str., which is discussed below. Altogether there are seventy-three species described from the genus from nearly all the warm parts of the world. Subgenus Amitermes, s. str. Holmgren This subgenus is by far the largest of all the subgenera of the genus Amitermes. I have fifty-seven species listed in the group distributed as follows: Africa twenty-six, Australia fifteen, Nearctic region six, Neotropical region five, Oriental region two, Palearctic region three. The subgenus has been able 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 431 Fig. 83. Amitermes ( Amitermes ) excellens Silvestri. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head; c soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, mandibles. to work its way very successfully into the temperate regions, the southern United States and northern Africa being well represented in number of species. Only one species of this group was found in British Guiana. This species was recently described by Silvestri (1923). * Amitermes ( Amitermes ) excellens Silvestri. Hamitermes excellens Silvestri (1923), p. 309 (imago, soldier, worker), pi. XII (imago, soldier). (Fig. 83) Imago. — Head brownish black, oval, thickly covered with short hair and a few long bristles. Fontanelle large, conspicuous, yellow, pointed in front. Antennae light brown, with 15 segments, the 3d shorter than the 2d or 4th. Eyes of medium size, rather prominent, not very close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli of medium size, about their own length removed from the eyes. Labrum yellowish brown. Postclypeus brown, very long, conspicuously arched, with median line. Pronotum brownish black, a light curved mark near the anterior border; rather wide, wider than the head without the eyes, sides depressed, posterior margin somewhat emarginate. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely emarginate. Wings dark smoky, media and outer portion of the cubitus indistinct, a light streak between the media and cubitus near the base. Abdominal tergites dark brown. Measurements. — Length with wings 11.50-13.50 mm. Length without wings 7.50- 8.50 mm. Length of head. . 1.60- 1.71 mm. Width of head. . 1.40- 1.43 mm. Length of antennae 1.71- 1.73 mm. 432 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Measurements. — Diameter of eye .37 mm. Length of pronotum 73- .75 mm. Width of pronotum 4 1.25- 1.27 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.50 mm. Length of anterior wing 9.86 mm. Width of anterior wing 2.78 mm. Soldier. — Head yellow, with a few sparsely scattered long bristles; \y2 times as long as broad, sides rounded. Antennae yellow, with 14-15 segments. r f Labrum rounded at the tip. Mandibles strong, similar to each other, each with a small tooth near the base, ends strongly curved and pointed. Gland opening near the front. Clypeus with a median line. Pronotum yellow, sparsely covered with bristles; anterior lobe large and raised, anterior margin of lobe rounded. Abdomen the color of the intestinal contents; tergites covered with bristles and short hair. M easurements. — Total length 5.00-7.00 mm. Length of head 3.06-3.10 mm. Width of head 1.65-1.70 mm. Length of antennae 2.14-2.17 mm. Width of pronotum 86- .90 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.18-1.37 mm. Length of left mandible 1.18-1.27 mm. Type locality. — British Guiana: Kartabo. Range.— Known only from British Guiana. Localities. — British Guiana: Kartabo, Potaro. The description is based upon many winged imagos and soldiers collected from four different colonies by the author at Kartabo. The imago described by Silvestri came from the same colony as the imagos described in this report. Genus Mirotermes Wasmann This genus has been divided into several subgenera and genera by various authors recently and I, myself, believe that many of the groups deserve generic rank. However, no one has treated the genus as a whole since Holmgren (1912) and I am convinced that it will cause less confusion to follow his general plan until further careful study has been made of the group as a whole. In the wide sense, the genus may be divided into thirteen groups including the new subgenera described in this report. These groups, which I am calling sub- genera for the present, are as follows: Euchilotermes includes one species and two varieties from Africa; Cubitermes includes thirty-five species only recorded from Africa; Procubitermes includes twelve species from Africa; Basidentitermes includes eight species from Africa; Orthotermes includes a single species from Africa; Ceratotermes includes a single species from Africa; Protocapritermes includes a single species from Australia; Tuberculitermes includes a single species 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 433 Fig. 84. Mirotermes ( Crepititermes ) verruculosus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, imago, mandibles; d, soldier, dorsal view of head; e, soldier, mandibles. from Africa; Promirotermes includes four species from Africa; and Mirotermes, s. str., Spinitermes, Crepititermes, and Cavitermes which will be discussed below. Altogether I have 106 species in my catalogue for thd entire genus, distributed widely. All the subgenera with the exception of Mirotermes, s. str., however, are each confined to one region in their distribution. Subgenus Crepititermes, subgen. nov. This diminutive termite does not fit into any of the existing groups of the genus, so I have given it a new name. The soldier is quite distinct from all the other groups of the genus Mirotermes in that it has a flat forehead. With this exception, I believe it comes closest to the subgenus Mirotermes, s. str. The mandibles are adapted for snapping and have the same form as in Mirotermes, s. str. Mirotermes (Crepititermes) verruculosus, sp. nov. (Fig. 84) Imago. — Head brown, widely oval, covered with short hair and bristles; thick in proportion to the length. Fontanelle a little darker than the rest of the head, inconspicuous. Left mandible with 2 large teeth, one sharply pointed, the other rounded; right mandible with only 1 pointed tooth. The 3d segment of the antennae very short, much shorter than the 4th, the 4th shorter than the 2d. Eyes of medium size, not very prominent, fairly close to the lower margin 434 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Ocelli of medium size, not prominent, about their own diameter removed from the eyes. Postclypeus brown, median line faint. Pronotum proportionately very long, about % as long as wide; anterior margin straight; posterior margin rounded, forming a continuous curve with the sides. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota with small deep notches, sides strongly converging, angles sharp. Wings smoky; a light line between the media and cubitus in the basal half. Front legs with 3 apical spines on the tibiae, one of which is rather difficult to see; 2 apical spines on. the tibiae of all the other legs. Abdominal tergites brown. Abdomen of queen covered with small warty spots. Measurements. — Length with wings 6.75- 7.00 mm. Length without wings 4.30- 4.40 mm. Length of head 72- .83 mm. Width of head 61- .67 mm. Diameter of eye .22 mm Length of pronotum 43- .44 mm. Width of pronotum 51- .57 mm. Length of hind tibia 70- .73 mm. Length of anterior wing 5.25- 5.51 mm. Width of anterior wing 1.32- 1.35 mm. Length of queen 21.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 4.00 mm. Soldier. — Head pale yellow, covered with short hairs; long, subrectangular, sides nearly parallel, converging sharply in front of the base of the antennae. Antennae paler than the head, with 13 segments, reaching a little beyond the mandibles. Labrum with 2 points, about ] 4 the length of the mandibles. Mandibles brown, slender, extreme end sharply curved, base broad with a tooth on the inner edge which is more conspicuous on the left mandible than on the right mandible. Pronotum paler than the head, saddle-shaped, with a few bristles on the margins. Abdomen the color of the contents of the intestines. Tergites and sternites covered with very short hairs. Measurements. — Total length 3.50-3.80 mm. Length of head with mandibles 1.72-2.07 mm. Width of head 62- .73 mm. Length of antennae 1.20-1.30 mm. Width of pronotum. .40 mm. Length of hind tibia 52-^ .60 mm. Length of left mandible 95-1.03 mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 435 Fig. 85. Mirotermes ( Mirotermes ) nigritus (Silvestri). a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum: b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, lateral view of head. Mirotermes ( Mirotermes ) hispaniolae Banks, d, soldier, lateral view of head. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Queen. Morphotype. — Soldier. The description is based upon two queens, many winged imagos and numerous soldiers collected by the author from six different colonies at Kartabo. The species is named after the peculiar warty appearance of the body of the queen, which is covered with minute slightly pigmented spots. Subgenus Mirotermes, s. str. Holmgren This subgenus includes thirty species with the new species described in this report. It has the widest distribution of any of the subgenera of Miro- termes, s. lat. and is found in all the warmer parts of the world. Eight species are reported from Australia and New Guinea, eight species from Africa and Madagascar, six species from the Oriental region and eight species from the Neotropical region. Four species were found in British Guiana belonging to this subgenus of which two seem to be new. Mirotermes ( Mirotermes ) nigritus (Silvestri). Capritermes saltans, subsp. nigritus Silvestri (1901), p. 5 (imago). Mirotermes saltans, subsp. nigritus Silvestri (1903), p. 68 (imago), text- fig. 16 (wings), p. 128 (biology). Termes ( Eutermes ) saltans, subsp. nigritus Desneux (1904c), p. 45 (synony- my). Mirotermes ( Mirotermes ) nigritus Holmgren (1912), p. 106, text-fig. 75, (mandibles of imago). (Fig. 85 a, b, c ) Imago. — Head dark brown, oval. Fontanelle slit-shaped, rather small. Antennae with 15 segments, the 2d longer than the the 2d equal to the 4th. 436 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Eyes of medium size, not prominent, not very close to the lower margin. Ocelli about their width or a little more removed from the eyes; small. Postclypeus a little lighter than the head, median line present but faint. Pronotum a little lighter than the head, sides rounded, forming a nearly even curve with the posterior margin. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota deeply emarginate, nearly always forming an angle a little more than a right angle. Wings dark smoky, veins distinct. Abdominal tergites nearly as dark as the pronotum. Measurements. — Length with wings 8.50- 9.00 mm. Length without wings 5.00- 5.50 mm. Length of head 1.07- 1.10 mm. Width of head 83- .90 mm. Length of antennae 1.66 mm. Diameter of eye ,25 mm. Length of pronotum .50 mm. Width of pronotum 71- .80 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.13- 1.17 mm. Length of anterior wing 6.56- 7.26 mm. Width of anterior wing 1.86- 2.16 mm. Length of queen 21.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 4.00 mm. Comparison with other species.-— I can find no good difference to separate the imagos of M. nigritus and M. hispaniolae with the possible exception of the slight differences in measurement. Soldier. — Head dark yellow, sides straight and parallel, front a little wider than behind, sparsely covered with long bristles. Antennae with 14 segments, the 2d equal to the 3d, the 4th slightly shorter. Labrum not as deeply notched as in M. hispaniolae. Nose rather short, not reaching the tip of the labrum, but a little more sharply pointed than in M. hispaniolae. Pronotum pale, anterior margin not emarginate. Legs pale. Abdominal tergites covered with hairs which are 1/r-1/a as long as the marginal bristles. Abdomen the color of the intestinal contents. Measurements. — Total length 5.50-6.20 mm. Length of head to tip of nose 1.35-1.70 mm. Width of head 77-1.00 mm. Length of antennae 2.23 mm. Width of pronotum .63 mm. Length of hind tibia 1 83- .87 mm. Length of left mandible 1.67 mm. Comparison with other species. — Close to M. hispaniolae, but differs by being smaller, nose sharper, and pilosity of the abdomen different. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 437 Remarks. — I am not absolutely sure that my determination of this species is correct. The dentation of the imago mandible seems to agree with Holm- gren’s (1912, p. 106) figure and the description given by Silvestri agrees fairly well as far as it goes. Type locality. — Coxipo (Cuyaba), Brazil. New locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Paraguay, Brazil, British Guiana. The description is based upon many winged imagos, kings, queens, and soldiers collected by the author from 10 different colonies at Kartabo. Mirotermes ( Mirotermes ) hispaniolae Banks. Mirotermes hispaniolae Banks (1918), p. 662 (imago). Mirotermes hispaniolae Banks (1919), p. 481 (soldier), pi. 1, figs. 2, 3 (soldier) . (Fig. 85 d) Imago. — Head dark brown, oval. Fontanelle slit-shaped and rather small. Antennae with the 2d segment a little longer than the 4th but not so thick, the 3d segment shorter than the 4th. Eyes of medium size, not prominent and not very close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli small, about their width or a little more removed from the eyes. Postclypeus a little lighter than the head, median line present but faint. Pronotum nearly as dark as the head, sides rounded, hind margin with a very slight indication of an emargination, anterior angles rather sharp. Posterior margin of the mesonotum forming an angle which is much more than a right angle while that of the metanotum is about a right angle or a little more. Abdominal tergites about the same color as the pronotum. Measurements. — Length of head * 1.20- 1.27 mm. Width of head 96- 1.03 mm. Diameter of eye .27 mm. Length of pronotum .57 mm. Width of pronotum .90- .93 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.00- 1.03 mm. Length of queen 13.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 3.00 mm. Comparison with other species. — Very close to M. nigritus, but slightly larger. Soldier. — Head dark yellow, sparsely covered with long bristles; sides straight and parallel, hind margin somewhat rounded, head not wider in front than behind. Antennae with 14 segments, the 3d longer than the 2d, the 2d equal to the 4th. Labrum deeply notched at the tip, points sharp. 438 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 86. Mirotermes ( Mirotermes ) acutinasus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, lateral view of head. Mandibles typical type, long and slender. Nose rather short, not nearly reaching as far as the tip of the labrum, tip usually but not always a little upturned. Pronotum pale, anterior margin not emarginate. Legs pale. Abdominal tergites with rather long hair which is only a little shorter than the marginal bristles. Abdomen the color of the intestinal contents. Measurements. — Total length 6.50-7.00 mm. Length of head 3.80 mm. Length of head to tip of nose 1.54-1.70 mm. Width of head .1.09-1.16 mm. Length of antennae 2.40 mm. Width of pronotum .73 mm. Length of hind tibia 97-1.00 mm. Length of left mandible 2.15 mm. Comparison with other species. — M. saltans and M. nigritus have a pro- portionately longer nose, shorter mandibles, and are smaller. Remarks. — This species seems to coincide with the description given by Banks, and specimens determined by Banks agree, except that the soldier is smaller. Type locality. — Panama. New localities. — British Guiana: Kartabo, Georgetown; Trinidad, Port of Spain. 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 439 Range.-— Haiti, Cuba, Panama, Trinidad, British Guiana. The description is based upon a single king and queen and numerous soldiers collected by the author from three different colonies at Kartabo. Soldiers collected from a single colony at Georgetown and soldiers collected from a single colony in Trinidad agree with the Kartabo specimens. Mirotermes (Mirotermes) acutinasus, sp. nov. (Fig. 86) Imago. — Head dark brown, oval. Fontanelle slit-shaped, conspicuous. Antennae with the 3d segment small, the 2d equal to the 4th. Eyes proportionately large and fairly close to the lower margin. Ocelli decidedly less than their width from the eyes. Postclypeus lighter than the head, median line faint. Pronotum lighter than the head, sides and posterior margins rounded. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota emarginate. Abdominal tergites the same color as the pronotum. M easurements. — Length of head. .1.17 mm. Width of head 1.03 mm. Diameter of eye .36 mm. Length of pronotum 60 mm. Width of pronotum .90 mm. Length of hind tibia .1.13 mm. Comparison with other species. — Quite close to M. saltans Silvestri (1903). However, the dentation of the mandibles as figured by Holmgren (1912, p. 106) is quite different, and the eye of M. saltans is smaller, measuring only .28 mm. in diameter. Very close to M. nigritus, but the ocelli are conspicuously less than their width from the eyes and M. acutinasus is also a little larger than M. nigritus . Soldier. — Head dark yellow, sparsely covered with bristles; sides straight and parallel; wider in front than behind. Antennae with 14 segments, the 2d longer than the-3d, the 3d equal to the 4th. Labrum somewhat notched at the tip. Mandibles typical. Nose sharp and long, extending well beyond the base of the antennae. Pronotum pale, not emarginate on the anterior border. Legs pale. Abdomen the color of the intestinal contents. Tergites covered with hair about 3^2 the length of the bristles. Measurements.— Total length 6.00-6.50 mm. Length of head to tip of nose 1.90 mm. Width of head .97 mm. Length of antennae 2.10 mm. Width of pronotum .63 mm. 440 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 M easurements. — Length of hind tibia .93 mm. Length of left mandible 1.96 mm. Comparison with other species. — Differs from M. nigritus and M. hispaniolae in having a longer, sharper nose which extends much beyond the base of the antennae. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype.— King. Morphotype. — Soldier. The description is based upon one king, two queens, and many soldiers collected from 2 different colonies by the author at Kartabo. Mirotermes (Mirotermes) inquilinus, sp. nov. (Fig. 87) Imago. — Head dark brown, widely egg-shaped, covered with very small hairs, no long bristles present. Fontanelle slit-shaped, about as long or a little longer than the ocelli. 2 inconspicuous muscle insertions in front of the ocelli. Antennae with 15 segments, the 3d very short, sometimes just separating from the 4th. Eyes of medium size, prominent, about 34 their diameter from the lower margin. Ocelli small, about 34 their length removed from the eyes. Postclypeus lighter than the head, long and arched, about as long as 34 its width, median line present. Pronotum dark brown, sometimes slightly wider than the head, sides straight and depressed, posterior margin rounded. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota emarginate. Wings dark smoky, veins distinct, media usually unbranched. Abdominal tergites dark brown. Measurements. — Length with wings .... Length without wings . . Length of head Width of head Length of antennae . . . . Diameter of eye Length of pronotum . . . Width of pronotum . . . . Length of hind tibia . . . Length of anterior wing Width of anterior wing . 13.00-14.00 mm. 6.20- 8.50 mm. 1.50- 1.70 mm. 1.46- 1.60 mm. 1.70- 2.03 mm. .38 mm. .90 mm. 1.54- 1.55 mm. 1.37 mm. 10.16-10.63 mm. 2.58- 2.70 mm. Comparison with other species. — M. fur Silvestri has 17 segments in the antennae. M. microcerus Silvestri is' a little smaller. Ifav Soldier. — Head yellow, front and nose slightly darker; covered with a few 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 441 Fig. 87. Mirotermes ( Mirotermes ) inquilinus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago; lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head ; d, soldier, lateral view of head. very small bristles and microscopical hairs; subrectangular, sides and posterior margin slightly curved. Antennae yellow, with 14 segments. Mandibles black, much longer than the head. Nose hairy, profile with pointed end. Thorax pale. Pronotum with very short hairs and bristles, anterior margin very slightly emarginate. Legs pale. Abdomen pale, tergites with very short hairs and bristles. Measurements. — Total length 7.00-8.00 mm. Length of head 3.80-4.00 mm. Length of head without mandibles 2.07-2.10 mm. Width of head 1.30-1.45 mm. Length of antennae 2.67 mm. Width of pronotum .97 mm. Length of hind tibia 95- .97 mm. Length of left mandible 2.41-2.54 mm. Comparison with other species. — M. fur Silvestri is much larger. M. micro - cerus Silvestri has shorter mandibles. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype.— Winged imago. 442 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Morphotype. — Soldier. The description is based upon numerous winged imagos, several kings and queens, and many soldiers collected by the author from six different colonies at Kartabo. This species has a peculiar habit of always living in the nest of Nasutitermes ( Constridotermes ) cavifrons (Holmgren). The name of the species was suggested by this habit, the details of which will follow in a later paper. Subgenus Cavitermes, subgen. nov. The soldier of this remarkable species differs so much in the shape of the head lrom species belonging to the other subgenera of Mirotermes that it seemed to me best to include it in a new subgenus. Cavitermes seems to be nearest to Mirotermes, s. str. than to any other subgenus but it differs from the typical Mirotermes, s. str. in the ridges along the forehead of the soldier and the hollowed front which suggested the name. The mandibles of the soldier are similar in shape and adaptation to those of Mirotermes, s. str. Mirotermes (Cavitermes) tuberosus, sp. nov. (Fig. 88) Imago. — Head dark brown, oval, covered with short hairs and a few longer bristles. Fontanelle small and inconspicuous. Antennae with 15 segments (entire on one of the queens), the 3d very small, the 4th a little shorter than the 2d. Eyes rather small and not prominent, not very close to the lower margin of the head. Ocelli rather small, long, less than their width from the eyes. Postclypeus nearly as dark as the head, about as long as 3^2 its width; median line present but faint. Pronotum dark brown, proportionately short and wide, sides rounded, converging toward the rear, anterior angles rather sharp, posterior margin very slightly or not emarginate. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely concave. Abdominal tergites as dark as the pronotum. M easurements. — Length of head . .1.23 mm. Width of head 1.03 mm. Length of antennae 1.66 mm. Diameter of eye 28 mm. Length of pronotum 50 mm. Width of pronotum 98 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.23 mm. Length of queen 8.00 mm. Width of abdomen of queen 2.00 mm. Soldier. — Head dark yellow, roughly rectangular from above, widening abruptly, however, at the posterior end, posterior margin rounded; a distinct 1925] Emerson : Termites of Kartabo 443 Fig. 88. Mirotermes ( Cavitermes ) tuberosus, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, lateral view of head. tubercle on each side of the head on the vertex; profile with a remarkably deep depression in the middle; head prolonged in front into a 3-pointed sharp pro- jection, the tip sharp and upturned in profile; front hollowed out, a distinct projection on each side of the clypeus. Antennae same color as the head, with 14 segments, the 2d longer than the 3d, the 3d equal to the 4th, the 5th more than two times the length of the 4th. Labrum 2-pointed, anterior margin slightly concave, sides converging toward the rear. Mandibles similar to those of Mirotermes, s. str., modified for snapping; a short blunt tooth near the base followed by an upturned comparatively long tooth. Pronotum pale, anterior margin evenly rounded. Legs pale. Abdomen the color of the intestinal contents, tergites covered with hair. M easurements. — ■ Total length 5.00-6.00 mm. Length of head with mandibles 3.43 mm. Length of head to tip of nose. 1.67-1.77 mm. Width of head 1.10-1.17 mm. Length of antennae. 2.20 mm. Width of pronotum 63- .67 mm. Length of hind tibia .87 mm. Length of left mandible 1.93 mm. Type locality.— Barakara (Bartica District), British Guiana. Other localities. — Cow Island (Bartica District), British Guiana; St. Joseph, Trinidad. Range. — British Guiana, Trinidad. Holotype. — Soldier. Morphotype. — Queen. The description is based upon one queen and many soldiers collected from a single colony at Barakara, one king and queen and numerous soldiers collected from a single colony at Cow Island, and 2 soldiers collected from a single colony 444 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 89. Mirotermes ( Spinitermes ) trispinosus (Hagen), a, soldier, dorsal view of head; b, soldier, mandibles. in Trinidad by the author. The species is named after the few tubercles on the top of the head and on either side of the clypeus. Subgenus Spinitermes Wasmann This subgenus includes four species all of which are found only in South America. The single species found in British Guiana I have referred to one of these four species. They are difficult to distinguish apart, however, and my determination may be wrong. Mirotermes ( Spinitermes ) trispinosus (Bates). Termes trispinosus Bates in Hagen (1858), p. 211. Termes trispinosus Hagen (1858), p. 210 (soldier), pi. 1, fig. 11 (soldier). Termes trispinosus Hagen (1858a), p. 29 (imago). Termes ( Spinitermes ) trispinosus Wasmann (1897), p. 152. (?) Spinitermes trispinosus Silvestri (1901), p. 6. (?) Spinitermes trispinosus Silvestri (1903), p. 71 (soldier, worker), p. 129 (biology), pi. 3, fig. 230 (soldier). Termes ( Eutermes ) trispinosus Desneux (1904c), p. 46 (synonymy). Mirotermes ( Spinitermes ) trispinosus Holmgren (1912), p. 109. (Fig. 89) Soldier. — Head yellow, front darker; clothed with a few short bristles; subrectangular, sides straight and parallel, posterior margin rounded. Antennae with 14 segments, slightly darker than the head. Labrum slightly darker than the head, wide, 2-pointed. Mandibles black, slightly curved, smooth except for the teeth at the base. Nose in some cases turned up at the tip; hairy; with 3 points, the 2 side projections smaller than the middle one. Thorax pale. Pronotum with the anterior margin rounded. Legs pale. Abdominal tergites pale, covered with short hair and a few bristles. Measurements. — Total length 5.00-7.00 mm. Length of head 2.75-3.00 mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 445 Measurements. — Length of head without mandibles 1.86-2.12 mm. Width of head 1.03-1.26 mm. Length of antennae 1.50-1.90 mm. Width of pronotum .68 mm. Length of hind tibia .97 mm. Length of left mandible 1.51 mm. Comparison with other species. — This species does not seem to correspond to the species described under Spinitermes trispinosus by Silvestri (1903). His species has a wider head and the two side projections of the frontal process are proportionately larger. M. gracilis Holmgren has a shorter frontal process and the labrum tip is concave without a convex center portion. I am unable to find any good character to separate M. nigrostomus Holmgren and M. trispinosus in the descriptions of these species and I believe they are the same. Hagen’s type soldier in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge is very close to the specimens from British Guiana, the head being slightly broader and the mandibles slightly stouter. I believe, however, that they are the same species. A soldier determined by Silvestri of M. brevicornutus (Desneux) in the U. S. National Museum, has a broader head than M. trispinosus from Kartabo. Type locality. — Santarem, Brazil. Eew locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Brazil, British Guiana. The description is based upon many specimens of soldiers collected from five different colonies by the author at Kartabo. Genus C apritermes Wasmann In the widest sense, this genus is composed of three groups of species which are close enough, however, to keep them in subgenera. They are distributed over all parts of the tropics.' Capritermes, s. str. includes twenty-three species distributed over Africa, Madagascar, Oriental region, German New Guinea, and Australia. Pericapritermes includes four species, all from the African continent. N eocapritermes is discussed below. Subgenus N eocapritermes Holmgren This subgenus includes eight species with the new species described in this report. All of these are found on the South American mainland with the ex- ception of Capritermes alienus von Rosen from Africa. Three species were found in British Guiana, one of which was recently described by Silvestri and the others proved to be new. ft Capritermes (N eocapritermes) bodkini Silvestri. Capritermes Bodkini Silvestri (1923), p. 312 (imago, nymph, soldier, worker), pi. XIII (soldier, nymph). Capritermes Bodkini var. modestior Silvestri (1923), p. 315 (imago, soldier, worker), pi. XIV (imago, soldier, worker). 446 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 90. Capritermes ( Neocapritermes ) bodkini Silvestri. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head. (Fig. 90) Imago. — Head rather light brown, widely oval, clothed with a few long bristles. Fontanelle a little darker than the head, large and round. Indistinct muscle insertions in front of the ocelli. 3d segment of the antennae shorter than the 4th, 4th shorter than the 2d, or 3d longer than the 2d, the 2d equal to the 4th. Eyes of medium size, prominent, about their diameter from the lower margin. Ocelli of medium size, about their own length from the eyes Postclypeus about the same color as the head, median line distinct. Pronotum about the same color as the head, with short hairs and bristles; rather wide, posterior margin deeply emarginate, angles and sides rounded. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely emarginate or with a rather small notch. Considerable variation is noticeable in this character. Abdominal tergites rather light brown. Measurements. — • Length of head .... Width of head Diameter of eye Length of pronotum Width of pronotum . Length of hind tibia 2.14-2.36 mm. 1.93-2.10 mm. .52- .53 mm. . . 86- .87 mm. 1.60-1.75 mm. 2.62-2.67 mm. Comparison with other species. — I am of the opinion that Silvestri’s varieties are only variations in size due to the age of the colony from which they were taken, and cannot be considered true varieties. I have what seem to be both 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 447 varieties from Kartabo from different colonies, one with a relatively undeveloped king and queen and rather small soldiers, the other colony large with large soldiers, no king and queen being found. Soldier. — Head yellow, sparsely covered with short bristles. Head widest behind, narrowing toward the front, a distinct line running from the back of the head to the gland opening. Antennae a little brownish, with 15-16 segments, the 2d, 3d, and 4th segments equal. Labrum thrust aside to fit the conformation of the mandibles, rounded at the tip. Mandibles asymmetrical, black, left mandible curved more than in C. angusticeps and less curved than in C. planiceps. Thorax yellow. Pronotum about 3^2 the width of the head, anterior margin emarginate. Legs yellow. Abdomen the color of the intestinal contents. Tergites with a few mar- ginal bristles. M easurements. — ■ Total length 9.00-12.10 mm. Length of head with mandibles 6.82- 7.26 mm. Width of head. 3.70- 3.73 mm. Length of antennae. 4.46 mm. Width of pronotum 1.40 mm. Length of hind tibia 2.71 mm. Length of left mandible. . 3.58 mm. Type locality. — British Guiana: Tumatumari (Potaro River). Other localities. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from British Guiana. The description is based upon a single king and queen, many dealated couples (some of which were found with a few diminutive workers and soldiers or eggs), and many soldiers. The soldiers were compared with specimens col- lected by G. E. Bodkin from Tumatumari and were found to agree. Capritermes (Neccapritermes) angusticeps, sp. nov. (Fig. 91) Imago. — Head brown, widely oval, sparsely clothed with a few long bristles. Fontanelle lighter than the head, much smaller than the ocelli. Antennae with 17 segments, 3d slightly smaller than the 4th, 4th much smaller than the 2d. Eye rather large, .10 mm. from the lower margin. Ocelli of medium size, less than their width from the eyes. Postclypeus lighter than the head, median line rather faint. Pronotum a little lighter than the head; clothed with short hairs and longer bristles; rather wide; posterior margin somewhat emarginate; angles and sides rounded. Posterior margin of mesonotum with a right-angled notch. Notch of the posterior margin of the metanotum more than a right angle. 448 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 91. Capritermes ( Neocapritcrmes ) angusticeps, sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head and pronotum; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, soldier, dorsal view of head; d, soldier, mandibles. Wings dark smoky; a light streak between the media and cubitus. Abdominal tergites the same color as the pronotum. Measurements. — • Length with wings .... Length without wings . . Length of head Width of head Length of antennae. . . . Diameter of eye Length of pronotum . . . Width of pronotum . . . . Length of hind tibia . . . Length of anterior wing Width of anterior wing . 16.00- 17.40 mm. 10.00- 11.00 mm. 1.83- 1.93 mm. 1.60- 1.67 mm. 2.83- 3.07 mm. .50- .57 mm. .93- .97 mm. 1.43- 1.53 mm. 1.73- 1.75 mm. 12.55-13.75 mm. 3.24- 3.40 mm. « Soldier. — Head yellow, front slightly darker than the rest, a dark line in the middle extending from the back of the head to the gland opening; sparsely clothed with bristles. Head long and narrow, sides nearly straight, posterior margin slightly rounded. Antennae slightly darker than the head, with 16 segments. Labrum thrust aside to fit the mandibles, the tip somewhat concave with 2 conspicuous lobes and a suggestion of a third lobe in the middle. Mandibles black, asymmetrical, large and powerful. Pronotum pale, sparsely clothed with bristles; about % the width of the head, anterior region forming a large lip and weakly emarginate. Abdomen pale, sparsely clothed with bristles. Measurements. — Total length 8.00-12.00 mm. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 449 M easurements. — Length of head with mandibles 5.90- 7.00 mm. Length of head without mandibles 3.86- 4.55 mm. Width of head 1.46- 1.92 mm. Length of antennae 3.00- 3.06 mm. Width of pronotum 1.10- 1.14 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.39- 1.49 mm. Length of left mandible 3.00- 3.32 mm. Comparison with other species.— This is not the species described by Sorensen under Termes orensis, as the labrum is 3-lobed in that species. Termes orensis has been referred to C. opacus. C. angusticeps does not agree (with Hagen’s (1858) description of Termes cingulatus, now referred to C. opacus, in that the pronotum is not conspicuously emarginate in front and the mandibles are not 3.50 mm. long. Termes lacus sancti Sorensen, also referred to C. opacus, seems to be the same as Hagen’s Termes cingulatus in both these respects. Both the forms described by Silvestri (1903) as C. opacus and C. opacus parvus have a 3-lobed labrum. Also C. villosus Holmgren has a 3-lobed labrum. C. talpa Holmgren seems fairly close, but the head is larger. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Other localities. — Dunoon, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from British Guiana. Holotype. — Soldier. The description is based upon many soldiers and imagos taken from eight different colonies at Kartabo by the author and several soldiers collected from a single colony at Dunoon by F. M. Gaige. Capritermes (Neocapritermes) planiceps, sp. nov. (Fig. 92) Soldier. — Head pale yellow, the front a little darker; covered with bristles of varying length; head very flat, sides fairly straight, converging slightly toward the front, posterior margin 3-lobed, the middle lobe smaller than those on the sides, which extend back as far as the middle of the prothorax, the middle lobe usually covered by the prothorax. Antennae yellow, with 14 segments. Labrum thrust aside to fit the mandibles. Mandibles extremely asymmetrical, the left strongly curved. Thorax pale yellow. Pronotum small, about l/3 the width of the head, anterior margin emarginate, distinct anterior lip present. Abdomen pale yellow. Tergites with long and short bristles. Measurements. — Total length 4.75-4.90 mm. Length of head (with mandibles) . . .2.35-2.53 mm. Width of head 1.35-1.37 mm. Length of antennae 1.90-1.92 mm. 450 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 92. Capritermes ( Neocapritermes ) planiceps, sp. nov. a, soldier, dorsal view of head; b, soldier, mandibles. M easurements. — Length of pronotum 30- .36 mm. Width of pronotum 50- .57 mm. Length of hind tibia 75- .83 mm. Length of left mandible 1.18-1.23 mm. Comparison with other species. — Unlike any other species of the genus in the shape of the head, particularly the flatness and the lobed posterior margin. Worker.-— Mandibles with the same dentation as that found in C. hodkini. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Known only from the type locality. Holotype. — Soldier. The description is based upon numerous soldiers collected from three different colonies by the author at Kartabo. These soldiers are so different from the known representatives of the genus that they may belong to a new subgenus. However, I can find no fundamental character in the soldier to differentiate it from the typical members of the sub- genus Neocapritermes, so I believe it best to place it in this subgenus, at least for the present. When the imago is found, it may be that characters may be found that will separate this species from the other groups. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 451 Fig. 93. Orthognathotermes macrocephalus (Holmgren), a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota; b, imago, lateral view of head; c, imago, mandibles; d, soldier, dorsal view of head; e, soldier; mandibles. Genus Orthognathotermes Holmgren This genus includes only three species, all from the Neotropical region. One other species, Mirotermes globicephalus Silvestri (1903), has been doubtfully placed in this genus by Holmgren (1912), but the differences are sufficient to include M. globicephalus in a new genus. Only one species of Orthognathotermes was found in British Guiana and that seems to answer the description of Orthognathotermes macrocephalus given by Holmgren (1906). Orthognathotermes macrocephalus (Holmgren). Mirotermes macrocephalus Holmgren (1906), p. 562 (soldier, worker), text-fig. T (soldier), text-fig. U (worker). Orthognathotermes macrocephalus Holmgren (1912), p. 119, 118, text-fig. 84 (mandible of nymph), text- fig. 85 (soldier). (Fig. 93) Imago. — Head rather dark brown, lighter around the base of the antennae; widely oval; hairy with a few long bristles. Fontanelle round, white, much smaller than the ocelli. 2 large muscle insertions in front of the ocelli but not conspicuous. Antennae with 17 segments, 2d segment a little longer than the 3d, the 3d equal to the 4th; 1st segment and end segments yellow, middle darker. Ocelli very large, less than 34 their length removed from the eyes. Eyes very large, very prominent and very close to the lower margin. Mandibles with the tips sharply pointed, the right with a prominent pointed tooth and a large projection near the base. Labrum yellow. Postclypeus yellow, contrasting strongly with the head, median line present. Pronotum brown, lighter than the head, some light marks near the anterior margin and in the middle; hairy with a few long bristles; sides rounded, posterior margin slightly emarginate. 452 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota widely concave, angles rather sharp. Wings smoky; costal border, radius and veins near the scale dark; media and cubitus indistinct near the apex; radius runs parallel to the costal border; media parallel to the cubitus, single or with 2-3 branches; cubitus with 10-11 branches. Tibiae of front legs with 3 apical spines, hind tibiae with 2 apical spines. Abdominal tergites light brown, hairy with a few long bristles. Sternites pale. Measurements. — Length with wings Length without wings . . Length of head Width of head Length of antennae . . . . Diameter of eye Length of pronotum . . . Width of pronotum . . . . Length of anterior wing Width of anterior wing . 12.00-14.00 mm. 7.00- 8.00 mm. 1.60- 1.75 mm. 1.40- 1.48 mm. 3.00- 3.17 mm. .47 mm. .64- .67 mm. 1.07- 1.17 mm. 9.86-10.00 mm. 3.17- 3.20 mm. Soldier. — Head yellow, front brownish; clothed with a few scattered short bristles; head subrectangular, widest behind, posterior margin somewhat rounded; 2 conspicuous raised lobes overhanging the base of the antennae. Antennae brownish, with 15 segments, the 3d smaller than the 2d or 4th. Labrum weakly 3-lobed. Mandibles brownish black, long and strong, similar to each other; tips curved, a small tooth about 2/6 of the length from the base, the mandibles bent at this point; strongly convex from the side. Thorax pale. Pronotum hairy, raised anterior region large, the front margin emarginate. Legs pale, 3 apical spines on the front tibiae, 2 on all the other tibiae. Abdomen pale; tergites hairy. Measurements. — Total length 8.00-9.00 mm. Length of head to tip of labrum 3.00-3.32 mm. Length of head with mandibles 5.03-5.07 mm. Width of head 1.90-1.92 mm. Length of antennae 2.27-2.57 mm. Width of pronotum 1.07-1.25 mm. Length of hind tibia ,1.49-1.57 mm. Length of left mandible 2.36-2.53 mm. Comparison with other species. — 0. orthognathus Silvestri has longer man- dibles and larger head. The difference between the species is not great, how- ever. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 453 Type locality. — Mojos (Prov. Caupolican), Bolivia. New locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Range. — Bolivia, British Guiana. The description is based upon numerous winged imagos and soldiers col- lected from four colonies at Kartabo by the author. Genus Microcerotermes Silvestri This genus now includes forty-two species from all the warm parts of the globe. Sixteen species are known from the Ethiopian region, Madagascar and the adjoining islands; ten species are known from the Oriental region; nine species are recorded from the Australian region, including German New Guinea and the Samoan Islands; three species are reported from the Palearctic region; and four species, including the new species described below, are recorded from the New World. Microcerotermes arboreus, sp. nov. (Fig. 94) Imago. — Head very dark blackish brown, covered with rather long hair; oval; muscle insertions not conspicuous. Fontanelle smaller than the ocelli, sometimes rather inconspicuous. Antennae with 14 segments, the 3d very short, the 4th somewhat shorter than the 2d. Eyes rather small, fairly prominent, about 1/3 their diameter from the lower margin. Ocelli small, more than their diameter from the eyes. Postclypeus somewhat lighter than the head with a faint median line; about as long as Yi its width. Pronotum the same color as the postclypeus, slightly lighter than the head; sides fairly straight, posterior margin slightly emarginate; posterior angles rounded. Posterior margins of the meso- and metanota rather widely emarginate. Upper part of the tibiae dark. Wings smoky. Abdominal tergites blackish brown. Measurements. — Length with wings . .8. .03- 9.00 mm. Length without wings 5 .50- 6.50 mm. Length of head ................. 1. .10- 1.20 mm. Width of head .................. .90- .97 mm. Length of antennae . .1. .38- 1.50 mm. Diameter of eye . . .27 mm. Length of pronotum .45- .47 mm. Width of pronotum .71- .73 mm. Length of hind tibia . .96- 1.00 mm. Length of anterior wing .6 .50- 7.43 mm. Width of anterior wing .......... 1 .89- 2.10 mm. Length of queen 20.00 mm. 454 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Fig. 94. Microcerotermes arboreus , sp. nov. a, imago, dorsal view of head, pronotum and margins of thoracal nota ; b, imago, lateral view of head ; c, soldier, dorsal view of head. Comparison with other species. — Seems to differ from M. bouvieri Desneux by the longer wings. Hagen’s (1858) description of T. debilis gives 15 segments in the antennae. This species may be synonymous with Banks’ description of Eutermes debilis, but Banks has confused two species in his figures, a Micro- cerotermes and a Leucotermes. M. exiguus Hagen is much smaller. M. strunckii (Sorensen) Silvestri is larger in nearly every measurement and the pronotum is conspicuously wider. Soldier . — Head yellow, sometimes brownish, front darker, a brown spot behind the base of the antennae; clothed with a few bristles and hairs scattered over the head; somewhat oval, widest in back of the antennae, sides fairly straight, converging somewhat toward the rear. Antennae with 13 segments, the 3d shorter than the 4th, the 4th shorter than the 2d. Labrum relatively long, tip pointed. Mandibles dark red brown, scimitar-shaped, the inner edges serrate. Pronotum with the front margin somewhat emarginate. Legs pale. Abdomen pale, tergites with short hairs and the posterior margin with a row of short erect bristles. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 455 Measurements. — Total length. .4.00-5.00 mm. Length of head 2.67-2.73 mm. Width of head 93- .97 mm. Length of antennae .1.45-1.50 mm. Width of pronotum. .58- .60 mm. Length of hind tibia 80- .83 mm. Length of left mandible 1.27 mm. Comparison with other species. — The figure of M. strunckii in Holmgren (1909), p. 88, shows the sides of the head straight. Type locality. — Kartabo, British Guiana. Other locality. — Trinidad. Holotype. — Winged imago. Morphotype. — Soldier. The description is based upon several winged imagos and many soldiers, kings, and queens taken from seven different colonies at Kartabo. Several kings, queens and soldiers collected from six different colonies at Trinidad by the author agree with the Kartabo specimens. BIBLIOGRAPHY Banks, N. 1901. Thysanura and Termitidae. Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition 1898-99. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. 3, pp. 541-546. 1906. Two New Termites. Entom. News, Vol. 17, pp. 336-337. 1907. A New Species of Termes. Entom. News, Vol. 18, pp. 392-393. 1918. The Termites of Panama and British Guiana. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 38, pp. 659-667. 1919. Antillean Isoptera. Bull. Mus. Comparative Zool., Vol. 62, pp. 475-489. Banks, N, and Snyder, T. E. 1920. A Revision of the Nearctic Termites with Notes on Biology and Geographic Distribution. U. S. National Mus. Bull. 108, pp. 1-228. Blanchard, E. 1840. Historie Nat. des Insectes. .Paris. 456 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 Bolivar. 1884. Neuropteros y Ortopteros del Viaje al Pacifico. Madrid, p. 3. Brues, C. T. 1923. Termitobracon, a Termitophilous Braconid from British Guiana, Zoologica, Vol. 3, No. 22, pp. 427-432. Buckley, S. B. 1863. Description of Two New Species of Termites from Texas. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., Vol. 1, pp. 212-215. Burmeister, H. 1839. Handbuch der Entomologie. Vol. 2, Part 1. Berlin. Chamberlin, R. V. 1923. On Four Termitophilous Millipedes from British Guiana. Zoo- logica, Vol. 3, No. 21, pp. 411-421. De Geer, C. 1778. Memoires pour servir a l’histoire des insects. Desneux, J. 1904. Notes termitologiques. Ann. Soc. entom. Belg. T. 48, pp. 146-151. 1904a. A propos de la phylogenie des Termitides. Ann. Soc. entom. Belg. T. 48, pp. 278-286. 1904b. Trois Termites nouveaux. Ann. Soc. entom. Belg. T. 48, pp. 286-289. 1904c. Isoptera. Genera Insectorum, P. Wytsman. Fasc. 25. Bruxelles. 1905. Varietes termitologiques. Ann. Soc. entom. Belg. T. 49, pp. 336-360. 1915. Isoptera. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys Longchamps, Fasc. 3, Part 3, pp. 1-10. Erichson, W. F. 1848. Insecten in Schomburk’s Riesen in British Guiana. Vol. 3, pp. 553-617. Leipzig. Fabricius, J. C. 1793. Ent. Syst., II. Folsom, J. W. 1923. Termitophilous Apterygota from British Guiana. Zoologica, Vol. 3, No. 19, pp. 383-402. Froggatt, W. W. 1895. Australian Termitidae. Part I. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, Vol. 10, ser. 2, pp. 415-438. 1896. Australian Termitidae. Part II. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, Vol. 11, ser. 2, pp. 510-552. 1897. Australian Termitidae. Part III. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, Vol. 12, ser. 2, pp. 721-758. Fuller, Claude. 1921. The Termites of South Africa. So. Afr. Jl. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, no. 1, pp. 14-52. Gay, C. 1851. Hist. fis. Polid. Chile, Vol. 6, p. 87. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 457 Hagen, H. A. 1853. Bericht d. Konigl. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin. 1855. Monographie der Termiten. Part 1. Linn. Ent., Vol. 10. pp. 1-144, 270-325. 1858. Monographie der Termiten. Part 2. Linn. Ent., Vol. 12, pp. 1-342. 1858a. Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Col- lection of the British Museum. Part I. Termitina. London. 1860. Monographie der Termiten. Part 3. Linn. Ent., Vol. 14, pp. 73-99. 1860a. Monographie der Termiten (Nachtrag). Linn. Ent., Vol. 14, pp. 100-128. 1861. Neuroptera of North America with List of South American Species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, pp. 1-7. 1862. Peters naturwissenschatliche Reise nach Mosambique. V. Neuro- roptera. Berlin. 1874. Report on the Pseudo-Neuroptera and Neuroptera Collected by Lieut. W. L. Carpenter in 1873 in Colorado. Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey of Territories for 1873, pp. 571-606. Haldeman, S. 1853. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 6, p. 365. Haviland, G. D. 1898. Observations on Termites with Descriptions of New Species. Journ. Linn. Soc., London, Vol. 26, pp. 358-442. Heer, O. 1849. Insectenfauna der Tertiargebilde. II., p. 35. Holmgren, Nils. 1906. Studien liber siidamerikanische Termiten. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Bd. 23, pp. 521-676. 1909. Termitenstudien. 1. Anatomische Untersuchungen. K. Svensk. Vet. -Akad. Handl. Bd. 44, No. 3. 1910. Versuch einer Monographie der amerikanischen Eutermes-Arten. Mitteil. aus dem Naturhist. Mus. Hamburgh. Bd. 27, pp. 171-, 325. 1910a. Das System der Termiten. Zool. Anz. Bd. 35, pp. 284-286. 1910b. Isoptera. The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905. Trans. Linn. Soc. London. Bd. 14, No. 8, ser. 2, Zoology, pp. 135-148. 1911. Termitenstudien. 2. Systematik der Termiten. Die Familien Mastotermitidae, Protermitidae, and Mesotermitidae. K. Svensk. Vet.- Akad. Handl. Bd. 46, No. 6, 88 pp. 1911a. Bemerkungen liber einige Termiten-Arten. Zool. Anz. Bd. 37, pp. 545-553. 1912. Termitenstudien. 3. Systematik der Termiten. Die Familie Metatermitidae. K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. Bd. 48, No. 4, 166 pp. 458 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 4 1913. Termitenstudien. 4. Versuch einer systematischen Monographic der Termiten der orientalischen Region. K. Svensk. Vet.- Akad. Handl. Bd. 50, No. 2, 276 pp. Jhering, H. v. 1887. Generationswechsel bei Termiten. Ent. Nachr. Vol. 13, pp. 1-4, 179-182. Kollar, V. 1837. Naturgeschichte der Schadlichen Insekten. Verhandl. Land- wirthsch. Gesellshaft in Wien. Vol. 5, new ser., p. 411. Latreille, P. A. 1805. Histoire naturelle. XIII. 1805a. Nouv. Dictionnaire d’Hist. Nat. XXII, p. 49, 59. 1811-33. In Humboldt, F. H. A. von and Bonpland, A. S. A. Voyage aux Regions Equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, Faix en 1799-1804. Insectes de L’Amerique Equinoxiale. Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie. Paris. Pt. II., Vol. 2, p. Ill, pi. 39, fig. 8 ( Termes marginipenne). Light, S. F. 1921. Notes on Philippine Termites I. Philippine Journ. Sci., Vol. XVIII, No. 3, pp. 243-257. 1921a. Notes on Philippine Termites II. Philippine Journ. Sci., Vol. XIX, No. 1, pp. 23-63. Linnaeus, C. 1757. System. Nat., ed. 10. Mann, Wm. M. 1923. New Genera and Species of Termitophilous Coleoptera from Northern South America. Zoologica, Vol. 3, No. 17, pp. 323- 366. McIndoo, N. E. 1923. Glandular Structure of the Abdominal Appendages of a Termite Guest ( Spirachtha ). Zoologica, Vol. 3, No. 18, pp. 367-381. Mjoberg, E. 1920. Isoptera. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg’s Swedish Scientific Ex- peditions to Australia 1910-1913. Ark. f. Zool. XII, No. 15, pp. 1-128. Morrison, Harold. 1923. On Three Apparently New Species of Termitaphis (Hem.-Het.). Zoologica, Vol. 3, No. 20, pp. 403-408. von Motschulsky. 1855. Etudes Entomologiques IV, p. 10. Muller, Fritz. 1873. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Termiten. Jen. Z. Nat. Vol. VII, pp. 333-358, 451-463. Perty, M. 1830. Delectus animalium articulatorum Braziliae. Monachiae. Rambur, P. 1842. Histoire Naturelle des Insects Neuropteres. Paris, pp. 300-309. 1925] Emerson: Termites of Kartabo 459 Retzius, A. I. 1783. Caroli De Geer genera et species insectorum. von Rosen, Kurt. 1912. Neue Termiten aus der zoologischen Staatssammlung in Mtinchen sowie einigen anderen Sammlungen. Zool. Anz. Bd. 39, pp. 221-232. SlLVESTRI, F. 1901. Nota preliminare sui Termitidi sud-americani. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. comp. Torino, Vol. 16, 8 pp. 1903. Contribuzione alia conoscenza dei Termiti e Termitofili dell, America meridionale. Redia, Vol. I, pp. 1-234. 1909. Isoptera. Fauna Sudwest-Austral. Bd. 2, pp. 279-314. 1914. Contribuzione alia conoscenza dei Termitidi e Termitofili dell, Africa occidentale. I. — Termitidi. Boll. Lab. Zool. gen. agrar. Portici. Vol. 9, pp. 1-146. 1923. Descriptiones termitum in Anglorum Guiana repertorum. Zoologica, Vol. 3, No. 16, pp. 307-321. Sjostedt, Yngve. 1900. Monographie der Termiten Afrikas. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. Bd. 34, No. 4, 236 pp. 1904. Monographie der Termiten Afrikas. Nachtrag. K. Svensk. Vet.- Akad. Handl. Bd. 38, No. 4, 120 pp. Snyder, T. E. 1920. Two New Termites from Arizona. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington. Vol. 22, p. 38. 1922. New Termites from Hawaii, Central and South America, and the Antilles. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 61, pp. 1-32. 1923. A New Glyptotermes from Porto Rico. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 25, No. 4, April, 1923. 1923a. Three New Termites from the Canal Zone, Panama. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 25, No. 5-6, May-June, 1923. Sorensen. W. 1884. Traek af nogle sydamerikaniske Insecters Biologi. Ent. Tidskr. Vol. 5, pp. 1-25. Walker, F. 1853. List of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. London, pp. 501-529. Wasmann, E. 1893. Einige neue Termiten aus Ceylon und Madagascar. Wien Ent. Zeit. Bd. 12, pp. 239-247. 1897. Termiten von Madagaskar und Ostafrika. Abh. Senck. enb. nat. Ges. Bd. 21, pp. 137-182. 1902. Termiten, Termitophilen und Myrmecophilen. Gesammelt auf Ceylon von Dr. W. Horn. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Bd. 17, pp. 99-164. Westwood, J. O. 1840. Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects. Vol. 2, pp. 5-17. London. ZOOLOGICA SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY DEPARTMENT OF TROPICAL RESEARCH KARTABO, BRITISH GUIANA VOLUME VI. NUMBER 5 Department of Tropical Research Contribution Number 194 ☆ THE ISOPODS OF KARTABO *' BARTICA DISTRICT, BRITISH GUIANA, Donal niuv By Willard G. Van Name PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK, NEW YORK July 29, 1925 2mu fork Hno logical S>nrtetg General Office: 101 Park Avenue, New York City ($fRrrrs President , Madison Grant; Vice-Presidents, Frank K. Sturgis; and Henry D. Whiton; Chairman, Executive Committee, Madison Grant; Treasurer , Cornelius R. Agnew. Hoard of Managers (Elaaa cf 1926 Henry Fairfield Osborn, Lispenard Stewart, Charles F. Dieterich, George F. Baker, Wm. Pierson Hamilton, Robert S. Brewster, Edward S. Harkness, William B. Osgood Field, Edwin Thorne, Percy A. Rockefeller, John E. Berwind, Irving K. Taylor (Sllaaa of 192r Madison Grant, Wm. White Niles, Frank K. Sturgis, Ogden Mills, Lewis R. Morris, Archer M. Huntington, George D. Pratt, Coleman Du Pont, Henry D. Whiton, Cornelius R. Agnew, Harrison Williams, Marshall Field GUaaa of 1920 Percy R. Pyne, George Bird Grinnell, Cleveland H. Dodge, Anthony R. Kuser, Mortimer L. Schiff, Frederic C. Walcott, George C. Clark, Jr., W. Redmond Cross, Henry Fairfield Osborn, Jr., Arthur A. Fowler, George Gordon Battle, Bayard Dommick ^rienttfir ^taff William T. Hornaday, Director of the Zoological Park; W. Reid Blair, Assistant Director ; Charles H. Townsend, Director of the Aquarium; Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator of Reptiles; William Beebe, Honorary Curator of Birds and Director of Department of Tropical Research; Lee S. Crandall, Curator of Birds; George S. Huntington, Prosector; H. C. Raven, Associate Prosector; Elwin R. Sanborn, Asst, to Sec’y. and Editor. iEdttnnal (Committee Madison Grant, Chairman; William T. Hornaday Charles H. Townsend William Beebe Elwin R. Sanborn, Sec’y. Zoologica, Vol. VI, No. 5. THE ISOPODS OF KARTABO1* * BARTICA DISTRICT, BRITISH GUIANA By Willard G. Van Name (Plates VII-XXVI incl.) The American Museum of Natural History has received from William Beebe, Director of the New York Zoological Society’s Tropical Research Station at Kartabo, British Guiana, a number of Crustacea of various groups collected in the course of the investiga- tion of the fauna of the immediate vicinity of the Station. The Isopoda collected, comprising fourteen species and several additional specimens so immature that their certain determination is difficult, are described in the .following pages. The collection is of special interest, as no less than six of them appear to be new to science, and because comparatively little has been recorded regarding the isopods of that part of South America, although it doubtless has a large re- presentation of both land and aquatic isopods. The following Isopoda are comprised in the collection: Suborder Chelifera Family TANAIDAE Nototanais beebei, sp. nov Suborder Flabellifera Family EXCORALLANIDAE *Excorallana berbicensis Boone, 1918. Family CYMOTHOIDAE Livoneca symmetrica, sp. nov. Livoneca guianensis, sp nov. Telotha henselii (von Martens), 1869. Suborder Epicaridea Family BOPYRIDAE Probopyrus bithynis Richardson, 1904. Suborder Oniscoidea Family ONISCIDAE Subfamily Eubelinae *Ethelum americanum (Dollfus), 1896. 1 Contribution from the Laboratory of the Department of Lower Invertebrates of the American Museum of Natural History, New York. * Contribution, Department Tropical Research No. 194. 461 462 Zoologica: N . Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 Subfamily Oniscinae Leptotrichus pittieri Pearse, 1921. *Circoniscus gaigei Pearse, 1917. *Philoscia nitida2 (Miers), 1877. Philoscia maculata 2 Budde-Lund, 1885. Philoscia demerarae sp. nov. Pentoniscus exilis, sp. nov. Family LIGYDIDAE Ligyda platycephala sp. nov. Those of the above that have already been recorded from any part of Guiana (including the British, Dutch and French possessions) are indicated by an asterisk. The entire list of Isopoda hitherto recorded from that region comprises, as far as I am aware, only the following twenty-two species, eleven ♦ of which have been definitely credited to British Guiana. (See “Bibliography” at end of this article.) The present article raises these numbers to thirty-two from the whole of Guiana and twenty-two from British Guiana. ISOPODS ALREADY RECORDED FROM GUIANA. Suborder Flabellifera Family EXCORALLANIDAE Excorallana berbicensis Boone, 1918. Excorallana berbicensis Boone, 1918, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LIV, p. 594 pi. XCII, fig. 1. Locality. — Rio Berbice, British Guiana. Represented also in the present collection from Kartabo. Family CYMOTHOIDAE Livoneca redmanni Leach, 1818. Livoneca redmanni + L. desmarestii Leach, 1818, Diet. Hist. Nat. XII, p. 352; Desmarest, 1825, Con. gen. Crust., p. 308; Milne-Edwards, 1840, Hist. Nat. Crust., Ill, p. 261; also in Cuvier, Regn. Anim. Ill, pi. LXVI, fi-gs. 3-3e, 4-4a. Livoneca redmanni Schioedte and Meinert (part), 1884, Nat. Tidsskr. (3) XIV, p. 353, pi. XIV, figs. 6-12; Richardson, 1900, Amer. Naturalist, XXXIV, p. 221; 1901, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, p. 531; 1905, Bull. 54, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 261, figs. 274, 275. Locality. — Guiana (Schioedte and Meinert); also West Indies and Brazil Suborder Oniscoidea Family ONISCIDAE Philoscia spinosa, Say, 1818. Philoscia spinosa Say, 1818, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, I, p. 2 Identification somewhat uncertain owing to the insufficient description. Plate A. British Guiana Tropical Research Station of the New York Zoological Society. Circle represents a radius of six miles. 463 464 Plate B. Area devoted to research at Kartabo. Drawing by John Tee-Van. 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 465 429; Pearse, 1917, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. XJniv. Michigan, No. 46, p. 7. For other references, see Richardson, 1905, p. 608, and Budde-Lund, 1885, p. 223. Locality. — ShVannah, Georgia (Say, 1818); Dunoon, British Guiana, “from wet rotten logs in clay jungle, and rotten wood on ground in the Labba Creek sandhills” (Pearse, 1917). Philoscia olfersii Brandt, 1833. Philoscia olfersii Brandt, 1883, Consp. Monogr. Crust. Onisc., p. 21; Budde-Lund, 1885, Crust. I sop. Terr., p. 212; Pearse, 1917, Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 46, p. 7. For other references see Budde-Lund, 1885. Locality. — Brazil (Brandt); Dunoon, British Guiana. “In wet rotten logs and under fallen leaves” (Pearse, 1917). Philoscia nitida (Miers), 1877. Philougria nitida Miers, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, ann. 1877, p. 670, pi. LXIX, figs. 3-3 b. Philoscia nitida Pearse, 1915, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LXIX, p. 542. Locality. — “Peru; Guiana. The specimens from Guiana generally appear rather more coarsely granulated” (Miers, 1877). Santa Marta region, Colom- bia (Pearse, 1915). “This was an abundant species in the forest from ‘La Rosa’ ” to the top of San Lorenzo [8000 feet]. It was usually found on the ground among leaves or under logs, but was also taken on tree trunks, in brooks and in bromeliads. At the top of San Lorenzo it was found in the ground under leaves and in a little brook that started there. Those taken at high altitudes are darker in color in alcohol” (Pearse, 1915). Specimens in the present collection from Kartabo appear to belong to this species. Porcellionides brunneus (Brandt), 1833. Procellio brunneus Brandt, 1833, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, VI, p. 176. Milne Edwards, 1840, Hist. Nat. Crust., Ill, p. 172. Stuxberg, 1875, Ofvers. k. svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., XXXII, No. 2, p. 43. Metoponorthus brunneus Budde-Lund, 1885, Crust. I sop. Terr., p. 171. Locality.— Demerara. Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt), 1833. ? Porcellio ( Porcellionides ) jelskii Miers, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc . London, 1877, p. 668, pi. LXVIII, figs. 3-3b. Porcellio ( Porcellionides ) flavovittatus Miers, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877, p. 669, pi. LXVIII, figs. 4-40. Metoponorthus pruinosus Budde-Lund, 1885, Crust. I sop. Terr., p. 169; Richardson, 1901, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, p. 569; 1905, Bull. 54, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 627, fig. 674. See Budde-Lund, 1885, and Richardson, 1905, for synonyms. Localities. — Cayenne (P. flavo-vittata Miers, 1877); Peru and Guiana (P. jelskii Miers, 1877). This species is of practically world-wide distribution. Porcellionides jelskii (Miers), 1877. Porcellio ( Porcellionides ) jelskii Miers, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877, p. 668, pi. LXVIII, figs. 3-3 b. Richardson (1905, p. 621) makes this a doubtful synonym of P. pruinosus (see above). 466 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 Porcellio cayennensis Miers, 1877. Porcellio cayennensis Miers, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877, p. 667, pi. LXYIII, figs. 2-2 b. Locality. — Cayenne. Lyprobius cristatus (Dollfus), 1889. Porcellio cristatus Dollfus, 1889, Notes Leyden Mus., XI, p. 91, pi. V, figs. 2-2 d. Lyprobius cristatus Budde-Lund, 1893, Ent. Meddel., ann. 1893, p. 127; Dollfus, 1892, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, LXII, p. 345. Locality. — Surinam (Dollfus); Caracas, Venezuela (Budde-Lund). Leptotrichus emarginatus Pearse, 1917. Leptotrichus emarginatus Pearse, 1917, Occ. Papers Zool. Mus. Univ. Michigan, No. 46, p. 5. Locality. — Dunoon, British Guiana. Taken under bark of trees, in axils of leaves three to ten feet from the ground, and also in loose sand (Pearse). Cubaris murina Brandt, 1833. Cubaris murina C. brunnea Brandt, 1833, Bull. See. Imp. Nat. Moscou, VI, p. 28. Armadillo murinus + A. brunneus Milne-Edwards, 1840, Hist. Nat. Crust., Ill, p. 179. Cubaris murinus + C. brunneus Stuxberg, 1875, Ofvers. k. svensk.Vetensk.- Ak. Forh. XXXII, No. 2, p. 44 (foot-note). Cubaiis affinis Miers, 1877 (non Dana, 1854), Proc. Zool., Soc. London, ann. 1877, p. 666, pi. LXVII, figs. 4-4 b. Armadillo murinus Budde-Lund, 1879, Prosp. I sop. Terr., p. 7; 1885, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 27; 1904, Rev. Crust. Isop. Terr., part III, p. 119. Cubans murina Richardson, 1901, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, p. 571; 1905, Bull. 54, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 645, figs. 687-689. See Budde-Lund, 1885, and Richardson, 1905, for other synonyms. Localities. — Demerara (Brandt, 1833); Cayenne (Miers, 1877). Widely distributed in the tropics. Cubaris gaigei Pearse, 1917. Cubaris gaigei Pearse, 1917, Occ. Papers Zool. Mus. Univ. Michigan, No. 46, p. 2, fig. 1. Locality. — Dunoon, British Guiana. In rotten logs and under dead leaves on the ground, and on trees under loose bark, among bromeliads, etc. (Pearse) Sphaeroniscus portoricensis Richardson, 1901. Sphaeroniscus portoricensis Richardson, 1901, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, p. 573, fig. 34; 1905, Bull. 54, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 662, figs. 703, 704. Pearse, 1917, Occ. Papers Zool. Mus. Univ. Michigan, No. 46, p. 3. Locality. — Dunoon, British Guiana, on sand hills and in an abandoned termite nest (Pearse); El Yunque, Porto Rico (Richardson). Circoniscus spinosus (Collinge), 1918. Paracubaris spinosus Collinge, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XXXIV, p. 61, pi. VI. Locality. — Mazakuri River, British Guiana, in decaying wood. Though made the type of a new genus ( Paracubaris ) by Collinge, this 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 467 species is apparently hardly separable generically from Circoniscus Pearse, 1917, to which I am accordingly referring it. Circoniscus gaigei Pearse, 1917. Circoniscus gaigei Pearse, 1917, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 46, p. 4, fig. 2. Locality. — Dunoon, British Guiana, in rotten logs, under bark of trees, etc. (Pearse). Represented also in the present collection from Kartabo. Eluma caelatum (Miers), 1877. Armadillidium caelatum Miers, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877, p . 665, pi. LXVII, figs. 3-3 b. Eluma purpurascens Budde-Lund, 1879, Pros. I sop. Terr., p. 6; 1885, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 48., Dollfus, 1896, C.-R. 3 me Congres. Int. Zool . Leyden, p. 357. Eluma caelatum Collinge, 1917, Check-list British Terr. Isop., p. 115; 1922, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XXXV, p. 105, pi. VIII. See Collinge, 1922, for synonyms and discussion. Locality. — Cayenne (Miers, 1877; Budde-Lund, 1885,; Dollfus, 1896). Also in Spain, Algeria, Madeira, etc. This species is the type of the genus Eluma, established for it by Budde-Lund (1885, p. 48). Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille), 1804. Armadillo vulgaris Miers, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877, p. 665. Armadillidium vulgare Budde-Lund, 1885, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 66; Richardson, 1905, Bull. 54, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 666, fig. 706. See Budde-Lunde, 1885, and Richardson, 1905, for synonyms. Locality. — Cayenne (Miers), 1877. This locality was given doubtfully by Miers, but does not seem unlikely, as the species is almost cosmopolitan. Ethelum americanum (Dollfus), 1895. Mesarmadillo americanus Dollfus, 1896, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896 pp. 397, 398. Ethelum americanum Pearse, 1917, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 46, p. 1. For other references see descriptive part of this paper. Locality. — St. Vincent, W. I. (Dollfus); Dunoon, British Guiana. On trees among bromeliad roots, vines, etc. (Pearse, 1917). Represented also in the present collection from Kartabo. Family LIGYDIDAE Ligyda exotica (Roux), 1828. Ligia exotica Roux, 1828, Crust. Medit., p. 3, pi. XIII, fig. 9; Richardson, 1902, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., XI, p. 306. Ligia baudiniana ? (non Milne-Edwards, 1840) Miers, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, ann. 1877, p. 670. Ligyda exotica Richardson, 1905, Bull. 54, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 676, figs. 716-718; Van Name, 1918, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLIII, p. 72, Jigs. 27-30. See Van Name, 1918, for synonyms. This species is found on the shores of most tropical regions of both hemi- 468 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 spheres. Richardson (1902) points out that the descriptions of the specimens from “Cayenne” doubtfully assigned by Miers, 1877, to L. baudiniana, agree somewhat better with the present species. In a later work (1905) however, she omits Cayenne from the localities given for L. exotica, though she credits L. baudiniana to that locality. It is likely that both species occur in Guiana. Ligyda baudiniana (Milne-Edwards), 1840. Ligia baudiniana Milne-Edwards, 1840, Hist. Nat. Crust., Ill, p. 155. Ligia gracilis Moore, 1902, Bull. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries, XX, pt. 2, p. 175, pi. XI, figs. 7-12. Ligyda baudiniana Richardson, 1905, Bull. 54, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 678, figs. 719-723. See Richardson, 1905, for synonyms. Locality. — Cayenne, Miers, 1877 (?); Richardson, 1905, See remarks under L. exotica. Ligyda cajennensis (Koch), 1847. Ligia cajennensis Koch, 1847, Syst. Myriapod., p. 212, pi. IX, fig. 102; Budde-Lund, 1885, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 271; Jackson, 1922, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1922, pp. 698, 701. Ligia cayennensis Stuxberg, 1875, Ofvers. k. svensk. Vetensk.-Ak. Forh., XXXII, No. 2, p. 43. Locality. — Cayenne. Of the fourteen species of isopods collected at Kartabo, six are aquatic and eight are terrestrial forms. Although the water of the rivers is entirely fresh at that point, the close relationship of the aquatic forms to marine species is worthy of note. Nototanais beebei fits fairly well into a genus of the sub- antarctic seas, several species having been described from that region of the world, of which N. dimorphus (Beddard), 1886, (syns. Paratanais d. Beddard 1886, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., XVII, p. 130, PI. XVII, figs. 1-8; Nototanais australis Richardson, Exped. Ant. Frang., 1903-1905, Isopodes, Mem. 2, p. 1 fig. 1; Nototanais d. Vanhoeffen, Deutsch. Siidpol. -Exped., XV, p. 470) seems to be the closest to N. beebei. It was originally collected by the Challenger Expedition off Kerguelen Island in rather deep water, and has been since found in other sub-antarctic localities. Excorallana and Livoneca are genera whose species are mainly marine; they are predaceous forms that attach themselves to fishes, which has no doubt contributed toward the extension into fresh water of certain of their species. Telotha is represented by two species in South American rivers, but is very closely related to, and perhaps derived from the same immediate ancestors as Cymothoa, widely distributed in the sea. This genus is likewise parasitic on fishes. The remaining aquatic genus, Probopyrus, is also unquestionably one of marine origin, some of its species being parasites on strictly marine species of shrimps. Moreover one of the terrestrial forms ( Ligyda ) belongs to a genus whose most familiar species are inhabitants of the sea coasts, living on wet rocks piles of wharves, etc. at the water’s edge, but in this case we may feel uncertain as to whether such littoral habits are not merely a recent acquirement of certain species. 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 469 DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES Suborder Chelifera Family TANAIDAE Nototanais beebei, sp. nov. (Plate VII, figs. 1-2) Five specimens of this species were collected; three of them are in a very poor condition for study, as they are rolled up in a small circle (the dorsal surface outside), the large chelae being extended out at right angles, showing a degree of mobility in these limbs which one would hardly expect from their compact articulation. The other two specimens are straightened out, or nearly so, and the following description and figures have been based chiefly on these two. All Plate VII. — 1-2, Nototanais beebei, sp. nov. X about 40. 470 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 the five specimens are apparently males, and we may expect the females to have smaller and simpler chelae and probably but three segments in the first an- tennae. Body elongate; the average width is contained six or seven times in the length. Back flattened, the segments being only slightly arched from side to side. All the segments are free and separately movable except the first thoracic segment, which is immovably united with the head. The specimens do not vary greatly in size; the largest do not much exceed 2 mm. in length. The alcoholic specimens are of the usual yellowish color. Head very elongate (over one-quarter of the total body length), its posterior end wide and rounded, and deeply set back into the first thoracic segment; its sides converge gradually toward the rather narrow front end, which is truncate and has a slight median projection. Eyes represented by two pigmented areas on the upper surface at the extreme front end of the head. First antennae stout, of five segments; the basal one being very long, the terminal one minute; second antennae smaller and shorter, also of five segments, the three first short, the fourth very long; the second segment bearing a spine or scale on the median side at its distal end. The upper surface of the head is fairly smooth and even except for an oval depression on the median line near the posterior border. The first thoracic segment is the widest part of the body and bears the enormous chelae which terminate in a long recurved scythe-like dactylus. The lower border of these chelae presents several teeth or projections, notably a long, triangular downwardly and distally directed one near the end of the pro- podus. Their superior border is evenly curved. In strong contrast to their flattened dorsal surfaces, the thoracic segments (especially toward the posterior end of the body) have their median ventral region produced downward into a keel-like projection. On the seventh segment this is long and more or less terete, and has an obliquely forward and downward direction. Except the first, the thoracic segments are of nearly uniform width, though varying greatly in length, the fifth, sixth and seventh being the longest; the abdominal segments are equally wide but all very short except the telson, which is broadly rounded behind. The thoracic legs are long, weak and slender; the first pair behind the chelae have the terminal claw much longer than the others, and the last three legs are somewhat stouter than those in front. The pleopoda are developed on all the five first segments of the abdomen. They are short, and bear an abundance of long swimming hairs. The uropoda each consist of a short basal segment which reaches a little beyond the telson and two terete branches, the inner of which is longer and stouter, though so far as I could demonstrate, they both consist of two segments. The collection comprises five specimens, (original collector’s number 22497), from Kartabo, British Guiana. These were all taken from the stomach of a six-inch cat-fish, Pimelodus clarias (Bloch). Its nearest ally seems to be N. dimorphus (Beddard), 1886, as noted in the introductory part of this article. The species is named for William Beebe, Director of the Tropical Research Station. 1925] 471 Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo Suborder Flabellifera Family EXCORALLANIDAE Excorallana berbicensis Boone, 1918. Excorallana berbicensis Boone, 1918, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LIY, p. 594’ pi. XCII, fig. 1. (Plate VIII, figs. 3-8 incl.) The collection contains two specimens, a female 7.8 mm. long and a male 6 mm. long, which I refer to this species. The original description was based on two specimens, apparently both females. The discovery of the male shows that it is a species very closely related to E. tricornis (Hansen), 1890, known from the West Indian region, and represented, according to Richardson, 1905, p. 141, by a subspecies ( occidentalis ) in the Gulf of California. From that species it is however at once distinguished by the absence of incisions in the sides of the tapering part of the telson, and in the female apparently also by the entirely smooth upper surface of the head. In the male the head bears an anterior median process or prominent tubercle, and a pair of somewhat smaller ones between the eyes as in E. tricornis, and the surface of the head within the tri- angle thus formed is depressed or concave. Body rather elongate, more so in the female, where the greatest width is contained over three times in the length, than in the male, where it is contained about two and three-quarters times. In the male specimen the first thoracic segment is considerably longer, and the fifth, sixth, and seventh considerably shorter than the rest; in the female not only are the individual thoracic segments, except the first, proportionately longer on the median line and narrower, but only the seventh is conspicuously shorter. The first three have the posterior lateral angles rounded off; the last four have them sharp and extended backward to an increasing degree as the rear end is approached. Articulation firm; body surface for the most part hard and smooth, except for a minute irregular pitting visible only on considerable magnification. The last two or three thoracic and the third and fourth abdominal segments bear a row of small tubercles near the posterior edge, also a few short backwardly directed hairs. The fifth abdominal segment bears four tubercles along the posterior border; the telson has two pairs of small ones on the anterior part (two near the middle and two near the bases of the uropoda). These tubercles, which are all small, are more conspicuous in the male specimen, though present in both sexes. Legs of the first three pairs stout and provided with prehensile claws. The merus of the first pair bears on its lower outer aspect a row of five blunt tubercles. On the succeeding pair there are four of these tubercles (the middle one of the row being wanting) ; on the third pair but three. This is the condition in both the male and female specimens. The fourth to seventh legs are elongate, slender and not prehensile. The head is narrow and rounded in front except for a small median process. The eyes are large with about eight horizontal rows of ocelli, with eight ocelli in the longest rows. The first antennae meet at the median line and form the extreme front outline of the head; they have ten articles in the flagellum, the first being very short and the second (in the female specimen, also the third) Plate VIII. — Excorallana berbicensis Boone, 1918; 3, and 4, male X 13.5; 5, ventral aspect of head of female X 19; 6 and 7, dorsal and lateral aspects of head of female X 14; 8, second abdominal appendage of male X 22. 472 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 473 article being somewhat elongated. They reach, when drawn back, a little way beyond the rear border of the head. The second antennae have the three basal joints short and the fourth and fifth long, the flagellum has eighteen to twenty articles of which the first is more elongated than the succeeding ones; they reach, when well drawn back, along the fourth thoracic segment to about its middle. They are a little slenderer in the female than in the male. The abdomen is wide; its first segment is practically covered by the seventh thoracic; the fifth has its lateral ends covered by the backwardly produced ends of the fourth. The second pleopoda of the male bear a slender blunt-ended styloid process longer than the foliaceous parts of the appendage. The ter- minal half of the telson and the branches of the uropoda, except the outer edge of the outer branch, are fringed with hairs. The inner branches are wide; the outer narrow, and both have the ends obliquely truncated. The two specimens described above are both inferior in size to Miss Boone’s type from the Rio Berbice, British Guiana, which measured 13 mm. by 4 mm. They were both collected at Kartabo, British Guiana, by William Beebe (collector’s number of male 221104, of female 22364). The male was taken from the gills and the female from the pectoral fin of different specimens of Lycengraulis grossideus (Cuvier). Family CYMOTHOIDAE Livoneca symmetrica, sp. nov. (Plate IX-X, figs. 9-14 incl.) The six adult specimens in the collection range from 20.6 to 17 mm. long. All but two are females with large marsupial plates forming a large well dis- tended marsupium. The two others, though lacking the marsupial plates, are quite similar to the rest in other respects and are apparently also females. The body surface is very slightly rough, pale yellowish in color, and bears minute scattered spots of blackish pigment. The head in a dorsal view is gently rounded in front and behind with straight sides converging toward the front. It is scarcely at all set back into the thorax, though the first segment of the latter is produced forward a little way into a small lobe of rounded-triangular shape at each of the forward corners. The eyes are rounded-oblong in outline, of fair size, and well pigmented. The front of the head is somewhat bent down over the bases of the antennae. The antennae of the two sides arise well apart. The first pair is the stoutest, and is eight- jointed. The second pair is more slender and a little longer and is nine-jointed. The form of the thoracic segments and their epimera are sufficiently shown in the figures here given. The legs are fairly long, but the thighs are not expanded or provided with a keel. The dactyli are strongly hooked and increase in length from the first to the sixth pair; those of the seventh pair are smaller even than those of the first. The abdomen is wide and slightly diminishes in width toward the rear. It is deeply set into the thorax, and the lateral ends of all its segments except the first (which, however, is of the full width), are bent backward and pointed. The telson is wide and strongly arched, and has the posterior outline slightly produced, forming an obtuse median angle. The 474 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 Plate IX. — Livoneca symmetrica, sp. nov.: 9 and 10, female X 4; 11, ventral aspect of of head same X 12. uropoda reach to or slightly beyond its end; the outer branch is slightly falcate, the inner is shorter and oval. Both are rounded at the end. <- A larval individual (fig. 12) from the marsupium of one of the adults is about 3.6 mm. long and differs much from the adult, not only in the proportion- ately larger and longer abdomen and telson, but in the very much greater length of the head, which is produced in triangular form anterior to the eyes to a re- markable extent. The upper parts bear more blackish pigmentation than the adults have; this is distributed chiefly in rather narrow median and lateral stripes (one on each side) and in thin, broken transverse lines on the thoracic and abdominal segments. The eyes are larger and more deeply pigmented than in the adult, and the antennae, though having the same number of seg- ments, are proportionately longer. The seventh pair of legs are not yet de- veloped and the corresponding thoracic segment is very short and small. The other legs are long and all have strong hooked dactyli, those of the anterior legs being the largest. The propodus of all the legs is somewhat widened and flat- tened, but is without spines; the dactyli are not denticulated. 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 475 Plate X. — Livoneca symmetrica, sp. nov. Young stages; 12, larval individual 3.6 mm. long from marsupium of adult; 13 and 14, young individual 8.5 mm. long. Schioedte and Meinert (1884) include in the genus Livoneca species (L. indica and L. sinuata ) having the propodus of the legs of the larva without spines as in this form; in most species of Livoneca, when the larva is known, the propodus bears a row of spines. I am inclined to suspect that this is a character upon which not only the species of Livoneca but those placed by the above authors in various allied genera might well be rearranged, but this must await a knowledge of the larval forms of more members of this group. The fact that information regarding this character is available in the case of so few species makes it seem premature to place this species elsewhere than in Livoneca, though it is far from being a typical example of that genus. The young individuals of this stage all bear a foetal character in the form of a definitely circumscribed circular swelling or raised area, whose surface is finely granular when dry, on the median part of the back. Its center is on the second thoracic segment, but it encroaches also on the first and third segments. Another foetal character is that the ventral region of the body is still distended by a considerable quantity of yolk. What I believe to be a slightly later stage of this same species is repre- sented by an individual about 4.2 mm. long, taken from a young cichlid fish ( Cichla ocellaris). The body is more flattened than in the stage just described, the yolk has disappeared and the seventh legs are present though not fully developed. In the specimen shown in figs. 13 and 14 and which is 8.5 mm. Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society 476 [VI; 5 long, representing, I believe, still another stage in the development of this species, the seventh legs are well developed. The specimens of thL species bear the following collector’s numbers and data: 221077 — Female with empty marsupium from the gills of Myloplus rubripennis, Sept. 4, 1922. Type. 22440 — Female with 28 large larvae in marsupium from Perai fish, Serrasalmo rhombeus Linnaeus, July 22, 1922. 2412 — Four adults (two with marsupium which in one case contained large larvae) from giant catfish or Lau-lau ( Br achy platy stoma sp.), March 4, 1924. 201529 — Two larvae like fig. 12, probably from the marsupium of an adult. 221007— Young individual, shown in figs. 13 and 14, from the scales of the cat- fish Hemidorus carinatus (Linnaeus). 24485 — Very young individual 4.2 mm. long taken from a young Lucananni fish, Cichla ocellaris Bloch and Schneider, May 4, 1924. Livoneca guianensis, sp. nov. (Plates XI-XII, figs. 15-18 inch) The two adult specimens that were collected are females 17.7 mm. and 26 mm. long respectively, each having a well developed marsupium which contains embryos in the smaller specimen. The body is of elongate obovate outline, slightly assymetrical, widest at the third thoracic segment, behind which it tapers in width regularly to the end of the thorax. The head is but little set back into the thorax except that the first segment of the latter is extended forward in a small round-triangular lobe at each anterior corner. The sides of the head converge forward; the front is obtusely triangular, with a small rounded-triangular median point or process. The abdomen is of almost uniform width, not much less than that of the end of the thorax, and is but little set forward into the latter. The body surface is smooth and highly polished, of the usual yellow color without pigment except a very few blackish dots distributed chiefly along the median dorsal line and near the rear borders of the segments. The upper surface of the head is convex and the anterior tip is considerably bent down. The eyes are small, rounded and situated on the sides of the head; they are well pigmented. The first antennae arise well apart. They are very short and stout, with eight joints, of which the second is considerably the longest, but not swollen. The joints are not compressed. The second antennae are slender and have but seven joints which are somewhat compressed. The first two are wide but very short, the others are so elongate that this pair of antennae slightly exceeds the first pair in length. The first segment of the thorax is wide and moderately long; the second and third (the latter the widest of all, as above stated) are short; the succeeding ones are all rather long. They have rather narrow but thick epimera, which except in the case of the seventh, fail by a greater or less interval to reach all the way along the lateral end of the segment. The legs are only moderately 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 477 Plate XI. — Livoneca guianensis, sp. nov.; 15 and 16, female X 4.6; 17, ventral aspect of head of same, X about 10. stout, but considerably compressed laterally, so that they appear much stouter in a side view. The dactyli are sharp and hooked, and vary comparatively little in length; those of the first pair are, however, the longest, although the last pair of legs exceeds the others in total length. The abdominal segments have the lateral ends obliquely truncated and the posterior corners rounded off. The telson is about as wide as the rest of the abdomen and about as long as it is wide. It narrows but little toward the rear end, which is rounded off, but bent down so as to appear almost truncated in a dorsal view of the animal. The uropoda are shorter than the telson. The outer branch is wide and somewhat obliquely truncated at the end; the inner branch is oval. The smaller of the two (the type and subject of the figures) was collected by William Beebe at Kartabo, British Guiana, July 7, 1920. The larger one (original number 201518) also from Kartabo, was taken from the gills of Leporinus fasciatus (Bloch). It differs little from the other except in size and in having the last thoracic segment somewhat shorter, the abdomen being more set back into it. A third individual, only 12 mm. long and not over 3.9 mm. wide at the third 478 [VI; 5 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society thoracic segment (thus proportionally narrower than the larger ones) is evi- dently immature. It was taken from the gills of a fish, Pimelodus clarias (Bloch), which had been eaten by a snakebird, June 3, 1924. (Collector’s number 24318). The collection contains also a small larval isopod (collector’s number 2412) having the seventh thoracic legs still undeveloped, which was taken from the Giant Catfish (Br achy platy stoma sp.) March 4, 1924. I give a figure (fig. 18) Plate XII. — 18, Larval isopod, 2.4 mm. long; possibly young of Livoneca guianensis, sp. nov. of this specimen here as possibly belonging to this species, but without com- mitting myself to that opinion. Embryos taken from the marsupium of the type of the species just described ( Livoneca guianensis), were in too early a stage to give evidence either for or against this view. The specimen is only 2.4 mm. long and of decidedly flattened form. The anterior end of the head bends down slightly in front of the antennae. The eyes are large and have about 30 ocelli. The first antennae arise well apart; they are stout and do not much more than reach the rear border of the head. They apparently have 8 segments; the second pair are somewhat longer and slenderer and have 9 or 10 segments. The six pairs of legs are rather long and all terminate in large curved dactyli which do not have their concave margins denticulated. The anterior edge of the propodus (the limb being laterally extended) bears a row of five or six short spines. This is true of all the legs. The propodus is moreover much widened and flattened, especially in the case of the first three pairs. The abdomen is somewhat narrower than the thorax, but not abruptly so. The telson has an outline approaching an equilateral triangle with the lateral borders convex; its anterior margin is raised or thickened. The branches of the uropoda do not exceed the telson, their outer branches are truncated obliquely; the inner branches are smaller and of ovate outline. Both branches are fringed with a few short stout hairs. Telotha henselii (von Martens), 1869. Cymothoa henselii v. Martens, 1869, Arch. Nalurg., XXXV, part 1, p. 33, pl- II, fig ■ 6. Telotha henselii Schioedte and Meinert, 1884, Naturh. Tidsskr. (3) XIV, p. 287, pl. X, figs. 11, 12; Richardson, 1904, Proc. U. S. Nat. Alus., XXVII, p. 23; Niewstrasz, 1915, Zool. Meded. Bijks. Mvs. Leyden, Ann. 1915, p. 95. (Plate XIII, figs. 19-23 incl.) The Kartabo collection contains nine specimens which appear to be refer- 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 479 Plate XIII. — Telotha henselii (von Martens) 1869; 19 to 21, female (16 mm. long) 3.8; 22, very old individual (26 mm. long) X 1.4; 23, young individual (6.6 mm. long) X 4*. able to this species; they are of various ages ranging from a very large and old individual 26 mm. long down to immature ones little over 6 mm. long; these, however, have already reached a stage differing comparatively little from the adult (fig. 23). The largest individual has no marsupium but is apparently a female. If so, there is no adult male in the collection, neither have other authors given a description of it. The older specimens have the body surface prac- tically devoid of any pigment (except in the eyes). Younger specimens have scattered, minute, blackish dots, chiefly near the lateral ends of the segments and along the anterior border of the telson, also a few along the median region of the back. The largest individual mentioned above, and shown in outline 480 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 in fig. 22, presents several small abnormalities, notably the exceptional length of the first and fourth thoracic segments (the second and third being unusually short), the tapering rather than oval outline of the anterior part of the body when seen in a dorsal view and the unusual length and more pointed outline of the anterior part of the head. The next largest individual, a female 16 mm. long by 10 mm. wide, having a well developed marsupium, has been chosen for the principal illustrations (figs. 19 to 21), as being a more typical specimen. The body is quite broadly oval, rather highly arched in old specimens, but s flatter in young ones. The head is wider than long and of triangular outline, rounded in front, its anterior margin is considerably bent downward. The eyes are oblong and fairly well pigmented; the first antennae, which arise a little distance apart, are stout, but little compressed in cross section, and have only eight segments (according to Schioedte and Meinert they have nine). The second antennae usually exceed the first pair a little in length, they are much slenderer and have nine segments. The head is not deeply set back into the thorax. The thoracic segments have the posterior border thickened and very prom- inent, in front of this the surface of the segment is more or less irregularly roughened and sculptured. The epimera are large and thick, especially in the middle region of the body, and are surmounted by large convex bosses on the lateral ends of the main portion of the segments. The legs are strong and of moderate length; their length increases toward the rear of the body. The dactyli are large and strongly hooked. The propodus of all the legs is curved, increasing the hook-like prehensile character of the limb; in the case of the three anterior legs that joint is somewhat flattened, though not rriuch widened. The thighs are not compressed; their external aspect (the inferior aspect when the legs are drawn together under the body) is flat- tened or even slightly concaved. There is never more than a very slightly prominent ridge or keel. The abdomen is rather narrow in front, moderately immersed in the thorax, and widens behind. The telson is very broad and has the posterior margin normally very gently curved, but in the individual shown in figs. 19 to 21, it is unevenly worn off, as are also some of the pleopoda, evidently by pressure and friction from some part of the host. The telson has the anterior margin thick- ened and the dorsal surface more or less arched or convex; in the older speci- mens there is a poorly defined median ridge or keel each side of which the surface is minutely pitted and roughened. The uropoda and their branches are small and short; in adults they do not reach much beyond the end of the telson. Of the nine specimens from Kartabo, six, including all the larger ones, were together in a container bearing the collector’s number 2412 and were taken from a giant catfish ( Br achy platy stoma sp.), native name Lau-lau, March 4th, 1924. Three small specimens have the collector’s number 24757 and were taken from another catfish, Pimelodus clarias (Bloch), May 28, 1924. The specimens of von Martens, five in number, were from the gills of a cichlid fish ( Geophagus sp.) taken at Porto Alegre, Rio Grande del Sul, Brazil, and were also examined by Schioedte and Meinert. They are in the collection of the Berlin Museum. The latter authors mention also four other specimens from “somewhere in Brazil.” 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 481 The differences in the outline of the individuals figured by von Martens and Schioedte and Meinert, as well as several small discrepancies between the figures of the latter and their descriptions, indicate that the specimens of these authors, just as in the case of those in the present collection, show considerable variations in many characters, and were I to regard the present specimens as constituting another species, it would be hard to find characters on which the distinction could be based. One of the most definite would seem to be their 8-jointed instead of 9-jointed first antennae, but I do not feel disposed to rely on this as a specific character, especially as some of the Kartabo specimens have their first antennae ending so bluntly that one might easily be led to as- sume that they had lost a segment at the tip. The notes on the Kartabo specimens do not state on what part of the fish they were found, but from the nearly complete absence of pigment they seem most likely to have lived in the gill cavity as was the case with von Marten’s examples. Suborder Epicaridea Family BOPYRIDAE Probopyrus bithynis Richardson, 1904. Probopyrus bithynis Richardson, 1904, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., XXVII, p. 68, figs. 47-51; 1905, Bull. No. 54, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 557, figs . 606-611; Pearse, 1911, Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci., XIII, pp. 108, 109; 1915, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus., XLIX, p. 550. (Plates XIV-XV, figs. 24-26 inch) A considerable series of specimens from Kartabo shows that this species is a common parasite of the shrimp Macrobrachium lamarrei (Milne-Edwards), 1837. It has been previously recorded by Richardson (1904, 1905) from New Plate XIV.— Probopyrus bithynis Richardson, 1904; 24, male, ventral aspect, X 28; 25, female, dorsal aspect. X 5. 482 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 Orleans, Louisiana, on M. ohionis (Smith), and Bluefields, Nicaragua, on M. acanthurum (Wiegmahn); by Pearse (1911, 1915) from the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico and from Santa Marta, Colombia, on M. olfersii, and has been so well described and figured by Richardson that its characters need not be considered in much detail here. The present specimens infest shrimps of from nearly 50 to somewhat over 80 mm. in length (inclusive of the rostrum). No infested examples were among the other specimens of this shrimp of lesser or greater length that were collected, indicating that there is a particular and somewhat limited age or size favorable for becoming parasitized. Except in one case the parasites are all adult; in almost all cases they have the marsupium well dis- tended with eggs, and usually one of the minute males may be found clinging to the ventral side of the abdomen of the female, between and partly covered by the pleopoda. The single exception is a small very poorly preserved and evidently immature parasite in the smallest of the infested shrimps, an in- dividual a little under 50 mm. long. The female parasite lies in the branchial chamber of the shrimp, with the head directed posteriorly and usually somewhat dorsally (relative to the host’s Plate XV. — 26, Probopyrus bithynis Richardson, 1904. Outlines of segments of four male individuals to show variation in size and form. X 16. body) and with the ventral aspect outward and the dorsal aspect, which is perfectly flat, against the gills of the host. The body of the female is asym- metrical to a varying but usually considerable degree; the convexity of the long axis is toward the ventral side of the host, and consequently toward the left if the parasite was borne in the left branchial chamber of the host and toward the right in the opposite case. No shrimps were found infested on both sides. The female is without eyes, and measures in greatest length 10 to 11 mm. in the case of the largest individuals, which are naturally to be found in the larger and presumably older shrimps. The marsupial plates, which are far too short to completely cover the immense mass of eggs that the animal bears, are more or less pigmented with conspicuous areas of blackish, pigment, some of which also occurs on the lateral parts of the segments of the shorter side of the body 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 483 on both ventral and dorsal sides of the thorax on the dorsal side, especially along the lines of articulation between these segments. The amount and intensity of the pigment is variable; it is usually quite conspicuous, even through the carapace of the host, which of course exhibits a large localized swelling over the location of the parasite. The head may or may not have the anterior lateral corners produced into more or less distinct lobes. Each of the pleopoda consists of a short basal portion bearing two broad leaf-like smooth-edged branches. There are five pairs, decreasing in size from the first to the fifth segment of the abdomen. Uropoda are wanting. The males vary in length from 1.7 mm. to about 3 mm., this difference being due in part to actual individual variation, but still more largely to the state of contraction of the body muscles, the body being very soft. This is clearly shown in the outlines of four individuals shown in Fig. 26, which also brings out the fact that the degree of constriction between segments is largely a matter of the degree of contraction and cannot be relied on as a specific character. The body of the male is of oblong outline, moderately arched, with the thoracic segments all distinct and the abdominal segments all fused into a somewhat semicircular flattened mass with eleven rounded lobes around the margin. Ten of these represent the lateral ends of the abdominal segments; the median one, which may be longer or shorter than the adjacent lobes and is usually more or less emarginate or partially cleft into two, represents the telson. The head is rather short and wide and bears two minute pigment sfcots (some- times not discernible) representing eyes. The mouth parts form a projecting mass on 'the lower side of the head, the two pairs of antennae are short and composed of a short, swollen basal part and a slightly longer abruptly narrower portion, on the extreme tip of which there are, on the first pair only, one or two very minute articles, but owing to the soft character of the structures and the indistinctness of the articulations the number of joints was not satisfactorily determined. The thoracic legs are all well developed and bear small but sharp and strongly hooked dactyli; the pleopoda are represented by five pairs of small rounded lobes or projections. No uropoda are present. Twenty-nine parasitized shrimps of the above species were collected, each bearing a female to which a male is usually attached. (Original numbers 20903, 201532 and 201556, the last is dated 3-9-1919). P. floridensis Richardson, 1904, p. 70, figs. 52-55; 1905, p. 555, figs. 602- 605, from the St. John’s River, and Miami, Florida, parasitic on Palaemonetes exilipes, is an allied species though apparently distinguishable by the some- what rounded ends of the abdominal segments in the female, those of P. bithynis being squarely cut off. Another evidently closely related form is P. pandalicola (Packard), 1879 (see Richardson, 1905, p. 554, figs. 599-601) recorded from various points on the American coast from New Hampshire to Florida and Mississippi, parasitic on Palaemonetes vulgaris (Say) or allied species. This appears to be distinguished from P. bithynis chiefly by having the posterior prolongations of the first pair of marsupial plates distinctly hooked, and the lobes representing the fifth abdominal segment fused with the median one representing the telson. P. panamensis Richardson, 1912 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLII, p. 523, figs. 5-8) from the Canal Zone, Panama, parasitic in Macrobrachium acanthurum, 484 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 is still another closely allied form, distinguished by having the telson of the female notched (which, however, is often the case in the present species), and by having only the two last abdominal segments of the male fused into a dis- tinctly separated piece. Suborder Oniscoidea Family ONISCIDAE Subfamily Eubelinae Ethelum americanum (Dollfus), 1896. Mesarmadillo americanus Dollfus, 1896, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, ann. 1896, pp. 397-398, Richardson, 1901, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus., XXIIT, p. 573. Ethelum americanum Budde-Lund, 1899, Rev. Crust. Isopod. Terrest., p. 24; 1899, Enfomol. Meddel, (2) I, Pt. 2, p. 90; Richardson, 1905, Bull. 54, U. S. Nat. Mus. p. 589, figs. 649, 650 (copied from Budde- Lund and Dollfus respectively); Pearse, 1917, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 46, p. 1. (Plate XVI, figs. 27-36 inch) I have little hesitation in referring the three small specimens listed below to the present species in spite of two or three discrepancies. The largest female would measure, if straightened out, a trifle over 6 mm. long, the only male specimen scarcely 5 mm. long. The color is grayish brown above, with small light yellowish markings, the uropoda reddish yellow, and the legs and under parts yellowish. The description given by Dollfus and quoted in Richardson (1905) is ex- cellent for a brief diagnosis, but its shortness makes the mention of some other details desirable. The body is convex, and not very wide, with nearly vertical epimera except on the abdomen, where they bend or flare outward a little. Surface smooth except for a slight individual convexity of each segment, and a slight, scabrous pubescence; pubescence is more pronounced on the antennae and limbs. As shown in Dollfus’ figure the epistome is continuous with the forehead in the middle, but ends in a small rounded slightly projecting lobe under each eye, separated from the forehead by an impressed line or groove. A branch of this groove (not shown in Dollfus’ figure) runs up on the forehead a little way, along the inner side of the eye. Ocelli about 13 in the smaller specimens, the largest female has a few more. The first thoracic segment has a slightly projecting lateral border which is wide (especially toward the front) in a lateral view and is separated from the body of the segment by a very deep furrow that curves sharply upward as the head is approached. It does not reach all the way to the posterior end of the segment. The posterior corner has a short V-shaped cleft to receive the second segment when the body rolls up. This cleft has the outer side (forming the posterior lateral angle of the segment) obliquely truncated; the inner side, which is very slightly longer, is sharply rounded off. The lateral ends of all the thoracic segments are somewhat rounded, the second, third and fourth more than those behind them. All the thoracic segments have the rear corners pro- duced backward a little, but to a less extent as the posterior end is approached. Plate XVI. — Ethelum americanum (Dollfus) 1896; 27, female x 13; 28, maxilliped X 52; 29, second maxilla X 52; 30, outer and inner divisions of first maxilla X 52; 31 tip of inner division of first maxilla X 52; 32, front of head X 16; 33, rear end of body x 18; 34, ventral aspect of anterior segments and antenna X 18 ; 35, ventral aspect of rear end of body of female X 13; 36, same of male X 11.5. 485 486 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 The legs are slender but fairly long, with only moderately developed spines. The basal segments of the uropoda are thick and convex, standing out more than the telson. The external branches are small and of tapering form, and are inserted in a deep notch in the extreme end of the basal segments. The chief discrepancies between the above described specimens and previous descriptions are that I find no coxopodite process on the second thoracic segment, which merely has the anterior edge of the epimeral part thickened as though by an infolding of the edge (the third segment also shows this to a less degree); that the inner branch of the first maxilla bears five instead of four plumose tufts (verified on both right and left sides); and that the inner branches of the uropoda are longer than described, reaching nearly or quite to the end of the telson. I do not feel justified in assuming that the present specimens are a new species because of differences so small and so likely to be explainable by the difficulties of exact observation in the case of such a small form. These specimens were collected by William Beebe at Kartabo under dead wood at the edge of the jungle, September 22, 1922. (Collector’s number 221115). It has also been recorded from Dunoon, British Guiana, on trees among bromeliads, vines, etc., by Pearse, 1917. The species was described by Dollfus from St. Vincent, W. I. Subfamily Onxscinae Leptotrichus pittieri Pearse, 1921. Leplotrichus pittieri Pearse, 1921, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LIX, p. 460, fig. 1 (Plate XVII, figs. 37-42 inch) I feel little hesitation in referring the specimens here illustrated to this species, which was briefly described by Pearse, in spite of two small discrepancies that his figures show, the antero-lateral lobes of the head being somewhat more prominent and angular and the telson a little narrower in his figures than I find them to be in the Kartabo examples. The body is rather broad and, as seen from above, of ovate outline, the head wide and short and set back nearly half its length into the thorax, and the abdomen rather small and tapering. It is of rather delicate structure, the seg- ments and limbs being loosely articulated and the length to width ratio of the body varies very greatly with the degree of contraction of the muscles con- necting the segments. The specimens in the collection range from about 3 mm. to 4.2 mm. long, the variation being due more to different conditions of con- traction than to size. The specimen illustrated in figs. 37 and 38 has them considerably contracted and the segments drawn well together. It is possible that the females are somewhat wider-bodied than the males, but this is difficult to determine certainly in the varied states of contraction of the preserved specimens. The color is light yellowish or yellowish white, the body being unpigmented. The most characteristic feature of the species is the one first mentioned in Pearse’s short description and illustrated in one of his figures. This is the modi- fication of the hairs or setae covering the body into minute, short, thick, often 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 487 Plate XVII. — Leplotrichus pittieri Pearse, 1921; 37 and 38, female X 16; 39, modified setae on dorsal surface X 60; 40, seventh leg X 32; 41, tip, of maxilliped X 94; 42, lower side of abdomen of male, X 21. distinctly club-shaped or capitate processes of a soft, flexible consistency (fig. 39). On the antennae, legs, pleopoda, etc., however, the setae retain their original hair-like character and intermediate conditions between ordinary hairs and the club-shaped structures may be observed on various parts of the body. On the back these modified setae are arranged in fairly regular transverse rows, some thirty or more in a row in the wide parts of the body, and three rows on most of the thoracic segments, though there are four on the lateral parts of the second segment and more numerous rows on the first segment and head. The abdomen has one row on the first and second, two on the third, fourth and fifth segments. When these structures are rubbed off, which easily happens, the body is left quite smooth. The antennae are rather short and have the flagellum with two distinct articles, the first one rather short. The second article exhibits, however, a more or less noticeable joint a little beyond its middle, but this is apparently so firmly consolidated as to be immovable. Apparently we have in this species a form in which the flagellum, originally 488 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 composed of three articles, is becoming reduced to a two-segmented condition by the fusion of the two terminal articles. The eyes are very poorly developed and inconspicuous. The first thoracic segment is the longest, the seventh the shortest. All except the first have the posterior angle extended back to a successively in- creasing extent. This angle is well rounded off in the first four thoracic seg- ments, and not actually sharp in any of them. The third to fifth abdominal segments have the corresponding angles sharp and also well extended back. The legs are of moderate length, stout and well provided with spines and hairs. Sexual differences in them were not noted. The telson is triangular, with slightly concave sides; the external branches of the uropoda are stout at the base, tapering rapidly to a point, and are of more or less terete section. The inner branches are somewhat shorter, as well as being inserted on the basal joint at a point farther forward, and are compressed so as to appear narrow in a dorsal but rather wide in a lateral view. Three specimens were obtained at Kartabo from dead wood (Collector’s number 22349). Another was obtained by sifting, and still another is without data. Their unpigmented body and rudimentary eyes show adaptation to a burrowing life. Pearse described the species from a specimen found under a log at Maracay, Lake Valencia, Venezuela. He does not indicate that he had more than one specimen. Circoniscus gaigei Pearse, 1917. Circoniscus gaigei Pearse, 1917, Occ. Papers Zool. Mus. Umv. Michigan, No. 46, p. 4, fig. 2. (Plate XVIII, figs. 43-51 inch) The largest specimen of this species in the Kartabo collection is a male which, if it could be straightened out might measure nearly 16 mm. long; the largest female would probably measure about 13 mm. The ground color of the upper parts of the alcoholic specimens varies from rather d-ark grayish brown to pale brown with a grayish tinge. There are numerous very small somewhat irregular yellowish markings on the forehead and lateral parts of the back; the lower parts, limbs and antennae are unpigmented and of a uniform yellow color. Two of the females have marsupial plates but are not carrying young. The plates are rather small and do not overlap much along the median line. Body highly arched, and fairly broad in spite of the lateral ends of the segments extending down almost vertically. An exception to this statement is that the first thoracic has the front part of the border narrowly rolled outward and that the ends of the third, fourth and fifth abdominal segments bend or flare outward a little. Articulation firm and compact. In a dorsal view the front of the body (including the front of the head) is rounded in a broader curve than the posterior end. Body surface very smooth and even. No tuberculation. The surface is very thickly dotted with minute, scabrous punctae bearing very minute short hairs. On the antennae, legs, etc., there is a coarser and more conspicuous pubescence. Legs rather weak and slender, with rather weak but moderately numerous spines. 43 ♦ Plate XVIII. — Circoniscus gaigei Pearse, 1917; 43, female X 6.5; 44, ventral aspect of anterior segments X 8; 45, rear end of body x 8; 46, tip, of outer division of first maxilla X 40; 47, maxilliped X 28; 48, second maxilla x 28; 49, inner and outer divisions of first maxilla X 28; 50, front of head and first thoracic segment X 6; 51, tip of right mandible X 35. 489 490 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 Head rather narrow, forehead low, upper edge of the epistome arched, forming a projecting upturned border distinct all the way across the head. First antennae minute, composed of three segments, the second the shortest; the terminal one much more slender than the others. Second antennae short and small, conspicuously and stiffly pubescent, the flagellum of two very small short articles which together are less than one-third the length of the last seg- ment of the peduncle and of much smaller diameter than the latter. The terminal article bears a rather large, movable terminal bristle. The mouth parts form a very prominently projecting mass. Mandible with a row of four small tufts of hairs (“penicilli”) on the inner aspect distal to the large brush- like tuft. Eyes rather small, ocelli fairly numerous, apparently at least twenty- five in the largest specimens but not all well defined or well pigmented. First segment of the thorax rather large and wide, the anterior part of its lateral border narrowly rolled outward to form a rather thin projecting border. This diminishes toward the rear and disappears a little way from the rear corner where the rear part of the lateral face of the segment extends down vertically into a small semicircular lobe that forms the posterior lateral corner of the segment. In a ventral view it can be seen that this lobe forms the outer and longer side of a very small V-shaped notch for the reception of the second segment when the body is tightly rolled up. The inner side of the notch is very short and much thicker. The border of the segment is not sulcated. The inner side of the lateral part of the second segment has the anterior edge thick- ened, but no process is developed on this or on any succeeding segment. Lateral ends of second, third and fourth thoracic segments narrow and sharply rounded; the fifth is rounded on a larger curve, and the sixth and seventh more squarely cut off. The abdominal segments, including the large basal segments of the uropoda, are squarely truncated. Telson triangular, with curved sides and a slightly rounded apex which does not quite reach the end of the body, the tips of the two inner branches extending a little beyond its apex. The outer branches are very small and short and inserted in notches in the extreme inner posterior corners of the basal segments, thus coming close against the terminal parts of the inner branches. Three of the specimens from Kartabo are without collector’s notes, the- other two were found as follows: Collector’s number 22349 from dead wood July 5, 1922. 22448 from a dead stump July 23, 1922. Pearse (1917) described this species from specimens from Dunoon, British Guiana, where it was collected in rotten logs, under loose bark of trees, and also in dry sand. He established for it the new genus Circoniscus, resembling the Old World genus Synarmadillo Dollfus, in many characters. One of its dis- tinctions from Synarmadillo is in its possessing a row of four small tufts of hairs (“penicilli” in the terminology of Budde-Lund) on the inner aspect of each mandible distal to the large brushlike tuft, instead of only a single one, a char- acter that Budde-Lund considered of considerable weight in the classification of this subfamily. As noted by Pearse, the new genus appears to be related to Sphaero7iiscus Gerstaecker, 1881, and to Spher armadillo Richardson, 1907, 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 491 from Guatemala (see Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, p. 447), but these have the second antenna with a flagellum of three articles. Haplarmadillo Dollfus, from St. Vincent, W. I., (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, ann. 1896, p. 400), is apparently also allied; this, however, has the flagellum of the second antenna, though rather long, composed of but one article. Paracubaris Collinge, 1918, also established for a British Guiana species, P. spinosus, does not appear sufficiently distinct, and his species should probably be placed in Circoniscus with the present one. Philoscia nitida (Miers), 1877. Philougria nitida Miers, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, ann. 1877, p. 670, pi. LXIX, fig. 3. Philoscia nitida Budde-Lund, 1885, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 222; 1893, Entom. Mcddel., ann. 1893, p. 122 (mentioned for comparison); 1906, Voeltzkow, Reise in Ostafrika, II, p. 289; Pearse, 1915, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLIX, pp. 532, 534, 542. (Plates XIX-XX, figs. 52-59 inch) General outline of body elliptical, in a dorsal view rather wide (width often exceeding .4 of the length of body and head) ; the back well arched; the head and abdomen very small. Body surface very smooth and shining, though bearing a few scattered setose hairs. These are more numerous on the antennae, pleopoda, and a few other parts. Lateral ends of thoracic segments with- a very narrow slightly thickened border, but this is not conspicuous. Plate XIX.- — 52-53, Philoscia nitida (Miers), 1877. Female X 7. 492 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 Coloration rather conspicuous; in addition to the usual irregular light markings on the dorso-lateral regions and on the head, the purplish brown ground color of the back is variegated by a darker stripe on each side in the region of the bases of the thoracic epimera; in this stripe there is on each segment a large, conspicuous, more or less irregularly oblong light (unpigmented) spot; there is also a median series of light spots which in some individuals lie in a darker median stripe. On the thoracic epimera the purplish pigment fades out so that the thorax seems to be bordered by a broad, somewhat lighter stripe outside the dark lateral stripe in which the large spots lie. Abdomen and telson mostly purplish brown, though median lighter spots are present and the pro- jecting angles of the segments are not pigmented. The external branches of the uropoda are dark but crossed by a broad light band at the middle. The largest specimens from Kartabo do not much exceed 9 mm. in length, but the collections of the American Museum contain females up to 11.5 mm. and males up to 11.2 mm. in length from other British Guiana localities. Head small and narrow, not very deeply set back into the thorax. Seen from above, its front outline is smoothly convex without a suggestion of lobes. Seen from one side or in front, the forehead slopes down to form a prominent though somewhat rounded-off horizontal border extending across between the eyes, below which the head is abruptly much contracted. The mouth parts form a downwardly and somewhat forwardly projecting mass of smaller pro- portionate size than in many other members of the genus. Eyes obliquely oval with 16 to 19 ocelli. Second antennae of considerable length but quite slender, especially the last joint of the peduncle and the flagellum, which bears a long terminal bristle. Their length is subject to much individual variation. When strongly drawn back, the tip of the terminal bristle can reach nearly or quite to the abdomen in some individuals, in others hardly more than to the fifth segment of the thorax. The first of the three articles of the flagellum somewhat exceeds in length either of the other two, that nearly equal each other. This is exclusive of the terminal bristle which may itself exceed half the flagellum in length. The latter is but about two-thirds or less of the length of the last joint of the peduncle. The thoracic segments all have the posterior lateral angles extended back- ward and in an increasing degree from only very slightly in the first to very greatly in the sixth; in the seventh a little less than in the sixth. These angles are a little rounded off in segments I and II, but usually not so much in segment III; the extreme tip is either acute or very slightly rounded in IV; the posterior segments have the angles acute. The legs have only moderately well developed spines. The three anterior pairs of legs are rather short and weak, legs IV to VI are successively longer, while the seventh pair are considerably longer and stouter than any othe others, so that we may credit the animal with probably having some power of jumping. The claws of the dactyli are small, especially in the posterior legs. The legs are similar in the two sexes. The abdominal segments 3 to 5 have the posterior lateral angles extended into narrow, sharp points directed straight backward. The telson is wider than long, of some- what triangular outline with the sides very slightly sinuously or concavely curved and a not very sharp though slightly acuminate tip. The basal joints of the uropoda are rather long, exceeding the tip of the telson, and are conspic- 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 493 uously furrowed on their external aspect. Their external branch is quite long and sharply tapering or subulate, little flattened, though slightly furrowed on the external aspect. The inner branches are quite slender, somewhat com- pressed from side to side and scarcely reach half way along the outer ones. They are inserted considerably forward of the end of the basal joint. The collection contains five specimens. The one figured (a female) and a male specimen bear the collector’s number 201146 and were found in dead wood. Another female (collector’s number 24833) was found under the bark of a dead tree, while a male and a female are without collector’s notes. Plate XX. — Philoscia nitida (Miers), 1877; 54, ventral aspect of abdomen of male X 5; 55 and 56, tip of outer division of first maxilla of two individuals x 75 and 62 re- spectively; 57, front of head X 12; 58 and 59, first and seventh legs x 10. I refer these specimens to Miers’ P. nitida with much hesitation, their cor- respondence with the insufficient descriptions and figures that have been published, being none too satisfactory. The types or at least original specimens of Miers were examined in the Warsaw Musum by Budde-Lund and are pre- sumably still to be seen there, so that the latter author cannot have made any mistake in identification. They came from “Peru and Guiana,” according to Miers. He says “the specimens from Guiana generally appear rather more coarsely granulated,” while Budde-Lund says of the species, “nitidissima, glabra, vix vel minutissime et sparsissime punctata.” The Kartabo specimens would be better described as extremely smooth; only under high magnification does the surface exhibit a very minute, even granulation suggesting very fine sandpaper, and too fine to interfere with the glossy appearance of the animal when seen without much magnification or with none at all. Budde-Lund (1906, p. 289) makes P. nitida the type of a subgenus Hesca which he does not define, but which he says shows affinity to Sphaeroniscus. 494 Zoological N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 Pearse, 1915, who gives no description or figure, records Philoscia nitida as an abundant species in the Santa Marta, Colombia region from La Rosa (altitude low) to the top of Mt. San Lorenzo (8500 feet), and sometimes occur- ring in the water of the mountain streams as well as in damp places on land in the forest. If he is really dealing with the same species as Miers and Budde- Lund, P. nitida must be widely distributed in South America, increasing the probability that I am correct in referring the Kartabo specimens to it. I may add that the American Museum of Natural History has specimens identical with those from Kartabo from various other British Guiana localities. Philoscia maculata Budde-Lund, 1885. Philoscia maculata Budde-Lund, 1879, Prosp. Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 2 (nomen nudum); 1885, Crust. Isop. Terr., p. 215 (description); Kraepelin, 1901, Mitt. Nalurh. Mus. Hamburg, XVIIT, p. 204; Budde-Lund, 1906, Voeltzkow, Reise in Ostafrika, II, p. 287. (Plates XXI-XXII, figs. 60-63 inch) Three specimens in the collection from Kartabo, all females, the largest of them little over 5 mm. long, represent a species evidently very close to this form described by Budde-Lund, though his description, which is unaccompanied by any figure, is insufficient to allow of my assigning these specimens to it except provisionally; since reexamination of that author’s material might disclose dif- ferences precluding such identification. The collection of the American Museum contains other specimens of both sexes apparently identical with those from Kartabo from other British Guiana localities. Some of these measure between 6 and 7 mm. long. Plate XXI 60-61, Philosica maculata Budde-Lund, 1885. Female X 12. 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 495 In a dorsal view the body is of oblong-elliptical outline and broadly rounded in front, the head being small and narrow, and considerably set back into the thorax, and the abdomen rather small and short. Body surface very smooth and for the most part free from any setose hairs, though a few are present on the head, antennae, uropoda, etc. Color purplish brown above, with numerous small irregular light (unpigmented) bars and spots on the dorso-lateral regions and head as usual in the genus, but in addition there is a row of large, somewhat square, light spots on the lateral part of the thorax on each side, at the junction of the epimeral with the main part of the segment. Very obscurely indicated darker median and lateral longitudinal stripes are sometimes discernible. The under parts are mostly unpigmented, though there is some of the purplish brown pigment on the maxillipeds, thighs, pleopoda and some other parts. When seen directly from above, the front outline of the head appears convex and smoothly curved with no indications of lateral lobes. In a more or less anterior view it appears somewhat sinuous. The eyes are rather large and unusually round; they are well pigmented and have a dozen or more ocelli well developed. Antennae of moderate length, usually reaching, when strongly drawn back, the fifth thoracic segment. Flagellum (exclusive of its terminal bristle) considerably shorter than the fifth segment of the peduncle; the first of its three articles very slightly exceeds either of the other two, which do not differ greatly in length. The first three thoracic segments have the posterior lateral angles rounded and not at all extended backward. The fourth has the angle nearly sharp, in Plate XXII. — Philoscia maculata Budde-Lund, 1885; 62, front of head X 18; 63, tip of outer division of first maxilliped X 100. the remaining three it is actually so. Beginning (very slightly) with the fourth, the remaining thoracic segments have the posterior lateral angles extended back to an increasing extent. Legs only moderately long, increasing con- siderably in length toward the rear of the body. No sexual differences in the legs were discovered. Abdomen rather small and tapering. The third, fourth and fifth segments have the posterior lateral angles extended back into small appressed triangular points. Telson broadly triangular with a fairly sharp apex and nearly straight (in some individuals somewhat sinuously curved) sides. Basal joints of uropoda and outer branches of same with a furrow on the external aspect; the basal joints extend about as far as the tip of the telson. Outer branches are short and taper rapidly, and are tipped by a short bristle, which, however, is not always present. The inner branches are small and compressed from side to side. 496 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 The Kartabo specimens were obtained by sifting in the jungle. Budde-Lund described P. maculata from South America, “ad ‘St. Nicolas’ ad ‘Barodero’ prope ‘Riacho del Oro,’” being the localities given by its de- scribe^ who was perhaps as unsuccessful in locating them on the map as I have been. He states that the types are in the Copenhagen Museum. The same species was subsequently found by Kraepelin on orchids imported into Hamburg from Brazil, the specimens being identified by Budde-Lund. In discussing the character and divisions of the genus Philoscia, Budde- Lund (in Voeltzkow, Reise in Ostafrika, II, p. 289), mentions P. maculata as one of several species which he places in a new subgenus Balloniscus, whose characters, however, he does not mention except to state that the pleopoda are well provided with tracheae. I cannot regard this as a satisfactory or suf- ficient basis for distinguishing a subgenus. Philoscia demerarae, sp. nov. (Plate XXIII, figs. 64-66 inch) A single female 4.5 mm. long represents this small species in the collection. It has a well developed and somewhat distended marsupium but this is entirely empty. Plate XXIII. — Philoscia demerarae , sp. nov.; 64 and 65, female X 14: 66, front of head X 23. 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 497 The body is proportionately rather narrow and of elongate elliptical outline when seen from above, the abdomen rather large and long and not very greatly narrower at its anterior end than the last segment of the thorax. Articulation rather loose, cuticle soft and of tender consistency, making the actual form and proportions of the parts difficult to determine. Surface of body fairly smooth, only a few setose hairs are present on most parts of the body and limbs, except on the antennae, where they are fairly numerous. Color pale purplish brown above with small light (unpigmented) spots on the head and a few larger oval, rounded, or somewhat irregular ones on the dorso-lateral regions of the back. The lower parts and limbs bear a little of the purplish pigment in some places. Head rounded behind and set well back into the thorax. Seen from above its front outline is sinuous or somewhat three-lobed; the lateral lobes, situated under the eyes, are rounded but extend downward much more than forward or laterally. The most forwardly prominent part of the forehead forms a not very definitely indicated line which, when seen from in front, dips down in the median region in a V-shaped angle. Directly below the angle and between the minute first antennae there is an oval tubercle. The head is not narrowed below the level of the eyes, and the mouth parts form a large mass which projects obliquely downward and farther forward than the anterior margin of the fore- head, so that its anterior part shows in a dorsal view of the body. Eyes well pigmented but with rather few ocelli, about ten being well formed. Second antennae quite long, reaching to the sixth thoracic segment when strongly drawn back. The flagellum, exclusive of a rather long terminal bristle, is considerably shorter than the last segment of the peduncle. Its first article is the longest, the second somewhat the shortest (the terminal bristle not being included). First five thoracic segments with the posterior lateral angles rounded off; the sixth and seventh have them sharp. Only fifth (to a slight extent), sixth and seventh have this angle extended back. Legs long with fairly long and strong spines. Abdomen only moderately tapered. The posterior angles of segments three, four and five are only extended into insignificantly small, appressed points which are hardly noticeable in a dorsal view. Telson wide and short, its sides slightly sinuously curved and its apex strongly acuminate. The basal segments of the uropoda, as well as the external branch of the same, has a furrow on the external aspect. The basal segment is short, not exceeding the tip of the telson; the branches are also short and rapidly tapered, bearing short bristles at their tips. The type and only specimen was collected in the jungle at Kartabo by sifting. While a full description of the species must await the collection of more material, it seems quite distinct from the other two species here described, and I have been unable to identify it with any previously described form. No collector’s number or notes accompany the specimen. Family LIGYDXDAE Ligyda platycephala, sp. nov (Plate XXIV, figs. 67-71 inch) This species resembles the well known and widely distributed L. exotica 498 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 (Roux) 1828, of the sea coasts of most tropical countries, in the soft, weakly articulated body and the posteriorly tapering outline of the same when seen from above, but it has the abdomen proportionately even smaller than in L. exotica, though the thorax is more oblong and less oval in outline. It will suffice to mention the remaining differences between this species and L. exotica. If we may judge by the specimens available, it is considerably smaller; the largest one (a female with well developed marsupial plates bearing a considerable number of rather large eggs or embryos) is a little less than 18 mm. long. The largest male is about 16.5 mm. long. The colors are brighter and more variegated, though due to similar minute irregularly stellate or Plate XXIV. — Ligyda platycephala, sp. nov.; 67, female X 4.5; 68, side view of body of same X 4.5; 69, tip of styloid appendage of pleopod of male X 14; 70, first leg of male X 9; 71, second antenna of male X 5.6. 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 499 branching blackish pigment spots on a yellowish ground color. They are however so distributed in the present species as to form a distinct, broad, black- ish median stripe on both the thorax and abdomen, and on the thorax also a series of large, somewhat rectangular obliquely placed blackish spots at the junction of the epimeral portion of the segments with the main portion. These give the appearance of lateral longitudinal dark stripes when not too closely inspected; between these lateral and the median stripes there are on each side one or two small transverse dark markings on the rear edges of the thoracic segments. Elsewhere on the upper parts, as well as below and on the legs, the minute pigment spots are more thinly scattered and do not much obscure the strongly yellowish ground color. The body surface is very smooth, exhibiting no granulation or minute tuberculation on magnification. The head is much longer and is rather flattened, exhibiting in a dorsal view a strongly convex anterior border and a concave posterior border that is con- siderably set back into the thorax. The eyes are more elongate and much lfcss bulging. The second antennae are shorter than in L. exotica. They are longer in the male specimens where they reach to or even a very little way along the abdomen when well drawn back, than in the females, where they can only reach the sixth or seventh thoracic segment. (The male specimens have 16 or 17 articles on the flagellum, the females 15 or 16, but the male has the peduncular part more elongated than the female). The thoracic segments differ from those of L. exotica in having the epimera smaller and completely fused with the main portion in both sexes. Their posterior corners are angular; the last three sharply so; the others a trifle rounded at the apex. The legs are long and well developed. No sexual differences were found in the structure of the first leg (fig. 70 would represent the first leg of either sex) which much resembles that of the female exotica. This species differs greatly from L. exotica in the peculiar outline of the rear end of the telson. It lacks the backwardly directed points at the lateral corners and on the median line; the former are merely bluntly angular, and at the median line there is a small notch between two small obtuse projections. The styloid appendages of the pleopoda of the male are very straight and slender and reach nearly to the end of the telson. Each process has a broad shallow groove along its ventral aspect. As the tip is approached the sides of the groove draw together, and curving toward the median side join to form a short obliquely projecting claw-like point (fig. 69). In the female the uropoda, inclusive of the inner branch, which is the longest, project beyond the telson a distance about equal to two-thirds the length of the body and head; this meas- urement is exclusive of a fairly long movable spine or bristle borne on the end of the inner branch. In the male the uropoda are proportionately a little longer than in the female. Seven specimens of this species are included in the collection. The type, a female 15.4 mm. long, and one male specimen are recorded as found in a damp forest; two others (collector’s number 201146) as “land isopods from dead wood” the others simply as “land isopods” or without data. Ligyda richardsonae Pearse, 1915 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XLIX, p. 549, fig. 9) from the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia, resembles this species in its forest habitat (though this is at a high altitude, 3800 feet) and in many 500 Zoologica : N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 72 Plate XXY. — Ligyda richardsonae Pearse, 1915; 72, outline of rear end of abdomen (dorsal) view. Sketch by Mr. C. R. Shoemaker from cotype in U. S. Nat. Museum. In- troduced for comparison. important characters. Several discrepancies however stand in the way of referring these specimens to his species, notably the fact that the rear border of the telson in his species is rather evenly arcuate with only very slight indi- cations of the distinct toothing and notching of the present form. A sketch drawn from a cotype of Pearse’s species in the U. S. National Museum, kindly made for me by Mr. C. R. Shoemaker of that institution, confirms the existence of a marked difference in this respect. It is reproduced in Plate XXV, fig .72 of this article. SUPPLEMENT Additional species of family ONISCIDAE. Pentoniscus exilis, sp. nov. (Plate XXVI, figs. 73-77 inch) The single specimen in the collection is far from being adequate for a study of this species, whose minute size and delicacy of structure place unusual dif- ficulties in the way of properly describing and illustrating it. The individual is a female without a well developed marsupium. It measures only 1.95 mm. long in a nearly straightened position of the body and while perhaps not fully grown, the fairly deep pigmentation and general char- acters of the specimen do not indicate any great degree of immaturity, and the species is evidently an exceedingly minute one. The body is rather elongate, more so actually than appears to be the case, as the epimeral parts of the segments are considerably developed, increasing its apparent width. Its surface is covered with small tubercles arranged on most of the thoracic segments in two rows, the anterior row being irregular and con- sisting of about twelve larger tubercles; the posterior row (situated along the rear margin) contains about seventeen tubercles. On the first thoracic seg- ment the tubercles form three (on the lateral parts four) rows, and on the head the tubercles are smaller and quite numerous. The upper parts of the specimen are brown with small light markings; the lower parts and legs are unpigmented. The head is fairly large and wide and somewhat set back into the thorax. The eyes are well pigmented, but the ocelli are rather indistinct, so that their number, which is evidently small, is difficult to determine. The mouth parts project prominently, not only downward but in a forward direction. The 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 501 Plate XXVI. — Penloniscus exilis, sp. nov. 73 and 74, female X 34; 75, first leg of female X 56; 76, lower aspect of abdomen of female X 34; 77, fourth leg of female X 56. second antennae are large, reaching well along the second segment of the thorax, and are covered with short stiff hairs. The segments of the peduncle are rather short and fairly stout, the flagellum is tapering and consists of five segments, decreasing in diameter, the last one bearing a very stout though rather short terminal bristle. The posterior lateral angles of the thoracic segments are extended back to a successively increasing extent, but the apices of the angles are in no case actually sharp. The specimen lacks some of the legs; none of the last three pairs are preserved, but those of the anterior four pairs that are present show them to be rather long and provided with but few spines. The abdomen forms about one- quarter of the total length and is considerably narrower than the thorax. Its third, fourth and fifth segments have the posterior lateral angles considerably extended backwards. The telson is small, triangular, and somewhat wider than long; its apex hardly projects farther back than the produced angles of the fifth abdominal segment. The basal joint of the uropoda is large and wide; the branches are terete, tapering, and proportionately small (the inner ones especially so), and bear short, terminal hairs. The only specimen bears no collector’s number, but according to the label was collected by sifting in the jungle. 502 Zoologica: N. Y. Zoological Society [VI; 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY Works recording Isopods from British Guiana Boone, P. L. 1918. Descriptions of ten new Isopods. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LIV, pp. 591-604, Pis. LXXXIX-XCII. Brandt, J. F. 1833. Conspectus Monographiae Crustaceorum Oniscodorum Lat- reillei. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, VI, pp. 171-193. Budde-Lund, G. 1879. Prospectus generum specierumque Crustaceorum Isopodum Ter- restrium. Copenhagen. 1885. Crustacea Isopoda Terrestria per familias et genera et species descripta. Hauniae, pp. 1-319. 1893. Land Isopoder fra Venezuela indsamlede af Dr. Fr. Meinert. Entom. Meddel., 1893, pp. 111-129. 1899. A revision of Crustacea Isopoda Terrestria with additions and illustrations. Pt. I. Eubelum. Ent. Meddel., (2) I, pp. 69-97. Pis. I-V. (Also published separate, paged 1-31.) 1904. Same, Pt. II, Spherilloninae. Pt. Ill, Armadillo. Copenhagen, pp. 33-144, pis. VI-X. COLLINGE, W. E. 1918. Description of Paracubaris spinosus, a new genus and species of Terrestrial Isopod from British Guiana. Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zook, XXXIV, pp. 61-63, pi. VI. 1922. On the Terrestrial Isopod Eluma caelatum (Miers) = purpuras- cens Budde-Lund, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., XXXV, pp. 103-106, pk VIII. Dollfus, A. 1889. Sur quelques Isopodes du musee de Leyde. Notes Leyden Mus., XI, pp. 91-94, pk V. 1896. Sur la distribution geographique des Armadilliens en Europe. C.-R. 3me Congres Internat. Zook Leyde, pp. 356-358. Koch, C. L. 1847. System der Myriapoden, mit den Verzeichnissen und Berichti- gungen zu Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arach- niden. pp. 1-272, pis. I-X. Regensburg. Miers, E. J. 1877. On a collection of Crustacea, Decapado and Isopoda, chiefly from South America, with descriptions of new Genera and Species. Proc. Zook Soc. London, ann. 1877, pp. 653-679, pis. LXVI- LXIX. Milne Edwards, A. 1840. Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces. Isopods in Vol. III, pp. 115— 283, pis. XXXI-XXXIII. Paris. Pearse, A. S. 1917. Isopoda collected by the Bryant Walker Expedition to British Guiana with notes on Crustacea from other localities. Occ. Papers Mus. Zook Univ. Michigan, No. 46, pp. 1-8, figs. 1-3. 1925] Van Name: The Isopods of Kartabo 503 Richardson, H. 1901. Key to the Isopods of the Atlantic Coast of North America, with descriptions of new and little known species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, pp. 493-579, figs. 1-34. 1905. A Monograph of the Isopods of North America. Bull. 54, U. S. Nat. Mus., pp. i-liii, 1-727, figs. 1-740. SCHIOEDTE, J. C. AND MEINERT, F. 1879-1884. Symbolae ad Monographiam Cymothoarum, Crustaceorum Isopodum Familiae. Naturhist. Tidsskr. (3), XII, 1879-1880, pp. 321-414, pis. VII-XIII; XIII, 1881-1883, pp. 1-166, 281- 378, pis. I-XVI; XIV, 1884, pp. 221-454, pis. VI-XVIII. Stuxberg, A. 1875. Om Nord-Americas Oniscider. Ofversigt af kong. svensks. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., XXXII, ,No. 2, pp. 43-63. The following are important articles on the isopods of Venezuela and Colombia: Dollfus, A. * 1893. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela. 22d Mem., Isopodes Terrestres. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, LXII, pp. 339-345, 2 pis., 1 text-fig. Pearse, A. S. 1915. An Account of the Crustacea collected by the Walker Expedition to Santa Marta, Colombia. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLIX, pp. 531-555, figs. 1-9, pis. LXX-LXXIII. ZOOLOGICA SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY VOLUME VI MARCH 1925-1925 JULY Numbers 1-5 Inclusive PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK, NEW YORK 1927 Zoologica, Vol. VI, Nos. 1-5 3nb ex Abary River, British Guiana, 187 Ancanthocephala, 56 Acarina, 62 Acawoios, 192 Accipitriformes, 147, 163 Achirus, 116, 118 fasciatus, 116, 118 Aconophora compressa Walk., 243-244, 271, 276, 281, 283, 284 (PI. I, fig. 9), 234 Aconophoroides gladiator (Walk), 243, 273, 276, 277, 281 Acqueero, 35 Acrididae, 45, 67-68 Acridiides, 67-68 Acrocercus, 93 Acroceridae, 96 Actitis macularia, 149, 160 Actinophrys, 53 Actitis macularia (Linne), 142 Aeria, 84 Aeshnidae, 73 Aethalion, 265, 281 reticulatum Germar, 265, 281 var. albo-nervosum Fowler, 265 (Plate I, fig. 11), 234 Ageniosus, 111, 121 marmoratus, 121 Ageronia, 87 Agouti , 180 Agouti, 50, 175, 176, 180 Agrionidae, 74 Agromyzidae, 98 Akawai Indians, 193 Alaudidae, 148 Albite, British Guiana, 16 Alcedinidae, 164 Alciformes, 147 Aleurodidae, 78 Algae, British Guiana, 23 blue-green, 23 brown, 23 diatoms, 23 green, on hairs of sloths, 23 purple, in stomachs of puffers, 23 Aliku, 41 Allamandas, 39, 40 Alouatta, 47, 48, 50, 51, 183 Alumina, British Guiana, 17 Amastris, 251-252, 273, 275, 276, 281, 283, 284 285 elevata Funkh., 251, 273, 275, 276, 281 283, 284, 285 (PI. VI, fig. 5), 264 funkhouseri sp. nov., 251-252 (PI. Ill, fig. 9), 246 vismiae sp. nov., 252, 275, 281 (PI. IV, fig. 4), 254 Amatidae, 81, 82 Amatuk, B. G., 295 Amazon, Mealy, 142 Amazona , 48, 142, 154, 163 dufresniana , 154 farinosa, 48, 142 Amazons, 186 Amblycephalidae, 135, 139 Ameiva, 46, 50, 64, 68, 128, 129, 130, 131- 132, 134 Amitermes, 294, 297, 304, 315, 430-432 (Amitermes) , 430-432 excellens, Silvestri, 294, 304, 315, 431- 432 description, 431-432 (Fig. 83), 431 Amoebae, 52 Amphibia, 51, 121-125 Amphibians, British Guiana, 51, 121-125 enemies of, 123 Amphipoda, 59 Amphisbaenidae, 134 Amphisbena, 128, 129, 131 Ampullarius, 57 Anableps, 115 Anacardium, 31, 39 occidentale, 39 rhinocarpus D. C., 31 Anaconda, 135, 138 Anastomus anastomus, 120 Anatidae, 162 Ancistrus, 120 Angular iter mes, 297, see also Nasutitermes Anhinga, 112, 152, 153 anhinga, 152, 153 Anhingidae, 162 Ani, 165 Animal Phyla, found at Kartabo, 43 relative abundance at Kartabo, 42, 44 (Fig. 8), 42 Anis, 68, 142 Anisitsia notata, 120 Anatto dye, 187 Annandale, Mr. Nelson, 267 Annulata, Kartabo, British Guiana, 43, 56- 57 Anolis, 46, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133 (Fig. 12), 128 Anoplops rufigula rufigula, 143, 155 Anoplotermes, 294, 299, 304, 315, 420-428 (Anoplotermes) , 304, 315, 420-427 banksi sp. nov. 304, 315, 423-424 description, 423-424 (Fig. 77), 422 brevipilus sp. nov., 304, 315, 424- 425 description, 424-425 (Fig. 78), 425 cingulatus, 294, 421 meridianus nom. nov., 299, 304, 315, 421 morio (Latr.) Silvestri, 299, 421 nigripunctatus sp. nov., 304, 315, 426-427 description, 426-427 (Fig. 80), 426 silvestri sp. nov. 304, 315, 421-423 description, 421-423 (Fig. 76), 422 subterraneus sp. nov., 304, 315, 425-426 description, 425-426 (Fig. 79), 425 C Speculitermes ), 304, 315, 427-428 arboreus sp. nov. 304, 315, 427-428 description, 427-428 (Fig 81), 426 Anseriformes, 146, 147, 162 Ant, 33, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 105-107 Army 46, 50, 61, 105-107 attendance on Membracids, 271-273, 279 Azteca, 47, 50 Giant Black Solitary, 46 red, 46, 47, 48 [505] 506 Zoologica [Vol. VI small brown, 45, 47 stinging, 33 Antbear, 182 Ant-bird 27, 47-48, 50, 62, 63, 64, 71, 143, 148, 166, 167 Cinereous, 47 Gray-breasted, 143 Pygmy, 48, 143 Rufus-bellied, 143 Spotted-tailed, 143 White-fronted, 50 Woodcock 143 Antcatcher, 143 Rufus-fronted, 143 White-fronted, 143 Antcreeper, 47, 143 Schomburgk’s, 143 Spot-winged, 47 Anteater, 176, 182-183 silky, 183 tamandua, 176, 182 Anthocoridae, 75, 76 Anthomyiidae, 98 Anthophoridae , 102-103 Anthribidae, 93 Anthro cothorax violicauda, 154 Antigua, W. I., 295 Ant-thrush, 143 Black-faced. 143 Ant-lions, 79 Ant wood, 33 Antwren, 48, 143 . White-bellied, 143 White-flanked, 143 Anura Jl22 Aphetea afflnis sp. nov. 252-253, 273, 276, 281 (PL III, fig. 4, 4a), 246 Aphididae, 78 Aplite, British Guiana, 16 Apoda, 121 Ara, 48, 142, 163 chloroptera, 48 macao, 142 Aracari, Green, 142 Arachnoidea, 60-63 Aradidae, 76 Aramidae, 160 Aramides cajanea, 149, 153, 159 Araneae, 62 Arapaima, 109 Arawak Indians, 192 Arcella, 52-53 Arctiidae, 81, 82 Ardea cocoi, 152, 162 Ardeidae, 162 Ardeiformes, 146, 162 Arepo Savanna, Trinidad, 295 Argiope, 47 Argulus, 58 Armadillidae, 59 Armadillidium, 467 caelatum Miers, 467 vulgar e (Latreille), 467 Armadillo, 183 eight-banded, 183 giant, 183, 184 (Fig. 17), 184 nine-banded, 183 Armadillo murinus Budde-Lund, 466 Armitermes, 80, 297, 303, 313, 314, 367-375 albidus (Hagen), 303, 314, 367-369 (Fig. 49), 368 grandidens sp. nov., 303, 314, 373-374 description, 373-374 (Fig. 52), 373 minutus sp. nov., 303, 314, 374-375 description, 374-375 (Fig. 53), 374 percutiens sp. nov., 303, 314, 369-371 description, 369-371 (Fig. 50), 370 teevani sp. nov., 303, 314, 371-372 description, 371-372 (Fig. 51), 372 Armored Catfish, 110, 113 Aroid lily, 23 Arrancanduck, 35, 40 Arremon taciturnus, 157, 167, 171 Arrhinotermes, 298, 344 Arthropoda, Kartabo, British Guiana, 43, 58-107 Arthrostraca, 59 Artiodactyla , 174, 185 Aiundinicola leucocephala, 155 Ascalaphidae, 79 Asilidae, 45, 46, 69, 97 Aspidospermum excelsum Benth, 30 Astrocaryum tucuma Mart, 35 Asturina nitida, 152 Asuncion, Paraguay, 295 Ateleus, 183 Atelophus, 123 Atelopus, 55, 124 flavescens, 124 Atelura, 65 Atractus, 135 Alta, 105, 122 Atticora fasciata (Gmel.), 144, 151, 170 Attidae, 48 Attila, 45, 129, 144, 152, 156, 170 spadicens spodiostethus, 152, 156 Spix’s, 144 thamnophiloides Spix, 144, 152 uropygialis, 152 Atyidae, 59 Augochlora, 102 Augochloridae, 102 Auris distaeta, 57-58 Automolus, 48, 50, 130, 155, 168 cervicalis, 155 infuscatus, 48, 50, 130 turdinus macconnelli, 155 Aves, British Guiana, 1, 2, 39, 40, 45-51, 62, 66, 77, 88, 140-173, 195-227 Awous, 116 Azteca, 78, 273 paraenis Ferel, 273 Bailey, Dr. I. W., 293, 399 Ballo'niscus Budde-Lund, 496 Balsam, 187 Bamboos, British Guiana, 37 (Fig. 6), 36 Bananaquit, Guiana, 145 Banks, N„ 294, 298, 340, 357, 375, 379, 392, 416, 424, 430, 454, 455 Barakara, B. G., 295 Barbet, Black-spotted, 142, 165 Bartica District, British Guiana, 1, 5, 7, 192 295 map, 4, 6, see also Kartabo, British Guiana Basidentitermes, 432 Bat, 61, 173, 176, 178 house, 178 river, 178 sac- winged, 178 vampire, 176, 178 white jungle, 178 Batoidea, 112 Bauxite, British Guiana, 17 Beach grass, British Guiana, 25 Bee, 40, 41, 46, 47, 49, 50, 99-107 Giant Metallic Blue, 50 Medium Metallic, 46 Beebe, William, 1, 229, 231, 293, 416, 461, 470, 473, 477, 486 Beebe, William, Studies of a Tropical Jungle; One Quarter of a Square Mile of Jungle Nos. 1-5] Index 507 at Kartabo, British Guiana, 1—193 for paged outline see “Studies of a Tropical Jungle” (Plates A, B. Figs. 1-17 incl.), 4, 6, 8, 18, 24, 28, 34, 36, 38, 42, 64, 86, 106, 128, 137, 161, 172, 182, 184 Beebe, William The Variegated Tinamou, 195-227 (Plates A, B; Figs. 18-22 inch), 196, 198, 202, 206, 211, 216, 225 for paged oxitline see ‘ ‘ Tinamou ’ ’ Beetle, 46, 47, 49, 88-93 Buprestid, 47 Rhinoceros, 49 Scarab, 48 Small White-Spotted, 46 Bellicositermes, 298, 299 Bellucia grossularioides Triana, 39-40 Beloniclae, 115 Bembecidae, 105 Benda, 41 Beryl, British Guiana, 17 Bete rouge, 200, 214 Biara, 109 Bibionidae, 95 Bignonias, 40 Birds, British Guiana, 1, 2, 39, 40, 45-51, 62, 66, 77, 88, 195-227, 140-173 breeding records, 153-158 food of, 149-152 migrants from North America, 145-146 Birds, of New York State and of Kartabo, British Guiana, 146-148 Bittern, sun, 160 Bivalves, 58 Bivibranchia protractila, 120 Blackbird, 145 Blanchard, E., 455 Blattidae, 46, 66 Blood-leaf, 40 Boa constrictor , 130, 135, 136, 138 Boas, 130, 135, 136, 138 Bobolink, 146 Bocydium globulare (Fabr.), 257, 278, 282, 285 Bodkin, Mr. G. E„ 293, 372, 381, 419 Boethoos, 249-250, 272, 273, 276, 277, 282, 283, 284 cinctata sp. nov., 249-250 (PI. IV, fig. 5), 254 distinguenda Fowler, 250, 268, 282 globosa sp. nov., 250, 268 (PI. Ill, fig. 10), 246 reticulata (Fabr.) 250-251, 268, 272, 282, 284 (PI. VI fig. 7), 264 testudinea, 273 Boidae, 135, 138 Bolbonota, 241-242, 267, 270, 271, 277, 280, 281, 284 aspidistrae sp. nov., 241, 270, 271, 280, 281 (PI. I, fig. 7; PI. II, fig. 6; PL VI, fig. 1), 234, 238, 264 corrugata Fowler, 242 inaequalis (Fabr.), 242, 281, 284 pictipennis Fairm., 242 Bolivar, 456 Bombardier beetles, 89 Bombidae, 102 Bombycillidae, 148 Bombyliidae, 96 Boneset, Orinoco, 39 Book lice, 72 Boone, P. L., 462, 471, 473, 502 Bopyridae, 59, 461, 481-484 Borecus pinnatus, 66 Bosmina, 58 Bothrops, 136, 138, 139 bilineatus, 139 lanceolatus, 139 Bovianders, 191, 192, 193 Br achy platy stoma. 111, 113, 121, 476, 480 rousseauxi, 121 vaillianti, 121 Brachypodidae, 181 Brachyrua, 60 Braconidae, 100-101 Bradley, Prof. J. C., 293, 381 Brady pus, 181 (Fig. 16), 182 Brandt, J. F., 465, 466, 502 Brassolidae, 83, 85 Brenthidae, 93 Brevicipitae, 123 Brindley, Mrs. H. H. (Maud D. Haviland), Membracidae of Kartabo, Bartica Dis- trict, British Guiana. With descrip- tions of New Species and Bionomical Notes, 229-290 (Fig. 23; Plates I- VI inch), 232, 234, 238, 246, 254, 260, 264 for paged outline see Membracidae of Kartabo Bristles (termites), 299 British Guiana, 5, 7, see also Kartabo, B. G. and “Studies of a Tropical Jungle” Climatological station, 7 diamonds, 17, 192 Dutch, 37, 39, 44, 186-193 ecology, 1-193 gold, 17, 192 Hindus, 192 history, 186-193 Indians, 27, 28, 31, 32, 35, 40, 41, 59, 78, 110, 114, 126, 158, 187, 192, 193 penal settlement, 7, 192, 193, 296 Portuguese, 187 Spaniards, 186-193 British Guiana, ecology of, see “ Studies of a Tropical Jungle” British Guiana Kartabo Station of the New York Zoological Society, see Kartabo Station Bromeliads, British Guiana, 26 microscopic fife in water of, 52-53, 58, 74, 95 Bruchidae, 92 Brues, C. T„ 293, 456 Brycon falcatus, 120 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam) Kury, 39 Bryozoa, 56 Bucco, 143, 154, 166 capensis, 143, 154 macrorhynchus, 154 Bucconidae, 166 Buckley, S. B., 456 Buckton, 274, 284 Budde-Lund, G„ 465, 466, 467, 484, 490, 491, 493, 494, 496, 502 Bufo, 58, 62, 63, 64, 89, 124, 125 gutatus, 125 marinus, 58, 62, 63, 64, 124, 125, 139 typhonius, 64, 125 Bufonidae, 121, 122 Bull-heads, brobdignagian, 108 Buprestidae, 91 Burmeister, H., 456 Bushbird, 50, 143 Ashy-backed, 143 Cinereous, 143 Mouse-colored, 50, 143 Bush master snake, 135, 139 Bush-rope Town, British Guiana, 187 Buthidae, 60 Butorides striata, 149, 150, 151, 153 Butterflies, 41, 46, 47, 48, 51, 80-88 508 Zoologica [Vol. VI Byrrhidae, 91 Cacicus, 45, 145, 157, 173 cela (Linne), 145, 157 Cacique, 45, 145, 148 Great Black, 145 yellow-backed, 145 Caddis flies, 80 Caiman, 111, 127 niger, 127 sclerops, 127 Caique, 142, 145 Black-headed, 142 Great Black, 145 Yellow-backed, 145 Cairina, 162 Caladiums, 29 Caligo, 85 Callichthyidae, 113 Callichthys callichthys, 119 Callitrichidae, 183 Calotermes, 326 brevis, 326 Calvifrons calvus, 156, 170 Camaria, B. G., 295 Campephilus, 154, 155, 166 melanoleucus, 155 rubricollis, 154 Camponotus femoratus Fabr., 273 Campsurus, 73 Campylenchia, 235-236, 270, 273, 275, 276, 281, 283, 284 nutans (Germ.), 235-236, 270, 273, 275, 276, 281, 283, 284 (PL I, fig. 6; PI. VI fig. 3), 234, 264 Campylopterus largipennis, 142, 154 Campy lorhampus, 143, 150, 155 trochilirostris procurvoides, 143, 150, 155 Canidae, 178-179 Canister Falls, B. G., 295 Canoes, 32, 33 British Guiana Indian, 32 wood for, British Guiana, 32, 33 Canthoridae, 92 Capito niger (Mull.), 142, 154 Capitonidae, 165 Capridae, 76 Caprimulgidae, 164 Caprimulgus, 45, 154, 164 nigrescens, 154, 164 Capritermes (Neocapritermes) 294, 304, 315. 435, 445-450 angusticeps sp. nov., 294, 304, 315, 447-449 description, 447-449 (Fig. 91) 448 bodkini, 294, 304, 315, 445-447 description, 445-447 (Fig. 90), 446 cingulatus, 294 planiceps sp. nov., 304, 315, 449-450 description, 449-450 (Fig. 92), 450 saltans, 435 Capybara, 180 Carabaya Mts. Peru, 295 Carabidae, 89 Caracara, 47, 49, 142 Red-throated, 47, 142 Yellow-throated, 49 Carapa guianensis Aubl., 30 Cardisoma, 45 Caribs, 191 Carnegiella strigata, 119 Carnivora, 174, 178 Caryoihraustes canadensis, 157, 171 Cashew, wild, 31, 39, 40 Casmerodius, 162 Cassava, 27, 37, 41 Cassia multi jug a Rich, 31, 40 Cassidix oryzivora oryzivora (Gmel.), 145, 157, 173 Castniidae, 81, 82 Castries, St. Lucia, W. I., 295 Cat, 175, 176, 179 jaguar, 179 jaguarondi, 175, 177, 179 margay, 176, 177, 179 ocelot, 179 puma, 179 Caterpillar flower, 41 Catfish, 58, 59, 108, 109, 110, 112-113 Cathartes aura urubitinga, 47, 142 Cathartidae, 163 Cathartiformes, 147, 163 Catopsilia, 84 Cavitermes subg. nov., see Mirotermes Cebidae, 183 Cebus apella apella, 51, 183-185 Cecidomyiidae, 94 Celeus, 143, 150 hellmayri, 150 undata (Linne), 143 Cenotropyx, 129 Centipedes, 63-64 Centrinae, 102 Centris, 102 Centropyx, 129, 131 Centruchoides felinus sp. nov., 257, 276, 281 285 (PI. IV, fig. 6), 254 Ceophloeus lineatus lineatus, 143 Cephonia clavata, 281 Cerambycidae, 93 Ceratinidae, 102 Ceratium, 53 Ceratocampidae, 81, 82 Ceratophrys, 123 Ceratotermes, 432 Cercomacra, 155 tytannina saturatior, 155 Cercopid Bug, 49 Cercopidae, 77 Cercopithecus, 183 Cercropia palmata, 33 Ceresa vitulus (Fabr.), 253, 268, 277, 282 Certhiidae, 148 Cervidae, 185 Cestodes, 55 Cetacea, 174 Cetonids, 89 Chachalaca, Little, 141 Chactidae, 60 Chaemepelia, 142, 153 griseola, 153 talpacoti, 142, 153 Chaetopoda, 56 Chaetura, 45, 47, 142, 154, 164 brachyura, 154 spinicauda, 164 Chalceus macr olepidoptus, 118 Chalcididae, 100 Chalcinus rotundatus, 117, 118, 119 Chamaepelia, 159 Chamberlain, R. V. 293, 456 Chapman, Dr., 140 Chaquimayo, Peru, 295 Characidae, 113 Charadriidae, 159 Charadriiformes, 146, 147, 159 Charadrius collaris (Vieill), 142 Chatterer, 144 Cayenne, 144 Pompadour, 144 Chelanops, 61 Chelidoptera, 143, 154, 166 tenebrosa tenebrosa (Pall), 143, 154 Chelifer, 61 Chelifera, 461, 469-470 Chelonia my das, 126 Chelonidae, 126 Nos. 1-5] Index 509 Chelydidae, 127 Chelys fimbriata, 127 Chiromachearis manacus, 156 Chironectes, 112, 178 Chironomidae, 95 Chiroptera, 174, 178 Chlamydomonas , 52, 53 Chlorida festira, 93 Chloroceryle, 142, 152, 154, 164 amazona, 154 americana americana, 142 a. aenea, 154 inda, 152, 154 Chloronerpes, 71, 149, 150 flavigula, 149, 150 Chlorophanes spiza spiza (Linne), 145 Choloepus, 182 Chondrohieraz palliatus, 152, 153 Chordata, Kartabo, British Guiana, 43, 107-186 Christmas-tree plant, 37 Chrysididae, 101 Chrysocestis, 83 Chrysomelidae, 46, 88, 92 Chrysopidae, 48, 79 Chrysotrogon, 142 violaceus violaceus, 142 Chubb, 153, 195 Cicada, 45, 46, 77 Cicadellidae, 76-77 Cicadidae, 77 Ciccaba, 152, 154, 163 huhula, 152 superciliaris macconnelli, 152, 154 Cichla ocellaris, Bloch and Schneider, 476 Cichlidae, 115 Cicindelidae, 89 Cicinnidae, 81 Ciconiidae, 162 Cilia (termites), 299 Cinosternidae, 126 Cinosternum scorpioides, 126 Cinura, 65 Circoniscus, 462, 466, 467, 488-491 gaigei Pearse, 462, 467, 488-491 description, 488-491 (Plate XVIII, figs. 43-51 inch), 489 spinosus (Collinge), 466 Cissopis, 172 Cistelidae, 92 Citrus medica acida, 39 Clays, British Guiana, 16 Cleare, Mr. L. D., 293, 318 Clelia , 130, 135, 136, 138 petolaria, 138 Cleridae, 91 Click beetles, 91 Clusia, 40 Cnemidophorus, 129, 130, 131-132, 134 Coati, 177, 179 Coatimundi, 64, 130 Coccidae, British Guiana, 39, 45, 47, 48, 78 Coccinellidae, 90-91 Coccocypselum, 29 Coccopsis gularis, 157 Cochlearius cochlearius, 149, 152, 162 Cockchafer, 89 Cockreeou, 35 Cocoa, Wild, 40 Cocoanut Palm, British Guiana, 35 Cocos nucifera L., 35 Coecilidae, 121 Coelenterata, Kartabo, British Guiana, 43, 54 Coeliozys, 103 Coendou, 180 Coephleus lineatus, 47 Coereba chloropyga guianensis (Cab.) 145, 157, 171 Coerebidae, 148, 171 Colaenis, 87 Coleoptera, British Guiana, 51, 88-93 Collembola, 65-66 Collinge, W. E., 466, 467, 502 Colomesus psittacus, 117, 118, 119, 120 Colopteryx galeatus (Bodd), 144, 148, 156 Color Standards and Nomenclature, Ridg- way’s, 21-22 Colubridae, 135, 139 Columba, 153 purpureotincta , 153 speciosa, 153 Columbidae, 159 Columbiform.es, 146, 147, 159 Columbus, Christopher, 186 Comacuballi lianas, 29 Ccmbretum laxum Loefh, 41 Comstock, Mrs. A. B., 391 Congo Pump (British Guiana tree), 33 Conopidae, 97 Conopophagidae, 148, 167 Constrictotermes, 297, see also Nasutitermes Convexitermes, 297, see also Nasutitermes Convolvulus, 39 Copaiba, 187 Copaifera pubiflora Benth., 32 Copepoda, 58 Cophias, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134 flavescens, 130 Coprides, 89 Coptotermes, 294, 297, 303, 313, 344-346 marabitanas, 297, 303, 313, 344-346 description, 344-346 (Fig. 37), 343 testaceus, 294, 303, 421 Coptotermitinae, 313, 344-346 Coraciiformes, 147, 164 Coragyps, 163 Coral snake, 135, 138 Coraltus caninus, 137, 138, (Fig. 13), 137 Corapipo gutturalis, 156 Cordulidae, 73 Coreidae, 75 Cormorants, 162 Cornitermes, 294, 297, 303, 313, 363-367 ( Labiotermes ), 363-365 acignathus, 294 labralis Holmgren, 303, 313, 363- 365 description, 363-365 (Fig. 47), 363 {Cornitermes), 365-367 pugnax sp. nov., 294, 303, 313, 365 description, 365-367 (Fig. 48), 366 Corona, 58 Correbia, 82 Corrodentia, 72 Corundum, British Guiana, 17 Corvidae, 148, 173 Corydoras punctatus, 119 Corythopis torquata anthoides, 151, 155, 167 Cossidae, 81 Costus spicatus, 84 Cothurni a, 53 Cotinga, 48, 144, 156, 170 cay ana (Linne), 144, 156 cotinga, 48 Cotinga, 45, 48, 170 brain-fever, 45, 170 purple-breasted, 48 Cotingidae, 148, 170 Cotton, British Guiana, 187 Cotylaspis, 55 Courmelina longicaulis Jacq., 25 Coutoubea spicata Aubl., 25 Cow Island, B. G., 296 Coxipo (Cuyaba), Brazil, 296 Crab, 45, 51, 58, 60 510 Zoologica [Vol. VI Land, 45, 51, 58, 60 Crabronidae, 105 Crabwood, 30 Cracidae, 158-159 Craspedoprion, 144 olivaceous guianensis, 144 Crax nigra Linne, 141, 153, 159 Creatochanes , 118, 119, 120 a finis, 118, 119, 120 caudomaculatus, 118, 119 Creciscus, 149, 153, 159 exilis, 153 viridis, 149, 153 Creeper, 145 Green Honey, 145 Turquoise Honey, 145 Crematogaster limata Smith, 273 Crenicichla, 115, 117, 119, 121 alia, 117 lugubris, 119, 121 Crepititermes, 297, see also Mirotermes Crest, Royal Great, 144 Cricket, 45, 46, 50, 68-71 Harlequin Jungle, 50, 70 Large Brown, 45 Small Brown, 46 Crocodile, 127 Crocodilia, 127 Crocodylidae, 127 Crotalus, 135 Crotalidae, 135, 139 Crotophaga, 45, 62, 63, 142, 150, 154, 165 ani, 62, 142, 150, 154 major, 150 Cruium, 39 Crustacea, 58-60, 461-503 Cryptic Membi acidae, 281-282 Cryptocerata, 74 Cryptotermes, 297 (see also Kalotermes) Crypturus, 51, 141, 153, 158 soui, 153 variegatus, 51, 141, 153, 195-227 (see Tinamou, Variegated) (Fig. 20), 211 Cubans, 466 affinis Miers, 466 gaigei Pearse, 466 murina Brandt, 466 Cubitermes , 432 Cubitus (termite wings) 299 Cuckoo, 45, 62, 63, 146, 165 Black, 45, 63 rufous, 165 yellow-billed, 146 Cuculidae, 165 Cuculiformes, 147, 165 Culicidae, 94-95 Curassow, Crested, 141 Curculionidae, 93 Curimatus, 120 schombutgki, 120 spilurus, 120 Curlew, 160 Curucujus, 142 melanurus melanurus, 142 Cuyuni River, British Guiana, 1, 5, 7, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 187, 296 Gold mining, 17 Cuyuru Palm, 35 Cyanerpes, 157, 171 caeruleus, 157 cyaneus, 157, 171 Cyanocompsa rothschildi, 157 Cyanocorax, 64, 150, 157, 173 cayana, 150, 157 Cyclopes, 71, 183 Cyclops, 58 Cylindrotermes, 297, 304, 315, 428-430 nordenskioldi Holmgren, 304, 315, 428- 430 description, 428-430 (Fig. 82), 429 Cyinbilaimus lineatus, 155 Cymbomorpho vaginata (Germ.), 244, 273, 275 Cymothoa, 468, 478 henselii (von Martens), 478 Cymothoidae, 59, 461, 462, 473-481 Cynipidae, 100 Cynopotamus, 111, 118, 119, 121 essequibensis, 118, 119, 121 Cyperus sp., 23 Cyphonia, 253, 278, 282, 284 clavata (Fabr.) and Fairm., 253, 278, 282 nasalis Stal., 253 Cypris, 58 Cypseloides fumigatus, 154 Cystignathidae, 121, 123 Dacnis cayana cayana (Linne), 145, 157 Dada-nawa, British Guiana, 14-15 meteorology, 15 Daddy-Long-Legs, 50, 61 Dalceridae, 81 Dalina, 32 Dalli, 33 Damsel-Fly, 49, 73-74 Danaidae, 83, 84-85 (Fig. 10), 86 Daphnia, 58 Darnis, 243, 267, 278, 282 latior Fowler, 243, 267, 278, 282 partita Walker, 243, 267, 278, 282 Dasypodidae, 183 Dasyprocta aguti flavescens, 50, 180 Dasyproctidae, 180 Dasypus, 183 De Geer, C. 456 Decapoda, 59 Deer, 175, 185 Dendrexetastes, 143 rufigula (Less.), 143 Dendrobates, 59, 61, 64, 123, 124, 125 Dendrocincla, 80, 150, 155 fuliginosa, 150, 155 Dendrocolaptes, 64, 150, 155 certhia, 150 plagosus, 155 Dendrocolaptidae, 148, 168 Dendrocygna, 162 Dendroeca aestiva aestiva (Gmel.), 144, 171 Dermestidae, 91 Desmodium, 26 Desmodontidae, 178 Desmodus, 178 Desneux, J., 456 Dexiidae, 98 Diacrium bicornutum (Hooper) Benth., 26 Diamonds, British Guiana, 17, 192 Dichropogon poecilonota, 155 Didelphidae, 177-178 Didelphis, 177 Difflugia, 53 Dimorphandra excelsa (Schomb), 30 Dinoponera, 46 Diodia, 25 Diptera, British Guiana, 51, 94-99 Dismorphia, 84 Diversitermes, 297 Dixidae, 95 Dog, hunting, 178 Dog- toothed fish, 109 Dolichopodid Fly, 49, 50, 97 Dolichopodidae, 45, 49, 97 Dollfus, A., 466, 467, 484, 502, 503 Dolops, 58 Dolphin, fresh- water, 175, 185 Dominica, W. I., 296 Donacobius, 170 Doodle-bugs, 89 Nos. 1-5] Index 511 Dot as granulosus, 120 Dove, 142, 159 ground, 159 jungle, 159 Talpacoti Ground, 142 Dragonfly, 49, 73-74 Drtpanotermes, 430 Dromococcyx pavoninus, 150, 154 Drosophilidae, 98 Drymobis, 136 Duka, 35, 39 Dunoon, B. G., 296 Dupatya, 37 Dutch in British Guiana, 27, 37, 39, 44, 186-193 Dutch West India Company, 187-190 Dysithamnus, 143, 155 mentalis spodionotus, 143 murinus, 155 saturninus, 155 Dysticidae, 90 Eagle, 163 Earthquakes, British Guiana, 17 Earthworms, 57 Earwigs, 72 Echimys, 181 Echinorhynchidae, 56 Eciton burchelli, 50, 61, 105 Ecology of Kartabo, see Studies of a Tropical Jungle; one Quarter Square Mile of Jungle at Kartabo, British Guiana, by William Bebe, 1-193 Ectatomma tuberculatum, 107 Eels, 109, 110, 114 Egg, of Tinamou, 205-207 (Fig. 19), 206 Egret, 145, 162 Eigenmann, Dr. Carl H., 108 Eigenmannia virescens, 116, 117, 118, 119 El Dorado, British Guiana, 186 Elaenea, 144, 151, 156 cristata whitelyi, 151 martinica flavogaster, 144 pagana macconnelli, 156 Elainopsis guianensis, 156 Elanoides, i30, 142, 152, 153, 163 forficatus yetupa, 142, 152, 153 furcatus, 152 Elaphidae, 135 Elateridae, 91 Electric eel, 110, 114 Electrophorus electricus, 117, 119, 120, 121 Eleocharis geniculata R. Br., 23 Eleotris, 116, 119, 120, 121 amblyopsis, 119, 120, 121 Elephantiasis, British Guiana, 55 Eluma, 467 caelatum (Miers), 467 purpurascens Budde-Lund, 467 Emballonuridae , 178 Emerson, Alfred Edwards: The Termites of Kartabo, Bartica District, British Guiana, 291-459 for paged outline see “Termites of Kartabo ’’ Emerson, Prof. 71, 72, 122 Emerson, Winifred Jelliffe, 293 Empidae, 97 Empidonomus, 156 varius parvirostris, 156 Enchenopa, 233-235, 264, 268, 270, 271, 276, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285 albidorsa (Fairm.) and Walker, 233, 276 bifenestrata Funkh., 233, 268, 270, 271, 281, 284, 285 (PI. I, fig. 4; PI. VI, fig. 2), 234, 264 galeata Walker, 258 lanceolata (Fabr.) and Walker, 233- 235, 265, 266, 270, 275, 282, 284 (Fig. 23), 232 monoceros (Germ.) 235, 268, 276, 281, 284 nutans Fowler, 235, 271 pulchella Funk., 235 Endoiastus, 263-264, 267, 272, 273, 282, 285 caviceps, 263 productus Osborn, 263-264, 267, 272, 273, 282, 285 (Plate I, fig. 8), 234 Eneopterides, 45, 70-71 Engraulidae, 114 Engystomatidae, 121 Entomostraca, 58 Entylia sinuata, 271 Eperua falcata Aubl., 21 Ephemerida, 73 Ephrata, Surinam, 296 Epiaeschna, 73 Epicaridea, 461, 481-484 Epicrates, 138 Epidendrum fragrans Sw., 26 Epidote, British Guiana, 16 Epiplemidae, 81 Epistylis, 53 Equisetum, 25 Erebus, 82 Erethizontidae, 180 Erichson, W. F., 294, 456 Erionotis tristis, 155 Erionotus amazonicus, 150 Erotylidae, 90 Erycinid, 47 Erycinidae, 83, 87 Erythrolamprus, 135, 136 Esocidae, 115 Essequibo River, British Guiana, 5, 7, 15, 21, 187 Eta Palm, 35 Etaballi, 31 Ethelum americanum (Dollfus), 461, 467, 484-486 description, 484-486 (Plate XVI, figs. 27-36 inch), 485 Eubelinae, 461, 484-486 Euchilotermes, 432 Eucryptotermes, 297 Eueides, 87 Euglena, 53 Euglossa, 46 Euglossidae, 103 Euhamitermes, 430 Eumenidae, 103 Eumops, 178 Eunectes, 111, 135, 136, 138 Eupekari, British Guiana, 14-15 meteorology, 15 Euphonia, Violaceus, 145 Euplexoptera, 72 Eupterotidae, 81 Eurypyga helias, 153 Eurypygidae, 160 Entermes, 294, 298, 299, 375, 376, 379, 381, 387, 407, 417, 454 acajutlae, 387 cavifrons, 417 cayennae, 379 debilis, 375, 454 ephratae, 381 guayanae, 376 incola, 299 martiniquensis, 379 nigricornis, 407 parvellus, 294 Sanchezi, 379 Euterpe edulis Mart, 35 Evaniidae, 101 Evorthodus, 116, 118 512 Zoologica [Vol. VI breviceps, 118 Excorallana berbicensis Boone, 461, 462, 468, 471-473 description, 471-473 (Plate VIII figs. 3-8 incl.), 472 Excorallanidae, 461, 462, 471-473 Fabricius, J. C., 379, 421, 456 Fairy, Black-eared (bird), 142 Falco, 151, 152 albigularis, 152 rufigularis, 151, 152 Falconidae, 163 Fauna, of Kartabo, 42-186 Felidae, 179 Felis cougar, 179 Felspar, British Guiana, 16 Fer-de-lance (snake), 138, 139 Ferry, Captain Anthony, 189 Filaria, 55 Fireflies, 91 Fish, British Guiana, 51, 106, 108-121 (Fig. 11), 106 Flabellifera, 461, 462, 471-481 Flatbill, 144 British, 144 Pelzeln’s, 144 Fleas, 99, 180 Florida caerulea caerulea (Linne), 142 Flounder, 116 Flower beetles, 92 Fluvicola pica, 155, 169 Fly, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 94-99, 180 carrion, 46, 47, 48 dancing- winged, 48, 51 deer, 51, 96 yellow- winged, 46, 48, 49 hump-backed, 46, 47, 48, 49 lace-winged, 48 long-legged, 48 muscid, 49, 50 robber, large hairy, 46, 47 small brown, 45, 48, 49, 40 warble, 180 Flycatcher, 45, 144 Kiskaclee Tyrant, 45 Oily, 144 Pitangua, 144 Spotted Tody, 144 Whispered, 144 Yellow- vented, 144 Flycatcherlets, 148 Flying fish, 110, 114 Folsom, J. W., 293, 456 Fontanelle (termites), 300 Forests British Guiana, 15, 27-36 Formicariidae, 45, 148, 167 Formicarius, 63, 71, 143, 150, 151, 155 colma, 143, 150, 151, 155 moniliger crissalis, 150, 155 Formicidae, 105-107 Forte de France, Martinique, W. I., 296 Four-eyed fish, 109 Fowler, 255, 283-284 Frederickena viridis, 155 Fringillidae, 148, 171 Frog, 46, 59, 61 Black-faced, 46 Froggatt, W. W., 456 Frontal tube (termites), 300 Fulgoridae, 76 Fuller, Claude, 298, 456 Fungi, British Guiana, 29, 30 Funkhouser, W. D„ 231, 233, 236, 248, 252, 255, 262, 267, 271, 272, 282, 284, 285 Furipteridae, 178 Furnariidae, 148, 168 Furniture, wood for, 33 Gaige, Dr. F. M., 293, 342, 346, 350, 367, 378, 383, 385, 388, 395, 419, 449 Galbulidae, 166 Galbula albirostris, 154 Galliformes, 146, 158-159 Gamasidae, 62 Gavunarus, 59 Gampsonyx, 130, 152 swainsoni, 152 Gar, 109 Garnets, red, British Guiana, 16, 17 Gasteropelecus sternicla, 118, 119 Gasteropods, 57 Gastrophryne, 124, 125 microps, 124, 125 ovale, 124 Gay, C., 456 Geckonidae, 133 Geckos, 66, 127, 128, 129, 133 Gelastigonia hirsuta sp. nov., 256, 275, 281, 284 (PL IV, fig. 2, 2a; PI. VI, fig. 4), 254, 264 Gentians, Shore, 25 Geometridae, 81, 82-83 Geomyzidae, 98 Geophagus, 115, 118, 120, 480 jurupari, 118, 120 surinamensis, 118, 120 Geophilidae, 64 Georgetown, British Guiana, 14, 21, 193, 296 Gerridius scutellatus Fowler, 261-262 Giant Hyla, 122 Ginger, wild, British Guiana, 29 Ginger Lilly, 41 Glanencheli, 114 Globitermes, 430 Glossophaga, 178 Glyphorhynchus cuneatus, 50, 71, 143, 151, 155, 168 Glyptotermes, 297, (see also Kalotermes) Gmelin, 195 Gnat-catcher, 170 Gnats, 46, 47, 50 Gneisses, British Guiana, 16 Goatsucker, Giant, 142, 164 Gobies, sand, 109, 116 Gobiidae, 116 Gold, British Guiana, 17, 192 Goldbird, 144 Gomphidae , 73 Gonatodes, 129, 132, 133 beebei, 133 Gongasockas, 133 Gonium, 53 Gordiacea, 55 Grallaria brevicauda, 155 Granatellus, 171 Granite, British Guiana, 16 Grant, Madison, 1 Grasses, British Guiana, 25 Grasshopper, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 67-68 Giant Green, 45 Green Stick, 46 Long-horned, 47 Small Brown, 46, 49 Tryxalid, 50 Yellow-lined, 45, 48 Grebe, 159, 160 Greenheart, British Guiana, 3 Grenada, W. I., 296 Grison, 179 Gromweagle, 187 Grosbeak, 171 Ground-beetles, 89 Gruiformes, 146, 147, 160 Gryllidae, 68-71 Gryllides, 69-70 Gryllotalpides, 69 Guan, Lesser Olive, 141 Guana, 31 Nos. 1-5] Index 513 Guava, Wild, British Guiana, 35, 39 Guerlinguetus aestuans, 50, 181 Guiana British, ecology of, see “Studies of a Tropical Jungle” Guiana Bidl-frog, 123 Guiana Mahogany, 30 Gun-stocks, 32 wood for, British Guiana, 32 Gymnocerata, 74-75 Gymnorhamphichthys, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120 hypostomus, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120 Gymnotidac, 114 Gymnotus carapo, 116, 119, 120 Gyrinidae, 90 Hacka, 175 Hagen, H. A., 294, 359, 375, 421, 449, 454, 457 Haiawa, 40 Hair worms, 55 Haldeman, S., 457 Halfbeak, 109 Halictus, 102 Haliplidae, 89 Hamitermes, 294, 430 excellens, 294, 431 Haplarmadillo Dollfus, 491 Harpayus, 130, 152 bidentatus, 152 Harpia harpyia, 152 Harpiprion, 162 Harrison, Sir John, 16 Hartley, Mr. Inness, 140 Harvestmen, 50, 61 Hassas, 110 Hattee balli, 31 Haviland, G. D., 457 Haviland, Maud D. (Mrs. H. H. Brindley), Membr acidae of Kartabo, Bartica Dis- trict, British Guiana, 229-290 (Fig. 23; Plates 1-VI inch), 232, 234, 238, 246, 254, 260, 264 for paged outline see Membr acidae of Kartabo Hawk, 64, 142, 163 Black-faced, 142 Hebridae, 74 Hedychium coronarium Konig, 41 Heer, O., 457 Helicina, 57 Heliconias, 29 Heliconiidae, 83, 87 Helicopis, 87, Helicops, 135 Helicopsyche, 80 Heliornis, 111, 149, 159 fulica, 149 Heliornithidae, 159 Heliothrix aurita aurita, 142, 154 Helogenidae, 113 Hemerobiidae, 79 Hemerobius marginalis, 348 Hemiancistrus braueri, 119 Hemicetopsis macilentus, 119, 120 Hemiderma, 178 Hemidoras carinatus, 116, 117, 118, 120, 476 Hemiptera, British Guiana, 39, 49, 51, 74-76 Hemirhamphidae, 115 Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, 120 Hemp, sisal, British Guiana, 41 Hermit, 142 Cayenne, 142 Red-vented, 142 Heron, 112, 142, 162 cocoi, 162 Little Blue, 142 Herpailurus, 179 Herpetodryas, 136, 138 Herpsilochmus, 143, 155 sticturus sticturus, 143, 155 Hesca Budde-Lund, 493 Hesperia, 88 Hesperiidae, 83, 88 Heterocera, 81-83 Heterognathi, 113-114 Heteronotus, 245-247, 278, 282, 283 albospinosus sp. nov., 245, 282 (PI. Ill, fig. 6), 246 armatus Lap., 245, 278, 282 (Pl. III, fig. 8), 246 vespiformes sp. nov., 247, 282, (Pl. III, fig. 7), 246 Heteroptera, 75 Heterosomata, 116 Hevea, 31 Hieronyma laxiflora Muell. Arg., 32 Hille herbicola sp. nov., 255-256, 275, 281, 283 (Pl. IY, figs. 1, la), 254 Hills Plantation, British Guiana, 7 Hindus, British Guiana, 192 Hippeastrum, 41 Hippoboscidae, 99 Hirudinea, 57 Hirundinidae, 147, 170 Histeridae, 90 Hoatzin, 158 Holmgren, Nils, 297, 298, 299, 316, 337, 340, 344, 346, 357, 363, 367, 379, 416, 430, 432, 457 Holobrycon pesu, 118, 119, 120 Holophora pertusa, 284 Holotype, 300 Homoptera, 76-78 Honey-creepers, 40 Honey-dew of Membr acidae, 271 Hoobooballi, 31 Hoomalgee, 31 Hooroowassa, 33 Hoplosternum thoracatum, 119 Horiola, 249, 268, 272, 273, 282 arcuata (Fabr.) and Fowler, 249, 268, 272, 273, 282 ferruginea Fairm., 249, 268 Hornets, 103-104 Horse Tails, 25 Hubudi, 31 Humirium floribundam Mart, 35 Hummingbird, 40, 46, 47, 49, 51, 164 Cayenne Hermit, 46 Long-tailed, 51 Rufous Hermit, 46 Wood Nymph, 47 Hydrochaeridae, 180 Hydrochaerus, 180 Hydrocynus, 111, 121 cuvieri, 121 Hydrolicus scomberoides, 117, 121 Hydrophilidae, 90 Hydrops, 111, 135, 136, 138, 139 Hydropsalis schomburghki, 154 Hydrozoa, 54 Hyla, 122, 123, 124, 125 albomarginata, 124 boans, 125 maxima, 123, 124 pardalis, 124 rubra, 122, 124 Hylidae, 121, 122 Hyl'omyzidae, 46, 47 Hylopezus, 64, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155 macularia, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155 Hymenaea combaril, Linne, 32 Hymenocallis, 41 Hymenoptera, British Guiana, 51, 89,1 99- 107 Hypocnemis cantator, 150, 155 Hypolophus murinus, 50, 143 Hyporhampus roberti, 117, 118, 119, 120 Hypsidae, 81, 82 Hypsoprora, 242-243, 276, 283 514 Zoologica [Vol. VI aspera sp. nov., 242-243 (PL II, fig. 7), 238 insignis Buckton, 258-259 (Pl. IV, fig. 7; Pi. V, fig. 5), 254, 260 Ibididae, 162 Ibis, 162 Ibycter, 47, 49, 142, 150, 153, 163 americanus, 47, 142, 150, 218 ater, 49, 153 Ichneumon-Ply, 45, 46, 47, 50, 100-101 small black, 45 with white antennae, 46 with yellow, black-spotted wings, 47 Ichneumonidae, 100-101 Ichnosiphon , 27 Idea heptaphyllum Aubl., 40 Icteridae, 148, 172 Icterus, 145 chrysocephalus (Linne), 145, 157 xanthornus, 157 Icticyon, 178-179 Ictinia plumbea, 154, 163 Iguana, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 134 Iguanidae, 127-128, 133-134 Ilysia, 111, 138, 139 Ilysiidae, 135, 139 Incubation, egg of variegated Tinamou, 207, 220- 221 Indians, British Guiana, 27, 28, 31, 32, 40, 41, 59, 78, 126, 187, 192, 193 basket-making, 29 bows, 32 canoes, 32 plp^rinp’Q 97 food, 31, ’35, 41, 59, 110, 114, 126, 158 paddles, 31 parasites, 78 Indigo, 39 Indigofera sp., 39 Infusoria, 53 Inga sp., 31 Inia, 112, 185-186 Insecta, British Guiana, 2, 51, 65-107, 291- 459 orders represented at Kartabo, 65 Insectivora, 174 Insects, British Guiana, 51, 65-107, 291-459 Instinctive reactions, chick of Tinamou, 224-227 lonornis, 159 Iphisa, 129 Iridoprocne albiventris (Bodd.), 144, 170 Iron-ore, British Guiana, 16 Ischnocentrus niger Stal., 259, 279, 281 Isopoda, 59, 461-503 Isopods, The, of Kartabo, Bartica District, British Guiana, by Willard G. Van Name, 461-503 (Plates VII-XXVI inch), 469, 472, 474, 475, 477, 478, 479, 481, 482, 485, 487, 489, 491, 493, 494, 495, 496, 498, 500, 501 Bibliography, 502-503 Description of species, 469-501 Isopods previously recorded from Gui- ana, 462-268 List of species in this collection, 461- 462 Isoptera, British Guiana, 51, 71-72 Isospondyli, 114 Issororo River, B. G , 296 Ithomiids, 49, 51, 84 Ixodidae, 62-63 Jacamar, 143, 166 Golden, 143 Jacamerops aurea, 143, 151 Jacana spinosa , 153 Jacanidae, 160 Jaguar, 175, 179 Jaguarondi cat, 175, 179 Jay, 64, 173 Jhering, H. v., 458 Johannsen, Prof. O A., 293 Julidae, 64 June Bugs, 89 Jungle, British Guiana, 27-36 ecology, see “Studies of a Tropical Jungle’’ by William Beebe, 1-193 palms, 35 trees, 30-35 Jungle clearings, British Guiana, 27, 37-41 Jungle life, one hour of, 44-51 Jungle laboratory, Kartabo, 1-22, 36, 38 (Figs. 6, 7), 36, 38 maps showing location, 4, 6, 18 Kaieteur Falls, British Guiana, 6-7, 15, 296 Kalacoon, British Guiana, 7, 41 Kalotermes, 297, 298, 301, 312-313, 316-339 ( Cryptotermes ), 297, 301, 312-313, 326- 331 brevis (Walker), 301, 312, 326-329 description, 326-329 (Fig. 29), 327 cubicoceps sp. nov., 301, 313, 330- 331 description, 330-331 (Fig. 31), 330 verruculosus sp. nov., 301, 313, 329- 330 description, 329-330 (Fig. 30), 328 0 Glyptotermes ), 297, 301, 313, 331-337 guianensis sp. nov., 301, 313, 335 description 335 (Fig. 33), 334 hospitalis sp. nov., 301, 313, 336- 337 description, 336-337 (Fig. 34), 337 pellucidus sp. nov., 301, 313, 331- 332 description 331-332 (Fig. 31), 330 perparvus sp. nov., 301, 313, 332- 334 description, 332-334 (Fig. 32), 333 (Lobitermes) , 301, 313, 337-339 nigriceps sp. nov., 301, 313, 337-339 description, 337-339 (Fig. 35), 338 C Neotermes ), 297, 301, 312, 316-320 clearei sp. nov., 301, 312, 316-318 description, 316-318 (Fig. 34), 317 holmgreni Banks, 301, 312, 319-320 description, 319-320 (Fig. 25), 319 kartaboensis sp. nov., 301, 312, 318- 319 description, 318-319 (Fig. 25), 319 (Rugitermes) , 297, 301, 312, 320-326 bicolor sp. nov., 301, 312, 320-322 description, 320 (Fig. 26), 321 flavicinctus sp. nov., 301, 312, 323 description, 323-324 (Fig. 27), 322 magninotus sp. nov., 301, 312, 324- 326 description, 324-326 (Fig. 28), 325 Kalotermitidae, 312-313, 316-339 Kalotermitinae, 312-313, 316-339 Kaolins, British Guiana, 16, 17 Kartabo, British Guiana, 296 earthquakes, 17 expeditions, 2 Nos. 1-5] Index 515 fauna, 1, 2, 43-186 amphibians, 1, 2, 121-125 birds, 1, 2, 39, 40, 45-51, 107, 140- 173, 195-227 collections from, 1-2 filaria, 55 fish, 1, 51, 106, 108-121 fossils, 192 insects, 2, 51, 65-107, 291-459 invertebrates, 2, 51, 52-107 isopods, 59, 461-503 malaria, 53, 95 mammals, 1-2, 173-186 Membracidae, 77, 229-290 mosquitoes, 53, 94-95 reptiles, 1-2, 125-139 snakes 134-139 termites, 2, 291-459 tinamou, variegated, 195-227 vertebrates, 107-186 flora, 22-41 geographical position, 5-7 maps, 4, 6, 18, 196, 198 geology, 15-17 history, 186-193 jungle, 27-36 meterorology, 7-15 motion pictures, 2 photographs, 2 phyla of animals, 43 physical character, 19-22 Kartabo, ecology of see “Studies of a Tropical Jungle” Kartabo Station, British Guiana, of the New York Zoological Society, 1 area devoted to research, 18 contributions from, 1 cost, 2 maps, 4, 6 motion pictures, 2 photographs, 2 visitors and workers, 1 Katydid, 46, 68 Large Green, 46 Kernel-eater, Olive, 144 Kingbird, 144, 145 White- throated, 144 Kingfisher, 111, 112, 142, 146, 164 Belted, 146, 164 Great Gray, 142 Little Green, 142 Kinkajou, 179 Kiskadee, 144, 169 Guiana, 144 Lesser, 144 Small-billed, 144 Kiskadee Tyrant Flycatcher, 45, 111 Kite, Swallow-tailed, 142 Koch, C. L., 468, 502 Kokorite Palm, 35 Kollar, V., 458 Kurahara, 33 Kurupung River, British Guiana, 17 Kyk-over-al, British Guiana, 187 Kyllinga, 26 Labba, 180 Labiotermes, see Cornitermes Laboratory, Jungle, Kartabo, 1-22, 36, 38 (Fig. 6, 7), 36, 38 maps, location, 4, 6, 18 Lacertilia, 127-128, 133-134 Lachesis, 135, 138, 139 mutus, 139 Lamproptera, 285 capreolus, 285 stylata, 285 Lamprospiza, 172 Lampyridae, 91 Laniidae, 148 Lanio fulvus, 157 Laniocera hypophyrrha, 156 Laporinus, 120 alternus, 120 nigrotaeniatus, 120 Laridae, 160 Lariformes, 146, 147, 160 Larridae, 104 Lasiocampidae, 81 Lathria cinerea cinerea (Vieill.), 144, 156, 170 Latreille, P. A., 458 Lau-lau catfish, 108, 113, 476, 480 Lavarre, 346, 378 Leach, 462 Leeches, 57 Legatus albicollis, 156 Leioscyta, 239-240 beebei sp. nov., 239-240 (PL II, fig. 1), 238 spiralis sp. nov., 240 (PL I, fig. 5; PI. II, fig. 2), 234, 238 Leistes militaris militaris (Linne), 145, 157, 173 Leopardus, 179 Lepidoenas speciosa, 159 Lepidoptera, British Guiana, 51, 80-88 Leporinus, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120 alternus, 117, 119 arcus, 116, 118 fasciatus, 120 nigrotaeniatus, 116, 117, 119 Leposoma, 129, 130, 132 Leptidae, 96 Leptodactylus, 46, 53, 111, 123, 124 caliginosus, 124, 125 lineatus, 125 mystacinus, 46, 124, 125 pentadactylus, 123, 124, 125 rhodornystax, 53, 125 stictigularis, 124, 125 Leptognathus variegata, 58, 136 Leptophis, 135 Leptoptila, 45, 153 ruf axilla, 45, 153 Dt'Tvn') / vi 1 Leptotrichus,’ 462, 466, 486-488 emarginatus Pearse, 466 pittieri Pearse, 462, 486-488 description, 486-488 (Plate XVII, figs. 37-42 incl.) 487 Leptotyphlopidae, 135, 138 Leptotyphlops, 71, 135, 136 Letterwood, 32, 44 Leucolepis, 46, 47, 144, 156, 170 arada, 156 TYiusica 46 47 144 Leucopternis, 64, 130, 142, 150, 152, 153, 163 melanops, 142, 150, 152, 153 Leucotermes, 294, 297, 303, 313, 340-343 crinitus sp. nov., 303, 313, 342-343 description, 342-343 (Fig. 36), 341 tenuis, 294, 297, 303, 313, 340-342 description, 340-342 (Fig. 36), 341 Leucoterinitinae, 313, 340-344 Lianas, British Guiana, 23, 27, 29 Libellulidae, 73-74 Lice, 78 Lichens, 26, 29, 30 Light, S. F., 298, 458 Ligia, 467-468 baudiniana Miln e-Ed wards, 468 cajennensis Koch, 468 cayennensis Stuxberg, 468 exotica Roux, 468 gracilis Moore, 468 Ligyda, 462, 467, 468, 497-500 baudiniana (Milne-Edwards), 468 cajennensis (Koch), 468 exotica (Roux), 467, 497-499 516 Zoologica [Vol. VI platycephala sp. nov. 462, 497-500 description, 497-500 (Plate XXIV, figs. 67-71 incl.), 498 richardsonae Pearse, 499 (Plate XXV), 500 Ligydidae, 59, 462, 467-468, 497-500 Lily, 23, 39, 41 British Guiana, 23, 39, 41 aroid, 23 ginger, 41 spider, 41 tiger, scarlet, 39, 41 Limacodidae, 81 Lime trees, British Guiana, 39 Limpkin, 160 Linau, Postholder, 192 Linnaeus, C., 458 Liophis, 136 Lipangus simplex, 156 Liparidae, 81 Livoneca, 461, 462, 468, 473-478 guianensis sp. nov., 461, 476-478 description, 476-478 (Plates XI-XII, figs. 15-18), 477, 478 redmanni Leach, 462 sinuata, 475 symmetrica sp. nov., 461, 473-476 description, 473-476 (Plate IX-X, figs. 9-14 inch), 474-475 Lizard, 46, 50, 64, 66,77, 127-129 Aro.eiva, 50, 128, 129 Anolis, 64, 128, 129, (Fig. 12), 128 breeding, 132-133 diet, 130-132 enemy and prey ecology, 129-130 Oblique-Striped Jungle, 46 tegu, 72 Lobitermes, see Kalotermes Locust (tree), British Guiana, 32 Longicorns, 93 Lophobranchii, 115 Lophyraspis, 261-263, 271, 273, 279, 281, 285 armata sp. nov., 262-263, 271, 273, 279, 281, 285 (PI. I, fig. 10; PI. V, figs. 2, 2a, 2b) 234, 260 fowleri nov. nom., 261-262, 279, 281 pygmaea (Fabr.), 263, 285 scutellatus Stal., 261-262 Loricaria, 113, 120 cataphracta, 120 Loricariichthys, 120 griseus, 120 stewarti, 120 Loricariidae , 113 Lumbricidae, 57 Lurocalis semitorquatus, 151 Lutra, 112, 177, 179 mitis, 179 Lutz, F. E„ 294, 386 Lycaenidae, 83, 88 Lycengraulis, 114, 473 grossideus (Cuvier), 473 Lycides, 91 Lycoderes hippocampus (Fabr.), 258, 272, 278, 282, 283, 285 Lygydae, 76 Lymnocodium, 54 Lyprobius cristatus (Dollfus), 466 Mabuia, 128, 129, 133 Macaw, 48, 49, 51, 142, 163 Green- winged, 48, 49, 51 Red-and- Yellow, 142 Macousis, 192 Mac? obrachium, 481, 483 acantharum, 483 lamarrei (Milne-Edwards), 481 Macrotermes, 298, 299 bellicosus Smeathman, 298, 299 Macrura, 59 Mahogany, Guiana, 30 Mahswas, 59 Maibike, 40, 41 Makreekoonee, 35 Malacostraca, 59-60 Malaria, at Kartabo, British Guiana, 53, 94-95 Mallophaga, 72, 214 Mammalia, 173-186 enemies, 176-177 Kartabo, British Guiana, 173-186 Orders of New York State and of Kartabo, 174-175 prey, 176-177 Mammals, British Guiana, 47, 48, 50, 51, 173-186 enemy and prey ecology, 176-177 Mamoo Swagger, 195 Manacus manacus, 46, 144, 148 Manakin, 46, 49, 144, 148 Crackling, 46, 144, 148 Golden-headed, 144 White-crowned, 49, 144 Manatee, 185 Mangroves, British Guiana, 20, 23, 24, 31 (Fig. 3), 24 Manicole Palm, 35 Manikup albifrons, 155, 167 Mann, Wm. M., 293, 414, 458 Mantidae, 66 Mantis, Green, 48 M'antispidae, 79-80 Marabuntas, 103-104 Marcgravia, 26, 40-41 Alar gay, 176, 177, 179 Margay cat, 176, 177, 179 Marine Toad, 122 Marmosa, 177 Marmosets, 183 Marsupialia, 174, 176, 177-178 Martin, 144, 146, 170 Gray-breasted, 144 Guiana, 170 Purple, 144 Martinez, 186 Martinique, W. I., 296 Mastigophora, 53 Mata-mata, 127 Matchwood Tree, British Guiana, 32 Mauritia flexuosa L. f., 35 Maximilliana regia Mart, 35 Mayflies, 73 Mazaruni River, British Guiana, 1, 5, 7, 19, 20, 22, 187, 296 Mclndoo, N. E., 293, 458 A 1 ecistog aster , 49, 74 Aleconemides, 68 Alecopodies, 68 Mecoptera, 80 Medusa, fresh-water, 54 Meerah-wood, 33 Megaceryle, 142, 164 torquata cyanea, 142 Megachile , 103 A d'egachilidae, 103 Megalodoras, 117 Megalopygidae, 81 Megarhynchus pitangua (Linne), 144, 156 Meinert, F„ 462, 475, 478, 480, 481, 503 Melalophidae, 81 Melanerpes rubrifrons, 154 Melanopsar chrysocephalus, 157, 173 Melastomas, 39 Melinaea, 46 mneme Linn., 86 (Fig. 10), 86 Melipona, 101 Meliponidae, 101-102 Nos. 1-5] Index 517 Melitoma , 103 Membracidae of Kartabo, Bartica District, British Guiana With Descriptions of New Species and Bionomical Notes, by Maud D. Haviland (Mrs. H. H. Brindley) 229-290 (Fig. 23; Plates I-YI inch), 232, 234, 238, 246, 254, 260, 264 acknowledgements, 229-231, 273 attendance by ants, 271-273, 279-282 enemies, 273-274 field observations, 274-282 geographical distribution, 265-267 introduction, 229-231 key to species, 286-290 life-histories and habits, 267—271 list of species, 231-265 nymphal forms, 282-285 Membracidae, British Guiana, 39, 45, 46, 48, 49, 77, 229-290 Membracis, 231-232, 268, 273, 274, 275, 282, 283, 284 arcuata (Oliv.) and Fairm., 231, 282 bicristata Fairm., 237 c-album Fairm., 231, 268, 275, 282, 284 (PI. VI, fig. 9), 264 carinata (Fabr.), 231 fasciata (Fabr.) and Fairm., 233, 274 fusca De Geer and Fairm., 233, 268, 282 humilis Fowler, 233 tectigera (Oliv.) and Fairm,. 233, 273, 275, 282 (Fig. 23, b), 232 Mesarmadillo americanus Dollfus, 467, 484- 486 description, 484-486 (Plate XVI, figs. 27-36 inch), 485 Mesophylla, 178 Mesopra, 39, 40 Metachirus, 177 Metals, British Guiana, 16, 17 Metoponorthus pruinosus Bxidde-Lund, 465 Mica, British Guiana, 16 Mice, 176, 177, 181 house, 181 Micrastur, 152, 153 gilvicollis, 153 interestes, 152 Microcerculus bambla, 156 Microcerotermes, 297, 298, 304, 315, 375, 453-455 arboreus sp. nov., 304, 315, 453-455 description, 453-455 (Fig. 94), 454 Microcyprini, 115 Microlepidoptera, 81 Microphila, 157 castaneiventris, 157 minuta, 157 Micropodidae, 164 Micropterygidae, 81 Microstigmus, 66 Micrurus, 111, 135, 136, 138, 139 maregravii, 138 Miers, E. J., 465, 466, 467, 491, 493, 502 Mikania orinocensis H. B. K., 39 Miller, Mr. de W., 168 Millipede, 50, 51, 63-64 Milne Edwards, A., 465, 466, 468, 481, 502 Milvago chimachima, 153 Mimicry (insects), 274-282 Mimidae, 147, 170 Mimosa polydactyla H. & B. 39 Mimus, 170 Minerals, British Guiana, 16, 17 Minnow, Land, 46 Mirotermes, 297, 304, 315, 432-445 ( Cavitermes ) subg. nov., 304, 315, 442- 444 tuberosus sp. nov., 304, 315, 442-444 description, 442-443 (Fig. 88), 443 ( Crepititermes ) subg. nov., 304, 315, 433-435 verruculosus sp. nov., 304, 315, 433 description, 433-435 (Fig. 84) 433 {Mirotermes), 304, 315, 435-442 acutinasus sp. nov., 304, 315, 439- 440 description, 439-440 (Fig. 86), 438 hispaniolae Banks, 304, 315, 437- 439 description, 437-439 (Fig. 85), 435 inquilinus sp. nov., 304, 315, 440- 442 description, 440-442 (Fig. 87), 441 nigritus (Silvestri), 304, 315, 435 description 435-437 (Fig. 85), 435 saltans, 435 ( Spinitetmes ), 304, 315, 444-445 trispinosus (Bates), 304, 315, 444- 445 description, 444-445 (Fig. 89), 444 Mites, 62-63, 200, 214 Thrombidium, 200, 214 Mjoberg, E., 430, 458 Mniotiltidae, 147, 148, 171 Moenkhausia grandisquamis, 119 Majos, Bolivia, 296 Mole-crickets, 69 Mollusca, Kartabo, British Guiana, 43, 57- 58 Molluscoida, Kartabo, British Guiana, 43, 56 Molossidae, 178 Molossus, 61, 177, 178 Molothrus, 173 Momotidae, 164 Momotus momota, 46, 142, 154 Monasa niger, 154, 166 Monkey, 47, 48, 50, 51, 173, 175, 176, 177, 183 Beesa, 175, 183 Cebus, 175, 177 Red Howling, 47, 48, 50, 51, 173, 175, 183 Ring-tailed, 51, 183 Saki, 183 Spider, 183 Squirrel, 183 Monodelphis, 177 Monodontermes, 430 Monserrat, W. I., 296 Montrichar dia arborescens (Linne) Scott, 23 Moras, British Guiana, 26, 27, 30 (Fig. 5), 34 Mordellidae, 92 Morphidae, 83, 85-86 Morphnus, 163 Morpho, 46, 86 hecuba, 86 menelaus, 46, 86 Morphotype, 300 Morrison, Harold, 293, 458 Mosquitoes, at Kartabo, British Guiana, 53, 94-95 Mosses, British Guiana, 26, 29, 30 Motacillidae, 147, 171 Moths, 49, 50, 80-88 Motmots, Guiana, 46, 49, 142, 164 Motschulsky, von, 458 Mottram, 275 Moults, of variegated Tinnamou, 210 Mouse, 191 518 Zoologica [Vol. VI house, 181 spiny, 181 Mucka-mucka, British Guiana, 23 Muller, Fritz, 298, 458 Muridae, 181 Mus, 181 Musticapididae, 147, 170 Muscidae, 98 Muscivoratyrannus, 151, 156, 169 Muscovite, British Guiana, 16, 17 Muscovy duck, 162 Mustelidae, 179 Mutillidae, 104 Mycetophilidae, 94 Mycteria, 112, 162 Mydaidae, 96 Myiarchus ferox, 149, 152, 156 Myiobius barbatus barbatus , 144, 156 Myiodynastes maculatus, 151 Myiozetetes cayennensis cayennensis, 144, 156 Myleus pacu, 120 Myloplus, 119 rhomboidalis, 120 rubripennis, 119, 120, 476 Myobius, 169 Myoprocta, 180 Myriapoda, 63-64 Myristica surinamensis Roland, 33 Myrmecophaga, 71, 182 Myrmecophagide, 182-183 Myremcophilides, 68 Myrmeleonidae, 79 Myrmoborus, 143, 150, 155 leucophrys angustirostris, 143, 150, 155 Myrmoderus ferrugineus, 47, 150, 151, 155 Myrmopagis, 143, 150, 155 axillaiis axillaris , 143, 150, 155 drier eiventris drier eiventr is, 143 Myrmornis tor quota, 155 Myrmotherula pygmea, 48, 143 Nasiaeschua, 73 Nasua, 64, 130, 177, 179 Nasutitermes, 294, 297, 298, 299, 303, 304, 314, 375-420 (Angularitermes) , 304, 314, 419-420 nasutissimus sp. nov., 304, 314, 419 description, 419-420 (Fig. 75), 418 ( Constrictotermes ), 304, 314, 416-419 cavifrons (Holmgren), 304, 314, 417-419 description, 417-419 (Fig. 74), 417 ( Convexitermes ), 303-304, 314, 407-414 kartaboensis sp. nov., 304, 314 description, 409-410 (Fig. 70), 409 manni sp. nov., 304, 314, 412-414 description, 412-414 (Fig. 72), 413 mazaruniensis sp. nov., 304, 314, 411 description, 411-412 (Fig. 71), 411 nigricornis (Holmgren), 303, 314, 407 description, 407-409 (Fig. 69), 408 holmgreni, 294, 299, 392 C Nasutitermes ), 303, 314, 376-397 acajutlae (Holmgren), 303, 314, 387-388 description, 387-388 (Fig. 58), 387 banksi nom. nov., 294, 299, 303, 314, 392 description, 392-393 (Fig. 61), 392 brevipilus sp. nov., 303, 314, 395- 397 description, 395-397 (Fig. 63), 396 comstockae sp. nov., 303, 314, 390 description, 390 (Fig. 57), 396 costalis (Holmgren), 303, 314, 379- 381 description, 379-381 (Fig. 55), 380 ephratae (Holmgren) 294, 303, 314, 381-383 description, 381-383 (Fig. 55), 380 gaigei sp. nov., 303, 314, 394-395 description, 394-395 (Fig. 62), 395 guayanae (Holmgren), 294, 303, 314, 376 description, 376-378 (Fig. 54), 377 intermedius Banks, 303, 314, 388 description, 388-390 (Fig. 59), 389 octopilis Banks, 294, 303, 314, 383- 385 description, 383-385 (Fig. 56), 384 surinamensis (Holmgren), 303, 314, 395 description, 385-386 (Fig. 57), 386 wheeled sp. nov., 303, 314, 391-392 description, 391-392 (Fig. 60), 391 (Subulitermes) , 303, 314, 397-407 baileyi sp. nov., 303, 314 description, 398-399 (Fig. 64), 397 oculatissimus sp. nov., 303, 314, 400 description, 400-402 (Fig. 65), 401 osborni sp. nov., 303, 314, 404-405 description, 404-405 (Fig. 67), 404 parvellus (Silvestri), 294, 303, 314, 399 description, 399-400 (Fig. 64), 397 raripilus sp. nov., 303, 314, 402-403 description, 402-403 (Fig. 66), 403 snyderi sp. nov., 303, 314, 405-407 description, 405-407 (Fig. 68), 406 thompsonae, 299, 398 (Velocitermes) , 304, 314, 414-416 beebei sp. nov., 304, 314 description, 415-416 (Fig. 73), 414 Neacomys, 181 Nectandra rodiei Schomb, 30 Nectandra sp., 33 Nectomys, 181 Needlefish, 109 Negro slaves, British Guiana, 187-188, 190 Nemathelminthes, Kartabo, British Guiana, 43, 55-56 Nematoda, 55, 214 Nematognathi, 112 Nemertea, 55 Neocapritermes, see Capritermes Neomorphus rufipennis, 154, 165 Neoponera, 71, 107 commutata Roger, 71 Neotermes, 297, (see Kalotermes) Nessaea, 87 Neuroptera, 79-80 Neusticurus, 129, 134 Nibie, British Guiana, 187 Nicoletia, 65 519 Index Nos. 1-5] Nicoria punctularia, 126 Nighthawk, 45, 142 Dusky, 45 White-necked, 142 Noctuidae, 81, 82 Notharcus tectus, 151 Notodontidae, 81 Notonectidae, 74 Notophilidae, 64 Nototanais, 461, 468, 469-470 australis Richardson, 468 beebei sp. nov., 461, 468, 469-470 description, 469-470 (Plate VII, figs. 1-2), 469 dimorphus (Beddard), 468, 470 Nova Zeelandia, 186 Nurse fish, 110 Nycteribiidae, 99 Nyctibius, 142, 154, 164 griseus griseus (Gmel.), 142, 154, 164 Nyctidromus, 142, 148, 154, 164 albicollis albicollis (Gmel ), 142, 148, 154, 164 Nymphal Membracidae, 282-285 Nymphalidae, 83, 87 Nyssonidae, 105 Obisiidae, 61 Obisium, 61 Ocelot, 175, 177, 179 Octodontidae, 181 Odonata, British Guiana, 51, 73-74 Odontoceti, 185-186 Odontophoridae, 159 Odontophorus, 141, 153 guianensis guianensis, 141, 153 Odontotermes, 298 Oecanthides, 70 Oecomys, 181 Oenaenas purpureotincta, 141 Oestridae, 99 Oko Mountains, British Guiana, 19 Oligochaeta, 56 Omai, British Guiana, 17 Onderneeming, B. G., 296 Oniscidae, 59, 461, 462, 462-467, 484-497 500-501 Oniscinae, 462, 486-497 Oniscoidea, 461-462, 462-468, 484-501 Onychophora, 63 Onycorhynchus coronatus coronatus, 144, 169 Opalina, 153 Ophryoessa, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 131 Opossum, 176, 177 Oreopelia montana, 153 Orinoca River, 186, 187 Oriole, 45, 145, 172-173 Giant Black, 45, 172 Moriche, 145 Ornithion pusillum, 156 Orri-orri, 195 Ortalidae, 98 Ortalis motmot (Linne), 141, 153, 159 Orthalicus sultana, 57 Orthognathotermes, 297, 304, 315, 451-453 macrocephalus (Holmgren), 304, 315, 451-453 description, 451-453 (Pig. 93), 451 Orthoptera, British Guiana, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 66-71 Orthotermes, 432 Oryzoborus brevirostris, 157, 171 Oryzomys, 181 Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 1-2, 405 Introduction to Beebe’s “Studies of a Tropical Jungle,’’ 1-2 Ostinops, 45, 145, 157, 172-173 decumanus decumanus (Pall.), 145, 157 Ostracoda, 58 Ovenbird, 48, 50, 168 Owl, 135, 163 Oxybelis, 45, 130, 135, 136, 139 Paca, 180 Pachira aquatica Aubl., 40 Pachysylvia muscicapina muscicapina , 144, 157, 171 Paddlewood, 30 Palaemon amazonicus Heller, 59 Palaemonetes vulgaris (Say), 483 Palm, British Guiana, 27, 35 (Fig. 4), 28 cocoanut, 35 cuyuru, 35 eta, 35 kokorite, 35 manicole, 35 Panchloridae, 47 Pandion, 112, 163 Panicum, 25 Panorpidae, 80 Panthera, 179 Panyptila, 164 Papilio, 46, 51, 83-84 Papilionidae, 83-84 Paracubaris spinosus Collinge, 466, 491 Paramoecium, in bromeliads, 53 Pai’asitica, 78 Paratanais dimorphus Beddard, 468 Paridae, 148 Parrakeets, 72, 148, 163 Parrot, 48, 49, 50, 142, 163 Dusky, 49, 142 Mealy Amazon, 48, 50, 142 Purple Guiana, 142 Partridge, Guiana, 141 Passalidae, 89 Passeriformes, 147, 166-173 Paulicea, 111, 120 lutkeni, 120 Pearse, A. S., 465, 466, 467, 482, 484, 486, 488, 490, 494, 502, 503 Pecaritajacu macrocephalus, 185 Peccary, 175, 185 collared, 175, 185 white-lipped, 185 Pediculidae, 78 Pedipalpi, 61 Pegmatite, British Guiana, 16 Pelecinidae, 101 Pelicaniformes, 146, 162 Pelomedusidae, 127 Penal Settlement, British Guiana, 7, 192, 296 Penelope, 141, 153, 159 granti, 153 marail, 141, 153 Pentaclcthra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze, 30 Pentatomidae, 75 Pentoniscus exilis sp. nov., 462, 500-501 description, 500-501 (Plate XXVI, figs. 73-77 inch), 501 Perai, 109, 114, 476 Percomorphi, 115 Pericapritermes, 445 Periopidae, 81 Peripatus, 63 (Fig. 9), 64 Periplaneta, 66 Periporphyrus, 171 Perissodactyla, 174, 185 Perissotriccus, 156 ecaudatus miserabilis, 156 Perla nasuta, 348 Perty, M., 458 Petrea, 40 Petrel, 158 Phaethornis, 46, 51, 142, 154 ruber, 46, 142, 154 super ciliosus, 46, 142, 154 Phaetusa, 111, 142, 152, 153, 159 520 Zoologica [Vol. VI chloropoda (Yieill.), 142, 152, 153 Phalacrocoracidae, 162 Phalacrocorax, 112 Phalacrocorax nigrea, 152 Phalangida, 51, 61 Phasmid, 50, 267 Phasmidae, 66-67 Pheidole fallax Mayr., 273 Pheugopedius griseigula, 156 Philanthidae, 105 Philoscia, 59, 462, 465, 491-497 demerare sp. nov., 462, 496-497 description, 496-497 (Plate XXIII, figs. 64-66 incl.), 496 maculata Budde-Lund, 462, 494-496 description, 494-496 (Plates XXI-XXII, figs. 60-63 incl.), 494, 495 nitida (Miers), 462, 465, 491-494 description, 491-494 (Plates XIX— XX, figs. 52-59 incl.), 491, 493 olfersii Brandt, 465 spinosa Say, 462-465 Philougria nitida Miers, 491-494 description, 491-494 (Plates XIX-XX, figs. 52-59 incl.), 491 493 Philydor, 143, 168 erythrocercus erythrocercus, 143 Phoenicocercus carnifex, 156 Phoenicopteridae, 162 Phoenicopteriformes, 147, 162 Phoridae, 97 Phrynonax, 136 Phyllobates inguinalis, 123, 124, 125 Phyllomedusa bicolor, 125 Phyllopoda, 58 Phyllostomus, 178 Phyllostomidae, 178 Phymatidae, 75, 76 Piaya cayana, 154, 165 Picidae, 166 Piciformes, 147, 166 Piculet, Undulated, 143 Picumnus, 45, 143, 150, 154, 166 buffoni undulatus, 45, 143, 150, 154 Pieridae, 48, 50, 83, 84 Pig, wild, 176 Pigeon, 45, 47, 141, 159 Jungle, 45, 47 Purple-tinted, 141 Pigeon-berry, 31 Pillbugs, 59 Pimelodella cristata, 118, 120 Pimelodus, 56, 59, 113, 116, 117, 118, 119, 470, 480 clarias, 116, 117, 118, 119, 470, 480 ornatus, 117, 118 Pinwheel flower, 39 Pionites melanocephala, 142, 154 Pionus, 49, 142, 154 fuscus, 49, 142, 154 menstruus, 154 Pipa, 122 americana, 122 aspera, 122 Pipefish, 109, 115 Pipidae, 121, 122 Pipit, 171 Pipra, 49, 144, 156, aureola, 156 erythrocephala erythrocephala, 144, 156 leucocilla leucocilla, 49, 144, 156 suavissima, 156 Pipramorpha, 144, 151, 156 oleaginea, 144, 151, 156 macconnelli, 156 oleaginea, 144, 156 Pipridae, 148, 169 Piprites chlorion, 156 Pipunculidae, 97 Piratinera guianensis Aubl., 32 Pisces, Kartabo, British Guiana, 51, 106, 108-121 Piscivorous vertebrates, 111 Pitangus ,45, 112, 144, 149, 151, 152, 156, 169 lictor lictor (Licht.), 144, 151, 156 sulphuratus sulphur atus (Linne), 144, 156 sulphureus, 149, 152 Pithecia, 183 Pithecolobium latifolium Benth., 41 Pithys albifrons, 50, 143, 149 Pitylus, 144, 157, 171 canadensis canadensis, 144 grossus, 157 Placostomus gumia, 151, 155 griseiceps, 155 gumia, 151 saturatus, 155 Plagioscion, 111, 115, 117, 118, 121 auratus, 117, 118, 121 Planesticus, 144, 156, 157 albiventer, 157 fredericki, 156 fumigatus, 144 phaeopygus, 157 Plasmodium, 53 Platanistidae, 185-186 Platemys platycephala, 127 Platyhelminthes, Kartabo, British Guiana, 43, 54-55 Plecoptera, 72 Plecostomus, 113, 119 plecostomus, 119 Plectognathi, 116 Pleuronectidae, 116 Plica, 64, 128, 129, 130, 131, 134 Plover, 142, 145, 146, 159 Collared, 142 Golden, 145 Semipalmated, 145 Upland, 146 Plum, hog, 31 wild, 31 Plumatella, 56 Plume-grass, 39 Podicipidae, 160 Podicipidiformes, 146, 147, 160 Podocnemis, 127 expansa, 127 unifilis, 127 Poduridae, 65-66 Poecilidae, 115 Poecilurichthys abramoides, 116, 117, 119, 120 Poliolaema, 155 cinereiventris, 155 guttata, 155 Polybia, 71 Polycentridae, 116 Polychaeta, 56 Polychrus, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133 Polydesmid, 50, 64 Polyglytodes flavocostatus sp. nov., 255 (PI. IV, fig. 3, 3a), 254 Polytmus chrysobranchus, 154 Pomeroon River, 186 Pompilid, 45 Pompilidae, 104 Porcellio, 59, 465, 466 brunneus Brandt, 465 cristatus Dollfus, 466 cayennensis Miers, 466 jelskii Miers, 465 flavovittatus Miers, 465 Porcellionides, 465 brunneus (Brandt), 465 jelskii (Miers), 465 Nos. 1-5] Index 521 pruinosus (Brandt), 465 Porcupine, 176, 177, 180 Tree, 180 Porifera, Kartabo, British Guiana, 43, 53-54 Port of Spain, Trinidad, 296 Porzana albicollis, 153, 159 Posequeria latifolia R. & S., 40 Potamotrygon, 111, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120 hystrix, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120 Potaro Landing, B. G., 296 Potaro River, B. G., 296 Potchuwee, 33 Potos, 179 Poulton, Prof., 267, 274, 277, 279, 280 Primates, 174, 183-185 British Guiana, 183-185 Primroses, Mazaruni, 25, 37, 81 Prionodactylus, 129 PristeJla riddlei, 116, 119 PW Qfdrlnp 11^ Probopyrus, 59, 461, 468, 481-484 bithynis Richardson, 461, 481-484 description, 481-484 (Plates XIY-XY, figs. 24-26, incl.) 481-484 floridensis Richardson, 483 panamensis Richardson, 483 pandalicola (Packard), 483 Procellariiformes, 147 Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus, 120 Proctrotrypidae, 100 Procubiterrnes, 432 Procyon, 179 Procyonidae, 179 Proechimys, 130, 181 Progne chalybea chalybea, 144, 151, 156, 170 Promirotermes, 433 Prorhinotermes, 297, 298, 344 Prosobranchs, 57 Protermitidae, 316-339 Protocapritermes, 432 Protozoa, British Guiana, Kartabo, 43, 52- 53 Pselaphidae, 90 Pseudis, 123 Pseudoagelaeus , 173 Pseudoscorpionida, 61 Psidiu?n guava, 35, 39 Psilidae, 98 Psilopornis albirostris, 166 Psittacidae, 163 Psittaciformes, 147, 163 Psocids, 72 Psophia crepitans , 153, 160, 161 (Fig. 14), 161 Psophidae, 160-161 Psychodidae, 95 Psyllidae, 78 Pteroglossus, 142, 154 aracari, 154 viridis, 142, 154 Pteronura, 179 Pterygia uropygii Buckt., 242, 276 Ptinidae, 91 Puff bird, 143 Collared, 143 Swallow, 143 Puffers, 109, 116 Pulicidae, 99 Pulmonates, 57 Pulsatrix, 135, 152, 163 perspicillata, 152 Puma, 179 Pump wood, 33 Purpleheart, British Guiana, 26, 27, 32 Puruni Trail, 40, 44 Pycnoscelus, 66 Pygidiidae, 113 Pygidium guianensis, 118 Pyralidae, 81, 83 Pyrrhocoridae, 75, 76 Quadrille Bird, 46, 47, 144, 148, 170 Quartz, British Guiana, 16 Querula purpurata, 156 Raccoon, 179 crab-eating, 179 Rain forest, British Guiana, 27-36 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 186 Rallidae, 159 Ralliformes, 146, 159 Rambur, P., 458 Ramphastidae, 166 Ramphastcs, 46, 142, 154, 166 monilis, 154 vitellinus, 46, 142, 154, 166 Ramphocelus, 45, 145, 157, 172 carbo carbo (Pall.), 145, 157 Ranidae, 121, 123 Rat, 176, 177, 181 house, 181 jungle, 181 spiny, 176, 177, 181 water, 181 Rattus, 181 Rays, 109, 112 sawfish, 112 sting, 109, 112 Redstart, 146 Reduvidiidae, 75, 76 Reinarda, 164 Reptilia, 51, 125-139 Reptiles, British Guiana, 51, 125-139 Retzius, A. I., 459 Rhamdia sebae, 118 Rhamphocaeidae, 148 Rhamphocaenidae, 168 Rhamphocaenus albiventris, 48, 143, 155, 168 Rhexia kartabensis sp. nov., 244 (PI. II, fig. 8), 238 Rhinotermes, 294, 297, 303, 313, 346-357 ( Rhinotermes ), 347-357 hispidus sp. nov., 303, 313, 350-351 description, 350-351 (Fig. 40), 351 longilabius sp. nov., 303, 313, 352- 354 description, 352-353 (Fig. 41), 353 marginalis (Linn.), 294, 303, 313, 348-350 description, 348-350 (Fig. 39), 348 nasutus (Perty), 303, 313, 347-348 description, 347-348 (Fig. 38), 346 subfusciceps sp. nov., 303, 313, 356- 357 description, 356-357 (Fig. 43), 357 tenebrosus sp. nov., 303, 313, 354- 355 description, 354-355 (Fig. 42), 355 Rhinotermitidae, 313, 340-357 Rhinotermitinae, 313, 346-357 Rhipiphoridae, 92 Rhipipteryx, 50, 69 Rhizophora mangle Linne, 23, 31 (Fig. 3), 24 Rhopalocera, 83-88 Rhopias guttata (Vieill.), 143 Rhopoterpe torquata torquata, 143 Rhynchiscus, 178 Rhynchocyclus, 144, 156 poliocephalus inquistor, 156 sulphurescens examinatus, 144, 156 Rhynchops, 111 Rhyncophidae, 88 Rhyphidae, 96 Rice-grackle, 145 522 Zoologica [Vol. VI Richardson, H., 462, 465, 466, 467, 468, 471, 481, 482, 483, 484, 503 Ridgway, 21, 195 Color Standards and Nomenclature, 21-22, 209 Riodinidae, 83, 87 Rivulus stagnatus, 46, 115, 118, 119, 120 Roach, Wood, 46, 47, 48, 50, 66 Rodentia, 174, 175, 176, 180-183 enemy and prey ecology, 177 Rodents, British Guiana, 173, 174, 175, 176, 180-183 Rodway, Mr. James, 192 Rol, Hendrik, 189 Roosevelt, Thoedore, 1 Roraima, plateau of, 5, 7, 15 Rosen, von, Kurt, 392, 459 Rotifera, 56 Rove beetles, 90 Rubber, British Guiana, 31, 41 Rugitermes, 297, (see also Kalotermes ) Rupornis magnirostris, 152 Rupunnuni River, British Guiana, 14 Sabrewing, Broad-shafted, 142 Saccopteryx, 178 Saimiri, 177, 183 cassaguiarensis, 183 St. Croix, W. I., 296 St. Jose de Marabitanas, Brazil, 296 St. Joseph, Trinidad, 296 St. Kitts, W. I., 296 St. Lucia, W. I., 296 St. Thomas, W. I., 296 Salempenta, 134 Sanchez, Dominican Rep., 296 Sandpiper, 142, 146, 160 Solitary, 146 Spotted, 142, 146 Sands, British Guiana, 16 Santarem, Brazil, 296 Santiago, Dominican Rep., 296 Sapiurn jenmani Hemsl. 31 Sapromyzidae, 98 Sapygidae, 104 Sarcodina, 52-53 Sarcophagidae, 98 Saturniidae, 81, 82 Satyridae, 83, 85 Sawfish rays, 112 Saxicava, 58 Scansores, 147, 165-166 Scapaneus rubricollis (Bodd.), 143 Scarabaeidae, 89 Schioedte, J. C„ 462, 475, 478, 480, 481, 503 Schomburgk, Richard, 189, 192 Sciaenidae, 115 Scincidae, 134 Scinks, 134 Sciomyzidae, 98 Sciuridae, 181 Sciurillus, 181 Sclateria, 47, 62, 149, 150, 155 leucostigma, 47, 155 naevia, 62, 149, 150, 155 Sclerurus caudacutus, 155, 168 Scoliidae, 104 Scolopendra, 64 Scorpion flies, 80 Scorpionida, 60-61 Scotothorus olivaceus, 151, 156 Scott, Dr. Hugh, 231 Screamer, horned, 158 Sedge, British Guiana, 23 Starry, 23 White-plumed, 23 Sedimentary Rock, British Guiana, 16 Seedeater, Chestnut-breasted, 45, 144 Sensitive plants, British Guiana, 39 Serpentes, 134-139 Serrasalmo , 111, 121, 476 rhombeus, 121, 476 Serritermes, 297 Sex-ratio of Tinamous, 202 Sharp, 100 Sherman, H. B., 381 Shizonotidae, 61 Shoemaker, Mr. C. R., 500 Shooting Star blossoms, 40 Shrimp, 59, 481-483 Sida cordifolia Linne, 37 Sigmodontidae, 181 Siluridae, 113 Silvanidae, 90 Silverhalli, 33 Silvestri, F„ 293, 294, 297, 298, 344, 346 421, 423, 430, 449, 459 Simarupa amara, or officinalis, 32 Simuiliidae, 95 Siniri, 32 Sipanea pratensis Aubl., 25, 37, 81 Siphonops annulatus, 121 Siphonoptera, 99 Sirenia, 174, 185 Sisal hemp, British Guiana, 41 Sittidae, 148 Skimmer, 160 Skipper butterfly, 88 Sjostedt, Yngve, 459 Slater, 275 Slavery, British Guiana, 187-188, 190, 191 Sloth, three-toed, 33, 177, 181, 182 enemies, 177 (Fig. 16), 182 food of, 33 Sloth, two-toed, 182 Slugs, 57-58 Small Maam, 195 Snails, 57-58 Snakes, 45, 134-139 British Guiana, 134-139 Snakebird, 111 Snakewood, 32 Snipe, 146, 160 Wilson’s, 146 Snyder, Dr. T. E., 293, 298, 340, 342, 359, 407, 459 Soleidae, 116 Sorensen, W., 459 Souroubea guianensis Aubl., 26, 40 Sowbugs, 59 Spachea elegans A. Juss, 31 Spars, British Guiana wood for, 33 Speculitermes see Anoplotermes Spermacoce caerulescens Aubl., 37 verticillata Linne, 37 Sphaerodactylus, 129, 130, 132, 133 Sphaeroniscus portoricensis Richardson, 466, 490 Sphegidae, 104 Sphene, British Guiana, 16 Sphingidae, 81 Sphongophorus guerini Fairm, 242, 276, 281, 282 283 Spider, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 62 Ctenid, 49 Green 46, 47, 49 Grey Jumping, 48 Large Brown 47 Metallic Jumping, 47, 49 Red-Spotted, 47 White Flower-like, 49 Spider Lily, 41 Spinel, British Guiana, 17 Spinetail, Guiana, 143 Spinitermes, 297, see also Mirotermes Spizaetus tyr annus, 152, 163 Spondias lutea Linne, 31 Sponges, Nos. 1-5] Index 523 fresh-water, British Guiana, 53—54 Spongillidae, British Guiana, 53-54 Sporobolus, 26 Sporophila, 45, 144, 157, 171 bouvronides, 157 castaneiventris Cab., 144 gutturalis roraimae, 157 lineola, 157 Sporozoa, 53 Squirrel, 50, 181 dwarf, 181 Guiana, 50 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Yahl, 37 Staphylinidae, 88, 90 Starry-Sedge, 23 Stegaspis, 258-259, 260, 272, 276, 278, 281, 282, 283 galeata Walker, 258-259, 272, 278, 281 (PL IY, fig. 7; PI. V, fig. 5), 254, 260 insignis Funk., 258 laevipennis (Fairm.), 258, 272, 276, 282 Stentor, 53 Stephanidae, 101 Sterna, 111, 152 superciliosa, 152 Sterno hirundo (Linne), 142 Sternopygus macrurus, 117, 118, 119 Stictocephala indeterminata, 276, 277 Stictomyrmornis naevius, 155 Stictopelta indeterminata (Walk.), 243 Stilt, Black-necked, 145, 160 Sting rays, 109, 112 Stolephorus, 114, 117, 118, 119 surinamensis, 117, 118, 119 Stratiomyidae, 96 Streblidae, 99 Strepsiptera, 94 Strigidae, 163 Strigiformes, 147, 163 Studies of a Tropical Jungle; One Quarter of a Square Mile of Jungle at Kartabo, British Guiana, by William Beebe, 1-193 Introduction by H. F. Osborn, 1-2 (Plates A, B, Figs. 1-17 inch), 4, 6, 8, 18, 24, 28, 34, 36, 38, 42, 64, 86, 106, 128, 137, 161, 172, 182, 184 I. Geographical Position, 4-7 1. Latitude and Longitude, 5 2. Country, Rivers, 5-7 II. Meteorology, 7-15 1. Seasons, 9 2. Rainfall, 8-10 3. Humidity, 10-11 4. Sunshine, 11 5. Temperature, 12 6. Wind, 13 7. Comparison with Coast and Interior, 14-15 III. Geology, 15-17 1. Rocks, Minerals and Soil, 15-17 2. Earthquakes, 17 IV. Physical Character, 19-22 1. Land: altitude, levels, swamps, 19 2. Tidal area and shore, 19-21 3. Water: creeks, rivers, tides, 21- 22 V. Flora, 22-41 1. Aquatic, 23 2. Littoral, 23-27 3. Jungle, 27-36 4. Clearing, 37-41 VI. Fauna, 42-186 1. Protozoa, 52-53 2. Porifera, 53-54 3. Coelenterata, 54 4. Platyhelminth.es, 55-56 5. Nemathelminthes, 55-56 6. Trochelminthes, 56 7. Molluscoida, 56 8. (Echinodermata) 9. Annulata, 56-57 10. Mollusca, 57-58 11. Arthropoda, 58—107 12. Chordata, 107-186 VII. Historical, 186-193 Stuxberg, A., 465, 466, 468, 503 Stylopidae, 94 Subulitermes, 297, see also Nasutitermes Sugar, British Guiana, 44 Sun-bee, 91-92 Suradanni, 32 Surface minnow, 53 Surinam Toad, 122 Swallow, 144, 145, 170 bank, 145 barn, 145 variegated, 144, 170 White-banded, 144 Swallow-tail butterfly, 84 Swift, 45, 47, 49, 142, 164 Palm, 164 Short- tailed, 47 Spine-tailed, 45 Symbranchi, 114 Symbranchidae, 114 Symbranchus, 111, 117, 120, 121, 139 marmoratus, 117, 120, 121 Synallaxidae, 148, 168 Synallaxis, 143, 149, 155, 168 cinnamomea, 155 gujanensis gujanensis, 143, 149, 155 Synarmadillo Dollfus, 490 Synentognathi, 115 Syngnathidae, 115 Synhamitermes, 430 Syntermes, 107, 294, 297, 303, 313, 357-363 dirus, 294, 359 grandis, 294, 303, 313, 357 parallelus Silvestri, 294, 303, 313, 361- 363 description, 361-363 (Fig. 46), 362 snydcri, sp. nov., 294, 303, 313, 358 description, 358-359 (Fig. 44), 358 territus sp. nov., 303, 313, 359-361 description, 359-361 (Fig. 45), 360 Syrinx of tinamou, 215-219 (Fig. 21), 216 voice production, 217-219 Syrphidae, 97 Tabanidae, 46, 96 Tabanus mexicanus, 96 Tabassous unicinctus, 183 Ta bernaemontana undulata Vahl, 39 Taboga Island, Panama, 296 Tachinidae, 98 Tachycineta albiventris, 151, 156 Tachyphonus, 145, 149, 157 rufus, 149, 157 surinamus surinamus, 145 Tacky phony s inter cedens Berl., 145 Tamandua, 71, 177 Tanager, 45, 47, 49, 50, 145, 146, 172 Blue, 145, (Fig. 15), 172 Bright Colored, 47 Callistes, 47, 49, 172 Chestnut-headed, 145 Chlorophanes, 47 Eastern aim, 145 Fulvus-crested, 145 Golden-crested, 145 Palm, 50, 172 Silver-beaked, 45, 145, 172 Summer, 146 Yellow-bellied, 145 524 Zoologica [Vol. VI Tanagra, 145, 157, 172 cayennensis, 157 violacea violacea, 145, 157 Tanagrella velia, 157 Tanagridae, 148, 172 Tanaidae, 461, 469-470 Tangara, 49, 145, 157, 172 gyrola (Linne), 145, 157 mexicana mexicana (Linne), 49, 145, 157 Tangaridae, 148 Tantilla, 136 Tanypezidae, 98 Tapeworm, 214 Taper a, 165 Tapir, 173, 185 Tapiridae, 185 Tapirira guianensis Aubl., 35, 39 Tapirus, 185 Tarantulidae, 61, 66 Tardigrada, 63 Tatoua, 183 Tatu, 183 Tauroneero, 35 T ay assn pecari beebei, 185 Tayassuidae, 185 Tayra barbara, 47, 179 Tee-Van, Mr. John, 293, 342, 372, 378, 383 Teiidae, 128, 134 Telemona spiniger sp. nov., 257, 275 (PI. Ill, fig. 3), 246 Telephorides, 91 Telotha henselii (von Martens), 461, 468, 478-481 description, 478-481 (Plate XII, figs. 19-23 incl.), 479 Temperature, Kartabo, British Guiana, 12 water, of, 22 Tenebrionidae, 92 Tenipa americana Linne, 35 Tenthredinidae, 100 Terenura spodioptila, 155 Termes, 294, 298, 299, 326, 340, 344, 347, 348, 367, 379, 435, 444 albidus, 367 capensis, 298 decumanus, 294 fatalis, 298 marabitanas, 344 morio, 294, 379 nasutus, 347 saltans, 435 tenuis, 340 trispinosus, 444 Termite, 47, 48, 49, 71-72, 80, 90, 107 Termites, The, of Kartabo, Bartica District, British Guiana, by Alfred Edwards Emerson, 291-459 (Figs. 24-94 inch), 317, 319, 321, 322, 325, 327, 328, 330, 333, 334, 337, 338, 341, 343, 346, 348, 351, 353, 355, 357, 358, 360, 362, 363, 366, 368, 370, 372, 373, 374, 377, 380, 384, 386, 387, 389, 391, 392, 395, 396, 397, 401, 403, 404, 406, 408, 409, 411, 413, 414, 417, 418, 422, 425, 426, 429, 431, 433, 435, 438, 441, 443, 444, 446, 448, 450, 451, 454 acknowledgements, 293 bibliography, 455-459 classification, 298-299 comparative statistics, 294-295 description of species, 316-455 distribution, 297 historical summary, 294 introduction, 291-294 key: British Guiana Termites, 304-312 list of species, 312-315 localities, 292, 295, 296 measurements, 299-301 new specific and subgeneric names, 299 species recorded; British Guiana, 301- 304 statistical summary, 295 terms defined, 299-301 types, 293-294 use of key, 304-305 Termitidae, 313-314, 357-455 Terms, of Occurrence, defined, 43 Tern, 142, 160 Common, 142 Great-billed, 142 Testudinata, 126 Testudinidae, 126 Testudo denticulata, 126 Tetradontidae, 116 Tetragonopterus chalceus, 119 T.etrao variegatus, 195 Tettigides, 67 Tettigoniidae, 68 Thalurania, 47, 154 furcata fissilis, 154 Thainnomanes glaucus, 47, 143, 155 Thamnophilus, 63, 151 incertus, 151 Thecadactylus, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133 Therevidae, 96 Therinia, 82 Theristicus candatus, 149, 153, 162 Thompson, Prof. Caroline B., 398 Thoracostraca, 59 Thrasaetus harpyia, 152, 163 Thraupis, 50, 145, 157, 172 episcopus episcopus (Linne), 145, 157 (Fig. 15), 172 palmarum melanoptera (Sclater), 145, 157 Thrips, 78 Thrombidium (bete rouge), 200, 214 Thrush, 49, 144, 171 Sabian, 144 White-throated, 49 Thryothorus griseigula, 148 Thurn, im, 192 Thysanoptera, 78 Thysanura, 65-66 Ticks, 62-63, 200, 214 Tiger-beetles, 89 Tiger Lilly, 41 Tigrisoma lineatum, 149, 162 Tinamidae, 158 Tinamiformes, 147, 158 Tinamou, The Variegated ( Crypturus varie- gatus), by William Beebe, 195-227 (Plates A, B; Figs. 18-22 inch), 196, 198, 202, 206, 211, 216, 225 abundance, 195 breeding, 201-202, 205-207, 220-221 calls, 197-199, 202 chick, 220-227, (Fig. 22), 225 description, type, 195 egg, 205-206 enemies, 199 external characters, 207-214 feathers, 208-212, 222-223 food, 200 internal characters, 214-220 syrinx, 215-219 moults, 210 nesting, 204 (Fig. 19), 206 parasites, 214 plumage, 209-214, 222-223 scalation, 213, 223 syrinx, 215-219 (Fig. 21), 216 voice production, 217-219 Tinamou, 51, 141 Guiana Great, 141 Variegated, 51, 141, 195-227 Nos. 1-5] Index 525 Tinamus, 141, 153, 158, 201, 207 major major (Gmel.), 141, 153, 195, 199 egg of, 207 Tipulidae, 95 Tityra, Black-tailed, 144 Tityra cayana (Linne), 144, 156, 170 Tobacco, British Guiana, 187 Todirostrum, 144, 156 cinereum, 156 maculatum maculatum, 144, 156 Tolania scutata Stal., 259 Tollenar, Peter, 190 Tomaspis ruber, 49, 77 Tomeurus, 53, 58, 115, 117, 118 gracilis, 117, 118 Tontanea, 29 Topaz, British Guiana, 17 Topaza pella, 154 Torchwood, 40 Tortoise, 126 Toucan, 46, 49, 142, 148, 166 sulphur and White-Breasted, 46, 49, 142 Touit purpurata (Gmel.), 142, 163 Tourmaline, British Guiana, 17 Tracheata, 63-107 Trachycorystes obscurus, 120 Tragopa, 247-249, 268, 269, 273, 277, 282, 284 cimicoides (Fabr.) and Fairm., 247, 268, 273, 277, 282, 284 (PI. YI, fig. 6), 264 guianae sp. nov., 247-248, 269, 282 (PI. Ill, fig. 2), 246 occulta sp. nov., 248 (PL III, fig. 1), 246 partita, 268, 270 scutellaris Buckt., 248, 282 tripartita Fairm., 248, 269, 282 Trees, British Guiana, 30-35 Tree of Life, 39 Tree boa, 137 (Fig. 13), 137 Tree-creeper bird, 148 Tree Toad, 122 Trematodes, 55 Trichechidae, 185 Trichechus, 185 Trichoptera, 80 Tridactylides, 69 Trigona, 101 Trigonidiides, 70 Tripsurus rubifrons, 50 Triquetra nigrofasciatus Buckt., 284 Trochelminthes, Kartabo, British Guiana, 43, 56 Trochilidae, 164-165 Troglodytes, 144, 156, 170 clarus, 156 musculus, 144 Troglodytidae, 147, 170 Trogon, 45, 142, 154 melanurus, 154 rufus, 154 s. strigilatus, 45, 142, 154 violaceus, 154 Trogon, 45, 49, 72, 142, 165 Black-throated, 49, 142 Black- tailed, 142 Green, 45, 142 Southern, 142 Trogones, 165 Trogonidae, 165 Trogoniformes, 147 Trogonurus, 49, 142, 154 collaris, 154 curucui, 49, 142 Trombidiidae, 63 Tropical Research Station of the New York Zoological Society, 4, 6, 18, 196, 198 Tropical Wild Life, 197 Tropidaspis, 259-261, 272, 282, 285 carinata (Fabr.), 259, 267, 272, 282, 285 (PI. Y, fig. 4), 260 cornuta sp. nov., 261, 285 (PI. V, figs. 1, la), 260 minor sp. nov., 259-261, 285 (PI. V, fig. 3), 260 Tropidocyta, 236-239, 267, 269, 275, 277, 280, 281, 282, 283 albipes, Funk, 237 bulbosa sp. nov., 236, 277, 280, 281 (PI. I, fig. 2; PI. II, fig. 3; PL VI, fig. 8), 234, 238, 264 gibbosa (de Geer), 237, 267, 269, 282 (Pl. I, fig. 1), 234 neqlecta sp. nov., 237, 275 (Pl. II, fig. 4), 238 pruinosa sp. nov., 237-239 (Pl. I, fig. 3; Pl. II, fig. 5), 234, 238 Tropidurus, 129 Trumpter, hump-backed, 160-161 Trypetidae, 48, 98 Trypoxilonidae, 104 Trysil Trees, 30, 40 Tryxalides, 46, 50, 67 Tuber culitermes, 432 Tuiche River, Bolivia, 296 Tukeit, B. G., 296 Tumatumari, B. G., 296 Tumble-bugs, 89 Tupinambis, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134 Turbellaria, 54-55 Turdidae, 147, 148, 171 Turdus phaeopygus, 49, 171 Turtles, 126 Tylosaurus, 115 Typhlonectes, 114 Typhlopidae, 135, 138 Typhlops, 135, 136, 138 Tyrannidae, 147, 148, 169 Tyranniscus acer, 156 Tyrannus melancholicus satrapa, 144, 156, 169 Tyrant, Helmeted Pygmy, 144 Umbonia spinosa (Fabr.) and Fairm., 243, 276, 284 Union, St. Lucia, E. I., 296 Unios, 58 Urania, 83 Uraniidae, 81, 83 Urochroma, 48 Urodeles, British Guiana, 121 Urogalba d. dea, 154 Urubitinga urubitinga, 152 Utricularias, 25 Vampire bats, 176 Vampyrus, 178 Van Der Heyden, 189, 191 Van Gravesand, Governor Storm, 190 Van Name, Willard G., The Isopods of Kartabo, Bartica Dis- trict, British Guiana, 461-503 for paged outline see ‘Isopods’ Vandellia difusa Linne, 25 Vanduzea testudinea sp. nov., 251, 269, 277, 282 (Pl. Ill, fig. 5), 246 Vavasouria, 170 Velocitermes, 297, see also Nasutitermes Velvet Leaf, 37 Veronicella, 58 Vertebrates, Kartabo, British Guiana, 107- 186 Vervain, 37 Vespidae, 103-104 Vireo, 171 Vireolanius, 171 Vireonidae, 147, 171 Vismia, 40, 268, 269 ferruginea H.B.K., 40, 268, 269 526 Zoologica [Vol. VI guianensis Pers., 40 Vochysia tetraphylla DC., 31 Voice production in birds, 217-219 Volatinia splendens, 157 Volucella, 45, 48, 49 Volvox, 53 Vorticella, 52, 53 Vryheid, British Guiana, 189 Vulture, 47, 49, 142, 163 black, 163 red-head, 163 white-king, 163 yellow-headed, 47, 49, 142, 163 Waikey, 31, 41 Walker, F„ 294, 359, 459 Walking Stick (insect), 50 Wallaba tree, British Guiana, 21 Wanasuru, 33 Warble fly, 180 Warbler, 144, 145, 146, 171 Black-poll, 146 Yellow, 144, 145, 171 Wareemeah, 33, 39 Warracabra, 160-161 Wasmann, E., 340, 344, 459 Wasp, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 66, 80, 99-107 Blue Hunting, 45, 49 Braconid Wasp, 49 Chalcid, 47, 50 Green-and-Black Chalcid, 46 Water-bear, 63 Water-thrush, Small-billed, 146 Weasel, giant, 47, 179 Weevils, 37, 46, 48, 88, 93 Wenamu River, 296 Westwood, J. O., 459 Wheeler, Prof. William Morton, 105, 263, 273, 293, 381, 393 White-plumed Sedge, 23 Who-are-you bird, 148 Woodbird, Guiana, 144 Woodhewer, 50, 64, 71, 80, 143, 166 Chestnut-rumped, 143 Guiana Curve-billed, 143 Guiana Spotted, 143 Rufus-throated, 143 Woodpecker, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 71, 143, 166 Giant Lineated, 47 Green Dwarf, 45 Lineated, 143 Red-fronted, 50 Red-necked, 143 Spix’s Amazonian, 143 Wren, 144, 14%, 170 Guiana House, 144, 148 Quadrille, 170 Xenocara gymnorhyncftus, 119 Xenodon, 55, 136, 138, 139 Xenopidae, 148, 168 Xenops genibarbis genibarbis, 143, 168 Xipholena punicea (Pallas), 144, 156, 170 Xiphorhynchus, 64, 143, 150, 155 guttatus sororius, 143, 155 pardalotus (Vieill.), 143, 150 Xylocopa, 47 Xylocopidae, 102 Xyris tenella Kunth, 25 Yellowlegs, 146, 160 Greater, 146 Lesser, 146 Zircon, British Guiana, 16 Zoraptera, 72 Zygoptera, 74 ■Nrm fork Zoologiral jgwwtg OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY A Public Zoological Park. A Public Aquarium. The Preservation of our Native Animals. The Promotion of Zoology. ZOOLOGICA VOL. I Paper Cloth 1 — Geographic Variation in Birds {Beebe) 30 2- 3 — Ecology of the Hoatzin; Birds of Venezuela {Beebe) . . . .50 4 — New Species of Insects {Beebe) 25 5- 6 — Racket Formation, Tail-Feathers; Supernumerary Toe, Hawks {Beebe) 25 7 — Juvenal Plumage, Yucatan Jay {Beebe) 15 8 — Northern Elephant Seal {Townsend) 25 9 — Affections of Respiratory and Digestive Organs, Primates {Blair) . 15 10 — New Blood Pheasant {Beebe) 15 11 — Feeding Habits, Serpents {Ditmars) .50 12— 13-14 — Ontogeny, the White Ibis; Specialization, Tail- down in Ducks; Postponed Moult, Certain Passerines {Beebe) 25 15 — Pheasant Studies {Beebe) 25 16 — Porpoise in Captivity {Townsend) 25 17— 18 — The Genus Gennaeus {Beebe) 25 Notes on Costa Rican Birds {Crandall) ' -Natural History, Whale Shark {Gudger) 30 20 — Ectoparasitic Trematodes {MacCallum) 25 Postage, Zoologica, 5 cents Parts 1-20 Not bound 3.85 Parts 1-20 Bound 6.00 Postage-weight, 4 pounds ZOOLOGICA VOL. II 1 — Two Series of Amphibians {Deckert) 25 2 — Tetrapteryx Stage, Ancestry Birds {Beebe) 25 3— 4 — Notes, Birds, Para, Brazil; Fauna of Jungle Debris {Beebe) 25 5 — The Gaff-Topsail Catfish {Gudger) 25 6 — Mammals of Australia in the Zoological Park {W. H . D.^Le Souef) 75 7— 8-9 — Vertebrates, British Guiana {Beebe) 25 10 — Habits of Sage Grouse {Horsfall) 25 11 — Eclipse Plumage, Domestic Fowl {Crandall) 25 12 — Life History of the Puffer {W elsh-Breder) .25 13 — Hermaphroditism of the Croaker {Breder) 25 " \ — Food of Certain Minnows {Breder-C raw, ford) 25 .5 — Fishes of Sandy Hook Bay {Breder) 25 16 — Weaving of Weaver Birds {Friedman) 25 17 — Scales of Whitefishes {Mellen-Van Oosten) 30 18 — The Anderson Tree Frog {Noble) 25 Postage, Zoologica, 5 cents ZOOLOGICA VOL. Ill 1-2 — Objects, Tropical Research Station ( Osborn ) Contributions Tropical Research Station (Beebe) 3-11 — Social Beetles, British Guiana ( Wheeler ) Tachigalia Ants (Wheeler) Habits of Cucujidae (Wheeler) New Coleoptera (Schwarz-Barber) Larvae, Pupae, Social Beetles (Boving) New Diadiplosis (Felt) New Blepyrus (Brues) Tachigalia Membracids (Herbert Osborn) New Entomobrya (Folsom) 12 — Fetuses, Guiana Howling Monkey (Schultz) 13 — Mammals Collected Tropical Research Sta. (Anthony).. . . 14— 15 — New Batrachians (Noble). New Lizards (Noble) 16 — Bescriptiones Termitum in Anglorum Guiana Report- orum (Silvestri) 17 — New Genera and Species, Termitophilous Coleoptera (Mann) 18 — Glandular Structure, Abdominal Appendages, Termite Guest ( Mclndoo ) 19 — Termitophilous Apterygota (Folsom) 20 — Three Apparently New Species, Termitaphis (Morrison) 21 — Termitophilous Millipeds (Chamberlin) 22— 23 — A Termitophilous Braconid (Brues). Two Myrme- cophilous Phoridae (Brues) Postage, Zoologica, 5 cents Paper Cloth .25 1.00 .25 .25 .25 .75 .25 ZOOLOGICA VOL. IV 1 — Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles (Breder) 15 2 — Frozen Mammoths (Lang) 25 3 — Galapagos Tortoises (Townsend) ZOOLOGICA VOL. V 1 — Williams Galapagos Expedition (Beebe) 15 2 — Galapagos Heterocera (S chaus) 20 3 — Galapagos Lepidoptera (Beebe) 15 4-16 — Ichthyology (Nichols) Apterygota (Folsom) Homoptera (Osborn) Mallophaga (Ewing) Diptera (,/ ohnson) Arachnida (Banks) Formicidae (Wheeler) Triungulin Larvae (Brues) Chilopods (Chamberlin) ........ Coccidae (Morrison) Brachyuran Crabs (Rathbun) . . . Macrura and Anomura (Schmitt) Hymenoptera (Rohwer) 50 17 — Neuroptera (Banks). 15 18 — Isopods (Van Name) 25 19 — Parasitic Copepods (Wilson) 15 20 — Coleoptera ( Mutchler ) 20 21 — Hemiptera-Heteroptera (Barber) 15 ZOOLOGICA VOL. VI 1 — Ecology of Kartabo (Beebe) 1.00 2 — Birds of Kartabo (Beebe) 25 3 — Membracidae of Kartabo (Haviland) 30 4 — Termites of Kartabo (Emerson) 1.00 Publications of the Society for sale at the Zoological Park, 185th Street and Southern Boulevard, New York City. llllirwMr puff iwHif * CrHrl