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é WILLIAM H. DALD
SECTIONAL LIBRARY
BINISION: OF Mace

LOOLOGY

VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

THE

“TOON GY

OF THE

VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG;

UNDER THE COMMAND OF

CAPTAIN SIR EDWARD BELCHER, C.B., F.R.A.S., F.G.S.,

DURING THE YEARS 1843-1846.

BY
JOHN EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S.; SIR JOHN RICHARDSON, M.D., F.R.S. ;
ARTHUR ADAMS, F.L.S.; LOVELL REEVE, F.L.S. ;

AND

ADAM WHITE, F.LS.

Epirep sy ARTHUR ADAMS, E.L.S.,

re
ASSISTANT-SURGEON TO THE EXPEDITION.

Published unver the Authority of the Lords Caommisstoners of the Aumiralty.

LONDON :
REEVE AND BENHAM, 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
mols 0:

Q
s

ATHSONIA Ca ae

APR 2.2 1987
Ls RARIES

~_—

«N6)
(OTE {N\S

oO

PRINTED BY FREDERIC REEVE, HEATHCOCK COURT, STRAND.

BOR Ei EAs © ik.

errr

Tue survey of the various coasts and islands in the Eastern Seas, made by Sir
Edward Belcher in H.M.S. Samarang, in the years 1843-6, afforded many valuable
opportunities for adding to our knowledge of the Zoology of those parts of the world ;
and the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty having been pleased to sanction the
publication of the materials that were collected, a liberal grant was made by the Government
for carrymg their Lordships’ intentions into effect.

The following brief retrospect of the course of the Expedition will at once point out
the widely-extended range of the field of our researches.

From St. Jago, Cape de Verds, the Samarang passed to windward of Ascension along
the African coast, and, after touching at the Cape, anchored off Anger Point in Java.
Her course from thence was to Singapore, Sarawak, Hong-Kong, Macao, and the coast
of Chma. The Bashee Islands were next visited, and afterwards the small island of
Sama-Sana, viewing the coral-bound shores of Formosa on the passage. After surveying
Pa-tchung-san, and other islands of the Meiacoshima group, the vessel proceeded to Hong-
Kong; she subsequently visited Manila, and, when the Panagatan Shoals were surveyed,
arrived in the Samboangan Roads, off the island of Mindanao; she shortly afterwards
anchored at the Island of Tawee-Tawee. The Expedition then proceeded along the east
coast of Borneo to the province of Unsang, and next reached Cape Rivers, in the island

b

vl PREFACE.

of Celebes, touching at Manado, landing on the islands of Mayo, Ternate, and Gillolo.
Proceeding southward, Bouru was sighted, the Boutong Passage passed, the Great Solombo
and the Caramata Islands were observed, and the Samarang again arrived at Singapore.
Sailing a second time for Sarawak, Ambong, Tampasook, and Dumaran Island were visited ;
some stay was made at Manila; the Sooloo Roads and Archipelago were again reached ;
the vessel remained a short time at Maratua Island and Leegeetan in Borneo ; touched at
Mindanao, sailed for Manila, and once more anchored at Hong-Kong. Starting again for
Batan, one of the Bashee Islands, the Samarang, proceeding northward, passed near Botel
Tobago, examined Sama-Sana, and afterwards, more in detail, Pa-tchung-san; visited the
little Hoa-pin-san and T'y-pin-san Islands, and remained some time at the Great Loo-Choo.
The Expedition then sailed for Corea, Quelpart, and Kiusu, and after navigating among
the numerous almost unexplored islands of the Yellow Sea, and visiting Nangasaki in the
Japanese Empire, proceeded a second time to Loo-Choo, and eventually reached Hong-
Kong. Homeward bound, the vessel touched at the Keeling or Cocos Islands, remained
off the Cargados Garajos, or St. Brandon Shoals, in the Indian Ocean, a sufficient time
for their being surveyed, touched at the Mauritius, the Cape, St. Helena, and Ascension,
and arrived in England in December 1846.

With reference to the natural history of the Philippines, that sagacious and most
indefatigable traveller, Hugh Cuming, Esq., had anticipated us in many points, and to his
advice and liberality in the loan and comparison of specimens greater accuracy in the deter-
mination of new species has been secured.

The desire shown by the Commander of the Expedition to afford every facility in the
pursuit of science, enabled me to bring together numerous observations, to collect speci-
mens, and make sketches and drawings of many of those more rare and evanescent forms
which it is my hope may help to advance the Zoology of that part of the globe. ‘To these
favourable circumstances, and the gratuitous services of the able and talented individuals

who have assisted me, the public are indebted for the following work.

PREFACE. vill

Joon Epvwarp Gray, F.R.S., Keeper of the Zoological Department in the British
Museum, has furnished a most valuable List of the Mammatta of the Eastern Islands.

Sir Joun Ricuarpson, M.D., F.R.S., &., has, by his description, imparted a peculiar
interest to the new species of Fisu.

Professor Owen, F.R.S., &c., has contributed an elaborate memoir on the SprruLa.

Lovett Reeve, F.L.S., &., has afforded his valuable aid in the description and
identification of the Mouuusca.

Apvam Wuirs, F.L.S., &., of the British Museum, has been my able collaborateur
in the determination of the Crusvacna.

And I avail myself of the present opportunity to offer my best thanks to the above-
mentioned gentlemen for this their very valuable assistance. With respect to the execution
of the Plates, it is only necessary to observe that they are the production of Messrs.

Sowersy, Wine, and Hawkins, to assure the public of their accuracy and excellence.

ARTHUR ADAMS.

REFERENCES TO PLATES.

VERTEBRATA.

Puate I. Simia satyrus. Puate V. Ptilocereus Lowi.
5 LI. Nasalis larvatus. » WI. Pteromys elegans.
,, LI. Herpestes semitorquata. 5 WII. Galidictis vittata.

» LV. Herpestes brachyurus. » VIII. Pelamis maculata.

FISHES.
Puate I. Puate V.
Fig. 1-6. Podabrus Cottoides. Fig. 1, 2. Apistes leucogaster.
7-11 centropomus. 3-5. Cirrhites arcata.
12-16. Batrachus quadrispinis. Prare VL
Fig. 1-4. Balistes ringens.
Prats II.
Fig. 1-3. Choridactylus multibarbus. eu NERS
ATR Winer eee. Fig. 1, 2. Tetrodon atratus.
6, 7. Sthenopus mollis, Piate VIL
Fig. 1-3. Tetrodon naritus.
Prate III.
Fig. 1, 2. Apistes depressifrons. ee
3-5. Fea agides: Fig. 1, 2. Tetrodon insignitus.
GO. 7 Cottoides. Sh Ho am Leg
5-8. Balistes senticosus.
Prats IV. Pirate X.
Fig. 1, 2. Apistes teenianotus. Fig. 1-3. Nemichthys scolopacea.
3, 4. —— multicolor. 4, 5. Aperioptus pictorius,

mee

mo (tt

or

~~

So co Ft DBD

REFERENCES TO PLATES.

MOLLUSCA.

Prats I.

. Loligopsis ellipsoptera.

. Argonauta gondola.

Prats II.

Argonauta gondola.

Puave III.

. Argonauta Owenii.

. Argonauta hians.

Puate IV.

and Dissections of Spirula.

PLATE V.

. Dentalium formosun.
. Rostellaria rectirostris.

. Oniscia exquisita.

Shells of the winged nuclei of
Cyprea annulus,

Cypraea caurica.

erosa,

. Conus papillaris.

Borneensis.

floridulus.

pica.

. — pigmentatus.

Piate VI.

. Ovulum acuminatum.

coarctatum.

recurvum.

dentatum.

. — bulla.

formosum.

verrucosum.

Fig. 8.
9.

10.
li.
12.

18.

o - ow wm

Ovulum concinnum.

volva.

subreflexum.

gracile.
— nubeculatum.

— bullatum.

Puate VII.

. Fusus gracillimus.

spectrum.

acus.

. Marginella diadochus.
. —- undulata.

. Voluta abyssicola.

7. Turbinella Belcheri.

Fig.

CC Ee COR CO

RS GC wm

lanceolata.

. — picta.

. Buccinum hinnulus.

Puate VIII.

. Murex eurypteron.

rorifluus.

—— plorator.

Burnettii.

. Eburna areolata.

Prater IX.

. Pleurotoma impages.

fagina.

. Triton testudinarius.

. Ficula leevigata.

reticulata.

. Terebellum subulatum.

. Calyptreea trigonalis.

Ln eel ceo oo
Spee Gi PS Choe i S&S

wo eH
ao ©

wo
—)

SO OD ow Be ww YH

PLATE X.

. Pyramidella magnifica.

. Cancellaria macrospira.

semipellucida,

. —— lyrata.
. Pleurotoma lurida.

- —— albicincta.

leucotropis.

Coreanica.

. Mangelia trivittata,

. Cyllene lugubris.

pulchella.

. Oliva fulgurata.
. Terebra torquata.

. Cerithium articulatum.

longicaudatum.

. Cancellaria pyrum.
. Triton pyrulum.

18.

—— monilifer.

. Strombus corrugatus.

. Terebra serotina.

albicostata.

2. —— celata.

. —— areolata.

roseata.

. Marginella onychina.

. Mitra rufilirata.

Suluensis.

semisculpta.

dichroa.

rubella.

incisa.

. Erato callosa.

Prats XI.

. Pileopsis astericola.

, Calyptrzea depressa.

REFERENCES TO PLATES.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 1.

Oo Cc <8 Go oC

Calyptreea plana.

cancellata.

. Fissurella excelsa.

. Emarginula clathrata.
. Delphinula stellaris.

. Littoria castanea.

. Tanthina striolata.
10.
1.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Wy].
18.
OF
20.
22.
23.
24,
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.

planispirata.
Margarita bicarinata.
Buccinum clathratum.

mitrella.

Scalaria maculosa.

neglecta.

eximia.
Chemnitzia grandis.
Buccinum filosum.
Columbella teeniata.
Rissoa insignis.
Rotella conica.
Eulima unilineata.
— bilineata.
— Mindorensis.
tortuosa.
solidula.

Triphoris speciosus.

suturalis.

alveolatus.

dextroversus.

verrucosus.

granulatus.

gemmulatus.
Purpura cuspidata.
Triphoris pyramidalis.

nodiferus.

Puate XII.

Twrritella bicolor.

Xi

Fig. 2.

de"

gg

He eH Ye
wo ~w HF OS

i=)

Oo Oot DBD oe FP WwW wW FH

OQ oa eg & HS 8 oO EE

REFERENCES TO PLATES.

Turritella congelata.

conspersa.

. — multilirata.

vittulata.

monilifera.

opalina.

. Eglisia tricarinata.

. Tuwrritella fastigiata.
10.
DALE,

declivis.

canaliculata.

Prats XIII.

Siphonaria Coreensis.

radiata.

. Cerithium obtusum.
. Ranella albivaricosa.

. Haliotis venusta.

Ancillaria obtusa.

. Columbella semipunctata.
. Sigaretus acuminatus.

. Natica macrotremis.

. Sigaretus insculptus.

. —— latifasciatus.

. Carmaria Atlantica.

. Pleurotoma Griffithi.

Prats XIV.

Cyclostoma spiracellum.

. Pupima Mindorensis.
. Cyclostoma leeve.

. Bulimus gregarius.

Meiacoshimensis.

. Cyclostoma tenebricosum.
. Helix calliostoma.

. Cyclostoma reticulatum.

. Helix curvilabrum.

. Bulimus chloris.

Fig. 11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

an
So

Tal,

po)
o

1k

CO OO) Bat OO | CO com

We) Cs CS) ey Ce (PN Co Te TS

Bulimus citrinus.

Scarabus trigonus.

imbrium.

Helix tropidophora.
Auricula subula.
Scarabus Cumingianus.
Melampus leucodon.

Helix obscurata.

PLaTE XV.

. Bulimus Adamsii.

. Helix Tayloriana.

—— Typinsana.

Brookei.

Batanica.

— Mackensii.

. — vittata.

. Chiton formosus.

Coreanicus.

acutirostratus.

petasus.

Piate XVI.

. Helix antiqua.

Coreanica.

leucostoma.
— orientalis.
—— immaculata.
—— caliginosa.
—— decora.
— densa.
— plurizonata.
— canescens.

— conoidalis.

Prate XVII.

. Aplysia lineolata.

Fig.

fo}

REFERENCES TO PLATES.

. Aplysia fimbriata.
oculifera.
. Goniodoris trilineata.

. Stylifer Astericola.

. Phorus Solarioides.

exutus.

. Columbella fulgurans.

Puate XVIII.

ey ted

. Bulla soluta.
Coreanica.

. Dolabella Rumphii.
. Bulla Voluta.

me 09

-~! oO or

. Aplysia nodifera.

Prats XIX.
. Bornella digitata.
. Scylleea Grayee.
. Bornella Adamsii.
. Bulla vexillum.
. Ceratosoma cornigerum.

. Goniodoris Whitei.

mo w

Or

. Natica melanostoma.

~ &

Puate XX.

Hemipecten Forbesianus.

PuaTe XXI,
. Ll. Terebratula Japonica.
2. angusta.
3. Coreanica.
4A, Capensis.
5. abyssicola.

6. Lima Basilanica.

7.

orientalis.

. Siphonotus geographicus.

. Pleurobranchus luniceps.

Fig. 8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Wis
18.
19.
20.
21.

oq”

Oo com &D oo HF CW WO KH

a
a

12.

de"

pp 2 SS SD,

xiii

Nucula mirabilis.

Japonica.
Pecten Reevei.
— fulvicostatus.
—— aurantiacus.
—— asperulatus.
— denticulatus.
—— cristularis.
Venus Labuana.
Artemis Dunkeri.
Venus costellifera.
Ostreea pyxidata.
Chama laciniata.

Cardita ferruginosa.

Puate XXII.

. Isocardia tetragona.

. Cardium Adamsii.

. Isocardia Moltkiana.

. Cardium aurantiacum.
. Pectunculus Belcheri.

. Cardium modestum.

. — Kalamantanum.

. Pectunculus aspersus.

. Cardium speciosum.

. Venus Philippinarum.

tessellata.

Cardium Bechei.

PuatEe XXIII.

. Poromya pulchella.
. Crassatella nana.

. Poromya nitida.

. Negra Moluccana.
. Pholas rivicola.

. Crassatella picta.

corrugata,

XIV

Fig. 1.

4,

Fig. 1, 2. Menzthus subserratus.

REFERENCES TO PLATES.

Mactra Thracioides.

. Crassatella pallida.

compressa.

. Lyonsia navicula.

. Corbula ventricosa.
. Mya Mindorensis.
. Corbula variegata.
. Solen albida.

. Thracia granulosa.

Pate XXIV.

. Hippagus novemcostatus.

. Psammobia denticulata.

Puate I.

Chorinus acanthonotus.

. Doclea caleitrapa.

Puate II.

Oncinopus Neptunus.

. Inachus Lorina.

. Chorinus verrucosipes.

5. Pisa Planasia.

Puate IIT.

Telmessus serratus.

Prats IV.

3. Huenia frontalis.
4-7. Proteus.
Puate V.

Fig. 1.

Lambrus lamellifrons.

CRUSTACEA.

Fig.

mS @) ofS

= 09

or

Oi GS CSe toy 9 tS

42 oO

. Psammobia flexuosa.

rugulosa.

. Lueina fibula.

sericata,

. Venus quadrangularis.
. Thyracia trigonalis.

. Amphidesma exarata.
. Cytherea virginea.

. Amphidesma simplex.
. Cyrenoida alata.

. Venus elegans.

. Cyrenoida Coreensis.

Lambrus turriger.

carinatus.

Pisoides.

. Parthenope Calappoides.

Puate VI.

Oreophorus reticulatus.

reticulatus junior.

. Lambrus harpax.

. Cryptopodia fornicata.

dorsalis.

. Ceratocarcinus longimanus.

. Gonatonotus pentagonus.

Puate VII.
Zebrida Adamsii.

. Parthenope Tarpeius.
. Lambrus hoplonotus.

. Carpilius cinctimanus.

Fig.

Fig. 1.

nr FP w wm

REFERENCES TO PLATES.

Puate VIII.

. Atergatis lateralis.

insularis.

. —— subdivisus.
. Actza nodulosa.

. Agile rugata.

Puate IX.

Panopeus Formio.

Caystrus.

. Chlorodius Pilumnoides.

. Pilumnus dilatipes.

scabriusculus.

—— ursulus.

PLATE X.

Carpilius signatus.

Fig. 2.

Fig.

o RB Cw w FT

~~ OS

Galene ? ochtodes junior.

Puate XI.

. Panopeus dentatus.

. Chlorodius fragifer.

areolatus.

. —— hirtipes.

. Lissocarcinus Polybioides.

Puate XII.

Ixa megaspis.

. Leucosia hematosticta.

. Xenophthalmus Pinnotheroides.
. Lupocyclus rotundatus.

. Harrovia albolineata.

. Stenopus hispidus.

. Galathea elegans.

xKV

For descriptions of C/ztons figured in Plate XV., and inadvertently omitted in the text, see Monograph of that genus in * Concho-

logia Iconica.’

Vol Wy TelieBonR A TA

IBNG

JOHN EDWARD GRAY, ESQ., F.R.S.

I. MAMMALIA.

Captain Sir Edward Belcher brought home several drawings, made by Mr. Adams, of
the different Mammalia which he had observed in the Islands of the Indian Ocean. It has
occurred to me that it might be useful to give a list of all the species which have hitherto
been discovered inhabiting those islands and the country near to them, intercalating in their

places the descriptions of the hitherto unfigured species.

Fam.1. SIMIAD/.
1. SIMIA.

1. Sruta Satyrus, Linn. Muller, Verhand. Zool. vol.i. 1-56. t.1 to 7*. 8S. agrias, Schreb. Papio
Wurmbii, Zatr. Simia Abel, Fischer. S. Wallichii, Blainv. 8. Pongo, Fischer. S. giganteus, Pearson,
Pithecus Satyrus, Martin. Satyrus rufus, Lesson. S. bicolor, J. Griff. (Puate I.)

Var. 8. Cantor, Mamm. Malay 2. Simia Abelii, Fischer. Orang outang, Brooke, Pro. Zool. Soc.,
1842, 9.

Haz. Sumatra; British Museum. Var. 8. in Borneo; B. M.

B

2 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

2. SIAMANGA.

1. Siamanea syndactyla, Gray, List Mamm.1. Simia syndactylus, Raffles ; Horsf. Juva. Syndac-
tylus Siamang, Bottard, Jardin Plantes.

Has. Sumatra. B. M.
3. HYLOBATES.

1. Hytopates Lar, Lesson ; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 2. Grand Gibbon, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Homo
Lar, Linn. Syst. Nat. Simia longimana, Schred. t.2. f.1. S. Lar, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Pithecus Lar,
Desm. Mamm. Simia albimana, Vigors et Horsf. Zool. Journ. Hylobates albimana, Schinz, Syst.

Var. 8. Petit Gibbon, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Simia Lar, 8. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Pithecus variegatus,
Geoff. Hylobates variegatus, Oily. Halobates leuciscus, Cantor, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (not Kuhl).

Has. Malayan peninsula, J. Reeves ; called Ungka etam ; Cantor. Siam, Burmah, Tenasserim. B. M.
3. Hyzoparss agilis, F. Cuvier, Man. Lith. ; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 3. Simia Lar, Vigors 5 Horsf.

(not Linn.). Hylobates Lar, F. Cuvier, Man. Iithog. HH. variegatus, Muller, Verh. t.7. H. Raffiesia,
Geoff.

Has. Malay peninsula, Malacca, Purlis, Keddah, Pungah; called Ungha etam; Cantor. Sumatra,
Muller, Himalaya? B.M.

Ny

4. Hynopates Jeuciscus, Kuhl; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 2. Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 3. Simia
leucisca, Schreb. t.8. S. Moloch, dudes. Pithecus cinereus, Latr. Singe.

Has. Java. B.M.

5. Hyxosatns concolor, Muller, Verhand, 1848.

Has. Borneo.

4. NASALIS.

1. Nasauts Jarvatus, Geoff. Cercopithecus larvatus, Wurmd. Simia Nasica, Schred. 8S. longimanus,
Link. Semnopithecus nasicus, Muller, Verh. 62. 80. t.12.£.3. Jun. Martin, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 70.
anat. (young.) Nasalis recurvus, Vigors 5° Horsf. Zool. Journ. vol. iv. p. 110. (Puare IL.)

Has. Borneo. B. M.

Capt. Sir Edward Belcher brought home a young specimen of this species, showing that
NV. recurvus is only the young of the common species.

5. PRESBYTES.

1. Pressytes Vemeus, Gray. Simia nemeeus, Linn. Semnopithecus Nemeus, / Cuv. Man. Lith.
t.12. Muller, Verh. 62.

Y-e)
Haz. Cochin China. DS :

VERTEBRATA. 3

2. Prespytes obscurus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. Lotong (Simia maura, Linn.), Raffles, Linn.
Trans. yol. xii. Semnopithecus obscurus, Reid, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1837, p.14; Martin ; Cantor, Mamm.
Malay, 4. | Semnopithecus halonifer, Cantor, Pro. Linn. Soc.; Aim. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1845. S. leu-
comystax, Zemm. MS. Mus. Leyd.; Muller, Verh. 59. 8%. albocinereus, Hydouw & Soul. Voy. Bonite (fide
Mus. Paris, not Desm.) Presbytes jubatus, Wagner. Simia maurus, Helfer.

Has. Malayan peninsula, Penang, and Singapore; called Lotong, or Lotong etam ; Cantor.? Siam,
Muller. B. M.

3. Prespytes cristata, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. Chingkau (Simia cristata), Raffles, Linn.
Trans. vol. xii. Semnopithecus cristatus, Horsfield ; Martin ; Muller, Verh. 61.77. t.12. 8. pruimosus,
Desmar. §.maurus, Horsf. Java. (not Cuv.)

Has. Penang, Cantor ; Sumatra, Raffles ; Borneo, Muller. B. M.

4, Prespyres maurus. Simia maura, Sehreb. not Raffles. Presbytes maura, Gray, List Mamm.
Brit. Mus. 3. Semnopithecus maurus, /. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t.10; Muller, Verh. 61, 76, t.12. Simia
Edwards, Fischer, Sim. Man.; Edw. Birds. t.311. 8S. Maurita, Brun.

Var. a. Reddish, Semnopithecus Pyrrhus, Horsf. Java, t. 6.

Var. 8. Golden, Cercopithecus auratus, Geoff. Ann. Mus.

Has, Java. B. M.

5. Pressyres rvbicundus. Semnopithecus rubicundus, Muller, Verh. 61, 69, t.9 & 11.
Has. Borneo. B. M.

6. Prespytes melalophos, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p.2. Semnopithecus melalophos, F. Cuv.
Mamm. Vith.t.7 ; Muller, Verh. 60, 66, t.12*. £.2. Simia melalophos, Raffles, Linn. Trans. vol. xiii.
p- 242. S.melanolophos, Mus. Leyd.

Var. 8. Semnopithecus flavimanus, J. Geoff. in Lesson Cent. Zool. t. 40; Muller, Verh. 61, 67.

Has. Sumatra. B. M

7. Pressytes mitratus, Eschsch. Kotzebu, Voy. 196. t.3. Semnopithecus mitratus, Wudler, Verh.
60, 65, t.12. 12%. t. 24a. S.comatus, Desm. in Cuv. Mamm. Lith. Cop. Schreb. Sum. Simia fasci-
cularis, Raffles.

Has. Java. B. M.

8. Prespyres cinereus.? Cercopithecus albocinereus, Desm. Semnopithecus albocinereus, Cantor,
Mumm. Malay, 4. Presbytes cinerea, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 193.2? Sem. nigromanus, 7. Geoff.
Semnopithecus dorsatus, Waterhouse, MSS.; Martin, 481.

Has. Malayan peninsula ; called ha ha ; Cantor.

9. Prespyres chrysomelas. Semnopithecus chrysomelas, Muller, Verh. 61. 71, t. 10, 11.
Has. Borneo. B. M. :

Capt. Sir Edward Belcher brought home a young specimen of this species, agreeing with
Muller’s figure, t. 10. f. 2.

4 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

10. Pressytes Swmatranus. Semnopithecus Sumatranus, Muller, Verh. 61, 73. t.10*. 8. ob-
scurus (part), Cantor, Malay Mam. 4.

Has. Sumatra. B. M.

11. Prespyres frontatus. Semnopithecus frontatus, Muller, Verh. t.8. Martin, vol.i. p. 475.
f. 285.
Has. Borneo. B. M.

6. MACACUS.

1. Macacus cynomolgus, Gray. Cercopithecus cynomolgus, Ogilby ; Cantor, Mamm. Malay ; Cuming,
Pro. Zool. Soc. 1841, 83. Simia cynomolgus, Linn. 8. aygula, Linn. ; Muller, Verh. 48. 8. attys,
Schreb. §. fascicularis, Raffles, Linn. Trans. Macacus aureus, J. Geoff. Belanger, Voy. Zool. t.2. M. Iris,
J. Geoff. M. carbonarius, J. Geoff. ?

Has. Malayan peninsula, Penang; called fra; Cantor. Java, Sumatra, Banka, Borneo, Celebes,
and Timor, Tenasserim and Nicobar Islands, Philippines; Cuming. B. M.

2. Macacus Nemestrinus; Desm. Inuus nemestrinus, Linn.; Muller. Simia nemestrina, Linn.
8. platypygos, Schreb. S. fusca, Shaw. 8. carpologos, Raffles. §. longicruris, Link. 8. porcaria, Brun.
Papio nemestrinus, Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 6

Has. Malayan peninsula, Penang; called Brok ; Cantor. Sumatra, and Borneo. B. M.

7. CYNOPITHECUS.

1. Cynoprruscus niger, J. Geoff. Macacus niger, Gray. Cynocephalus niger, Desm. C. Malayanus,
Desmoul. Papio Authiops, Zimm.? P.maurus, Blainv. Macacus nigrescens, Mus. Leiden.

Has. Celebes, Philippines. B. M.

Fam. 2. LEMURIDA.
1. NYCTICEBUS.

1. Nycticesus ¢ardigradus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 194. Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 7. Stenops
tardigradus, Muller, Verh. Lemur tardigradus, Raffles, L. 8. vol. xiii. p. 247; Bennett, Gard. Zool. Soc.
339. Hoeven, Nat. Tijdschr. vol. viii. p. 345. t. 8, 4, 5.

Has. Malayan peninsula, Penang; called kukang ; Cantor. Java, Sumatra, Borneo; Muller. B. M.

2. Nycricusus Javanicus, Geoff. Gray, List, 16. Stenops Javanicus, Hoeven, Nat. Tijdschr. vol. viii.
p- 343. t.5. f. 1.

Has. Malay peninsula, Penang, Java, Sumatra. B.M.

OU

VERTEBRATA.

2. TARSIUS.

1. Tarstus spectrum, Geoff. dan. Mus. vol. xix. p.168 ; Cuming, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1838, p.66. Lemur
spectrum, Pallas? ‘'Tarsius Daubentonii, Geoff. Horsf. Java. T. Pallasu, G. Mischer. ‘I. fuscomanus,
Fischer, t.8,4. T. Fischeri, Desm. T. Bancanus, Horsf. Java. Didelphis macrotarsus, Schred.
Tarsier, Buffon, H. N. vol. viii. t.9. Macrotarsus Buffon, Link. 1794.

Has. Sumatra? Java, Borneo, Celebes, Banka; called Podje. Philippine Islands, where it is called
malmag ; Cuming. B.M.

Fam. 3. GALEOPITHECID.

1. GALEOPITHECUS.

1. GatgopritHEcus volans, Shaw, Zool. t. 38. G. variegatus, Geoff. Temm. Muller, Verh. 49. G.
Ternatensis, Desm. G. rufus, dudeb. G. undulatus, Wagner. G.Temminckii, Waterh. Pro. Zool. Soc.
Cantor. Lemur volans, Linn. Marsden, Raffles.

Has. Malayan peninsula, Singapore, Penang, and other islands of the Straits. Lancavy Island ;
called subong or kurbong. Pelew Island, Siam ; Cantor. Java, Sumatra, Borneo; Muller. B. M.

2. GatzopirHEcus Philippinensis, Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 219; Lrans. Zool. Soc. i.
Caguang, Cuming, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 67. Gal. macrourus, Zemm. MSS. (not described).

Has. Philippines, Bohol and Mindanado. The skins are sold at Manilla.
Fam. 4. VESPERTILIONIDA.

1. MEGADERMA.

1. Mreaprrma spasma, Geoff. Ann. Mus. vol.xv. t.12; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 9. Vespertilio
spasma, Zinn. VY. lanceolata, Deschamp. Megaderma trifolium, Geoff. M. Philippinensis, Waterhouse.

Has. Java; Deschamp. Penang, Singapore, Ternate; Cantor. Philippines; Cuming. B. M.

2. AQUIAS.

1. Aqutas luctus, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1847, p.16. Rhinolophus luctus, Zemm. Monog. vol. iv.
p- 24. t.30. Rh. morio, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. vol. x. p. 257.

Has. Java and Sumatra; Zemm. Singapore, Gray. B. M.

2. Aquias trifoliatus, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1847, p.16. Rhinolophus trifoliatus, Zemm. Monog.
vol. iv. p. 27. t. 80.

Has. Java and Borneo. B. M.

6 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

3. RHINOLOPHUS.

1. Rutnotopuus affinis, Horsfield, Java ; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 11.

Has. Java; Horsf. Penang; Cantor.

2. Rurnotopuus pusil/us, Temm. Monog. u. p. 36.

Has. Java.

3. RurvoLornus minor, Horsf. Java. Temm. Monog. i. p. 35.
Has. Java, Timor.

4, RutnoLopHus (Huryotis) Philippinensis, Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 68.
Has. Philippines ; Cuming. B.M.

4. HIPPOSIDEROS.

1. Hrpposrpmros Jarvatus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. i. 11. Rhinolophus larvatus, Horsf. Java. 6.
Temm. Mon. R.insignis, Horsf. Java ; Temm. Monog. uu. 14 to 29. f.2. BR. vulgaris, Horsf. Java. t. 7.
.3; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 13. J. deformis, Horsf. Java. Vespertilio Cyclope, Desch. MSS.

Has. Java; Horsfield. Penang; Cantor. B. M.

2. Hreposiperos Jicolor, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 33. Rhinolophus bicolor, Zemm. Monog. ii.
18 to 82. £.9, 10; Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1843, 67.

Has. Java, Amboina, and Timor. Philippmes; Cuming. B.M.

3. Hivposiperos pygmeus. Rhinolophus pygmeus, Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1843, 67.
Has. Philippines; Cuming.

4, Hrppostprros speorts. Rhinolophus speoris, Zemm. Monog.i.17. Vespertilio speoris, Schreb.
Peron, Voy. t. 33.

Has. Amboina, Timor.

5. Hrpposrprros murinus, Gray, Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 11; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xv. ;
Manm. Malay, 13.

Has. Penang; Cantor. South Mahratta Country, Nicobar Islands. B. M.

6. HippostpEros galeritus, Cantor, Jowrn. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xv.; Mamm. Malay, 13.
Has. Penang; Cantor.

5. PHYLLORHINA.

1. Puytitoruina nobilis, Gray. Rhinolophus nobilis, Horsf. Java ; Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc.,
1843, 67.

VERTEBRATA. 7

Has. Java, Sumatra, Amboina, Timor; M/ud/er. Penang, Malayan peninsula; Cantor. Philippines;
Cuming. B. M.

2. Puyttoruina diadema. Hipposideros diadema, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. Cantor, Mamm.
Malay, 11. Rhinolophus diadema, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xx. t. 5.

Has. Timor; Muller. Penang, Malay peninsula; Cantor. B.M.

3. Puynitoruma grisevs. Rhinolophus griseus, Meyer, Nov. act. Ceasar, xvi. t. 46.
Has. Philippime Islands; Luzon.

6. ASELLIA.
1. Asettta ¢ricuspidata. Rhinolophus tricuspidatus, Zemm. Monog. ui. 20.

Has. Amboina.

7. PETALIA.

1. Peratta Javanica, Gray, Mag. Zool. and Bot. 1.12. Nycteris Javanica, Geoff. dun. Mus. xx.
t.1. Wuller, Verh. N.Kuhlu, Zemm. Vespertilio pollicaris, Deschamp. MSS.

Has. Java; Deschamp. B.M.

8. PLECOTUS.

1. Precotus Timorensis, Guerin, Mag. Zool. 1832. Vespertilio Timorensis, Geoff. dan. Mus. vii.
t.47, cop. Temm. Monog, uu. 253. t. 57. £. 10.

Has. Timor.

9. VESPERTILIO ?

1. Vuspertitio ? pellucidus, Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1845. 3.
Has. Philippines.

10. KERIVOULA.

1. Kerrvouta Hardwickii, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 27. Vespertilio Hardwickii, Horsf. Zool.
Java ; Temm. Monog. i. 222. t. 55. f. 7-9.

Has. Java, Sumatra. B.M.

2. Kerrvovu1a tens, Gray; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 15. Vespertilio tenuis, Temm. Monog. ti. 220.
Un Bile 1 ap (Ge le

Haz. Java, Sumatra, Borneo; Muller, Penang; Cantor.

8 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG,

3. Kertvouna picta, Gray, dun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, 258; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 15. Ves-
pertilio pictus, Pallas, Schreb. t.49; Geoff. ; Horsf. ; Temm. Monog. ii. 233. t.56. £1, 8. V. radiatus,
Brunn. V. kirivoula, Boddaert, Fischer, Syn. 106; Geoff. V.Ternatanus, Seba. | Muscardin volant,
Daubenton.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. B.M.

4. Kertvouta trilatitoides, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 27. — Vespertilio trilatitius, Temm. Monog.
. 228. t. 57. f. 1-4, not Horsf. ? V. Girtneri. Kuhl.

Has. Java. B. M.

5. Kerivovuna rufopicta. Verspertilio rufopictus, Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1845, 3.
Has. Philippine; Cumeng.

ll. TRILATITUS.

1. Trinatirus blepotis, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, 258. Vespertilio blepotis, Temm.
Monog. u. 212. t. 58. f.1, 2.

Has. Java, Amboina, Banda, Timor, Japan. B. M.

2. Trinatitus Horsfieldii, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 26; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 15. Vesper-
tio trilatitius, Horsf. Java.

Has. Java, Sumatra. Penang; Cantor. B. M.

3. Tritatitus Meyent. Vespertilio Meyeni, Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1845, 8.

Has. Philippines ; Coming.

12. SCOTOPHILUS.

L. Scoropuitus Temminchii, Gray, Mag. Zool. and Bot. u. 15; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 15. Nycti-
cejus Temmincku, Muller. Vespertilio Temmincku, Horsf. Zool. Java (young). V. Belangeri, J. Geoff.
Belanger, Voy. WV. noctulinus, J. Geoff. (very young). Nycticejus Belangeri, Zemm. N. Noctulinus,
Temm.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Banda, Timor, Pondicherry. Calcutta; Hardwicke. Malayan peninsula
and Island; Cantor. B.M.

2. ScoropHinus fulvus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 31.

Has. Java. B.M.

3. Scoroputtus Meyenii. Vespertilio Meyenui, Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1845, 3.
Has. Philippines; Cuming.

4, ScoropHitus pachypus. Vespertilio pachypus, Zemm. Monog. ii. 217. t. 54. f.4-6.
Has. Java. B. M.

VERTEBRATA. 9

5. Sconopuitus Borbonicus. Vespertilio Borbonicus, Geoff. Aun. Mus. viii.- Nicticejus Borbonicus,
Temm. Monog.u. 153. t. 47.

Var. Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1845, 10.

Has. Philippines; Cuming.

6. Scotopninus Hasseltii. Vespertilio Hasseltii, Temm. Monog. u. t. 56. f. 7, 8.
Has. Java. B. M.

13. NOCTULINA.

1. Nocrutma Malaccensis, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 31.
Has. Singapore. B. M.

2. Nocruniwa? Eschscholtzii. Vespertilio Eschscholtzu, Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1845, 3.
Has. Philippines; Cumong.

14. MINIOPTERIS.

1. Mrytopreris macrotarsus. Vespertilio macrotarsus, Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1845, 3.

Has. Philippines ; Cuming.
15. MURINA.

1. Murra swillus, Gray, Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, 259. Vespertilio swillus, Zemm. Monog.
H. 224. t. 56. £4, 5, 6.
Has. Java, Sumatra; Zemm. Darjeeling ; Hodgson.

The following species have been so indistinctly described by M. Temminck, that it is
not possible to refer them to the proper genera until specimens are procured :—

1. Vuspertinio macellus, Temm. Monog. ii. 230.

Has. Borneo.

2. VESPERTILIO macrotis, Temm. Monog. ii. 218.
. Has. Sumatra.

3. VESPERTILIO circumdatus, Temm. Monog. ii. 219.
Has. Java.

4. VespErtiLio adversus, Horsf. Java ; Temm. Monog. ii. 221; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 14. V.
cineraceus, Blyth, MSS.
Has. Java; Horsf. Penang; Cantor. Calcutta; Blyth.
D

10 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

5. VESPERTILIO papillosus, Temm. Monog. u. 220. t. 55. £1, 4.

Has. Java, Sumatra.

6. VESPERTILIO ¢mbricatus, Horst. Java ; Temm. Monog. ui. 216. t. 54. f. 1-38.
Has. Java.

7. Vespertitio Horsfieldii, Temm. Mong. ii. 226. t. 56. £9, 10, 11.

Has. Java.

8. Vuspprtitio brachypterus, Temm. Monog. i. 213. t. 36. £.5, 6.
Has. Sumatra.
9. Vuspertitio Malayunus, F. Cuv. Nouv. Ann. Mus. t.2. £.3, cop. Temm. Monog. i. 260.

Has. Malacca.

10. Vuspertitio Oreias, Temm. Monog. ti. 270.

Has. Singapore ; Zemim.

16. HARPIOCEPHALUS.

1. HarprocerHaus rufus, Gray, dun. Nat. Hist. 259. Vespertilio harpyia, Zemm. Monog. ii. 219.
ts DOs, 0.

Has. Java. B.M.
2. HanprocepHaus ¢ristis. Vespertilio tristis, Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1845, 8.
Has. Philippines; Cuming.

17. EMBALLONURA.

1. Empattonura monticola, Temm. Ziydschr. v. t. 2. f..1, 2.
Has. Java.

18. TAPHOZOUS.

1. TapHozovs saccolaimus, Temm. Monog. ii. 285. t. 60. f. 1, 6.
Has. Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Ternate. B. M.

2. TapHozous Philippinensis, Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1845. 9.
Has. Philippines ; Cuming.

3. TapHozous melanopogon, Temm. Monog. ii. 287. t. 60. £.8, 9. Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 10.
Has. J: ava; Zemm. Pulo Tikus, Pulo Lancavy, Malayan peninsula; Cantor. Caves of Kannera. B. M.

VERTEBRATA. 11

19. CHETROMELES.
1. CHErROMELES torguatus, Horsf. Java; Temm. Dysopes cheiropus, Zemm. Monog. ii. t. 17. t. 23.
f.15. Molossus cheiropus, Lesson. Cheiromeles caudatus, Temm. Monog. 1. 348. t. 66.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. B. M.

20. NYCTINOMUS.

1. Nyctrvomus plicatus, Gray, Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 18. Vespertilio plicatus, Buchann. Linn.
Trans. v. t.13. Nyct. Bengalensis, Geoff. Nyct. tenuis, Horsf. Java, fide spec. Horsf. ; Cantor, Mamm.
Malay, ti.; Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1845, 10. _ Nyct. dilatatus, Horsf. Java, fide spec. Horsf.

Has. India, Bengal, Malayan peninsula; Cantor. Philippines; Cuming. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. B.M.

21. PTEROPUS.

1. Preropus Edwardsii, Geoft., Ann. Mus. xv. PP. medius.

Var.? P. Edwardsui, var. Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1843, 67.

Has. India, Ceylon, Madagascar. Var. Philippines ; Cuming.

2. Prenorvs edulis, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xv.; Temm. PP. Javanicus, Horsf. Java.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Banda. B. M.

3. Preropus funereus, Temm. Monog. uu. 68. t. 35. f. 4.

Has. Sumatra, Borneo, Amboina, Timor. B. M.

4. Preropus jubatus, schscholtz, Zool. Atl. t.16 ; Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1843, 67. P. pyrrho-
cephalus, Meyer, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xvi. t. 45. f. 6.

Has. Philippines; Meyer ; Cuming.

5. Preropus Phaiops, Temm. Monog. ii. t. 35. f. 3.
Has. Celebes, Amboina, Banda.

6. Prerorvs chrysoproctus, Temm. Monog. i. t. 34. £. 2.
Haz. Amboina.

7. Preropus Alecto, Temm. Wonog. ii. 75.
Has. Celebes.

8. Preropus griseus, Geoff.; Temm. Monog. 1. t. 35.
Has. Amboina, Timor.

9. Preropus Maclotu, Temm. Monog. ui. t. 35. f. 5.
Has. Timor.

12 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.
10. Prerovus personatus, Temm. Monog. i.
Has. Ternate.

11. Prerovus pallidus, Temm. Monog.i.; Fischer, Syn. 84.

Has. Banda, Sumatra.

22. XANTHARPYA.

1. XanrHarpya ampleaicaudata, Gray. Pteropus amplexicaudatus, Geoff. ; Temm. Monog. i. t.13.

Has. Timor, Java, Sumatra, Amboina?, Philippines; Cuming ; Belcher. B. M.

23. CYNOPTERUS.

1. Cynoprerus marginatus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 38. Pteropus tittheecheilus, Zemm. Pa-
chysoma titthecheilum, J. Geoff. ; Muller. Vespertilio marginatus, Hamilton (Buchannan).

Has. Java, Sumatra, India, Nepal. Philippines; Cuming. B.M.

2. Cynopterus Horsfieldii, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 38. Pachysoma melanocephalum, Muller.
Pteropus marginatus, Horsf. Java, not Hamilton.

Has. Java. B.M.

3. Cynoprerus Grevicaudatus. Pachysoma brevicaudatum, J. Geoff.
Has. Sumatra; Cuming. Philippines; Cuming. B. M.

4, Cynoprrrus brachyotis. Pachysoma brachyotis, Muller, Verh.

Has. Borneo.
24. MEGARA.

1. Mrexra ecavdata, Temm. Monog. i.; Muller, Verh. Pachysoma ecaudata, Zemm. Monog. ti.

Has. Sumatra.
25. MACROGLOSSUS.

1. Macroctossus minimus, Gray, Mag. Zool. and Bot. u.; Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1843, 67.
Pteropus minimus, Geoff. dun. Mus., xv. 335. PP. rostratus, Horsf. Macroglossus kiodotes and M.
Horsfieldu, Lesson.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Amboina, Banda, Timor. Philippines; Cuming. B. M.

26. HARPYTA.

1. Harpyta cephalotis. Harpyia Pallasii, Zemm. Monog. ii. t. 40. Cephalotis Pallas, Geof: Aun.
Mus. xv. Vespertilio cephalotis, Pallas, Spic. Zool. m1. t. 12.

Has. Celebes, Amboina.

VERTEBRATA. 13

27. CEPHALOTES.

1. Cepuatores Peronii, Geofl. dun. Mus. xv. t.7. Pteropus Palliatus, Geoff. Hypoderma Moluc-
censis, Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astrot.
Has. Amboina, Banda, Timor, Celebes. B. M.

Orver II. FER.
Fam. 1. FELID/.
1. TIGRIS.

1. Trerts regalis, Gray. Felis Tigris, Zinn.; Muller, Verh. 52; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 35.
Has. Java and Sumatra. Malayan peninsula; called Harimau or Rimau. India. B. M.

2. LEOPARDUS.

1. Leoparnus varius, Gray. Felis pardus, Zinu. F. varia, Schreb. FF. Panthera, Hreleb. F. chaly-
beata, Herm. F.antiquorum, Fischer. F.fusca, Meyer. F.nirm, Hhrend. F.melas, Peron.
Has. Java and Sumatra. Malayan peninsula; called Remau Bintang; Cantor. India. B.M.

2. Lxoparpus macrocelis. Felis macrocelis, Zemm.; Horsf. Felis nebulosa, Griffith, A. K. Rimau
dahau, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii.
Has. Sumatra and Borneo.

3. Leoparpus marmoratus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 42. Felis marmoratus, Martin, Pro.
Zool, Soc. Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 36. Felis Diardu, Fischer, Sym. Mamm; Jardine, Cats, t. 21, 22.
Felis Charltonu, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. xviti. 1846, 211.

Has. Malayan peninsula; called Rimau dahau; Cantor. Nuipal; Charlton. B.M.

4, Lxoparpus Javensis, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 43. Felis Javensis, Horsf. Java; Cantor,
Mamm. Malay, 36. ¥. Diardu, Griffith, A.K.t.85; F. Cuv. Mamm. Inth. ¥. minuta, var. Temm. ; Fischer ;
Muller, Verh. 54. ¥F. undulata, Schinz.

Has. Java, Borneo, Penang, Malay peninsula. B. M.

5. Leoparpus Sumatranus. Felis Sumatrana, Horsf. Java. F.minuta, var., Zemm. F. undulata,
Fischer.

Has. Sumatra. B. M.

6. Lzoparpus megalotis. Felis megalotis, Muller, Verh. 54.
Has. Timor.

7. Leoparpus Zemminckii. Felis Temminckii, Vigors. Zool. Journ. iv. 451. t. 22.
Has. Sumatra; Vigors. B.M.
E

14 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

3. FELIS.

1. Fruis domestica, Linn.; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 38.
Has. Domesticated in the Malay peninsula; called Kuching; Cantor. B. M.

4. CHAUS.

1. Cuavus planiceps, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 44. Felis planiceps, Vigors and Horsf. Zool.
Java, vi. t.2. F. Diardu, Crawfurd.

Has. Sumatra, Borneo, Malayan peninsula; called Kuching utan or Jalang; Cantor. B.M.

5. VIVERRA.

1. Viverra Zibetha, Linn. ; Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1832, 68; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 27. V. undu-
lata, Gray, Spic. Zool. 9. t.8 (1830). V.melanurus, Hodgson. YV. orientalis, Hodgson. YV. civettoides,
Hodgson. V.Tangalunga, /.c. 53. V.Zibetha, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. Civett (undescribed), ‘Clelland,
Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. Tibet, Buffon, Hist. Nat. ix. t. 34.

Has. Malayan peninsula, Penang, Singapore; called Zanggallong; Cantor. Bengal, Nepal, Siam,
South China, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Amboina. B. M.

2. Viverra Tangalunga, Gray,Pro. Zool. Soc., 1832, 63. V.Zibetha, Raffles; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith.

Has. Sumatra; Raffles. Borneo, Celebes, Amboina, Philippines, Penang, Singapore, Malayan penin-
sula; called WMusang jibat; Cantor. B.M.

3. Viverra Walaccensis, Gmelin. V. gunda, Hamilton. V. Rasse, Horsf. Java; Muller, Verh.
V. Indica, Geoff. V. Bengalensis, Gray. V. pallida, Gray. V. Leveriana, Shaw. Genetta Manillensis,
Eydoux. Viverricula Malaccensis, Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 29.

Has. Java, Malayan peninsula, Singapore, China, Philippine Islands, Cochin China, Tenasserim,
India, Bengal, Nepal, Hindostan, Bombay. B. M. j

6. LINSANG.

1. Luysane gracilis, Muller, Verh. Felis (Prionodon) gracilis, Horsf. Java. Prionodon gracilis,
Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1842, 114; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 29. Viverra? Linsang, Hardw. Linn.
Trans. Viverra Hardwicki, Lesson, not Gray. V.Genetta, Deschamp. Paradoxurus prehensilis, Schinz.

Has. Java, Sumatra; Muller. Borneo, Malayan peninsula, Siam; Cantor. B.M.

7. HERPESTES.

1. Hervrstes Javanicus, Desm.; Gray, Inst Mamm. Brit. Mus. 51; Muller, Verh.; Cantor,
Mamm. Malay, 38. Mangusta Javanica, Horsf. Zool. Java. Mustela? glauca, Linn. M. galera, Desch.

Has. Java; Horsf. Penang, Malayan peninsula; Cantor. B. M.

VERTEBRATA. as)

2. Herpustes grisevs, Desm. Mamm.; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 34. Ichneumon griseus, Geoff.
Mangusta grisea, Fischer. M. Malaccensis, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. HH. Edwardsii, Fischer. M. Nyula,
Hodgson. H.? pallidus, Schinz.

Has. Malayan peninsula; Cantor. Bengal, Hindostan, Scinde, Nepal. B. M.

3. Herpustes Vepalensis, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. Mangusta auropunctata, Hodgson. Herpestes auro-~
punctata, Hodgson; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 34. HH. Javanica, Hodgson, not Horsf. WW. Wdwardsti, Ogilsy.
Has. Malayan peninsula; Cantor. Bengal? Nepal? Scinde? Afghanistan? B.M.

4. Herperstes brachyurus, Gray, in Lond. Mag. Nat. Hist. new Series, i. 1836, 578. Cantor, Mamm.
Malay, 35. (Puare IIT.)

Black hairs, yellow-ringed ; under fur brown; face, cheeks, and sides of neck yellower ;
belly and tail darker; throat pale yellow-brown; forelegs and feet blackish; tail thick,
about half as long as the body.

Has. Malaccas, Malayan peninsula ; called musung turon; Cantor. Borneo. B.M.

This species has much the appearance of H. paludosus, of South Africa, but is easily
known by the yellower colour of the rmgs en the hair, and the shortness of the tail.

5. Herprstes semitorquatus, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. 211. (1846). (Puatz IV.)

Dark brown, yellow grisled; sides and beneath rufous; feet blacker ; tail paler ; lips
thin ; throat and lower part of the side of the neck rufous, separated from the colour of
the upper part of the neck by a well-defined straight line; fur rather rigid, with a fine
brown undercoat ; longer hair of the back dark brown, with a broad reddish yellow, sub-
terminal band ; of the sides bright red-bay ; of tail pale yellow, with a broad dark band and
yellowish tip. Length, head and body 18.6; tail 11 inches.

Has. Borneo. B.M.

8. CYNOGALE.

1. Cynocate Bennetti, Gray, Wag. Nat. Mist. 1836, 1.579; Pro. Zool. Soc., 1836, 56; Hydoux and
Souleyet, Voy. Bonite Zool. 24. t.6; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 38. Potamophilus barbatus, Muller, Zijdsch.
N. G. v. 140 183; Verh. 115.t.17. Viverra (Limictis) Carcharias, Blainville, Ann. Sci. Nat. viii. 279.
t. 8a.

Has. Borneo; Muller. Sumatra and Malayan peninsula; called Pane; Cantor. B.M.

9. ARCTICTIS.

1. Arcrictis Binturong, Fischer, Syn. Mamm.; Cantor, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv.; Mamm. Malay. 22.
Viverra ? Binturong, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xii. 253. Binturong, Farquhar, Icon. ined. Gray, Pro. Zool.
Soc., 1831, 64. Paradoxurus albifrons, #7. Cuvier. Ictides ater, F. Cuvier; Blainv.; Calcutta Journ. Nat.
Hist. ii. 210. Arctictis penicillata, Zemm.

16 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Has. Malacca; Farquhar, Raffles; called wnturong. Tenasserim, Arracan, Assam, Bholan; Duvaucell.
Nipal ; Hodgson. Java and Sumatra; Muller, B.M.

10. PAGUMA.

1. Paguma leucomystax, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus.55 ; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 30. Paradoxurus
leucomystax, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1836, 579; Temm. Monog. u. t. 64. f. 4, 6; Muller, Verh. 55. Am-
blyodon auratus, Jowrdan.

Has. Sumatra, Borneo; Muller. Malayan peninsula, Singapore; called musang bulan ; Cantor. B.M.

2. Paguma ¢rivirgata, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 59. Paradoxurus trivirgatus, Gray, Pro. Zool.
Soc., 1882, 68; Muller, Verh. 55. Viverra trivirgata, Reinw. MSS.; Gray, Spic. Zool. 9.
Has. Java; Muller. Malayan peninsula, Singapore, and Tenasserim; called musang akar; Cantor.

B.M.

11. PARADOXURUS.

1. Parapoxurus Zeylanicus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 55. Martes Philippinensis, Camel, Phil.
Trans. xxv. 2204. Viverra Ceylonica, Pallas. V. Zeylanica, Schreb. V.Ceylonensis. Bodd. Paradox-
urus Philippinensis, Zemm. Monog. u. not Jourd. P. aureus, F. Cuv. Mem. Mus. ix. 7. t. 4.

Has. Philippines. B. M.

2. Parapoxurus Pallasii, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1832, 67; Illust. Ind. Zool. P. albifrons, Bennett,
MSS. Viverra? fasciata, Desm. V. Geoffroy, Fischer. P. Musanga, Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 34.

Has. Malacca, Malayan peninsula, Penang, Singapore; called musang; Cantor. B. M.

3. Parapoxurus Musanga, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1832, 66; Muller, Verh. 54. Viverra Musanga,
Raffles; Horsf. P.dubius, Gray, ¢. c. 66.
Has. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. B. M.

12. HEMIGALBEA.

1. Hemtcatna Hardwichii. Viverra Hardwicku, Gray, Spic. Zool. 9 (1880), not Lesson. Hemi-
galea Zebra, Jourdon, Comp. Rendus, 1837, 442; Blainv. in Ann. Sci. Nat. viii. 270 (aot Hemigaleus,
Muller). Viverra Boiei, S. Muller, Tijdsch. N. G. v. 144. Paradoxurus Derbianus, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc.
1837, 67; Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, £.579; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 32; Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1842,
114; Viverra Derbyi, “Gray” fide Temm. Monog. Mamm. 1841. 1. 343; Hydoux and Souleyet Voy. Bonite,
28.t.5. Paradoxurus Zebra, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, 579.

Has. Malacca; Farquhar. Malayan peninsula; called masang batu or sangah prao; Cantor. Borneo;
Muller. B.M.

13. CUON.

1. Cuon primevus, Hodgson, Trans. Asiat. Soc.; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 26. Canis primevus,
Hodgson. Chryseeus primevus, H. Smith. Canis Dukhunensis, Sykes, Pro. Zool. Soc.

Has. Malayan peninsula; called anjing utan; Cantor. Bengal, Nipal. B. M.

VERTEBRATA. 17

2. Cuon Sumatrensis. Canis Sumatrensis, Hardw. Linn. Trans. xiii. t. 28. Canis rutilans, Boze
MSS.; Muller, Verh. 51. C. Javanicus, F. Cuvier.

Has. Java, Sumatra? Borneo. B.M.
Is this different from the former, or does the Malacca specimen belong to this species ?

14, MARTES.

1. Marres flavigula, Hodgson; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 24. Mustela flavigula, Bodd. Mustela
Hardwickii, Horsf. Zool. Journ. Viverra quadricolor, Shaw. Must. leucotis, H. Smith. M. Henrici,
Boie. M. lasiotis, Temm.

Has. Java, Sumatra; Zemm. Malay peninsula; called axya prao; Cantor. India, Nepal. B.M.
15. PUTORIUS.
1. Putortus zudipes, F. Cuvier ; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 24. Mustela nudipes, Desm.
Has. Sumatra, Borneo ; Zemm. Malayan peninsula; called pulosan; Cantor.
16. MYDAUS.
1. Mypavs meliceps, F. Cuvier. Mephetis Javanensis, Rafies. Ursus feetidus, Desch.
Has. Java and Sumatra. B.M.
17. HELICTIS.
1. Hautictis orientalis. Gulo orientalis, Horsf.
Has. Sumatra. B. M.
18. LUTRA.

1. Lurra zair, F. Cuvier; Sykes; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 25. Lutra Indica, Gray. L. Chinensis,
Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1836. lL. Tarayensis, Hodgson.

Has. Malayan peninsula; Cantor; called anjin ayer. China, Bombay, South Mahratta.

2. Lurra? Simung, Muller, Verh. 51; Marsden’s Sumatra, t. 12.
Has. Sumatra, Borneo; Zemm. Malayan peninsula; called murang or amrang ; Cantor.

19. AONYX.

1. Aonyx leptonyx, Gray, List Brit. Mus. 71; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 25. A. Horsfieldu, Gray.
Lutra leptonyx, Horsf. ; Muller, Verh. 51. 1. cinerea, Idliger. . perspicillata, J. Geoff. Mustela fusca,
Desch. Mustela Lutra, Warsden.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. India, Nepal, Malayan peninsula; called amin ayer ; Cantor.

EF

18 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. SAMARANG.

Fam. 6. URSID/A.
1. HELARCTOS.

1. Hetarcros Malayanus, Horst. ; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 21. Ursus Malayanus, Raffles.

Has. Sumatra; faffles. Malayan Peninsula; called drwang. Tenasserim Provinces, Assam; Cantor.

B, M.
Var. 8. H. Huryspilus, Horsf. Zool. Journ. 1. 221. t.7. U. Malayanus var. Zemm.
Has. Borneo. B. M.

Fam. 7. TALPID/.

1. TUPATA.
1. Turata Javanica. Uylogalea Javanica, Horsf. Java; Muller, Verh. 161. 165. t. 26. £.27.
Cerp, 2. Cuvier, Mamm. Ith.

Has. Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. B. M.

2. Tapata ferruginea, Rafiles, Linn. Trans. xii. 256; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 18; Horsf. Java.
Hylogalea ferruginea, Zemm. Cladobates ferruginea, /. Cuvier. Glisorex ferruginea, Desm.; Muller, Verh.
160. 163. t.26. 27. Herpestes n. sp. M‘Clelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 458. t.133. Sorex
Glis, Diard. As. Research. xiv. t. 9.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Borneo; Zemm. Malayan peninsula, Penang, Singapore; called ¢upai tana ;
Cantor. B. M.

3. Tupata Tana, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiti. 257 ; Horsf. Zool. Java. Hylogalea Tana, Muller, Verh.
160. 161. t. 26. 27. Cladobates speciosus, Wagner, Sought. Supp. 43.

Has. Sumatra, Borneo. B.M.

2. DENDROGALE.

1. DenprocaLn murina, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1848, 23. Hylogalea murina, Muller, Verh. p.50.
NGM MG rts 265 21

Has. Borneo.
8. PTILOCERCUS.

Head moderately large, tapering; whiskers elongated, rather rigid. Hars moderate,
naked, exposed. Body slender, fur soft. Limbs moderately elongated, nearly equal. ‘Toes
5.5. rather compressed, free. Thumb moderate, like the toes but shorter. Claws short,
compressed, triangular, acute. Tail elongate, cylindrical, hairy quite at the base, then naked,
covered with rings of square, broad, depressed scales, and short scattered hairs, and the
hinder third with a series of elongate hairs, forming a barb on each side. Skull conical ;

VERTEBRATA. 19

face rather short. Cutting teeth “3+: upper elongate, far apart, rather curved; lower
shelving, front pair conical, small, shorter than the middle pair, which are elongate, curved,
acute , the hinder smallest and shortest. Canines none. Grinders %, the front 3.3 in each
jaw, small; the hinder 4.4 large, square, acutely tubercular.

The skull is shorter, broader, and the face less elongated than that of the different
species of Zupaia, and it differs from them in the two front teeth of the lower jaw being
smaller and shorter than the succeeding one, while in all the species of Zapaia (including the
genus Dendrogale) figured by 'Temminck, the four front teeth of the lower jaw are equally
elongated. The hinder cutting tooth in the upper jaw is placed on the suture of the inter-
maxillary (and hence may be a true canine) and not in front of the suture of the inter-
maxillary, as is the case with the skull of Zpaia tana and T. ferruginea in the British
Museum collection. .

Borneo may be regarded as the proper home of the subfamily Zpaina, as it possesses
all the genera, Zupaia, Hylomys, and one which, from the form of its tail, may be called
Ptilocercus.

The true Zypaia have a broad hairy tail like the squirrels ; the Hy/omys have a very short,
slender, cylindrical tail, covered with short close adpressed hair; and the Pti/ocercus, on the
other hand, have an elongated cylindrical tail, covered with rings of square broad scales,
like the long-tailed rats, but the end of the tail is furnished with a series of rigid hairs on
each side, like the barb of an arrow. I may remark, that besides the genera here noticed,
the Dutch naturalists have described an animal under the name of Hylogalea murina, Verh.
Mamm. t. 26. f. 3. t. 27. f. 17-18, also from Borneo, which differs from the Zwpaia (or
Hylogale) im having a cylindrical tail covered with short hair, but furnished with a pencil of
longer hair at the tip, which I propose to separate from the other under the name of Dendro-
gale. Wach of these genera has a peculiar livery ; the Zwpaza are grizzled yellow and brown,
with a yellow streak across the shoulders; the Ay/omys are uniform dark-coloured ; the
Dendrogale and Ptilocercus have no shoulder-streak, but a dark streak on the side of the
face inclosing the eyes ; the former having a white spot on the forehead not observed in the
latter.

At first sight Péilocercus has much the appearance of a marsupial animal allied to
Cuscus, but this resemblance proves to be only in the mere external form, when the characters
are examined, as, for example, it wants the large great-toe of that group.

The skulls of Zupaia and Ptilocercus have a considerable resemblance to those of the
Lemuride, and particularly in having the orbits entire. The Zwpaa are peculiar in having
a large elongated aperture on the hinder-part of the middle of the zygomatic arch, while the
Ptilocercus has only a small round perforation in the front part of the middle of the same
part, which is probably the analogue of the hole in the former genus.

20 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

1. Prrnocercus Lowi, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1848, 24. (Piate V.)

Blackish brown, very minutely grizzled with the yellowish tips of the hairs; lips, lower
part of cheeks, chin and beneath yellowish : sides of the face, inclosing the eyes, black. Tail
black ; barbs white, except a few hairs near the scaly part, which are black.

Length 53 inches; tail 65; hind foot 1. Skull: length 1” 4” tooth line, 73”; of

face 5” ; of zygomatic arch 72, width at zygomatic arch 93”, at temples 63’, between
orbits 32”.

Has. Borneo (Sarawak) ; J. Brooke, Hsq. B. M.

I have named this species after my friend Mr. Hugh Low, who has much enriched our
knowledge of the natural productions of Borneo.

4. HYLOMYS.

1. Hytomys swidlus, Muller, Verh. 50. 1538. t. 25, 26.
Has. Java and Sumatra. B.M.

5. SOREX.

1. Sorex myosurus, Pallas. 8S. cerulescens var., Raffles. S. murinus, Linn.; Cantor, Mamm.
Malay. 21.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Amboina, Penang; called chinchorot; Cantor. B. M.
2. Sorex ¢enwis, Muller, Verh. 50.
Has. Timor.

6.. GYMNURA.

1. Gymnura Raflesii, Lesson; Vigors and Horsfield ; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 26. Viverra? Rafilesii,
Raffles.

Has. Malacca; Farquhar; Cantor. Sumatra. B. M.
Var. Borneensis. G. Rafflesti var., Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1842, 114.
Has. Borneo. J. Brooke, Esq.

Fam. 8. MACROPOD.
1. CURSUS.

1. Cursus orientalis, Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 84. Phalangista cavifrons, Zemm. Mon. i. t. 1.
Didelphis orientalis, Zinn. Ph. rufa and Ph. alba, Geoff.
Has. Amboina, Timor. B.M.

Capt. Sir Edward Belcher brought home a female specimen of this species which is now
in the British Museum.

VERTEBRATA. 21

2. Cuscus wrsinus, Lesson, Mamm. 219. Phalangista ursina, Temm. Monog. i. 10. t. 1. t. 2.
Has. Celebes; Zemm. B.M.

3. Cuscus chrysorrhos. Phalangista chrysorrhos, Zemm. Monog. i. 12. t.1.
Has. Amboina.

4. Cuscus maculata, Lesson, Zool. Cog. i. t.5. Phalangista maculata, Zemm. Monog. i. 14. t. 2.
Has. Amboina, New Guinea.

Orper III. CETE.
Fam. 1. DELPHINIDA.
1. STENO.

1. Steno Malayanus, Gray, Zool. Hrebus and Terror, 43. Delphinus plumbeus, Dusswmier ; Cuvier.
R. A. 1. 288; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 66. D. Malayanus, Lesson, Voy. Cog. t. 9. £.5. D.Capensis, Rapp,
Cetac. t. 2. f.1 (not Gray). D.Rappii, Reich, Cetac. 117. 48. t.18. £.57. D.aventre roux, Voy. Pol.
Sud. t. 22. f. 2. t. 23. £.3, 4.

Has. Coast of Penang ; called parampuan laut; Cantor. Malabar Coast. B. M.

Fam.2. HALICORIDA.
1. HALICORE.

1. Haticorrt dugung, F. Cuvier. Halicore Indicus, Desm.; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 66; Owen
Inkes, Voy. H.M.S. Fly, ii. 323. £.2, 4, 6. Trichechus dugong, Hialed. Halicore cetacea, Huger. H.
dugong, Cuvier; Raffles. Dugong, Home, Phil. Trans. 1821. t.20. Dugungus marinus, Ziedemann.
Indian Walrus, Penn.

Has. Malayan peninsula, Singapore; called dugong or parampuan laut; Cantor. Sumatra, Philip-
pines, Molucca, Sunda Island.

OrperR IV. GLIRES.
Fam.1. MURIDA.

1. MUS.

1. Mus setifer, Horsf. Zool. Java; Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., ti. 40; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 46. M.
giganteus, jun., Zemm.

Has. Java, Sumatra; Zemm. Penang; called thus virok; Cantor.
G

22 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. SAMARANG.

2. Mus Bandicota, Bechstein; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 45. M. giganteus, Hardw. Linn. Trans.
Temm. M. Malabaricus, Shaw. M. perchal, Shaw. M. Jcria, Buch, Ham. MSS. M. nemorivagus,
Hodgson. Bandicote Rat, Penn.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Malay peninsula; called titus besar; Cantor. Bengal, Nepal, South Mahratta
country. B.M.

3. Mus decumanus, Pallas, Glires, 91; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 46. Mus Norvegicus, Brisson.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Banda, Borneo, Celebes, Amboina, Timor, Malayan peninsula, Penang; called
tikus; Cantor. B.M.

4. Mus rufescens, Gray, May. Nat. Hist.; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 46. M. flavescens, Hiiiot. M.
rufus, Hlliot.

Has. Penang; Cantor. Dharwar, Madras, Bengal, Arracan. B. M.

5. Mus musculus, Linn. ; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 46.
Has. Penang; called thus ruma; Cantor. B.M.

2. PHLAOMYS.

1. Putamomys Cumingvi. Mus (Phleomys) Cumingi, Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1839, 108.
Has. Phihppines, Island of Luzon. B.M.

3. P PITHECHIR.

1. Pirnecurr melanurus, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog.

Has. Java. Only known from a drawing.

Fam.2. HISTRICID/A.
1. ACANTHION.

1. Acanruton (Acantherium) Javanicum, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1847, 102. A. Javanicum, /. Cu.
Mamm. Mus. ix. t.1. £3, 4. | Hystrix brevispinosus, Wagner. H. torquatus, Mus. Leyden. 4. longi-
cauda, Marsden, Sumatra; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 48. HH. macroura, Muller, Verh.

Has. Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Malayan peninsula; called dui landac; Cantor. B. M.

2. ATHERURA.

1. ArnErura fasciculata, Cuvier ; Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1847, 104. Hystryx macroura, Zinn. from
Seba. H. fasciculata, Shaw from Buffon; Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. 6; Temm. Mus fasciculata, Desm.
Landak, Marsden, Sumatra; Raffles, Linn. Trans. H. opeigura, Hamilton, MSS.; As. Research. xiv. 222.

Has. Sumatra; Raffles. Borneo, Celebes; Seba. Penang; called Jandak ; Cantor.

VERTEBRATA. 23

Fam. 3. LEPORID/.
1. LEPUS.
1. Lepus /urgosa, Buchan. Mysore, i. 169. Lepus nigricollis, F. Cuvier; Muller, Verh. . mela-

nauchen, Zemm. LL. ruficollis, Wus. Paris.
Has. Java; Muller. India. B.M.

Fam. 4. JERBOID/.
1. PTEROMYS.

1. Preromys xitidus, Muller, Verh. 107. 112. S. petaurista, fem., Cuvier, Reg. Anim. P. albo-
venter, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1836, 88.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. B. M.

2. Preromys elegans, Muller, Verh. 56. 107. 112. t.16. f.1, 2,3. Pteromys punctatus, Gray, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. 1846, 211. P. nitidus, var., Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 44, note.

Has. Java; Zemm. Molucca; Cantor. B.M.

3. Preromys melanotis, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1836, 88. PP. nitidus, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool.
P. Diardi, Temm. MSS.

Has. Siam. B.M.

2. SCIUROPTERUS.

1. Scruroprerus Horsfieldii, Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 1384; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 45.
Pteromys (Sciuropterus) Horsfieldu, Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1887, 87. PP. aurantiacus, Wagner,
Weigm. Arch. 1843.

Has. Malacca; Gray. Malayan peninsula; Cantor. Sumatra? or Java? Waterhouse. B. M.

2. Scrunoprervs sagitta, Desm. Pteromys sagitta, Geoff.; Muller, Verh. 109, 118. Petaurista
sagitta, Zink. Sciurus sagitta, Schreb. Supp. t.. 224.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Banka.

3. Scruropterws genibarbis, Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 48. Pteromys genibarbis, Horsfield, Zool. Java.
P. lepidus, Horsf. Java.

Has. Java; called eehubu; Horsf. Malayan peninsula; Cantor. B. M.

3. SCIURUS.

1. Scrurus Javensis, Schreb. Gaugth. t.216. Sciurus bicolor, Sparrm., Goetheb. Handt. 1778. 70.
Horsf. Zool. Java; Muller, Verh. 85, 88; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 38. 8. Bemgmaricus, J/‘Cleliand.
S. Madagascariensis, Shaw.

24 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Malacca, Cochin China, Assam; Zemm. Penang; called chinghrawah etam.
B. M.

2. Scrurus ephippium, 8. Muller, Tijdsch. N. G. 1838, 147; Verh. 86. 91. t.18; Waterhouse, Pro.
Zool. Soc., 1842, 116. SS. Javensis, var. ?

Has. Borneo; Brooke. B.M. i

3. Scrurus hypoleucus, Horsfield, Zool. Java; Muller, Verh. 85, 90. 8S. humeralis, Coulson ?
S. Finlaysonii, Horsf. Z. R. S.aureventer, J. Geoff. Guerin. Mag. Zool. 1841, t.5; 1842, t.84. 8. Lesche-
naultii, Desm. N. Dict. H. N. x. 105. 8. albiceps, Desm.

Has. Java. B.M.

4. Scrurus awreiwventer, J. Geofl.; Gray. 8. bicolor, var., Horsfield ; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 39.
Has. Java. B.M.

5. Scrurus hippuris, J. Geoff. Mag. Zool. 1832. t.6. S. caudatus, M*Clelland, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1839,
151; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 41; Muller, Verh. 86.

Var.1. S. rufogaster, Gray.

Var. 2. S. castaneoventris, Gray, fide Cantor.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Assam; Cantor. B.M.

6. Scrurus Rafflesii, Vigors and Horsf. Zool. Journ. iv. 1138, t.4; Muller, Verh. 56, 86.93; Cantor,
Mamm. Malay. 40; Gervais, Mag. Zool. 1842, t. 33. 8. Prevosti, Desm. Mam. 335.

Var. 1. 8. rufogularis, Gray.

Var. 2. 8. rufoniger, Gray.

Var. 8. S. vedimitus, Boon.

Var. 4. S. Bornoensis, 8. Rafflesu, var., Waterhouse, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1842, 116.

Var. 5. S. Indica, Muller, Verh. 86.

Has. Borneo. Malacca; called tupai belang; Cantor. B. M.

7. Scrurus nigrovittatus, Horsf. Zool. Java; Muller, Verh. 86.95; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 42. 8.
eriseiventer, J. Geoff. Mag. Zool. 1832.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Malacca, Canton; Zemm. Malayan Peninsula; Cantor. B. M.

8. Scrurus Platani, Zool. Java. S. bilineatus, Geoff. Desm. Mamm. 336. 8. notatus, Bodd.

Has. Java, Sumatra. B.M.

9. Scrurus tenuis, Horsf. Java, Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 42. Var.? Sciurus modestus, Muller, Verh.
bbe i 96. t. 140 te 18.

Has. Sumatra, Borneo, Malacca, and Canton. Singapore; Cantor. B.M.

VERTEBRATA. 25

10. Scrurus vittatus, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xi. 259; Muller, Verh. 86, 94; Cantor, Mamm. Malay.
42. Macroxus Toupai, Lesson. Sciurus bivittatus, Desm. Mamm. 543 ? S. flavimanus, J. Geoff.

Has. Sumatra, Borneo, Malacca; Cantor; Temm. Malayan peninsula, Singapore, Penang; called
Tupai.

11. Scrurus rubiventer, Forsten; Muller, Verh. 86.

Has. Celebes.

12. Scrurus /eucomus, Forsten; Muller, Verh. 87.
Has. Celebes.

13. Scrurus murinus, Forsten; S. Muller, Verh. 87.

Has. Ceiebes.

14. Scrurus Philippinensis, Waterhouse, Pro. Zoot. Soc., 1889, 117. Sciurus, Cuming, Pro. Zool. Soc.
1838, 66.

Has. Philippines, Mindanado.

15. Scrurus insignis, Desm., Mamm. 544; Horsf. Zool. Java; F.Cuv. Mamm.; Muller, Verh. 87, 93.
Grev. Mag. Zool. 1842, t. 32.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Borneo; Zemm. China? Reeves. B.M.

16. Scrurus melanotis, 8S. Muller, Verh. 87, 98. t. 14. f. 4, 5.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. B.M.

17. Scrurus evilis, S. Muller, Tijd. N. G. 148. Verh. 87. 97. t. 15. f. 4, 6.
Has. Sumatra, Borneo. B. M.

4. RHINOSCIURUS.

1. Ruryoscrurus Tupaioides, Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 195. Sciurus laticaudatus, var., Cantor,
Mamm. Malay. 48.

Has. Malacca; Gray. Malayan peninsula; Cantor. B. M.

Var. 1. Sciurus laticaudatus, Diard.; Muller. Verh. 87. 100. t. 15. f. 1. 3.

Has. Borneo (west coast).
Fam. 7. ASPALACID A.

1. RHIZOMYS, Gray.

1. Ruizomys Sumatrensis, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1831, 98; Cantor, Mamm. Matay. 47. B. Decan,
Schinz. KR. Sinensis, Cuming, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1848, 62 (not Gray). RR. cinereus, M*Clelland, Catcut.
H

26 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 456. t.14, Bamboo Rat, Farquhar, Icon. Mus Sumatrensis, Raffles, Linn. Trans.
xii. 258; Zemm. Mus. Leyden. Uypudeus de Sumatra, Zemminck, Monog.i. Nyctocleptis Dekan,
Temminck, Monog. (very bad); Voy. Bonite. Rat Taupe de la Sonde, Cuvier, R. A. Spalax Javanus,
Cuvier, R. A. ed. 2.1. 211.

Has. Malayan peninsula; called titus bulow; Cantor. Malacca; Farquhar; Raffles. Assam;
Moulmein. (not Sumatra.)

OrvEerR V. UNGULATA.
Fam. 1. BOVID.
1. BOS.

1. Bos Zaurus, var. Indicus, Linn. ; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 65.
Has. Domesticated, Malay peninsula, ; called sapi; the bull, sapi yatan ; cow, sapi betina ; Cantor.

2. BIBOS.

1. Brsos Gaurus, Hodgson, [con. t. 137; Gray, Cat. Hodgson Collection, 24. Bos Gaurus, 1. Smith,
Griffith, A. K. x. 894. Bos Gaur, Evans. Bos Gour, Trail, Edin. Phil. Journ. 1824; Cantor, Mam.
Malay. 64. Bisonius subhemachalensis, Hodgson, Icon. Bos Bubalus gauvera, Penn. Bibos cavifrons,
Hodgson. The Bison, Lowe, Hist. Tenasserim.

Has. India, Malayan peninsula; called sap: wtan. Tenasserim, Hindostan, Assam, and Nepal ;
Cantor. (Common.) B.M.

2. Brsos Sondaicus. Bos Sondaicus, Muller, Verh. t. 35. Bos Bantinger, Zemm. Mus. Leyden. B.
frontalis, part, Fischer, Syn.

Has. Java, Borneo ; called dantinger. B. M.

This species is very distinct from Bos frontalis and B. gaurus.
Is the Sapi utan of Malacca this species, or B. gaurus ?

3. BUBALUS, A. Smith.

1. Busatus Buffalus, Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. ; Catal. Hodgson Coll. 25. Bos Indicus, Pliny.
Bos Bubalus, Zinn. Bos Buffalus, Brisson. Bos arnee, Shaw. Bubalus Arna, Hodgson. Bubalus ferus
Indicus, Hodgson. Wild Buffalo.

Has. Malay peninsula. Domesticated, Penang, Singapore; called farbaw; Cantor. Tenasserim,
Nepal, Southern China.

VERTEBRATA. 27

4. ANOA.

1. Anoa depressicornis, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. Bos (Anoa) depressicornis, Gray, Spic. Zool. 12.
t. 11. £.2, 8. Antelope platyceros, Zemm. MSS. Mus. Leyd. (Skin.) A.Celebica, Temm. MSS. Mus. Leyd.
(Skull). A. depressicornis, H. Smith, Griff. A. K.; Muller, Verh.; Ann. Sci. Nat. xix. 100. t. 10.
Anoa compressicornis, Leach. Anoa Loten’s, MSS. see Pennant Quad.6. Annoa, Zimm. Geog. Zool. ii.
93; Donnd. Zool. Beitr.i. 703. ? Buffalo with small horns, Cuming, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1839, 98.

Has. Celebes (Philippines?). B. M.

5. NEMORRHEDUS.

1. Nemorruepus Sumatrensis, Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. Antelope Sumatrensis, Pennant ,
Shaw. Zool. ii. 354; Raffles. A. mterscapularis, Lichst. Kambing utan, Warsden, Sumatra, 93. Camb-
tan, F. Cuvier.

Has. Snmatra, Malayan peninsula; called hambing utan. Tenasserim ; Cantor. (Common.)

6. TRAGULUS.

1. Tracutus Javanicus, Pallas; Gray; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 61. Moschus Javanicus, Gmelin ;
Raffles; Muller. M.Indicus, Gmelin. Tragulus affinis, Gray. M. napu, £. Cuvier? Napu, Raffles.

Has. Java; Muller. Malayan peninsula; called napu; Cantor. B.M.

2. Traeutus kanchil, Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 173; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 60. Moschus
napu, Muller. M.kanchil, Raffles; Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1836, 64. M. Pelandoc, Marsden; Raffles ;
H. Smith. M. fulviventer, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1836, 65.

Has. Sumatra, Borneo; Muller. Malayan peninsula; called hanchil or pelandok; Cantor. B.M.

We have received a variety of Memina Indicus (Moschus Memina) from Singapore,
M. Malaccensis, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 172, but Dr. Cantor does not mention it in his list
of the Mammalia of the Malayan Peninsula, so that perhaps the animal had been imported
there.

7. MUNTJACUS.

1. Muntsacus vaginalis, Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 173. Cervus muntjac, Zimm.; Muller,
Verh. C. vaginalis, Bodd. C. subcornutus and C. moschatus, Blaimv. C. moschus, Desm. C. aureus,
H. Smith. CC. Philippinus, H. Smith. C. Ratwa, Hodgson. C. albipes, F. Cuv. Stylocerus muntijac,
H. Smith ; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 61. Red-faced Deer, Marsden, Sumatra.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Banka, Borneo; Muller. Malayan peninsula; called Aidang; Cantor. Tenas-
serim, Nepal, Assam, Dukhun, Bengal, and Southern Mahratta ; Cantor. B. M.

wo
ioe)

ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

8. AXIS.

1. Axis maculatus, H. Smith ; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 62. Cervus axis, Hraleb. C. nudipalpebra,
Ogilby, Pro. Zool. Soe., 1831, 186. Axis major and A. minor, Hodgson.

Var. Cervus pseudaais, Zool. Bonite, 64.

Has. Malayan peninsula, Penang; called rusa bunga; Cantor. Bengal, Assam, Nepal, Southern
Mahratta. Ceylon and Sumatra (?) ; Cantor. Var. Philippine Islands.

Not mentioned by Muller as a Sumatran species.

9. RUSA.

1. Rusa eguina, H. Smith; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 63. Cervus equinus, Cuvier, Os. Foss. Rusa
etam or kumbang; Cervus rusa, Raffles. C. Malaccensis, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith.?

Hap. Sumatra, Borneo; Muller. Malayan peninsula; called rusa or rusa etam; Cantor.

2. Rusa Peronii? Cervus rusa, Muller, Verh. 56, not Raffles. C. Peronti, Cuv. Os. Foss. t. 5. £.41?
C. axis, 8, Gmelin ?

Has. Java, Borneo.

3. Rusa Molluccensis. Cervus Molluccensis, Muller, Verh. CC. Timorensis, Geoff. and F. Cuvier,
Mamm. Lithog.?

Has. Celebes? Boeroe, Amboina, Timor.

4. Rusa Kuhlii, Muller, Verhand. t. 44.
Has. Island Baviaan; Muller.

5. Rusa? Mariannus. Cervus Mariannus, Quoy and Gaim.
Has. Philippines, Marianna Island ; Quoy.
N.B. See also Zamaroo, Cuming, P. Z.S., 1840, 33, from Philippmes ; what is it ?

10. PANOLIA.

1. Panotta Hedii, Gray; Cat. Hodgson Coll. 34. Panolia acuticornis, Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus.
P. platyceros, Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. Cervus (Rusa) frontalis, I“Clelland. C. lyratus, Schinz.
C. Hedii, M‘Clelland, Caleutta Journ. N. H. p. 415. t. 12.

Has. Malayan Peninsula, Cantor. Munneepore. Animal, Mus. Ind. Company. Horns, B. M.

Fam. 2. EQUID.

1. EQUUS.

Eauus Caballus, Linn.; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 59.

Has. Domesticated, Malayan peninsula; called tuda; Cantor. Imported from Siam, Burma, or
Sumatra.

VERTEBRATA. 29

Fam. 3. ELEPHANTID/.

1. ELEPHAS.

1. Erernas Jndicus, Linn.; Muller, Verh.; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 52. EH. maximus, Linn. Hf.
Asiaticus, Blumenb.

Has. Sumatra, Borneo; Muller. Malayan peninsula; called yayah; Cantor. India, Borneo, Siam,
Ceylon; Cantor. B. M.
2. TAPIRUS.

1. Taptrus Walayanus, Raffles, Horsf.; Cantor, 58. T. Indicus, J. Cuvier; Muller, Verh. '.
Sumatranus, Gray. TT. bicolor, Wagner.

Has. Sumatra, Borneo; Muller. Malayan peninsula; Farquhar; called badak, kuda ayer, or fenna;
Cantor. B. M.

3. SUS.

1. Sus scrofa, var. Sinensis, Linn. ; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 54.

Has. Domesticated, Malayan peninsula; called 4a ; Cantor.

2. Sus Lndicus, Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 185; Cantor, Mamm. Malay. 53; Wagner. S. scrofa,
Hiliott. 8%. scropha, Hodgson.

Has. Malayan peninsula, Penang, Singapore, Lancavy Island; called dabi wtan; Cantor. Bengal,
Nepal.

3. Sus vittatus, Schlegel; Muller, Verh. 178. t. 29-82. f. 56.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Banka?

4. Sus verrucosus, Muller, Verh. 175. t. 28. t. 32. £. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Has. Java. B. M.

5. Sus Celebensis, Muller, Verh. 177. t. 28 * f. 1, 2, 3.

Has. Celebes. B. M.

6. Sus Timorensis, Muller, Verh. 178. t. 31. f. 1, 2, 3.
Has. Timor.

7. Sus darbatus, Muller, Verh. 179. t. 30. f. 1, 2. t. 31. f. 4, 5.

Has. Borneo.

4. BABYRUSA.
1. Bapyrusa A/furus, Lesson, Mamm. Sus Babyrussa, Hraleb. Aper orientalis, Brisson.
Has. Celebes. Ternate. B. M.

30 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

5. RHINOCEROS.
1. Ratnocrros Unicornis, Linn.; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 54. RB. Indicus, Cuvier. R. Asiaticus,
Blumenb. Rf. inermis, Lesson.
Has. Malayan peninsula: called dadak; Cantor. Bengal, Assam, and Nepal.
2. Rurnoceros Sondiacus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ti. 25, 38. m1. 884; Muller, Verh. 184. t. 33. £. 1, 2;
Horsf. Java; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 34. KR. Javanicus, #. Cuvier. R. Javensis, Schinz.; Bontius, Hist.
Nat. v. 50.52; P. Camper. Ouv, 1. 268.

Has. Java. Called Badac, Horsf. Malayan peninsula; Cantor.

2. Rutnoceros Swmatrensis, Cuvier. R. Sumatranus, Raffles; Muller, Verh. 190. t. 34. f. 1, 2.
Sumatran Rhinoceros, Bed.

Has. Sumatra.
3. RHINOCEROS ?

Has. Borneo; Muller, Verh.

Fam. 4. DASYPIDA‘.

1. MANIS.
1. Manis Javanica, Desm.; Muller, Verh.; Cantor, Mamm. Malay, 51. M. pentadactyla, Raffles,
not Linn. M. aspera, Sundeval. Pangolin, Buffon, H. N. x. t. 34. t. 36. f. 1, 2,3.

Has. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. Malayan peninsula, Penang ; called pengoling, or tangiling ; Cantor. B.M.

From this list it appears that these islands have many animals in common with one
another, and with the Malayan peninsula, which has several that are found in the interior
of Continental India.

The following species, according to the present state of our knowledge, appear to be
peculiar to the islands under which they are arranged, but they may hereafter be found to
have a more extended distribution.

1. Sumatra.

Simia Satyrus, var. 1. Hylobates syndactylus ; H. variegatus. Presbytes flavimanus; P. melalophus.
Xantharpyia brevicaudatum. Megzera ecaudata. Vespertilio macrotis; V. brachypterus. Helictis orientalis.
Rhinoceros Sumatrensis. Antelope Sumatrensis.

2. Java.

Hylobates leuciscus. Presbytes mitratus; P. pyrrhus; P. maurus. Cynopterus melanocephalus.
Rhinolophus (?) larvatus; R. insignis; R. pusillus. Petalia Javanica. Vespertilio Harpyia; V. Horsfieldui ;
V. imbricatus; V. Hasseltii; V. adversus; V. circumdatus. Hmbalonoura monticola. Sciuropterus
sagitta; S. gembarbis; Sciurus hypoleucos. Pithechir melanurus. Sus verrucosus.

VERTEBRATA. 31

3. Amboina.

Pteropus chrysoproctus. Rhinolophus tricuspidatus; R. Kuryotis. Phalangista chrysorrhos.

4. Timor.

Pteropus Macklotii. Rhinolophus diadema. Sorex tenuis. Felis megalotis. Sus Timorensis.

5. Celebes.

Pteropus Alecto. Phalangista ursina. Sus P Anoa depressicornis.

6. Bavian.

Cervus Kuhli.

7. Boeton.

Sus ——?P

8. Ternate.

Pteropus personatus.

9. Borneo.

Simia Satyrus, var. 2. Vespertilio macellus. Dendrogale murma. Ptilocerus Lowii. Sciurus Ephip-
> Sus barbatus.

pium; S. Rafflesia, var. Borneenis. Rhinoceros

10. Philippines.

Galeopithecus Philppinensis. Pteropus keraudrenius. Rhinolophus griseus. Vespertilio tristis ;
V. Eschscholtzii; V. macrotarsus; V. pellucidus; V. Meyeni; V. rufopictus. Taphozous Philippinensis.
Phleomys Cumingii. Sciurus Philippinensis. 4x waknown Ruminant: Tamaroo.

Il. NEW GUINEA.

The Mammalia hitherto recorded as found in New Guinea are of quite a distinct
character from those inhabiting the other Malay Islands, they all (except a pig) belong to
the Marsupialia, and of the divisions of them which have their head quarters in Australia,
the species, though they belong to the same genera or groups, are all distinct from those
from any part of Australia which has been yet explored; except Petaurus Scivrus (Muller

32 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Verh.). I have not seen the New Guinea specimens of the species which Dr. S. Muller has so
named, so that I am not able to determine which of the three Australian species, which have
been confounded under this name, it is most allied to, but most probably, from its geogra-
phical position, it is the Petaurus ariel (Belideus ariel of Gould, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
1842, 404) found at Port Essington, if it is not distinct from it.

One species of Cuscus (C. maculata) is common to New Guinea and Amboina, the
latter country appearing to be the home or centre of the genus Cuwscus, three out of the
known species being natives of that island, the fourth being confined to Celebes.

\

1. PETAURUS.
1. Peraurus sciwrus, Muller, Verhand. (Desm.?). ? Belideus ariel, Gould.
Has. New Guinea; Muller. (Port Essington, Gould.)

2. CUSCUS.

1. Cuscus maculata, Lesson, Zool. Cog. Phalangusta maculata, Zemm. Monog.
Has. New Guinea and Amboia. B. M.

3. DENDROLAGUS.
1. DenproLacus wrsimus, S. Muller, Verh. 131. 141. t.19. 22. 23. Hypsiprymnus ursinus, Zemm.

Faun. Japon. 6.
Has. New Guinea. B. M.

2. Denpronacus inustus, S. Muller, Verh. 131. 143. t. 20, 22, 23.
Has. New Guinea.

4. DORECOPSIS.

1. Dorucorsts Asiaticus. Didelphis Asiaticus, Pallas, N. A. Petrop. 1777, 228. t.9. D. Brunu,
Gmelin. Walmaturus Brunnu, L/iger. Uypsiprymnus Bruni, Muller, Verh. Filander or Kengoeroe,
Bruyn. Reizen. 374, t. 218. 1714. Dorecopsis Brunti, Muller, Verh. 131. t. 21, 22, 28.

Has. New Guinea; Island of Aroe.

5. PERAMELES.

1. Prramenes Do;cyanus, Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 16. f.1, 5. Kalubu, Lesson, Voy. Coq.
Has. New Guinea.
6. PHASCOGALE.

1. PHascocate melas, Schinz. Phascogalea melas, Mudler (tab. Verh. 149. t. 25).

Has. New Guinea.

VERTEBRATA. 33

7. HALICORE.

1. Haticore australis, Owen, in Jukes’ Voyage of Fly, ti. 328. f. 1, 3, 5. 1847.
Has. Timor Straits.
8. SUS.
1. Sus Papuensis, Lesson, Voy. Cog. Muller, Verh.
Has. New Guinea; called dene.

ll. JAPAN.

Except the few species of Mammalia of these islands which were procured by Mr. Reeve
at Canton, we are almost entirely indebted to the Dutch naturalists. For the knowledge of
the Mammalia of this very interesting country, MM. 'Temminck and Schlegel have published
from the materials collected by them, a specific work on the Mammalia, Birds, and Fish of
Japan.

Fam. 1. SIMIADA.

1. MACACUS.

1. Macacus mawrus, F.Cuvier. M. arctoides, J. Geoff. Mag. Zool. Simia Cuvieri, Mischer. Papio
melanotis, Ogilby. :
Has. Japan? Cochin China?

2. Macacus speciosus, F.Cuvier. Inuus speciosus, Zemm. Faun. Japon. t. 1,2. Tnuus fuscatus,
Mus. Leyden.
Has. Japan. B. M.
Fam. 2. VESPERTILIONID/.
1. RHINOLOPHUS.

1. Rutyotopnus Nipon, Temm. Monog. ti. 50; Faun. Japon. 14. t.3. f. 1, 2.
Has. Japan. B.M.

2. RurvoLtopHus cornutus, Temm. Monog. i. 57; Faun. Japon. 14. t. 3. £. 3, 4.
Has. Japan.

2. VESPERTILIO.

1. VEspERtitto molossus, Temm. Monog. ti. 270; Faun. Japon. 15. t. 3. f.5.
Has. Japan; called aka homuli.
K

34 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

2. VESPERTILIO abramus, Temm. Monog. ii. 232, t.58. f.1, 2; Haun. Japon. 11.
Has. Japan; called abamusi.

3. VusrEeRtiLio akakomulh, Temm. Monog. ii. 228. t.57. £.8, 9; Haun. Japon. 17.
Has. Japan; called homuli or akakomuli. B.M.

4, VuspErtinio macrodactylus, Temm. Monog. ui. 231. t. 58. f. 3, 4,5; Kaun. Japon. 17.
Has. Japan; called somoli.

3. . NOCTULINIA.
Ik Nocrvnrnta (altivolans?). Vespertilio noctula, Zemm. Faun. Japon. 15.
Has. Japan. Hurope.

4. TRILATITUS.

1. Trinatitus Blepotis. Vespertilio Blepotis, Maun. Japon. 16.
Has. Japan and Timor, Java. 3B. M.

5. PTEROPUS.

1. Prerovus dasymallus, Temm. Monog. i. t.40; Fawn. Japon. 12. P. rubicollis, Siebold, Spicel.
Faun. Japon.

Has. Japan.

2. Prpropus pselaphon, Lay, Zool. Journ. iw. 457 ; Temm. Monog. ti. t.37. P. ursinus, Kittle.
Has. Japan, Island Bonin. B. M.

Fam. 3. FELIDA.

1. CANIS.
1. Canis familiaris, Fauna Japon. 87. t. 1.
Var. 1. Kari inu, or No inu, Fauna Japon. t. 10. £. 1, 2.
Var. 2. Bawa inu, or kui ina, t. 10. f. 4-6.
Var. 3. Zsin. Introduced from China.

2. Canis

? C. oakame, Fuwna Japon. 38.
Has. Japan (Mountains).

3. Canis hodophylax, Temm.; Faun. Japon. 40. C.hippophylax, Zemm. Mus. C. hodophilax, Fauna
Japon. t. 9.

Has. Japan; called Jamainu.

VERTEBRATA.

2. VULPES.

1. Cants Vulpes, Temn. Faun. Japon. 39; not Linn.?

Has. Japan; called siene.

3. NYCTIREUTES.

1. Nycrirevures Procyonoides, Gray. Canis procyonoides, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool.

viverrinus, and N. procyonoides, Zemm., Faun. Japon. t. 40. t. 8.

Has. Japan; called Habsimon si, mami tanuki, and tanuti, and musina tanute. LB. M.

4. MARTES.

Nyctireutes

1. Marres (Mustela) melampus, Temm. Faun. Japon. 31. t. 7. £3, 4. M. melanopus, Gray, List.

Mamm. Brit. Mus. 63.
Has. Japan; called fen, or aka ten. B.M.

5. MUSTELA.
1. Musteta brachyura, Temm.? Japan, 33.

Has. Japan; called cezoten.

2. Mustea

? Haun. Japon. 35.
Has. Japan; called tomatsu; Siebold.

6. VISON.

1. Vison J¢atsi, Mustela (Putorius) Itatsi, Zemm.; Faun. Japon. 33. M. Natsi, Temm. Fauna

Japon. t. 7 (misprint.)
Has. Japan; called /¢ats:. B. M.

7. MELES.

1. Metzs akakuma, Temm. Faun. Japon. 30. t.6. M. Taxus, var. Temm.
Has. Japan; called anakuma. B. M.

8. LUTRA.
1. Lurra (Chinensis, Gray?) vulgaris, Temm. Faun. Japon. 33.

Has. Japan; called hawa-uso.

9. ENHYDRA.

1. Eynypra Lwtris, Gray. Enhydris marina, Zemm. Faun. Japon. 38. Lutra marina, Steller.

Mustela Lutris, Zinn.
Has. Japan. California. B. M.

36 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Fam. 4. URSID/.
1. DANIS.
1. Danis ferox. ° Ursus ferox, Zemm. Faun. Japon. 29; Lewis and Clark? U. cinereus and U.
griseus, Desm. U. horribilis, Ord.
Has. Japan; called ohokwma and akakuma. And N. America?

2. HELARCTOS.

1. Hutarcros Tidetanus, Gray, List Brit. Mus. 73. Ursus Thibetanus, #. Cuvier; Temm. Haun.
Japon. 29. U. ferox, Robinson, Assam, 69.

Has. Japan; called tama. India. China. B. M.

3. THALARCTOS.
1. Tuatarctos maritimus. Ursus maritimus, Zemm. F. Japon. 80; Linn. U. marinus, Pallas.
U. polaris, Shaw.

Has. Japan. Polar Seas.

Fam. 5. TALPIDA.

1. TALPA.
1. Tatea Wogura, Temm., Faun. Japon. 19. t.4. £.2-5. T. moogura, Temm. Icon. t. 4. f. 1-5.
(misprint).
Has. Japan. B. M.

2. UROTRICHUS.

1. Urorricuus ta/poides, Temm., Fuun. Japon. 30. 64. f.6, 11. U. Japonicus, Mus. Leyden.
Has. Japan; called Himusi, Doinezume, or Jama-ugura. B. M.

3. CROSSOPUS.
i. Crossopus platycephalus. Sorex platycephalus, Zemm. Faun. Japon. 23. t.5. Chrosopus platy-
cephalus, Zemm. 0. ¢.

Has. Japan.
4. SOREX.

Ll. Sorpx Jndicus, Temm., Faun. Japon. 25. t. 5.
Has. Japan; Zemm.

2. Sorex Dsinezwmi, Temm., Ff. Japon. 26. t. 5,6. S. kinezumi, Temm. Faun. t. 5. £.2, and 8. kine-
mami, f. 3. (misprints).

Has. Japan.

VERTEBRATA. 37

3. Sorex umbrinus, Temm. FP. Japon. 27.
Has. Japan.
5. HRINACHUS.

1. Ertyacevs > Temm. Faun. Japon. 19.

Has. Japan.
Fam. 6. PHOCIDA

1. PHOCA.

1. Poca Jarbata, Muller? Zemm. Faun. Japon. 2. P. maxima, Steller. P. leporina, Lepechen.
P. nautica, and P. albigena, Pad/as.

Has. Japan; Szebold.

2. PHoca nummularis, Pallas, Z. Ross. 117; Temm. Fauna Japon. 3. P. n.2. Steller, Camtsch. 107.
P. vulgaris, var., Pallas. P. Largha, Pallas.

Has. Japan.

2. ARCTOCEPHALUS.

1. ArcrocepHatus lobatus, Gray. Otaria Stelleri, Zemm. Faun. Japon. t. 21,22. O. cinerea, Mus.

Leyden. Ph. australis, Quoy and Gaim.
Has. Japan. B. M.

Fam. 7. BALAINIDA.

1. BALAINA.

1. Batana Japonica, Gray, Zool. Ereb. and Terror, 15. B. Antarctica, Temm. Faun. Japon. 18. t. 29,
not Gray. Baleenoptera Antarctica, Zemm. Faun. Japon, 21. t. 28 (misprint).
Has. Japan.
2. BALAUNOPTHRA.
1. Bataznoprera Iwasi, Gray, Zool. Hreb. and Terror, 20. B. arctica, Temm. Faun. Japon. 26.

Has. Japan.
3. MEGAPTERON.

1. Mecapreron Antarctica, Gray, Zool. Ereb. and Terror, 17. Balenoptera Antarctica, Zemm. Faun.
Japon. t. 30. Rorqual noueux, Voy. Pol. Sud. t. 24.

Has. Japan.
Fam. 8. CATODONTID.

1. CATODON.
? Temm. Haun. Japon. 26.

1. Caropon macrocephalus (?) Physeter
Has. Japan.

38 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Fam. 9. DELPHINIDA.
1. DELPHINUS.

1. Deteutnus longirostris, Gray, Spice. Zool.; Zool. Hreb. and Terror, 42. Cuvier; Temm. Faun.
Japon. t. 24. D. Capensis, Gray, Spice. Zool., not Cuvier, nor Rapp.

Has. Japan. Cape of Good Hope, Malabar, Ceylon. B. M.

2. GLOBIOCEPHALUS.
1. GroprocerHatus Sieboldii, Gray, Zool. Hreb. and Terror, 32. Delphinus globiceps, Zemm. Faun.
Japon. 17. t. 27.

Has. Japan; called golo.
3. GRAMPUS.

1. Grameus Sakamata, Gray, Zool. Ereb. and Terror, 31. Delphinus orca, Temm. Faun. Japon. 25.

Has. Japan; called sakamata ; Kuzira.

4. NEOMERIS.
1. Nromerts Phoceenoides, Gray, Zool. Hreb. and Terror, 30. Delphinus Phocceenoides, Cuvier. D.

melas, Zemm. Faun. Japon. 14. t. 25, 26. Delphinapterus melas, Temm. F. Japon. 7.
Has. Japan, Cape of Good Hope, Malabar.

Fam. 10. MURIDA.
1. MUS.
1. Mus argenteus, Temm., Fawn. Japon. t. 13.

Has. Japan.

2. Mus Molossinus, Temm., Faun. Japon. t. 13.
Has. Japan.

3. Mus Negumi, Temm., Faun. Japon. t. 13.
Has. Japan.

4, Mus speciosus, Temm., Faun. Japon. t. 16.
Has. Japan. B.M.
Fam. 11. LEPORID/..
1. LEPUS.

1. Lepos érachyurus, Temm. Faun. Japon. t. 11.
Has. Japan. B.M.

VERTEBRATA.

Fam.12. JERBOIDZ.
1. SCIURUS.

1. Scrurus Lis, Temm. Faun. Japon. t.12. 8. vulgaris, var. Zemm.
Has. Japan.

2. PTEROMYS.

1. Preromys leucogenys, Temm. Faun. Japon. t. 13.
Has. Japan. B. M.

4. SCIUROPTERUS.

1. ScruropreRus momoga. Pteromys momoga, Zemm. Faun. Japon. t. 14.
Has. Japan. B.M.

5. MYOXUS.
1. Myoxus elegans, Temm. Faun. Japon. t. 14.
Has. Japan.
Fam.13. BOVID.
1. NEMORRHEDUS.

1. NemorrHEvus crisps. Antelope crispa, Zemm. Faun. Japon. t.18, 19.

Has. Japan. Mus. Leyden.

2. RUSA.
1. Rusa Sika. Cervus Sika, Zemm. Faun. Japon. t. 17.

Has. Japan.
Fam. 14. HLEPHANTID/.
1. SUS.

1. Sus leucomystax, Temm. Fauna Japon. t. 20.

Has. Japan.

39

40 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

IVE CANA:

We are chiefly indebted to Mr. Reeves and his son, Mr. John Russell Reeves, for the
knowledge of the animals of Canton and its neighbourhood, and this is almost the only part
of China from whence Mammalia have been sent to England.

It must be observed that Japanese species are often to be procured at Canton, and that
some of them have been mistaken for inhabitants of China.

Fam. 1. VESPERTILIONIDA.
1. VESPERTILIO.
1. VeEspERTILio irretitus, Wiegm. Arch. 1843, 11.
Has. Island of Chusan.

Fam. 2. FELID/.
1. LEOPARDUS.

1. Luopvarpus Chinensis, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 43. Felis Chinensis, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist.
1837.

Has. China; J. Reeves. B.M.

2. Lroparpus Reeves, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 41.
Has. China; J. Reeves. B.M.

2. NYCTEREUTES.

1. Nycrernures Procyonoides, Gray. Canis Procyonoides, Gray, [lust. Ind. Zool. N. viverrinus,
Temm. Fauna Japon.

Has. China; J. Reeves. Japan. B. M.

3. VIVERRA.

1. Viverra Zibetha, Linn.; Gray. V. undulata, Gray.
Has. China; J. Reeves, sq. B. M.

2. Viverra pallida, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc.
Has. China. Mus. Zool. Soc.

4. PAGUMA.

1. Pacuma larvata, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1831, 95. Guto larvatus, Temm. Mus. Leyden ; H. Smith,
Grifith, A. K. 1. 281. Viverra larvata, Gray, Spic. Zool. 9. 1830. Paradoxurus larvatus, Gray, Pro.
Zool. Soc. 1832, 67 ; Must. Ind. Zool.

Has. China; J. Reeves. B.M.

VERTEBRATA. 4]

5. HELICTIS.
Hetictis moschata, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1831, 94. Melogale personata, J. Geoff. ?
Has. China, Canton; J. Reeves. B.M.
6. LUTRA.

1. Lotra Chinensis, Gray.
Has. China; J. Reeves. B.M.

Fam. 3. TALPID A.
1. SOREX.

1. Sorex murinus, Linn.
Has. China; J. Reeves. B.M.
Fam. 4. JERBOID.
1. SCIURUS.

1. Scrurus insignis, F. Cuvier.
Has. China; J. Reeves. B.M.

2. Scrurus castaneo-ventris, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 143.
Has. China; J. Reeves. B.M.

3. Scrurus Chinensis, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. 144.
Has. China; J. Reeves. B. M.

Fam.5. ASPALACIDA.
1. RHIZOMYS.

1. Rutzomys Simensis, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1831, 95 ; Ilust. Ind. Zool. ii. t. R. Chinensis.
Has. China, Canton; J. Reeves.

Fam. 6. BOVID.
1. MUNTJACUS.

1. Muntsacus Reevesiz. Cervus Reevesii, Ogilby, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1838, 105.

Has. China; J. Reeves; Gardens Zool. Soc.
M

A2 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Fam.7. DASYPIDA.
1. MANIS.
1. Mantis Dalmanni, Sundeval, K. V. Acad. Hand., 1842, 256.

Has. China; Dalmann.

Prater VII.

Gauivictis vittata, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 22. (1848).
Has. Madagascar.

Grey, black and white grizzled; back and sides with eight nearly equal parallel, narrow,
black-brown streaks; chin and beneath pale brown ; hind-feet and outer sides of fore-legs
reddish brown. Tail subcylindrical, bushy, black and grey grizzled, white towards the ends ;
hairs elongate, brownish white, with two (rarely three) broad black rings.

Length of body and head (when stuffed), 14 inches ; tail, 12 inches.

The skull, which shows that the animal was not quite full grown, agrees in all the
particulars with that figured by M. J. Geoffroy, in Guerin’s Mag. Zool. t.19, but is about one-
fourth smaller in all its parts, and it has one more very small roundish false grinder on each
side in front of the other (between it and the canines) in the upper jaw, which is not noticed

in M. Geoffroy’s figure and description, and which probably falls out when the animal arrives
at adult age.

Dr. T. R. H. Thomson, Surgeon, R.N., who had one of these animals for six months
on board ship, says it was procured at Tulyah Bay, Madagascar. It was at first extremely
timid, but soon became tame and acquainted with the different parts of the vessel, and very
partial to those who bestowed any attentions on it. It was remarkably agile, keeping its
long bushy tail somewhat erect in running about, and uttering a sort of chirp not unlike a
rat. Its chief food was uncooked meat, but it preferred raw eggs above all other articles
when they could be procured. Its method of breaking them was not a little amusing; on
receiving one it would roll it towards a projecting timber or gun-slide; then lying down on
its side, the little creature would grasp the egg with all its feet and throw it by a sudden
jerk, repeating the attempt until the contents were obtained. ‘Turtles’ eggs, being so soft
and rich, were always eagerly sought by it. It was very irascible while feeding, and would
attack those who interfered with it at such a time, although at others it delighted in being
fondled, and would play like a kitten with those it knew. The habits of this interesting

animal were not nocturnal. It died from convulsions, under which it had suffered for
five weeks.

VERTEBRATA. 43

Its mode of breaking the egg is somewhat different from that of Herpestes fasciatus,
which Dr. Thomson had also under observation for some time. This latter, after getting
the ege close to a projecting object, seizes it with the two anterior feet, and then jerks it
through between the hinder legs, which are raised somewhat to let the egg pass.

Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in the manuscript catalogue of the Mammalia in the Paris
collections, notices a specimen from Madagascar which had been collected by M. Sonnerat,
which he described in the following manner, under the name of Mustela striata :—“Supra
saturate fusca; striis quinque longitudinalibus angustis parallelis albis; gastraeo pallide
canescente, cauda basi fusca, reliqua alba; statura Mustela vulgaris.”—Tischer, Syn. 224.
M. Cuvier, in the ‘ Regne Animal’ (ed. 2de, 144) described the same specimen under the
name of “La Belette rayée de Madagascar, Putorius striatus, Cuvier, de la taille de la
belette d'Europe, d’un brun roussatre avec cing lignes longitudinales blanchatres ; le dessous
et presque toute la queue blanchatre.” M. Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in the notes to a
paper on some Madagascar animals in M. Guerin’s Magasin de Zoologie for 1839, p. 32,
informs us that the specimen above described then existed in the collection, and that he had
convinced himself that it was a young specimen of an animal rather more than two feet long,
which had been sent to the Museum in 1834 by M. Goudot, under the name of Vonsire
blanc, and called Vontsira foutche by the Madecasses ; and he gives a description and figures
of the animal and its skull, t. 18, 19, forming for it a genus which he names Galidictis.

A few months ago the Museum purchased of Mr. Tucker of the Quadrant an animal
from Madagascar, which is evidently nearly allied to the Galidictis striata, but differs from
it in some particulars, which induce me to regard it as a second species of that genus. I
may remark that it agrees with all the characters assigned to that genus by M. Isidore
Geoffroy, except that the soles of the hind feet are more naked than he described those of
his genus Galidia to be, though he observes that Ga/idictis has the feet “ presque enticrement
semblable” to that genus ; for the naked part is nearly as broad as the foot, almost to the
top of the heel. The chief difference between the Museum specimen and that described and
figured by the two Geoffroys and Cuvier is in the colour of the tail, and I might think this
depended on age, if the elder Geoffroy and Cuvier did not describe the young animal as
being of the size of a weasel, and the younger Geoffroy the adult as having the same pecu-
larity, viz., a white tail; while our specimen has the tail of the same colour as the back,
and even more distinctly variegated with black and white. The stripes are narrower, rather
differently placed, and more equal in width than in the description and figure above quoted,
and they do not extend so far up the neck towards the head.

REEVE, BENHAM, AND REEVE,
PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS,
KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND.

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echouse Hawkins de] et lith

& nat. sxe

Pp

BLAMIS MACULATA

FISH Se

BY

SIR JOHN RICHARDSON, M.D., F.R.S.

APISTES TRACHINOIDES, Cuwv.

Apistss trachinoides, Cuv. et Val. Hist. des Poiss. vol. iv. p. 401. pl. 92. f.1.
Radii—B. 6; D.15|4; A.3}4; C. 92; P.13; V. 14.

Puare IIL. Fig. 3-5.

Our specimens agree exactly with the description and plate above quoted, except that
there are only four soft rays in the ventrals, instead of five as quoted in the Mistoire des
Poissons. The small scales are very deeply imbedded in the skin, and are ranged on the
sides in vertical limes not tiled. I have not been able to detect them in the space between
the lateral Ime and fore part of the dorsal, but the whole of the shoulder for some distance
below the lateral line is rough with prominent pores, as are also the sides of the head. On
the limbs of the lower jaw, and the membrane connecting them, these pores render the
surface villous.

The jaws, chevron of the vomer, and a narrow plate on the palatine bones are armed
with fine short villiform teeth. Length, 22 inches.

Has. Sea of China.

APISTES DEPRESSIFRONS, A&ichardson.
Radiii—B. 5; D 13|7; A. 3l5; C.103; P.10; V.1|5.
Prats III. Fig. 1-2.

This Apistes agrees with trachinoides and dracena in the three anterior dorsal rays
being stouter, approximated to one another and somewhat remote from the following ones.
B

2 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Indeed it possesses so many of the characters ascribed to dracena in the Histoire des Poissons,
that we should have referred it to that species were it not that the preorbitar and preopercular
spines of the latter are said to be very large, while in our fish they are rather shorter than 1s
usual in the genus. The anterior spinule of the preorbitar is, however, larger than common,
being half as long as the chief spine and, like it, slightly curved and directed backwards.
The species differs from 4. delengert im the more posterior origin of the dorsal, and in having
only two bony points or ridges on the operculum. 4. rubripinnis of the Mauna Japonica has
no scales above the lateral line.

The body is highest about the fifth and sixth dorsal spines, the height there being equal
to one fourth of the total length, and the thickness to about half the height. 'The head is
considerably depressed, the profile rismg at an angle of only twenty-five degrees to the
beginning of the dorsal. When the mouth is closed the under jaw forms the extremity of
the head, and the cleft of the mouth descends almost vertically. There is a small knob
beneath the symphysis of the mandible. The mandible can be depressed to the horizontal
line, the upper jaw remaining nearly vertical. The length of the head is contained thrice
and one third in the total length. When viewed in front, the interorbital space is seen to be
traversed by two smooth ridges which are approximated to the mesial line; the edges of the
orbits themselves are also prominent. The breadth of this space is less than the diameter of
the orbit. The principal preorbitar spine reaches to the anterior third of the orbit. The
preopercular spine, which is of the same size, is straight, and there are three obtuse corners
beneath it. The two opercular ridges are visible, but their points are scarcely pungent.
The supra-scapular, however, has an acute point at the upper corner of the gill opening.
The scales of the body are very small and remote from each other, are much sunk in the
skin, and, being dark, look like little pits rather than scales on a cursory view.

The dorsal commences over the upper limb of the preoperculum. Its first three spines
are a little stouter than the rest, are approximated to each other at the base and a little
removed from the following one, to which the third one is connected by membrane. The
second spine is a little taller than the first or third; the following ones are somewhat shorter
and nearly all of one height, except the last, which, though more slender than the second one,
is even taller. ‘The anterior soft rays rather overtop the tallest of the spmes: the last one
is short and is bound to the back its whole length by membrane, which does not reach to
the base of the caudal. The anal rays are fully taller than the soft dorsal ones; its spines,
which are graduated, are shorter.

The teeth are in close-shaven, villiform bands on the jaws, prominent chevron of the
vomer, and palatine bones. On the latter they form an elliptical patch.

The general colour of the specimen, which has been long in spirits, is brownish grey,
the fins seem darker, and there are many obscure frecklings on the dorsal fin and back.
Length, 2? inches. This specimen had a surmullet in his cesophagus.

Has. Sea of Japan.

FISHES. 3

APISTES MULTICOLOR, Richardson.

Radii—B. 6; D.15|6; A.3|4; C.103; P.11; V.1/4.
Prate lV. Fig. 3-4.

In this pistes the profile of the face is steep with an abrupt curve over the eye to jom
the dorsal line, which descends gradually from its summit at the temple to the tail. The
height of the body is equal to one quarter of the total length of the fish, and its thickness is
equal to the sixth of the same length. The head forms a third of the whole length, the
mouth is at its extremity, the jaws being equal, and the gape, which is small, is nearly
horizontal. The ventral line is more horizontal than the dorsal one, being even with the
lower jaw as far as the anus, from whence it ascends to the base of the caudal, whose height
is about one third of the height of the head. The edges of the orbits and two smooth ridges
between them are equally prominent and equidistant. The interorbitar space is one third nar-
rower than the diameter of the eye. ‘The jaws, prominent chevron of the vomer and palatine
bones are set with close-shaven, villiform teeth.

The slender, acute preorbitar spine reaches back to the posterior part of the eye, and
there is a spinule at its base in front standing forwards and outwards. The axilla of the spine
is filled by a small slip of membrane. The opercular spine, though conspicuous, is not so
long as the preorbitar one. There are four obtuse points beneath it. The operculum has
two bony ridges whose points do not penetrate the skin. The scales of the body are small
and the lateral line is formed of oblique tubes whose points are elevated. The last three
dorsal spines are grooved at their tips so as to appear forked, and the same is the case with
the anal spines. The spies are tipped by short skinny filaments, and the membrane
is deeply notched between them. The last soft ray of the dorsal is attached to the back by
membrane for nearly its whole length, and is divided to the base. The lowest ray of the
pectoral is unbranched, the rest are forked. The ventral contains only four slender soft rays,
the last of which is bound to the belly by a rather wide membrane.

The two specimens in the collection retain several lively colours, chiefly different
shades of brown, red, and white; but there is considerable difference in the mode in which
these tints are combmed in the two individuals. Hach of them hds three conspicuous,
lateral, white marks; viz., one on the fore part of the dorsal near its base, which descends from
the third spine to the shoulder, another on the back under the last spine, and the third
forming a bar which extends from the soft dorsal to the anal. The head is marbled like the
back. The dorsal and anal are edged with aurora-red, and are dotted posteriorly with
oblique rows of small white specks having broken black borders. On the fore part of the
spinous dorsal the black, separating from the white centres, forms short oblique lines. Specks
of the same kind are ranged in transverse lines on the caudal and pectorals. The ventrals are
minutely freckled with brown and black, and are marked also by two or three white spots.
Length, three or four inches.

Has. Sea of China.

4 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

APISTES COTTOIDES, Zinn. (Perca.)

Perca cottoides, Lin. Mus. Ad. Fr. vol. xi. p. 84.
Apistes cottoides, Cuv. et Val. Hist. des Poiss. vol. iv. p. 413.

Radii.-—B. 6; D. 14/6; A.3|8; C.113; P.6 et viii.; V. 1/4.
Puats ITI. Fig. 6-7.

Our specimens agree with the Linnzean account of Perca cottoides in all respects, except
that they have only six gill rays imstead of eight, which latter number I consider to be a
mistake; and in the rows of spots on the fins bemg more numerous than two. This also
may be accounted for by a partial effacement of the markings, and I have therefore considered
the specimens as examples of the species described by Linnzeus.

The head is thick and large, with a considerably arched profile. It forms more than one
third of the total length, while the height of the body scarcely exceeds the fourth. The
thickness is a little more than half the height. The diameter of the eye is equal to one
quarter of the length of the head. The principal preorbitar spine reaches to beneath its
centre, and is thrice as long as the smaller spine, which lies parallel to it, and is quite
straight. The second-suborbitar ridge is visible only when the integuments are suffered to
dry. It is flat, quite unarmed, and runs close to the orbit. The preoperculum is armed by
four small spines, the upper one being the largest but not equalling the preorbitar spe ; there
is also an obtuse corner under the lowest spe. This bone is better described by the
passage “‘ opercula branchiarum spinoso-serrata” in this species than im any other Apistes
that we have seen. The two ribs of the bony operculum can scarcely be detected, and
present no pungent points. Neither are there any acute points on the suprascapular. ‘The
jaws and the acute prominent chevron of the vomer are armed by villiform teeth, rather
coarser than in the other Apistes we have figured, and this species differs from them in the
palatine bones being entirely toothless. The scales of the body, though small, are visible to
the naked eye, and are more crowded or tiled than in some others of the genus. They are
wanting above the lateral le as far back as the fifth or sixth dorsal spine, and a narrower
smooth space extends along the base of the dorsal its whole length. The head is also quite
destitute of scales. The lateral line, formed of a series of short tubes, is straight, and about
one third of the height distant from the summit of the back.

The first dorsal spine stands between the anterior corners of the orbit. The third is
the tallest, bemg equal to four fifths of the height of the body, and is almost twice as
high as the first one. The membrane is notched between the spies. ‘The soft dorsal is
rounded, lower than the last spine, and ends opposite to the anal at some distance from the
caudal. The membrane which connects the last rays to the tail is smaller than in most
Apistes. The pectorals are rather oblique, and their eight lower rays have simple, thick,
and prominent tips, the others being forked at the ends. ‘The ventrals have only four rays.
The caudal is even at the end.

FISHES. 5

The ground colour on the back is chestnut brown, distributed in five or six clouds or
bars, the sides are very pale, and the belly quite white. The head and whole of the body
down to the middle of the sides is thickly covered with small round dark brown dots, having
paler disks. There are also some diluted spots on the lower lip. These dots are numerous
on the base of the dorsal, and form rings on the spines. On the pectorals, anal and caudal,
the markings assume the form of five or six freckled cross-bars, and there are also a few
specks on the ventrals. Length, 335 inches.

Has. Seas of Borneo and China.

APISTES TASNIANOTUS, Cw.

Apistes tenianotus, C. et V. Hist. des Poiss. iv. p.404; Lacépéde, t.iv. pl. 3. f. 2. exclus. descript.
Radii—D. 17|7; A. 3|5; C.182; P.12; V. 1)5.

Pruate lV. Fig. 1-2.

We have two examples of this 4pzstes before us, one measuring three inches and three
quarters from Japan, and the other four inches and a half long from the Philippines. Both
correspond well with the detailed description of the species contained in the Histoire des
Poissons, but they differ from one another in colour. The Japanese specimen is of a pale, clear,
wood-brown, with a dark brown spot on the dorsal between the fifth and sixth spinous rays,
and two or three faint indications of spots on the body, besides a row of points crossing the
middle of the caudal rays. The specimen from the Philippines is of a much darker colour
generally, being deep liver-brown, and wants the dorsal spot above mentioned, though it has
some smaller and less distinct ones in other parts of the fin and several on the body. There
are two rows of points on the caudal rays. The greatest difference between the species is in
the fin membranes, those of the specimen from the Philippines being much thicker and more
spongy and opaque. ‘The scales in both are small, roundish, and im contact with each other,
but not tiled. When the skin is allowed to dry, they become concave.

In reckoning the soft rays of the dorsal and anal, we have enumerated one fewer than
the number quoted in the Histoire des Poissons, by considering the posterior one of each fin
to be divided to its base, the two branches or rays springing from the same point.

Has. Malay Archipelago ; Seas of China and Japan.

APISTES LEUCOGASTER, Richardson.
Radii—Br.7; D.13|8; A. 3|7; C.114; P.15; V. 15.
Puate V. Fig. 1-2.

The preceding Apistes are more or less completely scaly, the following one is entirely
destitute of scales. It has a thick bluff head, from whence the moderately compressed body
c

6 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

tapers to the narrow base of the caudal, whose height is only about one quarter of that of the
nape. The curves of the back and belly correspond, being but slightly arched. The profile
of the head, from the mouth to the begining of the dorsal, forms the sextant of a circle,
and the lower jaw and throat form a smaller arc below. The total length is equal to thrice
the height at the shoulder and one half, and the head makes one third of this length, while
the thickness is two thirds of the height. The eye is situated high up, the margin of the
orbit intruding slightly on the profile; the space between the eyes is equal to a diameter of
the orbit and is concave ; but the whole of the bones of the head are so covered with loose
integument, that the forms are but very imperfectly distinguishable until the skin is suffered
to dry. The mouth is terminal, and its moderately large gape descends obliquely till it
comes under the middle of the eye. The jaws, chevron of the vomer, and palate bones are
furnished with microscopical, close-shaven, villiform teeth. The preorbitar spine is straight,
and scarcely exceeds half the diameter of the orbit in length. There is no small spine at its
base, but a blunt projection of the bone stands forwards in its usual site. The disk of the
preorbitar is flattish and its outline uneven. The second suborbitar forms an acute uneven
ridge without spmous points. ‘The preopercular spine is stouter but not longer than the
preorbitar one, and has four obtuse corners beneath it, but none above it. ‘Two ribs cross
the operculum, the upper one being considerably curved with a perceptible point; the under
one is straight. The soft flexible point of the suboperculum curves up behind the bony
operculum, and forms the upper tip of the gill-cover. The gill-opening curves forward
beneath, as far as the hinder part of the eye. The crests of the temples and supra-
scapulars are very uneven and indistinct. The dorsal commences between the posterior
quarters of the orbits, and its posterior spines are rather taller than the soft rays. The last
of the latter is bound to the back its whole length, but the membrane does not quite reach
the base of the caudal, while the membrane of the anal attains that fin. The caudal is
moderately rounded at the end. The pectoral is very oblique, its rays gradually diminishing
as they descend ; their tips are mostly curved and project beyond the membrane ; but, except
one or two of the lowermost, they are all more or less forked, the upper ones being most so.
The ventral spine stands immediately in the axilla of the lowest pectoral ray, the last soft ray -
is bound to the belly by loose skin. The ventrals are small, the pectorals comparatively large.

The skin is perfectly smooth and scaleless. Two minute, simple, tapering barbels spring
from the upper border of each eye. ‘The lateral line is marked by a series of soft elevations
which are rendered more prominent by drawing the finger backwards over them. The
ground tint of the upper parts is purplish-brown, with one large patch over the pectorals,
formed by a close marbling of liver-brown, and another under the soft dorsal. The head is
more finely mottled with liver-brown. The whole under surface, including the lower part
of the pectorals, is pure white. The lateral dark patches extend to the membrane of that
fin. The rays are white, finely ringed with brown. The upper half of the pectorals, the
end of the caudal, the anal, and tips of the ventrals, are freckled and minutely dotted with
blackish brown. Length, 23 inches.

FISHES. 7

The only Apistes noticed in the Histoire des Poissons, to which this fish bears a resem-
blance, is ziger; but it would appear from the description there given, that ziger has stronger
spines, and the perfectly white ventral surface of /ewcogaster would ill accord with the specific

name of zzger.
Has. Sea of China.

MINOUS ADAMSII, Richardson.
Radu.—B. 7; D.10{10 vel 11; A.10 vel 11; ©.103; P.11,1.; V.1\5.
Puate Il. Fig. 4, 5.

This species agrees neither with the JZ. woora nor MW. monodactylus of the Histoire des
Poissons in the number of its rays, and it further disagrees with the latter in wanting the
three trenchant teeth of the second suborbitar. As to the former, we have no specimen
wherewith to compare ours; but Russell’s figure, 159 A, has but a very imperfect resemblance
to it in the head. We have therefore given it a distinct specific appellation, and, in doimg
so, embraced the opportunity of paying a tribute to the zeal and ability displayed by
Mr.. Adams in making the collection of fish on this voyage, and to his artistic skill evinced by
the drawings of many which he executed at the time of their capture. The JZ. pusillus of
the Mauna Japonica is evidently a distinct species.

The space between the eyes is concave, and is a little broader than the diameter of the
orbit. It is traversed by two low acute ridges, which diverge a little as they run backwards.
The anterior frontal is also marked by five prominent lines, which spread from an anterior
point like the sticks of a fan, and form teeth on the fore edge of the orbit. The rest of the
upper margin of the orbit is still more roughly crenated or toothed. A transverse furrow
separates the frontals from the conical and ridged bones which le between the nostrils and
cover the maxillary pedicles. Behind the frontals there is another and a larger depression,
which is traversed by the very uneven lateral ridges. These ridges have each three triangular,
rough points, the terminal one being the largest. The temporal ridges are composed of two
rough prominences, immediately behind which is the acute point of the suprascapular, at the
commencement of the lateral lme. ‘The preorbitar has five short crenulated crests diverging
from its centre, one of them running out anteriorly into a short triangular point, which is
directed forwards; behind it springs the slightly curved spme, which reaches back to the
middle of the eye. The great suborbitar has a central, thin, crenated crest, from which there
radiates one thin crest forwards, a short one obliquely forwards and downwards, two back-
wards to the base of the preopercular spine, five short ones to the upper limb of the pre-
operculum, and a very low one directly upwards to the orbit. There is also a rugged conical
point on this bone below the anterior ridge. All these lines are granulated and crenated,
and the cheek of this fish is better protected by bone than in most of the family. The
preoperculum has a somewhat concave disk, with both borders unequally prominent. The

8 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

spine of this bone is rather longer than the preorbitar one, is compressed, grooved, quite
straight, and very acute. There is one acute corner on the edge of the bone above it and
five below, the latter ones being very conspicuous, and the one immediately below it acute
enough to be named as a short triangular spine. ‘The operculum is strengthened by two
ridges which diverge greatly. The lower ridge and its point can be discovered only when
the integuments are suffered to dry; but the point of the upper ridge projects immediately
behind the soft tip of the gill-cover, which is formed of the flexible cartilaginous extremity of the
suboperculum ; when the gill-opening is closed beneath, there is a round orifice above this tip,
which is seemingly kept open by the direction then taken by the upper ridge and spine of the
operculum. The dorsal commences in the occipital notch over the posterior margin of the pre-
operculum, and its second ray stands even with the acute terminations of the lateral cranial
crests. The last pair of soft rays of the dorsal and anal fins approximate at their bases, and
may prove on dissection to be only one deeply divided ray, so that only ten soft rays ought
in that case to be reckoned to each. If an anal spine exists, it cannot be seen through the
integuments. The teeth are microscopical, in villiform bands, those on the prominent
chevron of the vomer being with difficulty distinguishable even with the aid of a lens. A
small white barbel hangs from each limb of the lower jaw, a little behind its middle.

The colours of the specimen in spirits are nearly the same with those attributed to
M. monodactylus in the Histoire des Poissons. 'The ground tint is a pale brown with two
darker diffused stripes on the back. ‘The fins are clouded with black and white, and the
caudal has two white bars alternating with three blackish ones. Length, 23 inches.

Has. Sea of China.

CHORIDACTYLUS MULTIBARBUS, Aichardson.
Radii.—B. 5; D. 13/9; A. 2/8; C.112; P.10, III; V. 1)5.
Puatz II. Fig. 1-3.

This fish has characters in common with several of the Cottoid genera. In union with
the preorbitar spines of Apistes, or Minous, it exhibits the hollow cheeks, prominent orbits,
tall slender dorsal spines, the filaments of the fins, free pectoral rays, and ventrals adnate to
the belly of Pelors. It has not, however, the elongated body, depressed head, and horizon-
tally protruding muzzle, nor the vomerine teeth of this genus, and the membrane of its dorsal
is complete, thick, and spongy, instead of being deficient between the posterior spines. In
the lax skin, shape of the head, and general form, it comes nearer to some of the Synanceie,
from which it is readily distinguished however by its free, curved, pectoral rays. The generic
appellation is derived from ywpispos, sejunctio, and Saxtudos, digitus.

The face of this fish is vertical, as high as the very prominent orbits, behind which there
is a deep notch. The height of the shoulder is contained thrice and nearly one half in the
total length, and the thickness is equal to three fourths of the height. The back is consi-

FISHES. 9

derably arched, the ventral lme horizontal to the anus, whence it slopes upwards to the
slender base of the caudal. The thickness is greatest at the gill-covers. The length, height,
and thickness of the head are equal to one another, and to rather less than one fourth of the
total length. Its shortness is owimg to the vertical direction of the face, the front of the orbit
being nearly as far advanced as the lips. The eyes are lateral, the upper bony margins of the
orbits very prominent and uneven, presenting three irregular, angular corners. The anterior and
posterior frontal bones, which form the upper part of the orbit, have each their diverging ribs.
There is also a short longitudinal ridge on each elevated wall of the smooth mesial, inter-
orbital furrow. The whole space between the edges of the orbits is equal to a diameter of
the eye. The orbits are connected posteriorly by a slightly curved ridge, behind which there
is a deep transverse depression, that is bounded behind by the first dorsal spine, flanked
on each side by the conical eminences of the par-occipitals and temporal ridges. There is a
very small depressed cheek beneath the eye. The comparatively small preorbitar has an
elevated, ridged centre, from which a short three cornered point descends anteriorly, and a
slightly curved spine projects posteriorly. This spme reaches back to the middle of the eye.
The great suborbitar forms a conspicuous, prominent, very uneven ridge, which is not armed
with spinous points. The preopercular spine equals the preorbitar one in size ; immediately
beneath it, there is an acute angular point, and at some distance below a smaller point, the
under limb of the bone having but a shght inclination forwards. The small operculum is
situated almost wholly over the preopercular spine, and is furnished with two ridges, the
point of the upper one alone penetrating the skin. The gill-cover is attached by membrane
to the shoulder, but the curved gill-opening is ample, and runs forward beneath as far as the
fore end of the preoperculum and middle of the eye. The mouth is small, terminal, with a
slightly descending cleft, so that when the lower jaw is depressed it reaches rather farther
forward than the upper one. The rounded margins of the jaws are covered with microscopical,
densely crowded, close-shaven, villiform teeth. ‘The vomer is prominent and apparently tooth-
less, and there are no teeth on the palate bones. ‘The tongue is thick but pretty free.

The skin is quite scaleless, and lax, and rather spongy. ‘The lateral line runs in the
upper quarter of the height, and is formed of a series of short tubes. There are two conspi-
cuous fringed barbels attached to each limb of the lower jaw. There is also one attached to
the upper part of the eye springing from within the orbit; several skinny prominences on the
bony points of the head, and a row of round tufts on the second preorbitar ; numerous short
filaments are crowded at the tips of the dorsal spines, and a row at the base of the spinous
part of the fin is continued across the middle of the soft rays. There are also minute
filaments on the pectoral rays. The dorsal commences in the occipital notch. It is more
arched than the curve of the back. Its spines are tall and slender. The pectoral has three
detached rays beneath, which curve downwards. The ventral spe is slender and shorter
than the soft rays which are all forked: the last one is attached by membrane to the belly
for its whole length. Only two anal spines could be detected without dissection, but there -
may be another small one hidden under the skin.

D

10 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

The colour of the specimen, as preserved in spirits, is chocolate-brown, more or less
diluted on various parts of the body, and fading into white on the belly. A white band,
proceeding from the third and fourth dorsal spines, passes down the sides ; another crosses
the basal half of the tail. The ventrals and the sides between them and the pectorals are
covered with milk-white dots on a ground colour of blackish-brown. The pectorals are a little
less dark, and the vertical fins are dark brown towards their edges and extremities. The
extreme parts of the dorsal at the tips of the rays are white. Length, 3 inches.

Has. Sea of China.

STHENOPUS MOLLIS, Richardson.
Radii—B. 6; D, 3-2; A.1|9; C.112; P.15; V. 1)2.
Puate II. Fig. 6-7.

In profile, the outline of the face being very little elevated is a prolongation of the mo-
derately arched curve of the back, and the ventral line is nearly similar. When the mouth is
closed, the nearly vertical lower jaw forms the obtuse fore end of the head, but the body
tapers considerably posteriorly, the height of the base of the caudal being only one third of
the height at the nape. The total length, caudal included, is equal to three times and three
quarters the height, and to six times and a half the thickness. The head is large in pro-
portion to the size of the fish, forming a third of the total length, and is high and compressed
with flat sides. The eye is small and high up, but does not interfere with the profile. The
space between the eyes equals the diameter of the orbit, and is occupied by three anterior
detached rays of the dorsal. The shaggy skin conceals all the bones of the head. A
transverse furrow is visible between the orbits and nostrils. ‘The mouth descends almost
vertically from nearly the level of the eye. The maxillary, covered with loose shaggy skin,
shews a rather broad disk behind the premaxillary, which is in no way concealed when the
mouth is closed. The preorbitar is entirely hidden by the integuments, and on dissection is
found to be a small subulate bone with a soft tip, proceeding forward from the suborbitar
chain, which is very narrow and forms the under margin of the orbit. A narrow plate of
bone descends from the chain under the posterior part of the eye to the curve of the preoper-
culum, which is also concealed by the skim. The curve of the preoperculum is the segment
of an oval, the upper limb being very short, and its whole edge perfectly entire. The oper-
culum on dissection is seen to be thin and weak, with two inconspicuous ribs which end in
feeble points not at all pungent, and it has a concave edge between them. ‘The narrow sub-
operculum curves up behind the operculum, and furnishes to the gill-cover a small elastic tip,
which points upwards, nearly on a level with the summit of the back, and encloses a small
round portion of the gill-opening when the gill-flap is closed. There are no pungent poimts
whatever on the head. ‘The gill-opening is very large, and extends in the segment of a circle
from high on the shoulder down, and forwards to beneath the nostrils. The branchiostegous

FISHES. ll

membrane is supported by six curved cylindrical rays. The four small branchial arches lie
deep in the cavity covered by the ample gill-flap. They are furnished with sessile knobs on
their borders. The teeth on the jaws are microscopical, and set in close-shaven, villiform
bands. They are even smaller on the chevron of the vomer and in a narrower transverse band.
_ The palatines are toothless.

The integuments are soft, lax, scaleless, and almost everywhere furnished with small
slender filaments, either simple or bifid. These are numerous on the jaws and most parts of
the head, and are most conspicuous on the spinous dorsal fins and lateral line. They are
small, but numerous on the lower half of the pectoral, and exist on the soft dorsal anal and
caudal. The lateral line runs parallel to the back in the upper quarter of the height, and is
furnished with bifid filaments.

The anterior dorsal consists of three approximated rays which stand between the eyes :
the middle ray is the tallest, and is connected to the other by membrane as high as the tips.
The next dorsal ray is over the preoperculum, and is connected to the followimg ones by low
membrane, but stands at a greater distance from them than they do from each other. The
membrane is deeply notched between them, but they are all clothed with thick skin studded
with filaments. The soft rays are higher than the spines, and the last one is connected to
the caudal by low membrane. ‘The existence of an anal spine was not clearly made out.
The pectorals are obliquely rounded, but not connected to the sides after the manner of Sy-
nanceia. All the rays are jointed, unbranched, and have prominent curved tips, the lower
ones being thicker. The ventrals are exactly under the base of the pectorals, are small, and
are composed of a short spine and two soft rays. The generic name is derived from their
comparatively diminutive size. The caudal is rounded at the end with the tips of the rays
projecting.

The colour of the specimen, after immersion in spirits, is blackish-gray, passing on the
under surface into pale purplish-brown and white. There is a row of pale spots on the
lateral line, and there are some pale dots scattered over the head, flanks, and fins. The fin
membranes, particularly the borders of the pectorals, are dark. - Length, 3 inches.

Has. Sea of China.

PODABRUS CENTROPOMUS, Richardson.
Radii—B. 6; D.10|-20; A.18; C.112; P.17; V. 1).
RDATE hice (alle

This fish is much compressed, the height, which is greatest under the spinous dorsal,
being more than twice the thickness. ‘The profile approaches a semi-ellipse, the line of the
belly being nearly horizontal with a slight convexity, while the back is elevated. The mouth
is horizontal and low down, and the ascent from it to the dorsal is at an angle of 45°, nearly
im a straight line; while the posterior part of the back is a little more arched than the under
outline, both meeting in the very slender short trunk of the tail.

12 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

The head forms one third of the length of the fish, caudal excluded, or less than a fourth,
including that fin. Its length exceeds the greatest depth of the body, and is twice its own
height at the occiput. The eye is moderately large, forming a fourth part of the length of
the head. It is placed one diameter of the orbit from the tip of the snout, two diameters
from the apex of the gill-flap, and encroaches slightly on the upper profile. The nostrils are
minute oritices without cirrhi before the eye, the anterior one being near to the end of the
snout, and the posterior one more removed from the orbit. The space between the eyes is
equal to almost two thirds of the diameter of the orbit, is covered with smooth skin, and is
flattish. The preorbitar has a smooth under edge, curved in the segment of an ellipse; the
rest of the suborbitar chain is concealed by the integuments ; but a smooth, moderately wide
process crosses the cheek from under the eye to the hollow of the preoperculum. This latter
bone is curved, and its narrow disk, whose under edge is somewhat uneven, is also covered
by the integuments continued from the cheek, so as not to be apparent in the recent fish :
a little above the curve, there is a small, narrow, flat, obtuse spine or process, projecting from
the upper limb of the bone. The interoperculum is rather narrow, flexible, and smooth.
The operculum, of a triangular form, ends in an obtuse, thin point, which is not at all
pungent, and is wholly concealed by the flexible, narrow, prolonged end of the suboperculum,
that forms a conspicuous tip to the gill-cover. The gill-opening is pretty large, although it
is restricted above by a membrane which runs from the tip of the suboperculum, and binds
the gill-cover to the nape. ‘The gill-membrane is also united to its fellow beneath and plays
free over the isthmus, to which it is connected only at the root of the tongue. It is sustamed
by six pretty long, slender, curved rays on each side, and, when fully expanded, is convex
externally. The mouth is horizontal, with a pretty large gape, though it does not extend so
far back as the orbit. The under jaw is rather the longest. The margin of the mouth is
formed by the premaxillaries and the mandible, and both are armed by villiform bands of
teeth, which are broadest at the symphyses, where there are four or five teeth in the breadth
of the bands; the individual teeth, when examined by the aid of a lens, appear to be subulate
and acute. ‘The projecting chevron of the vomer is similarly armed, and there are more
minute ones covering the narrow edges of the palatine bones. ‘The tongue is hemispherical
and smooth. ‘There are four branchial leaves and a small single one attached to the gill-
plate. Each arch is armed interiorly by two rows of small, obtuse, sessile processes; and
the posterior branchial leaf is bound to the shoulder by membrane, leaving only four openings
from the gullet. The maxillary bone is closely bound by integument to the pre-maxillary
its whole length, and glides partly under the edge of the preorbitar: its lower end is wider
and truncated.

The skin is smooth and scaleless, and the lateral line, which is composed of a series of
short tubes, is much arched over the pectoral, and quite straight for the remainder of its
course to the caudal fin.

The first dorsal is arched, the fourth and fifth rays being the tallest, and the last one

FISHES. 13

very short. All the rays are slender and flexible. The rays of the second dorsal are all
unbranched and finely jointed. The anal is similarly constructed. The membrane of these
and of the other fins is extremely delicate and easily torn, and as it has suffered some damage
in the specimen, we cannot determine whether the two dorsals were connected by a low
membrane or not, or whether the last rays of the dorsal and anal were bound to the tail.
There is a deep furrow on the upper surface of the short trunk of the tail and a similar one
below, in which the last rays of the dorsal and anal recline. The caudal is truncated at the
end with a slight projection of the angles, and the membrane is notched between the tips of
the rays, which are forked. The pectoral appears to have been pointed, but its rays being
brittle have been mutilated. The ventrals are very small and are attached beneath, or rather
behind, the attachment of the pectorals. The first ray is flexible without apparent joints, the
other two, which are not separated from each other by membrane, are longer and distinctly
jointed. Colour in spirits uniform and brownish. Mr. Adams has noted that the body
and fore part of the dorsal are chestnut brown, the throat and belly orange. There are
oblong, silvery spots on the sides, one of them extending from the eye to the gill-opening,
another being in the axilla of the pectoral, and the third under the end of that fin, just
where the lateral line begins to take a straight course. ‘The eye is orange and golden.
Length, 43 inches.
Has. The sea off the Island of Quelpart.

PODABRUS COTTOIDES, Richardson.
Radiii—B. 6; D.10|-19; A.18; C.11%; P.15; V. 1/2.
Prats I. Fig. 1-6.

This fish is much less high and compressed in the body than P. centropomus and has a very
different aspect, though it posesses the same generic characters. It has some resemblance to a
Cottus or Apistes, but is distinguished from the former by its palatine teeth, and from the latter
by its unarmed preorbitar. It is moderately compressed, the height at the shoulder being twice
the width ; the dorsal line is continued from the eye to the caudal with a very slight con-
vexity, and the descent of the snout is small; the ventral line is similar, both profiles meeting
in the rather slender tail, which has scarcely a third of the height of the body at the pectoral.
The belly is tumid. The head forms one third of the length of the fish, excluding the caudal,
which is shorter than the head. The eye touches the profile, and its diameter is equal to
about one fourth of the length of the head, and scarcely equal to the breadth of the cheek
between the orbit and preopercular disk. The space between the eyes is less than the
diameter of the orbit, whose upper margin is rather raised, and the interval in the skull is
furrowed, but the imequalities are concealed by the integument. The jaws are equal; very
little of the maxillary is concealed by the preorbitar, and its truncated end falls back as far

E

14 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

as the middle of the orbit when the mouth is closed. The premaxillary does not reach quite
to the corner of the mouth, which is membranous. ‘The jaws are armed by bands of acicular
teeth, standing about four deep at the symphyses, and narrowing to a single row towards the
corner of the mouth. The edges of the palatine bones, the prominent chevron of the vomer,
and the hemispherical pharyngeals are set with similar teeth. There is no tongue. The
preorbitar is not much broader than the rest of the suborbitar chain, and its under edge is
curved in the segment of an ellipse, and is slightly uneven. ‘The process which crosses the
cheek from the second suborbitar to the preoperculum can be felt rather than seen. The
preoperculum is curved with a narrow disk and no prominent angle, but is armed by a small
acute spine, directed a little upwards, and springing from its upper limb above the apex of
the curve. The triangular bony operculum is unarmed, and the gill-flap ends im a narrow
strap-shaped tip, formed by the flexible extremity of the suboperculum. The upper edge of
the gill-plate is connected to the shoulder by membrane, but the gill-opening is ample, and
the thin gill membranes, supported on each side by six, slender, curved rays, are united
beneath and play freely over the isthmus. ‘The ventral is composed of two simple jointed
rays, and a short spine. The lateral line, formed of a series of short tubes, is somewhat undu-
lated and moderately curved over the pectoral, after passing which it runs straight to the caudal.
The general tint is brownish, with some silvery tints towards the belly. The back is darker,
and the sides are crossed by about six vertical brown bars of a deeper tint. The tubes of
the lateral line are silvery, and are strongly relieved by a series of small brown spots. The
head and lips are also spotted with brown, and the vertical fins are barred transversely, each
by about four brown lines. The pectoral is likewise marked with brown.
Several shrimps were contamed in the cesophagus of this fish. Length, 33 inches.
Has. Sea of China.

BATRACHUS QUADRISPINIS, Cwv. et Valenc.

Barracuus guadrispinis, Cuv. et Valenc., Hist. des Poissons, vol. xii. p. 487.
Radiii— Br. 6; D. 3|-17; A.16; C.153; P.21; V. 12.
Puate I. Fig. 12-16.

Our specimen agrees with the description in the Histoire des Poissons, in the opercular
and subopercular spines, and with the other particulars noticed in the brief description,
except that the dark points or dots on the back and belly cannot be traced, but in place
thereof the belly is pale without dots, and the back is clouded in a somewhat banded
manner.

The head forms one third of the total length of the fish, including the caudal, and its
height and thickness at the occiput are equal. The cleft of the mouth reaches to under the
middle of the eye. The premaxillary teeth are in two rows and are acute, though short ;

FISHES. 15

they are represented by mistake in figure 15 as uniserial. The vomerine and palatine teeth
form a continued series of short teeth with rounded cusps, the vomerine teeth being some-
what larger and more prominent than the palatine ones. The mandibular ones resemble the
latter, and stand in two rows at the end of the jaw. ‘The first dorsal is connected to the
second by membrane, and the pectoral and caudal are ovate. The ventrals are furnished with
a spine and two unbranched jointed rays, the second soft ray being closely applied to the
first and so slender as to be detected with difficulty. The dorsal and anal are connected to
the base of the caudal by low membrane, and there are similar cutaneous folds in the axillary
of the ventrals. Length, 33 inches.
Has. China Sea.

TETRODON ATRATUS, Richardson.
Radii—B.5; D.9; A.8; C 82; P.17.
| Prare VIL Fig. 1-3.

This Zetrodon belongs to the group which have short heads, a generally hispid body,
and pale spots. The spines are small, scarcely protrude even on the belly through the inte-
gument, and are but very little pungent to the finger, as they smk beneath the skin when
pressed. ‘They are most conspicuous on the belly, but become visible on the back when the
skin is inflated. ‘They can be traced over all the back, nearly to the base of the dorsal, and
down the sides over the styloid bone, till they meet the spinous skin of the belly. Some very
delicate ones are detected with difficulty on the lateral line, where it traverses the trunk of
the tail, and a few also at the posterior part of the base of the dorsal. The top of the head is
also set with minute spines, but the snout anterior to the nostrils, the chin, cheeks, the
pectoral axillee, the flanks posterior to the point of the styloid bone, and the whole of the tail,
except the lateral lines, are smooth. The lateral line can be traced from near the nostril in a
curve, under the eye, over the shoulder and pectoral fin with some slight undulations, and
then straight through the tail, above the middle height. Porous lines can also be traced over
the eye, and one line runs from the caudal fin through the lower third of the tail. The skin
along this line is minutely granulated, as if spinous, but the spines are neither visible by aid
of a single lens, nor sensible to the touch. The rest of the integument above and below is
quite smooth.

The obtuse chin projects beyond the mouth, which is thus turned obliquely upwards.
The profile is slightly concave at the nostrils, and convex at the eye, from whence it runs
nearly horizontally to the dorsal. The belly is tumid, and is capable of considerable disten-
tion. The head, measured to the gill-opening, forms one-fourth of the total length of the
fish, caudal included ; its breadth at the gill-openings is equal to its length, and its height,
when the skin is flaccid, is nearly equal to its breadth. The nostrils are two small contiguous

16 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

openings, situated before and above the level of the eye, the tips of the anterior opening
being tumid. The distance between the eyes is nearly half the length of the head, and the
mouth is small, with the loose tips granulated or fringed interiorly. The anus is lax, and is
fully a quarter of an inch before the anal fin.

By dissection, the preoperculum is found to have a broad flat disk with numerous
furrows towards its border. Its under limb is one-third longer than the upper one, which is
vertical. ‘They meet at a right angle, and the corner is very slightly rounded. The under
edge is straight and horizontal, and lies in contact with, and partly conceals, the gill-rays.
The body of the operculum is triangular, with a prominent ridge or crest near its articulation,
and a narrow, flat process descending from its anterior edge, over a thin plate, formed by the
interoperculum and suboperculum, which lie wholly behind the preoperculum, and are closely
joined by membrane to one another. The hyoid bone gives attachment to five slender, curved
branchiostegous rays, and the point of the uppermost can be felt through the integuments at
the margin of the gill-opening, where it projects. Beneath the rays there is a broad thin plate,
undulated so as to give lodgment to several large muscles, and articulated to the body of the
hyoid bone. It looks like a greatly developed gill-ray, or rather like several (four) confluent
rays, being traversed by three lines, indicating the points of union. The anal and dorsal are
rather high, and the latter is the narrowest. The two fins terminate opposite to each other,
but the dorsal commences a little farther forward. The caudal is even at the end, and the
pectoral is much rounded.

The upper half of the fish is deep black, but there are some scattered round marks on
the back of greyish-black, in general not much paler than the ground colour. In one speci-
men, however, these spots look whitish, as if the pigment were partially worn off. The under
surface is white, and there are some orange tints on the flanks. The black and white meet
in an irregular, clouded manner. The anal is white. The other fins are more or less clouded
or mottled with black. Length, 53 inches.

Has. China Sea.

Of the species named in the Reyne Animal, p. 368, as belonging to the division 1° D.,
T. testudineus, Bl. 139, differs in its colour and markings, as well as in the general diffusion
of the spines on the chin, flanks, and tail, as well as on the belly and back. Lacépéde would
appear to have confounded more than one species under the name of Acspidus, as he states it
to be an inhabitant both of the embouchure of the Nile, and of the Indian Ocean. His
figure is copied from one of Commerson’s designs, and is studded on the back with round,
well-defined, white dots, in which as well as in the band-like processes of the dark ground
colour, which run from the back into the white of the belly, the species differs from atratus.
The 7. hispidus of Bloch, pl. 142, has similar lateral descending bars of the dark colour without
the superior white dots. 7. patoca of Buchanan Hamilton, pl. 18. f, 2, differs from atratus in
its more arched back, more prominent upper jaw, and in the numerous yellow angular spots on
the back. Of the many handsome species figured in the Fuwna Japonica by M. Schlegel,

FISHES. 17

the only ones which require to be compared with atratus, are rubripes, pl. CX XIII. f. 1., and
Jirmamentum, pl. CXXVI. f.1. Both differ from atratus in the mouth being at the extremity
of the head, and not the chin, and rwdripes has the eye much more remote from the profile,
and large black marks on the flanks, while firmamentum, with a more arched back, has the
spines more generally diffused, and many pale oval or round spots equably placed on the
head, back, belly, and basal half of the caudal fin. None of the species named under
Cuvier’s fourth division of the genus, characterized by smooth flanks, without tubercles, have
any resemblance to atratus.

TETRODON HISPIDUS, Lacépede.
Le Tetrodon hérissé, Lacép. vol. i. p. 487. pl. 24. f.1.?
Rapre——Ds 10; As; ©. 92; Ps 17.
PuaTeE IX. Fig. 3-4.

I refer this species, though not without doubt, to the Zetrodon hispidus figured by
Lacépeéde, from a drawing of Commerson’s, but it seems to be distinct from the hispidus of
Bloch, which wants the white spots on the back. In retaining the specific name of Aispidus,
I have followed the Régne Animal, though without expressing an opinion as to the identity
of Commerson’s fish with the Acspidus of the Nile and Mediterranean, which I have not
seen.

This Zetrodon has a short thick snout, which in profile ascends to the prominent eyes.
The back is moderately arched, and the belly can be distended to a semi-globular form.
When the fish is fully blown up, the pectorals, dorsal and anal, are much concealed, as well as
a considerable portion of the caudal. The space between the eyes is equal to two diameters
of the orbits, and is slightly concave owing to the prominence of the upper borders of the
orbits. The nostrils are pierced in two short barbels, which are connected at the base. ‘The
pectorals have an even or slightly crescentic edge, with rounded corners. The caudal is even,
and the dorsal is placed, nearly its own breadth, before the anal. The lips are papillated.
A ring round the mouth, the upper part of the snout, as far back as the nostrils, the narrow
borders of the eyes, a ring round all the fins, the fins themselves, and the tail, posterior to
the anal fin, are smooth. The rest of the integuments are spiny. The spines of the sides,
belly, and cheeks, are closely set and rigid, and though small, are conspicuous enough. Those
of the back are very short, scarcely penetrating the skin, and are not so numerous. ‘They
extend backwards behind the dorsal, and terminate over the fore-part of the anal.

The specimen, which has been long in spirits, has a grayish-brown colour above, and a
white belly. The upper parts are regularly spotted with white, the dots being round on the
snout, tail, and base of the caudal fin, and oval on the back. They coalesce into circular
lines round the eyes and bases of the pectorals and dorsal fins; the bases, themselves, being
dark. The end of the caudal is blackish brown, and there are some dark tints on the dorsal.

F

18 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.5. SAMARANG.

There is also a series of four deep black marks, or bars, on the sides, viz., one under the eye,
another before the gill-opening, the third and largest under the pectoral, and the fourth
rather before the dorsal. The ground colour of the back deepens slightly over these marks,
as if in the recent fish they had formed the extremities of transverse dorsal bands; but they
cannot be said to be mere prolongations of the ground colour into the white of the sides,
such as the lateral bars of the Aispidus of Bloch are described to be. When the skin is
examined with a lens, it is seen to be composed of tessellated minute plates, having various
forms in different parts. On the smooth skin of the tail they are round or polygonal. They
are oblong, but very unequal on the back, and smaller, granulated, and irregular on the belly.
Has. Eastern Atlantic.

TETRODON NARITUS, Richardson.

Radiii—D. 83; A. 28; 0.10; P.17.
Puate VIII. Fig. 1-3.

The usual number of rays in the dorsal fin of a Zetrodon is nine or ten. One species,
the niyro-punctatus, is noted by Schneider as having only seven rays in that fin, in others the
numbers amount to twelve or thirteen; but out of twenty-four species characterized by the
author just named, only one is said to have as many as fifteen dorsal rays.1 The species
described below has more than twice that number of rays in the dorsal, and its anal is also
proportionably great. It differs also from any other fish we have seen in its nostril, which is
single and has an orifice equal in extent to the length and breadth of the cavity.

The length of the head, measured to the gill-opening, is one fourth of the whole length
of the fish, caudal included ; the breadth of the head is less, being contained five times and
a half in the whole length. The eye is placed above the level of the mouth, and mid-way
between the end of the snout and gill-opening. The nostril is before, and rather higher than
the eye, and is a single, wide opening, with a smooth bottom, and a plaited, loose margin,
which forms two small, narrow, obtuse lobes anteriorly, the border being deficient between
the lobes, so as to form a small channel or notch on the anterior rim of the opening. The
mouth is rather small, the lips granulated or papillated on the edges; and within close to the
teeth, there is a narrow, prominent, more densely papillated ridge. The mouth is terminal,
and the profile is gibbous over the eye. ‘The belly is capable of considerable distention, so
as to assume a semi-globular form. ‘The tail, between the three vertical fins, has a peculiar
shape, arising from an osseous enlargement of the upper and under interspinous bones, each
about the size of a kidney bean. The dorsal and anal fins have a different shape from those
of any other Tetrodon which we have seen, being longer than high, and considerably arched.

The skin is smooth on the back, and of a pale brownish-purple tint, with various
reflexions, when taken from the spirits. The recent colours were not noted. The skin is

1 This is the Chinese oced/atus, which has usually only fourteen rays in the dorsal.

. FISHES. 19

traversed by various fine furrows, or depressed lines, whose course will be better understood
by referring to the plates than by description. The spines are stronger than usual in the genus,
and are each composed of a longitudinal base, imbedded in the integument, and a central
subulate, acute stem rising from it through the skin at a right angle. These spines cover the
belly, from the chin to the anus, leaving the cheek naked, but rising before the gill-opening to
the temples and supra-scapular region. There are also five spines on the shoulder, behind and
above the pectoral fin, the spmy surface there being bounded above by the undulating lateral
line, and meeting beneath with the spiny ventral surface. The rest of the skin of the snout,
top of the head, cheeks, and body, is smooth and polished, the axilla of the pectorals alone
being finely and softly granular. Length, 8 inches.
Has. River Sarawak, Borneo.

TETRODON MELEAGRIS, Solander. (Rich. Ichth. of Voy. of Sulph. p. 122. p. lvii. f. 1-3.)
We take this opportunity of adding a short extract form Solander’s Manuscripts, relating to
this species. ‘‘ Caro venenata. Totus e purpurascenti nigricans undique adspersis maculis,
parvis, numerosis, albidis etiam in pinnis. Spinule breves rigide, vix spinose, subcartilaginee
sunt in vel sub cute totius animalis, exceptis pinnis, sparse, numerose, in caudd rare; has
vivus retrahere et exserere potest, unde nunc uno nunc altero loco hispidus.’”—Sol. MS. p. 79.

TETRODON SOLANDRI.

Tetrodon Solandri, Richardson, Zool. Voy. of Sulph. Fish, p. 125.
Tetrodon punctatus, Solander, MS.

Since the figure and short description of this species were published in the work above
quoted, I have had an opportunity of again consulting Solander’s manuscripts and Parkinson’s
drawings, and find that I was in error in quoting 7’ cinctus of Solander, as a synonym of
the species, the error having arisen from the figures of punctatus and cinctus beg on the
same leaf of Parkinson’s volume, and being referred to by the same number. The following
is Solander’s account of the species.

«Trrropon punctatus, D. 10; A.9; C. 10; P.17. “Tete.” Totus piscis (excluso
abdomine) rufo-ferrugineus, punctis numerosis in corpore e viridis flavis, ubique circumernctis, et
inter oculos strige numerose cerulee, in dorso etiam puncta oblonga evadunt ut potius strige
appellanda. T. dixit, piscis intoxicat illos qui illum edunt. Iris e viridi flava, annulo extero
aureo. Pupilla nigra, annulo aureo. P. dorsi e glauco pellucida, bast carnoso nigricante,
sub qua linea cerulea. P. pectoris glauco-pellucide. P. ani viridis, lineis duabus sordide
fis. P. caude a basi ultra medium pallidée olivacea punctis ut in corpore, posticé e rubro
lutea, strigis transversis interruptis seu potius maculis oblongis, ceruleis, ipso apice ceruleo.
Abdomen setis brevibus hispidum, flaccidum e viridi flavum ; carina abdominis mollis, cerulea,
limitibus luteis ; linee ad latera carine, obsolete, glauce. Gula dilute crocea.’—Sol. MS.

20 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.,

Parkinson’s figure is nearly of the same size with that published in the Ichthyology of
the Voyage of the Sulphur, which coincides with specimen, and measures four inches and a
half in length. Parkinson has made a memorandum under the drawing, stating that “every
spot is bordered with a dark line, which turns paler as the ground colour does.” The specific
name of punctatus having been given in Schneider's edition of Bloch to a Brazilian Tetrodon,
cannot be retained for Solander’s fish.

TETRODON ciNnetUs, which is also figured on the sixty-sixth folio of Parkinson’s drawings,
has a short head, obtuse snout, and a nearly globular form, when the belly is distended. It is
also studded with small round dots on the upper surface, and on the caudal fin, but is
characterized by two oblique black bars, which embrace the fore-part of the belly, whence its
specific name. The intervals between the bars are light yellow, and there are several bars in
outline on the remainder of the belly, but their colours are not specified. I have not found
any reference to this species in Solander’s Manuscripts. Like the preceding species, it was
discovered at Otaheite, or, as Parkinson writes the name of the island, Taitai. Supposing all
the bars on the belly to be black, the species will closely resemble the Zineatus of the Fauna
Japonica.

TETRODON INSIGNITUS, Richardson.

Rapu.—D. 9; A. 8; C. 94; P. 16.
Puate IX. Fig. 1-2.

This Zetrodon belongs to the third division of the genus, characterised by a keeled back,
and of which only two species are named in the Regne Animal, viz., T. rostratus, Bl. 146, 2,
to which 7. e/ectricus, Paterson, Phil. Trans. p. 76. pl. 3, is referred; and 7. Gronovii, Cuv.
Our fish resembles 7! yrammatocephalus of the Fauna Japonica (pl. exxvi. f. 3.) so much,
that I have great doubt as to its being really distinct; but M. Schlegel’s figure does not
show the striking ocellated mark at the base of the dorsal, nor the stripes on the back, and
spots on the sides, and as the letter-press referring to this plate has not yet reached us, we
do not know the condition of the specimen, or whether the colours had perished or not. 7.
ocellatus of Bennett, (Fishes of Ceylon, pl. 21,) has some resemblance to cusignitus, but the
eyed spot surrounds the base of the dorsal in the same way as it does in the oced/atus of Bl.
p. 145, and the dorsal bands and streaks do not correspond with those of our fish. Nothing
is said, in Mr. Bennett’s text, of spines, nor are any represented in his figure.

In insignitus the belly and back are studded with minute spines, which roughen also the
top, and entire sides of the head. ‘There is a narrow ring of smooth integument round the
base of the lips, the eyes, and gill-openings. ‘The spines of the belly rise as high as the under
ray of the pectoral, and backwards to the anus, while those of the back extend to the dorsal,
and as low as the level of the centre of the eye. The axilla of the pectoral, the sides, and tail,
are smooth, including the bases of the dorsal and anal fins.

FISHES. 21

The head forms one-third of the entire length of the fish; the snout is conical,
and the profile in rismg becomes a little gibbous at the eyes, and attains its summit in a
prominent pomt, directly over the gill-opening, from whence it is horizontal to the dorsal fin.
The belly is round and prominent, but apparently not capable of much distention. Posterior
to the anus, the compression of the tail is considerable. The space between the eyes is
rather concave transversely, and equals in breadth a diameter and a half of the orbit. This
space narrows to a point posteriorly, the summit of the dorsal lme, which is an acute point of
bone covered by integument, forming, when viewed in front, the apex of a flat triangle. From
thence the back to the dorsal is ridged, but not very acutely. The snout, before the eyes,
is rounded, and tapers to the mouth. ‘There is a low cutaneous seam on the mesial line of
the belly. The nostril is a small round opening before the eye, which is so closed by a flat
operculum, that when the skin is allowed to dry, it can with difficulty be discovered. The
dorsal is a little before the anal, and the caudal is even at the end, with the tips of the rays
projecting.

The specimen in spirits has a brown colour above, and is pale or whitish beneath. The
snout and cheeks are marked with numerous round, blue-eyed spots, with darker borders,
which fade under the pectorals, into an indistinct marbling, and entirely disappear farther
back. The upper parts are marked with blue lines having dark borders. Two of these
cross the upper surface of the snout before the nostrils, one crosses the nostrils and extends
from eye to eye, four others cross the inter-orbital space, and five radiate from the posterior
part of the orbit backwards; there is also one beneath the eye. Many short ones undulate
longitudinally in the back and upper parts of the sides, and there are a few on the upper
surface of the tail behind the dorsal. All these will be better known by consulting the figures
than by description. They have much resemblance to the lines of Ze¢rodon mappa of Lesson.
On each side of the base of the dorsal, there is a somewhat triangular black spot, with a pale
blue border. ‘These spots do not touch each other in front of the dorsal, and there is a still
broader space between them behind. ‘The fins are pale and transparent. Length, 23 inches.

Has. Sea of China.

BALISTES RINGENS, Bloch.

Baistes vingens, Bloch, pl. 152. f. 2. Bl. Schn. p. 472. Lacép. vol.i. p. 370. pl. 18. f. 1. (B. sedlonné.)
Bautstes niger, Osbeck. Voy. Bl. Schn. p. 471.
Bautstes radula, Solander, MS.

Rapi1.—D. 3|-31; A. 28; C. 104; P. 16.
Puate 6. Fig. 1-4.

The reference to Bloch’s plate 152. f. 2, is made on the authority of the Regne Animal, for
the figure is so bad a representation of our fish, that without the opportunity of verifying it by
consulting Bloch’s specimens, enjoyed by Cuvier, we could not have quoted it with confidence.

G

99 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF I.M.S. SAMARANG.

It is incorrect in the general profile of the fish, and in the vertical fins, Lacépéde’s figure 1s
better. The species enters the group, which is characterized in the Régne Animal by six or
seven rows of spines on the tail. Schneider attributes seven rows to niger, and eight to ringens.
Solander, again, mentions nine rows as existing on the tail of his fish. There are in our
specimen nine rows, four of which attain the base of the caudal, but the uppermost three and
the lowermost two are shorter. The upper rows begin opposite to the anterior third of the -
dorsal fin, and the lower ones above the same part of the anal. ‘These lines can scarcely be
said to be spinous: they are rather low ridges, formed by a narrow, rough elevation of the
transverse or short diameter of each scale. (fig. 3.) The scales, generally, are regular rhombs,
having their surfaces densely, but equably scabrous, and are separated from each other by
smooth lines. The rhombs are mostly vertical, and are higher and proportionally narrower
on the tail than elsewhere. They are shorter, without losing their width near the pectoral fin,
are more oblique on the belly, and make an approach in form to hexagons on the cheek.
Behind the gill-opening there are a few scales, rather wider than the others, but not much
longer. The dorsal spine is stout, cylindrical, obtuse, and slightly curved. It is not serrated
in front, like the spine of Bloch’s figure of rimgens, nor does it taper so much. Its front is,
in fact, villous, appearing so to the eye, but feeling smooth to the touch; and it is made rough
on the sides by fine and crowded, hard granulations. The second ray of the first dorsal is
short and slender, and the third one is far back, and so short, that it does not rise above the
level of the furrow, which receives the fin when depressed. The dorsal and anal are arched in
front, and lower and more even posteriorly. The exterior rays of the caudal are stout, with
rough surfaces, which project beyond the intermediate straight, or slightly convex border,
forming falcate points, equal in length to about one-third of the length of the fin. The ven-
tral spine is short and truncated, and is raised only by force from a depression into which it
fits. There is no thin membrane, nor appearance of rays behind it, the belly remaiming
roundish between it and the anus; but the narrow rows of scales which converge towards that
part, are rough on the rim, or mesial line of the belly, making a low ridge. The length of the
head is contaimed four times and one-third, in the total length, caudal mcluded. The mouth
is small, the eye quite round and high up, and the upper and under profiles of the fish are
alike. The height of the body equals two-fifths of the whole length.

The colour of the specimen in spirits is dark brown, with a blacker face and chin.
Some pale lines cross the nape and forehead, and there are darker lines on the body and tail
corresponding to the centres of the rows of scales. The lines of skin, which appear between
the scales, are pale and bluish, though they have been represented necessarily by the artist
as dark. A milk-white line runs along the bases of the dorsal and anal rays, and there is a
dark crescentic line, edged with a pale tint, within the border of the caudal.

The following is Solander’s description, taken from his manuscript Azzmalia Oceani
Pacifici.

“ BALISTES RADULA. Totus piscis e fusco nigricans, cute ceruled que in inferiore capite,

FISHES. 23

pectore et precipue abdomine se@pe inter squamas apparet, quod pulchrum reddit piscem.
Pinne magis fuliginose. Ad basin pinne dorsi posterioris et pinne ani strige pulcherrime
glauce seu e ceruleo alba. Pupilla olivacea. Iris nigra. Ordines novem spinarum cari-
natarum in posteriore parte piscis equales ; sex ad basin pinne caudali eatenduntur. Pinna
dorsi anterior bi-radiata.

“ Squame in inferiore parte piscis sub-olivacee quod inter cutem ceeruleum strigas obliquas
olivaceas efficit. Pinna caudalis postice lunulato fascid nigricante ornata, limite posteriori
sordidé glaucescente. Aelhi pahah or Aelhe pahahah.” Solander, MS. An. Oc. Pacif. p. 86.

BALISTES SENTICOSUS, Richardson.
Radii.—D. 3|-25; A. 225 (Gs 1s. 12, 1h.
Puate TX. Fig. 5-8.

This Balistes belongs to that division of the genus which has no peculiar armature on
the tail, for though the scales there are spiny, they are more or less so over the whole fish.
When newly removed from the spirits in which the specimens are kept, the form of the scales
cannot be well perceived, but as the skin is allowed to dry, it is seen to be covered with small,
roundish, or obscurely tetragonal, or hexagonal scales, which have an elevated point in the
centre, from whence lines radiate to the edges. On the scales of the head and breast, the
elevation of the central point is less, and it does not appear much more conspicuous than
several other rough points which stud the disk. On the back, sides, and tail, however,
the central pot becomes a true, small, acute spime, and the disk of the scale is more
elevated, with radiating lines, but the other points are comparatively smaller. There are
nine rows of scales on the trunk of the tail, laterally, and the scales on the narrow upper
and under surfaces of that, have also spies, though not so large. On the under surface and
point of the pelvic bone, the central spines and other points on the scales are larger and more
acute, and on the edge of the dew-lap, between the pelvic bone and anus, the scales are
ranged in pairs, and their ceutral spines are bifid. The front of the dorsal spine is roughened
by four rows of spinules, and the rays of all the other fins, pectorals included, are also
rough, except the upper and under ray of the caudal, which are smooth. The scales behind
the gill-opening are no larger than elsewhere, but on the immediate border of the opening
the points on the scales are smaller, and more equable in size, and numerous.

The shape of this fish is much like that of B. capriscus. Its height is equal to half its
length, caudal included. It is much compressed, the greatest thickness being at the temples.
The space between the eyes is convex, and almost ridged in the specimen we have figured ;
but in younger individuals, from the greater prominence of the orbits, it appears concave.
The length of the head is contained thrice and nearly one-half in the total length of the fish.
The pectoral fin is small, the dorsal and anal high and rounded. ‘The front spine of the first

24 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

dorsal is stout, and the third is as tall as the second, and rises considerably above the edge of
the furrow which receives the fin. The dew-lap is not greatly distensible, and presents no

resemblance of rays.
Our specimens are streaked and dotted with black, in the directions of the centres of

the scales, but the pigment seems to be perishable, and the specimens are not in a perfect
state, so that the proper colours cannot be described. Length, from one to six inches.

Has. Sea of China.

Sir Edward Belcher’s collection contains several other Balistes, such as

BALISTES ACULEATUS, Zin. Bl. pl. 149.
Balistes ornatus, Solander, MS., An. Oceani Pacifia, p.93. Parkins. Icon. pl. 59, Mus. Banks.

This species has an extensive range, and appears to be abundant in most places where it
is found. Sir Edward Belcher’s collection contains several specimens. ‘The following is

Solander’s account of it.

“ BaListes oRNATUS, (B. aculeatus, L. Syst. 406-6, secundam, Sebam.) “Aer’h. Aelhitea.”
« Piscis supra medium antice pallide olivaceus, postice fuliginosus infra medium albicans.
Mazille sordideé lutescentes. Fascia intense carulea supra mawxillam superiorem, unde vitta
utrinque ad latera capitis, paulo pone basin pinne pectoralium eatensa lutea. Inter oculos
fascia quatuor cerulee. Infra oculos ad basin pinnarum pectoralium fascia tres anguste
cerulee. Infra medium corpus fascia quatuor oblique. Prima incipiens paulo pone pinnas
pectoris ad anum extenditur : Secunda angustissima pinne parallela: Tertia prime similis :
Quarta inferné flavescens. In caudd quatuor ordines spinarum nigrarum. P. D. 1 ma.
cerulescenti-pallida: 2da. pellucida. Anus intense ceruleus. Iris lutescens. Pupilla nigra.
Cauda intra aculeos glaucescens. Pinne pectoris pellucide immaculate.”
Has. Polynesia, Australia, Malay Peninsula, Seas of Borneo and China.

BALISTES VERRUCOSUS, Linn. (Cuv. Regn. An.)

Balistes pralin, Lacép. vol. 1. p. 365.
Has. Sea of China, Polynesia.

BALISTES RECTANGULUS, Al. Seha.
Balistes angulatus, Solander, MS. Anim. Oceani Pacif. p.57. Park. Icon. Bibl. Banks, no. 58.

Solander’s description is as follows :—

“ Banistes ANGULATUS. “Aedhi, Oedi, or Oehli.”
“ Superne sc. caput superné et superna pars corporis ex olivaceo castanee. Gula, pectus,
abdomen ad anum usque alba. Labia cinerea. Arcus ceruleus supra labium superius. Striga

FISHES. 25

nigricans ab anterior’ parte orbite ad basin pinne pectoralis. Ab oculis oblique descendit
supra pinnam pectoris per latera ad pinnam caudalem, area magna latissima, nigra, prope
oculos angustior, pone pinnas pectoris maximam partem lateris occupans. Prope basin posticam
pinne ani, et dorsi posterioris strige due e viridi flave, antrorsum oblique eaxeunt, angulos
acutos a latere formantes: primus angulus ad medium latus extenditur, alter dimidio brevior.
Cauda nigra, que nigredo in angulum acutum antrorsum intra angulos lutescentes eaten-
ditur. P. caudalis basis tecta corio olivaceo castaneo, striga transversa lutea inter hanc et
nigredinem caude. Pinna pectoris e glauco pellucida, prope basin striga transversa mimiata.
Aculei recumbentes plurimi in cauda: ordines tres intermedi plurimi (9-10) aculeis compositi:
laterales ab unico tantummodo vel altero.”’—Solander, 1. c.

Parkinson’s figure represents the colour as buff orange, with an oblique black stripe
crossing the pectoral region, and extending from the eye to the tail. The acute, black
chevron on the tail has green borders and lines, and the caudal is green.

Has. Polynesia. Sea of Borneo and China.

NEMICHTHYS SCOLOPACHA, Richardson.
Prats X. Fig. 1-3.

Of this apparently novel form I can give but an imperfect account. ‘There is only a
single specimen which I am unwilling to mutilate by dissection, and from its shape, it cannot
be examined otherwise by a microscope, while its parts are too minute to be readily seen by
the aid of a common eye-glass.

Its general form is thread-like, more slender near the head, swelling out by degrees in
the anterior quarter of the body, and again tapering imperceptibly into the caudal extremity,
which is as fine as a hair. The eye is large, and is very conspicuous from its dark purplish
blue colour. The jaws are long and slender, and the cleft of the mouth extends back to the
posterior part of the eye. The length of the upper jaw seems to depend on the prolongation
of the premaxillaries, and the slender maxillaries lie more exteriorly at the angle of the mouth,
which they form, their lower ends slightly overlapping the limbs of the mandible. The interior
surfaces of both jaws are convex, and are entirely covered like a file with short triangular or
semi-lanceolate teeth, having their points inclined backwards. There appear to be about six
rows of these teeth on each premaxillary, and the dental surface narrows off to a mesial point
at the entrance of the gullet. ‘The maxillaries are armed with three rows of similar teeth.
The limbs of the mandibles recede towards the angles of the mouth, so as to receive the
mesial dental plate of the upper jaw between them, the maxillaries lying exterior to both.
There is no visible tongue. Nine or ten gill-rays, as slender as a fine hair, and curved like
the gill-rays of a Wurena, support the branchiostegous membrane. A narrow space beneath
divides the gill-openmgs, which reach upwards to about half the height of the head. The
anus is placed between the middles of the small pectorals, and is with great difficulty detected.

H

26 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

he very tender, pointed pectorals, are sustained by about eleven rays. Between them
the belly bulges a little. The back is furnished with a numerous series of short, sub-
ulate, acute rays, each having a short membrane in its axilla, and bemg destitute of joints,
but shrivelling as they dry, and without pungency. They can be traced from the occipital
crescent of the cranium to within an inch of the hair-like point of the tail, but as this has been
injured by handling, their exact termination could not be determined. ‘The tip of the tail
under a high magnifying power showed no vestige of caudal rays, but its surface being
somewhat abraded, the absence or presence of dorsal or anal rays on it could not be deter-
mined. The anal rays commence at the verge of the anus, and are considerably larger and
more numerous than the dorsal ones. They are also unjointed, but one or two of them in
the middle of the series, where they are longest, are split at the tips. A low contmuous mem-
brane connects their bases, and probably originally extended to their tips, but if so, it has,
from its delicacy, been in great part destroyed. A fine groove running along the middle
height of the body represents the lateral lime. Mr. Adams has noted the colours of the
recent fish as bemg dull white, with dark brown spots, and the head as having a pink tint.
The spots are small, and mostly confined to the ventral surface, very few rising above the
lateral line. Under the lens their borders appear radiated. The skin is quite scaleless.
Length, 14 inches.
Has. Southern Atlantic.

CIRRHITES ARCATA, Cw. et Val. Hist. des Poiss.

Perca ? areata, Solander, MSS. A. 64.
Radii—Br. 5; D. 10/11; A.3|6; C.158; P.8et VI; V. 155.

Puate V. Fig. 3-5.

This fish is described in the Histoire des Poissons by the specific name which we have
adopted, though the preferable orthography is arquata or arcuata. In Solander’s MSS. the
word appears to be areata, and the following is his account of the species : —

“ PERCA AREATA (“ Pahulhu-t’aeo ”). Péscis glaucus, area lata a medio pisce ad caudam
per lineam lateralem e rubicundo aurantiaca. Poné oculum arcus oblongus aurantiacus, limi-
tibus rubris, inferiore in lamind postremd operculorum liture tres lutee. Margo infimus
lamine operculorum branchiarum aurantiacus, carina juguli nigricans. Apex labii inferioris
flavus. Striga flava, supra mandibulam superiorem. Pinne ventrales pone pinnas pectorales.
Narium apertura antica tubulosa, saturatissime aurantiaca. Iris argentea. Pupilla oblonga
nigra. Pinne sordidé lutescentes, exceptd pinnd caudali que in medio glauca. Squame
majuscule. In multis similis Purc& MuUND&.”’—Solander, 1. c.

The various-coloured lines mentioned by Solander can still be distinctly traced on our
specimens. ‘The length of the head is contained thrice and one-third in the total length of

FISHES. 27

the fish, caudal included. The thickness of the body scarcely exceeds one-third of its height,
and this again is more exactly one-third of the length. ‘The upper margins of the orbits
are prominent but obtuse, rendering the space between them concave. The width of this is
rather less than a diameter of the orbit. The line of the closed mouth descends with a
moderate curvature, and does not extend backwards beyond the front of the eye. The teeth
on both jaws are disposed in dense villiform bands, with an exterior row of stouter subulate
ones, not rising much above the general surface, nor very regular. There is a stout conico-
subulate canine on the front of each premaxillary at some distance from the symphyses, and
a somewhat more slender one on the anterior third of the mandible. Between these and the
symphyses, above and below, there are several smaller subulate teeth in the exterior row. The
prominent chevron of the vomer is covered with fine, short, villiform teeth; the palate-bones
and tongue are toothless. The height of the preorbitar does not quite equal the diameter of
the orbit, its disk is uneven, and its edge entire. The rest of the suborbitar chain is narrow.
The large cheek is covered by six oblique rows of scales, ntermixed with numerous much smaller
scales. It is bounded posteriorly by the curved preoperculum, which is entire on its lower
third, and finely and equally toothed on the edge above. The opercular scales are larger, but
are also mixed with minute ones. The bony operculum ends in an obtuse corner, beneath
which the bone is rounded off. Very small, densely crowded scales cover the interoperculum,
limbs of the mandible, temples, and interorbital space, but there are none on the maxillary.
Forty-six rows of scales exist between the upper angle of the gill-opening and base of the
caudal. The lateral line runs parallel to the back, bounding the upper third of the height,
and is traced by a series of small, short tubes, as well as by the rows of scales beneath it
being more oblique than the upper rows. Length, 5 inches.

Has. Otaheite. Mauritius. Cape of Good Hope.

Solander mentions a variety in the following terms :—

“Pahulhu toeo, A. 167, no.6. Prrca arEata varietas absque ared laterali. Piscos
e purpureo-cinereus. Corpus immaculatum. Caput naresque omnino uti in antecedente. Tris
- ex argenteo extus rubicundo, intus lutea. Pinna dorsalis anticé e pallidée-miniato, viridi-
nebulosa ; postice basi rubescens ; medio glauca, apice flavescens. Pinne pectoralis corpore
concolores immaculate. Pinne ventrales et ani fuscescentes. Pinna caudalis radiis luteis.
Piscis idem cum antecedente eodem die captus.”

APERIOPTUS PICTORIUS, Richardson.
Radiii—D.13; A.11; C. 1843; P.11; V.9.
Puate X. Fig. 4-5.

Of this fish I can give no details. There were two specimens which I unfortunately
placed in the hands of the artist before I had examined them, except very cursorily. While
he was employed in sketching, he put them into a plateful of water for the purpose of ex-

28 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.,

«

panding their fins more perfectly, and forgetting that he had not returned them into the
spirits, they were thrown out and lost. The general aspect of the fish is that of a slender
Galazias, but there are no teeth on the jaws. ‘The orifice of the mouth is a narrow vertical
oval, which is restricted on the sides by membranous processes. The figure is of the natural
size.

Has. Borneo:

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INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLLUSCA.

Tue portions of the bed of the ocean subject to examination during the Voyage of H.M.S.
Samarang comprised the coasts of that portion of the volcanic zone of islands termed the
Banda Group, including Java, Timor, Ternate, &c., from thence to the great chain com-
mencing with Gillolo, Borneo, and Celebes, northwards through the Philippine Islands and
Bashee Group to the north-east, through the Loo-Choo Archipelago, the Meiacoshima
Islands, and Corean Archipelago, as far as Japan; and homeward across the Indian Ocean,
visiting the lagoon islands of Keeling, the great barrier reef and islets of St. Brandon, the
Mauritius, and the Agulhas Bank, to the Cape of Good Hope.

In the Straits of Sunda an opportunity was afforded of examining for the first time
the animal of Phorus, six out of seven species of which are natives of these seas. Passing
through the Straits of Gaspar, the soundings varied from sixteen to twenty fathoms, the
floor being soft mud: the Mollusca obtained were species of Clavatula, Pleurotoma, Phos,
Ringicula, Ovulum, and Brato. Yn that portion of the China Sea which lies between the
extremity of the peninsula of Malacca and the island of Borneo, we obtained Crassatella
radiata, Cancellaria antiquata, Corbula tunicata and crassa, several species of Cylichna,
Ringicula, Nucula, Pleurotoma, Marginella tricincta, and single valves of the Cardilia semi-
suleata, besides Phorus Indicus and Solarioides, Terebellum subulatum, and Rostellaria fissa.
The China Sea, forming one of the narrow gulfs or divisions of the great Pacific Ocean,
enclosed by Borneo, the Philippines, and Formosa, seems to resemble a shallow basin, the
floor of which is formed of mud, gravel, and the debris of dead shells ; and although probably
the sediment of the numerous large rivers, which carry down mud, sand, and gravel, would

b

lv INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLLUSCA.

not raise its bed in any considerable degree for ages, yet the Meinam and Camboja rivers,
subject to inundations which loosen the earth of their banks, must continually alter the
nature of the floor. The Hoang Ho, or Yellow River, alone daily contributes forty-eight
millions of cubic feet of earth, which may partly contribute to the turbid appearance of its
waters, and cause an uneven surface, inhabited chiefly by mollusks whose progression is
rather a succession of jumps than a gliding motion. The gradual accumulation of alluvial
matter must destroy large numbers of molluscous animals that live buried or at the surface
of the mud, and as successive generations take their place above them, which in turn suffer
the same fate, vast beds of accumulated shells will be formed like those among which our
dredging operations were conducted, which in process of time will fill up the estuaries and
increase the dimensions of the continent. Many new species were procured by placing the
produce of the dredge in large wire sieves, washing it clean by pouring water on it, and
picking out the small shells with forceps: in this manner several beautiful Zriphoris, Sea-
laria, and Liotta were obtained. In the Sooloo Islands the water is very deep outside the
barrier reefs, the bottom is for the most part muddy, and the tide runs between the
islands at the rate of four miles and a half per hour; the Phos roseatus, retecosus, Blain-
villii, and senticosus were abundant, the caudal extremity of the animals of all the species
ending in a slender filament. Zerebre, Mitre, Pectunculi, Cardita, and Conus thalassiarchus
were obtained. Crossing from Sooloo, we proceeded along the east coast of Borneo, and
anchored for about twelve days outside a sand-bank about a mile and a half from the
easternmost pomt of the province of Unsang. This part of the coast of Borneo is very flat,
the bottom within the fringing reefs is sand and broken coral: numerous species of Cyprea,
Rotella, and Oliva were obtained here; and in the large swampy lagoons and rivulets of
brackish water slender MWelania, Assiminee, and Neritine were collected. Within Cape Rivers,
at the north-western extremity of Celebes, a belt of coral extends from the extreme outer islet to
the southward for about a mile and a half, where it joms the main and forms a snug harbour,
with about eight fathoms in the bight. As there is a rise of tide of about nine feet, many
parts of these reefs are left bare at low water, and abound in Mollusca. In many places the
dark and slug-like bodies of Parmophori, and the crawling forms of the Stomatellide, espe-
cially those named by Mr. J. E. Gray Gena, which cover a portion of their shells with the foot,

were secn gliding about the coral beds ; while scarce a stone was turned without disturbing

INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLLUSCA. Vv

Chitonelli, which slide rapidly away or conceal themselves in holes. In every part where
solid rock was seen the bright blue gills of the Zridacna were visible in the fissures, while
Nerite and Patelle covered the stones along the shore. As soon as the tide rose and
bathed the rocks, Conte and Balani that encrust them exhibited a strange appearance,
millions of branchiated feet being then extruded from the apertures of their shells, all
vibrating at once in a regular measured manner, and forming little vortices around them ;
various Gastropods, now beginning to feel the water welling up around them, would be
seen to dilate their locomotive discs, exsert their siphons, and cautiously forsake the holes
and crevices where they had lain concealed; while on the sandy patches the siphons of the
Solen and the Mactra were protruded from innumerable holes, starrmg the soil with their
beautiful fimbriated extremities. At Manado, another part of the coast of Celebes, the
coast line is very different, and seems to consist of the side of a volcanic mountain, the
anchorage, at the distanee of a mile from the shore, bemg in 150 fathoms, with a floor
composed of iron-stone sand. In the fresh-water ponds and rivulets Auricula subulata and
Conovulus leucodon were found upon the moist banks in company with species of Assiminea,
and on the mud-flats of the river, during the reflux of the tide, myriads of Chithon, Neritine,
and Melanie were observed ; while Pirene were numerous in the bed of the river, where
the water was deeper. The Neritina sulcata was found on the foliage of tall trees, many
hundred yards from the river. Veritine and Navicelle were obtained from floating sticks,
and from the petioles and roots of the Nipah palm ; while Ampullarie were not uncommon
in the still ponds, many being observed on the stones out of the water. The shores of the
voleanic island of Gillolo, and others of the Molucca Archipelago, with arms separated by
narrow channels of the sea, surrounded by barrier reefs and coral fringes, abound with
molluscous animals. On some of the shallow shores, especially where there were no currents,
the water was appreciably warm, averaging about 84° Fahr., whereas throughout the ocean
generally it is usually about 39° Fahr. Among these islands, as elsewhere, we found
herbivorous mollusca, that feed upon the Alye and Fuci covermg the rocks and stones :—
Purpura, Littorina, and Nerita on exposed rocks, Chiton and Doris, Patella, Siphonaria,
and Vermetus adhering to the stones, with Mytilus, Ostrea, and Byssoarca anchored in
the clefts. A little further out, the Watice and Olives, partly covered by their foot, form

burrows in the sand in company with Massa and Pyramidella, while Venus, Solen, and the

vl INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLLUSCA.

light-shelled Mactra perforate obliquely the yielding soil. On the reef Cowries and Stoma-
telle abound; outside the barrier Warginella, Fusus, Pleurotoma, Clavatula, and Strombus ;
while in the deep water, more seaward, Terebratula, Cylichna, Nucula, and Neera are
met with. At Leegeetan, in Borneo, there are many miles of low mangrove-swamp, partly
watered by trickling rivulets, where thousands of Ze/escopium and Potomis, or Cerithium
palustre, ave seen partially buried in the mud, their spires bristling the surface; amongst the
tangled mangrove-roots were numerous Cassidule and Quoyie; in the half-stagnant ponds”
Melanie were abundant, and, crawling on the soft muddy banks, forming slender tracks,
were Nematura and Assiminea; in the damp woods near, Avricula Mide, Scarabi, and
Pedipes were obtained; Pterocyclos parvus, spiraculum, and spiracellum, and Cyclostoma
planorbulum were found among decayed leaves, in the fissures of rocks near the margin of
the forest, while Choanopoma concinnum and nitidum were seen inhabiting the foliage of the
trees ; Scarabi were very numerous, usually hiding under dead leaves, but crawling about
briskly after rain. The number of herbivorous mollusca peculiar to Borneo, judging from
our limited exploration, does not seem so great as we might be led to expect from its
abundant vegetation and warm, humid atmosphere; the large Helix Brooke: and the
Bulimus Adamsii, together with Nanina vittata and some others, were, however, obtained
from this island.

From the circumstance of the islands of the Eastern Archipelago lying within the
tropics, the equinoctial line extending nearly through the centre, the Mollusca partake of
characters exhibiting general uniformity ; but when one group is separated from the rest,
as the Philippine by the seas of Sooloo and Celebes, several peculiarities occur in their
distribution. The genera Stomatia, Gena, Stomatella, Mitra, Mangelia, and Liotia
appear principally confined to this group. Whether it is owing to the laborious and
successful efforts of the Prince of Collectors, Hugh Cuming, Esq., which have made the
Mollusca of these islands known, or whether to natural causes, it is certain these islands
harbour a vast number of forms. The constant flow of water towards these equinoctial
regions may tend to favour the submarine migration of Mollusca thither, added to which,
the vast stores of nutriment and the higher degree of temperature of the water, favour their
growth and reproduction. Upwards of fourteen species of Cyclostrema, as many of Liotia,

whose habitats are known, have been collected among the Philippine Islands; while sixteen

INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLLUSCA. vil

species of Stomatella, nine of Stomatia, sixteen of Gena, and a small new genus belonging
to the same group, were also procured by Mr. Cuming from the same locality, appearing
to represent the Halotis family of Australia and the Chitonide of America. The members of
this group are tolerably brisk in their movements, crawling among the stones and coral at high
water, and hiding under stones during the reflux of the tide; they have the power of sponta-
neously throwing off the hind part of the foot when taken, in the same manner as the Ophiwrus
parts with a ray, or a Crustacean a claw. Out of forty-seven species of Mangelia described
by Mr. Lovell Reeve in his beautiful monograph of that genus, no less than forty-three are from
these islands ; their favourite locality is coarse loose sand, either sand-patches on the reefs,
or under stones in deeper water outside the reefs, or in still deeper water where the sand
is mixed with mud. The species which live at considerable depths, as JZ. abyssicola, cinna-
momea, and tenebrosa, are dark-coloured and strongly ribbed; those that prefer the loose
sands are generally granulated, finely ribbed or cancellated, and of a light brown colour .
while light-coloured species, as JZ. Marginelloides, which are seen crawling over mud-flats,
are often covered with a fuscous epidermis. Perhaps the amount of colour in shells depends
upon the degree of light they are subject to: as light does not penetrate lower than 700
feet, Mollusca dredged from very deep water are usually colourless, while species living
on the rocks are usually brightly coloured. On turning large stones, groups of zcinula
Columbelloides, Rissoe, and other gregarious genera, as Zruncatelle and Melampi, which
are amphibious, were constantly met with, and during the night WVerite were observed
crawling actively in company over the stones; and in the pools within the barrier reefs,
numbers of Zime were observed darting rapidly about. In the Samboanga Roads very
few shells were obtained, as the tide sets through them with great rapidity, and no soundings
can be obtamed further off shore than half a mile, where the floor is composed of dead coral,
black sandy mud, and loose pebbles; a coral reef, however, borders the shore all along
this part of Mindanao, within which the water is comparatively shallow and filled with
marine vegetation supporting numerous Fisswrelle and Emarginule. In fresh-water ponds
and rivulets near the village of Calderas, Navicelle, Melanie, and Neritine were very
numerous ; but no Ancyli, Ampullarie, or Bivalves could be detected. The Bulimus chloris
was very abundant on the mountains : it glues itself to the under surface of leaves; the eggs

are very large, oval, calcareous, and of the same size at each end, and the young shell, which

c

vill INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLLUSCA.

occupies the entire cavity before extrusion, is perfectly pellucid. In the woods of Ambolan
and other small islands at the east end of Mindoro, although the pulmoniferous Gastropods
were in a state of estivation, specimens of Caracolla (Listert and rota) were obtained from
under loose bark ; Helicina polita, Bulimus fictilis and sylvanus, adhering to the branches ;
Chondropoma atricapillum and leve attached to the under surface of the leaves ; M/egaloma-
stoma alatum, Pupina Mindorensis, similis, and lubrica hiding in clusters amid the holes
and fissures of the banks ; and species of Cyclostoma proper, concealed under loose stones
and dead leaves, at the foot of the trees. While slowly sailing through the calm and
beautiful sea of Mindoro, the young of two species of Doliwm occurred in light brown
patches, mixed with floating 4/yz, among which were also species of pelagic Aplysiade and
several Nudibranchs, which seem to browse on these pygmy forests like caterpillars on the
trees, clinging by their long grooved foot to the stems of the Fc, and relieving by their
gaudily-coloured bodies the monotony of the submarine scenery.

The Batani Islands, or Bashees, a volcanic group, which forms a link of the great chain
connecting the Philippines and Formosa, and which is continued by means of isolated craters
to the Loo-Choo and Japanese Archipelagoes, exhibits rather a barren field to the labours of
the malacologist. Originally torn from the Philippine chain, they still bear traces of their
plutonic origin in the shape of old exhausted volcanoes and magnetic iron-stone. On the
sheltered side of Ibujos, however, extensive reefs afford good retreats for mollusca ; but the
strong tides and black shifting sand render the other shores very unproductive. The inland
parts, however, harbour numbers of the beautiful Helix speciosa and three varieties of
Bulimus Kochii, together with a new sinistral snail, our Helix Batanica. There appears to
be a sandy belt between China and the Bashee group, for on the coast, about forty miles
from the north-east pomt of Hong-Kong, soundings were obtained in thirty-four fathoms,
fine sand; this extends as far as the Pratas shoals, and between the latter and the Bashee
Islands. Clavatula robusta and other species, Murex pinnatus, Isocardia Moltkiana and
vulgaris, and a small species of Scalaria, were dredged here. From the North Bashees to
Sama-Sana the full force of the N.E.E. current is felt, the nearer Formosa the stronger, but
north of this it perceptibly diminishes ; hence, northern species of marme mollusca would be
more probably met with as you approach the islands of the Eastern Seas, than southern

species among the Corean Archipelago; the currents, moreover, isolating the islands from

INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLLUSCA. 1x

the main land, may possibly assist in determining a peculiar Fauna, but as we did not visit the
opposite shores of Asia, we were unable to judge from personal observation if such is the
case ; near Botel Tobago sounding could not be obtained with 150 fathoms of line. The
Meiacoshima group, though never forming Attolls, abounds in barrier reefs and coral fringes,
which sometimes extend from a half to three-quarters of a mile from the shore. Mssurelle
abound within the reefs, where the vegetation is abundant, and where, together with Aimar-
ginule, they crawl among the branches of the arborescent d/ye. The flats and plams
covered with coral, forming extensive shoals among these islands, are frequently dry at low
water, where Mitra exasperata and arenosa, with Turbo, Ricinula, Conus, Cyprea, Lima,
Pecten, Terebra, Pteroceras, &c., occur in tolerable abundance.

The superficial temperature gradually diminishes from the tropical seas towards the
southern hemisphere ; hence we find the forms of molluscous animals growing less numerous
and of less brilliancy of colouring as we recede from the equator. The most favourable
localities for harbouring Mollusca are among the bays and reefs of archipelagoes where
the coasts are low and shelving, and where the water remains shallow at some distance
from the shore. On this account the Philippine and Gallapagos Islands afford rich harvests
to the collector, but bold and rugged coasts, particularly if the result of volcanic agency,
are not prolific in mollusks; the waves dash against them and rend off large masses, which,
fallmg into the sea, alter the nature of the floor, while the soundings give a great depth of
water close in shore. ‘This we found to be the case with the Bashees ; when, however, the
tops of ancient submarine mountains are crowned with belts of coral, as in the Loo-Choo,
Meiacoshima, and Corean groups, mollusks are tolerably abundant-; but even here their
existence seems to depend upon the presence of coral. In Quelpart, for imstance, where the
perpendicularity of the sides of this deep-seated submarine mountain will not allow of the
formation of coral, few shells are found. ‘This island appears to be surrounded by a zone
of lower submerged hills, for in lat. 33° 24’ N., 127° 47’ E., we made the east point
(west 37”) and obtained soundings in fifty-five fathoms; as we neared the land, however,
the water gradually increased till within a distance of five miles, when it again gradually
decreased, and the same circumstance was observed on approaching it at other points.
Haliotis gigantea was found strewing the ground in large numbers; the Teredratula picta
of Chemnitz, and other species, were obtained from the deep channels between the islands,

and Stomatia rubra and Crepidule from the reefs.

x INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLLUSCA.

Among these islands we were fortunate enough to discover four new species of Chitons,
a circumstance the more satisfactory from the fact of so few species of this genus having
been noticed in the Asiatic region, and most of those confined to the Philippine Archipelago ;
for while the Australian region boasts of the greatest number of Haliotides, the American can
muster the largest amount of Chitons, and the other zoological regions would appear to be
remarkably deficient in both genera. Out of one hundred and forty-three species described
and figured in Mr. Reeve’s beautiful monograph of the genus, sixty-six come from America,
forty-two from Australia, fourteen from Asia, twelve from Europe, and nine from Africa.
But two or three have been found in the Pacific, while ten are peculiar to the Philippines.
Chiton hirudiniformis was found by us among these islands, and is also peculiar to the
Gallapagos Archipelago; and C. spiniger, of the Philippines, appears to represent C. occiden-
talis of the West Indies. The largest and most brilliant species come from the tropical
seas; the smallest and most obscure from cold climates, or from considerable depths, in
accordance with the known laws of geographical distribution. Northern Chitons have the
valves covered either partially or entirely by the mantle, as in Chiton Sithensis, C. tunicatus,
and C. auriculatus; the C. chlamys will probably be found to have come originally from a cold
climate. I have frequently found Chitons among the islands of the Oriental Archipelago,
adhering to the stones in the society of MVerite and Patella, at very considerable distances
from the water, and perfectly exposed to the burning rays of a tropical sun. At Cape Rivers
we discovered, adhering to stones on the reefs, three new and beautiful species, namely,
Chiton petasus, C. acutirostratus, and C. formosus.

The floor along the eastern coast of Africa consists of fine clear sand, forming in many
situations vast accumulations, like the Agulhas bank projecting from the Cape, which arises
to within a few fathoms of the surface. These banks are prolific in Ancillarie, Marginelle,
and Bullig. The shells collected at the St. Brandon Shoals, or Gargados Garajos, were
remarkable for their white appearance; Voluta costata, Cerithium, and Oardium were all of

this colour, as were also the only species of Cone (Conus verrucosus) and of Pleurotoma
P. virgo).—A. A.

MeO L L Use a.

BY

ARTHUR ADAMS, F.L.S., & LOVELL REEVE, F.L.S.

I. CEPHALOPODA.

The chief objects of scientific interest collected during the voyage of the Samarang
among the highest forms of Mollusca, consist of a new Loligopsis, Argonauta gondola with
the soft parts, a species not hitherto described which we propose to name 4. Owenii, and
two mutilated specimens of the Spirwla Peroni. No living Nautilus was detected throughout
the course of the expedition, though it was assiduously sought for, which circumstance may be
recorded in further testimony of the rare appearance of this deep-dwelling animal on the
surface of the ocean. A very complete specimen was collected by Sir Edward Belcher in the
Sulphur, and its anatomy has been fully demonstrated by Owen, Valenciennes, and Vogel.
The capture of the animal of Spirula, of which the shell has been so long and abundantly
known to naturalists, though imperfect, was a matter of great good fortune, and it is with
much pleasure we are enabled to give a detailed account from the pen of Professor Owen
of such parts of its anatomy as the specimens present. The drawing of Argonauta gondola,
taken from life, presents an additional evidence, if any were needed, of the cephalopodic
origin of these fragile Paper Sailors, and the Zoligopsis, of which Professor Owen kindly
promises the dissection before the close of our volume, will prove a valuable acquisition
towards the history of that somewhat obscure and little-known genus.

Before proceeding to describe these animals in detail, Mr. Adams notes the following
on the Octopi of the Eastern Seas.

Octopi of enormous size are occasionally met with among the Islands of the Meia-co-shimah Group.
I measured one, which two men were bearing on their shoulders across a pole, and found each brachium
rather more than two feet long, giving the creature the power of exploring an area of about twelve feet

B

2 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

without moving, taking the mouth for a central point, and the extremities of the arms, to describe the
circumference. Dorsal plates of Sepia, afoot and a half in length, are found strewing the beaches. I have
frequently observed the Sepie and Octopi in full predatory activity, and have had considerable trouble and
difficulty in securing them, so great is their restless vivacity at this time, and so vigorous are their endeavours
to escape. They dart from side to side of the pools, or fix themselves so tenaciously to the surface of the
stones, by means of their sucker-like acetadula, that it requires great force and strength to detach them.
When removed, and thrown upon the sand, they progress rapidly in a sidelong, shuffling manner, extending
their long arms, ejecting their ink-hke fluid in sudden violent jets, and staring about with their huge
shining eyes, which at night are luminous, like a cat’s, in a very grotesque and hideous manner. 4.4.

1. LOLIGOPSIS, Lamarck.

1. Loticorsts exiipsoprera. Lolig. allio magno, laxo, infundibuliformi, anticé aperto, semi-
Ese JE copes) 2 , ,

. . . - x ee o O A - =) A A
pellucido, per cujus parietes viscera obscuré conspiciuntur, extremitate caudal longa et fastigiata, confirmata,
atque intus corpore longo, gracili, penniformi, corneo sustentatéi; /odis caudalibus, sive pinnis, magnis,
depressis, extra rotundatis, formi semicirculari conjunctis, pimnam ovalem horizontalem terminalem
efficientibus ; infundibulo permagno, extremitate truncata; capite magno, rotundato, utrinque dilatato, oculis
grandibus, depressiusculis, argenteo-irridescentibus, pupillo nigro; drachiis octo trifariam divisis, duobus
superioribus medianis, tribus inferioribus brevibus, acetabulis undique munitis.

Has. North Atlantic Ocean.

The Loligopsis belongs to that family of Cryptodibranchiate Cephalopods which is charac-
terized by the possession of eight brachial appendages around the head; differing in this
respect from the Loligo of Lamarck, and the Cranchia of Leach, which belong to the
decapodous division or those with ten arms. M. de Férussac considered, however, that the
genus Loligopsis should be reunited with Cranchia, so little was then known of the nature of
this mollusk. Lesueur has bestowed the name of Zeachia on this genus, which, in addition
to its conferrmg an honour on our illustrious countryman, Dr. Leach, would, perhaps, have
been more appropriate than the received appellation, which sometimes tends to confound it
with Zoligo. This present species, which appears to come nearest to the Loligopsis pavo of
D’Orbigny, is of a delicate flesh colour, with scattered, pale brown blotches, the whole
surface of the mantle being finely puncticulated with a deep brown colour. The mantle is
large, loose, infundibuliform, and wide open anteriorly; it is semipellucid, and the internal
viscera may be indistinctly seen through its parietes. ‘The caudal extremity is long and
tapering, strengthened and supported internally by an elongated, slender, pen-shaped,
corneous body. The caudal lobes, or fins, are large, flattened, rounded externally, semicir-
cular in outline, and forming together an oval, horizontal, terminal fin, which constitutes the
principal organ of progression. The funnel, of great size, is nearly cylindrical, semitrans-
parent, and rather expanded at its fixed or basal portion. The head is large, rounded, and
considerably dilated from side to side. The eyes are very large, in form of a flattened spheroid,
having the black-coloured sclerotic marked, on the under-surface, with four silver spots; the
iris is of a beautiful golden hue, and the pupil is large, black, and circular. The brachia,
eight in number, are divided, by reason of their length, into three sets: the central set, con-

MOLLUSCA. 5)

sistmg of two upper and two lower, are short; the two external and upper ones are longer
and thicker ; and the two external and lower are of much greater length, strength, and thick-
ness. ‘They are all provided with acetabula on the lower-surface.

The name e//ipsoptera has been suggested by the curious oval fin which is developed at
the caudal extremity. The drawing which accompanies this description was taken from the
living animal, and is enlarged one-third of its natural dimensions.

PuatE I. Fig. 1. Increased one-third larger than life.

2. ARGONAUTA, Zinn.

Of the Argonauts captured during the voyage, we are enabled, with the assistance of
some specimens collected in the same seas by Mr. Cuming, to confirm the value of two very
excellent species, 4. /dans and gondola described in 1817 by Mr. Dillwyn? but not figured ;
one subsequently named 4. nitzda by Lamarck, the other quoted by M. Deshayes as a variety
of 4. tuberculosa. To these we have the pleasure of adding a third species, 4. Owenii,
which has been satisfactorily determined by a comparison of the shells of each im different
stages of growth. The soft parts of 4. Azans are figured in the beautiful work of De Férussac
and D’Orbigny on the Cephalopods.? Of the 4. gondola, Mr. Adams was fortunate enough
to preserve a young individual for some days alive, durmg which time he made a careful
drawing of it, including the development of the ovum. Living specimens were also taken
of the 4. Owenzi, and placed in spirits, but the liquid having escaped from the bottle through
some accident in the packing, the animals dried up and were found partially decomposed ;
the shells were preserved entire and form a characteristic series of different ages, agreeing
with one of adult growth in the collection of Mr. Cuming.

1. Arconavta GonpoLa. Arg. corpore elongato-ovato, lateribus subcompresso, pallio amplo punctis
grandibus vivide rufis ornato; capite subangusto, brachiis tumidis breviusculis, acetabulis paucis, grandibus
confertiusculis rufo-marmoratis ; ve/amentis minuté rufo-punctatis; 7fundibulo lato, breviusculo, ad extre-
mitatem bifurcatim tubuloso ; ¢es¢dé lateribus subplanulaté, radiatim rugati, rugis subprominentibus, vix
undulatis, alternis brevioribus, medio descendentibus, superné dilatata, auriculis extrorsum valdé prolongatis ;
caring \atissima, fortiter tuberculata, tuberculis acuté compressis ; aperturd latissima, suboblongo-quadrata,
anticé utrinque spiram canaliculata; colore lacted, sordidé fusco ad latera plus mmusve tincto. A. gondola,
Dillwyn, Descriptive Catalogue of Shells, vol.1. p. 335.

Has. South Atlantic Ocean.

2

The animal of 4. gondola approaches nearer to the 4. Acans figured by De Feérussac and
D’Orbigny in the work already referred to; from which the shell differs most remarkably by
the outwardly prolonged growth of the auricles on each side of the spire. The keel is moreover
wider with the tubercles rather distant and more compressed. The wrinkles are much
less numerous than in 4. tuderculosa, and do not fade into solitary warts as in that species.

' Catalogue of Shells, vol. i. p, 334-5. ? Hist. Nat. Moll. 1834. pl. 5.

4. ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

There is a considerable difference in the general aspect and disposition of the spots, &c., between the
animals of Argonaute gondola and argo. In A. gondola the sac-like mantle is more ovoid and elongated ;
the head is narrower; the funnel broader, shorter, and furnished, at the upper and anterior extremity,
with two conical elongations; the eyes are considerably larger and slightly more prominent; the tentacular
arms are much shorter in comparison and of greater width, more particularly at their basal portions; the
suckers are much larger, more prominent, and placed closer together. This species varies also considerably
in colour from A. argo. The extremities of the brachia are marbled with deep red-brown, and, in the other
parts, are covered with large, irregular, oval, reddish blotches, each margined with a dark colour; the
circumference of the suckers is marked with brown spots; the upper surface of the funnel is covered with
pale pink, rather scattered and irregular, quadrate blotches, margined with dark red-brown; the mantle,
on the dorsal surface, is densely sprinkled with round and square spots of a chesnut-brown and crimson of
different sizes; the velamenta are minutely dotted with crimson and red-brown, and have a more bluish
tinge than those of 4. argo; the under surface is mottled and minutely dotted with dark chocolate on the
arms, and on the body is marked with small, irregular, dark red-brown spots. 4. 4.

Pirate I. Fig. 2a. Animal swimming, embracing the shell with its velamenta. Fig. 26, the same divested of
its shell. Fig. 2 ¢ to 4, development of the ovum,—c, impregnated egg; d, three spots appear; e, head and mantle
indicated; f, rudiments of brachia; gy, yolk-bag seen; h, lateral view of the same. Fig. 27, egg-mass in situ ;
2h, egg-mass unravelled; 2 7, front view of egg-mass. Fig. 2m and n, acetabula; 20 and p, the mandibles.—
Fig. 2 a, 6, 7, &, and J, of the xatural size, the remainder more or less magnified.

Puate IT. Fig. 2g. Front view of a full grown specimen of 4. gondola, from Mr. Cuming’s Collection, showing
the outward extension of the auricles. Fig. 27, s, and ¢, lateral views of specimens of different ages.

2. Arconauta HrANs. Arg. ¢esta lateribus convexis, radiatim rugatis, rugis exiliusculis, vix undulatis,
alternis brevioribus medio descendentibus, carind lata, tuberculis compressis, aperturd subquadrato-oblonga,
auriculis simplicibus ; colore fuscescente. A. hians, MSS. Dillwyn, Desc. Cat. of Shells, vol.i. p.334.
Argonauta nitida, Lamarck.

Has. South Atlantic Ocean.

Several examples of this species, easily distinguished from the 4. gondola by the following
characters, were collected in the South Atlantic Ocean. The wrinkles are more faintly
developed, the keel is not so broad, and the tubercles are much less prominent; the auricles
are but slightly prolonged, and the shell has frequently a peculiar yellowish-brown glazy
appearance, which probably suggested the name given to it by Lamarck. Both animal and
shell have been figured by De Férussac and D’Orbigny in the work already referred to. The
latter is here introduced for the sake of exhibiting a comparison of the species, and on account
of that work being so little known to English conchologists. The shell there figured as the
young of 4. deans is our A. Owenii.

Prats III. Fig. 2a. Front view of the shell showing the aperture and simple auricles. Fig. 2 6 and ec, lateral
views of specimens of different ages.

3. Arconauta Owent. Arg. ¢estd lateribus convexo-compressd, radiatim rugata, rugis angustis,
valdé prominentibus, undulatis, alternis breviorlbus medio descendentibus ; carind mediocri, fortiter tuber-
culata, tuberculis valdé prominentibus ; aperturd subangusta, auriculis simplicibus ; colore fulvo-fuscescente.

Has. South Atlantic Ocean.
A fine adult specimen of 4. Owenii (Fig. 1 4), collected by Mr. Cuming, has enabled us

MOLLUSCA. 9)

to attach an interesting importance to several examples of this species in an early stage of
growth, which were captured alive, but unfortunately dried up from an accident in the
packing. It is mainly distinguished by the prominent structure of the lateral wrmkles and
_ tubercles, and these are developed with equal force in the youngest specimens. It is clearly
distinct from 4. dians, for the young of which species a small specimen was figured by
De Feérussac and D’Orbigny in their great work on the Cephalopods, Hist. Nat. Moll.,
published in 1837. In naming this shell we have availed ourselves of the rare occurrence of
a new species to dedicate it to Professor Owen.

Prats III. Fig. 1a. Front view of the shell, showing the aperture and simple auricles. Fig. 1 4, c, and d,
lateral views of specimens of different ages.

On our passage home across the South Atlantic, I enjoyed numerous opportunities of observing the
animals of Avgonaute argo and gondola in the living state, specimens having been captured by us in large
numbers by means of a trawl, as they came to the surface of the water at the decline of day in calm weather,
in company with Carinaria, Hyalea, Firola, and Cleodora. My observations all tend to prove, as might have
been expected, the accuracy of Madame Power’s observations on the Cephalopodic origin of the shell, and
the fanciful nature of the statements of Pliny, Poli, and the poets.

Tt is quite true that the female Argonaut can readily disengage herself from the shell, when the vela-
mentous arms become collapsed, and float apparently useless on each side of the animal; and it is equally
certain that she has not the power or, more properly, the sagacity to re-enter her nest and resume the
guardianship of her eggs. On the contrary, she herself, if kept im confinement, after darting and wounding
herself against the sides of the vessel in which she is confined, soon becomes languid, exhausted, and very
shortly dies. Numbers of male Argonauts were taken by us, at the same time, without any shells, and this
being the season of oviposition may account for the females, im such a number of instances, being found
embracing their calcareous shell-nests, which, so ingenionsly formed by the instinct of the mother for the
protection of her eggs from injury, resemble, in some measure, those nidimental capsules secreted by
many marine Gastropods for the preservation of the immature embryo.

To satisfy myself that the thin shell of the Argonaut is employed by the female merely as a receptacle
in which to deposit her eggs, I dissected a specimen of A. gondola, with an egg-mass occupying the dis-
coidal part of the shell and the posterior portion of the roof. The eggs, very numerous, ovoid, pale yellow, and
semipellucid, are all united together by a delicate, glutinous, transparent, filamentous web which is attached
to each ovum by a slender tapering peduncle at the anterior extremity. The entire egg-mass is suspended
to the body-whorl of the spire at its anterior part by means of a pencil of delicate glutinous threads which
retain it in a proper position.!

The posterior globular part of the body of the female is in close apposition to the mass of ova, and
thus, like a strange aquatic Mygale, or other spider, does this remarkable Cephalopod carry about her eggs
in a light calcareous nest, which she firmly retains possession of by means of the broad, expanded, delicate
membranes of the posterior pair of tentacles. When disturbed or captured, however, she loosens her hold,
and leaving her cradle to its fate, swims about independent of her shell.? There is not, indeed, the slightest

1 Poli in his magnificent work “ Testacea utriusque Sicilize,”’ where he has represented the egg-mass, though not
“in situ” (Tab. XLI. f. 2.) but unravelled, observes concerning it : ‘“‘ Ovorum congeries eboris nitorem emulantium,
partim jam ab ovario emissa, ac racemorum instar composita, cymbze puppi involute adheerebat.”” Professor Owen,
in his lectures on Comparative Anatomy, p. 360, mentions the same fact: “In the Argonaut the minute ova are
appended by long filamentary stalks to the cavity of the involuted spire of the shell where they are hatched,”

2? This is probably but for a limited period, as it does not appear that the animal is able to exist long when
disengaged from its shell.

6 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S5. SAMARANG.

vestige of any muscular attachment. In the specimen of A. gondola from which the accompanying drawing
was made, the ovary was distended with ova, but in a much less advanced stage of development than those
deposited in the shelly nidus. Some of these latter were sufficiently matured to enable me to trace, under
the microscope, the early indications of the being of the Argonaut; and although the progress is not
followed very far, it is sufficient to ascertam the similarity with the changes observed by Poli in the same
genus, with whose writings I afterwards compared my remarks; the only difference of any importance
appears to be that Poli regarded as the shell what I have called the yolk-bag. At first, the ova are semi-
opaque, pale yellow, and apparently speckled minutely, which is owing to the granular yolk ; afterwards they
become clouded with light brown blotches, and three dark spots make their appearance, one for each eye
and one for the viscera; these spots, in the next stage, approach each other, and a faint outline of the
future Argonaut is visible, a club-shaped embryo, rounded in front and tapermg behind. The front part is
then lobed; a black mark for the horny mandibles is perceived, and the eyes are large and prominent ;
the yolk-bag, or vitellus, is next seen very distinctly, and the processes extending from the head are more
elongated. Here, however, I was obliged to stop, this being the most perfectly developed embryo I could
find amongst the ova. The eggs in contact with the front part of the body-whorl of the shell, where the
egg-mass is attached by the glutinous threads, are the most forward in their development, while those in
the posterior part of the chamber are much less matured.’ 4.4.

3. SPIRULA, Lamarck.

Description of two mutilated specimens of Spirula Peronit, with some observations on 8. australis and reticulata.
Prats IV.
(By Prorsssor Owen, F.R.S.)

Ir 1s remarkable of the two known genera of polythalamous Cephalopods, Spirula and
Nautilus, that both should be noted for the extreme rarity of the entire animal, as compared
with the frequency of the shell in collections of Natural History ; and this is more particularly
the case with the Spiru/a, on account of the mutilated state, with a single exception, of all
the few examples of the animal or soft parts hitherto described. The specimen captured by
Capt. Sir Edward Belcher in the Indian Archipelago, is no exception to the rule. Like that
inspected and described by Professor De Blainville in the Annales Frangaises et Htrangéres
d’ Anatomie et de Physiologie, pour ’ Année, 1837, vol. i. pp. 369, 382, the head has been
torn from the body, and the opposite extremity, or the part answering to that which supports
the appendages, described as fins in M. de Blainville’s memoi, is also wanting; so that the
last whorl of the shell is terminal, as in the specimen figured in the Atlas of the Voyage of
Péron and Lesueur, pl. 30. fig. 4. It does not necessarily follow, however, that this difference
is the result of mutilation, and that the terminal part in question has existed in these speci-
mens and been torn away. At least in Sir Edward Belcher’s specimen, the rounded posterior
terminations of the lateral lobes of the mantle, fig. 1, 4, 5, 7, dd, are entire, and covered by
the epiderm, which shows no sign of laceration or abrasion.

To Lamarck! and Péron? we owe the knowledge of the acetabuliferous character of the
Spirula; whence, after the dissection of the Nautilus, its dibranchiate organization was to be

1 Encyclopédie Méthodique, Atlas, Coquilles, pl. 465, fig. 5, a 0. 2 Loe. cit.
yeiop q q Pp. g

MOLLUSCA. If

inferred.1_ M. de Blaimville? has demonstrated some of the chief characteristics of the
dibranchiate type of structure from which the decapodous character of the head (wanting in his
specimen) might be deduced, and thus concomitant inferential proof be had of the accuracy,
before doubted, of Lamarck’s figure. Finally Mr. Cuming’s specimen, described and figured
by Mr. Gray? and Mr. Lovell Reeve,* sets at rest the question of the external decapodous
characters of Spzrvia, and confirms M. de Blainville’s description of the terminal appendages
of the mantle and the position and degree of exposure of the shell, at least in certain speci-
mens of Spirwla. It needed but the examination of the internal structure of Mr. Cuming’s
specimen to prove the accuracy of the inference of the dibranchiate type of internal organiza-
tion from the decapodous external structure of the animal, and reciprocally.

Another point also remained for consideration, viz., whether the figure by Péron (pl. iv.
fig. 1 *), showing a comparative shortness of the mantle in proportion to its breadth, and the
absence of the terminal disc and fin-like appendages, truly indicated such a form of Spirvla
in nature? Or, whether the continuous exposure of so large a portion of the outer whorl of
the shell, as is represented by Péron, might not be due to accidental laceration of the disc
and appendages from the rest of the mantle? And whether, if such differences were natural,
they were differences of age, or sex, or species? ‘Towards the solution of these questions, and
the completion of the anatomy of the Spirw/a, the facts which I have now to offer, though
not of much importance, may contribute: they are the result of careful and, I trust, faithful
observation, and every little will be welcome to the genuine student of nature in a question
of so much difficulty and interest as the present.

The specimen of Spirwla (pl. iv. fig. 1, 4, 5, 6) which Capt. Sir Edward Belcher was so
obliging as to place in my hands for description and dissection, like that of M. de Blainville,
had the head and its appendages torn away; but the infundibulum (¢) was left, with the
mantle and shell (cz). The shell, partly imbedded in the hinder end of the mantle, had the
greater part of the last whorl uninterruptedly exposed (fig. 7), and the thick borders of the
terminal lobes of the mantle (7d, fig.4, 7, and 11) which extended over the umbilicus and inner
whorls of the shell, were smooth, rounded, and entire. The exposed part of the shell was
coated by a thin epiderm: the last whorl was directed from the ventral to the dorsal aspect,
bending round the end of the body, and advancing forwards, not again entering the mantle,
but with the last or open chamber, terminating freely over a small opening of the mantle
(fig. 6, fz) through which the membranous siphon of the shell (s#) passed, and from which
opening part of the second whorl of the shell protruded. The proportions of the body, or
mouth, especially its shortness as contrasted with its dorso-ventral diameter, accord with those
of Péron’s specimen (op. cit. and fig.1*): as does also the exposed position of the last
whorl of the shell, concomitant upon the absence of the terminal fleshy disc and its appendages.

1 Owen, Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus, p.54, and Classification of Cephalopods, Zool. Trans. v.ii. pp. 123, 129.
2 Loe. cit. 3 Annals of Natural History, vol. xv. p. 257. pl. XV.
4 Hlements of Conchology, p. 16. pl. A.

8 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Figures 5 and 6 give a view of the mantle of the specimen here described from the dorsal
aspect: the anterior aperture of the mouth is trilobed, the lobes obscurely poimted ; one, a,
projects forwards from the middle of the dorsal aspect, the two others, 6 4, from the ventro-
lateral aspect, on each side of the base of the funnel, c. Some lacerated remnants of the
retractor muscles of the head also projected from the aperture of the mantle, as figured at
e, fig. 1; but these are omitted in fig.3, as they obscured the view of the funnel or expiratory
tube, c: letters dd are the lateral terminal lobes of the mantle’ applied over the mner whorls
and umbilicus of the shell (cz). The ventral aspect of the specimen, fig. 4, shows the
beginning or narrower part of the last whorl of the shell as it first protrudes from between
the lateral terminal lobes of the mantle, dd. The two ventro-lateral anterior lobes are shown
at 6 6, and the funnel (¢) projecting between them: behind this is the torn portion of the
muscles of the head.

The side view of this specimen, fig. 1, shows the greater antero-posterior diameter of the
mantle as compared with the transverse diameter in fig. 4 and 5. It also shows the free
termination of the shell at # and the rounded contour and extent of the terminal lobe, d.
This part was subjected to a careful and minute scrutmy, but no signs of laceration could be
detected: it presented a thick convex border hke the bottom of a bag or sac on both sides
of the shell (see the magnified view in fig. 11); this border being, as it were, tucked up or
bent m towards the umbilicus ; becoming thin and smooth and of a softer texture next the
shell, as shown in fig. 7, 7 and e, which gives a view of the hinder extremity of the specimen,
with the lateral terminal mantle-lobes drawn a little away from the shell to show the delicate
portion of the pallial membrane, e, which passes from one lobe to the other through the
umbilicus.

The ordimary surface of the mantle is smooth. Its structure, like that in other di-
branchiates, presents a delicate epiderm, a thin stratum of pigmental cells, and a fibrous
muscular cortum forming the chief substance of the mantle. The dorsal part of the mantle
shown in fig. 5, was continued from the anterior poimted lobe, a, backwards to beneath the
open end of the shell at /v. fig. 2; where it thinned off to the border of a small aperture
through which projected the dorsal part of the shell; there was a small space between this
whorl and the anterior border of the aperture, through which aperture the membranous
siphon (s/) was continued from the shell into the cavity of the mantle. ‘The aperture seemed
much too small to have ever admitted the termination of the shell, 7: but it is to be
presumed that after the natural connections of the last chamber of the shell with the muscular
retractors of the head had been violently disturbed, the mantle may have contracted at
the rent, from which the open end of the shell was withdrawn, to the dimensions of the
aperture that now admits only the siphon. Nothing at least can be safely argued against
M. de Blainville’s description of the muscular attachments of the Spzrz/a to its shell from
the obviously mutilated specimen here described. A small part of the second whorl of
the shell was visibie at the aperture, fn.

MOLLUSCA, 9

The dissection of the specimen was commenced by laying open the mantle along the
median line of the ventral or infundibular aspect to near the border of the posterior fossa
from which the shell began to protrude. On divaricating the divided mantle, the parts were
exposed which are shown in fig. 11; viz., the base of the funnel, with its two narrow, elon-
gated articular cavities (yg), the linear elevations on the imner surface of the mantle corre-
sponding thereto(g’ g’); the membranous and muscular tunic, 4, enveloping the liver, perfo-
rated on each side posteriorly by the pallial nerve-trunks, which immediately swell into the
pallial ganglions, 7, fig. 12 and 13; posterior to which ganglions the bases of the gills are
attached; and, in the ventral interspace of these, there is a low conical prominence with
three valvular apertures: the middle one, of an infundibuliform anus, 4, fig. 12, and on each
side a more minute orifice (7) with a plicated prominent border. Behind the base of the left
gill, x’, a fourth orifice at the extremity of a short tube (m, fig. 12), also communicates with the
branchial or external compartment of the pallial cavity. The branchial chamber showed no
trace of a muscular or membranous septum (“bride antérieure,” Cuyv. in the Octopods). The
gills (x 2’) have the usual elongated narrow triangular form: each is supported on a fleshy
stem, extended along its outer border, perforated by the branchial artery, and connected to
the walls of the branchial chamber by a duplicature (z’, fig. 18) of the delicate lining mem-
brane, which is reflected upon the basal half of the stem, and invests the whole complex gill:
the base of the stem itself is attached to the septum dividing the branchial from the peri-
cardial and visceral chambers. Lach gill consists of about twenty-four pairs of plicated folds
extended between the fleshy stem, and the trunk of the branchial vein that traverses the
opposite or inner border of the gill. The principal venous trunks (9, fig. 13) of the general
system, enter the peritoneal compartments on each side the rectum, and there develope the
venous follicles, in the form of irregular puckered subelongate bulgings out of their coats,
which give a spongy aneurismal character to their trunks; they unite into a single trunk on
each side, which enters a small branchial heart, », with an appendage. The branchial artery
is continued directly into the fleshy stem. ‘The branchial veins, g, pass behind the spongy
veins, and terminate in the outer ends of a transversely elongated fusiform ventricle, 7, from
which a large anterior and small posterior aorta is given off.

Directing my attention, next, to the mass covered by the muscular investment, 4, I slit
up the funnel and exposed the small terminal valve, c’, fig. 14, and raising the valvular base
of the funnel, removed, first, the covering formed by the lining membrane, and exposed the
longitudinal fasciculi of the muscular tunic, 4, fig. 14. On dissecting away this, as on the
left half in fig. 14, the corresponding lobe of the liver was shown, as ats. On removing
the whole of the muscular investment, together with the funnel, the parts were exposed which
are shown in fig. 15. The liver consists of two lobes, distinct from their anterior apices (s s) to
near their opposite ends : here they had been torn, so that whether they were distinct throughout
or not, I could not determine. On divaricating them, as in fig. 15, the cesophagus, ¢, was seen
penetrating their interspace, with the aorta and the trunk of the visceral nerve, Behind the

D

10 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG,

funnel was found that part of the cartilaginous cranium which forms the capsules of the
organs of hearing: these formed two oval cartilagimous cups (w), their walls confluent at the
median line, but their cavities distinct, with a thin semitransparent oval portion on their
ventral walls, through which the small opake white otolite within could be discerned: the
line is drawn from this thinner part to the letter w, in fig. 15. Behind the ear-capsules
emerged the cesophagus, with the slender duct, v, of the large salivary gland, wz, and on each
side were the larger pallial nerves, 7 7; these indent the sides of the salivary gland in their
passage downwards, backwards, and outwards, to penetrate the lateral fasciculi of the muscular
investment of the liver. The cesophagus does not expand into a crop or ingluvies, but
maintains the same diameter until it terminates in a small stomach, v, which is succeeded
by a second cavity of almost equal size, y, forming the laminated or pancreatic sac, which
receives the ducts of the liver; these (¢ y) appeared to have been beset by numerous minute
cystic follicles. The intestine is very short, and makes one slight bend backwards before it
advances, as rectum, to terminate in the infundibuliform anus, %, which it forms as soon as
it has perforated the peritoneal septum, shown in fig. 11. A very minute pyriform ink-bag, z,
is situated close to the rectum, and its duct opens within the verge of the anus. The anus
does not protrude and float freely in the branchial chamber, nor is it provided with valvular
or filamentary appendages.

The visceral cavity is continued into each of the terminal lobes of the mantle, as shown
in fig. 15, where they are laid open. They were occupied principally by the generative organs,
which seemed to be in a feebly developed state. Hither from the state of the specimen
or my own ill success in the attempt, I could not satisfactorily make out the precise forms
and relations of these organs. On the right side was situated the principal gland, either
ovary or testis, 4, and on the left side there was the chief part of the efferent duct, B,
either vas deferens or oviduct, slightly convoluted, and complicated with some other parts
where it communicated below, or behind, the intestine with the ovarium or gland on the
right side. This gland consisted of minute, close-set, subelongate follicles, with the cellular
nuclei of either ova or spermatozoa.

From the acceptable Mémoire by Professor de Blainville, “Sur l’animal de la Spirada,
et sur l’usage du siphon des coquilles polythalames,”’ published in the Annales Francaises et
Btrangeéres d’ Anatomie et de Physiologie, tom. i. p. 369 (1837), we learn, that in the Spirula
the funnel has its parietes entire! (i. e., not longitudinally shit, as in the Nautilus); that the
gills are two in number; that the intestinal canal extends between the two masses of the
generative apparatus, is accompanied by an ink-bag, and terminates by a small free floating
appendage ; and that there is an ovary and an organ of digestion.”

1 «T/entonnoir fort considérable entiérement fermé.” p. 378.

2 «Vers le milieu de la face inférieure de la masse viscérale le canal intestinal se terminant par un petit appen-
dice libre, flottant, largement ouvert, absolument comme dans les séches, et accompagné dans toute son étendue entre
les deux masses de l’appareil générateur, par le canal de la vessie a encre, contenant de la matiére noire que j’ai

MOLLUSCA. 10

If these facts in the organization of Spirula be compared with the following characters
of Dibranchiate Order of Cephalopods ; viz.,

“The gills not exceeding two in number; but the branchial circulation is aided by two
muscular ventricles, situated at the base of each gill in addition to the third systemic ven-
tricle ; there is an organ for secreting and expelling an inky fluid. The parietes of the funnel
are entire !,”—it wil] afford a striking mstance of the power of prediction afforded by the
laws of correlation of animal structures, and of the truth of the imference that a Cephalopod
“proved to have eight short arms and two long tentacles,’? must, notwithstanding it
possessed a polythalamous shell, have the characteristic organization of the Dibranchiate Order,
in contradistinction to that of the Nautilus, the type of the Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods.

The additional facts derived from the dissection of the specimen obtained by Capt. Sir
Edward Belcher, show that the funnel of the Spzra/a is provided with an apical valve, and
with two basal lateral joints; that the skull is provided with two large cartilaginous acoustic
capsules with otolites; that the. cesophagus, after passing through the cartilaginous skull,
rests upon a large salivary gland, and is then continued, preserving its slender diameter, to a
small gizzard; that this is followed by a laminated pancreatic bag, from which the short
intestine proceeds and forms, after one slight bend, the rectum ; that the anus is infundibuli-
form, and without an appendage; that the liver consists of two lobes enveloped in a muscular
capsule; and that the cystic ducts are beset with numerous glandular follicles before termi-
nating in the pancreatic sac; that each gill has its branchial heart, and that this heart is
provided with an appendage; that the systemic heart is transversely fusiform, with an
anterior process ; and that the branchial compartment of the mantle is devoid of any trace of
median septum. By these additional facts we are enabled to test the value of the assumed
co-existence of certain modifications of the Dibranchiate structure with the superaddition of
two peduncles to the eight ordinary arms, as shown by the figures of the Spirwla given by
Lamarck and Péron.

The Octopods, both Octopus proper and Argonauta, have a well-developed septum of the
branchial chamber: Cuvier describes it as the “ bride antérieure qui lie la bourse a la masse
viscerale.”” The muscles corresponding to this “ bride antérieure”’ also exist in Sepiola; but
in the Cuttles (Sepia) and Calamaries (Zo/igo), both these muscles and the septum of the
branchial chamber are absent as we find them to be in Spirula. The base of the funnel is
provided with a large valvular fold on each side in Octopus and Hledone, but has no lateral
joints ; it possesses these jomts in the Cuttles and Calamaries, but has not the lateral valvular
folds. The interior of the funnel is provided with a valve near its apex in the Calamaries
and Cuttles, but not in the Octopods. In the characters of the funnel we find the Spirula

pu faire sortir par un petit orifice situé 4 gauche de l’anus. _Les deux parties principales de 1’ appareil générateur
femelle, savoir, d’un cété, a droite un ovaire considerable et de l’autre sans doute un organe de la digestion, for-
mant a eux deux presque toute la face inférieure de la masse.” p. 379.

1 Art. CEPHALOPoDA, Cyclopzdia of Anatomy, vol. i. p. 519. 2 Tb. p. 520.

12 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

agreeing with the Decapods. The branchial hearts are devoid of the appendage in the
Octopods, but this is present in the Decapods, and equally characterizes the Spirwla. In the
Octopods the gullet dilates into a crop, but not in the Decapods, neither in the Spirula, in
which, as in other Decapoda, it is remarkable for its length and tenuity. In Octopus the
liver consists of one lobe, and has the ink-bladder imbedded in it: in Sepia the liver consists
of two lobes, and the ink-bag is not in any way connected with it; the Spzrw/a agrees with
the Cuttle-fish im these respects. In all Octopods the hepatic ducts are simple; in all
Decapods they are complicated with numerous small blind pouches, which have been regarded
as a pancreas; these cystic follicles are equally present in Spirula, So far, then, as the
organization of the Spiruv/a is known, its modifications are those that characterize the
Decapodous type of the Dibranchiate structure in the class Cephalopoda. If, therefore, the
accuracy of Lamarck’s highly important original description and figure of the animal, inasmuch
as relates to the superaddition of two long peduncles to the eight ordinary arms, had not
been confirmed by Mr. Percy Earl’s discovery of the entire animal, figured in the Annals
of Natural History, vol. xv. pl. 15, and more accurately in Mr. Lovell Reeve’s Elements of
Conchology, part 1, pl. A., fig. a, 6, c, and which unique specimen is now in the unrivalled
conchological cabinet of Mr. Hugh Cuming, the confidence that had been placed in Lamarck’s
accuracy would have been fully justified by the well-marked repetitions of the decapodous
modifications of the Cephalopodic structure which the dissection of Sir E. Belcher’s specimen
has brought to hght.

The mere description of appearances, even of the interior structure, still less of the
exterior surface of an animal, without the deductions which they legitimately yield, is of
comparatively small value to the philosophic Naturalist ; for of what value are facts until they
have been made subservient to establishing general conclusions and laws of correlation, by
which the judgment may be safely guided in regard to future glimpses at new phenomena
in Nature, such as those which the figures and descriptions of Lamarck and Péron afforded
of the Spzrula, before the publication of the anatomy in the Azzales d’ Anatomie, and in the
present Work? The combination of deduction with observation in Natural History has,
indeed, been so rare, and the grounds for confidence in such laws of correlation as have served
to deduce one type of Cephalopodic structure from the absence of an ink-bag, and another from
its presence, have been so recently attained, and are appreciated by so few, that the scepticism
in the deductions from such laws in regard to the Spirula may be readily pardoned. In
perusing the observations of so respectable an authority as the author of the article “ 7wrrilites”’
in the Penny Cyclopzdia, tending to show the insufficiency of the grounds of my separation
of Spirula and Belemnites from the Nautilus, and other Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods with
chambered shells ; and the statement of the author of the Elements of Conchology (p. 11),
that “‘a difference in the number of branchize seems scarcely of sufficient importance to
warrant the association of the Spiru/a with the Argonaut, separate from the Nautilus,” I

MOLLUSCA. 13

recollected that these writers had the authority of Cuvier’ for continuing to associate
together Cephalopodic animals with shells so similar in their complex chambered structure,
as those of the Vautilus and Spirula. But at the same time I retained all my convictions
that the period would arrive when it should be demonstrated that a Cephalopod with arms and
peduncles, like those of a Sepia, would have the same type of Cephalopodic organization as
the Sepia: a type so modified from that of the many-armed Nautilus as to forbid their
association in the same Order in any system professing to be based on Nature; i.e. on the
totality of the organization of its objects.

The chief addition made by M. de Blainville’s Memoir of 1837 to the knowledge of
the exterior characters of the Spzru/a was the existence of a circular disc with a pair of
fin-like appendages (“aplatissement oblique au milieu duquel est un bouton terminal, accom-
pagné a droite et 4 gauche d’une petite nageoire demi-circulaire,” |.c. p.376. see fig.15*, ac.
in pl. iv.) at the posterior end of the body, covering and concealing the part of the last whorl of
the shell which winds round that end, and which whorl was exposed in Lamarck’s and Péron’s
specimen (fig.1*) as it is Sir Edward Belcher’s (fig. 7). The same disc, with rudiments of the
terminal fins or appendages, is present in Mr. Cuming’s perfect specimen (fig. 8, ac). The
disc is called “a thick gland” by Mr. Gray (.c. p. 259), and a ‘leathery gland” by
Mr. Reeve (1. c. p. 16); but the texture of the part is not described by either author.
It remains to be seen whether this appendage be truly constant in nature, or whether
it be characteristic of age, or sex, or species. Mr. Gray in his brief notice of some of the
exterior characters of Mr. Cuming’s specimen of Spirula, affirms that “it differs from
the Cuttle-fish mm bemg entirely destitute of any fins”’ (tom. cit. p. 258.7): but Mr. Reeve,
by a more accurate observation of the same specimen, confirms M. de Blainville’s descrip-
tion of two terminal and lateral fins to the Spzru/a; stating that ‘they are clearly definable,
one at each lateral extremity, on either side of the terminal gland” (l.c. p.18). Their
condition is accurately given in the figure representing the hind end of Mr. Cuming’s Spirula
(pl.iv. fig.8, ae ac). With regard to the structure of the intervening subcircular disc (a/),
I could not detect any trace of the pores of glands upon its surface, and the structure of the
same part in the mantle of the Spzrw/a reticulata (fig. 3 and 9) was that of condensed cellular
tissue only. This I determined by microscopical examination. The central orifice (ad, fig. 9)
leads merely to the interspace between the disc and the last whorl of the shell, and is not the
excretory outlet of any glandular cavity. In the specimen of Sp. reticulata which consisted of the
mantle ouly, with its terminal appendage and the shell, the latter, by the violence that has torn
away the head and viscera, has been displaced and tumed half round with the open end of the
last whorl projecting through the ventral aperture (fig.3, fm). The lateral fin-like appendages

! Régne Animal, vol. iii. (1830) p.17. “Drs Navtinus.—<< Une d’elles appartient en effet 4 un Céphalopode
trés semblable a une seiche, mais a bras plus courts; c’est le genre Spirula, Lam.”
2 Mr, Gray, however, after having been made acquainted with M. de Blainville’s Memoir, corrects his error in a
supplementary note in a subsequent number of the Annals (p. 445).
E

14 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG,

(ac ac) differ from the short, terminal, subcircular, true fins in Cranchia and Loligopsis,
in having their plane transverse to the axis of the body instead of parallel with it: their
base is attached, in the dorso-ventral direction of the trunk, to the sides of the terminal
disc, as shown in fig. 9. Their structure is fibrous, the fibres are collected into fasciculi,
directed from the base to the free margin of the appendage; they are probably contractile,
but the ultimate fibres are smooth, more minute than those of voluntary muscle, and devoid
of transverse striae. ‘The disc adheres pretty closely to the epithelium of the part of the shell
which it conceals. ‘The appendages are part of the disc, which has very little organic con-
nection with the terminal lobes of the mantle. In the specimen obtained by Mr. G. Bennett
(fig. 3 and 9), the surface of the imtegument - differs in a well-marked degree from that in
Capt. Sir E. Belcher’s or Mr. Cuming’s specimens. Instead of being smooth, it is pitted by
small close-set angular depressions, which give a well-marked reticulate character to the
whole surface of the true mantle. The surface of the cellular disc and its appendages is
quite smooth. I regard the character of the skin in the mantle of the Spirw/a just described,
as indicative of distinction of species, and propose for it the name of Spirula reticulata.
The general shape of the mantle differs from that of the Spirula australis, obtained by
Mr. Percy Earl in New Zealand, in so far as that, instead of being compressed laterally, it
is broadest from side to side; the difference is well shown in the two figures 8 and 9; but
Ido not lay stress upon it in the question of their specific distinction, on account of the
mutilated state of the specimen of Spirwla reticulata.

Whether the difference in the development of the appendages of the terminal disc in the
Spirula australis (fig. 2 and 8) and Spirula reticulata (fig. 3 and 9) be specific, or due to
accident, may be questioned; but from the dotted character of the integument in the figures
of M. de Blainville’s specimen (fig. 15*), in which those appendages are as well developed as
in Spirula reticulata, it might be suspected that the integument presented a similarly
reticulate surface ; and this may, perhaps, account for the differences in the condition of the
anus and the fins, observable in fig. 15*, copied from M. de Blainville’s Memoir, and in Howls
which gives a similar view of the parts in Sir H. Belcher’s specimen.

Whether the terminal disc be a normal generic character of Spiru/a, cannot be con-
clusively determined from the actual evidence: it has the character of an adventitious
growth, and is certainly not a part of any of the organs of the vegetal or animal functions :
the influence of the appendages of the disc in the locomotion of the Spirula reticulata must be
feeble, if any ; in the Spzrula australis (fig. 2 and 8) they could have had none. Is the disc with
its appendages a sexual character? It might serve for the attachment of the cluster of ova
after their extrusion, and be peculiar to one sex: that of M. de Blainville’s specimen was
female. I regret that all my pains failed me in determining the sex of Sir E. Belcher’s
specimen; had it been unequivocally a male, it would have supported the hypothesis of the
sexual character of the appendages in question, since it does not possess them, and seems not
to have possessed them.

MOLLUSCA. 15

A second hypothesis of the function of the terminal disc and appendages, present in the
individuals or species of Spirw/a, might explain them as organs of adhesion or anchorage
when the creature wished to be at rest, and to resist the fluctuation of the surrounding
element ; and this view derives some support from a passage in Rumphius’ ‘ D’Amboinische
Rariteit-Kamer,’ p. 68; where, after pointing out the distinction of the shell of the Spirula
from that of the young WVautilus Pompilius, he says: “ But, on the contrary, these little Post-
Horns (Spirwie) have in their first chamber a slimy (or molluscous) animal, which does
hang to the rocks by a thin and small (disc or) door, through which the creature in the first
gate goes, and sets itself fast to the rocks.” ! The passage is obscure, and some of the
details unintelligible to me; but my experience of the accuracy of Rumphius in regard to the
Nautilus major, or Pearly Nautilus, gives me confidence in his having drawn his statement
from nature respecting the Spirula. His description and figure (pl. xx. n. 1) of the shell
admit of no doubt respecting the genus which he was describing.

On the hypothesis of the termimal disc and appendages being a specific character, the
Spirule devoid of them and with the last whorls of the shell exposed behind, might be indicated
under the name of Spirula Peronii, and the second synonym of Lamarck be restricted to
such individuals.

To M. de Blainville’s description of the soft siphon of the Spirula, as a solid tendon by
which the retractor muscles of the mantle are inserted into the calcareous hollow siphon, and
in which tendon they are said to terminate after filling the last chamber of the shell, I can at
present only oppose the clearly recognisable fact that the soft or membranous siphon in
Sir E. Belcher’s specimens of Spiru/a was hollow,—in fact, a tube. I have already mentioned
that it was continued from the hard siphon and last chamber of the shell through the semi-
circular aperture of the mantle (fig. 6, sh, fu) into the visceral cavity, where it was lost in the
remains of the membrane or capsule of the lacerated termination of the liver. On gently raising
the exposed portion of the siphon (sf, fig. 6) with a needle, the soft siphon was withdrawn
without sensible resistance from the tube of the hard siphon: the portion so withdrawn must
have reached nearly to the innermost whorl. It exhibited a slight segmentation answering to
the successively sheathed parts of the calcareous siphon. Under a magnifying power of three
hundred linear dimensions, the dark contour of the central cavity could be traced from end
to end, the larger extremity withdrawn from the body shewed plainly the circumference of the
aperture of the central cavity from which a minute filament, either vessel or nerve, protruded ;
the texture of the walls of the canal was minutely fibrous, the fibres being longitudinal, and
of the size of the elementary fibres of cellular tissue. This difference from the account of
the membranous siphon given by M. de Blainville? leads me much to desire the opportunity

1 «Taar en tegen deze Posthoorentjes hebben in hunne voorste kamer een slymerig dier, t’welk aan de klippen
hangt, met eenen dunnen en smallen dooren, die door het beest en de eerste gaatjes gaat, en aan de klippen vast
zit,” p. 68. The marginal indication of this paragraph is “ En zit aan de klippen,” i. e. “It sits on the rocks.”

2 « Le siphon de la coquille est formé d’une suite de petits entonnoirs s’emboitant plus ou moins les uns dans

16 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

of studying in a better specimen the relations of the shell of the Spirula, and especially of
its last or open chamber with the muscular system of the animal.

And, indeed, notwithstanding the specimen which I have had the good fortune here to
examine, has contributed some additional facts relative to the principal parts of the body
of the Spirula, many others of equal importance still remain to be determined. Sueh, for
example, as the structure of the male organs, the structure of the female organs, particularly
as to whether the oviduct be single or double; whether complicated by glandular enlarge-
ments, or associated with independent rudimental glands. M. de Blainville notices the fact
of one large eye remaining attached to his mutilated specimen. That the eyes are sessile,
the law of the interdependencies of the dibranchiate organic characters would justify us in
concluding in the Decapodous Spirula; but the structure of the eyes and the condition
of the eyelids have yet to be determined. ‘The brain and cranium, the principal nerves,
the tongue, beak, and lips, are also amongst the wholly unknown organs of the Spirw/a; and
every earnest cultivator of Natural History in its comprehensive and truly scientific sense,
must greatly desiderate the requisite means of effecting that which would enable the zoologist
to say with truth, that he at length possessed an exact description of all the principal parts
of the body of the Spirula.

DESCRIPTION OF Puarts IV.

Fig. 1. Side view of Sir E. Belcher’s specimen of Spirula Peronit.

Fig. 4. Front view of ditto.

Fig. 5. Back view of ditto.

Fig. 6. Back view with the shell depressed, exposing the aperture of the mantle through which the siphon passed
to the base of the liver :—ad/ of the natural size.

Fig. 1.* Side view of the specimen of Spirwla Peronii, figured by Péron, copied from the Atlas du Voyage aux
Terres Australes, tab. xxx. fig. 4.

Fig. 2. Side view of the specimen of Spirwla australis from New Zealand, in the Museum of Hugh Cuming, Esq.,
F.L.S. :—natural size.

Fig. 8. Side view of a mutilated example of Spirula reticulata, captured by George Bennett, Esq., off Timor :—
natural size

les autres, de maniére quelquefois 4 former un tout solide” (Ib. p. 375). “Le siphon membraneux n’est lui-méme*
qu'une partie de ce muscle (le muscle columellaire ou rétracteur de la téte). Il est assez difficile de concevoir
que si le prolongement tubuliforme qui se loge dans le siphon de la Spirule n’est pas creux, il le soit dans le
Nautile,” p. 380. To this not very philosophic scepticism of my account of the siphon in the Nautilus, Mr. Broderip
has replied by referring M. de Blainville to the easy determination of the tubular structure of the membranous
siphon of that genus, by examining its dried remains in any recent Nautilus’ shell. He refers to my preparation
(no. 900, B, Physiological Series, Coll. of Surgeons), in which a part of the siphon is preserved attached to the
animal which I dissected in 1832, and says, ‘‘ We have minutely examined the preparation, and can vouch for the
accuracy of the description; no one at all versed in the subject can see the former without being satisfied that the
prolongation of the mantle and membranous tube to form the siphon is tubular, and not solid.” —Penny Cyclopedia,
Article Spirulide.

MOLLUSCA. 17

Fig. 7. Hinder end of the body of Spirula Peronii (fig. 1, 4, 5, 6) :—twice the natural size.

Fig. 8. Hinder end of the body of Spiruda australis (fig. 2) :—twice the natural size.

Fig. 9. Hinder end of the body of Spirwla reticulata (fig. 3) :—four times the natural size.

*,.* The engraver has added to the original drawing the impressions round the aperture of the siphon, discovered by Charles Stokes, Esq.

Fig. 10. Section of the hinder end of the mantle of Spirwla reticulata, showing one of the terminal sacs of the

visceral cavity.

g. 11. The specimen of Spirula Peronit, fig. 4, with the mantle laid open :—twice the natural size.

Fig. 12. Shows the relative position of the anus, 4, the valvular apertures of the sacs of the venous (renal ?) follicles, 2,
and of the generative outlet, m. The fig. # shows the termination of the duct of the ink-bag, z, within
the verge of the vent, 4’, magnified.

Fig. 18. Branchial and systemic hearts and venous follicles.

ig. 14. The livers im sifu, with part of its capsule dissected off.

ig. 15. Cranium, acoustic sacs, digestive organs, branchiz, &c., of Spirula Peronit.

15.* From M. De Blainville’s Mémoire Sur l’Animal de la Spiruda, “Annales Frangaises et Etrangéres

d’ Anatomie et de Physiologie,” tom. i. 1837.
*,* In the preceding figures the same letters are used to denote the same parts, and are explained in the text.

II. GASTEROPODA.
1. CONVOLUTA.

Out of from eighty to a hundred species of Cones collected during the voyage of the
Samarang, only four proved to be new, the greater number of those of recent discovery
having been anticipated by Mr. Cuming during his researches among the Philippine Islands,
and described in the ‘ Conchologia Iconica.’ The genus Ovulwm, not having been examined
since the publication of Mr. Sowerby’s ‘ Species Conchyliorum,’ afforded a greater amount of
novelty. Mr. Sowerby, junr., being engaged in preparing a monograph of this genus for
the forthcoming number of his ‘Thesaurus,’ it was thought desirable to place the specimens
collected in his hands for comparison, and we are indebted to him for the descriptions and
figures of eleven new species. A few species of Hrato were collected, and in the genus
Cyprea, some interesting observations were made at Singapore upon some living specimens
of C. annulus in its early winged state, procured from the parent animal, and examined in
activity under the microscope.

1. CONUS.

1. Conus papitnaris. Pl. V. Fig. 7 a, 4. Con. testa fusiformi-oblonga, spira elevato-turrita, apice
papillari, anfractibus superné acuté concavo-angulatis, peculiariter tenuicoronatis, nodulis subobliquis,
infra levibus; albida, aurantio-ferrugineo longitudinaliter strigato-nebulata.

Has, ——?
This remarkable species of Conus, undoubtedly new, was found amongst the shells

collected by Sir Edward Belcher during his voyage round the world in H.M.S. Sulphur, and
F

18 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

overlooked by Mr. Hinds in describing the Mollusca of that expedition. It had unfortunately
no memorandum of its locality.

The upper portion of the whorls is sharply angled, and distinguished by a row of fine
obliquely disposed nodules, the interstices between which are stained with the same rusty
brown colour with which the rest of the shell is bedaubed. The apex is papillary.

2. Conus Bornegnsis. Pl. V. Fig. 8a, 4, c,d. Con. testd fusiformi, medio attenuata, spira acute
elevat4, anfractibus superné concavis et angulatis, infra transversim lineari-sulcatis, sulcis eetate plus minusve
obsoletis, longitudinaliter lineis incrementi arcuatim striatis ; alba, rufo-fusco sparsim maculata.

Has. North-east coast of Borneo (in ten fathoms, sandy and stony bottom).

The main distinction between this species and the C. arcuatus, to which it is so closely
allied, consists in its attenuated growth, a character satisfactorily observed by a careful
comparison of several specimens with the type of that species in Mr. Cuming’s collection.

3. Conus FLoriputus. Pl. V. Fig. 9 a, 4. Con. testa oblongo-turbinata, solidiuscula, basi tumidiuscula,
liris perpaucis subdistantibus, spira striata, obsoleté obliqué coronati, apice acut&i; violascente-alba, basi
vividé roseo-violaced, medio fasciatim immaculaté, supra infraque aurantio-fusco tincté et punctata, apice
pallidé rufescente.

Has.

A shell of rather solid growth, very deeply stained with violet at the base, and delicately
suffused with that colour throughout; a pale band being formed round the middle by the
interruption of the orange-brown dots, which are painted above and below it. The spire is
very indistinctly undulately noduled, and faintly spotted with orange-brown, with which
colour it is also tinged at the apex.

? (from the Sulphur Voyage).

4. Conus pica, Pl. V. Fig. 10 a, 2, ¢, d. Con. testé sub-cylindraceo-ovata, tenuiculd, tumida, inflata,
eh 3 ae ie a a pans :
spira depresso-convex4, creberrimé impresso-sulcatd, apice parvo, acuté elato ; basi lineari-sulcata, sulcis

subdistantibus ; alba, fusco-nigricante plus minusve grandimaculataé et minuté punctata.

Has. Island of Balambangan, north end of Borneo (on a shallow coral reef).

Very closely allied to the C. spectrum, but distinct in form and style of painting.

5. Conus piementatus. Pl. V. Fig. 11a, 4. Con. testé oblongo-turbinata, transversim obsoleté
crebrisulcata, spira striata et obliqué coronaté; alba, violascente tincta, olivaceo maculata, flocculis albis
hic illic aspersd, basi et aperture fauce vivide ceruleo-violaceis, spira alba, apice intensé roseo.

Has. —— ? (from the Sulphur Voyage).

An extremely interesting species in which the apex is remarkable for its intense crimson-
rose colouring in all stages of growth. The ground colour is a pale verdigris blue, the shell
is then crossed by olive lmes which form two broad bands, and these are sprinkled with
little opake-white flakes ranging mostly in a longitudinal direction, and the crimson apex
rising in the centre of a pure white spire is very conspicuous. ‘The interior is a rich violet.

MOLLUSCA. 19

The Cones have the siphon in general very much elongated, and curved upwards and backwards over
the shell; the head is usually somewhat produced, and furnished with a retractile proboscis, the eyes vary
in position, being in some instances situated on the outer side near the extreme end of the tentacles, whilst
in others they are placed in the middle, and even at their outer bases. Their bodies are not unfrequently
handsomely marked and marbled, but, as a general rule, are less brilliant in colour than the shell.

The Cones become more numerous and varied in their colours as we approach the equatorial seas.
They seem to prefer fissures and holes of the rocks, especially among coral reefs, living in the warm shallow
pools within the barrier, where, although slow-moving, they lead a predatory life, boring into the substance
of the shells of other mollusks, for the purpose of sucking the juice from their bodies. They crawl but
slowly, and usually with their tentacles in a straight line before them. They are very timid, and shrink
within their shells quickly on the approach of danger. Some species affect deep water, and one was dredged
by us in the Sunda Straits, in thirty fathoms; and another, the Conus thalassiarchus, at Sooloo, in about
forty fathoms. In the Asiatic region, the species of this beautiful genus seem greatly to predominate, there
being more than one hundred and twenty peculiar to this portion of the globe, while there are but two or
three known in Europe, about twenty in Africa, thirty in Australia, and about fifty in America. The
animal of Conus aulicus has the proboscis beautifully varied with red and white, and there is a square and
very minute operculum on the dorsal surface of the hinder part of the foot. Its bite produces a venomed
wound, accompanied by acute pain, and making a small deep triangular mark, which is succeeded by a
watery vesicle. At the little island of Mayo, one of the Moluccas, near Ternate, Sir Edward Belcher was
bitten by one of these Cones, which suddenly exserted its proboscis as he took it out of the water with his
hand, and he compared the pain he experienced to that produced by the burning of phosphorus under the
skin. The instrument which inflicted the wound, in this instance, was probably the tongue, which in
these mollusks is long, and armed with two ranges of sharp-pointed teeth.

In many species of Conus I have noticed a very peculiar dilatation of the anterior extremity of the
siphon, reminding one of that singular inflated portion of the mantle in 7erebe//wm, which performs the
office of a siphon; and the shell of this genus more nearly approaches those species of Cones in which the
eyes become nearly terminal, and in which the operculum, horny and triangular in outline, is partially free.
The Cones are not unfrequently marked somewhat in accordance with the colours of their shells. 4.A.

2. OVULUM, Brug.

1. Ovutum votva. Pl. VI. Fig.9. Ovul. pallio elongato, utrinque valdé producto, mamillarum
serie regulari prope margine munito, mamillis subequidistantibus ; pede et corpore opaco-albis, corporis
extremitate posticd intensé nigra, pallio pellucido-carneo, mamillis nigricantibus.

The principal specific peculiarity of the mollusk which produces the well-known shell
of the Hastern Seas, termed the “ Weaver’s Shuttle,” consists in the mantle being furnished
near the edge with a row of blackish nipple-like tubercles extending to the end of the
prolonged extremities. The specimen from which the drawing is taken was dredged
in about five fathoms, from a rocky coral bottom off the Island of Basilan, between the
Islands of Mindanao and Sooloo, in the Mindoro Sea. It was in a living state but had not
arrived at maturity, the lip not being thickened or reflected, and of that tenuity, that the
mamillze of the mantle, which, partially withdrawn probably, lined the interior, were visible

20 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

through it as represented in the accompanying figure. Whether this peculiarity in the soft
parts of the Ovalum volva sufficiently entitles the species to rank as a genus, as proposed by
De Montford under the name of Radius, remains a matter of opinion.

The mantle of the Ovulum volva is furnished near the margin with a row of nipple-shaped tubercles,
the nipples and areol of which are dark coloured. The tubercles extend to the extremities of the beaks
of the shell. The foot is of moderate size and folded longitudinally. The tentacles are elongate and
subulate. The mantle covers a small portion of the shell on the left or inner side, where it is partially
reflected over the pillar lip, but it does not extend beyond the margin of the thin outer lip; at least it did
not in the specimen from which this description is taken, which, however, was not perfectly adult. In
older specimens, it may perhaps be reflected over the outer lip as well as over the columella. ‘The eye,
large and black, is placed on the side of the head, at the base of, and below, the tentacles. In the figure,
the dark-coloured tubercles are seen through the shell, the mantle adhering to and lining the interior. In
colour, the body and foot of this mollusk are of an opake pearly white, but the mantle is thin, semitrans-
parent, and flesh-coloured ; the posterior sharp produced portion of the foot is sooty black.

The O. volva is slow and languid in its movements, sliding along deliberately, and not more sensible
to alarm than Cyprea. From the foot being rather narrow, and folded longitudinally upon itself, this
animal is no doubt in the habit of crawling upon and adhering to the slender round coral branches and
fuci, in like manner as smaller species are not unfrequently seen on Gorgonia. A.A.

2. Ovutum verrucosum. Pl. LI. Fig. 7. Ovul. pallio utrinque lobato; pede amplo, tenui,
plicato-expanso, capite brevi, planulato, obtusé producto; opaco-albi, nigro maculata, maculis parviusculis,
subdistantibus, capite nigro unimaculata, tentaculis vertice nigro fasciatis.

The animal of Ovulum verrucosum approaches much nearer to the Cowry type than the
preceding species, having the mantle partially lobed on either side. The shell. likewise
partakes more than any other Ovulum of the Cyprea character; the callosities, from which
it derives its name, may be seen in a modified form in the C. dicallosa. The soft parts
of O. verrucosum are of the same delicate opake white as the hard, the difference being that
the former are prettily painted with black spots, the latter unspotted, but suffused with a
soft blush of pink. The specimen represented in the accompanying plate was taken alive
at the southern extremity of the Island of Mindoro, one of the Philippines, where several
were observed gliding cautiously along a bright sandy bottom in shallow water. This species,
which De Montford also proposed to elevate to the rank of a genus, under the title of
Calpurnus, possesses much less claim to that distinction than the preceding.

In the Ovulum verrucosum the mantle adheres to the sides, but does not entirely cover the shell. It
is dead-white and covered with round black spots. The foot is large, thin, flat, expanded, and marked
like the mantle. The tentacula are tapering, of a pure pearly white colour, with a broad black band near
their extremities. The eyes are large and black, and placed at the outer base of the tentacles. The head
is short and flattened, and ends in an obtuse rounded muzzle. The longest slope and narrowest end is the
fore-part of the shell.

Tn its habits it is a very slow-moving and sluggish mollusk, with all the peculiarities of the Cowries,
and exhibits a singularly beautiful and striking appearance under the calm shallow water as it glides

MOLLUSCA. 21

tranquilly along the bright sandy bottom. The spots on the mantle are much smaller and more irregular
in form than those on the foot. The head is pure opaque white, with the exception of one large black
spot placed in the centre of the fore-part, which, with its large black eyes and black-tipped tentacles, gives
it a very peculiar appearance. A.A.

3. Ovutum acuminatum. Pl. VI. Fig. 1a, 4. Ovul. testé subovali, in medio sub-ventricosa, ad extre-
mitates sub-rostata, levi, alba, longitudinaliter fasciaté ; dorso margine distincto; canalibus ad dorsum elevatis;
labio externo crasso, levi, ad extremitates recedente, anticé sub-angulato, ad canalem emarginato; labio
interno tumido, intus unicarinato, posticé spiraliter uniplicato, ad canales rectiusculo.

Has. The east coast of Bilaton.

“Differing from O. seca/e in being proportionately ventricose in the middle, and having
the extremities turned upwards at the back.

4. Ovutum coarctatum. Pl. VI. Fig. 2 a, 6. Ovul. testa elongata, sub-cylindracea, fulva, striata, supra
medium gibbosa, ad extremitates coarctaté, labio externo paululum incrassato, levi, anticé sub-angulato ;
labio interno intus sub-depresso, ad extremitates acuminato.

Has. Straits of Sunda, near Java.
This shell resembles O. Zordacea in some degree, but is not angular, and has the outer
lip smooth. It may, however, very possibly be a young shell.

5. Ovutum recurvum. PI. VI. Fig.3 a, 6, ¢. Ovul. testa elongata, medio ventricosa, sub-angulata ;
leevigata, ad extremitates attenuata, recurva ; labio externo crasso, anticé angulatim arcuato, ad extremitates
truncato ; labio interno in medio ventricoso, ad extremitates attenuato, recurvo.

Has. China Seas.

The canals are not so much attenuated as in O. longirostrum, and the outer lip is more
suddenly narrowed into the anterior canal. It is thick, and pressed closely against the body
whorl at the upper part, so as to leave the aperture very narrow. ‘The shell is almost white,
slightly tinged with pale buff.

6. OvuLum pextatum. Pl. VI. Fig. 4a, 6. Ovul. testa parva, oblonga, sub-angulata, minute striata ;
pallidé rosea, fusco rubescente variegati; canalibus sub-productis, emarginatis; apertura angustaté; labio
externo breviusculo, complanato, intus et ad extremitates usque ad marginem dentato; labio interno levi,
intus longitudinaliter sulcato, posticé tumorem elevatum crenulatum ferente, ad canalem recedente ; anticé
angustato, tumido ; ad canalem sub-uniplicato.

Has. Caramata Passage, near Singapore.

Not so angular as O. striatulum. The teeth of the outer lip extend to the outer margin
at the upper extremity where they form denticulations. The colour is pale rose, strengthened
at the ends with two longitudinal waved bands at the back.

7. Ovutum Butta. Pl. VI. Fig. 5 a, 6. Ovul. testa ventricosa, subcylindraced, levi, anticé sub-

acuminata; canalibus brevissimis integris; labio externo in medio sub-rotundo, intus crenulato; labio
interno posticé tumorem parvum ferente, ad canalem angustato, uniplicato, intus paululum excavato.

Has. China Seas.

22 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Differing from O. margarita and O. punctatum in form, bemg more cylindrical and very
narrow at the anterior extremity.

8. Ovutum Formosum. PI. VI. Fig. 6a, 6. Ovul. testa elongata, in medio sub-angulata, violacea,
ad extremitates fusc4, lineis puncturatis cincta ; canalibus brevibus, validé emarginatis; aperturé angusta ;
labio externo in medio sub-angulato, denticulato, ad extremitates brevi, posticé ad marginem externum
dentato ; labio interno levi, longitudinaliter sulcato, posticé tumido, ad canalem angusto, rectiusculo, anticé
ad canalem rectiusculo.

Has. East coast of Borneo.

Of an elongated angular form, and of a remarkably bright violet colour, with yellow tips ;
the spiral strize are regular and beautifully punctured. The extremities rather produced, the
outer lip short at the ends and denticulated, the denticulations reaching the outer margin at
the posterior extremity.

9. OvuLum concinnum. PI. VI. Fig. 8 a, 4,c. Ovul. testa parva, ventricos4, angulaté, alba vel
rose4, minutissimé striata; dorso tumido, anguloso; canalibus brevibus obtusis, mntegris; apertura angusta ;
labio externo intus denticulato, in medio anguloso, labio interno posticé tumorem angulosum crenulatum
ferente, interné longitudinaliter sulcato, anticé angustato, ad canalem posticum recedente, ad canalem anticum
prominente, angustato sub-uniplicato.

Has. Isle of Capul, Philippines.

A miniature resemblance of O. angulosum; more angular, minutely striated with a

groove along the inner lip, with an elevated, angular tumidity on the body whorl near the
angle. It is white, or pale rose.

10. Ovutum sus-reFLexum. Pl. VI. Fig. 10 a, 6. Ovul. testa oblonga, albida, leevigaté, sub-rostrata ;
dorso in medio sub-angulato; extremitatibus sub-recurvis ; apertur4 angustatd; canalibus sub-emarginatis ;
labio externo levi, rotundato, supra medium sub-angulato, anticé sub-angulatim arcuato; labio interno
posticé tumido, ad canalem producto, recedente, intus longitudinaliter depresso, anticé ad canalem producto.

Has. Coast of Bilaton.

An oblong, smooth, white shell, with the extremities rather produced, blunt and turned
upwards. The outer lip is smooth, round, and flexuous.

11. Ovutum eracttn. P. VI. Fig.11 a, 4,¢c. Ovul. testa elongata, fusiformi, minutissimé striata,
ad extremitates attenuata, recurva ; labio externo levi, sub-angulatim arcuato; labio interno levi, in medio
sub-ventricoso, ad extremitates attenuato, acuminato; colore palliidé fulvo, dorso prope marginem longi-
tudinaliter rubro-fasciato.

Has. Kast coast of Borneo.
Fusiform, striated, more gradually ventricose in the centre, and less attenuated at the

canals than either O. longirostrum or O. recurvum. At the back, near the margin, is an
uregular longitudinal band of dull red, interrupted in the centre.

MOLLUSCA. 23

12. OvuLtum NuBEcuLATUM. PI. VI. Fig. 12a, 4,c. Ovul. testa ventricos4, sub-pyriformi, pallide
rubro vel fulvo nubeculato; dorso obscuré costellato ; canalibus brevibus, vix emarginatis ; apertura angusta,
labio externo intus crenulato, prope medium sub-complanato; labio interno tumorem elevatum crassum
ferente, ad canalem breve et recedente, anticé tumido, intus excavato, ad canalem sub-uniplicato.

Has. Isle of Basilan.

More pyriform than O. carneum; posterior canal shorter, posterior tumidity more
elevated. The colour consists of pale or strong brownish red, arranged in three cloudy bands.

13. Ovutum BuLtatum. Pl. VI. Fig.13 a, 6. Ovul. testa ovali-oblonga, minute striata, roseo tinct,
ad extremitates fusco lineaté; dorso ad marginem sulcato ; canalibus sub-productis, integris ; apertura angusta,
labio externo intus crenato, complanato; labio mterno tumido, levi, intus depresso, sub-sulcato, posticé
bullulam prominentem crenulatum ferente, ad canalem sub-tortuoso, anticé sub-excavato, ad canalem uni-
plicato.

Has. Caramata Passage, near Singapore.

Of an oval form, striated at the back. The inner lip of the posterior canal slightly
tortuous, the outer lip flattened, slantmg inwards and crenulated, the body whorl in front
near the posterior angle having a raised, rounded, prominent pustule.

Figures all more or less magnified.

3. CYPRANA.

From the rare occurrence of a new Cyprea it will not be a matter of surprise that no
additional species were collected of this genus. Some observations were, however, made at
Singapore on the Cowry in its early winged state, which it will be interesting to record, as
confirming the following by Professor Edward Forbes in the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,
(vol. xxxvi. p. 326): “ All Gasteropoda commence life under the same form, both of shell
and animal, namely, a very simple spiral helicoid shell, and an animal furnished with two
ciliated wings or lobes by which it can swim freely through the fluid in which it is con-
tained. At this stage of the animal’s existence, it corresponds to the permanent state of the
Pteropod, and the form is alike, whether it be afterwards a shelled or a shell-less species.”

While staying at Singapore I had an opportunity, in conjunction with Dr. Trail of that place, of
observing the fry of Cyprea annulus, the species being then in spawn. Several specimens collected by us at
low water were seen to have conglomerated masses of minute transparent shells (Pl. V. Fig. 4 a, 4, c.)
adhering to the mantle and other parts of the animal, which masses, when placed in a watch-glass of salt
water, under the microscope, became disintegrated, and detached individuals were perceived quitting the rest,
and moving in rapid gyrations, with abrupt jerking movements, by means of two rounded flattened alar
membranous expansions, reminding one of the motions of some of the Pteropods. When at rest they
joined the principal mass, or adhered, by means of their dilated expansions, to the surface of the watch-glass.
Owing to the deficient powers of the microscope, I was precluded from making further observations, but a
small mass of these objects was brought home and is represented in the plate above referred to.

24 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

While crossing the Mindoro Sea in calm weather, masses composed of many hundred individuals were
obtained of similarly formed young shells, which were believed to be the young of two species of Doliwm,
some being smooth and some hairy. These clung chiefly to floating masses. A.A.

The minute helicoid shell of the young Cowry forms the nucleus of that which after-
wards grows and undergoes several changes in form, gradually becoming more and more
complicated until the outer lip is inflected and at length denticulated. The converse of this
would appear, however, to take place in other Gasteropoda, as shown in the development of
Doris, Aplysia, Tritonia, and others, where the shell at first turbmated and nautiloid in
shape, afterwards becomes a merely internal rudimentary plate or altogether disappears.

On placing the young of Cyprea in a watch-glass of sea-water they may be seen to
whirl about like the Hyalea and Cleodora, and, like Atlanta, to adhere when fatigued to
foreign bodies, not by any disc, but by means of the dilated expansions of their mantle. In
the course of growth these fleshy expansions become entirely absorbed and do not ultimately
constitute the lobes of the mantle which embrace and partially cover the shell in the adult.
It would be interesting to observe the transitions in the figure of the animal and shell
throughout the entire series of Mollusca; many phases exhibited in their metamorphoses
would throw new light, not only on the identity of species, but on the reality of the existence
of certain genera.

Of the rarer species of Cyprea, the C. subviridis and pyriformis were collected at
Unsang, east coast of Borneo, on coral reefs; C.flaveola at Ambolan, eastern extremity of
the Island of Mindoro, Philippines, from a sandy and weedy bottom in shallow water; and
the small banded variety of C. Humphreysii at the Island of Gilolo, under stones on a reef ;
an enormous specimen of the white variety of C. gangrenosa was also taken from the coral flats
at the Island of Panagatan. The most important addition to the genus consisted of some
fine specimens of the C. producta, described by Mr. Gaskoin in the Proceedings of the
Zoological Society for 1835, from a single worn specimen, of which no other example had
been seen. ‘They were collected at Unsang, east coast of Borneo, on the coral reefs, together
with specimens of C rubinicolor, of the same author, of almost equal rarity. The following
are the principal observations upon the living animal 7a situ.

Although I have examined hundreds of Cyprea tigris in a living state, I never saw those changes of
colour in the mantle of the animal described by Mr. 8. Stutchbury in the Zoological Journal, who moreover
states that they crawl about usually exposed to the sun, while the result of my experience would lead me
to believe that they almost invariably lurk in holes of rocks, or under loose stones and among branching
coral.

The soft parts of the different species of Cyprea vary considerably in colour, the animal of Cyprea
carneola, for example, is of a beautiful red colour with the foot and mantle covered with numerous opaque
oval white spots; that of C. Zu/pa is of a pale brownish black, with minute whitish specks; that of
C. caput-serpentis is of a rich green brown; and in C. dyax the mantle is covered with numerous tufts of
various forms, nodulous, trifid, or ending in two short processes; that of C. Mauritiana has conical tubercles,
of C. evosa (Plate V. Fig. 6) numerous, rather long, branching, arborescent appendages ; of C. moneta with

MOLLUSCA. 25

but few, and those chiefly around the free upper edge of the mantle; while in some these processes
are altogether wanting.

In Cyprea erosa (Pl. V. Fig. 6) the siphon is of a dirty white colour ; the tentacles orange; the eyes
black ; the mantle brown, covered with small dark spots ; the foot white, with black reticulated markings.

In Cyprea caurica (Pl. V. Fig.5) the mantle is ight brown, perfectly smooth, and covered with
dark brown reticulations ; the foot is brown, with minute white spots; the peduncle of the eye is of a
brilliant white; the head is brown; the base of the tentacles dull white; the tentacles beyond the eyes
light brown.

In Quoy’s figure of Cyprea Isabella (Voy. Astrol. t. 48. f.15) the edge of the mantle is simply lobed,
aud the remainder of the surface naked and void of appendages. In the animal of C. cawrica, the edge
of the mantle forms a continuous slightly-waved line, and the surface covering the shell is perfectly smooth,
with the delicate anastomosing lines mentioned above. A. 4.

4. ERATO, Risso.

1. Erato cattosa. Pl. X. Fig. 32 a, 6. rat. testé pyriformi, crassd, tumida, callosd, spira bre-
viuscula, subobtusa, columella excavata, labro conspicué denticulato; carned, subtus albicante.

Has. China Sea.

An interesting species of rather large size, distinguished by its callous, thickly-enamelled
growth.

2. COLUMELLATA.

A considerable number of species of Mitra were collected, but as in the case of the
Cones, nearly all had been described and figured in the ‘ Conchologia Iconica,’ chiefly from
the researches of Mr. Cuming in the same locality. An important accession was made to
the genus Voluta by the discovery of the first recent analogue of a well-known fossil type,
abounding in the Eocene portion of the Tertiary beds of the Isle of Wight, dredged at the
depth of a hundred and thirty-two fathoms off the Cape of Good Hope; and some inter-
esting species of Marginella were procured, with the animal in a living state, of which
drawings were made.

5. VOLUTA, Linneus.

1. Votuta apyssicota. Pl. VII. Fig. 6 a, 4, ¢,d. Vol. testa pyriformi, tenui, spira brevi, sub-
turrita, apice acuta, anfractibus superné depresso-canaliculatis, liris numerosis, acutis, longitudinalibus
et transversis undique creberrimé subprofunde cancellatis, liris superné mucronatis, columella quadriplicata,
apertura subangusta, labro tenui; fulvescente-cinered, fasciis rufo-fuscis angustis tribus vel quatuor
cingulata.

Has. Cape of Good Hope.

26 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

This elaborately carved species is one of considerable interest in a geological point of
view, from the circumstance of its being the first living representative yet discovered of
a group of highly sculptured Volutes aboundmg in the Eocene portion of the Tertiary beds
of the British Isles. The principal of these, V. dima, elevata, crenulata, and digitalina, were
distinguished by Mr. Swainson as a subgenus, under the name Volutilithes. The Voluta
abyssicola is not identical in species with the fossils, being characterized by a closer and
more sharply-defined pattern of lattice-work, which comprises as many as thirty transverse,
and forty longitudinal, ridges in a whorl. The upper edge of the whorls is depressly
flattened at the sutures, forming a narrow ascending canal. The ridges are slightly nodulous
at the point of crossing, and round the upper extremity impart a coronated aspect to the
shell. The columellar plaits, four in number, are sharp and delicate. The outer lip is thin,
and does not appear to be mature. The only specimen collected was dredged from a bank
of dead shells and rounded iron-stones, at the depth of 132 fathoms.

6. MITRA, Lamarck.

The animal of JZtra has in general a very short foot, straight and continuous from
side to side in some species, but in others notched, and produced, with a thickened anterior
margin. It is commonly narrow and rounded, or acuminated posteriorly, and it bears a very
small semi-transparent horny operculum, in some instances scarcely visible. The siphon is
mostly directed forwards, and the somewhat short tapermg tentacles have the eyes either
situated about half-way, or they are placed on the outer side of the base. The head is long
and very flat, and the tentacles are very close together at their bases. The proboscis is
rarely exserted when they are crawling and lively, but as they become languid after capture
it becomes distended with water and protrudes considerably.

1. Mirra ruriuirata. Pl. X. Fig. 26. Mitr. test ovato-fusiformi, spira subcanaliculata, apice acuta,
transversim undique liraté, lirarum interstitiis creberrime subtiliter clathratis, columella sexplicata, apertura
longiusculd, angusta, labro simplici; virescente-alba, liris lineis rufo-fuscis interruptis undique tincta, in
medio subobscuré fasciata.

Has. China Sea.

The colourmg is very characteristic in this species. The ridges are regularly stained
throughout with interrupted red-brown lines, a profusion of which in the middle produces
an obscure band.

2. Mrrra Sunvensis. Pl. X. Fig. 27. Mitr. fusiformi-turritd, apice acuta, anfractibus subrotundato-
angulatis, undique longitudinaliter lirato-costatis, costarum interstitiis sulcato-clathratis, columella quadri-
plicati, apertura angust; fulvo, fusco, ceruleoque varié tincta, apice fusco.

Has. Sooloo Islands.

MOLLUSCA. : 27

Very closely allied to J. eruentata, from which it chiefly differs in its more slender
fusiform growth.

3. Mrrra spmiscutera. Pl. X. Fig. 28. Mitr. test& oblongo-fusiformi, apice acuta, anfractibus
duodecim, posticis longitudinaliter costatis, costarum interstitiis sulcato-clathratis, anfractibus anticis
leevigatis, columella tri- quadriplicaté, aperturd angusta, labro simplici; plumbea, lineis tenuibus ferru-
gineis undulatis obscuré picta, anfractu ultimo pallidé unifasciata, apice fusco.

Has. Sooloo Islands ; at a depth of about thirty fathoms,

All the specimens collected were of the same uniform lead-colour, the last and penulti-
mate whorls beg smooth, whilst the rest are highly sculptured.

4, Mirra picoroa. Pl. X. Fig. 29. Mitr. testa obeso-ovata, crassiuscula, obliqué subobscure
plicato-costata, columella subobscuré triplicati; imtensé ceruleo-nigro et albo transversim alternatim
fasciata.

Has. Philippine Islands.

Belonging to that obese section of the genus of which J. /auta and leucodesma are
typical examples.

5. Mirra ruBetta. PI.X. Fig. 30. Mitr. test fusiformi-turrita, anfractibus superné tumidiusculis,
inferné contractis, undique creberrimé clathratis, columellé quadriplicata, basi subcontortaé et recurva;
rubella.

Has. Sooloo Islands.

Of a uniform, delicate rose-tint, and finely cancellated throughout, the whorls being
swollen behind, and attenuated and recurved in front.

6. Mirra tvcisa. PI. X. Fig. 31. Mitr. testa oblongo-ovata, apice acuta, anfractibus angusté
sulcatis, sulcis spire latioribus et crenulato-punctatis ; sordidé luteo-albicante, anfractu ultimo anticé
castaneo-rufescente.

Has. China Sea.

Remarkable on account of the contrast between the sculpture and colouring of the front
and hind part of the shell.

The Philippine Islands would seem to harbour the greatest number of these elegant and beautiful
shells, although a great many species were obtained by Mr. Cuming in tropical America. They appear to
be chiefly confined to the equatorial regions, scarcely any being natives of cold climates. I have met with
several among the Meia-co-shima Islands, at Loo-Choo, at Japan, and at the Keeling or Cocos Islands.
They are most frequently to be met with in somewhat shallow water among the ledges of rocks, between
small islands where the water barely covers the land, and within the shelter of coral-reefs ; sometimes
preferring a clear sandy bottom, and sometimes affecting a hard muddy sandy soil. The transversely nbbed
species are frequently found in very deep water, and many were dredged by us in twenty and thirty
fathoms at Sooloo and in the China Sea.

28 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

The animal of Mitra flammigera, one of these deep-water species, is very prettily marked. The body is
grey, varied with round, well-defined, white spots, and dark-brown blotches, of a pyramidal form, arranged
in a row round the lower edge in a Vandyke pattern, and below that a white rim with a row of small,
linear, horizontal, black spots; the head is white, marbled with grey-brown; the eyes black and the
tentacles white, with a large, oval, black spot in their middle; the siphon is brown, edged with black, and
with a broad white band at its free extremity. The operculum is very minute, horny, and transparent.—
Caramata Passage ; fourteen fathoms, hard muddy bottom, mixed with sand and broken shells.

Another species, with the same habits, the Mitra interlirata, is semiopake, white, faintly mottled
with light brown, with the eyes at the outer base of the tentacles and black—China Sea; ten fathoms.

The animal of that division of the genus which Swainson included under Conofelix is the same as in
the typical species. I have found the Mitra Conus buried rather deep in the soft black mud under the
roots of trees in mangrove swamps, above high-water mark, in the Island of Basilan. The IV. conica is
found in company with other species of Mitres, crawling slowly over the sandy mud in shallow places,
among the islands of the Philippine group.

Although M. Quoy has rightly termed the Mitra an “animale apathique,’ I have seen the small
longitudinally-ribbed species crawl about pretty briskly over the smooth sand among the low coral is-
lands. ‘The Mitra episcopalis, probably on account of the small size of its locomotive disc, and the
ponderous nature of its long shell, is a very sluggish mollusk. I have observed some of the Awricula-
shaped Mitres that live among the Philippines, in the shallow pools left by the receding tide, crawling
about the stones out of the water, in company with Planawis and Quoyia. The Mitres, like many
of the large Volutes, prefer, however, to associate together, and may be seen in dozens crawling over
the sandy mud-flats in shallow water, being most active just as the flood-tide makes. When the tide
recedes, they bury themselves superficially in the yielding soil, and are with difficulty discovered.
Some of the small-ribbed species cover themselves entirely with the sandy mud, and in that disguised
condition travel about with comparative security. On one occasion, on the small island of Ambolan
at the south end of Mindoro, I was walking up to my ankles over a firm sandy mud-flat, taking
little notice of the Cones, Strombi, Meleagrinz, aid Volutes, which people the water in great numbers, but
looking about anxiously for the rarer Mitres, when I first perceived these small species, under their
ingenious disguise, marching in towards the shore as the tide flowed rapidly over the level surface.
Persons, by the way, should never venture in places of this description barefooted, as there is a species of
Pinna which buries its sharp end in the mud, but leaves the thin trenchant edges of the gaping
extremity exposed, and, when trodden on, inflicts very deep and painful incised wounds. Both myself and
several of the boat’s crew suffered in this way. 4. A.

7. MARGINELLA, Zamarck.

1. Marerenia prapocuus, Pl. VII. Fig. 4 a, 4, c. Marg. test’ oblongo-ovata, spira subprominula,
anfractibus quinque, superne declivibus et tumidiusculis, columell4 quadriplicataé, aperturd subangusta,
labro vix incrassato ; olivaceo-carneola, lineis nigris distantibus conspicué subirreculariter cingulata.

Has. Straits of Sunda; from a sandy floor at a depth of about three fathoms.

The animal of this beautiful species may be described as follows :—Tentacles yellowish,
with a row of marbled crimson spots; eyes black and minute; mantle pale, semi-

MOLLUSCA. 29

transparent, pinkish-yellow, with a row of semioval crimson spots round the thin free edge,
the remainder being covered with radiating linear spots and short waved lines of a crimson
colour ; siphon marbled with crimson ;. foot of a delicate yellowish-pmk, marked with deep
crimson rays. The shell is of a bright olive carnelian hue, conspicuously encircled at
irregular intervals with broad black lines, having almost the consistency of bands.

2. Marernetta unpunata. PI. VII. Fig. 5 a, 4,¢. Deshayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. x. p. 451.
Voluta glabella undulata, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. x. pl. 150. f. 1423-4. Voluta strigata, Dillwyn.
Marginella strigata, Kiener.

Has. Hast Coast of Africa ; from a sandy floor.

This fine species was also taken alive. The tentacles, siphon, foot, and mantle are of a
delicate, semitransparent, yellowish ground colour, streaked and mottled with carmine, the
border of the mantle being richly spotted with the same. The left lobe of the mantle is
more produced over the shell than the right.

The tentacles of the Warginelle appear to vary in different species. In those observed
by M. Deshayes on the shores of the Mediterranean, the tentacles are described as being
short, whilst in this and the preceding species they are slender and elongated. It may be
remarked, too, that the eyes of the Marginella diadochus are more pedunculated than those
of M. undulata.

3. MarcInenia onycuIna. Pl. X. Fig. 25. Marg. testa ovata, subobesa, spira plano-depressa, feré
occulta, anfractibus superné rotundato-tumidis, columella fortiter sexplicata, apertura elongata, labro incras-
sato; albida, cinereo-grised, confertim promiscué strigata, obscuré trifasciata, labro albo.

Has. China Sea.

This species might be readily confounded with the MWarginella tricincta, but it differs
materially in form, being more depressed and rounded at the hinder extremity, with the
spire buried as im the Cowries, and less swollen in the middle. The streaky character of
the painting is also characteristic.

3. PURPURIFERA.

The Purpurifera are most abundant in the Eastern Seas, and were collected in great
numbers; but, as monographs of the principal genera have been only lately published,
little remained that was new. No Columbelle were taken but what have been already
figured in the ‘Thesaurus Conchyliorum ;’ it has, however, been thought desirable to figure
the living C. fulgurans and semipunctata, the habits of which afforded some observations. Five
species of Zerebra, differing from any of those described in Mr. Hinds’ recent monograph of
that genus, were collected, and a magnificent addition was made to the limited genus
Oniscia.

30 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

8. TEREBRA.

1. Terupra sprorina. Pl. X. Fig. 20. Ter. testa lanceolato-turrita, basi breviter recurva, anfrac-
tibus planulatis, superné plicato-nodulosis, deinde arcuatim liratis, liris striis transversis numerosis irregu-
laribus decussatis ; citrino-aurantia.

Haz. Japan Island, Nangasaki Bay.

The noduled sculpture round the edge of the whorls, formmg somewhat of a shelf,
makes the sutures very distinct. The nodules are slightly plicate and pass ito arched
concentric ridges.

2. Terepra auBicosrata. Pl. X. Fig.21. Ter. test& subulata, anfractibus superné plicato-nodosis,
deinde costatis, costis angustis, subirregularibus, interstitiis transversim impresso-striatis ; castaneo-rufa,
costis nodisque albidis, anfractu ultimo basin versus albifasciato.

Has. China Sea.

The ribs and nodules, although naturally white, appear colourless from the effect of
abrasion.

3. Tprepra c#iaTa. Pl. X. Fig. 22. Ter. test& lanceolato-turritaé, anfractibus longitudinaliter
arcuatim plicato-costatis, costis iris duplicatis striisque transversis cancellatis, sulco unico conspicuo infra
suturas ; alba.

Has. Philippine Islands.
- The chief peculiarity of this delicately carved species consists in the transverse ridges
being finely duplicate.

4, Terepra arpotata. Pl. X. Fig. 23. Ter. testa lanceolato-turrité, gracili, anfractibus planis,
longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, costis tumidiusculis, confertis, subundulatis, interstitiis alveolatis ; rubella,
albo variegata.

Has. China Sea.

The opake white marbling of the shell is mainly upon the ribs, which have a swollen
appearance, and are unusually close-set.

5. Terepra nospata. PI. X. Fig. 24. Ter. testa subulata, anfractibus plicato-costatis, costarum
interstitiis liris tenuibus clathratis, sulco prominulo infra suturas ; pallide rosea.

Has. Sooloo Islands; from sandy mud, at a depth of about thirty fathoms.

Of a uniform, delicate, transparent, pink colour.

6. Terepra Torquata. Pl. X. Fig. 13. Ter. test& lanceolato-turrita, anfractibus concavis, arcuatir
costatis, superné biseriatim, infra uniseriatim, nodosis, transversim striatis ; fuscescente-alba, ferrugine:
marmoratia.

Has. China Sea.

MOLLUSCA. 3]

The whorls of this species are concave and arcuately ribbed, the ribs being characterized
by two rows of nodules at the upper part, and one below.

9. OLIVA, Bruguiere.

1. Ortva FutcguRaTA. Pl. X. Fig. 12. Oliv. testa fusiformi, leevissima, nitente, spira acuminata,
columella arcuata, partim sulcata, truncata, apertura oblonga, labro subdilatato ; albidd, castaneo longitu-
dinaliter conspicué fulgurata, columella castaneo-rufo fasciata.

Has. China Sea.

A highly polished shell, very conspicuously painted with longitudinal, zigzag, chestnut
bands upon a whitish ground, the columella having a reddish tinge of colour.

10. ANCILLARIA, Lamarck.

The animal of Ancillaria is voluminous, covering the entire shell, with the exception of the
spe. The head, which is entirely concealed by the reflected portions of the foot, consists of
a short, inflated, cylindrical, annulated proboscis, above which is a semilunar veil formed by
the dilatation and union of the tentacles ; there is no indication of eyes. The mantle lines the
shell, and is produced anteriorly into a long siphon. The foot is large and bursiform, the
side-edges being greatly extended and reflected over the shell, meeting in the middle on the
back. As in Oliva, it is deeply fissured anteriorly, forming a semilunar disc before the head,
divided by a deep longitudinal groove into two lateral, triangular lobes, acuminated transversely ;
posteriorly it is bilobed, and is either without an operculum, or is provided with a thin,
horny, unguiform one, with apical nucleus, semilunar strize, and an oval muscular impression.

1. Ancrtnarza ostusa. Pl. XIII. Fig.6a,6. Swainson, Journ. Sci. Lit. and Arts, vol. xviii. p. 282.
Sowerby, Species Conchyhiorum, Aue. p. 5. Fig. 24, 25.

Has. Hast coast of Africa, below Port Natal.

The specimen taken alive at the above-named locality was of a dirty white colour,
marked with dull brown, elongated blotches, distributed with scarcely so much regularity as
represented in our figure. Fig. 6 4 represents the operculum.

The Ancillaria resemble the Olive in thei habits, dwelling among the smooth sands in which they
frequently bury themselves. They crawl with a quick sliding motion, and, as they glide briskly along, the
tubular cylindrical siphon only is visible, directed backwards and upwards, and even laid flat upon the
back ; the alar expansions of the foot slightly overlap each other in the middle, and, extending considerably
beyond the spire, form posteriorly a loose open sac. It is possible that the dilated lobes of the foot
are sometimes extended and serve for swimming, as D’Orbigny has observed in Oliva Tehuelchana, Voy.
Amér. Mérid. Moll. p. 419. A. A.

32 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

11. EBURNA, Lamarck.

An interesting drawing was made of the living Hburna areolata, Lamarck, but no new
species were collected of the genus. It agrees in all respects with the generic description of
the animal given by M. Deshayes (Anim. sans vert. vol. x. p. 231), and is only inserted here
for the sake of its specific characters.

1. Epurna argotata. Pl. VILL. Fig. 5. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. x. p. 235. Hburna
tessellata, Swainson. Head flat, extended; tentacles very long and slender; eyes consisting of a yellow
iris and black pupil mounted upon pedunculated swellings on the outer base of the tentacles ; siphon large,
fleshy and slightly curved; foot long, fleshy and robust, acuminated behind and carrying a horny oper-
culum. Colour dull pinkish-white, sprinkled with large, light brown, irregular blotches; siphon and
tentacles mottled with spots of the same colour.

Has. China Sea; from mud at the depth of fourteen fathoms.

It is extremely rare to find any sort of concordance between the colouring of a mollusk
and its shell. In the present instance there is a characteristic resemblance in this respect.

12. BUCCINUM, Linnaeus.

1. Bucornum uinnutus. Pl. VIL. Fig.10 a, 4. Buce. testa ovato-turbinata, ventricosa, basi con-
torta et recurva, anfractibus septem, transversim crebriliratis, superné angulato-declivibus, ad angulum
exiliter nodulosis ; albida, aurantio-fusco sparsim maculata et strigati.

Haz. Cagayan-Sooloo.

Closely encircled throughout with contiguous slightly convex ridges, promiscuously
blotched with rich orange chestnut upon a white ground.

2. Buccrnum chatHratum. Pl. XI. Fig. 12. Buce. testa fusiformi-oblongé, crassiuscula, anfrac-
tibus septem, superné tumidiusculis, liris longitudinalibus et transversis undique creberrimé clathratis,
columella lamina callosd induta, apertura angustd, labro incrassato, superné vix sinuato ; fuscescente-alba,
obscure bi- trifasciata.

Has. Cape of Good Hope; dredged from the depth of a hundred and thirty-six fathoms.

This imteresting deep-water species, and that which follows, approximate to the form
distinguished by Bivona as a genus under the name Pisania. It is of rather solid growth,
very closely sculptured throughout with lattice-work.

3. Buccinum mrrrecia. PI. XI. Fig. 13. Buce. test’ angusté fusiformi, spira exserta, anfractibus
octo, convexo-planis, lineis elevatis, longitudinaliter arcuatis et transversis subtiliter cancellatis, apertura
angusta, breviuscula, labro subincrassato, superné vix sinuato; alba, maculis subquadratis spadiceis obscuré
tincta.

Has. China Sea; from ten fathoms.

MOLLUSCA. 33

Characterized by the same idea of form and sculpture as the preceding species, though
materially distinct in detail.

4. Buccrxum ritosum. Pl. XI. Fig. 18. Buce. testa acuminato-oblonga, crassiuscula, spire suturis
canaliculatis, anfractibus plano-convexis, leevibus, lineis incisis subdistantibus transversim regulariter sulcatis,
columella arcuata, peculiariter abbreviaté et truncati, margine uniplicata, apertura anticé dilatata, posticé
subemarginataé; carned et cinerascente, sulcis alternis rufo-fuscescentibus maculisque obscure bifasciata.

Has. China Sea.

This shell, which is remarkably characterized by the abrupt truncature of the columella,
and by its anteriorly dilated aperture, might possibly belong to an animal generically distinct
from Buccinum. Uf such should prove hereafter to be the case, we propose to regard the
species as the type of a new genus, with the name Zrvacaria.

5. Buccinum atprpuncratuM. PI. XI. Fig.21. Bucc. testé acuminato-ovata, anfractibus septem,
tribus obliqué plicatis, ceeteris levibus, mitentibus, ad suturas subtiliter marginatis, apertura parviuscula,
labro subincrassato, limbo spinoso-crenulato, superné sinuate ; pallidé fulvescente, punctis minutis opaco-
albis seriatim notata, apice rosaceo.

Has. Island of Mindanao, Philippines; on the shore.

B. albipunctatum belongs to that section of the genus distinguished by Mr. Gray with
the title of Worthia, of which B. pristis is the type; and it is very closely allied to a
species improperly referred in the ‘ Conchologia Iconica’ to the genus Plewrotoma, Sp. 111,
P. Rissoides.

13. CYLLENE, Gray.

1. Cyttenz Lucusris. Pl. X. Fig. 10. Cyll. testi ovata, crass&, spird acuta, anfractibus undique
creberrimé sulcatis, superné tumidis, subtiliter noduloso-plicatis; intensé castaned, labro albo, anfractuum
margine superiore albivariegata.

Has. Sooloo Islands.
A fine stout species of this characteristic, but little known, genus, in which the whorls
are finely nodulously plicated round the upper part.

2. CyLLeENE putcHELLA. PI. X. Fig. 11. Cyl. testa ovata, crassiuscula, spiré subacuminata, acuta,
anfractibus medio tumidis, transversim lineari-sulcatis, apicem versus subtilissimé plicatis; alba, flammis
pallide rosaceis obscure variegata, apice roseo.

Has. Borneo ; on the shore.

An extremely delicately pamted species, with light pink waves, and pink apex.

14. PURPURA, Zamarch.

1, Purrura cuspipata. PI. XI. Fig.35. Purp. test abbreviato-ovata, spird brevi, acuta, anfrac-

Ke

o4 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

tibus superné concavis, infra quadriliratis, liris duabus superioribus compresso-squamatis, squamis supremis
grandibus, erectis, spinosis ; nigricante-fuscd, liris quatuor albis, aperturee fauce czerulescente-alba.

Has. China Sea.

Several examples of this species, differing materially from any hitherto described, were
collected in the China Sea, with scarcely any variation of form or colouring.

15. COLUMBELLA, Lamarck.

The animal of Columbella has a long and somewhat narrow vertically depressed head,
with the eyes sometimes placed on the outer side of the base of the tentacles, and sometimes
on the outer side of reflected prominences, situated at some little distance from the head.
The siphon, long and directed forwards, is considerably dilated at the anterior extremity.
The foot is short and pomted posteriorly, and bears a small, semitransparent, horny oper-
culum, with concentric elements. Anteriorly the foot is often considerably produced beyond
the head, where it forms a long, thick, flattened, fleshy, finger-like process. Sometimes it
is expanded laterally, when it is truncate anteriorly and furnished with two lateral angular
processes.

1. Cotumpetta tmyiata. Pl. XT. Fig. 19. Col. testa fusiformi-ovata, anfractibus plano-convexis,
leevibus, nitentibus, aperturd parva, labro incrassato, superné sinuato ; rufescente-carned, maculis quadratis
rufo-fuscis teeniata.

Has. Borneo.

There are two fillets of square red-brown spots on each whorl, the lower of which is
concealed m all but the last whorl.

2, CoLuMBELLA semipuncTaTa. Pl. XIII. Fig. 7. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.)
vol. x. p. 267.

Has. Shores of Borneo.

The animal of this species has a white head, marked with a series of large orange
blotches on the upper surface; the siphon is of a deep orange colour at the anterior extre-
mity, and is ornamented with two rows of large, oval, orange spots, placed alternately with
each other. The eyes are black; the tentacles are dead white, and deep orange at their ~
distal extremities ; the body is handsomely marbled with orange and yellow, the latter colour
forming a loose open net-work, with irregular, lozenge-shaped meshes.

3. ConuMBELLA FuLGURANS. Pl. XVII. Fig. 8. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. x.
p. 272.

x

Has. From the shingly beach of a small islet off Billiton.

The animal of Colwmbella fulgurans has the head white, covered with large, black, oval

MOLLUSCA. 35

spots; the tentacles pure white; the siphon elegantly annulated with alternate, broad,
black and white rings, the white rmgs being much narrower than the black; the foot is of a
clear dead white, covered with large, black, somewhat scattered, oval spots.

The Columbelle live in shallow water, some species crawling on the surface of sand-flats, and some
aflecting stony beaches, where they congregate about the stones in considerable numbers. C. varia, ob-
served in plenty at the Island of Billiton, on a coral and stony bottom, is of a pure dead white; the body,
head, and foot being covered with large, oval, black blotches, and the tentacles marked with a row of black
spots along their entire length. The siphon is annulated alternately with brown and white. 4. A.

16. ONISCIA, Sowerby.

1. Ontscta exquisita. Pl. V. Fig.3a, 6. Onise. testA subtrigono-ovata, basi obtusé recurva, spird
brevi, acuta, anfractibus octo, superné concavo-depressis, tuberculis papillaribus undique angulatis, liv’
subobscura interveniente, labro columellari laté expanso, granulis valdé irregularibus, labro externo in-
crassatim reflexo, ris brevibus dentiformibus irregulariter munito ; albida, aurantio-fusco hic illic sparsim
punctata, et pone labrum trimaculata, labris pallidé purpureo-rosaceis, apice rufo.

Has. Sooloo Archipelago; outside a coral reef near the city of Sooloo, in about sixteen to twenty
fathoms, sandy mud.

The surface of this very chaste and delicate Oxzscza is covered with papillary tubercles,
m rows of about ten either way, transversely or longitudinally. The columella and outer
lips are enamelled of a livid purplish-pink colour.

4. ALATA.
17. STROMBUS, Linneus.

1. Srrompus corrueatus. Pl. X. Fig. 19. Stromb. test’ fusiformi-turrita, anfractibus novem,
transyersim undique creberrimé liratis, superné rotundato-angulatis, ad angulum plicato-costatis, costis
subcorrugatis, in anfractu ultimo gradatim distantionbus et majoribus, tubercula formantibus, apertura
subangusta, labro columellari calloso, externo poné incrassato ; alba, fulvo-castaneo subirregulariter fasciata,
aperture fauce alba.

Has. Korea.

Distinguished by its corrugated ribs, which in the last whorl gradually pass into
tubercles, larger, and at more distant intervals.

18. ROSTELLARIA, Zamarch.

1. Rosrentaria rectrrostris. Pl. V. Fig. 2 a, 4, c. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.)
vol. ix. p. 655. 5;
Has. Coast of Borneo ; dredged from black sandy mud at the depth of thirty-one fathoms.

Animal with a subcylindrical annular proboscis, coloured by a broad, central, dark

36 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

bronze line, the edges of which are yellow, bordered with vermilion ; eyes deep blue, with
black pupils, surmounted on long cylindrical peduncles ; tentacles white, with a narrow
vermilion streak along their anterior surface ; body cylindrical and much elongated, marked
with red-brown on the outer surface, white beneath ; foot narrow, rather dilated and rounded
in front, with a thickened anterior margin, small and subquadrate behind, the two portions
separated by a deep notch ; operculum ovate-triangular, annular, horny, semitransparent.

The R. rectirostris, like the rest of the A/ata, progresses by bending the foot under the
shell and suddenly straightening, which enables it to roll and leap over and over. It is
extremely timid in this respect, unlike &. fissa, of which the animal is light brown varied ~
with lighter markings of the same colour.

19. TEREBELLUM, Klein.

The discovery of the living Zeredellum has occasioned the removal of that genus to this
family, on account of its affinity with Strombus. ‘The eyes are pedunculated, and the mantle
is characterized by the same peculiar divided edge. In the narrow form of the foot and
proboscis-like head it is allied to Struthiolaria and Aporrhais, and, like Oliva, the mantle
has a long filamentary cord winding into the sutures of the shell.

1. TerEBELLUM suBULATUM. PI. IX. Fig.6. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. x.
p- 584.

Has. China and Sooloo Archipelago.

The animal of Zeredellum may be thus described :—Head proboscidiform ; tentacles
connate with the long cylindrical eye-peduncles, at the ends of which are placed the eyes ;
mantle with the right edge reflexed over the outer lip, produced in front into a short siphon,
and furnished behind with three or four filaments, the ner edge spread over the columella
and ending behind in a long slender filament, which occupies, as in Oliva, the channelled
suture of the spire; foot large, ovate, fleshy, laterally compressed, with a lobe at the fore
part, rounded behind, and bearing a minute, horny, triangular operculum.

The eye-peduncles of this species are finely dotted with brown, the proboscis and the
fore part of the body is punctulated with the same; the rest of the body is opake white,
with three large irregularly-shaped red-brown blotches on the fore part ; the under-surface of
the foot is light brown, with a white subcruciate marking.

The Zerebellum is extremely shy in its movements. Poising its shell im a vertical position, and
cautiously protruding its longest telescope-eye from the truncature in the front of the shell, it will remain
stationary until assured of security. It will then use its pointed foot as a lever and roll its shell over and
over, progressing by a series of irregular leaps. When removed from the water before dying, it will jump
several inches from the ground. Mr. Cuming assures me his knowledge of the animal coincides with my
own experience, and that on one occasion he lost a fine specimen owing to its suddenly leaping from his

MOLLUSCA. 37

hand into the water. I have observed both the varieties of this species alive. In the spotted variety, the
muzzle is reddish towards the tip, the body is opake pearly white, the eye-peduncles mottled with dark
red; in the common variety there are three large red-brown blotches on the fore part of the body, and the
under surface of the foot is hght brown with a cross-like mark of darker brown. A. A.

20. TRITON, De Montford.

1. Trrron Tesruprnartus. Pl.IX. Fig.3a, d. Trit. testa trigono-fusiformi, longicaudata, varicibus
senis septemve, spira obtuso-elongata, anfractibus superné concavo-declivibus, transversim noduloso-costatis,
et tuberculatis, tuberculis grandibus, costis super varices duplicatis, apertura parviuscula, labro intus fortiter
tuberculato-dentato; rufescente-fuscd, columella intensé rufo-purpurea, albirugosa.

Has. China Sea.

An interesting species, having the form of 7’ tripus, with the colouring of 7. cynocephalus,
which is always well characterized by the deep purple colouring of the columella.

2. Trrron pyrutum. PI. X. Fig.17. Trit. testé claveeformi, longicaudata, varice unica, anfractibus
superné declivibus et rotundatis, transversim subtiliter crenato-liratis et multinodatis; albidd, fuscescente
hic illic pallidé tincta.

Has. Hastern Seas.

Very like 7. canaliculatus, except that the spire is not canaliculated.

IX, Fig. \Y Ue Tndex J

3. TRrrroN MONILIFER. , Trit. testa clavato-pyriformi, varice unicd, anfractibus superné angulatis, liris
crenatis subdistantibus cingulatis, ad angulum acuté plicato-nodosis, labro columellari subincrassato, aper-
tura ovali, intus corrugato-dentaté ; albida, varicibus rufo-fusco tessellatis. =

Has. Hastern Seas.
Distinguished by its pyriform growth, and general detail of sculpture.

21. RANELLA, Zamarck.

In Ranella the tentacles are commonly somewhat closer together than in Ziton, and
the head is longer and narrower than in Murex and Fusus; the eyes in some species are
nearly basal, but are generally placed about the middle of the tentacles on their outer sides ;
the siphon is short and directed upwards, the foot larger than in Z7iton, Murex, or Fusus,
and considerably dilated both before and behind ; the mantle does not appear to be furnished
with fimbriated processes as seen in some Murices. In some species the trunk is enormously
developed, whereas in others it is not protruded in the usual condition of the animal. In
colour the Ranelle are usually of a pale brown, marbled and mottled with deeper brown.
The operculum is ovate, horny, with a lateral nucleus and semicircular elements.

1. RaneLuA atprvaricosa. Pl. XIII. Fig.4. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Ranel/a, pl. 1. f.2. The animal
L

58 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

of this species is white, faintly marbled with grey; the eyes are black, and there is a dark transverse band
across the middle of each tentacle. Operculum horny, semicircular, with the lines of growth distant.

Has. Java Sea.

The Ranella is by no means an inactive animal, but moves with considerable animation,
thrusting out its head, dilating its foot, and protruding its tentacles and sometimes its pro-
boscis with much vivacity ; it will even crawl with considerable facility up perpendicular
surfaces, supporting its somewhat weighty shell with comparative ease. In a species dredged
from twenty fathoms in the Java Sea, the very long extensile proboscis was exserted to the
distance of three inches from the head, and the animal appeared to employ it as an exploring
organ, moving it about in all directions.

22. MUREX, Linneus.

1. Murex nurypreron. Pl. VIII. Fig. 1a, 4. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Murea, pl. 34. f. 176.
Has. Japan.

The shell here figured is only the second specimen yet discovered of this fine species,
and is remarkable for its elegant growth.

2. Murex rorirtous. Pl. VILL. Fig. 2,6. Mur. testa fusiformi, subventricosa, anfractibus trans-
versim obscuré liratis, rugosis, quadrivaricosis, varicibus rudibus, simplicibus, planulatis, obscuré denticu-
latis, aperturee margine dentato ; sordidé cinerascente, intus nigricante-castaned, varicibus albidis.

Has. Korean Archipelago.

Chiefly distinguished by the simple character of the varices.

3. Murex prorator. Pl. VIII. Fig.3a, 4. Mur. testa trigono-ovata, anfractibus levibus, tri-
yaricosis, varicibus compresso-alatis, apertura parva, rotundata, canali clauso ; castaneo-fuscd, medio trans-
versim albizonata.

Has. Korean Archipelago.

This shell is somewhat worn, but two or three specimens were collected, all having the
same characteristic form and dark chestnut colouring.

4. Murex Burnerr. Pl. VIII. Fig. 4a, 4. Mur. testa trigono-ovati, crassiusculé, anfractibus
transversim obsoleté costatis, trivaricosis, varicibus laté fimbriatis, dente unico marginali prominente, aper-
turd ovali, canali clauso; albida, castaneo-fusco plus minusve tincta.

Has. Korean Archipelago.

Another species from the same locality, of which two or three specimens were collected
im worn and broken condition. ach varix is furnished with a prominent tooth, the outer
varix being finely winged. The canal of the shell is closed over. We have the pleasure to
name this fine species in honour of Sir William Burnett, F.R.S.

MOLLUSCA. 39
23. FICULA, Stwaznuson.

Head elongated, slender, flattened ; tentacles long, subulate, placed at the sides of the
front, separated by a wide interval at their base; eyes large, black, and sessile on the outer
side of the base of the tentacles; siphon elongated, subcylindrical, and produced ; mantle
thin and membranous, produced on each side into a rounded lobe equally reflexed on each
side over the shell; foot large, expanded, rounded in front, rather produced on each side of
the front edge, expanded, broad and tapermg, and not furnished with any operculum.

1. Ficvna taHvieata. Pl. TX. Fig. 4. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Micula, pl. 1. f.4. Bulla fieus, Linnzeus.
Pyrula ficus, Lamarck. Head and neck pink, varied with scattered yellow spots, mantle bright pink,
mottled with white and darker pink; under surface of foot dark purple chocolate, varied with yellow
scattered spots.

Has. Sooloo Sea, at the depth of thirty-five fathoms.

The dark chocolate colouring of the under surface of the foot presents a rich contrast
with the bright freckled pink of the upper.

2. Picuta reticunata. Pl. IX. Fig. 5. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Fiewla, pl. 1. £.1. Pyrula reticulata,
Lamarck. Head and tentacles white, mantle light pink, marbled and reticulated with darker pink ; foot
pink, with six large opake white spots at about equal distances.

Has. West coast of Borneo; from mud at a depth of about seventeen fathoms.

The head of this species differs from that of the former in being colourless. The mantle
is characterized by the same pink reticulated marbling as the foot.

The Ficula is a very lively animal when observed in its native element, crawling along with consi-
derable velocity, and, owing probably to the lightness of its shell, able to ascend the sides of a glass vessel,
in which I had it captive, with facility. The proboscis is rarely exserted when the animal is in motion,
but the long slender tentacles are stretched out to their full extent. A. 4:

24. PLEUROTOMA, Lamarck.

The animal of Plewrotoma has rather a short flattened body, with the foot notched in
front, and the two angles produced on the sides ; the posterior part is rounded and bears a
small, semitransparent, horny operculum, with concentric elements. ‘The head is very long,
flattened, and but little produced in front ; the tentacles are subulate and close together at
the base, and the eyes are near the outer side of the tip, which latter tapers off beyond them.

The Pleurotome generally inhabit deep water and crawl rather quickly.

1. Prsvroroma mpacrs. Pl.IX. Fig. la, 4. Pleur. testa clavato-turrita, solidiuscula, anfractibus
novem ad decem, medio tumidiusculis, concentricé obscuré plicato-rugatis, canali brevissimo, truncato,
apertura oblonga, labro leviter emarginato ; albida, carneo-fuscescente suffusa, inter rugas saturatiore.

40 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Has. China Sea.

A solid, club-shaped shell, in which the surface is slightly disposed in concentric folds.

2. Prevroroma Facina. PILIX. Fig.2a, 6. Pleur. testd elongato-fusiformi, solida, anfractibus
quatuordecim, superné depresso-canaliculatis, infra spiraliter costatis, costis planiconvexis, interstitiis impresso-
striatis, columella basi umbilicata, labri sinu profundo.

Has. China Sea.

Of solid fusiform growth, strongly spirally ribbed and deeply channelled.

3. Prevroroma turtpa. Pl. X. Fig.5. Pleur. testa gracili-fusiformi, anfractibus decem, trans-
versim subtiliter striatis, superné concavo-angulatis, ad angulum plicato-nodosis et transversim obtusé
costatis, sinu subamplo ; ferrugineo-fuscd, infra angulum albida.

Has. China Sea.

A shell of light substance, in which the sculpture is of a tremulous or corrugate cha-
racter.

4, Puevroroma aupicrncra. Pl. X. Fig.6. Pleur. testé subabbreviato-fusiformi, anfractibus
decem, transversim subtiliter striatis, superné concavo-declivibus, deinde obliqué plicato-nodatis, sinu latius-
culo ; fulvescente, saturaté variegata, medio albizonata.

Has. China Sea.

The white zone passes over the nodules upon the angle in the centre of each whorl.

5. Prevrotoma tevcorropis. Pl. X. lig. 7. Pleur. testé fusiformi, medio subobesa, solidiusculé,
anfractibus undecim, levibus vel tenuissimé striatis, superné concavis, deinde acuté carinatis, anfractu
ultimo inferné bicarinato, simu peramplo ; ustulato-fuscd, carind albida.

Has. China Sea.

Distinguished by the broad slanting concavity round the upper part of the whorls, and
prominent central keel.

6. Preuroroma Cormanica. Pl. X. Fig. 8. Pleur. testé fusiformi, canali breviusculo, anfractibus
novem, superné concavis, deinde exiliter obliqué nodulosis, sinu peramplo, profundo ; cereo-alba, fascia
laté fuscd inferné cingulata.

Has. Korea.

A very characteristic species, of a wax-white aspect, encircled round the lower part of
the last whorl with a broad brown band.

7. Prevroroma Grirriram. Pl, XIII. Fig.13. Gray, Reeve Conch. Icon. Plewrotoma, pl. 7. £. 57.
Body without any kind of marking, of a semi-opake white, with the eyes black.

Has. Java Sea; from a muddy stony bottom, at the depth of fourteen fathoms.

There is little of painting in the shell, and none in the animal.

MOLLUSCA. Al

25. MANGELIA, Zeach.

1. Manceria trivirrara. Pl. X. Fig. 9. Mang. test4 ‘subtrigono-fusiformi, spird breviuscula,
acuta, anfractibus superné angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis ad angulum nodulosis, interstitiis
coneavis, transversim sub lente subtilissimé striatis ; albida, rufescente pallidé trivittata.

Has. Island of Mindoro, Philippines.

This appears to be distinct from any of the many pretty species of MJangelia collected
by Mr. Cuming in the same locality, and described in the ‘ Conchologia Iconica.’

26. FUSUS, Lamarck.

1. Fusus eracttumus. Pl. VII. Fig.1. Fus. testa gracillimo-fusiformi, undique spiraliter sulcata
et lirat4, anfractibus rotundatis, longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, costis latiusculis, medio unicarinatis,
labrum versus evanidis ; castaneo-fuscescente.

Has. Eastern Seas.

Nearest allied to the /. Jongicaudatus, from which it may be readily distinguished.

2. Fusus sprcrrum. Fus. testa elongato-fusiformi, anfractibus convexis, transversim subtilissimé
striatis, longitudinaliter tuberculatis, tuberculis apicem versus fortioribus, valdé conspicuis, anfractiis ultimi
feré evanidis, nisi in carinam acuté compressam ; albi, epidermide tenui lutescente induta.

Has. Eastern Seas.

The rib-like tubercles of this species are developed with great force in all except the last
whorl, in which they are merely represented by a compressed keel.

5. Fusus acus. Pl. VII. Fig.3a,6. Fus. test& lanceolato-fusiformi, gracillimi, solidiuscula, anfrac-
tibus longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis subtilibus, confertis, peculiariter plano-
excavatis, apertura parva, canali feré clauso; rufo-ferrugined.

Has. China Sea, off Borneo.

A narrow lanceolate shell, of a solid, constricted growth.

27. CANCELLARIA, Lamarck.

1. CaNncELLARIA MacRospPirna. PI. X. Fig. 2. Cane. test’ acuminato-turrita, solidiuscula, vix umbi-
licaté, spira valdé exserté, suturis plano-excavatis, anfractibus octo, convexis, apicem versus plicato-costatis,
hie illic undique obscuré varicosis, iris tenuibus longitudinalibus et transversis, subobsoleté crenulatis,
eximieé clathratis, columella tenuiter triplicata, apertura parva, labro incrassatim varicoso, superné producto ;
cereo-albicante,

Has. Coast of Borneo, China Sea.

Remarkably distinguished from any species hitherto described by the elongated convo-
Jution of the spire.
M

42 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

2. CANCELLARIA SEMIPELLUCIDA. Pl. X. Fig.3 and 3a. Cane. test ovato-ventricosi, tenuicula,
vix umbilicati, spiri breviuscula, suturis profundé impressis, anfractibus quinque, superné rotundatis,
longitudinaliter obliqué plicato-costatis, liris transversis, costas super nodulosis, subobsoleté decussatis,
columella triplicata, apertura ovata, effusi, labro simplici ; fuscescente-albi, semipellucida.

Has. Sooloo Sea.

A light inflated shell, with the sutures rather deeply channelled.

8. CanceLtarta LyraTA. PI. X. Fig. 4. Canc. testé acuminato-ovati, umbilicata, spire suturis
profundé impressis, anfractibus sex ad septem, subangustis, rotundatis, prominentibus, longitudinaliter
costatis, costis elevatis, compressis, distantibus, e suturis descendentibus, liris tenuibus transversim regu-
lariter sculptis, lined elevaté interveniente, columella triplicata, plicd antici subobsoleta, apertura trigono-
ovata, parva, subeffusi ; albicante, costis pallidé fuscescentibus.

Has. China Sea.

The sculpture of this species, under the lens, is extremely characteristic.

4, CANCELLARIA pyruM. Pl. X. Fig. 16. Cane. testi ovato-pyriformi, solid’, spira brevissima,
parum exsert4, anfractibus quinque, apicem versus clathratis, anfractu ultimo levigato, granoso-corrugato,
superné calloso, columella triplicata, plica posticé prominula, acuta, anticd obsoleta, apertura oblong’, sub-
ampli ; sordidé alba, epidermide cornea fusca induta, columella et aperture: fauce luteo-aurantiis.

Has. China Sea.

A fine solid bulbous species, richly enamelled about the aperture.

28. TURBINELLA, Zamarck.

1. Turpinetta Bencuert. Pl. VII. Fig. 7a, 6. Turb. testa fusiformi, spira subturrita, anfractibus
transversim subtiliter striatis, superné concavis, medio venitricosis, serie duplici tuberculorum, deinde serie
nodulorum cinctis ; aperture fauce striat&; alba, maculis flammisque nigris conspicué pictd, epidermide
luted induta.

Has. Cargados Garajos, Indian Ocean (coral bottom).

This very beautiful new species, which we have the pleasure to dedicate to the Com-
mander of the Expedition, is remarkable for its bold and characteristic painting.

2. TURBINELLA LANCEOLATA. PI. VII. Fig. 8. Turb. testd lanceolato-fusiformi, hexagonali, leevi-
gat, basin versus rudé lirata, anfractibus tuberculis grandibus costeformibus continuis undique longitu-
dinaliter decussatis ; aperture fauce tenuistriata; luteo-fuscescente, apertura vivideé violacea.

Has. Philippine Islands.

Distinguished from its nearest ally, Z: xodata, in being of a more sharply lanceolate
growth, whilst the whorls are less rounded, and the ribs, following continuously one beneath

the other, impart a hexagonal form to the shell. The aperture, which in 7. xodata is pink,
im the present species is of a deep violet.

MOLLUSCA. 43

3. Turprneta prota. Pl. VIL. Fig. 9. Turb. testé ovato-fusiformi, medio ventricosi, anfractibus
iransversim sulcatis, longitudinaliter obtusé plicato-costatis, superné concavis, deinde tuberculis compressis,
quorum supremis majoribus cingulatis ; aperture fauce striata; alba’, maculis numerosis nigricante-fuscis,
lineisque transversis coccineis et luteis pulcherrimé picta, columella fusco-rosacea.

Has. Feejee Islands.
A pretty species, of rather solid growth, extremely richly painted.

The animal of Twrbinella cornigera is of a deep purple, finely marbled with white, the colours being
faiter towards the margin of the foot. The eye is distinct and well formed, having a black pupil and iris
of a light yellow colour. It crawls with deliberation and with apparent difficulty, appearing to labour
under the weight of its heavy shell as a tortoise does under that of its carapace. It is, moreover, of a very
timid disposition ; shrinking also, like a tortoise, quickly within its shell on the slightest alarm. The specimen
from which the foregoing observations were taken, was procured in about a fathom water, from a weedy
bottom, on the shores of Billiton, an island in the Java Sea, between Borneo and Sumatra.

The only notice in M. Rang’s ‘ Manuel’ is “ Animal trés imparfaitement connu.” This species must
vary in colour, as Quoy (Voy. Astrol.) states that the animal is “ pale olive, darker spotted.” Singularly
enough, Quoy in his figure, as copied by Mrs. Gray (‘ Figures of Molluscous Animals,’ t. 8. f. 8), has
altogether omitted the operculum, which forms such a conspicuous appendage to the foot. It is a large,
thick, dense, nearly opake, claw-shaped operculum, composed of horny lamine, and is free at its posterior,
curved, sharp-pointed extremity, hke the operculum of Masciolaria Turentina, according to Della Chiage
(Mis. Gray’s ‘ Figures of Molluscous Animals,’ t. 8. f. 4). 4. 4.

29. CERITHIUM, Bragmere.

1. Ceriraium articutatum. Pl. X. Fig. 14. Cer. testé subulato-turrita, solidd, anfractibus planu-
latis, subobsoleté varicosis, transversim regulariter sulcatis, apertura parviuscula ; livido-albicante, varicibus
subobscuré albis, anfractuum margine superno rufo-fusco longitudinaliter lineato et maculato, anfractibus
infra transversim articulatis.

Has. Coast of Borneo, China Sea.

Each whorl has a narrow collar, as it were, round the upper part, in which the markings
are longitudinal, while below they are transverse.

2. CeRITHIUM LoNeIcAuDATUM. PI. X. Fig. 15. Cer. testé acuminato-turrita, suturis concavo-
impressis, anfractibus longitudinaliter nodoso-plicatis, transversim sulcatis, anfractu ultimo lativaricoso,
= x A A . A 5
canali retrorsum valdé producto, apertura parva; fuscescente-spadiced, anfractuum margine superno rufo
maculato.

Has. Korea.
Readily distinguished by the elongately produced structure of the canal.

3. CeritHium optusum. PI. XIII. Fig. 3 a, 4. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.)
vol. ix. p. 294.

Has. Borneo and Singapore ; at the mouths of rivers.

44 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

The animal of Cerithium obtusum has a broad, suborbicular, and expanded foot, and an
elongated, subcylindrical, annulated trunk, of a light brown colour, with three rather broad,
well-defined, opake, yellow lines extending along its upper surface, the central one of which
extends from the head to very near the extremity of the proboscis, where it is bifid, the two
forks diverging; the two lateral lines are shorter, not bifid at their extremities, and reach
forward on the head to within a little distance of the origin of the tentacles; the tentacles
are very short, annulated, with the eyes (which are small, though with a distinct iris and
pupil) situated at their tip, whereas they are mostly placed on tubercles situated on the outer
side of the base of the tentacles, or on the tentacles themselves at a little distance from their
origin. The foot is of a ight pinky brown on its upper surface, mottled with a deep, rich
brown, and on the under surface is lilac.

The Cerithia obtusa live in brackish water in mangrove-swamps and the mouths of
rivers, in Singapore and Borneo. Sometimes they crawl on the stones and leaves in the
neighbourhood, and are not unfrequently found suspended by glutinous threads to boughs
and the roots of the mangroves, as represented in our plate. The operculum is round, horny,
with a central nucleus and concentric elements ; it is semitransparent, and borne upon the
posterior part of the foot at its extreme end. When the animal hybernates, it retracts itself
into the shell, and brings its operculum to fit closely into the aperture, after having previously
affixed sixty or seventy glassy, transparent, glutinous threads to the place of attachment,
when they occupy the outer or right lip and extend half-way round the operculum.

A species of Cyclostoma (Megalomastoma suspensum, Guilding) was found by the
Rey. Lansdowne Guildmg at the Island of St. Vincent, suspended in like manner from the
trees ; and Aissoa parva has been observed by Mr. Gray, upon our own shores (Pro. Zool.
Soc. 1833, p. 116), to have the power of emitting a glutinous thread by which it attaches
itself to floating sea-weeds.

There is a very handsome Cerithzwm closely allied to the foregoing, which I have frequently found
crawling languidly on the leaves of the Pontedera and sedges in the fluviatile marshes on the banks of the
rivers in many parts of Borneo, and many miles in the interior where the water is perfectly fresh, and
which has the eyes likewise terminal and the proboscis marked with crimson and yellow ; the foot is very
dark brown, and has a vivid scarlet line extending round the lower margin. The position of the eye
varies considerably in this group. In an amphibious Bornean species, allied to C. decollatum, they are
terminal at the end of peduncles; in other words, the tentacles are connate with the eye-peduncles for
the whole of thei extent. In C. microptera the tentacles extend a third beyond the eye-peduncles; in
C. decollatum the eye-peduncles are truncated, with the eyes at the end, while the tentacle extends beyond
them in the form of a minute filament; all these species have circular multispiral opercula.

In another species, from the Island of Billiton, coral reef, two fathoms and a half, the animal is of a
greenish brown, minutely punctulated with darker brown, and covered moreover with small, light red,
round spots. The operculum is oval, horny, and semipellucid, the elements not concentric, curving
from a nucleus at the anterior extremity towards the periphery. In this species the foot is moderately

ma

MOLLUSCA. 45

broad, notched in front, rounded behind, and extended on either side towards the front part; there
is a small, short siphon and a not very prominent muzzle; the tentacles are subulate, very thick at their
base, and bearing the eyes on very distinct reflexions towards the tip on the outer surface. The eyes are
furnished with a distinct pupil and iris. 4. d.

30. TRIPHORIS, Deshayes.

1. TrrpHorts speciosus. Pl. XI. Fig.28 a, 6. ‘Triph. testa acuté turrité, medio subcylindracea,
anfractibus octodecim ad viginti, biseriatim nodatis, nodorum serie superiore prominula, anfractu ultimo
tubulato, valdé producto, canali etiam tubulato; albida, lined spirali aurantio-rufa undique tincta.

Has. China Sea.

The last whorl is curiously produced beyond the diameter of the shell in the form of a
tube; and the canal is also tubular. The whorls are characterized by two rows of nodules,
of which the upper is much the more prominent, and has a fine, spiral, orange-red line
beneath it.

2. TripHoris sururauis. Pl. XI. Fig.29a, 4. Triph. testa turrita, anfractibus duodecim ad tre-
decim, eximié triseriatim granuloso-carinulatis, suturis concavo-impressis, levigatis ; pellucido-alba.

Has. China Sea.

The aperture of this delicately grain-keeled species, which is characterized by its hollow
sutures, is incomplete.

3. TrrpHoris atveouatus. Pl. XI. Fig. 30 a, 6. Triph. testa elongato-pyramidali, anfractibus viginti
ad quatuor et viginti, planulatis, spivaliter triseriatim lratis, hrarum interstitiis clathratis; intus extusque
fusca.

Has. China Sea.

The whorls of this species are flattened and deeply latticed throughout. The aperture
is incomplete.

4, Tripnoris pextroversus. Pl. XI. Fig.31 a, 6. Triph. testa elongato-pyramidali, gracili, an-
fractibus sedecim ad octodecim, medio concavis, spiraliter tricarinatis, carina mediand multd minore,
carinarum interstitiis sub lente minuté concentricé striatis, sordidé alba.

Has. China Sea.

This species differs from the rest of the Zriphorides under consideration in being con-
voluted to the right. The surface of the whorls is concave, and keeled at the upper and
lower margins. A fine keel intervenes in the centre, and the interstices are sculptured
concentrically with very minute strie.

5. TrrpHoris verrucosus. Pl. XI. Fig. 32 a,é. ‘Triph. testa gracillimo-subulata, anfractibus
octodecim ad viginti, granoso-clathratis, granis transversé oblongis ; sordidé alba.
N

46 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Has. China Sea.

A slender species, latticed throughout with transversely oblong granules.

6. TripHoris GRaNnuLATUS. PI. XI. Fig. 33 a, 6. Triph. testa turrita, medio subcylindraced, anfrac-
tibus duodecim ad quatuordecim, triseriatim granulatis, granulis regularibus confertis, anfractuum suturis
subimpressis ; sordidé alba.

Has. China Sea.

Distinguished by its short, cylindrical form, and by the precise arrangement of the
granules with which it is sculptured.

7. TrrpHoris GeEMMuLatus. PI. XI. Fig. 34 a, 4. Triph. test& pyramidali, basi concavo-planulata,
anfractibus duodecim ad quindecim, planulatis, triseriatim granulatis, seriebus distantibus, mediand feré
obsoleta, inferiore prominula ; pellucido-alba.

Has. China Sea.

A very distinct species, of true pyramidal form, encircled with three distant necklaces
of granules, of which the middle is almost obsolete.

8. TrrpHoris pyramipaLis. Pl. XI. Fig. 36 a, 6. Triph. testa pyramidali, basi subplanata, anfrac-
tibus ad octodecim, superné et inferné bicarinatis, carimis granulatis, inferiore minore ; rufo-fuscescente.

Has. China Sea.

Each whorl of this species is encircled with two granuled keels round the upper part
and two round the lower part, and in each instance the lower keel is the smaller. The aper-
ture, as in the preceding species, is incomplete.

9. TrrpHorts Nopirervs. Pl. XI. Fig. 37 a, 4. Triph. testa turrita, anfractibus duodecim ad qua-
tuordecim, medio subangulatis, triseriatim nodosis, nodis transversim oblongis, ad angulum majoribus,
apertura rotunda, superné sinuata, canali tubulato ; alba.

Has. China Sea.

This, and the first here described, are the only species of which the specimens are
complete at the aperture, and have the tubular canal which is characteristic of the genus.

6. PARASITICA.

31. STYLIFER, Broderip.

The accounts hitherto given of this parasitic mollusk, not being derived from living
specimens, have not been satisfactory. Mr. Broderip described the mantle (Pro. Zool. Soe.
1832, p. 61) as thick, very large, and cup-shaped, enveloping the last whorl of the shell,
whilst the animal presented only the rudiment of a foot. Mr. Gray observes (Zoology of

MOLLUSCA, 47

Beechey’s Voyage, p. 138, sub nom. Sfy/ima) that what has been considered the enlarged
mantle is in reality the foot. The following observation is from the living animal.

The Stylifer Astericola (Pl. XVII. Fig. 5), found living im the body of a star-fish
(Asterias), on the coast of Borneo, has two elongate, subulate tentacles, with the eyes
sessile near the outer side of their base, and a small rounded head. ‘The mantle is entirely
enclosed and covered by the thin shell, and the foot is narrow, slender, very much produced
beyond the head in front, and scarcely extended at all behind.

For the anatomy by Professor Owen, see Reeve’s Conch. Systematica, vol. 1. p. 174.

7. TURBINACEA.
32. TURRITELLA, Lamarck.

The animal of Zurritel/a is rather small for the size of the aperture of the shell; the
head is small and oblong; the tentacles short and subulate, with the eyes on the middle of
their outer side. The foot is moderate and slightly notched in front. Operculum orbicular,
horny, many-whorled, with an epidermic fimbriated margin.

This mollusk is very shy and sensitive; retiring quickly within its shell on the slightest
alarm. It is slow-moving and inactive. It seems to balance its unwieldy shell, though of
comparatively light structure, with some degree of difficulty, and occasionally will remain
fixed for hours in one spot. The fringed veil over the head is not usually visible, nor is the
head of the animal often seen, so excessively timid is its disposition.

1. Turrirerta Brcotor. Pl. XII. Fig. 1. Turr. testé acuminato-turrita, anfractibus decem ad
duodecim, convexis, subtilissimé quadriliratis et striatis, liris distantibus, obscuré granulatis ; aureo-luted,
suturis lirisque nigrescente-purpureis.

Has. China Sea.

In addition to the above characters, there are a few puckered obliquely-wrinkled striz
next the sutures.

2. Turriretta conceLata. Pl. XII. Fig. 2. Turr. testd acuté subulata, basi angulata, anfractibus
sedecim, convexo-planis, levibus, obscuré triliratis, liris tenuibus, distantibus ; pellucido-alba.
Has. China Sea.

Transparent at the base; towards the apex more opake.

3. TURRITELLA conspERSA. PI. XIJ. Fig. 3. Turr. testa turrita, anfractibus duodecim, superné
declivibus, deinde tumidis, et conspicué bicarinatis et liratis; lutescente-albi, fuscescente longitudinaliter
undulata et punctata.

Has. China Sea.

Delicately mottled throughout with irregular light-brown waved streaks, forming dots
here and there next the sutures.

48 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

4, TurRIvELLA MuLtinirata. Pl. XIL. Fig. 4. Turr. test& acuminato-turrita, anfractibus superné
contractis, infra leviter declivibus, inferné canaliculatis, spiraliter multiliratis, liris subtilissimé granulatis ;

pellucido-alba.
Has. China Sea.
An extremely delicate transparent shell, encircled with numerous granulated ridges.

5. Torrreetia virrunata. Pl. XI. Fig.5. Turr. test acuminato-turrita, basi subconcava, anfrac-
tibus duodecim, ad suturas contractis, creberrimé spiraliter striatis, striis elevatis, subirregularibus, anfracti-
bus perpaucis primis bicarinatis; fuscescente, striis interrupté castaneis.

Has. China Sea.
The strize of this species are not reticulated with chestnut, but merely coloured in an
irregularly interrupted manner.

6. Turrrrenta montiirera. Pl. XII. Fig. 6. Turr. testa acuminato-pyramidali, basi depresso-
concavi, et acute angulatd, anfractibus quindecim, carina latiuscula infra suturas, medio convexis, demde
bi-lratis ; rosaceo-alba, carina punctis distantibus obliquis rufescente-fuscis ornata.

Has. China Sea.
The only painting in this species, beyond its delicate pmk hue, consists in the necklace-
like row of red-brown dots upon the keel.

7. Turrrrenta opatmna. Pl. XII. Fig. 7. Turr. testi subventricoso-turritaé, tenuicula, anfractibus
duodecim, rotundatis, superné depresso-canaliculatis, sub lente minutissimé creberrimé inciso-striatis ;_pellu-
cido-alba, fuscescente pallidé concentricé flammata.

Has. China Sea.

Distinguished by its rounded whorls and opal-white substance.

8. Turrirenta rastieiata. Pl. XII. Fig. 9. Turr. test& gracillimo-subulata, tenuicula, anfractibus
octodecim ad viginti, superné contractis, declivibus, deinde rotundatis, undique subtilissimé liratis et striatis,
apicem versus bicarinatis; violaceo alboque pallidé variegata, strigis fuscescentibus obliquis, liris obscuré
fusco punctatis vel articulatis.

Has. China Sea.

The oblique clouded streaks of painting are very characteristic in this species.

9. TurrirecLa pecuivis. Pl. XII. Fig. 10. ‘Turr. testa pyramidali-turritaé, basi plano-angulata,
anfractibus octodecim, plano-declivibus, basin versus gradatim latioribus, undique creberrimé subtilissimé
undulato-striatis, prope apicem medio plicatis; lutescente-alba, livido-fusco tinct& et apicem versus pecu-
hariter maculata.

Has. China Sea.

In this very interesting species the livid brown appears in the first few whorls mn a
necklace of spots beneath the sutures.

MOLLUSCA. 49

10. Turrtrenta canattounata. Pl. XII. Fig.11. Turr. testé acuminato-turrité, anfractibus duo-
decim, spiraliter acuté sex-liratis et striatis, mterstitiis stris obliquis cancellatis, liris tenuibus duabus infe-
rioribus prominulis ; sordidé alba.

Has. China Sea.

The two lower ridges, more prominent than the rest, form a spiral channel immediately
above the suture.

38. EGLISIA, Gray.

1. Hextsta rricartnata. Pl. XII. Fig. 8. Lgl. test& acuté turrita, anfractibus ad octodecim,
superné contractis et declivibus, deinde tricarinatis, sub lente longitudinaliter creberrimé et tenuissimé can-
cellato-striatis, apertura parva, rotunda; sordidé cinereo-fusca.

Has. China Sea.
The cancellated structure of this species very much resembles that of Aylisia lanceolata.

34. LITTORINA, Férussac.

1. Lirrorrya castanza. PI. XI. Fig. 8. Litt. testa ovato-conicd, spira breviuscula, apice acuta,
anfractibus superné depressis, rotundatis, spiraliter carinatis, columella arcuata, callos4, apertura suborbi-
culari; intensé castanea.

Has. Eastern Seas.

Very near the typical form of the genus, strongly spirally keeled throughout.

35. MARGARITA, Leach.

1. Marearira BicartnaTa. PI. XI. Fig. 11a, 6. Marg. testa depresso-orbiculari, perampliter
umbileata, apice acuta, anfractibus spiraliter bicarinatis, carinis distantibus, interstitiis concavis, spiraliter
creberrimé lineatis, concentricé striatis; fuscescente aut flavicante, Hammulis rubidis varié picta, carinis
rubido oblique articulatis, aperture fauce iridescente.

Haz. Kastern Seas.

This very interesting species of Margarita is characterized externally by a certain
metallic hue, whilst it is particularly iridescent in the interior.

36. ROTELLA, Lamarck.

1. Rorerta contca. Pl. XI. Fig. 22a, 6. Rot. test conoided, levigata, obsoleté,concentricé striata ;
cupreo-castanea, apicem versus rubescente-purpurea, lineis fuscis concentricis undulatis obscuré notata.
Has. Mouth of the Lundu river, coast of Borneo. _
Notwithstanding that the painting of the fofell@ is extremely variable, all that were
collected of this species are characterized by the same dark purple-red chestnut.
O

50 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

37. PHORUS, De Montfort.

The propriety of distinguishing the ‘Carrier Zrochi’ as a separate genus, is fully con-
firmed by the present discovery of two living species, in both of which the soft parts are
distinct from those of Zrochus proper. Except in that the eyes are not raised on pedicles,
the outward form of the animal is similar to that of Strombus, which Phorus resembles also
in its mode of progression. ‘The shell produced by these genera is, however, so materially
different in its formation, there can be but little zoological affinity between them.

The animal of P/orus is very slender in proportion to the size of the aperture of the
shell. The foot is small, produced, as it were, into two parts, of which the front is rather
expanded and more subservient to the purposes of locomotion, and the hinder tapering, sup-
porting a large horny operculum, which is partially free, as in Solarium. The proboscis is
very prominently developed and annulate; and the tentacles are long and tapering, with the
eyes completely sessile on the outside of their base. The portion of the mantle lining the
aperture of the shell is vascular, thi, and delicate, extending over the front and outer lip,
which is often much produced and uneven in outline, especially in P. Indicus and eautus.

The Phori are arranged by Mr. Gray next in order to the Calyptree, but it 1s obvious
that the genera, as already anticipated in the ‘Conchologia Iconica,’ are very remote from
each other; the former have a divided Stromé-like operculated foot, are of active habits, and
produce a regular convoluted shell, whilst the latter have a simple foot, live attached to
foreign bodies, are incapable of progression, have no operculum, unless the rare secretion of a
calcareous plate to the place of attachment can be regarded as the analogue of one, and the
shell is not formed on the spiral type ; all which external differences concur to show that the
Phori and Calyptree, whether regarded as genera or families, have little or no affinity with
each other.

The Phorz invariably inhabit rough places incapable of accommodating a gliding motion,
and their mode of progyession, like that of the Stromdéz, is by little jumps. Hach species has
its own peculiar manner of collecting the debris of shells or pebbles which cover the ground
it inhabits, and each has, to a certain extent, its peculiar kind of debris ; their conchological
peculiarities have, however, been already described in detail in the ‘ Conchologia Iconica.’

1. Puorus Sonartorpes. Pl. XVII. Fig.6. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Phorus, pl. 3. f.8. The animal
of this species is characterized throughout by numerous circular stric, the tentacles are laterally com-
pressed and rather prismatic, the proboscis is long and transversely wrinkled, yellow at the tip and on the
under surface, but pink between the tentacles, which are straight, rigid, and opake dead-white ; the eyes are
black and conspicuous.

Has. China Sea.

2. Puorus exutus. Pl. XVII. Fig. 7. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Phorus, pl. 2. f.7 a, 6. The animal

MOLLUSCA. 51

of this species is smoother than that of the preceding, the tentacles being longer and the eyes smaller,
placed on slight swellings, not, however, resembling even the rudiments of peduncles.

Has. Hastern Seas.

The operculum of Phorus is horny, soft, and flexible, formed of concentric and radiating
fibres. On the under surface it is smooth and attached to the foot by the central part, and free
around the circumference and posterior portion. On the upper surface it is covered with
radiating ridges, or salient processes formed by the constituent fibres being elevated in
succession one above another.

38. DELPHINULA, Lamarck.

1. DenpHtyura stettaris. Pl, XI. Fig.7. Delph. testa orbiculari-discoided, spira depresso-plana,
subampliter umbilicaté, anfractibus superné concavo-angulatis, ad angulum squamato-carinatis, squamis
compressis, erectis, infra regulariter squamato-spinosis ; alb’, purpurascente sparsim tincta.

Has. Hastern Seas, near Basilan.

This has very much the appearance of an immature shell, although it differs from the
young of any of the larger described species.

39. SCALARIA, Lamarck.

1. Scazarta macutosa. Pl. XI. Fig. 14. Scal. test’ elongato-turrita, vix umbilicata, anfractibus
decem, rotundatis, leevibus, politis, costis annularibus subdistantibus, tenuibus, prope suturas latioribus et
flexuosis ; ceerulescente-albd, fusco promiscué maculata.

- Has. China Sea.

The brown spots which characterize this species have a promiscuous blotchy appear-
ance, about two between each annular rib.

2. Scatarta NeetEcTA. Pl. XI. Fig. 15. Scal. testa conico-turrité, profundé umbilicati, anfractibus
septem ad octo, rotundatis, levibus, aut, sub lente, minute spiraliter impresso-striatis, costis annularibus
subdistantibus, angustis, elevatis, prope suturas spinoso-uncinatis, apertura rotundaté, labro dilatato ;
carneo-fuscescente, costis albis.

Has. China Sea.

The hook-like spine upon the upper part of the ribs is laterally very compressed and
bent slightly backwards.

3. Scatarta Eximra. PI. XI. Fig. 16. Scal. testé pyramidali-turrita, acute acuminata, haud umbili-
cata, anfractibus novem, costis annularibus numerosis, angustis, lamellatis, prope suturas conspicué spi-
noso-uncinatis, costarum interstitiis eximié spiraliter liratis ; ceerulescente-albi.

Has. China Sea.

The prominent uncinate spine upon each rib gives a beautiful pyramid-like form to

52 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

the shell, which is further characterized by having the interstices of the ribs sculptured with
spiral equidistant ridges.

40. CHEMNITZIA, D’ Orbigny.

1. Cuemyitzia Granpis. Pl. XI. Fig.17. Chemn. test4 elongato-turrita, anfractibus compluribus,
plano-convexis, suturis tamen distinctis, longitudinaliter creberrimé costatis, costis subprominentibus,
flexuosis, anfractu ultimo infra levigato; alba.

Has. Eastern Seas.

The ribbed sculpture of the whorls ceases at the sutures; below that poimt the whorls
are smooth, as shown im the last whorl.

41. EULIMA, Risso.

The head of Zudima is small, with the tentacles subulate, and close together at the base,
where they are rather swollen. The eyes are situated at the back of the head, behind the
tentacles. The foot is rather expanded, especially at the sides, and is furnished with an ovate
sub-spiral operculum. The polish of the shell is occasioned by the front edge of the mantle
being extended over it; the lobes are, however, difficult to observe, in consequence of the
extreme timidity of the animal in speedily retracting them, when disturbed.

The soft parts of Hulima major are, like the shell, of which several fine specimens were
collected, of an opake pearly white, except that the tentacles are delicately tinged with orange
in the middle and with yellow at the tip. | The eyes, which are black, are usually concealed -
beneath the front of the shell.

1. Burma untineata. PI. XI. Fig. 23. Eul. testa aciculata, anfractibus octo, plano-contiguis,
apertura suboblong4; rufo-brunnea, linea unica nigricante cingulata.

Has. Sooloo Sea.

A rich red-brown sharply aciculated shell, with the sutures almost obsolete, encircled
throughout with a faint blackish line.

2. Euima sitrveata. Pl. XI. Fig. 24. ul. testé aciculata, anfractibus novem ad decem, plano-
convexis, apertura oblonga, labro superné inflexo; pellucido-alba, vitred, lineis tenuibus duabus castaneis
cingulata.

Has. Sooloo Sea (from the stomach of an Hehinus).

A light transparent glassy shell, encircled with two delicate brown lines, of which the lower
falls exactly in the place of the sutures.

3. Evra Mryporoensts. Pl. XI. Fig. 25. ul. testa elongato-turrité, basi subobesa, suturis im-
pressis, anfractibus decem, convexis, apertura ovat&; pellucido-alba, opaco-albo maculata et lineata.

MOLLUSCA. 53

Has. Mindoro Sea, Philippines.

Unlike the preceding species, the sutures of this are rather strongly impressed.

4. Butmta tortuosa. Pl. XI. Fig.26. ul. tortuoso-acuminati, anfractibus duodecim ad quatuor-
decim, plano-contiguis, obliqué varicosis, apertura parviuscula ; eburnea, infra suturas obscuré lineata.

Has. China Sea.

Only the tortuous species of Hu/ima are varicose, depending doubtless on some conco-
mitant peculiarity of the animal.

5. Huxiwa soniputa. Pl. XI. Fig.27. Enul. testa abbreviato-turrita, soliduld, tortuos4, varicosi,
anfractibus novem ad decem, convexis, apertura parva; eburnea.

Has. China Sea.

A solid contracted shell, with the whorls more convex than in the preceding species.

42. RISSOA, Fréminville.

‘1. Rissoa mystenis. Pl. XI. Fig. 20. Riss. testa abbreviato-turrita, basin versus obesi, anfractibus
superné plano-angulatis, ad angulum acutis, spiraliter striatis, anfractibus primis valdé contractis et longi-
tudinaliter peculiariter foveolatis, apertura subampla, dilatataé ; albida.

Has. China Sea.
This is truly a remarkable shell: the upper part of the first few whorls is peculiarly

flatly angled and deeply pitted longitudinally ; at the last whorl but one the angle and the
pits suddenly cease.

8. PLICACEA.
43. PYRAMIDELLA, Lamarck.

1. PyRaMIDELLA MaGnirica. Pl. X. Fig. 1. Pyram. testa pyramidali-conicd, subcylindracea,
spur suturis impressis, anfractibus quatuordecim, plano-convexis, superné canaliculatis, longitudinaliter
crebriliratis, interstitiis foveolatis, anfractu ultimo ecostato, promiscué foveolato, columella fortiter tripli-
cata, apertura anticé subemarginataé; albida, ferrugineo-fusco tinct’ et maculata.

Has. Shores of Borneo, China Sea.

This fine species of Pyramidella, of which only a single specimen was collected, forms
an interesting addition to this very limited genus.

54 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

9. IANTHINEA.
44. TANTHINA, Lamarck.

1. Tanrurna strionata. Pl. XL. Fig. 9. Ianth. testa subgloboso-ovata, spird brevi, suturis parum
impressis, anfractibus rotundatis, spiraliter impresso-striatis, striis tenuibus, flexuosis, apertura orbiculari-
ovata ; pallidé violacea.

Has. Pacific Ocean.

Several examples were collected of this species, as well as of Z. globosa, to which it is so
closely allied. It differs in having the spire less depressed and the aperture less dilated in
front, whilst the spiral strize are peculiar and the shell is uniformly of smaller size.

2. Layruina pLanisprrata. Pl. XI. Fig. 10. Ianth. test& discoided, spira depressd, plano-convexa,
anfractibus ad peripheriam subacuté rotundata, apertura latiusculd, anticé leviter sinuat&i; imtensé violaced,
apicem versus pallidiore.

Has. Atlantic Ocean.

Chiefly distinguished by its narrow compressed mode of convolution, by which the spire
is unusually depressed.

10. NERITACEA.
45. NATICA, Lamarck.

1. Narica macrorremis. Pl. XIII. Fig. 9. Nat. testa subglobosd, spird depress’, perampliter
unbilicata, umbilico patente, profundissimo, infundibuliformi, anfractibus convexis, levibus, politis, apertura
semiorbiculari ; virescente-alba.

Has. Coast of Borneo.

The Natica melanostoma (P|.X1X. Fig.7) is furnished with a strong coriaceous foot, well
developed in front, by means of which it perforates the sand, while its tentacles are pro-
tected ; but when the tide rises and covers the sands, the large side lobes and dilated hind
part of the foot are expanded, and the (Vatica flaps along above the sand. A great peculiarity
in the animal of this family is the existence of an operculigerous lobe, which in the polished
species nearly covers the shell, and is seen in our figure mounting up behind and partly
covering the sides. In Stgaretus this lobe is extended entirely across, and covers the shell,
while the operculum is rudimentary ; in Coriocel/a it not only encloses the shell, but extends
beyond it in front, and has been erroneously termed the mantle.

46. SIGARETUS, Lamarck.

1. Stcarerus acuminatus. Pl. XIII. Fig. 8. Sig. testa oblongo-ovata, ventricosi, subumbilicata,

MOLLUSCA. 55

spira acuminata, suturis impressis, anfractibus convexis, spiraliter latistriatis, striis planatis, undulatis, inter-
stitiis plano-excavatis ; intus extusque alba.

Has. Coast of Borneo. S

Chiefly distinguished by its acuminate inflated form.

2. Sicaretus mvscunprus. Pl. XIII. Fig. 10. Sig. testa depresso-orbiculari, auriformi, spird feré
occulta, spiraliter latistriata, striis planatis, leviter undulatis, interstitiis plano-excavatis; alba, ferrugineo-
luteo pallidissimé tincta, apice purpurascente-cinerea.

Has. Hastern Seas.

The sculpture of this species is similar to that of the preceding, although the shell
differs so materially in form.

3. SicareTus Lavrrascratus. Pl. XIII. Fig. 11. Sig. testa depresso-orbiculari, auriformi, spira

brevissima, spiraliter tenuistriata, striis vix undulatis, subtus concavé; albida, fascid latissima cinerascente,
apice purpureo-cinered, aperture fauce sub fascid castaneo-brunnea.

Has. Eastern Seas.

11. AURICULACEA.

The habits of this family are somewhat variable. arinula affects salt-water only, and
Pedipes \urks in the cavities of rocks and under stones exposed to the sea. Cassidula is am-
phibious, having been observed crawling on a sandy bottom in clear water at adepth of
nearly two fathoms, as well as in mangrove-swamps and on the sea-beach. Auricula and Me-
Jampus live in damp situations near the sea, and on the muddy banks of rivers. Scarabus
inhabits moist situations in woods near the sea, but is wholly of terrestrial habits, livmg on
decayed vegetable matter, and crawling about actively after showers of rain. Alexia and
Carychium abound in salt-water marshes.

47. AURICULA, Lamarck.

1. Avricuta suputa. Pl. XIV. Fig. 15. Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de l’Astrol. pl. 18. f.39, 40.
The head of this species is broad, the muzzle produced and bilobed, the tentacles rather flattened and
tapering, and the eyes sessile on their inner bases. Colour of a uniform light grey-brown.

Has. Celebes, on the muddy banks of rivers out of the reach of the water.

The A. subula crawls but slowly. In young individuals the columella is truncate and
the outer lip thin.

2. Metampus Leucopon, Pl. XIV. Fig. 17. Beck? In this species, which is of a uniform dull

pale black, the eyes are small and placed at the inner base of the tentacles, which are flattened, the muzzle
is slightly produced and longitudinally cleft, and the end-of the foot is slightly bifid.

Has. Island of Mayo, from the damp margins of a water-course, crawling over the moist rocks.

56 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

48. SCARABUS, De Montford.

1. Scarasus rriconus. Pl. XIV. Fig. 12. Troschel, Reeve Conch. Syst. vol. ii. pl. 183.f.2. Head
and lower part of the tentacles blackish-brown, rest of the animal pale brown, whitish towards the end of
the foot. The tentacles are annulated, with a swelling at the base, on the inner side of which are the sessile
black eyes surrounded bya light areola; the tentacles are comparatively long and cylindrical in this species.

Has. Borneo, under dead leaves.

2. ScaraBus tuprium. Pl. XIV. Fig. 13. De Montford, Conch. Syst. The animal of this species
varies in colour according to the shell: when the latter is dark, the animal has a blackish head and neck,
growing gradually paler towards the hind part of the foot; the animals of the light-coloured shells are of a
uniform pale brown.

Has. Celebes and Borneo, under dead leaves and decayed vegetable matter in the forests near the
sea-coast.

3. ScaraBus Cumineranus. Pl. XIV. Fig. 16. Petit, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 3. Animal of a light
chestnut-brown, the muzzle rather produced, the tentacles subulate and annulated, with the eyes sessile at
their inner bases, surrounded by a light-coloured areola.

Haz. Koo-Kien-San, one of the Meiacoshima group of islands, near Formosa, in the Blue Sea.

12. CYCLOSTOMACEA.

The subgeneric types of this extensive and interesting group vary also in their habits,
for while Leptopoma invariably lives among the foliage of the trees, Cyclophorus inhabits the
decayed vegetable matter at their roots. Pferocyclos is found in moss among loose stones.
Nematura and many of the Cyclostoma proper are semi-aquatic ; the former inhabiting ponds,
attached to the under surface of floating leaves, and the latter being found among loose
stones near the sea-shore.

49. CYCLOSTOMA, Lamarck.

1. CycLostoma sprraceLLum. PI. XIV. Fig. 1. Cyclost. testa suborbiculari, planorbula, spird depressa,
pallida, anfractibus quatuor, rotundatis, transversim striatis, suturd distinctd, ultimo dorso inflato, demum
coarctato et quasi strangulato, varice fornicato prope aperturam, apertura circulari, peritremate duplici,
interne posticé emarginato, externé reflexo, posticé in canalem desinente, anfractu ultimo spiraculum tubu-
losum prope aperturam gerente, umbilico patulo, anfractibus intus conspicuis. Operculo circulari, spirali,
intus corneo, concavo, extus testaceo, margine sulcato.

Has. Borneo, under decayed vegetable matter in the forests.

A small species, largely umbilicated, belonging to the division Péerocyclos.

MOLLUSCA. 57

2. Cycrostoma Lave. Pl. XIV. Fig.3. Gray, Wood Ind. Test. Supp. pl. 6. f. 5. In this species,
which is a good typical example of Leptopoma of Troschel, the eyes are on short peduncles at the outer
base of the tentacles, which are long and setaceous, the muzzle is produced and bilobed, and the foot is
elongated and tapering beyond the large, circular, subtransparent, multispiral, horny operculum. Pale
straw-colour.

Has. Monado, Island of Celebes, upon the leaves of the Screw-pine (Pandanus).

All of this group of Cyclostomata have light ventricose shells, and live upon the foliage
of the trees, among which they move actively in the rainy season, and hybernate during the
dry months by adhering to the under surface of the leaves.

3. Cychostoma TENEBRICOsUM. PI. XIV. Fig. 6 a, 6. Cyclost. testé globoso-conica, subpellu-
cida, fusca, intensé fusco variegata, fascid pallidd cireumcincta, spira acuminata, apice obtusi, anfractibus
quatuor, rotundatis, ultimo subventricoso, apertura subcirculari, peritremate prope ultimum anfractum
interrupto, umbilico parvo. Operculum ?

Has. Balambangan, Borneo, on the leaves of the Pandanus.

The pale central band coming in the place of the sutures is seen only on the last whorl.

4, CycLostoma ReticuLatum. Pl. XIV. Fig. 8a, 6. Cyclost. testa globoso-conicé, subpellu-
cida, spira subconoidali, apice obtuso, anfractibus quinque, ventricosis, brunneis, albo conspicué reticu-
latis, spiraliter carinatis, carinis feré obsoletis, multis, confertiusculis, apertura feré circulari, peritremate
reflexo, superné acuminato, ad ultimum anfractum subinterrupto, umbilico magno, spiraliter sulcato. Oper-
culo testaceo, spirali, extus in medio concavo, anfractibus 4—5, margine sulcato.

Has. Island of Madagascar.

Remarkably characterized by its striking white reticulated marbling.

50. PUPINA, Vignard.

1. Purrya Mrnporensts. Pl. XIV. Fig.2. Pup. test&é subcylindraceo-turrita, crassiuscula, fusca,
tenuissimé striati, anfractibus sex, subrotundatis, apertura circulari, peritremate discontinuo, labio externo
reflexo, incrassato, pallido, ad basin columellarem canali angusto, et posticé in canalem spiralem desinente.

Has. Island of Mindoro, Philippines.
This species has not the polished surface of the P Munezid and others; it is of a dull
rust-brown, with the lip very much thickened.

13. COLIMACEA.

The Arions and Limaces of temperate climates are represented in the Hast by the Onche-
dium, Veronicella, and Peronia, as they are in the western hemisphere by the Vaginula. ‘The
Veronicella lives upon the trees in the forests, and is active after showers ; the Onchzdia live

Q

58 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

on aquatic plants in ditches ; while Peronia, like Onchidoris, lives among the stones on
beaches, but, unlike the latter genus, above high-water mark, a little beyond the influence of
the tide.

51. BULIMUS, Lamarck.

1. Burrus erecartus. Pl. XIV. Fig. 4. Bul. testa cylindraceo-turrité, compressé umbilicata,
anfractibus octo, obliqué impresso-striatis, suturis impressis, columella verticaliter dilatata, apertura parva,
subquadrato-ovata, labro subreflexo ; pellucido-cornea.

Has. Sarawak, Borneo.

The oblique striz: are extremely superficial, and the shell is of a thin horny substance.

2. Buttmus Metacosurmensis. Pl. XIV. Fig. 5. Bul. testé subpyramidali-oblong, vix umbilicata,
anfractibus decem, subangustis, columella verticaliter reflex4, apertura rotunda; pellucido-cornea.

Has. Islands Ty-pin-san and Koo-Kien-san, Meiacoshima group, Yellow Sea.

A small thin horny species, collected among the loose stones and leaves about
the tombs.

3. Bunimus cutoris. Pl. XIV. Fig.10. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Bud. pl. 37. f. 223.

The animal of B. ch/oris is of a pale brown colour, always differing in this respect from
that of B. cctrinus, and of extremely vivacious habits. A bushel of them, collected on the
mountains of Mindanao, soon dispersed themselves all over the cabin in which the basket
was deposited. The shell was of the same elongated form and deep yellow colour through-
out, with no indication of bands or marking.

4. Buximus crrrinus. Pl. XIV. Fig.11. Bruguiére, Reeve Conch. Icon. Bud. pl. 31: f. 187 a.

The animal of this variety of &. cctrinus is marked with dark colour, especially about
the head and neck, corresponding in a manner to the pattern of the shell. It inhabits in
comparative plenty the low trees and bushes of Rhio and other small islands m the vicinity
of Singapore ; the specimen figured is from a little islet off Biliton.

5. Burmrus Apamsu. PI. XV. Fig.1 a, %. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Bul. pl. 13. £73 a, 0, ¢, d.

Has. Hastern coast of Borneo, on a tall tree in an islet between Banguey and Balambangan.

Two varieties of this beautiful species were described in the ‘ Conchologia Iconica,’ on
the return of the Samarang, about two years since. A tree which was being cut down in the
above-mentioned islet, fell upon one of the carpenters, depriving him for a time of sensation.
What proved a misfortune to the man was a gain to science, for a number of this deli-
cately-painted Bulimus were found adhering to the tree.

Dr. Gould, of Boston, United States, communicated to us his opinion that it might be.

MOLLUSCA. 59

his B. monilifer from Tavoy, in Siam ; he has, however, very kindly forwarded specimens of
that species, which proves to be clearly distinct, and will be figured in a supplementary
plate to the monograph of the genus in Conch. Icon.

52. HELIX, Linneus.

1. Hexrx catiiosroma. Pl. XIV. Fig. 7a, 6. H. test obconica, obtecté perforata, valdé carinata,
alba, superné planiusculi, transversim obliqué striata, striis interruptis, longitudinaliter lineis impressis
obsita, cingulis angustis et maculis rufo-violascentibus circumdata, anfractibus quatuor ad quinque, plani-
usculis, basi convexé, infra carinam concava, reticulato-striaté, fasciis rufescentibus multis circumdata,
apertura angulata, depressd, intus purpureo-violascente, peristomate intis incrassato, rubicundo.

Has. ——?

A solid depressed sharply-angled species, encircled throughout with irregular brown
and purple-brown linear bands, whilst the aperture is deeply stained with violet-red.

2. Hutrx curvimasrum. Pl. XIV. Fig.9a,4. 4H. testi conicd, perforati, basi acuté carinata,
levi, flavicante, prope suturam cingula lata rufo-castanea, basi planiusculé, omnino castaned, apertura sub-
angulata, depressd, obliqua, margine superiore dilatato, inflexo, peristomate incrassato.

Has. Philippine Islands.

A fiattened conical shell, conspicuously umbilicated, with the lip peculiarly curved at —
the edge. The base is of a dark reddish chestnut, the spire yellowish, spirally banded with
the chestnut colouring against the sutures.

3. Hetrx rroptpopHora. Pl. XIV. Fig. 14. 4H. testa subdiscoided, imperforata, valdé carinata,
carina acuta, prominuld, brunned, striis minutis confertis reticulata, anfractibus quinque, convexiusculis,
apertura lunato-transyersi, angulata, peristomate simplici, acuto.

Has. Borneo.

A comparatively thin shell, with simple lip, very sharply keeled, of which the base has

a shining horny aspect.

4, Hetrx ogscurata. PL XIV. Fig.18. H. testa discoidea, laté et profundé umbilicata, olivacea,
obliqué striaté, striis transversis distinctis decussatis, spira depressd, anfractibus ad quinque, rotundatis,
apertura lunato-rotundata, labio simplici, acuto.

Has. Borneo, under decayed leaves in the forests.

A small rounded species, composed of rounded whorls, broadly umbilicated, after the
manner of the large H. Banksiv.

5. Herr Tayrortana. PI. XV. Fig.2a,%. 4H. testA conicd, trochiformi, levi, imperforata, sub-
pellucida, basi acuté carinatd, fulva, ad apicem carneola et reticulaté, maculis sparsis perlucidis fuscis
obsita, obliqué striata et transversim subtilissimé rugulosd, spird acuta, basi convexiuscula, fulva, circa
s

60 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

regionem umbilicalem carneold, aperturd triangulari, anticé valde producté et coarctati, peristomate
atro-purpureo, incrassato, reflexo.

Has. ?

An extremely delicate and characteristic species, remarkable for the spouted angular
construction of the lip.

6. Hetrx Typrnsana. PIL XV. Fig. 3a, 6. H. testa discoided, depressiuscula, subcarinata, laté
et profundé umbilicata, striis obliquis, confertis, corrugatis, olivaceo-fuscd, fascid pallid cingulata, spira
obtusi, anfractibus septem ad octo, rotundatis, apertura rotunda, peristomate intus carneolo, margine
acuto, reflexo.

Has. Island of Ty-pin-san, Meiacoshima; found under decayed leaves in the pine-woods.

The whorls of this species are coiled round a broad axis, forming a large and deep
wnbilicus, as in 1. polygyrata; they are, however, less in number and not so depressed.

7. Hertx Brooxrr. Pl. XV. Fig. 4a, 6. 4H. testa magna, sinistrorsi, subdiscoidea, obesd, im-
perforata, obtusi, carinaté, obliqué strigillaté, corneo-fuscd, epidermide crass induta, ¢astaned, carind
purpurascente, supra pallidula, basi convexa, radiatim striata, anfractibus quatuor ad quinque, apertura
obliqua, peristomate incrassato, intus cerulescente-albi.

Has. Mountains of Borneo.

This fine species, which has very much the appearance of a sinistral H, Otaheitana, was
brought by the Borneo Dyaks to his Excellency, the Rajah Sir James Brooke, to whom we
have the pleasure of dedicating it.

8. Hetrx Barantca. Pl. XV. Fig.5 a, 6. Hz. testa depresso-globos4, sinistrors’, angusté per-
forata, albida, fasciis fusco-rubris circumdati, epidermide olivaceo-luted indutd, anfractibus quinque,

convexiusculis, transversim obliqué striatis, ultimo rotundato, apertura transverso-lunaté, peristomate
incrassato, subreflexo.

Has. Island of Batan (Bashee group), under weeds and low plants on the ground.

A small globular reversed species, reminding one somewhat of the British Z. nemoralis,
though of more solid structure.

9, Herrx Macxensu. Pl. XV. Fig. 6 a,. Valenciennes, Voy. de la Bonite, pl. 25. f. 14,

Has. Island of Ty-pin-san, Meiacoshimas.

Several examples of this interesting species were collected at the above-named island:

_ SL Aka Menage Siar ; : :
The hairs which grow from the epidermis at the periphery of the whorls, are most conspicuous
in young specimens.

10. Hexrx virrata. Pl. XV. Fig. 7 a, 4, c. H. test’ subdiscoided, sinistrorsa, umbilicata, pellu-
iA s -2 A N 0 rte oO : 5 :
cida, acuté carinata, superné depress, sutura indistinct, carneolA, fasciis quatuor ad quinque fulvicantibus

MOLLUSCA. 61

cingulata, striis undulatis granulosis obliquis et lineis concentricis decussata, anfractibus sex, planiusculis,
ultimo basi convexo, fasctis duabus fulvicantibus circumdato, carind et regione umbilicali opaco-albis,
apertura depressd, angulata, obliqua, peristomate simplici, acuto.

Animal of a delicate subtransparent pinkish colour, the free lobes of the mantle moveable, and often
extended from the fore part of the shell; eye-peduncles long, the truncatures for the eyes very broad,
tentacles rather long and clavate; foot compressed, finely crossed with oblique nes, and margined in-
feriorly, the end with a large hollow muciparous follicle, ending below in a sharp, moveable, rather
recurved process.

Has. Balambangan, Borneo.

This beautiful and singular species lives among the foliage of the low trees, about which
it crawls with surprising rapidity, reminding one of the movements of the /7¢ring@ more than
those of the Helicide.

11. Hetrx antrqua. Pl. XVI. Fig.1. H. testa globoso-acuminata, solida, obtecté perforata, alba,
obliqué striata, anfractibus quatuor ad quinque, subrotundatis, ultimo inflato, apertura obliqué orbiculari,
labro laté effuso-refiexo, umbilicam feré tegente.

Has. Borneo.
A shell of antique elegance of form, found in a dead state among loose stones in the
province of Unsang, Borneo.

12. Herrx Corzantca. Pl. XVI. Fig. 2. H. testa depresso-globosd, perforata, rufo-spadicea, ru-
gulosd, obliqué striata, fascid pallida cingulataé, apicem versus albicante, apertura lunato-ovali, peristo-
mate simplici, acuto.

Has. Corean Archipelago.
This is the common snail of the islands of the Corean Archipelago, where it is used as
an article of food.

13. Hetrx tevcostroma. Pl. XVI. Fig. 3. H. testa orbiculari-conoided, umbilicata, glabra, obliqué
striata, apud suturam opaco-alba, anfractibus quinque, convexis, flavescentibus, fasciis rufo-spadiceis cir-
cumdatis, apertura lunato-transversd, intus albi, nitidd, peristomate albo, valdé reflexo, margine inferiore
calloso.

Has. Philippine Islands.

Very like 7. sepulchralis, but differing slightly in form, and distinguished by a marked
peculiarity of colouring.

14, Hex orrentaris. Pl. XVI. Fig. 4. 4H. testa depresso-globos’, profundé umbilicata, fusco-
aurantié, obliqué striata, lineis numerosis elevatis minutis concentricis decussaté, anfractibus quinque,
subrotundatis, fasctis duabus castaneis cingulatis, apertura lunato-ellipticd, peristomate reflexo, intus
violaceo-corneo,

Has. Borneo.

62 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.
The lip of this species is reflected with a characteristic violet-flesh tinge.

15. Herrx mmacurara. Pl. XVI. Fig.5. H. testé pyramidali-globosa, vix umbilicata, alba, semi-
pellucida, nitidula, striis incrementi distinctis, anfractibus quinque, convexiusculis, ultimo subcarinato,
apertura lunato-orbiculari, peristomate parum reflexo.

Has, Philippme Islands.

Of a shining semitransparent blue-white substance, with the remains of a slight
epidermis about the sutures.

16. Hetrx caticrvosa. Pl. XVI. Fig. 6. H. test& subglobosa, perforata, strigis obliquis eleva-
tiusculis concentricé notata, lutescente-albi, anfractibus sex, ultimo spadiceo-fusco, fascid angusta rufa
circumdata, apertura depresso-lunata, peristomate reflexo.

Has. Island of Mindanao, Philippines.

A striking new species, approaching the form of 1. wngulina.

17. Henix pecora. Pl. XVI. Fig. 7. 4H. test&é conoideo-globosi, imperforata, pallidé straminea,
epidermide spadiced obtecta, obliqué striata, anfractibus quatuor, planiusculis, ultimo subcarinato, apertura
lunato-orbiculari, intus alba, peristomate reflexo, intus albo, nitente.

Has. Island of Mindoro, Philippines.

A smooth solid shell, of a delicate shinmg straw-colour beneath, whilst the upper
surface is covered with a fawn epidermis.

18. Henrx prensa. Pl. XVI. Fig. 8. H. testa subdiscoided, perforata, densi, obtusé carinata,
superné depressiuscula, obliqué plicato-striata, undique eximié corrugata, fulvescente, infra carinam fascié
latA castaned circumdata, anfractibus quinque, apertura transvers¢ lunata, intus albd, peristomate simplici,
intus subincrassato.

Has. Philippine Islands.

Approaching the form of H. citrina, from which it differs in being of stouter growth,
and having the surface delicately corrugate throughout.

19. Herrx prurizonata. PI. XVI. Fig.9. 4H. testé subglobosa, obtecté perforata, alba, ma-
culis pallidé fuscis nubeculata, striato-rugosd, fasciis plurimis spadiceis et purpurascentibus cincta, anfrac-
tibus quatuor, convexis, ultimo rotundato, apertura lunato-transversa, intus fusci, peristomate valdé reflexo,
albo, margine inferiore subcalloso.

Has. Island of Mindanao, Philippines.

The stripe-bands which encircle this very characteristic species are mingled irregularly
fawn and purple-black.

20. Herrx canescens. PI. XVI. Fig. 10. H. testi globosi, subobtecté perforata, opaco-alba,
strigis obliquis lineisque plurimis concentricis nigricantibus interruptis fascidque conspicua centrali ornata,

MOLLUSCA. 63

anfractibus quinque, ultimo rotundato-inflato, apertura lunato-rotundata, peristomate intus incrassato, in
margine columellari calloso.

Hei brewers Cel = eee lal ae She <Anass 2
A white globose shell, with simple lip banded and minutely sprinkled with black.

21. Hetrx conorpanis. Pl. XVI. Fig. 11. 4H. testa orbiculato-conoided, subobtecté perforata,
superné elevata, basi convexa, radiatim striata, pallidé rufescente, anfractibus quinque, superné marginatis,
reticulato-striatis aut corrugatis, rufo-violescentibus, ultimo fasciaé angust& castaned circumdato, peristo-
mate simplici, vix incrassato.

Has. Island of Mindoro, Philippines.

Distinguished chiefly in form by its concave base and conoid manner of convolution above.

NUCLEOBRANCHIATA.
58. CARINARIA, Lamarck.

1. Cartnarnta Attantica. Pl. XIII. Fig. 12. Body elongated, subcylindrical, smooth ; head tumid,
rather elevated in front; eyes behind the tentacles on the upper part of the head; tentacles small,
aciculate ; proboscis rather large, furnished at the extremity with curved hooks; fin sharply triangular,
sucker linear. Shell small, compressed, with the keel broad and prominent.

Has. North Atlantic Ocean.

Numbers of this species were taken at twilight in the trawl, swimming in company
with Firole. ‘They were observed to progress with their body straightened, darting through
the water with great rapidity.

PLEUROBRANCHIATA.
54. APLYSIA, Linneus.

1. Aprysta tinzoLaTa. PI]. XVII. Fig.1. Aplys. dorso convexo, posticé acuminato, pallidé viridi,
lineis nigricantibus anastomoticis oculisque compluribus ornato, oculis pupillo nigro, iride vivide violacea.

Has. Mauritius.

This elegant species is remarkable for the acuminated form of its caudal extremity, and
for the slenderness of the posterior tentacles.

2. Apiysta Frupriata. Pl. XVII. Fig. 2. Aplys. tentaculis anterioribus fimbria laté margine
sinuatd ab exteriore tentaculi parte ad capitis latus pertinet, tentaculis posterioribus ad apicem inclinatis
et in margine acuto inclinato alté incisis, obscuré subviridi, ocellis permultis pupillo minuto albo, iride
fusc4, lineis nigris anastomoticis ornata, punctis minutis opacis albis picta.

Has. Ty-pin-san, Meiacoshima Islands.

Inner surface of foot, when seen expanded, marbled with black and white.

64 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

This large and handsome species is remarkable for the dilated and fringed anterior
tentacles, and for the peculiar notched and inflexed character of the posterior tentacles. It
was found crawling among the /wc7, in small pools left by the receding tide, on the flat coral
shores of 'Ty-pin-san, one of the Meiacoshima group.

3. Aptysta ocutirera. Pl. XVII. Fig.3. Aplys. sordidé viridi, ocellis pupillo lutescente, iride
fusca, punctis lutescentibus albisque in nubeculis dispositis ornata.

Has. Mauritius.

The beautiful eye-hke spots render the appearance of this species very elegant ; the
posterior tentacles are subulate and acutely pointed.

The Aplysia punctata of Philippi is marked with congregated dots in the same
manner, but it wants the ocelli; the Aplysia Argus of Riippell has the body covered with
numerous ocelli, without the clusters of dots.

4, Aptysta Nopirera. Pl, XVIII. Fig. 7. Aplys. sordidé olivaced, tuberculis elevatis compluribus
subdistantibus obtecté, maculis pallidé violaceis sparsis picta, pede maculis fuscis ornaté, margine serie
macularum albarum circumdata.

Has. Mauritius.
The row of white spots round the margin and numerous pale violet spots on the sides
are striking characters of this species.

55. SIPHONOTUS, n. g.

Corpus elongatum. Branchize pallio testaque tectee. Pes lateribus in lobos natantes
dilatatis. Orifictum respiratorium in siphonem prolongatum. Testa submembranacea.

Body elongated. Gills covered by the mantle and shell. Foot with the sides dilated into
swimming lobes. Respiratory orifice prolonged into a siphon. Shell nearly membranaceous.

1. SrpHonotus crocrapuicus. Pl. XVIII. Fig. 1. Siphon. albo-fusco, punctis multis nigris et
maculis magnis reticulatis viridibus albo-marginatis, superficie inferiore pedis vivide flava, pallii siphone
longo, cylindrico, pyramidato.

Has. Java Sea, among masses of floating Puci.

Whitish-brown, covered with minute dark specks, and large, irregular, green, reticu-
lated patches, margined with opake white ; under surface of foot of a bright yellow, left
side of foot with a projecting lobe which overlaps that of the opposite side; siphon of the
mantle prolonged into a tapering, subcylindrical tube.

This form of Aplysiade belongs to a group indicated, but not named, by M. Rang, in
which the margin of the mantle is posteriorly produced into a more or less elongated siphonal
tube, instead of forming a simple aperture as in other species.

MOLLUSCA. 65

The species figured was captured off Java, among a mass of floating sea-weed, and,
from being in a languid state, the tentacles are not fully extended.

56. DOLABELLA, Lamarck.

1. Dotasetta Rumen. Pl.X VIII. Fig.4. Lamarck, Anim.sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. vii. p. 699.

This fine species of Do/adella was collected at Mauritius, feeding in groups of eight or
nine in a small muddy inlet of the sea. he colour of the specimens varied from dark green
to dirty yellow.

57. BULLA, Zein.

1. Burua Corzantca. PI. XVIII. Fig. 3. Adams, Sowerby Thesaurus Conch. Bud. pl.125. £.166.

Has. Corean Archipelago.

This species belongs to that division in which the shell is internal, and, when alive,
presents a quadrilobate fleshy mass without any great amount of vivacity. There are no
visible eyes or tentacles, and its elongated head probes with its extremity the mud-flats on
which the species abounds, for the small bivalves which seem to constitute its food. Some
of the large mud-flats among the Corean islands were covered with these shapeless mollusks,
and offered tempting morsels to the Grallatorial birds seen striding over the mud.

2. Botta vextttum. Pl. XIX. Fig. 4. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. x. pl. 146. f. 1848, 9. Budla
Jfasciata, Brugwere.

Has. Mindoro Sea, Philippine Islands.

The animal of Bulla vevrillum is of a delicate pink colour, with the head, lobes, and
margins of the foot edged with white, with an intramarginal dark chocolate-red border.
The foot is thin, nearly membranous, and very voluminous, and, when not dilated for
swimming, folded up around the shell; the inner margin of the mantle forms a thick fleshy
lobe, which partially fills up the hind part of the aperture of the shell ; the outer margin is
thin and lines the outer lip. This Bud/a, so beautiful in the living state, was found in grass-
like sea-weed, in about a fathom water, near Ambolan, Mindoro.

3. Butta sotuta. Pl. XVIII. Fig.2. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. x. pl. 146. f. 1359, 1361.
Bulla Ceylanica, Brugwiére.

Has. Borneo.

The Bulla soluta, Chemn., appears to be blind, while the head is very elongated,
and the side lobes of the foot well developed for swimming,—which faculty, indeed, this
form enjoys in great perfection. The imner or thickened edge of the mantle sends off

s

66 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

from the hind margin numerous horny sete, or fine bristles, which are protruded through
the fissured suture of the shell, the use of which, however, I have been unable to ascertain.

4. Butta Votura, Pl. XVIIL. Fig. 5. Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, pl. 26. f. 33-35.
Has. China Sea, in mud and debris at ten fathoms.

In Bulla Voluta the eyes are visible at the sides of the head, but the foot is narrow,
and without the usually swimming side lobes. It is extremely slow in its movements, and
is an inhabitant of deep water. Most of the specimens procured by us were dead shells,
being bored by some carnivorous mollusk, showing the number of its enemies.

58. PLEUROBRANCHUS, Cuvier.
1. Prevroprancuus Lunicers, Pl. XVIII. Fig. 6 a, 6. Cuvier, Régne Anim. Pleur. f. 6 a, 6.

We have given a coloured figure of this beautiful species, which is very remarkable for
its depressed, almost foliaceous body, and broad semilunar head. The proboscis is retractile
when the animal is lively, but is protruded to its full extent before death. The dorsal
tentacles are abruptly truncate at the ends, and the hind part of the mantle is produced
into a siphonal inflexion, which guides the water mto the marginal groove between the
dilated foot and mantle, where the branchial plume is situated.

NUDIBRANCHIATA.

Among the naked-gilled Gasteropods with which the equatorial seas abound, there are
very many forms which are not referable to any hitherto recognized genera, but which the
industry of future years will demonstrate: the two types here named Bornedla and Cerato-
soma are of this class, and drawings were made of some others; the species of Sey//ea and
two species of Goniodoris we have likewise regarded as new.

59. BORNELLA, Gray.

Corpus clongatum, compressum, semipellucidum, posticé acuminatum, ventriculo ramoso in appen-
dicibus dorsalibus extendens. Caput appendicibus duabus stellatis aut fimbriatis. Tentacula dorsalia
retractilia in vaginulibus ramosis. Appendices dorsales in serie unicd ad utrumque latus corporis dispositee,
cylindricee, curvatee, conics, bifidee, trifidee, aut simplices; branchie bipinnate, appendicibus dorsalibus
exeuntes. Pes linearis, sulcatus.

The authors proposed to found a genus for these mollusks and had them figured for that
purpose, but were anticipated by Mr. Gray, into whose possession the drawings had pre-
viously passed in their way from the Admiralty.

MOLLUSCA. 67

1. Bornetta pierrata. Pl. XIX. Fig.1. Born. corpore carneolo, lineis carmineis infra reticulatis
transversim striato, appendicibus dorsalibus elongatis, bifidis aut trifidis, in apicibus conicis carmineis
terminatis, branchiis ab parte superiore appendicibus dorsalibus exsertis, pede albo.

Has. Straits of Sunda.

This species was found adhering to floating Muc7: it crawls briskly, and when detached
swims by lateral mflexions of the body.

2. Bornetta Apamsu. Pl. XIX. Fig. 3. Gray, Mrs. Gray’s Figures of Molluscous Animals, p. 107.
Born. corpore carneolo, lineis carmineis infra reticulatis transversim striato, appendicibus dorsalibus elon-
gatis, simplicibus aut bifidis, in apicibus carmineis terminatis, branchiis ab parte inferiore appendicibus
dorsalibus exsertis, pede stramineo.

Has. Coast of Borneo.

Like the preceding species, this also was found adhering to the stems of a mass of
floating Fuc2, clinging to them by its narrow grooved foot.

These handsome Nudibranchs, which are figured of the natural size and colour, resemble
Dendronotus of Alder and Hancock in their dorsal tentacles being branched at the ends, in
their ramifying digestive apparatus, and in their back being furnished with cylindrical
branching processes arranged in a single row on each side; but the existence of distinct
gills, arising, as in Scy//ea, from the dorsal appendages, at once distinguishes them. They
seem to form a connecting link between the Zritoniade and the Holidide.

60. SCYLLANA, Linneus.

1. Scyttma Grayvmw. Pl. XIX. Fig.2. Scyl. corpore flaveolo, punctis compluribus parvis fuscis
et maculis majoribus fulvis, in lateribus notis ovalibus albis serie curvati ornato, lined laté turbide viridi
maculis viridioribus in parte inferiore, in utroque latere und notd ultramarina, tentaculis luteolis, mar-
ginibus flavis et roseis, appendicibus dorsalibus liberis, extremitatibus vividé flavo-marginatis, lateribus
notis parvis viridibus pictis.

Has. North Atlantic Ocean.

We have dedicated this species of Scyle@a to Mrs. Gray, a lady to whom all who
desire to study the nature of Molluscous animals are highly indebted for having presented
them with outlines of the figures of this class, hitherto contained in expensive and generally
inaccessible works.

61. CEHRATOSOMA, n. g.

Caput magnum, anticé rotundatum, proboscide retractili, appendicibus lateralibus cylindricis, trun-
eatis; velum nullum. Tentacula dorsalia claviformia, non retractilia, apicibus laminatis, e tuberculis rotun-
datis orientia. Corpus oblongum, angustatum, posticé acuminatum : appendices dorsales duze, conicze, ante-
riores ante aperturam branchialem, breves, rotundatee, posteriores post aperturam branchialem, elevatiores,

68 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

permagnze, curvee, cornute. Branchie ramosz, e stirpe communi orientes, in ramos quinque bipinnatos
divisee. Pes angustus, linearis.

1. Crratosoma cornicrRuM. PI. XIX. Fig.5. Cerat. test stramined, carmineo vividé marmorata,
infra evanidd, margine inferiore albé, maculis ceruleis in serie longitudinali dispositis, appendice dorsali
anteriore maculis ceruleis ornati, vertice capitis maculis ceruleis in serie transversd dispositis ornato.

Has. Sooloo Sea.

This genus differs from Polycera, as defined by Cuvier, in wanting the frontal veil, in
the surface of the body being smooth, in the possession of but two simple horn-like tubercles,
and in the dorsal tentacles being swollen at the base; the two cylindrical, truncate labial
appendages are also peculiar. In the figure the proboscis is represented as exserted, giving
a peculiar character to the head, which it does not possess in the ordinary passive condition.

62. GONIODORIS, Forées.

1. Gontoporis TrintnnaTa. PI. XVIT. Fig.4 and 4a. Gon. capite sub fronte pallii celato, sub-
roseo, tentaculis dorsalibus vividé luteis ; corpore pallidé roseo, margine cyaneo, in medio signo triangulari
et notis duabus rotundis in utroque latere superficiel superioris ad partem posteriorem que ultra pallium
pertinet ; pallio roseo-purpureo, margine pallidé ultramarino, lineis tribus flavis, media anticé claviformi,
posticé bifurcaté ut anum includat, lateralibus ad annulum branchialem curvaturd desinentibus ; branchiis
septem, parvis, acuminatis, vivide flavis, circum anum dispositis, simpliciter pinnatis ; pede lato, pallid’ roseo.

Has. China Sea.

This, though a small species, is very elegantly coloured, and is among the most beautiful
of a group which contributes, by its variety of form and colour, to enliven the solitudes of
the ocean.

2. Gontoporis Wuirer. Pl. XIX. Fig. 6. Gon. corpore luteo, margine ultramarino, pallidis
notis ovalibus distinctis, duabus longis paulo curvatis roseis lineis in utroque latere, lineis septem roseis
retro et infra pedem pertinentibus, lined roseé und ad superiorem partem corporis que ultra pallium
pertinet ; pallio anticé longissimé producto atque dilatato, margine libero, rotundato, vividé luteo, com-
pluribus notis ovalibus pallidé luteis, teeniis quatuor pulchris liliaceis in dorso paribus intervallis dispositis,
margine vivide ultramarino, lunuld roseé inter tentacula; tentaculis dorsalibus luteis, summo axe productis,
acuminatis, albis ; branchiis quatuordecim, simpliciter pinnatis.

Has. Caramata Passage, near Biliton.
The figures that most nearly resemble this beautiful species, which we have dedicated to
our zealous friend Mr. Adam White, are the Doris magnifica of Quoy and Gaimard (Voy.

Astrol. t. 20. f. 1) andan unnamed Doris, marked “ Banks, Icon. ined. 25, Endeavour River,”
represented in Mrs. Gray’s work on Molluscous Animals.

MOLLUSCA. 69

CERVICOBRANCHIATA.
63. HALIOTIS, Zinn.

1. Hattorts venusta. PI.XIII. Fig.5a,6. Hal. testa ovata, depresso-plana, spiraliter tenuicostata
et striata, costis distantibus nodulosis, foraminibus subprominentibus; lacted, vividé coccineo variegati,
intus argentea.

Has. Hastern Seas.

Richly variegated with bright vermilion scarlet, upon a white ground, and faintly tinged
at the apex with purple.

64. SIPHONARIA, Sowerby.

1. Sreponarta Corgensis. Pl. XIII. Fig. 1 a, 6. Siph. testa ovata, valde depressa, apice centrali,
cinerea, lineis undulatis rufescentibus radiatim dispositis, costis prominentibus, interstitiis plicatis, margine
acute dentato; imtus flavescente, radiis albis picta, centro margineque castancis.

Has. Corean Archipelago.
A prettily-coloured species, with the siphonal impression strongly marked.

2. StpHonaria RapraTa. Pl. XIII. Fig. 2 a, 4. Siph. testé convexo-depressi, apice central, oblongo-
ovata, flavescente, costis lineisque rugoso-radiatis, margine crenato ; intus brunned, radiis numerosis nigris
et albis prope marginem tincta.

Has. China Sea.

The black and white rays around the internal margin are frequent and the crenula-
tions fine.

65. EMARGINULA, Lamarck.

1. Ewarernuna craturata. Pl. XI. Fig.6. Enmar. testa ovato-oblonga, conici, costis longitudina-
libus lineisque transversis clathrata, vertice elato, postico, uncinato; intus intensé viridi, margine crenulato.

Has. Mindoro Sea.

A deeply-latticed high conical shell, of a peculiar blue-green colour in the interior.

66. PILEOPSIS, Lamarck.

1. Prrzorsis asrertcora. PI. XI. Fig. 1. Pil. testé acuminato-conica, curvata, vertice minute con-
voluta, radiatim creberrimé sulcaté, margine crenulato ; alba.
Has. Sooloo Sea, on the tubercle of a Star-fish.
This very interesting species, of which only a single example was collected, is very neatly
sculptured throughout with fine close-set grooves radiating from the apex.
in

70 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

67. FISSURELLA, Zamarch.

1. Fissurenta pxcetsa. Pl. XI. Fig.5. Piss. testé elevato-conici, costis grandibus ineequalibus
subsquamatis rudé clathratis, margine crenulato, orificio parvo, subrotundato, posticé iclinato ; albida aut
virescente.

Has. China Sea.

Mainly distinguished by its high conical form.

68. CALYPTRAIA, Lamarck.

1. Caryprrma triconatis. Pl. TX. Fig. 7 a, 0. Calyp. testé trigono-ovata, profundé convexa, apice
uncinata, radiatim subtiliter plicato-corrugata, cyatho amplo; albida, lineis fuscis peculiariter reticulata.

Has. China Sea.

The principal distinguishing features of this species are its triangular compression,
which is alike in all the specimens and not occasioned by any circumstances of attachment.
There is, also, a peculiarity in the reticulated marking which shows more or less distinctly a
radiate series of uncoloured patches, ranging like a frill around the apex.

2. Canyprrma pepressa. Pl. XI. Fig. 2a, 6. Calyp. testé suborbiculari, depresso-conica, alba,
semipellucida, trilaminata, apice subcentrali, obtuso, radiatim corrugato-striata, eyatho crescentiformi, acuto,
prominente.

Has. China Sea.

This species is composed of three laminz lying one upon the other after the manner
of C. tectum-Sinense, but compressed closely one upon the other.

3. Catyprrma prana. Pl. XI. Fig. 3. Calyp. test& suboblonga, depresso-convexd, selleeformi, alba,
concentricé subtilissime lineatd, apice lateral, cyatho amplo, plano-laminato, ad latus emarginato.

Haz. China Sea, adhering to the interior of dead shells.

A flattened species, turned as it were inside outwards, and well characterized by the
term saddle-shaped. | meacas NYA, Nad, | Fag

4, CaLyprraa CANCELLATA. Pl. XI. Fig. 4. Calyp. testa orbiculari, irregulari, conicd, apice sub-
laterali, retrorsum curvato, radiatim longitudinaliter costaté, costis rugosis, medio sulcatis, interstitiis can-
cellatis, cyatho crescentiformi, prominulo.

Has. China Sea.

Sculptured throughout with radiating ribs, down the middle of which there is for the
most part a fine groove.

MOLLUSCA. 71

CIRROBRANCHIATA.
69. DENTALIUM.

1. Denratium rormosum. PI. V. Fig.l a, 6. Dent. testa arcuata, tumidiuscula, tredecim-costata,
costis rotundatis, interstitiis latiusculis, extremitate posticd dorsali fissurata, fissurd apicem versus latiore ;
roseo, olivaceo-viridi et albo pulcherrimé variegata.

Has. Sooloo Archipelago (outside a coral reef near the city of Sooloo, in about sixteen to twenty
fathoms, sandy mud).

A beautiful addition to a genus rarely distinguished by any brilliancy of colour beyond
the well-known green of the D. elephantinum and aprinum. It is of rather lighter and more
tumid growth than the former, richly variegated with rose, olive-green, and a little white.

Ill. BRACHIOPODA.
70. TEREBRATULA.

1. Terepratuta Japonica. Pl. XXI. Fig.l. Ter. testa elongato-ovali, tumida, levi, fragili, pel-
Iucido-alba, anticé semicostata, costis posticé evanidis, valvis subeequaliter convexis, margine ventrali vix
sinuato, crenulato, foramine parviusculo, rotundato.

Has. Seas of Japan.

A semitransparent-white species, radiately finely ribbed towards the beaks, the ribs

soon fading away.

2. TerREBRATULA aNGUsTA. PI. XXI. Fig. 2. Ter. test elongato-ovali, subcompressa, pellucido-
alba, longitudinaliter densé et subtilissimé costellata, costellis rugulosis, rostro truncato, valvis feré zequa-
libus, medio leviter sulcato-depressis, margine ventrali, subsinuato.

Has. Seas of Japan.
An extremely delicately-sculptured oblong species, allied to 7: caput-serpentis.

3. TerEBRATULA Cornanica. Pl. XXI. Fig. 3. Ter. testa rotundato-triangulan, levi, carneola,
radiatim carmineo fasciata, fasciis irregularibus, interruptis, valvé dorsali convex4, medio subcarinata,
ventrali planiore, latera versus subcompress4, foramine amplo ovali, utroque latere subangulato.

Has. Corean Archipelago.
A smooth species, delicately painted with irregular crimson-scarlet rays.

4, TeresratuLa Capensts. Pl. XXI. Fig. 4. Ter. testé subtriangulari, longitudinaliter costata,
crassiuscula, coccineo vivide radiata, valvis conspicué sinuatis et sulcatis, foramine subamplo.

Haz. Cape of Good Hope.
An interesting small species, dredged off the Cape of Good Hope at a depth of 120
fathoms.

~
~

ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

5. TereBRaTuLa aBysstcona. Pl. XXI. Fig.5. Ter. testa trigono-ovali, pellucido-carneola, levius-
cula, radiatim planicostatd et striata, costis strisque feré obsoletis, valvis feré sequaliter convexis, medio
leviter sinuato-sulcatis.

Has. Cape of Good Hope, 120 fathoms.

Dredged with the preceding species, but very different im character, and belonging
more to the type of 7! caput-serpentis.

IV. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
1. OSTRACEA.
71. OSTREA, Linneus.

1. Osrrma pyxmpata. Pl. X XI. Fig.19. Ostr. test orbiculari, ineequivalvi, valva sinistra plana,
radiatim costata, costis nodulosis, dextra convexd, radiatim valdé costatd, costis nodulosis seepé duplicatis,
margine ventrali crenulato; sordidé fusca.

Has. Philippine Islands.

This singular species appears to be characterized by having the nght valve extremely
convex, and the left one flat.

2. PECTINACEA.
72. HEMIPECTEN, n.g.

Testa adherens, ineequivalvis, irregularis, hyalina, valvé superiore anticé simplici, posticé vix auriculata,
valva inferiore anticé simplici, posticé conspicueé auriculata, infra auriculam profunde sinuata et denticulata ;
cardine edentulo, igamento leviter marginali, cartilage parvo in cavitatem centralem.

This interesting shell is intermediate in its characters between Pecten and Anomia.
Like Anomia it is a thin hyaline substance, adhering to some foreign body, and of an irre-
gular growth, according to the inequalities of its place of attachment. Like Pecten the hinge
gament, intersected in the middle by a small triangular
cartilage, situated in the hollow of a superficial cavity in each valve. The under valve is

consists of a slight marginal li

distinguished by a conspicuous auricle on the posterior side, and beneath this is a sinus so
deeply cut in the direction of the hinge-margin as to remind one of Pedum, especially when
presented with the under valve closed upon the hollow of the upper one, as in Fig. 1 4, 24;
and the margin of this sinus, as indicated in some of the Pectfens, is furnished with a row of
sharp erect denticles. The shell bears some resemblance to Pedum, from the circumstance
of there being no corresponding sinus in the upper valve; but it is apparently only a
character of resemblance, not one of affinity. The shell has no umbonal area; nor are the
sides of either valve reflected.

MOLLUSCA. 73

The observations to be derived from the microscopic structure of Hemipecten, which has
been kindly exhibited to us by Dr. Carpenter, are, however, singularly contradictory to the
views presented by its external characters. Of the two specimens collected, the texture and
composition of both valves consist of a hyaline semi-pearlaceous lamina, presenting a series of
closely-packed concentric lines, the interstices of which are minutely rayed with much finer
lines. Submitted to the microscope, the flat valve in both specimens (Fig. 1 a, 2 d@) is
permeated by copious tubuli, a character in which the genus agrees with Pedwm and with
some species of Zima, and differs from Pecten. This tubularity Dr. Carpenter observed to
exist also in the upper valve of the colourless specimen (Fig.1 ¢), but not in the other (Fig. 2 0),
so far as the Bryozoon upon its surface allows of an examination.

The upper valve of the coloured specimen (Fig. 2 ¢) possesses a rudimental sculpturmg
over its entire surface; but as it may have received this from the parasite, and exhibits no
other appreciable point of difference, we have not ventured to distinguish it specifically from
the white specimen.

1. Hemirecten Forspestanus. Pl. XX. Hemip. testa orbiculari, Anomieformi, tenuissimd, hya-
lima, concentricé lineata, linearum interstitiis eximié reticulatis, valvd inferiore planulata, auricula lon-
gitudinaliter radiata, sinu profuudo, valvé superiore convexa, vix auriculata ; pellucido-alba, valvé superiore
interdum rufo-aurantio radiata.

Has. Sooloo Archipelago, Eastern Seas (dredged from a coral and stony bottom at a depth of about
fourteen fathoms) ; Belcher.

Two specimens of this interesting new form were collected during the voyage, one
smooth and white, the other slightly sculptured in a decussately corrugated style, probably
from the effect of the Bryozoon which covers it, and rayed with orange-red. The under
valve is smooth in both specimens, showing it to have been attached; the upper valve is
more or less covered in both with various parasitic objects.

We have the pleasure to name the species in honour of Professor Edward Forbes, who
notices the genus, in his valuable work on the British Mollusca, as affording a curious inter-
mediate link between Pecten and Anomia.

Pirate XX. Fig. 1 represents the smooth colourless specimen; a, interior of the under valve; 4, the valves
closed, presenting the exterior of the under valve; ¢, the valves closed, presenting the exterior of the upper valve.
Fig. 2 represents the coloured and slightly corrugated specimen; a, interior of the upper valve, which is not
shown of the former specimen ; 6, the valves closed, presenting the exterior of the under valve; c, the valves closed,
presenting the exterior of the upper valve; d, interior of the under valve :—all of the natural size.

73. PECTEN, Bruguiere.

1. Pscren Rezver. Pl. XXI. Fig. 10 a, 4. Pect. testa eequivalvi, subzequilatera, suborbiculari,
paululum longiore quam alta, alba, carmineo vivide variegatd et radiata et violaceo maculata ; costata, costis
U

74: ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG,

ad viginti, latiusculis, lineis concentricis elevatis minuté et densissimé decussatis, auriculis subeequalibus,
intus vividé carmined et alba. Apams, MS.

Has. China Sea.

Several specimens of this magnificent new Pecfen were collected in the China Sea, all
more or less brilliantly coloured in the manner described.

2. Prcren rutvicostatus. Pl. XXI. Fig. 11. Pect. testa subobliqué, multd altiore quam longa,
ineequilatera, albida, rubro sparsim maculata, costis fulvis, valvis subeequalibus, tenuibus, compressis, decem-
costatis, costis interstitiisque marginem versus elevato-striatis, auriculis valde ineequalibus.

Has. Sooloo Archipelago.

A very thin shell, rayed with ten broad yellowish ribs, very sparingly red-spotted.

3. Precren aurantiacus. Pl. XXI. Fig. 12. Pect. testA oblongo-orbiculari, subeequilatera, pecu-
hariter compress, valva superiore planaté, inferiore subconvexd, ambabus radiatim costatis, costis quatuor-
decim, rotundatis, sulcosis, squamis minimis per quatuor series longitudinales in costis dispositis, costarum
interstitiis profundé excavatis, transversim striatis, vix auriculis imeequalibus; intensé aurantid, luteo et
violaceo maculata.

Has. China Sea.

A truly beautiful species, characterized by the most elaborate and delicate sculpture,
with brilliant colouring.

4, Puorpn aspprutatus. Pl. XXT. Fig. 13. Pect. testé ineequivalvi, equilaterd, carneold, aureo
yariegata, rostris vividé rufis, liris numerosis, irregularibus, obsoleté squamulosis, asperulatis, auriculis

gata t dé rufis, 1 gularibus, obsoleté sq losis, asperulatis, ]
valdé inzequalibus.

Haz. Corean Archipelago.

The auricles are remarkably unequal in this species, whilst the under valve has a row
of denticles almost as strongly developed as in Hemipecten.

5. Pecren penticunatus. Pl, XXI. Fig. 14. Pect. test’ elongato-ovata, subzequivalvi, equilatera,
tenui, compress4, radiatim lirata, liris valvee superioris ad quindecim, alternatim minoribus, angustis, squa-
mulis dentiformibus ornatis, valvee inferioris permultis, squamulis aculeatis, scabris, auriculis ineequalibus,
margine cardinali valvee inferioris dentato, alterius simplici ; pellucido-lutescente, rosaceo obsoleté tincta.

Has. Shores of Borneo.

Rayed with narrow elevated ridges, surmounted with fine scales.

6. Pecrmn crisrunarts. Pl. XXL. Fig. 15. Pect. testa subsequivalvi, suborbiculari, paululum
altiore quam long, pallidé carned, rubro variegata, costis quatuor et viginti, rotundatis, hic ile subtiliter
squamatis, interstitils levibus, margine cardinali valve superioris simplici, inferioris cristato-crenato.

Has. Hastern Seas.

Of very simple character, though not exactly agreeing with any hitherto described
species.

MOLLUSCA. 75

74. LIMA, Braguiere.

1. Lia Bastnanica. Pl. XXI. Fig. 6. L. testa obliqué ovata, fragili, tumida, utroque latere sub-
hiante, radiatim subtiliter costellata, transversim tenuissimé striata, cardinis ared subobliqué lanceolata.

Has. Island of Basilan.
A very delicately ribbed species, the ribs being devoid of any squamate sculpture.

2. Lmra ortentants. Pl. XXI. Fig. 7. L. testa oblique ovata, subangusta, fragili, tumida, utroque
latere hiante, radiatim subtiliter costellata, costellis numerosis, rugulosis, auriculis minimis, cardinis ared
obliqué lanceolaté, margine ventrali dentato.

Has. Phihppine Archipelago.
Somewhat like the preceding species in general aspect, but of narrower form, whilst
the ribs are finer, more numerous, and delicately rugose.

3. CHAMACEA.
75. CHAMA, Linneus.

1, Cuama tacrniata, PI. XXT. Fig. 20. Ch. testa angusté ovata, albidd, rufo variegatd, longitu-

dinaliter plicata, plicis conspicué irregulariter squamatis, liris brevibus corrugatis obliqué decussata.

Has. China Sea.

A rather compressed species, armed with bunches of vaulted scales, and fine transverse
wrinkled ridges.

4. ARCACEA.
76. NUCULA, Lamarck.

1. Nucuta mrrapinis. Pl. XXI. Fig. 8. Nuc. testa transversé oblonga, subtriangulari, anticé
brevissima, concavo-truncata, epidermide virescente-luteA indutd, longitudinaliter utrinque costaté, costis
corrugatis, medio divaricatis.

Has. Kien-sieu, Nangasaki Bay, Japan.

This remarkable species partakes of the character of a very interesting type, only known
hitherto in a fossil state.

2. Nucura Japonica. PI XXI. Fig.9. Nuc. testa elongato-oblonga, anticé longiore, subrostrata,

ry

posticé tumida, rotundata, levi, albida, epidermide lutescente-cornea induta.
Has. Kieu-sieu, Nangasaki Bay, Japan.
In this species, which more resembles the ordinary form of the genus, the anterior

side is much the longer, produced, as it were, into a beak.

76 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

77. PECTUNCULUS, Lamarck.

1. Pecruncuntus Bencuert. Pl. XXII. Fig. 5. Pect. testa oblique ovata, depressa, decussatim
striata, latere antico brevi, postico multd longiore, dilatato, epidermide fusc4, dense pilosa, pilis in fimbriis
concentricis dispositis.

Has. Cape of Good Hope, 120 fathoms.
Remarkable for an epidermis of festoons of fringes.
2. Pecruncutus aspersus. Pl. XXII. Fig. 8. Pect. testé magna, orbiculari, subeequilatera, radiatim

subtilissimé sulcata et striata, striis concentricis decussata, albidd, rubro-fusco adspersd, epidermide fusco-
pilos& partim obtecta.

Has. Sooloo Archipelago.

A fine new species, belonging to the same type of the genus as the well-known
P. pilosus.

5. CARDIACEA.
78. CARDITA, Bruguere.

1. Carprra Ferrueinosa. Pl. XXI. Fig.21. Card. testé subcordata, compressi, anticé truncata,
albo et ferrugineo-rufo variegata, radiatim costata, costis ad quatuordecim, convexis, nodoso-striatis, inter-
stitiis latiusculis.

Has. Philippine Archipelago.

Of an unusually compressed growth, prettily variegated with light rust-colour.

79. HIPPAGUS, Zea.

1. Hirpacus novemcostatus. Pl. XXTV. Fig. 1. Hip. testa suborbiculari, cordata, radiatim fortiter
costata, costis septem ad octo, distantibus, sub lente granulosis ; sordidé fusca, intus argenteo-margaritacea.

Has. China Sea.

A single valve of this remarkable genus, apparently recent, was dredged from among
the debris of the China Sea. It is rayed with about seven to eight elevated ribs, covered
with a very dark brown epidermis, bright silver-pearled within, and quite distinct from the
fossil species, the only Hippagi known, H. Isocardioides, Lea, and H. acuticostatus, Philippi.

80. ISOCARDIA, Lamarck.

1. Isocarpra TEeTracona. Pl. XXII. Fig. 1. Isoc. testa elongato-cordaté, compressiuscula, lacted,
hic illic obsoleté rufescente, longitudinaliter plicata, plicis angulatis, latere postico acuminato-producto,
carina acuté, umbonibus confertis, minutis.

Has. Japanese Seas.

MOLLUSCA. (i

A species of rather slight structure, distinguished by its remarkably elongated form,
the posterior extremity being sharply acuminated.

2. Isocarpia Morrxiana. Pl. XXII. Fig. 3.

Two specimens of this beautiful red-spotted variety of the true Chama Moltkiana of
Chemnitz were collected at Corea, both amply distinguished from the common species,
I. vulgaris, by their solid cordate form and bold development of the ribs.

81. CARDIUM, Linnaeus.

1. Carprum Apamsn. PI. XXII. Fig. 2. Card. testa subquadrato-cordata, posticé obliqué truncata,
angulata, subzquilatera, alba, rubro variegata, costis ad sex et triginta, elevatis, squamulis aculeatis confertis
regularibus undique densé armatis. Rerve, MSS.

Has. Shores of Borneo.
Several examples of this most exquisitely sculptured species were collected on the coast
of Borneo.

2. CarpIum avurantiacum. Pl. XXII. Fig. 4. Card. testd subcordata, gibba, glabra, nitida, albo
aurantiaco ruboque variegata, longitudinaliter striata, latere postico levi, antico striis transversis concentricis
elevatis subdistantibus exsculpto.

Has. China Sea.
A fine species, allied to C. pectinatum.

3. Carpium mopsstum. Pl. XXII. Fig. 6. Card. testa subquadrato-cordata, tenuicula, flaveola, radiis
tribus rufescentibus subobsoleté picta, radiatim subtilissimé et creberrimé costellaté et concentricé striata,
area postica subclathraté, margine crenulato.

Has. Hastern Seas.
A thin and minutely-sculptured species, comparatively smooth except on the pos-
terior area.

4, Carpium Katamantanum. Pl. XXII. Fig. 7. Card. test& subcordata, gibbosa, glabra, mitida,
luteo-aurantiacié, umbonibus rosaceo-albis, radiatim substriata, latere antico liris obliquis distantibus ex-

sculpto, postico levi, margine dentato.
Has. Shores of Borneo.
Another species of the C. pectinatum type, apparently distinct from C. awrantiacum.

5. Carpium speciosum. Pl. XXII. Fig. 9. Card. testa subcordata, crassiusculé, tumida, posticé
peculiariter concavo-truncata, albo rufoque tessellatd, radiatim costatd, costis ad sex et viginti, convexis,
squamato-granulatis, interstitiis transversim striatis.

Has. China Sea.

Very distinctly characterized from any species known hitherto.
XK

=~
[o2)

ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

6. Carpium Brcuer. Pl. XXII. Fig. 12. Card. test& subcordato-ovata, medio et anticé levigata,
striis minutis superficiariis radiantibus et concentricis sub lente decussatd, epidermide tenui corned nitente
in funiculis fibrisve concentricis creberrime disposita, are’ posticd, epidermide nulla, radiatim costata, costis
tenuibus, confertis, quinque et viginti ad triginta, spinis brevibus compressis densissimé seriatim ornatis ;
undique pulcherrimé rosea, intus alba.

Has. Sooloo and Yellow Seas.

We have much pleasure in dedicating this species, at the desire of Capt. Sir Edward
Belcher, to Sir Henry de la Beche, Director of the Ordnance Survey and President of the
Geological Society. It forms a most interesting addition to the genus Cardium, and is, without
exception, the most striking and distinct from any hitherto known that can well be imagined.
In colour it is of a fine rose-timt, with the following singular contrast of character. The
middle and anterior portion of the shell is smooth, presenting a peculiar soft velvety ap-
pearance, the effect of its bemg minutely decussated with concentric and radiating strie,
and covered with an exquisite thin shining horny epidermis, disposed in fine concentric cords,
abruptly terminating at the posterior area. ‘The posterior portion, accordingly destitute of
epidermis, is very thickly rayed with ribs of short compressed spines, as if the delicately-clad
surface of the shell had been thus far ploughed up, as it were, into furrows.

Only two odd valves of this pre-eminently beautiful shell were obtained, and, singularly,
in localities very remote from each other: one was dredged at the depth of forty fathoms in
the Sooloo Seas, between the islands of Borneo and Mindanao; the other in the Yellow Sea,
thirty degrees north, at one of the islands of the Corean Archipelago.

6. CONCHACEA.
82. CYTHEREA, Lamarck.

1. Cyrnrrra virctnra. Pl. XXIV. Fig.10. Cyth. testé oblongo-triangulari, eequivalvi, crassius-
cul, cinerascente-alba, nitente, radiatim obscuré fasciata, latere postico lined impresso, area postica vio-
lascente. = Swela sticllerem Irawe, Fe Hautitecs | KKKY, B- ISG, 1722,

Has. Eestern-Seas. Califerica.
A very delicate and characteristic species, equivalve and of rather an oblong-trian-
gular form.
83. ARTEMIS, Pol.
1. Arremis Dunxert. Pl. XXI. Fig.17. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Artem. pl. 6. f. 34. Cytherea
Dunkeri, Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch. Cyth. p. 4. pl. 2. £. 5.
Has. Hastern Seas.

We are anticipated in the publication of this fine species of Artemis by Dr. Philippi,
who had already named it after Dr. Dunker of Cassel.

MOLLUSCA. 79

84. VENUS, Linneus.

1. Venus Puirrprrvarum. Pl. XXII. Fig. 10. V. test& oblongo-ovata, anticé truncata, fulvd,
fusco variegata, obscuré radiata, radiatim lirata, liris numerosis, subundatis, ad latera decussatim nodulosis ;

intus partim violacea.
Has. Philippine Archipelago.
This and the following species belong to that section of the genus which partakes of the

character of Pudlastra.

2. Venus TessenLaTA. Pl. XXII. Fig. 11. V. test& oblongo-ovata, anticé truncata, crassiusculé,
fusco alboque strigataé et tessellatd, radiatim multilirata, transversim tenuissimé striata, lunula lanceo-

lato-ovata.
Has. Phihppine Archipelago.
A dark ash-rust shell, beautifully mottled and streaked throughout with white.

3. Venus Lapuana. Pl. XXI. Fig. 16. V. testa subtriangulari, gibbosa, anticé truncata, posticé
flexuosa, acuminato-rostrata, albida, lineis nigricantibus acuté angulatis ornata, concentricé valdé sulcata,
sulcis irregularibus, margine ventrali posticé sinuato.

Has. Island of Labuan.

This fine species, though not apparently new, does not seem to have been described.

4. Venus cosTeLtirrra. Pl. XXI. Fig. 18. V. testa oblongo-ovata, subtrigond, subzequilatera,
alba, rubro sparsim variegata, longitudinaliter costata, costis confertis, decussatim plicatis, plicis semiluna-
ribus, confertis, posticis squamulosis.

Has. Philippine Archipelago.

Very closely ribbed, the ribs beimg densely sculptured throughout with close-set

semilunar folds.

5. VENUS QuApRANGULARIS. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 7. Vz. test& quadrato-ovaté, subcompressa, crassius-
cula, concentricé tenuiter et irregulariter striata, pallidé stramined, nitida, umbonibus roseis, latere antico
brevi, postico multo longiore, lunulé parum distincta.

Has. Corean Archipelago.
Peculiarly square-formed, of a light shining straw-colour, with pmk umboes.

6. Venus EveGANS. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 13. V. testa oblongo-ovata, calcareo-alba, lamellis concen-
tricis subirregularibus ad latus posticum majoribus ornata, lunula cordata, parva.

Has. Hastern Seas.
An elegantly-formed species, delicately sculptured with irregular concentric lamelle.

80 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

7. NYMPHACEA.
85. LUCINA, Bruguiére.

1. Lucrna Fiputa. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 5. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Zwe. pl. 7. f.33, 37, and 38.
Has. China Sea.
There are two or three varieties of this species from very remote localities ; in addition

to that under consideration from China, Mr. Cuming possesses specimens from the Philippine
Islands and from New Zealand.

2. Luctna sertcata. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 6. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Lwe. pl. 9. f. 55.
Has. Philippine Archipelago.

This and the preceding species were incidentally described and figured in the Con-
chologia Iconica whilst the accompanying plate was in the hands of the engraver.

86. CYRENOIDA, Joannis.

1. Cyrenorpa anata. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 12. Cyren. testa rotundata, oblongd, subsequilatera, utrin-
que producta, tumida, sordidé alba, epidermide luted partim induti, striis rugosis concentricé sculpta, latere
antico subangustato, rotundato, postico dilatato, subtruncato.

Has. Corean Archipelago.
Remarkable for its produced growth at the sides.

2. Cyrenorpa Corzensis. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 14. Cyren. testa subquadrato-ovata, valdé equilatera,
subcompressa, sordidé alba, epidermide tenui induta, concentricé irregulariter rugoso-striata, latere antico
brevi, lunuld oblonga, postico rotundato.

Has. Corean Archipelago.

This species partakes more of the form and general character of Luczna.

87. PSAMMOBIA, Lamarck.

1. Psammopia DENTICULATA. PI. XXIV. Fig.2. Psam. testa oblonga, tenui, alba, posticé angulata,
ad angulum costata, costis muricato-squamatis, medio et latere antico peculiariter oblique plicato-hratis,
liris subundatis, per summitatem sulcatis.

Has. China Sea.

Only a single valve of this remarkable species was collected.

2. PsamMosta FLEXUosA. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 3. Psam. testa clongato-ovati, posticé rostrata, alba, oblique

MOLLUSCA. 81

plicata, plicis undulato-corrugatis, hic illic duplicatis, latere postico rostrato, flexuoso, acuto, antico rotun-
dato, umbonibus subacuminatis.

Has. Shores of Borneo.
Strongly plicated obliquely, somewhat after the manner of the preceding species, but
wanting the radiately-ribbed posterior area.

1. Psammopia RucuLosa. Pl. XXIV. Fig.4 a,6. Psam. testa oblonga, alba, anticé rotundata, obli-
qué plicata, plicis tenuibus, confertis, undulatis, posticé vix angulata, costis radiantibus squamuliferis exsculpta.

Has. China Sea.
The oblique plaits are finer in this species, whilst the radiating ribs of the posterior side
are rather strongly developed.

88. AMPHIDESMA, Zamarck.

1. Awputpgsma exaraTa. PI. XXIV. Fig.9. Amph. testé oblongo-ovata, alba, maculis perpaucis
roseis pallidé adspersd, concentricé costata, costis tenuibus, acutis, subrecurvis, interstitiis profundé exca-
vatis, lineis pulcherrimé decussatis.

Has. Sooloo Sea.

Well distinguished by its numerous delicately recurved concentric ribs.

2. AMPHIDESMA SIMPLEX. Pl. XXIV. Fig.11. Amph. testa ovata, crassiuscula, subtrigona, concen-
tricé tenuissimé striata, rosaceo-alba, apicibus roseis, intus aurea, latere postico breviore, subflexuoso.

Has. China Sea.

This species has very much the aspect of a small Zeddina.

8. MACTRACKA.
89. MACTRA, Linneus.

1. Mactra Toractorpes. Pl. XXIII. Fig. 8. Mac. testa ovato-oblonga, ineequilatera, tenui, opaco-
alba, concentricé plicata, plicis rotundatis, undulatis, corrugatis, obliqué striatis, latere postico longiore,

subattenuato, laté hiante.

Has. Hastern Seas.

This very curious species is quite an abnormal form of AZactra, having much the appear-
ance of a Thracia.

90. CRASSATELLA, Lamarck.

1. CrassaveLtA NaNA. PI. XXIII. Fig. 2. C. testa subtrigono-ovata, compressa, concentricé sul-
cosa, latere postico longiore, angulato, subflexuoso; brunned, rufescente obscuré trifasciata.

Has. Hastern Seas.

(96)
i)

ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG,

Several examples of this small species were collected at various localities in the Eastern
Seas.

2. CrassaTeLLa piora. Pl. XXIII. Fig. 6. Cras. testa trigono-ovata, crassi, gibbosi, concentricé
rudé plicata, plicis crassis rotundatis, virescente-alba, radiis aut maculis duabus rufo-castaneis conspicué picta.

Has. Philippine Archipelago.

A stout solid shell characterized by two blotched red-chestnut rays on each valve.

3. CrassaTeta corruGata. Pl. XXIII. Fig.7. Cras. testa subtriangulari, crassa, gibbosa, anticé
declivi, rotundata, posticé angulata, rubro-castaned, obscuré radiatd, concentricé peculiariter undato-plicata,
plicis corrugatis.

Has. Sooloo Sea.
Very distinctly characterized by the waved corrugated folds with which it is sculptured.
4, CrassaTeLta PALLIDA. PI. XXIII. Fig. 9. Cras. testd oblonga, subtrigona, crassa, latere postico

multd longiore, obtusé angulata, antico brevi, concentricé profundé sulcata, sordide alba, umbonibus rufes-
centibus.

Has. China Sea.

The absence of dark colouring is very unusual in this genus.

5. CRrassaTenuaA compressa. Pl. XXIII. Fig. 10. Cras. testé oblongo-ovali, valdé compressa, latere
antico rotundato, postico vix angulato, castaneo-brunned, concentricé plicato-sulcata.

Has. Corean Archipelago.

Remarkably compressed, with very simple sculpture.

9. MYARIA.
91. MYA, Linnaeus.

1. Mya Mriyporensis. Pl. XXIII. Fig. 13. M. testd ovato-oblonga, subcompressa, alba, epider-
mide subfusca partim induta, latere antico rotundato, postico subtruncato.

Has. Mindoro Sea.

This little shell appears to be a true adult JZya, though apparently young.

92. THRACIA, Leach.

1. Turacta GranuLosa. Pl. XXIII. Fig. 16. Thr. testa ovato-oblongé, subeequilatera, alba, undique
minute granulata, transversim obliqué plicata, plicis grandibus undulatis, ad latus posticum valvee superioris
obsoletis, latere postico subtruncato.

Has. China Sea.

An extremely interesting addition to this very limited genus.

MOLLUSCA. 83

a)

Cionwasnquw

2. Preach, TRIGONALIS. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 8. Thr. testa trigono-ovaté, subeequivalvi, irregulari, pellu-
cido-alba, concentricé elevato-striata, anticé rotundata, posticé angulato-flexuosi, margine ventrali postice
sinuato.

Has. Sooloo Archipelago.

We have some doubt of this being a true Zhracia, but know not any genus to which it
could be better referred.

93. CORBULA, Lamarck.

1. CorpuLa ventRicosa. Pl. XXIII. Fig. 12. Cor. testa subtrigono-ovata, ventricosa, anticé ro-
tundata, posticé paulum longiore, angulata, subtruncatd, sordide alba, epidermide fuscd partim induta.

Has. China Sea.
A very dull simple species, peculiar in form.

2. Corputa varrecaTa. Pl. XXIII. Fig. 14. Cor. testé trigono-oblonga, latere postico multd
longiore, attenuato, rostrato, valdé angulato, concentricé plicato-costata, alb&, croceo et rufo-spadiceo varie-
gata, margine ventrali incrassato, roseo maculato.

Haz. China Sea.
A very conspicuously painted species, of quite a different type from the preceding.

94. LYONSIA, Turton.

1. Lyonsta Navicuna. Pl. XXIIT. Fig.11. Lyon. testa oblonga, gibba, tenui, fragili, anticé ro-
tundata, posticé compressiuscula, subtruncata, hiante, radiatim striata et obscuré lirata, liris distantibus, epi-
dermide flaveola, margine ventrali flexuoso.

Has. Shores of Borneo (dredged from a depth of about eleven fathoms).

A fine characteristic species, of which only a single specimen was collected.

95. POROMYA, forées.

1. Poromya putcHELLA. Pl. XXIII. Fig. 1. Por. testa oblongo-ovata, tenui, fragili, alba, pellucida,
nitente, concentricé plicata, plicis obtusis, subdistantibus, anticé rotundata, posticé attenuata, rostrata.

Has. Shores of Borneo.
A very delicate transparent species, of which many were collected on the coast of

Borneo.

2. Poromya nitmpa. Pl. XXIII. Fig. 3. Por. testa subgloboso-trigonali, alba, semipellucida, leevi,
nitida, latere antico rotundato, postico acuté acuminato-rostrato, concentricé sulcato, radiatim impresso, ad
marginem angulato, umbonibus plicato-sulcatis.

84. ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Has. Shores of Borneo.

A smooth species, very sharply beaked on the posterior side.

96. NEASRA, Gray.

1. Newra Motuccana. Pl. XXIII. Fig. 4. N. testa tenui, ovatd, posticé in rostrum angustum
elongatum producta, alb4, concentricé obliqué plicata, plicis undulatis.

Has. Islands of the Molucca, Gillolo.

An interesting elongately-beaked species, oblique wave-plaited across, after the manner
of the Psammobia.

10. SOLENACEA.
97. SOLEN, JLinneus.

1. Soren atprpa. Pl. XXIII. Fig. 15. Sol. testa oblonga, utrinque rotundata, tenui, fragili, albida,
stris confertis concentricis, posticé laté hiante.

Has. Corean Archipelago.

Very simply characterized, white, with a very light horny epidermis.

11. PHOLADARIA.
98. PHOLAS, Linneus.

1. Puotas rivicota. Pl. XXIII. Fig. 5. (Sow. Thes. pl. cvii. f. 90, 91.) Phol. testa clausa, cunei-
formi, canali transverse divisd, parte antic& obliqué dimidiata, latere dorsali striato, latere ventrali levi, sub-
angulato, parte posticd subelongati, levi, epidermide laminis angulatis marginibus serratis ornatd, lamina
dorsali subquadrata, in medio longitudinaliter divisa.

Has. Found burrowing in floating logs used as landing places at Gunung Taboor, twelve miles up
the Pantai river, where the water was perfectly fresh.

This species of Pholas, of which several specimens were collected, is chiefly interesting
from the circumstance of its inhabiting a river, in a situation where the water was not
brackish.

THE END.

AMPHIDESMA exarata (Tas. XXIV. Fig. 9) ....
simplex (Tas. XXIV. Fig. 11)
Ancillaria obtusa (Tas. XIII. Fig. 6 a, 5)
Aplysia fimbriata (Tas. XVII. Fig..2) ........
lineolata (Tas. XVII. Fig.]) ..........
nodifera (Tas. XVIII. Fig. 7) .........
Ooihigm (ia NO Ite 8) Gaeooocu cs
Argonauta gondola (Tas. I. Fig.2a@ to 2p; Tas.
II. Fig. 2 ¢ to 2 #)
hiansy CRAB Wios 21a) een se ae
Owenii (Tas. III. Fig. 1a, 4, c,d) Seine
Artemis Dunker’ (Tas. XXT. Fig. 17) ........
Auricula subula (TaB. XIV. Fig.15).........
Bornella Adamsii (Tas. XIX. Fig.3).........
Girma, (UAB MOD, INS) ooocouoonce
Buccinum albipunctatum (Tas. XI. Fig. 21)...
clathratum (Tas. XI. Fig.12)......... a
ios (UAE 1 1S) coseeoopooes
hinnulus (Tas. VIL. Fig. 10 a, 4)
— mitrella (Tas. XI. Fig. 13) ............
Bulimus Adamsii (Tas. XV. Fig.] a, 6) ......
Gillowas (GUA, AGING, lite, @))5:56050 8 od00
— citrinus (Tas. XIV. Fig. 11)
gregarius (Tas. XIV. Fig. 4)
Meiacoshimensis (Tas. XIV. Fig. 5).....
Bulla Coreanica (Tas. XVIII. Fig.3)....
—— soluta (Tas. XVIII. Fig. 2)...........
yeeallinne) (UNE ID. Ae CO) oo ooo cob8
Wolntay( (ian xevillilshtios 5) Sean
Calyptreea cancellata (Tas. XI. Fig.4).......
depressa (Tas. XJ. Fig.2 a, 6).........
pla, (LAE Dd Tite, 8) oo co'og codeshare
trigonalis (Tap. IX. Fig.7 a, 6) ........
Cancellaria lyrata (Tas. X. Fig. 4)...........
MAcrOspiray | (CLAW. eX Hie) yee ee sa
—— pyrum (Tas. X. Fig. 16)
semipellucida (Tap. X. Fig. 3,38a)......

ea etna

Cardita ferruginosa (Tap. XXI. Fig.21) .. ...
Cardium Adamsii (Tas. XXII. Fig. 2)........
aurantiacum (Tas. XXII. Fig. 4) .

Bechei (Tas. XXII. Fig. 12)
—— Kalamantanum (Tas. XXII. Fig. 7)... -.
modestum (Tas. XXII. Fig. 6).........
—— speciosum (Tas. XXII. Fig.9).........
Carinaria Atlantica (Tas. XIII. Fig.12) ......
Ceratosoma cornigerum (Tas. XIX. Fig. 5)....
Cerithium articulatum (Tap. X. Fig. 14) ......
—- longicaudatum (Tas. X. Mig.15)........
obtusum (Tas. XIII. Fig. 3a, 4) .......
Chama laciniata (Tas. XXI. Fig. 20) ........
Chemnitzia grandis (Tas. XI. Fig. 17)
Columbella fulgurans (Tas. XVII. Fig.8).....
semipunctata (Tas. XIII. Fig.7) .......
VesmenEas (M3 AOL, Iie ID) ooocoovacacn
Conus Borneensis (Tas. V. Fig. 8 a, 6, c,d) ...
floridulus (TaB. V. Fig. 9 a, 6) .:......-
papillaris (Tas. V. Pig. 7 a, 6)..........
jee, GENE, Wo Iie: NOs OG @)) coancooe
pigmentatus (Tas. V. Fig. 11a, 6)......
Corbula variegata (Tas. XXIII. Fig. 14)......
ventricosa (Tas. XXIII. Fig.12). .....
Crassatella compressa (Tas. XXIII. Fig. 10)...
corrugata (Tas. XXITI. Fig. 7)
mee, (CUAR, LOINUL, IN) cacoccooocne
palliday (LAB aXe) Hic-s19) senses
Pictayy CUATB PXOXeUTE MH 0816) eee vata ee
Cyclostoma leve (Tas. XIV. Fig.3)..........
reticulatum (Tas. XIV. Fig. 8 a, 4) ..3...
— spiracellum (Tas. XIV. Fig.1).........
tenebricosum (Tas. XIV. Fig. 6 a, b)....
Cyllene lugubris (Tas. X. Fig.10)...........
pPulchellan GAB. Xerox) reese
C@ypreea (ABOVE Big. 400505 ¢) 55 6). see
Cyrenoida alata (Tas. XXIV. Fig. 12)

2 co

nm ow
Or Ww ow

(o's)

86

Cyrenoida Coreensis (Tas. XXIV. Fig. 14) ....
Cytherea virginea (Tas. XXIV. Fig. 10) ......
Delphinula stellaris (Tas. XI. Fig. 7)

Dentalium formosum (Tas. V. Fig. 1a, 6) ....
Dolabella Rumphii (Tas. XVIII. Fig. 4) ......
Eburna areolata (Tas. VIII. Fig.5) .........
Eglisia tricarinata (Tas. XII. Fig. 8).........
Emarginula clathrata (Tas. XI. Fig. 6) .......
Erato callosa (Tas. X. Fig. 32 a, 6)........
Eulima bilineata (Tas. XI. Fig. 24) ..
—— Mindorensis (Tas. XI. Fig. 25) ........
solidulal (EAB xe) Mion 21) a vycrere) evel
tortuosa (Tas. XI. Fig.26)............
unilineata (Tas. XI. Fig. 23) ..........
Ficula levigata (Tas. IX. Fig.4)............
manele, (GUAR IDG. Jes, §))) 56 case bo ao ec
Fissurella excelsa (Tas. XI. Fig.5)..........
Fusus acus (Tas. VII. Fig.3 a, 6)...........
gracillimus (Tap. VII. Fig.1).........-
spectrum (Tas. VII. Fig. 2) ............
Goniodoris trilineata (Tas. XVII. Fig. 4, 4 a) ..
\ivdnntiert: (WG IDG NIE O)) cog éacocasca
Haliotis venusta (Tas. XIII. Fig.5 a, 6) ......
Helix antiqua (Tas. XVI. Fig.1)............
Batanica (Tas. XV. Fig. 5 a, 6) ........
—— Brookei (Tas. XV. Fig. 4 a, 6).........
— caliginosa (Tas. XVI. Fig. 6)..........
calliostoma (Tas. XIV. Fig. 7 a, 6)......
canescens (Tas. XVI. Fig. 10) .........
conoidalis (Tas. XVI. Fig.11).........
Coreanica (Tas. XVI. Fig. 2) ..........
—— curvilabrum (Tas. XIV. Fig. 9a, 6).....
Glewore, (GUNI3, VIG Ts 1) oa bo cabo od oF
Glass), (GIA ALS, Tne, 3) Goo dipaa0100 85
—— immaculata (ap. XVI. Fig. 5).........
—— leucostoma (Tap. XVI. Fig. 3) .........
— Mackensii (Tas. XV. Fig. 6a, 6).......
obscurata (TaB. XIV. Fig.18).........
orientalis (Tas. XVI. Fig. 4)
—— plurizonata (Tap. XVI. Fig.9).........
Tayloriana (Tas. XV. Fig. 2 a, 6)........
tropidophora (Tas. XIV. Fig. 14).......
—— Typinsana (Tas. XV. Fig.3a,6).......
au) (AVN OY: Ibe Yas OO) oa aacade
Hemipecten Forbesianus (Tap. XX.)..........
Hippagus novemcostatus (Tas. XXIV. Fig. 1) ..
Tanthina planispirata (Tas. XT. Fig.10).......
Givolkim) (HEAR, GE Ii @))5scoccse00006
Tsocardia Moltkiana (Tas. XXII. Fig. 3)......

INDEX.

Page.

Isocardia tetragona (Tas. XXII. Fig.1) ...... 76
Lima Basilanica (Tas. XXI. Fig.6).......... 75
orientalis (Tas. XXI. Fig. 7) .......... 75
Littorina castanea (Tas. XI. Fig. 8).......... 49
Loligopsis ellipsoptera (Tas. I. Fig.1)........ 2
Lucina fibula (Tas. XXIV. Fig. 5) .......... 80
sericata (TaB. XXIV. Hig.6) .......... 80
Lyonsia navicula (Tas. XXIII. Fig.11) ...... 83
Mactra Thracioides (Tas. XXIII. Fig.8)...... 81
Mangelia trivittata (TaB. X. Fig.9).......... 4)
Margarita bicarinata (Tas. XI. Fig.11a, 4).... 49
Marginella diadochus (Tas. VII. Fig. 4 a, 4, c) 28
onychina (Tap. X. Fig.25) ............ 29
undulata (Tas. VII. Fig.5 a, 6,c)...... 29
Melampus leucodon (Tas. XIV. Fig.17)...... 55
Mitra dichroa (Tan. X. Fig. 29)............. 27
—— incisa (Tas. X. Fig.31) .............. 27
rubella, (DAB PX Hig) 310) terre ne eee ete 27
rufirata, (Maw! Xu) 1029216) sys ees sseneretenaee 26
semisculpta (Tan. X. Fig. 28).......... 27
Suluensis (Tas. X. Fig.27) -....:..... 26
Murex Bumettii (Tas. VIII. Fig. 4 a, 6)...... 38
eurypteron (Tas. VIII. Fig. 1a, 6)...... 38
plorator (Tas. VIIL. Fig. 3a, 6)........ 38
rorifluus (Tas. VIII. Fig.2 a, 4) ....... 38

Mya Mindorensis (Tas. XXIII. Fig.13) ...... 82
Natica macrotremis (Tas. XIII. Fig.9)....... 54
Nera Moluccana (Tas. XXIII. Fig. 4)....... 84
Nucula Japonica (TaB. XXI. Fig. 9) ......... 75
mirabilis (Tas. XXI. Fig. 8)........... 75
Oliva fulgurata (Tap. X. Fig. 12)............ 31
Oniscia exquisita (Taz. V. Fig.3 a@,6)........ 385
Ostreea pyxidata (TaB. XXI. Fig. 19) ........ 72
Ovulum acuminatum (Tas. VI. Fig.l a@,6).... 21
bulla (CRAB: Wily ies bias 0)\i eel
bullatum (Tas. VI. Fig. 13 a, 6)........ 23
coarctatum (Tas. VI. Fig.2a@, 6) ....... 21
concinnum (Tas. VI. Fig.8 a, 6,c)..... 22
dentatum (Tas. VI. Fig.4a@,6)........ 21
formosum (Tas. VI. Fig. 6 a, )........ 22
gracile (TAB: Vil. Bio iliai oN) eee 22
nubeculatum (Tas. VI. Fig.12 a, 6,¢)... 28
recurvum (Tas. VI. Fig. 3 a, b, c) Bone 6.0 21
subreflexum (Tas. VI. Fig.10 a, 6)...... 22
verrucosum (Tas. VI. Fig.7).......:.. 20
volva (RAB AVily Bios 9) Serene icine 19
Pecten asperulatus (Tas. XXI. Fig. 13)....... 74
aurantiacus (Tas. XXI. Fig. 12)........ 14
cristularis (Tas. XXI. Fig. 15)......... 74

Pecten denticulatus (Tas. XXI. Fig. 14)......
fulvicostatus (Tas. XXI. Fig. 11)

Reevei (Tas. XXI. Fig. 10a, 6)........
Pectunculus aspersus (Tas. XXII. Fig. 8)... .
Belcheri (Tas. XXII. Fig.5) ..........
Pholas rivicola (TaB. XXIII. Fig. 5)... .....
Phorus exutus (Tas. XVII. Fig. 7)

Solarioides (Tas. XVII. Fig. 6)

Pileopsis astericola (Tas. XI. Fig. 1).........
Pleurobranchus luniceps (Tas. XVIII. Fig. 6 a, 0)
Pleurotoma albicincta (Tas. X. Fig. 6)
Coreanica (Tas. X. Fig. 8) ............
fagina (Tas. IX. Fig. 2 a, 6)
—— Griffithii (Tas. XIII. Fig. 13)
—— impages (Tab. IX. Fig. 1a, 0).........
leucotropis (Tas. X. Fig. 7) ...........
lurida (Tas. X. Fig. 5)
Poromya nitida (Tas. XXIII. Fig. 3).........
pulchella (Tas. XXIII. Fig. 1).........
Psammobia denticulata (Tas. XXIV. Fig. 2)...
flexuosa (Tas. XXIV. Fig. 3)..........
rugulosa (TaB. XXIV. Fig. 4 a, 6)
Pupina Mindorensis (Tas. XIV. Fig. 2)......
Purpura cuspidata (Tas. XI. Fig. 35)
Pyramidella magnifica (Tas. X. Fig. 1).......
Ranella albivaricosa (Tas. XIII. Fig. 4).......
Rissoa insignis (Tas. XI. Fig. 20)
Rostellaria rectirostris (Tas. V. Fig. 2a, 4,c)...
Rtella conica (Tas. XI. Fig. 22 a, 0)
Salaria Gane, (UA, N0G Iie WO) oo cogec ces
maculosa (TaB. XI. Fig. 14)...........
neglecta (Tas. XI. Fig. 15)
Scarabus Cumingianus (Tas. XIV. Fig.16)....
Thales (IMAI, NODS Ite 1S) oo odacaaae
trigonus (Tas. XIV. Fig.12) ..........
Scyllea Graye (Tas. XIX. Fig. 2)
Sigaretus acuminatus (Tas. XIII. Fig. 8).....
insculptus (Tas. XIII. Fig 10)
latifasciatus (Tas. XIII. Fig. 11).......
Siphonaria Coreensis (Tas. XIII. Fig. 1a, 6) ..
radiata (Tas. XIII. Fig. 2 a, 4)
Siphonotus geographicus (Tap. XVIII. Fig. 1) .
Solen albida (Tap. XXIII. Wig. 15) ..........
Spirula australis (Tas. IV. Fig. 2,8) .........
Peronii (Tas. IV. Fig. 1, 1*, 4-7, 11, 15)’.
reticulata (Tas. IV. Fig. 3,9,10)........
Strombus corrugatus (Tas. X. Fig.19).......

INDEX.
Page.
74 Stylifer Astericola (Tas. XVII. Fig.5)........
14 Terebra albicostata (Tas. X. Fig. 21) .......-
73 areolata (TaB. X. Fig. 23) ............
76 celata (Tap. X. Hig. 22)..............
76 roseata (CRAB aX) Hig 24) ee ae se ee ee
84 serotina, (DABS Xe) Higsi20)) 2. a. ae ea
50 torquata (Tas. X. Fig. 13) ............
50 Terebellum subulatum (Tas. IX. Fig.6)......
69 Terebratula abyssicola (Tas. XXI. Fig. 5).....
66 angusta (Tas. XXI. Fig.2) ...........
40 Capensis (Tas. XXI. Fig. 4) ..........
40 Coreanica (Tas. XXI. Fig. 3)..........
40 Japonica (TaB. XXI. Fig.1)...........
40 Thracia granulosa (Tas. XXIII. Fig. 16)......
39 trigonalis (Tas. XXIV. Fig. 8) ........
40 Triphoris alveolatus (Tas. XI. Fig. 30a, 6) .....
40 dextroversus (Tas. XI. Fig. 31 a, 0) .....
83 —— gemmulatus (Tas. XI. Fig. 34 a, 0) .....
83 eranulatus (Tas. XI. Fig.33 a, 6) ......
80 nodiferus (Tas. XI. Fig. 37 a, 6) .......
80 —— pyramidalis (Tan. XI. Fig. 36a, 4)......
81 speciosus (Tas. XI. Fig. 28 a, 6) .......
57 -—— suturalis (Tas. XI. Fig. 29 @,6)........
33 verrucosus (Tas. XI. Fig. 32a, 6) ......
53 Triton monilifer (Tas. X. Fig. 18)............
37 joymeullnen (CUA, Co des: 17) Ga oo oo cn cb40
53 testudinarius (Tas. IX. Fig. 3 a, 0) .....
35 Turbinella Belcheri (Tas. VII. Fig. 7 a, 4) ....
49 lanceolata (Tas. VII. Fig. 8) ..........
51 joc, (IMA, WU, Iie 8) 5660 5000000000
51 Turritella bicolor (Tas. XII. Fig. 1) .........
51 canaliculata (Tap. XII. Fig.11)........
56 congelata (Tas. XII. Fig. 2) ..........
56 conspersa (Tas. XII. Fig.3) ........-.
56 declivis (Tas. XII. Fig. 10) ...........
67 fastigiata (Tas. XII. Fig. 9)...........
54 monilifera (Tas. XII. Fig.6) ..........
55 —— multilirata (Tas. XII. Fig. 4)..........
55 opalina (Tap. XII. Fig. 7) ............
69 vittulata (Tas. XII. Fig.5) ...........
69 Venus costellifera (Tap. XXI. Fig. 18) .......
64 elegans (TaB. XXIV. Fig. 13) .........
84 Labuana (Tas. XXI. Fig. 16)..........
6 quadrangularis (Tas. XXIV. Fig.7) ....
6 — Philippinarum (Tas. XXII. Fig. 10) ....
6 tessellata (Tap. XXII. Fig. 11) ........
35 Voluta abyssicola (Tas. VII. Fig. 6 a, 4, ¢, d)..

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INTRODUCTION.

Tue first indication of the Crustacea which presented itself during the late Voyage of
H.M.S. Samarang, occurred on the 10th of June, 1843, as we slowly sailed through
the Straits of Sunda, the surface of which being nearly calm, was swarming with myriads of
Stomapodons, such as the transparent Hrichthus and Alima, together with several other
genera, as Phronima, Nerocila, and Spheroma. These were swimming apparently in
dense masses near the surface, carried bodily on by the current setting through the Straits,
and darting about among themselves. The WVerocila and Spheroma rapidly revolve in the
water and swim in every direction, while Arichthus, Alima, and Phronima propel themselves
more steadily onwards by repeated flexion and extension of the abdomen.

While the trawl supplied us with specimens of these, the employment of the dredge
furnished us with several forms of Podosomatous spider-like Crustaceans, which occur,
however, most frequently and in the greatest number among coral barriers surrounding
islands, where they are found concealed among the coral branches and in the holes of
madrepores. I have also taken them from tubular sponges and even from among the spines
of the larger Echinoderms. We found them in large numbers in the Mindoro Sea, in twenty
fathoms water and sandy bottom, on which occasion they were found entangled in huge
bunches of a species of pinnatiferous keratophyte. Mr. Adam White, in the Proceedings
of the Zoological Society, has described two new species of the genus Wymphon obtained in
this manner, under the names of Mymphon Johnstonianum and Nymphon Phasma.’ These
Crustaceans are very slow and languid in their progression, moving their slender articulations
but feebly. In the Straits, we likewise obtained by the dredge several fine specimens of the

1 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2nd Ser. vol. 1. p. 227.

a

il INTRODUCTION.

beautifully marked Galathea elegans, a figure of which we have given; it is very active in
its movements, darting backwards by sudden powerful jerks, snapping its fore-legs quickly
together and producing a clicking noise; when at rest the fore-legs are extended in the
same line as the body, perfectly straight ; when swimming, the tail is first bent under the
body and again forcibly reflexed backwards. Near the same spot a specimen of our very
rare 7Yos muriger was dredged at a depth of ten fathoms, with other species of Crustaceans,
chiefly belonging to the genus Philyra and Leucosia. The Tos, like Oreophorus and
Leucosia, is apathetic and inert, slow in its, progressive movements, and relying for security
upon its stone-like form. Arrived among the islands of the China Sea, crustaceous animals
were observed in all their prolific variety, for in these organisms, as in others, the existence
of a high temperature seems to increase their numerical importance, and invest them with
more singular modifications of form and with greater brilliancy of colour.

Two of the most remarkable Crustaceans to be met with among the group of islands
next visited, namely, that of the Meia-co-shimah, are the Scopimera globosa of De Haan, and
the Mycteris deflexifrons of the same naturalist. The former burrows in the muddy banks
and sandflats, just above low-water mark, perforating the surface im every direction. In
some parts of Koo-kien-san (one of this group) they are so numerous as to impart a peculiar
colour to the shores, when seen at a distance. They walk but slowly and are very inactive
in their habits ; when disturbed they make awkward scrambling habits to get out of sight,
by burying themselves in the mud in the manner of certain Macrophthalmi. The latter
genus (A/ycteris), although somewhat resembling the genus Ocypode in many particulars, yet
differs considerably in regard to vivacity and locomotion ; like their swift-footed consimilars,
they form superficial burrows in the sandy mudflats, into which they retreat in the same
clumsy scrambling manner as do the Scopimere on the approach of danger. In some parts
of the Meia-co-shimahs I have ridden over many acres of sandy mud covered with these
bright blue crabs, and on looking behind could perceive a dark straight line made by the
passage of the horse, as he caused them to conceal themselves in the soil in his progress
onwards. They delight to bask at the mouth of their apertures in the sun, just after the
receding tide has left the flats partially dry, and appear then to be most on the alert in
procuring food. Here likewise we met with a species of Gelasimus allied to G. Chloropthalmus
of Professor Milne Edwards, with bright orange fore-legs, the left one being bigger than its

carapace or, indeed, than the entire body, which inhabits burrows, formed obliquely among

INTRODUCTION. ill

the grass in muddy places near the sea. The Ocypode ceratophthalma and other species are
collected by the poorer classes as food ; they dig them out of their deep sandy burrows with
great eagerness and diligence, by means simply of their hands. I have seen the natives
sometimes drive them out by insinuating a long pliant twig into the aperture, and have
known them also pour water into the hole and so force its occupant to appear; by minutely
examining the foot-prints near the burrow, they are able to say with certainty whether it is
vacated or occupied by an Ocypode. On the flat sandy beaches of this group, if the stones
which the tide has left dry are turned over, hundreds of Porcellane are perceived shuffling
along, with their bodies closely applied to the under surface of the stones, seeking protection
by quickly ghding to the opposite side. Our species, P. pulchripes, is active and bustling
in its habits, but another new species (P. versimana), found among the coral-reefs of
Koo-kien-san, is apathetic and indolent, and the P. odesu/a, A. and W., which was dredged
from twenty-four fathoms in the Sooloo Sea, was very sluggish in its movements. The
Elamena unguiformis of De Haan was found here also; slow in its movements, it lurks
concealed in holes of the under surface of stones below high-water mark. A species of
Calappa, allied to C. spinosissima, is found in the shallow bays, which covers itself with sand,
and when captured feigns death, folding the fore-legs close against the front and retracting
the hind-legs under the carapace. All the species of Calappa that I have seen alive are
timid and slow-moving. A species of Alpheus, probably new, inhabits pools under stones
on the sandy beaches, and when disturbed makes a loud clicking noise by snapping together
the claws of the fore-legs; and in the padi-fields, a Gecarcinus, allied to G. lateralis, is very
common, running about in all directions, feeding on the larve of Libellulide and other
insects.

The Pagurida, or Pirate-Crabs, are very numerous throughout the shores of the Indian
Islands, taking refuge, some in the prostrate bodies of decayed trees that usually lie upon
the strand, some among the loose stones and in the dead leaves and underwood, and some
even penetrating the verge of the forest and ascending the trees that border upon the sea.
These are almost entirely terrestrial; some, however, are quite littoral in their habits, while
others again live at great depths. We obtained one species of Pagurus off the Cape of Good
Hope, living in 230 fathoms water, which was remarkable for having fabricated a dwelling in
the form of a univalve turbinated shell out of the dead Ancillarie which abound there, and

which are covered with masses of alcyonoid sponge. In the Bashee Group, numerous fine

1V INTRODUCTION.

specimens of the large Birgus /atro were obtained. Respecting this species, which lives high
up among the mountains, the natives of Batan (one of the islands of this group) tell very
remarkable stories, maintaining that it utters a sharp cry when caught, that it bites most
severely and defends itself with desperation, that it carries its eyes in its tail, runs with
surprising celerity backwards, feigning death when alarmed, and does much mischief in the
cocoa-nut plantations by cutting down the young trees with its powerful fore-legs. From
my own observation I may safely affirm that it runs swiftly backwards, feigns death when
disturbed, feeds on fruits, and is of immense strength. They are esteemed, especially the
female in spawn, great delicacies in these islands, and from experience I can say that the
partiality for them seems well bestowed. We found the same species at the Meia-co-shimah
Group of Islands, where they inhabit holes in the banks among the pine woods, and frequent
the cemeteries, where they feed on the bodies of the dead, several bemg caught in the act by
one of our officers. We obtained several live specimens, as large as a common Lobster, also
from the Cocos or Keeling Islands, where they are said to be very destructive to the young
cocoa-nut trees, and where their principal food consists of the pulp of the cocoa-nut, which
they obtain through a round hole made by tearing away the fibres and breaking through the
shell. On the flat, weedy, sandy beach of the island of Ibugos (another island of the Bashee
Group) I observed a species of Callianassa, which digs pits in the sand in which it conceals
itself until its prey is in the vicinity, when it seizes upon it and drags it below the surface.
In many parts these islands are over-run with various kinds of Sesarma, the species of
which differ very much in their habits. Among those I detected as helonging to the fauna
of this group, one was found under stones, on sandy flats just below high-water mark ;
another inhabited the coral reefs ; a third, fresh-water rivulets and pools, hiding under stones
and logs, and climbing the roots of trees with great facility. Another species, allied to
S. afinis of De Haan, has the same habits, but running more about upon the dry land
among the roots of grass, &c. One, of a marbled light sandy colour, with pale grey blotches,
lives in holes in the sand 5 another, with a hairy carapace, dark brown and purple, inhabits
holes in the sandy beach above high-water mark ; while in Mindanao I found a species living
in fresh-water rivulets among weeds, and in the forests of Celebes, another under damp
stones and logs, at some considerable distance from any water. On the summits of the hills
near the sea coast, particularly on those of Koo-kien-san, I procured numerous Zalitri and

Gammari, from among the roots of the long damp grass in the society of Zropidinoti and

INTRODUCTION. v

other orthopterous insects, and on one occasion observed the natives employing the Hriochezr-
Japonicus, De Haan, as food, throwmg them alive upon the embers of their fire, and, when
burnt crisp, consuming them, shell and all.

In the course of our dredgings in the China Sea, numerous new species of Leucosie
were collected, generally affecting a sandy bottom, and living among the corallines and
madrepores at considerable depths. They are seldom found in muddy places, but prefer
deep sandy banks, where they move in a sluggish manner, and seem destitute of acute
perceptions. Sufficiently protected by thei hard porcellanous shells, they want the rapid
progression and threatening attitudes assumed by many other genera. We have figured one
of the most beautiful of these new discoveries, which is of a dead white colour covered with
numerous round crimson spots. The genus Dorippe is another form very common in the
China Sea, living in deep water, from twenty to thirty fathoms, on a muddy bottom. The
Chinese fishermen often bring them up in their nets, and among large numbers which I
have observed in their boats, I have found nearly every individual with an adventitious body
(I believe an alcyonoid sponge) attached to the upper surface of the carapace, and retained
in its position by the hooked claws of the two small posterior dorsal pairs of legs. This
body is divisible into a thin brown layer, with concentric fibres, and an external white lamina
with radiating fibres and a dark central nucleus. I have frequently noticed the same pecu-
liarity in Dromia verrucosipes, and in many specimens both of Dorzppe and Dromia which I
examined in this condition, the carapaces were perfectly soft, as if this foreign body served
them as a protection during the period of their moulting. The Caphyrea pectinicola, White,
which was dredged by us in the Sunda Straits from thirteen fathoms, bears a small pecten
shell in a similar manner, hooking itself on to the ears of the shell by the claws of its hinder
legs, its soft carapace being thus secured from harm by this adventitious covering. Sir
E. Belcher informs me that he discovered another species in the Gulf of Papagaya inhabiting
the single valve of a Zerebratula, which he states was in a partially softened condition.
Many other genera, as Hyas, Maia, Arctopsis, Mithrar, and Pericera, are known to have
similar propensities, loading their backs with foreign bodies, such as sponges, alge, and other
phytozooic and vegetable productions.

Near Manado, in the island of Celebes, I visited a woody tract which harboured numbers
of Gelasimi of several species, many of them of the most beautifully varied markings and
colour. Among them were varieties of our G. éellator, of a green colour with black

b

v1 INTRODUCTION.

markings; another was black, with two bright ultramarine spots in the middle of the
carapace; while another species was grey, marbled with white, with an enormous light
yellow chela. These Gedasimi cover the ground by thousands, stalking about in a deliberate
manner, and holding up and occasionally snapping the claws of their huge fore-legs.
Notwithstanding that they appear to be over-burdened with this unwieldy member, they are
by no means easy to capture, but run quickly to the mouths of their burrows, where they
remain stationary, holding up their fore-claws as organs of defence, and, if further pursued,
retreat backwards into their holes, their bodies protected by the same member. In the
pools of fresh water and under damp stones, a dark olive-green Sesarma with bright yellow
blotches was obtained, and on the coast numbers of the elegant and agile Zhelphusa grap-
soides, which is found on the coral flats left dry by the receding tide. The Chasmagnathus
convecus of De Haan is another crab which appears to be rather common among the
Philippine Islands. I have found it in the company of Xenophthalmus pinnotherides, in the
firm black mud of Manila Bay, where it forms oblique cylindrical holes.

Near the Dyak village of Samahrtan, not far from the mouth of the Lundu River in
Borneo, there are certain mud-banks left dry at low-water, and which are perfectly cribriform
with the cylindric holes of Gelasimi, Ocypode, and other genera. When their communities
are no longer flooded by the water, these Crustaceans make their appearance in large
numbers, but retreat on the slightest alarm into their subterranean burrows. ‘They are of
every variety of colour, some of them being milk-white, some purple, others reddish and
mottled, while many are perfectly black. So numerous are these crabs, that seen at a little
distance they give the surface a variegated appearance, nearly obscuring the original colour
of the mud. .

In many parts of Borneo, as soon as the water recedes from the shore on the ebbing of
the tide, and the large firm mud-flats are left exposed, numbers of Crustaceans of different
genera and species issue from their various holes and hiding-places. The males of many
species, after lookimg cautiously around them, stalk a few paces with their huge fore-legs
raised, the claws of which they snap frequently together, producing a slight clicking sound,
then rushing eagerly towards the females they embrace them with their fore-legs. The
salute is very brief, and is immediately followed by the swift retreat of the females into their
different burrows. Other species are seen feeding on worms and shell-fish, feeding alternately

first with one hand and then with the other. The common species of Grapsus varius is

INTRODUCTION. Vil

found running over the rocks near the sea, feeding on the Blennies and Periophthalmi that
quit the water occasionally ; they feed also on the different Cirripedes. There is one species
(G. latifrons, White) that I have found inhabiting fresh-water rivulets and ponds, which,
however, has all the quick and wary habits of the other species, and when pursued hides
under weeds and stones. Among numerous other forms observed along the Bornean coast,
I may allude to the Sicyonia of Edwards, which swims in a slow and deliberate manner
forwards, and occasionally propels itself backwards with a sudden jerk; it keeps at a con-
siderable distance from the shore, and appears to love deep still water.

The Spherome are generally obtamed in company with Cymodocee, Cypridine, Amphi-
podee, and others, among dense masses of floating sea-weeds, where they appear to lead an
active predatory life amid the populous mazes of the Sargassum, &c. They are constantly
spinning and darting about, rolling up their bodies into a ball, then straightening them, and
crawling among the alge and keratophytes, with a great deal of vivacity. Among the
collection brought home in the Samarang, are several species not before known to Crusta-
ceologists. Like the genera Zhenus and Ibacus, the Scyllarus lives at some distance from
the shore, and in tolerably deep water. It swims in the manner of Crangon, by rapid
inflexions of the abdomen, occasionally springing through the water with the greatest
velocity in a backward direction, and, when caught, wounds the hands with its tail, throwing
it about with violent jerks. At Unsang in Borneo, which was the next place visited, I
discovered a new species of AJope, (White,) an active restless Crustacean, darting and whirling
forwards and backwards, and frequently producing a loud clicking noise by snapping the
claws of their fore-legs, in the manner of Callanassa and Squilla. Specimens were found
under nearly every stone which I turned on the beach at low water. The Gonodactyli
appear to differ slightly from the Sgw//e in their habits, inasmuch as they are generally
found in deeper water, whereas the Sguil/e@ affect the shallow, weedy, and sandy bottoms,
within coral-reefs and on flat beaches, where they hide in holes of the banks of pools, across
which they dart occasionally in straight lines, leaving a turbid track behind them. Both
genera have, however, the same power of producing a loud clicking noise with the claws of
their fore-legs, and of inflicting very severe wounds with their chele, using them ina
scythe-like manner, like the Mantis which they resemble. The Zrapezi@ are tolerably lively
in their habits, with the same manner of hiding and shuffling under stones as the Porcellane,

but unlike them they inhabit the coral branches and madrepores of deep sunken reefs.

vill INTRODUCTION.

Many species of Zdofea and Jara would appear to inhabit the sea-weed along the shores, as °
well as that found floating on the high seas. At the island of Quelpart, I found a large and
singular species in considerable numbers in the former situation, and in the Sea of Celebes
I met with several new forms among alge far from land. Off Tampassook in Borneo, to
which island we again returned, several Jz@ were obtained by the dredge, one of which (our
I. megaspis) was new to science ; they inhabit very deep water, and are inactive and feeble.
Near the same part of the coast several specimens of Parthenope, which simulated death
when taken, and species of Lambrus and Arcania, which have similar habits, likewise were
obtained from a rocky bottom by means of the dredge. Off Balambangan, our new genus
Ceratocarcinus was procured from twelve fathoms water; and at Unsang, on the east coast;
another new genus, our Cosmonotus, was dredged among the clear sandy pools within the
reef-barrier, which extends along a part of the coast ; and near the mouth of the Pantai River
a third new genus, our Zebrida, rewarded our research, the habits of which Crustaceans are
alluded to in the following pages. On the return of the Samarang across the Atlantic, at
which we have now arrived, Hrichthi and Alime, with their spiny carapaces and elongated
abdomens, were obtained, by trawling, in large numbers, swimming in an erratic manner on
the surface when the water was calm. Among the vast quantities of Acalephe which
became entangled in the trawls, were several containing living PAronime, which, on beng
extricated, swam freely about. Here also was obtained, at the same time as Vemichthys of
Richardson,' our new genus Fehabdosoma, which swims by suddenly straightening its body
when in a bent position, moving either backwards or forwards; it is sluggish in its move-
ments compared with other Hypertade. The Phyllosomata, diaphanous and sluggish of
movement, were frequently assembled during this calm by many thousands on the surface
of the Atlantic, and, together with numbers of anomalous Zoe, afforded ample amusement
during the protracted passage. Among the Entomostracous Crustacea, several specimens of
Cypridine of large size (C. Adamsii, Baird?) were obtained, as they were revolving and
darting about the surface. The specimens described and figured in the following pages are
deposited in the British Museum. 4. 4.

RR nen

1 Vide Fishes, Pl. X. Fig. 1. ? Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2nd Ser., vol. i. p. 21.

ek Us Slay ens,

BY

ARTHUR ADAMS, F.L.S., & ADAM WHITE, F.L.S.

I. INACHIDA.

In the family Znachide we have been fortunate enough to discover a new species of
Tnachus, and a remarkable form of Oncinopus, both from the Eastern Seas; species of
Doclea, Camposcia, and Kygeria were collected, those genera appearing to be principally
exotic, while but few species of Inachus, Leptopodia, or Stenorynchus were noticed among
the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, they being chiefly confined, in their geographic
distribution, to other zoological regions. All the members of this small, though singular,
group are passive in defence, having a tendency either to conceal themselves in sponges and
among the tangles of Keratophytes and Algee, or, as is the case with Camposcia, to cover
themselves with foreign bodies, so as to be almost undistinguishable from the marine objects
that surround them. ‘hey are feeble in their articulations, and extremely inert and slow-
moying when disturbed in their lurking places.

1. ONCINOPUS, De Haan.

1. ONCINOPUS NEPTUNUS, Adams & White. Tab. II. Fig. 1.

Fronte profunde incisi; lobis frontis angularibus; secundo et tertio paribus pedum admodum
gracilibus ; vix ter et dimidio longioribus thorace ; quarto et quinto paribus thorace vix ter longioribus.

Thorace \ongitudine septem linearum, latitudine quinque; trigonali, postice lato, ad frontem paullatim
angustiore, tomentoso, compluribus, brevibus, acutis, aculeatis processibus preesertim ad partem posteriorem
circumdato ; regionibus mediis et branchialibus depressione haud admodum profunda separatis ; posteriore
parte sulco transverso inter thoracem et post-abdomen: corpore excavato inter quintum par pedum ;

B

2 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG,

thorace subdilatato lateraliter supra insertiones secundi, tertii, et quarti pedum parium, sed inde ad frontis
apicem omnino integro.

Fronte ad extremitatem anteriorem declinata, a thorace haud plane distinct, ultra medium emarginata,
atque incis& antice, efficiente duos lobos qui ad extremitates rotundati sunt.

Chelis eequalibus, subgracilibus, brevibus densis tenuibus setis coopertis; brachio subcylindrico ad
oculos introrsum curvato, longis, fortibus, paululum curvatis setis utrimque fimbriato; carpo convexo et
extrorsum inclinato; manu lateraliter compressa, convexd externe, concava interne, infra rotundatd, supra
subangulari ; digito breviore, levi, curvato, et minutim denticulato.

Secundo et tertio paribus pedum thorace vix ter dimidioque longioribus ; multo crassioribus, majoribus et
longioribus quarto et quinto paribus ; tertio articulo cylindrico et antice paullo latiore ; quarto articulo elongato,
conicali, longis setis utrimque fimbriato ; quinto articulo tertio longiore tertid parte, margine anteriore leniter
curvato, posteriore dilatato, arcuato, longis, bene dispositis, ciliatis processibus retro directis utrimque
fimbriato, supra leniter sulcato, infra profundis canalibus ; chelis dilatatis, admodum curvatis, supra sulcatis,
setis longis fortibusque utrimque fimbriatis ; apice curvato et acuto.

Quarto et quinto pedum paribus thoracem fere ter longitudine superantibus ; secundo et tertio paribus
multo gracilioribus atque minoribus; tertio et quarto articulo fere simili longitudine; quinto articulo brevi,
lato, depresso incurvato ; chelis dilatatis, acutis, et chelis reliquorum pedum crassioribus.

Has. Mare Mindorum.

Front deeply incised, lobes of the front angular; second and third pairs of legs very
slender, nearly three times and a half the length of the carapace ; fourth and fifth pairs nearly
three times as long as the carapace.

Carapace about seven lines long and five wide, trigonal, broad behind, gradually
becoming narrower towards the front, tomentose, and beset with numerous short, sharp,
sting-shaped processes, particularly towards the hinder part; middle and branchial regions
separated by a rather superficial impression, posteriorly a transverse groove between the
carapace and abdomen ; body hollowed out between the fifth pair of legs, carapace a little
dilated laterally above the insertions of the second, third, and fourth pairs of legs, but per-
fectly entire from this to the apex of the front.

Front bent down towards the anterior extremity, not distinctly separated from the cara-
pace, emarginate beyond the middle, and deeply notched anteriorly, forming two lobes which
are rounded at the ends.

Fore-legs equal in size, rather slender, covered with short, close-set, fine hairs ; third joint
subcylindrical, curved inwards towards the eyes, frmged on each side with long, stiff, slightly-
curved hairs ; fourth jomt convex and bent outwards; fifth jomt somewhat laterally com-
pressed, convex externally, concave internally, rounded below, rather angular above; claws
rather short, smooth, curved, and finely denticulated.

Second and third pairs of legs nearly three times and a half longer than the carapace,
much stouter, larger and longer than the fourth and fifth pairs; third joint cylindrical, and a
little wider anteriorly ; fourth joint elongated, conical, fringed on each side with long hairs ;
fifth jomt a third longer than the third joint, the anterior margin slightly curved, the posterior
dilated, arched, fringed with long, regular, ciliated processes on each side, directed back-

CRUSTACEA. 3

wards, slightly grooved above, and deeply channelled below ; claws dilated, much curved,
grooved above, frmged on each side with long, stout hairs, curved and sharp at the ends.
Fourth and fifth pairs of legs nearly three times as long as the carapace, much smaller
and more slender than the second and third pairs; third and fourth joints about equal in
length: fifth joint short, broad, flattened, mcurved ; claws dilated, sharp and stouter than
the claws of the other feet.
Has. Sea of Mindoro; fifteen fathoms.

This species comes very near the Oxcinopus aranea of De Haan, Faun. Japon. (tab. xxix.
f. 2), but its carapace is much smaller in comparison with the length and slenderness of the
legs. The fore-legs are much slenderer and of greater length ; the fourth and fifth pairs of
legs are nearly three times as long as the carapace; whereas in O. aranea they are only twice
the length of the carapace ; the second and third pairs of legs are nearly three and a half times
longer than the carapace, the front is more deeply incised, and the lobes are very angular.

The Oncinopi, like the Inachi, live in rather deep water, more particularly in coral
bottoms, and where Keratophytes and other zoophytic forms abound. Among the branches
of these, like aquatic spiders in their webs, these apathetic crustaceans entangle their elongated
limbs ; they are, like the P/o/ci among Arachnidans, very inert and feeble, and excessively
slow and languid in their movements.

2. ONCINOPUS ARANEA, De Haan.
Pedibus quartis et quintis anterioribus brevioribus, tarsis curvatis ; thoracis lateribus integris.
Has. Maria Orientalia (M. Mindorum); Adams.

Fourth and fifth pairs of legs shorter than the anterior pairs, tarsi curved, sides of the
thorax entire.

Has. Eastern Seas (Sea of Mindoro).

2. INACHUS, Fabricius.

1. INACHUS LORINA, Adams & White. Tab. II. f. 2.

Regionibus ventricularibus et cardiacis convexis, bitubercularibus ; oculorum pedunculis uni-spinosis.

Thorace trigono, supra conyexo, regionibus lateralibus paullo latioribus intermedia regione ; thorace ad
latera post oculos attenuato: spina tuberculari paullo prominente ad antelateralem thoracis partem ; duobus
validis magnis tuberculis in linea intermedia in superiore thoracis superficie, que tuberculis minutis granu-
laribus et setis longis, tenuibus, sparsisque distinguitur.

Fronte vix ad finem brachii antennarum exteriorum pertinente, profunde sulcato inter canthos in linea
secunda, et valido jugo longitudinali in utroque latere; apice truncato, horizontali, in medio paululun
emarginato, duobus terminalibus grandiusculis lobis adornatis compluribus, rectis et crassis setis. Canthis
integris ad partem superiorem arcuatis et paululum protendentibus ; oculorum pedunculis lateraliter directis
extra canthos spina longiore et preeacuté in parte anteriore posité ; antennis exterioribus thorace fere dimidio
brevioribus.

Chelis thorace dimidio longioribus, marginibus exteriore et interiore fimbriatis ; longis, validis, curvatis

A ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG,

setis, ex ordine dispositis ; brachio trigono; carpo supra convexo et extrorsum curvato; manu extra con-
vex, intra concavd, introrsum curvatd, supra et infra obtusi; unguibus introrsum inclinatis, deorsum
curvatis, longioribus, compressis, margine inferiore ad basin sinuato; marginibus utrisque minutim denticulatis;
uno majore dente ad utriusque basin.

Primo pari pedum posteriorum admodum gracili et elongato, quintuplo et dimidio thorace longiore ;
secundo pari vix tant longitudine ; femoribus cylindricis paululum tomentosis, serie setarum curvarum in
parte posteriore; tibiis tertid parte longitudinis femorum, parte anteriore setis incurvatis obsita; tarsis
femora longitudine squantibus compluribus breviusculis setis, inter quas sete majores sparsee inveniuntur ;
unguibus setis perlongis, tenuibus, gracilibus coopertis. Abdomine in femina sex-articulato.

Has. Maria Orientalia (littus Mindanaum).

Ventricular and cardiac region convex, bitubercular, peduncles of the eyes with one spine.

Carapace trigonal, convex above, lateral regions rather wider than that of the middle
region, carapace narrowed at the sides behind the eyes, a tubercular, rather prominent spine
én the antero-lateral part of the carapace, two strong and large tubercles, in the middle line,
on the upper surface of the carapace, which is, moreover, covered with minute granular
tubercles, and long, thin, scattered hairs.

Front not quite extending as far as the end of the second joint of the external antenne,
deeply grooved between the orbits, in the middle line, and with a strong longitudinal ridge on
each side: apex truncated, horizontal, slightly emarginated in the middle, with the two
lateral, terminal, slightly-developed lobes, tufted with numerous straight and stiff sete ; orbits
entire, arched at the upper part, and slightly projecting; peduncles of the eyes protruding
laterally considerably beyond the orbits, with a rather long and sharpened spine situated on
the anterior part; external antennz scarcely half as long as the carapace.

Fore-legs one and a half times the length of the thorax, with the outer and inner edges
fringed with long, stiff, curved hairs very regularly disposed ; third joint trigonal ; fourth joint
convex above, and bent outwards ; fifth joint convex externally, concave internally, curved
inwards, obtuse above and below, claws bent inwards, curved downwards, rather long, com-
pressed, inferior edge sinuated near the base, both edges finely denticulated, each with one
larger tooth near the base.

First pair of hinder legs very slender, much elongated, five times and a half the length
of the carapace, second pair of posterior legs hardly as long, femora cylindrical, slightly
tomentose, with a row of curved hairs on the posterior part; tibize a third of the length of
the femora, the anterior part beset with incurved hairs, tarsi as long as the femora, with
uwnerous rather short hairs, and having longer hairs scattered among them ; claws covered”
with very long, fine, slender hairs. Abdomen, in the female, six-jointed.

Has. Eastern Seas (Shores of Mindanao).

This species comes very near Jnachus (Acheus) Japonicus of De Haan, Faun. Japon.
p. 99. t. xxix. f. 3, but the middle region has two strongly-marked tubercles, and the peduncles
of the eyes have but one spine instead of four. The legs are also much longer in proportion
than in 4. Japonicus.

Or

CRUSTACEA.

3. ACHAUS, Leach.

1. ACHAUS JAPONICUS, De Haan.

Regione ventriculi et cordis convexé; oculorum pedunculis 4-spinulosis.

Has. Japoniam.

Ventricular and cardiac regions, convex ; peduncles of the eyes with four small spines.
Has. Japan.

Tnachus (Acheus) Taponicus, De Haan, F. J. p. 99. t. 29. f. 3 (femina).

4. LATREILLIA, Rou.
1. LATREILLIA VALIDA, De Haan.

Major, thoracis regione ventriculi unispinosi; pedibus postremis anteriorum pedum femoribus lon-
gioribus; abdominis feminz articulo quarto medio non spinoso ; spinis frontalibus in utroque sexu integris,
tertid parte thoracis brevioribus.

Japonice Widsu hiki gani, i. e., Cancer in formam Polygoni filiformis.

Has. Japoniam.

Rather large, thorax with one spine in the ventricular region ; the hind feet longer than
the femora of the anterior feet ; the fourth joint of the abdomen, in the female, not spiny in
the middle ; the frontal spines, in both sexes, entire, shorter than a third part of the thorax.

Called in Japanese Midsu hiki gani, or Crab of the shape of a filiform Polygonum.

Has. Japan.
Latreillia valida, De Haan, F. J. p. 107. t. 30. f. 1 (femina).

2. LATREILLIA PHALANGIUM, De Haaz.

Minor, thorace in regione ventriculi unispinoso, pedibus postremis femoribus preecedentium previoribusl 5
abdomine femineo aneat) bispinoso; spinis frontalibus tertiaé parte longitudinis thoracis brevioribus, in
feminis bispinulosis.

Has. Japoniam.

Rather small, thorax with one spine in the ventricular region, the hind feet shorter than
the femora of the preceeding ; abdomen, in the female, with two spines in the middle line ;
frontal spines one third shorter in length than the thorax, in the female, bispinulose.

Has. Japan.

Latreillia Phalangium, De Haan, F. J. p. 108. t. 30.

5. MACROCHEIRA, De Haan.

1. MACROCHEIRA KAMPFERI, De Haan.
Cornibus frontis extrorsum inflexis; canthis parte superiore 4-spinosis.
Japonice Sima-Gani, 1.e., Cancer insularis.
Has. Littus orientale Nipponense (Mus. Brit.).
C

6 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Horns of the front bent outwards, the upper part of the orbits four-spined.
Tn Japanese Stma-Gani, or insular Crab.

Has. The eastern shores of Niphon ; Japan.

Inachus (Macrocheira) Kampferi, De Haan, F. J. p. 100. t. 25. (mas.) t. 27 et 28 (femina) ; Keempfer,
Beschr. von Japan. 1. p. 158. tom. 14. A. (Brachiwm maris adult).

6. CAMPOSCIA, Latreiile.

1. CAMPOSCIA RETUSA, Latreille.

Thorace fere dimidio longiore quam latiore, fronte latissim4, truncata, desinente in duobus parvis
tuberculis que ad basilarem articulum antennarum exteriorum fere pertinent ; dente validissimo ad partem
lateralem thoracis, spatio satis magno post oculos ; pedibus prioribus cylindricis, digito parum valido desinen-
tibus, paululum introrsum curvatis, ad margines denticulatis, cavis punctis in sulco, tertio pedum pari
ferme dimidio longiore quam corpus.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace about as long again as wide, front very wide, truncated, and terminating in
two little tubercles which nearly extend as far as the basilar joint of the external antenne ;
a very strong tooth on the lateral part of the carapace at some distance behind the eyes.

Fore-legs cylindrical, terminated by a weak pincer, slightly curved inwards, denticulated
at the edges with hollow puncta in the groove, the third pair of legs nearly twice as long as
the body.

Has. Philippine Islands (Guimaras) ; Cuming.

Camposcia retusa, Latr. R. Anim. t. 4. f. 61; Guerin. Icon. t. 9. f. 1; Edw. Crust. t. 1. p. 288.
i sys sty ING

The Camposcia retusa, in its young state, has the carapace smooth and shining, and the
legs, which appear rather slender, are but slightly tomentose; as it advances in life, the
carapace and legs become covered with a thick, woolly, yellowish-brown tomentum, and, in
advanced age, the entire animal is concealed by a covering of Sponges, Corallines, Alge,
Actinize, and Alcyonia, beneath which it is impossible to recognise the species. The dissimilar
aspect presented by this species, under these various conditions, is splendidly illustrated by
a suite of specimens in the collection of the British Museum.

The species is widely distributed, and the materials with which their bodies are covered
appear to depend upon the localities in which they are found. Specimens from the Mauritius
are covered with fine corallines and alge, while those from the Philippines are concealed
altogether by stones and sponges.

7. EGERIA, Zatreille.
1. EGERIA INDICA, Latreille.

Interiore margine tertii articuli maxillarum exteriorum recto, et ad angulum prominente.
Has. Oceanum Indicum.

CRUSTACEA. 7

Inner edge of the third joint of the external maxille straight and prominent at its
angle.

Has. Indian Ocean.

Egeria indica, Leach, Zool. Mise. vol. 2. t. 73. Edw. Crust. vol. 1. p. 292.

2. EGERIA LONGIPHS, (EH. Herbstu,) Adwards.
Fronte permagna, longitudine ter ampliore quam latitudine ; caetera Egerize Arachnoidi similibus.
Has. Insulas Philippinas (Zebu) ; Cuming.

Front very large, three times as wide as long; in other respects like Egeria Arachnoides.
Has. Philippme Islands.

8. DOCLEA, Leach.

1. DOCLHA CALCITRAPA, Wiite. (t. 1. f. 2.)

Thorace septemdecim magnis spinis in latere lateribusque, et sedecim tuberculis minoribus in superficie
superiore ; septem magnis spinis in medio thorace, sex erectis quarum sexta e basi spine admodum
elongate horizontalis terminalis exoritur; postrem4 spinarum in latere reliquis tribus multo longiore. Tota
superticies setis obsita fuisse videtur. Quatuor paria pedum posteriorum perlonga atque gracilia sunt.

Thoracis latitudo unum pollicem, quatuor lneas ; longitudo unum pollicem, decem lineas.

Has. Insulas Philippinas (Zebu) ; Cuming.

Carapace with seventeen large spines on the back and sides, and sixteen smaller
tubercles on the upper surface ; seven of the large spines down the middle of carapace, six
of them erect, the sixth springing from the base of the much-elongated, horizontal, terminal
spine ; the last of the spines of the side much longer than the other three. The whole sur-
face seems to have been covered with hairs. The four hind pairs of legs are very long and
slender.

Breadth of carapace, one inch, four lines ; length, one inch, ten lines.

Has. Philippine Islands (Zebu) ; Cuming.

A species distinguishable at first sight from the four species hitherto described, of all of
which there are specimens in the British Museum.

2. DOCLEA OVIS, Edwards.
Nulla spina mediana in posteriore thoracis margine.

Has. Chinam.

No median spine on the posterior border of the carapace.
Has. China.

Doclea ovis, Kdw. Crust. vol. i. p. 294. Cancer ovis, Herbst. vol. 1. p. 210. t. 20. f. 82. Lnachus
ovis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. 355. Maia ovis, Bosc. t. 1. p. 256. Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust. t. 4. p. 100.

3. DOCLEA HYBRIDA, Edwards.
Posteriore thoracis margine in lined mediand parva spimi armato; marginibus latero-anterioribus
thoracis quatuor brevibus spinis armatis posteriore non reliquis majore; secundo pedum pari fere dimidio

longiore thorace.
Has. Indiam.

8 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Posterior margin of the carapace armed on the median line with a small spine : latero-
anterior borders of the carapace armed with four short spines, the posterior of which is not
larger than the others : second pair of legs not quite twice the length of the carapace.

Has. India.

Doclea hybrida, dw. Crust. 1. 294; Inachus hybridus, Fabr. Suppl. p. 855; Maia hybrida, Bosc.
t. 1. p. 256; Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust. t. 6, p. 99.

4. DOCLEA MURICATA, Edwards.

Posteriore thoracis margine magna mediana spina armato ; latero-anterioribus marginibus quatuor
spinis armatis, posteriore reliquis multo majore. ;

Has. Indiam.

Posterior margin of the carapace armed with a large median spine ; latero-anterior
margins armed with four spines, the posterior of which is much larger than the others.

Has. India.

Doclea muricata, Edw. Crust. 1. 295; Cancer muricatus, Herbst. 1. 211. t. 14. f. 83.; Fabr. Ent.
Syst. Suppl. 355.

Il. MAITADA.

In the family of the Macde, many new and interesting forms, hitherto unknown, are
here, for the first time, indicated, including two new genera and seventeen new species. In
their habits, these Crustacea resemble the Jvachide, being very inert and apathetic, not
using their chelze in self-defence, and covering themselves very frequently with foreign bodies.
They appear to be diffused pretty equally over the globe, Chorinus being found both in the
east and west: JMJithrax and Libinia seem to be confined to the New World; Aicippe and
Pericera are tropical genera, as are also Huenia and Menethius; while Maia, Hyas,
Arctopsis, and Pisa, ave found in the countries of Europe.

1. PISA, Leach.

1. PISA SINOPE, Adams 5 White.

Thorace serie tuberculorum magnitudine diversi in lined intermedia, serie septem tuberculorum in
quaque regione laterali; proprius lineam intermediam quinque altis tuberculis seriatim dispositis ; lateribus
quinque spinis, postrema reliquis rigidiore et eminentiore ; tota superficies thoracis, tuberculis admodum
minutis et tenuibus, curvatis, sparsis setis obsita est. Jronte duobus spinis rigidis, divaricantibus, curvatis
setis circumdatis ; superiore canthorum margine plano spind uni antice et spind rigidé angulari projecta
profunda incisione in fronte. Che/is levibus, postfrontalem thoracis partem longitudine exeequantibus ,
pedes posterioribus fuscis tuberculis admodum minutis obsitis, et tenuibus sparsis setis circumdatis.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace with a row of tubercles varying in size in the middle line, a row of seven
tubercles in each lateral region, internal to these, nearer the middle line, five other tubercles
in a linear series ; sides with five spines, the hind one stronger and more prominent than the

CRUSTACEA. 9

rest ; entire surface of carapace covered with very minute tubercles and fine, curved, scattered

sete. Front with two strong, divaricating spines, beset with curved sete; upper margin of

orbits plane, with a single spine anteriorly, and a strong, angular spine directed forwards,

with a deep notch in front. /ore-/egs smooth, as long as the postfrontal portion of the cara-

pace ; hindlegs covered with very minute, brown tubercles, and beset with thin scattered hairs.
Has. Philippine Islands.

2. PISA PLANASIA, Adams § White. Tab. Il. Fig. 4 & 5.

Thorace majore longitudine quam latitudine, ovato-trigonali, superficie levi quasi denudata, sparsis
cristulis setarum fuscarum atque villosarum, ad partem posteriorem minutim granulosi; parva spina
tuberculari paululum eminente in medio tuberculo ventriculari ; parva eminente spina in media quaque laterali
vel branchiali regione ad partem posteriorem posita; tribus, parvis tuberculis supra eam seriatim dispositis
in partem anteriorem thoracis pertinentibus; marginibus lateralibus postice integris, tribus obtusis
paululum eminentibus spinis ad partem anteriorem, quam ad partem thorax angustus subito fit.

Fronte duabus, robustis, eminentibus, breviusculis, parallelis spinis, ad apices paululum incurvatis, et
crassis, validis, curvatis setis obsitis ; canthis antice integris, postice profunde incisis, eminente, obtuso,
angulari, tuberculo post incisionem.

Chelis \eevibus, parvis, gracilibus, paribus, raris, longis, crassis setis obsitis; carpo subcylindrico
introrsum curvato et antice majore ; manibus brevibus rotundatis, atque curvatis, duobus parvis tuberculis
im superficie exteriore et superiore; digitis subgracilibus, subcylindricis lateraliter compressis, et longis,
crassis, raris setis obsitis; ungwibus im medio paululum hiantibus, introrsum curvatis et minutim
denticulatis.

Secundis et tertiis paribus pedum, toto atque dimidio thorace longioribus, denso, fusco tomento adopertis,
carpis subeylindricis antice dilatatis; manibus elongate conicalibus; quartis et quintis paribus pedum
secundis et tertiis brevioribus ; unguibus acutis, validis, atque curvatis.

Abdomine maris sex articulis, serie tuberculorum eminentium in linea intermedia; articulo secundo
latissimo tuberculo papilliformi ad utrumque latus tuberculi intermedi; reliquis segmentis paullatim
angustioribus, postremo triangulari et acuminato. Addomine femine ovato admodum convexo atque
dilatato, quinque articulis, prostremo articulo late trigonali.

Has. Mare Sinense.

Carapace longer than wide, ovately trigonal, surface smooth, as if denuded, with scat-
tered tufts of brown, villose hairs, and finely granulose towards the hinder part ; a small,
slightly prominent tubercular spine in the centre of the ventricular prominence ; a small
prominent spine in the middle of each lateral or branchial region, situated towards the
posterior part, and three small tubercles arranged above this, in a linear series, extending
towards the fore part of the carapace; lateral margins entire, posteriorly, with three obtuse,
slightly prominent spines towards the anterior part, at which situation the carapace becomes
suddenly contracted.

Front with two strong, prominent, rather short, parallel spines, somewhat incurved
towards their apices, and covered with thick, strong, curved hairs. Orbit, anteriorly, entire,
deeply incised posteriorly, with a prominent, obtuse, angular tubercle behind the notch.

Fore-legs smooth, small, slender, equal in size, covered with scattered, long, stout hairs ;
the third jomt subcylindrical, curved inwards and enlarged anteriorly ; fourth joint short,
rounded, and curved with two small tubercles on the outer and upper surface ; fifth joint

D

10 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

rather slender, subcylindrical, laterally compressed, and covered with long, stout, scattered
hairs, claws slightly gaping in the middle, curved inwards, and finely denticulated.

Second and third pairs of legs one and a half times longer than the carapace, covered
with a close, dense, brown tomentum ; third joints subcylindrical, dilated anteriorly ; fourth
joint elongately conical. Fourth and fifth pairs of legs shorter than the second and third
pairs. Claws sharp, strong, and curved.

Abdomen of male six-jointed, with a row of prominent tubercles in the medals line, the
second joint the widest, with a nipple-shaped tubercle on each side of the central tubercle,
the remaining segments becoming gradually narrower, the last being triangular and pointed.
Abdomen of female ovate, very convex and dilated, five-jomted, the last joint broadly trigonal.

Has. Chinese Sea.

This species comes nearest Wavia diacantha of De Haan (Tab. 34. Fig. 1), but in that
species the frontal spines are very long, straight, and diverging ; the fore-legs very large, thick,
and strong; and the carapace is armed on each side with a stout, strong, and prominent
spine; JV. diacantha wants, moreover, the three tubercles on the lateral regions, the form of
the carapace is more trigonal, and the legs are much shorter in comparison with the carapace
than in Pisa Sinope.

2. ARCTOPSIS, Lamarck.
1. ARCTOPSIS STYX.

Haud multum a Pisa tetraodonte differt, thorace tamen longiore, et marginibus latero-anterioribus
crassis spinis in medio armatis ; superiore canthi margine fissura perangusta.
Has. Mauritium.

Does not differ much from Pisa tetraodon, but the carapace is more elongated, and the
latero-anterior margins are armed in the middle with thick spines, while the superior edge of
the orbit has a very narrow fissure.

Has. Mauritius.

Pisa Styx, Latr. Enc. Méth. 10. 141. Edw. Crust. vol.i. p. 8308; Cancer Styx, Herbst. vol.i. p. 248.
t. 17. £.96;

3. NAXTA, Hdwards.

1. NAXIA DIACANTHA, De Haan.

Thorace parte postica lateribus utrimque unispinoso, spin’ producti, fronte bicornuta, cornibus acutis
simplicibus, regione ventriculi media unituberculata.

Lateral margins of the carapace armed at the posterior part with a single spine on each
side, spine produced, front with two horns; horns acute, simple, a single tubercle on the
middle of the ventricular region.

Pisa (Nawia) diacantha, De Haan, Faun. Japon. t. 24. f. 1.

CRUSTACEA. Wl

4. HYASTENUS, White.

Thorax suboblongus, ad latera rotundatus, ante et pone oculos directus ; parvo, transverso sulco in
superiore cantho. rons duobus cornibus thoracem longitudine equantibus, primo parallelis, posterius
divergentibus et paululum deorsum directis; antennis exterioribus omnibus articulis cylindricis ; inser-
tione articuli basalis cornu frontali occultata.

Chele graciles, secundo pari pedum majori longitudine, gracillimo ; articulo terminali acie spinosa.

Carapace rather oblong, rounded on the sides behind, before and behind the edges
straight ; a shght transverse groove in the upper orbit; front with two horns as long as the
carapace, at first parallel, and then diverging, and directed slightly downwards; outer
antennz with all the joints cylindrical; the insertion of the basal joint concealed by the

frontal horn.
Fore-legs slender ; second pair of legs the longest, and very slender ; terminal joint with

the edge spined.
A genus allied to Hyas and Chorinus, the only species of which was long ago figured in
the large work of Seba.

1. HYASTENUS SEBA, White.
Superficie superiore subaspersa et pube velata.
Has. Philippine Islands.

Upper surface somewhat roughish, and covered with a delicate down.
Has. Philippine Islands.

Hyastenus Seba, White, List of sp. of Crust. in Brit. Museum; Cancer araneus, cornutus alter, Seba,
Thes. 3. 4. 5. t. 18. f. 12.

5. CHORINUS, Leach.

1. CHORINUS ACANTHONOTUS, Adams § White. Tab. I. Fig. 1.

Thorace quatuor longis spinis armato duabus anterioribus ad basin sese adpropinquantibus atque
paululum projectis, posterioribus bifidis; furcis anterioris spinarum posteriorum lateraliter divergentibus,
posterioris longitudinaliter ; tribus spinis in utrdque brachiali regione; anterlore projecté, horizontaliter
depress4 ; media gracili retrorsum, sursum et extrorsum projecté duobus acutis tuberculis ad basin deorsum
spectantibus ; posteriore dudbus divaricantibus gracilibus spinis retrorsum et sursum directis.

Rostro cornibus longis depressis, ad basin conjunctis, paulatim divergentibus et deorsum curvatis. Can-
thorum marginibus ad partem superiorem longa bifida spina armatis, ad anteriorem brevi bifidé spina, et ad
posteriorem, brevi spina prorsum curvata finitis; canthorum margine inferiore fere obsoleto, angulo
externo in acuto dentali processu desinente.

Chelis et supra et infra cristé acuté denticulaté armatis; pedibus cylindricis, duobus spinis longis
preacutis instructis, und in utroque latere superioris partis extremitatis articulorum disposité, sursum et
extrorsum tertiorum divergente. ‘Tarsis longis curvatis, infra levibus. Corpore longis tenuibus setis co-
operto.

Has. Maria Orientalia; Borneo (Unsang).

Carapace armed with four long spines, the two front ones rather close together at their

12 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

bases, and directed a little forwards; the two hinder bifid; the forks of the anterior hinder
spines diverging laterally, and those of the posterior divaricating longitudinally,, three spines”
on each branchial region, the azterior pointed forwards, flattened horizontally, the middle
slender, curved backwards, upwards, and outwards, with two divaricating, slender spines,
directed backwards, outwards, and upwards. Horns of the rostrum long, flattened, close
together at the base, gradually diverging and curved downwards. Orbital margin armed
at its superior part with a long bifid spine, on the anterior part having a short bifid spine,
and on the posterior part bounded by a short spine, curved forwards. Inferior margin of
the orbit nearly wanting, and its external angle ending in a short, sharp, tooth-like process.
The first pair of legs armed both above and below with a trenchant, denticulated crest, the
other legs cylindrical and furnished with two long, sharp-pointed spines, situated one on each
side of the upper part of the extremity of the ¢hird joints, and diverging upwards and
outwards ; tarsi long, curved, and smooth below. Body covered with long, thin hairs.
Has. Eastern Seas; Borneo (Unsang).

This species differs from Chorinus aculeatus (Kdwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., vol. i.
p. 316, and De Haan’s species, Yauna Japonica, Plate 23. fig. 2.), in the length and position
of the spines, which are not tipped with a knob, but sharp-pointed, and -in the thin joints
of the posterior pairs of legs being armed with two spines. ‘The peculiarity of the long bifid
spine above the old orbit must also be regarded as a singular characteristic, the front legs are
more slender, the horns of the rostrum are longer and less divaricating than in C. aculeatus.

The species described above enters into Chorinus of Professor Edwards and Dr. De Haan,
but it seems to be very different from Chorinus of Leach, founded on a West Indian and
South American type. :

The Chorinus, like the speeies of M/ithrav, inhabit deep water, and always seem to prefer
those localities where the bottom is covered with weeds ; they are very inactive in their move-
ments, and become rigid in all their limbs when first captured, but make no defence with
their forelegs. One specimen was obtained by the dredge, entangled in a mass of corallines,
and the C. /ongispina was procured from a coral bottom near the great Loo-Choo.

2. CHORINUS LONGISPINA, De Haan.

Canthorum margine superiore spinis elongatis armato, thorace in nea media spinis 6, tertiis et quartis
basi transversim conjunctis ; spinis duabus in regionibus branchialibus ; omnibus cylindricis valde elongatis,
apice incrassatis, femoribus apice unispinosis, tarsis apice integris.

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Chorinus longispina, De Haan, Faun. Japon. p. 94. t. 23. f. 2.

The superior margin of the orbits armed with elongated spines, six spines in the middle
line of the thorax, the third and fourth transversely joined at the base, two spines on the

CRUSTACEA. 13

branchial regions, cylindrical and greatly elongated, with the apex thickened, femora with
one spine at the end, tarsi entire at the apex.
Has. Eastern Seas.

3. CHORINUS ACULEATUS, Edwards.

Thorace quinque admodum longis spinis in mediana lined armato, et duabus ad utramque regionem
branchialem. 5

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Carapace armed with five very long spines on the median line, and with two on each
branchial region.

Chorinus aculeata, Milne-Edwards, Crust. vol. i. p. 316.
Has. Indian Seas.

4. CHORINUS VERRUCOSIPES, Adams § White. Tas. II. Fig. 3.

Thorace sex, acutis elevatis tuberculis, quinto permagno et conspicuo, parva spina ad basin utroque
latere; duobus tuberculis eminentibus et angularibus in utraque regione laterali, uno minore in medio
alteroque in parte inferiore atque exteriore ; thoracis superficie minutis, depressis, punctis et curvatis setis
sparsim aggregatis obsita ; lateribus pone oculos quinque rotundatis tuberculis.

Fronte desinente in duabus, crassis, divergentibus spinis setis curvatis obsitis superiore canthorum parte
tribus spinosis processibus armata; anteriore obtuso, sursum et prorsum directo ; medio reliquis minore, a
posteriore profunda incisione separato, posteriore longo, dente in margine posteriore.

Chelis \evibus, longitudine thoracem fere exeequantibus ; secundo pari pedum longissimo ; pedibus tenu-
ibus, cylindricis, tuberculis verrucosiformibus et setis crassis atque sparsis obsitis.

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Carapace with six, sharp, elevated tubercles, the fifth being very large and conspicuous,
with a small spine at each side at the base; two prominent angular tubercles on each lateral
region, with a smaller one between them, and another on the lower and outer part ; surface
of carapace covered with minute, depressed dots, and scattered tufts of curved sete ; sides,
behind the eyes, with five rounded tubercles.

Front terminating in two stout diverging spines beset with curved sete ; upper part of
orbit armed with three spiny processes, the anterior obtuse, directed upwards and forwards,
the middle smaller than the others, and separated from the posterior by a deep incision, the
posterior process long, with a tooth on the hind edge.

Fore-legs smooth, nearly equal in length to the carapace; the second pair of legs the
longest ; legs thin, cylindrical, covered with wart-like tubercles, and coarse scattered sete.

Has. Eastern Seas.

6. MITHRAX, Leach.

1. MITHRAX DICHOTOMUS Latrevlle.

Thorace granuloso, sine spinis in superficie superiore ; cornibus rostri admodum divergentibus paullo
longioribus quam latioribus, desinentibus in duobus dentibus qui fere equales sunt.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

E

14, ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.,

7. PARAMITHRAX, Hdwards.

1. PARAMITHRAX EDWARDSII, De Haan.

Canthis infra emarginatis; oculis usque ad angulos canthorum externos productis; thorace lateribus
5-spinosis ; manibus lvissimis utrinque convexis margine superiore et interiore obtusis.

Has. Japoniam.

Carapace granulose, and without spines on the upper surface; horns of the rostrum

very diverging, not much longer than wide, and terminated by two teeth, which are nearly
equal.

Has. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

Mithrax dichotomus, Latr. Desm. Cons. 150 ; Hdw. in Guer. Mag. de Zool. 1832, t. 1. Crust. 1. 319.
t. 15. f. 1-4. Maja dichotoma, De Haan, Faun. Japon. t. 22. f. 4.

Orbits emarginate below, eyes prolonged as far as the external angles of the orbits,
thorax with five spines on the sides; hands very smooth, convex on both sides, obtuse on the
upper and lower edges.

Has. Japan.

Maja (Paramithrax) Edwardsii, De Haan, F. J. p. 92. Tab. 21. fig. 2. (Peronii. Edw.)

8. TELMESSUS, Wiite.

Thorace depresso, pentagonali, latero-anterioribus lateribus reliquis longioribus ; latero-posterioribus
lateribus duobus dentibus in medio; latero-anterioribus lateribus duobus latis dentatis dentibus inter
exteriorem canthorum angulum et magnam, latam dentatam divisionem, cujus finis unum ex eminentibus
angulis thoracis efficit. Rostrum Jatissimum, ex tribus latis dentibus consistens, quorum lateralis in-
teriorem canthorum angulum efficit.

Pedes \ongissimi, compressi.

Carapace depressed, somewhat pentagonal, the latero-posterior sides being the longest,
the latero-posterior sides have two teeth in the middle; the latero-anterior sides have two
broad, dentated teeth, between the external angle of the orbit and the strongly developed,
wide, dentated division, the end of which forms one of the prominent angles of the carapace ;
the beak is very wide, and is formed of three broad teeth, the lateral forming the internal
angle of the orbit.

Legs very long, compressed.

This genus, described in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society, was, by mistake,
referred to as coming near Plagusia. It, however, enters into the family M/aidie ; near it
and probably placed in the same genus is the Cancer chevrogonus, described and figured by
Dr. Tilesius, in the Mémoires de |’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg
(tome V. 1812. p. 347. Tab. VII. f. 1.), which species he tells us is taken abundantly in
Kamschatka, at Arvatchsa, in a bay which derives its name from the abundance of the Crabs :
the sailors of the Niva eagerly sought after the species, finding it to be very delicious as food.

1. TELMESSUS SERRATUS, White. Tab. II.
Superficie obsita parvis verrucis nonnunquam seriatim dispositis, setis e fronte extantibus.

CRUSTACEA. 15

Surface covered with small warts, arranged in some places in lines, with hairs proceeding
from the front of them.
The specimen is a male.

9. MATA, Lamarck.

1. MATA SPINIGERA, De Haan.

Spinis lateribus et frontalibus quartam partem longitudinis postfrontalis emetientibus, acuminatis ;
spinis quinque dimidio brevioribus, pone medium transversim dispositis; verrucis in spatio intermedio
minutis, equalibus.

Has. Japoniam.

Lateral and frontal spines pointed, measuring a fourth part of the length of the post-
frontal part of the carapace; five spines, half the size, arranged transversely behind the
middle, with minute, equal-sized warts in the intermediate space.

Has. Japan.

Maja (Maja) spinigera, De Haan, Faun. Japon. p. 93. Tab. 24. fig. 4.

10. DIONE, De Haan.

1. DIONE AFFINIS, De Haan.

Thorace granulato, et acute spinuloso ; cornubus rostri ter longioribus quam latis, apice acutis ; lateribus
spina dimidio breviore armatis; digitis superioribus parte media unispinosis.

Has. Japoniam.

Carapace granulated and acutely spinulose, horns of the front three times as long as
wide, and with the points sharp, sides armed with a spine, half as large, one spine in the
middle of the upper finger of the fore-legs.

Has. Japan.

Maja (Dione) affinis, De Haan, F. J. p. 94. t. 22. f. 4.

11. MICIPPA, Zeach.
1. MICIPPA THALIA, Herbst.

Pedibus posterioribus thoracem postfrontalem vix superantibus ; fronte ultra medium im cornua duo
extrorsum versa divisa.
Has. Japoniam.

The hinder legs scarcely extending beyond the post-frontal thorax ; front beyond the
middle, divided into two horns turned outwards.

Has. Japan.

Pisa (Micippa) Thalia, De Haan, F. J. p. 98. t. 23. £. 8. (mas) ; Cancer Thalia, Herbst. t. 58. f. 3.

2. MICIPPA PHILYRA, Leach.
Thorace tuberculis granulosis obsito: haud tamen in superficie superiore spinoso.

16 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Carapace covered with granular tubercles, but not spiny on the upper surface.
Has. Philippine Islands (Guimaras).

3. MICIPPA CRISTATA, Leach.

Thorace compluribus longis acutis spinis in superficie superiore.

Has. Insulas Philippinas (Siquijor, Zebu.) Javam.

Carapace bristling on the upper surface, with a great number of long, sharp spines.

Has. Philippine Islands (Siquijor, Zebu). Java.

Micippa cristata, Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. 3. t. 128. Edw. Crust. vol. 1. p. 330. Cuv. R. Anim. (Croch)
t. 31. f. 2.

Cancer cristatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. 2. p. 1047. t. 44.

Cancer bilobus, Herbst. vol. 1. p. 245. t. 18. f. 98. Rumph. t. 8. f. 1.

4. MICJPPA BICARINATA, Adams 5 White.

Thorace flaveolo, rubro intersperso. Fonte duabus longitudinalibus carinis, tuberculis, ex quibus
complures sete oriuntur. Pedibus depressis.

Has. Insulas Philippinas (Zebu, Luzon).

Carapace pale-yellow, sprinkled with red; front with two longitudinal keels, bearing
tubercles, from which spring many hairs ; legs depressed.
Has. Philippine Islands (Zebu, Luzon) ; Adams and Cuming.

12. SCHIZOPHRYS, Adams § White.

Thorax ovalis, depressus, postice paululum attenuatus. 2ost:wm profunde incisum ; superiore canthorum
parte alte incisd, valido dente in media incisione ; inferiore canthorum parte appendice elongato intus, duobus
dentibus ad extremitatem. Che/@ reliquis pedibus breviores; digit? sine dentibus. Cauda maris septem
articulis ; latera fere parallela.

Carapace oval, depressed, somewhat attenuated behind; beak deeply cloven, upper part
of orbit deeply cloven with a strong tooth in the middle of the cleft; under part of orbit
with an elongated appendage on the inside, with two teeth at the end. Fore-legs shortest ;
fingers without teeth. Tail of male with seven joints, the sides nearly parallel.

1. SCHIZOPHRYS SERRATUS, Adams § White.

Duo articula basalia chelarum minutis acuminatis tuberculis; latera thoracis sex validioribus dentibus,
exteriore canthorum dente adnumerato ; duobus validis dentibus frontalibus, denticulo in utroque dente, ad
exteriorem basis partem. (Mas.)

Haz. Mauritium.

The two basal joints of fore-legs with numerous pointed tubercles ; sides of carapace
with six rather strong teeth, including outer tooth of orbit; two strong teeth of front, with
a tooth on each at the outside. (Male.)

Has. Mauritius.

CRUSTACEA. 17

2. SCHIZOPHRYS SPINIGER, Adams § White.

Articulis basalibus chelarum levibus ; in quoque thoracis latere octo dentibus; secundo et tertio
a canthis ad basin conjunctis ; postice, in medio, duobus parvis dentibus simul dispositis. Thorax supra
compluribus minutis tuberculis, inter que sunt undeviginti paullo majora, plerumque transverse disposita.
Thorax flavus est, hic illic rubro tinctus.

Has. Insulas Philippinas. Siquijor, Ins. Bohol; Cuming.

Basal joints of fore-legs smooth, sides of carapace with eight teeth on each, the second
and third from the orbit united at the base ; behind in the middle, close to each other, are two
small teeth. Carapace above with numerous minute tubercles, amongst which are nineteen
of larger size, arranged mostly transversely ; carapace yellow, tinged here and there with red.

Has. Philippine Islands, Siquijor, Island of Bohol; Cuming. Coll. Brit. Museum.

13. PERICERA, Latrevlle.

1. PERICERA TIARATA, Adams 8 White.

Frontis cornibus styliformibus, gracilibus, sine spinis, parallelis, ad apices paululum divergentibus,
fimbriatis, ut antenne exteriores, ad utrumque latus rigidis curvatis setis; spind robustissima ante, altera
post canthos.

Lateribus et superiore superficie thoracis obsitis tuberculis conicis, obtusis, diversi magnitudine,
cum minoribus, depressioribus, verrucosiformibus tuberculis mixtis; superficie tamen non granulati; und
eminentiore spina ad latera in parte posteriore, inter quas tiara e magnis rotundatis tuberculis conficta
extenditur. In parte posteriore valido intermedio tuberculo, et duobus lateralibus, infra que series est
quingue minorum tuberculorum. Superficie thoracis inter tuberculos sparsis lanosis setis.

Pedibus in superiore superficie levibus, lateribus tuberculatis et fimbriatis longis, densis, furvis, lanosis
setis.

Horns of the front styliform, slender, not armed with spines, parallel, slightly diverging
at their points, and fringed, as well as the external antenne, on each side, with stiff curved
hairs; a very strong spine before, and another after, the orbits.

Sides and upper surface of carapace covered with conical, obtuse tubercles, varying in
size, mixed with smaller, flatter, wart-like tubercles, but the surface is not granulated; one
rather prominent spine on each side, on the hinder part, between which extends a tiara of large
rounded tubercles ; at the posterior part a strong central, and two lateral tubercles, with a
row of five smaller tubercles beneath them. Surface of carapace, between the tubercles, with
scattered woolly hairs.

Legs smooth on the upper surface, with the sides tuberculated and fringed with long,
thick, reddish-brown, woolly hair.

Has. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

2. PERICERA SETIGERA, Adams 5 White.

Cornibus frontis stylformibus parallelis, et per totam longitudinem contiguis; rigidis, curvatis, setis
ciliatis, neque tamen spinigeris vel ad fines divergentibus.

Thoracis superiore superficie compluribus rotundatis tuberculis obsit&; crista setarum in cujusque
medio ; tota superficie et tuberculorum et spatiorum intermediorum minutim granulatd; tribus tuberculis
eadem magnitudine in parte posteriore, et duobus infra ea minoribus.

F

18 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Pedibus minutim granulosis preecipue in superficiebus superiore et exteriore, secundis ceteris longioribus.
Unguibus minutim denticulatis, longis tenuibus setis inter denticulationes quee paullo curvatee et spiniformes
sunt.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Horns of the front styliform, parallel, and contiguous throughout their length, ciliated
with stiff curved hairs, but not spinigerous nor diverging at their ends.

Upper surface of carapace covered with numerous rounded tubercles, each with a tuft of
hairs proceeding from its centre; the entire surface, both of the tubercles and the spaces
between them, very finely granulated ; three equal-sized tubercles on the hinder part with
two smaller ones beneath them.

Legs minutely granulose, more particularly on their upper and outer surface ; the second
pair longer than the others. Claws finely denticulated, with long, slender hairs between the
denticulations, which latter are slightly curved and spiniform.

Has. Philippine Islands.

3. PERICERA CORNIGERA, Edwards.
Cornibus rostri styliformibus, parallelis, et per totam longitudinem contiguis.
Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Horns of the rostrum styliform, parallel, and contiguous throughout their length.

Has. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.
Pericera cornigera, Edw. Crust. 1. 3835; Pisa cornigera, Latr. Enc. Méth. 10. 141.

14. MENATHIUS, Edwards.
1. MENATHIUS SUBSERRATUS, Adams § White. Tab. IV. Fig. 1, 2.

Thorace trapeziformi angulo anteriore in tres spinas ex eddem planitie surgentes diviso, angulo
posteriore truncato; superficie superiore compluribus prominentibus tuberculis obsita, lateribus valida,
breviuscula spina, quatuor obtusis, depressis dentibus ante spinam, sinu inter duos anteriores et duos
posteriores dentes.

Fronte spina angusta, longa, inclinata, paullo bilobata ad finem, et setis curvatis utroque latere fimbriata.

Chelis brachio cylindrico, paucis tuberculis in superficie superiore et exteriore ad basin ; carpo gibboso ;
manu compressa, levi, supra et infra obtus&; digitis hiantibus, inferiore curvato, dentibus ad unum finem
dense dispositis, nullis tamen ad basin; superiore compluribus dentibus ad finem, dente magno et crasso ad
basin, et alto inter eos sinu; brachio pedum posteriorum duobus tuberculis in superficie superiore ad
basin; secundo pedum pari ceteris longiore.

Has. Insulas Phihppinas.

Carapace diamond-shaped, with the front-angle divided mto three spines, arising from
the same plane, and with the hind angle truncated ; upper surface covered with numerous,
raised, prominent tubercles ; side-margins with a rather short, strong spine, with four blunt,
flattened teeth before it, and a sinus between the two front ones and the two hinder ones.

Front with a narrow spine, long, bent down, slightly bilobate at the end, and frmged on
each side with curved sete.

Fore-legs with the third joint cylindrical, with a few tubercles on the upper and cuter
surface near the base ; fourth joint gibbose, fifth jomt compressed, smooth, obtuse above and

CRUSTACEA. 19

below, fingers gaping, the lower one curved, with closely-set teeth at one end, but without
teeth at the base; upper one with several teeth at the end, a large, thick tooth near the base,
and a deep sinus between them; third joint of the hind-legs with two tubercles on the upper
surface near the base; second pair of legs longer than the others.

Has. Philippine Islands.

In this species the sides are armed with four broad, rounded teeth placed before the
lateral spine, while in AZ. porcellus there is but one tooth anterior to the spine, and in JV. twber-
culatus there are two large, prominent teeth ;. the carapace is more elongated in the males
than in JZ. porcellus or M. tuberculatus, the frontal spme is much longer, and the tubercles
on the back are smaller and less rounded. The young female of this species appears to be
the MW. diadema, Leach, MSS., where the carapace is subtetragonal, nearly as wide as long,
strongly embossed with numerous tubercles of different sizes, and with the frontal spine short
compared with the male and adult females.

2. MENETHIUS PORCELLUS, Adams § White.

Thorace trigonali, longiore quam latiore, antice producto, postice rotundato; parte superiore complu-
ribus, magnis, rotundatis tuberculis obsita; lateris margine una, valida spina, magno, obtuso, conspicuo
dente ante spinam ; lateribus post canthos angustatis.

Fronte tribus dentibus ex eidem planitie surgentibus ; medio admodum elongato, acuminato, ad finem
inclinato, longitudine fere tertié parte thoracis, setis curvatis ad utrumque latus ciliato, velut in Huenia ;
spinis lateralibus admodum validis et acutis, ad utrumque latus prorsum directis; basi pedum duobus vel
tribus tuberculis in latere exteriore; secundo pari ceteris longiore.

Has. Mauritium.

Carapace trigonal, longer than wide, produced anteriorly, rounded behind, upper part
very irregular, and covered with numerous large, rounded tubercles ; side-margin with one
strong spine, with a large, blunt, conspicuous tooth before it ; sides narrowed behind the orbits.

Front with three teeth arising from the same plane, the middle one very much elongated,
pointed, bent down at the end, about a third the length of the carapace, ciliated on both sides
with curved sete, as in Huenia; the lateral spines very strong and sharp, directed forwards
on either side, base of legs with two or three tubercles on the outer side, second pair longer
than the others.

Has. Mauritius.

The existence of a single well-formed, strong tooth, situated anterior to the lateral
spine, serves to characterize this species.

3. MENZTHIUS TUBERCULATUS, Adams § White.

Thorace subtrigonali; lateribus duobus, depressis, angularibus dentibus ante spinam lateralem, que
obtusa est. Regione cardiaca et ventriculari duobus antice tuberculis, uno ad utrumque latus linee medic ;
cristé verticali tuberculo minuto, altero post admodum prominente et rotundato, et tertio post alterum
paullo minore; posteriore thoracis margine duobus, erectis, angularibus dentibus.

Fronte tribus spinis ex eddem planitie surgentibus; media longd, gracili, inclinaté atque in medio
suleat& ; spinis lateralibus altioribus validis, triangularibus, duobus inter eas parvis tuberculis.

Has. Mauritium.

20 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Carapace subtrigonal, sides with two large, flattened, angular teeth before the lateral
spine, which is obtuse; cardiac and ventricular region with two tubercles anteriorly, one on
each side of the middle line; a vertical crest with a minute tubercle ; and behind that, a very
prominent, rounded tubercle, with another, rather smaller, behind it; posterior edge of cara-
pace with two erect angular teeth.

Front with three spines arising from the same plane, the middle one long, slender, bent
down, and grooved in the middle; lateral spines rather elevated, strong, triangular, with
two small tubercles between them.

Has. Mauritius.

M. tuberculatus, Leach, MSS.

4. MENASTHIUS INCISUS, De Haan.

Fronte bicornuta, cornibus divergentibus acutis; regionibus ventriculi et cordis medio acute unispi-
nosis; lateribus ante medium in laciniam truncatam dilatatis.

Has. Japoniam.

Front with two horns ; horns sharp, diverging, a single sharp spine in the ventricular
and cardiac regions, the sides anteriorly dilated into a truncated border.
Has. Japan.

Pisa (Menethius) incisus, De Haan, F. J. p. 98. t. 24. £. 3. (femina).

5. MENA®THIUS QUADRIDENS, De Haan.

Fronte bicornuta, cornibus divergentibus acutis; regionibus ventriculi et cordis convexis ; thoracis
lateribus bispinosis, spinis anterioribus ab spinulis canthorum posticis sinu separatis.

Has. Japoniam.

Front with two horns: horns sharp, diverging, ventricular and cardiac regions convex ;
sides of the carapace with two spines, the anterior spmes separated from the posterior spines
of the orbits by a sinus.

Has. Japan.

Pisa (Menethius) quadridens, De Haan, F. J. p. 97. t. 24. f. 2. (mas.)

15. HUENIA, De Haan.

1. HUENIA FRONTALIS, Adams § White. Tab. IV. Fig. 3.

Thorace eque lato atque longo, subquadrilaterali, levi, sine tuberculis in media lined, producto
et postice rotundato; lateribus acutis, uno lato lobo, postice paululum emarginato, horizontaliter undulato,
antice arcuato, in medio depresso et postice elevato.

Fronte \atissima, lateraliter dilatata, obtus4 et antice rotundaté, admodum depressa, supra plana et infra
in media lined alte sulcata.

Chelis minimis, thoracem fere longitudine adeequantibus, pedibus posterioribus non crassioribus ; brachio
trigonali, apice in parte superiore valid& conic& spina et postice duabus minoribus, verticalibus, conicis
spinis in carini; carpo supra carinato, spina tuberculari in superficie superiore et minore; manu supra
carinata ; carina una in medio spind et infra in valido angulari dente desinente; tertio et quarto paribus

CRUSTACEA. 21

pedum ceteris brevioribus; unguibus paululum curvatis, subelongatis, infra minutim serratis et inter
serrationes setis circumdatis.

Carapace as broad as long, subquadrilateral, smooth, without tubercles in the middle
line, and produced and rounded posteriorly ; sides acute, with a single broad lobe, slightly
emarginated posteriorly, horizontally undulated, arched anteriorly, depressed in the middle
and raised behind.

Front very wide, laterally dilated, obtuse and rounded anteriorly, Boe depressed,
plane above, and inferiorly deeply channelled in the middle line.

Fore-legs very small, about the length of the carapace, not thicker than the posterior
pairs, third joint trigonal, the end, on the upper part, with a strong conical spine, and
posteriorly, two smaller, vertical, conical spines on the keel, fourth joint keeled above, with a
tubercular spine on the upper and inner surface; fifth jomt keeled above; claws slightly
gaping, the upper one with a single spine a little behind the middle.

Second pair of legs longer than the others, third jomt trigonal, carinated above, with
a single, strong, compressed spine at the end, and two smaller ones posteriorly, fourth joint
winged above, carinated externally, and rounded below ; fifth joint very much compressed,
carinated above, keel with a single spine in the middle, and ending below in a strong,
angular tooth ; third and fourth pairs of legs shorter than the others; claws slightly curved,
rather elongated, finely serrated below, and beset with hairs among the serrations.

In the peculiar and characteristic form of the front and carapace, this species differs in a
very remarkable mamner from those varieties of Hwenia proteus, which are named var. elongata,
heraldica, and tenuipes. ‘The locality of the specimen described above, which is in the collec-
tion of Crustacea in the British Museum, is unknown, but as all the others are natives of the
Eastern Seas, the present species is most likely from the same part of the globe. The
description is from a female.

2. HUENIA PROTEUS, De Haan. Tab. IV. Fig. 4-7.
Frontis margine inferiore acuto, pedibus posterioribus margine anteriore valde carinatis.
a. Mas. Thorace elongato, lateribus uni- vel bi-laciniato; fronte valde producta; thorace longiore.

(Var. elongata.)
5. Fem. Thorace dilatato, lateribus bi-laciniato; fronte dimidium thoracem vix superante. (Var.

heraldica.)
c. Anteriore margine pedum posteriorum paululum carinato; thorace subelongato; chelis gracilibus ;

inferiore margine frontis non tam producto quam in reliquis varietatibus. (Var. ¢enwzpes.)
Has. Maria Orientalia.

Lower edge of front sharp, posterior legs with the anterior margin strongly carinated.
a. Male. Thorax elongated, sides with one or two lobes; front greatly produced, cara-

pace rather long. (Var. elongata.)
b. Female. Carapace dilated, sides with dilated lobes, front scarcely extending beyond

half the length of the carapace. (Var. heraldica.)
G

22 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

c. Anterior margin of hinder legs but slightly keeled; carapace rather elongated ;
forelegs slender ; inferior margin of front not so much produced as in the other varieties.
(Var. tenuwipes.)

Has. Eastern Seas; Mindanao, China, Japan.

Maja (Huenia) Proteus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. p. 95. t. 23. f. 4-5 mas. (elongata) f. 6. a, b, femina
(heraldica.)

M. De Haan appears to have had considerable difficulty in defining the varieties of this
curious species, nor are we able to do more than add another variety to the two already indi-
cated. Whether at any time these varieties will be elevated to the rank of species, on the
discovery of a more extensive suite of specimens of different sexes and ages, remains for
future observers; and, in the meantime, we furnish a more extended description of the
variety we have named fenupes.

3. HUENIA PROTEUS, De Haan. Var. tenuipes. Tab. IV. Fig. 5.

Thorace \ongiore quam latiore, oblongo, trigonali, superficie superiore depressd et levi, duobus tuber-
culis in media lined paululum inter se distantibus ; lateribus duobus compressis lamellaribus lobis; anteriore
antice rotundato, posterioribus ad margines liberos truncatis.

Fronte valde elongata, thoracem longitudine fere adeequante, ad latera ciliata rigidis ncurvatis setis ;
lamell4 inferiore non tam deorsum producté quam in /. proteo; canthis productis in validam spinam ad
utrumque latus frontis antice directam.

Chelis gracilibus, thoracem longitudine fere adeequantibus, secundo pari paullo crassioribus ; brachio
subtrigonali, uno tantum parvo tuberculo in superficie superiore, duobus in inferiore ; spina ad finem partis
superioris parva; in 7. proteo autem duo sunt tuberculi supra et tria infra; et spima supra ad apicem
pervalida et maxima est ; carpo supra obtuso ; manu in superficie superiore carinat’ ; unguibus denticulatis ;
secundo pari pedum thoracem longitudine superante ; brachio cylindrico nullé ad finem spina; carpo paulu-
lum compresso ; manu dilataté infra in spinam validam ad apicem positam, cristé setarum adornatam; un-
guibus longis, marginibus inferioribus minutim denticulatis, setis intermediis; brachio quinti paris una
spind in medi anteriore parte.

Abdomine quinque articulis: quarto valde convexo in medio longitudinaliter impresso; primo et
secundo rotundato in medio tuberculo. Femina adulta.

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Carapace \onger than wide, oblong, trigonal, upper surface flat and smooth, with two
tubercles in the median line a little distance apart ; sides with two compressed lamellar lobes,
the front lobes rounded anteriorly, the hinder lobes truncated at their free edges.

Front very much elongated, nearly as long as the carapace; ciliated at the sides with
stiff, curved hairs, inferior lamella not so much produced downwards as in ZH. proteus ;
orbits produced into a strong spine on each side of the front, directed forwards.

Fore-legs slender, nearly as long as the carapace, rather thicker than the second pair,
third joint less trigonal, with but one slight tubercle on the upper surface, and but two
tubercles on the under surface, the spme at the end of the upper part very small, whereas in
H. proteus there are two tubercles above and three below, and the spine at the apex above is

CRUSTACEA. 23

very strong and large; the fourth joint obtuse, superiorly; the fifth jomt carinated on the
upper surface. Claws denticulated. Second pair of legs longer than the carapace, the third
joint cylindrical, without a spine at the end; the fourth joint slightly compressed ; the fifth
joint dilated below into a strong spine situated near the apex, surmounted by a tuft of hairs ;
third and fourth pairs of legs with the third joint slightly keeled, with two spines in the
middle, the fourth joint carinated: the fifth with a shght tooth tufted with hair; claws long,
with the lower edges finely denticulated, and having intermediate setz ; the third joint of the
fifth pair with one spine in the middle of the fore-part.

Abdomen five-jomted, the fourth jomt very convex, impressed longitudinally in the
middle ; the first and second joints with a rounded tubercle in the middle. Adult female.

Has. Eastern Seas, Island of Mindoro.

17. HALIMUS, Lair.

1. HALIMUS AURITUS, Edwards.
Nulla spina in margine posteriore thoracis, neque in regione ventriculari.
Has. Oceanum Indicum.

No spine on the posterior border of the carapace, nor on the ventricular region.
Has. Indian Ocean.

Halimus auritus, dw. Crust. 1. 341; Cuv. R. Anim. (Croch.) t. 28. f.3,; Pisa aurita, Latr. Enc.
Méth. 10. 140.

18. ZEBRIDA, Addams & White.

Thorax depressus, eque longus atque latus.

Frons horizontalis, paululum declinata, conficta ex duabus spimis depressis, conicalibus, antice directis
ad apices paululum divergentibus; canthis circularibus; pedunculo oculorum permagno et crasso, latiore
ab latere ad latus quam de supra deorsum ; corned oculorum ultra exteriorem frontis marginem protendente,
fere complente canthorum hiatus, quorum margines superiores salientes sunt; marginibus thoracis latero-
anterioribus uno, valido, depresso processu armatis, conicalibus, acutis, ad basin latis, aciebus exterioribus
paululum elevatis, cacuminibus prorsum curvatis ; primo articulo antennarum exterioram permagno, longo,
cylindrico, antennis rostro tectis ; epistomate e1 Acanthonycis simillimo.

Chel@ breviores iis Acanthonycis, spinis depressis, conicalibus, subobtusis armate ; brachio triangulari,
spina conicali exteriore et mnteriore; exteriore perlongd, sursum et prorsum directa; carpo tribus spinis
armato; und superiore, posteriore prorsum directéi; duabus anterioribus lateralibus extrorsum directis,
ad extremitates rotundatis; manu spina acuta, depressd cristata.

Pedes posteriores breves, crassi, admodum compressi ; tertio articulo duabus magnis, depressis, conicis
spinis in fronte, prorsum directis ; quarto articulo uno depresso, spinoso processu in parte anteriore ; quinto
articulo ampliata et postice instructo spa acuta, depressd, curvatd, retrorsum directa.

Carapace flattened, about as broad as long. Front horizontal, slightly bent down,
formed of two flattened spines, conical, directed forwards, and slightly diverging at their tips.
The orbits circular ; the peduncle of the eyes very large and thick, broader from side to side

24. ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

than from above downwards; the cornea of the eyes projecting beyond the outer margin
of the front, nearly filling up the orbital cavities, the upper margins of which are salient.
The latero-anterior borders of the carapace armed with a single, strong, flattened process ;
conical, trenchant, broad at the base, the outer edge slightly elevated, with the point
curving forwards. ‘The first jot of the external antennz very large, long, and cylindrical,
antennze covered by the rostrum. Epistome very nearly similar to that of <Acanthonyz.
The chele, shorter than in that genus, are armed with flattened, conical, slightly obtuse
spines. The second joint triangular, with an external and internal conical spine, the
external very long, and directed upwards and forwards; the third joint armed with three
spines ; one superior-posterior, and directed forwards ; two anterior-lateral, directed outwards
and rounded at their extremities; the fourth jomt crested with a sharp, flattened spine.
The legs short, thick, very much compressed; the third jot with two large, flattened
conical spines on the front, directed forwards ; the fourth jomt with but one flat, spinous
process on its anterior part; the fifth jot enlarged and furnished posteriorly with a sharp,
flat, curved spine, directed backwards.

This beautiful genus is very apathetic when alive; in that respect resembling Lamérus.
In the system it is not far removed from Acanthonyx and Huenia. The description is from a
female.

1. ZEBRIDA ADAMSII, Wiete. Tab. VIL. Fig. 1.

Colore subcarneolo, fasciis rufo-fuscis; lied intermedia antice bifurcaté, demde in basin inte-
riorem cornuum rostri obsoleté, postice ad ultimum abdominis articulum pertinente, lined utrinque
tenui duplice paululum undulata; duabus latis lineis pertinentibus ab apice spinarum rostri, in ultimo
abdominis segmento concurrentibus, in medio thorace angustatis; lmed extra tenui, duplice; extra
hance lineam fascid lata, paululum curvatd, ad postero-exteriorem thoracis angulum subito desinente ;
latiore fascid rufo-fuscd ad basin spinarum antero-lateralium. Duabus latis, rubro-fuscis fasciis in
omnibus pedum articulis, subdiagonaliter trans articulum directis; una lata fasci& eodem colore in
quarto et quinto articulis. Superficie inferiore colore paullo intensiore. Exteriore parte abdominis
segmentorum puncto circulari subnigro. Tota animalis superficie levi, sine setis, dura, polita et porcel-
land; oculis nigris.

Has. Borneo.

In colour this species is of a light, delicate pink, with dark liver-coloured markings.
There is a central line bifurcated anteriorly, where it is lost on the inner bases of the horns of
the rostrum, reaching posteriorly to the last jot of the abdomen, and having external
to it a fine, double, somewhat waved line ; extending from the apex of the rostral spines, and
meeting at the last abdominal segment, are two broad lines, narrowed in the middle of the
carapace ; external to these is a fine double line, and on the outside of this is a broad, some-
what curved stripe, ending abruptly at the postero-external angle of the carapace ; and at the
base of the antero-lateral spines is another rather broad linear mark of the same dark liver-
colour. The third joint of all the legs has two broad, dark, red-brown bands, directed some-
what diagonally across the joint ; the fourth and fifth jomts have one broad mark of the same

colour. ‘The under surface is of a somewhat darker colour. On the outer part of the

CRUSTACEA. 25

abdominal segments is a round, dark spot. The entire surface of the animal is smooth,
hairless, hard, polished, and porcellanous. Eyes black.

Has. Borneo. .

Zebrida Adamsii, White. Pro. Zool. Soc., 184:7.

A very distinct variety, from about twelve fathoms, in the Sooloo Seas, had the carapace
of alight green, with deep, red-brown stripes, and the legs and chele of a pearly semi-
opaque white, very distinctly banded with deep red-brown.

The specimen from which the foregoing description is taken, was dredged from a sandy
bottom, at about six fathoms water, near the mouth of the Pantai river, on the coast of
Borneo. ‘The description, it ought to have been remarked, was from a living specimen; but
even the dried individual in the Museum collection is very distinctly marked.

IJ. PARTHENOPID.

In the family of Parthenopide, the results of the Expedition furnish us with forms highly
interesting to the Crustaceologist, including two new genera and ten new species. The
genus Cryptopodia has been strengthened and confirmed by the discovery of a new and well-
marked species, and several peculiar forms of Parthenope and Lambrus are here for the first
time indicated. In their habits, the members of this group are feeble and inactive, feigning
death when captured, and living generally in deep water, seeming to prefer a stony or gravelly
bottom ; some specimens of Parthenope were obtained by the dredge on the coast of Borneo,
in thirty fathoms water, from a clear sandy floor; and the sandy mud of the China Sea, in
many parts, abounds in Laméri.

1. LAMBRUS, Leach.

i. LAMBRUS HARPAX, Adams § White. Tab. VI. Fig. 8.

Thorace subtrigonali, levi, in fronte rotundato, in medio carinato, carinaté tribus rotundatis tuberculis
armati, antice furcata, intervallum depressum triangulare exhibente, marginibus lateralibus valde crenatis, cre-
nationibus depressis et rotundatis ; angulis latero-posterioribus in depresso, triangulari, subobtuso, spinoso,
processu desinentibus ; posteriore thoracis parte valida spina retrorsum et extrorsum directa, paululum
tuberculifera, et valida cara in posteriore parte regionis branchialis continuata ; alterd mimore spina, propius
mediam lineam posita, valde carinata, spatio depresso inter se spinamque priorem; tribus parvis tuberculis
in lined intermedia, una centrali, et und ad utrumque latus.

Fronte paululum producta, antice rotundata, margine paululum denticulata.

Chelis vix duplici longitudine thoracis; brachio et carpo, marginibus tuberculis rotundatis armatis ;
manu levi, superiore angulari margine tuberculifera.

Has. Oram Brunensem, (Mare Sinense.)

Carapace subtrigonal, smooth, rounded in front, carinated im the middle, the keel armed
H

26 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

with three rounded tubercles, and forked anteriorly, leaving a depressed, triangular interval ;
lateral edges rather conspicuously crenated, the crenations flattened and rounded ; latero-
posterior angles ending in a flattened, triangular, rather obtuse, spiny process ; hind part of
carapace with a strong spine, directed backwards and outwards, slightly tuberculiferous, and
continued in a strong ridge upon the posterior portion of the branchial region; another
smaller spine, situated nearer the middle line, likewise strongly carinated, leaving a depressed
space between it and the former spine; three small tubercles in the median line, one central,
and one on each side.

Front but little produced, rounded anteriorly, with the margin slightly denticulated.

Fore-legs about twice the length of the carapace, third and fourth joints with the edges
armed with rounded tubercles ; fifth jomt smooth, with the upper angular edge tuberculi-

ferous.
Has. China Sea; coast of Borneo.

Tn the living state, this singular species is of an olive-green colour, with the fore-legs of
a light pinkish-brown, and the under surface of a slate colour.

2. LAMBRUS LAMELLIFRONS, Adams §& White. (Tab. V. Fig. 1.)

Thorace longiore quam latiore, tribus majusculis tuberculis in parte posteriore superficiei superioris ;
una in medio et und ad utrumque latus; lateribus thoracis in medio crenatis ; latitudine thoracis 44 lin.,
longitudine 53 lin.

Chelis longissimis.

Has. Insulas Philppinas.

Carapace longer than wide, with three rather large protuberances on the hinder part of
the upper surface, one in the middle, and one on each side; sides of carapace, about the
middle, crenated. Breadth of carapace four lmes and a half; length five lines and three
quarters.

Fore-legs very long.

Has. Philippine Islands.

3. LAMBRUS TURRIGER, ddams § White. (Tab. V. Fig. 2.)

Thorace longiore quam latiore pentagono paululum producto, in fronte acuminato. Superficie
Superiore quatuor spinis elevatis, crassulis et ad extremitates obtusis; prima inter anteriorem et posterio-
rem partem thoracis, sursum et paululum retrorsum directi; alterd post multo longiore; tertid ad
utrumque latus alterius in posteriore thoracis margine; in medio duabus spinis retrorsum et paululum
sursum directis; prima et altera spinis anterioribus sublongis; tertid in medio thorace longa, ver-
ticali, et subacuminaté; spinis in elevato tuberculo regionis branchialis positis, longis, crassis, erectis
et paululum extrorsum retrorsumque directis; tot& superficie thoracis obtusis subconicis tuberculis obsita.
Latitudine thoracis vix 4 linearum ; longitudine vix 44 linearum.

Fronte parva, valde depress, breviusculé, subobtusi ; in medio profunde concava, parvo dente ad
utrumque latus. 5

Chelis longissimis pro magnitudine corporis, tuberculis verrucosis, levibus, ad latera rotundatis,
in cristis angularibus spmosioribus.

Pedibus posterioribus gracillimis, levibus, supra et infra rotundatis, unguibus longis, tenuibus, paululum
depressis et acutissimis.

Has. Insulas Philhppinas.

CRUSTACEA. 27

Carapace longer than wide, five-sided, rather produced and acuminated in front.
Upper surface with four elevated spines, rather thickened and blunt at the ends, the first
about midway between the fore and hind part of carapace, directed upwards and slightly
backwards ; behind it, another spine much longer, and one on each side of this, on the hind
margin of carapace ; in the middle, two spines directed backwards and slightly upwards ; the
first and second spines from before backwards, moderate in length ; the third placed in the
centre of the carapace, long, vertical, and rather sharp-pointed ; the spines situated in the
raised prominent tuberosity of the branchial region, long, stout, erect, and directed a little
outwards and backwards; entire surface of the carapace covered with blunt, subconical
tubercles. Breadth of carapace about four lines ; length about four lines and a half.

Front small, depressed very considerably, rather short, somewhat obtuse, deeply con-
cave in the middle, with a slight tooth on each side.

Fore-legs very long in comparison with the size of the body, verrucose or covered with
warty tubercles, which latter are smooth, rounded on the sides, and more spinous on the
angular crests.

Hind-legs very slender and smooth, rounded above and below, with the claws long, fine,
slightly flattened, and very sharp.

Has. Phihppine Islands.

This species comes very near Lambrus lamellifrons (Adams & White), but the legs are
smooth, and not spiny like those of the latter, which, moreover, has tubercles on the carapace,
instead of long, erect spines.

4. LAMBRUS CARINATUS, MWilne-Edwards. (Tab. V. Fig. 3.)

Latero-posterioribus marginibus thoracis ad utrumque latus duobus parvis dentibus armatis et validis-
simo triangulari dente quo margo latero-anterior desinit. Superiore stiperficie chelarum levi et margi-
nata dentibus nullum inter se intervallum habentibus.

Thorace admodum inequali, ad regiones branchiales carinato, et tribus dentibus criste forma in linea

intermedia armato.

Fronte magna, triangulari, non denticulaté; latero-anterioribus marginibus minutim denticulatis ;
brachio quatuor posteriorum pedum spinoso.

Longitudine 8 linearum.

Has. Oram Brunensem, (Mare Sinense.)

Latero-posterior edges of the carapace armed on each side with two small teeth, and
with a very strong triangular tooth, similar to that which terminates the latero-anterior edge.
Upper surface of the fore-legs smooth, and bordered by close-set teeth. Carapace very
unequal, carinated on the branchial regions, and armed with three teeth in the form of a
crest in the median line; front large, triangular, and not denticulated, latero-anterior
margins finely denticulated. Third joint of the four hind pairs of legs spmy. Length
eight lines.

Has. Coast of Borneo; China Sea.

Lambrus carinatus, Edw. Crust. 1. 358.

(~)
(e.2)

ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

5. LAMBRUS PISOIDES, Addams § White. (Tab. V. Fig. 4:.)

Thorace eque longo ac lato, triangulari, marginibus lateralibus spinis depressis, rotundatis, tuberculi-
formibus armatis ; media et branchiali regionibus valde eminentibus et convexis ; regione branchiali producta
ad utrumque latus in longam, validam, acuminatam spinam retrorsum et extrorsum directam, et paululum
prorsum inclinatam; totd superficie thoracis obsita depressis, lzvibus circularibus, verrucosiformibus
tuberculis, aliis alios magnitudine longe superantibus ; serie elevatorum tuberculorum in posteriore parte
longitudinalis lateralis sulci, medium a branchiali regione dividentis, carimam efficientis elevatam desmentem
in spinam subobtusam, brevem, retrorsum, extrorsum, et paululum deorsum directam.

Fronte acuta, productiore, utrinque dentata, angustiore, profunde sulcaté in medio, in spinam valde
depressam triangularem desinente.

Chelis \ongissimis pro magnitudine thoracis, pari longitude et crassitudine; brachio leyvibus,
depressis tuberculis supra obsito; marginibus antice et postice armatis compluribus longis et brevibus
spinis alternatim dispositis ; superficie inferiore angulo obtuso, externe levi, interne granulaté; carpo tuber-
culis verrucosis supra obsito, et externe armato tribus, validis, obtusis, recurvatis spinis ; manu triangulari, in
superficie superiore levibus, rotundis tuberculis obsita, interne et in superficie inferiore minutim granulata ;
margine externo valde carinato, et quinque eminentibus subcurvatis spinis armato, serie parvorum, obtu-
sorum, tuberculiformium processuum alternatim disposita; in superficie interiore serie parvarum, obtusarum
proxime appropinquantium spinarum.

Pedibus posterioribus parvis, tenuibus, infirmis, levibus marginibus superioribus obtusis ; unguibus
longis, acutis, depressis, villis lanosis fimbriatis; corpore et chelis subfuscis, majusculis subrubris maculis
distinctis.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace about as long as wide, triangular, lateral borders armed with flattened,
rounded, tubercle-shaped spmes ; middle and branchial regions very prominent and convex,
branchial region produced, on each side, into a long, strong, and pointed spine, directed
backwards and outwards, and inclined slightly upwards ; entire surface of carapace covered
with flattened, smooth, circular, wart-like tubercles, varying in size, some being considerably
larger than others; a row of elevated tubercles on the posterior portion of the longitudinal
lateral groove which divides the middle from the branchial region, forming an elevated ridge
which terminates in a somewhat obtuse, short spine, directed backwards, outwards, and a
little downwards.

Front acute, rather produced, toothed on each side, somewhat narrowed, deeply chan-
nelled in the middle, and ending in a considerably-depressed triangular spine.

Fore-legs very long in proportion to the size of the carapace, and equal in length and
thickness ; third joint covered above with smooth, flattened tubercles, the margins before and
behind armed with numerous, long and short spies arranged alternately, lower surface bluntly
angled, smooth externally, granulated internally; fourth joint covered above with warty
tubercles, and armed externally with three strong, obtuse, recurved spines ; fifth joint trian-
gular, covered with smooth, round tubercles on the upper surface, finely granulated internally,
and on the under surface, with the external margin strongly keeled and armed with five
prominent, slightly-curved spines, finely denticulated on their edges, and alternating with a
row of small, blunt tubercle-shaped processes; on the inner surface a row of small, blunt,
closely-approximated spines.

CRUSTACEA. 29

Hind-legs small, thin, feeble, smooth, the upper edges obtuse; claws long, sharp, flat-
tened, and fringed with woolly hair. The body and fore-legs of a light brown colour,
marked with rather large, faint-red blotches.

Has. Philippine Islands.

This species is very closely allied to Parthenope (Lambrus) diacantha, De Haan
(F. J. Tab. xxiii. Fig. 1.), but it differs from that crustacean in the greater comparative length of
the fore-legs ; in the fifth joint having intermediate small spines between the five larger ones,
which latter, moreover, are different in form; and in having but two spines on either side,
extending from the postero-lateral margins of the carapace, whereas in Parthenope (Lambrus)
diacantha, there are three on either side.

The Zaméri are extremely sluggish in their movements, relying for safety not in mus-
cular force, but in the disguised nature of their bodies, which, owing to their similarity to the
gravelly floor on which they are generally found, must afford a protection from their enemies.
Many species appear, indeed, at first sight to be made up of a conglomerated mass of small
stones and sand. The Zaméri are very numerous throughout the China Sea, where they live
in about twelve or twenty fathoms, upon the submerged beds of broken shells and muddy
gravel which constitute the floor of that sea.

6. LAMBRUS LACINIATUS, De Haan.

Thorace vulto latiore quam longo, margine laciniato, manibus cariné externa et medid 15-17 spinis,
conicis validis granulatis armatis, carma interna tuberculatis; fronte im spinam basi dilatatam producti,
pedum posteriorum tibiis tarsisque margine superiore acuto-carinatis.

Haz. Japoniam.

Carapace much wider than long, the margin laciniated ; fifth jot of fore-legs with the
external and middle keels armed with from fifteen to seventeen strongly-granulated ‘conical
spines ; internal keel tuberculated ; front produced into a spine dilated at the base; fourth
and fifth joints of hind legs acutely cariated on the upper margin.

Has. Japan.

Lambrus laciniatus, De Haan, Faun. Japon.

7. LAMBRUS VALIDUS, De Haan.

Thorace roulto latiore quam longo, tuberculis fragiformibus echinato, margine laciniato; manibus
carina externa et media spimis 11-12 conicis validis granulatis armatis, interiore vix tuberculatis ; fronte in
spinam angustam producti; manibus carina’ media tuberculis 12 armatis; pedum posteriorum tibiis
tarsisque Margine superiore obtusis.

Has. Japoniam.

Carapace rauch wider than long, covered with fragiform tubercles, margin laciniated,
external and middle keel of the hands armed with eleven or twelve strongly granulated
conical spines, inner keel scarcely tuberculated, front produced into a narrow spine; the

I

30 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG. _

middle keel of the hands armed with twelve tubercles, tibize and tarsi of the hinder legs
obtuse on the upper edge.

Has. Japan.

Parthenope (Lambrus) valida, De Haan, Faun. Japon. t. 22. f. 1. (mas.) t. 22. f. 2. (femina.)

8. LAMBRUS LONGIMANUS.

Fronte externé parva subeminente, horizontali, tribus dentibus.

Has. Oram Brunensem, Insulas Phihppinas.

Front extremely small, slightly prominent, horizontal, and formed of three teeth.
Has. Coast of Borneo, Philippine Islands.

When alive, this curious species is of a stone colour, with the under surface pinkish.
Numerous specimens were dredged by us from a gravelly bottom, im about thirty-five fathoms
water.

Lambrus tongimanus, Leach, Lin. Trans. t.12. p. 310; Cancer longimanus, Linn. Mus, Lud. Ulr.
p. 441. Syst. Nat. 2. 1047, 42; Lambrus pelagicus, Riippell, t. 4. f. 1? Rumph. pl. 8. f. 2.

9. LAMBRUS DIACANTHA, De Haan.

Thorace trigono vix «que lato ac longo, verrucoso, postice utrinque in spinam acutam dilatato ;
chelis equalibus ; pedibus levissimis.

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Minute, with a trigonal carapace hardly as long as wide, warty, dilated posteriorly on
both sides into a sharp spine, fore-legs equal, hinder legs very smooth.

Has. Hastern Seas.

Parthenope (Lambrus) diacantha, De Haan, Faun. Japon. t. 23. f. 1.

10. LAMBRUS SERRATUS, Edwards.
Marginibus latero-posterioribus thoracis serie trium parvarum, equalium spinarum armatis.
Has. Insulas Phihppimas.

Latero-posterior margins of the carapace armed with a row of three, small, equal spines.
Has. Philippine Islands (Corregidor) ; Cuming.
Lambrus serratus, dw. Crust. 1. 857. Seba. 3. t. 20. f. 12.

2. CRYPTOPODIA, Ldwards.

1. CRYPTOPODIA DORSALIS, Adams § White. Tab. 5. Fig. 6.

Thorace depresso, permagno, triangulari, in medio paululum elevato, bis latiore quam longo, postice
paululum sinuato; ad margines magnis rotundatis crenationibus valde distinctis; majore parte tergi
parvis pustularibus elevationibus obsité; duobus profundis sulcis in posteriore parte thoracis, longitudi-
naliter dispositis, et paululum inclinatis ita ut formam lyre exhibeant.

Fronte horizontal, valdé producti, anticé rotundata, tribus subacutis crenulationibus in utroque latere ;
oculis parvis, retractilibus.

CRUSTACEA. 31

Chelis longissimis et maximis, prismaticis, jugis angularibus, tuberculis rotundis, subobtusis, ex ordme
dispositis, armatis ; quatuor posteribus pedum paribus gracillimis parvis, pari longitudine, et omnino celatis
sub lateralibus lamellaribus extensionibus thoracis.

Abdomine levi, septem articulis, serie parvorum tuberculorum ad utrumque latus subeminentis inter-
medi lines : articulo penultimo ceteris latiore.

Vivus colore turbide-carneolo, fuscis distinctionibus, et minutis nigris punctis; in utraque chelA croceé
lineari macula; superficie inferiore alb’, subrubro colore in pectore. Siccatus obscuro, turbido, albo
colore est.

Has. Mare Suluense; fundo scruposo.

Carapace flattened, very large, triangular, slightly elevated in the middle, nearly twice
as wide as long, slightly sinuated posteriorly, strongly marked round the edges with coarse,
rounded crenations ; the greater part of the back covered with slight pustular elevations ; on
the posterior part of the carapace two deep grooves, placed longitudinally, and slightly bent,
so as to have a lyre-shaped form.

Front horizontal, much produced, rounded anteriorly, and having three rather sharp
crenulations on either side, eyes small, retractile.

Fore-legs very long and large, prismatic in form, with the angular ridges armed with
regular, round, rather blunt tubercles; the four hind pairs of legs very slender, small,
equal in length, and entirely concealed beneath the lateral lamellar extension of the carapace.

Abdomen smooth, seven jointed, with a row of small tubercles on either side of the
slightly prominent, middle line; penultimate joimt wider than the rest. When alive it is
of a dirty flesh-colour, with brown markings, and minute black specks; on each chela there
is an orange, linear spot ; the under surface is of a dead white, with a reddish tinge on
the breast. In the dried state it is of a dull, dirty white.

Has. Sooloo Sea; twenty fathoms, stony bottom.

The species of this genus resemble those of Calappa, in their habit of simulating death
when disturbed, folding the chelz close to the front of the carapace, and concealing their
legs under the dilated sides of the carapace. They are always found in deep water, while
the Calappide are observed on sandy flats, under the shelter of stones, or even sometimes
buried in the sands.

In the distinct and beautiful species of the singular genus described above, the lyre-shaped
grooves on the carapace at once distinguish it from the other two known species ; it, however,
differs from the Cryptopodia fornicata of Herbst, and the C. angulata of Edwards and Lucas, in
other and minor particulars. The carapace is narrower and wider than the same part in C. for-
nicata, and the posterior edge is furnished with coarser and rounder crenations, the ridges on
the chelee have blunter tubercles ; the front, moreover, is longer, more rounded im outline, and
more deeply crenulated. From C. angulata, Wdwards and Lucas, (Archives du Muséum, vol. ii.
t. 28. f. 15-19,) described in 18411, it differs in the rounded form of the posterior portion of
the carapace, which, in that species, is sharply angulated and spiniferous, and also in the

32 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

minute incisions, instead of crenatures, on the posterior edge of the carapace. Their species,
the locality of which is unknown to Messrs. Edwards and Lucas, is probably a native of the
Eastern Archipelago, and with our new C. dorsalis forms a very interesting addition to a
genus which has been hitherto limited to but one species.

2. CRYPTOPODIA FORNICATA, Junr. Herbst. t. 6. f. 4.

In juniore thorax multo triangularior, ad angulos rotundior, postice directior, et superficies dorsalis
pluribus pustulis obsita est, quam in animalibus adultis; chelz etiam breviores et crassiores sunt, frons
latior, rotundatior et distinctius crenulata, oculi majores, juga dorsalia eminentiora.

Har. Mare Sinense; vadis submersis concharum mortuarum et lapidum.

Our figure represents, most probably, the young of this species; the carapace is more
decidedly triangular, more rounded at the angles, straighter behind, and the dorsal surface
more covered with pustules than in the adult individuals; the chelee, moreover, are shorter
and comparatively thicker, and the front is wider, more rounded and distinctly crenulated,
the eyes are of comparatively greater size and the dorsal ridges more prominent.

Has. China Sea; submerged banks of dead shells and stones.

3. GONATONOTUS, Adams § White.

Thorax pentagonalis, depressus ; anguli laterales acutissimi.

Frons latissima, lamelliformis, dilatata, rotundata, ad fines subnictata; oculi magni, eminentes,
pedunculi breves in nictu profundiore ad latus imserti; antenne exteriores, appendice terminali
elongata.

Chele subcrasse ; carpus rotundatus et interne spinosus ; ungues in margine serrati.

Pedes tertii et quarti paullo longiores secundus et quintis; articuli tarsales secundi, tertii, quarti
et. quinti parium, equali magnitudine et crassitudime ; quinto pedum pari supra quartum inserto.

Abdomen femine septem articulis, tribus vel quatuor articulorum basalium supra conspiciendis. Mas
ignotus.

Carapace pentagonal, depressed ; lateral angles very sharp.

Front very wide, lamelliform, dilated, rounded, slightly notched at.the end; eyes large,
prominent, peduncles short, inserted in a rather deep notch on the side. Outer antenne
with the terminal appendage elongated.

Fore-legs rather thick ; fourth joint or wrist, rounded and spined on the inside, claws
serrated on the edge.

Third and fourth pairs of legs rather longer than the second and fifth, tarsal joints of
second, third, fourth and fifth pairs of equal size and thickness; fifth pair of legs inserted
above the fourth pair.

Abdomen of female, seven-jointed, three or four of the basal joimts seen from above.
Male unknown.

This genus is allied to Humedonus.

CRUSTACEA. 33

1. GONATONOTUS PENTAGONUS, Adams § White. (Tab. VI. Fig. 7.)

Thorace supra confertim verrucoso, verrucis depressis ; robusta carina dorsali, ab uno laterali angulo
ad alterum pertinente, duobus tuberculis in medio.

Fronte medio suleati, medio dorsi duabus longitudinalibus impressionibus; ultimo articulo abdominis
in femina verrucoso. Primo pedum pari verrucoso, digitis sulcatis.
Has. Oram Brunensem.

Gonatonotus pentagonus, Adams and White, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Carapace above closely verrucose, the warts depressed ; a rather strong ridge across the
back, extending from one lateral angle to the other, with two tubercles in the middle; the
front grooved down the middle; the centre of the back with two longitudinal impressions ;
terminal joint of abdomen, in the female, verrucose.

Has. Coast of Borneo.

When alive, this species is of a brick-red colour, with the chele crimson, and the under
surface rufous.

4, CERATOCARCINUS, Adams § White.

Thorax subpentagonalis; latera supra insertionem chelarum in magnam spinam paululum prorsum
directam producta.

Fons lata et prominens, cornibus conicis inter se valde distantibus utrinque eminens; oculi
parvuli, pedunculis brevibus, sulcis in lateribus rostri aptatis. Hxteriores antenne permagne, termi-
nales appendices certe dimidia longitudine antennarum, et ultra cornua rostri prominentes.

Chele valde elongate; latera fere parallela, carpus subpyriformis, sine spinis in parte interiore ;
acies digitorum convenientes et serrate. Secundum par pedum longius et gracilius quam postrema tria
patria; articulus tarsalis gracilis et elongatus; quartum et quintum <equalia longitudine ; quintum par, ut in
Eumedono, tam alte positum ut quarti paris insertionem fere celet; tarsales articuli horum pedum crass! ;
unguis ad extremitatem translucidus.

Abdomen maris ut in Humedono: femina incognita.

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Carapace somewhat pentagonal; the sides, over the insertion of the first pair of legs,
produced into a large spine directed slightly forwards.

Front wide and prominent, projecting on each side in the form of conical horns, widely
separate from each other. yes rather small, peduncles short, the eye fittmg imto a groove
on the side of the front ; outer antenne considerably developed, the terminal appendages at
least half the length of the whole antennee, and projecting beyond the horns of the front.

First pair of legs vauch elongated, the sides nearly parallel, the wrist somewhat pear-
shaped, without spines on the inside, the edges of the pincers meeting and serrated. Second
pair of legs longer and more slender than the last three pairs; the tarsal joint slender and
elongated ; fourth and fifth pairs of legs of equal length; the fifth pair, as in Hwmedonus,
placed so high as nearly to conceal the insertion of the fourth pair; the tarsal jomts of these
legs thick; the claw at the end translucent.

K

34 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Abdomen of male, as in Humedonus ; that of female unknown.

This genus is closely allied to Hwmedonus of Professor Milne Edwards (Crust. vol. i.
p. 349), and, like it, comes from the Eastern Seas.

1. CERATOCARCINUS LONGIMANUS, Adams & White. (Tab. VI. Fig. 6.)

Duobus acuminatis transversis tuberculis, ad extremitatem pilis cristatis, in dorso thoracis, post oculos ;
primo pedum pari minutis verrucis obsito compluribus altis longitudinalibus sulcis; digitis basi excepta
nigro-fuscis.

Has. Oram Brunensem (Balambangan).

Cerotocarcinus longimanus, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Two pointed transverse tubercles, tufted with hair at the end, on the back of the
carapace, behind the eyes; the first pair of legs covered with mimute warts and with several
deep longitudinal grooves ; the pincers blackish brown, except at the base.

Has. North coast of Borneo (Balambangan).

When alive, the colour of this species is blood-red, with five light bands across the
carapace.

5. PARTHENOPE, Fabricius.
1. PARTHENOPE CALAPPOIDES, Adams & White. (Tab. V. Fig. 5.)

Thorace subtrigono postice truncato, antice rotundato, dorso verrucosiformibus subdepressis tuber-
culis obsito; lateribus in parte anteriore obtuso rotundato lobo; alto sinu post lobum; branchialibus
regionibus permagnis, compluribus tuberculis, jugo majorum tuberculorum ad angulos latero-posteriores
pertinentium et brevibus equis intervallis circum margines alte incisis. Mediana regione serie magnorum
rotundatorum tuberculorum, anterioribus tuberculis proxime appropinquantibus, posterioribus distantibus ;
duabus caveis inter laterales et medianas regiones, et post caveas duabus altis foveis.

Fronte \ati, obtusa, antice rotundaté, ad extremitatem subemarginata, denticulis in lateribus, tuber-
culifera in dorso.

Chelis breviusculis et crassis ; brachio verrucoso, valid& anteriore spiniferé cristé; carpo externe levi,
serie tuberculorum in superficie interiore; manu serie magnorum tuberculorum pertinentium a digito
superiore intus ad basin articuli, exteriore carimd levi et sine spinis; digitis magnis et validis, inferiore
tribus magnis dentibus.

Abdomine in femina septem articulis, depressis tuberculis obsito.

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Carapace subtrigonal, truncate behind, rounded in front, upper surface covered with
wart-like, rather depressed tubercles ; sides at the forepart with an obtuse rounded lobe,
behind which is a deep notch; branchial regions very much developed, covered with tubercles, -
with a ridge of larger tubercles extending to the latero-posterior angles, and deeply incised
at short regular intervals round the edges; the middle region with a row of large rounded
tubercles, the anterior of which are close together, and the posterior isolated ; two hollows
between the lateral and middle regions, and two deep pits behind the hollows.

CRUSTACEA. 35

Front wide, obtuse, rounded anteriorly, slightly emarginate at the end, faintly dentated
on the sides, and tuberculiferous on the upper surface.

Fore-legs rather short and stout ; third jomt verrucose, with a strong anterior spiniferous
crest ; fourth joint smooth externally, with a row of tubercles on the inner surface ; fifth
joint with a row of large tubercles, extending from the upper claw to the base of the joint, on
the inner surface, outer keel smooth and without spines; claws large and strong, the lower
one with three large teeth.

Abdomen, in the female, seven jointed, and covered with flattened ride

Has. Eastern Seas.

2, PARTHENOPE TARPEIUS, Adams § White. (Tab. VII. Fig. 2.)

Thorace subtrigono, compluribus levibus depressis rotundatis tuberculis, in regionibus mediana et
laterali majoribus obsito : lobo rotundato integro, in margine latero-anteriore ; alto sinu lobum a lateralibus
regionibus dividente ; lateralibus regionibus dilatatis, rotundatis, postice angustatis, magnis superficialibus
crenationibus circum margines; posteriore margine serie validorum obtusorum subconicalium tuberculorum
extrorsum et retrorsum directis.

Fronte \at&é obtusa rotundata subcrennlata, alte sulcata, vix levi in superiore superficie.

Chelis validis tuberculiferis, brachiis uno magno et compluribus minoribus tuberculis in acie anteriore ;
carpo levi, externe noduloso ; manu subtuberculifero latere in interiore superficie; pedibus posterioribus
depressis, marginatis depressis subtriangularibus obtusioribus processibus.

Abdomine in femina septem-articulato, obsito tuberculis, fimbriato crebris setis.

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Carapace subtrigonal, covered with numerous smooth, depressed tubercles, larger in the

middle and lateral regions; a rounded entire lobe on the latero-anterior margin, and a deep
notch, which separates it from the lateral regions, which are dilated, rounded, narrowed
posteriorly, with large superficial crenations round the edges; the hind margin with a row of
strong, obtuse, sub-conic tubercles, directed outwards and backwards.

Front wide, obtuse, rounded, subcrenulate, deeply channelled, and nearly smooth on
the upper surface.

Fore-legs strong, tuberculiferous ; third joint with one large and several smaller tubercles
on the front edge ; fourth joint smooth, externally nodulous; fifth jomt with a rather faint
tuberculiferous ridge on the inner surface ; hind-legs flattened, edged with flattened, sub-
triangular, bluntish processes.

Abdomen, in the female, seven-jointed, covered with tubercles, fringed with close-set sete.

Has. Hastern Seas (Caramatta Passage).

LAMBRUS, Leach.
[Additional Species. ]
11. LAMBRUS HOPLONOTUS, Adams § White. (Tab. VIL. Fig. 3.)

Thorace subpentagono, antice acuminato, ad latera subangulato, postice lato, obsito rotundis equis
tuberculis, majoribus et crebrioribus in regionibus mediana et branchiali; lateribus crenatis antice, armatis

36 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

in medio crassis obtusis tuberculiformibus processibus, postice desinentibus in longd prominente acumi-
nata spina extrorsum et paululum retrorsum directa ; acie posteriore octo validis spinis instruct, marginibus
thoracis, cum tuberculis et spinis, fimbriatis longis rigidis subcurvatis setis.

Fronte acuminate triangulari, aciebus subcrenulatis et validé spina supra canthum.

Chelis ter thorace longioribus ; brachiis serie crebrorum quorum tuberculorum antice; quatuor vel
quinque magnis rotundatis tuberculis, paululum inter se distantibus in latere exteriore, quinque validis
spinosis processibus a margine posteriore retrorsum et extrorsum tendentibus ; carpo serie tuberculorum
supra, et tribus validis spinis externe ; manu crista octo validarum spinarum supra, serie tuberculorum
interne, et serie fere duodecim crassarum obtusarum spinarum in acie inferiore.

Pedibus posterioribus gracilibus minoribus, duobus posteriorlbus paribus longis subcurvatis setis
fimbriatis.

Abdomine (in mare) quinquarticulato, crebris setis cireum margines.

Has. Maria Orientalia. :

Carapace subtriangular, anteriorly acuminate, somewhat angulated at the sides, wide
behind, covered with rounded equal-sized tubercles, larger in the middle and branchial regions,
the sides anteriorly crenated, armed in the middle with thick, obtuse, tuberculiform processes,
and ending posteriorly in a long, prominent, acuminated spine, directed outwards and a
little backwards ; posterior edge with eight strong spines and tubercles, the spines fringed
with long, rigid, slightly curved hairs. ;

Front acuminately triangular, the edges subcrenulated, and with a strong spine above
the orbit.

Fore-legs three times longer than the carapace, the third jomt with a row of equal-sized
tubercles anteriorly ; four or five large rounded tubercles slightly separated from each other
on the outer surface; five strong spiny processes, extending backwards and outwards from
the hinder margin; the third joint with a row of tubercles above and three strong spines
externally ; the fifth jomt with a crest of strong spines above, a row of tubercles internally,
and a row of about twelve thick, obtuse spines on the lower sharp edge.

Hind-legs slender, rather small, the two posterior fringed with long slightly curved sete.

Abdomen (in the male) five-joited, the crenated margins beset with short hairs.

Has. Hastern Seas.

IV. CANCERIDZE.

In their habits, the Cancerid@g are evasive and prone to concealment, passive in defence,
and though voracious and predatory, they do not exhibit the same activity, intelligence, and
cunning as the Ocypodide, the Gonoplacide, or the Grapside. The Gthre mhabit deep
water, living in sandy mud, among shells and coral débris, while such genera as Carpilius,
Atergatis, Xantho, and Chlorodius, select shallow waters along the shores, preferring weedy
and rocky bottoms, where they hide among the stones, and prey on shrimps and small fishes.
Pilumnus and Trapezia are tolerably lively in their movements ; the latter genus having the

CRUSTACEA. 37

same habit of hiding and shuffling under stones as Porcellana, but unlike that genus it
inhabits the coral branches of deep sunken reefs and the cavities of madrepores.

At the island of Koo-kien-san a species of Hriphia was common, hiding under stones
below high-water mark, having the carapace, legs, and chelze covered with stiff red hairs, the
colour of the shell itself being dark greenish brown, the legs lighter and banded with dark
brown, while the under surface of the body was ultramarine blue, and the terminal joint
of the abdomen the same colour.

The Zozymus lives among rocks, hiding in holes, while P2/wmaus is sluggish in its
movements, hiding in the crevices and cavities of the under surface of stones below high-
water mark.

1. CARPILIUS, Leach.

1. CARPILIUS CINCTIMANUS, White. (Tab. VIL. Fig. 4.)

Thorace sine dente laterali, latissimo; lateribus in quatuor lobos divisis; digitis nigris, subalbis
ad extremitatem; manu in medio lata nigra fascia cum nigro digiti immobilis commixti; thorace et pedibus
leevibus, intense rubris.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace without lateral tooth; very wide; the side divided into four lobes; claws of
fore-legs black, whitish at the tip; fifth jomt of fore-legs with a broad black band in the
middle which runs into the black of the immovable claw.

Carapace and legs smooth, of a rich red colour.

Has. Philippine Islands.

2. CARPILIUS SIGNATUS, Adams & White. (Tab. X. Fig. 1.)

Thorace valde convexo, supra punctis carinisque latiusculis impresso, aurantiaco, signaturis pallide-
citrimis variegato.

Has. In littore Mauritiano.

Carapace very convex, the upper surface distinctly punctulated and beautifully marked,
in the dried specimen, with symmetrical figures of a pale yellow on an orange ground, which
are well expressed in our figure; the several regions are separated from each other by shallow
grooves, rendering them much more prominent than in other species of the genus; the ante-
rior convex margin is furnished with long crenulations, the crenulation in front being longer
than the one behind.

Front slightly projecting, deeply notched in the middle line with an obtuse tubercle
before, and a smaller one behind the eyes.

Fore-legs large, with the claws very black, the under claw with four obtuse tubercles,
the hind-legs as in C. corallinus, but the fifth pair are unfortunately wanting.

Has. Isle of France.

38 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

2. ATERGATIS, De Haan.

1. ATERGATIS SINUATIFRONS, Adams & White.

Thorace marginali membro integerrimo, crassiore, omnino subfusco-rubro colore.

Fronte tribus lobis, unoquoque in medio nictato; digitis chelarum cristis pilorum, nigris, summa
extremitate alba.

Thorace quatuor digitorum latitudine.

Has. Mauritium.

Carapace with the marginal limb very entire, rather thick, and of a uniform brownish red.

Front with three lobes, each notched in the middle ; claws of fore-legs with tufts of hair ;
claws of a black colour, with the extreme tip white.

Width of carapace four inches.

Has. Mauritius.

2. ATERGATIS SUBDIVISUS, Adams §& White. (Tab. VIII. Fig. 3.)

Thorace membro marginali quatuor lobis valde indistinctis diviso; majore parte summi thoracis
intense rubra, postice subrubré; digitis nigris, basi digitorum mobilium flava.

Fronte thoracis duobus rectis lobis, proxime oculum sinuata.

Thorace trium digitorum octo linearum latitudine.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace with the marginal limb divided into four very indistinct lobes ; the greater part
of upper surface of carapace deep red with yellowish spots, behind paler. Claws of fore-legs
black, base of movable one yellow ; front of carapace with two rather straight lobes, sinuated
close to the eye.

Width of carapace three inches, eight lines.

Has. Philippine Islands.

This species comes near 4. marginatus.

8. ATERGATIS INSULARIS, Adams § White. (Tab. VIII. Fig. 2.)

Thorace anterioribus lateribus acie incisore ; parte thoracis post hanc punctatdi; reliqué superiore
superficie fere levi, tribus vel quatuor leis impressis antice.

Manibus rugosis presertim supra; digitis et mobilibus et fixis profunde sulcatis. Flaveolo rubro,
pedibus colore intensiore; digitis chelarum pallidis; cornu colorato.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Latero-anterior sides of carapace with a cutting edge; part of carapace behind this
punctate, the rest of upper surface very nearly smooth, with three or four impressed lines in
front ; fifth jomt of fore-legs rugose, especially above; claws, both movable and fixed, deeply
channelled. Pale yellowish-red ; legs darker ; claws of fore-legs pale horn-colour.

Has. Philippine Islands. Cuming.

CRUSTACEA. 39

4, ATERGATIS LATERALIS, Adams § White. (Tab. VIII. Fig. 1.)

Thorace \evi irregulari, lineis impressis, lateribus latero- antenen us 4 in tres dentes latos divisis.

Fronte lata, denticulata, in medio subemarginata.

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Carapace smooth, irregular, with numerous impressed lines; latero-anterior margins
divided into three broad teeth.

Front wide, denticulated, subemarginate in the middle; fifth jomt of fore-legs rugose,
claws tipped with dark brown.

Has. Eastern Seas.

3. ACTAA, De Haan.

1. ACTHA NODULOSA, Adams § White. (Tab. VIII. Fig. 4.)

Thorace et pedibus supra dense obsitis rotundatis tuberculis maximis in chelis et anterioribus margi-
nibus; tuberculo in cantho inferiore; thorace in medio longitudinaliter impresso; acie posteriore recta et
duabus lineis transversis parvorum tuberculorum instruct’. Chelis et superiore et inferiore carinis longi-
tudinalibus ; cornu colorato.

Has. Mauritium.

Carapace and legs, above, thickly covered with rounded tubercles, largest on fore-legs
and fore-margins of carapace; a tubercle on the under orbit ; carapace, in the middle, longi-
tudinally impressed ; the posterior edge straight and furnished with two transverse lines of
small tubercles; claws, both upper and under, with longitudinal keels, and horn coloured.

Has. Mauritius.

4. XANTHO, Leach.

1. XANTHO DEPRESSA, Adams § White.

Thorace valde depresso, antice tuberculato, compluribus tuberculorum acuminatis.

Fronte in medio profunde nictat&i; lateribus tribus dentibus. Manibus extra tuberculatis, tribus
posterioribus articulis pedum parvis tuberculis, paucis capillis.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace vouch depressed ; in front tuberculated, many of the tubercles sharp-pointed.

Front deeply notched in the middle; sides with three teeth; fifth jomt of fore-legs
tuberculated on the outside ; the three last joimts of legs slightly tuberculated, and with a few
hairs.

Has. Philippine Islands.

2. XANTHO CULTRIMANUS, Adams § White.

Thorace supra convexiore; fronte nictaté; lateribus quatuor dentibus; parte anteriore et lateribus
parvulis tuberculis; thorace post oculos impressis lineis que in medio conveniunt; manibus quatuor
longitudinalibus impressis lineis in superficie exteriore que parvis subasperis tuberculis exornatur ; thorace
et pedibus flaveolis rubro commixtis.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

40 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Carapace slightly convex above, front notched, sides with four teeth; front part and
sides with very slight tubercles ; carapace, behind the eyes, with impressed lines, which meet
in the middle; fifth jomt of fore-legs with four longitudinal impressed lines on the outside,
which is covered with small roughish tubercles; carapace and legs pale yellowish varied
with red.

Has. Philippine Islands. Cuming.

3. XANTHO LAMELLIGERA, Adams § White.

Thorace supra convexiore, quatuor dentibus in utroque latere ; superiore parte ad latera subsubercu-
lari. Manibus extra asperis; acie carpi superiore margine dentato ; acie manuum et supra et infra margine
lamellari; pedibus posterioribus in acie superiore lamellaribus.

Has. Mauritium.

Carapace rather convex above, with four teeth on each side, upper part on the sides
slightly tubercular, fifth joint of fore-legs rough on the outside, edge of fourth joint, above,
with a toothed margin; edge of fifth jomt, both above and below, with a lamellar border ;
hind-legs, on the upper part, lamellar.

Has. Mauritius.

5. CHLORODIUS, Ldwards.

1. CHLORODIUS HIRTIPES, Adams § White. (Tab. XI. Fig. 4.)

Thorace levi.

Fronte latissima, vix in medio nictat&i; lateribus quatuor dentibus obtusis.

Chelis \ongis, brachio crassissimo ; acie superiore ad basin uno crasso dente; pedibus posterioribus
multis fuscis capillis.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace smooth.

Front very broad, scarcely notched in the middle; the sides with four blunt teeth.

Fore-legs long ; fourth joint very thick, upper edge, at the base, with one thick tooth;
hind-legs with many brownish hairs.

Has. Philippine Islands.

2, CHLORODIUS FRAGIFER, Adams § White. (Tab. XI. Fig. 2.)

Thorace obsito tuberculis rotundatis bacciformibus gregatim dispositis, definitis impressis lineis
separatis ; pediculo oculi duabus spinis prope oculum dispositis; pedibus tuberculis oryziformibus obsitis,
albis, lata carminedé longitudinali lined per medium in fronte; quinque carmineis notis in posteriore
thoracis parte.

Has. Insulas Philippinas. :

Carapace covered with roundish berry-like tubercles, arranged in groups and separated
by definite impressed lines ; pedicel of eye with two spines close to the eye; legs covered with
rice-like tubercles; white, with a broad pinkish longitudinal line down the middle in front ;
five pmk marks on hind part of carapace.

Has. Philippine Islands.

CRUSTACEA. 41

3. CHLORODIUS PILUMNOIDES, Adams & White. (Tab. IX. Fig. 3.)

Thorace et pedibus fuscis pilis obsitis ; thorace depressiore ; lateribus tribus dentibus, spinis exornatis,
priore parte thoracis compluribus eminentiis et spinosis tuberculis aspera. Manibus magnis ; acie superiore
serrata extra et supra tuberculis majoribus; digitis extra et supra sulcatis compluribus tuberculis ad basin
digiti mobilis; digitis nigris; concavis extremitatibus albis; pedibus posterioribus supra serratis.

Has. Singhapuram et Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace and legs covered with brown hair; carapace somewhat depressed ; sides with
three teeth covered with spines; fore part of carapace with several bosses, and rough with
spiny tubercles; four transverse raised lines on hind part; the inmost the shortest ; fifth
joint of fore-legs large, upper edge serrated on the outside and top with rather large tubercles.
Claws on the outside and top channelled ; several tubercles at the base of the movable claw :
claws black, the hollowed ends white; hind-legs serrated above; second and third joints
with three rows of serratures.

Has. Singapore. Philippine Islands.

4. CHLORODIUS AREOLATUS, Mine Edwards. (Tab. XI. Fig. 3.)

Thorace tuberculis et granulis multis cbsitis.

Fronte lat, in lobos quatuor distinctos incisd ; margine latero-anteriori in quatuor dentes triangu-
lares diviso, hiatu anguli canthi interno angusto.

Chelis granulosis, pedibus posterioribus subleevibus.

Abdomen (femine) articulis septem.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Chlorodius areolatus, Milne Edwards, Crust. vol.1. p. 400.

Carapace covered with tubercles and granules.

Front wide, divided into four distinct lobes; latero-anterior margins short, nearly
straight, and divided into four triangular teeth; fissure of orbital angle internal, narrow,
lodging the movable joint of the outer antenne.

Fore-legs granular ; hind-legs and lower surface of body nearly smooth.

Abdomen (of female) seven-jointed, fringed with sete.

Has. Philippine Islands.

6. PANOPEUS, Hdwards.

1. PANOPEUS DENTATUS, White. (Tab. XI. Fig. 1.)

Thorace rotundato, levi, postice coarctato, lateribus productis tuberculis postfrontalibus transversis
irregularibus; margine latero-anteriore lobis quinque magnis dentiformibus, lineis elevatiusculis duabus
ab angulo latero-anteriore porrectis.

Fronte in lobos quatuor divisd; angulo externo canthi acuto.

Chelis in carpo dentibus duobus conicis, manu externe granulata, interne valde reticulata, ad basin
lined tuberculaté ; digito superiore inermi, digito inferiore tuberculis quinque depressis.

M

42 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Abdomine (maris et femine) articulis septem.
Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace rounded in front, produced at the latero-anterior angles, and contracted
behind, upper surface smooth, marbled with a row of irregular transverse tubercles extending
across the postfrontal portion ; latero-anterior margin with five large, prominent, dentiform
lobes, the anterior three obtuse, the two posterior acute; two curved, slightly elevated lines
proceeding inwards from the latero-anterior angle.

Front divided into four lobes, the two inner wide and obtuse, the two outer narrower
and more prominent, upper surface slightly concave, outer angle of orbit acute.

Fore-legs with two strong teeth on the inner and upper part of the fourth joint, the
fifth jomt slightly granulated externally, coarsely reticulated internally, and with a tubercular
ridge at the base; upper claw unarmed, under claw with five round depressed tubercles.

Hind-legs transversely rugose, fringed with short, stiff sete.

Abdomen (both of male and female) seven-jointed, the former fringed with long, the
latter with short, setee.

Has. Philippine Islands.

2. PANOPEUS CAYSTRUS, Adams & White. (Tab. IX. Fig. 2.)

Thorace subtrigonali, antice convexo, marginibus rotundatis lineis impressis obsitis; margine latero-
anteriore serratulis tribus subdistantibus.

Fronte, in medio, emarginataé, supra sulcaté, angulo externo canthi obtuso.

Chelis \eevibus, digito superiore arcuato inermi, digito inferiore tuberculis quatuor parvis acutis.

Abdomine (feminze) articulis septem.

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Carapace subtrigonal, rounded in front and at the sides, surface smooth, marked with
faintly impressed lines ; latero-anterior margin with three rather distant sharp serrations.

Front emargimate in the middle, without lobes, a trifid groove on the upper surface ;
outer angle of orbit rather obtuse.

Fore-legs smooth, upper claw strong, arched, unarmed ; lower claw with three or four
small acute tubercles.

Hind-legs smooth, fringed on the last and penultimate joints with long hairs.

Abdomen (of female) seven-jointed, the second joint narrower than the rest, fringed with
short stiff setze.

Has. Eastern Seas.

3. PANOPEUS FORMIO, Adams § White. (Tab. IX. Fig. 1.)

Thorace \atiore quam longiore, lateribus rotundatis, lined valde distincté ab angulo latero-anteriore
projecté ; margine latero-anteriore lobis quatuor longis rotundatis, dente parvo ad angulum latero-anteriorem.

Fronte lobis quinque subobsoletis, supra sulcaté, angulo externo canthi fissura parva.

CRUSTACEA. 43

Chelis manu subtuberculata, digito inferiore tuberculo magno cum multis tuberculis parvis.
Abdomine (maris) articulis septem, articulo tertio ad latera dilatato.
Has. Maria Orientalia.

Carapace transversely oval, the sides rounded, surface smooth, marked with faintly
impressed lines, a strongly marked line extending across the middle from the latero-anterior
angle, and a fainter line posteriorly ; latero-anterior margin with four long, rounded crenu-
lations, and a small tooth at the latero-anterior angle.

Front with four slightly developed lobes, a bifurcate groove on the upper surface, outer
angle of orbit slightly fissured.

Fore-legs smooth, with the upper and outer surface of fifth jot faintly tuberculated,
upper claw unarmed, lower claw with one large and several small tubercles.

Hind-legs transversely rugose and slightly granulated, not fringed with hairs.

Abdomen (of male) seven-jointed, the third joint dilated at the sides ; fringed with short
stiff set.

Has. Eastern Seas.

7. ANGLE, De Haan.
1. EAGLE RUGATA (sp.), Midne Edwards. (Tab. VIII. Fig. 5.)

Thorace granulis minutis dense dispositis; margine latero-anteriore lobis quatuor rotundatis distinctis.

Chelis subleevibus.
Abdomine (feminz) articulis septem.
Has. Insulas Philippinas.
Zozymus rugatus, Edw. Crust. vol.i. p. 385.
Carapace covered with small close-set granulations ; latero-anterior margins divided

into four rounded very distinct lobes.
Surface of body and fore-legs comparatively smooth.
Abdomen (of female) seven-jointed, and fringed with long, close-set, coarse sete.

Has. Philippine Islands.

8. GALENE, De Haan.

1. GALENE OCHTODES (junior), Herbst. (Tab. X. Fig. 2.)
Cancer thorace levi, lateribus verrucosis.
Fronte biloba, brachtis, carpis, manibus, digitisque verrucosis.
Has. Maria Onientalia.
Galene ochtodes, Mus. Cat. p.18. Cancer ochtodes, Herbst. vol. 1. p. 158. t. 8. £54.
Carapace smooth, sides verrucose.
Front bilobed, second, third, and fourth joints of chele, and the claws, verrucose.

Has. Indian Ocean.

44 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

We have figured a young specimen of this species, which does not seem to be common
in collections.

9. PILUMNUS, Leach.

1. PILUMNUS DILATIPES, Adams & White. (Tab. IX. Fig. 4.)

Thorace latiore quam longiore, granulis multis distinctis setigeris obsito; regionibus lineis depressis
distinctis separatis ; margine latero-anteriore dentibus quatuor, magnis denticulatis.

Fronte emarginata, antice crenulata fasciculis duobus pilosis ; margine superiore canthi multidentato.

Chelis externe tuberculis multis rotundatis obsitis, margine superiore setifero. °

Pedibus posterioribus valde dilatatis, tuberculis lineisque setigeris instructis.

Abdomine (maris) articulis septem, levi.

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Pilumnus dilatipes, White, Pro. Zool. Soc.

Carapace wider than long, covered with coarse granulations, each beset with several
short sete ; the different regions divided by distinct shallow grooves; latero-anterior margin
with four prominent denticulated teeth, the first small, the second wide, and the two
posterior equal and triangular.

Front emarginate, with numerous serrations and with two tufts of straight sete ; upper
margin of orbit with numerous dentations.

Fore-legs covered with granules and short stiff hairs on the outer and upper surface,
smooth internally. :

Hind-legs considerably dilated, beset with fine granulations and numerous rows of
short bristles, the edges fringed with long hairs.

Abdomen (of male) seven-jointed and smooth.

Has. Eastern Seas.

2. PILUMNUS SCABRIUSCULUS, Adams § White. (Tab. IX. Fig. 5.)

Thorace vix longiore quam latiore, granulis multis parvis setigeris obsito, regionibus lineis depressis
vix distinctis separatis ; marginibus latero-anterioribus dentibus tribus denticulatis.

Fronte prominente triangulari crenulaté, margine superiore canthi unidentato.

Chelis tuberculis granulosis distinctis obsitis, parte superiore setis brevibus rigidis fimbriata.

Pedibus posterioribus scabriusculis, pilosis.

Abdomine (feminee) lateribus subparallelis, septem articulis.

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Carapace nearly as long as wide, covered with numerous granulations, each beset with
several short setae; the regions of carapace separated by several faintly impressed grooves,
antero-lateral margins with three wide denticulated teeth frmged with stiff hairs.

Front subtriangular, slightly produced, finely crenulated on the margin, which is
furnished with a single fringe of stiff sete; upper edge of orbit with a single rounded
dentation.

CRUSTACEA. 45

Fore-legs covered with numerous distinct granular tubercles on the upper and outer
surface, and friged with short hairs.

Hind-legs rough with granules and short hairs, arranged in transverse rows.

Abdomen (of female) villose, seven-jointed, the sides subparallel.

Has. Hastern Seas.

3. PILUMNUS URSULUS, Adams 5 White. (Tab. 1X. Fig. 6.)

Thorace vix longiore quam latiore, dense tomentoso, granulis multis rotundatis setigeris obsito, margi-
nibus latero-anterioribus dentatis.

Fronte denticulata, fasciculis quinque pilosis longis instructa.

Chelis gramulosis, pilis longis dense coopertis.

Abdomine (maris) dense tomentoso, articulis septem.

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Carapace nearly as long as wide, densely tomentose, covered with numerous large
close-set granules beset with very long coarse hairs, latero-anterior margins dentated.

Front toothed, with five tufts of long straight hairs.

Fore-legs covered with coarse granulations, and very long, coarse, slightly curved hairs.

Hind-legs granular, thickly beset with numerous, long, coarse hairs.

Abdomen (of male) densely tomentose, seven-jointed.

Has. Eastern Seas.

V. PORTUNID.

The large species of this family are much esteemed as food among the poor islanders
of the Meia-co-shimahs, and in the markets of China large species of Veptunus (IV. pelagicus),
are frequently offered for sale. Two well-marked genera have been added to this group by
our researches in the Eastern Seas, besides numerous species. The island of Balambangan,
at the north end of Borneo, harbours the Zwpocyclus, which is very active in its habits,
keeping close in shore like Zwpa, Oceanus, and other swimming crabs; it swims by rapid
jerks along the bottom, and, when caught, will wound the fingers by striking side-ways with
its spiny fore-legs. The other new genus, Lissocarcinus, was obtained at some considerable
distance from land, concealed in the internode of a fragment of floating bamboo, and is a
powerful swimmer. The Cancer (Thalamita) admete of Herbst, and the Cancer (Thalamita)
prymna of the same Crustaceologist, besides three new species of Amphitrite, and a new
species of Weptunus, were likewise procured.

1. LISSOCARCINUS, Adams & White.
Pedipalpi eaterni axrticulo tertio, ad basin, latiore quam longiore, ad marginem anteriorem non incisum

prope angulum.
i N

46 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Thorax trapezoidalis, postice coarctatus.
Frons prominens, lamellaris, in medio valde incisa. Antenne interne articulo secundo elongato,

usque ad fissuram porrecto.

Pedes posteriores pedibus Portuno simillimi.

Abdomen (feminz) articulis septem lateribus subparallelis. Mas adhuc latet.

External pedipalps with the third jomt broader at the base than long, and not notched
at its anterior margin near the angle.

Carapace trapezoidal, considerably contracted posteriorly.

Front projecting, lamellar, deeply cleft in the middle. Inner antennz with the second
joint elongated and reaching to the commencement of the notch.

Legs very much as in Portunus.

Abdomen (of female) seven-jointed, the sides nearly parallel.

This generic group, described from a female, will be found an interesting connecting
link between the genera Portunus, Platyonychus, and Polybius. We have named it Poly-
bioides from its resemblance to the genus of Leach, which, as Professor Bell remarks, is of a
more decided natatory character than any other Brachyurous form found on the British coast.

1. LISSOCARCINUS POLYBIOIDES, Adams § White. (Tab. XI. Fig. 5.)

Thorace pentagonali, in fronte producto, postice coarctato, levissimo, multis parvis rotundatis maculis,
linea distincté ab angulo latero-anteriore project ; margine latero-anteriore valde dentato, dentibus prorsum
inclinatis.

Fronte \amellari, prominente, antice bifidé, antennis lateralibus fronte occultis.

Chelis avticulo quinto bicarimato; carind antice valde dentaté. Pedibus posterioribus depressis, pari
ultimo unguibus valde dilatatis.

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Carapace five-sided, produced in front, narrowed behind, very smooth on the upper
surface, and covered with numerous small round markings, a strong line extending from the
latero-anterior angle across the carapace towards the middle lme; latero-anterior margin
strongly toothed, the teeth directed forwards.

Front \amellar, projecting, bifid anteriorly, covering and concealing the lateral antenne,
a wide space between the eyes.

Fore-legs with the fourth joint doubly keeled, the keels strongly toothed anteriorly.

Hind-legs flattened, the fifth pair with the penultimate joint more flattened than the
corresponding joint of the other pairs, and with a greatly dilated flattened claw.

Has. Eastern Seas.

2. LUPOCYCLUS, Adams & White.

Pedipalpi externi axticulo secundo ad apicem tenuiore (quam in Lupé—L. forceps), articulo tertio

minore (quam in Lwpd).

CRUSTACEA. AT

Thorax suborbicularis, postice coarctatus, margine latero-anteriore spinis acutis conicis prorsum
inchnatis.
Frons semicircularis, in lobos quinque equales divisa; canthi margine superiore subfisso postice, dente

magno, conico, curvato.
Chele \onge, spiniferee, pedes posteriores graciles, compresse, pari quinto valde dilatato.
Abdomen (maris) triangulare, articulis quinque ; femina adhuc latet.

External pedipalps with the second joint rather more slender towards the tip (than in
Lupa forceps), the third joint considerably smaller.

Carapace suborbicular, contracted posteriorly, latero-anterior margin with sharp conical
spines directed forwards.

Front divided into five equal dentiform lobes, orbit with the upper margin slightly
notched, a large curved conical tooth behind it.

Fore-legs long and spiniferous.

Hind-legs slender and compressed, the fifth pair greatly dilated.

Abdomen (of male) triangular, five-jomted.

1. LUPOCYCLUS ROTUNDATUS, Adams & White. (Tab. XII. Fig. 4.)

Thorace minutissime punctulato, tuberculis parvis aggregatis lineisque granulosis adsperso, marginibus
latero-anterioribus spimis quinque magnis, spimis quinque parvis interpositis; regionibus lateralibus
pallidulo-luteo, corneo-fusco discoloratis ; in medio thoracis teenid lata rubra.

Has. Balambangan.

Carapace subcircular, slightly narrowed behind, surface irregular, very finely punctulated,
and covered with isolated clusters of minute tubercles and transverse granulated lines; the
latero-anterior margin with five large, sharp, conical spines directed forwards, and an equal
number of small intermediate spines.

Front semicircular, divided into five equal dentiform lobes ; orbit with a slight notch at
the upper margin, and bounded behind by a strong, curved, conical tooth, directed forwards.

Fore-legs with the third joint furnished with a row of five sharp, curved, conical spines
on the anterior margin, numerous transverse ridges of small tubercles on the upper surface,
and a longitudinal granulated line ending externally in a sharp spine; fourth joint with a
strong spine on the upper edge; upper surface of fifth joint with a large spe at the base,
and two ridges each ending anteriorly in a prominent spine ; claws long, slender, grooved,
and slightly curved.

Hind-legs slender, compressed, finely punctulated and granulated, the last pair with all
the joints horizontally flattened, the last and penultimate joint greatly dilated and fringed
with close-set stiff hairs.

Abdomen (of male) triangular, five-jointed.

Has. Island of Balambangan, north end of Borneo.

AB ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

In colour this pretty and curious genus is of a pale yellow, marbled with light pinkish
brown on the lateral regions of the carapace, and a broad scarlet longitudinal stripe extending
from the front to the hind margin, narrowed opposite the orbits and in the middle of the
back. The fore-legs are marbled with scarlet and yellow, with a broad scarlet band in the
middle of the fifth joint, and two broad bands of the-same colour on each claw. The
hind-legs are light pinkish yellow, with broad transverse scarlet bands.

38. CHARYBDIS, De Haan.

1. CHARYBDIS DURA, ddams & White.

Thorace valde duro, levi, marginibus lateralibus quinque-dentatis, primo et secundo dentibus ad basin
denticulo minuto instructo.

Fronte sex dentibus obtusis, dente externo prominentiore quam in speciebus aliis.

Chelis carpo externe scabro, tuberculato, interne spina longa crassi in medio, manu margine superiore
spinis sex in serie duplicaté parallel4 dispositis, externe carinis tribus longitudinalibus.

Pedibus posterioribus externe spma magné prope extremitatem.

Haz. Mauritium.

Carapace very hard and smooth, lateral margin five-toothed, the first and second teeth
with a minute tooth at the base.

Front with six large bluntish teeth, the external tooth rather more prominent than
in the other species.

Fore-legs with the fourth joint rough and tubercular on the outside, with a very long
thick spine on the middle of the inside, the fifth jomt with six spines, in two parallel rows, on
the upper edge, and three longitudinal keels on the outside.

Hind-legs with a large spine on the outside near the end.

Has. Mauritius.

VI. OCYPODIDE.

Species of Ocypode and Gelasimus are extremely numerous throughout the islands of the
China Sea. Every sandy shore is perforated above high-water mark with the holes of the
former, and the banks of the rivers, the mangrove swamps, damp forest margins, and muddy
places near the sea, are peopled with the latter, which form oblique burrows frequently
penetrating to a considerable depth. The Ocypodes appear to be chiefly crepuscular in their
habits, remaining concealed in thew holes during the heat of the day, but as evening
approaches running side-ways in a curvilinear manner at the edge of the sea, where the
waves break along the sandy shores. The Ge/asimi remain concealed in their burrows
during the high tide or in the dry hot part of the day, but delight to come out of their holes
after a shower, or when the tide has receded and left their mud banks moist, but they never

CRUSTACEA. 49

venture very far from their habitations. The clicking noise produced by snapping the
claws of their larger fore-leg together, when made by many hundreds at a time, may be
heard at some considerable distance. On the least alarm they retreat precipitately to their

burrows.

1. GELASIMUS, Latreille.

1. GELASIMUS CULTRIMANUS, Adams 8 White.

Thorace levi; marginibus lateralibus rotundatis, sine cariné acuté ab angulo canthi externo.

Fronte, inter oculos, lobo parvo rotundato, dilatato; margine canthi inferiore distincte crenulato ;
chela majore digitis latis, finibus extrorsum curvatis; digito inferiore in medio profunde sinuato, lobo lato,
prope extremitatem margine serrato-crenulato ; digito superiore margine inferiore fere recto.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace with the upper surface smooth; the lateral edges rounded, without any sharp
keel from the outer orbital angle.

Front, between the eyes, with a small dilated rounded lobe; edge of lower orbit very
distinctly crenated ; fifth joint of fore-legs with the claws wide, both slightly curved outwards
at the ends ; the lower claw with a very wide sinus in the middle, a wide serrato-crenated
lobe on the edge near the end; upper claw with the lower edge very nearly straight.

Has. Philippine Islands.

2. GELASIMUS CRASSIPHS, Adams § White.

Thorace valde arcuato, postice subito coarctato.
Fronte lobo sine pedunculo angusto.
Pedibus posterioribus crassioribus et robustioribus quam in speciebus aliis.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace very much arched, suddenly narrowed behind.

Front with a lobe, without narrow stalk.

Four hind pairs of legs thicker and stronger than in the other species.
Has. Philippine Islands.

3. GELASIMUS BELLATOR, Adams § White.

Thorace antice (prope insertionem canthorum pedunculorum) sinuato.

Fronte 11 lobum rotundatum subdilatataé; chelis manu digitis perlongis; digito superiore lateribus
subparallelis, margine prope ad basin tuberculis duobus vel tribus; digito inferiore infra marginato, acie
ad basin sinus superficiali tuberculari, dente robusto lato ad extremitatem.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace, in frout, just behind the insertion of eye-peduncles, sinuated.
Front slightly dilated into arounded lobe ; fifth joint of the larger fore-leg, with the claws
very long; the upper, or movable claw, with the sides nearly parallel, two or three larger
O

50 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

tubercles on the edge near the base ; fixed or lower claw margined on the under side; the
cutting edge with a very wide shallow tubercular sinus at the base; at the end of the sinus,
beyond the middle, a strong wide tooth, gradually slopmg down to the end, which curves
upwards.

Has Philippine Islands.

4. GELASIMUS PORCELLANUS, Adams § White.

Oculorum pedunculis perlongis.

Thorace parte frontali non coarctaté ad basin; parte posteriore longiore quam latera.

Chelis digito inferiore ad finem incrassato, marginibus internis digitorum amborum tuberculis magnis
quatuor inter parvos crenulos.

Has. Borneonem.

Lye-pedicels very long.

Frontal portion of carapace not narrowed at the base; hind part of carapace much
longer than the sides.

Fore-legs with the lower claws thickened at the end, the inner margins of both claws with
four larger tubercles amongst the small crenules.

Has. Borneo.

5. GELASIMUS FORCIPATUS, Adams & White.

Thorace valde postice coarctato.

Fronte, inter oculos, lobo dilatato, lined acuto-marginata, ab angulo canthi externo porrecta.

Cheld majore digitis equalibus, dente prope medium, et prope extremitatem, lobo truncato.

Has. Borneonem.

Carapace much narrowed behind.

Front with a dilated lobe between the eyes ; from the outer orbital angle a sharp-edged
line continued beyond the middle of carapace.

Fore-legs with the larger claw nearly equal in size, with a tooth near the middle, and a
truncated lobe towards the end; a rather broad impressed line along the middle of each
claw ; upper edge of palmar portion with a slight ridge; outer side of palm covered with
very slight tubercles.

Has. Borneo.

VII. GONOPLACID.

The Macropthalmi habit muddy flats along the sea-shores, and, when disturbed,
bury themselves quickly in the yielding soil, leaving the ends, however, of their long telescope-
eyes above the surface. When taken, they are quite defenceless, not using their fore-legs as
organs of aggression, or erecting and snapping them as do the Gelasimi. They are nume-
rously distributed throughout the Philippine Archipelago and the islands in the China Sea.

CRUSTACEA. 51

1. MACROPHTHALMUS, Latreiile.
1. MACROPHTHALMUS JAPONICUS, De Haan.

Thorace \ato-quadrato, ad latera obtuse dentato; manibus (marium) latere exteriore levibus et inermi-
bus, interiore glaberrimis, carina superiore granulatis; digitis (in maribus) deorsum inflexis.

Japonice Suna gani, i. e., Cancer arenarius, quod se in arena abscondere solet.

Ocypode (Macrophthalmus) Japonicus, De Haan, F. I. p. 54. t. 15. f. 2. (mas) t. 7. f. 1. (femina.)

Has. Insulas Méia-co-shimahs et Japoniam.

Carapace widely-quadrate, sides obtusely toothed; the fifth joint of fore-legs, in the
male, smooth and unarmed on the outer side, very smooth on the inner side, granulated on
the upper keel; claws in the male bent downwards.

In Japanese Suna gani, i. e., Sand Crab, because it is in the habit of burying itself in
the sand.

Has. Méia-co-shimah Islands; Adams. Japan; De Haan.

2. MACROPHTHALMUS DEFINITUS, White.

Thorace anguste-quadrato, lateribus dentibus tribus, angulo canthi incluso, dente secundo latiore, dente
tertio parvo.

Chelis articulis perlongis vix supra marginatis, digito superiore dente parvo prope basin; digito in-
feriore sinu valde profundo, manu infra tuberculata, interne pilosa.

Has. Insulas Philippimas.

Carapace narrowly-quadrate ; sides with three teeth, including the orbital angle; the
second widest, turned up considerably, the third very small.

Fore-legs with the joints very long, scarcely margined above; movable or upper claw
with a very slight tooth near the base; fixed or under claw with a very deep sinus; fifth joint
tuberculated on the under side, hairy on the inside.

Has. Philippine Islands.

3. MACROPHTHALMUS SERRATUS, White.

Thorace anguste-quadrato, lateribus antice dentibus tribus robustis, postice carina subcrenulata.

Chelis, manu ab basin interne dilataté, longitudinaliter excavata; digitis pilis longis densis obsitis ;
digito superiore, in medio, dente truncato.

Pedibus posterioribus, parte superiore, spind prope extremitatem.

Has. Insulas Philppinas.

Carapace narrowly-quadrate, with three strong teeth on the sides in front, succeeded by
a slight somewhat crenated keel which margins the rest of the carapace.

Fore-legs with the fifth joimt dilated on the inside from the base, and longitudinally hol-
lowed out; inside of both claws densely clothed with long hairs; upper or movable claw
with a large truncated tooth in the middle.

Hind-legs with a spine on the upper side near the end.

Has. Philippine Islands.

52 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

2. CHASMAGNATHUS, De Haan.
1. CHASMAGNATHUS CONVEXUS, De Haan.

Thorace gibbo, granulato, brevi-setoso, dorso subtetragono, lateribus arcuato.

Fronte arcuata, medio sinuata.

Has. Maria orientalia.

Octypode (Chasmagnathus) conveca, De Haan, F. 1. p. 56. t. 7. f.5.

Carapace gibbose, granulated, shortly-setose, subtetragonal on the back, arched at the
sides.

Front arcuated, sinuated in the middle.

Has. Eastern Seas.

VIII. GRAPSIDZ.

The Sesarme are found in various localities, sometimes in fresh-water rivulets, among
weeds ; sometimes under damp logs and stones at a considerable distance from any water,
and most frequently among the roots of mangroves in salt-water swamps. ‘They are active
and extremely wary in their habits, and, like the Grapsi, very predacious. The Grapsus plicatus
is a very common species in Borneo, and appears to vary greatly in colour according to the
localities in which it is found. The Grapsi are fond of rocks, over which they run with
surprising agility; they frequently remain stationary for hours, basking in the sun, when
the tide has just left the high rocks.

1. UTICA, White.

Pedipalpi eaterni articulo tertio externe recto non dilatato.

Thorace 8-angulato, depresso, post-medium carina transversé valde distincté; margine latero-anteriore
dentibus tribus; parte latero-posteriore obliqua, parte posteriore recta.

Chelis parvis.

Pedibus posterioribus perlongis, tarso vix dilatato subelongato, pilis fimbriato.

Outer jaw-feet with the third joint, on the outside, straight, not dilated.

Carapace somewhat eight-angled, tabular, a very strong transverse ridge behind the
middle ; latero-anterior margin with three teeth; latero-posterior part oblique, posteriorly
very straight.

Fore-legs small.

Hind-legs very long, tarsus not particularly dilated, somewhat elongated, fringed with
hairs as is the preceding joint.

This genus is nearly allied to Zrichopus, De Haan, which is synonymous with Varuna,
M. Edwards.

CRUSTACEA. 53

1. UTICA GRACILIPES, White, (Pl. XIII. Fig. 6.)

Fronte lata, anteriore margine valde recto, post-frontem ad medium thoracem pertinente, eminentia
magna lata subtriangulari, a transvers4 carind separaté per altam lunatam depressionem, lined subimpress4
a finibus ad latus carine porrecté. Pedibus gracillimis, pilis fimbriatis.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Utica gracilipes, White, Pro. Zool. Soc., May, 1847.

Front wide, fore-edge very straight ; behind it and extending to the middle of the
carapace, a considerable, wide, somewhat three-sided elevation, separated from the trans-
verse ridge by a deep lunated depression, from the ends of which a slight impressed line pro-
ceeds to the side of the ridge, where it deepens.

Hind-legs very slender, and fringed with hair.

Has. Philippine Islands.

Mr. Cuming found this species in a fresh-water rivulet among the mountains of the
Island of Negros. It was also obtained during the Expedition of the Samarang in the Island
of Mindanao, in the deep still muddy fresh-water rivulets near Samboangan, hiding under
weeds and rotten wood. When caught, it feigns death, contracting its limbs and rendering
them perfectly rigid. Its colour, when alive, is dark-red brown, on the under-surface dark
chocolate-brown, lighter on the legs and abdomen, which latter in the female has a yellowish
line down the middle.

Ix. LEUCOSID.

Besides several species of Zevcosia new to science, a few Philyre were obtained in
the Sooloo Sea, and on the coast of Borneo from a rocky stony bottom; among them
was the P. scabriuscula of Leach, which, when alive, is of a chocolate colour, with red-brown
legs; the Philyra latifrons (A. & W.), which is of a deep red brown, with orange fore-
legs; and another with a dead-white polished carapace, marked with dark olive brown, and
the fore-legs banded with the same. The Pfilyre have much the same habits as the
Leucosig, being slow-moving, torpid Crustaceans, never using their fore-legs for defence, and
living in deep water on a clean rocky or stony floor. A pretty species of WZyra was dredged
in the Sooloo Sea of a delicate flesh colour, with two blood-red spots on the carapace.
The Myra fugax, which is punctulated and dark liver-coloured on the carapace, and a new
species with white carapace and pinkish legs, were also procured; they are found usually in
about eight or ten fathoms on a muddy bottom; one species is common in the mud of
Manila bay. The A4rcanie are usually of a dead-white colour, variously marked with red,
with the legs spotted or banded ; they prefer deep water and a clear gravelly bottom ; several
were dredged on the coast of Borneo in twenty-four fathoms. The /z@ inhabit very deep
water, and are inert and feeble; when taken they contract their legs and remain perfectly im-
movable. The Jp/ides are usually found concealed in madrepores and sponges, and live in a
coral bottom in from fifteen to twenty fathoms ; they are numerous on the coast of China.

P

54 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

1. LEUCOSIA, Fabricius.
1. LEUCOSIA H@MATOSTICTA, Adams & White. (Tab. XII. Fig. 2.)

Thorace trapezoidali supra valde convexo, post angulum latero-anteriorem inscissura profunda, maculis
multis sanguineis rotundatis obsito.
Has. Maria Orientalia.

Carapace trapezoidal, very convex, of a light yellow, covered with numerous small
round blood-red spots, fewer posteriorly, and in the middle line a deep notch behind the
latero-anterior angle.

Front obtuse.

Fore-legs with round, scattered, blood-red spots, and a large quadrate mark of the same
colour on the outer surface of each claw.

Hind-legs with a blood-red band on the upper half of each joint.

Has. Eastern Seas.

2. OREOPHORUS, Ruppell.
1. OREOPHORUS RETICULATUS, Adams 8 White. (Tab. VI. Fig. 1.)

Thorace subtrigono, reticulato, fossis subdivisis duabus latero-anterioribus, postice fossd profunda, in
medio tuberculo clypeoformi, regionibus lateralibus valde elevatis.

Fronte rotundata antice subemarginaté supra exsculpta.

Chelis reticulatis.

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Carapace subtrigonal, covered with a net-work of beaded lines, the intermediate areas
finely granulated; along semilunar, irregularly-shaped cavity extending along the latero-
anterior margin on each side, separated by a strong post-frontal septum, each lateral cavity
divided in two portions by two over-arching processes, which unite above, leaving a round
foramen of communication; the posterior sublongitudinal portion partially divided by a
conical projecting process; a small hole in the floor of the hind portion of the latero-anterior
fossa; a cavity at the hind part of carapace nearly divided in two by a granulated tongue-
shaped tubercle, and bounded posteriorly by two-obtuse tubercles of the hind margin ; a solid
shield-shaped reticulated process arising out of the hind part of the cavity; a beaded line
around the margins of both fosse ; lateral regions convex, elevated into large obtuse promi-
nences ; lateral edges coarsely tuberculated.

Front thick and rounded, slightly emarginate, rather deeply excavated on the upper
surface.

Fore-legs covered with coarse reticulations, formed of granulated lines. Upper claw
spatulate, slightly curved downwards, flattened above, narrow beneath, a row of pits on the
outer and inner margins, under edge tuberculiferous; upper surface with several rows of
beaded lines. Under claw horizontally inclined, slightly curved upwards, elongately conical ;

CRUSTACHA. 5d

upper surface sharp and granular ; under surface thin and tuberculated ; ner surface concave,
with two finely granulated parallel lines; outer surface convex, with two rows of holes, and
two series of tuberculated lines.

Abdomen (of female) convex, wide, divided into about six pits by strong reticulations
formed of granuliferous lines.

Has. Straits of Sunda.

3. IXA, Leach.
1. IXA MEGASPIS, Adams § White. (Tab. XII. Fig. 1.)

Thorace subgranuloso, canaliculis dorsalibus angustis valde profundis, postice lined impressé profunda
transversa; lateribus valde productis granulosis retrorsum inclinatis, finibus obtusis, dente terminali parvo
curto.

Has. Borneonem. Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace subgranular, the channelled grooves which separate the middle from the
lateral regions very deep and narrow, a deep transverse posterior groove, the lateral prolonga-
tions granular, inclined backwards, long and slender, the ends obtuse, and slightly curved
forwards, the stiliform tooth at their extremities very short and small.

Has. Borneo (Tampasook) ; Philippines (Bohol).

The species, when alive, has the carapace of a light red colour, with dark crimson in the
middle, the lateral prolongations of the carapace being purple, with orange tips: the legs are
bright red. It differs from the Jva cylindrica in the lateral prolongations being inclined
backwards, more slender and longer, the ends more obtuse, and curving forwards, the
terminal spine is much shorter and smaller, the surface of the carapace is less granular, the
middle region is not so deeply notched on each side, the dorsal grooves are narrower and
deeper, and the hind groove is more transverse.

4. HARROVIA, Adams & White.

Thorace subpentagono, dense tomentoso, lineis duabus elevatis, tuberculisque quatuor obtusis; margi-
nibus latero anterioribus dentibus tribus obtusis.

Fronte valde recté in medio emarginaté, angulo canthi externe prominente dentiformi.

Chelis granulosis, brachio supra spinis duabus interne spina duplicata, carpo tuberculo unico, manu
cylindricea sulcata, digito ad basin tuberculo parvo externe.

Carapace subpentagonal, densely tomentose, with two transverse raised lines on the
upper surface, each ending externally in a prominent blunt tubercle, and two faintly-impressed
lines posteriorly ; latero-anterior margins with three obtuse teeth, the anterior small and
rounded, the middle large and more prominent, and the posterior strong and conical.

Front very straight, emarginate in the middle, the imner angle of the orbits forming a
strong tooth in the same line as the front.

a6 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Fore-legs granulose, twice the length of the carapace ; third joint with two spines on the
upper edge, and a double spine on the inner edge; fourth joint with a single tubercle above,
and an elongated simple lobe externally; fifth jomt subcylindrical, with two longitudinal
grooves externally, and a single groove internally.

Claws short ; upper claw curved, with a single small tuberele, externally, near the base,
lower edge with numerous teeth; lower claw triangular, grooved externally, the upper edge
sharp and dentate.

Abdomen (of female) seven-jointed, tomentose, the edges fringed with coarse short hairs.

1. HARROVIA ALBO-LINEATA, Adams & White. (Tab. XII. Fig. 5.)
Thorace rubro, lineis pallidis.

Chelas carmineis, infra rufescente.
Has. Borneonem et Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace of a red colour, with light transverse markings.
Fore-legs crimson ; under surface of body rufous.

Has. Borneo. Philippine Islands.

5. IPHIS, Leach.

1. IPHIS NOVEM-SPINOSA, Adams § White. (Tab. XIII. Fig. 1.)

Thorace levi granuloso, granulis antice aggregatis, postice sparsis, marginibus latero-anterioribus spinis
duabus subobtusis prorsum et extrorsum porrectis ; marginibus latero-posterioribus spinis duabus retrorsum
et extrorsum directis, infra has spinis duabus brevis conicis retrorsum et extrorsum porrectis; margine
posteriore, spina longa rect in medio retrorsum directa.

Fronte in lobos duos conicales divergentes divisa.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace polished, granular, granules close together in front, more sparsely disposed
towards the hinder part; latero-anterior borders with two short, stout, somewhat obtuse
spines directed forwards and outwards ; latero-posterior borders with two long spines directed
backwards and a little outwards, with their ends curving upwards, and below these, nearer
the middle line, two short conical spines proceeding backwards and outwards; posterior
border with a long straight spine in the middle, projecting directly backwards.

Front ending in two conical diverging lobes.

Has. Philippine Islands (Mindoro).

This species differs from Jphis septem-spinosa of Leach, in the general form of the
carapace, which is less triangular, more oval, covered with granules, and wants the sharp
ridge which extends along the middle of the carapace of Z. septem-spinosa; in the lateral
spmes being short and curved; in the possession of two additional spines placed anteriorly
to these latter; in the greater comparative size of the upper posterior pair of spines; in the

CRUSTACEA. 57

stouter condition of the prehensile and ambulatory feet ; and in the well-marked peculiarity
of the front.

6. IPHICULUS, Adams §& White.

Thorax sublatior quam longior, denso tomento spongioso obsitus; marginibus latero-anterioribus
spinis quatuor fimbriatis; marginibus latero-posterioribus tuberculis duobus obtusis, parte coarctata lineis
impressis duabus longitudinalibus, et sulco transverso, postice tuberculo subelevatiusculo.

Frons tuberculis duobus depressis, fissi separatis.

Chele, manu gibbosa, digitis perlongis, gracilibus, multis denticulis longis instructis.

Abdomen (maris) ad articulum basalem fovea profunda sublongitudinali.

Carapace rather wider than long, covered with a dense woolly tomentum, resembling
fine sponge; latero-anterior margins with four frmged spines, increasing in size from the front
backwards, the fourth spine, forming the latero-anterior angle, being very strong and prominent ;
latero-posterior margins with two obtuse tubercles, separated by a sinus; the coarctate portion
of carapace marked by two longitudinal and one transverse groove, and ending in a rounded
slightly-elevated tubercle.

Front consisting of two very short depressed tubercles, separated by a notch, each
tubercle rounded in front ; mouth extending beyond the front.

Fore-legs with the fifth jomt gibbous ; the claws very long and slender, with numerous
fine long sharp teeth.

Abdomen (of male) with its basial joint with a deep sublongitudinal fovea.

1. IPHICULUS SPONGIOSUS, Adams & White.

Thorace fusco, tomento denso spongioso obtecto; lateribus, anteriore spinis quatuor fimbriatis, pos-
teriore tuberculis duobus.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Carapace brown, covered with a thick sponge-like woolly tomentum; sides with four
fringed spines anteriorly, and two tubercles posteriorly.
Has. Philippine Islands.

This genus should properly follow Ceratocarcinus, with which it is closely allied, and
should be placed in the same group as that Crustacean ; it appears, among the Parthenopide,
to hold the same place as Oreophorus does among the Leucoside.

7. TLOS, Adams § White.

Thorax \atior quam longior levis ; regionibus lateralibus valde excavatis, marginibus lateralibus trilo-
batis, margine posteriore excavato, lolia bicarinaté; multis tuberculis parvis ad basin circumdatis.
Frons integra rotundata deorsum reflexa.
Chelz branchio triangulare, carpo supra bicarinato, manu carina tuberculifera, digitis ad fines curvatis.
Abdomen (femine) articulis septem, ovale tuberculosum.
Q

58 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Carapace much wider than long, smooth, the lateral regions cup-shaped, with raised
edges, with an anterior and posterior groove ; lateral edges divided into three lobes, the front
lobe straight and reflexed backwards, the middle simple and rounded, the posterior elevated
and wedge-shaped ; the middle region with a strong vertical ridge ending behind in an obtuse
tubercle, and on each side with two perpendicular three-sided elevations, truncated at their
apices, with a small tubercle at their fore-bases ; posterior margin of carapace excavated, with
a large projecting lobe flattened above, with two ridges behind, a rounded elevation in front,
and numerous small tubercles near the base.

Front entire, rounded, reflected backwards, showing a central groove on the under
surface.

Fore-legs with the third joint triangular, the edges tuberculiferous ; the fourth joint
with two tubercular ridges on the upper surface; fifth jomt with a tubercular keel above; —
claws slightly curved at the ends.

Abdomen (of female) oval, tuberculated, seven-jointed, surrounded by an elevated ridge.

It is interesting to see the analogous armature of the carapace with that of Xanthasia
murigera (White) amongst the Pinnotheride. The name 77os is from the town of that name
in Lycia, so well described by Sir Charles Fellowes in his Asia Minor. It is distinct enough
from Zylos, another genus of Crustacea, so as not to be confounded with it in sound.

1. TLOS MURIGER, Adams § White. (Tab. XIII. Fig. 2.)

Thorace levi, regionibus lateralibus valde excayatis ; marginibus lateralibus trilobatis; margine pos-
teriore excavato, lobo bicarinato multis parvis tuberculis ad basin.

Has. Borneonem.

Carapace smooth ; lateral regions deeply excavated ; side-margins with three lobes, hind
margin excavated, a two-ridged lobe with numerous small tubercles at the base.

Has. Borneo.

X. CORYSTIDA.

The genus Zrichocera is not uncommon among the islands of the Philippine Archipelago,
where it is found among the reefs concealed in the coral, or hiding under stones; it has all
the habits of the Xantho group ; the Corystes inhabits rather deep water, preferring the same
localities as the Lewcosia, which it likewise resembles in its habits ; a species of Gomeza was
dredged by Mr. Cuming in the Philippines, but the other genera of this family do not
appear to be found among the islands of the Hastern Seas.

1. TRICHOCERA, De Haan.
1. TRICHOCERA GIBBOSULA, De Haan.

Parva, pilosa, thorace dilatato, brevi, setoso, tuberculato, tuberculis mediis planis quinque transversim
dispositis ; lateribus 10-dentatis ; fronte 5-dentata.

CRUSTACHA. 59

Has. Japonian.

Corystes (Trichocera) gibbosula, De Haan, Faun. Japon. t. 2. f. 4; .13. £3.

Small, hairy, the carapace dilated, short, setose, tuberculated, the five middle plane
tubercles disposed transversely ; sides ten-toothed ; front five-toothed.

Has. China Sea. Japan.

2. TRICHOCERA PORCELLANA, Adams & White.

Thorace depresso levi, lineis multis denticulatis transversis obsito ; lateribus spinis quinque robustis
acutis curvatis.

Fronte valde supra sulcati, lobis duobus obtusis dente magno externe.

Chelis \evibus, lineis transversis denticulatis obsitis; digito superiore supra dentato ; digito inferiore
tuberculis quatuor supra, lineis duabus longitudinalibus infra.

Pedibus posterioribus levibus, pilis longis fimbriatis.
Has. Insulas Philppinas.

Carapace depressed, polished, covered with numerous transverse finely-denticulated
lines, some interrupted and some continued into the lateral spines ; sides with five sharp
strong curved spines, the first and last simple, the others with small spines at their bases.

Front deeply grooved above, with two obtuse denticulated lobes, each with a large
tooth externally.

Fore-legs polished, covered with short finely-denticulated transverse lines ; claws long,
with the spatulate extremities abruptly curved, upper claw dentated above, with small
tubercles below, lower claw with four tubercles above, and two longitudinal denticulated lines
externally.

Hind-legs dilated, smooth, fringed with long hairs.

Has. Philippine Islands.

By Professor De Haan, the most able of modern Crustaceologists, this species would be
referred to the division which contains Xantho, and we must confess that in its general
appearance it has some resemblance to the Chilian genus Paraxanthus of Lucas, of which
there are specimens in the British Museum; with the genus Zhca of the family Corystide
it has some considerable analogy, and may be said, in the group Xautho, to represent that
family. Like the Cancer (Xantho) integer of M. De Haan, this species is of a bright yellow
brown, with golden hairs (in the dried state), and both species are found in the Philippine
Archipelago.

XI. HIPPIDA.

The genera which compose this small but very natural group have, so far as I have
observed, very nearly the same habits. 'They swim by sudden rapid jerks, like the Galathea,
and appear to prefer the deep pools of the coral ledges; they are pre-eminently swimming
Crustaceans, progressing but badly when taken from the water. An interesting addition to

60 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

our national collection in the form of Notopus dorsipes, De Haan, was obtamed by us in the
province of Unsang in Borneo, and a new genus (Cosmonotus) also rewarded our exertions
while examining the same locality.

1. COSMONOTUS, Adams & White.

Thorax ovalis, antice acuminatus, lateribus valde compressis, in lined media carind prominente, later-
ibus integris, angulo latero-anteriore spa brevi acuta.

Frons profunde incisa, ad latera spina parva acuta.

Chele trigonales, interne plane, externe convexe.

Abdomen (maris) articulis septem, articulo ultimo trigonali.

Yarapace oval, very much compressed laterally, especially in front, with a distinct pro-
minent keel extending down the middle line, very strongly marked in front, but fainter
posteriorly.

Front with a very small spine on each side of a deep angular notch, in which are placed
the eyes.

Fore-legs strong, triangular, the upper claw arched, the lower claw small and dentated
on the edge.

Abdomen (in the male) seven-jointed.

1. COSMONOTUS GRAYII, Adams 5 White. (Tab. XIII. Fig. 3.)

Thorace punctis multis depressis obsito.

Fronte valde incis& externe spina parva acuta.

Chelis trigonalibus brachio infra plano, externe convexo lineis multis transversis interruptis, supra carinato
pilis fimbriato, interne concavo, carpo incurvato subcompresso, externe convexo, interne spina obtus4; manu
compressd aspera, margine superiore arcuato; digito inferiore angusto, elongato dente robusto prope
extremitatem, digito inferiore brevissimo incurvato ; pedibus posterioribus gracilibus brevibus.

Has. Borneonem.

Carapace about an inch in length and half an inch wide, covered with numerous minute
depressed punctures.

Fore-legs trigonal, the third joint plane on the under surface, the exterior convex with
transverse, interrupted, engraved or impressed lines, the upper angle covered with long thick
hairs, the inner surface concave ; the fourth joint mcurved, sub-compressed, convex externally,
less convex internally, ending above and in front in a blunt spine; fifth joint compressed,
elevated, with the upper edge arched, but not so sharp as in WVofopus; the sides convex and
covered with asperities or minutely denticulated ridges, interrupted and transverse ; upper
claw narrow, compressed, elongated, with a sharp apex, and a strong tooth near the distal
extremity.

Feet short and weak as in WVotopus; the first tibia bicarinated ; the tarsus subquadrate,
anteriorly bicarinate, with a scalpel-shaped claw ; the second tibia one-keeled, with the tarsus

CRUSTACEA. . 61

oblong, and a sharp elongated trigonal claw; the third tibia subtriangular, the tarsus short,
flattened, trigonal, with a falcate claw; the fifth tibia triangular, very short, flattened ; tarsus
transversely ovate, with a small narrow claw.

Abdomen (of male) seven-jointed, the joints from the first to the sixth nearly of the same
width as in Votopus, the last joint trigonal.

Has. Borneo (Unsang).

Cosmonotus differs from JVotopus, De Haan, in wanting the post-frontal, elevated denti-
culated ridge; im the dorsal keel ending abruptly in front, instead of terminating in a
central frontal spine; in the front being notched, with a single spine on each side; in the
carapace being much compressed, more especially in front, and in the produced and angular
form, while in Nofopus it is almost straight across the front; and in the sides being entire,
with a short sharp spine at the antero-lateral angle. The species is named in compliment to
J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S., Keeper of the Zoological department in the British Museum.

XII. PEN AID.

A new species of Stcyonia, Edwards, of a scarlet colour, finely variegated with orange
and yellow, with a greyish pubescence on the dorsal surface near the crest, was obtained in
the Sooloo Sea together with a few Zoe@@e. The Stenopus, Sicyonia, and Peneus, usually
swim in a slow and deliberate manner forwards, and occasionally with a sudden jerk propel
themselves backwards. They keep at a considerable distance from the shore and seem
to love deep still water, never appearing when the surface of the sea is ruffled.

1. STENOPUS, Latreidle.

1. STENOPUS HISPIDUS, Latrezile. (Tab. XII. Fig. 6.)

Thorace spinis multis parvis pilisque sparsis obsito.

Fronte acuminata gracili sursum directa, non ultra articulum basali antennarum superiorum pertinente ;
antennis perlongis filiformibus.

Chelis brevioribus quam paria pedum secunda, longe ultra appendicem lamellarem antennarum infe-
riorum porrectis. Pari tertio pedum longiore quam totum corpus multis seriebus longitudinalibus dentium
acutarum, tarsis duorum parium ultimorum pedum bifidis.

Abdomine \amini medida pinne caudalis in centro sulcato, supra seriebus duabus spinarum.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Stenopus hispidus, Latr. R. A. vol.iv. p.93. Cuv. R. N. (Croch), t.50. £.2. Edw. Crust. vol. ii.
p. 407. t.25. f.1. Palemon hispidus, Oliv. Ene. vol. viii. p. 666. Seba, vol. iii. t. 21. f. 617.

Carapace covered with numerous small spines and scattered hairs.
Front pointed, slender, elevated, not extending beyond the basal joint of the upper

antenne ; antennze very long and filiform.
R

62 ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SAMARANG.

Fore-legs not so long as the second pair, but extending considerably beyond the lamellar
appendage of the lower antennz. ‘Third pair of legs longer than the whole body, with
many longitudinal rows of pointed teeth ; tarsi of the two last pairs of legs bifid.

Abdomen with the middle lamina of the caudal fin grooved in the centre, and furnished
above with two rows of spines.

Has. Coast of Borneo, and Philippine Islands.

Our figure is coloured from a living specimen taken by me in the China Sea. 4. A.

[ Additional Species. |
CRYPTOSOMA, Brullé.

CRYPTOSOMA ORIENTIS, Adams §& White. (Tab. XIII. Fig. 4.)

Thorace rotundato; marginibus latero-posterioribus rectiusculis. Thorace post frontem et oculos
sine sulcis.

Fronte tribus lobis subacutis.

Pedibus gracilibus ; articulo preetarsali tenui, non incrassato.

Has. Maria Orientalia.

Carapace subcircular, as broad as long, narrowed behind, covered with numerous small
red tubercles, and five rows of larger tubercles ; latero-anterior margins distinctly dentate ;
latero-anterior angle with a rather long and sharp spine. ;

Front with three subacute lobes ; upper margin of orbit deeply notched in the middle.

Fore-legs with the third joint armed with two long spines on the outer side near the
end, the fourth joint tubercular, the fifth jomt compressed, with an elevated toothed crest
above, and covered externally with tubercular spines.

Hind-legs smooth, slightly compressed, slender, with the pretarsal joints not thickened
or dilated.

Abdomen (in the male) four-jointed.

Has. Eastern Seas.

This species comes very near to Cryptosoma cristatum, figured by Brullé in Webb and
Berthelot’s Hist. des Iles Canaries (Tab. Crust. fig. 2). The Mursia cristata, Leach ; Cycloes
granulosa, De Haan, Faun. Jap. t.19. f.3; Thealia acanthophora, Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
1839, p. 579. t. 21. f.1 (Mursia armata, De Haan, Faun. Jap. p. 73. t. 19. f. 2); and this
species, belong to a group of Calappide which seems very widely distributed.

CRUSTACEA. 63
XENOPHTHALMUS White.
XENOPHTHALMUS PINNOTHEROIDES, White. (Tab. XII. Fig. 3.)

Thorace punctulato, sulcis duobus longitudinalibus ab oculis porrectis, lateribus antice ciliatis.

Pedibus axticulis ciliatis.

Has. Insulas Philippinas.

Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides, White, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist.

Carapace with the sides, in front, having a sharp ciliated edge ; carapace punctured ;
two slight waved longitudinal grooves, one extending from each eye over the back of the
carapace ; most of the joints of the legs ciliated.

Has. Philippine Islands.

We figure this curious genus on account of our being able to give a coloured repre-
sentation from a drawing made from life in the Eastern Seas. 4. 4.

RHABDOSOMA, Adams § White.
Oxycephalus, M. Kdwards.

We regret that the state of the only specimen in the British Museum is such that we
cannot give the generic character with that detail which we should wish. It is founded on
the third species of Professor Milne Edwards, indeed Mr. White has the authority of that
eminent Crustaceologist that it is his very species: it is so different from the Oxycephalus
piscator, M. Edwards (Crust. III. p. 100. t. 30. f. 10), that we have traced the figure of
O. piscator, and added it below that of the O. armatus, to show the difference. Some day
it may be proved to be a sexual character, when of course our name will sink, but as yet we
know of no such discrepancies in the sexes of these Crustacea.

The head is as long as the rest of the body, and ends in a very long beak ; from the
state of our specimen we cannot describe this, but indicate it on the plate from a drawing
made at the time of capture. The immense length of the body and the beak would
sufficiently mark this generic form. The first two pairs of legs are shown in the figure, which
must serve till we can procure further specimens, when we hope to give ample details of this
very singular crustaceans and to analyse its characters at length. It forms a singularly
interesting link between the Amphipoda and Lemodipoda, uniting, as it were, the two; we
should like to have this form examined particularly by Prof. M. Edwards or Dr. Kroyer.

RHABDOSOMA ARMATUM, Adams & White. (Tab. XIII. Fig. 7.)

Oxycephalus armatus, M. Edw. Crust. III. p.101. pl. 30. f. 10, copied. (Tab. XTII. Fig. 8.)

The specimen described by Professor Milne Edwards was found by MM. Quoy and
Gaimard in the ocean between Amboina and Van Dieman’s Land, and is now in the Paris
Museum. Ours was taken during a calm, floating on the surface of the South Atlantic
Ocean.

ru Tae te

REEVE, BENHAM, AND REEVE,

“PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS,
rei _ KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND.

Page. Page.

AcH#Uts Japonicus ............. 980000000 5 Gonatonotus pentagonus (Tas. VI. Fig. » naailals 33
Actza nodulosa (Tas. VIII. Fig. 4).......... 39 Halimus auritus ...... see Ehmeeeo
Mislemugatal (UAB Velie Bigs '5))yaceacie see ae 43 Harrovia albolineata (Tan. XII. Fig. 5) ee nc 56
Atergatis insularis (Tas. VIII. Fig. 2) ........ 38 Huenia frontalis (Tas. IV. Fig. 3).......... . 20
lateralis) (RAB Vile Hose) ee srieee sere 39 Proteus (Tas. IV. Fig.4-7) ........... 21
SINMAMILONS | foyer earn ey elgisielaeteevaie 38 Proteus, var. tenuipes (Tas. IV. Fig.5).. 22
subdivisus (Tap. VIII. Hig. 3).......... ib. ELvastenushSebeereyer eta ree ty 11

PAT CEOPSISH OUYReryer st. sere esd et dete sr cistietclleateanersbece 10 imachus)lorinay GRAB sll chic) eee eee 3
Camposciaretusaley crisps cee secre a) ae 6 iphiculusks pon ei0susseae eee eee ene 57
Carpilius cinctimanus (Tas. VII. Fig.4) ...... 37 Iphis novemspinosa (Tas. XIII. Fig.1)....... 56
signatus (Tab. X. Fig. 1). say eecisteae es VREOS iagmepaspisy (MAN sXe Hic) pee ene 55
Ceratocarcinus longimanus (TaB. VI. Te, 6) wi OM Lambrus carinatus (Tas. V. ane 5B) eanereieeee aos 27
puma er 48 diacanthay oy. er-- sddcndcc0an Si)
Chasmagnathus conyexus . ae Soro okie, Roe harpax (Tas. VI. Fig. 3). stearate ee D
Chlorodius fragifer (Tas. XI. ‘Fig. 2). Beata e40) hoplonotus (Tas. VII. Fig. 3). Spacastopesaes 35
lines (1b. 2G Ie 4). coos osad secs ib. laciniatus . dre Ree cieereac cen eo)
areolatus (DAB Xd WiokS)ia-ssceses- 41 Temeliiften (Tas. v. ‘Fig. 1b) SEH A ROO So 26
pilumnoides (Tas. IX. Fig.3).......... @. - longimanus........ eco aU)
Chorinus acanthonotus (Tas. I. Fig.1)....... 11 pisoides (Tas. V. Tae 4). Paicane Hero eas 28
aculeabustwreper cue mac yresess cece cs 13 ROOMS oc cacc pda basodade. oil)
lONGISpiNa weasels coe enc le fans asa, We ita, O)) 5. <unideients) e8
VELNUCOSIPES ae terra racierco ns eitensstes 13 MAIL Ss ccna res eceentateny eye oaeee a See aE 29
Cosmonotus Grayii (Tas. XIII. Fig.3)........ 60 itatrerlliayphalans ium eee erie een
Cryptopodia dorsalis (Tas. V. Fig.6)......... 30 VANCE, x5 0500 aemia, OR
ronment (Glan, WIL, Ite 4) oc ongucaco ce 32 Leucosia Remmetosticea (Tan. XI. Fig. 2). seas 54
Cryptosoma orientis (Tas. XIII. Fig. Beton 62 Lissocarcinus polybioides (Tas. XI. Fig.5) .... 46
Dione affinis....... aes siceeve 4 el Lupocycelus rotundatus (Tas. XII. Fig. 4)..... 47
Doclea wildtnepe (Tas. a ‘Big. OD. Been: Menai i Maiapspinigerayey igang ee ureter 15
INGEN oo come poner Com Opera RO Ie a eon Macrocheiraycemptenimee nrc ieee 5
= IMULICAGA! 5 raya sig rel Same ae SM so beetles ne 8 Macrophthalmus definitus .................. 51
OVIS MANN ter eavar che eel Ser ane caret iecey deters 7 JAPONICUS irereaste raters os Reuoen aust PU Seton Meas
geriayln dicdly gree itetpce-rensrecete te ier snares ot sus 6 SCETAUUS Is Ciercesrerlap macenstscnsueteyisiaasre tees ene mame ZO
LON OUPESs eye ee cusescaee ake rae iarine eres 7 Miencet hii shin cists seers O
Galene ochtodes (Tas. X. Fig.2) ............ 48 POLCellUS\ sais sys tive er en aC eI sacra 19
Gelasimusibellatocee erin cetacean ere cece 49 —— quadridens ...... enous LA2O
GEESINES nen Hoacmdineaoian cola ooGo.ceda | ds subserratus (Tas. IV. its 1,9). Sete ata 18
CUleIMANUS ey rare sstensrssicis te ered Welercinss) ceO tuberculatus yrs scat danse ower arene LO

POR CUPAbUS 13 ste icici sis. aceseteumete tehcley sere unas: 50 Micippagbicarinatcyn iene ieee 16
=== fIMGHIENMS Seeoopoesoc scopadououesad ie Grisbatay Ras than tyaitieouerucrae se ane oaree e203

66

iMacippasphilynal eer y.trete eld el tere cere)
ANCA 6 oo2.60.8!o0 deo 4008 Oo\OmON bE Oa OC

Oncinopusrarancarrmer rere layerr itr ter

Neptunus (Tas. II. Fig. 1)

Oreophorus reticulatus (Tas. VI. Fig.1)......

Panopeus Caystrus (Tas. IX. Fig.
dentatus (Tas. XI. Fig. 1) ............
ikoygimto) (HVAT IDG Ie) Gb doeacesege co

Paramithrax Edwardsii ......

Parthenope calappoides (Tas. v. Fig. 5)

Pericera cornigera ......
setigera .
tiarata .

Pilumnus dilntiees (Tas. IX. ‘Fig.
scabriusculus (Tas. IX. Fig.

Tarpeius (Tas. VIL. ce ae

ae:
BY ieee ae

INDEX.
Page. Page
15 Pilumnus ursulus (Tas. IX. Fig.6.) ......... 45
15 Pisa planasia (Tas. II. Fig.4, 5) ............ 9
13 Sinopelseaeneere solo 8
10 Rhabdosoma armatum (Taz. XU. Fig. 7). aig 5 63

3 Schizophnysiserratu sie er eee een iene 16

1 spiniger . a gooaod «iy
54 Stenopus gah (Tas. ‘XI. Fig. 6). Bae ll
42 Telmessus serratus (TaB. IIL.) .,............ 14
41 Tlos muriger (Tas. XIII. Fig. 2)............ 58
42 Se a wb.
14 —— porcellana ........ pugoonoas§ SY)
34 Utica gracilipes (TaB. XI. “Fig. 6) 05) sea Seon 53
35 Xantho}cultrimanus eee ee eee 39
18 depressas icc.) see sensu cease ero CRE
17 lamelliperay ei om van eee 40
wb. | Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides (Tas. XII. Fig. 3) 63
44 Zebrida Adamsii (Tab. VII. Fig.1)..........4 24
ib.

|

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CRUSTACEA.

Brothers.

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2.DOCLEA CALCITRAPA , White .

1.CHORINUS ACANTHONOTUS, Adams & White .

ey

CRUSTACEA . Tab IL

Wiliam Wing Gl « ih.

1 ONCINOPUS NEPTUNUS. Adams & White. 3 CGHORINUS VERRUCOSIPES. Adams & White.

2 INACHUS LORINA. Adams & White . a & 5. PISA PLANASTA. Adams & White -

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1&42.MENATHIUS SUBSERRATUS.& &? Adams& White. 3. HUENIA FRONTALIS, A &W.

4.5.6 &7. HUENIA PROTEUS. De Haan.

Lad.

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t William Wing, dd. et lith.
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LINATUS 5

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PARTHENOPE CALAPPOIDES, Adams & White.

A. LAMBRUS.

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1 LAMBRUS LAMELLIFRONS , Adams & White.
Z, LAMBRUS TURRIGER, Adams & White.

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CRUSTACEA.

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S RETICULATUS , Adams & White. |] 4. CRYPTOPODIA FORNICATA .
we JUN +. CRYPTOPODIA DORSALIS.

LARPAX, Adams & White .

7

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6. CHRATOCARCINUS LONGIMANU
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3 LAMBRUS HOPLONOTUS. Adams & White.
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PARTHENOPE TARPEIUS . Adams & White. & MANUS Adams & White.

CRUSTACEA. Tb VOL.

4

5 Reeve, Benham & Reeve, imp

William. Wang. de] ot tikh.

1 ATERGATIS LATHRADLIS. Adams & White. 3. ATHRGATIS SUBDIVISUS. Adams & White.
2. ATHRGATIS INSULARIS . Adams & White. 4 ACTHIA NODULOSA. Adams & White.

=F

5. AGLEH RUGATA. Adams & White.

CRUSTACEA. Tab IX

LPANWOPHUS EORMIO, Adams & White. 4 PILUMNUS DILATIPES, Adams & White.

4, PANOPEUS CAYSTRUS. Adams & White. 5. PILUMNUS SCABRIUSCULUS, Adams & White.

3. CHLORODIVS PILUMNOIDES. Adams & White. 6. PILUMNUS URSULUS, Adams & White.

Willison. Wing, dol et Lith

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4, TLUPOCYCLUS ROTUNDATUS. Adams &White
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HARROVIA ALBOLINEATA . Adams &White.
NNOTHEROIDES White. 6.5

STHNOPUS HISPIDUS

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MITE ietas OVEN PING SA Adem A White, 5 IPHTOULDS SPONCTOSUS Mk. LRU
| 2.TLOS MURIGER. White. 6. UTICA GRACILIPES White

; 3,COSMONOTUS GRAYIL. Adams & White. 7 RHABDOSOMA ARMATUM (M Baw)

4 CRYPTOSOMA ORIENTIS. Adams & White. 8 OXYCEPHALUS PISCATOR. Mine Edwards.

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‘RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3I1uvUugiy LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILf

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